----------------------------------------
----------------------------            
,,transcrib]',s ,,notes                 
,words pr9t$ 9 italics 9 ! orig9al "w   
are repres5t$ "h     betwe5 und]scores1 
z 9 text4 ,words orig9ally pr9t$ 9 bold 
face are repres5t$ z text1 words 9 small
 capitals z ,,all         ,,capitals4   
,fur!r ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd 
at ! end ( ?is text4                    
----------------------------------------
----------------------------       ,,f>m
 ,,me*anics    ,,ma*9]y ,,& ,,its ,,use 
,,to ,,save   ,,h& ,,labor ,,on ,,!     
,,f>m    ,includ+    ,tools1 ,%op ,"w1  
,driv+ & ,driv5   ,ma*9es1 ,f>m         
,wat]works1 ,c>e   & ,repair ( ,f>m     
,implem5ts     ,by    ,,h]b]t ,a4 ,,%e>]
    ,,agriculturi/    ,au?or ( ,f>m     
,build+s ) ,plans & ,descriptions       
,,illu/rat$ ,,) ,,?ree   ,,hundr$       
,,orig9al ,,draw+s     ,,*icago         
,,fr$]ick ,j4 ,,drake  ,,co4   ,publi%]s
       ,copyright #aiah   ,by ,fr$]ick  
,j4 ,drake  ,co4   ,*icago     ,,preface

   ,m me*anical k is requir$ on ! f>m   
?an 9 any o!r l9e ( bus9ess4 ,if a f>m] 
is n me*anically incl9$1 he is "u !     
necessity ( employ+ someone :o is4  ,"s 
f>ms are suppli$ ) a great _m h&y       
contrivances to save labor4 ,f>m]s diff]
 a great deal 9 ?is respect4 ,"s are    
natural me*anics1 "s le>n h[ to buy & h[
 to op]ate ! be/ f>m ma*9]y1 :ile o!rs  
are /ill liv+ 9 ! pa/4  ,"s f>m]s :o    
make ! lea/ pret5sions h ! be/ ma*9]y & 
implem5ts4 ,!y may n be good me*anics1 b
 !y h an eye to ! value ( labor sav+    
tools4  ,! object ( ?is book is to      
emphasize ! importance ( me*anics 9     
mod]n f>m+2 to fit scores ( quick-act+  
ma*9es into ! daily r\t9e ( f>m "w &    
!reby lift heavy loads f ! %\ld]s ( m5 &
 wom52 to increase ! output at less co/ 
( h& labor & to improve ! soil :ile     
produc+ m abundantly ?an ev] be=e2 to   
sugge/ ! use ( suitable ma*9es to       
manufacture high-pric$ nutriti\s human  
foods f *eap f>m by-products4           
,illu/rations are us$ to expla9         

pr9ciples r ?an to recomm5d any p>ticul>
 type or patt]n ( ma*9e4  ,! old is     
contra/$ ) ! new & ! m]its ( bo? are    
express$4  ,,! ,,au?or4     ,,cont5ts   
,,page   ,,*apt] ,i   ,,! ,,f>m ,,%op   
,,) ,,tools ,,= ,,work+ ,,wood ,,&      
,,iron              #i    ,,*apt] ,,ii  
,,f>m ,,%op ,,"w                        
#ej    ,,*apt] ,,iii   ,,g5]at+         
,,me*anical ,,p[] ,,to ,,drive ,,mod]n  
,,f>m ,,ma*9]y     #gd    ,,*apt] ,,iv  
,,driv5 ,,ma*9es                        
#ajj    ,,*apt] ,v   ,,work+ ,,! ,,soil 
#acg    ,,*apt] ,,vi   ,,h&l+ ,,! ,,hay 
,,crop                                  
#afc    ,,*apt] ,,vii   ,,f>m           
,,conveyances                           
#agi    ,,*apt] ,,viii   ,,miscellane\s 
,,f>m ,,conv5i5ces                      
#aig    ,,index                         
#bda     ,,f>m ,,me*anics     ,,*apt] ,i
  ,,! ,,f>m ,,%op ,,) ,,tools ,,=       
,,work+ ,,wood ,,& ,,iron   ,,f>m ,,%op 
,,& ,,implem5t ,,h\se  ,! work%op & %$  
to hold f>m implem5ts %\ld look z neat &

 attractive z ! l>g] build+s4 ,f>m      
implem5ts are exp5sive4 ,f>m ma*9]y is  
ev5 m s4 ,:5 su* ma*9]y is all prop]ly  
h\s$ & kept 9 repair ! depreciation is  
e/imat$ at t5 p] c5t a ye>4 ,:5 ! ma*9es
 are left to ru/ & wea!r 9 ! ra9 & w9d !
 loss is simply ru9\s4  ,m ma*9]y is    
requir$ on f>ms ?an =m]ly & x co/s m4   
,/ill x is n a "q :e!r a f>m] c af=d a  
ma*9e4 ,if he has suffici5t "w = x he   
kn[s he _c af=d to get along )\t x & he 
mu/ h a %$ to protect x f ! wea!r :5 n 9
 use4  ,9 ! fir/ place ! implem5t %$    
%\ld be l>ge en\gh to accommodate all ( 
! f>m implem5ts & ma*9]y )\t cr[d+ & x  
%\ld be well built & tight en\gh to keep
 out ! w9d & small animals1 includ+     
*ick5s & sp>r[s4  ,! p]spective & plan  
%[n h]e) is tw5ty-f\r feet 9 wid? &     
sixty feet 9 l5g?4  ,illu/ration3       
,figure #a4--,p]spective ,view ( ! ,f>m 
,%op1 ,g>age & ,implem5t ,%$4 ,! doors  
to ! "r are ne>ly #ab feet high to let 9
 a gra9 sep>ator ov] night1 or dur+ !   
w9t]1 or a load ( hay 9 case ( a sudd5  

/orm4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure            
#b4--;,floor ,plan ( ,%op1 ,g>age &     
,/orage4 ,! build+ is #fj feet wide &   
#bd feet f front to back4 ,! doors ( !  
g>age & tool %$ are made to op5 full    
wid?1 b #h feet is wide en\gh = ! %op   
door4 ,all doors op5 out aga9/ po/s &   
are fa/5$ to prev5t bl[+ %ut4 ,! "w %op 
is well light$ & ! /ation>y tools are   
c>efully plac$ = conv5i5ce 9 do+ repair 
"w ( all k9ds4 ,! pipe vise is at !     
doorway betwe5 ! %op & g>age s ! h&les (
 ! pipe tools may sw+ ?r\gh ! doorway & 
! pipe may lie full l5g? along ! n>r[   
pipe b5*4  ,! doorways provide headroom 
suffici5t = ! highe/ ma*9es1 & ! wid? :5
 ! d\ble doors are op5$ & ! c5t] po/    
remov$ is ne>ly tw5ty feet1 :i* is      
suffici5t = a b9d] 9 field condition or 
a two-horse spr+-too? rake4  ,"o end ( !
 build+ look+ t[>d ! h\se is int5d$ = a 
ma*9e %op to be p>tition$ (f by enclos+ 
! fir/ b5t4 ,?is gives a room tw5ty feet
 wide by tw5ty-f\r feet deep = a        
blacksmi? %op & g5]al repair "w4 ,! next

 tw5ty feet is ! g>age4 ,! ma*9e %op "p 
( ! build+ w be arrang$ accord+ to !    
me*anical incl9ation ( ! f>m]4          
,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--,p]spective  
,view ( ,f>m ,implem5t ,%$ & ,work%op4  
,a real f>m repair %op is a r elaborate 
me*anical proposition4 ,!re is a good   
brick *imney ) a hood to c>ry (f ! smoke
 & gases f ! blacksmi? fire & ! *imney  
%\ld h a sep>ate flue = a heat+ /ove4   
,f>m repair "w is done mo/ly dur+ ! w9t]
 mon?s :5 a fire 9 ! %op is necess>y =  
com=t & effici5cy4 ,a p]son _c "w to    
advantage ) cold f+]s4 ,pa9t requires   
mod]ate heat to "w to advantage4 ,pa9t+ 
f>m implem5ts is a v important "p (     
repair "w4  ,a good %op arrangem5t is to
 h an iron workb5* across ! %op w9d[ 9 !
 front or entrance end ( ! build+4 ,9 ! 
f> corn] aga9/ ! back wall is a good    
place = a woodwork+ b5*4 ,x is too mussy
 to h ! blacksmi? "w & ! c>p5t] "w mix$ 
up4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--;,floor 
,plan ( ,f>m ,implem5t ,%$1 %[+ !       
work%op 9 "o end ( ! build+1 h&y to !   

implem5t /orage room4  ,sometimes x is  
necess>y to br+ 9 a pair ( horses =     
%oe+1 or to pull ! %oes (f4 ,= ?is      
reason1 a tie rail bolt$ to ! /udd+ on !
 side ( ! %op ne> ! entrance is an extra
 conv5i5ce4  ,9 a hot climate a slid+   
door is pref]able because ! w9d w n slam
 x %ut4 ,9 cold climates1 h+e doors are 
bett] ) a good sill & ?re%old to %ut    
aga9/ to keep out ! cold4 ,sometimes !  
l>ge door conta9s a small door big en\gh
 to /ep ?r\gh1 b n l>ge en\gh to admit  
mu* cold1 :5 x is be+ op5$ & %ut4       
,likewise a ceil+ is ne$$ 9 a cold      
c\ntry1 :ile 9 w>m] sections1 a ro( is  
suffici5t4 ,f>m %ops1 l o!r f>m build+s1
 %\ld con=m to ! climate1 z well z      
conv5i5ce 9 do+ ! "w4 ,a solid concrete 
floor is a great com=t4 ,& x is easily  
kept clean4  ,! p]spective & floor plan 
%[ ! arrangem5t ( ! doors1 w9d[s &      
*imney & ! plac+ ( ! "w b5*es1 =ge1     
anvil1 toolb5* & drill press4  ,figures 
#c & #d %[ ! p]spective & floor plan ( a
 f>m %op & implem5t h\se #dj x #af feet 

9 size1 :i* is l>ge en\gh = "s f>ms4    
,,%op ,,tools  ,good tools are m        
important on a f>m ?an 9 a city work%op 
= ! reason t a great] v>iety ( "w is    
requir$4  ,measur+ ,me*anical ,"w4--,9  
us+ tools on ! f>m ! fir/ rule %\ld be  
accuracy4 ,x is j z easy to "w to       
"o-sixte5? ( an in* z to c>elessly lay  
(f a piece ( "w s t ! pieces won't g    
toge!r "r4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure       
#e4--;,calip] ,rule4 ,a h&y slide calip]
 %op rule is made ) a slide m>k$ 9      
fractions ( in*es z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,!   
diamet] ( a rivet1 bolt or o!r r\nd     
object may be tak5 in/antly4 ,x is n s  
accurate z calip]s = close measurem5ts1 
b x is a practical tool = f>m use4  ,!  
h&ie/ measur+ tool ev] inv5t$ is !      
old-fa%ion$ two-foot rule t folds up to 
six in*es 9 l5g? to be c>ri$ 9 ! pocket4
 ,su* rules to be s]viceable %\ld be    
brass b\nd4 ,! int]ior m>k+ %\ld be     
not*$ to sixte5?s4 ,! outside m>k+ may  
be laid out 9 eigh?s4 ,! f9] m>k+ on !  
inside is protect$ by keep+ ! rule fold$

 toge!r :5 n 9 use4 ,! co>s] m>k+       
outside does n suff] s mu* f we>4       
,figure #e %[s a #ab-;in* rule ) a slide
 calip] jaw4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#f4--,small ,pocket ,oil/one4 ,%op      
oil/one 9 a box4 #ajj-;foot measur+     
tapel9e m>k$ 9 in*es1 feet & rods4  ,9  
us+ a two-foot rule to lay (f "w ! =w>d 
end %\ld conta9 ! small figures s t !   
workman is c\nt+ back on ! rule b =w>d  
on ! "w1 & he has ! end ( ! rule to     
scribe f4 ,9 lay+ (f a #af-;foot pole ! 
/ick is fir/ m>k$ ) a knife po9t1 or %>p
 scrat*awl1 & try squ>e to squ>e "o end4
 ,! "w is !n laid (f f left to "r1 />t+ 
f ! left h& edge ( ! squ>e m>k or fir/  
m>k4 ,! two-foot rule is laid flat on   
top ( ! piece ( wood4 ,at ! front end ( 
! rule ! wood is m>k$ ) a %>p scrat*awl 
or ! po9t ( a knife blade by press+ !   
po9t aga9/ ! end ( ! rule at ! "t (     
m>k+4 ,9 mov+ ! rule =w>d ! left end is 
plac$ exactly ov] ! left edge ( ! m>k1 s
 ! new measurem5t beg9s at ! exact po9t 
:]e ! o!r left (f1 & s on ! :ole l5g? ( 

! /ick4 ,! f9al m>k is !n made exactly  
sixte5 feet f ! fir/ m>k4  ,9 saw+ !    
ends ! saw k]f is cut f ! wa/e ends ( ! 
/ick4 ,! saw cuts to ! m>k b does n cut 
x out4  ,9 us+ a rule c>elessly a       
workman may ga9 "o-sixte5? ( an in* e "t
 he moves ! rule1 :i* w\ld mean half (  
an in* 9 lay+ (f a #af-;foot pole1 :i*  
w\ld ru9 x = c>p5t] "w4 ,if ! pole is   
aft]w>ds us$ = /ak+ f5ce po/s1 he w\ld  
ga9 "o-half in* at ea* po/1 or a foot = 
e tw5ty-f\r po/s1 a di/ance to bo!r     
consid]ably 9 e/imat+ acres4 ,x is j z  
easy to measure exactly z x is to       
measure a little m or a little less1 & x
 m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong4     
,,woodwork+ ,,b5*  ,9 a f>m work%op x is
 bett] to sep>ate ! woodwork+ dep>tm5t z
 f> z possible f ! blacksmi? %op4 ,work+
 wood accumulates a great deal ( litt]1 
%av+s1 blocks1 & k9dl+ wood1 :i* are 9 !
 way 9 ! blacksmi? %op1 & a sp>k f !    
anvil might set ! %av+s afire4  ,a      
woodwork+ b5*1 ,figure #g1 c>p5t]'s b5*1
 x is usually call$1 ne$s a %ort leg    

vise ) wide jaws4 ,! top ( ! vise %\ld  
be flu% ) ! top ( ! b5*1 s ! bo>ds may  
be work$ :5 ly+ flat on ! top ( ! b5*4  
,= ! same reason ! b5* dog %\ld l[] d[n 
flu% :5 n ne$$ to hold ! end ( ! bo>d4  
,x is cu/om>y to make c>p5t]'s b5*es    
sep>ate f ! %op1 & l>ge en\gh to /&     
alone1 s !y may be mov$ out doors or    
into o!r build+s4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure
 #g4--;,c>p5t]'s ,b5*4 ,a woodwork+ b5* 
is #af' long1 #c' #f wide & #cb high4 ,!
 height1 to be p>ticul>1 %\ld be ! l5g? 
( ! leg ( ! man :o uses x4 ,l9coln1 :5  
jok+ ) ,/anton1 gave x z 8 op9ion t a   
man's legs %\ld be j long en\gh to rea* 
! gr\nd4 ,b t rule is n suffici5tly     
def9ite to satisfy c>p5t]s1 s !y adopt$ 
! inside leg measurem5t4 ,!y claim t !  
av]age c>p5t] is #e' #aj tall & he we>s 
a #cb leg4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure       
#h4--;,c>p5t]'s ,tre/le1 or ,saw-,b5*4  
,! top piece is #d x #f & ! legs are #b 
x #d4 ,!re is suffici5t spread ( leg to 
prev5t x f toppl+ ov]1 b ! legs are n   
greatly 9 ! way4 ,x is heavy en\gh to /&

 /ill :ile y slide a bo>d along4 ,x is  
#b feet high4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure    
#i4--,%ave ,horse4 ,= %ap+ pieces (     
h>dwood = repair "w4 ,a good %ave horse 
is ab\t #h' long & ! seat end is !      
height ( a *air4 ,! head is c>v$ on a   
h>dwood /ick ) ?ree projections to grip 
diff]5t siz$ pieces to be work$4        
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4--;,compasses1
 ,wood5 ,clamp & ,cutt+ ,pli]s4  ,c>p5t]
 b5*es may be well made1 or !y may be   
con/ruct$ 9 a hurry4 ,s long z ! top is 
true x makes b little diff]5ce h[ ! legs
 are atta*$1 s long z !y are /rong &    
en\gh ( !m4 ,a c>p5t] b5* t is us$ = all
 k9ds ( "w mu/ be solid en\gh to p]mit  
hamm]+1 driv+ nails1 etc4 ,usually ! top
 ( ! b5* is /raight1 true & level & x   
%\ld be kept free f litt] & extra tools4
  ,good c>p5t]s pref] a tool rack       
sep>ate f ! b5*4 ,x may /& on ! floor or
 be atta*$ to ! wall4 ,c>p5t] tools on a
 f>m are n num]\s1 b !y %\ld h a regul> 
place1 & labor]s on ! f>ms %\ld be      
enc\rag$ to keep ! tools :]e !y belong4 

,illu/ration3 ,figure                   
#aa4--,monkey-,wr5*es are ! h&ie/ ( all 
f>m wr5*es1 b !y 7 nev] int5d$ to hamm] 
)4 ,two sizes are ne$$--an eight-in* =  
small nuts & a mu* l>g] wr5*1 to op5 two
 in*es or m1 to use :5 tak+ ! disks (f !
 %afts ( a disk h>r[4 ,a l>ge pipe-wr5* 
to hold ! r\nd %aft makes a good        
companion tool = ?is "w4   ,,woodwork+  
,,tools  ,e f>m] has an axe or two1 "s  
sort ( a h&saw & a nail hamm]4 ,x is    
a/oni%+ :at jobs ( repair "w a h&y f>m] 
w d ) su* a de>? ( tools4 ,b x is n     
necess>y to worry along )\t a good      
repair kit4 ,tools are *eap en\gh4  ,su*
 woodwork+ tools z co>se & f9e too!d h& 
saws1 a good squ>e1 a spl5did assortm5t 
( hamm]s & ! diff]5t k9ds ( wr5*es1     
screw clamps1 bor+ tools--9 fact a      
complete assortm5t ( h&y woodwork+ tools
 is an absolute necessity on a          
well-manag$ f>m4  ,! f>m kit %\ld conta9
 two sizes ( nail hamm]s1 see ,figure   
#ae1 "o suitable to drive small nails1  
say up to eight p5ny1 & ! o!r = l>ge    

nails & spikes2 a long ?9-blad$ h&saw1  
hav+ n9e tee? to ! in*1 = saw+ bo>ds &  
planks2 a %ort] h&saw1 hav+ t5 tee? to !
 in*1 = small "w & = prun+ trees4 ,a    
prun+ saw %\ld cut a f9e1 smoo? k]f1 s !
 w\nd w n collect & hold moi/ure4       
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4--;,h& ,saw4  
,?is patt]n1 bo? = cross cut & rip saw1 
has be5 adopt$ by all mak]s ( f9e saws4 
,n9e tee? to ! in* is f9e en\gh = mo/   
jobs on ! f>m4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#ac4--,keyhole ,saw ) po9t slim en\gh to
 />t ! cut f a half-in* aug] hole4      
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4--;,bramble   
,hook = trimm+ b]ry bu%es & clean+ out  
f5ce corn]s4 ,x has a knife-edge ) hook$
 sawtee?4  ,f>m]s' h&saws are requir$ to
 d a great _m diff]5t k9ds ( "w4 ,= ?is 
reason1 x is difficult to keep !m 9 good
 work+ condition1 b if bo? saws are     
jo9t$1 set & fil$ by a good me*anic once
 or twice a ye>1 !y may be kept 9 usable
 condition ! re/ ( ! "t by a h&y f>m    
workman1 unless extra build+ or special 
"w is requir$4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure   

#ae4--,nail ,hamm]s4 ,two /yles4 ,! upp]
 hamm] is made ) a ball pe5 & a r\nd    
face4 ,x is temp]$ to drive small nails 
)\t slipp+ & %ap$ to avoid d++ ! wood4  
,?is hamm] %\ld weigh #ah or #ai ounces1
 includ+ ! h&le4 ,! l[] hamm] is heavi]1
 has a flat face & is int5d$ = heavy "w 
su* z driv+ spikes & f5ce /aples4  ,a   
long-blad$ ripsaw is also v useful1 &   
:at is commonly t]m$ a keyhole saw f9ds 
m use on ! f>m ?an 9 a c>p5t]'s %op 9   
t[n4 ,x is necess>y frequ5tly to cut    
holes ?r\gh p>titions1 floors1 etc41 &  
at su* times a keyhole saw works 9 j "r4
  ,h&axes are necess>y = r\gh+ c]ta9    
pieces ( wood = repair jobs4 ,two sizes 
( h&axes = diff]5t k9ds ( "w are v      
useful1 also a wide blade draw %ave1    
,figure #af1 & %ave horse1 ,figure #i4  
,a /eel squ>e hav+ "o #bd-;in* blade &  
"o #ah-;in* is ! be/ size4 ,su* squ>es  
usually are heavy en\gh to rema9 squ>e  
aft] fall+ (f ! b5* =ty or fifty times4 
,a good deal dep5ds ^u ! quality ( !    
/eel4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure            

#af4--;,draw+-,knife ) wide blade =     
f9i%+ /raight surfaces4  ,illu/ration3  
,figure #ag4--,try-,squ>e ,) ,six-,in*  
,blade4 ,wood1 brass & /eel are ! prop] 
mat]ials = a try-squ>e4 ,a d\ble m>k+   
gauge = scrib+ mortises is also %[n4    
,/eel squ>es diff] 9 ! measur+ m>ks1 b !
 k9d to buy has "o side spac$ to        
sixte5?s & ! o!r side to t5?s or        
twelf?s4 ,! sixte5? int]e/ f>m]s        
g5]ally1 s t special att5tion %\ld be   
giv5 ?is side ( ! squ>e4 ,! lumb] rule  
on "s squ>es is useful1 b ! brace rules 
& mitre calculations are n likely to    
int]e/ f>m]s4  ,screw-driv]s %\ld be    
mo/ly /rong & heavy = f>m "w4 ,?ree     
sizes ( h&l$ screw-driv]s ( diff]5t     
l5g?s & sizes1 also two or ?ree brace   
bit screw-driv]s are ne$$4 ,"o or two   
bits may be brok5 or twi/$ s ! assortm5t
 is sometimes exhau/$ be=e ! screw is   
/>t$4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure            
#ah4--;,heavy ,h& ,axe = ,use on ! ,%op 
,*opp+ ,block4 ,a beet topp+ knife is   
%[n also4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure        

#ai4--;,heavy ,screwdriv]4 ,! /ronge/ & 
*eape/ screw-driv] is made f a s+le b> (
 /eel4 ,! wood5 h&le is made 9 two p>ts 
& rivet$ z %[n4  ,p9* b>s & claw b>s are
 v useful 9 a f>m tool kit4 ,f>m        
me*anical "w consi/s pr9cipally 9       
repair+ implem5ts1 ma*9]y1 f5ces &      
build+s4 ,always a worn or brok5 "p mu/ 
be remov$ be=e ! repair c be made4 ,a   
p9* b> tw5ty-f\r in*es long1 ,figure    
#ba1 ) a cold *isel end1 & ano!r b>     
eighte5 in*es long ) a crook$ claw end1 
,figure #bb1 = pull+ nails & spikes     
comes 9 v h&y4 ,^! two b>s %\ld be made 
( ! be/ octagon /eel1 sev5-eigh?s ( an  
in* 9 diamet]4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#bj4--7a7 ,rat*et ,screwdriv]4 ,x does  
rapid "w & w la/ a g5]ation if c>efully 
us$4 7#b7 ,aug]-,bit ( ! ,side ,cutt]   
,type4 ,a full set is ne$$4 ,!y are n = 
bor+ into old wood4 ,runn+ once aga9/ a 
nail ru9s "o ( ^! bits4  ,illu/ration3  
,figure #ba4--;,h&spike4 ,a wood5       
h&spike or pry is ab\t sev5 feet long by
 #c in*es ?ick at ! pry+ end4 ,9 ! ,nor?

 x is usually made f a hickory or an    
ironwood or a dogwood sapl+4 ,! b>k is  
remov$ & ! h&le is work$ r\nd & smoo? on
 ! %ave horse4 ,x is bett] to cut !     
poles 9 ! w9t] :5 ! sap is 9 ! roots4   
,aft] ! h&spikes are f9i%$ !y %\ld be   
cov]$ deep ) /raw s !y w season sl[ly to
 prev5t *eck+4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#bb4--,wreck+ ,b> = pull+ nails & to pry
 brok5 p>ts f o!r wreckage4             
,illu/ration3 ,figure #bc4--;,c>p5t]'s  
,level4 ,= practical f>m "w ! level %\ld
 be #bd or #cj long4 ,wood is ! mo/     
satisfactory mat]ial4 ,! be/ levels are 
made up ( diff]5t lay]s ( wood glu$     
toge!r to prev5t w>p+ or twi/+4 ,= ?is  
reason a good level %\ld be c>efully    
laid away 9 a dry place imm$iately aft] 
us+4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bd4--7a7   
,snips = cutt+ %eet metal4 7#b7         
,c>p5t]'s ,level1 iron /ock4            
,illu/ration3 ,figure #be4--,wood-,bor+ 
,twi/ ,drill ,bit4 ,twi/ drills = wood h
 long] po9ts ?an drills = bor+ iron4    
,illu/ration3 ,figure #bf4--,pod-,bit4  

,! fa/e/ bor+ gimlet bits are ( ?is     
patt]n4 ,!y are made 9 sizes f to #a_/h 
to #c_/h & are int5d$ = bor+ s(twood4   
,illu/ration3 ,figure                   
#bg4--;,aug]-,bits4 ,= smoo? bor+ ! lip 
bits are be/4 ,! side cutt]s project    
beyond ! cutt+ lips to cut ! circle     
ahead ( ! *ips4 ,= bor+ gre5 wood !     
s+le-worm cle>s bett] ?an ! d\ble-worm  
bit4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure             
#bh4--;,ext5sion ,bor+ ,bits4 ,! cutt+  
lips may be set to bore holes f #a_/b to
 #c 9 diamet]4 ,!y are us$ mo/ly 9      
s(twood4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure         
#bi4--,%ip ,aug]4 ,?is %ape aug] is made
 ) or )\t a screw po9t4 ,x w bore       
/raight] 9 cross-gra9$ wood )\t a po9t4 
,illu/ration3 ,figure #cj4--,long ,%ip  
,aug]4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure           
#ca4--;,bridge ,aug]4 ,! long h&le      
p]mits ! workman to /& erect :ile bor+4 
,! home made h&le is weld$ onto ! %ank (
 a %ip aug]4  ,a wood5 c>p5t]'s level1  
,figure #bc1 two feet long1 ) a plumb   
glass ne> "o end1 is ! mo/ satisfactory 

f>m level1 an in/rum5t t is ne$$ a great
 _m times dur+ ! ye>4  ,good brace bits 
are sc>ce on f>ms4 ,!y are n exp5sive1 b
 f>m]s are c>eless ab\t bits & braces4  
,two sizes ( braces are ne$$1 a small   
brace = small pod bits & twi/ drills1 & 
a l>ge rat*et brace ) a #f-;in* crank   
radius = turn+ l>g] bits4  ,illu/ration3
 ,figure #cb4--;,c>p5t]'s ,jo9t]4       
,illu/ration3 ,figure #cc4--;,=e-,plane4
 ,?is /yle plane is pref]r$ to a regul> 
jo9t] = mo/ f>m "w4  ,twi/ drill bits w 
bore bo? wood & iron1 & !y are n        
exp5sive up to ?ree-eigh?s in* or       
"o-half in*4 ,b = l>g] sizes f "o-half  
in* to "o in* ! f9e/ lip wood bor+ bits 
w give ! be/ satisfaction4 ,ext5sion    
bits are us$ = bor+ holes l>g] ?an "o   
in*4 ,two ext5sion bits are bett] ?an "o
 bit ) two lip cutt]s4 ,!y w bore holes 
9 s(t wood 9 sizes f "o in* to ?ree     
in*es4  ,o!r cutt+ tools su* z jack     
plane jo9t] & smoo?+ plane1 also an     
assortm5t ( *isels1 belong to ! f>m     
equipm5t4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure        

#cd4--,tool ,box ( ,socket ,*isels &    
,g\ges4 ,! *isels are siz$ f #a_/b to #b
 9 wid?4 ,! two *isels to ! "r %[       
diff]5t patt]ns4  ,all cutt+ tools %\ld 
be ( ! be/ design & ! be/ /eel4 ,if !y  
are prop]ly us$ & tak5 c>e (1 ! diff]5t 
jobs ( repair "w c be h&l$ quickly & to 
great advantage4   ,,f>m ,,gr9d/one  ,a 
gr9d/one may be gritty )\t be+ co>se s x
 w bite ! /eel easily & cut x away      
quickly4 ,a good /one is a v            
satisfactory f>m implem5t1 b a greasy   
/one is a p]petual nuisance4  ,!re are  
gr9d/ones ) frames too light4 ,!        
competition to manufacture & sell a     
gr9d/one = f>m use at ! *eape/ possible 
price has result$ 9 turn+ out ?\s&s (   
gr9d/one frames t possess v little      
/ability4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure        
#ce4--;,gr9d/one4 ,! spe$ ( a gr9d/one  
v>ies ) ! diamet] ( ! /one4 ,x %\ld turn
 j fa/ en\gh to keep a fl[ ( wat] on !  
upp] face surface4 ,if ! /one turns too 
sl[ ! wat] w run d[n2 if too fa/1 x w   
fly (f4  ,gr9d/ones %\ld be kept "u     

cov]2 ! be/ /one w be injur$ by leav+ x 
9 ! hot sun4 ,! sun draws ! moi/ure out 
( ! upp] side & leaves ! l[] side damp &
 s(t s t 9 use ! /one soon becomes flat 
sid$4 ,! wet side freezes 9 w9t]1 :i* is
 a dis9tegrat+ process4  ,! be/ /ones1 )
 good c>e1 w become unev5 9 "t4 ,! rem$y
 is to true !m ) a qu>t]-in* s(t iron   
r\nd rod us$ l a la! tool ov] an iron   
re/ plac$ close to ! /one on a level ) !
 c5t] ( ! /one4 ,! rod is held aga9/ !  
/one 9 su* a way z to cut away ! high   
bumps & make ! /one truly r\nd4 ,! /one 
cuts away be/ :5 x is dry4 ,a small rod 
is bett] ?an a l>ge rod4 ,x digs into ! 
/one bett] & takes out a deep] bite4    
,l>ge p[] /ones 9 ma*9e %ops are tru$ up
 9 ?is way frequ5tly4 ,f>m /ones (t5 are
 neglect$ until !y wabble s badly t x is
 difficult to gr9d any tool to an edge4 
,if ! gr9d/one is turn$ by a belt f an  
eng9e ! "w ( tru+ may be done 9 a few   
m9utes4 ,if ! /one is turn$ by h& ! "w (
 mak+ x r\nd takes long] & requires "s  
muscle1 b x pays4  ,! face ( a gr9d/one 

%\ld be r\nd$ slightly1 & x %\ld be kept
 s by gr9d+ ! tools fir/ on "o side (   
edge ( ! /one1 !n on ! o!r1 ) ! cutt+   
edge ( ! tool crosswise to ! face ( !   
/one4  ,= safety & to prev5t a sloppy   
wa/e ( wat] ! /one %\ld turn away f !   
op]ator4  ,! be/ way to keep a /one moi/
 is by a trickle ( wat] f an ov]head    
supply4 ,tr\ghs ( wat] susp5d$ "u ! /one
 are unsatisfactory1 because ! wat] soon
 gets ?ick & unfit = use4 ,su* tr\ghs   
are =gott5 :5 ! job is done1 s t "o side
 ( ! /one hangs 9 ! wat]4 ,an ov]head   
supply ( wat] leaks away & no damage is 
done4  ,gr9d/one frames are be/ made (  
wood #c x #d ?or\ghly mortis$ toge!r &  
well brac$ ) wood5 braces & ti$ across )
 pl5ty ( iron rods4 ,a good gr9d/one    
frame c\ld be made ( angle iron1 b      
manufactur]s g5]ally fail 9 ! attempt4  
,!re are good ball-be>+ gr9d/one hang]s 
on ! m>ket1 bo? = h& crank /ones & =    
belt use4  ,! belt is less 9 ! way if x 
is br\ght up f bel[4 ,?is is n difficult
 to d4 ,a gr9d/one turns sl[] ?an any   

o!r f>m ma*9e s a spe$ r$uc+ jack may be
 bolt$ to ! floor at ! back ( ! gr9d/one
 a little to "o side to escape ! drip4  
,?is arrangem5t requires a %ort belt b x
 may h ! full face wid? ( ! pulley z !  
tight & loose pulleys are on ! jack     
%aft4  ,em]y ,gr9d]s4--,!re are small   
em]y :eels made = gr9d+ disks t "w      
quickly & cut an ev5 bevel all ar\nd4   
,!y are made 9 pairs & are atta*$ to !  
ends ( a m&rel support$ by a metal /&   
:i* is bolt$ to a b5*4 ,! same rig is   
us$ = sickle gr9d+ & o!r f>m jobs4      
,illu/ration3 ,figure #cf4--;,em]y      
,gr9d]4 ,! illu/rations %[ two k9ds (   
gr9d+ t d\ble em]y :eels are especially 
adapt$ to4 ,to gr9d a m[+-ma*9e knife x 
is necess>y to rev]se4 ,by plac+ ! re/  
opposite ! c5t] betwe5 ! two :eels !    
bevel w be ! same on bo? sides1 or      
edges1 ( ! section4   ,,blacksmi? ,,%op 
,! furniture 9 a blacksmi? %op consi/s (
 =ge1 anvil1 half b>rel1 vise b5*1 drill
 press & tool rack4 ,a f>m %op also has 
a heat+ /ove1 %ave horse1 a woodwork+   

b5*1 a good p[] driv5 gr9d/one & a d\ble
 em]y gr9d]4  ,=ge4--,! old-fa%ion$ =ge 
laid up ) brick 9 connection ) an       
old-fa%ion$ *imney is j z popul> z ev]4 
,! same old tuy] iron receives ! air    
bla/ f ! same old /yle lea!r bell[s1 &  
!re is no?+ m satisfactory4 ,b !re are  
mod]n portable =ges1 ,figure #cg1 made (
 iron1 t are less arti/ic1 *eap]1 take  
up less room & answ] ! purpose j ab\t z 
well4 ,! portable iron =ge has a small  
bl[] atta*$ to ! frame :i* fe$s oxyg5   
into ! fire4 ,!re are a good _m diff]5t 
sizes ( portable =ges4 ,mo/ ( !m "w well
 up to _! adv]tis$ capacity4            
,illu/ration3 ,figure #cg4--,portable   
,=ges4 ,! small] =ge is = light "w su* z
 heat+ rivets = iron bridge con/ruction4
 ,! l>g] =ge to ! "r is meant =         
blacksmi? "w4  ,g5]ally1 f>m =ges are n 
requir$ to develop a great am\nt ( heat4
 ,f>m]s d b little weld+1 mo/ ( ! =ge "w
 on ! f>m be+ conf9$ to repair "w su* z 
heat+ brace irons1 s !y may be easily   
b5t into ! prop] %ape1 or to s(t5 metal 

s t holes may be pun*$ ?r\gh x easily4  
,%>p5+ h>r[ tee?1 draw+ out pl[ po9ts & 
horse%oe+ are ab\t ! heavie/ =ge jobs   
requir$ 9 a f>m blacksmi? %op1 s t a    
m$ium size =ge w answ] ! purpose4       
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ch4--;,anvil4 ,! 
only satisfactory anvil is =g$ out ( +ot
 /eel ) a p[] trip-hamm]4 ,x %\ld weigh 
#adj p\nds4  ,anvil4--,an anvil %\ld    
weigh at lea/ #abj p\nds2 #adj is bett]4
 ,x %\ld be set six feet f ! c5t] ( !   
fire to ! c5t] ( ! anvil4 ,x %\ld be    
plac$ on a timb] ! size ( ! base ( !    
anvil set ?ree feet 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! top ( 
! anvil %\ld be ab\t ?irty in*es high4  
,holm/rom's rule is3 ,close ! fi/1 /&   
erect ) ! arm hang+ d[n4 ,! knuckles    
%\ld j cle> ! face ( ! anvil4  ,b5* &   
,vise4--,! vise b5* %\ld be made solid &
 x %\ld face a good light4 ,! b5* w9d[  
%\ld look to ! ea/ or nor? if possible4 
,x %\ld be ab\t f\r feet high & eight   
feet long1 ) ! w9d[ sill ab\t six in*es 
above ! b5*4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#ci4--7a7 ,%oe+ ,tool ,box4 ,! f\r small

 comp>tm5ts are = horse%oe nails (      
diff]5t sizes4 ,!re may be a lea!r loop 
= ! p>+ knife4 ,! l[ box end is = ! %oe+
 hamm]1 rasp1 nipp]s & ho( knife4 7#b7  
,blacksmi? ,tool ,rack4 ,tongs1 h&l$    
pun*es & cutt]s are hung on ! iron      
rails4 ,hamm]s are ?r[n on top4 ,! l[]  
plat=m is ! %op cat*-all4  ,illu/ration3
 ,figure #dj4--,%oe+ ,knife4 ,good temp]
 is ! ma9 qualification4 ,all %oe+      
knives are practically ! same %ape1     
al?\gh !y may v>y 9 size4  ,two &       
"o-half feet is ! usual height = a      
workb5* above ! floor4 ,! be/ workb5*   
tops are made by bolt+ toge!r #b x #ds )
 ! edges up4 ,h>dwood makes ! be/ b5*1 b
 good p9e w la/ = ye>s4 ,! top surface  
%\ld be plan$ true & smoo? aft] ! nuts  
are drawn tight4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure 
#da4--;,horse%oe+ ,rasp & ,wood ,rasp4  
,^! are necess>y tools 9 ! f>m %op4     
,illu/ration3 ,figure #db4--;,iron ,"w  
,b5*4 ,solid is ! fir/ specification =  
an iron %op b5*4 ,x %\ld be ?ree feet   
wide1 n less ?an eight feet long & ab\t 

#cb in*es high4 ,! top is made ( #b x   
#ds plac$ on edge & bolt$ toge!r4 ,!    
supports are #b x #f bolt$ to ! %op     
/udd+ & brac$ back to ! /udd+ at ! sill4
 ,! front "p ( ! b5* is support$ by iron
 legs made ( gas-pipe ) ?read$ flanges  
at top & bottom4 ,heavy "r angle wr\ght 
iron lugs are us$ to fa/5 ! top ( ! b5* 
to ! /udd+4 ,! foot ( ! vise leg is let 
into ! floor ( ! %op or into a solid    
wood5 block sunk 9 ! gr\nd4             
,illu/ration3 ,figure #dc4--;,assortm5t 
( ,files & ,rasps ne$$ 9 a f>m %op4 7#a7
 ,slim ?ree-corn]$ h&saw-file4 7#b7     
,common ?ree-corn]$ file suitable = fil+
 a buck-saw4 7#c7 ,d\ble-cut1 or ba/>d1 
#aj-;in* flat file4 7#d7 ,s+le-cut1 or  
mill file1 ei!r #aj or #ab in*es4 7#e7  
,half-r\nd #aj-;in* wood rasp4 7#f7     
,horse%o]'s rasp4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure
 #dd4--;,file ,h&le4 ,basswood makes !  
mo/ satisfactory file h&les4 ,!y are    
fitt$ by c>efully turn+ !m onto ! file  
%ank to take ! "r tap]4 ,!re %\ld be a  
h&le = ea* file4 ,! h&le %\ld be ! "r   

size & fitt$ /raight ) ! file s ! file w
 take ! same angle to ! "w :5 turn$ ov]4
  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #de4--,nail     
,set4 ,on all wood5 surfaces to be pa9t$
 nails %\ld be c>efully driv5 ) a r\nd  
pe5 nail hamm] & ! heads sunk ab\t      
"o-eigh? ( an in* deep ) a nail set4 ,! 
holes may !n be fill$ ) putty & cov]$   
smoo?ly ) pa9t4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure  
#df4--;,cold-,*isel4 ,!re are m flat    
cold-*isels ?an all o!r %apes4 ,!y are  
easily made 9 ! f>m %op & x is good     
practice4 ,!y are usually made f octagon
 /eel4 ,diff]5t sizes are ne$$ accord+  
to ! "w 9 h&4 ,a piece ( #e_/h /eel #f  
long makes a h&y cold-*isel = repair "w4
  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dg4--;,cape    
,cold-,*isel4 ,x may be tap]$ bo? ways  
or "o way to a cutt+ edge1 or "o edge   
may be r\nd$4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure    
#dh4--7a7 ,t9n]'s ,pun*4 ,made ( octagon
 /eel 9 sizes to fit ! rivets4 ,! cutt+ 
end is flat & has %>p edges made by roll
 fil+4 ,x %\ld be ab\t #g long & f #c_/h
 to #a_/b 9 diamet]1 accord+ to ! size (

 rivet & ?ickness ( %eet metal to be    
pun*$4 7#b7 ,prick ,pun*4 ,usually made 
r %ort & /ocky4 ,x may be #a_/b or #e_/h
 diamet] & #d-a_/b to #e long4 7#c7     
,hot-iron ,pun*4 ,made 9 _m sizes &     
l5g?s4 ,! tap] %\ld be ! same z ! draw+4
  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #di4--7a7       
,blacksmi? ,vise4 ,! old-fa%ion$ leg    
vise is ! mo/ satisfactory = ! blacksmi?
 %op4 ,x %\ld h #e jaws4 7#b7 ,p[] ,po/ 
,drill4 ,belt p[] is practical = ! po/  
drill 9 a f>m %op4 ,! h& crank may be   
easily atta*$ :5 ne$$4  ,! b5* vise %\ld
 be heavy4 ,a vise is us$ = b5d+ iron   
hot f ! =ge4 ,unless ! jaws are l>ge1 ! 
hot iron is likely to heat ! vise       
suffici5tly to draw ! temp]4 ,heavy jaws
 are solid en\gh to support ! iron :5 x 
is be+ hamm]$4 ,(t5 heavy hamm]s are us$
 = ?is purpose4 ,a heavy vise holds ! "w
 solid1 because x may be screw$ s mu*   
tight] ?an a light vise4 ,a heavy vise w
 hold light "w1 b a light vise w n hold 
heavy "w4 ,heavy vises co/ m1 b !y are  
*eap] 9 ! end & m satisfactory at all   

times4 ,a leg vise ) five-in* jaws      
weighs ab\t sixty p\nds2 five &         
"o-half-in* jaws1 eighty p\nds4 ,a      
ma*9i/'s vise is made to bolt on top ( !
 b5*4 ,x w answ] = blacksmi? "w on !    
f>m1 b is n z good z ! old-fa%ion$ leg  
vise4 ,a ma*9i/'s vise is v useful 9 !  
g>age1 b x w\ld h>dly be necess>y to h  
two heavy vises4 ,! pipe vise belongs on
 a sep>ate b5*1 :i* may be a plank      
bracket$ aga9/ ! side ( ! room4         
,drill-,press4--,! mo/ satisfactory     
drill-press = use on a f>m is ! upright 
drill t bolts to a po/4 ,!re is usually 
a self fe$ :i* may be regulat$ accord+  
to ! "w4 ,! heavy fly:eel keeps ! motion
 /eady1 & because !re is no b5* 9 ! way1
 wagon tires may be susp5d$ f ! drill   
block1 s !y w hang free & true = drill+4
 ,(t5 long pieces ( /raight iron are    
drill$ ) holes spac$ c]ta9 di/ances     
ap>t4 ,x is easi] to pass !m along :5 !y
 lie flat side d[n on ! drill block4 ,to
 use a drill prop]ly & safely1 ! *uck   
mu/ run true4 ,x is easy to break a     

drill :5 x wabbles4  ,mo/ drills are    
made on ! twi/ patt]n1 & x is some?+ ( a
 trick to gr9d a twi/ drill1 b anyone c 
d x if he tackles ! job ) a det]m9ation 
to d x "r4 ,9 gr9d+ a twi/ drill1 use a 
new drill = patt]n4 ,gr9d ! angles !    
same z ! new drill1 & be c>eful to h !  
po9t 9 ! c5t]4 ,a little practice w make
 p]fect4  ,me*anics w say t no "o except
 an exp]t %\ld attempt to gr9d a twi/   
drill1 b f>m]s :o are me*anically incl9$
 are ! be/ exp]ts )9 rea*4 ,x is up to a
 f>m] to gr9d 8 own drills or use !m    
dull4  ,9 drill+ wr\ght iron ei!r wat]  
or oil is requir$ to cool ! drill1 b ca/
 iron & brass are drill$ dry4 ,light "w 
su* z hoop-iron may be drill$ dry1 b !  
cutt+ edge ( ! drill w la/ long] ev5 9  
light "w if ! drill is f$ ) oil or wat]4
  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ej4--7a7       
,electric ,drill-,press4 ,a small       
electric motor is atta*$ to ! drill     
sp9dle4 7#b7 ,tram ,po9ts4 ,two /eel    
po9ts are fitt$ ) ?umbscrew clamps to   
fa/5 !m to a long wood5 b>4 ,!y are us$ 

to scribe circles too l>ge = !          
compasses4 7#c7 ,rat*et-,brace4 ,two    
braces1 or bit/ocks1 are ne$$4 ,a l>ge  
brace ) a #f radius = l>ge bits & a     
small brace ) a #c or #c-a_/b radius =  
small bits4  ,9 us+ drill-presses1 "s   
extra atta*m5ts come 9 v h&y1 su* z a   
screw clamp to hold %ort pieces ( metal4
 ,be=e />t+ ! drill1 a c5t] pun* is us$ 
to m>k ! c5t] ( ! hole to be bor$ & to  
/>t ! drill 9 ! "r spot4  ,illu/ration3 
,figure #ea4--,twi/-,drills4 ,r\nd %ank 
= ! po/ drill & squ>e tap] %ank = brace 
"w4 ,brace drills are small1 #a_/d or   
less4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #eb4--,tap]
 ,ream]4 ,us$ to enl>ge1 or true1 or    
tap] a hole t has be5 drill$ or pun*$4  
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ec4--;,ano!r /yle
 ( ,ream]4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure       
#ed4--;,c\nt]s9k4 ,?is is ! old /yle1   
blacksmi?-made1 flat c\nt]s9k4 ,x w d   
quick "w b n s smoo? z ! flut$ k9d4  ,9 
do+ p>ticul> "w1 ! drill may be re-c5t]$
 :5 x />ts wrong4 ,?is is done ) a small
 r\nd-nos$ cold *isel4 ,if ! "w is n v  

p>ticul>1 ! drill may be turn$ a little 
to "o side by slant+ ! piece to be      
drill$4 ,?is plan is only a make%ift1   
h[ev]1 ! prop] way be+ to block ! "w    
level1 s t ! drill w meet x             
p]p5dicul>ly4 ,h[ev]1 by />t+ c>efully1 
! hole may be bor$ exactly z requir$4   
,iron ,work+ ,tools4--,=ge tools = a f>m
 %op ne$ n be num]\s4 ,sev]al pairs (   
tongs1 "o blacksmi? hamm]1 "o sl$ge1 "o 
h>dy1 "o wood5-h&l$ cold *isel1 "o pair 
p9c]s1 "o p>+ knife1 "o %oe+ rasp1 & "o 
%oe+ hamm] w d to beg9 )4  ,illu/ration3
 ,figure #ee4--,ma*9i/'s ,hamm]s4 ,a    
m$ium weight %\ld be select$ = f>m      
repair "w4 ,x %\ld be hung s ! end ( !  
h&le cle>s half an in* :5 ! face re/s   
flat on ! b5*4  ,monkey-wr5*es come fir/
 9 ! wr5* dep>tm5t4 ,! f>m] ne$s ?ree   
sizes1 "o may be q small1 say six in*es 
9 l5g?1 "o t5 in*es1 & ! o!r l>ge en\gh 
to span a two-in* nut4 ,& !re %\ld be an
 ironclad rule1 nev] use a monkey-wr5* =
 a hamm]4 ,= "w ar\nd pl[s1 cultivators1
 h>ve/]s1 & o!r f>m ma*9es1 a case ( ,s 

wr5*es w be greatly appreciat$4         
,manufactur]s include wr5*es ) almo/ all
 f>m ma*9es1 b su* wr5*es are too *eap  
to be ( mu* use4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure 
#ef4--7a7 ,h>dy4 ,! anvil h>dy is us$ m 
?an any o!r anvil tool except !         
blacksmi?'s hamm] & tongs4 7#b7 ,a      
,cold-,%ut ,l9k t may be weld$1 rivet$  
or simply p\nd$ %ut4  ,illu/ration3     
,figure #eg4--;,calip]s3 7#a7 ,a pair ( 
tight-jo9t inside calip]s4 7#b7 ,its    
mate = tak+ outside dim5sions4 7#c7 ,a  
pair ( spr+-jo9t$1 screw-adju/m5t inside
 calip]s = ma*9i/s' use4  ,illu/ration3 
,figure #eh4--;,blacksmi? ,tongs4       
,/raight tongs made to hold #c_/h iron  
is ! h&ie/ size4 ,two or ?ree pairs =   
l>g] sizes ( iron & "o pair small] come 
9 h&y4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ei4--7a7 
,wire ,splic]4 ,! oval op5+s 9 ! tool   
are ( diff]5t sizes4 ,!y are made to    
hold two wires1 close toge!r1 ) ends    
project+ 9 opposite directions4 ,ea* end
 is w\nd ar\nd ! o!r wire4 ,! ends are  
!n not*$ ) a ?ree-corn]$ file & brok5 (f

 %ort & fil$ smoo?4 ,! splic+ tool %\ld 
be ?91 ab\t #a_/h or #c_/af1 to br+ !   
two twi/s close toge!r4 ,?is is         
especially necess>y 9 mak+ hoops = wood5
 pails4 7#b7 ,blacksmi? ,%oe+ ,p9c]s1   
us$ to pull horse%oes4 ,!y %\ld close   
toge!r to cat* a nail by ! head4  ,=    
heavi] "w pipe-wr5*es are absolutely    
necess>y4 ,! reason = hav+ s _m wr5*es  
is to save "t :5 9 ! field4 ,x (t5      
happ5s t m5 & horses /& idle wait+ = :at
 %\ld be a quick repair job4            
,illu/ration3 ,figure #fj4--7a7 ,cott]  
,p9 ,tool4 ,h&y = ins]t+ or remov+ all  
sorts ( cott] keys4 7#b7 ,ne/ ( ,s      
,wr5*es ( diff]5t sizes4 ,f>m]s h nev]  
appreciat$ ! value ( light1 h&y wr5*es  
to fit all sorts ( nuts & bolt heads    
closely4  ,= b5* "w a rivet+ hamm] & a  
ball pe5 ma*9i/'s hamm] are ne$$4 ,a ne/
 ( ,s wr5*es1 two rivet sets1 cold      
*isels1 r\nd pun*es & sev]al files also 
are requir$4  ,! same twi/ drills up to 
?ree-eigh?s-in* w d = iron z well z     
wood4 ,h[ev]1 if mu* drill+ is done1 !n 

r\nd %ank twi/ drills to fit ! drill    
*uck w "w bett]4 ,f>m]s seldom drill    
holes 9 iron l>g] ?an "o-half in*4 ,=   
p>ticul> "w1 to get ! exact size1 ream]s
 are us$ to f9i% ! holes aft] drill+4   
,screw holes 9 iron are c\nt]sunk 9 !   
drill-press4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#fa4--;,hack ,saw4 ,"o h&le & a doz5    
blades4 ,! frame %\ld be /iff en\gh ei!r
 to pu% or pull ! saw )\t b9d+4 ,! tee? 
may po9t ei!r way to suit ! "w 9 h&4    
,illu/ration3 ,figure #fb4--,p[]ful     
,bolt ,cutt]4 ,x is int5d$ = factory    
use4  ,= small "w1 twi/ drills ) squ>e  
%anks = brace use %\ld range 9 sizes f  
"o ?irty-second ( an in* up to "o-qu>t] 
in*1 !n e "o-sixte5? in* up to "o-half  
in*4  ,= bor+ screw holes 9 wood !      
quicke/ "w is done ) pod bits4 ,n _m    
sizes are ne$$1 b !y are *eap1 s t a    
half doz51 rang+ f "o-sixte5? to        
"o-qu>t] in* or !reab\ts1 w be f\nd v   
useful4 ,pod bits belong to ! wood      
dep>tm5t1 b on acc\nt ( be+ us$         
pr9cipally = screw s9k+1 !y are j z     

useful 9 ! iron work+ dep>tm5t z 9 !    
c>p5t] %op4  ,%eet metal snips = cutt+  
%eet metal prop]ly belong ) ! iron work+
 tools4 ,snips are f t5 to f\rte5 in*es 
9 l5g?4 ,a m$ium size is be/ =          
miscellane\s "w4 ,if kept 9 good work+  
ord] twelve-in* snips w cut #ah-;gauge  
galvaniz$ or black iron4 ,b a man w\ld n
 c>e to d a great deal ( su* heavy      
cutt+4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure           
#fc4--;,cutt+ ,nipp]s4 ,= cutt+ ! po9ts 
f horse%oe nails aft] !y are driv5 ?r\gh
 ! ho( to hold ! %oe 9 place4 ,^! nipp]s
 are h>d temp]$ & %\ld n be us$ = any   
o!r purpose4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#fd4--,two ,%apes ( ,/eel ,cr[b>s4      
,pipe-,fitt+ ,tools4--,rec5t f>m        
improvem5ts require a few tools t       
rightfully belong to plumb]s4 ,e f>m has
 "s k9d ( wat] supply = dome/ic use & = 
live-/ock4 ,a great _m f>m ma*9es       
require pipe tools = repair "w4 ,e ye> m
 plumb+ rea*es ! f>m4  ,plumb+ "w is no 
m difficult ?an o!r me*anical "w1 if !  
tools are at h& to meet ! diff]5t       

requirem5ts4 ,"o job ( plumb+ t us$ to  
/& out z an impossibility 0 ! sold]+    
toge!r ( lead pipes1 te*nically t]m$    
wip+ a jo9t4 ,?is op]ation has be5      
discont9u$4 ,e possible connection      
requir$ 9 f>m plumb+ is n[ provid$ = 9  
/&>diz$ fitt+s4 ,e pipe-fitt+ or        
connection t conducts supply wat] or    
wa/e wat] n[adays screws toge!r4 ,sizes 
are all made to c]ta9 /&>ds & ! c\pl+s  
are almo/ p]fect1 s t "w =m]ly %r\d$ 9  
my/]y or hidd5 "u trade secrets is n[   
op5 to e s*oolboy :o has le>n$ to read4 
,illu/ration3 ,figure #fe4--7a7 ,pipe   
,vise4 ,h+$ to op5 = long pipes4 7#b7   
,ma*9i/'s ,vise4 ,made ) a turntable to 
take any horizontal angle4 ,! pipe jaws 
are removable4  ,! necess>y outfit to   
h&le all ! pip+ & plumb+ on ! f>m is n v
 exp5sive1 probably #be4jj w include e  
tool & all o!r appliances necess>y to   
put 9 all ! pip+ ne$$ to c>ry wat] to ! 
wat]+ tr\ghs & to supply hot & cold wat]
 to ! kit*5 & ! ba?room1 toge!r ) ! wa/e
 pipes1 v5tilators & ! sew] to ! septic 

tank4 ,! same outfit ( tools w answ] =  
repair "w = a lifetime4  ,f>m wat] pipes
 usually are small4 ,!re may be a       
two-in* suction pipe to ! =ce pump1 & ! 
dis*>ge may be "o & a half in*4 ,b ^!   
pipes are n likely to make tr\ble4      
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ff4--,pipe       
,cutt]4 ,! mo/ satisfactory pipe cutt]  
has ?ree knife-edge roll] cutt]s :i*    
foll[ ea* o!r ar\nd ! pipe4 ,"s ( ^!    
cutt]s h two flat face roll]s & "o cutt]
 roll] to prev5t rais+ a burr on ! end (
 ! pipe4 ,! flat face roll]s iron out ! 
burr & leave ! fre%ly cut pipe ! same   
size cle> to ! end4  ,illu/ration3      
,figure #fg4--,pipe-,wr5*4 ,?is type (  
wr5* is valuable = work+ ) ! heavi] f>m 
implem5ts4 ,x is int5d$ m = hold+ ?an = 
turn+4 ,x is r r\gh on nuts4 ,damag$    
nuts %[ signs ( c>eless "w4  ,!re %\ld  
be a good pipe vise t w hold any size   
pipe up to ?ree in*es4 ,at lea/ two pipe
 wr5*es are ne$$ & !y %\ld be adju/able 
f "o-qu>t]-in* up to two-in* pipe4  ,we 
mu/ rememb] t wat] pipe sizes mean      

inside measurem5ts4 ,"o-in* pipe is ab\t
 "o & "o-qu>t] in*es outside diamet]4   
,?ree-qu>t]-in* pipe is ab\t "o in*     
outside4 ,two-in* pipe w c>ry f\r times 
z mu* wat] z "o-in* pipe1 "u ! rule     
d\bl+ ! diamet] increases ! capacity f\r
 times4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #fh4--;,a
 small] siz$ wr5* ) wood5 h&le4  ,!     
?ree-:eel pipe cutt] works quickly & is 
satisfactory = mo/ jobs4 ,sometimes two 
( ! knife :eels are remov$ & roll]s     
sub/itut$ to prev5t rais+ a burr on !   
end ( ! pipe4  ,?read+ dies are made 9  
/&>d sizes4 ,a good f>m set consi/s (   
/ock & dies to ?read all ! diff]5t sizes
 ( pipe f "o-qu>t] in* to "o in*1       
inclusive4 ,n _m pipes l>g] ?an in* are 
?read$ on ! f>m4 ,!y are cut to ! prop] 
l5g?s 9 ! f>m %op & ! ?reads are cut 9  
t[n4     ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,f>m ,,%op ,,"w 
,,pr(itable ,,home ,,repair ,,"w  ,ea*  
f>m] mu/ be ! judge 9 reg>d to ! k9d (  
me*anical repair "w t %\ld be done at   
home & ! k9d & am\nt ( repair "w t %\ld 
g to ! %op 9 t[n4 ,a great deal dep5ds  

on ! me*anical ability ( ! f>m] or 8    
help]s4 ,h[ev]1 ! poore/ f>m me*anic c d
 fir/ aid s]vice to f>m implem5ts &     
ma*9]y 9 ! nick ( "t1 if he is s        
dispos$4 ,a great _m f>m]s are helpless 
9 ?is respect because !y want to be     
helpless4 ,x is s mu* easi] to let x g  
?an to g "r at x ) a det]m9ation to fix 
x1 & fix x "r4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#fi4--,logg+ ,*a94 ,"o ( ! clev]e/ f>m  
inv5tions ( any age is ! logg+ *a94 ,x  
is univ]sally us$ 9 all lumb] camps & on
 e f>m4 ,x usually is f #af to #bj feet 
9 l5g?1 ) a r\nd hook on "o end = ! slip
 hit* & a grab hook on ! o!r end t makes
 fa/ betwe5 any two l9ks4  ,illu/ration3
 ,figure #gj4--,neckyoke & ,:iffletree  
,irons4 ,f>m]s c make bett] neckyokes & 
:iffletrees ?an !y c buy ready-made4 ,! 
irons may be b\ght sep>ately & ! wood   
select$ piece by piece4  ,illu/ration3  
,figure #ga4--,measur+ a ,worn ,ske9 = a
 ,new ,box+4 ,! pa/ebo>d calip]s are cut
 to fit ! old ske9 sideways because x is
 probably flatt5$ on ! bottom f we>4    

,on g5]al pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 f>m repair  
"w %\ld n occupy a f>m]'s "t to !       
detrim5t ( gr[+ crops or ! prop] c>e (  
live-/ock4 ,f>m+ is ! bus9ess2 me*anical
 "w is a side issue4 ,at ! same "t1 a   
f>m] s incl9$ c f9d "t dur+ ! ye> to    
look ov] e f>m ma*9e1 e implem5t & e h& 
tool on ! f>m4 ,! /upide/ f>m help] c   
clean ! ru/ (f ( a spade & rub ! surface
 ) an oily clo?1 9 :i* "s f9e em]y has  
be5 du/$4 ,! em]y w remove ! ru/ & ! oil
 w prev5t x f fur!r ru/+4 ,e labor] kn[s
 bett] ?an to use a spade or %ovel aft] 
a rivet head has giv5 way s ! h&le is n 
prop]ly support$ by ! plate ext5sions4  
,!re really is no excuse = us+ tools or 
ma*9]y t are out ( repair1 b ! ext5t to 
:i* a f>m] c pr(itably d 8 own repair+  
dep5ds on _m cont+5cies4 ,9 e case he   
mu/ decide accord+ to circum/ances1     
always1 h[ev]1 ) a desire & det]m9ation 
to run 8 f>m on bus9ess pr9ciples4      
,illu/ration3 ,figure #gb4--,wood5      
,wagon ,axles4 ,axle timb] may be b\ght 
9 ! r\gh or p>tly fitt$ to ! ske9s4     

,illu/ration3 ,figure #gc4--,%[+ h[ to  
fit ! irons on ! =w>d end ( a wagon     
rea*4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #gd4--,wire
 ,splice4 ,) a little practice wire may 
be w\nd close en\gh to prev5t slipp+4   
,home-made ,bolts4--,! easie/ way to    
make a bolt is to cut a rod ( r\nd iron 
! prop] l5g? & run a ?read on ea* end4  
,on "o end ! ?read may be j long en\gh  
to rivet ! head1 :ile ! ?read on ! o!r  
end is made long] to accommodate ! nut &
 to take up slack4 ,a f>m] ne$s r\nd    
iron 9 sizes f "o-f\r? in* to           
five-eigh?s in*4 ,he w use m ?ree-eigh?s
 & "o-half in* ?an any o!r sizes4 ,blank
 nuts are made 9 /&>d sizes to fit any  
size ( r\nd iron4 ,h an assortm5t1 9    
diff]5t sizes1 ( bo? ! squ>e & ! hexagon
 nuts4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure           
#ge4--;,em]g5cy ,bolts4 ,a bolt may be  
made quickly )\t a =ge fire by cutt+ a  
%ort ?read on "o end = ! head & a long] 
?read on ! o!r end = ! nut4             
,illu/ration3 ,figure #gf4--,rivets4 ,a 
/ock ( s(t iron rivets ( diff]5t sizes &

 l5g?s %\ld be always kept on h& ready =
 imm$iate use4  ,to make a bolt 9 !     
ord9>y way requires weld+1 b = repair "w
 9 a hurry x is bett] to select ! prop] 
iron & cut x to ! requir$ l5g? ei!r ) a 
cold *isel 9 ! vise1 or ) a h>dy & a    
h&l$ cold *isel ov] an anvil4 ,! quicke/
 way ( cutt+ t ma%es ! rod ! lea/ is to 
be pref]r$4 ,! size ( ! rod w det]m9e ! 
mann] ( cutt+ 9 mo/ in/ances4           
,illu/ration3 ,figure #gg4--,rivets4    
,illu/ration3 ,figure #gh4--,rivet ,set4
 ,?is /yle ( set is us$ = small rivets4 
,! size %\ld be select$ to fit ! rivets 
closely4 ,l>g] rivets are made to hug ! 
"w by means ( a flat piece ( /eel ) a   
hole ?r\gh x4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure    
#gi4--,rivet ,set4  ,illu/ration3       
,figure #hj4--7a7 ,c\lt] ,clamp4        
,pl[-beam clamps %\ld be made 9 ! f>m   
%op to fit ea* pl[4 7#b7 ,g>d5 ,we$]4 ,!
 quicke/ h& kill] ( "y we$s 9 ! g>d5 is 
a flat /eel blade t works horizontally  
half an in* bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4   
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ha4--,/ock &     

,dies4 ,taps & dies & /ocks are be/ kept
 9 comp>tm5ts 9 a case made = ! purpose4
  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #hb4--,/ock =   
,r\nd ,dies4 ,! op5+ is turn$ true &    
siz$ accurately to fit4 ,! screw applies
 pressure to hold ! die by friction4    
,illu/ration3 ,figure #hc4--,taps &     
,dies4 ,/&>d ?reads are tapp$ into blank
 nuts & correspond+ ?reads are cut onto 
bolts ) accuracy & rapidity by us+ ?is  
/yle taps & dies4 ,!y may be _h 9 all   
sizes4 ,! range = f>m "w %\ld cut f     
#a_/d to #e_/h1 inclusive4              
,illu/ration3 ,figure #hd4--,tap] ,tap =
 ,blacksmi?'s ,use4  ,illu/ration3      
,figure #he4--,ma*9e ,bolt & ,c>riage   
,bolt4 ,! fir/ is us$ aga9/ iron & !    
second aga9/ wood1 b ?is rule is n      
arbitr>y4 ,! r\nd$ side ( ! nuts are    
turn$ 9 aga9/ wood2 ! flat side aga9/   
wa%]s or heavi] iron4 ,use squ>e head   
bolts if y expect to take !m out aft] ! 
nuts h ru/$ on4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure  
#hf4--,pl[ bolts & sickle b> bolts %\ld 
be kept 9 /ock4 ,/&>d sizes & %apes are 

made = sev]al diff]5t makes ( pl[s &    
ma*9es4  ,taps & dies are made to fit   
ea* size ( rod4 ,if ! ?read on ! bolt is
 cut ) a solid1 or r\nd1 plate die1 !   
correspond+ tap is run cle> ?r\gh ! nut4
 ,9 t case ! nut w screw on ! bolt      
easily1 possibly a little loose = "s    
purposes4 ,x is s int5d$ by !           
manufactur]s to give ! workman a little 
leeway4 ,if x is desirable to h ! nut   
screw on ! bolt v tight1 !n ! tap is    
/opp$ be=e ! la/ ?read ent]s ! nut4 ,a  
little practice soon qualifies a workman
 to fit a nut accord+ to ! place ! bolt 
is to occupy4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure    
#hg4--,lag ,screw4 ,to set a lag screw 9
 h>dwood1 bore a hole ! size ( ! screw  
%ank z calip]$ betwe5 ! ?reads4         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #hh4--7a7         
,wagon-,box ,irons1 %[+ h[ to atta* !   
box & ! rave to ! cross-piece & to brace
 ! side ( ! box to hold x upright4 ,!re 
may be sev]al ( ^! braces on ea* side ( 
! wagon box4 7#b7 ,u ,bolt 9 ,cem5t4 ,a 
solid /aple to be emb$d$ 9 concrete = a 

horse r+1 door h+e1 c[ /an*ion1 etc4    
,g5]ally x is desirable to h nuts fit v 
snug on p>ts ( ma*9es t %ake a good     
deal1 & ?is applies to almo/ all f>m    
ma*9]y & implem5ts4  ,illu/ration3      
,figure #hi4--,wagon-,box ,brace4 ,x is 
(fset to hold ! rave & to brace !       
sidebo>d at ! re> & ! front ends &      
sometimes 9 ! middle ( light wagon b$s4 
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ij4--,two ,pl[   
,clevises & a ,pl[ ,l9k4  ,ord9>ily a   
horse rake is suppos$ to travel /eadily 
along l a c>t1 b ! gr\nd is r\gh & 9    
practical use ! nuts loos5 almo/ z soon 
z hay+ comm5ces4  ,"s f>m]s make a      
practice ( rivet+ bolt ends to prev5t   
nuts f work+ loose4 ,:5 ! bolts h squ>e 
heads1 ?is practice is n objectionable1 
because ) two wr5*es a nut c be twi/$ (f
 ov] ! rivet+1 b a great _m bolts h r\nd
 heads & v %ort1 squ>e %anks4           
,!oretically1 ! %anks are driv5 into !  
wood firm en\gh to prev5t ! bolts f     
turn+4 ,practically ?is !ory is a       
delusion & a sn>e1 z e f>m boy c te/ify4

  ,bolts are n manufactur$ 9 quantities 
9 ! f>m blacksmi? %op4 ,!y c be made by 
ma*9]y *eap]1 b s _m times a bolt is    
ne$$ on %ort notice t ! f>m %op %\ld h !
 necess>y tools & mat]ials to supply !  
ne$ quickly4  ,=g+ ,iron & ,/eel4--,iron
 & /eel are compos$ ( ! same prop]ties1 
b diff] *emically4 ,/eel also is f9]    
gra9$ ?an iron & x requires diff]5t     
treatm5t4 ,iron %\ld be =g$ at a        
light-r$ or :ite heat4 ,if =g$ at a     
d>k-r$ heat ! iron g5]ally w granulate  
or crack op5 & weak5 ! metal4 ,= a smoo?
 f9i% ! la/ =g+ may be done at a d>k-r$ 
heat1 b ! hamm] mu/ be us$ lightly4 ,!  
weight ( ! hamm] z well z ! bl[s also   
mu/ diff] ) ! diff]5t size ( iron "u    
heat4 ,small sizes %\ld be treat$ )     
hamm] bl[s t are r light1 :ile = l>ge   
sizes ! bl[s %\ld be correspond+ly      
heavy4 ,if light bl[s be giv5 ) a light 
hamm] 9 =g+ heavy iron ! outside alone w
 be affect$1 ?us caus+ unev5 t5sion &   
contr>ywise /ra9 9 ! iron4  ,/eel %\ld  
nev] be heat$ above a yell[ heat4 ,if   

heat$ to a :ite heat ! /eel w be burn$4 
,/eel %\ld nev] be =g$ at a d>k-r$ heat4
 ,if ?is is done x w cause consid]able  
/ra9 betwe5 ! inn] & out] portions1 :i* 
may cause x to crack :ile =g+4 ,! weight
 ( ! hamm] & ! hamm] bl[s 9 =g+ ( /eel  
is va/ly ( m importance ?an 9 =g+ iron4 
,if ! bl[ or ! hamm] is n heavy en\gh to
 ex]t its =ce ?r\gh\t ! ?ickness ( !    
/eel x w probably crack 9 ! process (   
h>d5+ or temp]+4 ,if /eel be prop]ly =g$
 x w h>d5 easily & naturally1 b if      
improp]ly =g$ ! temp]+ w be v           
difficult--probably a failure4 ,!       
quality ( a f9i%$ tool dep5ds greatly ^u
 ! correct heat & prop] me?od us$ 9 =g+ 
& h>d5+ x4  ,mak+ ,/eel ,tools4--,/eel =
 tools %\ld fir/ be anneal$ to ev5 !    
d5sity & prev5t w>p+4 ,?is is done by   
heat+ x to a dull *]ry r$ 9 a sl[ fire4 
,a *>coal fire = ?is purpose is be/     
because x conta9s no sulphur or o!r     
injuri\s impurities4 ,aft] heat+ ! piece
 ( new /eel all ov] z ev5ly z possible x
 %\ld be buri$ sev]al in*es deep 9 p[d]$

 *>coal & left to cool4 ,?is completes !
 anneal+ process4 ,:ile work+ /eel into 
prop] %ape = tools1 great c>e is requir$
 to prev5t burn+4 ,x %\ld be work$      
quickly & ! process repeat$ z (t5 z     
necess>y4 ,practice is ! only recipe =  
spe$4  ,:5 ! tool is %ap$ z well z      
possible on ! anvil x is !n f9i%$ ) a   
file by clamp+ ! new tool 9 ! vise1 us+ 
s+le cut files4 ,ba/>d files are too    
r\gh = tool /eel4 ,aft] ! tool is %ap$  
by cross-fil+ & draw-fil+ to make x     
smoo? x is sometimes poli%$ by wrapp+   
f9e em]y clo? ar\nd ! file4 ,oil is us$ 
) em]y clo? to give ! /eel a lu/] f9i%4 
,temp]+ is ! la/ process 9 ! mak+ ( su* 
tools z cold *isels1 drills1 dies1      
pun*es1 scrat*awls1 etc4  ,temp]+ ,/eel 
,tools4--,good judgm5t is requir$ to get
 ! "r temp]4 ,good eyesight is ne$$ to  
cat* ! color at ! exact in/ant1 & quick 
action to plunge x into ! wat] be=e x   
cools too mu*4 ,dies are made v h>d4 ,! 
color ( ! /eel at dipp+ "t %\ld be a    
bright /raw color4 ,cold *isels w break 

:5 be+ us$ if temp]$ too h>d4 ,if cold  
*isels are to be us$ = cutt+ iron1 !    
color %\ld be violet2 if ! *isels are = 
cutt+ /one1 purple is ! color4 ,drills =
 bor+ iron are temp]$ a d>k /raw color  
at ! cutt+ edge m]g+ back into blue4 ,! 
wat] 9 ! dipp+ tub %\ld be w>m1 z /eel  
is likely to *eck or crack :5 x is      
temp]$ 9 cold wat]4  ,illu/ration3      
,figure #ia4--;,blacksmi? ,hamm]s4 ,"s  
smi?s use a heavy ma*9i/'s hamm]4 ,b !  
flat pe5 is m useful :5 work+ ar\nd !   
anvil & ! leg vise4  ,tool /eel %\ld be 
held 9 a p]p5dicul> position :5 x ent]s 
! wat] to cool all sides alike4 ,o!rwise
 ! new tool might w>p4 ,x is bett] to   
dip sl[ly1 sometimes hold+ ! po9t1 or   
cutt+ edge1 9 ! wat] :ile p]mitt+ ! %ank
 to cool sl[ly en\gh to rema9 s(t4 ,"s  
sizes ( /eel may be temp]$ too h>d at   
fir/ & ! temp] imm$iately drawn by      
p]mitt+ ! heat ( ! %ank to foll[ d[n    
almo/ to ! edge1 !n dip4 ,?is is done   
quickly :ile wat*+ ! colors z !y move   
t[>ds ! po9t or edge4                   

,draw-fil+4--,mak+ six-sid$ & eight-sid$
 pun*es & scrat*awls out ( hexagon &    
octagon tool /eel is int]e/+ "w4 ,! /eel
 is cut to l5g? by fil+ a crease all    
ar\nd ) a ?ree-corn]$ file4 ,:5 x is    
suffici5tly not*$1 ! /eel w break       
/raight across4 ,to %ape ! tool & to    
draw out ! po9t ! /eel is heat$ 9 ! =ge 
to a dull *]ry r$ & hamm]$ c>efully to  
pres]ve ! %ape along ! tap]4 ,special   
att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ! num]\s corn]s4
 ,a scrat*awl or small pun*1 mu/ be     
heat$ _m times & hamm]$ quickly be=e    
cool+4 ,an old ,engli% %op adage reads3 
,only "o blacksmi? ev] w5t to ! devil & 
t 0 = p\nd+ cold iron4  ,aft] ! pun* or 
scrat*awl is r\gh$ out on ! anvil1 x is 
fa/5$ 9 ! vise & f9i%$ by cross-fil+ &  
draw-fil+4 ,copp] caps on ! vise jaws w 
prev5t ind5tations4  ,illu/ration3      
,figure #ib4--,vise ,jaw ,gu>ds4 ,s(t   
auxili>y vise jaws are made ( %eet copp]
 or galvaniz$ iron4  ,illu/ration3      
,figure #ic4--,roll ,fil+4 ,to file a   
piece ( /eel r\nd x is roll$ by "o h&   

:ile ! file is us$ by ! o!r h&4         
,draw-fil+ means grasp+ ea* end ( ! file
 & mov+ x back & =? sidewise along ! "w4
 ,= ?is purpose s+le-cut files are us$4 
,! smoo?+ is done ) a v f9e s+le-cut    
file1 or if v p>ticul>1 a float file is 
us$4 ,!n ! poli% is rubb$ on ) f9e em]y 
clo? & oil4 ,! em]y clo? is wrapp$ ar\nd
 ! file & ! same motion is cont9u$4 ,)  
"s little practice a v cr$itable piece (
 "w may be turn$ out4 ,su* "w is        
valuable because ( ! in/ruction4 ,a good
 te/ ( skill at blacksmi?+ is mak+ an   
octagon pun* t tap]s true to ! eye :5   
f9i%$4  ,set-,screws4--,x is cu/om>y to 
fa/5 a good _m ge> :eels1 cranks &      
pulleys to ma*9]y %afts by set-screws4  
,!re are two k9ds ( set-screws2 "o has a
 cone po9t1 ! o!r a cup end4 ,bo? screws
 are h>d5$ to s9k into ! %aft4 ,a cup is
 suppos$ to cut a r+ & ! po9t is suppos$
 to s9k into ! %aft to make a small hole
 suffici5t to keep ! :eel f slipp+4     
,h[ev]1 unless ! cone-po9t$ screw is    
c\nt]sunk into ! %aft1 x w n hold mu* ( 

a /ra94 ,! po9t is s small x w slip &   
cut a groove ar\nd ! %aft4 ,to prev5t   
?is1 ! set-screw may be c\nt]sunk by    
fir/ m>k+ ! %aft ) an ind5tation ( !    
po9t ( ! screw4 ,!n ! :eel or crank or  
coll> may be remov$ & a hole drill$ into
 ! %aft ) a twi/-drill ! same size1 or a
 sixty-f\r? small]1 ?an ! set-screw4 ,!n
 by =c+ ! end ( ! set-screw into ! drill
 hole1 ! :eel is held solid4            
,illu/ration3 ,figure #id4--,ma*9e-,bolt
 & ,set-,screw4 ,! bolt to ! left is us$
 to clamp cyl9d] heads 9 place4 ,!      
set-screw to ! "r is ! cup v>iety4 ,!   
end is c\nt]sunk to =m a cup ) a %>p    
rim4  ,! pr9cipal objection to          
set-screws is t !y are dang]\s4 ,! heads
 always project & are ready to cat* a   
coat sleeve :5 ! %aft is revolv+4 ,9 all
 cases1 set-screws %\ld be z l>ge z !   
hub w all[1 & x is bett] to h !m        
protect$ s x is impossible to cat* any?+
 to w9d ar\nd ! %aft4 ,cup set-screws   
are n satisfactory except = v light "w4 
,if necess>y to use !m1 ! ends may be   

firmly fix$ by cutt+ a r+ ) a %>p1      
diamond-po9t cold *isel4  ,sett+ !      
,h&saw4--,n9e tee? to ! in* is ! mo/    
satisfactory h&saw = all k9ds ( lumb]4  
,sett+ ! tee? ( ?is k9d ( saw is be/    
done ) a h& lev] set4 ,! plung] p9 %\ld 
be c>efully adju/$ to b5d ! tee? j f>   
en\gh to give ! necess>y set4 ,= g5]al  
"w a saw ne$s m set ?an is ne$$ =       
kiln-dri$ /uff4 ,! tee? %\ld cut a k]f j
 wide en\gh to cle> ! blade4 ,any?+ m is
 a wa/e ( "t & muscle4 ,x is bett] to "w
 f bo? sides ( ! saw by fir/ sett+ "o   
side ! :ole l5g? ( ! blade4 ,!n rev]se !
 saw 9 ! clamp & set ! alt]nate tee? 9 !
 same mann]4 ,!re %\ld be a good solid  
/op betwe5 ! h&les ( ! set to insure    
equal pressure aga9/ ea* sawtoo?4 ,! p9 
%\ld be c>efully plac$ aga9/ ea* too? at
 exactly ! same spot e "t & ! pressure  
%\ld be ! same = ea* too?4  ,! be/      
saw-sets = f9e too? saws are automatic s
 f> z x is possible to make !m s1 b !   
skill ( ! op]ator det]m9es ! quality ( !
 "w4 ,! reason = sett+ a saw be=e jo9t+ 

is to leave ! flatt5$ ends ( ! tee?     
squ>e ) ! blade aft] ! jo9t+ & fil+ is  
complet$4  ,jo9t+ a ,h&saw4--,aft] ! saw
 has be5 set x mu/ be jo9t$ to squ>e !  
tee? & to ev5 !m to equal l5g?1 & to    
keep ! saw /raight on ! cutt+ edge4 ,"s 
woodwork]s give _! saws a slight camb]1 
or belly1 to correspond ) ! sway-back4  
,! camb] facilitates cutt+ to ! bottom 9
 mitre-box "w )\t saw+ into ! b$ piece (
 ! box4 ,x also ?r[s ! greate/ weight ( 
! ?ru/ ^u ! middle tee?4 ,a saw ) ev5   
tee? cuts smoo!r1 runs tru] & works fa/]
 ?an a saw fil$ by guess4 ,x is easy to 
file a saw :5 all ( ! tee? are ! same   
l5g? & all h ! same set4 ,anyone c d a  
good job ( fil+ if ! saw is made "r to  
beg9 )1 b no "o c put a saw 9 good work+
 ord] ) a ?ree-corn]$ file z 8 only     
tool4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ie4--,saw 
,jo9t]4 ,! wood5 block is ab\t two in*es
 squ>e by #ab or #ad 9 l5g?4 ,! block is
 made true & scrib$ c>efully to h !     
ripsaw slot squ>e1 /raight & true4 ,!   
file is set into a mortise squ>e ) !    

block4  ,fil+ ! ,h&saw4--,fir/ comes !  
?ree-corn]$ file4 ,x %\ld be j l>ge     
en\gh to d ! "w4 ,!re is no economy 9   
buy+ l>g] files ?9k+ t ea* ( ! ?ree     
corn]s w answ] ! same purpose z a :ole  
file ( small] size4 ,9 ! fir/ place !   
small file is bett] controll$ & w d     
bett] "w4 ,9 ! second place ! ?ree      
corn]s are ne$$ to gum ! bottoms ( !    
divisions betwe5 ! tee?4 ,!re is mu* m  
we> on ! corn]s ?an on ! sides ( a      
saw-file4 ,also ! corn]s ( a small file 
are m acute1 :i* means a good deal 9 !  
%ape ( ! f9i%$ tee?4  ,aft] ! saw is    
c>efully set & jo9t$1 clamp x 9 ! saw   
vise & file "o side ( ! saw f heel to   
po9t4 ,!n rev]se ! saw 9 ! saw clamp &  
file ! o!r side1 be+ c>eful to keep !   
bevel ( ea* too? ! same4 ,x is bett] to 
/op fil+ j be=e ! too? comes to a po9t4 
,a triangul> or diamond %ap$ po9t w cut 
fa/] & leave a smoo!r saw k]f & la/     
long] ?an a ne$le po9t4  ,z ! too? ( a  
crosscut saw is fil$ away f bo? edges1 x
 is necess>y to make all[ances :5 fil+ !

 fir/ side1 o!rwise "s ( ! tee? w come  
to a %>p po9t be=e ! gumm+ is deep      
en\gh4  ,us+ a ,h&saw4--,anyone c saw a 
bo>d squ>e bo? up & d[n & crossways by  
foll[+ a few simple rules4 ,h ! bo>d    
support$ on ! level by two well made    
saw-b5*es #bd high4 ,/& up /raight z    
possible & look d[n on bo? sides ( ! saw
 blade4 ,use long ev5 /rokes & let ! saw
 play lightly & ev5ly ?r\gh ! saw cut4  
,d n cut ! m>k out2 cut to x on ! wa/e  
end1 or fur!r end1 if !re are m pieces  
to be cut f ! bo>d4 ,! saw k]f is ab\t  
#c_/cb wide = a n9e-too? saw set =      
unkiln$ lumb] or dim5sion /uff4 ,if bo? 
saw k]fs are tak5 f "o piece & none f ! 
next !n "o l5g? w be #c_/af %ort] ?an ! 
o!r4  ,= practice x is a good plan to   
make two m>ks #c_/cb ap>t & cut betwe5  
!m4 ,use a %>p-po9t$ scrat*awl to make !
 m>ks4 ,a p5knife blade is next be/1 b x
 mu/ be held flat aga9/ ! blade ( !     
squ>e1 o!rwise x w cr[d 9 or run (f at a
 tang5t4  ,sett+ a ,circul> ,saw4--,a   
good saw-set = a circul> saw may be made

 out ( an old worn-out flat file4 ,heat 
! file 9 ! =ge fire to draw ! temp] &   
anneal x by cov]+ x ) a%es4 ,smoo? x on 
! gr9d/one4 ,put x 9 ! vise & file a    
not* 9 "o edge4 ,! not* %\ld be j wide  
en\gh to fit loosely ov] ! po9t ( a     
sawtoo?4 ,! not* %\ld be j deep en\gh to
 rea* d[n "o-qu>t] ( ! l5g? ( ! too?4   
,make a saw-set gauge out ( a piece (   
flat iron or /eel "o in* wide & ab\t f\r
 in*es long4 ,file a not* into & p>allel
 to "o edge at "o corn]1 ab\t "o-sixte5?
 ( an in* deep f ! edge & ab\t half an  
in* long measur+ f ! end4 ,) ! home-made
 saw-set b5d ! saw tee? outw>d until !  
po9ts j miss ! iron gauge 9 ! corn]     
not*4 ,! edges ( ! gauge %\ld be /raight
 & p>allel & ! not* %\ld be p>allel ) ! 
edge4 ,9 use ! edge ( ! gauge is laid   
aga9/ ! side ( ! saw s ! project+ too?  
rea*es into ! not*4 ,"o-sixte5? ( an in*
 may be too mu* set = a small saw b x   
won't be too mu* = a #bd-;in* wood saw  
work+ 9 gre5 cord wood4  ,jo9t+ a       
,circul> ,saw4--,run ! saw at full spe$4

 ,lay a #ad-;in* file flat on ! top ( ! 
saw table at "r angles to ! saw4 ,move !
 file sl[ly & c>efully t[>ds ! saw until
 x ticks aga9/ ! tee?4 ,hold ! file     
firmly by bo? ends until ea* sawtoo?    
ticks lightly aga9/ ! file4 ,a saw 9    
good work+ ord] ne$s v little jo9t+1 b x
 %\ld h att5tion e "t ! saw is set & x  
%\ld be done aft] sett+ & be=e fil+4    
,fil+ a ,circul> ,saw4--,! tee? ( a     
crosscut circul> saw po9t a little      
ahead4 ,sometimes !y po9t s ne>ly       
/raight out f ! c5t] t y h to look twice
 to det]m9e :i* way ! saw %\ld run4 ,!re
 are pl5ty ( rules = ! pit* ( sawtee?1 b
 !y are subject to _m qualifications4   
,:at int]e/s a f>m] is a saw t w cut    
gre5 poles & crook$ limbs into /ove     
l5g?s ) ! lea/ possible delay4 ,a saw   
#bj in*es 9 diamet] w cut a /ick eight  
in*es ?r\gh )\t turn+ x to f9i% ! cut4  
,! front or cutt+ edges ( ! tee? ( a    
#bd-;in* crosscut circul> saw = wood    
saw+ %\ld l9e to a po9t a little back f 
! c5t]4 ,?is may n s\nd def9ite en\gh = 

be/ results1 s ! m p>ticul> f>m]s may   
use a /raight edge4 ,select a /raight   
/ick ab\t half an in* squ>e4 ,re/ x on  
top ( or aga9/ ! back ( ! saw m&rel &   
%ape ! =w>d edges ( ! tee? on a l9e ) ! 
upp] side or re> side ( ! /raight edge4 
,! tee? w /& at ! prop] pit* :5 ! saw is
 new1 if x 0 design$ = saw+ gre5 wood4  
,if x works "r be=e be+ fil$1 !n ! wid? 
( ! /raight edge may be made to con=m to
 ! orig9al pit* & kept = future use4  ,!
 gumm+ is done ) ! edge ( ! file :ile   
fil+ ! front edges ( ! tee?4 ,x is f9i%$
 ) ! flat side ( ! file :ile fil+ ! re> 
edges ( ! tee?4 ,! dep?1 or l5g?1 ( !   
tee? %\ld be kept ! same z ! manufactur]
 design$ !m4 ,a wood saw works be/ :5 ! 
front edges ( ! tee? h b little bevel4  
,! back edges %\ld h m slant4 ,! tee?   
%\ld h ?ree-corn]$ or diamond-%ap$      
po9ts4 ,ne$le po9ts break (f :5 !y come 
aga9/ knots or cross-gra9$ h>dwood4     
,%ort tee? d no cutt+4 ,s+le cut flat   
files are us$ = circul> saws4 ,! file   
%\ld fit ! saw4 ,x %\ld be ab\t #a_/h   

wid] ?an ! l5g? ( ! front side ( ! tee?4
 ,! back edges require t ! file %all h  
"s play to %[ "p ( ! too? :ile ! file is
 9 motion4 ,l>ge files are clumsy4 ,!   
file %\ld be c>efully select$4          
,illu/ration3 ,figure #if4--;,h[ to     
,%>p5 a ,hoe4 ,gr9d+ a hoe is difficult1
 b fil+ x %>p & /raight at ! cutt+ edge 
is easy4 ,if ! hoe *att]s :5 held 9 !   
vise1 spr+ a wood5 block "u ! blade4    
,use false vise jaws to prev5t d++ !    
%ank4  ,h[ to ,%>p5 a ,hoe4--,x is      
quick] & m satisfactory to file a hoe   
%>p ?an to gr9d x on ! gr9d/one4 ,! %ank
 ( ! hoe mu/ be held firmly 9 ! vise &  
!re %\ld be a solid block ( wood "u !   
blade ( ! hoe1 a little back f ! edge2  
to keep ! file f *att]+4 ,a s+le cut    
flat file is ! be/ to use4 ,x %\ld be   
long en\gh to be easily held 9 "o       
position to make a smoo?1 ev5 bevel at !
 same angle to ! face ( ! blade all !   
way across4 ,to make sure n to file a   
fea!r edge x is bett] to jo9t ! hoe to  
beg9 )1 !n to /op fil+ j be=e rea*+ !   

edge4 ,if ! edge be left #a_/fd ?ick x w
 we> long] & "w m easily aft] hav+ be5  
us$ an h\r or two ?an x w if ! edge be  
fil$ ?94 ,?is is especially noticeable  
:5 ! gr\nd conta9s small /ones4 ,hoes   
are %>p5$ f ! "u side only4 ,! inside ( 
a hoe blade %\ld be /raight cle> to !   
edge4 ,hoes %\ld always h %>p corn]s4   
,:5 work+ ar\nd valuable plants y want  
to "k exactly :]e ! corn] ( ! hoe is :5 
! blade is buri$ out ( sight 9 ! gr\nd4 
,%oe+ ,f>m ,horses4--,f>m]s h no "t or  
incl9ation to make a bus9ess ( %oe+     
horses1 b !re are occasions :5 x is     
necess>y to pull a %oe or set a %oe & to
 d x quickly4 ,%oe+ tools are n num]\s  
or exp5sive4 ,!y consi/ fir/ ( a tool   
box1 ) a /iff iron h&le made 9 ! %ape ( 
a bale4 ,! box conta9s a %oe+ hamm]1 ho(
 rasp1 ho( knife1 or p>+-knife1 z x is  
usually call$1 & two sizes (            
horse%oe-nails4 ,sometimes a foot p$e/al
 is us$ to set ! horse's front foot on  
:5 ! horse wants to be> d[n too h>d1 b  
?is p$e/al is n necess>y 9 ! f>m %op4   

,!re are flat-foot$ horses t _c "w ev5 9
 summ] )\t %oes4 ,common s5se & %oe+    
tools are ! only requirem5ts necess>y to
 tack on a plate )\t calks4 ,%oes to fit
 any foot may be pur*as$ at s mu* a     
p\nd4  ,a p>+-knife is us$ to level !   
bottom ( ! ho( s t x w h an ev5 be>+ on 
! %oe all ! way r\nd4 ,x is n desirable 
to p>e ! frog or ! braces 9 ! bottom ( a
 horse's foot4 ,if ! foot is well cupp$1
 a little ( ! horny rim may be tak5 (f  
ne> ! edges4 ,g5]ally x is necess>y to  
%ort5 ! toe4 ,?is is done p>tly ) ! ho( 
*isel & rasp aft] ! %oe is nail$ fa/4   
,sometimes "o-f\r? ( an in* is          
suffici5t2 at o!r times a horse's ho( is
 v mu* improv$ by tak+ (f "o-half in* or
 m ( ! toe gr[? ei!r f ! bottom or !    
front or bo?4  ,l all o!r me*anical "w !
 %oe+ ( a horse's foot %\ld be /udi$ &  
plann$ be=e />t+4 ,a long toe is a bad  
lev]age to ov]come :5 pull+ a heavy     
load4 ,at ! same "t1 nature int5d$ t a  
horse %\ld h consid]able toe l5g? z a   
protection to ! m t5d] p>ts ( ! foot4 ,&

 ! pa/]n bone %\ld play at ! prop]      
angle4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure           
#ig4--,tool ,box = ,field ,use4 ,! long 
op5 side is = tools4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! 
c5t] p>tition bolts1 keys1 screws1      
nails1 bits ( wire1 lea!r1 t91 etc41 are
 kept 9 ! diff]5t divisions4  ,h&y ,tool
 ,box4--,a tool box ) a high l5g?wise   
p>tition 9 ! middle & a h&le 9 ! middle 
( ! top ( ! p>tition is ! h&ie/ tool box
 ev] us$ on a f>m4 ,at hay+ & h>ve/ "t x
 %\ld be fitt$ ) ! common tools requir$ 
ab\t hay+ & h>ve/ ma*9]y4 ,"o side is   
p>tition$ into squ>e boxes to hold split
 wire keys1 wa%]s1 bolts1 rivets1 & a   
collection ( wire nails1 bits ( copp]   
wire1 a lea!r pun*1 etc4 ,on ! o!r side 
( ! box is an assortm5t ( wr5*es1 cold  
*isels1 pun*es1 pli]s & hamm]s4 ,?is    
tool box belongs 9 ! wagon t accompanies
 ! outfit to ! field4  ,illu/ration3    
,figure #ih4--,melt+ ,ladle4 ,babbitt+  
%aft box+ requires a melt+ ladle4 ,x    
%\ld be ab\t five in*es across ! b[l &  
ab\t ?ree in*es deep4 ,t is a good size 

to heat 9 a =ge fire4  ,babbitt+        
,box+s4--,babbitt+ box+s is "o ( !      
repair jobs on ! f>m4 ,"s m5 are c>eless
 ab\t oil+2 sometimes s& cuts !m out4 ,e
 ye> "s box+s ne$ rebabbitt+4 ,! melt+  
ladle %\ld be l>ge en\gh to p\r ! l>ge/ 
box4 ,usually a #e-;in* b[l is ab\t "r4 
,a l>ge ladle w p\r a small box b a     
small ladle won't p\r a l>ge "o4 ,9 cold
 wea!r ! %aft & box %\ld be w>m$ to     
insure an ev5 fl[ ( metal4 ,pa/ebo>d is 
fitt$ aga9/ ! %aft :5 p\r+ ! cap or top 
half ( ! box4 ,pa/ebo>d is fitt$ ar\nd !
 %aft at ! ends ( ! box to keep ! melt$ 
metal f runn+ out4 ,nev] use clay or    
putty1 x is too mussy & ! babbitt is    
made r\gh & unev5 at ! edges4 ,"s skill 
is requir$ to fit ei!r wood or metal    
close en\gh to prev5t leaks & to d a    
neat job4  ,if ! box+ is small1 bo? top 
& bottom may be p\r$ at once by mak+    
holes ?r\gh ! divid+ pa/ebo>d4 ,! holes 
mu/ be l>ge en\gh to let ! melt$ metal  
?r\gh & small en\gh to break ap>t easily
 :5 cold4     ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,g5]at+   

,,me*anical ,,p[] ,,to ,,drive ,,mod]n  
,,f>m ,,ma*9]y   ,at "o "t n9ety-sev5 p]
 c5t ( ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
got _! liv+ directly f till+ ! soil1 & !
 p[] us$ 0 ox5 & manual labor4 ,at !    
pres5t "t probably n m ?an ?irty-five p]
 c5t ( our p are actively engag$ 9      
agricultural pursuits4 ,& ! p[] problem 
has be5 transf]r$ to horses1 /eam1      
gasol9e1 k]os5e & wat] p[]1 )           
electricity z a p[] conveyor4  ,fifty   
ye>s ago a f>m] 0 lucky if he own$ a    
s+le moldbo>d ca/-iron pl[ t he c\ld    
foll[ all day on foot & turn ov] "o1 or 
at mo/1 two acres4 ,! new traction      
eng9es are s p[]ful t x is possible to  
pl[ sixty feet 9 wid?1 & o!r ma*9es h   
be5 inv5t$ to foll[ ! tractor ?r\gh\t ! 
plant+ & gr[+ seasons to ! end ( !      
h>ve/4 ,! tractor is supplem5t$ by      
num]\s small] p[]s4 ,all ( :i* comb9e to
 make x possible = "o-?ird ( ! p to gr[ 
en\gh to fe$ ! :ole ,am]ican family & to
 export a surplus to ,europe4  ,at !    
same "t1 ! /&>d ( liv+ is v mu* high]   

?an x 0 :5 practically ev]yone work$ 9 !
 fields to gr[ & to h>ve/ ! food        
necess>y to live4  ,f>m ma*9]y is       
exp5sive1 b x is m exp5sive to d )\t4   
,f>m]s :o make ! mo/ money are ! ones :o
 use ! greate/ p[] & ! be/ ma*9]y4      
,f>m]s :o h a h>d "t ( x are ! ones :o  
use ! old :eezy h& pump1 ! eight-foot   
h>r[ & ! walk+ pl[4 ,! few horses !y    
keep are small & ! "w worries !m4 ,!    
own] sympa?izes ) 8 team & t worries    
him4 ,worry is ! commone/ =m ( insanity4
  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ii4--;,flail1 !
 olde/ ?re%+ ma*9e1 /ill us$ = ?re%+    
p$igre$ se$s to prev5t mix+4 ,! /aff is 
sev5 or eight feet long & ! swiple is   
ab\t ?ree feet long by two & "o-half    
in*es ?ick 9 ! middle1 tap]+ to "o &    
"o-half in*es at ! ends4 ,! /aff &      
swiple are fa/5$ toge!r by ra:ide ?ongs4
  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ajj4--;,bucket 
,yoke4 ,x fits ar\nd ! neck & ov] !     
%\ld]s4 ,su* human yokes h be5 us$ =    
ages to c>ry two buckets ( wat]1 milk or
 o!r liquids4 ,! buckets or pails %\ld  

ne>ly balance ea* o!r4 ,!y are /eadi$ by
 h& to prev5t slopp+4  ,at a fam\s pl[+ 
mat* held at ,:eatl&1 ,ill9ois1 two     
int]e/+ facts 7 br\ght out4 ,boys are n 
compet+ = furr[ prizes & ! walk+ pl[ has
 gone out ( fa%ion4 ,! pl[+ at ! ,:eatl&
 pl[+ mat* 0 done by m5 ) rid+ pl[s4    
,only "o boy "u eighte5 ye>s 0 ready to 
measure 8 ability aga9/ competition4 ,! 
att5dance ( f>m]s & visitors numb]$ ab\t
 ?ree ?\s&1 :i* %[s t g5]al int]e/ 9 !  
old-fa%ion$ pl[+ mat* is z ke5 z ev]4 ,a
 jumbo tractor on ! gr\nds prov$ its    
ability to draw a big cr[d & eighte5    
pl[s at ! same "t4 ,x did its "w well & 
)\t vulg> o/5tation4 ,lack ( suffici5t  
l& to keep x busy 0 ! tractor's only    
disappo9tm5t1 b x rea*$ out a /rong "r  
arm & h>r[$ ! furr[s d[n f9e1 j to %[ t 
x wasn't mad at nobody4  ,illu/ration3  
,figure #aja4--,well ,sweep4 ,! l5g? ( !
 sweep is suffici5t to l[] ! bucket into
 ! wat] & to raise x to ! cop+ at ! top 
( ! brickwork4 ,! rock on ! %ort end ( !
 sweep is j heavy en\gh to balance !    

bucket full ( wat]4  ,mod]n f>m me?ods  
are cont9ually dem&+ m p[]4 ,l>g]       
implem5ts are be+ us$ & heavi] horses   
are requir$ to pull !m4 ,a great deal ( 
f>m "w is done by eng9e p[]4 ,f>m p[] is
 pr(itable :5 x is employ$ to its full  
capacity 9 manufactur+ high-pric$       
products4 ,x may be pr(itable also 9    
prev5t+ wa/e by work+ up *eap mat]ials  
into valuable by-products4 ,! mod]n1    
well-manag$ f>m is a factory & x %\ld be
 manag$ along progressive factory       
me?ods4 ,9 a good dairy /able hay1 /raw1
 gra9s & o!r fe$s are manufactur$ into  
high-pric$ cream & butt]4  ,illu/ration3
 ,figure #ajb4--,wire ,/ret*]4 ,a small 
block & tackle w /ret* a s+le b>b-wire  
tight en\gh = a f5ce4 ,by us+ two wire  
snat*es ! ends ( two wires may be /ra9$ 
toge!r = splic+4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure 
#ajc4--;,block & ,tackle4 ,! rope is    
?read$ into two d\ble blocks4 ,!re is a 
safety /op t holds ! load at any height4
  ,f>m+ pays 9 proportion to ! am\nt (  
"w intellig5tly appli$ to ?is mann] (   

increas+ values4 ,x is difficult to make
 a pr(it gr[+ & sell+ gra94 ,gra9 may   
sell = m ?an ! labor & se$1 b x takes s 
mu* vitality f ! l& t depreciation (    
capital (t5 is great] ?an ! m>g9 (      
app>5t pr(it4 ,:5 gra9s are gr[n & f$ to
 live-/ock on ! f>m1 bus9ess me?ods dem&
 bett] build+s & m p[]1 :i* means t !   
f>m] is employ+ auxili>y ma*9]y & o!r   
mod]n me?ods to enhance values4  ,9 o!r 
manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts raw mat]ial is  
work$ ov] into comm]cial products :i*   
br+ sev]al times ! am\nt ( money paid = 
! raw mat]ial4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#ajd4--;,f>m ,hoi/s4 ,two /yles ( f>m   
elevat+ hoi/s are %[n 9 ?is illu/ration4
 ,two v diff]5t lift+ jobs are also %[n4
  ,! pr9ciple is ! same on ! f>m except 
t :5 a f>m] raises ! raw mat]ial he     
sells x to himself at a pr(it4 ,:5 he   
fe$s x to live-/ock & sells ! live-/ock 
he makes ano!r pr(it4 ,:5 ! manure is   
prop]ly h&l$ & return$ to ! soil he is  
mak+ ano!r pr(it on a by-product4  ,f>m+
 c>ri$ on 9 ?is way is a complicat$     

bus9ess :i* requires sup]ior k ( bus9ess
 me?ods & pr9ciples4 ,9 ord] to conduct 
! bus9ess ( f>m+ pr(itably ! labor      
problem has to be met4 ,good f>m help is
 exp5sive4 ,poor f>m help is m exp5sive4
 ,:ile f>m ma*9]y also is exp5sive1 x is
 *eap] ?an h& labor :5 ! f>m] has       
suffici5t "w to ju/ify ! outlay4 ,x is  
tiresome to h agricultural writ]s d+ at 
u ab\t ! sup]ior acre returns ( ,g]man  
f>ms4 ,g]man h&-made returns may be     
great] p] acre1 b "o ,am]ican f>mh&1 by 
! use ( prop] ma*9]y1 w produce m food  
?an a :ole ,g]man family4  ,illu/ration3
 ,figure #aje4--,two ,p[]ful ,w9*es4 ,! 
"o to ! left is us$ = pull+ small /umps 
or roots 9 ! process ( cle>+ l&4 ,! rope
 runs on & (f ! drum to ma9ta9 ?ree or  
f\r laps or turns4 ,! w9* to ! "r is us$
 = hoi/+ well drill+ tools or to hang a 
beef animal4 ,! rope w9ds on ! drum 9   
two lay]s if necess>y4   ,,dog ,,*urn   
,ev5 ! dog works on "s f>ms4 ,a dog is a
 nuisance among dairy cattle1 b he c be 
made to e>n 8 salt at *urn+ "t4 ,all    

me*anism 9 connection ) dog p[] mu/ be  
light4 ,x also is necess>y to elim9ate !
 friction z mu* z possible4             
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ajf4--;,dog ,*urn
 ,p[]4 ,a :eel key$ to an iron %aft is  
plac$ at an angle z %[n4 ,! weight ( !  
dog turns ! :eel & p[] is convey$ to !  
*urn by a light rope belt4 ,x is        
necess>y to conf9e ! dog betwe5 /ation>y
 p>titions built l a /all ov] ! :eel4   
,! be/ way to make a dog p[] is to use a
 light wood5 sulky :eel = ! revolv+ turn
 table4 ,next be/ to ! sulky :eel is a  
light buggy :eel4 ,! :eel is made fa/ to
 an upright iron %aft t is /epp$ into an
 iron oil well at ! bottom & incl9$ at  
an angle ( ab\t fifte5 degrees to give !
 necess>y p[]4 ,to /eady ! top ( ! %aft 
a light box+ is us$1 pref]ably a        
ball-be>+ bicycle race to r$uce         
friction4 ,p[] is convey$ to ! *urn by  
means ( a groov$ pulley on ! top ( !    
%aft4 ,a small1 s(t rope or heavy /r+   
belt runs f ?is pulley to a simil>      
pulley connect$ ) ! *urn4  ,dogs le>n to

 l ! "w :5 f$ imm$iately aft] ! *urn+ is
 f9i%$4 ,dogs h be5 kn[n to get on to ! 
p[] :eel to call att5tion to _! hungry  
condition4 ,?is calls to m9d ! necessity
 ( arrang+ a brake to /op ! :eel to let 
! dog (f4 ,:5 ! :eel is runn+ light1 !  
dog _c let g4  ,a spr+ brake to we>     
aga9/ ! iron tire ( ! :eel is ! mo/     
satisfactory4 ,! brake may be tripp$ &  
set aga9/ ! tire automatically by a     
small lev] & weight atta*$ to ! und]side
 ( ! :eel4 ,:5 ! spe$ is too fa/ !      
weight sw+s out & sets ! brake4 ,:5 !   
spe$ slack5s ! weight drops back t[>ds !
 c5t] & releases ! brake4 ,:5 ! spe$ is 
ab\t "r ! weight sw+s betwe5 ! two spr+ 
cat*es4   ,,bull ,,treadmill  ,on dairy 
f>ms x is common to see a valuable pure 
br$ bull work+ a treadmill = ex]cise &  
to pump wat]4 ,sometimes he turns !     
cream-sep>ator1 b ! motion is too       
un/eady = good results4 ,treadmills =   
?is purpose are v simple4 ,! me*anism   
turns a groov$ pulley :i* propels a rope
 p[] conveyor4 ,! rope belt may be c>ri$

 across ! y>ds 9 any direction & to     
almo/ any di/ance4 ,bull treadmills     
consi/ ( a framework ( wood :i* c>ries  
an endless apron support$ on roll]s4 ,! 
apron l9k *a9s pass ar\nd & turn two    
drumhead sprocket-:eels at ! upp] end & 
an idl] drum at ! l[] end4 ,!           
sprocket-:eel drum %aft is ge>$ to an   
auxili>y %aft :i* c>ries a groov$       
pulley4 ,a rope belt p[] conveyor runs 9
 ?is groove & c>ries p[] f ! bull p5 to 
! pump4  ,bull tread p[]s usually h     
smoo? incl9$ lags1 because a bull's /eps
 on ! tread p[] are naturally unev5 &   
irregul>4 ,?is con/ruction gives an ev5 
/raight tread to ! travel surface4 ,to  
prev5t slipp+1 s(t wood5 /rips are nail$
 onto ! lags at ! l[] edges4 ,ev5 incl9e
 tread blocks or lags are also recomm5d$
 = horses t are n %od & = all animals ) 
split ho(s4 ,! travel+ apron ( ! p[] is 
plac$ on an incl9e & ! treads are c>ri$ 
ar\nd ! two drums at ! upp] & l[] ends (
 ! frame by means ( endless *a9s4 ,!re  
is a gov]nor atta*m5t :i* regulates !   

spe$ & prev5ts ! ma*9]y f runn+ away4   
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ajg4--;,bull     
,tread ,p[]4 ,treadmills h gone out (   
fa%ion4 ,too mu* friction 0 ! cause1 b a
 mill l ?is is valuable to ex]cise a    
pure br$ bull4 ,"s dairym5 make him pump
 wat]4  ,! simple/ gov]nor is made on ! 
two-ball gov]nor pr9ciple ) weights on  
opposite lev]s4 ,! gov]nor is atta*$ to 
two opposite spokes 9 ! fly:eel4 ,z !   
spe$ increases ! weights move outw>d    
because ( _! c5trifugal =ce4 ,?is motion
 op]ates a brake lev] to ret>d or /op ! 
fly:eel4 ,:5 ! ma*9e /ops an opposite   
weight re/s aga9/ ! fly:eel until x />ts
 9 motion aga91 s ! apron _c be mov$    
until ! brake is releas$4 ,?is is       
necess>y to get ! animal on or (f ( !   
plat=m :ile x is at re/ to avoid        
accid5ts4 ,! usual incl9e is a rise (   
two feet 9 eight :5 p[] is want$4 ,?is  
pit* compels ! bull to lift "o-qu>t] ( 8
 own weight & x may be too sev]e = a    
heavy animal4 ,! endless apron is an    
endless hill climb to ! bull4           

,treadmills are n economical ( p[]      
because !re are s _m be>+s to g5]ate    
friction4   ,,w9dmills  ,w9d p[] is !   
*eape/ p[] we h4 ,a w9dmill prop]ly     
proportion$ to its "w is a great help1  
especially :5 x is atta*$ to a good pump
 = ! purpose ( lift+ wat] into an       
elevat$ tank f :i* x is pip$ "u pressure
 = dome/ic purposes & = wat]+ live-/ock4
  ,y c h consid]able pati5ce ) a w9dmill
 if y only dep5d ^u x = pump+ wat]1     
provid$ y h a tank t w hold a week's    
supply to be drawn dur+ a dry1 hot "t :5
 e animal on ! f>m dem&s a d\ble        
all[ance ( wat]4 ,t is ! "t :5 a f>m]   
hates to atta* himself to ! pump h&le = 
! purpose ( work+ up a hickory breeze4  
,t also is ! "t :5 ! w9d neglects a     
fell[4  ,a good w9dmill is useful up to 
ab\t "o-?ird ( its rat$ capacity1 :i* is
 ! /ronge/ argum5t = buy+ a mill l>g]   
?an at fir/ seems necess>y4 ,"s m5 h    
suff]$ at "s "t 9 _! lives ) ! delusion 
t !y c\ld t9k] ) a poorly con/ruct$     
w9dmill & make x e>n its oil4 ,!y h nev]

 wak$ up to a full realization ( _! e>ly
 delusion4 ,x is a positive fact t all  
w9dmills are n lazy1 deceitful nor :olly
 unreliable4 ,:5 prop]ly con/ruct$1     
rightly m\nt$ & kept 9 good repair1 !y  
are n prone to "w 9 a crazy fa%ion :5 ! 
tank is full & loaf :5 x is empty4 ,!re 
are ?\s&s ( w9dmills t h fai?fully /aid 
on ! job cont9u\sly tw5ty-f\r h\rs p]   
day = five or t5 ye>s at a /ret*1 all ! 
"t work+ = no?+ ye> aft] ye> )\t        
grumbl+1 except :5 compell$ to run )\t  
oil4 ,at su* times ! prote/ is l\d &    
n]ve rack+4  ,a good w9dmill ) suitable 
d]rick1 pump & pip+ may co/ #aej4 ,!    
ye>ly exp5se figures some?+ l ?is3      
,int]e/ on inve/m5t at #f p] annum      
#i4jj   ,depreciation #aj               
#ae4jj   ,oil                           
#a4jj   ,repairs                        
#c4jj  mak+ a total ( #bh1 :i* is less  
?an #b4ej p] mon? = ! "w ( elevat+ a    
con/ant supply ( wat] = ! h\se1 /able & 
b>ny>d4   ,,"o-,,mule ,,pump  ,a        
home-made device t is mu* us$ on        

live-/ock ran*es 9 ,cali=nia is %[n 9 ! 
illu/ration4 ,?is simple me*anism is a  
practical means = conv]t+ circul> mule  
motion into v]tical reciprocat+ pump    
action4 ,a solid po/ is set r deep 9 !  
gr\nd ab\t twelve feet f ! well4 ,?is   
po/ is ! fulcrum support ( ! walk+-beam4
 ,"o end ( ! walk+-beam rea*es to ! c5t]
 l9e ( ! well1 :]e x connects ) ! pump  
%aft4 ,! o!r end ( ! walk+-beam is      
op]at$ by a pitman %aft connect+ ) a    
crank wri/ p9 ne> ! gr\nd4 ,a r\nd iron 
%aft simil> to a horsep[] tumbl+ rod    
ab\t t5 or twelve feet 9 l5g? & "o & a  
half in*es 9 diamet] is us$ to convey   
p[] & motion to ! pitman %aft4          
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ajh4--,mule      
,pump4 ,a practical home-made p[] to    
pump wat] = live-/ock4 ,x is us$ :]e !  
wat]-table is )9 #bj feet ( ! surface ( 
! gr\nd4 ,! draw+ %[s a po/ 9 ! c5t] :i*
 supports ! walk+-beam & acts z a       
fulcrum4 ,a m[+-ma*9e :eel is key$ to "o
 end ( a r\nd iron %aft4 ,! o!r end (   
?is %aft turns 9 a box+ :i* is swivel$  

to a %ort po/ z %[n at ,b4 ,see also    
detail ,b44 ,! two plung] %afts are %[n 
at ,a ,a4 ,! mule is hit*$ to ! r\nd    
iron %aft ne> ! travel+ :eel by means ( 
a r\nd hook4 ,z ! mule walks ar\nd 9 a  
circle ! %aft revolves & op]ates ! crank
 ,b4 ,!re are side guys n %[n 9 ! draw+ 
to keep ! walk+-beam 9 position4  ,a    
m[+-ma*9e :eel is key$ to ! out] end ( !
 tumbl+ rod4 ,at ! crank end is a       
babbitt$ box+ ) a bolt atta*m5t rea*+   
d[n into ! top ( a %ort po/ set solidly 
into ! gr\nd1 directly "u ! inn] end ( !
 walk+-beam4 ,?is bolt p]mits ! box+ to 
revolve ) a swivel motion4 ,ano!r swivel
 connects ! upp] end ( ! pitman %aft ) !
 walk+-beam4 ,! :iffletree is atta*$ to 
! tumbl+ rod by an iron hook4 ,?is hook 
is held 9 place by two iron coll>s fa/5$
 to ! tumbl+ rod by means ( keys or     
set-screws4 ,! m[+-ma*9e drive :eel     
travels ar\nd 9 a circle beh9d ! mule   
turn+ ! %aft :i* works ! walk+-beam &   
op]ates ! pump4 ,x w\ld be difficult to 
design ano!r horse or mule p[] s *eap & 

simple & effective4 ,! mule gr[s wise   
aft] a :ile1 s x is necess>y to use a   
bl9dfold1 or he w soldi] on ! job4 ,) a 
little enc\ragem5t f a :ip occasionally 
a mule w walk ar\nd & ar\nd = h\rs pull+
 ! m[+-ma*9e :eel aft] him4   ,,horsep[]
  ,"o horsep[] is a =ce suffici5t to    
lift #cc1jjj p\nds "o foot high 9 "o    
m9ute4  ,! t]m horsep[] 9 popul> use    
ye>s ago meant a collection ( ge>-:eels 
& long lev]s ) eight or t5 horses       
solemnly m>*+ ar\nd 9 a circle ) a man  
p]*$ on a plat=m 9 ! c5t] 9 ! capacity (
 umpire4  ,?is 0 ! old ?re%+-ma*9e      
horsep[]4 ,x 0 ! fir/ real success 9    
pool+ _m diff]5t f>m p[] units to       
conc5trate ! comb9$ ef=t ^u "o important
 op]ation4  ,n _m horses are capable (  
rais+ #cc1jjj p\nds "o foot 9 "o m9ute e
 m9ute = an h\r or a day4 ,"s horses are
 natural-born slack]s ) suffici5t acum5 
to beat ! umpire at 8 own game4 ,"s     
horses walk fa/] ?an o!rs1 also horses  
v>y 9 size & capacity = "w4 ,b dur+ a   
busy "t ea* horse 0 c\nt$ z "o horsep[]1

 & !y 7 only eight or t5 9 numb]4 ,& x s
 develop$ t ! ?re%+ horsep[] _h         
limitations :i* ! sep>ator outgrew4  ,! 
old ?re%+ horsep[] has be5 sup]s$$ by   
/eam eng9es & gasol9e & k]os5e p[]1 b   
horses are m important ?an ev]4         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aji4--;,horse    
,p[]1 %[+ ! mann] ( atta*+ ! brac$ lev] 
to ! bull :eel4  ,f>m horses are l>g] & 
m p[]ful2 !y are bett] kept1 bett]      
tra9$1 & hit*$ to bett] ma*9]y1 because 
x pays4 ,"o man drives ?ree #a1fjj-p\nd 
draft horses z fa/ z he us$ to drive two
 #a1jjj-p\nd g5]al-purpose horses4 ,!   
?ree draft]s make play ( a heavy load1  
:ile ! two light horses worry !mselves  
poor & accompli% little4 ,mod]n f>m     
ma*9]y is heavi]1 x cuts wid] & digs    
deep] & does m ?or\gh "w4 ,mod]n f>m    
requirem5ts g sci5tifically into ! prop]
 cultivation & prep>ation ( soil to     
increase f]tility4 ,old me?ods us$ up   
f]tility until ! l& refus$ to produce   
pr(itably4  ,al?\gh ! old famili>       
horsep[] has be5 greatly outclass$1 x   

has n be5 disc>d$4 ,!re are _m small    
horsep[]s 9 use = elevat+ gra91 bal+    
hay1 cutt+ /raw = fe$ & b$d+1 gr9d+ fe$ 
& o!r light "w :]e eng9e p[] is n       
available4   ,,wat]-,,p[]  ,wat]-p[] is 
! mo/ satisfactory ( all k9ds ( /ation>y
 f>m p[]1 :5 a /eady /ream ( wat] may be
 h>ness$ to a good wat]-:eel4 ,x is n a 
difficult eng9e]+ feat to ?r[ a dam     
across a small /ream & take ! wat] out  
into a p5/ock to supply wat] to a turb9e
 wat]-:eel4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is        
necess>y to measure ! fl[ ( wat] to     
det]m9e ! size ( wat]-:eel :i* may be   
us$ to advantage4 ,9 connection ) ! fl[ 
( wat] x is also important to "k ! fall4
 ,wat] is measur$ by :at is t]m$ a weir4
 ,x is easily made by cutt+ an oblong   
not* 9 a plank plac$ across ! /ream1 z a
 tempor>y dam :i* raises ! wat] a few   
in*es to get a /eady1 ev5 fl[ ( wat]    
?r\gh ! not* s t calculations may be    
made 9 m9]'s in*es4 ,! t]m m9]'s in* is 
n accurate1 b x comes ne> en\gh =       
practical purposes4 ,measur+ ! volume ( 

wat] %\ld be done dur+ a dry "t 9 summ]4
  ,! fall ( ! /ream is easily measur$ by
 means ( a c>p5t]'s level & a /ake4 ,!  
/ake is driv5 into ! gr\nd at a po9t    
d[n/ream :]e wat] may be deliv]$ to !   
:eel & a tailrace e/abli%$ to ! be/     
advantage4 ,sight+ ov] ! level to a m>k 
on ! /ake w %[ ! am\nt ( fall4 ,:5 a    
manufactur] ( wat]-:eels has ! am\nt (  
wat] & ! fall1 he c e/imate ! size & "* 
( :eel to supply4 ,! p5/ock may be      
v]tical or plac$ on a slant4 ,a         
galvaniz$ pipe suffici5t to c>ry !      
necess>y am\nt ( wat] may be laid along 
! bank1 b x %\ld be ?or\ghly well       
support$ because a pipe full ( wat] is  
heavy1 & settl+ is likely to break a    
jo9t4  ,galvaniz$ pip+ = a f>m p5/ock is
 n necess>ily exp5sive4 ,x may be made  
at any t9 %op & put toge!r on ! gr\nd 9 
sections4 ,! only difficult "p ab\t x is
 sold]+ ! "u side ( ! jo9ts1 b g5]ally x
 may be roll$ a little to "o side until 
! bottom ( ! seam is rea*$4  ,! mo/     
satisfactory way to c>ry p[] f !        

wat]-:eel to ! f>m build+s is by means (
 electricity4 ,! dynamo may be c\pl$ to 
! wat]-:eel & wires c>ri$ any requir$   
di/ance4  ,! "w ( in/all+ electric p[]  
ma*9]y is m a "q ( detail ?an me*anics  
or electrical eng9e]+4 ,! diff]5t       
appliances are b\ght f ! manufactur] &  
plac$ :]e !y are ne$$4 ,x is pr9cipally 
a "q ( exp5se & quantity ( electricity  
ne$$ or develop$4 ,if ! curr5t is us$ = 
p[]1 !n a motor is connect$ ) ! dynamo &
 curr5t f ! dynamo drives ! motor4 ,a   
dynamo may be connect$ ) ! wat]-:eel    
%aft at ! s\rce ( p[] & ! motor may be  
plac$ 9 ! p[]-h\se or any ( ! o!r       
build+s4  ,! co/ ( f>m wat]works dep5ds 
pr9cipally on ! am\nt ( p[] develop$4   
,small ma*9]y may be _h = a few hundr$  
doll>s1 b l>ge1 p[]ful ma*9]y is        
exp5sive4 ,if ! /ream is l>ge &         
consid]able p[] is go+ to wa/e x might  
pay to put 9 a l>g] plant & sell curr5t 
to ! neighbors = electric light+ & = p[]
 purposes4 ,/&>d ma*9]y is manufactur$ =
 j su* plants4  ,! "q ( h>ness+ a /ream 

on y\r own l& :5 y control bo? banks is 
a simple bus9ess proposition4 ,if anyone
 else c set up a plausible plea (       
rip>ian rights1 flood damage1 int]/ate  
complications or int]f]5ce ) navigation1
 x !n becomes a "q ( litigation to be   
decid$ by "s succe$+ g5]ation4   ,,/eam 
,,boil] ,,& ,,eng9e  ,f>m eng9es usually
 are ( two diff]5t types1 /eam eng9es & 
gasol9e or oil eng9es4 ,/eam /ation>y   
eng9es are us$ on dairy f>ms because    
/eam is ! be/ kn[n means ( keep+ a dairy
 clean & sanit>y4 ,! boil] t furni%es   
p[] to run ! eng9e also supplies /eam to
 heat wat] & /eam = /]iliz+ bottles1    
cans & o!r ut5sils4  ,= "s unacc\ntable 
reason /eam eng9es are m reliable ?an   
gasol9e eng9es4 ,at ! same "t !y require
 m att5tion1 t is1 ! boil]s d4 ,/eam    
eng9es h be5 kn[n to p]=m _! tasks ye>  
aft] ye> )\t balk+ & )\t repairs or     
att5tion ( any k9d except to fe$ /eam & 
oil into ! necess>y p>ts1 & occasionally
 repack ! /uff+ boxes4  ,on ! o!r h&1   
boil]s require sup]9t5d5ce to fe$ !m )  

bo? fuel & wat]4 ,! am\nt ( "t v>ies    
greatly4 ,if ! boil] is v mu* l>g] ?an !
 eng9e1 t is1 if ! boil] is big en\gh to
 furni% /eam = two su* eng9es1 x w      
furni% /eam = "o eng9e & only half try4 
,?is means t ! fireman c raise #dj or   
#fj p\nds ( /eam & att5d to 8 o!r "w    
ar\nd ! dairy or b>n4  ,:]e /eam boil]s 
are requir$ = heat+ wat] & furni%+ /eam 
to scald cans & wa% bottles1 ! boil]    
%\ld be sev]al horsep[] l>g] ?an ! eng9e
 requirem5ts4 ,!re is no objection to   
?is except t a l>ge boil] co/s m ?an a  
small] "o1 & t m /eam is g5]at$ ?an is  
actually requir$ to run ! eng9e4 ,! k9d 
( "w requir$ ( a boil] & eng9e mu/      
det]m9e ! size & g5]al "* ( !           
in/allation4  ,portable boil]s & eng9es 
are n q s satisfactory z /ation>y1 b !re
 are a great _m portable outfits t give 
good satisfaction1 & !re is ! advantage 
( mov+ !m to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! f>m :5  
p[] is requir$ = c]ta9 purposes4        
,,small ,,gasol9e ,,eng9es  ,a gasol9e  
eng9e ( #b-a_/b horsep[] is ! mo/ useful

 size = a g5]al purpose f>m eng9e4 ,x is
 conv5i5t to run ! pump1 wa%+-ma*9e1    
fann+-mill1 cream-sep>ator1 gr9d/one1 & 
o!r simil> f>m *ores t h h]et(ore always
 be5 done by human muscle4 ,a small     
eng9e may be plac$ on a l[-d[n truck &  
mov$ f "o build+ to ano!r by h&4 ,"o    
drive belt #bj or #cj feet long1 mak+ a 
d\ble belt rea* ( #ab or #ae feet1 w    
answ] = ea* sett+4  ,! eng9e once l9$ up
 to hit* onto ! pulley ( any /ation>y   
ma*9e is all t is necess>y4 ,:5 ! truck 
is once plac$ 9 prop] position ! :eels  
may be block$ by a ca/+ ( concrete mold$
 into a depression 9 ! gr\nd 9 front &  
beh9d ea* :eel4 ,^! blocks are p]man5t s
 t ! truck may be pull$ to ! same spot  
ea* "t4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure          
#aaj4--,k]os5e ,f>m ,eng9e4 ,?is is a v 
compact type ( eng9e ) heavy fly:eels4  
,a long] base might sit /eadi] on a     
wagon1 b = /ation>y use on a solid      
concrete pi] x gives good s]vice4  ,a   
gasol9e eng9e = f>m use is expect$ to   
run by ! h\r )\t att5tion4 ,= ?is reason

 x %\ld h a good1 reliable hit & miss   
gov]nor to regulate ! spe$1 z ?is type  
is ! mo/ economical 9 fuel4 ,x %\ld h a 
magneto 9 addition to a six-cell dry    
batt]y4 ,x %\ld be equipp$ ) an impulse 
/>t]1 a device t elim9ates all />t+     
tr\bles4 ,! eng9e %\ld be p]fectly      
balanc$ s z to insure smoo? runn+1 :i*  
adds mat]ially to ! life ( ! eng9e4 ,) a
 good1 solid pump jack1 a #b-a_/b       
horsep[] eng9e w pump wat] until ! tank 
is full1 :e!r x requires "o h\r or half 
a day4  ,x is easily mov$ to ! dairy    
h\se to run ! sep>ator4 ,z !            
cream-sep>ator *ore comes along regul>ly
 e night & e morn+1 ! eng9e & truck w\ld
 naturally rema9 inside ( ! dairy h\se m
 ?an any o!r place4 ,if ! dairy h\se is 
too small to let ! eng9e 91 !n an       
addition is necess>y1 = ! eng9e mu/ be  
kept "u cov]4 ,! eng9e h\se %\ld h "s   
arti/ic pret5sions & a coat ( pa9t4     
,,k]os5e ,,portable ,,eng9es  ,! k]os5e 
eng9e is necess>ily ( ! ?rottle gov]nor 
type 9 ord] to ma9ta9 approximately     

uni=m high temp]ature at all times1 s   
ess5tial to ! prop] combu/ion ( k]os5e  
fuel4 ,!re=e1 a k]os5e eng9e ( !        
hit-&-miss type %\ld be avoid$4 ,h[ev]1 
!re are c]ta9 classes ( "w :]e a ?rottle
 gov]nor eng9e is at a decid$           
disadvantage1 su* z saw+ wood1 because a
 ?rottle gov]nor eng9e w n g f light    
load to full load z quickly z w a       
hit-&-miss type1 & consequ5tly *okes d[n
 mu* easi]1 caus+ consid]able loss ( "t4
  ,a g5]al purpose portable k]os5e eng9e
 is admirably suit$ to all "w requir+   
consid]able horsep[] & long h\rs (      
s]vice ) a fairly /eady load1 su* z     
tractor "w1 ?re%+1 cu/om fe$ gr9d+1     
irrigat+ & silo fill+4 ,!re w be a      
consid]able sav+ 9 fuel bill ov] a      
gasol9e eng9e if ! eng9e w really run ) 
k]os5e1 or o!r l[-pric$ fuel1 )\t be+   
mix$ ) gasol9e4  ,9 *oos+ a k]os5e      
eng9e1 p>ticul> att5tion %\ld be paid to
 :e!r or n ! eng9e c be run on all loads
 )\t smok+4 ,unless ?is c be done1      
liquid fuel is ent]+ ! cyl9d] :i* w     

cause excessive we> on ! pi/on & r+s4 ,a
 good k]os5e eng9e %\ld %[ z clean an   
exhau/ z :5 op]at+ on gasol9e & %\ld    
develop approximately z mu* horsep[]4   
,ano!r feature is h>moniz+ ! fuel oil & 
! lubricat+ oil s t "o w n c\nt]act !   
effects ( ! o!r4   ,,portable ,,f>m     
,,eng9e ,,& ,,truck  ,illu/ration3      
,figure #aaa4--,portable ,f>m ,eng9e4   
,?is eng9e is p]man5tly m\nt$ on a l[   
:eel truck wagon4 ,! saw frame is       
deta*able & ! same truck is us$ = spray+
 & o!r "w4  ,a conv5i5t arrangem5t =    
truck & portable p[] = spray+1 saw+ wood
 & irrigation pump+1 is %[n 9 !         
accompany+ illu/ration4 ,! truck is l[  
d[n1 :i* keeps ! ma*9]y )9 rea*4 ,!     
:eels are well brac$1 :i* t5ds to hold !
 outfit /eady :5 ! eng9e is runn+4 ,!   
saw table is deta*able4 ,:5 remov$1 !   
spray+ tank bolts on to ! same truck    
frame2 also ! elevat$ table ) ! rail+   
ar\nd x1 :]e ! m5 /& to spray l>ge apple
 trees1 is bolt$ onto ! wagon b$4       
,spray+ nev] 0 prop]ly done until !     

p[]ful eng9e & high pressure tanks 7    
inv5t$4 ,spray+ to be effective1 %\ld be
 f9e z mi/1 :i* requires a pressure (   
#aej p\nds4 ,!re may be a numb] (       
atta*m5ts to a spray+ outfit ( ?is k9d4 
,a pipe susp5d$ "u ! frame ) a nozzle = 
ea* r[ is us$ to spray potatoes1        
/rawb]ry v9es & o!r l[ d[n crops t are  
gr[n 9 r[s4 ,:5 n 9 use z a portable    
eng9e x is block$ firmly into place to  
run ! regul> /ation>y f>m ma*9]y4       
,,hydraulic ,,ram  ,! hydraulic ram is a
 ma*9e t gets its p[] f ! mom5tum (     
runn+ wat]4 ,a ram consi/s ( a pipe (   
l>ge diamet]1 an air *amb] & ano!r pipe 
( small diamet]1 all connect$ by means (
 valves to enc\rage ! fl[ ( wat] 9 two  
diff]5t directions4 ,a supply ( runn+   
wat] ) a fall ( at lea/ two feet is run 
?r\gh a pipe sev]al in*es 9 diamet]     
rea*+ f above ! dam to ! hydraulic ram1 
:]e "p ( ! fl[ ent]s ! air *amb] ( !    
ram4 ,ne> ! foot ( ! l>ge pipe1 or at   
:at might be call$ ! tailrace1 is a     
peculi>ly con/ruct$ valve t closes :5   

runn+ wat] />ts to pass ?r\gh x4 ,:5 !  
l>ge valve closes ! wat] /ops sudd5ly1  
:i* causes a back-pressure suffici5t to 
lift a *eck-valve to admit a c]ta9 am\nt
 ( wat] f ! l>ge supply pipe into !     
air-*amb] ( ! ram4  ,aft] ! fl[ ( wat]  
is *eck$1 ! foot-valve drops ( its own  
weight1 :i* aga9 />ts ! fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh
 ! l>ge pipe1 & ! process is repeat$ a  
?\s& or a million times1 ea* "t =c+ a   
little wat] ?r\gh ! *eck-valve into !   
air *amb] ( ! ram4 ,! wat] is cont9ually
 be+ =c$ out into ! small deliv]y pipe 9
 a con/ant /ream because ( ! /eady      
pressure ( ! imprison$ air 9 ! air-*amb]
 :i* acts z a cu%ion4 ,?is imprison$ air
 compresses aft] ea* kick & exp&s betwe5
 kicks 9 a mann] int5d$ to =ce a m or   
less /eady fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh ! small     
pipe4 ,! air pressure is ma9ta9$ by     
means ( a small valve t p]mits a little 
air to suck 9 ) ! supply ( wat]4        
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aab4--;,hydraulic
 ,ram4 ,! upp] draw+ %[s h[ to in/all ! 
ram4 ,! l[] draw+ is a detail section   

?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! ram4 ,wat] fl[s d[nhill
 ?r\gh ! supply pipe4 ,! int]mitt5t     
action ( ! valve =ces a portion ( ! wat]
 ?r\gh ano!r valve into ! air-*amb]4    
,air pressure =ces ?is wat] out ?r\gh   
deliv]y pipe4 ,ano!r valve spills ! wa/e
 wat] ov] into ! tailrace4 ,an automatic
 air-valve int]mitt5tly admits air into 
! air-*amb]4  ,wat] may be convey$      
uphill to ! h\se by ?is means1 sometimes
 to consid]able di/ance4 ,! size ( ! ram
 & its p[] to lift wat] dep5ds ^u !     
am\nt ( wat] at ! spr+ & ! numb] ( feet 
( fall4 ,9 lay+ ! small pipe1 x %\ld be 
plac$ well d[n "u gr\nd to keep x cool 9
 summ] & to bury x beyond ! rea* ( w9t] 
fro/4 ,at ! upp] end :]e ! wat] is      
deliv]$ a /orage tank ) an ov]fl[ is    
necess>y1 s ! wat] c run away :5 n be+  
drawn = use4 ,a con/ant supply ?r\gh a  
ram dem&s a con/ant deliv]y4 ,x is      
necess>y to gu>d ! wat] intake at ! dam4
 ,a f5ce protection ar\nd ! supply pool 
to keep live-/ock or wild animals out is
 ! fir/ measure ( precaution4 ,a f9e    

scre5 surr\nd+ ! upp] end ( ! pipe t    
supplies wat] to ! ram is necess>y to   
keep small tra% f int]f]+ ) ! valves4   
,,! ,,f>m ,,tractor  ,f>m tractors are  
becom+ practical4 ,mo/ !ories h _h a try
 out1 ! junk pile has receiv$ _m        
failures & ! fitte/ are ab\t to survive4
 ,n[1 if ! manufactur]s w /&>dize ! rat+
 & ! important p>ts & improve _! sell+  
organizations ! :ole nation w pr(it4 ,! 
successful tractors usually h v]tical   
eng9es ) f\r cyl9d]s4 ,!y are likely to 
h /raight spur transmission ge>s1 & a   
/raight spur or *a9 drive1 all c>efully 
protect$ f du/4 ,& !y w h consid]able   
surface be>+ to avoid pack+ ! soil4 ,"s 
tractors c>ry _! weight mo/ly ^u ! drive
 :eels--a pr9ciple t utilizes weight to 
increase traction4 ,o!r tractors ex]t a 
great deal ( en]gy 9 =c+ a small1 n>r[  
front /e]+-:eel ?r\gh ! s(t gr\nd4 ,any 
f>m] :o has pu%$ a load$ :eelb>r[ kn[s  
:at t means4 ,"s k]os5e tractors require
 a l>ge p]c5tage ( gasol9e4 ,! driv] may
 be z mu* to blame z ! eng9e4 ,b x %\ld 

be correct$4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#aac4--,tractor ,transmission ,ge>4     
,spur ge>s are ! mo/ satisfactory =     
heavy "w4  ,manufactur]s %\ld d m       
educational "w & talk less ab\t !       
wond]fully m>vel\s & m>vel\sly wond]ful4
 ,salesm5 %\ld /udy me*anics in/ead (   
oratory4 ,tractor effici5cy %\ld be rat$
 practically in/ead ( !oretically4 ,!   
few actual reports ( p]=mance h emanat$ 
f te/s ) new ma*9es 9 ! h&s ( tra9$     
demon/rators4 ,manufactur]s include belt
 p[] "w among ! virtues ( f>m tractors1 
& !y enum]ate _m light jobs1 su* z runn+
 a cream-sep>ator1 saw+ wood1 pump+ wat]
 & turn+ ! fann+-mill4 ,well1 a f>m     
tractor c d su* "w--yes4 ,s c an        
elephant pu% a baby c>riage4 ,if        
manufactur]s w\ld devise a practical    
means ( us+ electricity z an int]m$i>y1 
& expla9 to f>m]s h[ a day's en]gy may  
be /or$ 9 practical work+ batt]ies to be
 paid out 9 a week1 !n we c\ld und]/& :y
 we %\ld run a #bj horsep[] eng9e to    
op]ate a cream-sep>ator "o h\r at night 

& ano!r h\r 9 ! morn+4  ,illu/ration3   
,figure #aad4--,/raight ,transmission   
,ge>1 =w>d & *a9 drive rev]se1 =        
traction eng9e4     ,,*apt] ,,iv        
,,driv5 ,,ma*9es   ,,f>m ,,wat]works  ,e
 f>m has its own wat] supply4 ,"s are v 
simple1 o!rs are q elaborate4 ,x is bo? 
possible & practical = a f>m] to h 8 own
 tap wat] "u pressure on ! same plan z !
 city4 ,:5 good wat] is abundant )9 #ge 
feet ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd ! f>m supply 
may be _h *eap] & bett] ?an ! city4 ,ev5
 deep well pump+ is practical ) good    
ma*9]y rightly in/all$4 ,f>m wat]works  
%\ld s]ve ! h\se & ! wat]+ tr\ghs "u a  
pressure ( at lea/ #dj p\nds at ! gr\nd 
level4 ,! sy/em %\ld also include wat] =
 spr9kl+ ! lawn & = irrigat+ ! g>d54 ,if
 /rawb]ries or o!r int5sive money crops 
are gr[n = m>ket !re %\ld be suffici5t  
wat] 9 ! pipes to save ! crop 9 "t (    
dr\?4 ,^! diff]5t uses %\ld all be      
cr$it$ to ! f>m wat]works sy/em pro     
rata1 accord+ to ! am\nts us$ by !      
diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ! f>m4 ,! books w\ld

 !n prove t ! luxury ( hot & cold runn+ 
wat] 9 ! f>mh\se co/s less ?an ! av]age 
city family pays4  ,?ree ,sy/ems ( ,wat]
 ,/orage4--,! fir/ plan adopt$ = supply+
 wat] "u pressure on f>ms 0 ! ov]head   
tank4 ,! wat] 0 lift$ up into ! tank by 
a w9dmill & =ce pump4 ,because w9d p[]  
prov$ r unc]ta9 f>m]s adopt$ ! gasol9e  
eng9e1 usually a two horsep[] eng9e4  ,!
 second wat] /orage plan 0 ! air-tight  
/eel wat]-tank to be plac$ 9 ! cell> or 
9 a pit und]gr\nd4 ,! same pump & p[]   
supplies ! wat] = ?is sy/em1 b x also   
requires an air-pump to supply pressure 
to =ce ! wat] out ( ! tank4  ,! ?ird    
plan =ces ! wat] out ( ! well by air    
pressure1 z x is ne$$ = use4 ,no wat]   
pump is requir$ 9 ?is sy/em2 !          
air-compressor takes its place4         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aae4--,! ,f>m    
,pump4 ,x sup]s$$ ! iron-b\nd bucket1 ! 
slimy old bucket1 ! mal>ia-l9$ bucket t 
hung 9 ! well1 b x wore out ! wom54 ,oil
 0 nev] wa/$ on its creak+ jo9ts4 ,lat] 
x 0 fitt$ ) a /uff+-box & an air-*amb]1 

& ! plung] 0 hit*$ to ! w9dmill4  ,to ! 
"r are %[n two k9ds ( po/-hole digg]s4  
,! upp] digg] is sometimes us$ to cle> !
 f9e e>? out ( ! bottom ( a hole dug by 
! l[] digg]4  ,suction-,pumps4--,! ^w   
suction1 :5 appli$ to pumps1 is a       
misnom]4 ,! pr9ciple ^u :i* su* pumps "w
 is ?is3 ,! pump pi/on drives ! air out 
( ! pump cyl9d] :i* produces a vacuum4  
,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e is ab\t fifte5
 p\nds p] squ>e in* ( surface4 ,?is     
pressure =ces suffici5t wat] up ?r\gh ! 
s-call$ suction pipe to fill ! vacuum 9 
! cyl9d]4 ,! wat] is held 9 ! cyl9d] by 
foot-valves or clack-valves4 ,z ! pi/on 
aga9 desc5ds into ! cyl9d] x plunges    
into wat] in/ead ( air4 ,a foot-valve 9 
! bottom end ( ! holl[ pi/on op5s :ile  
go+ d[n & closes to hold & lift ! wat] z
 ! pi/on rises4 ,wat] f ! well is =c$ by
 atmosph]ic pressure to foll[ ! pi/on & 
! pump cont9ues to lift wat] s long z ! 
jo9ts rema9 air-tight4 ,! size ( pi/on &
 l5g? ( /roke dep5d on ! volume ( wat]  
requir$1 ! height to :i* x mu/ be lift$ 

& ! p[] available4 ,a small p[] & a     
small cyl9d] w lift a small quantity (  
wat] to a consid]able height4 ,b        
increas+ ! volume ( wat] requires a l>g]
 pump & a great increase 9 ! p[] to     
op]ate x4 ,! size ( ! deliv]y pipe has a
 good deal to d ) ! fl[ ( wat]4 ,:5 wat]
 is =c$ ?r\gh a small pipe at           
consid]able velocity1 !re is a good deal
 ( friction4 ,(t5 ! am\nt ( wat] deliv]$
 is r$uc$ because ! dis*>ge pipe is too 
small4 ,d\bl+ ! diamet] ( a pipe        
increases its capacity f\r times4 ,squ>e
 turns 9 ! dis*>ge pipe are ob/ructions2
 ei!r ! pipe mu/ be l>g] or !re w be a  
dim9i%$ fl[ ( wat]4 ,"s pump mak]s are  
p>ticul> to furni% easy r\nd b5ds in/ead
 ( ! ord9>y "r-angl$ elb[s4 ,a great _m 
pumps are work+ "u unnecess>y h&icaps1  
simply because ei!r ! supply pipe or    
dis*>ge pipe is n 9 proportion to !     
capacity ( ! pump1 or ! arrangem5t ( !  
pipes is faulty4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure 
#aaf4--;,h& ,=ce-,pump4 ,%[+ two ways ( 
atta*+ wood5 h&les to h& =ce-pumps4     

,illu/ration3 ,figure #aag4--,rot>y     
,pump4 ,tw9 wat]-*amb] rot>y pumps take 
wat] ?r\gh ! bottom & divide ! supply1  
c>ry+ half ( ! /ream ar\nd to ! left & !
 o!r half to ! "r4 ,! two /reams meet & 
are dis*>g$ at ! top4  ,illu/ration3    
,figure #aah4--,section ( ,rot>y ,pump4 
,rot>y ,pumps4--,a tw9-*amb] rot>y pump 
admits wat] at ! bottom ( ! *amb] & =ces
 x out ?r\gh ! top4 ,int]me%+ cogs &    
rot>y cams revolve outw>d f ! c5t] at ! 
bottom1 z %[n by ! arr[s 9 ,figure #aah4
 ,! /ream ( wat] is divid$ by ! cams1 z 
x ent]s ! supply pipe at ! bottom1 &    
half ( ! wat] is c>ri$ ea* way ar\nd !  
outsides ( ! d\ble *amb]4 ,^! /reams (  
wat] meet at ! top ( ! *amb]1 :]e !y    
unite to fill ! dis*>ge pipe4 ,^! pumps 
op]ate )\t air-*amb]s & supply wat] 9 a 
cont9u\s /ream4 ,!y may be spe$$ up to  
?r[ wat] "u high pressure = fire fight+1
 b = economy 9 ord9>y use ! spe$ is kept
 d[n to #bjj revolutions1 or !reab\t4   
,rot>y pumps are also made ) "o s+le    
wat] *amb] cyl9d]4 ,! pump head1 or     

%aft1 is plac$ a little (f c5t]4 ,a     
d\ble end cam moves ! wat]4 ,bo? ends ( 
! cam fit aga9/ ! bore ( ! cyl9d]4 ,x   
works loosely back & =? ?r\gh a slott$  
op5+ 9 ! pump head4 ,z ! %aft revolves !
 ecc5tric motion ( ! d\ble cam *anges ! 
sizes ( ! wat]-pockets4 ,! pockets are  
l>ge/ at ! intake & smalle/ at !        
dis*>ge4 ,rot>y pumps are comp>atively  
*eap1 z reg>ds fir/ co/1 b !y are n     
economical ( p[]4 ,9 places :]e !       
wat]-table is ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd !y
 w ?r[ wat] 9 a v satisfactory mann]4 ,b
 !y are m us$ 9 ref9]ies & factories =  
special "w1 su* z pump+ oil & o!r heavy 
liquids4  ,c5trifugal ,pumps4--,!       
inv5tion & improvem5t ( mod]n c5trifugal
 pumps has made ! lift+ ( wat] 9 l>ge   
quantities possible4 ,^! pumps are      
con/ruct$ on ! turb9e pr9ciple4 ,wat] is
 lift$ 9 a cont9u\s /ream by a turb9e   
:eel revolv+ "u high spe$4 ,wat] is     
admitt$ at ! c5t] & dis*>g$ at ! outside
 ( ! cas+4 ,c5trifugal pumps "w be/ at  
dep?s rang+ f tw5ty to sixty feet4      

,manufactur]s claim t f>m]s c af=d to   
lift irrigation wat] sixty feet ) a     
c5trifugal pump driv5 by a k]os5e eng9e4
  ,! illu/rations %[ ! pr9ciple ^u :i* !
 pump works & ! mo/ approv$ way ( sett+ 
pumps & eng9es4 ,c5trifugal pumps       
usually are set 9 dry wells a few feet  
above ! wat]-table4 ,:ile ^! pumps h a  
c]ta9 am\nt ( suction1 x is f\nd t %ort 
supply pipes are mu* m effici5t4 ,:]e   
wat] is f\nd 9 abundance )9 f #ae to #cj
 feet ( ! surface1 & ! wells may be s   
con/ruct$ t ! pull-d[n1 or ! l[]+ ( !   
wat] :ile pump+ is n excessive1 !n x is 
possible to lift wat] pr(itably to      
irrigate crops 9 ! humid sections4      
,irrigation 9 su* cases1 9 ! ,ea/1 is m 
9 ! nature ( insurance aga9/ dr\?4      
,valuable crops1 su* z potatoes &       
/rawb]ries1 may be made to yield d\ble1 
or bett]1 by supply+ pl5ty ( moi/ure at 
! critical "t 9 crop developm5t4 ,x is a
 new proposition 9 ea/]n f>m+ t is      
likely to develop 9 ! ne> future4       
,illu/ration3 ,figure                   

#aai4--;,c5trifugal ,pump4 ,?is /yle (  
pump is us$ 9 _m places = irrigation4 ,x
 runs at high spe$1 :i* v>ies accord+ to
 ! size ( ! pump4 ,x takes wat] at !    
c5t] & dis*>ges x at ! outside ( ! cas+4
  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #abj4--;,air    
,pressure ,pump4 ,pump+ wat] by air     
pressure requires a l>ge air conta9]    
capable ( resi/+ a pressure ( #ajj p\nds
 p] squ>e in*4 ,?is illu/ration %[s !   
pressure tank1 eng9e1 air-compressor1   
well & subm]g$ pump4  ,air ,pressure    
,pump4--,in/ead ( pump+ wat] out ( !    
well "s f>m]s pump air into ! well to   
=ce ! wat] out4 ,a d\ble comp>tm5t      
cyl9drical tank is plac$ 9 ! wat] 9 !   
well4 ,^! tanks are connect$ ) ! f>m    
wat] di/ribut+ sy/em to be c>ri$ 9 pipes
 to ! h\se & to ! /ock /ables4 ,air "u a
 pressure ( f #ej to #ajj p\nds p] squ>e
 in* is /or$ 9 a /eel tank above gr\nd4 
,small gas-pipes connect ?is air        
pressure tank ) ! air-*amb] ( ! air-wat]
 tank 9 ! well4 ,a peculi> automatic    
valve regulates ! air s t x ent]s !     

comp>tm5t t is fill$1 or p>tly fill$1 ) 
wat]1 & escapes f ! empty "o s ! two    
comp>tm5ts "w toge!r alt]nately4 ,t is1 
! second *amb] fills ) wat]1 :ile ! fir/
 *amb] is be+ drawn ^u4 ,!n ! fir/ *amb]
 fills :ile ! second is be+ empti$4 ,?is
 sy/em w "w 9 a well z small z eight    
in*es 9 diamet]1 & to a dep? ( #adj     
feet4 ,x might be made to "w at a great]
 dep?1 b x seems h>dly practical to d s 
= ! reason t1 aft] all[+ = friction 9 ! 
pipes1 #ajj p\nds ( air pressure is     
necess>y to lift wat] #aej feet4 ,an air
 tank ( consid]able size is ne$$ to     
provide /orage = suffici5t air to op]ate
 ! sy/em )\t att5tion = sev]al days4    
,c>eful eng9e]+ figures are necess>y to 
acc\nt = ! diff]5t dep?s ( f>m wells1 & 
! v>i\s am\nts ( wat] & p[] requir$4 ,= 
in/ance3 ,! air tank already conta9s    
#a1jjj gallons ( air at atmosph]ic      
pressure--!n3 ,=c+ #a1jjj gallons (     
atmosph]ic air into a #a1jjj-;gallon    
tank w give a work+ pressure ( #ae p\nds
 p] squ>e in*2 #b1jjj gallons1 #cj      

p\nds2 #c1jjj gallons1 #de p\nds1 & s   
on4 ,!re=e1 a pressure ( #ajj p\nds 9 a 
#a1jjj-;gallon tank 7#db in*es by #ad   
feet7 w\ld require #f1fjj gallons ( free
 atmosph]e1 9 addition to ! orig9al     
#a1jjj gallons1 & ! tank w\ld !n conta9 
#a1jjj gallons ( compress$ air "u a     
work+ pressure ( #ajj p\nds p] squ>e    
in*4 ,a "o cyl9d] compressor #f in*es by
 #f in*es1 op]at+ at a spe$ ( #bjj      
,r4,p4,m4 w\ld fill ?is tank to a work+ 
pressure ( #ajj p\nds 9 ab\t #ej m9utes4
 ,"o gallon ( air w deliv] "o gallon (  
wat] at ! faucet4 ,b ! air mu/ h ! same 
pressure z ! wat]1 & !re mu/ be no      
friction4 ,?us1 "o gallon ( air "u a    
work+ pressure ( =ty-five p\nds1 w1     
!oretically1 deliv] "o gallon ( wat] to 
a height ( #ajj feet4 ,b x takes ?ree   
gallons ( free air to make "o gallon (  
compress$ air at =ty-five p\nds         
pressure4 ,if ! lift is #ajj feet1 !n   
#a1jjj gallons ( air "u a pressure (    
=ty-five p\nds w !oretically deliv]     
#a1jjj gallons ( wat]4 ,practically1 !  

air tank w\ld h to be load$ to a v mu*  
great] pressure to secure ! #a1jjj      
gallons ( wat] be=e los+ ! ela/icity ( !
 compress$ air4 ,if "o ?\s& gallons (   
wat] is ne$$ on ! f>m e day1 !n ! air   
pump w\ld h to "w ab\t "o h\r ea* morn+4
 ,?is may n be less exp5sive ?an pump+ !
 wat] directly1 b x (f]s ! advantage (  
wat] fre% f ! well4 ,pure air pump$ into
 ! well t5ds to keep ! wat] f becom+    
/ale4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aba4--7a7 
,s+le-,ge> ,pump ,jack4 ,?is type ( jack
 is us$ = wells f #bj to #dj feet deep4 
7#b7 ,d\ble-,ge>1 or ,multiple-,ge>     
,pump ,jack4 ,?is is a r p[]ful jack    
design$ = deep wells or = elevat+ wat]  
into a high wat]-tank4  ,illu/ration3   
,figure #abb4--,po/ ,pump ,jack4 ,?is   
arrangem5t is us$ 9 factories :5 floor  
space is valuable4 ,! wide-face         
driv+-pulley is %[n to ! left4          
,illu/ration3 ,figure #abc4--,?ree      
,jacks = ,diff]5t ,purposes4 ,at ! left 
is a rev]se motion jack hav+ ! same spe$
 turn+ ei!r "r or left4 ,! little jack 9

 ! c5t] is = light "w at high belt spe$4
 ,to ! "r is a p[]ful jack int5d$ = sl[ 
spe$s su* z hoi/+ or elevat+ gra94      
,illu/ration3 ,figure #abd4--,spe$      
,jack1 = r$uc+ spe$ betwe5 eng9e &      
tumbl+ rod or to increase spe$ betwe5   
tumbl+ rod & ! driv5 ma*9e4             
,illu/ration3 ,figure #abe4--,! ,spe$   
,jack on ! left is us$ ei!r to r$uce or 
increase tumbl+ rod spe$ & to rev]se !  
motion4 ,! ,spe$ ,jack on ! "r transf]s 
p[] ei!r f belt to tumbl+ rod or rev]se4
 ,x trans=ms high belt spe$ to l[ tumbl+
 rod spe$1 or vice v]sa4  ,pump ,jacks &
 ,spe$ ,jacks4--,f>m pumps & spe$-r$uc+ 
jacks are p>tn]s 9 f>m pump+4 ,=ce-pumps
 %\ld n run fa/] ?an =ty /rokes p]      
m9ute4 ,consid]able p[] is requir$ to   
move ! pi/on :5 ! wat] is drawn f a deep
 well & =c$ into an ov]head tank4 ,jacks
 are manufactur$ :i* bolt directly to ! 
pump1 & !re are pumps & jacks built     
toge!r4 ,a pump jack %\ld h good1 solid 
ge>+ to r$uce ! spe$4 ,spur-ge>+ is !   
mo/ satisfactory4 ,bevel-ge>s are       

wa/eful ( p[] :5 work$ "u heavy loads4  
,p[] to drive a pump jack is appli$ to a
 pulley at lea/ twelve in*es 9 diamet] )
 a f\r-in* face :5 belt+ is us$4 ,if a  
rope p[] conveyor is us$1 !n pulleys (  
l>g] diamet]s are requir$ to convey !   
same am\nt ( p[]4  ,only g5]al t]ms may 
be us$ 9 describ+ ! f>m pump1 because ! 
conditions diff] 9 ea* case4 ,g5]ally   
speak+1 f>m]s fail to appreciate ! am\nt
 ( p[] us$1 & !y are m ?an likely to buy
 a jack t is too light4 ,light ma*9]y   
may d ! "w1 b x goes to pieces quick]1  
:ile a heavy jack ) solid connections w 
op]ate ! pump ye> 9 & ye> out )\t mak+  
tr\ble4 ,= increas+ or r$uc+ ei!r spe$  
or p[] "s k9d ( jack is ne$$4 ,all f>m  
ma*9es h _! be/ spe$4 ,a c]ta9 numb] (  
revolutions p] m9ute w accompli% m & d  
bett] "w ?an any o!r spe$4 ,to apply p[]
 to advantage spe$ jacks h be5 inv5t$ to
 adju/ ! inaccuracies betwe5 driv] &    
driv54   ,,irrigation ,,by ,,pump+  ,!  
annual ra9fall 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates v>ies 9
 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry f a few in*es  

to a few feet4 ,"u natural conditions "s
 soils get too mu* moi/ure & "s too     
little4 ,irrigation is employ$ to supply
 ! defici5cy & dra9age1 ei!r natural or 
artificial1 c>ries (f ! excess4         
,irrigation & dra9age belong toge!r4    
,irrigation fills ! soil ) moi/ure &    
dra9age empties x4 ,?us1 a condition is 
e/abli%$ t supplies valuable f>m plants 
) bo? air & moi/ure4 ,9 ! dri] portions 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 no?+ ( value w gr[   
)\t irrigation4 ,9 ! s-call$ humid      
di/ricts defici5cy ( moi/ure at !       
critical "t r$uces ! yield & de/roys !  
pr(it4 ,! value ( irrigation has be5    
demon/rat$ 9 ! ,we/1 & ! practice is    
work+ ea/w>d4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure    
#abf4--;,c5trifugal ,pump ,sett+4 ,:5   
us$ = irrigation1 c5trifugal pumps are  
set z close to ! gr\nd wat] z practical4
  ,irrigation is ! new h&maid5 (        
prosp]ity4 ,a ra9y season is a b\ntiful 
"o4 ,irrigation supplies ! b\nty )\t    
enc\rag+ de/ructive fungus diseases4    
,:]e wat] is abundant )9 easy rea*1     

pump+ irrigation wat] is ?or\ghly       
practical4 ,improvem5ts 9 pumps 9 rec5t 
ye>s h increas$ _! capacity & insur$ mu*
 great] reliability4 ,a c5trifugal pump 
is recomm5d$ = dep?s d[n to #ge feet2   
beyond ?is dep? ! necessity ( in/all+ m 
exp5sive ma*9]y places ! bus9ess ( pump+
 = irrigation on a diff]5t plane4 ,a    
c5trifugal pump w ?r[ m wat] ) less     
ma*9]y ?an any o!r device1 b l all o!r  
me*anical inv5tions1 x has its          
limitations4 ,9 figur+ economical pump+1
 ! m9imum quantity %\ld be at lea/ #ajj 
gallons p] m9ute1 because "t is an      
object1 & irrigation1 if done at all1   
%\ld cov] an area suffici5t to br+      
sub/antial returns4 ,c5trifugal pumps   
%\ld be plac$ ne> ! surface ( ! wat] 9 !
 well4 ,= ?is reason1 a l>ge1 dry well  
is dug d[n to ! level ( ! wat]-table & !
 pump is solidly bolt$ to a concrete    
f\ndation built on ! bottom ( ?is well4 
,a supply pipe may be ext5d$ any dep?   
bel[ ! pump1 b ! /&+ wat] surface 9 !   
well %\ld rea* )9 a few feet ( ! pump4  

,! pump & supply mu/ be s well balanc$  
aga9/ ea* o!r t ! pull-d[n f pump+ w n  
l[] ! wat]-level 9 ! well m ?an tw5ty   
feet bel[ ! pump4 ,! ne>] ! gr\nd wat]  
is to ! pump ! bett]4  ,! wat] well bel[
 ! pump may be bor$1 or a p]=at$ well   
pipe may be driv52 or sev]al well po9ts 
may be connect$4 ,! k9d ( well mu/ dep5d
 ^u ! condition ( ! e>? & ! nature ( !  
wat] supply4 ,driv5 wells are m         
successful :5 wat] is f\nd 9 a /ratum ( 
co>se gravel4  ,be=e buy+ irrigation    
ma*9]y1 x is a good plan to te/ ! wat]  
supply by tempor>y means4 ,any good f>m 
pump may be hit*$ to a gasol9e eng9e to 
det]m9e if ! wat] supply is la/+ or n4  
,p]man5t pump+ ma*9]y %\ld deliv] ! wat]
 on high gr\nd4 ,a ma9 irrigation dit*  
may be run across ! upp] end ( ! field4 
,?is dit* %\ld hold ! wat] high en\gh s 
x may be tapp$ at conv5i5t places to run
 ?r\gh ! corrugations to rea* ! roots ( 
! plants to be b5efit$4 ,!re are diff]5t
 sy/ems ( irrigation design$ to fit     
diff]5t soils4 ,corrugations are !      

*eape/ & ! mo/ satisfactory :5 soils are
 loose en\gh to p]mit ! wat] to soak    
into ! soil sideways1 z well z to s9k   
d[n4 ,! wat] %\ld p5etrate ! soil on bo?
 sides ( ! corrugations = di/ances (    
sev]al in*es4 ,corrugations %\ld be     
/raight & true & j f> en\gh ap>t s !    
irrigation wat] w soak across & meet    
betwe54 ,"s soils w wa% or gully out if 
! fall is too rapid4 ,9 su* cases x may 
be necess>y to t]race ! l& by foll[+ !  
natural cont\r ar\nd ! ridges s ! wat]  
may fl[ g5tly4 ,:]e ! fall is v slight1 
t is1 :]e ! gr\nd is s ne>ly level t x  
slopes away less ?an six in*es 9 a      
hundr$ feet1 x becomes necess>y to      
prep>e ! l& by build+ *ecks & bord]s to 
conf9e ! wat] = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t4 ,!n x
 is let out into ! next *eck4 ,9 ! *eck 
& bord] sy/em ! *eck bank on ! l[] side 
has an op5+ :i* is clos$ dur+ ! soak+   
p]iod ) a canvas dam4 ,:5 ! canvas is   
lift$ ! wat] fl[s ?r\gh & fills ! next  
*eck4 ,?is sy/em is m exp5sive1 & x     
requires m k ( irrigation to get x />t$1

 & x is n likely to prove satisfactory 9
 ! ,ea/4  ,= fruits & vegetables1 :at is
 kn[n z ! furr[ sy/em ( irrigation is ! 
mo/ practical4 ,an or*>d is irrigat$ by 
pl[+ furr[s on ea* side ( ea* r[ (      
trees4 ,! wat] is turn$ into ^! furr[s &
 x runs across ! or*>d l s _m little    
rivulets4 ,potatoes are irrigat$ on !   
same plan by runn+ wat] ?r\gh betwe5 !  
r[s aft] ! potatoes h be5 ridg$ by a    
d\ble %ovel-pl[4 ,?is plan also works   
well ) /rawb]ries4 ,aft] ! l& is prep>$ 
= irrigation1 ! exp5se ( supply+ wat] to
 a fruit or*>d1 /rawb]ry pat* or potato 
field is v little comp>$ ) ! increase 9 
yield4 ,9 fact1 !re are seasons :5 "o   
irrigation w save ! crop & produce an   
abundant yield1 :5 o!rwise x w\ld h be5 
almo/ a total loss4  ,ov]head ,spray    
,irrigation4--,! mo/ satisfactory g>d5  
irrigation is ! ov]head spray sy/em4    
,po/s are set t5 feet ap>t 9 r[s #ej    
feet ap>t4 ,wat] pipes are laid on !    
tops ( ! po/s & held loosely 9 position 
by l>ge /aples4 ,^! wat] pipes are      

p]=at$ by drill+ a l9e ( small holes    
ab\t ?ree feet ap>t 9 a /raight l9e     
along "o side ( ! pipe4 ,! holes are    
tapp$ & small brass nozzles are screw$  
94 ,! ov]head pipes are connect$ )      
/&pipes at ! highe/ place1 g5]ally at ! 
ends ( ! r[s4 ,! pipe-l9es are loosely  
c\pl$ to ! /&pipes to p]mit !m to roll  
p>tly ar\nd to direct ! hundr$s ( spray 
nozzles z ne$$4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure  
#abg4--,ov]head ,irrigation4 ,diagram   
%[+ ! arrangem5t ( pipes = irrigat+ "o  
acre ( l&4 ,! pipes are support$ on po/s
 six feet high4  ,six feet high is      
suffici5t to ?r[ a f9e mi/ or spray     
tw5ty-five feet1 :i* is f> en\gh to meet
 ! spray f ! next r[1 s ! gr\nd w be    
completely cov]$4 ,to d ?is ! pipes are 
roll$ f "o side to ! o!r1 ?r\gh a #ij   
degree arc to ?r[ ! spray on bo? sides4 
,! pipes usually are laid ) a grade :i* 
foll[s d[n ! slope ( ! l&4 ,a fall ( "o 
foot 9 fifty is suffici5t4 ,wat] is     
always admitt$ at ! upp] end ( ea*      
pipe-l9e to fl[ d[n by gravity1 assi/$  

by tank pressure4 ,a pressure ( ab\t =ty
 p\nds is ne$$ to produce a f9e spray1 &
 to s5d x across to meet ! opposite     
jets4 ,! little brass nozzles are drill$
 ) ab\t a "o-eigh? in* holl[4 ,b ! jet  
op5+ is small1 ab\t ,no4 #bj ,w4 ,g4    
,?is gives a wire-drawn /ream t quickly 
vaporizes :5 x meets ! resi/ance ( !    
atmosph]e4 ,:5 prop]ly in/all$ a f9e    
mi/y ra9 is creat$1 :i* quickly takes ! 
same temp]ature z ! air1 & settles s    
g5tly t ! mo/ delicate plants are n     
injur$4  ,quantity ( ,wat] to           
,use4--,good judgm5t is necess>y 9      
apply+ wat] to crops 9 reg>d to         
quantity1 z well z ! "t ( mak+          
application4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x is bett]
 to wait until ! crop really ne$s       
moi/ure4 ,:5 ! pump is />t$ give ! crop 
pl5ty ) ! expectation t "o irrigation w 
be suffici5t4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! am\nt (  
moi/ure 9 ! soil2 also ! k9d ( crop &   
wea!r conditions ent] into ! problem4   
,on s&y l& t is v dry :]e dra9age is    
good1 wat] may be p]mitt$ to run 9 !    

corrugations = sev]al days until ! gr\nd
 is ?or\ghly soak$4 ,:5 potatoes are    
=m+1 or clov] is putt+ d[n its big root 
sy/em1 a great deal ( wat] is ne$$4     
,irrigation suffici5t to make two in*es 
( ra9fall may be us$ to advantage = su* 
crops "u ord9>y f>m+ conditions4 ,x is  
necess>y aft] ea* irrigation to break ! 
soil cru/ by cultivation to prev5t      
evaporation4 ,?is is j z important aft] 
irrigation z x is aft] a ra9 %[]4 ,also 
any little pockets t hold wat] mu/ be   
c>efully dra9$ out1 o!rwise ! crop w be 
injur$ by /&+ wat]4 ,we are n suppos$ to
 h su* pockets on l& t has be5 prep>$ = 
irrigation4  ,k9d ( ,crops to           
,irrigate4--,:eat1 oats1 b>ley1 etc41   
may be help$ ) "o irrigation f imm95t   
failure to a weal? ( production4 ,b ^!  
ra9fall gra9 crops d n come "u ! g5]al  
classification t int]e/s ! regul>       
irrigation f>m] beyond 8 div]sity plans 
= produc+ consid]able v>iety4 ,fruits1  
roots1 clov]1 alfalfa1 vegetables &     
,indian corn are money crops "u         

irrigation4 ,c]ta9 se$ crops yield      
spl5didly :5 wat]$4 ,an apple or*>d     
prop]ly c>$ = & irrigat$ j at ! "r "t w 
pay f five hundr$ to a ?\s& doll>s p]   
acre4 ,small fruits are j z valuable4   
,^! successes acc\nt = ! high prices (  
irrigat$ l&4 ,9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! great      
,middle ,we/1 valuable crops are cut    
%ort or ru9$ by dr\? :5 ! fruit or corn 
is =m+4 ,x makes no diff]5ce h[ mu* ra9 
comes along at o!r times 9 ! ye>1 if !  
roots _c f9d moi/ure at ! critical "t1 !
 yield is r$uc$ (t5 bel[ ! pr(it ( rais+
 & h>ve/+ ! crop4 ,/rawb]ry blossoms    
%rivel & die 9 ! bloom+ :5 ra9 fails4   
,irrigation is bett] ?an ra9 =          
/rawb]ries4 ,/rawb]ries "u irrigation   
may be made to yield m bu%els ?an       
potatoes "u humid conditions4 ,"o hundr$
 bu%els ( /rawb]ries p] acre s\nds l a  
fairy tale1 b x is possible on ri* l& "u
 irrigation4  ,! co/ ( pump+ =          
irrigation1 :]e ! well & ma*9]y is us$ =
 no o!r purpose1 mu/ be *>g$ up to !    
crop4 ,! items ( exp5se are int]e/ on ! 

fir/ co/ ( ! pump+ ma*9]y1 depreciation1
 upkeep & runn+ exp5ses4 ,on ,ea/]n     
f>ms1 h[ev]1 :]e div]sifi$ f>m+ is !    
bus9ess1 ?is exp5se may be divid$ among 
! diff]5t l9es ( "w4 ,:]e live-/ock is  
kept1 x is necess>y to h a good1        
reliable wat] supply = ! animals4 ,a    
res]voir on high gr\nd s wat] may be    
pip$ to ! wat]+ tr\ghs & to ! h\se is a 
great conv5i5ce4 ,also ! same eng9e t   
does ! pump+ may be us$ = o!r "w 9      
connection ) ! f>m1 s t ! irrigation    
pump eng9e1 in/ead ( ly+ idle t5 or     
elev5 mon?s 9 ! ye>1 may be utiliz$ to  
advantage & made to e>n its keep4       
,well-wat] conta9s _m impurities4 ,= ?is
 reason1 x is likely to be valuable =   
crop gr[+ purposes 9 a wid] s5se ?an    
m]ely to supply moi/ure4 ,well-wat]     
conta9s lime1 & lime is b5eficial to mo/
 soils4 ,x has be5 notic$ t crops gr[   
especially well :5 irrigat$ f wells4    
,illu/ration3 ,figure #abh4--,p[]       
,transmission4 ,circul> motion is       
conv]t$ into reciprocat+ motion by !    

diff]5t l5g?s ( ! two pitman cranks :i* 
cause ! upp] :eel to oscillate4 ,p[] is 
c>ri$ to a di/ance by wires4 ,to r$uce  
friction ! wires are support$ by sw++   
hang]s4 ,sometimes wood5 rods are us$   
in/ead ( wires to less5 expansion &     
contraction4  ,h\se & ,b>ns ,suppli$ f a
 ,res]voir4--,a f>m res]voir may        
sometimes be built v *eaply by ?r[+ a   
dam across a n>r[ holl[ betwe5 two      
hills1 or ridges4 ,on o!r f>ms1 x is    
necess>y to scrape out a hole on !      
highe/ gr\nd )9 rea*4 ,= easy irrigation
 a res]voir is necess>y1 & x is         
economical because ! pump may "w ov]time
 & supply en\gh wat] s ! irrigation may 
be done quickly & ) suffici5t wat] to   
make x effective4 ,:5 ! co/ ( ! res]voir
 c be *>g$ up to ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( !
 bus9ess1 su* z irrigation1 live-/ock & 
h\se use1 ! co/ is divid$ & ! pr(its are
 multipli$4  ,p[] ,conveyor4--,circul>  
motion is conv]t$ into reciprocal motion
 to op]ate a pump at a di/ance f !      
eng9e4 ,! %ort jack crank oscillates !  

driv+ pulley to move ! conveyor wires   
back & =?4 ,! di/ance to :i* p[] may be 
c>ri$ is limit$ by ! expansion &        
contraction ( ! convey+ wires4 ,wood5   
rods are bett] "u extremes ( temp]ature4
 ,:]e an eng9e is us$ night & morn+ 9 ! 
dairy h\se to run a cream sep>ator1 ?is 
k9d ( p[] transmission may be work$ to  
op]ate ! pump at ! h\se4 ,light wire    
hang]s w support ! l9e wires or rods4   
,!y %\ld be ab\t ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 made 
fa/ at top & bottom to prev5t we>4 ,!   
spr+ ( a ,no4 #aj wire ?ree feet long is
 suffici5t to sw+ ! l5g? ( a pump /roke 
& ! friction is practically no?+4       
,,electricity ,,on ,,! ,,f>m  ,electric 
curr5t 9 "s sections may be pur*as$ f   
electric railways or city light+ plants4
 ,b ! great majority ( f>ms are beyond !
 rea* ( high t5sion transmission cables4
 ,9 "s places ?ree or f\r f>m]s may club
 toge!r & buy a small light+ plant to   
supply _! own premises ) bo? light &    
p[]4 ,unless an eng9e] is employ$ to run
 x tr\ble is sure to foll[1 because "o  

family does all ( ! "w & o!rs %>e       
equally 9 ! b5efits4 ,! solution is =   
ea* f>m] to in/all a small plant ( 8    
own4 ,! proposition is n s difficult z x
 s\nds4 ,two-horsep[] plants are        
manufactur$ = ?is v purpose4 ,b !re is m
 to x ?an buy+ a dynamo & a few lamp    
bulbs4 ,a f>m electric sy/em %\ld supply
 p[] to run all ( ! light /ation>y      
ma*9]y ab\t ! f>m1 & t means /orage     
batt]ies1 & ! use ( "o or m small       
electric motors4 ,!re are sev]al ways to
 arrange ! plant1 b to save confusion x 
is bett] to /udy fir/ ! /orage batt]y   
plan & to />t ) an eng9e l>ge en\gh to  
pump wat] & run ! dynamo at ! same "t4  
,x is a good way to d two jobs at       
once--y /ore wat] en\gh 9 ! supply tank 
to la/ tw5ty-f\r or =ty-eight h\rs1 & at
 ! same "t y /ore up suffici5t          
electricity to run ! cream-sep>ator = a 
week4 ,electric p[] is ! only p[] t is  
/eady en\gh to get all ( ! cream4       
,illu/ration3 ,figure #abi4--;,electric 
,p[] ,plant4 ,a practical f>m g5]ator & 

/orage batt]y1 mak+ a complete f>m      
electric plant t w develop & /ore       
electricity = in/ant use 9 any or all ( 
! f>m build+s4  ,refrig]ation is a      
pr(itable way to use electric p[]4 ,!re 
are small automatic refrig]ator ma*9es t
 ma9ta9 l[ temp]atures to pres]ve food  
products4 ,?is bran* ( ! "w may be made 
pr(itable4 ,laundry "w on ! f>m 0       
pr9cipally h& labor until ! small p[]   
wa%]s & wr+]s 7 inv5t$4 ,n[ a small     
electric motor takes ! blue out (       
,monday1 & ! wom5 we> smiles4 ,electric 
flatirons af=d ! greate/ com=t on       
,tuesday4 ,! prop] heat is ma9ta9$      
cont9ually until ! la/ piece is iron$4  
,cook+ by electricity is ano!r great    
success4 ,"s wom5 buy sep>ate cook+     
ut5sils1 su* z toa/]s1 *af+ di%es &     
c(fee p]colators4 ,o!rs inve/ 9 a regul>
 electric cook+ range at a co/ ( fifty  
doll>s & feel t ! money 0 well sp5t4 ,x 
takes ab\t #ajj ,k4,w4,h4 p] mon? 9 hot 
wea!r to cook by electricity = a family 
( f\r4 ,9 w9t]1 :5 heat is m ( a luxury1

 ! coal or wood range w save half ( !   
electric curr5t4 ,di%wa%+ by electricity
 is ano!r labor-sav] ?ree times a day4  
,vacuum clean]s run by electricity take 
! du/ & microbes out ( floor rugs ) less
 h& labor ?an pu%+ a c>pet sweep]4      
,incubators are bett] heat$ by          
electricity ?an any o!r way4 ,brood]s   
come "u ! same class4 ,sew+-ma*9es 7    
op]at$ by electricity 9 sweat%ops ye>s  
ago--because x paid4 ,f>m wom5 are n[   
enjoy+ ! same privilege4  ,electric     
light+ on ! f>m is ! mo/ spectacul>1 if 
n ! mo/ int]e/+ result ( electric       
g5]ation 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is feature ( !   
subject 0 some:at ov]tax$ by talkative  
salesm5 repres5t+ "s ( ! pione]         
manufactur]s ( electric light+ plants1 b
 ! bus9ess has /eadi$ d[n4 ,real        
electric g5]at+ ma*9]y is be+           
manufactur$ & sold on its m]its 9 small 
units4  ,n _m miles f ,*icago !re is an 
electric light+ plant on a dairy f>m t  
is giv+ satisfaction4 ,! /ables are l>ge
 & !y are manag$ on ! plan ( milk+ e>ly 

9 ! morn+ & aga9 9 ! middle ( !         
aft]noon4 ,! morn+ "w requires a great  
deal ( light 9 ! diff]5t /ables1 m light
 ?an ord9>y1 because ! milk+ is done by 
ma*9]y4 ,! milk+ ma*9e air-pump is driv5
 by electricity g5]at$ on ! f>m1 ! p[]  
be+ suppli$ by a k]os5e eng9e4          
,electricity on ?is f>m is us$ 9 units1 
sep>ate l9es ext5d+ to ! diff]5t        
build+s4 ,! light+ plant is op]at$ on   
:at is kn[n z ! #cb-volt sy/em2 ! rat+  
co/s less to in/all ?an "s o!rs & !     
ma9t5ance is less ?an :5 a high] voltage
 is us$4 ,i notic$ also t !re are few]  
p>ts 9 connection ) ! plant ?an 9 o!r   
electric light works t ,i h exam9$4     
,te*nical k ( electricity & its behavior
 "u diff]5t circum/ances is h>dly       
necess>y to a f>m]1 because !           
manufactur]s h simplifi$ ! me*anics (   
electric p[] & light+ to su* an ext5t t 
x is only necess>y to use ord9>y        
precaution to run ! plant to its        
capacity4  ,at ! same "t x is j z well  
to "k some?+ ab\t g5]ators1 swit*bo>ds &

 ! mean+s ( su* t]ms & names z volt1    
amp]e1 batt]y poles1 voltmet]1 ammet]1  
rheo/at1 dis*>ge swit*1 und]load circuit
 break]1 false fuse blocks1 etc41       
because famili>ity ) ^! names1 & ! p>ts 
!y repres5t gives ! p]son confid5ce 9   
*>g+ ! batt]ies4 ,su* k also supplies a 
reason = ! "o pr9cipal batt]y           
precaution1 :i* is n to use out all ( ! 
electricity ! batt]ies conta94  ,^? :o h
 electric light+ plants on ! f>m d n    
seem to feel ! co/ ( runn+ ! plants1    
because !y use ! eng9e = o!r purposes4  
,g5]ally manufactur]s figure ab\t #a    
,h4,p4 extra to run a dynamo to supply f
 #be to #ej lights4 ,my exp]i5ce ) f>m  
eng9es is t = ord9>y f>m "w su* z driv+ 
! cream sep>ator1 work+ ! pump & gr9d+  
fe$1 a two-horse p[] eng9e is m useful  
?an any o!r size4 ,f>m]s :o conduct     
bus9ess 9 ! usual way w ne$ a           
?ree-horsep[] eng9e if !y contemplate   
add+ an electric light+ sy/em to ! f>m  
equipm5t4  ,among ! advantages ( an     
electric light+ sy/em is ! fre$om f c>e 

on ! "p ( ! wom54 ,!re are no lamps to  
clean or brok5 *imneys to cut a f+]1 s t
 :5 ! sy/em is prop]ly in/all$ ! only "w
 ! wom5 h to d is to turn ! swit*es to  
?r[ ! lights on or (f z ne$$4  ,! exp5se
 9 />t+ a f>m electric light plant may  
be a little m ?an "s o!r in/allations1 b
 x seems to be m economical 9 s]vice :5 
figur$ f a f>m]'s /&po9t1 tak+ into     
consid]ation ! fact t he is us+ p[] =   
g5]at+ electricity t "u ord9>y f>m      
managem5t goes to wa/e4  ,a             
?ree-horsep[] eng9e w d ! same am\nt (  
"w ) ! same am\nt ( gasol9e t a         
two-horsep[] eng9e w d4 ,?is /atem5t may
 n hold good :5 figur$ 9 fractions1 b x 
w 9 f>m practice4 ,also :5 runn+ a pump 
or cream sep>ator ! eng9e is capable (  
do+ a little extra "w s t ! /orage      
batt]ies may be *>g$ ) v little extra   
exp5se4  ,on "o dairy f>m a             
five-horsep[] k]os5e eng9e is us$ to    
furni% p[] = v>i\s f>m purposes4 ,!     
eng9e is belt$ to a direct-curr5t       
g5]ator ( ! %unt-w\nd type4 ,! g5]ator  

is wir$ to an electric /orage batt]y (  
#hh amp]e h\r capacity4 ,! batt]y is    
compos$ ( a numb] ( sep>ate cells4 ,!   
cells are gr\p$ toge!r 9 j>s4 ,^! j>s   
conta9 ! work+ p>ts ( ! batt]ies4 ,z ea*
 j> ( ! batt]y is complete 9 itself1 any
 "o j> may be cut out or ano!r add$ )\t 
affect+ ! o!r units4 ,! swit*bo>d       
receives curr5t ei!r f ! batt]y or f !  
eng9e & g5]ator direct4 ,!re are a numb]
 ( swit*es atta*$ to ! swit*bo>d1 :i*   
may be manipulat$ to turn ! curr5t 9 any
 direction desir$4  ,"s provision %\ld  
be made = ! r5ewal ( electric lamps4    
,old lamps give less light ?an new ones1
 & ! manufactur]s %\ld meet cu/om]s on  
"s k9d ( a fair ex*ange basis4 ,tung/5  
lamps are giv+ good satisfaction = f>m  
use4 ,^! lamps are economical ( curr5t1 
:i* means a r$uction ( p[] to supply !  
same am\nt ( light4 ,! ,mazda lamp is   
ano!r valuable addition to ! li/ (      
electric lamps4  ,! ,wiscons9           
,agriculturi/ publi%es a li/ ( #ajd     
diff]5t uses = electricity on f>ms4 ,_m 

( ! electrical ma*9es are us$ = special 
detail "w 9 dairies :]e *eese or butt]  
is made 9 quantity4 ,sug> plantations   
also require small units ( p[] t w\ld n 
apply to ord9>y f>m+4 ,"s ( ! "w m5tion$
 is extra heavy1 su* z ?re%+ & cutt+    
ensilage4 ,o!r jobs s\nd trivial1 b !y  
are all possible labor-sav]s4 ,"h is !  
li/3  ,oat cru%]s1 alfalfa mills1 horse 
groom]s1 horse clipp]s1 hay cutt]s1     
clov] cutt]s1 corn %ell]s1 ensilage     
cutt]s1 corn crack]s1 br&+ irons1 curry+
 ma*9es1 fe$ gr9d]s1 flail+ ma*9es1 live
 /ock food w>m]s1 %eep %e>s1 ?re%]s1    
gra9 grad]s1 root cutt]s1 bone gr9d]s1  
hay hoi/s1 clov] hull]s1 rice ?re%]s1   
pea & bean hull]s1 gas-electric h>ve/]s1
 hay bal]s1 portable motors = runn+     
?re%]s1 fann+-mills1 gra9 elevators1    
husk]s & %r$d]s1 gra9 dry+ ma*9es1 b9d] 
motors1 :eat & corn gr9d]s1 milk+       
ma*9es1 /]iliz+ milk1 refrig]ation1     
*urns1 cream-sep>ators1 butt] work]s1   
butt] cutt+-pr9t+1 milk cool+ &         
circulat+ pumps1 milk cl>ifi]s1 cream   

rip5]s1 milk mix]s1 butt] tamp]s1 milk  
%ak]s1 curd gr9d]s1 pa/euriz]s1 bottle  
clean]s1 bottle fill]s1 concrete mix]s1 
cid] mills1 cid] presses1 spray+ ma*9es1
 wood splitt]s1 auto trucks1 incubators1
 hov]s1 telephones1 electric bells1 ice 
cutt]s1 fire al>ms1 electric vehicles1  
electro cultures1 wat] supply1 pump+1   
wat] /]iliz]s1 fruit presses1 bla/+     
magnetos1 light+1 int]ior telephones1   
vulcaniz]s1 pocket fla% lights1 ice     
break]s1 gr9d/ones1 em]y :eels1 wood    
saws1 drop hamm]s1 sold]+ irons1 glue   
pots1 cord wood saws1 egg te/]s1 burgl> 
al>ms1 bell r++ trans=m]s1 devices =    
kill+ insects & pe/s1 ma*9e tools1      
molasses heat]s1 vacuum clean]s1        
portable lamps to attract insects1      
toa/]s1 hot plates1 grills1 p]colators1 
flatirons1 ranges1 toilette articles1   
wat] heat]s1 fans1 egg boil]s1 heat+    
pads1 di%wa%]s1 wa%+ ma*9es1 curl+      
irons1 =ge bl[]s4   ,,gasol9e ,,h\se    
,,light+  ,gasol9e gas = h\se light+ is 
manufactur$ 9 a small g5]ator by        

evaporat+ gasol9e into gas & mix+ x )   
air1 ab\t #e p] c5t gas & #ie p] c5t    
air4 ,we are all famili> ) ! little     
brass gasol9e tor* heat] t t9n]s &      
plumb]s use to heat _! sold]+ irons4 ,! 
pr9ciple is ! same4  ,!re are ?ree      
sy/ems ( us+ gasol9e gas = f>mh\se      
light+ purposes1 ! holl[ wire1 tube     
sy/em1 & s+le lamp sy/em4  ,! holl[ wire
 sy/em c>ries ! liquid gasol9e ?r\gh !  
circuit 9 a small pipe call$ a holl[    
wire4 ,ea* lamp on ! circuit takes a few
 drops ( gasol9e z ne$$1 conv]ts x into 
gas1 mixes ! gas ) ! prop] am\nt ( air &
 produces a f9e brilliant light4 ,ea*   
lamp has its own little g5]ator & is    
indep5d5t ( all o!r lamps on ! l9e4  ,! 
tube sy/em ( gasol9e gas light+ is      
simil> 9 appe>ance1 b ! tubes are l>g] &
 look m l regul> gas pipes4 ,9 ! tube   
sy/em ! gas is g5]at$ & mix$ ) air be=e 
x gets into ! di/ribution tube1 s t     
lamps d n require sep>ate g5]ators4  ,9 
! sep>ate lamp sy/em ea* lamp is sep>ate
 & indep5d5t4 ,ea* lamp has a small     

supply ( gasol9e 9 ! base ( ! lamp & has
 a gas g5]ator atta*$ to ! burn]1 :i*   
conv]ts ! gasol9e into gas1 mixes x ) ! 
prop] am\nt ( air & fe$s x into ! burn] 
z requir$4 ,f>m lant]ns are manufactur$ 
t "w on ?is pr9ciple4 ,!y produce a     
brilliant light4  ,by inve/igat+ !      
diff]5t sy/ems ( gasol9e gas light+ 9   
use 9 village /ores & c\ntry homes any  
f>m] c select ! sy/em t fits into 8 home
 conditions to ! be/ advantage4 ,9 "o   
f>mh\se ! own] want$ gasol9e gas /reet  
lamps on top ( 8 big concrete gatepo/s1 
& ?is 0 "o reason :y he decid$ to adopt 
gasol9e gas light+ & to use ! sep>ate   
lamp sy/em4   ,,acetyl5e ,,gas          
,acetyl5e light+ plants are int5d$ =    
c\ntry use beyond ! rea* ( city gas ma9s
 or electric cables4 ,c>bide comes 9    
lump =m 9 /eel drums4 ,x is conv]t$ into
 gas by a g5]ator t is fitt$ ) clock "w 
to drop "o or m lumps into wat] z gas is
 ne$$ to keep up ! pressure4 ,acetyl5e  
gas is said to be ! pure/ ( all         
illum9at+ gases4 ,exp]im5ts 9 gr[+      

delicate plants 9 gre5h\ses light$ )    
acetyl5e seem to prove ?is claim to be  
correct4  ,! light also is bright1 cle> 
& p[]ful4 ,! gas is explosive :5 mix$ ) 
air & conf9$1 s t precautions are       
necess>y 9 reg>d to us+ lant]ns or      
mat*es ne> ! g5]ators4 ,! exp5se (      
in/all+ an acetyl5e plant 9 a f>m home  
has prev5t$ its g5]al use4              
,,wood-,,saw ,,frames  ,!re are a numb] 
( makes ( saw frames = use on f>ms1 "s (
 :i* are v simple1 :ile o!rs are q      
elaborate4 ,provision usually is made = 
dropp+ ! end ( ! /ick z x is cut4       
,sometimes c>ri]s are provid$ to elevate
 ! blocks onto a pile4 ,ext5sion frames 
to hold bo? ends ( ! /ick give m or less
 tr\ble1 because :5 ! /ick to be saw$ is
 crook$1 x is almo/ impossible to prev5t
 b9d+4 ,if a saw b9ds 9 ! k]f1 v (t5 !  
uni=m set is p9*$ out ( alignm5t1 & !re 
is "s dang] ( buckl+ ! saw1 s t = ord9>y
 wood saw+ x is bett] to h ! end ( !    
/ick project beyond ! jig4 ,if ! saw is 
%>p & has ! "r set & ! "r motion1 x w   

cut ! /ick (f quickly & run free :ile ! 
end is dropp+ to ! gr\nd4  ,! quicke/   
saw frames oscillate1 be+ support$ on   
legs t are h+$ to ! bottom ( ! frame4   
,oscillat+ frames "w easi] ?an slid+    
frames4 ,slid+ frames are sometimes     
provid$ ) roll]s1 b roll] frames are n  
/eady en\gh4 ,= cross saw+ lumb] ,v-%ap$
 grooves are be/4 ,no matt] :at ! fe$+  
device is1 x %\ld always be protect$ by 
a hood ov] ! saw4 ,! frame %\ld fall    
back ( its own weight1 br++ ! hood ) x1 
s t ! saw is always cov]$ except :5     
actually engag$ ) ! /ick4 ,saw-m&rels   
v>y 9 diamet] & l5g?1 b 9 con/ruction !y
 are mu* alike4 ,= wood saw+ ! %aft %\ld
 be #a-c_/h or #a-a_/b 9 diamet]4 ,!    
%aft runs 9 two babbitt$ boxes firmly   
bolt$ to ! saw frame4 ,! frame itself   
%\ld be well made & well brac$4   ,,root
 ,,pulp]  ,!re are root pulp]s ) concave
 knives :i* slice roots 9 su* a way z to
 b5d ! slices & break !m into ?\s&s (   
leafy %r$s4 ,! pr9ciple is simil> to    
b5d+ a numb] ( %eets ( pap] s t ea* %eet

 w slide pa/ ! next "o4 ,animals d n *ew
 roots :5 f$ 9 l>ge solid pieces4       
,cattle *oke try+ to swall[ !m :ole1 b  
!y w mun* %r$d$ roots ) app>5t pati5ce &
 evid5t satisfaction4 ,am]ican f>m]s are
 %y on roots4 ,!y d n raise roots 9     
quantities because x requires a good    
deal ( h& labor1 b roots make a juicy   
laxative & !y are valuable z an appetiz]
 & !y c>ry m9]al4 ,pulp$ roots are safe 
to fe$ & !y (f] ! be/ mix+ m$ium = cru%$
 gra9s & o!r conc5trat$ foods4   ,,fe$  
,,cru%]  ,in/ead ( gr9d+ gra9 = fe$+1 we
 h :at is kn[n z a cru%] :i* op]ates on 
! roll]-mill pr9ciple4 ,x breaks ! gra9s
 into fl\r by cru%+ in/ead ( gr9d+4 ,x  
has ! advantage ( do+ good "w quickly4  
,our fe$ gr9d+ is done 9 ! two-/ory     
corncrib & gran>y4 ,x is "o ( ! odd jobs
 on ! f>m t e man likes4 ,! gra9 is f$  
automatically into ! ma*9e by means ( ! 
gra9 sp\ts :i* lead ! diff]5t k9ds (    
gra9 d[n f ! ov]head b9s4 ,! elevator   
buckets c>ry ! cru%$ fe$ back to "o ( ! 
b9s or into ! bagg]4 ,9 ei!r case x is n

 necess>y to d any lift+ = ! sacks are  
c>ri$ away on a bag truck4 ,we h no use 
= a scoop %ovel except z a sort ( big   
du/pan to use ) ! b>n broom4   ,,/ump   
,,pull]  ,pull+ /umps by ma*9]y is a    
quick op]ation comp>$ ) ! old "t me?ods 
( grubb+1 *opp+1 pry+ & burn+ t our     
=efa!rs _h on _! h&s4 ,mod]n /ump pull+ 
ma*9es are small affairs comp>$ ) !     
heavy1 clumsy ?+s t 7 us$ a few ye>s    
ago4 ,"s ( ! new /ump pull]s are        
gu>ante$ to cle> an acre a day ( ord9>y 
/umpage4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be a r\gh   
e/imate1 because /umps1 l o!r ?+s1 v>y 9
 numb]s1 size & condition ( s\ndness4   
,"s old /umps may be remov$ easily :ile 
o!rs hang to ! gr\nd ) wond]ful t5acity4
  ,!re are two pr(its to foll[ ! removal
 ( /umps f a p>tially cle>$ field4 ,! "w
 already put on ! l& has 9 e case co/   
consid]able labor to get ! trees & bru% 
out ( ! way4 ,! l& is p>tially          
unproductive s long z /umps rema94 ,=   
?is reason1 x is impossible to figure on
 ! fir/ co/ until ! /umps are remov$ to 

complete ! "w & to put ! l& 9 condition 
to raise ma*9e made crops4 ,:5 ! /umps  
are remov$1 ! value ( ! l& ei!r = sell+ 
or = f>m+ purposes is increas$ at once4 
,:e!r sold or f>m$1 ! increas+ value is 
ma9ta9$ by cropp+ ! l& & secur+         
additional rev5ue4  ,!re are diff]5t    
ways ( remov+ /umps1 "s ( :i* are easy  
:ile o!rs are difficult & exp5sive4 ,"o 
( ! easie/ ways is to bore a two-in*    
aug] hole diagonally d[n into ! /ump2 !n
 fill ! aug] hole ) coal-oil & let x    
rema9 = "s weeks to soak into ! wood4   
,l>ge /umps may be bor$ 9 diff]5t       
directions s ! coal-oil w f9d its way n 
only ?r\gh ! ma9 "p ( ! /umps b d[n into
 ! roots4 ,?is treatm5t requires t !    
/umps %\ld be some:at dry4 ,a /ump t is 
full ( sap has no room = coal-oil1 b    
aft] ! sap p>tially dries out1 !n coal  
oil w fill ! pores ( ! wood4 ,aft] !    
/ump is ?or\ghly saturat$ ) coal-oil1 x 
w burn d[n to ! gr\nd1 s t ! diff]5t    
l>ge roots w be sep>at$4 ,sometimes !   
roots w burn bel[ pl[ dep?1 b a good    

heavy pair ( horses ) a grappl+ hook w  
remove ! sep>at$ roots4  ,illu/ration3  
,figure #acj4--,! ,olde/ ,f>m ,hoi/4 ,! 
fir/ inv5tion = elevat+ a heavy object 0
 a tripod made ( ?ree poles ti$ toge!r  
at ! top ) ?ongs ( b>k or ra:ide4 ,:5   
hunt]s 7 lucky en\gh to kill a be>1 !   
tripod elevator 0 erect$ ov] ! c>cass ) 
! l[] ends ( ! poles spread well ap>t to
 l[] ! apex4 ,! gambrel 0 ins]t$ "u !   
ham/r+s & atta*$ to ! top ( ! tripod4 ,z
 ! sk9n+ ( ! animal proce$$ ! feet ( !  
tripod 7 mov$ clos] toge!r4 ,by ! "t !  
head 0 cut (f ! c>cass w\ld sw+ cle>4   
,dynamite (t5 is us$ to bl[ /umps to    
pieces1 & ! "w is n consid]$ dang]\s    
s9ce ! inv5tion ( safety devices4 ,9 "s 
sections ( ! c\ntry :]e firewood is     
valuable1 dynamite has ! advantage (    
sav+ ! wood4 ,an exp]t ) dynamite w bl[ 
a /ump to pieces s ?or\ghly t ! diff]5t 
p>ts are easily work$ into /ove l5g?s4  
,pit*-p9e /umps h a *emical value t 0 n 
suspect$ until "s fell[s got ri* by     
op]at+ a retort4   ,,f>m ,,elevat+      

,,ma*9]y  ,_m h&y & a few heavy         
elevators are be+ manufactur$ to replace
 human muscle4 ,! simple tripod beef g9 
0 famili> to ! e>ly settl]s & x is /ill 
9 use4 ,:5 a heavy animal 0 kill$ =     
but*]+1 ! small ends ( ?ree poles 7 ti$ 
toge!r to =m a tripod ov] ! c>cass4 ,!  
feet ( ! tripod 7 plac$ wide ap>t to    
raise ! apex only a few feet above !    
animal4 ,aft] ! gambrel 0 ins]t$ &      
atta*$ ! feet ( ! tripod 7 mov$         
gradually clos] toge!r z ! sk9n+        
proce$$1 ?us elevat+ ! c>cass to sw+    
cle> ( ! gr\nd4  ,gra9 ,elevators4--,z a
 f>m labor-sav]1 ma*9]y to elevate corn 
into ! two-/ory corncrib & gra9 into !  
upp] b9s is "o ( ! new] & m important   
f>m+ inv5tions4 ,) a mod]n two-/ory     
corncrib hav+ a driveway ?r\gh ! c5t]1 a
 concrete floor & a pit1 x is easy to   
dump a load ( gra9 or e> corn by rais+ !
 front end ( ! wagon box )\t us+ a %ovel
 or corn =k4 ,aft] ! load is dump$ into 
! pit a boy c drive a horse ar\nd 9 a   
circle :ile ! buckets c>ry ! corn or    

small gra9 & deliv] x by sp\t into !    
diff]5t corncribs or gra9 b9s4 ,!re are 
sev]al makes ( p[]ful gra9 elevat+      
ma*9es t w d ! "w easily & quickly4  ,! 
fir/ requisite is a build+ ) /orage     
ov]head1 & a conv5i5t place to "w !     
ma*9]y4 ,"s ( ! elevat+ ma*9es are made 
portable & "s are /ation>y4 ,"s ( !     
portable ma*9es w "w bo? ways4 ,usually 
/ation>y elevators are plac$ 9 v]tical  
position4 ,"s portable elevators may be 
op]at$ ei!r v]tically or on an incl9e4  
,su* ma*9es are adaptable to diff]5t    
situations1 s ! corn may be c>ri$ up    
into ! top /ory ( a f>m gra9 w>eh\se or 
! app>atus may be haul$ to ! railway    
/ation = *ut+ ! gra9 or e> corn into a  
c>4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! use to be made ( !   
ma*9]y :e!r ! /rictly /ation>y or       
portable elevator is requir$4 ,to unload
 usually "s k9d ( pit or incl9e is ne$$ 
) any k9d ( an elevator1 s ! load may be
 dump$ automatically quickly f ! wagon  
box to be di/ribut$ by c>ry+ buckets at 
leisure4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure         

#aca4--,portable ,gra9 ,elevator ,fill+ 
a ,corncrib4 ,! same rig is tak5 to !   
railway to load box c>s4 ,! wagon is    
unload$ by a lift+ jack4 ,x co/s f #a;c 
to #a-a_/b;c p] bu%el to %ovel corn by  
h&1 b ! greate/ sav+ is 9 "t4  ,"s      
elevators are arrang$ to take gra9 sl[ly
 f "u ! tailbo>d ( a wagon box4 ,!      
tailrod is remov$ & ! tailbo>d rais$    
half an in* or an in*1 accord+ to !     
capacity ( ! ma*9]y4 ,! load pays out   
?r\gh ! op5+ z ! front ( ! wagon is     
gradually rais$1 s ! la/ gra9 w dis*>ge 
into ! pit or elevator hopp] ( its own  
weight4 ,te*nical build+ k & skill is   
requir$ to prop]ly connect ! build+ &   
elevat+ ma*9]y s t ! two w "w smoo?ly   
toge!r4 ,!re are c]ta9 features ab\t !  
build+ t mu/ con=m to ! requirem5ts &   
peculi>ities ( ! elevat+ ma*9]y4 ,! gra9
 & e> corn are bo? c>ri$ up to a po9t f 
:i* !y w travel by gravity to any "p ( !
 build+4 ,! build+ requires great       
/ructural /r5g? 9 "s places1 b ! mat]ial
 may be v light 9 o!rs4 ,h5ce1 !        

necessity ( und]/&+ bo? build+ & ma*9]y 
9 ord] to meet all ( ! necess>y te*nical
 requirem5ts4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,,work+   
,,! ,,soil   ,,importance ,,( ,,pl[+    
,illu/ration3 ,figure #acb4--;,heavy    
,disk ,pl[4 ,a /rong f\r-horse disk     
implem5t = break+ /umpy gr\nd or to te> 
t\gh sod into bits be=e turn+ "u ) a    
moldbo>d4  ,pl[+ is a me*anical op]ation
 t deals ) physics1 *emi/ry1 bact]iology
 & entomology4 ,! soil is ! f>m]'s      
laboratory2 8 soil work+ implem5ts are 8
 me*anical laboratory appliances4 ,a    
high ord] ( intellig5ce is requir$ to   
m]ge "o op]ation into ! next to take    
full advantage ( ! assi/ance (f]$ by    
nature4 ,! object ( pl[+ & cultivation  
is to improve ! me*anical condition ( ! 
soil1 to reta9 moi/ure1 to kill insects 
& to provide a suitable home = ! diff]5t
 k9ds ( soil bact]ia4  ,!re are a]obic &
 ana]obic bact]ia1 also nitrog5-ga!r+   
bact]ia & nitrify+ bact]ia :i* are (t5  
loosely ref]r$ to z azotobact] species4 
,few ( u are on intimate t]ms ) any (   

!m1 b "s ( u h _h =mal introductions    
?r\gh exp]im5ts & obs]vation4           
,illu/ration3 ,figure #acc4--,sulky     
,pl[4 ,?is is a popul> type ( rid+ pl[4 
,x is fitt$ ) a roll+ c\lt]4   ,,!      
,,me*anics ,,( ,,pl[+  ,walk+ ,pl[4--,! 
draft ( a walk+ pl[ may be increas$ or  
dim9i%$ by ! mann] ( hit*4 ,x is        
necess>y to f9d ! direct l9e ( draft    
betwe5 ! "w p]=m$ & ! propell+ =ce4 ,!  
clevis 9 ! two-horse d\bletree1 or !    
?ree-horse ev5] & ! adju/+ clevis 9 !   
end ( ! pl[-beam ) ! connect+ l9k w     
p]mit a limit$ adju/m5t4 ,! exact       
direction t ?is l9e takes w prove out 9 
"q4 ,! walk+ pl[ %\ld n h a t5d5cy to   
run ei!r 9 or out1 nei!r too deep nor   
too %all[4 ,= ! prop] adju/m5t z to wid?
 & dep? ( furr[1 ! pl[ %\ld foll[ ! l9e 
( draft 9 /rict ob$i5ce to ! pull s t x 
w keep to ! furr[ on level gr\nd a      
di/ance ( sev]al feet )\t guidance f !  
h&les4 ,9 mak+ ! adju/m5t x is fir/     
necess>y to see t ! pl[ itself is 9 good
 work+ ord]4 ,all cutt+ edges su* z %>e1

 c\lt] or jo9t] mu/ be reasonably %>p & 
! l& slip 9 condition z ! mak]s int5d$4 
,illu/ration3 ,figure #acd4--;,disk     
,pl[4 ,less p[] is requir$ to pl[ ) a   
disk1 b x is a sort ( cut & cov]        
process4 ,! disk digs tr5*es n>r[ at !  
bottom4 ,!re are ridges betwe5 ! little 
tr5*es t are n work$4  ,illu/ration3    
,figure #ace4--,?ree-,horse &           
,f\r-,horse ,ev5]s4 ,?is k9d ( ev5]     
hit*es ! horses clos] to ! load ?an "s  
o!rs & !y are easi] to h&le ?an ! spread
 out k9ds4 ,! f\r-horse rig requires !  
be/ horses 9 ! middle4  ,all pl[s %\ld h
 a lea!r pocket on ! side ( ! beam to   
c>ry a file4 ,a #ab-;in* ba/>d file ) a 
good h&le is ! mo/ satisfactory implem5t
 = %>p5+ ! cutt+ edges ( a pl[ 9 !      
fields4 ,a good deal dep5ds on ! "* ( ! 
soil & its condition ( dryness1 b       
g5]ally speak+1 x pays to d a little    
fil+ aft] pl[+ a half mile ( furr[4 ,if 
! horses are do+ _! duty1 a little re/  
at ! end ( ! half mile is well e>n$4 ,! 
pl[man c put 9 ! "t to advantage ) !    

file & ! next half mile w g along m]rily
 9 consequ5ce4 ,no f>m] w\ld cont9ue to 
*op wood all day )\t :ett+ 8 axe1 b1    
un=tunately1 pl[m5 (t5 "w f morn+ till  
night )\t any attempt to keep ! cutt+   
edges ( _! pl[s 9 good work+ ord]4      
,rid+ ,pl[4--,! rid+ pl[ 9 lift+ & turn+
 ! furr[ slice dep5ds a good deal on !  
:eels4 ,! action ( ! pl[ is t ( a w$ge )
 ! p[] pu%+ ! po9t1 ! %>e & ! moldbo>d  
betwe5 ! furr[ slices & ! l& side & !   
furr[ bottom4 ,!re is ! same friction   
betwe5 ! moldbo>d & ! furr[ slice z 9 ! 
case ( ! walk+ pl[1 b ! :eels are int5d$
 to mat]ially r$uce ! pressure on !     
furr[ bottom & aga9/ ! l& side4 ,pl[    
:eels are int5d$ to relieve ! draft 9   
?is respect because :eels roll mu* easi]
 ?an ! pl[ bottom c slide ) ! weight ( !
 "w on top4 ,! track made 9 ! bottom ( !
 furr[ ) ! walk+ pl[ %[s pla9ly ! heavy 
pressure ( ! furr[ slice on ! moldbo>d  
by ! m>k ( ! slip4 ,to appreciate !     
weight ! slip c>ries1 an int]e/+        
exp]im5t may be p]=m$ by load+ ! walk+  

pl[ ) weights suffici5t to make ! same  
k9d ( a m>k :5 ! pl[ is n turn+ a furr[4
  ,"o advantage 9 rid+ pl[s 9 addition  
to ! relief ( su* a load is less pack+ (
 ! furr[ bottom4 ,on c]ta9 soils :5 !   
moi/ure is j suffici5t to make ! subsoil
 /icky1 a c]ta9 portion ( ! furr[ bottom
 is cem5t$ by pl[ pressure s t x becomes
 imp]vi\s to ! passage ( moi/ure ei!r up
 or d[n4 ,! track ( a pl[ :eel is less  
injuri\s4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure        
#acf4--,?ree-,section1 ,spike-,too?     
,h>r[4 ,! h>r[ is made /raight1 b ! hit*
 is plac$ ov] to "o side to give ea*    
too? a sep>ate l9e ( travel4            
,illu/ration3 ,figure #acg4--;,h>r[ ,sl$
 ,long ,en\gh to ,hold a ,f\r-,section  
,h>r[4  ,pl[ :eels %\ld /& at ! prop]   
angle to ! pressure ) especial ref]5ce  
to ! "w p]=m$4 ,:eels %\ld be adju/$ )  
an eye s+le to ! conditions exi/+ 9 !   
furr[4 ,"s :eel pl[s app>5tly are       
especially built to run light l a wagon 
above gr\nd reg>dless ( ! und]gr\nd "w  
requir$ ( !m4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure    

#ach4--;,corn ,cultivator4 ,a "o-r[1    
rid+-disk cultivator4 ,! ridges are     
smoo!d by ! spr+ scrap]s to leave an ev5
 surface to prev5t evaporation4  ,axles 
%\ld hang at "r angles to ! l9e ( lift s
 accurately z to cause ! :eels to we> b 
lightly on ! ends ( ! hubs4 ,mi/akes 9  
adju/m5t %[ 9 ! necessity ( keep+ a     
supply ( wa%]s on h& to replace ! ones t
 quickly we> ?94  ,9 ?is respect a good 
deal dep5ds on ! s&-b&s at ! ends ( !   
hubs4 ,pl[ :eels are con/antly lift+    
gritty e>? & dropp+ x on ! hubs4 ,!re is
 only "o successful way to keep s& out (
 ! j\rnals & t is by hav+ ! hubs1 or hub
 f]rules1 ext5d well beyond ! be>+s4    
,pl[ :eel hub ext5sions %\ld rea* two   
in*es beyond ! j\rnal bo? at ! l>ge end 
( ! hub & at ! nut or l9*p9 end4 ,"s pl[
 :eels cut s badly t f>m]s consid] oil a
 damage & !y are p]mitt$ to run dry4    
,?is is n only v wa/eful ( exp5sive iron
 b ! :eels soon wabble to su* an ext5t t
 !y no long] guide ! pl[1 9 :i* case !  
draft may be increas$ enorm\sly4        

,illu/ration3 ,figure #aci4--;,a        
,comb9ation ,rid+ & ,walk+ ,cultivator1 
%[+ f5d]s atta*$ to protect "y plants ! 
fir/ "t ?r\gh4 ,! two bull tongues %[n  
are = use 9 heavy soils or :5 deep]     
digg+ is necess>y4  ,scot* ,pl[s4--,:5 !
 long1 n>r[ ,scot* sod pl[s are exhibit$
 at ,am]ican agricultural fairs !y      
attract a good deal ( att5tion & no     
small am\nt ( ridicule f ,am]ican f>m]s 
because ( ! six or sev5 in* furr[s !y   
are int5d$ to turn4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we are
 9 too mu* ( a hurry to sp5d all day    
pl[+ ?ree-f\r?s ( an acre ( gr\nd4      
,int5sive f>m+ is n s mu* ( an object ) 
u z ! quantity ( l& put "u cultivation4 
,^? old-fa%ion$ ,scot* pl[s turn a furr[
 ab\t two-?irds ( ! way ov]1 lay+ ! sod 
surface at an angle ( ab\t #de deg4 to !
 bottom ( ! furr[4 ,! %>p comb cut by ! 
c\lt] & %>e /&s upright s t a sod field 
:5 pl[$ is m>k$ 9 %>p ridges six or sev5
 in*es ap>t1 accord+ to ! wid? ( !      
furr[4 ,edges ( sod %[ 9 ! bottoms ( !  
corrugations betwe5 ^! little furr[     

ridges4  ,:5 ! ra9s come ! wat] is held 
9 ^! grooves & x f9ds its way d[n ! :ole
 dep? ( ! furr[ slice c>ry+ air ) x &   
moi/5+ e p>ticle ( tra% cle> to ! bottom
 ( ! furr[4 ,su* conditions are ideal = 
! "w ( ! diff]5t =ms ( bact]ia to break 
d[n plant fibre conta9$ 9 ! roots & tra%
 & "w x into humus1 :i* is 9 turn       
manipulat$ by o!r =ms ( soil bact]ia to 
produce soil wat] :i* is ! only food (  
gr[+ plants4  ,jo9t] ,pl[s4--,am]ican   
pl[ mak]s also h recogniz$ ! necessity (
 mix+ humus ) soil 9 ! act ( pl[+4 ,to  
facilitate ! process & at ! same "t turn
 a wide furr[1 ! jo9t] does fairly good 
"w :5 soil conditions are suitable4 ,!  
jo9t] is a little pl[ :i* takes ! place 
( ! c\lt] & is atta*$ to ! pl[-beam 9 ! 
same mann]4 ,! jo9t] turns a little     
furr[ "o in* or two in*es deep & ! l>ge 
pl[ foll[+ aft] turns a twelve-in* or   
f\rte5-in* furr[ slice flat ov]1 ?r[+ ! 
little jo9t] furr[ 9 ! middle ( ! furr[ 
bottom 9 su* a way t ! big furr[ breaks 
ov] ! small] furr[4  ,if ! "w is well   

done1 cracks z wide z a man's h& & f    
?ree to five in*es deep are left all ov]
 ! field4 ,^! cracks lead air & moi/ure 
to rot ! tra% bel[4 ,?is is a mu* quick]
 way ( do+ a fairly good job ( pl[+4    
,su* pl[s loos5 ! soil & furni% !       
conditions requir$ by nature2 & !y may  
be op]at$ ) mu* less skill ?an !        
old-fa%ion$ n>r[-furr[$ ,scot* pl[s4    
,good pl[+ requires fir/ t ! soil be 9  
prop] condition to pl[1 nei!r too dry   
nor too wet1 b no man c d good pl[+ )\t 
! prop] k9d ( pl[ to fit ! soil he is   
work+ )4   ,,pl[+ ,,by ,,tractor  ,"u   
pres5t conditions f>m tractors are n    
int5d$ to replace horse p[] entirely b  
to prec$e horses to smoo? ! r\gh places 
t horses may foll[ ) ! light] ma*9es to 
add ! f9i%+ t\*es4 ,light tractors are  
be+ made1 & !y are gr[+ 9 popul>ity1 b !
 real bus9ess ( ! f>m tractor is to d ! 
heavy lugg+--! "w t kills horses &      
delays se$+ until ! gr[+ season has     
pass$4 ,! actual p[] be/ suit$ to !     
individual f>m c only be det]m9$ by !   

nature ( ! l& & ! k9d ( f>m+4  ,9 !     
,middle ,we/ :]e div]sifi$ f>m+ is      
practic$1 ! #h-af & ! #aj-bj sizes seem 
to be ! mo/ satisfactory1 & ?is is )\t  
reg>d to ! size ( ! f>m4 ,! prepond]ance
 ( heavy "w w naturally dictate ! buy+ (
 a tractor heavi] ?an a #aj-bj4 ,! am\nt
 ( /ation>y "w is a factor4 ,9 c]ta9    
communities heavy f>m tractors are made 
to e>n divid5ds by runn+ ?re%+ ma*9es   
aft] h>ve/1 silo fill]s 9 ! fall &      
lime/one cru%]s 9 ! w9t]4  ,"h is a     
classifi$ li/ ( jobs ! m$ium size f>m   
tractor is good =3  ,cle>+ ! ,l&--pull+ 
up bu%es by ! roots1 te>+ out h$ges1    
pull+ /umps1 grubb+1 pull+ /ones4       
,prep>+ ,se$ ,b$ & ,se$+--pl[+1 disk+1  
cru%+ clods1 pull+ a l& plane1 roll+1   
pack+1 drill+1 h>r[+4  ,h>ve/+--m[+1    
pull+ gra9 b9d]s1 pull+ potato digg]4   
,belt ,"w--hay bal+1 corn %ell+1 heavy  
pump+ = irrigation1 gr9d+ fe$1 ?re%+1   
clov] hull+1 husk+ & %r$d+1 silo fill+1 
/one cru%+4  ,road ,"w--grad+1 dragg+1  
level+1 dit*+1 haul+ crops4             

,miscellane\s--runn+ portable sawmill1  
/ret*+ wire f5c+1 dit* digg+1 manure    
spread+4  ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ 
important f>m tractor "w is prep>+ !    
se$-b$ ?or\ghly & quickly :ile ! soil & 
wea!r conditions are ! be/4 ,& !        
tractor's ability to "w all day & all   
night at su* times is "o ( its be/      
qualifications4  ,to pl[ "o squ>e mile1 
or #fdj acres1 ) a walk+ pl[ turn+ a    
twelve-in* furr[1 a man & team mu/ walk 
#e1bhj miles4 ,! gang-pl[ has always be5
 consid]$ a horse kill]1 &1 :5 f>m]s    
discov]$ t !y c\ld use oil p[] to save  
_! horses1 _m 7 quick to make ! *ange4  
,x requires approximately #aj horsep[]  
h\rs to turn an acre ( l& ) horses4 ,at 
a spe$ ( two miles1 a team ) "o pl[ 9 t5
 h\rs w turn two acres4 ,to deliv] ! two
 horsep[] requir$ to d ?is "w1 !y mu/   
travel #agf feet p] m9ute & ex]t a      
cont9u\s pull ( #cge p\nds or #ahg4e    
p\nds p] horse4  ,"o horsep[] equals a  
pull ( #cc1jjj p\nds1 mov$ "o foot p]   
m9ute4 ,two-mile spe$ equals two times  

#e1bhj or #aj1efj feet p] h\r1 or #agf  
feet p] m9ute4 ,sixty-six ?\s& divid$ by
 #agf equals #cge foot p\nds pull p]    
m9ute4 ,"o horsep[] is absorb$ 9 #hh    
feet ( furr[4  ,horse labor co/s1       
accord+ to ,gov]nm5t figures1 #ab-a_/b  
c5ts p] h\r p] horse4 ,on ?is basis t5  
h\rs' "w w be #a4be1 :i* is ! av]age    
daily co/ ( ea* horse4 ,an av]age       
,ill9ois div]sifi$ f>m ( #afj acres w\ld
 be approximately z foll[s3 ,fifty acres
 ( corn1 #cj acres ( oats & :eat1 #bj   
acres ( hay1 #fj acres ( r\gh l&1       
pa/ure1 or*>d1 build+ & fe$ lots4  ,?is 
av]age f>m supports six "w horses or    
mules & "o colt4 ,accord+ to figures    
tak5 f f>m "w reports submitt$ by _m    
diff]5t corn belt f>m]s1 ! am\nt (      
horse-"w necess>y to d ?is cropp+ w\ld  
figure out z foll[s3  ,fifty acres (    
corn l& = pl[+1 disk+1 h>r[+1 plant+1   
cultivat+ & h>ve/+ w\ld am\nt to a total
 ( #a1dej horsep[] h\rs4 ,?irty acres ( 
:eat w\ld require a total ( #ccj        
horsep[] h\rs4 ,tw5ty acres ( hay w\ld  

require #aaj horsep[] h\rs4 ,9 r\nd     
figures1 #a1ijj horsep[] h\rs at        
#ab-a_/b c5ts w\ld am\nt to #bcg4ej4    
,elaborate figures h be5 work$ out      
!oretically to %[ t ?is "w c be done by 
an #h-af f>m tractor 9 #bg-c_/d days at 
a co/ = k]os5e fuel & lubricat+ oil (   
#a4hi p] day4 ,add+ int]e/1 repairs &   
depreciation1 br+s ?is figure up to ab\t
 #d4jj p] day1 or a total ( #aaa4jj = ! 
job4 ,no acc\nt is kept ( man p[] 9 c>+ 
= ei!r ! horses or ! tractor4 ,! actual 
man labor on ! job1 h[ev]1 figures      
#ab-a_/c days less = ! tractor ?an =    
horses4 ,we %\ld rememb] t actual f>m   
figures are us$ = ! co/ ( horse "w4 ,su*
 figures are n available = tractor "w4  
,! co/ ( pl[+ ) a traction eng9e dep5ds 
^u s _m factors t x is difficult to make
 any def9ite /atem5t4 ,x dep5ds ^u !    
condition ( ! gr\nd1 size ( ! tractor1 !
 numb] ( pl[s pull$1 & ! am\nt ( fuel   
us$4 ,an #h-af horsep[] tractor1 =      
in/ance1 burn+ f #ae to #bj gallons ( l[
 grade k]os5e p] t5 h\r day & us+ "o    

gallon ( lubricat+ oil1 co/s ab\t #a4ij 
p] t5 h\rs "w4 ,pull+ two #ad-;in* pl[s 
& travel+ #bj miles p] day1 ! tractor w 
pl[ #e4f acres at a fuel & an oil co/ ( 
ab\t #cj c5ts p] acre4 ,pull+ ?ree      
#ad-;in* pl[s1 x w turn #h4d acres at a 
co/ = fuel & oil ( ab\t #bj c5ts an     
acre4  ,! k9d & condition ( soil is an  
important factor 9 det]m9+ ! tractor co/
 ( pl[+4 ,comp>ison betwe5 ! av]age     
horse co/ & ! av]age tractor co/ sugge/s
 v int]e/+ possibilities 9 favor (      
tractor pl[+ "u good managem5t4  ,aside 
f ! actual co/ 9 doll>s we %\ld also    
rememb] t no horse gang c possibly d !  
quality ( "w t c be accompli%$ by an    
eng9e gang4 ,anxiety to sp>e ! team has 
cut a big slice (f ! pr(its ( _m a f>m]4
 ,he has (t5 pl[$ late on acc\nt ( h>d  
gr\nd1 & he has _m times all[$ a field  
to rema9 unpl[$ on acc\nt ( worn-out    
teams4 ,"u normal conditions1 late pl[+ 
nev] produces z good results z e>ly     
pl[+4 ,_m a f>m] has f$ & h>ness$ by !  
light ( ! lant]n1 gone to ! field &     

work$ 8 team h>d to take advantage ( !  
cool ( ! morn+4 ,) ! approa* ( ! hot    
h\rs ( midday1 ! vici\s flies sapp+ !   
vitality f 8 fai?ful team1 he has eas$  
up on ! "w or quit ! job4  ,9 us+ !     
tractor = pl[+1 !re are none ( ^!       
di/ress+ conditions to be tak5 into     
consid]ation1 no?+ to ?9k ( b ! quality 
( "w done4 ,x is possible to pl[ deep   
)\t ?\ght ( ! add$ burd54 ,deep pl[+ may
 or may n be advisable4 ,b :]e ! soil w 
/& x1 deep pl[+ at ! prop] "t ( ye>1 &  
:5 done ) judgm5t1 holds moi/ure bett] &
 provides m plant food4  ,! pull p[]    
requir$ to pl[ diff]5t soils v>ies f    
ab\t ?ree p\nds p] squ>e in* ( furr[ =  
light s& up to tw5ty p\nds p] squ>e in* 
( furr[ = gumbo4 ,! draft ( a pl[ is    
g5]ally figur$ f clov] sod1 :i* av]ages 
ab\t sev5 p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,suppose a
 pl[ rig has two #ad-;in* bottoms1 & !  
dep? to be pl[$ is six in*es4 ,a cross  
section ( ea* pl[ is !re=e #ad by #f    
in*es1 or #hd squ>e in*es4 ,twice ?is = 
two bottoms is #afh squ>e in*es4 ,s9ce1 

9 s&y soil1 ! pressure p] squ>e in* is  
?ree p\nds1 !re=e #afh times #c p\nds   
equals #ejd p\nds1 ! draft 9 s&y soil4  
#afh times #g p\nds equals #a1agf p\nds1
 ! draft 9 clov] sod4 #afh times #h     
p\nds equals #a1cdd p\nds1 ! draft 9    
clay sod4  ,! success ( crop gr[+ dep5ds
 ^u ! way ! se$-b$ is prep>$4 ,! f9al   
prep>ation ( ! se$-b$ c nev] be ?or\ghly
 well done unless ! gr\nd is prop]ly    
pl[$ to beg9 )4 ,x is n suffici5t to    
root ! gr\nd ov] or to cr[d x to "o side
 b ! pl[ mu/ really turn ! furr[ slice 9
 a uni=m1 sy/ematic mann] & lay x bottom
 side upp]mo/ to receive ! b5eficial    
action ( ! air1 ra9 & sun%9e4  ,!       
moldbo>d ( a pl[ mu/ be smoo? 9 ord] to 
prop]ly %$ ! e>? freely to make an easy 
turn-ov]4 ,! %ape ( ! %e> & ! =w>d "p ( 
! moldbo>d is prim>ily t ( a w$ge1 b !  
roll or upp] curve ( ! moldbo>d *anges  
accord+ to soil texture & ! wid? & dep? 
( furr[ to be turn$4 ,moldbo>ds also    
diff] 9 size & %ape1 accord+ to ! k9d ( 
furr[ to be turn$4 ,sometimes 9 c]ta9   

soils a n>r[ solid furr[ ) a comb on !  
upp] edge is pref]able4 ,9 o!r soils a  
crack$ or brok5 furr[ slice works ! be/4
 ,:5 work+ our light] soils a wide furr[
 turn$ flat ov] on top ( a jo9t] furr[  
breaks ! gr\nd into fragm5ts ) wide     
cracks or op5+s rea*+ sev]al in*es d[n4 
,betwe5 ^! extremes !re are _m          
modifications made = ! p>ticul> type or 
texture ( ! soil to be pl[$4 ,we c      
obs]ve ! effect t a r\gh1 or badly      
scrat*$1 or poorly %ap$ moldbo>d has on 
any k9d ( soil1 especially :5 pass+ f   
gravelly soils to clay4 ,9 soil t       
conta9s ! "r am\nt ( moi/ure1 :5 a pl[  
sc\rs all ! "t1 ! top ( ! furr[ slice   
always has a glaz$ or %9y appe>ance4    
,?is %[s t ! soil is slipp+ (f !        
moldbo>d easily4 ,9 places :]e ! pl[    
does n sc\r ! gr\nd is pu%$ to "o side &
 pack$ or puddl$ on ! und]side in/ead ( 
be+ lift$ & turn$ z x %\ld be4 ,a field 
pl[$ ) a defective moldbo>d w be full ( 
^! places4 ,su* gr\nd _c h ! life to br+
 ab\t a satisfactory bact]ia condition  

necess>y to promote ! rapid plant gr[? t
 prop] pl[+ gives x4  ,cultivat$ s&y    
soils are becom+ m acid ye> aft] ye>4   
,we are us+ lime to correct ! acidity1 b
 ! use ( lime requires bett] pl[+ &     
bett] aft] cultivation to ?or\ghly mix !
 tra% ) ! e>? to make soil conditions   
favorable to ! diff]5t k9ds ( soil      
bact]ia4 ,unless we pay special att5tion
 to ! humus cont5t ( ! soil we are      
likely to use lime to dissolve out plant
 foods t are n ne$$ by ! pres5t crop1 &1
 !re=e1 _c be utiliz$4 ,?is is :at ! old
 adage means :i* reads3 ,lime enri*e? ! 
fa!r b impov]i%e? ! son4 ,:5 t 0 writt5 
! _w _h no prop] tillage tools & !      
importance ( humus 0 n ev5 dream$ (4  ,n
 s _m ye>s ago f>m pl[s 7 made ( ca/    
iron4 ,!n came ! /eel moldbo>d1 :i* 0   
suppos$ to be ! acme ( p]fection 9 pl[  
mak+4 ,/eel w\ld sc\r & turn ! furr[ 9  
fluffy soils :]e ca/ iron w\ld j root   
along )\t turn+ ! gr\nd at all4 ,lat] ! 
art ( mold+ /eel 0 /udi$ & p]fect$ until
 _m grades & degrees ( h>dness 7 produc$

 & ! %ape ( ! moldbo>d pass$ ?r\gh a    
?\s& *anges4 ,! idea all ! "t 0 to make 
pl[s t w\ld n only sc\r b poli% 9 all   
k9ds ( soil4 ,at ! same "t !y mu/ turn  
"u all ( ! vegetable gr[? to make humus1
 to kill we$s & to de/roy tr\blesome    
insects4 ,besides ^! requirem5ts ! soil 
mu/ be pulv]iz$ & laid loose to admit   
bo? air & moi/ure4 ,^! exp]im5ts        
gradually l$ up to our pres5t high grade
 pl[s ( h>d5$ /eel & :at is kn[n z *ill$
 /eel4  ,besides ! h>dness !re are      
diff]5t %apes design$ = diff]5t soils s 
t a pl[ to "w well on "o f>m may ne$ to 
be q diff]5t f a pl[ to d ! be/ "w 9    
ano!r neighborhood4 ,! furr[ slice slid+
 ov] a p]fect moldbo>d leaves ! surface 
( ! upturn$ gr\nd z ev5 z ! bottom ( !  
furr[4 ,by us+ a mod]n pl[ c>efully     
select$ to fit ! soil1 gravel1 s&y1 /ony
 or muck soils1 or silt loams t conta9  
silica1 lime1 iron & alum9um oxide c be 
work$ ) ! "r pl[ to d ! be/ "w possible 
if we use ! necess>y c>e & judgm5t 9    
mak+ ! selection4  ,"o object ( good    

pl[+ is to reta9 moi/ure 9 ! soil until 
! gr[+ crop c make good use ( x4  ,!    
ease ) :i* soils absorb1 reta9 or lose  
moi/ure1 dep5ds mo/ly on _! texture1    
humus cont5t1 physical condition1 &     
surface slope or artificial dra9age4 ,x 
is to ! ext5t t cultivation c modify ^! 
factors t m soil wat] c be made         
available to ! gr[+ crop4 ,!re are      
loose1 op5 soils ?r\gh :i* wat]         
p]colates z ?r\gh a sieve1 & !re are    
tight1 gumbo soils :i* swell :5 !       
surface is moi/5$ & become practically  
wat]pro(4 ,s&y soils take 9 wat] m      
readily ?an heavi] soils1 h5ce less     
precaution is necess>y to prev5t run-(f4
  ,among ! ?\s&s ( pl[s ( _m diff]5t    
makes !re are pl5ty ( good ones4 ,! fir/
 consid]ation 9 mak+ a selection is a   
reliable home deal] :o has a good       
bus9ess reputation & a ?or\gh k ( local 
soil f a me*anical /&po9t4 ,! next      
consid]ation is ! s]vice ! pl[ w give 9 
proportion to ! price4   ,,disk ,,h>r[  
,= prep>+ l& to receive ! se$ no o!r    

implem5t w equal a d\ble disk4 ,^!      
implem5ts are made 9 v>i\s sizes &      
weights ( frame4 ,= heavy l&1 :]e x is  
necess>y to weight ! disk d[n1 an extra 
heavy frame is necess>y4 ,x w\ld        
probably be advisable to get ! extra    
/rong frame = any k9d ( l&1 because ev5 
9 light s& !re are times :5 a disk may  
be us$ to advantage to kill quackgrass  
or to *ew up sod be=e pl[+4 ,9 su* cases
 x is cu/om>y to load on a c\ple ( sacks
 ( s& 9 addition to ! weight ( ! driv]4 
,:5 a disk is c>ry+ #cjj or #djj p\nds  
besides its own weight ! rack+ /ra9s :i*
 pull f diff]5t directions h a t5d5cy to
 w>p or twi/ a light frame out ( %ape4  
,to keep a disk cultivator 9 good work+ 
ord] x is necess>y to g ov] x ?or\ghly  
be=e do+ heavy "w4 ,bolts mu/ be kept   
tight1 all braces exam9$ occasionally1 &
 ! heavy nuts at ! ends ( ! disk %afts  
wat*$4 ,!y sometimes loos5 & give       
tr\ble4 ,! greate/ difficulty 9 runn+ a 
disk h>r[ or cultivator is to keep !    
box+s 9 good trim4 ,wood5 boxes are     

provid$ ) ! implem5t4 ,x is a good plan 
to insi/ on hav+ a full set ( eight     
extra boxes4 ,^! wood5 boxes may be made
 on ! f>m1 b x sometimes is difficult to
 get ! "r k9d ( wood4 ,!y %\ld be made (
 h>d maple1 bor$ accord+ to size ( %aft1
 & boil$ 9 a good quality ( l9se$ oil4  
,iron box+s h nev] be5 satisfactory on a
 disk implem5t4 ,wood5 ones make en\gh  
tr\ble1 b wood has prov$ bett] ?an iron4
 ,on mo/ disk cultivators !re are oil   
*annels lead+ to ! box+s4 ,^! *annels   
are l>ge en\gh to c>ry heavy oil4 ,!    
light] grades ( cyl9d] oil "w ! be/4 ,x 
is difficult to cork ^! oil *annels     
tight en\gh to keep ! s& out4 ,oil & s& 
d n "w well toge!r 9 a be>+4 ,!         
manufactur]s ( ^! implem5ts c\ld improve
 ! oil+ device by %ort5+ ! *annel &     
build+ a bett] h\s+ = ! oil entrance4 ,x
 is q a job to take a disk ap>t to put 9
 new box+s1 b1 l all o!r repair "w1 !   
disk %\ld be tak5 into ! %op1 ?or\ghly  
clean$1 repair$1 pa9t$ & oil$ 9 ! w9t]  
"t4  ,"s d\ble disk cultivators h       

tongues & "s are made )\t4 ,:e!r ! f>m] 
wants a tongue or n dep5ds a good deal  
on ! l&4 ,! only advantage is t a tongue
 w hold ! disk f cr[d+ onto ! horses :5 
x is runn+ light along ! f>m lanes or ! 
sides ( ! fields ) ! disks set /raight4 
,horses h be5 ru9$ by hav+ ! %>p disks  
run aga9/ !m :5 go+ d[n hill4 ,su*      
accid5ts always are avoidable if a man  
realizes ! dang]4 ,un=tunately1 f>m     
implem5ts are (t5 us$ by m5 :o d v      
little ?9k+4 ,a spr+ disk scrap] got    
twi/$ on a root & 0 ?r[n ov] ! top ( "o 
( ! disks s x scrap$ aga9/ ! back ( !   
disk & cont9u$ to make a h>%1 scrap+    
noise until ! proprietor w5t to see :at 
0 wrong4 ,! man driv+ ! disk said he    
?\ght some?+ mu/ be ! matt] ) !         
cultivator1 b he c\ldn't tell = ! life (
 him :at x 04 ,:5 f>m]s are up aga9/ su*
 difficulties x is saf] to buy a disk ) 
a tongue4  ,h>r[ ,c>t4--,a small        
two-:eel c>t ) a spr+ seat ov]%ad[$ ) a 
big umbrella is sometimes call$ a dude  
sulky4 ,_m s5sitive f>m]s trudge along 9

 ! s(t gr\nd & du/ beh9d _! h>r[s afraid
 ( su* old fogy ridicule4 ,! h>de/ & mo/
 tiresome & disagreeable job at se$+ "t 
is foll[+ a h>r[ on foot4 ,rid+ a h>r[  
c>t 9 ! field is cons]v+ en]gy t may be 
appli$ to bett] purposes aft] ! day's "w
 9 ! field is f9i%$4   ,,knife-,,edge   
,,pulv]iz]s  ,a knife-edge we$] makes ! 
be/ du/ mul* pulv]iz] = or*>d "w or :5  
prep>+ a se$-b$ = gra94 ,^! implem5ts   
are sold "u diff]5t names4 ,x requires a
 /ret* ( imag9ation to atta* ! ^w h>r[  
to ^! knife-edge we$]s4 ,!re is a c5tral
 b> :i* is usually a h>dwood plank4 ,!  
knives are bolt$ to ! und]side ( ! plank
 & slop$ backw>d & outw>d f ! c5t] to ! 
"r & left1 s t ! knife-edges /& at an   
angle ( ab\t #de deg4 to ! l9e (        
draught4 ,?is angle is j ab\t suffici5t 
to let t\gh we$s slip (f ! edges in/ead 
( dragg+ along4 ,if ! knives are %>p1 !y
 w cut t5d] we$s1 b ! t\gh ones mu/ be  
dispos$ ( to prev5t *ok+4 ,! prop] use (
 ! knife-edge we$] prev5ts we$s f gr[+1 
b 9 f>m practice1 sometimes ra9y wea!r  

prev5ts ! use ( su* a tool until ! we$s 
are well e/abli%$4 ,z a moi/ure reta9]1 
^! knife-edge we$]s are sup]ior to almo/
 any o!r implem5t4 ,!y are made 9 wid?s 
( f eight to tw5ty feet4 ,! wide ones   
are jo9t$ 9 ! middle to fit unev5 gr\nd4
   ,,clod ,,cru%]  ,! f>m l& drag1      
float1 or clod cru%] is useful "u c]ta9 
conditions on l[ spots t d n dra9       
prop]ly4 ,su* l& mu/ be pl[$ :5 ! ma9   
portion ( ! field is 9 prop] condition1 
& ! result (t5 is t ! l[ spots are s wet
 t ! gr\nd packs into lumps t an ord9>y 
h>r[ w n break to pieces4 ,su* lumps    
roll out betwe5 ! h>r[ tee? & rema9 on  
top ( ! gr\nd to int]f]e ) cultivation4 
,! clod cru%] !n rides ov] ! lumps &    
gr9ds !m into p[d]4 ,un=tunately1 clod  
cru%]s (t5 are dep5d$ on to rem$y faulty
 "w on ord9>y l& t %\ld receive bett]   
treatm5t4 ,_m times ! clod cru%] is a   
poor rem$y = poor tillage on naturally  
good l& t lacks humus4  ,illu/ration3   
,figure #adj4--,l& ,float4 ,clod cru%]s 
& l& floats belong to ! same tribe4     

,!oretically !y are all outlaws1 b "s   
practical f>m]s h>bor "o or m ( !m4 ,wet
 l&1 conta9+ consid]able clay1 sometimes
 =ms into lumps :i* %\ld be cru%$4  ,z  
ord9>ily made1 ! l& float or clod cru%] 
consi/s ( f five to eight planks1 two   
in*es ?ick & t5 or twelve in*es wide1   
spik$ toge!r 9 sawtoo? position1 ! edges
 ( ! planks be+ lapp$ ov] ea* o!r l     
clapbo>ds 9 h\se sid+4 ,! planks are    
held 9 place ) spikes driv5 ?r\gh into !
 crosspieces4   ,,f>m ,,roll]  ,f>m     
roll]s are us$ to firm ! soil4          
,sometimes a se$-b$ is work$ up s       
?or\ghly t ! gr\nd is made too loose s !
 soil is too op5 & por\s4 ,se$s to      
g]m9ate require t ! soil gra9s %all fit 
up closely aga9/ !m4 ,good soil is      
impregnat$ ) soil moi/ure1 or film      
moi/ure z x is (t5 call$1 because !     
moi/ure =ms 9 a film ar\nd ea* little   
soil gra94 ,9 prop]ly prep>$ soil ?is   
film moi/ure comes 9 contact ) ! fre%ly 
s[n se$4 ,if ! temp]ature is "r ! se$   
swells & g]m9ation />ts4 ,! swell+ ( !  

se$ br+s x 9 contact ) m film moi/ure   
atta*$ to o!r gra9s ( soil s ! rootlet  
gr[s & pu%es out into ! soil 9 se>* (   
moi/ure on its own acc\nt4 ,a roll] is  
valuable to press ! p>ticles ( soil     
toge!r to br+ ! fre%ly s[n se$s 9 direct
 contact ) z _m p>ticles ( soil z       
possible4 ,roll+ l& is a peculi>        
op]ation1 ! value ( :i* is n always     
und]/ood4 ,! orig9al idea 0 to b5efit ! 
soil by break+ ! lumps4 ,x may be ( "s  
b5efit on c]ta9 soils = ?is purpose1 b !
 l& %\ld always be h>r[$ aft] roll+ to  
=m a du/ mul* to prev5t ! evaporation ( 
moi/ure4 ,l& t has be5 roll$ & left     
ov]night %[s damp ! next morn+1 :i* is  
suffici5t pro( t moi/ure is com+ to !   
surface & is be+ dissipat$ into !       
atmosph]e4 ,9 ! s-call$ humid sections (
 ! c\ntry ! great problem is to reta9   
moi/ure4 ,any f>m implem5t t has a      
t5d5cy to dissipate soil moi/ure is a   
damage to ! f>m]4 ,probably n9e times   
out ( t5 a f>m roll] is a damage to !   
crop x is int5d$ to b5efit because ( !  

mann] 9 :i* x is us$4 ,x is ! abuse1 n !
 prop] use ( a roll]1 t injures ! crop4 
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ada4--;,iron ,l& 
,roll] ,made ( ,boil] ,plate4           
,illu/ration3 ,figure #adb4--,wood5 ,l& 
,roll]4   ,,corn-,,plant]  ,corn-plant]s
 are design$ to plant two r[s at once4  
,! wid? ( r[s may be adju/$ f ab\t #cb  
to #dd in*es ap>t4 ,:5 se$-corn is      
c>efully grad$ to size ! dropp+ me*anism
 w fe$ out ! gra9s ( corn regul>ly ) v  
few skips4 ,?is is "o reason :y mo/     
f>m]s plant corn 9 drills4 ,!re are o!r 
cultural reasons :i* d n prop]ly belong 
to ?is me*anical article4 ,hill dropp+  
is consid]ably m complicat$ & difficult4
 ,aft] ! fe$+ me*anism has be5 adju/$ to
 ! size ( se$ k]nels to be plant$ s x w 
drop f\r k]nels 9 a hill !n ! trip *a9  
is tri$ out to see if x is "r at e jo9t4
 ,dropp+ 9 hills is a v c>eful me*anical
 proposition4 ,an in* or two out ( l9e  
ei!r way means a loss ( corn 9          
cultivat+4  ,9 sett+ ! /akes to g & come
 by1 a c>eful measurem5t ( ! field is   

necess>y 9 ord] to get ! /ake l9es on   
bo? sides ( ! field p>allel4 ,if ! r+   
/akes are driv5 accurately on ! l9e1 !n 
! fir/ hill ( corn mu/ come at ! same   
di/ance f ! l9e 9 ea* r[4 ,likewise 9   
/>t+ back f ! f> side ( ! field ! fir/  
hill %\ld measure exactly ! same di/ance
 f ! /ake l9e z ! fir/ hills on !       
opposite side ( ! field4 ,?is is easily 
manag$ by c\nt+ ! numb] ( trips betwe5 !
 /ake l9e & ! fir/ r[ ( corn hills4 ,if 
! two l9es ( /akes on ! opposite sides (
 ! field are exactly p>allel x is n     
necess>y to move ei!r l9e 9 ord] to get 
! prop] di/ance to />t dropp+1 b x mu/  
be adju/$ by measurem5t1 o!rwise ! corn 
hills w be dodg$4 ,if ! corn hills are  
to space ?ree feet ap>t !n ! fir/ r[ (  
hills %\ld come n9e or twelve feet f !  
/ake l9e4 ,/akes may be measur$ & set a 
c]ta9 numb] ( in*es f ! l9e to make !   
di/ance come "r4 ,?is c>eful adju/m5t   
br+s ! hills 9 l9e 9 ! r[s4  ,:5 ! field
 is level or g5tly slop+ !re is no      
difficulty 9 mak+ /raight r[s s f> z    

*eck r[+ is conc]n$4 ,:5 ! field is     
hilly ano!r problem crops up4 ,x is     
almo/ impossible to run corn r[s along !
 side ( a hill & keep !m /raight4 ,!    
plant] has a t5d5cy to slide d[nhill4   
,also ! di/ance across a field is great]
 :]e ! r[s pass ov] a hill4 ,to keep !  
r[s /raight "u su* conditions all[ance  
mu/ be made = ! /ret* ov] ! hill z well 
z = ! side ?ru/ ( ! plant]4 ,:]e a *a9  
m>k] is us$ x hangs d[nhill & a fur!r   
all[ance mu/ be made = t4 ,a good driv] 
w skip an in* or s above ! m>k s t ! r[s
 w be plant$ fairly /raight4 ,?is means 
a good deal m 9 *eck r[+ ?an :5 ! corn  
is plant$ 9 drills4 ,! greate/ objection
 to hill plant+ is ! cr[d+ ( f\r corn   
plants into a space t %\ld be occupi$ by
 "o plant4  ,a great _m exp]im5ts h be5 
tri$ to scatt] ! se$s 9 ! hill1 s f> )\t
 def9ite results1 except :5 consid]able 
additional exp5se is incurr$4 ,h[ev]1 a 
cone susp5d$ bel[ ! end ( ! dropp+ tube 
usually w scatt] ! se$s s t no two se$s 
w t\* ea* o!r4 ,!y may n drop & scatt]  

f\r or five in*es ap>t1 b ^! little     
cones w help a good deal4 ,!y mu/ be    
accurately adju/$ s ! po9t ( ! cone w   
c5t] 9 ! middle ( ! v]tical deliv]y     
tube1 & !re mu/ be pl5ty ( room all     
ar\nd ! cone s ! corn se$ k]nels won't  
/ick4 ,! braces t hold ! cones 9 place =
 ! same reason mu/ be turn$ edge up &   
support$ 9 su* a way z to leave pl5ty ( 
cle>ance4 ,! idea is t f\r k]nels ( corn
 drop toge!r4 ,!y /rike ! cone & are    
scatt]$ 9 diff]5t directions4 ,!y       
naturally fly to ! outsides ( ! drill   
m>k :i* scatt]s !m z wide ap>t z ! wid? 
( ! %oe t op5s ! drill4 ,! advantage (  
scatt]+ se$ gra9s 9 ! hill has be5 %[n  
by accurate exp]im5ts conduct$ at       
diff]5t times by agricultural colleges4 
,,gra9 ,,drill  ,to "k exactly h[ mu*   
se$ ! gra9 drill is us+ x is necess>y to
 "k h[ _m acres are conta9$ 9 ! field4  
,mo/ drills h an atta*m5t t is suppos$  
to measure h[ _m acres & fractions (    
acres ! drill cov]s4 ,f>m]s "k h[ mu*   
gra9 ea* sack conta9s1 s !y c e/imate z 

!y g along1 provid$ ! drill regi/] is   
correct4 ,x is bett] to provide a *eck  
on ! drill indicator4 ,h ! field        
measur$1 !n drive /akes along "o side1  
indicat+ "o acre1 five acres & t5 acres4
 ,:5 ! "o-acre /ake is rea*$ ! op]ator c
 e/imate v closely :e!r ! drill is us+ m
 or less se$ ?an ! indicator regi/]s4   
,:5 ! five-acre /ake is rea*$ ano!r pro(
 is available1 & s on across ! field4   
,next 9 importance to ! prop] work+ ( ! 
drill is /raight r[s4 ,! only way to    
avoid gaps is to drive /raight4 ,! only 
way to drive /raight is to sight ov] !  
:eel t foll[s ! la/ drill m>k4 ,f>m]s   
sometimes l to ride on ! gra9 drill1 :i*
 places ! :eel sight+ proposition out ( 
! "q4 ,a h>r[ c>t may be hit*$ beh9d !  
:eel ( ! gra9 drill1 b x gives a side   
draft4 ,! only way to h /raight r[s &   
?or\gh "w is to walk beh9d ! end ( !    
drill4 ,?is is ! prop] way to use a     
drill1 anyway1 because a too? may clog  
up any m9ute4 ,unless ! op]ator is walk+
 beh9d ! drill he is n 9 position to see

 quickly :e!r e too? is work+ prop]ly or
 n4 ,x is h>d "w to foll[ a drill all   
day long1 b x pays at h>ve/ "t4 ,x co/s 
j z mu* to raise a crop ( gra9 t only   
cov]s "p ( ! gr\nd1 & x seems too bad to
 miss ! highe/ possible p]c5tage to save
 a little h>d "w at plant+ "t4          
,,special ,,crop ,,ma*9]y  ,special     
crops require special implem5ts4 ,aft]  
!y are provid$1 ! equipm5t mu/ be kept  
busy 9 ord] to make x pay4 ,if a f>m]   
produces five acres ( potatoes he ne$s a
 potato cutt]1 a plant]1 a rid+         
cultivator1 a spray] t works "u high    
pressure1 a digg] & a sort]4 ,! same    
outfit w answ] = =ty acres1 :i* w\ld    
r$uce ! p] acre co/ consid]ably4 ,no    
f>m] c af=d to gr[ five acres ( potatoes
 )\t ! necess>y ma*9]y1 because h& labor
 is out ( ! "q = "w ( t k9d4  ,on ! "r  
k9d ( soil1 & )9 rea* ( ! "r m>ket1     
potatoes are money-mak]s4 ,b !y mu/ be  
gr[n e ye> because ! price ( potatoes   
fluctuates m ?an any o!r f>m crop4 ,"u !
 "r conditions potatoes gr[n = five ye>s

 ) prop] c>e & good managem5t are sure  
to make money4 ,"o ye> out ( five w     
break ev51 two ye>s w make a little     
money & ! o!r two ye>s w make big money4
 ,at ! end ( five ye>s1 ) good bus9ess  
managem5t1 ! potato ma*9]y w be all paid
 =1 & !re w be a sub/antial pr(it4      
,,:eel ,,hoe  ,9 gr[+ onions & o!r truck
 crops1 :]e ! r[s are too close toge!r =
 horse cultivation1 ! :eel hoe is       
valuable4 ,9 fact1 x is almo/           
indisp5sable :5 su* crops are gr[n      
ext5sively4 ,! be/ :eel hoes h a numb] (
 atta*m5ts4 ,:5 ! se$-b$ has be5        
c>efully prep>$1 & ! soil is f9e &      
loose1 ! :eel hoe may be us$ z soon z ! 
"y plants %[ above gr\nd4 ,m5 :o are    
accu/om$ to op]at+ a :eel hoe become    
exp]t4 ,!y c "w almo/ z close to ! gr[+ 
plants ) an implem5t ( ?is k9d z !y c ) 
an ord9>y h& hoe4 ,! :eel hoe1 or h&    
cultivator1 works ! gr\nd on bo? sides (
 ! r[ at once1 & x does x quickly1 s t v
 little h& we$+ is necess>y4     ,,*apt]
 ,,vi  ,,h&l+ ,,! ,,hay ,,crop          

,,revolv+ ,,hayrake  ,ab\t ! fir/       
contrivance = rak+ hay by horse p[]     
consi/$ ( a /ick eight or t5 feet long )
 d\ble-end tee? runn+ ?r\gh x1 & po9t+ 9
 two directions4 ,^! rakes 7 improv$ f  
"t to "t1 until !y rea*$ p]fection = ?is
 k9d ( tool4 ,!y h s9ce be5 sup]s$$ by  
spr+-too? horse rakes1 except = c]ta9   
purposes4 ,= pull+ field peas1 & "s k9ds
 ( beans1 ! old /yle revolv+ horse rake 
is /ill 9 use4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#adc4--;,grass ,hook1 = work+ ar\nd     
bord]s :]e ! lawn-m[] is too clumsy4    
,illu/ration3 ,figure #add4--,revolv+   
,hayrake4 ,! c5t] piece is #d x #f x    
#ab' long4 ,! tee? are d\ble end]s      
#a-c_/h squ>e & #d' #f long1 :i* all[s  
#bd ( rake too? cle> ( ! c5t] timb]4 ,e 
/ick 9 ! rake is c>efully select$4 ,x is
 drawn by "o horse4 ,if ! c5t] tee? /ick
 into ! gr\nd ei!r ! horse mu/ /op      
in/antly1 or ! rake mu/ flop ov]1 or !re
 w be a repair job4 ,?is inv5tion has   
nev] be5 improv$ ^u = pull+ ,canada     
peas4  ,improv$ revolv+ horse rakes h a 

c5t] timb] ( h>dwood ab\t #d x #f in*es 
9 diamet]4 ,! corn]s are r\nd$ to       
facilitate slid+ ov] ! gr\nd4 ,a rake   
twelve feet long w h ab\t eighte5       
d\ble-end tee?4 ,! tee? project ab\t two
 & "o-half feet ea* way f ! c5t] timb]4 
,ea* too? is r\nd$ up1 sl$-runn] fa%ion1
 at ea* end s x w po9t =w>d & slide     
along ov] & close to ! gr\nd )\t cat*+  
fa/4 ,!re is an iron pull rod1 or long  
hook1 atta*$ to ea* end ( ! c5t] b> by  
means ( a bolt t screws into ! c5t] ( ! 
end ( ! wood5 c5t] %aft1 ?us =m+ a      
gudgeon p9 s ! %aft c revolve4 ,two     
h&les are fa/5$ by b& iron /raps to     
r\nd$ recesses or girdles cut ar\nd !   
c5t] b>4 ,^! girdles are j f> en\gh ap>t
 = a man to walk betwe5 & to op]ate !   
h&les4 ,wood51 or iron lugs1 rea* d[n f 
! h&les ) p9s project+ f _! sides to    
engage ! rake tee?4 ,two p9s project f !
 left lug & ?ree f ! "r4 ,sometimes     
not*es are made 9 ! lugs in/ead ( p9s4  
,not*es are bett]2 !y may be r\nd$ up to
 prev5t cat*+ :5 ! rake revolves4 ,z !  

rake slides along1 ! driv] holds ! rake 
tee? 9 ! prop] position by means ( !    
h&les4 ,:5 suffici5t load has be5 ga!r$ 
he engages ! upp] not* 9 ! "r h& lug1   
releases ! left & raises ! o!r suffici5t
 to po9t ! tee? into ! gr\nd4 ,! pull ( 
! horse turns ! rake ov] & ! man grasps 
! tee? aga9 ) ! h&le lugs z be=e4       
,unless ! driv] is c>eful ! tee? may    
/ick 9 ! gr\nd & turn ov] be=e he is    
ready = x4 ,x requires a little exp]i5ce
 to use su* a rake to advantage4 ,no    
bett] or *eap] way has ev] be5 inv5t$ = 
h>ve/+ ,canada peas4 ,! only objections 
are t x %ells "s ( ! rip] pods & x ga!rs
 up a c]ta9 am\nt ( e>? ) ! v9es :i*    
makes du/y ?re%+4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure
 #ade4--;,buck ,rake4 ,:5 hay is /ack$ 9
 ! field a f\r-horse buck rake is !     
quicke/ way to br+ ! hay to ! /ack4 ,!  
buck rake %[n is #af feet wide & ! #b x 
#d tee? are #aa feet long4 ,two horses  
are hit*$ to ea* end & two driv]s /& on 
! ends ( ! buck rake to op]ate x4 ,!    
load is pu%$ "u ! horse =k1 ! horses are

 swung outw>d & ! buck rake is dragg$   
backw>d4   ,,hay-,,t$d]  ,! hay-t$d] is 
an ,engli% inv5tion1 :i* has be5 adopt$ 
by f>m]s 9 ra9y sections ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates4 ,x is an en]getic kick] t       
scatt]s ! hay swa?s & drops ! hay       
loosely to dry betwe5 %[]s4 ,hay may be 
made quickly by />t+ ! t$d] an h\r beh9d
 ! m[+ ma*9e4  ,x is q possible to cut  
timo?y hay 9 ! morn+ & put x 9 ! m[ 9 ! 
aft]noon1 by %ak+ x up ?or\ghly once or 
twice ) ! hay-t$d]4 ,:5 clov] is mix$ ) 
! timo?y1 x is necess>y to leave x 9 !  
field until ! next day1 b ! "t betwe5   
cutt+ & m[+ is %ort5$ mat]ially by ! use
 ( ! t$d]4  ,grass cut = hay may be     
kick$ ap>t 9 ! field e>ly dur+ ! wilt+  
process )\t %att]+ ! leaves4 ,if left   
too long1 !n ! hay-t$d] is a damage     
because x kicks ! leaves loose f ! /ems 
& ! mo/ valuable fe$+ mat]ial is wa/$4  
,b x is a good implem5t if rightly us$4 
,9 cat*y wea!r x (t5 means ! diff]5ce   
betwe5 bright1 valuable hay & black1    
mu/y /uff1 t is h>dly fit to fe$4       

,hay-t$d]s are exp5sive4 ,:]e two f>m]s 
neighbor toge!r ! exp5se may be %>$1    
because ! t$d] does its "w 9 two or ?ree
 h\rs' "t4 ,c>eful f>m]s d n cut d[n mu*
 grass at "o "t4 ,! t$d] scatt]s two m[+
 swa?s at once4 ,9 fact ! m[+ ma*9e1    
hay-t$d] & hors]ake %\ld all fit toge!r 
= team "w s !y w foll[ ea* o!r )\t skips
 or unnecess>y laps4 ,! divid+ bo>d ( ! 
m[+-ma*9e m>ks a pa? = "o ( ! horses to 
foll[ & x is difficult to keep him out (
 x4 ,b two horses pull+ a hay-t$d] w    
/raddle ! op5 /rip betwe5 ! swa?s :5 !  
t$d] is twice ! wid? ( ! cut4   ,,hay   
,,skids  ,illu/ration3 ,figure          
#adf4--;,hay ,skid4 ,?is hay skid is #h 
feet wide & #af feet long4 ,x is made ( 
#g_/h lumb] put toge!r ) #b c>riage     
bolts--pl5ty ( !m4 ,! r\nd bol!ads are  
c\nt]sunk into ! bottom ( ! skid & !    
nuts are drawn d[n tight on ! cleats4 ,x
 makes a l[-d[n1 easy-pit*+1 hay-haul+  
device4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure          
#adg4--;,hay ,sl+4 ,x takes no long] to 
hoi/ #ejj p\nds ( hay ?an #ajj p\nds if 

! rig is l>ge & /rong en\gh4 ,f\r feet  
wide by t5 feet 9 l5g? is ab\t "r = h&l+
 hay quickly4 ,b ! toggle mu/ rea* to ! 
ends ( ! rack if us$ on a wagon4        
,illu/ration3 ,figure #adh4--7a7        
,f\r-,t9$ ,d]rick ,=k4 7#b7 ,pea ,gu>d4 
,an ext5sion gu>d to lift pea-v9es high 
en\gh = ! sickle is ! cleane/ way to    
h>ve/ ,canada peas4 ,! old-fa%ion$ way (
 pull+ peas ) a dull scy! has gone into 
oblivion4 ,b ! heavy be>+ v>ieties /ill 
p]si/ 9 crawl+ on ! gr\nd4 ,if ! v9es   
are lift$ & cut clean !y c be rak$ into 
w9dr[s ) a spr+ too? hayrake4 7#c7      
,hay/ack ,knife4 ,?is /yle ( hay-cutt+  
knife is us$ almo/ univ]sally on /acks &
 9 hay-m[s4 ,!re is less use =          
hay-knives s9ce f>m]s adopt$ p[] hay=ks 
to lift hay out ( a m[ z well z to put x
 94  ,hay slips1 or hay skids1 are us$  
on ! old smoo? fields 9 ! ea/]n /ates4  
,!y are usually made ( sev5-eigh?s-in*  
bo>ds dress$ pref]ably on "o side only4 
,!y are us$ smoo? side to ! gr\nd to    
slip along easily4 ,r\gh side is up to  

bett] hold ! hay f slipp+4 ,! long runn]
 bo>ds are held toge!r by cross pieces  
made ( in* bo>ds twelve in*es wide &    
well nail$ at ea* int]section ) nails   
well cl9*$4 ,small c>riage bolts are    
bett] ?an nails b ! heads %\ld be       
c\nt]sunk into ! bottom ) ! po9ts up4   
,!y %\ld be us$ )\t wa%]s & ! ends ( !  
bolts cut close to ! sunk5 nuts4 ,!     
front end ( ! skid is r\nd$ up slightly1
 sl$ runn] fa%ion1 z mu* z ! bo>ds w    
be>1 to avoid digg+ into ! sod to de/roy
 ei!r ! grass roots or cr[ns ( ! plants4
 ,hay usually is =k$ by h& f ! w9dr[s on
 to ! skids4 ,sometimes hay sl+s are    
plac$ on ! skids & ! hay is =k$ on to ! 
sl+s c>efully 9 lay]s lapp$ ov] ea* o!r 
9 su* a way z to hoi/ on to ! /ack )\t  
spill+ out at ! sides4 ,f\r hundr$ to   
eight hundr$ p\nds makes a good load =  
"o ( ^! skids1 accord+ to horse p[] &   
unev5ness ( ! gr\nd4 ,!y save labor1 z  
comp>$ to wagons1 because !re is no     
pit*+ up4 ,all hoi/+ is suppos$ to be   
done by horse p[] ) ! aid ( a hay       

d]rick4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure          
#adi4--;,d\ble ,h>poon ,hay=k4 ,?is is a
 l>ge size =k ) extra long legs4 ,= h&l+
 long hay t hangs toge!r well ?is =k is 
a great success4 ,x may be h&l$ z       
quickly z a small] =k & x c>ries a heavy
 load4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure           
#aej4--,six-,t9$ ,grapple ,hay=k4 ,x is 
balanc$ to hang z %[n 9 ! draw+ :5      
empty4 ,x s9ks into ! hay easily & dumps
 quickly :5 ! clut* is releas$4         
,,we/]n ,,hay ,,d]ricks  ,two d]ricks = 
/ack+ hay1 t are us$ ext5sively 9 !     
alfalfa di/ricts ( ,idaho1 are %[n 9 !  
illu/ration1 ,figure #aea4 ,! d]rick to 
! left is made ) a squ>e base ( timb]s  
:i* supports an upright ma/ & a         
horizontal boom4 ,! timb] base is sixte5
 feet squ>e1 made ( five /icks ( timb]1 
ea* piece be+ #h x #h in*es squ>e by #af
 feet 9 l5g?4 ,two ( ! timb]s re/ flat  
on ! gr\nd & are r\nd$ up at ! ends to  
facilitate mov+ ! d]rick across ! /ubble
 gr\nd or along ! road to ! next        
hayfield4 ,^! sleigh runn] timb]s are   

not*$ on ! upp] side ne> ea* end & at ! 
middle to receive ! ?ree cross timb]s4  
,! cross timb]s also are not*$ or       
recess$ ab\t a half in* deep to make a  
sort ( d\ble mortise4 ,! timb]s are b\nd
 toge!r at ! int]sections by iron       
,u-clamps t pass ar\nd bo? timb]s & fa/5
 ?r\gh a flat iron plate on top ( ! upp]
 timb]s4 ,^! flat plates or b>s h holes 
ne> ! ends & ! ?read$ ends ( ! ,u-irons 
pass ?r\gh ^! holes & ! nuts are screw$ 
d[n tight4 ,! sleigh runn] timb]s are   
recess$ diagonally across ! bottom to   
fit ! r\nd ,u-irons :i* are let into !  
bottoms ( ! timb]s j en\gh to prev5t    
scrap+ ! e>? :5 ! d]rick is be+ mov$4   
,^! iron ,u-clamp fa/5]s are mu* /rong] 
& bett] ?an bolts ?r\gh ! timb]s4       
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aea4--;,idaho    
,hay ,d]ricks4 ,two /yles ( hay d]ricks 
are us$ to /ack alfalfa hay 9 ,idaho4 ,!
 draw+ to ! left %[s ! "o mo/ 9 use     
because x is easi] made & easi] to move4
 ,! d]rick to ! "r usually is made l>g] 
& m p[]ful4 ,wire cable is g5]ally us$ )

 bo? d]ricks because rope we>s out      
quickly4 ,!y are simil> 9 op]ation b    
diff]5t 9 con/ruction4 ,! base ( ea* is 
#af feet squ>e & ! high ends ( ! booms  
rea* up ne>ly #dj feet4 ,a s+le hay=k   
rope1 or wire cable1 is us$2 x is ab\t  
#fe feet long4 ,! rea* is suffici5t to  
drop ! hay 9 ! c5t] ( a /ack #bd feet   
wide4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure            
#aeb4--;,hay ,c>ri] ,c>riage4 ,p[]ful   
c>ri]s are "p ( ! new b>n4 ,! track is  
d\ble & ! :eels run on bo? tracks to /& 
a side pull & to />t quickly & run      
/eadily :5 ! clut* is releas$4          
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aec4--7a7 ,hay=k 
,hit*4 ,a :iffletree pulley d\bles !    
spe$ ( ! =k4 ,! knot 9 ! rope gives     
d\ble p[] to />t ! load4 7#b7 ,raft]    
,grapple1 = atta*+ an extra pulley to   
any "p ( ! b>n ro(4  ,!re are timb]     
braces fitt$ across ! corn]s :i* are    
bolt$ ?r\gh ! outside timb]s to brace ! 
frame aga9/ a diamond t5d5cy :5 mov+ !  
d]rick4 ,!re is consid]able /ra9 :5     
pass+ ov] unev5 gr\nd4 ,x is bett] to   

make ! frame s solid t x _c get out (   
squ>e4 ,! ma/ is a /ick ( timb] #h in*es
 squ>e & #bj or #bd feet long4 ,?is ma/ 
is securely fa/5$ solid to ! c5t] ( !   
frame by hav+ ! bottom end mortis$ into 
! c5t] cross timb] at ! middle & x is   
brac$ solid & held p]p5dicul> to !      
framework by #d x #d wood5 braces at !  
corn]s4 ,^! braces are not*$ at ! top   
ends to fit ! corn]s ( ! ma/ & are      
bevel$ at ! bottom ends to fit flat on  
top ( ! timb]s4 ,!y are held 9 place by 
bolts & by /rap iron or b& iron b&s4 ,^!
 b&s are drill$ ) holes & are spik$     
?r\gh into ! timb]s ) f\r-in* or        
five-in* wire nails4 ,holes are drill$  
?r\gh ! b& iron ! "r size & at ! prop]  
places = ! nails4 ,! ma/ is made r\nd at
 ! top & is fitt$ ) a heavy weld$ iron  
r+ or b& to prev5t splitt+4 ,! boom is  
usually ab\t #cj feet long4 ,f>m]s pref]
 a r\nd pole :5 !y c get x4 ,x is atta*$
 to ! top ( ! ma/ by an iron /irrup made
 by a blacksmi?4 ,?is /irrup is made to 
fit loosely half way ar\nd ! boom       

"o-?ird ( ! way up f ! big end1 :i*     
makes ! small end ( ! boom project #bj  
feet out f ! upp] end ( ! ma/4 ,! iron  
/irrup is made heavy & /rong4 ,x has a  
r\nd iron gudgeon #a-a_/b 9 diamet] t   
rea*es d[n into ! top ( ! ma/ ab\t #ah  
in*es4 ,! %\ld] ( ! /irrup is support$  
by a squ>e1 flat iron plate :i* re/s on 
& cov]s ! top ( ! ma/ & has ! corn]s    
turn$ d[n4 ,x is made l>ge to %$ wat] & 
protect ! top ( ! ma/4 ,?is plate has a 
hole "o & a half in*es 9 diamet] 9 !    
c5t] ?r\gh :i* ! /irrup gudgeon passes z
 x ent]s ! top ( ! ma/4 ,a f>m *a91 or  
logg+ *a91 is fa/5$ to ! l>ge end ( !   
boom by pass+ ! *a9 ar\nd ! boom &      
engag+ ! r\nd hook4 ,! grab hook end ( !
 *a9 is pass$ ar\nd ! timb] bel[ & is   
hook$ back to give x ! "r l5g?1 :i*     
d\bles ! "p ( ! *a9 )9 rea* ( ! man 9   
*>ge4 ,?is d\ble end ( ! *a9 is l5g!n$  
or %ort5$ to elevate ! out] end ( ! boom
 to fit ! /ack4 ,! small out] end ( !   
boom is ?us rais$ z ! /ack goes up4     
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aed4--;,hay ,rope

 ,pulleys4 ,! h\s+ ( ! pulley to ! left 
prev5ts ! rope f runn+ (f ! %eaves4  ,an
 ord9>y horse =k & tackle is us$ to hoi/
 ! hay4 ,?ree s+le pulleys are atta*$1  
"o to ! out] end ( ! boom1 "o ne> ! top 
( ! ma/1 & ! o!r at ! bottom ( ! ma/ s t
 ! rope passes easily & freely ?r\gh !  
?ree pulleys & at ! same "t p]mits !    
boom to sw+ ar\nd z ! =k goes up f !    
wagon rack ov] ! /ack4 ,?is sw++ movem5t
 is regulat$ by tilt+ ! d]rick t[>ds !  
/ack s t ! boom sw+s ov] ! /ack by its  
own weight or by ! weight ( ! hay on !  
horse =k4 ,usually a wire truss is rigg$
 ov] ! boom to /iff5 x4 ,! wire is      
atta*$ to ! boom at bo? ends & ! middle 
( ! wire is sprung up to re/ on a bridge
 plac$ ov] ! /irrup4  ,illu/ration3     
,figure #aee4--;,gambrel ,:iffletree1 = 
use 9 hoi/+ hay to prev5t entanglem5ts4 
,x is also h&y :5 cultivat+ ar\nd       
fruit-trees4  ,f>m]s l ?is simple =m (  
hay d]rick because x is *eaply made & x 
may be easily mov$ because x is n heavy4
 ,x is automatic & x is ab\t z *eap z   

any good d]rick & x is ! mo/            
satisfactory = ord9>y use4 ,! base is   
l>ge en\gh to make x solid & /eady :5 9 
use4 ,be=e mov+ ! po9t ( ! boom is l[]$ 
to a level position s t ! d]rick is n   
top-heavy4 ,!re is little dang] (       
upsett+ ^u ord9>y f>m l&s4 ,also ! wid? 
( #af feet w pass along c\ntry roads )\t
 meet+ s]i\s ob/acles4 ,hay sl+s usually
 are made too n>r[ & too %ort4 ,! ord9>y
 little hay sl+ is prone to tip sideways
 & spill ! hay4 ,x is responsible = a   
great deal ( pr(anity4 ,! hay d]rick %[n
 to ! "r is some:at diff]5t 9           
con/ruction1 b is q simil> 9 action4 ,! 
base is ! same b ! ma/ turns on a       
gudgeon /epp$ into an iron socket       
mortis$ into ! c5t] timb]4              
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aef4--;,cable    
,hay ,/ack]4 ,! wire cable is support$  
by ! two bipods & is secur$ at ea* end  
by snubb+ /akes4 ,two s+le-cable coll>s 
are clamp$ to ! cable to prev5t ! bipods
 f slipp+ 9 at ! top4 ,two d\ble-cable  
clamps hold ! ends ( ! cables to =m /ake

 loops4  ,! wire hoi/+ cable is ?read$  
diff]5tly1 z %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,?is /yle ( 
d]rick is made l>g]1 sometimes ! peak   
rea*es up #dj' above ! base4 ,! extra   
l>ge ones are awkw>d to move b !y build 
f9e big /acks4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#aeg4--;,cali=nia ,hay ,rick]1 = putt+  
ei!r wild hay or alfalfa quickly 9      
ricks4 ,x is us$ 9 connection )         
home-made buck rakes4 ,?is rick] works  
aga9/ ! end ( ! rick & is back$ away ea*
 "t to />t a new b5*4 ,! upright is made
 ( light poles or #b x #ds brac$ z %[n4 
,x %\ld be #bh or #cj feet high4 ,iron  
/akes hold ! bottom1 :ile guy wires     
/eady ! top4   ,,cali=nia ,,hay ,,rick] 
,9 ! ,we/ hay is (t5 put up 9 long ricks
 in/ead ( /acks4 ,"o ( my jobs 9        
,cali=nia 0 to put up #b1gjj acres (    
wild hay 9 ! ,sacram5to ,valley4 ,i made
 f\r rick]s & eight buck rakes simil> to
 ! ones %[n 9 ! illu/rations4 ,ea* rick]
 0 op]at$ by a crew ( eight m54 ,f\r m5 
drove two buck rakes4 ,!re 7 two on !   
rick1 "o at ! =k & "o to drive ! hoi/+  

rig4 ,t5 m[+ ma*9es did mo/ ( ! cutt+ b 
,i hir$ eight m ma*9es t[>ds ! la/1 z ! 
late/ grass 0 gett+ too ripe4 ,! crop   
measur$ m ?an #b1ajj tons & x 0 all put 
9 ricks1 /acks & b>ns )\t a drop ( ra9  
on x4 ,i %\ld add t ra9 seldom falls 9 !
 l[] ,sacram5to ,valley dur+ ! hay+     
season 9 ! mon?s ( ,may & ,june4 ,?is   
ref]s to wild hay1 :i* is made up ( burr
 clov]1 wild oats & volunte] :eat &     
b>ley4  ,alfalfa is cut f five to sev5  
times 9 ! hot int]ior valleys1 s t if a 
f>m] is ra% en\gh to plant alfalfa "u   
irrigation 8 hay+ !reaft] w rea* f "o   
ra9y season to ! next4     ,,*apt] ,,vii
  ,,f>m ,,conveyances   ,,/one-,,boat   
,"o ( ! mo/ useful & "o ( ! lea/        
ornam5tal conveyances on a f>m is !     
/one-boat4 ,x is a l[-d[n h&y rig = mov+
 heavy commodities 9 summ] z well z 9   
w9t]4 ,no o!r sleigh or wagon w equal a 
/one-boat = c>ry+ pl[s or h>r[s f "o    
field to ano!r4 ,x is h&y to tote bags (
 se$ to supply ! gra9 drill1 to haul a  
b>rel ( wat]1 fe$ = ! hogs1 & a great _m

 o!r *ores4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure      
#aeh4--,/one-,boat4 ,/ump logs are      
select$ = ! planks4 ,! b5d ( ! planks is
 ! natural curve ( ! l>ge roots4 ,! saw+
 is done by b& saw cutt+ f two          
directions4  ,:5 ! c\ntry 0 new1        
sawmills made a bus9ess ( saw+ /one-boat
 plank4 ,trees = /one-boat /aves 7 cut  
close to ! gr\nd & ! natural crooks ( ! 
roots 7 us$ = ! noses ( sleigh runn]s & 
= /one-boats4 ,b ca/-iron noses are n[  
manufactur$ ) recesses to receive ! ends
 ( /raight ord9>y h>dwood planks4 ,^!   
ca/-iron ends are r\nd$ up 9 front to   
make ! necess>y nose crook4 ,! front    
plank cross piece is bolt$ well t[>ds ! 
front ends ( ! runn] planks4 ,usually   
!re are two o!r h>dwood plank cross     
pieces1 "o ne> ! re> end & ! o!r ab\t   
"o-?ird ( ! way back f ! front4 ,plac+ !
 cross pieces 9 ?is way gives room      
betwe5 to /& a b>rel4  ,illu/ration3    
,figure #aei4--,:eelb>r[4 ,?is          
factory-made :eelb>r[ is ! only patt]n  
wor? bo!r+ )4 ,x is *eap & answ]s !     

purpose bett] ?an ! heavi] ones )       
removable side w+s4  ,! cross pieces are
 bolt$ ?r\gh f ! bottom up4 ,r\nd-head$ 
bolts are us$ & !y are c\nt]sunk1 to    
come flu% ) ! bottom ( ! slid+ planks4  
,! nuts are c\nt]sunk into ! cross      
pieces by bor+ holes ab\t "o-qu>t] in*  
deep4 ,! holes are a little l>g] ?an !  
corn]wise diamet] ( ! nuts4 ,no wa%]s   
are us$1 & ! nuts are screw$ d[n tight  
into ! plank4 ,! ends ( ! bolts are cut 
(f ev5 & fil$ smoo?4 ,! nuts are plac$  
%>p corn] side d[n & are left ne>ly flu%
 on top or ev5 ) ! surface ( ! cross    
pieces4 ,9 us+ a /one-boat1 nobody wants
 a projection to cat* any "p ( ! load4  
,regul> d\bletree clevises are atta*$ to
 ! corn]s ( ! old-fa%ion$ /one-boat & ! 
side *a9s are br\ght toge!r to a r+ &   
are j ab\t long en\gh to =m an          
equilat]al triangle ) ! front end ( !   
/one-boat4 ,ca/-iron fronts usually h a 
projection 9 ! c5t] = ! clevis hit*4    
,,ox5 ,,on ,a ,,new ,,engl& ,,f>m  ,"o (
 ! mo/ int]e/+ exp]i5ces on a ,new      

,engl& f>m is to get acqua9t$ ) ! mann] 
9 :i* ox5 are press$ into f>m s]vice4   
,"o reason :y ox5 h nev] gone out (     
fa%ion 9 ,new ,engl& is ! fact t !y are 
pati5t en\gh to pl[ /ony gr\nd )\t sma%+
 ! pl[4  ,a great deal ( ,new ,engl& f>m
 l& has be5 reclaim$ by remov+ a portion
 ( ! surface /one4 ,9 ! processes (     
freez+ & ?aw+ & cultivation1 /ones f    
und]nea? keep work+ up to ! surface s t 
x requires consid]able skill to d !     
necess>y pl[+ & cultivat+4 ,ox5 ease !  
pl[po9t ov] or ar\nd a rock s x c       
imm$iately dip 9 aga9 to ! full dep? ( !
 furr[4 ,a good yoke ( cattle well tra9$
 are g5tle z well z /rong & p[]ful4     
,ox5 are *eap] ?an horses to beg9 ) & !y
 are valuable = beef :5 !y are n ne$$   
any long] z "w animals4 ,! ,hol/e9 bre$ 
seems to h ! pref]5ce = ox5 ) ,new      
,engl& f>m]s4 ,! necess>y h>ness = a    
pair ( cattle consi/s ( an ox yoke ) a  
r+bolt ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! yoke1 midway    
betwe5 ! two ox54 ,a heavy iron r+ ab\t 
five in*es 9 diamet]1 made ( r\nd iron1 

hangs f ! r+bolt4 ,!re are two oxb[s to 
hold ! yoke 9 place on ! necks ( !      
cattle4 ,a logg+ *a9 ) a r\nd hook on "o
 end & a grab hook on ! o!r end         
completes ! yok+ outfit4  ,! r\nd hook (
 ! *a9 is hit*$ into ! r+ 9 ! pl[       
clevis4 ,! *a9 is pass$ ?r\gh ! l>ge    
iron r+ 9 ! oxb[ & is d\bl$ back to get 
! "r l5g?4 ,! grab hook is s con/ruct$ t
 x fits ov] "o l9k ( ! *a9 flatwise s t 
! next l9k /&+ crosswise prev5ts x f    
slipp+4  ,! me*anism ( a logg+ *a9 is   
extremely simple1 positive 9 action &   
especially well adapt$ to ! use = :i* x 
is int5d$4 ,! be/ me*anical inv5tions   
(t5 pass )\t notice because ( _!        
simplicity4 ,f>m]s h us$ logg+ *a9s =   
g5]ations ) hooks made on ?is plan )\t  
realiz+ t !y 7 pr(it+ by a high grade   
inv5tion t embodies sup]ior m]it4  ,9   
yok+ ox5 to a wagon ! hit* is equally   
simple4 ,! end ( ! wagon tongue is plac$
 9 ! r+ 9 ! ox yoke1 ! r\nd hook engages
 ) a drawbolt "u ! hamm] /rap b>4 ,!    
small grab hook is pass$ ?r\gh ! l>ge   

yoke r+ & is br\ght back & engag$ ) a   
*a9 l9k at ! prop] di/ance to /ret* !   
*a9 taut4  ,! process ( yok+ ox5 & hit*+
 !m to a wagon is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+    
p]=mances on a f>m4 ,! (f ox works on ! 
(f side1 or f> side f ! driv]4 ,he      
usually is ! l>g] ( ! two & ! m         
intellig5t4 ,! ne> 7pron\nc$ n-i-g-h7 ox
 is ne>e/ to ! driv] :o walks to ! left4
 ,old pl[s turn$ ! furr[ to ! "r s !    
driv] c\ld walk on h>d gr\nd4 ,9 ?is way
 ! awkw>dness & ignorance ( ! ne> ox is 
play$ aga9/ ! docility & sup]ior        
intellig5ce ( ! (f ox4 ,9 yok+ ! two    
toge!r ! yoke is fir/ plac$ on ! neck ( 
! (f ox & ! ne> ox is invit$ to come "u4
 ,?is expression is s apt t a great _m  
ye>s ago x became a classic 9 ! h&s (   
able writ]s to sugge/ submission or     
slav]y t]m$ com+ "u ! yoke4 ,com+ "u !  
yoke1 h[ev]1 = ! ,new ,engl& ox1 9 ^!   
days ( abundant fe$+1 is no h>d%ip4 ,!  
ox5 are l>ge & p[]ful & ! "w !y h to d  
is j ab\t suffici5t to give !m ! ne$$   
ex]cise to enjoy _! alfalfa hay & fe$ ( 

oats or corn4   ,,travoy  ,"o ( ! fir/  
implem5ts us$ by f>m settl]s 9 ! timb]$ 
sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 0 
a ?ree-corn]$ sl$ made f ! =k ( a tree4 
,?is r\gh sl$1 9 ! ,fr5* speak+         
settlem5ts1 0 call$ a travoy4 ,:e!r x 0 
( ,indian or ,fr5* inv5tion is n kn[n2  
probably bo? ,indians & ,fr5* settl]s   
us$ travoys = mov+ logs 9 ! woods be=e  
,am]ican hi/ory 0 mu* writt54 ,! legs or
 runn]s ( a travoy are ab\t five feet   
long4 ,!re is a bunk :i* ext5ds         
crossways f "o runn] to ! o!r1 ab\t half
 or two-?irds ( ! way back f ! turn$-up 
nose4 ,?is bunk is fa/5$ to ! runn]s by 
means ( wood5 p9s & ,u-%ap$ b[s fitt$   
into grooves cut ar\nd ! upp] half ( !  
bunk ne> ! ends4 ,j back ( ! turn$ up   
nose is ano!r cross piece 9 ! %ape ( a  
/\t wood5 p9 or iron bolt t is pass$    
?r\gh an aug] hole ext5d+ ?r\gh bo? legs
 f side to side ( ! travoy4 ,! und]side 
( ! crot* is holl[$ out 9 front ( ! bolt
 to make room to pass ! logg+ *a9 ?r\gh 
s x comes out 9 front "u ! turn$ up     

nose4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure            
#afj4--,travoy4 ,a log-haul+ sl$ made f 
! =k ( a tree4  ,! front ( ! travoy is  
turn$ up1 sl$ runn] fa%ion1 by hew+ !   
wood ) an axe to give x ! prop] %ape4   
,travoys are us$ to haul logs f a ?ick  
woods to ! skidways4 ,! mann] ( us+ a   
travoy is int]e/+4 ,x is haul$ by a yoke
 ( cattle or a team ( horses to ! place 
:]e ! log lies 9 ! woods4 ,! r\nd hook  
end ( ! logg+ *a9 is ?r[n ov] ! butt end
 ( ! log & pull$ back "u ! log !n ar\nd 
! bunk j inside ( ! runn] & hook$ fa/ ^u
 itself4 ,! travoy is !n lean$ ov] aga9/
 ! log1 ! grab hook end ( ! *a9 is      
br\ght ov] ! log & ov] ! travoy &       
/raight5$ out at "r angles to ! log4 ,! 
cattle are hit*$ to ! end ( ! logg+ *a9 
& />t$4 ,?is k9d ( a hit* rolls ! log   
ov] on top ( ! bunk on ! travoy4 ,!     
cattle are !n unhit*$4 ,! grab hook end 
( ! *a9 ?us releas$ is pass$ d[n & ar\nd
 "u ! o!r end ( ! bunk f beh9d4 ,! *a9  
is !n pass$ ov] ! bolt ne> ! nose ( !   
travoy & pull$ d[n ?r\gh ! op5+ & out 9 

front f "u ! nose4 ,! small grab hook ( 
! logg+ *a9 is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! clevis1 
9 ! d\bletree1 if horses are us$1 or !  
r+ 9 ! yoke if cattle are us$1 & hit*$  
back to ! prop] l5g?4 ,a little exp]i5ce
 is necess>y to regulate ! l5g? ( ! *a9 
to give ! prop] pull4 ,! *a9 %\ld be    
%ort en\gh s ! pull lifts a little4 ,x  
is g5]ally conc$$ by woodsm5 t a %ort   
hit* moves a log easi] ?an a long hit*4 
,h[ev]1 !re is a m$ium4 ,!re are        
limitations :i* exp]i5ce only c det]m9e4
 ,a travoy is useful 9 d5se woods :]e   
!re is a good deal ( und]gr[? or :]e !re
 are places s r\gh t bobsleighs _c be   
us$ to advantage4   ,,l9*p9 ,,f>m       
,,wagons  ,illu/ration3 ,figure         
#afa4--;,cross ,rea* ,wagon4 ,?is wagon 
is c\pl$ = a trail]1 b x works j z well 
:5 us$ ) a tongue & horses z a h&y f>m  
wagon4 ,! bunks are made rigid & p>allel
 by means ( a d\ble rea*4 ,!re are two  
k+ bolts to p]mit bo? axles to turn4    
,ei!r end is front4  ,illu/ration3      
,figure #afb4--,wagon ,brake4 ,! h\nds  

are tilt$ up to %[ ! brake beam & !     
mann] ( atta*+ x4 ,! brake lev] is fa/5$
 to ! =w>d side ( ! re> bol/] & turns up
 alongside ( ! bol/] /ake4 ,! brake rod 
rea*es f ! upp] end ( ! lev] elb[ to !  
foot rat*et at ! front end ( ! wagon    
box4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure             
#afc4--;,bol/] ,spr+4  ,9 "s p>ts ( !   
c\ntry ! :eels ( h&y wagons ab\t ! f>m  
are held on axle j\rnals by means (     
l9*p9s 9 ! old-fa%ion$ mann]4 ,!re are  
iron hub-b&s on bo? ends ( ! hubs :i*   
project sev]al in*es beyond ! wood4 ,?is
 is ! be/ protection aga9/ s& to prev5t 
x f work+ into ! :eel box+ t has ev] be5
 inv5t$4 ,s& f ! felloes scatt]s d[n    
onto ^! iron b&s & rolls (f to ! gr\nd4 
,!re is a hole ?r\gh ea* b& on ! out]   
ends ( ! hubs to pass ! l9*p9 ?r\gh s t 
be=e tak+ (f a :eel to oil ! j\rnal x   
mu/ fir/ be turn$ s ! hole comes        
directly ov] ! l9*p94 ,to pry out !     
l9*p9 ! drawbolt is us$4 ,old-fa%ion$   
drawbolts 7 made ) a *isel %ap$ end     
tap]$ f bo? sides to a ?ickness ( ab\t  

an eigh? ( an in*4 ,?is ?9 w$ge end ( ! 
drawbolt is plac$ "u ! end ( ! l9*p94 ,!
 l[] side ( ! hub-b& =ms a fulcrum to   
pry ! p9 up ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! upp] side (
 ! s&-b& projection4 ,! l9*p9 has a hook
 on ! out] side ( ! upp] end s ! lev] is
 transf]r$ to ! top ( ! s&-b& :5 ano!r  
pry lifts ! p9 cle> out ( ! hole 9 ! end
 ( ! axle s ! :eel may be remov$ &      
grease appli$ to ! axle4 ,! drawbolt on 
a l9*p9 wagon usually has a head made 9 
! =m ( ! jaws ( a wr5*4 ,! wr5* is ! "r 
size to fit ! nuts on ! wagon brace     
irons s t ! drawbolt answ]s ?ree        
purposes4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure        
#afd4--,wagon ,seat ,spr+4 ,! metal     
block fits ov] ! top ( ! bol/] /ake4    
,illu/ration3 ,figure #afe4--;,holl[    
,malleable ,iron ,bol/] ,/ake to hold a 
high] wood5 /ake :5 necess>y4           
,,s&-,,b&s  ,_m p>ts ( f>m ma*9]y       
require project+ s&-b&s to protect !    
j\rnals f s& & du/4 ,mo/ f>ms h "s s&y  
fields or ridges4 ,"s f>ms are all s& or
 s&y loam4 ,ev5 du/ f clay is injuri\s  

to ma*9]y4 ,!re is m or less grit 9 !   
f9e/ clay4 ,! mo/ important p>ts ( f>m  
ma*9]y are suppos$ to be protect$ by    
oil-cups conta9+ cotton wa/e to /ra9 !  
oil1 toge!r ) cov]s 9 ! %ape ( metal    
caps4 ,^! are necess>y protections & !y 
help1 b !y are n adequate = all         
conditions4 ,x is n easy to keep s& out 
( be>+s on ma*9]y t %akes a good deal4  
,wood5 plugs ga!r s& & du/4 ,:5 a plug  
is pull$ ! s& drops into ! oil hole4    
,f>m ma*9]y t is prop]ly design$        
protects itself f s& & du/4 ,9 buy+ a   
ma*9e ?is p>ticul> feature %\ld appeal  
to ! f>m]s m ?an x does4 ,lea!r caps are
 a nuisance4 ,!y are a sort ( pat*work  
to f9i% ! job t ! manufactur] comm5ces4 
,a man :o is provid5t en\gh to supply   
himself ) good work+ tools & is         
suffici5tly c>eful to take c>e ( !m1    
usually is p>ticul> ab\t ! appe>ance z  
well z ! usefulness ( 8 tools1 ma*9]y & 
implem5ts4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure       
#aff4--,s& ,caps4 ,n "o manufactur] 9 a 
hundr$ kn[s h[ to keep s& out ( an axle 

be>+4 ,/ill x is "o ( ! simple/ tricks 9
 me*anics4 ,! only protection an axle   
ne$s is long f]rules t rea* out ?ree or 
f\r in*es beyond ! hub at bo? ends4     
,old-fa%ion$ ,l9*p9 f>m wagons 7 built  
on ?is pr9ciple4 ,! hubs held n>r[ r+s  
in/ead ( ske9s1 b !y wore = ye>s4       
,,bobsleighs  ,on ,nor!rn f>ms          
bobsleighs are z important 9 ! w9t] "t z
 a f>m wagon 9 summ]4 ,!re are diff]5t  
ways ( putt+ bobsleighs toge!r accord+  
to ! use requir$ ( !m4 ,:5 us+ heavy    
bobsleighs = road "w1 f>m]s favor !     
bol/] rea* to connect ! front & re>     
sleighs4 ,) ?is atta*m5t ! horses may be
 turn$ ar\nd aga9/ ! re> sl$4 ,! front  
bol/] fits into a recess$ plate bolt$ to
 ! b5* plank ( ! front sleigh4 ,?is     
plate is a comb9ation ( we>+ plate &    
circle & mu/ be kept oil$ to turn easily
 "u a heavy load4 ,x n only facilitates 
turn+1 b x prev5ts ! bol/] f cat*+ on ! 
raves or on ! upturn$ nose ( ! front bob
 :5 turn+ %ort4  ,! heavy h>dwood plank 
rea* t connects ! two bol/]s is put     

?r\gh a mortise ?r\gh ! front bol/] & is
 fa/5$ rigidly by an extra l>ge k+-bolt4
 ,! rea* plays back & =? r loosely ?r\gh
 a simil> mortise 9 ! o!r bol/] on ! re>
 sleigh4 ,! re> h\nds connect ) ! rea*  
by means ( a l9k & p94 ,?is l9k pu%es up
 ?r\gh mortise holes 9 ! rea* & is fa/5$
 ) a wood5 p9 or key on top ( ! rea*4   
,sometimes ! h\nds are tak5 away & !    
rea* is fa/5$ ) p9s be=e & beh9d ! re>  
bol/]4 ,?is rea* hit* is n recomm5d$    
except = light road "w4 ,^! two ways (  
atta*+ ! re> sl$ necessitate diff]5t    
ways ( fa/5+ ! re> bol/] to ! sl$4 ,:5 !
 re> bol/] is requir$ to d ! pull+1 x is
 atta*$ to ! sl$ by d\ble eyebolts :i*  
p]mit ! necess>y rock+ motion & all[s ! 
nose ( ! re> sl$ to bob up & d[n freely4
 ,?is is an advantage :5 a long box b$  
is us$1 because ! bol/] is made to fit !
 box closely & is n cont9ually oscillat+
 & we>+4 ,eye-bolts provide = ?is       
natural movem5t ( ! sl$4 ,light pleasure
 bobs are atta*$ to ! box ) eyebolts )\t
 bol/] /akes4 ,! light pass5g] rid+ seat

 box is b\nd toge!r ) iron braces & side
 irons s x does n ne$ bol/]s to hold !  
sides toge!r4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure    
#afg4--;,bobsleighs1 ,%[+ ,?ree ,k9ds ( 
,c\pl+4 ,! upp] sleighs are c\pl$ on !  
old-fa%ion$ %ort rea* plan except t !   
rea* is n mortis$ into ! roll]4 ,x is   
ga9$ 9 a qu>t] ( an in* & fa/5$ by an   
iron /rap ) a plate & nuts on ! "u side4
 ,! bobs 9 ! c5t] %[ ! bol/] rea*1      
pr9cipally us$ = road "w4 ,! bottom pair
 are c\pl$ by cross *a9s = %ort turn+   
ar\nd trees & /umps 9 ! woods4          
,bobsleighs = use 9 ! woods are hit*$   
toge!r q diff]5tly4 ,! old-fa%ion$ rea* 
) a /aple 9 ! re> b5* ( ! fir/ sl$ & a  
clevis 9 ! end ( ! rea* is ! old-fa%ion$
 rig = r\gh roads 9 ! woods4 ,su*       
sleighs are fitt$ ) bunks in/ead (      
bol/]s4 ,bunks are usually cut f good   
h>dwood trees1 hew$ out ) an axe & bor$ 
= r\nd /akes4 ,log bunks = easy load+ d 
n project beyond ! raves4 ,) ?is k9d ( a
 rig1 a f>m] c fa/5 two logg+ *a9s to ! 
rea*1 c>ry ! grab hook ends out & "u &  

ar\nd ! log & back aga9 ov] ! sleighs1 &
 !n hit* ! horses to ! two *a9s & roll !
 log up ov] a c\ple ( skids & on to !   
bunks )\t do+ any damage to !           
bobsleighs4 ,bobsleighs hit*$ toge!r )  
an old-fa%ion$ rea* & provid$ ) wide    
heavy raves w climb ov] logs1 pit* d[n  
into root holes1 & weave _! way 9 & out 
among trees bett] ?an any o!r sl$       
contrivance1 & !y turn %ort en\gh = su* 
roads4 ,! %orte/ turn+ rig1 h[ev]1 is ! 
cross *a9 rea* %[n 9 ,figure #afg4      
,,mak+ ,a ,,f>m ,,c>t  ,a two-:eel$ c>t 
l>ge en\gh to c>ry a b>rel ( cid] is a  
great conv5i5ce on a f>m4 ,! front :eels
 ( a buggy are ab\t ! "r size & usually 
are /rong en\gh = c>t purposes4 ,a      
"o-in* iron axle w be /iff en\gh if x is
 re9=c$ at ! squ>e b5ds4 ,! axle is b5t 
d[n ne> ! hubs at "r angles & c>ri$     
across to support ! floor ( ! c>t box   
ab\t "o foot f ! gr\nd4 ,! di/ance f !  
gr\nd %\ld be j suffici5t s t :5 ! c>t  
is tipp$ back ! h9d end w re/ on ! gr\nd
 ) ! bottom bo>ds at an easy slant to   

roll a b>rel or milk c into ! bottom ( !
 box4 ,"u ! back end ( ! c>t plat=m is a
 good /\t b> ( h>dwood fram$ into !     
sidepieces4 ,all ( ! woodwork ab\t ! c>t
 is well brac$ ) iron4 ,! floor ( ! c>t 
is bett] :5 made ( n>r[ mat*$ h>dwood   
floor+ ab\t sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick   
fa/5$ ) bolts4 ,x %\ld be well support$ 
by cross pieces und]nea?4 ,9 fact !     
pr9cipal "p ( ! box is ! und]nea? "p ( !
 frame4  ,sidepieces ( ! box are wide & 
are bolt$ to ! v]tical p>ts ( ! axle &  
brac$ 9 diff]5t directions to keep !    
frame solid1 squ>e & firm4 ,! sides ( ! 
box are p]man5tly fa/5$ b bo? tailbo>d &
 front bo>d are held 9 place by cleats &
 rods & are removable s t long scantl+  
or lumb] may be c>ri$ on ! c>t bottom4  
,! ends ( ! box may be quickly put 9    
place aga9 :5 x is necess>y to use !m4  
,to hold a c>t box toge!r1 f\r rods are 
necess>y1 two across ! front & two      
beh9d4 ,!y are made l tailbo>d rods 9   
wagon boxes4 ,!re is always "s k9d (    
tongue or h&le b> 9 front ( ! f>m c>t   

conv5i5tly arrang$ = ei!r pull+ or pu%+4
 ,if a brea/ b> is us$ x h&les bett] :5 
support$ by two curv$ project+ %afts or 
pieces ( b5t wood1 pref]ably ! b5t up   
ext5d$ ends ( ! b$pieces4 ,! h&le b>    
%\ld be ab\t ?ree feet f ! gr\nd4       
,illu/ration3 ,figure #afh4--;,f>m ,c>t4
 ,! axle ne$ n be heavi] ?an #g_/h4 ,!  
h9d axle ( a light buggy works ! be/4 ,x
 is b5t d[n & splic$ & weld$ "u ! box4  
,! c>t %\ld be made n>r[ to prev5t      
ov]load+4 ,! box %\ld be l[ en\gh to re/
 ! back end on ! gr\nd at an angle (    
ab\t #ce deg4 = easy load+4             
,,colt-,,break+ ,,sulky  ,a pair ( %afts
 t look a good deal too long1 an axle1  
two :eels & a :iffletree are ! pr9cipal 
p>ts ( a colt-break+ sulky4 ,! %afts are
 s long t a colt c kick 8 be/ )\t rea*+ 
any?+ beh9d4 ,! pr9cipal dang] is t he  
may come d[n ) "o h9d leg ov] ! %aft4 ,x
 is a "q ) horsem5 :e!r x is bett] to   
fir/ />t a colt alongside ( an old1     
/eady horse4 ,b x is g5]ally conc$$ t 9 
no case %\ld a colt be made fa/ 9 su* a 

way t he c\ld kick himself loose4       
,diff]5t f>m]s h diff]5t ideas 9 reg>d  
to tra9+ colts1 b ^! break+ c>ts ) extra
 long %afts are v mu* us$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! 
c\ntry4 ,! %afts are heavy en\gh s t !  
colts may be ti$ d[n to make kick+      
impossible4 ,a rope or heavy /rap rea*+ 
f "o %aft to ! o!r ov] ! colt's hips w  
keep its h9d feet pretty close to !     
gr\nd4 ,any rig us$ 9 connection ) a    
colt %\ld be /rong en\gh to )/& any /ra9
 t ! colt may decide to put ^u x4 ,if ! 
colt breaks some?+ or breaks loose1 x   
takes him a long "t to =get ! sc>e4 ,f>m
 boys make ^! break+ c>ts by us+ :eels &
 h9d axles ( a worn-out buggy4 ,?is is  
well en\gh if ! :eels are /rong & %afts 
?or\ghly bolt$ & brac$4 ,x is easy to   
make a mi/ake ) a colt4 ,to prev5t      
accid5ts x is mu* bett] to h ! h>ness & 
wagon amply /rong4  ,illu/ration3       
,figure #afi4--;,colt-,break+ ,sulky4 ,!
 axle & h9d :eels ( a light wagon1 two  
/rong /raight-gra9$ %afts ab\t #d feet  
too long1 a :iffletree & a spr+ seat are

 ! pr9cipal p>ts ( a colt-break+ sulky4 
,! %afts & seat are ?or\ghly well bolt$ 
& clipp$ to ! axle & brac$ aga9/ all    
possible maneuv]s ( ! colt4 ,! traces   
are made s long t ! colt _c rea* any?+  
to kick1 & he is prev5t$ f kick+ by a   
/rap rea*+ f "o %aft up ov] 8 hips & d[n
 to ! o!r %aft4 ,9 ?is rig ! colt is    
compell$ to g ahead because he _c turn  
ar\nd4 ,! axle %\ld be long] ?an /&>d to
 prev5t upsett+ :5 ! colt turns a corn] 
at high spe$4     ,,*apt] ,,viii        
,,miscellane\s ,,f>m ,,conv5i5ces       
,,f>m ,,(fice  ,illu/ration3 ,figure    
#agj4--,p]spective ,view ( ,two-,/ory   
,corn ,crib4 ,! side ( ! build+ is cut  
away to %[ ! elevat+ ma*9]y4  ,bus9ess  
f>m+ requires an (fice4 ,bus9ess call]s 
feel s5sitive ab\t talk+ f>m or         
live-/ock affairs be=e sev]al memb]s ( !
 family4 ,b !y are q at ease :5 alone ) 
! f>m] 9 8 (fice4 ,a f>m (fice may be   
small b x %\ld conta9 a desk or table1  
two or ?ree *airs1 book %elves = books1 
draw]s = gov]nm5t bullet9s & a cab9et to

 hold glassw>e & *emicals = mak+ soil   
te/s & a good magnify+ glass = exam9+   
se$s be=e plant+4 ,a good glass is also 
valuable 9 trac+ ! de/ructive "w ( _m   
k9ds ( insect pe/s4  ,illu/ration3      
,figure #aga4--;,floor ,plans (         
,two-,/ory ,corn ,crib4 ,! fir/ floor   
%[s ! driveway ) corn cribs at ! sides &
 ! second floor plan %[s ! gra9 b9s ov] 
! c5t] driveway1 ) location ( !         
d[nsp\ts1 /airway1 etc4  ,! (fice is !  
prop] place = mak+ g]m9ation te/s (     
v>i\s f>m se$s4 ,sev5ty degrees ( heat  
is necess>y = ! be/ results 9 se$ te/+4 
,= ?is reason1 z well z = com=t :ile    
work+1 ! heat+ problem %\ld receive its 
%>e ( att5tion4 ,_m times x s happ5s t a
 f>m] has a few m9utes j be=e mealtime t
 he c\ld devote to (fice "w if ! room be
 w>m en\gh4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure      
#agb4--;,economy ( ,r\nd ,b>n4 ,!       
diagrams %[ t ! popul> #cf' x #hj' c[   
/able & ! commone/ size ( r\nd b>n h    
ab\t ! same capacity4 ,ea* b>n w /able  
=ty c[s1 b ! r\nd b>n has room = a silo 

9 ! c5t]4 ,bo? b>ns h fe$ ov]head 9 !   
%ape ( hay & /raw1 b ! r\nd fe$ room    
saves /eps4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure      
#agc4--;,concrete ,f>m ,scale ,base &   
,pit4  ,neatly pr9t$ lett]-heads &      
envelopes are important4 ,! %eets ( pap]
 %\ld be eight & a half by elev5 in*es 9
 size1 pure :ite & ( good quality4 ,!   
pr9t+ %\ld be pla9 black & ( r\nd       
m$ium-siz$ lett]s t may be easily read4 
,fancy lett]+ & fl\ri%es are out ( place
 on bus9ess /ation]y4  ,illu/ration3    
,figure #agd4--,top ,view ( !           
,hay-,track ,ro( ,ext5sion1 %[+ !       
ridgebo>d & support+ jack-raft]s4       
,illu/ration3 ,figure #age4--,side view 
%[+ plan = build+ a ,hay=k ,hood to     
project f peak ( a /orage b>n4 ,!       
jack-raft]s =m a brace to support ! end 
( ! hay-track beam4  ,illu/ration3      
,figure #agf4--,slaught] ,h\se4 ,! h\se 
%\ld be twelve feet wide4 ,x may be any 
l5g? to provide /orage1 b #ab x #ab     
makes a good beef sk9n+ floor4 ,!       
w9dlass %aft %\ld be t5 feet above !    

floor1 :i* requires twelve-foot /udd+4  
,! :eel is eight feet 9 diamet] & ! w9d+
 drum is ab\t t5 in*es4 ,! animal is    
kill$ on ! incl9e outside ( ! build+ & x
 lies limp aga9/ ! revolv+ door4 ,! door
 cat* is sprung back & ! c>cass rolls   
d[n onto ! concrete sk9n+ floor4        
,halftone illu/ration ( f>m animals or  
build+s are bett] us$ on sep>ate        
adv]tis+ %eets t may be fold$ 9 ) !     
lett]s :5 want$4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure 
#agg4--,rule ( ,six1 ,eight & ,t54      
,diagram %[+ h[ to /ake ! f\ndation ( a 
f>m build+ s ! excavation c be made cle>
 out to ! corn]s )\t und]m9+ ! /akes4   
,illu/ration3 ,figure #agh4--,ro( ,truss
 built /rong en\gh to support ! ro( ( a 
f>m g>age )\t c5t] po/s4  ,illu/ration3 
,figure #agi4--;,design ( ,ro( ,truss   
,int5d$ to ,span a ,f>m ,g>age4         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ahj4--,ro(       
,pit*es4 ,m[ capacity ( ! diff]5t ro(   
pit*es is giv5 above ! plates 9 figures4
  ,typewrit]s are s common t a h&-writt5
 lett] is seldom se5 among bus9ess      

correspond5ce4 ,a busy f>m] is n likely 
to acquire mu* spe$ ) a typewrit]1 b 8  
son or daught] may4 ,"o great advantage 
is ! mak+ ( c>bon copies4 ,e lett]      
receiv$ is !n fil$ 9 a lett] case 9     
alphabetical ord] & a c>bon copy ( ea*  
answ] is p9n$ to x = future ref]5ce4    
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aha4--;,d\ble    
,corn ,crib4 ,two cribs may be ro($ ?is 
way z *eaply z to ro( ! two cribs       
sep>ately4 ,a /or]oom is provid$ ov]head
 & ! brac+ prev5ts ! cribs f sagg+4  ,! 
co/ ( furni%+ a f>m (fice w dep5d ^u !  
incl9ations ( ! man4 ,a *eap kit*5 table
 may be us$ in/ead ( an exp5sive        
mahogany desk4 ,a new typewrit] co/s f  
fifty to n9ety doll>s1 b a rebuilt ma*9e
 t w d good "w may be obta9$ = tw5ty4   
,a useful magnify+ glass ) legs may be  
b\ght = a doll> or two4 ,or consid]able 
money may be inve/$ 9 a high-p[]$       
microscope4   ,,spe$ ,,indicator  ,!    
spe$ requirem5ts ( ma*9es are giv5 by ! 
manufactur]s4 ,x is up to ! f>m] to     
det]m9e ! size ( pulleys & ! spe$ (     

int]m$iate %afts betwe5 8 eng9e & !     
ma*9e to be driv54 ,a spe$ indicator is 
held aga9/ ! end ( a %aft at ! c5t]4 ,! 
indicator p9 !n revolves ) ! %aft & !   
numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute are c\nt$  
by tim+ ! po9t] on ! dial ) ! second h& 
( a wat*4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure        
#ahb4--,spe$ ,tim]s4 ,two /yles4 ,! po9t
 is held aga9/ ! c5t] ( ! %aft to be    
te/$4 ,! numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute is
 %[n 9 figures on ! face ( ! dial4 ,!   
indicator is tim$ to ! second h& ( a    
wat*4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure            
#ahc4--;,build+ ,bracket4 ,made ( #b x  
#d pieces put toge!r at "r angles )     
diagonal braces4 ,! support+ leg fits   
betwe5 ! f\r diagonal braces4   ,,soil  
,,tools  ,soil moi/ure (t5 is ! limit+  
factor 9 crop rais+4 ,soil moi/ure may  
be measur$ by analysis4 ,! fir/ /ep is  
to obta9 samples at diff]5t dep?s4 ,?is 
is done accurately & quickly ) a good   
soil aug]4 ,o!r p>aph]nalia is requir$  
to make a c>eful analysis ( ! sample1 b 
a f>m] ( exp]i5ce w make a mud ball & =m

 a v good e/imate ( ! am\nt ( wat] 9 x4 
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ahd4--;,diagram  
%[+ h[ to cut a plank on a b&-saw to =m 
a curv$ raft]4 ,! two pieces ( ! plank  
are spik$ toge!r z %[n 9 ! l[] draw+4   
,?is makes a curv$ raft] )\t wa/e (     
mat]ial4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure         
#ahe4--;,bre$+ ,crate = ,hogs4 ,!       
illu/ration %[s ! mann] ( con/ruction4  
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ahf4--,soil      
,aug]4 ,sci5tific f>m+ dem&s t soils    
%all be te/$ = moi/ure4 ,a long h&l$    
aug] is us$ to br+ samples ( soil to !  
surface4 ,! samples are weigh$1 ! wat]  
evaporat$ & ! soil reweigh$ to det]m9e !
 am\nt ( moi/ure4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure
 #ahg4--,po/ ,hole ,digg]s4 ,two patt]ns
 ( ! same k9d ( digg] are %[n4 ,! fir/  
has iron h&les1 ! l[] has wood5 h&les4  
,illu/ration3 ,figure #ahh4--;,hoes &   
,we$]s4 ,! hang ( a hoe affects its     
work+4 ,! upp] hoe %[s ab\t ! easie/    
work+ angle betwe5 ! blade & ! h&le4 ,! 
diff]5ce betwe5 a hoe & a we$] is t !   
hoe is int5d$ to /rike into ! gr\nd to  

loos5 ! soil1 :ile ! blade ( ! we$] is  
int5d$ to "w p>allel ) ! surface ( !    
soil to cut "y we$s4  ,illu/ration3     
,figure #ahi4--,manure ,hook & ,potato  
,digg]s4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure         
#aij4--,spud4 ,c]ta9 vegetables are gr[n
 = crop & = se$4 ,! gre5 plants are ?9n$
 ) a spud = sale1 leav+ ! be/ to rip5 = 
se$4 ,x is also us$ to dig t\gh we$s1   
especially ^? hav+ tap roots4           
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aia4--7a7 ,corn  
,cutt+ ,knife4 7#b7 ,asp>agus ,knife4   
,,f5ce-,,mak+ ,,tools  ,slid+ ,field    
,gate4--,ea* f>m field %\ld h a gate1 n 
necess>ily exp5sive1 b x %\ld be        
reasonably conv5i5t4 ,f>m field gates   
%\ld be made sixte5 feet long1 :i* w    
all[ = a cle> op5+ ab\t f\rte5 feet     
wide4 ,! *eape/ way to make a good f>m  
gate is to use a #aj-;in* bo>d = !      
bottom1 #h-;in* = ! bo>d next to !      
bottom & ?ree #f-;in* bo>ds above t4 ,! 
space betwe5 ! bottom bo>d & next bo>d  
is two in*es4 ,?is n>r[ space prev5ts   
hogs f lift+ ! gate ) _! noses4 ,!      

spaces wid5 t[>d ! top1 s t ! gate :5   
f9i%$ is five feet high4 ,if colts run !
 fields !n a b> is ne$$ along ! top ( ! 
gate4 ,six cross pieces #a in* by #f    
in*es are us$ to hold ! gate toge!r4 ,^!
 cross pieces are bolt$ ?r\gh at ea*    
int]section4 ,also a slant+ brace is us$
 on ! front half ( ! gate to keep x f   
rack+ & ?is brace is put on ) bolts4    
,two po/s are set at ea* end ( ! gate4  
,! front po/s hold ! front end ( ! gate 
betwe5 !m1 & ! re> po/s ! same4 ,!re is 
a cross piece :i* rea*es f "o ( ! re>   
po/s to ! o!r to slide ! gate & hold x  
(f ! gr\nd4 ,a simil> cross piece holds 
! front end ( ! gate up f ! gr\nd4      
,sometimes a swivel roll] is atta*$ to !
 re> cross piece to roll ! gate if x is 
to be us$ a good deal4 ,a pla91 simple  
slid+ gate is all t is necess>y = fields
 "s di/ance f ! b>n4  ,illu/ration3     
,figure #aib4--7a7 ,plumb-,bob &        
,plumb-,l9e4 ,! l9e is paid out ab\t #f 
feet f ! spool & giv5 a half hit*4 ,x   
may !n be hung ov] ! wire & ! spool w   

balance ! bob4 7#b7 ,bipod4 ,! legs ( a 
f5ce bipod are cut #f feet long4 ,! bolt
 is put ?r\gh #f in*es f ! top ends4 ,by
 ! aid ( ! plummet ! upp] wire is /rung 
plumb ov] ! b>b-wire 9 ! furr[ & #d' #f 
above grade4 ,! l[] p>ts ( ! po/s are   
set aga9/ ! b>b-wire & ! upp] faces ( ! 
po/s at ! top are set ev5 ) ! upp] wire4
 ,?is plan n only places ! po/s 9 l9e1  
bo? at ! top & bottom1 b x regulates !  
height4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure          
#aic4--;,f5ce ,tools4 ,! upp] tool is a 
r\nd /eel p9 to twi/ heavy brace wires4 
,! scoop is = work+ /ones out (         
po/-holes4 ,! /eel cr[b> is = work+     
ar\nd ! /ones to loos5 !m4              
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aid4--;,f5ce     
,pli]s4 ,?is is a heavy f5ce tool made  
to pull f5ce /aples & to /ret*1 cut &   
splice wire4   ,,corn ,,%ock ,,horse    
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aie4--;,corn     
,horse4 ,:5 corn is cut by h& !re is no 
bett] %ock+ device ?an ! old-/yle corn  
horse4 ,x is almo/ z h&y :5 sett+ up !  
corn %eaves f ! corn b9d]4  ,a conv5i5t 

corn %ock+ horse is made ) a pole cut f 
a /raight tree4 ,! pole is ab\t six     
in*es ?r\gh at ! butt & tap]s to a small
 end4 ,ab\t tw5ty feet is a good l5g?4  
,!re are two legs :i* hold ! l>ge end ( 
! pole up ab\t #dj f ! gr\nd4 ,^! legs  
are well spread ap>t at ! bottom4 ,two  
feet back f ! legs is a horizontal hole 
ab\t "o & "o-qu>t] in*es 9 diamet] to   
hold ! crossb>4 ,?is crossb> may be an  
old broom h&le4 ,! pole & ! crossb> m>k 
! f\r divisions ( a corn %ock4 ,corn is 
cut & /ood up 9 ea* corn]1 usually n9e  
hills 9 a corn]1 giv+ ?irty-six hills to
 a %ock4 ,corn plant$ 9 r[s is c\nt$ up 
to make ab\t ! same am\nt ( corn to !   
%ock4 ,( c\rse a heavy or light crop mu/
 det]m9e ! numb] ( r[s or hills4 ,:5    
en\gh corn is cut = a %ock x is ti$ )   
two b&s1 ! crossb> is pull$ out & ! corn
 horse is dragg$ along to ! next /&4    
,,husk+-,,p9  ,h& husk]s = divid+ !     
cornhusks at ! tips ( ! e>s are made (  
wood1 bone or /eel4 ,wood5 husk+-p9s are
 made ( ironwood1 eucalyptus1 second    

gr[? hickory1 or "s o!r t\gh h>dwood4 ,!
 p9 is ab\t f\r in*es long1 five-eigh?s 
( an in* ?ick & x is %ap$ l a lead-p5cil
 ) a r long po9t4 ,a recess$ girdle is  
cut ar\nd ! b>rel ( ! p9 & a lea!r f+]  
r+ fits into & ar\nd ?is girdle4        
,g5]ally ! lea!r r+ fits ! l>g] f+] to  
hold ! p9 9 ! "r position :ile p]mitt+ x
 to turn to we> ! po9t all ar\nd alike4 
,bone husk+-p9s are g5]ally flat ) a    
hole ?r\gh ! c5t] to hold ! lea!r f+]   
r+4 ,/eel husk+-p9s are %ap$ diff]5tly &
 h tee? to cat* & te> ! husks ap>t4     
,illu/ration3 ,figure #aif4--;,brick    
,tr[el4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure          
#aig4--,pla/]+ ,tr[el4  ,illu/ration3   
,figure #aih4--;,concrete ,hog ,wall[1  
%[+ dra9 pipe4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#aii4--;,concrete ,c5t] ,alley = ,hog   
,h\se4 ,! upp] illu/ration repres5ts !  
wood5 template us$ to =m ! c5t] ( ! hog 
h\se floor4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure      
#bjj4--,sanit>y ,pig-,p54 ,"o ( ! mo/   
satisfactory f>r[+ h\ses is con/ruct$ ( 
concrete po/s #f squ>e & #f squ>e me%   

hog f5c+ & /raw4 ,! po/s are set to make
 f>r[+ p5s #h' wide & #af' deep f front 
to back4 ,wov5 wire is /ret*$ & fa/5$ to
 bo? sides ( ! po/s at ! sides & back ( 
ea* p54 ,/raw is /uff$ 9 betwe5 ! two   
wire nets1 ?us mak+ p>titions ( /raw #f 
?ick & #db high4 ,f5ce wire is /ret*$   
ov] ! top & /raw pil$ on deep en\gh to  
%$ ra94 ,! front ( ! p5s face ! s\? &   
are clos$ by wood5 gates4 ,9 ! spr+ !   
pigs are turn$ out on pa/ure1 ! /raw ro(
 is haul$ to ! fields = manure & ! /raw 
p>titions burn$ out4 ,! sun %9es into ! 
skeleton p5s all summ] s t all mis*iev\s
 bact]ia are kill$ & ! hog-lice are     
burn$ or />v$4 ,! next fall concrete    
floors may be laid 9 ! p5s1 ! p>titions 
re/uff$ ) /raw & cov]$ ) ano!r /raw ro(4
 ,9 a cold] climate ,i w\ld cov] ! :ole 
top ) a /raw ro(4 ,suffici5t v5tilation 
w\ld "w ?r\gh ! /raw p>titions & ! front
 gate4 ,9 v cold wea!r add a ?9 lay] (  
/raw to ! gate4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure  
#bja4--;,concrete ,wall ,mold4 ,wood5   
molds = %ap+ a concrete wall may be made

 z %[n4 ,if ! wall is to be l[--#b' or  
less--! mold w /ay 9 place )\t bolt+ or 
wir+ ! sides toge!r4 ,! =m is made level
 by fir/ level+ ! #b x #f /r+]s t       
support ! =m4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure    
#bjb4--;,husk+-,p94 ,! lea!r f+] r+ is  
loop$ into ! recess 9 ! wood5 p94       
,illu/ration3 ,figure #bjc4--;,h>ness   
,pun*4 ,! holl[ pun* po9ts are ( diff]5t
 sizes4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure          
#bjd4--;,belt ,pun*4 ,two or ?ree sizes 
%\ld be kept 9 ! tool box4 ,belt holes  
%\ld be small to hold ! lace tight4 ,!  
smoo? runn+ ( belts dep5ds a good deal  
on ! lac+4 ,holes pun* bett] aga9/ ! end
 ( a hickory block or o!r f9e gra9$     
h>dwood4   ,,pa9t ,,bru%es  ,pa9t bru%es
 may be left 9 ! pa9t = a ye> )\t app>5t
 injury4 ,! pa9t %\ld be deep en\gh to  
ne>ly bury ! bri/les4 ,p\r a little     
boil$ l9se$ oil ov] ! top to =m a sk9 to
 keep ! air out4 ,x is *eap] to buy a   
new bru% ?an to clean ! pa9t out ( "o t 
has be5 us$4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure     
#bje4--,knots4 ,! simple pr9ciples (    

knot ty+ z practic$ on f>ms are "h      
repres5t$4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure       
#bjf4--,%eep%ank1 two half hit*es 9 a   
rope to take up slack4 ,! rope may be   
fold$ ^u itself z _m times z necess>y4  
,illu/ration3 ,figure #bjg4--,m>l9e     
,spike4 ,us$ = splic+ ropes1 ty+ rose   
knots1 etc4   ,,fruit ,,pick+           
,illu/ration3 ,figure                   
#bjh4--;,fruit-,pick+ ,tray4 ,x is us$ =
 pick+ grapes & o!r fruits4 ,! ,cali=nia
 lug box has v]tical sides & is ! same  
size top & bottom4 ,o!rwise !           
con/ruction is simil>4  ,apples are h&l$
 z c>efully z eggs by m5 :o und]/& !    
bus9ess ( gett+ high prices4 ,pick+     
boxes = apples h bo!r$ or*>d m5 m ?an   
any o!r "p ( ! bus9ess4 ,x is s         
difficult to get help to h&le apples )\t
 bruis+ t _m inv5tions h be5 tri$ to    
less5 ! damage4 ,9 we/]n ,new ,york a   
tray ) v]tical ends & slant+ sides has  
be5 adopt$ by grape gr[]s z ! mo/       
conv5i5t tray = grapes4 ,apple gr[]s are
 adopt+ ! same tray4 ,x is made (       

?ree-eigh?s-in* lumb] cut #cj in*es long
 = ! sides1 us+ two /rips = ea* side4 ,!
 bottom is #cj in*es long & ?ree-eigh?s 
( an in* ?ick1 made 9 "o piece4 ,! ends 
are sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick cut to a  
bevel s ! top edge ( ! end piece is     
f\rte5 in*es long & ! bottom edge is t5 
in*es long4 ,! dep? ( ! end piece is    
eight in*es4 ,h& cleats are nail$ on !  
outsides ( ! end pieces s z to project  
"o-half in* above ! top4 ,^! cleats n   
only s]ve to lift & c>ry ! trays1 b :5  
!y are load$ on a wagon ! bottoms fit 9 
betwe5 ! cleats to hold !m f slipp+     
endways4 ,9 pil+ ^! pick+ boxes empty1  
"o end is slipp$ outw>d ov] ! cleat     
until ! o!r end drops d[n4 ,?is p]mits  
half ne/+ :5 ! boxes are pil$ up =      
/orage or :5 load$ on wagons to move to 
! or*>d4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure         
#bji4--;,fruit ,?9n+ ,nipp]s4 ,?ree     
/yles ( apple-/em cutt]s are %[n4 ,!y   
are also us$ = pick+ grapes & o!r       
fruits4  ,apples are pick$ into ! trays 
f ! trees4 ,! trays are load$ on to     

wagons or /one-boats & haul$ to ! pack+ 
%$1 :]e ! apples are roll$ out g5tly ov]
 ! slop+ sides ( ! crates on to !       
cu%ion$ bottom ( ! sort+ table4 ,or*>d  
m5 %\ld h crates en\gh to keep ! pick]s 
busy )\t empty+ until !y are haul$ to ! 
pack+ %$4 ,! use ( su* trays or crates  
save h&l+ ! apples ov] sev]al times4 ,! 
less apples are h&l$ ! few] bruises are 
made4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure            
#baj4--;,apple ,pick+ ,ladd]4 ,:5 apples
 are pick$ & plac$ 9 bu%el trays a ladd]
 on :eels ) %elves is conv5i5t = hold+ !
 trays4  ,9 ,cali=nia simil> trays are  
us$1 b !y h /raight sides & are call$   
lug boxes4 ,ea/]n fruit m5 pref] ! slop+
 sides because !y may be empti$ easily1 
quickly & g5tly4   ,,fruit ,,pick+      
,,ladd]s  ,comm]cial or*>ds are prun$ to
 keep ! be>+ fruit spurs z ne> ! gr\nd z
 possible1 s t ladd]s us$ at pick+ "t   
are n s long z !y us$ to be4            
,illu/ration3 ,figure #baa4--,/epladd] &
 ,apple-,pick+ ,bag4 ,?is ladd] has only
 ?ree feet1 b ! bottom ( ! ladd] is made

 wide to prev5t upsett+4 ,?is bag is    
useful :5 pick+ scatt]+ apples on ! out]
 or upp] bran*es4 ,pick+ bags c>elessly 
us$ are ! cause ( _m bruis$ apples4     
,illu/ration3 ,figure #bab4--,tree      
,prun]s4 ,! be/ made prun]s are !       
*eape/4 ,?is long h&l$ prun] is made (  
f9e tool /eel f ! cutt+ p>ts cle> to !  
out] ends ( ! wood5 h&les4 ,a positive  
/op prev5ts ! h&les f com+ toge!r4      
,small "o-h& prun+ nipp]s are made =    
clean cutt+4 ,! blades ( bo? prun]s %\ld
 "w t[>ds ! tree trunk s ! hook w ma% ! 
b>k on ! disc>d$ portion ( ! limb4  ,!  
illu/ration %[s "o ( ! mo/ conv5i5t     
pick+ ladd]s4 ,x is a d\ble ladd] )     
%elves to hold pick+ trays support$ by  
two :eels & two legs4 ,! :eels :i* are  
us$ to support "o side ( ! frame are    
usually old buggy :eels4 ,a h9d axle    
toge!r ) ! :eels works ab\t "r4 ,! ladd]
 frame is ab\t eight feet high ) ladd]  
/eps go+ up f ea* side4 ,^! /eps also =m
 ! support = ! %elves4 ,pick+ trays or  
boxes are plac$ on ! %elves1 s ! latt] w

 hold eight or t5 bu%els ( apples1 & may
 be :eel$ directly to ! pack+ %$ if !   
di/ance is n too great4  ,illu/ration3  
,figure #bac4--,%e>s4 ,! fir/ pair is   
us$ = %eep %e>+4 ,! second is int5d$ =  
cutt+ grass ar\nd ! edges ( walks & fl[]
 b$s4  ,/ep-ladd]s f six to t5 feet long
 are m conv5i5t to get up into ! middle 
( ! tree ?an almo/ any o!r k9d ( ladd]4 
,comm]cial apple trees h op5 tops to    
admit sun%9e4 ,= ?is reason1 /raight    
ladd]s are n mu* us$4 ,x is necess>y to 
h ladd]s built s !y w support !mselves4 
,sometimes only "o leg is us$ 9 front ( 
a /ep-ladd] & sometimes ladd]s are wide 
at ! bottom & tap] to a po9t at ! top4  
,! k9d ( ladd] to use dep5ds ^u ! size (
 ! trees & ! mann] 9 :i* !y h be5 prun$4
 ,usually x is bett] to h sev]al k9ds ( 
ladd]s ( diff]5t sizes & l5g?s4 ,pick]s 
!n h no occasion to wait = ea* o!r4     
,,fe$+ ,,racks  ,special racks = ! fe$+ 
( alfalfa hay to hogs are built ) slatt$
 sides h+$ at ! top s !y w sw+ 9 :5 !   
hogs cr[d _! noses ?r\gh to get ! hay4  

,?is movem5t drops ! hay d[n )9 rea*4   
,alfalfa hay is especially valuable z a 
w9t] fe$ = bre$+ /ock4 ,s[s may be w9t]$
 on alfalfa ) "o e> ( corn a day & come 
out 9 ! spr+ 9 fit condition to suckle a
 f9e litt] ( pigs4 ,alfalfa is a /rong  
prote9 fe$4 ,x furni%es ! muscle-=m+    
sub/ances necess>y = ! "y litt] by caus+
 a copi\s fl[ ( milk4 ,"o e> ( corn a   
day is suffici5t to keep ! s[ 9 good    
condition )\t lay+ on too mu* fat4 ,:5  
%oats are f$ 9 ! w9t] = fatt5+1 alfalfa 
hay helps !m to gr[4 ,9 connection )    
gra9 x increases ! weight rapidly )\t   
add+ a great deal ( exp5se to ! ration4 
,alfalfa 9 e in/ance is int5d$ z a      
r\ghage1 z an appetiz] & z a prote9 fe$4
 ,fat mu/ be add$ by ! use ( corn1      
kaffir corn1 ,canada peas1 b>ley or o!r 
gra9s4 ,alfalfa hay is int5d$ to take ! 
place ( summ] pa/ure 9 w9t] m ?an z a   
fatt5+ ration4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#bad4--;,horse ,fe$+ ,rack4 ,?is is a   
b>ny>d hay fe$] = horses & colts4 ,!    
diagonal bo>d+ braces ea* corn] po/ &   

leaves l>ge op5+s at ! sides4 ,horses %y
 at small hay holes4 ,! top bo>ds & !   
top rail are #b x #ds = /r5g?4 ,! bottom
 is floor$ to save ! *aff4              
,illu/ration3 ,figure #bae4--;,corn]    
,po/ ,detail ( ,horse ,fe$+ ,rack4 ,a #b
 x #f is spik$ into ! edge ( a #b x #d1 
mak+ a corn] po/ #f across4 ,! side     
bo>d+ is cut ev5 ) ! corn] ( ! po/ & !  
op5 corn] is fill$ ) a two-in*          
qu>t]-r\nd z %[n4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure
 #baf4--;,automatic ,hog ,fe$]4 ,!      
little build+ is #h' x #ab' on ! gr\nd &
 x is #aj' high to ! plates4 ,! cru%$   
gra9 is %ovel$ 9 f beh9d & x fe$s d[n   
hopp] fa%ion z fa/ z ! hogs eat x4 ,!   
floor is made ( mat*$ lumb]4 ,x %\ld /& 
on a dry concrete floor4  ,illu/ration3 
,figure #bag4--,%eep ,fe$+ ,rack4 ,! hay
 bottom & gra9 tr\gh sides slope toge!r 
at #de deg4 angles4 ,! bo>d+ is made    
tight to hold *aff & gra9 f wa/+4       
,illu/ration3 ,figure #bah4--,rack ,base
 & ,sides4 ,! #b x #ds are halv$ at !   
ends & put toge!r at "r angles4 ,^!     

frames are plac$ #c' ap>t & cov]$ )     
mat*$ floor+4 ,light braces %\ld be     
nail$ across ^! frames a few in*es up f 
! gr\nd4 ,! #a x #d pickets are plac$ #g
 ap>t 9 ! cle>1 s ! %eep c get _! heads 
?r\gh to fe$4 ,^! picket$ frames are    
bolt$ to ! base & fram$ ar\nd ! top4 ,if
 ! rack is m ?an #i' long !re %\ld be a 
c5t] tie or p>tition4 ,twelve feet is a 
good l5g? to make ! racks4              
,,split-,,log ,,road ,,drag  ,! only l[ 
co/ road grad] ( value is ! split-log   
road drag4 ,x %\ld be exactly :at ! "n  
implies4 ,x %\ld be made f a light log  
ab\t eight in*es 9 diamet] split ?r\gh !
 middle ) a saw4 ,pl5ty ( road drags are
 made ( timb]s in/ead ( split logs1 b ! 
real pr9ciple is lo/ because su* drags  
are too heavy & clumsy4 ,!y _c be       
quickly adju/$ to ! v>y+ road conditions
 met ) :ile 9 use4  ,illu/ration3       
,figure #bai4--;,hog ,tr\gh4 ,9 a w9t]  
hog h\se ! fe$ tr\gh is plac$ next to ! 
alley or passageway4 ,a cem5t tr\gh is  
be/4 ,a drop gate is h+$ ov] ! tr\gh s x

 c be swung 9 :ile putt+ fe$ 9 ! tr\gh4 
,! same gate is op5$ up level to admit  
hogs to ! p54  ,illu/ration3 ,figure    
#bbj4--,re9=c$ ,hog ,tr\gh4 ,! section (
 hog tr\gh to ! left is re9=c$ ) *ick5  
wire1 "o-in* me%4 ,! tr\gh to ! "r is   
re9=c$ ) sev5 #a_/d rods--?ree 9 !      
bottom & two 9 ea* side4  ,illu/ration3 
,figure #bba4--;,d\ble ,p\ltry ,fe$+    
,tr\gh ) ,p>tition 9 ! ,c5t]4           
,illu/ration3 ,figure #bbb4--,p\ltry    
,fe$] ) ,metal or ,crock]y ,receptacle4 
,! illu/ration %[s ! "r way ( mak+ a    
road drag1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x is drawn   
along at an angle to ! roadway s z to   
move ! e>? f ! sides t[>ds ! c5t]1 b    
illu/rations are useless = %[+ h[ to    
op]ate !m to d good "w4 ,! ecc5tricities
 ( a split-log road drag may be le>n$ 9 
"o lesson by rid+ x ov] a mile or two ( 
c\ntry road %ortly aft] ! fro/ has left 
! gr\nd 9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>4 ,x w be notic$
 t ! front half ( ! road drag pres5ts ! 
flat side ( ! split log to ! "w ( %av+  
(f ! lumps :ile ! o!r half log levels & 

smoo?s & puddles ! loos5$ moi/ e>? by   
means ( ! r\nd$ side4 ,puddl+ makes e>? 
wat]pro(4 ,! front1 or cutt+ edge1 is   
fac$ ) /eel4 ,! ridges & humps are cut &
 %ov$ /raight ahead or to "o side to    
fill holes & ruts4 ,?is is done by !    
driv]1 :o %ifts 8 weight f "o end to !  
o!r1 & f front to back ( 8 /&+ plat=m to
 di/ribute ! e>? to ! be/ advantage4 ,! 
r\nd$ side ( ! re> half log presses !   
s(t e>? into place & leaves ! surface   
smoo?4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure           
#bbc4--,split-,log ,road ,drag4 ,! front
 edge is %od ) a /eel plate to d ! cutt+
 & ! r\nd side ( ! re> log gr9ds !      
loos5$ e>? f9e & presses x into ! wagon 
tracks & wat] holes4  ,illu/ration3     
,figure #bbd4--;,heavy ,break+ ,pl[1 us$
 = road "w & o!r t\gh jobs4             
,un=tunately1 ! habit ( us+ n>r[ tir$   
wagons on c\ntry roads has become almo/ 
univ]sal 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to add to  
_! de/ructive prop5sities1 all wagons 9 
"s p>ts ( ! c\ntry h ! same wid? ( tread
 s t ea* :eel foll[s 9 pa?s made by o!r 

:eels1 until !y cut ruts ( consid]able  
dep?4 ,^! little n>r[ dit*es hold wat] s
 t x _c run (f into ! dra9s at ! sides (
 ! roadway4 ,:5 a rut gets />t$1 ea*    
pass+ :eel squeezes out ! muddy wat]1 or
 if ! :eel be revolv+ at a spe$ fa/] ?an
 a walk x ?r[s ! wat]1 & ! wat] c>ries  
"p ( ! roadway ) x s t small ruts are   
made l>ge & deep ruts are made deep]4 ,9
 "s limit$ sections road rules dem& t   
wagons %all h wide tires & h %ort] front
 axles1 s t ) ! wide tires & ! unev5    
treads ! :eels act z roll]s in/ead ( rut
 mak]s4 ,x is difficult to introduce su*
 requirem5ts into e f>m section4 ,9 !   
meantime ! evils ( n>r[ tires may be    
ov]come to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! p]si/5t & 
prop] use ( ! split-log road drag4 ,^!  
drags are mo/ effectual 9 ! spr+time :5 
! fro/ is com+ out ( ! gr\nd4 ,dur+ !   
muddy season ! roads get work$ up into  
ruts & mire holes1 :i*1 if tak5 9 "t1   
may be fill$ by runn+ l5g?wise ( ! road 
) ! drag :5 ! e>? is /ill s(t4 ,:5 !    
gr\nd %[s dry on top & is /ill s(t & wet

 und]nea? is ! "t ! drags d ! be/ "w by 
scrap+ ! dri] hummocks into ! l[ places 
:]e ! e>? settles h>d z x dries4  ,a    
well r\nd$1 smoo? road does n get muddy 
9 ! summ] "t4 ,summ] ra9s usually come )
 a da%4 ,consid]able wat] falls 9 a %ort
 "t1 & ! v act ( fall+ ) =ce fir/ lays !
 du/1 !n packs ! surface4 ,! smoo? pack$
 surface acts l a ro(1 & almo/ be=e !   
ra9 /ops fall+ all surface wat] is dra9$
 (f to ! sides s t an in* d[n "u !      
surface ! roadb$ is z h>d z x 0 be=e !  
ra94 ,t is ! reason :y split log road   
drags us$ p]si/5tly 9 ! spr+ &          
occasionally lat] 9 ! season w pres]ve  
good roads all summ]4 ,x is v mu* bett] 
to foll[ ea* summ] ra9 ) ! road drag1 b 
x is n s necess>y z imm$iate att5tion at
 ! prop] "t 9 spr+4 ,besides1 f>m]s are 
s busy dur+ ! summ] mon?s t !y f9d x    
difficult to sp5d ! "t4 ,9 "s sections (
 ! middle ,we/ "o man is hir$ to d !    
dragg+ at s mu* p] trip ov] ! road4 ,he 
makes 8 calculations accord+ly & is     
prep>$ to d ! dragg+ at all seasons :5  

ne$$4 ,?is plan usually works out ! be/ 
because "o man !n makes x 8 bus9ess & he
 gets paid = ! am\nt ( "w p]=m$4 ,?is   
man %\ld live at ! f> end ( ! road      
division s t he c smoo? 8 own pa?way    
lead+ to t[n4   ,,/eel ,,road ,,drag    
,manufactur]s are mak+ road drags ( /eel
 ) temp]$ blades adju/able to any angle 
by simply mov+ ! lev] until ! dog       
engages 9 ! prop] not*4 ,"s ( ^! ma*9es 
are made ) blades rev]sible1 s t ! o!r  
side c be us$ = cutt+ :5 ! fir/ edge is 
worn4 ,= summ] use ! /eel drag works v  
well1 b x lacks ! smoo?+ action ( a well
 balanc$ log drag4   ,,se$ ,,h\se ,,&   
,,b>n ,,trucks  ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#bbe4--;,b>n ,trucks4 ,! plat=m truck is
 made to move box$ apples & o!r fruit4  
,! bag truck is well proportion$ &      
/rong1 b is n full iron$4  ,bag trucks =
 h&l+ bags ( gra9 & se$s %\ld be heavy4 
,bag truck :eels %\ld be eight in*es 9  
diamet] ) a ?ree-in* face4 ,! /eel b> or
 %oe t lifts & c>ries ! bag %\ld be     
tw5ty-two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,t means t !    

bottom ( ! truck 9 front is tw5ty-two   
in*es wide4 ,! :eels run beh9d ?is b> s 
! hubs d n project to cat* aga9/ /&+    
bags or door frames4 ,! l5g? ( truck    
h&les f ! /eel lift b> to ! top end ( ! 
h& crook is f\r feet1 six in*es4 ,9 buy+
 bag trucks x is bett] to get ! heavy   
solid k9d t w n upset4 ,! light ones are
 a great nuisance :5 runn+ !m ov] unev5 
floors4 ,! :eels are too n>r[ & too     
close toge!r & ! trucks tip ov] "u      
slight provocation4 ,plat=m trucks = use
 9 mov+ boxes ( apples or crates (      
potatoes or bags ( se$ 9 ! se$ h\se or  
w>eh\se also %\ld be heavy4 ,! mo/      
approv$ plat=m truck1 ! k9d t m>ket m5  
use1 is made ) a frame f\r feet 9 l5g?  
by two feet 9 wid?4 ,! frame is made (  
good solid h>dwood put toge!r ) mortise 
& t5on4 ,! cross pieces or /iles are    
?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* l[] ?an ! side     
pieces or rails1 :i* space is fill$ )   
h>dwood floor+ bo>ds firmly bolt$ to !  
cross pieces s !y come up flu% ) ! side 
timb]s4 ,! top ( ! plat=m %\ld be sixte5

 in*es up f ! floor4 ,!re are two /&>ds 
9 front :i* c>ry a wood5 crossb> ov] !  
front end ( ! truck4 ,?is crossb> is us$
 = a h&le to pu% or pull ! truck4 ,!    
height ( ! h&le-b> f ! floor is ?ree    
feet4 ,re> :eels are five in*es 9       
diamet] & "w on a swivel s !y turn 9 any
 direction l a ca/or4 ,! two front :eels
 c>ry ! ma9 weight4 ,!y are twelve in*es
 9 diamet] ) a ?ree-in* face4 ,! :eels  
are bor$ to fit a "o-in* /eel axle & h  
wide box+s bolt$ to ! ma9 timb]s ( !    
truck frame4 ,l ! two-:eel bag truck1 ! 
:eels ( ! plat=m truck are "u ! frame s 
!y d n project out 9 ! way1 :i* is a    
great advantage :5 ! truck is be+ us$ 9 
a cr[d$ place4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure   
#bbf4--;,f>m ,gate ,po/ ) ,copp] ,mail  
,box4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure            
#bbg4--;,concrete ,po/ ,support+ a      
,wat]pro( ,clo!s ,l9e ,reel ,box4       
,illu/ration3 ,figure #bbh4--;,dumb     
,wait]4 ,! cage is pois$ by a           
c\nt]weight4 ,x is guid$ by a rope belt 
:i* runs on groov$ pulleys at ! top &   

bottom4   ,,home ,,cann+ ,,outfit  ,!re 
are small cann+ outfits manufactur$ &   
sold = f>m use t "w on ! factory        
pr9ciple4 ,= cann+ vegetables1 ! heat+  
is done "u pressure because a great deal
 ( heat is necess>y to de/roy ! bact]ia 
t spoil vegetables 9 ! cans4 ,/eam "u   
pressure is a good deal hott] ?an boil+ 
wat]4 ,!re is consid]able "w 9 us+ a    
cann+ outfit1 b x gets ! cann+ out ( !  
way quickly4 ,extra help may be employ$ 
= a few days to d ! cann+ on ! same     
pr9ciple t f>m]s employ extra help at   
?re%+ "t & d x all up at once4 ,( c\rse1
 fruits & vegetables keep com+ along at 
diff]5t times 9 ! summ]1 b ! fall fruit 
cann+ may be done at two or ?ree sitt+s 
arrang$ a week or two ap>t & en\gh fruit
 pack$ away 9 ! cell> to la/ a big      
family a :ole ye>4 ,cann+ ma*9]y is     
simple & inexp5sive4 ,^! outfits may be 
b\ght f #aj up4 ,probably a #bj or #be  
cann] w\ld be l>ge en\gh = a l>ge       
family1 or a doz5 diff]5t families if x 
c\ld be run on a co-op]ative plan4      

,illu/ration3 ,figure #bbi4--;,clo!s    
,l9e ,tight5]4 ,?is device is made (    
,no4 #i wire b5t z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 
,illu/ration3 ,figure #bcj4--;,goat     
,/all4 ,mil* goats are milk$ on a rais$ 
plat=m4 ,fe$ is plac$ 9 ! mang]4 ,! op5+
 9 ! side ( ! mang] is a /an*ion to hold
 !m /eady4  ,illu/ration3 ,figure       
#bca4--;,horse ,clipp]s4 ,h& clipp]s are
 %[n to ! left4 ,! flexible %aft clipp] 
to ! "r may be turn$ by h& = clipp+ a   
few horses or %e>+ a few %eep1 b = real 
bus9ess x %\ld be driv5 by an electric  
motor4   ,,electric ,,t[el  ,! air t[el 
is sanit>y1 z well z an economical me?od
 ( dry+ ! h&s4 ,a foot p$al closes a    
quick-act+ swit*1 !reby putt+ into      
op]ation a bl[] t =ces air ?r\gh an     
electric heat+ device s arrang$ z to    
di/ribute ! w>m$ air to all p>ts ( ! h&s
 at ! same "t4 ,! supply ( hot air      
cont9ues z long z ! foot p$al is        
depress$4 ,! h&s are ?or\ghly dri$ 9    
?irty seconds4   ,,/alls ,,= ,,mil*     
,,goats  ,mil* goats are n fa/5$ )      

/an*ions l c[s4 ,! front ( ! mang] is   
bo>d$ tight ) ! exception ( a r\nd hole 
ab\t two feet high & a slit 9 ! bo>ds   
rea*+ f ! r\nd op5+ to )9 a few in*es ( 
! floor4 ,! r\nd hole is made l>ge en\gh
 s t ! goat puts h] head ?r\gh to rea* !
 fe$1 & ! slit is n>r[ en\gh s %e _c    
back up to pull ! fe$ out into ! /all4  
,?is is a device to save fodd]4         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #bcb4--;,hog      
,cat*+ ,hook4 ,! wood5 h&le fits loosely
 into ! iron socket4 ,z soon z ! hog's  
h9d leg is engag$ ! wood5 h&le is remov$
 & ! rope held taut4   ,,/able ,,helps  
,illu/ration3 ,figure #bcc4--;,bull     
,nose-,*a94 ,cross bulls may be turn$   
out to pa/ure ) "s degree ( safety by   
snapp+ a *a9 l ?is into ! nose-r+4 ,!   
*a9 %\ld be j long en\gh to sw+ & wrap  
ar\nd ! bull's front legs :5 he is      
runn+4 ,also ! l5g? is int5d$ to drag ! 
r+ :]e he w /ep on x ) 8 front feet4    
,!re is "s dang] ( pull+ ! nose r+ out4 
,illu/ration3 ,figure #bcd4--,manure    
,c>ri]s4 ,!re are two k9ds ( manure     

c>ri]s 9 g5]al use4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce
 is ! elevator atta*m5t = hoi/+ :5 !    
spread] /&s too high = ! usual level    
dump4  ,ov]head tracks h made fe$ c>ri]s
 possible4 ,litt] or fe$ c>ri]s & manure
 c>ri]s run on ! same k9d ( a track1 !  
only diff]5ce is 9 size & %ape ( ! c> & 
! mann] 9 :i* ! cont5ts are unload$4    
,manure c>ri]s & litt] c>ri]s h a       
cont9u\s track t runs along ov] ! manure
 gutt]s & ov]head l5g?wise ( ! fe$      
alleys4 ,!re are a numb] ( diff]5t k9ds 
( c>ri]s manufactur$1 all ( :i* seem to 
d good s]vice4 ,! object is to save     
labor 9 do+ ! necess>y "w ab\t dairy    
/ables4 ,to get ! greate/ possible pr(it
 f c[s1 x is absolutely necess>y t !    
/able %\ld be kept clean & sanit>y1 also
 t ! c[s %all be prop]ly f$ sev]al times
 a day4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( fe$ are giv5 at 
! diff]5t fe$+ p]iods4 ,x is impossible 
to h all ! diff]5t k9ds ( food /or$ 9   
suffici5t quantities )9 easy rea* ( !   
c[s4 ,h5ce1 ! necessity ( in/all+ "s    
me*anical arrangem5t to fet* & c>ry4 ,! 

only floor c>ri] 9 use 9 dairy /ables is
 a truck = silage4 ,n 9 e /able is ?is !
 case4 ,sometimes a fe$ c>ri] is run    
directly to ! silo4 ,x dep5ds a good    
deal on ! floor :at k9d ( a c>ri] is be/
 = silage4 ,! advantage ( an ov]head    
track is1 t x is always free f litt]4   
,:]e floor trucks are us$1 x is necess>y
 to keep ! floor b>e ( ob/ruction4 ,?is 
is n consid]$ a disadvantage because !  
floor %\ld be kept clean anyway4        
,illu/ration3 ,figure #bce4--;,c[       
,/an*ion4 ,wood5 c[ /an*ions may be made
 z com=table = ! c[s z ! iron ones4     
,,h\se ,,plumb+  ,:5 wat] is pump$ by an
 eng9e & /or$ = use 9 a tank to be      
deliv]$ "u pressure 9 ! h\se1 !n !      
additional co/ ( hot & cold wat] & !    
necess>y s9k & ba? room fixtures is     
comp>atively small4 ,mod]n plumb+       
fixtures fit s p]fectly & g toge!r s    
easily t ! co/ ( in/all+ h\se plumb+ 9 !
 c\ntry has be5 mat]ially r$uc$1 :ile ! 
dang]s f noxi\s gases h be5 entirely    
elim9at$4 ,op5 v5tilator pipes c>ry !   

poison\s gases up ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! h\se  
to float h>mlessly away 9 ! atmosph]e4  
,septic tanks take c>e ( ! sew]age bett]
 ?an ! sew] sy/ems 9 "s t[ns4 ,plumb+   
fixtures may be *eap or exp5sive1       
accord+ to ! wi%es & pocketbook ( !     
own]4 ,! *eap] grades are j z useful1 b 
!re are exp5sive outfits t are v mu* m  
ornam5tal4   ,,f>m ,,septic ,,tank      
,illu/ration3 ,figure #bcf4--;,frame =  
,hold+ ,record ,%eets 9 a ,dairy ,/able4
  ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bcg4--,load+   
,%ute = ,hogs4 ,?is load+ %ute is made  
portable & may be mov$ l a :eelb>r[4    
,supply+ wat] "u pressure 9 ! f>mh\se   
dem&s a septic tank to get rid ( ! wa/e4
 ,a septic tank is a sci5tific          
receptacle to take ! poison out (       
sew]age4 ,x is a simple affair consi/+ (
 two und]gr\nd comp>tm5ts1 made         
wat]-tight1 ) a sew] pipe to lead ! wa/e
 wat] f ! h\se into ! fir/ comp>tm5t & a
 dra9 to c>ry ! d5atur$ sew]age away f !
 second comp>tm5t4 ,! fir/ comp>tm5t is 
op5 to ! atmosph]e1 ?r\gh a v5tilator1 b

 ! second comp>tm5t is made z ne>ly     
air-tight z possible4 ,! sci5tific work+
 ( a septic tank dep5ds ^u ! de/ructive 
"w ( two k9ds ( microscopic life kn[n z 
a]obic & ana]obic =ms ( bact]ia4        
,sew]age 9 ! fir/ tank is work$ ov] by  
a]obic bact]ia1 ! k9d t require a small 
am\nt ( oxyg5 9 ord] to live & c>ry on  
_! "w4 ,! second comp>tm5t is inhabit$  
by ana]obic bact]ia1 or =ms (           
microscopic life t "w practically )\t   
air4 ,! pr9ciples ( con/ruction require 
t a septic tank %all be l>ge en\gh to   
conta9 two days' supply ( sew]age 9 ea* 
comp>tm5t2 ?us1 requir+ f\r days = !    
sew]age to ent] & leave ! tank4         
,illu/ration3 ,figure #bch4--;,brass    
,valves4 ,two k9ds ( globe valves are   
us$ 9 f>m wat]works4 ,! /raight valve   
%[n to ! left & ! "r angle valve to !   
"r4 ,ei!r "o may be fitt$ ) a long %ank 
to rea* above gr\nd :5 pipes are laid   
deep to prev5t freez+4  ,e/imat+ #ge    
gallons daily ( sew]age = ea* inhabitant
 ( ! h\se & f\r p]sons to a family1 !   

septic tank %\ld be l>ge en\gh to hold  
#fjj gallons1 ?ree hundr$ gallons 9 ea* 
comp>tm5t1 :i* w\ld require a tank ab\t 
f\r feet 9 wid? & six feet 9 l5g? & f\r 
feet 9 dep?4 ,^! figures embrace m cubic
 feet ( tank ?an necess>y to meet !     
=ego+ requirem5ts4 ,x is a good plan to 
leave a m>g9 ( safety4  ,illu/ration3   
,figure #bci4--,septic ,tank1 a d\ble   
antiseptic process = purify+ sew]age4   
,x is usual to lay a vitrifi$ sew]1 f\r 
in*es 9 diamet]1 f bel[ ! bottom ( !    
cell> to ! septic tank1 giv+ x a fall ( 
"o-eigh? in* 9 t5 feet4 ,! sew] ent]s ! 
tank at ! top ( ! /&+ liquid & deliv]s !
 fre% sew]age f ! h\se ?r\gh an elb[ & a
 leg ( pipe t rea*es to )9 ab\t six     
in*es ( ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,! reason =  
?is is to admit fre% sew]age )\t di/urb+
 ! scum on ! surface ( ! liquid 9 !     
tank4 ,! scum is a protection = !       
bact]ia4 ,x helps !m to c>ry on _! "w ( 
de/ruction4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to 
! second comp>tm5t4 ,! liquid f ! fir/  
comp>tm5t is c>ri$ ov] into ! second    

comp>tm5t by means ( a b5t pipe 9 ! =m (
 a siphon :i* fills up gradually &      
empties automatically :5 ! liquid 9 !   
fir/ comp>tm5t rises to a c]ta9 level4  
,! dis*>g+ siphon leg %\ld be ! %orte/4 
,! liquid f ! second comp>tm5t is       
dis*>g$ into ! dra9 9 ! same mann]4 ,!re
 are special valves made = ! f9al       
dis*>ge1 b !y are n necess>y4 ,! bottom 
( ! tank is dug deep en\gh to hold      
sew]age f two to f\r feet 9 dep?4 ,! top
 surface ( ! liquid 9 ! tank is held d[n
 to a level ( at lea/ six in*es bel[ !  
bottom ( ! cell>4 ,s !re is no possible 
*ance ( ! h\se sew] fill+ & back+ up    
t[>ds ! h\se4 ,usually ! vitrifi$ sew]  
pipe is f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 ! septic   
tank siphons = a small tank are ?ree    
in*es 9 diamet] & ! f9al dis*>ge pipe is
 ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a rapid fall = 
! fir/ t5 feet aft] leav+ ! tank4       
,septic tanks %\ld be made ( concrete1  
wat]pro($ on ! inside to prev5t !       
possibility ( seepage4 ,septic tank tops
 are made ( re9=c$ concrete ) manhole   

op5+s4 ,also ! manhole cov]s are made ( 
re9=c$ concrete1 ei!r bevel$ to fit !   
op5+s or made consid]ably l>g] ?an !    
op5+1 s t !y sit d[n flat on ! top      
surface ( ! tank4 ,^! cov]s are always  
deep en\gh d[n 9 ! gr\nd s t :5 cov]$   
ov] ! e>? holds !m 9 place4  ,9 lay+    
vitrifi$ sew] x is absolutely necess>y  
to calk ea* jo9t ) okum or lead1 or okum
 re9=c$ ) cem5t4 ,x is almo/ impossible 
to make a jo9t tight ) cem5t alone1     
al?\gh x c be done by an exp]t4 ,ea*    
l5g? ( ! sew]-pipe %\ld be giv5 a uni=m 
grade4 ,! vitrifi$ sew] is trapp$       
outside ( ! build+ ) an ord9>y ,s-trap  
v5tilat$1 :i* leaves ! sew] op5 to !    
atmosph]e & prev5ts ! possibility (     
back-pressure t might drive ! poison\s  
gases f ! decompos+ sew]age ?r\gh ! sew]
 back into ! h\se4 ,9 ?is way1 ! septic 
tank is made entirely sep>ate f ! h\se  
plumb+1 except t ! two sy/ems are       
connect$ at ?is outside trap4  ,x is    
sometimes recomm5d$ t ! wa/e wat] f !   
second comp>tm5t %all be di/ribut$ ?r\gh

 a s]ies ( dra9s made ) ?ree-in* or     
f\r-in* dra9 tile & t ! outlet ( ?is set
 ( dra9s %all empty into or connect ) a 
regul>ly organiz$ field dra9age sy/em4  
,g5]ally speak+1 ! f9al dis*>ge ( liquid
 f a septic tank t is prop]ly con/ruct$ 
is in(f5sive & h>mless4 ,h[ev]1 x is    
bett] to use e possible precaution to   
pres]ve ! heal? ( ! family1 & x is bett]
 to dispose ( ! f9al wa/e 9 su* a way z 
to prev5t any f>m animal f dr9k+ x4     
,:ile manholes are built into septic    
tanks = ! purpose ( exam9ation1 9       
practice !y are seldom requir$4 ,if !   
tanks are prop]ly built & rightly       
proportion$ to ! sew]age requirem5ts !y 
w take c>e ( ! wa/e wat] f ! h\se ye>   
aft] ye> )\t att5tion4 ,%\ld any        
accid5ts occur1 !y are m likely to be   
caus$ by a leakage 9 ! vitrifi$ sew] ?an
 f any o!r cause4 ,manufactur]s ( plumb+
 supplies furni% ! siphons toge!r )     
in/ructions = plac+ !m prop]ly 9 !      
concrete walls4 ,"s firms supply        
adv]tis+ matt] f :i* to "w out ! actual 

size & proportions ( ! diff]5t          
comp>tm5ts & all connections4 ,! mak+ ( 
a septic tank is simple :5 ! pr9ciple is
 once und]/ood4     ,,index             
,,page    ,acetyl5e gas                 
#abi   ,air pressure pump               
#ajg   ,anvil                           
#cc   ,apple-pick+ bag                  
#baf     ladd]                          
#bae   ,asp>agus knife                  
#bje   ,aug]1 %ip                       
#bf   ,aug]-bit                         
#bd1 #be   ,automatic hog fe$]          
#bai   ,axles1 wagon                    
#eb   ,babbitt+ box+s                   
#gc   ,b>n trucks                       
#bbf   ,belt pun*                       
#baa     "w                             
#adf   ,b5* & vise                      
#cd   ,b5* = iron "w                    
#ce     = woodwork+                     
#af   ,bipod                            
#bjf   ,bits1 ext5sion bor+             
#bf   ,bit1 twi/-drill1 = wood-bor+     
#be   ,blacksmi? hamm]s                 

#fa     %op                             
#ca   ,block & tackle                   
#gg   ,bobsleighs                       
#ahh   ,boil]1 /eam                     
#ij   ,bol/] spr+                       
#ahf     /ake                           
#ahg   ,bolt cutt]                      
#de   ,bolts1 c>riage & ma*9e           
#ef     em]g5cy                         
#ec     home-made                       
#eb     pl[ & sickle b>                 
#ef   ,box+s1 babbitt+                  
#gc   ,brace1 wagon-box                 
#eh   ,bramble hook                     
#bj   ,brass valves                     
#bcf   ,bre$+ crate = hogs              
#bjc   ,brick tr[el                     
#bji   ,bridge aug]                     
#bf   ,bucket yoke                      
#ge   ,buck rake                        
#afe   ,build+ bracket                  
#bjb   ,bull nose-*a9                   
#bcc     treadmill                      
#ha   ,cable hay /ack]                  
#agf   ,cali=nia hay rick]              

#agf   ,calip]s                         
#dc   ,calip] rule                      
#ad   ,cann+ outfit                     
#bbi   ,c>p5t]'s b5*                    
#ag     tre/le                          
#ag   ,c>t1 two-:eel                    
#aia   ,c5trifugal pumps                
#aje   ,*a91 logg+                      
#ej   ,*isels & g\ges                   
#bh   ,circul> saw1 fil+                
#fi     jo9t+                           
#fh     sett+                           
#fh   ,cle>+ l& by tractor              
#adf   ,clevises1 pl[                   
#eh   ,clod cru%]                       
#aee   ,clo!s l9e reel box1 concrete    
#bbh   ,clo!s l9e tight5]               
#bcj   ,cold-*isel                      
#cg   ,colt-break+ sulkey               
#aib   ,compasses                       
#ah   ,concrete c5t] alley = hog h\se   
#bji     f>m scale base & pit           
#aif     hog wall[                      
#bji     wall mold                      
#baj   ,conv5i5ces1 miscellane\s f>m    

#aid   ,conveyances1 f>m                
#agi   ,corn crib1 d\ble                
#bja     two-/ory                       
#aid   ,corn cultivator                 
#adb     plant]                         
#aeh     %ock horse                     
#bjh   ,cott] p9 tool                   
#dd   ,c\lt] clamp                      
#ed   ,c\nt]s9k                         
#da   ,c[ /an*ion                       
#bcd   ,crop ma*9]y1 special            
#afa   ,crops1 k9d (1 to irrigate       
#aah   ,cr[b>s                          
#df   ,cultivator1 comb9ation           
#adc     corn                           
#adb   ,cutt+ nipp]s                    
#df   ,d]rick =k                        
#afh   ,dies & taps                     
#ee   ,digg]s1 potato                   
#bje   ,disk h>r[                       
#aeb     pl[                            
#acg   ,dog *urn                        
#gi     p[]                             
#hj   ,draw-fil+                        
#fb   ,draw+-knife                      

#bb   ,drill1 gra9                      
#afj     p[] po/                        
#ch   ,drill-press                      
#ci     electric                        
#dj   ,driv5 ma*9es                     
#ajj   ,dumbwait]                       
#bbi   ,economy ( pl[+ by tractor       
#adf   ,electricity on ! f>m            
#aba1 #abg   ,electric light+           
#abc   ,electric p[] plant              
#abb     t[el                           
#bca   ,elevat+ ma*9]y                  
#acc   ,elevator1 gra9                  
#acd   ,em]y gr9d]s                     
#ca   ,eng9e & truck1 portable          
#id   ,eng9e1 gasol9e                   
#ia     k]os5e                          
#ib     /eam                            
#ij   ,ev5]s = ?ree- & f\r-horse teams  
#aci   ,ext5sion bor+ bits              
#bf   ,f>m conv5i5ces                   
#aid     conveyances                    
#agi     (fice                          
#aid     %op & implem5t h\se            
#i     %op "w                           

#ej     tractor                         
#ig     wat]works                       
#hi1 #ajj   ,fe$ cru%]                  
#aca   ,fe$+ racks                      
#bag   ,f5ce-mak+ tools                 
#bje1 #bjf   ,f5ce pli]s                
#bjg   ,file h&le                       
#cf   ,files & rasps                    
#cf   ,fil+ h& saw                      
#ef     roll                            
#fc   ,flail                            
#ge   ,=e-plane                         
#bg   ,=ge                              
#cb   ,=ges1 portable                   
#cb   ,=g+ iron & /eel                  
#ei   ,fruit pick+                      
#bab     ladd]s                         
#bae     tray                           
#bac   ,fruit-?9n+ nipp]s               
#bad   ,gambrel :iffletree              
#agc   ,g>age                           
#aj   ,g>d5 we$]                        
#ed   ,gas1 acetyl5e                    
#abi   ,gasol9e eng9e                   
#ia     h\se lightn+                    

#abh   ,gate1 slid+ field               
#bje   ,gatepo/ ) copp] mailbox         
#bbg   ,gauge1 d\ble-m>k+               
#bb   ,g5]at+ me*anical p[]             
#gd   ,goat /all                        
#bcj   ,gra9 drill                      
#afj     elevator                       
#acd     elevator1 portable             
#ace   ,grass hook                      
#afc   ,gr9d/one                        
#bh   ,hacksaw                          
#de   ,hamm]s1 blacksmi?                
#fa     ma*9i/'s                        
#db   ,h& axe                           
#bc   ,h& saw                           
#ai1 #fe     fil+                       
#ff     jo9t+                           
#fe     sett+                           
#fe     us+                             
#fg   ,h&spike                          
#bd   ,h>dy                             
#dc   ,h>ness pun*                      
#baa   ,h>r[ c>t                        
#aed     disk                           
#aeb     sl$                            

#ada     spike-too?                     
#ada   ,h>ve/+ by tractor               
#adf   ,hay c>ri] c>riage               
#agb   ,hay crop1 h&l+                  
#afc   ,hay d]ricks1 ,idaho             
#aga     ,we/]n                         
#afi   ,hay=d1 d\ble h>poon             
#afi     grapple                        
#agj     hit*                           
#agc     hood                           
#aig   ,hayrake1 revolv+                
#afc   ,hay rick]1 ,cali=nia            
#agf   ,hay rope pulleys                
#agd   ,hay skids                       
#afg   ,hay sl+                         
#afg   ,hay /ack]1 cable                
#agf   ,hay/ack knife                   
#afh   ,hay-t$d]                        
#afe   ,hay-track ro( ext5sion          
#aig   ,hoe1 h[ to %>p5                 
#gj     :eel                            
#afb   ,hoes & we$]s                    
#bjd   ,hog cat*+ hook                  
#bcb   ,hog fe$]1 automatic             
#bai     tr\gh                          

#bba     tr\gh1 re9=c$                  
#bbb     wall[1 concrete                
#bji   ,hoi/1 olde/ f>m                 
#acc   ,hoi/s                           
#gh   ,home repair "w1 pr(itable        
#ej   ,horse clipp]s                    
#bca   ,horse fe$+ rack                 
#bah   ,horsep[]                        
#hf   ,h\se plumb+                      
#bcd   ,husk+-p9                        
#bjh   ,hydraulic ram                   
#ie   ,idaho hay d]ricks                
#aga   ,implem5t %$                     
#aj     %$ & "w %op                     
#ab   ,iron1 =g+                        
#ei   ,irons = neckyoke & :iffletree    
#ea   ,iron roll]                       
#aeg   ,iron work+ tools                
#db   ,irrigation                       
#aab     by pump+                       
#aab     ov]head spray                  
#aaf   ,jo9t]1 c>p5t]'s                 
#bg   ,jo9t] pl[s                       
#add   ,jo9t+ h& saw                    
#fe   ,k]os5e eng9e                     

#ib   ,keyhole saw                      
#bj   ,knife1 asp>agus                  
#bje     corn cutt+                     
#bje     hay/ack                        
#afh   ,knots                           
#bab   ,lag screw                       
#eg   ,l& float                         
#aef   ,level1 c>p5t]'s                 
#bd     iron /ock                       
#be   ,light+1 gasol9e                  
#abh   ,l9*p9 f>m wagons                
#ahe   ,l9k1 cold-%ut                   
#dc     pl[                             
#eh   ,load+ *ute = hogs                
#bce   ,logg+ *a9                       
#ej   ,ma*9es1 driv5                    
#ajj   ,ma*9i/'s hamm]s                 
#db     vise                            
#dg   ,manure c>ri]s                    
#bcc   ,m>l9e spike                     
#bab   ,measur+ me*anical "w            
#ad   ,me*anical p[]1 g5]at+            
#gd   ,me*anics ( pl[+                  
#ach   ,melt+ ladle                     
#gc   ,monkey-wr5*                      

#ai   ,mule pump                        
#hd   ,nail hamm]s                      
#ba   ,nail set                         
#cg   ,(fice1 f>m                       
#aid   ,oil/one                         
#ae   ,ov]head spray irrigation         
#aaf   ,ox5                             
#aha   ,pa9t bru%es                     
#bab   ,pea gu>d                        
#afh   ,pick+ fruit                     
#bab   ,pig-p51 sanit>y                 
#baj   ,p9c]s                           
#dd   ,pipe cutt]                       
#dh   ,pipe-fitt+ tools                 
#df   ,pipe vise                        
#dg     wr5*                            
#dh   ,pla/]+ tr[el                     
#bji   ,pli]s                           
#ah   ,pl[1 heavy-break+                
#bbd     rid+                           
#adj     walk+                          
#ach   ,pl[+ by tractor                 
#ade     importance (                   
#acg     me*anics (                     
#ach   ,pl[s1 jo9t]                     

#add     ,scot*                         
#adc   ,plumb-bob & plumb-l9e           
#bjf   ,plumb+1 h\se                    
#bcd   ,pod-bit                         
#be   ,portable f>m eng9e               
#id   ,po/-hole digg]s                  
#bjd   ,p\ltry fe$+ tr\gh               
#bbb   ,p[] conveyor                    
#aba   ,p[]1 g5]at+ me*anical           
#ge   ,p[] po/ drill                    
#ch   ,p[] transmission                 
#abj   ,pulv]iz]s                       
#aee   ,pump1 air pressure              
#ajg     c5trifugal                     
#aje     mule                           
#hd     jack                            
#aji     jacks & spe$ jacks             
#aaa     rot>y                          
#ajc     suction                        
#aja   ,pun*es                          
#cg   ,quantity ( wat] to use 9         
irrigation           #aah   ,racks1 fe$+
                                   #bag 
%eep fe$+                               
#bai   ,raft] grapple                   

#agc   ,rasp                            
#ce   ,rasps & files                    
#cf   ,rat*et-brace                     
#dj   ,refrig]ation                     
#abc   ,res]voir = supply+ wat] to f>m  
build+s  #abj   ,revolv+ hayrake        
#afc   ,rid+ pl[                        
#adj   ,ripsaw                          
#ba   ,rivets                           
#ec   ,rivet set                        
#ed   ,road drag1 split-log             
#bbj     /eel                           
#bbe   ,road "w                         
#adf   ,roll]                           
#aef   ,roll fil+                       
#fc   ,ro( pit*es                       
#bjj     truss                          
#aii   ,root pulp]                      
#acj   ,rot>y pumps                     
#ajc   ,r\nd b>n1 economy (             
#aif   ,rule ( six1 eight & t5          
#aii   ,s& b&s                          
#ahg     caps                           
#ahh   ,sanit>y pig-p5                  
#baj   ,saw1 hack                       

#de   ,scot* pl[s                       
#adc   ,screwdriv]                      
#bc     rat*et                          
#bd   ,se$ h\se trucks                  
#bbf   ,septic tank                     
#bce   ,set-screws                      
#fd   ,%ave horse                       
#ah   ,%e>s                             
#bag   ,%eep fe$+ rack                  
#bai   ,%eep%ank                        
#bab   ,%ip aug]                        
#bf   ,%oe+ horses                      
#ga     knife                           
#cd     tool box                        
#cd   ,%op1 g>age & implem5t %$         
#aj   ,%op tools                        
#ad   ,slaught] h\se                    
#aih   ,slid+ field gate                
#bje   ,snips1 %eet metal               
#be   ,soil aug]                        
#bjd     tools                          
#bjb   ,soil1 work+ !                   
#acg   ,spe$ indicator                  
#bja     jacks                          
#aaa   ,split-log road drag             

#bbj   ,spud                            
#bje   ,/able helps                     
#bcb   ,/all = mil* goats               
#bcb   ,/eam boil] & eng9e              
#ij   ,/eel1 =g+                        
#ei     road drag                       
#bbe     squ>e                          
#bb     tools1 mak+                     
#fj   ,/epladd]                         
#baf   ,/ock = dies                     
#ee   ,/one-boat                        
#agi   ,/ump pull]                      
#aca   ,suction pumps                   
#aja   ,sulkey1 colt-break+             
#aib   ,s wr5*es                        
#dd   ,tapel9e                          
#ae   ,tap] ream]                       
#da     tap                             
#ef   ,taps & dies                      
#ee   ,temp]+ /eel tools                
#fj   ,tongs                            
#dc   ,tool box = field use             
#gb     h&y                             
#gb   ,tool rack1 blacksmi?             
#cd   ,tools = f5ce-mak+                

#bje     = woodwork+                    
#ai     = work+ iron                    
#db     pipe-fitt+                      
#df     soil                            
#bjb   ,tractor economy                 
#adf     f>m                            
#ig     transmission ge>                
#ih     us$ 9 pl[+                      
#ade     uses =1 on f>m                 
#adf   ,tram po9ts                      
#dj   ,travoy                           
#ahc   ,treadmill1 bull                 
#ha   ,tree prun]s                      
#baf   ,tr[el1 brick                    
#bji     pla/]+                         
#bji   ,trucks1 b>n                     
#bbf   ,try-squ>e                       
#bb   ,twi/-drills                      
#be1 #da   ,u bolt 9 cem5t              
#eg   ,uses ( electricity on f>m        
#abf   ,valves1 brass                   
#bcf   ,vise                            
#ch   ,wagon-box irons                  
#eg   ,wagon brakes                     
#ahf     seat spr+                      

#ahg   ,walk+ pl[                       
#ach   ,wat]-p[]                        
#hh   ,wat] /orage                      
#ajj   ,wat]works1 f>m                  
#ajj   ,well sweep                      
#gf   ,:eelb>r[                         
#ahj   ,:eel hoe                        
#afb   ,w9*es                           
#gi   ,w9dmills                         
#hc   ,wire splice                      
#eb     splic]                          
#dd     /ret*]                          
#gg   ,wood5 clamp                      
#ah     roll]                           
#aeg   ,wood-saw frames                 
#abi   ,woodwork+ b5*                   
#af     tools                           
#ai   ,work+ ! soil                     
#acg   ,wreck+ b>                       
#bd       ,,drake',s ,,me*anical ,,books
                                        
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
99,title                                
,/yle  ,price                           

----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,electrical ,books    ,electrical       
,tables & ,eng9e]+ ,data                
99,lea4    #a4ej   ,electrical ,tables &
 ,eng9e]+ ,data              99,clo?    
#a4jj   ,motion ,picture ,op]ation      
99,lea4     #a4ej   ,motion ,picture    
,op]ation                               
99,clo?    #a4jj   ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t    
,lea4     #a4ej   ,alt]nat+ ,curr5t     
,clo?    #a4jj   ,wir+ ,diagrams &      
,descriptions                    99,lea4
     #a4ej   ,wir+ ,diagrams &          
,descriptions                    99,clo?
    #a4jj   ,armature & ,magnet ,w9d+   
99,lea4     #a4ej   ,armature & ,magnet 
,w9d+                         99,clo?   
#a4jj   ,mod]n ,electric ,illum9ation   
99,lea4     #a4ej   ,mod]n ,electric    
,illum9ation                            
99,clo?    #a4jj   ,mod]n ,electrical   
,con/ruction                            
99,lea4     #a4ej   ,mod]n ,electrical  
,con/ruction                            

99,clo?    #a4jj   ,electricians'       
,op]at+ & ,te/+ ,manual          99,lea4
     #a4ej   ,electricians' ,op]at+ &   
,te/+ ,manual          99,clo?    #a4jj 
,drake's ,electrical ,diction>y         
,lea4     #a4ej   ,drake's ,electrical  
,diction>y                        ,clo? 
#a4jj   ,electric ,motors1 ,direct &    
,alt]nat+             99,lea4     #a4ej 
,electric ,motors1 ,direct & ,alt]nat+  
99,clo?    #a4jj   ,electrical          
,measurem5ts & ,met] ,te/+              
,lea4     #a4ej   ,electrical           
,measurem5ts & ,met] ,te/+              
,clo?    #a4jj   ,drake's ,telephone    
,h&book                           ,lea4 
#a4ej   ,drake's ,telephone ,h&book     
,clo?    #a4jj   ,elem5t>y ,electricity1
 ,up-to-,date                  99,clo?  
#a4be   ,electricity ,made ,simple      
99,clo?    #a4jj   ,easy ,electrical    
,exp]im5ts                              
99,clo?    #a4jj   ,wireless ,telegraph 
& ,telephone ,h&book            ,clo?   
#a4jj   ,telegraphy1 ,self-taught       

,clo?    #a4jj   ,dynamo-,electric      
,ma*9es                                 
,clo?    #a4ej   ,electro-,plat+ ,h&book
                             ,lea4      
#a4ej   ,electro-,plat+ ,h&book         
,clo?    #a4jj   ,mod]n ,am]ican        
,telephony                              
,lea4     #b4jj   ,h&y ,ve/-,pocket     
,electrical ,diction>y                  
,lea4      4#ej   ,h&y ,ve/-,pocket     
,electrical ,diction>y                  
,clo?     4#be   ,/orage ,batt]ies      
,clo?     4#ej   ,elevators--,hydraulic 
& ,electric                    ,clo?    
#a4jj   ,h[ to ,become a ,successful    
,motorman                  ,lea4        
#a4ej   ,motorman's ,practical ,air     
,brake ,in/ructor            ,lea4      
#a4ej   ,electric ,railway ,tr\bles     
,clo?    #a4ej   ,electric ,p[] ,/ations
                              ,clo?     
#b4ej   ,electrical ,railroad+          
,lea4     #c4ej    ,,note4--,new ,books 
& ,revis$ ,editions are m>k$99          
----------------------------------------

--------------------------              
99,title                                
,/yle  ,price                           
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
,automobile ,books    ,brookes'         
,automobile ,h&book4                    
99,lea4    #b4jj   ,automobile ,/>t+ &  
,light+                    99,lea4      
#a4ej   ,automobile ,/>t+ & ,light+     
99,clo?    #a4jj   ,=d ,motor ,c> &     
,truck & ,tractor ,atta*m5ts    99,lea4 
#a4ej   ,=d ,motor ,c> & ,truck &       
,tractor ,atta*m5ts    99,clo?    #a4jj 
,automobile ,cate*ism & ,repair ,manual 
99,lea4     #a4be   ,practical ,gas &   
,oil ,eng9e ,h&book                     
99,lea4     #a4ej   ,practical ,gas &   
,oil ,eng9e ,h&book                     
99,clo?    #a4jj    ,,note4--,new ,books
 & ,revis$ ,editions are m>k$99         
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
99,title                                
,/yle  ,price                           

----------------------------------------
--------------------------    ,f>m      
,books    ,f>m ,build+s1 ,) ,plans &    
,descriptions         99,clo?   #a4jj   
,f>m ,me*anics                          
99,clo?    #a4jj   ,traction ,f>m+ &    
,traction ,eng9e]+           99,clo?    
#a4ej   ,f>m ,eng9es & ,h[ to ,run ,!m  
,clo?    #a4jj    ,,note4--,new ,books &
 ,revis$ ,editions are m>k$99           
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
99,title                                
,/yle  ,price                           
----------------------------------------
--------------------------    ,%op      
,practice ,books    ,tw5tie? ,c5tury    
,ma*9e ,%op ,practice              ,clo?
   #b4jj   ,practical ,me*anical ,draw+ 
,clo?    #b4jj   ,%eet ,metal ,work]s'  
,manual                         99,lea4 
#b4jj   ,oxy-,acetyl5e ,weld+ & ,cutt+  
99,lea4     #a4ej   ,oxy-,acetyl5e      
,weld+ & ,cutt+                         
99,clo?    #a4jj   #bj? ,c5tury         

,toolsmi? & ,/eelwork]                  
,clo?    #a4ej   ,patt]n ,mak+ & ,f\ndry
 ,practice                  ,lea4       
#a4ej   ,mod]n ,blacksmi?+1 ,horse%oe+ &
 ,wagon ,mak+  ,clo?    #a4jj           
,,note4--,new ,books & ,revis$ ,editions
 are m>k$99                             
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
99,title                                
,/yle  ,price                           
----------------------------------------
--------------------------    ,/eam     
,eng9e]+ ,books    ,sw+le's ,h&book =   
,/eam ,eng9e]s &   ,electricians        
99,lea4    #c4jj   ,/eam ,boil]s1       
,con/ruction1 ,c>e & ,op]ation          
99,lea4     #a4ej   ,complete           
,exam9ation ,que/ions & ,answ]s =       
,m>9e & ,/ation>y ,eng9e]s              
99,lea4     #a4ej   ,sw+le's ,cate*ism (
 ,/eam1 ,gas & ,electrical   ,eng9e]+   
99,lea4      #a4ej   ,! ,/eam ,turb9e1  
,its ,c>e & ,op]ation           ,clo?   
#a4jj   ,calculation ( ,horse ,p[] ,made

 ,easy                ,clo?      4#ge   
,,note4--,new ,books & ,revis$ ,editions
 are m>k$99                             
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
99,title                                
,/yle  ,price                           
----------------------------------------
--------------------------    ,railroad 
,books    ,mod]n ,locomotive ,eng9e]+   
99,lea4    #c4jj   ,locomotive          
,fireman's ,boil] ,in/ructor            
99,lea4     #a4ej   ,locomotive ,eng9e  
,breakd[ns & ,h[ to ,repair ,!m 99,lea4 
#a4ej   ,op]ation ( ,tra9s & ,/ation ,"w
                99,lea4     #b4jj       
,con/ruction & ,ma9t5ance ( ,railway    
,roadb$   & ,track                      
,lea4     #b4jj   ,fir/1 ,second & ,?ird
 ,ye> ,/&>d ,exam9ation   ,que/ions &   
,answ]s = ,locomotive ,firem5           
99,lea4     #b4jj   ,complete ,air      
,brake ,exam9ation ,que/ions &   ,answ]s
                                        
99,lea4     #b4jj   ,we/+h\se ,air      

,brake ,sy/em                           
,clo?    #b4jj   ,new ,york ,air ,brake 
,sy/em                            ,clo? 
#b4jj   ,wals*a]t ,valve ,ge> ,breakd[ns
                     ,clo?    #a4jj     
,,note4--,new ,books & ,revis$ ,editions
 are m>k$99                             
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
99,title                                
,/yle  ,price                           
----------------------------------------
--------------------------    ,c>p5try &
 ,build+ ,books    ,mod]n ,c>p5try4 ,two
 volumes                        ,clo?   
#b4jj   ,mod]n ,c>p5try4 ,vol4  ,i      
,clo?    #a4jj   ,mod]n ,c>p5try4 ,vol4 
,,ii                            ,clo?   
#a4jj   ,! ,/eel ,squ>e4 ,two volumes   
,clo?    #b4jj   ,! ,/eel ,squ>e4 ,vol4 
,i                            ,clo?     
#a4jj   ,! ,/eel ,squ>e4 ,vol4 ,,ii     
,clo?    #a4jj   ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ( ! ,/eel  
,squ>e                         ,clo?    
4#ej   ,common ,s5se ,/air ,build+ &    

,h&rail+          ,clo?    #a4jj        
,mod]n ,e/imator & ,contractor's ,guide 
99,clo?    #a4ej   ,light & ,heavy      
,timb] ,fram+ ,made ,easy               
,clo?    #b4jj   ,build]s' ,ar*itectural
 ,draw+ ,self-taught          ,clo?     
#b4jj   ,easy ,/eps to ,ar*itecture     
,clo?    #a4ej   ,five ,ord]s (         
,ar*itecture                            
,clo?    #a4ej   ,build]s' &            
,contractors' ,guide                    
,clo?    #a4ej   ,practical ,bungal[s & 
,cottages                    99,clo?    
#a4jj   ,l[ ,co/ ,am]ican ,homes        
99,clo?    #a4jj   ,practical ,cab9et   
,mak] & ,furniture ,design]       ,clo? 
#b4jj   ,practical ,wood ,c>v+          
,clo?    #a4ej   ,home ,furniture ,mak+ 
,clo?     4#fj   ,concretes1 ,cem5ts1   
,mort>s1 ,pla/]s & ,/uccos    ,clo?     
#a4ej   ,practical ,/eel ,con/ruction   
,clo?     4#ge   #bj? ,c5tury ,bricklay]
 & ,mason's ,assi/ant        ,clo?      
#a4ej   ,practical ,bricklay+           
,self-taught                    ,clo?   

#a4jj   ,practical ,/onemasonry         
,clo?    #a4jj   ,practical ,up-to-date 
,plumb+                        ,clo?    
#a4ej   ,hot ,wat] ,heat+1 ,/eam & ,gas 
,fitt+             ,clo?    #a4ej       
,practical ,h&book = ,millwrights       
,clo?    #b4jj   ,boat ,build+ =        
,amateurs                               
,clo?    #a4jj    ,,note4--,new ,books &
 ,revis$ ,editions are m>k$99           
----------------------------------------
--------------------------              
99,title                                
,/yle  ,price                           
----------------------------------------
--------------------------    ,pa9t+    
,books    ,art ( ,sign ,pa9t+           
99,clo?   #c4jj   ,sc5e ,pa9t+ &        
,bullet9 ,art                           
99,clo?    #c4jj   ,a ,%[ at ,%o',c>ds  
,clo?    #c4jj   ,/rong's ,book (       
,designs                                
99,lea4     #c4jj   ,signi/'s ,mod]n    
,book ( ,alphabets                      
,clo?    #a4ej   ,amateur ,arti/        

,clo?    #a4jj   ,mod]n ,pa9t]'s        
,cyclop$ia                              
,clo?    #a4ej   ,r$ ,book ,s]ies (     
,trade ,s*ool ,manuals     #a4 ,ext]ior 
,pa9t+1 ,wood1 ,iron & ,brick           
,clo?     4#fj     #b4 ,int]ior ,pa9t+1 
,wat] & ,oil ,colors         ,clo?      
4#fj     #c4 ,colors                    
,clo?     4#fj     #d4 ,gra9+ & ,m>bl+  
,clo?     4#fj     #e4 ,c>riage ,pa9t+  
,clo?     4#fj     #f4 ,! ,wood ,f9i%]  
,clo?     4#fj   ,new ,h>dwood ,f9i%+   
,clo?    #a4jj   ,automobile ,pa9t+     
99,clo?    #a4be   ,e/imates1 ,co/s &   
,pr(its--,h\se ,pa9t+ &   ,int]ior      
,decorat+                               
99,clo?    #a4jj    ,,note4--,new ,books
 & ,revis$ ,editions are m>k$99         
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----------------------------            
,,transcrib]',s ,,notes                 
,! text ( ! orig9al "w has be5 ma9ta9$1 
except z           m5tion$ bel[4        
,*ang$ = consi/5cy3 screwdriv] to       
screw-driv]1 p5e to pe51    homemade to 

home-made1 ballbe>+ to ball-be>+1       
horse-p[] to     horsep[]1 d\ble-tree to
 d\bletree1 & eye-bolt to eyebolt4 ,9   
! ,index1 ! foll[+ words h be5 *ang$ to 
con=m to !     text3 sulkey to sulky1 & 
re-in=c$ to re9=c$4 ,all                
dim5sions h be5 /&>dis$ to a x b 7) a & 
b               repres5t+ two numb]s74  
,typographical errors correct$3         
azotabact] to azotobact] 7p4            
#ach71 devise to device 7p4 #bcb71      
an>obic to ana]obic 7p4 #bcf71       &  
,hay=d to ,hay=k 7,index74 ,"s m9or     
typographical errors        h be5       
correct$ sil5tly4                       
,page #aeh3 ! s-call$ humid sections    
%\ld possibly be !       s-call$ arid   
sections4                               
,! adv]tisem5ts h be5 re-arrang$ to a   
s+le li/ p]          subject4           
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