,,am]ican ,,grape ,,tra9+ ,an acc\nt ( ! lead+ =ms n[ 9 use ( ,tra9+ ! ,am]ican ,grapes4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,rural ,,publi%+ ,,company #ahic4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,annals ( ,horticulture 9 ,nor? ,am]ica = ! ye> #ahhi4 ,a witness ( pass+ ev5ts & a record ( progress4 #bdi pages1 #eb illu/rations4 ,annals = #ahij4 #cab pages1 #hb illu/rations4 ,annals = #ahia4 #daf pages1 #gg illu/rations4 ,annals = #ahib4 99499 ,a new volume is issu$ ea* ye>1 ea* complete 9 itself4 ,clo?1 #a2 pap]1 #fj c5ts4 ,! ,horticulturi/'s ,rule-,book4 ,a comp5dium ( useful in=mation = fruit-gr[]s1 truck-g>d5]s1 flori/s & o!rs4 ,second edition1 revis$ to ! op5+ ( #ahib4 #bba pages4 ,clo?1 #a2 pap]1 #ej c5ts4 ,! ,nurs]y ,book4 ,a complete guide to ! multiplication & poll9ation ( plants4 #cjd pages1 #ajf illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #a2 pap]1 #ej;c4 ,cross-,bre$+ & ,hybridiz+4 ,) a brief bibliography ( ! subject4 #dd pages4 ,pap]1 #dj c5ts4 7,rural ,libr>y ,s]ies47 ,field ,notes on ,apple ,culture4 #ij pages1 #ai illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #ge c5ts4 ,talks ,afield3 ,ab\t plants & ! sci5ce ( plants4 #agc pages1 #ajj illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #a4 ,,copyright$ #ahic1 ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,,electrotyp$ ,,& ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,j4 ,,horace ,m',,f>l& ,,co41 ,,h>risburg1 ,,pa4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,pages ,introduction #i-aa ,prun+ #aa-bd ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,prelim9>y ,prep>ations = ,tra9+--,! ,trellis--,ty+ #be-cc ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,upright ,sy/ems4 7,horizontal ,arm ,spur ,sy/em4 ,high ,r5ewal4 ,fan ,tra9+7 #cd-ee ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,droop+ ,sy/ems4 7,true or ,f\r-,cane ,kniff94 ,modifications ( ! ,f\r-,cane ,kniff94 ,! ,two-,cane ,kniff9 or ,umbrella ,sy/em4 ,! ,l[ or ,"o-,wire ,kniff94 ,! ,six-,cane ,kniff94 ,ov]head1 or ,arbor ,kniff94 ,! ,cross-,wire ,sy/em4 ,r5ewal ,kniff94 ,! ,munson ,sy/em7 #ef-hb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,miscellane\s ,sy/ems4 7,horizontal ,tra9+4 ,po/ ,tra9+4 ,arbors4 ,remodel+ ,old ,v9es7 #hc-ib ,illu/ration3 7,draw+ ( grapes7 ,,illu/rations4 ,,page #a4 ,grape ,%oot #ab #b4 ,! ,be>+ ,wood #ac #c4 ,diagram #ae #d4 ,spur #ah #e4 ,r5ewal ,prun+ #ai #f4 ,a ,newly ,set ,v9ey>d #ba #g4 ,horizontal ,arm ,spur ,tra9+ #ce #h4 ,horizontal ,arm 7,diagram7 #cf #i4 ,%ort ,arm ,spur ,tra9+ #ch #aj4 ,! ,second ,season ( ,upright ,tra9+ #dj #aa4 ,mak+ ! ,t-,head #db #ab4 ,! ,?ird ,season ( ,high ,r5ewal #dc #ac4 ,high ,r5ewal1 be=e ,prun+ #dd #ad4 ,high ,r5ewal1 ,prun$ #de #ae4 ,high ,r5ewal1 ,prun$ & ,ti$ #df #af4 ,high ,r5ewal ) ,f\r ,canes #dg #ag4 ,high ,r5ewal ,complete #dh #ah4 ,a ,slat ,trellis1 ) ,upright ,tra9+ #ea #ai4 ,fan ,tra9+1 aft] ,prun+ #ee #bj4 ,william ,kniff9 #eg #ba4 ,! ,true ,kniff9 ,tra9+ #ei #bb4 ,no4 #ba1 :5 ,prun$ #fj #bc4 ,a ,poor ,type ( ,kniff9 #fd #bd4 ,! ,y-,trunk ,kniff9 #fe #be4 ,umbrella ,tra9+ #fg #bf4 ,a ,poor ,umbrella ,sy/em #fh #bg4 ,eight-,cane ,kniff9 7,diagram7 #gj #bh4 ,ov]head ,kniff9 #ga #bi4 ,ov]head ,kniff9 #gb #cj4 ,ov]head ,kniff91 be=e ,prun+ #gc #ca4 ,cross-,wire ,tra9+ #ge #cb4 ,cross-,wire ,tra9+1 ,outside ,view #gf #cc4 ,munson ,tra9+4 ,end ,view #gh #cd4 ,munson ,tra9+4 ,side ,view #gi #ce4 ,horizontal ,tra9+ #hc #cf4 ,l[ ,po/ ,tra9+ #hf #cg4 ,a ,ye>l+ ,graft #ia ,,preface4 ,?is little book has gr[n out ( an attempt to tea* ! pr9ciples & me?ods ( grape tra9+ to college /ud5ts4 ,i h f\nd su* tea*+ to be exce$+ly difficult & unsatisfactory4 ,x is impossible to firmly impress ! lessons by m]e lectures4 ,! /ud5t mu/ appreh5d ! pr9ciples sl[ly & by 8 own ef=t4 ,he mu/ h "t to ?or\ghly assimilate !m be=e he attempts to apply !m4 ,i !re=e ca/ ab\t = books :i* ,i c\ld put be=e my class1 b ,i at once f\nd t !re are v few succ9ct acc\nts ( ! subjects ( grape prun+ & tra9+1 & t none ( our books portray ! me?ods :i* are mo/ l>gely practis$ 9 ! l>ge grape regions ( ! ea/4 ,my only rec\rse1 !re=e1 0 to put my own notes into %ape = pr9t1 & ?is ,i h n[ done4 ,& inasmu* z all grape-gr[]s are /ud5ts1 ,i hope t ! simple acc\nt w f9d a use beyond ! classroom4 ,?is lack ( adequate acc\nts ( grape tra9+ at fir/ a/oni%$ me1 b is n /range aft] all4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! cultivation ( ! native grape is ( v rec5t orig94 ,!re are _m m5 :o c rememb] its beg9n+ 9 a comm]cial way4 ,x seldom occurs to ! y\ng] g5]ation1 :i* is famili> ) ! great v9ey>ds 9 _m /ates1 t ! ,concord is yet sc>cely =ty ye>s old1 & t all grape gr[+ 9 ea/]n ,am]ica is yet 9 an exp]im5tal /age4 ,progress has be5 s rapid 9 rec5t ye>s t ! new me?ods out/rip ! books4 ,! old horizontal arm spur sy/em1 :i* is /ill ! *ief me?od 9 ! books1 has evolv$ itself into a high r5ewal tra9+1 :i* is widely us$ b :i* has n f\nd its way into ! manuals4 ,! ,kniff9 type has outgr[n its long p]iod ( incubation1 & is n[ tak+ an assur$ place 9 v9ey>d managem5t4 ,s two great types1 oppos$ 9 me?od1 are n[ cont5d+ = supremacy1 & !y w probably =m ! basis ( all future developm5ts4 ,?is evolution ( ,am]ican grape tra9+ is "o ( ! mo/ unique & signal developm5ts ( our mod]n horticulture1 & its v rec5t dep>ture f ! e>ly d\bts & trials is a fre% illu/ration ( ! y\? & virility ( all horticultural pursuits 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?is developm5t ( our grape tra9+ %\ld =m ! subject ( a hi/orical inquiry4 ,i h n attempt$ su* 9 ?is little h&-book4 ,i h omitt$ all ref]5ce to ! _m e>ly me?ods1 :i* 7 9 mo/ cases transportations or modifications ( ,european practices1 = _! value is n[ *iefly hi/orical & _! ins]tion "h w\ld only confuse ! read]4 ,i h attempt$ no?+ m ?an a pla9 acc\nt ( ! me?ods n[ 9 use2 9 fact1 ,i am aw>e t ,i h n accompli%$ ev5 ?is mu*1 = !re are v>i\s me?ods :i* ,i h n m5tion$4 ,b ^! omitt$ =ms are mo/ly ( local use or adaptation1 & !y are usually only modifications ( ! ma9 types "h expla9$4 ,x is impossible to describe all ! v>iations 9 grape tra9+ 9 a book ( pocket size2 nei!r is x necess>y4 ,ne>ly e gr[] :o has giv5 grape rais+ c>eful att5tion has introduc$ into 8 own v9ey>d "s modifications :i* he ?9ks are ( special value to him4 ,!re are v>i\s curi\s & in/ructive old books to :i* ! read] c g if he desires to "k ! hi/ory & evolution ( grape tra9+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,he w f9d t we h n[ pass$ ?r\gh ! long & co/ly exp]im5t ) ,european sy/ems4 ,& we h also outgr[n ! gross or long-wood /yles1 & n[ prune close ) ! expectation ( obta9+ sup]ior & def9ite results4 ,i h n attempt$ to rely ^u my own res\rces 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book4 ,all ! manuscript has be5 read by ?ree p]sons--by ,george ,c4 ,sn[1 ,p5n ,yan1 ,n4 ,y41 ,william ,d4 ,b>ns1 ,middle ,hope1 ,n4 ,y41 & ,l4 ,c4 ,corbett1 my assi/ant 9 ! ,cornell ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,mr4 ,sn[ is a gr[] 9 ! lake region ( we/]n ,new ,york1 & employs ! ,high ,r5ewal sy/em2 ,mr4 ,b>ns is a gr[] 9 ! ,hudson ,riv] valley1 & practices ! ,kniff9 sy/em2 :ile ,mr4 ,corbett has be5 a /ud5t ( all ! sy/ems & has practic$ two or ?ree ( !m 9 comm]cial plantations4 ,^! p]sons h made _m sugge/ions ( :i* ,i h be5 glad to avail myself1 & to !m v mu* ( ! value ( ! book is to be attribut$4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey1 ,,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y41 ,feb4 #a1 #ahic4 ,john ,adlum1 ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ p]son to sy/ematically und]take ! cultivation & amelioration ( ! native grapes4 ,8 me?od ( tra9+1 z describ$ 9 #ahbc1 is z foll[s3 ,"o %oot is all[$ to gr[ ! fir/ ye>1 & ?is is cut back to two buds ! fir/ fall4 ,! second ye> two %oots are all[$ to gr[1 & !y are ti$ to two /akes fix$ d[n to ! side ( ea* plant1 ab\t five or six feet high2 9 ! fall ea* cane is cut back to ?ree or f\r buds4 ,9 ! ?ird spr+1 ^! two %ort canes are spread ap>t s z to make an angle ( ab\t =ty-five degrees ) ! /em1 & are ti$ to /akes2 ?is season ab\t two %oots are all[$ to gr[ f ea* bran*1 mak+ f\r 9 all1 & 9 ! fall ! outside ones are cut back to ?ree or f\r buds & ! inn] ones to two4 ,^! outside %oots are to be> ! fruit ! f\r? ye>1 & ! inside ones give rise to r5ewal canes4 ,^! two out] canes or bran*es are secur$ to two /akes set ab\t sixte5 in*es ^u ei!r side ( ! v9e1 & ! %oots are ti$ up to ! /akes1 z !y gr[4 ,! r5ewal %oots f ! inside /ubs are ti$ to a ?ird /ake set ne> ! root ( ! v9e4 ,! outside bran*es are to be cut away entirely at ! end ( ! f\r? ye>4 ,?is is an +5i\s r5ewal po/ sy/em1 & x is easy to see h[ ! ,horizontal ,arm & ,high ,r5ewal sy/ems may h sprung f x4 ,,am]ican ,,grape ,,tra9+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction--,,prun+4 ,prun+ & tra9+ ! grape are p]plex$ que/ions1 ev5 to ^? :o h sp5t a lifetime 9 grape gr[+4 ,! p]plexity arises f sev]al div]se s\rces1 z ! e>ly ef=t to transplant ,european me?ods1 ! fact t _m sy/ems pres5t almo/ equally good results = p>ticul> purposes & v>ieties1 & ! failure to compreh5d ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! op]ations4 ,x is suffici5t condemnation ( ,european me?ods :5 appli$ 9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 to say t ! ,am]ican grapes are di/9ct species f ! ,european grapes1 & t !y are consequ5tly diff]5t 9 habit4 ,?is fact does n appe> to h be5 appreh5d$ cle>ly by ! e>ly ,am]ican grape-gr[]s1 ev5 aft] ! native v>ieties _h begun to ga9 prom95ce4 ,am]ican viticulture1 aside f t ^u ! ,pacific slope :i* is conc]n$ ) ! ,european grape1 is an indu/ry ( v rec5t developm5t4 ,x 0 little m ?an a c5tury ago t ! fir/ ,am]ican v>iety ga9$ favor1 & s late z #ahbc t ! fir/ def9ite attempt 0 made1 9 ,adlum's ,memoir on ! ,cultivation ( ! ,v9e 9 ,am]ica1 to record ! m]its ( native grapes = purposes ( cultivation4 ,ev5 ,adlum's book 0 l>gely giv5 to a discussion ( ,european v>ieties & practices4 ,9 #ahdf ,?omas' ,fruit ,culturi/ m5tion$ only six ,am]ican h>dy v>ieties1 & all ( ^!1 save ! ,catawba1 are practically n 9 cultivation at ! pres5t "t4 ,! ,concord appe>$ 9 #ahec4 ,am]ican grape tra9+ is1 !re=e1 a v rec5t developm5t1 & we are only n[ outgr[+ ! influ5ce ( ! practices e>ly import$ f ,europe4 ,! fir/ decid$ epo* 9 ! evolution ( our grape tra9+ 0 ! appe>ance ( ,full]'s ,grape ,culturi/1 9 #ahfd2 = :ile ! sy/em :i* he depict$ & :i* yet (t5 be>s 8 "n1 0 b a modification ( "s ,european me?ods & _h be5 outl9$ by e>li] ,am]ican writ]s1 x 0 at t "t plac$ cle>ly & cog5tly be=e ! public & became an accept$ practice4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( prun+ are alike = bo? ,european & ,am]ican grapes1 b ! details ( prun+ & tra9+ mu/ be greatly modifi$ = diff]5t species4 ,we mu/ und]/& at ! outset t ,am]ican species ( grapes dem& an ,am]ican sy/em ( treatm5t4 ,! great div]sity ( op9ion :i* exi/s among/ ! be/ grape gr[]s conc]n+ ! advantages ( diff]5t sy/ems ( tra9+ is pro( t _m sy/ems h m]it1 & t no "o sy/em is bett] ?an o!rs = all purposes4 ,! gr[] mu/ recognize ! fact t ! mo/ important factor 9 det]m9+ ! m]its ( any sy/em ( tra9+ is ! habit ( ! v9e--z its vigor1 rate ( gr[?1 normal size1 relative size & abundance ( leaves1 & season & "* ( fruit4 ,ne>ly e v>iety diff]s f o!rs 9 habit 9 "s p>ticul>1 & x !re=e requires diff]5t treatm5t 9 "s important detail4 ,v>ieties may ?rive equally well ^u ! same g5]al sy/em ( tra9+1 b require m9or modifications2 s x comes t no h>d & fa/ l9es c be laid d[n1 ei!r = any sy/em or any v>iety4 ,"o sy/em diff]s f ano!r 9 "s "o ma9 pr9ciple or idea1 b ! modifications ( all may meet & bl5d4 ,if two m5 practice ! ,kniff9 sy/em1 !re=e1 ?is fact does n indicate t !y prune & tra9 _! v9es exactly alike4 ,x is impossible to con/ruct rules = grape tra9+2 x is1 !re=e1 important t we und]/& ?or\ghly ! philosophy ( prun+ & tra9+1 bo? 9 g5]al & 9 ! diff]5t sy/ems :i* are n[ mo/ popul>4 ,^! po9ts we %all n[ consid]4 ,,prun+4 ,prun+ & tra9+ are t]ms :i* are (t5 conf\nd$ :5 speak+ ( ! grape1 b !y repres5t di/9ct op]ations4 ,prun+ ref]s to su* removal ( bran*es z %all insure bett] & l>g] fruit ^u ! rema9+ portions4 ,tra9+ ref]s to ! disposition ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! v9e4 ,x is true t diff]5t me?ods ( tra9+ dem& diff]5t /yles ( prun+1 b ! modification 9 prun+ is only su* z %all adapt x to ! ext]nal %ape & size ( ! v9e1 & does n 9 any way affect ! pr9ciple ^u :i* x re/s4 ,prun+ is a necessity1 &1 9 ess5ce1 !re is b "o me?od2 tra9+ is l>gely a conv5i5ce1 & !re are z _m me?ods z !re are fancies among grape gr[]s4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,,grape ,,%oot4 ,all intellig5t prun+ ( ! grape re/s ^u ! fact t ! fruit is borne 9 a few clu/]s ne> ! base ( ! gr[+ %oots ( ! season1 & :i* spr+ f wood ( la/ ye>'s gr[?4 ,x may be said "h t a gr[+1 leafy bran* ( ! grape v9e is call$ a %oot2 a rip5$ %oot is call$ a cane2 a bran* or trunk two or m ye>s old is call$ an arm4 ,fig4 #a is a %oot z x appe>s 9 ! nor!rn /ates 9 ,june4 ,! :ole %oot has gr[n )9 a mon?1 f a bud4 ,z x grew1 fl[] clu/]s appe>$ & ^! are to be> ! grapes4 ,fl[]+ is n[ ov]1 b ! %oot w cont9ue to gr[1 p]haps to ! l5g? ( t5 or tw5ty feet4 ,at pick+ "t1 !re=e1 ! grapes all hang ne> ! l[] end or base ( ! %oots or new canes1 z 9 fig4 #b4 ,ea* bud ^u ! old cane1 !re=e1 produces a new cane1 :i* may be> fruit z well z leaves4 ,at ! close ( ! season1 ?is long rip5$ %oot or cane has produc$ a bud e foot or less1 f :i* new fruit-be>+ %oots are to spr+ next ye>4 ,b if all ^! buds 7 all[$ to rema91 ! v9e w\ld be ov]tax$ ) fruit ! com+ ye> & ! crop w\ld be a failure4 ,! cane is1 !re=e1 cut (f until x be>s only z _m buds z exp]i5ce has taught u ! v9e %\ld c>ry4 ,! cane may be cut back to five or t5 buds1 & p]haps "s ( ^! buds w be remov$1 or rubb$ (f1 next spr+ if ! "y gr[? seems to be too ?ick1 or if ! plant is weak4 ,ea* %oot w be>1 on an av]age1 two or ?ree clu/]s4 ,"s %oots w be> no clu/]s4 ,f "o to six ( ! old canes1 ea* be>+ f five to t5 buds1 are left ea* spr+4 ,! numb] ( clu/]s :i* a v9e c c>ry well dep5ds ^u ! v>iety1 ! age & size ( ! v9e1 ! /yle ( ! tra9+1 & ! soil & cultivation4 ,exp]i5ce is ! only guide4 ,a /rong v9e ( ,concord1 :i* is a prolific v>iety1 tra9$ ^u any ( ! ord9>y sy/ems & set n9e or t5 feet ap>t ea* way1 w usually c>ry f ?irty to sixty clu/]s4 ,! clu/]s w weigh f a f\r? to a half p\nd ea*4 ,twelve or fifte5 p\nds ( m>ketable grapes is a fair or av]age crop = su* a ,concord v9e1 & tw5ty-five p\nds is a v heavy crop4 ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,,! ,,be>+ ,,wood4 ,! prun+ ( ! grape v9e1 !re=e1 is ess5tially a ?9n+ process4 ,9 ! w9t] prun+1 all ! canes ( ! la/ season's gr[? are cut away except f two to six1 :i* are left to make ! fruit & wood ( ! next ye>2 & ea* ( ^! rema9+ canes is head$ back to f ?ree to t5 buds4 ,! numb] & l5g? ( ! canes :i* are left aft] ! prun+ dep5d ^u ! /yle ( tra9+ :i* is practic$4 ,a v9e :i* may completely cov] a trellis 9 ! fall1 w be cut back s sev]ely t a novice w fe> t ! plant is ru9$4 ,b ! op]ator be>s 9 m9d ! fact t ! grape1 unlike ! apple1 pe> & pea*1 does n be> di/9ct fruit-buds 9 ! fall1 b buds :i* produce bo? fruit & wood ! foll[+ season4 ,illu/ration3 #c4 ,,diagram4 ,let u n[ suppose1 !re=e1 t we h prun$ our v9e 9 ! fall ( #ahia to two canes1 ea* be>+ t5 buds4 ,we w call ^! canes ,a & ,b1 respectively4 7,fig4 #c47 ,9 #ahib1 !re=e1 tw5ty %oots gr[ f !m1 & ea* ( ^! %oots or new canes bran*es1 or produces lat]als4 ,we w call ^! new canes ( #ahib1 ,a #a1 ,a #b1 ,a #c1 ,b #a1 ,b #b1 & s on4 ,ea* ( ! new canes be>s at ! base ab\t two clu/]s ( grapes1 giv+ a total yield ( ab\t =ty clu/]s4 ,^! clu/]s /& opposite ! leaves1 z se5 9 fig4 #a4 ,9 ! axil ( ea* leaf a bud is =m$ :i* w produce a cane1 & p]haps fruit1 9 #ahic4 ,if ea* ( ^! new canes1 ,a #a1 ,a #b1 etc41 produce t5 buds--:i* is a mod]ate numb]--! v9e w\ld g into ! w9t] ( #ahib-c ) #bjj buds = ! next ye>'s gr[? & crop2 b ^! buds %\ld be r$uc$ to ab\t tw5ty1 z !y 7 9 ! fall ( #ahia4 ,t is1 e ye> we g back aga9 to ! same numb] ( buds1 & ! top ( ! v9e gets no l>g] f ye> to ye>4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 cut back aga9 to two canes4 ,we cut back ea* ( ! orig9al canes1 ,a & ,b1 to "o new cane4 ,t is1 we leave only ,a #a & ,b #a1 cutt+ (f ,a #b1 ,a #c1 etc41 & ,b #b1 ,b #c1 etc4 ,?is br+s ! v9e back to v ne>ly its condition 9 ! fall ( #ahia2 b ! new canes1 ,a #a & ,b #a1 :i* are n[ to become ! ma9 canes by be+ b5t d[n horizontally1 7 borne at "s di/ance--say ?ree or f\r in*es--f ! base ( ! orig9al canes1 ,a & ,b1 s t ! p]man5t "p ( ! v9e is con/antly l5g!n+ itself4 ,?is annually l5g!n+ portion is call$ a spur4 ,spurs are r>ely or nev] made 9 ?is exact position1 h[ev]1 al?\gh ?is diagrammatic sket* illu/rates cle>ly ! me?od ( _! =mation4 ,! common me?od ( spurr+ is t connect$ ) ! horizontal arm sy/em ( tra9+1 9 :i* ! canes ,a & ,b are all[$ to become p]man5t arms1 & ! upright canes1 ,a #a1 ,a #b1 ,b #a1 ,b #b1 ,b #c1 etc41 are cut back to )9 two or ?ree buds ( ! arms ea* ye>4 ,! cane ,a #a1 = in/ance1 is cut back 9 ! fall ( #ahib to two or ?ree buds1 & 9 #ahic two or ?ree canes w gr[ f ?is /ub4 ,9 ! fall ( #ahic only "o cane is left aft] ! prun+1 & ?is "o is cut back to two or ?ree buds2 & s on4 ,s ! spur gr[s high] e ye>1 al?\gh e ef=t is made to keep x %ort1 bo? by r$uc+ ! numb] ( buds to "o or two & by endeavor+ to br+ out a cane l[] d[n on ! spur e few ye>s4 ,fig4 #d %[s a %ort spur ( two ye>s' /&+4 ,! horizontal portion %[s ! p]man5t arm4 ,! fir/ upright portion is ! rema9s ( ! fir/-ye> cane & ! upp] portion is ! second-ye> cane aft] x is cut back 9 ! fall4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 ! cane is cut back to "o fruit+ bud1 b1 ! small buds1 a a1 be+ rubb$ out4 ,!re are s]i\s objections to spurs 9 any position4 ,!y become h>d & comp>atively lifeless aft] a "t1 x is (t5 difficult to replace !m by heal?y fre% wood1 & ! be>+ portion ( ! v9e is con/antly rec$+ f ! ma9 trunk4 ,! be>+ wood %\ld spr+ f ne> ! c5tral portions ( ! v9e1 or be kept ne> ! head1 z ! grape-gr[]s say4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 x is cu/om>y to all[ two canes to gr[ out ea* ye> back ( ! canes ,a #a & ,b #a1 or f ! head ( ! v9e2 ^! canes may be designat$ ,c & ,d4 7,fig4 #c47 ,^! canes1 ,c & ,d1 are gr[n dur+ #ahib--:5 !y may be> fruit l o!r canes--= ! sole purpose ( =m+ ! basis ( ! be>+ top 9 #ahic1 :ile all ! old top1 ,a & ,b1 ) ! second>y canes1 ,a #a1 ,a #b1 ,b #a1 ,b #b1 ,b #c1 etc41 is cut entirely away4 ,"h1 !n1 are two di/9ct me?ods ( =m+ ! be>+ top = ! succe$+ ye>3 ei!r f spurs1 :i* are ! rema9s ( ! previ\s top2 or f r5ewals1 :i* are tak5 ea* ye> f ! old wood ne> ! head ( ! v9e1 or ev5 f ! gr\nd4 ,r5ewals f ! gr\nd are n[ little us$1 h[ev]1 = !y seldom give a suffici5t crop unless !y are head$ 9 ! fir/ fall & are all[$ to be> ! second ye>4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! spur & r5ewal me?ods ref] entirely to prun+1 n to tra9+1 = ei!r "o c be us$ 9 any sy/em ( tra9+4 ,spur prun+1 h[ev]1 is gr[+ 9 disfavor among/ comm]cial grape-gr[]s1 & ! r5ewal is m or less us$ 9 all sy/ems ( tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 #d4 ,,spur4 ,fig4 #e illu/rates a r5ewal prun+4 ,?is engrav+ %[s ! head ( a v9e sev5 ye>s old1 & ^u :i* two canes are all[$ to rema9 aft] ea* annual prun+4 ,! portion ext5d+ f b to f & d is ! base ( ! be>+ cane ( #ahib4 ,9 ! w9t] ( #ahib-c1 ?is cane is cut (f at d1 & ! new cane1 e1 is left to make ! be>+ wood ( #ahic4 ,ano!r cane sprung f f1 b x 0 too weak to leave = fruit+4 ,x 01 !re=e1 cut away4 ,! old /ub1 b1 f1 d1 w be cut away a ye> h5ce1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahic-d4 ,9 ! meantime1 a r5ewal cane w h gr[n f ! /ub c1 :i* is left = t purpose1 & ! old cane1 b d1 w be cut (f j beyond x1 betwe5 c & f4 ,9 ?is way1 ! be>+ wood is kept close to ! head ( ! v9e4 ,! w\nd a %[s :]e an old /ub 0 cut away ?is w9t]1 #ahib-c1 :ile b %[s :]e "o 0 cut (f ! previ\s w9t]4 ,a sc> ^u ! back ( ! head1 :i* does n %[ 9 ! illu/ration1 m>ks ! spot :]e a /ub 0 cut away two ye>s ago1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahij-a4 ,?is me?od ( prun+ c be kept up almo/ indef9itely1 & if c>e is ex]cis$ 9 keep+ ! /ubs %ort1 ! head w n enl>ge out ( proportion to ! gr[? ( ! /ock or trunk4 ,illu/ration3 #e4 ,,r5ewal ,,prun+4 ,prun+ ,"y ,v9es4--,! "t requir$ aft] plant+ to get ! v9e onto ! wires or trellis v>ies ) ! /r5g? ( ! v9e :5 set1 ! v>iety1 ! soil & cultivation1 & ! sy/em ( tra9+2 b1 z a rule1 ! tra9+ beg9s ! second or ?ird ye>1 previ\s to :i* "t ! v9e is prun$1 n tra9$4 ,two-ye>-old v9es are mo/ popul> = plant+1 al?\gh 9 ! /rong v>ieties1 l ,concord & ,niag>a1 well-gr[n ye>l+ v9es are probably z good1 if n bett]4 ,! /rong-gr[+ k9ds are commonly set f eight to t5 feet ap>t 9 ! r[1 & ! r[s eight or n9e feet ap>t4 ,delaw>es & o!r small v9es may be set clos]1 al?\gh eight feet is pref]able4 ,:5 set1 ! v9e is cut back to two or ?ree buds4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 ! "y canes are usually all[$ to lie ^u ! gr\nd at w1 z se5 9 fig4 #f4 ,9 ! fall or w9t]1 all ! canes b "o are cut (f1 & ?is "o is cut back to two or ?ree buds4 ,! v9e is1 !re=e1 no l>g] at ! expiration ( a ye>'s gr[? ?an x 0 :5 plant$2 b 9 ! meantime ! plant has become ?or\ghly e/abli%$ 9 ! soil1 & ! second ye>'s gr[? %\ld be /rong en\gh to =m ! basis = ! p]man5t trunk or arm4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! second ye>'s gr[? is weak1 x may be cut back z be=e1 & ! ?ird season's gr[? us$ = ! trunk4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! gr[? ( ! fir/ ye> is sometimes c>ri$ onto ! wires to =m ! p]man5t trunk & arms1 b x is only ) extra /rong v9es 9 good soil t ?is practice is admissible4 ,f ?is po9t1 ! treatm5t ( ! v9e is discuss$ "u tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 #f4 ,a ,,newly ,,set ,,v9ey>d4 ,:5 to ,prune4--,grape v9es may be prun$ at any "t dur+ ! w9t]4 ,x is ! practice among mo/ grape-gr[]s 9 ! nor? to prune z "t p]mits f ,novemb] to late 9 ,febru>y1 or ev5 e>ly ,m>*4 ,! sap fl[s v freely f cuts made 9 spr+ & e>ly summ]1 caus+ ! ph5om5on kn[n z ble$+1 or 9 ,europe z weep+1 & 9 ord] to prev5t ?is loss1 prun+ is /opp$ six weeks or m be=e ! "t at :i* ! buds usually swell4 ,x is yet a moot po9t if ?is ble$+ injures ! v9e1 b x is a safe practice to prune e>ly4 ,! v9e is cut (f an in* or two beyond ! la/ bud :i* x is desir$ to leave1 9 ord] to avoid injury to ! bud f ! dry+ out ( ! end ( ! cane4 ,! prun+ is done ) small h& prun+-%e>s4 ,! canes are (t5 all[$ to rema9 ti$ to ! wires until ! prun+ is accompli%$1 al?\gh x is ! practice ) mo/ gr[]s :o use ! ,kniff9 sy/em to cut ! /r+s be=e prun+4 ,! removal ( ! sev]$ canes is kn[n z /ripp+4 ,9 l>ge v9ey>ds1 ! prun] sometimes leaves ! /ripp+ to boys or o!r *eap labor4 ,! /ripp+ may be done at any "t aft] ! prun+ is p]=m$ until spr+4 ,x mu/ be done be=e ! gr[? />ts on ! rema9+ portions ( ! v9e1 h[ev]1 to avoid injury to ! "y buds :5 te>+ ! v9es (f ! trellis4 ,summ] ,prun+4--,!re is mu* discussion z to ! advisability ( summ] prun+4 ,x is ess5tial to ! und]/&+ ( ! "q t ! gr[] be> 9 m9d t ?is summ] prun+ is ( two k9ds--! removal or break+ out ( ! sup]flu\s %oots1 & head+-9 or /opp+ ! ma9 canes to keep !m )9 limits4 ,! sup]flu\s %oots are su* z spr+ f small1 weak buds or ^? :i* break f ! old arms or trunk ( ! v9e4 ,%oots :i* />t f ! v base ( ! old cane are usually weak & %\ld be remov$4 ,buds 9 ?is position are %[n at a a1 9 fig4 #d4 ,! second>y or axill>y bran*es1 :i* (t5 />t f ! base ( ! season's %oots1 %\ld be remov$ or brok5 out4 ,^! sup]flu\s %oots are pull$ (f f "t to "t z !y appe>1 or ! buds may be rubb$ (f be=e ! %oots beg9 to gr[4 ,! head+-9 ( ! ma9 canes1 :ile desirable = ! purpose ( keep+ ! v9e )9 b\nds1 is apt to cause a gr[? ( lat]als :i* *oke up ! v9e & :i* d n mature1 & 9 ^? /yles ( tra9+ 9 :i* v little wood is all[$ to gr[1 ! practice may prev5t ! developm5t ( a suffici5t am\nt ( leaf surface to prop]ly su/a9 ! v9e4 ,v9es are (t5 weak5$ by summ] prun+4 ,^! dang]s c be ov]come by c>eful att5tion1 h[ev]1 especially by head+-9 v lightly & by do+ x z late 9 ! season z possible1 :5 new lat]al gr[? does n />t readily4 ,! necessity ( mu* head+-9 has be5 l>gely obviat$ 9 late ye>s by ! adoption ( high or droop+ sy/ems ( tra9+1 & by sett+ ! v9es f> ap>t4 ,! /rong v>ieties1 l ,concord1 ,brighton & ,niag>a1 %\ld be set t5 feet ap>t 9 ! r[1 especially if gr[n ^u ! ,kniff9 sy/em4 ,catawba1 be+ a v upright gr[] & especially well adapt$ to upright tra9+1 may be set eight feet ap>t1 & ,delaw>es are (t5 set z close z six or eight feet4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 if any v>iety %\ld be set less ?an eight feet ap>t = trellis culture4 ,9 ,virg9ia & s\?w>d1 :]e ! gr[? is l>ge because ( ! long seasons1 v9es are (t5 set m ?an t5 feet ap>t4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 ! r[s %\ld run nor? & s\?1 t ! fruit may be %ad$ f midday sun4 ,! only summ] head+-9 n[ g5]ally recomm5d$ is ! clipp+ ( ! tips :5 !y fall ov] & beg9 to t\* ! gr\nd4 ,?is clipp+ is (t5 done ) a sickle or %>p corn-cutt]4 ,objects ( ,prun+4--,! objects ( prun+ ! grape1 z ( o!r fruits1 are five3 #a4 ,to produce l>g] & bett] fruit4 #b4 ,to ma9ta9 or augm5t ! vigor ( ! v9e4 #c4 ,to keep ! v9e )9 manageable limits4 #d4 ,to facilitate cultivation4 #e4 ,to facilitate spray+4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,prelim9>y ,,prep>ations ,,= ,,tra9+--,,! ,,trellis--,,ty+4 ,tra9+ ! grape v9e is practic$ = ! purpose ( keep+ ! v9e 9 conv5i5t %ape & to all[ ea* clu/] to receive its full am\nt ( space & light4 ,a well tra9$ v9e is easily cultivat$ & spray$1 & ! grapes are readily h>ve/$1 & x is only ^u su* v9es t ! be/ & faire/ fruit is uni=mly produc$4 ,"s k9d ( tra9+ is ess5tial1 = a v9e w n (t5 be> good fruit :5 x lies ^u ! gr\nd4 ,9 ess5ce1 !re are ?ree g5]al types or /yles ( tra9+1 :i* may be designat$ z ! upright1 droop+ & horizontal1 ^! t]ms designat+ ! direction ( ! be>+ %oots4 ,! upright sy/ems c>ry two or m canes or arms along a l[ horizontal wire1 or sometimes obliquely across a trellis f bel[ upw>ds1 & ! %oots are ti$ up z !y gr[ to ! wires above4 ,! horizontal sy/ems c>ry up a p]p5dicul> cane or arm1 or sometimes two or m1 f :i* ! %oots are c>ri$ out horizontally & are ti$ to p]p5dicul> wires or po/s4 ,! droop+ sy/ems1 repres5t$ 9 ! ,kniff9 & po/-tra9+1 c>ry ! canes or arms ^u a high horizontal wire or trellis & all[ ! %oots to hang )\t ty+4 ,to "o or ano!r ( ^! types all ! sy/ems ( ,am]ican grape-tra9+ c be ref]r$4 ,!re is no sy/em ( tra9+ :i* is be/ = all purposes & all v>ieties4 ,! /rong-gr[+ v>ieties m readily adapt !mselves to ! high droop+ sy/ems ?an ! weak] v>ieties1 al?\gh ! ,delaw>e is (t5 tra9$ on a comp>atively l[ ,kniff9 ) good effect4 ,! high or droop+ sy/ems are ( comp>atively rec5t date1 & _! p>ticul> advantages are ! sav+ ( labor 9 summ] ty+1 *eapness ( ! trellis1 & ! facility ) :i* ! gr\nd c be cultivat$ )\t endang]+ ! bran*es ( ! v9e4 ,! upright tra9+ di/ributes ! be>+ wood m ev5ly ^u ! v9e & is ?\ght1 !re=e1 to insure m uni=m fruit1 x keeps ! top ne> ! root1 :i* is sometimes ?\ght to be an advantage1 & x is bett] suit$ to ! /ature ( ! small-gr[+ v>ieties4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 a great] temptation to neglect ! v9es 9 ! droop+ sy/ems ?an 9 ! o!rs1 because ! %oots ne$ no ty+ & d n1 !re=e1 dem& frequ5t att5tion2 :ile 9 ! upright sy/ems ! %oots soon become brok5 or displac$ if n wat*$4 ,= v l>ge areas1 or circum/ances 9 :i* ! be/ ( c>e _c be giv5 ! v9ey>d1 ! ,kniff9 or droop+ sy/ems are p]haps always to be recomm5d$4 ,yet ! ,kniff9 pr(its z mu* f dilig5ce & skill z ! o!r sy/ems2 b x w give bett] results ?an ! o!rs "u p>tial neglect4 ,! /rong v>ieties1 especially ^? mak+ long & droop+ canes1 are well adapt$ to ! ,kniff9 /yles2 b ! small] sorts1 & ^? /rong] sorts :i*1 l ,catawba1 make an upright & /ocky gr[?1 are usually tra9$ ^u ! upright sy/ems4 ,b ! m]its ( bo? sy/ems are s v>i\s & ev5 s little und]/ood1 t x is impossible to recomm5d ei!r "o unqualifi$ly4 ,! advantages 9 ei!r case are (t5 little m ?an matt]s ( p]sonal op9ion4 ,x %\ld be said1 h[ev]1 t ! ,kniff9 or droop+ sy/ems are ga9+ 9 favor rapidly1 & are evid5tly de/9$ to ov]?r[ mu* ( ! old] upright tra9+4 ,?is fact does n indicate1 h[ev]1 t ! upright sy/em is to be entirety sup]s$$1 b r t x mu/ be conf9$ to ^? v>ieties & conditions = :i* x is be/ adapt$4 ,! two sy/ems w und\bt$ly supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,! horizontal sy/ems are occasionally us$ = *oice v>ieties1 b !y are little kn[n4 ,mak+ ! ,trellis4--,! fall or w9t] foll[+ ! plant+ ( ! v9ey>d1 ! trellis is begun if ! upright sy/ems are us$2 b ?is op]ation is usually delay$ a ye> long] 9 ! ,kniff9 sy/ems1 & /akes are commonly us$1 or at lea/ recomm5d$1 dur+ ! second season4 ,9 ! ,s\? ! trellis is made ! fir/ ye>4 ,! /yle ( trellis w dep5d ^u ! /yle ( tra9+1 b ! ma9 features are ! same = all4 ,/rong po/s ( "s durable timb]1 z c$>1 locu/ or oak1 are plac$ at su* di/ance ap>t t two v9es c be set betwe5 ea* two4 ,if ! v9es are set n9e feet ap>t1 ! po/s maybe eighte5 or tw5ty feet ap>t1 & a v9e w !n /& f\r or five feet f ea* po/4 ,if ! po/s 9 ! r[ are eighte5 feet ap>t & ! r[s eight feet ap>t1 ab\t #ccj po/s w be requir$ to ! acre4 ,except 9 v h>d & /ony l&s1 ! po/s are driv5 ) a heavy maul1 al?\gh _m p pref] to set ! end po/s 9 holes1 ?9k+ t !y endure ! /ra9 bett]4 ,9 all loose soils1 h[ev]1 po/s c be made z firm by driv+ z by sett+ ) a spade4 ,all po/s %\ld be z firm z possible1 9 ord] to hold up ! heavy loads ( v9es & fruit4 ,9 sett+ po/s on hillsides1 x is a common practice to lean !m slightly uphill1 = !re is always a t5d5cy = ! po/s to tilt d[n ! slope4 ,= ! ,kniff9 sy/ems1 especially = ! /rong-gr[+ grapes1 ! po/s mu/ /& six or six & "o-half feet high :5 set1 b a foot less w usually be suffici5t = ! upright & horizontal sy/ems4 ,! po/s %\ld /& high] at fir/ ?an is necess>y = ! support ( ! wires1 = !y w ne$ to be driv5 d[n occasionally z !y become loose4 ,! end po/s ( ea* r[ %\ld be well brac$1 z %[n 9 sev]al ( ! illu/rations 9 ?is volume4 ,! wire ord9>ily us$ is ,no4 #ab1 except = ! top wire 9 ! ,kniff9 tra9+1 :i* is usually ,no4 #aj1 z ! great] "p ( ! weight is !n ^u ! top wire4 ,no4 #i is sometimes us$1 b x is heavi] ?an necess>y4 ,no4 #ad is occasionally us$ = ! middle & upp] r[s 9 ! upright sy/ems1 b x is n /rong en\gh4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! sizes & weights ( ^! & simil> iron & /eel wires3 ,no4 ,diamet] 9 in*es4 ,weight ( #ajj feet4 ,feet 9 #b1jjj p\nds4 #i 4#adh #e4hj p\nds4 #cd1dhc #aj 4#ace #d4hc #da1djh #aa 4#abj #c4hb #eb1cef #ab 4#aje #b4ib #fh1dic #ac 4#jib #b4bd #hi1bhf #ad 4#jhj #a4fi #aah1cdc #ae 4#jgb #a4cg #ade1ihe #af 4#jfc #a4je #aij1dgf ,! pla9 anneal$ iron wire co/s ab\t #c c5ts p] p\nd1 & ! galvaniz$--:i* is less us$ = v9ey>ds--#c-a_/b c5ts4 ,( ,no4 #ab wire1 ab\t #afj p\nds is requir$ p] acre = a s+le run on r[s eight feet ap>t1 & ab\t #ejj p\nds = ?ree runs4 ,! co/ ( ,no4 #ab wire p] acre1 = ?ree runs1 !re=e1 is ab\t #ae4 ,! wire is secur$ to ! int]m$iate po/s by /aples driv5 9 firmly s t ! wire w n pull ?r\gh readily ( its own weight1 b /ill loosely en\gh to all[ ( ! tight5+ ( ! wires4 ,9 o!r words1 ! head ( ! /aple %\ld n q t\* ! wire4 ,grape /aples are ( ?ree l5g?s1 ab\t an in*1 in* & a qu>t]1 & an in* & a half respectively4 ,! %orte/ l5g? is little us$4 ,! m$ium l5g? is us$ = h>d-wood po/s & ! longe/ = s(t po/s1 l *e/nut & c$>4 ,^! /aples co/ five c5ts p] p\nd usually1 & a p\nd ( ! m$ium l5g? conta9s f #ij to #ajj ( ! ,no4 #aj wire size4 ,an acre1 = ?ree wires1 w !re=e require1 = ?is size1 ab\t n9e or t5 p\nds ( /aples4 ,9 w9dy regions1 ! wires %\ld be plac$ ^u ! w9dw>d side ( ! po/s4 ,!re are v>i\s devices = secur+ ! wire to ! end po/s1 b ! commone/ me?od is to w9d !m ab\t ! po/ once & secure !m ) a /aple1 or twi/ ! end ( ! wire back ^u itself1 =m+ a loop4 ,! wires %\ld be drawn taut to prev5t sagg+ ) ! weight ( fruit & leaves4 ,9 ord] to all[ = ! contraction ( ! wires 9 w9t]1 "s gr[]s loos5 ! wires aft] h>ve/ & o!rs provide "s device :i* w relieve ! /ra94 ,! ,yeoman's ,pat5t ,grape-,v9e ,trellis is a simple & effective lev]-contrivance atta*$ to ea* wire1 & :i* is op]at$ to loos5 ! wires 9 fall & to tight5 !m 9 spr+4 ,! end po/ is sometimes provid$ ^u ! back ) a squ>e-head$ p9 :i* works tightly 9 an in* & a half augur hole & ab\t :i* ! end ( ! wire is w\nd4 ,a squ>e-head$ iron wr5* op]ates ! p91 :ile ! t5sion ( ! wire ar\nd ! side ( ! po/ keeps ! p9 f slipp+4 ,?is device is n durable1 h[ev]4 ,an +5i\s man c easily contrive "s device = reliev+ ! t5sion1 if he %\ld ?9k x necess>y4 ,z a matt] ( practice1 h[ev]1 ! wires soon /ret* & sag en\gh ) ! burd5 ( fruit & v9es to take up ! w9t] contraction1 & mo/ gr[]s d n release ! wires 9 fall4 ,x w be f\nd necess>y1 9 fact1 to tight5 ! wires & to /raight5 up ! po/s f ye> to ye>1 z !y become loose4 ,x is always a pr(itable labor to tamp ! gr\nd firmly ab\t all ! po/s e spr+4 ,! wires %\ld always be kept tight dur+ ! gr[+ season to prev5t ! :ipp+ ( ! v9es by w9d4 ,?is is especially important 9 :ite grapes1 :i* are discolor$ by ! rubb+ ( leaves & twigs4 ,unless ! v9es are v /rong x w be necess>y to /ret* only "o wire ! fir/ w9t]4 ,trellises are (t5 made ( slats1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 b ^! are always less durable ?an ! wire trellises & m exp5sive to keep 9 repair2 & 9 ! old] portions ( ! c\ntry1 :]e timb] is de>1 !y are also m exp5sive at ! outset4 ,!y cat* ! w9d1 &1 n be+ held toge!r by cont9u\s /r&s1 are likely to bl[ d[n 9 sections4 ,full] p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! /yles ( trellis are giv5 9 ! discussions ( ! diff]5t sy/ems ( tra9+4 ,ty+4--,probably ! be/ mat]ial = ty+ ! canes & %oots to ! trellis is raffia4 ,?is is a ba/-l mat]ial :i* comes 9 ske9s & :i* c be b\ght ( se$sm5 & nurs]ym5 = ab\t #bj c5ts a p\nd4 ,a p\nd w suffice to tie a qu>t] ( an acre ( upright tra9+ ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,raffia is obta9$ f ! /ripp+s ( an ori5tal palm 7,raphia ,ruffia74 ,wool-tw9e is also /ill l>gely us$ = ty+1 b x is n s *eap & h&y z raffia1 & x usually has to be cut :5 ! trellis is /ripp$ at ! w9t] prun+1 :ile ! raffia breaks ) a quick pull ( ! v9e4 ,"s compla9 t ! raffia is n /rong en\gh to hold ! v9e dur+ ! season1 b x c easily be d\bl$4 ,osi] will[s are mu* us$ = ty+ up ! canes 9 ! spr+1 & also = summ] ty+1 especially 9 ! nurs]y regions :]e ! sl5d] trimm+s ( ! cultivat$ osi] will[s are easily procur$4 ,wild will[s are (t5 us$ if !y c be obta9$ h&ily4 ,^! will[s are ti$ up 9 a small bundle1 :i* is held ^u ! back above ! hips by a cord pass$ ab\t ! body4 ,! butts project "u ! "r h&1 if ! p]son is "r-h&$1 & ! /r&s are pull$ out z ne$$4 ,! butt is fir/ us$1 ! tie be+ made ) a twi/ & tuck1 ! /r& is !n cut (f ) a knife1 & ! twig is op]at$ 9 l mann] until x is us$ up4 ,:5 wool-tw9e is us$1 ! ball is (t5 held 9 front ( ! workman by a cord :i* is ti$ ab\t x & !n pass$ ab\t ! wai/4 ,! ball is unw\nd f ! inside1 & x w hold its %ape until ! end becomes s %ort t x w easily drag ^u ! gr\nd4 ,"s workm5 c>ry ! ball 9 a bag1 aft] ! mann] ( c>ry+ se$-corn4 ,raffia is n s easily c>ri$ 9 ! field z ! wool-tw9e or ! will[1 & ?is fact int]f]es ) its popul>ity4 ,gre5 rye-/raw1 cut directly f ! field1 is mu* us$ = ty+ ! %oots 9 summ]4 ,small wire1 ab\t two-?irds ! size ( broom-wire1 is us$ occasionally = ty+ up ! canes 9 spr+1 b x mu/ be us$ ) c>e or x w injure ! v9e4 ,corn-husks are also employ$ = ?is purpose :5 !y c be secur$4 ,bass-b>k is sometimes us$ = ty+1 b 9 mo/ ( ! grape regions x is difficult to secure1 & x has no advantage ov] raffia4 ,x is v important t ! canes be ti$ up e>ly 9 spr+1 = ! buds are easily brok5 aft] !y beg9 to swell4 ,^! canes are ti$ r firmly to ! wires to hold !m /eady2 b ! gr[+ %oots1 :i* are ti$ dur+ ! summ]1 are fa/5$ m loosely1 to all[ ( ! necess>y increase 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 7,draw+ ( grapes7 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,upright ,,sy/ems4 ,! upright sy/ems are ! olde/ & be/ kn[n ( ! /yles ( ,am]ican grape tra9+4 ,!y consi/1 ess5tially1 9 c>ry+ out two horizontal canes1 or sometimes arms1 ^u a l[ wire & tra9+ ! %oots f !m v]tically upw>ds4 ,^! %oots are ti$ to ! upp] wires z !y gr[4 ,?is type 0 fir/ cle>ly & =cibly describ$ 9 detail by ,a4 ,s4 ,full]1 9 8 ,grape ,culturi/1 9 #ahfd1 & x became kn[n z ! ,full] sy/em1 al?\gh x 0 practic$ _m ye>s previ\s to ?is "t4 ,horizontal ,arm ,spur ,sy/em4--,!re are two types or /yles ( ?is upright sy/em4 ,! old] type & ! "o describ$ 9 ! books1 is kn[n z ! ,horizontal ,arm ,spur tra9+4 ,9 ?is me?od1 ! two horizontal bran*es are p]man5t1 or1 9 o!r words1 !y are true arms4 ,! canes are cut back ea* fall to upright spurs ^u ^! arms1 z expla9$ on page #ae 7fig4 #d47 ,two %oots are (t5 all[$ to gr[ f ea* ( ^! spurs1 z %[n 9 fig4 #g4 ,^! spurs become ov]gr[n & weak aft] a few ye>s1 & !y are r5ew$ f new %oots :i* spr+ f ne> _! base or f ! arm itself4 ,sometimes ! :ole arm is r5ew$ f ! head ( ! v9e1 or ev5 f ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 #g4 ,,horizontal ,,arm ,,spur ,,tra9+4 ,! numb] ( ^! upright canes & _! di/ance ap>t ^u ^! p]man5t arms dep5d ^u ! v>iety1 ! /r5g? ( ! v9e & soil & ! fancy ( ! gr[]4 ,f twelve to tw5ty in*es ap>t ^u ! arm is ! common di/ance4 ,if a v9e is /rong en\gh to c>ry five canes & ! v9es are eight feet ap>t1 !n ! canes are di/ribut$ at int]vals ( ab\t tw5ty in*es4 ,"s v /rong v9es ( vigor\s v>ieties w c>ry eight canes ^u ! two arms toge!r1 & 9 ?is case ! canes /& ab\t a foot ap>t4 ,9 ! fall or w9t]1 ! cane is cut away & ! /ronge/ new cane :i* spr+s f its base is left = ! be>+ wood ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,?is new cane is itself head$ 9 to ! height ( ! trellis2 t is1 if ! upp]mo/ & l[]mo/ wires are #cd in*es ap>t--z !y are 9 ! ,brocton v9ey>ds ( we/]n ,new ,york1 :]e ?is sy/em is l>gely us$--?is new cane is %ort5$ 9 to #cd in*es long4 ,^u ?is l5g? ( cane !re w be ab\t sev5 good buds 9 ! common v>ieties4 ,illu/ration3 #h4 ,,horizontal ,,arm4 7,diagram47 ,a modification ( ?is horizontal arm sy/em is %[n 9 fig4 #i4 ,x is us$ ab\t ,=e/ville1 9 ,*autauqua c\nty1 ,new ,york4 ,! arms 9 ?is case are v %ort1 & canes are tak5 out only at two or ?ree places4 ,! picture %[s a v9e 9 :i* two canes are tak5 f ! end ( ea* arm1 mak+ f\r canes = ! be>+ top ( ! v9e4 ,^! canes are cut back to spurs 9 ! fall1 z expla9$ 9 ! above p>agraph4 ,sometimes "o or two o!r canes are tak5 out ( ^! arms ne>] ! ma9 trunk4 ,! advantages urg$ = ?is /yle ( tra9+ are ! /rong] gr[? :i* is insur$ by s few canes1 & ! small am\nt ( old or p]man5t wood :i* is left to ea* v9e4 ,illu/ration3 #i4 ,,%ort ,,arm ,,spur ,,tra9+4 ,! horizontal arm tra9+ is less popul> ?an x 0 tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,x has s]i\s faults1 especially 9 ! p]si/5ce ( ! old spurs1 & probably w ev5tually give place to o!r sy/ems4 ,aside f ! spur prun+1 ! sy/em is mu* l ! foll[+1 :i* is a modification to all[ ( a r5ewal prun+ & to :i* ! read] is ref]r$ = fur!r details4 ,?is modification1 :i* may be call$ ! ,high ,r5ewal1 & :i* is "o ( ! mo/ s]viceable ( any ( ! /yles ( tra9+1 al?\gh x has nev] be5 fully describ$1 we %all n[ consid]4 ,! ,high ,r5ewal1 or upright tra9+ :i* is n[ v ext5sively employ$ 9 ! lake regions ( ,new ,york & else:]e1 />ts ! head or bran*es ( ! v9e f eighte5 to ?irty in*es f ! gr\nd4 ,! ideal height = mo/ v>ieties is probably ab\t two feet to ! fir/ wire1 al?\gh ?irty in*es is bett] ?an eighte54 ,if ! v9es are l[] ?an two feet1 !y are liable to be injur$ by ! pl[ or cultivator1 ! e>? is da%$ aga9/ ! clu/]s by heavy ra9s1 & if ! %oots become loose !y /rike ! gr\nd & ! grapes are soon soil$4 ,a s+le trunk or arm is c>ri$ up to ! requir$ height1 or if good bran*es happ5 to =m l[] d[n1 two ma9 canes are c>ri$ f ?is po9t up to ! requir$ di/ance to meet ! l[] wire1 s t ! trunk becomes ,y-%ap$1 z se5 9 figs4 #aj1 #af & #ag4 ,9 fact1 v9ey>di/s usually pref] to h ?is head or crot* a few in*es bel[ ! l[e/ wire1 to facilitate ! spread+ & plac+ ( ! canes4 ,! trellis = ! upright sy/ems ne>ly always comprises ?ree wires1 al?\gh only two are sometimes us$ = ! small] gr[+ v>ieties1 & v r>ely f\r are us$ = ! /ronge/ k9ds1 al?\gh ?is numb] is unnecess>y4 ,! l[e/ wire is /ret*$ at eighte51 tw5ty-f\r or ?irty in*es f ! gr\nd1 & ! two upp] ones are plac$ at di/ances ( eighte5 or tw5ty in*es ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 #aj4 ,,! ,,second ,,season ,,( ,,upright ,,tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 #aa4 ,,mak+ ,,! ,t-,,head4 ,! second season aft] plant+ %\ld see ! v9e ti$ to ! fir/ wire4 ,fig4 #aj is a photograph tak5 9 ,july1 #ahib1 ( a ,concord v9e :i* 0 set 9 ! spr+ ( #ahia4 ,9 ! fall ( #ahia ! v9e 0 cut back to ?ree or f\r buds1 & 9 ! spr+ ( #ahib two ( ^! buds 7 all[$ to make canes4 ,^! two canes are n[ ti$ to ! wire1 :i* 0 /ret*$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahib4 ,9 ?is case1 ! bran*es />t ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,sometimes only a s+le /rong %oot gr[s1 & 9 ord] to secure ! two bran*es x is brok5 ov] :]e x passes ! wire1 & is usually ti$ to a /ake to af=d support4 ,fig4 #aa %[s ?is op]ation4 ,a bud w develop at ! b5d or break1 f :i* a cane c be tra9$ 9 ! opposite direction f ! orig9al portion1 & ! ,t-head is secur$4 ,illu/ration3 #ab4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,season ,,( ,,high ,,r5ewal4--,,concord4 ,illu/ration3 #ac4 ,,high ,,r5ewal1 ,,be=e ,,prun+4--,,catawba4 ,! close ( ! second season aft] plant+1 !re=e1 w usually f9d ! v9e ) two good canes ext5d+ 9 opposite directions & ti$ to ! wire4 ,! prun+ at t "t w consi/ 9 cutt+ (f ! ends ( ^! canes back to firm & /rong wood1 :i* w leave !m be>+ f five to eight buds4 ,! ?ird season1 %oots w gr[ upright f ^! buds & w be ti$ to ! second wire1 :i* has n[ be5 suppli$4 ,late 9 ! ?ird season ! v9e %\ld h mu* ! appe>ance ( t %[n 9 fig4 #ab4 ,! ?ird wire is usually add$ to ! trellis at ! close ( ! second season1 at ! same "t t ! second wire is put on2 b occasionally ?is is delay$ until ! close ( ! ?ird season4 ,"s ( ! upright %oots may be> a few grapes ?is ?ird season1 b unless ! v9es are v /rong ! fl[] clu/]s %\ld be remov$2 & a ?ree-ye>-old v9e %\ld nev] be all[$ to be> heavily4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t bo? ^! horizontal canes1 ) all _! mass ( h]bage1 are to be cut away 9 ! fall or w9t] ( ! ?ird ye>4 ,"s provision mu/ h be5 made1 !re=e1 = ! top = ! f\r? ye>4 ,x w be recall$ t 9 discuss+ ! r5ewal prun+ 7page #af1 fig4 #e71 x 0 f\nd t two or m %oots are all[$ to gr[ ea* ye> to =m ! basis ( ! top ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 fig4 #ab ?ree or f\r su* %oots c be se5 spr++ f ! ,y-%ap$ portion 9 ! c5t] ( ! v9e4 ,^! %oots or canes are to be b5t d[n to ! l[e/ wire next spr+1 & ! be>+ %oots w arise f !m4 ,?is process w be se5 at a glance f figs4 #ac1 #ad & #ae4 ,! fir/ %[s a full gr[n old v9e1 tra9$ on ?ree wires4 ,fig4 #ad %[s ! same v9e :5 prun$4 ,two long canes1 ) six or eight buds ea*1 are left to =m ! top ( ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! two /ubs f :i* ! r5ewal canes are to gr[ = ! second ye>'s top are se5 9 ! c5t]4 ,9 ! fall ( ! next ye>1 !re=e1 ^! two outside canes w be cut away to ! base ( ^! r5ewal /ubs2 & ! r5ewal canes1 9 ! meantime1 w h made a ye>'s gr[?4 ,^! r5ewal /ubs 9 ?is picture are really spurs1 z w be se52 t is1 !y conta9 two ages ( wood4 ,x is ! purpose1 h[ev]1 to remove ^! /ubs or spurs e two or ?ree ye>s at mo/1 & to br+ new canes directly f ! old wood or head4 ,if possible1 ! r5ewal cane is br\ght f a new place on ! old wood e ye> 9 ord] to avoid a spur4 ,su* 0 ! case 9 ! v9e %[n 9 fig4 #e1 page #ai4 ,fig4 #ae %[s ! same v9e ti$ d[n to ! l[e/ wire4 ,two ties h be5 made ^u ea* cane4 ,fig4 #af %[s a v9e 9 :i* f\r canes h be5 left to =m ! top = ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! /ubs = ! r5ewals c be se5 9 ! ,y4 ,x is cu/om>y to leave m ?an two canes1 occasionally1 9 /rong-gr[+ v>ieties l ,concord4 ,sometimes f\r & occasionally six are left4 ,if f\r canes are left1 two may be ti$ toge!r 9 ea* direction ^u ! bottom wire4 ,if six are us$1 ! two extra ones %\ld be ti$ along ! second wire1 p>allel ) ! l[e/ ones4 ,^! extra canes are sometimes ti$ obliquely across ! trellis1 b ?is practice %\ld be disc\rag$1 = ! usual t5d5cy ( ! v9e is to make its greate/ gr[? at ! top1 & ! l[] buds may fail to be>4 ,illu/ration3 #ad4 ,,high ,,r5ewal1 ,,prun$4 ,illu/ration3 #ae4 ,,high ,,r5ewal1 ,,prun$ ,,& ,,ti$4 ,! ideal l5g? ( ! two canes v>ies ) diff]5t v>ieties & ! di/ance ap>t at :i* ! v9es are set4 ,v /rong k9ds1 l ,concord & ,niag>a1 c c>ry t5 or twelve buds on ea* cane1 especially if ! v9es are set m ?an eight feet ap>t4 ,fig4 #ag %[s half ( a ,concord v9e 9 :i* ab\t t5 buds 7 left on ea* cane4 ,^! /rong sorts c (t5 c>ry =ty or fifty buds to ! v9e to advantage1 b :5 ?is numb] is left ! canes %\ld be f\r1 z expla9$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph4 ,9 ,delaw>e & o!r weak-gr[+ v>ieties1 tw5ty or tw5ty-five buds to ! v9e %\ld be ! maximum & only two canes %\ld be left4 ,9 %ort-jo9t$ v>ieties1 ! canes are usually cut to ! desir$ l5g?--f\r to six feet--ev5 if too great a numb] ( buds is left1 b ! %oots :i* spr+ f ^! extra buds are brok5 out soon aft] !y />t4 ,a ,delaw>e v9e :i* has made an unusually %ort or weak gr[? w require few] buds to be left = next ye>'s top ?an a neighbor+ v9e ( ! same v>iety :i* has made a /rong gr[?4 ,! ,catawba1 :i* is a %ort b v /iff gr[]1 is usually cut back to six or eight buds1 z se5 9 figs4 #ac1 #ad & #ae4 ,! gr[] soon le>ns to adju/ ! prun+ to ! "* ( ! v9e )\t ef=t4 ,he has 9 8 m9d a c]ta9 ideal crop ( grapes1 p]haps ab\t s _m bun*es1 & he leaves en\gh buds to produce ?is am\nt1 all[+1 p]haps1 t5 p] c5t4 ( ! buds = accid5ts & b>r5 %oots4 ,he kn[s1 too1 t ! canes %\ld always be cut back to firm1 well-rip5$ wood4 ,x %\ld be said t m]e size ( cane does n indicate its value z a fruit-be>+ bran*4 ,h>d1 smoo? wood ( m$ium size usually gives bett] results ?an ! v l>ge & s(t] canes :i* are sometimes produc$ on soils ri* 9 nitrog5\s manures4 ,?is l>ge & ov]gr[n wood is kn[n z a bull cane4 ,a cane does n atta9 its full gr[? ! fir/ ye>1 b w increase 9 diamet] dur+ ! second season4 ,! ty+ !re=e1 %\ld be suffici5tly loose or ela/ic to all[ ( gr[?1 al?\gh x %\ld be firm en\gh to hold ! cane con/antly 9 place4 ,! cane %\ld n be hung f ! wire1 b ti$ close to x1 provision be+ made = ! swell+ ( ! wood to twice its diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 #af4 ,,high ,,r5ewal ,,) ,,f\r ,,canes4 ,illu/ration3 #ag4 ,,high ,,r5ewal ,,complete4--,,concord4 ,! %oots are ti$ to ! second wire soon aft] !y pass x1 or h atta9$ firmness en\gh to all[ ( ty+1 & ! same %oots are ti$ aga9 to ! top wire4 ,all ! %oots d n gr[ ) equal rapidity1 & ! v9ey>d mu/ be gone ov] m ?an twice if ! %oots are kept prop]ly ti$4 ,p]haps f\r times ov] ! v9ey>d w be all t is necess>y = c>eful summ] ty+4 ,_m v9ey>di/s tie only once or twice1 b ?is neglect %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,?is ty+ is mo/ly done ) gre5 rye /raw or raffia4 ,a piece ( /raw ab\t t5 in*es long is us$ = ea* tie1 x usually be+ wrapp$ b once ab\t ! %oot4 ,! knot is made ) a twi/ & tuck4 ,if raffia is us$1 a common /r+-knot is made4 ,:5 ! %oots rea* ! top ( ! trellis1 !y are usually all[$ to take c>e ( !mselves4 ,! ,catawba %oots /& ne>ly erect above ! top wire & ord9>ily ne$ no att5tion4 ,! long-gr[+ v>ieties w be likely to drag ! %oots ^u ! gr\nd be=e ! close ( ! season4 ,if ^! tips int]f]e ) ! cultivation1 !y may be clipp$ (f ) a sickle or corn-cutt]1 al?\gh ?is practice %\ld be delay$ z long z possible to prev5t ! gr[? ( lat]als 7see page #ba74 ,x is probably bett] to avoid cutt+ entirely4 ,"s gr[]s w9d or tie ! longe/ %oots ^u ! top wire1 z se5 9 fig4 #ag4 ,x is probably be/1 z a rule1 to all[ ! %oots to hang ov] naturally1 & to clip !m only :5 !y s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! "w ( ! hoe & cultivator4 ,! treatm5t = slat trellises1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ah1 is ! same z on wire trellises1 except t long] /r+s mu/ be us$ 9 ty+4 ,illu/ration3 #ah4 ,a ,,slat ,,trellis1 ,,) ,,upright ,,tra9+4 ,x is app>5t t ne>ly or q all ! fruit 9 ! ,high ,r5ewal is borne betwe5 ! fir/ & second wires1 at ! bottom ( ! trellis4 ,if ! l[] wire is tw5ty-f\r or ?irty in*es high1 ?is fruit w hang at ! mo/ conv5i5t height = pick+4 ,! fruit trays are set ^u ! gr\nd1 & bo? h&s are free4 ,! fruit is also protect$ f ! hot suns & f fro/2 & if ! %oots are prop]ly ti$1 ! clu/]s are n %ak5 r\ghly by ! w9d4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 desirable t all ! clu/]s %\ld be fully expos$ to light & air1 & all sup]flu\s %oots %\ld1 !re=e1 be pull$ (f1 z already expla9$ 7page #ba74 ,9 r>e cases x may also be necess>y1 = ?is purpose1 to prune ! canes :i* droop ov] f ! top ( ! trellis4 ,aft] a few ye>s1 ! old top or head ( ! v9e becomes m or less weak & x %\ld be r5ew$ f ! root4 ,! ?rifty v9ey>di/ anticipates ?is circum/ance1 & n[ & !n all[s a ?rifty %oot :i* may spr+ f ! gr\nd to rema94 ,?is %oot is treat$ v mu* l a "y v9e1 & ! head is =m$ dur+ ! second ye> 7page #af1 bottom74 ,if x %\ld make a /rong gr[? dur+ ! fir/ ye> & develop /\t lat]als1 x may be cut back only to ! l[e/ wire ! fir/ fall2 b 9 o!r cases1 x %\ld be cut back to two or ?ree buds1 f "o ( :i* a /rong & p]man5t %oot is tak5 ! second ye>4 ,:5 ?is new top comes into be>+1 ! old trunk is cut (f at ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 or bel[ if possible4 ,a top w reta9 its vigor = six or eight ye>s "u ord9>y treatm5t1 & sometimes mu* long]4 ,^! tops are r5ew$ f "t to "t z occasion p]mits or dem&s1 & any v9ey>d :i* has be5 be>+ a numb] ( ye>s w ne>ly always h a few v9es 9 process ( r5ewal4 ,! read] %\ld n receive ! impression1 h[ev]1 t ! life or vitality ( a v9e is necess>ily limit$4 ,v9es (t5 cont9ue to be> = tw5ty ye>s or m )\t r5ewal2 b ! head aft] a "t comes to be l>ge & r\gh & crook$1 & (t5 weak5$ by sc>s1 & bett] results are likely to be obta9$ if a new1 clean v9e takes its place4 ,! ,high ,r5ewal is ext5sively us$ 9 ! lake region ( ,we/]n ,new ,york1 = all v>ieties4 ,x is p>ticul>ly well adapt$ to ,delaw>e1 ,catawba1 & o!r weak or %ort v>ieties4 ,:5 sy/ematically pursu$1 x gives fruit ( ! highe/ excell5ce4 ,?is ,high ,r5ewal tra9+1 l all ! l[ upright sy/ems1 all[s ! v9es to be laid d[n easily 9 w9t]1 :i* is an important consid]ation 9 _m p>ts ( ,canada & 9 ! cold] nor!rn /ates4 ,fan ,tra9+4--,a sy/em mu* us$ a few ye>s ago & /ill sometimes se51 is "o :i* r5ews back ne>ly to ! gr\nd ea* ye>1 & c>ries ! fruit+ canes up 9 a fan-%ap$ mann]4 ,?is sy/em has ! advantages ( disp5s+ ) mu* ( ! old wood1 or trunk1 & facilitat+ lay+ d[n ! v9e 9 w9t] 9 cold climates4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has ! disadvantages ( be>+ ! fruit too l[--unless ! l[] clu/]s are remov$--& mak+ a v9e ( inconv5i5t %ape = ty+4 ,x is little us$ at pres5t4 ,fig4 #ai %[s a v9e prun$ = fan-tra9+1 al?\gh x is by no means an ideal v9e4 ,?is v9e has n be5 prop]ly r5ew$1 b be>s long1 crook$ spurs1 f :i* ! canes spr+4 ,"o ( ^! spurs w be se5 to ext5d beyond ! l[] wire4 ,! spurs %\ld be kept v %ort1 & !y %\ld be entirely remov$ e two or ?ree ye>s1 z expla9$ 9 ! above discussion ( ! ,high ,r5ewal tra9+4 ,! %oots are all[$ to take _! natural c\rse1 be+ ti$ to any wire ne> :i* !y *ance to gr[1 f9ally lopp+ ov] ! top wire4 ,sometimes ! canes are b5t d[n & ti$ horizontally to ! wires1 & ?is is probably ! bett] practice4 ,two canes may be ti$ 9 ea* direction on ! l[] wire1 or ! two inn] canes may be ti$ d[n to ! second wire4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! v9e is ess5tially l ! ,high ,r5ewal1 except t ! trunk is %ort]4 ,illu/ration3 #ai4 ,,fan ,,tra9+1 ,,aft] ,,prun+4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,droop+ ,,sy/ems4 ,9 #ahde ,william ,t4 ,cornell plant$ a v9ey>d 9 ! ,hudson ,riv] ,valley4 ,a neighbor1 ,william ,kniff91 0 a /one mason ) a few acres ( l& to :i* he devot$ 8 att5tion dur+ ! leisure seasons ( 8 trade4 ,cornell induc$ ,kniff9 to plant a few grapes4 ,he plant$ ! ,isabella1 & succe$+ beyond 8 expectations1 ! plantation 0 increas$ into a respectable v9ey>d & ,kniff9 came to be reg>d$ z a local au?ority ^u grape culture4 ,^? 7 ! pione] days 9 comm]cial grape gr[+ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & !re 7 no undisput$ maxims ( cultivation & tra9+4 ,if any sy/em ( close tra9+ & prun+ 0 employ$1 x 0 probably ! old horizontal arm spur sy/em1 or some?+ l x4 ,"o day a l>ge limb broke f an apple-tree & fell ^u a grape-v9e1 te>+ (f "s ( ! canes & cru%+ ! v9e into a s+ul> %ape4 ,! v9e 0 ?\ght to be ru9$1 b x 0 left until ! fruit c\ld be ga!r$4 ,b z ! fruit matur$1 its l>ge size & h&some appe>ance attract$ att5tion4 ,x 0 ! be/ fruit 9 ! v9ey>d6 ,mr4 ,kniff9 0 an obs]vant man1 & he inquir$ into ! cause ( ! excell5t fruit4 ,he notic$ t ! v9e _h be5 prun$ & t ! be/ canes /ood out horizontally4 ,f ?is sugge/ion he develop$ ! f\r-cane sy/em ( tra9+ :i* n[ be>s 8 "n4 ,a ye> or two lat]1 9 #ahed1 ! sy/em _h attract$ ! att5tion ( ^? ( 8 neighbors :o cultivat$ grapes1 & !reaft] x spread ?r\gh\t ! ,hudson valley1 :]e x is to-day1 ) v>i\s modifications1 ! *ief me?od ( grape tra9+4 ,its m]its h become kn[n beyond its orig9al valley1 & x is n[ spread+ m rapidly ?an any o!r sy/em4 ,! gr\nd ^u :i* ! old ,isabellas grew is n[ occupi$ by ,concords1 :i* are z vigor\s & productive z ^? gr[n ^u new] soils4 ,william ,kniff9 di$ at 8 home 9 ,cl9tondale1 ,ul/] c\nty1 ,new ,york1 ,june #ac1 #ahgf1 at fifty-sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,! portrait is f a photograph :i* 0 tak5 two or ?ree ye>s be=e 8 dea?4 ,illu/ration3 #bj4 ,,william ,,kniff94 ,! ,true or ,f\r-,cane ,kniff9 ,sy/em4--,figure #ba %[s ! true ,kniff9 sy/em1 v ne>ly z practic$ by its orig9ator4 ,a s+le /em or trunk is c>ri$ directly to ! top wire1 & two canes are tak5 out f side spurs at ea* wire4 ,mr4 ,kniff9 believ$ 9 %ort canes1 & cut !m back to ab\t six buds on bo? wires4 ,b mo/ gr[]s n[ pref] to leave ! upp] canes long] ?an ! l[] ones1 z se5 9 illu/ration4 ,! be>+ %oots are all[$ to hang at w1 s t no summ] ty+ is necess>y2 ?is is ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! v>i\s ,kniff9 sy/ems4 ,! ma9 trunk is ti$ to ea* wire1 & ! canes are ti$ to ! wires 9 spr+4 ,?is sy/em possesses ! great advantage1 !re=e1 ( requir+ little labor dur+ ! busy days ( ! gr[+ season2 & ! v9es are easily cultivat$1 & if ! r[s are n9e or t5 feet ap>t1 currants or o!r bu%-fruits c be gr[n betwe54 ,! sy/em is especially adapt$ to ! /rong v>ieties ( grapes4 ,= fur!r comp>isons ( ! m]its ( diff]5t sy/ems ( tra9+1 ! read] %\ld consult ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,illu/ration3 #ba4 ,,! ,,true ,,kniff9 ,,tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 #bb4 ,,no4 #ba ,,:5 ,,prun$4 ,! prun+ ( ! ,kniff9 v9e consi/s 9 cutt+ (f all ! wood save a s+le cane f ea* spur4 ,fig4 #bb illu/rates ! process4 ,?is is ! same v9e :i* is %[n ) ! full am\nt ( wood on 9 fig4 #ba4 ,! droop+ %oots %[n 9 t illu/ration bore ! grapes ( #ahib2 & n[1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahib-ic1 !y are all to be cut away1 ) ! horizontal old canes f :i* !y grew1 save only ! f\r canes :i* hang ne>e/ ! ma9 trunk4 ,fig4 #bb %[s ! v9e aft] x _h be5 prun$4 ,x is n obligatory t ! canes :i* are left aft] ! prun+ %\ld be ^? ne>e/ ! trunk1 = x may happ5 t ^! may be weak2 b1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ^! canes are pref]able because _! selection keeps ! old spurs %ort4 ,! c>eful gr[] w take pa9s to remove ! weak %oots :i* />t f ?is po9t1 9 ord] t a /rong cane may be obta9$4 ,x is desirable t ^! side spurs be remov$ entirely e ?ree or f\r ye>s1 a new cane be+ br\ght out aga9 f ! ma9 body or trunk4 ,!re is little expectation1 h[ev]1 t !re %all be su* a complete r5ewal prun+ z t practic$ 9 ! ,high ,r5ewal1 :i* we discuss$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,x w be se5 t ! droop+ canes 9 fig4 #bb are %ort] ?an !y 7 orig9ally1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ba4 ,!y h be5 cut back4 ,! l5g? at :i* ^! canes %all be left is a moot po9t4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! v>iety1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! wires1 ! /r5g? ( ! soil1 & o!r factors4 ,ne>ly all gr[]s n[ agree t ! upp] canes %\ld be long] ?an ! l[] ones1 al?\gh equal canes are /ill us$ 9 "s places4 ,9 /rong v>ieties1 l ,word51 ea* ( ! upp] canes may be> t5 buds & ea* ( ! l[] ones five4 ,?is gives ?irty buds to ! v9e4 ,"s gr[]s pref] to leave twelve buds above & only f\r bel[4 ,^! f\r prun$ canes are g5]ally all[$ to hang dur+ w9t]1 b are ti$ onto ! wires be=e ! buds swell 9 spr+4 ,!y are /ret*$ out horizontally & secur$ to ! wire by "o or two ties ^u ea* cane4 ,! %oots :i* spr+ f ^! horizontal canes /& upright or oblique at fir/ b !y soon fall ov] ) ! weight ( foliage & fruit4 ,if !y t\* ! gr\nd1 ! ends may be clipp$ (f ) a sickle1 corn-cutt] or scy!1 al?\gh ?is is n always done1 & is n necess>y unless ! canes int]f]e ) cultivation4 ,!re is no summ]-p9*+ nor prun+1 al?\gh ! sup]flu\s %oots %\ld be brok5 out1 z 9 o!r sy/ems4 7,see page #bc74 ,only two wires are us$ 9 ! true ,kniff9 trellis4 ,! end po/s are usually set 9 holes1 r ?an driv51 to r5d] !m solid1 & !y %\ld always be well brac$4 ,! int]m$iate po/s are driv51 & !y usually /& betwe5 e alt]nate v9e1 or tw5ty feet ap>t if ! v9es are t5 feet ap>t--:i* is a common di/ance = ! mo/ vigor\s v>ieties4 ,= ! /rong-gr[+ v>ieties1 ! top wire is plac$ f five & "o-half to six feet above ! gr\nd4 ,five feet n9e in*es is a popul> height4 ,! po/s w heave suffici5tly to br+ ! height to six feet1 al?\gh x is be/ to tap ! po/s e spr+ ) a maul 9 ord] to drive !m back & make !m firm4 ,! l[] wire is usually plac$ at ?ree & "o-half feet4 ,delaw>es1 if tra9$ ,kniff91 %\ld n /& above five feet f\r in*es1 or at mo/ five feet six in*es4 ,/rong v9es on good soil are (t5 put onto ! trellis ! second ye>1 al?\gh x is a common] practice1 p]haps1 to /ake !m ! second season1 z already expla9$ 7page #bg71 & put !m on ! wires ! ?ird season4 ,! ye> foll[+ ! ty+ to ! trellis1 ! v9e %\ld be> a p>tial crop4 ,! v9e is usually c>ri$ directly to ! top wire ! fir/ season ( tra9+1 al?\gh x is ! practice ( "s gr[]s1 especially outside ! ,hudson valley1 to /op ! trunk at ! l[] wire ! fir/ ye> ( p]man5t tra9+1 & to c>ry x to ! top wire ! foll[+ ye>4 ,yields f good ,kniff9 v9es w av]age fully z high & p]haps high] ?an f o!r species ( tra9+4 ,w4 ,d4 ,b>ns1 ( ,orange c\nty1 ,new ,york1 has _h an annual av]age ( tw5ty-six p\nds ( ,concords to ! v9e = n9e ye>s1 #a1eej v9es be+ consid]$ 9 ! calculation4 ,:ile ! ,delaw>e is n s well suit$ to ! ,kniff9 sy/em z /rong] v>ieties1 x c nev]!less be tra9$ 9 ?is mann] ) success1 z ! foll[+ av]age yields obta9$ by ,mr4 ,b>ns f #bjj v9es set 9 #ahha w %[3 #ahhf #h-a_/b p\nds to ! v9e4 #ahhg #aa-c_/d #ahhh #h #ahhi #i-a_/b #ahij #g #ahia #af #ahib #ac ,modifications ( ! ,f\r-,cane ,kniff94--,v>i\s modifications ( ?is orig9al f\r-cane ,kniff9 are 9 use4 ,! ,kniff9 idea is (t5 c>elessly appli$ to a rack trellis4 ,9 su* cases1 sev]al canes 7 all[$ to gr[ :]e only two %\ld h be5 left4 ,fig4 #bc is a common b poor /yle ( ,kniff9 us$ 9 "s ( ! l>ge new v9ey>ds ( we/]n ,new ,york4 ,x diff]s f ! type 9 ! tra9+ ( ! "y wood4 ,^! %oots1 in/ead ( be+ all[$ to hang at w1 are c>ri$ out horizontally & ei!r ti$ to ! wire or twi/$ ar\nd x4 ,! advantage urg$ = ?is modification is ! little injury done by w9d1 b1 z a matt] ( practice1 x af=ds less protection ?an ! true droop+ ,kniff91 = 9 ! latt] ! %oots f ! upp] cane soon cl+ to ! l[] wire1 & ! %oots f bo? ti]s ( canes protect ea* o!r bel[ ! l[] wire4 ,!re are ?ree s]i\s disadvantages to ?is hold+ up ( ! %oots1--x makes unnecess>y labor1 ! canes are likely to make wood or bull canes 7see page #ej7 at ! exp5se ( fruit1 & ! fruit is bun*$ toge!r on ! v9es4 ,illu/ration3 #bc4 ,a ,,poor ,,type ,,( ,,kniff94 ,ano!r common modification ( ! f\r-cane ,kniff9 is t %[n 9 fig4 #bd1 9 :i* a crot* or ,y is made 9 ! trunk4 ,?is crot* is us$ 9 ! belief t ! necess>y sap supply is !reby m readily deflect$ into ! l[] arms ?an by ! sy/em ( side spurr+ on a /raight or cont9u\s trunk4 ,?is is probably a fallacy1 & may h aris5 f ! attempt to gr[ z heavy canes on ! l[] wire z on ! upp] "o4 ,nev]!less1 ?is modification is 9 common use 9 we/]n ,new ,york & else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 #bd4 ,,! ,y-,,trunk ,,kniff94 ,if x is desir$ to leave an equal numb] ( buds on bo? wires1 ! ,d\ble ,kniff9 w probably be f\nd mo/ satisfactory4 ,two di/9ct trunks are br\ght f ! root1 ea* supply+ a s+le wire only4 ,! trunks are ti$ toge!r to hold !m 9 place4 ,?is sy/em1 "u ! "n ( ,improv$ ,kniff91 is j com+ into notice 9 re/rict$ portions ( ! ,hudson valley4 ,! ,two-,cane ,kniff91 or ,umbrella ,sy/em4--,inasmu* z ! great] "p ( ! fruit 9 ! ,f\r-,cane ,kniff9 is born ^u ! upp] wire1 ! "q arises if x w\ld n be bett] to disp5se ) ! l[] canes & cut ! upp] ones long]4 ,?is is n[ done to a consid]able ext5t1 especially 9 ! ,hudson valley4 ,fig4 #be expla9s ! op]ation4 ,?is %[s a prun$ v9e4 ,! trunk is ti$ to ! l[] wire to /eady x1 & two canes1 ea* be>+ f n9e to fifte5 buds1 are left ^u ! upp] wire4 ,^! canes are ti$ to ! upp] wire & !y are !n b5t d[n1 hoop-l1 to ! l[] wire1 :]e ! ends are ti$4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! l[] wire is disp5s$ )1 b ?is is n advisable4 ,?is wire holds ! v9e 9 place aga9/ ! w9ds & prev5ts ! too viol5t :ipp+ ( ! hang+ %oots4 ,dur+ ! gr[+ season1 r5ewal canes are tak5 f ! spurs 9 exactly ! same mann] z 9 ! ord9>y ,kniff94 ,?is species ( tra9+ r$uces ! am\nt ( leaf-surface to a m9imum1 & e precaution mu/ be tak5 to insure a heal?y leaf-gr[?4 ,?is sy/em ( tra9+ w probably n all[ ( ! successful girdl+ ( ! v9e = ! purpose ( ha/5+ ! maturity & augm5t+ ! size ( ! fruit4 ,yet heavy crops c be obta9$ f x1 if lib]al f]tiliz+ & good cultivation are employ$1 & ! fruit is ne>ly always fir/-class4 ,a ,concord v9e tra9$ 9 ?is mann] produc$ 9 #ahib eighty clu/]s ( fir/ quality grapes1 weigh+ =ty p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 #be4 ,,umbrella ,,tra9+4 ,ano!r type ( ,umbrella tra9+ is %[n 9 fig4 #bf1 be=e prun+4 ,"h five ma9 canes 7 all[$ to gr[1 in/ead ( two4 ,except 9 v /rong v9es1 ?is top is too heavy1 & x is probably nev] s good z ! o!r 7fig4 #be71 if ! highe/ results are desir$2 b = ! gr[] :o does n c>e to insure high cultivation x is probably a saf] sy/em ?an ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 #bf4 ,a ,,poor ,,umbrella ,,sy/em4 ,! ,l[1 or ,"o-,wire ,kniff94--,a modification ( ?is ,umbrella sy/em is sometimes us$1 9 :i* ! trellis is only ?ree or f\r feet high & comprises b a s+le wire4 ,a cane ( t5 or a doz5 buds is ti$ out 9 ea* direction1 & ! %oots are all[$ to hang 9 ess5tially ! same mann] z 9 ! ,true or ,high ,kniff9 sy/em4 ,! advantages urg$ = ?is sy/em are ! protection ( ! grapes f w9d1 ! l>ge size ( ! fruit due to ! small am\nt ( be>+ wood1 ! ease ( lay+ d[n ! v9es1 ! read9ess ) :i* ! top c be r5ew$ f ! root z occasion dem&s1 & ! *eapness ( ! trellis4 ,! ,six-,cane ,kniff94--,!re are _m old v9ey>ds 9 ea/]n ,new ,york :i* are tra9$ ^u a six-cane or ?ree-wire sy/em4 ,! g5]al prun+ & managem5t ( ^! v9es d n diff] f t ( ! common ,kniff94 ,v /rong v>ieties :i* c c>ry an abundance ( wood1 may be pr(itable ^u ?is /yle ( tra9+1 b x _c be recomm5d$4 ,a ,concord v9ey>d ov] ?irty ye>s old1 compris+ #bie v9es1 tra9$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 is /ill ?rifty & productive4 ,twice x has produc$ crops ( six tons4 ,illu/ration3 #bg4 ,,eight-,,cane ,,kniff94 7,diagram47 ,eight-,cane ,kniff94--,eight & ev5 t5 canes are sometimes left ^u a s+le trunk1 & are tra9$ out horizontally or some:at obliquely1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram 7fig4 #bg74 ,unless ^! canes are cut back to f\r or five buds ea*1 ! v9e c>ries too mu* wood & fruit4 ,?is sy/em all[s ( close plant+1 b ! trellis is too exp5sive4 ,! trunk soon becomes ov]gr[n ) spurs1 & x is likely to become prematurely weak4 ,?is /yle is v r>ely us$4 ,illu/ration3 #bh4 ,,ov]head ,,kniff94 ,illu/ration3 #bi4 ,,ov]head ,,kniff94 ,ov]head1 or ,arbor ,kniff94--,a curi\s modification ( ! ,kniff9 is employ$ some:at on ! ,hudson1 p>ticul>ly by ,s&s ,havil& at ,m>lboro'4 ,! v9es are c>ri$ up on a k9d ( ov]head arbor1 z %[n 9 figs4 #bh1 #bi & #cj4 ,! trellis is six feet above ! gr\nd1 & is compos$ ( ?ree horizontal wires ly+ 9 ! same plane4 ,! c5tral wire runs f po/ to po/1 & "o ^u ei!r side is atta*$ to ! end ( a ?ree-foot cross-b>1 z repres5t$ 9 fig4 #bh4 ,! r[s are n9e feet ap>t1 & ! v9es & po/s twelve feet ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,contigu\s r[s are brac$ by a connect+-pole1 z 9 fig4 #bi4 ,! trunk ( ! v9e ends 9 a ,t-%ap$ head1 :i* is well display$ 9 ! v9e at ! extreme "r 9 ! =egr\nd 9 fig4 #cj4 ,f ?is ,t-head1 five canes are c>ri$ out f spurs4 ,x 0 =m]ly ! practice to c>ry out six canes1 "o 9 ea* direction ^u ea* wire1 b ?is 0 f\nd to supply too mu* wood4 ,n[ two canes are c>ri$ 9 "o direction & ?ree 9 ! o!r2 & ! positions ( ^! sets are alt]nat$ ea* ye>1 if possible4 ,! canes :i* are left aft] ! w9t] prun+ are ti$ along ! wires 9 spr+1 z 9 ! ,kniff91 & ! %oots hang ov] ! wires4 ,! *ief advantage ( ?is tra9+ is t x all[s ( ! gr[+ ( bu%-fruits betwe5 ! r[s1 z se5 9 fig4 #bi4 ,x is also said t ! clu/]s hang s free t ! bloom is n injur$ by ! twigs or leaves1 & ! fruit is protect$ f sun & fro/4 ,e po/ mu/ be l>ge & firmly set1 h[ev]1 add+ mu* to ! co/ ( ! trellis4 ,sev]al /yles simil> to ?is are 9 use1 "o ( ! be/ be+ ! ,critt5d5 sy/em1 ( ,mi*igan4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 ! trellis is l[1 n exce$+ f\r or five feet1 & ! v9es cov] a flat-topp$ plat=m two or ?ree feet wide4 ,illu/ration3 #cj4 ,,ov]head ,,kniff91 ,,be=e ,,prun+4 ,! ,cross-,wire ,sy/em4--,ano!r high ,kniff9 tra9+1 & :i* is also conf9$ to ! vic9ity ( ,m>lboro'1 ,new ,york1 is ! ,cross-,wire1 repres5t$ 9 figs4 #ca & #cb4 ,small po/s are set eight feet ap>t ea* way1 & a s+le wire runs f ! top ( po/ to po/--six & "o-half feet f ! gr\nd--9 ea* direction1 =m+ a *eck-r[ sy/em ( ov]head wires4 ,! grape-v9e is set at ! foot ( ! /ake1 to :i* ! trunk is ti$ = support4 ,f\r canes are tak5 f spurs on ! head ( ! trunk1 "o = ea* ( ! radiat+ wires4 ,^! canes are cut to ?ree & "o-half or f\r feet 9 l5g?1 & ! be>+ %oots droop z !y gr[4 ,fig4 #ca %[s ?is tra9+ z x appe>s "s "t aft] ! leaves />t 9 spr+4 ,lat] 9 ! season ! :ole v9ey>d becomes a great arbor1 & a p]son /&+ at a di/ance sees an almo/ imp5etrable mass ( h]bage1 z 9 fig4 #cb4 ,?is sy/em appe>s to h little m]it1 & w always rema9 local 9 application4 ,x possesses ! advantage ( economy 9 con/ruction ( ! trellis1 = v sl5d] po/s are us$1 ev5 at ! ends ( ! r[s4 ,! end po/s are ei!r brac$ by a pole or an*or$ by a wire tak5 f ! top & secur$ to a /ake or /one eight or t5 feet beyond1 outside ! v9ey>d4 ,illu/ration3 #ca4 ,,cross-,,wire ,,tra9+4 ,illu/ration3 #cb4 ,,cross-,,wire ,,tra9+4 ,,outside ,,view4 ,r5ewal ,kniff94--,x is an easy matt] to adapt ! ,kniff9 pr9ciple ( free hang+ %oots to a true r5ewal me?od ( prun+4 ,!re are a few modifications 9 use 9 :i* ! wood is annually r5ew$ to ne> ! gr\nd4 ,! trellises comprise ei!r two or ?ree wires1 & are made 9 ! same mann] z = ! upright sy/ems1 z ! ,high ,r5ewal4 ,at ! annual prun+ only "o cane is left4 ,?is comprises twelve or fifte5 buds1 & is ti$ up diagonally across ! trellis1 ! po9t or end ( ! cane usually be+ b5t d[nw>d some:at1 9 ord] to *eck ! /rong gr[? f ! upp]mo/ p>ts4 ,! %oots hang f ?is cane1 & !y may be p9*$ back :5 !y rea* ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! meantime a /rong %oot is tak5 out f ! opposite side ( ! head--:i* usually /&s a foot or less f ! gr\nd--to make ! be>+ wood ( ! next ye>2 & ?is new cane w be ti$ 9 an opposite direction on ! trellis f ! pres5t be>+ cane1 & ! next r5ewal %oot w be tak5 f ! o!r side ( ! head1 or ! side f :i* ! pres5t be>+ wood sprung2 s t ! be>+ top ( ! v9e is alt]nat$ 9 ei!r direction ^u ! trellis4 ,?is sy/em1 & simil> ones1 all[ ( lay+ d[n ! v9es easily 9 w9t]1 & insure excell5t fruit because ! am\nt ( be>+ wood is small2 b ! crop is n l>ge en\gh to satisfy mo/ dem&s4 ,! ,munson ,sy/em4--,an unique sy/em ( tra9+1 ^u ! ,kniff9 pr9ciple1 has be5 devis$ by ,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 ( ,d5ison1 ,texas1 a well-kn[n au?ority ^u grapes4 ,two po/s are set 9 ! same hole1 _! tops div]g+4 ,a wire is /ret*$ along ! top ( ^! po/s & a ?ird "o is hung betwe5 !m on cross-wires4 ,! trunk ( ! v9e1 or its head1 is secur$ to ?is middle l[] wire & ! %oots lop ov] ! side wires4 ,! gr[?1 !re=e1 makes a ,v-%ap$ or tr\gh-l mass ( h]bage4 ,fig4 #cc is an end view ( ?is trellis1 %[+ ! %ort wire connect+ ! po/s & :i* also holds ! middle trellis-wire at ! po9t ( ! ,v4 ,fig4 #cd is a side view ( ! trellis4 ,! be>+ canes1 two or f\r1 9 numb]1 :i* are left aft] ! annual prun+1 are ti$ along ?is middle wire4 ,! ma9 trunk =ks j "u ! middle wire1 z se5 at ! left 9 fig4 #cd4 ,a head is =m$ at ?is place n unlike l t :i* *>act]izes ! ,high ,r5ewal1 = ?is sy/em also employs r5ewal prun+4 ,! trellis /&s six feet high4 ,! %oots /& upright at fir/1 b soon fall d[n & are support$ by ! side wires4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is sy/em ( tra9+ is writt5 = ?is occasion by ,mr4 ,munson3 ,aft] ! v9es h fl[]$1 ! be>+ lat]als h _! tips p9*$ (f1 & t is all ! summ] prun+ ! v9e gets1 except to rub (f all eyes t />t on ! body bel[ ! crot*4 ,two to f\r %oots1 accord+ to /r5g? ( v9e1 are />t$ f ! =ks or crot* & all[$ to be> no fruit1 b are tra9$ along ov] ! l[] c5tral wire = r5ewal canes4 ,:5 prun+ "t arrives1 ! entire be>+ cane ( ! pres5t ye>1 ) all its lat]als1 is cut away at a po9t ne> :]e ! "y r5ewal %oots h />t$1 & ^! %oots are %ort5$ back1 accord+ to /r5g? ( v9e2 "s1 su* z ,h]bemont1 be+ able at f\r ye>s to fill f\r %oots six or eight feet long ) f9e fruit1 :ile ,delaw>e c\ld n well c>ry ov] ?ree or f\r feet ea* way ( "o %oot only4 ,! diff]5t v>ieties are set at v>i\s di/ances ap>t1 accord+ z !y are /rong or weak gr[]s4 ,illu/ration3 #cc4 ,,munson ,,tra9+4 ,,end ,,view4 ,?us ! trellis & sy/em ( prun+ are r$uc$ to ! simple/ =m4 ,a few cuts to ea* v9e cov] all ! prun+1 & a few ties complete ! task4 ,a novice c soon le>n to d ! "w well4 ,! trunk or ma9 /em is secur$ to ! middle l[] wire1 along :i* all be>+ canes are ti$ aft] prun+1 & f :i* ! "y lat]als :i* produce ! crop are to spr+4 ,^! lat]als /rike ! two out] wires1 soon cl++ to !m ) _! t5drils1 & are safe f de/ruction1 :ile ! fruit is ?r[n 9 ! be/ possible position = spray+ & ga!r+1 & is /ill %ad$ ) ! canopy ( leaves4 ,i h n[ us$ ?is trellis five ye>s ^u t5 acres ( mix$ v9es1 & ,i am m pleas$ ) x e ye>4 ,illu/ration3 #cd4 ,,munson ,,tra9+4 ,,side ,,view4 ,! foll[+ advantages are secur$ by ?is sy/em3 #a4 ,! natural habit ( ! v9e is ma9ta9$1 :i* is a canopy to %ade ! roots & body ( v9e & ! fruit1 )\t smo!r+4 #b4 ,new wood1 =m$ by sap :i* has nev] pass$ ?r\gh be>+ wood1 is secur$ = ! next crop--a v important matt]4 #c4 ,simplicity & conv5i5ce ( trellis1 all[+ free passage 9 any direction ?r\gh ! v9ey>d2 circulation ( air )\t dang] ( break+ t5d] %oots2 ease ( prun+1 spray+1 cultivation1 h>ve/+4 #d4 ,p]fect control 9 prun+ ( am\nt ( crop to suit capacity ( v9e4 #e4 ,long canes = be>+1 :i* agrees exactly ) ! nature ( ne>ly all our ,am]ican species f> bett] ?an %ort spurs4 #f4 ,ease ( lay+ d[n 9 w9t]4 ,! v9e be+ prun$ & n ti$1 /&+ away f po/s1 c be b5t d[n to "o side betwe5 ! r[s1 & e>? ?r[n ^u x1 & c be quickly rais$ & ti$ 9 position4 #g4 ,*eapness ( con/ruction & ease ( remov+ trellis mat]ial & us+ x aga94 #h4 ,durability ( bo? trellis & v9ey>d4 ,illu/ration3 7,draw+ ( grapes7 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,miscellane\s ,,sy/ems4 ,horizontal ,tra9+4--,!re are v few types ( horizontal %oot tra9+ n[ 9 use4 ,! be/ is probably t %[n 9 fig4 #ce4 ,?is p>ticul> v9e is a ,delaw>e1 to :i* ?is tra9+ is well adapt$4 ,x w be notic$ t ?is picture repres5ts ! end ( a trellis1 & ! diagonal /ick se5 ne> ! gr\nd is a brace = ! end po/4 ,two wires run f po/ to po/1 "o ab\t two & "o-half feet above ! gr\nd & ! o!r five & "o-half feet high4 ,! po/s are set at ! ord9>y di/ance ( #af or #ah feet ap>t4 ,! v9es are set six or eight feet ap>t1 if ,delaw>es4 ,a /rong /ake is driv5 9 ! gr\nd beh9d ea* v9e1 /&+ z high z ! top ( ! trellis :5 set4 ,! p]man5t trunk or head ( ! v9e /&s ab\t a foot high4 ,! v9e is r5ew$ back to ! top ( ?is trunk e ye>4 ,"o cane is left at ea* prun+1 :i*1 :5 ti$ up to ! /ake1 is z high z ! trellis4 ,f ?is p]p5dicul> cane1 ! be>+ %oots are c>ri$ out horizontally4 ,ab\t six ( ^! %oots are all[$ to gr[ ^u ei!r side ( ! cane4 ,z ! %oots gr[1 !y are ti$ to p]p5dicul> slats :i* are fa/5$ on ! wires4 ,^! slats d n t\* ! gr\nd4 ,two slats are provid$ ^u ei!r side1 mak+ f\r to a v9e4 ,!y /& a foot or fifte5 in*es ap>t4 ,! clu/]s hang free f ! horizontal %oots4 ,if ! %oots gr[ too long1 !y are p9*$ 9 :5 !y h pass$ ! second slat4 ,:ile ^! %oots are cov]+ ! trellis1 ano!r %oot is tak5 out f ! head or trunk ( ! v9e &1 )\t be+ all[$ to fruit1 is ti$ up along ! c5tral /ake4 ,?is %oot is to =m ! top next ye>1 = all ! pres5t v9e is to be entirely cut away at ! w9t]'s prun+4 ,s ! v9e />ts e spr+ ) b a s+le cane4 ,illu/ration3 #ce4 ,,horizontal ,,tra9+4 ,excell5t results are obta9$ f ! sl5d] gr[+ v>ieties by ?is me?od ( tra9+1 b x is too exp5sive 9 trellis & 9 labor ( ty+ to make x g5]ally practicable4 ,delaw>e1 h[ev]1 ?rives rem>kably well :5 tra9$ 9 ?is fa%ion4 ,po/ ,tra9+4--,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( tra9+ to po/s1 all ( :i* possess two advantages--! sav+ ( ! exp5se ( trellis & all[+ ( cultivation bo? ways4 ,b !y also h grave disadvantages1 especially 9 ! ?ickness ( ! head ( foliage :i* h>bors rot & mildew & prev5ts successful spray+1 & h9d]s ! fruit f color+ & rip5+ well4 ,^! faults are s s]i\s t po/ tra9+ is n[ little us$ = ! ,am]ican grapes4 ,! sav+ 9 co/ ( trellis is n great1 = m po/s are requir$ to ! acre ?an 9 ! trellis sy/ems1 & !y d n endure long :5 /&+ alone ) ! :ole weight ( ! v9es ?r[n ^u !m4 ,illu/ration3 #cf4 ,,l[ ,,po/ ,,tra9+4 ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( prun+ = ! /ake tra9+1 b ne>ly all ( !m agree 9 prun+ to side spurs ^u a p]man5t upright arm :i* /&s ! full height ( ! v9e4 ,!re may be "o or two sets ( ^! spurs4 ,we might suppose ! ,kniff9 v9e1 %[n 9 fig4 #bb1 to be ti$ to a po/ in/ead ( /ret*$ on a trellis2 9 t ev5t1 ! f\r canes w\ld hang at w1 or !y might be wrapp$ ab\t ! po/1 ! %oots hang+ out unsupport$ 9 all directions4 ,! po/ sy/ems are ess5tially ,kniff9 9 pr9ciple1 = ! %oots hang free4 ,9 l[ /yles ( po/ tra9+1 ! p]man5t head ( ! v9e may be only ?ree or f\r feet high4 ,?is head w h a r+ ( spurs on x1 & at ! annual prun+ ?ree to five canes ) f six to t5 buds ea* are left4 ,fig4 #cf is a view 9 su* a po/ v9ey>d4 ,! ma9 trunk is usually ti$ p]man5tly to ! po/4 ,! canes left aft] prun+ are v>i\sly dispos$4 ,sometimes !y are b5t upw>ds & ti$ to ! po/ above ! head ( ! v9e1 b !y are (t5e/ ei!r w\nd loosely ab\t ! po/1 or are all[$ to hang loose4 ,two trunks are frequ5tly us$ to ea* po/1 bo? com+ f ! gr\nd f a common root4 ,^! are w\nd ab\t ! po/ 9 opposite directions1 "o outside ! o!r1 & if ! outside "o is secur$ at ! top by a small nail driv5 ?r\gh x1 or by a cord1 no o!r ty+ w be necess>y4 ,sometimes two or ?ree po/s are set at di/ances ( "o foot or m ap>t1 & ! v9es are wrapp$ ab\t !m1 b ?is only augm5ts ! size & dep? ( ! mass ( foliage4 ,n[ & !n "o sees a c>eful po/ tra9+1 9 :i* b little wood is left & vigor\s break+ out ( %oots practic$1 :i* gives excell5t results2 b on ! :ole1 x _c be recomm5d$4 ,! ,european po/ & /ake sy/ems or modifications ( !m1 are yet occasionally recomm5d$ = ,am]ican v9es1 b "u g5]al conditions1 especially 9 comm]cial grape gr[+1 !y r>ely succe$ long4 ,"o ( ! late/ recomm5dations ( any ( ^! types is t ( ! s+le pole sy/em ( ! ,upp] ,rh9e ,valley1 by ,a4 ,f4 ,h(]1 ( ,i[a1 9 a little treatise publi%$ 9 #ahgh4 ,arbors4--,arbors & b[]s are usually =m$ ) little ref]5ce to prun+ & tra9+4 ,! fir/ object is to secure %ade & seclusion1 & ^! are conditions :i* may s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! production ( f9e grapes4 ,z a rule1 too mu* wood mu/ be all[$ to gr[1 & ! soil ab\t arbors is r>ely ev] cultivat$4 ,/ill1 fair results 9 fruit c be obta9$ if ! op]ator makes a dilig5t use ( ! prun+ %e>s4 ,x is usually be/ to c>ry "o ma9 or p]man5t trunk up to ! top or c5t] ( ! arbor4 ,along ?is trunk at int]vals ( two feet or less1 spurs may be left to :i* ! wood is r5ew$ ea* ye>4 ,if ! v9es /& six feet ap>t ab\t ! arbor--:i* is a satisfactory di/ance--"o cane ?ree feet long may be left on ea* spur :5 ! prun+ is done4 ,! %oots :i* spr+ f ^! canes w soon cov] up ! int]m$iate spaces4 ,at ! close ( ! season1 ?is entire cane ) its lat]als is cut away at ! spur1 & ano!r ?ree-foot cane--:i* grew dur+ ! season--is left 9 its place4 ,?is prun+ is ess5tially t ( ! ,kniff9 v9e 9 fig4 #bb4 ,imag9e ?is v9e1 ) z _m jo9ts or ti]s z necess>y1 laid ^u ! arbor4 ,! canes are ti$ out horizontally to ! slats in/ead ( be+ ti$ on wires4 ,?is same sy/em--runn+ up a long trunk & cutt+ 9 to side spurs--w apply equally well to tall walls & f5ces :i* x is desir$ to cov]4 ,und\bt$ly a bett] plan1 s f> z yield & quality ( fruit is conc]n$1 is to r5ew back ne>ly to ! root1 br++ up a /rong new cane1 or p]haps two or ?ree e ye>1 & cutt+ ! old ones (f2 b z ! v9es are desir$ = %ade "o does n c>e to wait until midsumm] = ! v9es to rea* & cov] ! top ( ! arbor4 ,remodel+ ,old ,v9es4--,old & neglect$ tops c r>ely be remodel$ to advantage4 ,if ! v9e is /ill vigor\s1 x w probably pay to gr[ an entirely new top by tak+ out a cane f ! root4 ,if ! old top is cut back sev]ely = a ye> or two1 ?is new cane w make a vigor\s gr[?1 & x c be treat$ ess5tially l a new or "y v9e4 ,if x is v /rong & rip5s up well1 x c be left long en\gh ! fir/ fall to make ! p]man5t trunk2 b if x is r weak & s(t1 x %\ld be cut back 9 ! fall or w9t] to two or ?ree buds1 f "o ( :i* ! p]man5t trunk is to be gr[n ! second season4 ,!reaft]1 ! in/ructions :i* are giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages = ! v>i\s sy/ems1 w apply to ! new v9e4 ,! old trunk %\ld be cut away z soon z ! new "o is p]man5tly ti$ to ! wires1 t is1 at ! close ( ei!r ! fir/ or second season ( ! new trunk4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to rub (f all spr\ts :i* spr+ f ! old root or /ump4 ,if ?is /ump c be cut back into ! gr\nd & cov]$ ) e>?1 bett] results may be expect$4 ,old v9es treat$ 9 ?is mann] (t5 make good plants1 b if ! v9es are weak & ! soil is poor1 ! tr\ble w sc>cely pay = itself4 ,^! old v9es c be remodel$ easily by means ( graft+4 ,cut (f ! trunk five or six in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 leav+ an in* or two ( /raight wood above ! roots4 ,into ?is /ub ins]t two cions exactly z = cleft-graft+ ! apple4 ,cions ( two or ?ree buds1 ( firm wood ! size ( a lead-p5cil1 %\ld be ins]t$4 ,! top bud %\ld /& above ! gr\nd4 ,! cleft w ne$ no ty+ nor wax1 al?\gh x is well to place a bit ( wax$ clo? or o!r mat]ial ov] ! w\nd to keep ! soil out ( x4 ,fill ! e>? tightly ab\t x4 ,fig4 #cg %[s ! fir/ ye>'s gr[? f two cions ( ,niag>a set 9 a ,r$ ,wyom+ root4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 any prun+ :i* is done ?is fir/ ye>1 or ! cions may be loos5$4 ,if ! "y %oots are ti$ to a /ake !re w be less dang] f w9d & c>eless workm54 ,9 ! v9e %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 no prun+ nor rubb+ out 0 done1 b ! v9e w\ld h be5 9 bett] %ape = tra9+ if only "o or two %oots _h be5 all[$ to gr[4 ,su* a v9e z ?is c be c>ri$ onto ! trellis next ye>2 or x may be cut back to ?ree or f\r buds1 "o ( :i* is all[$ to make ! p]man5t trunk next ye>1 l a two-ye> set v9e4 ,illu/ration3 #cg4 ,a ,,ye>l+ ,,graft4 ,if x is desir$1 h[ev]1 to keep ! old top1 x w be be/ to cut back ! annual gr[? heavily at ! w9t] prun+4 ,! am\nt ( wood :i* %all be left mu/ be det]m9$ by ! vigor ( ! plant & ! v>iety1 b ?ree or f\r canes ( six to t5 buds ea* may be left at suitable places4 ,dur+ ! next season a /rong %oot f ! base ( ea* cane may be all[$ to gr[1 :i* %all =m ! wood ( ! foll[+ season1 :ile all ! pres5t cane is cut away at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,s ! be>+ wood is r5ew$ ea* ye>1 z 9 ! regul> sy/ems ( tra9+4 ,mu* skill & exp]i5ce are (t5 requir$ to prop]ly rejuv5ate an old v9e2 & 9 v _m cases ! v9e is n wor? ! tr\ble4 ,illu/ration3 7,draw+ ( grapes ,,index4 ,page ,adlum1 quot$1 #aj ,arbor ,kniff91 #gb ,arbors1 #hh ,arm1 def9$1 #ac ,b>ns1 ,w4 ,d41 quot$1 #fc ,bass b>k1 #cc ,ble$+1 #bb ,break+-out1 #bc ,brocton1 ,tra9+ at1 #cg ,bull cane1 #ej1 #ff ,cane1 def9$1 #ac ,*autauqua ,c\nty1 ,tra9+ 91 #cg ,contraction ( wires1 #cj ,cornell1 ,william ,t41 #ef ,cornhusks1 = ty+1 #cc ,critt5d5 tra9+1 #gd ,cross-wire tra9+1 #gd ,crot* ,kniff91 #ff ,d\ble ,kniff91 #ff ,droop+ sy/ems1 #ef ,eight-cane ,kniff91 #gj ,fan tra9+1 #ed ,=e/ville1 ,tra9+ at1 #cg ,f\r-cane ,kniff91 #eh ,full]1 quot$1 #aj1 #cd ,girdl+1 #fi ,graft+1 #ij ,havil&1 ,s&s1 #gb ,head+-91 #bc ,high ,r5ewal tra9+1 #ci ,h(]1 ,a4 ,f41 #hh ,horizontal ,arm tra9+1 #cd ,horizontal tra9+1 #hc ,husks1 = ty+1 #cc ,improv$ ,kniff91 #ff ,kniff9 sy/ems1 #eh ,kniff9 tra9+1 ,comp>ison (1 #bf ,kniff91 ,william1 #ef ,l[ ,kniff91 #fi ,m>lboro'1 ,tra9+ at1 #gb1 #gd ,modifi$ ,kniff91 #fc ,munson tra9+1 #gh ,munson1 ,t4 ,v41 #gh ,objects ( prun+1 #bd ,old v9es1 ,remodel+ (1 #hi ,"o-wire ,kniff91 #fi ,ov]head ,kniff91 #gb ,plant+1 #bj ,po/s1 #bh ,po/ tra9+1 #he ,prun+1 #aa ,prun+1 ,objects (1 #bd ( "y v9es1 #bj ,summ]1 #bc ,"t =1 #bb ,raffia1 #cb ,raphia ,ruffia1 #cb ,reasons = prun+1 #bd ,remodel+ old v9es1 #hi ,r5ewal1 def9$1 #ah ,r5ewal ,kniff91 #gg ,rubb+ (f1 #ad1 #bc ,rye /raw = ty+1 #cc ,sagg+ ( wires1 #cj ,sett+1 #bj ,%oot1 def9$1 #ac ,six-cane ,kniff91 #gj ,spur1 def9$1 #ag ,spur tra9+1 #cd ,/aples1 #bi ,/opp+1 #bc ,/ripp+1 #bb ,summ] prun+1 #bc ,sup]flu\s %oots1 #bc ,sy/ems comp>$1 #be ,t-head1 #da ,?omas' ,fruit ,culturi/1 quot$1 #aj ,tight5+ wires1 #ca ,trellis1 ,mak+1 #bg ,true ,kniff91 #eh ,tw9e = ty+1 #cb ,two-cane ,kniff91 #ff ,ty+1 #ca ,umbrella tra9+1 #ff ,upright tra9+1 #cd ,walls1 ,tra9+ on1 #hi ,weep+1 #bb ,will[s1 = ty+1 #cb ,wire1 = trellis1 #bh = ty+1 #cc weights & sizes1 #bi ,wool-tw9e1 #cb ,y-trunk ,kniff91 #ff ,yeoman's pat5t trellis1 #cj ,yields ( grapes1 #ad1 #fc1 #fi1 #gj ,"y v9es1 ,prun+ (1 #bj ,illu/ration3 7,draw+ ( grapes ,illu/ration ,,?is ,,illu/ration 0 made f a photograph ( fair samples ( ! diff]5t grades ( our grape v9es1 r$uc$ to "o-t5? _! natural size4 ,we take great pride & com=t 9 our ability to furni% /rong1 fibr\s-root$ /ock1 s well appreciat$ by intellig5t & exp]i5c$ fruit gr[]s4 ,,:olesale ,,trade ,,especially ,,solicit$4 ,,catalogue ,,free4 ,,lewis ,,roes*1 ,,fr$onia1 ,n4 ,y41 ,grape ,v9e ,speciali/ ,& ,g5]al ,nurs]yman4 ,:5 writ+ "n ?is book4 ,h>dy ,native ,grapes4 ,we desire to call ! att5tion ( plant]s to our l>ge & complete /ock ( ,grape ,v9es4 ,we propagate & (f] = sale upw>ds ( sixty v>ieties1 embrac+ ! popul> old sorts z well z ! new ones :i* seem to h m]it4 ,our catalogue conta9s accurate descriptions1 & classifies ! diff]5t v>ieties accord+ to color4 ,besides ! above we (f] an imm5se collection ( all k9ds ( ,fruit & ,ornam5tal ,trees1 ,%rubs1 ,roses1 ,h>dy ,plants1 etc4 ,our ,g5]al ,catalogue 7#afj pages71 embelli%$ ) num]\s engrav+s ( ! mo/ popul> ,trees1 ,%rubs1 etc41 & enclos$ 9 an illum9at$ cov]1 w be mail$ free to all :o h n receiv$ x4 ,our ,supplem5t>y ,catalogue 7#bh pages7 ( ,r>e & ,*oice ,trees1 ,%rubs1 etc41 includ+ sev]al valuable novelties & _m specialties ( sup]ior m]it1 w also be mail$ free4 ,,ellwang] ,,b>ry1 ,m\nt ,hope ,nurs]ies1 #ecrd ,ye>4 ,,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pleasant ,valley ,nurs]ies ,,pe> ,,trees4--,l9coln1 ,coreless1 ,bessemianka1 ,japan ,gold5 ,russet1 ,kieff]1 ,le,conte1 etc41 ,nut ,trees 9 v>iety4 ,fruit ,trees ( all sorts4 ,ornam5tals1 ,eleagnus ,longipes1 ,japanese ,w9eb]ry ,juneb]ry1 ,trifoliate ,orange & o!r valu$ novelties4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fruit ,,trees6 ,,b]ry ,,plants6 ,,/rawb]ries1 ,van ,deman1 ,e4 ,p4 ,roe1 & o!r new v>ieties2 all ! old /&>d sorts1 ,gooseb]ries1 ,raspb]ries1 ,blackb]ries1 ,currants1 ,asp>agus ,roots & ,grape ,v9es4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,coll9s ,,son1 ,moore/[n1 ,n4 ,j4 ,s5d = ,catalogue4 ,,miscellane\s ,,books4 ,= ! ,f>m & ,h\sehold4 ,any "o ( ^! valuable books w be s5t1 po/paid1 direct1 on receipt ( price4 ,be c>eful to write "n & po/ (fice pla91 s t !re may be no mi/ake 9 mail+4 ,address ,! ,rural ,publi%+ ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,,popul> ,,errors ,,ab\t ,,plants4--,by ,a4 ,a4 ,,crozi]4 ,a collection ( errors & sup]/itions ent]ta9$ by f>m]s1 g>d5]s & o!rs1 toge!r ) brief sci5tific refutations4 ,highly int]e/+ to /ud5ts & intellig5t read]s ( ! new & attractive 9 rural lit]ature1 & ( real value to practical cultivators :o want to "k ! tru? ab\t _! "w4 ,price1 clo?1 #a4 ,,! ,,nurs]y ,,book4--,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,a complete h&book ( ,propagation & ,poll9ation ( ,plants4 ,pr(usely illu/rat$4 ,?is valuable little manual has be5 compil$ ) great pa9s4 ,! au?or has _h unusual facilities = its prep>ation1 hav+ be5 aid$ by _m exp]ts4 ,! book is absolutely devoid ( !ory & speculation4 ,x has no?+ to d ) plant physiology or ab/ruse reason+ ab\t plant gr[?4 ,x simply tells1 pla9ly & briefly1 :at e "o :o s[s a se$1 makes a cutt+1 sets a graft1 or crosses a fl[] wants to "k4 ,x is entirely new & orig9al 9 me?od & matt]4 ,! cuts numb] #ajg1 & are made expressly = x1 direct f nature4 ,! book treats all k9ds ( cultivat$ plants1 fruits1 vegetables1 gre5h\se plants1 h>dy h]bs1 ornam5tal trees1 %rubs & =e/ trees4 ,,cont5ts3 ,i4--,,se$age4 ,on ,propagation by ,se$4 ,,ii4--,,sep>ation4 ,,iii4--,,lay]age4 ,propagation by ,lay]+4 ,,iv4--,,cuttage4 ,propagation by ,cutt+s4 ,v4--,,graftage4--,includ+ ,graft+1 ,budd+1 ,in>*+1 etc4 ,,vi4--,,nurs]y ,,li/4--,?is is ! great feature ( ! book4 ,x is an alphabetical li/ ( all k9ds ( plants1 ) a %ort /atem5t tell+ :i* ( ! op]ations describ$ 9 ! fir/ five *apt]s are employ$ 9 propagat+ !m4 ,ov] #b1jjj entries are made 9 ! li/4 ,! foll[+ entries w give an idea ( ! me?od3 ,ac] 7,,maple74 ,sap9daceae4 ,/ocks are gr[n f /ratifi$ se$s1 :i* %\ld be s[n an in* or two deep2 or "s species1 z ,a4 dasyc>pum1 come readily if se$s are s[n z soon z ripe4 ,"s cultural v>ieties are lay]$1 b bett] plants are obta9$ by graft+4 ,v>ieties ( native species are work$ ^u common or native /ocks4 ,! ,japanese sorts are w9t]-work$ ^u import$ ,a4 polymorphum /ocks1 ei!r by :ip or v5e] graft+4 ,maples c also be budd$ 9 summ]1 & !y gr[ readily f cutt+s ( bo? ripe & s(t wood4 ,phyllocactus1 ,phylloc]eus1 ,disocactus 7,,leaf ,,cactus74 ,cacteae4 ,fre% se$s gr[ readily4 ,s[ 9 r s&y soil :i* is well dra9$1 & apply wat] z = common se$s4 ,:5 ! se$l+s appe>1 remove to a light position4 ,cutt+s f mature %oots1 ?ree to six in*es 9 l5g?1 root readily 9 %>p s&4 ,give a temp]ature ( ab\t #fj deg41 & apply only suffici5t wat] to keep f flagg+4 ,if ! cutt+s are v juicy !y may be laid on dry s& = sev]al days be=e plant+4 ,,vii4--,,poll9ation4 ,price1 9 ,libr>y ,/yle1 clo?1 wide m>g9s1 #a ,pocket ,/yle1 pap]1 n>r[ m>g9s1 #ej c5ts4 ,,! ,,modification ,,( ,,plants ,,by ,,climate4--,by ,a4 ,a4 ,,crozi]4 ,an essay on ! influ5ce ( climate ^u size1 =m1 color1 fruitfulness1 etc41 ) a discussion on ! "q ( acclimation4 #ce pp4 ,price1 pap]1 #be c5ts4 ,,fruit ,,culture1 & ! ,lay+ ,out & ,managem5t ( a ,c\ntry ,home4--,by ,w4 ,c4 ,,/rong1 ,ex-,presid5t ( ! ,massa*usetts ,horticultural ,society1 & ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society4 ,illu/rat$4 ,new revis$ edition1 ) _m additions1 mak+ x ! late/ & fre%e/ book on ! subject4 ,,cont5ts3 ,rural ,homes--,*oice ( ,locality--,treatm5t--,a ,good ,lawn--,! ,approa*4 ,fruits--,location ( ! ,fruit ,g>d5--,success 9 ,fruit-,culture--,pr(it 9 ,fruit-,culture4 ,h[ to ,procure ,trees--,quality--,h[ to ,plant--,"t to ,plant--,prep>+ ! ,l&--,f]tiliz]s--,cutt+ ,back--,di/ances = ,plant+4 ,c>e ( ! ,fruit-,g>d5--,irrigation--,application ( ,f]tiliz]s--,?9n+ ! ,fruit--,labels4 ,! ,apple--,insects ,injuri\s to ! ,apple4 ,! ,pe>--,dw>f ,pe>s--,situation & ,soil--,prun+--,rip5+ ! ,fruit--,insects ,injuri\s to ! ,pe>--,diseases4 ,! ,pea*--,injuri\s ,insects & ,diseases ( ! ,pea*--,nect>9es4 ,! ,plum--,insects & ,diseases ( ! ,plum--,apricots4 ,! ,*]ry--,insects ,injuri\s to ! ,*]ry4 ,! ,qu9ce--,insects ,injuri\s to ! ,qu9ce4 ,! ,grape--,grape-,h\ses--,v>ieties--,insec ts ,injuri\s to ! ,grape--,mildew4 ,! ,currant--,insects ,attack+ ! ,currant--,! ,gooseb]ry4 ,! ,raspb]ry--,! ,blackb]ry4 ,! ,/rawb]ry4 ,! ,mulb]ry--,! ,fig--,rhub>b--,asp>agus4 ,propagat+ ,fruit-,trees--,f ! ,se$--,by ,division--,by ,cutt+s--,by ,lay]s--,by ,budd+--,by ,graft+4 ,insecticides--,fungicides--,recipes4 ,price1 9 "o volume1 #afmo41 clo?1 #a4 ,,*rysan!mum ,,culture ,,= ,,am]ica4--,by ,,james ,,morton4 ,an excell5t & ?or\gh book2 especially adapt$ to ! culture ( ,*rysan!mums 9 ,am]ica4 ,! cont5ts include ,propagation by ,graft+4 ,in>*+ & ,se$4 ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,propagation by ,cutt+s4 ,exhibition ,plants4 ,classification4 ,exhibition ,blooms4 ,soil = ,pott+4 ,wat]+ & ,liquid ,manure4 ,selection ( ,plants4 ,top-,dress+4 ,h9ts on ,exhibitions4 ,li/ ( ,synonyms4 ,/ak+ & ,ty+4 ,g5]al ,culture4 ,insects & ,diseases4 ,/&>d ,*rysan!mums4 ,sports & ,v>iations4 ,disbudd+ & ,?9n+4 ,ori5tal & ,european ,hi/ory4 ,cal5d> ( ,mon?ly ,op]ations4 ,*rysan!mum ,%[s & ,organizations4 ,national ,*rysan!mum ,society4 ,e>ly & ,late-,fl[]+ ,v>ieties4 ,*rysan!mums z ,h\se-,plants--,v>ieties = ,v>i\s ,purposes4 ,price1 clo?1 #a2 pap]1 #fj c5ts4 ,,improv+ ,,! ,,f>m1 or ,me?ods ( ,culture t %all af=d a pr(it1 & at ! same "t increase ! f]tility ( ! soil4--,by ,,lucius ,d4 ,,davis1 ( ,conanicut ,p>k ,f>m4 ,! cont5ts treat exhau/ively on r5ew+ run-d[n f>ms1 & comprise ! foll[+ *apt]s3 ,book-,f>m+4 ,! ,run-,d[n ,f>m4 ,w ,x ,pay to ,improve ! ,f>m8 ,h[ ,f>ms ,become ,exhau/$4 ,?or\gh ,tillage4 ,rotation ( ,crops4 ,gre5 ,manur+4 ,m ,ab\t ,clov]4 ,b>n-,y>d ,manure--,h[ ,made1 ,its ,co/ & ,value4 ,h[ ,prep>$ & ,appli$4 ,! ,use ( ,wood-,a%es4 ,comm]cial ,f]tiliz]s4 ,special ,f]tiliz]s4 ,complete ,manures4 ,exp]im5ts ) ,f]tiliz]s4 ,/ock on ! ,f>m4 ,provid+ ,food = ,/ock4 ,specialties 9 ,f>m+4 ,price1 clo?1 #a4 ,,l&scape-,,g>d5+4--,by ,,elias ,a4 ,,long4 ,a practical treatise compris+ #cb diagrams ( actual gr\nds & p>ts ( gr\nds1 ) copi\s explanations4 ,( ! diagrams1 all b n9e h appe>$ 9 ! s]ial1 ,ta/e & ,tact 9 ,arrang+ ,ornam5tal ,gr\nds1 :i* has be5 s attractive a feature ( ,popul> ,g>d5+ & ,am]ican ,g>d5+ dur+ ! pa/ ye>4 ,b 9 ! new =m ! matt] has be5 entirely rewritt54 ,pr9t$ on heavy plate pap]1 x is unsurpass$ = beauty by any o!r "w on ,l&scape ,g>d5+4 ,price1 #ej c5ts4 ,,! ,,bus9ess ,,h54--,bre$+ & ,fe$+ ,p\ltry = ,pr(it4 ,! pat title ( a unique book is ,! ,bus9ess ,h54 ,a cond5s$ &1 practical little encyclop$ia ( pr(itable p\ltry-keep+4 ,p4 ,h4 ,jacobs1 ,h5ry ,hale1 ,james ,rank91 ,j4 ,h4 ,drev5/$t & o!rs equally well kn[n h writt5 *apt]s on _! specialties1 ! :ole be+ skillfully arrang$ & c>efully edit$ by ,h4 ,w4 ,coll+wood1 manag+ editor ( ,! ,rural ,new-,york]4 ,/>t+ ) ! "q1 ,:at is an ,egg8 ! book goes on /ep by /ep to indicate ! mo/ favorable conditions = develop+ ! egg into a ,bus9ess ,h54 ,incubation1 c>e ( *icks1 treatm5t ( diseases1 selection & bre$+1 fe$+ & h\s+1 are all discuss$ 9 a cle> & simple mann]4 ,two successful egg-f>ms are describ$ 9 detail4 ,on "o ( ^! f>ms ! own] has succe$$ 9 develop+ a flock ( #fjj h5s t av]age ov] #bjj eggs ea* p] ye>4 ,price1 clo?1 #ge c5ts2 pap]1 #dj c5ts4 ,,fir/ ,,lessons ,,9 ,,agriculture4 7#bnd ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$47--,by ,f4 ,a4 ,gulley1 ,m4 ,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,agriculture 9 ! ,agricultural ,college ( ,mississippi4 ,?is book discusses ! m important pr9ciples :i* und]lie agriculture 9 a pla91 simple way1 )9 ! compreh5sion ( /ud5ts & read]s :o h n /udi$ *emi/ry1 botany1 & o!r bran*es ( sci5ce relat$ to agriculture4 ,x supplies a mu*-ne$$ text-book = common s*ools1 & is useful = ! practical f>m]4 ,includes all ! late/ developm5ts 9 agricultural sci5ce z appli$ to ! subject4 ,price1 clo?1 #a4 ,special prices = ,s*ools & ,colleges4 ,,! ,,new ,,potato ,,culture4--,by ,,elb]t ,s4 ,,c>man4 ,?is book gives ! result ( #ae ye>s' exp]im5t "w on ,! ,rural gr\nd4 ,x treats p>ticul>ly (3 ,h[ to increase ! crop )\t correspond+ co/ ( production4 ,manures & f]tiliz]s3 k9ds & me?ods ( application4 ,! soil1 & h[ to put x 9 "r condition4 ,dep? ( plant+4 ,h[ mu* se$ to plant4 ,me?ods ( culture4 ,! ,rural tr5* sy/em4 ,v>ieties1 etc41 etc4 ,no?+ old or worn-out ab\t ?is book4 ,x treats ( new & pr(itable me?ods2 9 fact1 ( ,! ,,new ,potato ,culture4 ,x is respectfully submitt$ t ^! exp]im5ts at ,! ,rural gr\nds h1 directly & indirectly1 ?r[n m light ^u ! v>i\s problems involv$ 9 successful potato-culture ?an any o!r exp]im5ts t h be5 c>ri$ on 9 ,am]ica4 ,price1 clo?1 #ge c5ts2 pap]1 #dj c5ts4 ,,horticulturi/',s ,,rule-,,book4--,by ,pr(essor ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey1 ,editor ( ,am]ican ,g>d5+1 ,horticulturi/ ( ! ,cornell ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 & ,pr(essor ( ,horticulture 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,x conta9s 9 h&y & concise =m1 a great numb] ( ,rules & ,recipes requir$ by g>d5]s1 fruit-gr[]s1 truck]s1 flori/s1 f>m]s1 etc4 ,synopsis ( ,cont5ts3 ,injuri\s insects1 ) prev5tives & rem$ies4 ,fungicides = plant diseases4 ,plant diseases1 ) prev5tives & rem$ies4 ,injuries f mice1 rabbits1 birds1 etc41 ) prev5tives & rem$ies4 ,waxes & wa%es = graft+ & = w\nds4 ,cem5ts1 pa9ts1 etc4 ,se$ ,tables3 ,quantities requir$ = s[+ giv5 areas4 ,weight & size ( se$s4 ,longevity ( se$s4 ,"t requir$ = se$s to g]m9ate4 ,plant+ ,tables3 ,dates = s[+ se$s 9 diff]5t latitudes4 ,t5d] & h>dy vegetables4 ,di/ances ap>t = plant+4 ,maturity & ,yields3 ,"t requir$ = maturity ( vegetables2 = be>+ ( fruit plants4 ,av]age yields ( crops4 ,keep+ & /or+ fruits & vegetables4 ,propagation ( ,plants3 ,ways ( graft+ & budd+4 ,me?ods by :i* fruits are propagat$4 ,/ocks us$ = fruits4 ,/&>d ,measures & ,sizes3 ,/&>d fl[]-pots4 ,/&>d & legal measures4 ,engli% measures = sale ( fruits & vegetables4 ,quantities ( wat] held 9 pipes & tanks4 ,effect ( w9d 9 cool+ (f glass ro(s4 ,p] c5t4 ( light reflect$ f glass at v>i\s angles ( incl9ation4 ,weights ( v>i\s v>ieties ( apples p] bu%el4 ,am\nt ( v>i\s products yield$ by giv5 quantities ( fruit4 ,labels4 ,l\don's rules ( horticulture4 ,rules ( nom5clature4 ,rules = exhibition4 ,wea!r signs & protection f fro/4 ,collect+ & ,pres]v+3 ,h[ to make an h]b>ium4 ,pres]v+ & pr9t+ ( fl[]s & o!r p>ts ( plants4 ,keep+ cut-fl[]s4 ,h[ to collect & pres]ve insects4 ,*emical composition ( fruits & vegetables1 & se$s1 f]tiliz]s1 soils & vegetables4 ,names & ,hi/ories3 ,vegetables :i* h diff]5t names 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,d]ivation ( names ( v>i\s fruits & vegetables4 ,names ( fruits & vegetables 9 v>i\s languages4 ,gloss>y4 ,cal5d>4 ,price1 clo?1 #a2 pap]1 #fj c5ts4 ,,cross-,,bre$+ ,,& ,,hybridiz+3--,! ,philosophy ( ! ,cross+ ( ,plants consid]$ ) ref]5ce to _! ,cultivation--,h[ to ,improve plants by ,hybridiz+4--,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,x is ! only book accessible to ,am]ican horticulture :i* gives ! reasons1 disc\ragem5ts1 possibilities & limitations ( ,cross-,bre$+4 ,e man :o owns a plant %\ld h x1 if = no o!r reason ?an to po/ himself ^u "o ( ! lead+ practices ( ! day4 ,! pamphlet conta9s also a bibliography ( ! subject1 includ+ ov] #djj entries4 ,price1 pap]1 #dj c5ts4 ,,*emicals ,,& ,,clov]4--,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,coll+wood1 ,manag+ ,editor ( ,! ,rural ,new-,york]4 ,a concise & practical discussion ( ! all-important topic ( comm]cial f]tiliz]s 9 connection ) gre5 manur+ 9 br++ up worn-out soils1 & 9 g5]al f>m practice4 ,price1 pap]1 #bj c5ts4 ,,annals ,,( ,,horticulture1 ,vol4 ,,iv4--,bright1 ,new1 ,clean & ,fre%4 ,^! ,annals are entirely rewritt5 e ye>4 ,!y are ! only records ( ! progress 9 horticulture4 ,exhau/ive li/s ( all ! plants introduc$ 9 #ahib1 ) descriptions1 directories1 full acc\nts ( all new discov]ies1 new tools1 & a weal? ( practical matt] = ,g>d5]s1 ,fruit-,gr[]s1 ,flori/s1 ,vegetable-,g>d5]s & ,l&scape-,g>d5]s1 comprise its cont5ts4 ,ready soon4 ,illu/rat$4 ,vol4 ,,iv41 clo? #a4 ,vols4 ,i41 ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 at ! same price4 ,,insects ,,& ,,insecticides4--,a practical ,manual conc]n+ ,noxi\s ,insects & ! ,me?ods ( ,prev5t+ _! ,injuries4 ,by ,,cl>5ce ,m4 ,,we$1 ,pr(essor ( ,entomology & ,zoology1 ,new ,hamp%ire ,/ate ,college4 ,i ?9k t y h gott5 toge!r a v useful & valuable little book4--,,dr4 ,c4 ,v4 ,,riley1 ,u4,s4 ,entomologi/4 ,x is excell5t4 ,i mu/ congratulate y on ! skill y h display$ 9 putt+ 9 ! mo/ important insects1 & ! complete mann] 9 :i* y h done ! "w4--,,james ,,flet*]1 ,dom9ion ,entomologi/4 ,i am well pleas$ ) x4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a dem& = j su* a "w4--,,dr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,,hexam]1 ,editor ,am]ican ,agriculturi/4 ,price1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,,! ,,caulifl[]4--,,by ,a4 ,a4 ,,crozi]4 ,tea*] & ,practical ,orig9 & ,hi/ory ( ?is increas+ly important & always delici\s vegetable4 ,! ,caulifl[] ,indu/ry4--,9 ,europe4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,importation ( ,caulifl[]s4 ,managem5t ( ! ,crop4--,soil4 ,f]tiliz]s4 ,plant+4 ,cultivat+4 ,h>ve/+4 ,keep+4 ,m>ket+4 ,! ,e>ly ,crop4--,caution aga9/ plant+ x l>gely4 ,special directions4 ,button+4 ,caulifl[] ,regions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,upp] ,atlantic ,coa/4 ,lake ,region4 ,prairie ,region4 ,caulifl[]s 9 ! ,s\?4 ,! ,pacific ,coa/4 ,insect & ,fung\s ,enemies4--,flea-beetle4 ,cut-worms4 ,cabbage-maggot4 ,cabbage-worm4 ,/em-rot4 ,damp+-(f4 ,black-leg4 ,caulifl[] ,se$4--,importance ( c>eful selection4 ,:]e ! se$ is gr[n4 ,influ5ce ( climate4 ,am]ican-gr[n se$4 ,v>ieties4--,descriptive catalogue4 ,ord] ( e>l9ess4 ,v>iety te/s4 ,be/ v>ieties4 ,broccoli4--,diff]5ce betwe5 ,broccoli & ,caulifl[]4 ,cultivation1 use & v>ieties ( ,broccoli4 ,cook+ ,caulifl[]4--,dige/ibility4 ,nutritive value4 ,*emical composition4 ,recipes4 ,price1 clo?1 #a4 ,,practical ,,f>m ,,*emi/ry4--,a ,practical ,h&book ( ,pr(itable ,crop-,fe$+1 writt5 = ,practical ,m54 ,by ,t4 ,,gre9]4 ,"p ,i4 ,! ,raw ,mat]ials ( ,plant-,food4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,! ,available ,s\rces ( ,supply4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,pr9ciples ( ,economic ,application1 or ,manur+ = ,money4 ,?is "w1 writt5 9 pla9e/ language1 is int5d$ to assi/ ! f>m] 9 ! selection1 pur*ase & application ( plant-foods4 ,if y wi% to le>n ways h[ to save money 9 procur+ manurial sub/ances1 & h[ to make money by _! prop] use1 read ?is book4 ,if y want y\r boy to le>n ! pr9ciple ( crop-fe$+1 & become a successful f>m]1 give him a copy ( ?is book4 ,! co/ ( ! book w be return$ a hundr$-fold to e read] :o p]uses its pages ) c>e & applies its tea*+s to practice4 ,price1 clo?1 #a4 ,,spray+ ,,crops4--,:y1 ,:5 & ,h[ to ,d ,x4--,by ,,pr(4 ,,cl>5ce ,m4 ,,we$4 ,a h&y volume ( ab\t #ajj pages2 illu/rat$4 ,cov]s ! :ole field ( ! insect & fung\s enemies ( crops = :i* ! spray is us$4 ,! foll[+ topics are discuss$ 9 a concise1 practical mann]3 ,spray+ ,aga9/ ,insects4 ,fe$+ ,habits ( ,insects4 ,spray+ ,aga9/ ,fung\s ,diseases4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,spray+4 ,spray+ ,app>atus4 ,spray+ ,trees 9 ,blossom4 ,precautions 9 ,spray+4 ,insecticides us$ 9 ,spray+4 ,fungicides us$ 9 ,spray+4 ,comb9+ ,insecticides & ,fungicides4 ,co/ ( ,spray+ ,mat]ials4 ,prejudice ,aga9/ ,spray+4 ,spray+ ! ,l>g] ,fruits4 ,spray+ ,small ,fruits & ,nurs]y ,/ock4 ,spray+ ,%ade ,trees1 ,ornam5tal ,plants & ,fl[]s4 ,spray+ ,vegetables1 ,field ,crops & ,dome/ic ,animals4 ,price 9 /iff pap] cov]1 #ej c5ts2 flexible clo?1 #ge c5ts4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ to ! ne>e/ appropriate p>agraph break4 ,= ! b5efit ( read]s ( ! text v]sion ( ?is e-book1 a small description 0 add$ to #e decorative l9e draw+s :i* h no caption or description 9 ! orig9al text4 ,?is addition appe>s 9 p>5!ses z3 7,draw+ ( grapes74 ,an a/]ism 9 ! text is repres5t$ z3 99499 ,inconsi/5cies 9 ! au?or's spell+ & use ( punctuation are un*ang$ 9 ?is e-text4 ,obvi\s typographical & pr9t] errors h be5 correct$ )\t comm5t4 ,9 addition to obvi\s errors1 ! foll[+ *anges h be5 made3 #a4 ,on page #hg3 argum5ts 0 *ang$ to augm5ts 9 ! phrase1 444 ?is only augm5ts ! size & dep?4444 #b4 ,on page #ij3 side 0 *ang$ to size 9 ! phrase1 444 wood ! size ( a lead-p5cil4444