,,be+ ,,well-,,born ,,be+ ,,well-,,born ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,eug5ics ,by ,,mi*ael ,f4 ,,guy]1 ,,ph4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons9 ,*ildhood & ,y\? ,s]ies ,edit$ by ,m4 ,v4 ,o',,%ea ,pr(essor ( ,education1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons9 ,,indianapolis ,,! ,,bobbs-,,m]rill ,,company ,,publi%]s ,,copyright #aiaf ,,! ,,bobbs-,,m]rill ,,company ,,press ,,( ,,braunwor? ,,co4 ,,bookb9d]s ,,& ,,pr9t]s ,,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,to ,,my ,,wife ,,hel5 ,m4 ,,guy] ,,editor',s ,,introduction ,! writ] recalls t :5 he 0 a "y boy1 he he>d ! gr[n-up p 9 ! community e>ne/ly & incessantly debat+ ! "q3 ,does h]$ity play a great] "p 9 %ap+ "o's m9d & body ?an does 8 environm5t8 ,f t day to ?is he has li/5$ to m5 & wom5 9 e walk ( life discuss+ ! relation ( h]$ity to environm5t 9 det]m9+ human traits4 ,tea*]s & p>5ts are con/antly ask+3 ,are su* & su* *>act]i/ics 9 my *ildr5 due to _! inh]itance or to ! way !y h be5 tra9$8 ,/ud5ts ( juv5ile del9qu5cy & ( m5tal defect & defici5cy are se>*+ ev]y:]e = light on ?is matt]4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at t practically all p are peculi>ly int]e/$ 9 ?is problem1 s9ce x conc]ns intimately "o's p]sonal traits1 & x con/antly confronts any "o :o is responsible = ! c>e & culture ( ! "y4 ,x is sugge/ive to note h[ p diff] 9 _! views reg>d+ ! ext5t to :i* a *ild's physical & m5tal qualities & capacities are fix$ def9itely by 8 inh]itance4 ,! writ] has (t5 he>d /ud5ts 9 univ]sity classes discuss ! subject2 & _! h&l+ ( ! problem has %[n h[ sup]ficially & ev5 sup]/iti\sly mo/ p]sons reg>d ! me*anism & functions ( h]$ity4 ,x is significant also to obs]ve :at extreme views _m p hold reg>d+ ! possibility ( affect+ a *ild's traits & abilities by subject+ him to specific influ5ces dur+ 8 pr5atal life4 ,9 any gr\p ( "o hundr$ p]sons *os5 at r&om1 probably sev5ty-five w believe 9 specific pr5atal influ5ce4 ,_m ( !m w believe 9 bir?m>ks due to peculi> exp]i5ces ( ! "m4 ,a popul> book rec5tly publi%$ ass]ts among o!r ?+s t if a "m w look ^u beautiful pictures & li/5 to good music dur+ ! pr5atal p]iod ( h] *ild1 ! latt] w possess e/hetic traits & int]e/s 9 high degree4 ,on ! o!r h&1 p g5]ally d n seem to ?9k t deg5]ate p>5ts beget only deg5]ate *ildr54 ,alcoholics1 feeble-m9d$ p]sons & ! l are p]mitt$ to br+ *ildr5 into ! _w4 ,v few p h any precise k ( ! me*anism ( h]$ity4 ,! :ole ?+ is inscrutable to !m1 & is %r\d$ 9 my/]y4 ,sup]/ition fl\ri%es among ev5 intellig5t p]sons 9 respect to h]$ity1 & errors due to education1 & trag$ies result+ f vici\s social organization are all alike ascrib$ to its uncontrollable =ces4 ,mo/ p are none ! wis] because !y d n "k to :at ext5t ! physical & m5tal defects & deviations ( individuals are due to inh]itance or to ! malign influ5ces ( ! individual's environm5t & tra9+4 ,pr(essor ,guy]1 :o has /udi$ ! :ole problem 9 a ?or\ghgo+1 sci5tific way1 has prep>$ ?is book ) a view to illum9at+ "s ( ! my/]ies t surr\nd ! subject ( h]$ity1 & to dispell+ ! illusions t p]si/ reg>d+ x4 ,he %[s ! me?od :i* nature foll[s 9 ! developm5t ( ! individual4 ,he pres5ts ! laws :i* h become e/abli%$ respect+ ! ext5t to :i* & ! mann] 9 :i* imm$iate & remote ance/ors contribute to ! *ild's physical & m5tal organism4 ,he answ]s _m que/ions :i* ^? :o are engag$ 9 social "w or 9 education 9 ! home or ! s*ool are ask+ to-day4 ,he discusses subjects ^u :i* e s]i\s-m9d$ p]son wi%es to be in=m$4 ,he has ?us made a book :i* is bo? ( !oretical & ( practical int]e/4 ,he has writt5 9 a /yle :i* %\ld make 8 book attractive to ! p>5t & ! tea*] z well z to ! /ud5t ( ! complicat$ me*anism ( inh]itance4 ,only a few special t]ms are us$1 & ^! %\ld n give any read] tr\ble1 because ! treatm5t ?r\gh\t is s concrete t ! mean+ ( ! t]ms w be easily grasp$4 ,fur!r1 ! book is illu/rat$1 ) _m attractive & in/ructive illu/rations :i* w %[ at a glance ! work+ ( ! pr9ciples ( inh]itance :i* are develop$ 9 ! text4 ,?is book may be he>tily comm5d$ to all :o are int]e/$ 9 que/ions ( human nature1 education & social re=m4 ,x %\ld enable ! p>5t1 ! tea*] & ! legislator to und]/& m cle>ly ?an mo/ ( !m n[ d 9 h[ f> *ildr5's traits & possibilities are or c be fix$ by inh]itance z contra/$ ) environm5tal conditions & nurture 9 home1 s*ool1 *ur* & in/itutional life4 ,m4 ,v4 ,o',,%ea4 ,madison1 ,wiscons94 ,,preface ,"o ( ! mo/ significant processes at "w 9 society to-day is ! awak5+ ( ! civiliz$ _w to ! rights ( ! *ild2 & x is com+ to be realiz$ t its "r ( rights is t ( be+ well-born4 ,any s]ies ( publications1 !re=e1 deal+ prim>ily ) ! problems ( *ild nature may v fitt+ly be initiat$ by a discussion ( ! factor ( well-nigh supreme importance 9 det]m9+ ?is nature1 h]$ity4 ,no pr9ciples h m direct be>+ on ! welf>e ( man ?an ^? ( h]$ity1 & yet on sc>cely any subject does z wide-spread ignorance prevail4 ,?is is due 9 "p to ! complexity ( ! subject1 b m to ! fact t 9 ! pa/ no cle>-cut me?ods ( attack+ ! manifold problems involv$ _h be5 devis$4 ,happily ?is difficulty has at lea/ 9 "p be5 ov]come4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s we h made m progress 9 measur+ ! ext5t ( inh]itance & 9 det]m9+ its elem5tal factors ?an 9 all previ\s "t4 ,in/ead ( deal+ :olly n[ ) vague g5]al impressions & speculations1 c]ta9 def9ite pr9ciples ( g5etic transmission h be5 disclos$4 ,& s9ce x is becom+ m & m app>5t t ^! hold = man z well z = plants & animals 9 g5]al1 we c no long] ignore ! social responsibilities :i* ! new facts ?ru/ ^u u4 ,s9ce :at a *ild becomes is det]m9$ s l>gely by its inborn capacities x is ( ! greate/ importance t tea*]s & p>5ts realize some?+ ( ! nature ( su* aptitudes be=e !y beg9 to awak5 !m4 ,= education consi/s 9 l>ge measure 9 apply+ ! /imuli necess>y to set go+ ^! pot5tialities & ( af=d+ opportunity = _! expression4 ,( ! good prop5sities1 "s w require m]ely ! />t1 o!rs w ne$ to be fo/]$ & coax$ into p]man5ce ?r\gh ! /]eotyp+ effects ( prop] habits2 ( ! dang]\s or bad1 "s mu/ be kept dormant by prev5t+ improp] /imulation1 o!rs repress$ by ! cultivation ( inhibitive t5d5cies1 & yet o!rs smo!r$ or exclud$ by fill+ _! place ) desirable traits be=e !y !mselves come into expression4 ,we mu/ see cle>ly1 fur!rmore1 t ev5 ! be/ ( p$agogy & p>5tal tra9+ has obvi\s limits4 ,once grasp ! tru? t a *ild's fate 9 life is frequ5tly decid$ long be=e bir?1 & t no am\nt ( food or hospital s]vice or culture or te>s w ev] :olly make good ! defici5cies ( bad blood1 or 9 ! language ( ! biologi/1 a faulty g]m-plasm1 & ! conviction mu/ surely be borne home to ! intellig5t memb]s ( society t "o ?+ ( sup]lative importance 9 life is ! mak+ ( a wise *oice ( a m>riage mate on ! "o h&1 & ! prev5tion ( p>5?ood to ! obvi\sly unfit on ! o!r4 ,9 ! pres5t volume x is int5d$ to exam9e into ! natural end[m5t ( ! *ild4 ,& s9ce full compreh5sion ( x requires "s und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ! physical me*anism by :i* h]$it>y traits are h&$ on f g5]ation to g5]ation1 a small am\nt ( space is giv5 to ?is phase4 ,!n1 t ! read] may appreciate to _! fulle/ ext5t ! facts ga!r$ conc]n+ man1 a review ( ! m significant pr9ciples ( g5etics z reveal$ ?r\gh exp]im5ts 9 bre$+ plants & animals has be5 und]tak54 ,! ma9 applications ( ^! pr9ciples to man is po9t$ out 9 a g5]al discussion ( human h]$ity4 ,f9ally1 inasmu* z all available data indicate t ! fate ( our v civilization hangs on ! issue1 ! "w concludes ) an acc\nt ( ! new sci5ce ( eug5ics :i* is /riv+ = ! bett]m5t ( ! race by det]m9+ & promulgat+ ! laws ( human inh]itance s t mank9d may intellig5tly g ab\t cons]v+ good & repress+ bad human /ocks4 ,9 ord] to elim9ate z _m errors z possible & to avoid ov]sights ,i h submitt$ v>i\s *apt]s to c]ta9 ( my colleagues & fri5ds :o are au?orities 9 ! special field treat$ !re94 ,:ile ^! g5tlem5 are 9 no way responsible = ! mat]ial ( any *apt] !y h add$ greatly to ! value ( ! :ole by _! sugge/ions & comm5ts4 ,?us ,i am indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,leon ,j4 ,cole = read+ ! entire manuscript2 to ,pr(essors ,a4 ,s4 ,pe>se & ,f4 ,c4 ,%>p = read+ ,*apt] ,,vii2 to ,pr(essor ,c4 ,r4 ,b>de5 = read+ special p>ts2 to ,doctor ,j4 ,s4 ,evans = read+ ,*apt] ,,vi & "p ( ,v2 to ,doctor ,w4 ,f4 ,lor5z1 ( ! ,m5dota ,hospital1 = read+ ,*apt] ,,viii2 to ,judge ,e4 ,ray ,/ev5s = read+ ,*apt] ,,ix1 & to ,hel5 ,m4 ,guy] = sev]al read+s ( ! entire manuscript4 ,grateful ackn[l$gm5t is made to all ( ^! read]s1 to v>i\s publi%]s & p]iodicals = ! use ( c]ta9 ( ! illu/rations1 to ! au?ors ( ! num]\s books & pap]s f :i* mu* ( ! mat]ial 9 su* a "w z ?is mu/ necess>ily be select$1 & to my arti/1 ,miss ,h4 ,j4 ,wakeman1 = h] pa9/ak+ endeavors to make h] "w con=m to my ideas ( :at ea* diagram %\ld %[4 ,m4 ,f4 ,g4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,,h]$ity #a ,blood h]itage--,k9d det]m9$ by orig9--,ance/ry a network-- ,ance/ry 9 royalty--,(fspr+ d]iv$ f "o p>5t only--,dual ance/ry an aid 9 /udy+ h]$ity--,rev]sion--,telegony-- ,pr5atal influ5ces ap>t f h]$ity--,p>5t body & g]m n id5tical--,a h]$it>y "* def9$--,h]$it>y m+l+ a mosaic r ?an a bl5d--,det]m9]s ( *>act]s1 n *>act]s !mselves1 transmitt$--,our k ( h]$ity d]iv$ along ?ree l9es--,! me?od ( exp]im5tal bre$+-- ,! /ati/ical me?od--,galton's law ( regression--,correlations betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+--,! biometrical me?od1 /ati/ical1 n physiological--,m5tal z well z physical qualities inh]itable4 ,,ii ,,! ,,be>]s ,,( ,,! ,,h]itage #bj ,! cell ! unit ( /ructure--,unicellul> organisms--,importance ( cell-!ory--,h]$ity 9 unicellul> =ms--,reproduction & h]$ity 9 colonial protozoa--,conjugation--,specialization ( sex-cells--,! f]tiliz$ ovum--,advancem5t se5 9 ! ,volvox colony--,natural dea?--,specialization 9 high] organisms--,sexual ph5om5a 9 high] =ms--,cell-division--,*romosomes con/ant 9 numb] & appe>ance--,significance ( ! *romosomes--,cleavage ( ! egg--,*ief processes op]ative 9 build+ ! body--,! orig9 ( ! new g]m-cells--,significance ( ! e>ly sett+ ap>t ( ! g]m-cells--,individuality ( *romosomes--,pairs ( *romosomes--,r$uction ( ! numb] ( *romosomes by "o-half-- ,maturation ( ! sp]m-cell--,maturation ( ! egg-cell--,p>allel betwe5 ! two processes--,f]tilization--,significance ( ! behavior ( ! *romosomes--,a s+le set ( *romosomes suffici5t = ! production ( an organism--,! duality ( ! body & ! s+l5ess ( ! g]m--,! cytoplasm 9 inh]itance--,*romosomes possibly responsible = ! di/9ctiv5ess ( giv5 *>act]s--,sex & h]$ity--,_m !ories ( sex det]m9ation--,! sex-*romosome--,sex-l9k$ *>act]s 9 man--,9 l[] =ms4 ,,iii ,,m5delism #fg ,new discov]ies 9 ! field ( h]$ity--,m5del--,r$iscov]y ( ,m5delian pr9ciples--,indep5d5ce ( inh]itable *>act]s-- ,illu/ration 9 ! ,&alusian f[l--,! cause ( ! ratio-- ,v]ification ( ! hypo!sis--,dom9ant & recessive-- ,segregation 9 ! next g5]ation--,illu/rat$ 9 gu9ea-pigs-- ,t]m9ology--,! !ory ( pres5ce & abs5ce--,additional t]m9ology--,dom9ance n always complete--,modifications ( dom9ance--,m5del's own "w--,dihybrids--,gett+ new comb9ations ( *>act]s--,segregations ( ! det]m9]s--,f\r k9ds ( gametes 9 ea* sex--,! #i3c3c3a ratio--,ph5otype & g5otype-- ,! "q ( bl5d$ inh]itance--,nilsson-,ehle's discov]ies-- ,su* cases easily mi/ak5 = true bl5ds--,sk9-color 9 man-- ,que/ionable if real bl5ds exi/--,! place ( ! ,m5delian factors 9 ! g]m-cell--,p>allel betwe5 ! behavior ( ,m5delian factors & *romosomes--,a s+le *romosome n re/rict$ to c>ry+ a s+le det]m9]4 ,,iv ,,m5delism ,,9 ,,man #ig ,probably applicable to _m *>act]s 9 man--,difficult to get correct data--,a g5]aliz$ pres5ce-abs5ce =mula--,indications ( incomplete dom9ance--,:y aft] ! fir/ g5]ation only half ! *ildr5 may %[ ! dom9ant "*--,eye-color 9 man-- ,hair-color--,hair-%ape--,irregul>ities- -,digital mal=mations--,eye defects--,o!r defects inh]it$ z dom9ants--,recessive conditions m difficult to deal )--,alb9ism--,o!r recessive conditions 9 man--,bre$+ out defects--,o!r inh]itable conditions 9 man4 ,v ,,are ,,modifications ,,acquir$ ,,directly ,,by ,,! ,,body ,,inh]it$8 #aba ,:i* new *>act]s are inh]it$8--,examples ( somatic modifications--,use & disuse--,! problem /at$--,special conditions 9 mammals--,?ree fundam5tal que/ions--,ext]nal influ5ces may directly affect ! g]m-cells--,su* effects improbable 9 w>m-blood$ animals--,poisons may affect ! g]m-plasm--,h[ c somatic modifications be regi/]$ 9 g]m-cells8--,p]si/5ce ( ,m5delian factors argues aga9/ su* a mode ( inh]itance--,exp]im5ts on insects--,on plants--,on v]tebrates--,epilepsy 9 gu9ea-pigs--,effects ( mutilations n inh]it$--,transplantation ( gonads--,effects ( body on g]m1 g5]al n specific--,c]ta9 *>act]s inexplicable z inh]it$ somatic acquirem5ts--,neut] insects--,orig9 ( new *>act]s 9 g]m9al v>iation--,sexual reproduction 9 relation to new *>act]s--,_m features ( an organism *>act]iz$ by utility--,g]m9al v>iation a simpl] & m inclusive explanation--,analysis ( cases--,effects ( tra9+--,in/9cts-- ,disease--,reappe>ance n necess>ily inh]itance--,pr5atal infection n inh]itance--,inh]itance ( a pr$isposition n inh]itance ( a disease--,tub]culosis--,two individuals ( tub]cul> /ock %\ld n m>ry--,special susceptibility less ( a factor 9 _m diseases--,deaf-mutism--,g\t--,n]v\s & m5tal diseases--,o!r disord]s :i* h h]$it>y aspects--,induc$ immunity n inh]it$--,social1 e?ical & educational significance ( non-inh]itance ( somatic modifications--,no cause = disc\ragem5t--,improv$ environm5t w help cons]ve sup]ior /ra9s :5 !y d appe>4 ,,vi ,,pr5atal ,,influ5ces #aea ,all t a *ild possesses at bir? n necess>ily h]$it>y-- ,! my? ( mat]nal impressions--,injuri\s pr5atal influ5ces-- ,lead poison+--,! expectant "m %\ld h re/--,too %ort int]vals betwe5 *ildr5--,expectant mo!rs neglect$-- ,alcoholism--,unreliability ( mo/ data--,alcohol a g]m9al & fetal poison--,v>i\s views ( speciali/s on ! effects ( alcoholism on prog5y--,! aff9ity ( alcohol = g]m9al tissue--,innate deg5]acy v]sus ! effects ( alcohol-- ,exp]im5tal alcoholism 9 l[] animals--,fur!r rem>ks on ! situation 9 man--,mu* inebriety 9 man due to defective n]v\s con/itution--,factors to be reckon$ ) 9 ! /udy ( alcoholism--,v5]eal diseases--,! s]i\sness ( ! situation-- ,infantile bl9dness--,syphilis--,"s ( ! effects--,a blood te/-- ,_m syphilitics m>ri$--,:y p]mit exi/+ conditions to cont9ue8--,ante-nuptial m$ical inspection--,! p]ils ( v5]eal disease mu/ be prev5t$ at any co/--,bad environm5t c wreck good g]m-plasm4 ,,vii ,,responsibility ,,= ,,conduct #aie ,all m5tal process accompani$ by neural process--,gradations 9 n]v\s response f l[] organisms to man--,behavior ( _m animals (t5 an automatic adju/m5t to simple ext]nal ag5ts-- ,tropisms--,c]ta9 app>5tly complex volitions probably only tropisms--,complicat+ factors--,_m tropic responses app>5tly purposeful--,tropisms grade into reflex actions & in/9cts-- ,adju/ability ( in/9cts op5s ! way = intellig5t behavior--,modification ( habits possible 9 l[] animals--,"s l[] v]tebrates pr(it by exp]i5ce--,rational behavior-- ,conceptual ?\ght probably an outgr[? ( simpl] psy*ic /ates--,! capacity = alt]native action 9 high] animals--,! elem5tal units ( ! n]v\s sy/em are ! same 9 l[] & high] animals--,neuron !ory--,e/abli%m5t ( pa?ways ?r\gh ! n]v\s sy/em--,*>act]i/ic arrangem5ts ( n]ve cells subject to inh]itance--,diff]5t p>ts ( ! cortex yield diff]5t reactions--,skill acquir$ 9 "o bran* ( le>n+ probably n transf]r$ to ano!r bran*--,prepond]ance ( cortex 9 highe/ animals--,special fib] tracts 9 ! sp9al cord ( man & high] apes--,great complexity 9 associations & m neurons 9 ! bra9 ( man--,! n]v\s sy/em 9 ! ma9 already /ag$ at ! "t ( bir?--,_m pa?ways ( conduction n yet e/abli%$--,! ext5t ( ! modifiable zone unkn[n-- ,v>i\s possibilities ( reaction 9 ! *ild--,probable orig9 ( altrui/ic human conduct--,tra9+ 9 motive necess>y--,actual practise 9 c>ry+ out projects important--,int]e/ & difficulty bo? ess5tial--,! realization ( c]ta9 possibilities ( ! g]m r ?an o!rs is subject to control--,we mu/ af=d ! opportunity & provide ! prop] /imuli = ! developm5t ( good traits--,moral responsibility4 ,,viii ,,m5tal ,,& ,,n]v\s ,,defects #bbh ,preval5ce ( insanity--,imp]fect adju/m5ts ( ! bra9 me*anism inh]itable--,_m m5tal defectives m>ri$-- ,disproportionate increase 9 numb] ( m5tal defectives--,prote/s voic$ by ali5i/s--,examples ( h]$it>y feeble-m9d$ness-- ,difficult to secure accurate data--,feeble-m9d$ness & insanity n ! same--,_m types ( insanity--,n all insanities ( ! same eug5ical significance--,difficulties ( gett+ g5ealogies ( specific =ms ( insanity--,c]ta9 =ms ( insanity seem to behave z ,m5delian recessives--,grades ( feeble-m9d$ness--,ab\t two-?irds ( feeble-m9d$ness inh]it$--,"s results ( non-re/ra9t ( ! feeble-m9d$--,n all cases ( m5tal defici5cy inh]it$--,epileptics--,feeble-m9d$ness probably a recessive--,_m app>5tly normal p are c>ri]s ( neuropa?ic defects--,te/s = m5tal defici5cy--,! backw>d *ild 9 s*ool--,! exceptionally able *ild--,co/ ( c>+ = our m5tally disord]$--,importance ( rigid segregation ( ! feeble-m9d$--,importance ( e>ly diagnosis ( insanity--,op9ion ( compet5t psy*iatri/s ess5tial--,"s insanities n h]$it>y--,importance ( h]$ity 9 insanity n appreciat$4 ,,ix ,,crime ,,& ,,del9qu5cy #bfc ,h]$ity & environm5t 9 ?is field--,feeble-m9d$ness (t5 a factor--,_m del9qu5t girls m5tally defici5t--,in/itutional figures mislead+--,_m prison]s m5tally subnormal--,inhibitions necess>y to social welf>e--,! high-grade moron a difficult problem--,deg5]ate /ra9s--,int5sification ( defects by inbre$+--,vici\s surr\nd+s n a suffici5t explanation 9 deg5]ate /ocks--,n all del9qu5ts defectives--,no special inh]itable crime-factor--,:at is a born crim9al8--,epileptic crim9al especially dang]\s--,! m5tal disord]s mo/ frequ5tly associat$ ) crime--,be>+ ( immigration on crime & del9qu5cy--,sexual vice--,s*ool in/ruction 9 sex-hygi5e-- ,m]e k n ! crux ( ! sex problem--,e>ly tra9+ 9 self-re/ra9t an important prev5tive ( crime & del9qu5cy-- ,multiplication ( del9qu5t defectives mu/ be prev5t$4 ,x ,,race ,,bett]m5t ,,?r\gh ,,h]$ity #bhi ,que/ionable *>ity--,pa/ prote/s--,an increas+ flood ( defectives--,natural elim9ation ( defectives done away )--,:y n prev5t our social maladies8--,eug5ics def9$--,improv$ environm5t alone w n cure racial deg5]acy--,h]$ity & environm5t--,int]-racial m>riage--,human cons]vation--,k9dness 9 ! long run--,! problem has two phases--,con/ructive eug5ics mu/ be bas$ on education--,inf]ior increas+ m rapidly ?an sup]ior /ocks--,an unselect$ population may conta9 mu* valuable mat]ial--,! lack ( crit]ia = judg+ fitness--,! college graduate--,native ability1 indep5d5ce & en]gy eug5ically desirable--,f\r *ildr5 to ea* m>riage requir$ to ma9ta9 a /ock--,factors contribut+ to l[ bir?-rate 9 desirable /ra9s--,! educat$ public mu/ be made to realize ! situation--,utilization ( family pride z a basis = con/ructive eug5ics--,! t5d5cy = l to m>ry l--,public op9ion z an inc5tive to action--,*oos+ a m>riage mate means *oos+ a p>5t--,! be/ eug5ic m>riage also a love mat*--,! elim9ation ( ! grossly unfit urg5t--,sugge/$ rem$ies-- ,inefficacy ( laws :i* =bid m>riage ( m5tal defectives-- ,sy/ems ( mat+ impracticable 9 ! ma9--,corrective mat+ presupposes k ( eug5ics--,segregation has _m advocates--,/]ilization z a eug5ic measure--,to :at conditions applicable--,9 insanity--,9 feeble-m9d$ness--,9 cases ( epilepsy--,/]ilization laws--,social dang]s 9 vasectomy--,our pres5t k insuffici5t--,/]ilization laws on trial--,an educat$ public s5tim5t ! mo/ valuable eug5ic ag5t--,! "q ( p]sonal lib]ty--,education ( wom5 9 eug5ics ne$$--,mu* yet to be done--,a work+ program--,:i* %all x be8 ,,gloss>y #cdc ,,ref]5ces ,,= ,,fur!r ,,read+ ,,& ,,/udy #cee ,,index #cfa ,,be+ ,,well-,,born ,,*apt] ,i ,,h]$ity ,x is a commonplace fact t (fspr+ t5d to resemble _! p>5ts4 ,s commonplace1 inde$1 t few /op to wond] at x4 ,no "o misund]/&s u :5 we say t su* & su* a "y man is a *ip (f ! old block1 = t is simply an emphatic way ( /at+ t he resembles "o or ! o!r ( 8 p>5ts4 ,! same is true ( su* famili> expressions z :at's br$ 9 ! bone1 blood w tell1 & k9dr$ cat* phrases4 ,all are b recognitions ( ! same common fact t (fspr+ exhibit v>i\s *>act]i/ics simil> to ^? ( _! prog5itors4 ,blood ,h]itage4--,to ?is ph5om5on ( resemblance 9 successive g5]ations bas$ on ance/ry ! t]m h]$ity is appli$4 ,9 man1 = in/ance1 !re is a m>k$ t5d5cy t[>d ! reappe>ance 9 (fspr+ ( /ructures1 habits1 features1 & ev5 p]sonal mann]isms1 m9ute physical defects1 & intimate m5tal peculi>ities l ^? possess$ by _! p>5ts or m remote =ebe>s4 ,^! p]sonal *>act]i/ics bas$ on desc5t f a common s\rce are :at we may call ! blood h]itage ( ! *ild to discrim9ate x f a :olly diff]5t k9d ( inh]itance1 namely1 ! pass+ on f "o g5]ation to ! next ( su* mat]ial ?+s z p]sonal prop]ty or real e/ate4 ,k9d ,det]m9$ by ,orig94--,x is inh]itance 9 ! s5se ( community ( orig9 t det]m9es :e!r a giv5 liv+ creature %all be man1 bea/1 bird1 fi%1 or :at n4 ,a giv5 individual is human because 8 ance/ors 7 human4 ,9 addition to ?is /ock supply ( human qualities he has c]ta9 well-m>k$ features :i* we recognize z *>act]i/ics ( race4 ,t is1 if he is ( ,anglo-,saxon or ,italian or ,mongolian p>5tage1 naturally 8 v>i\s qualities w be ,anglo-,saxon1 ,italian1 or ,mongolian4 ,/ill fur!r1 he has _m di/9ctive features ( m9d & body t we recognize z family traits & la/ly1 8 p]sonal *>act]i/ics su* z designate him to u z ,tom1 ,h>ry1 or ,james mu/ be add$4 ,! latt] w\ld include su* m9utiae z size & %ape ( e>s1 nose or h&s2 complexion2 p]haps ev5 c]ta9 defects2 voice2 color ( eyes2 & a ?\s& o!r p>ticul>s4 ,al?\gh we designate ^! manifold items z individual1 !y are 9 reality l>gely m or less duplicates ( simil> features t occur 9 "o or ! o!r ( 8 prog5itors1 features :i* he w\ld n h 9 _! exi/+ =m b = ! h]$it>y relation betwe5 him & !m4 ,o ,damsel ,doro?y6 ,doro?y ,q46 ,/range is ! gift t ,i owe to y2 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at if a hundr$ ye>s ago ,^? close-%ut lips _h answ]$ ',no1' 99 99 99 99 99 ,%\ld ,i be ,i1 or w\ld x be ,"o-t5? ano!r1 to n9e-t5?s me8 ,s(t is ! brea? ( a maid5's yes2 ,n ! light gossam] /irs ) less2 ,b nev] a cable t holds s fa/ ,?r\gh all ! battles ( wave & bla/1 ,& nev] an e*o ( spee* or song ,t lives 9 ! babbl+ air s long6 ,!re 7 tones 9 ! voice t :isp]$ !n ,y may he> to-day 9 a hundr$ m54 ,:5 life /eps into ! _w ( matt] !re comes ) x a sort ( physical immortality1 s to speak2 n ( ! individual1 x is true1 b ( ! race4 ,b ! important ?+ to note is t ! race is made up1 n ( a succession ( :olly unrelat$ =ms1 b a cont9uation ( ! same k9d ( liv+ organisms1 & ?is sam5ess is due to ! actual physical desc5t ( ea* new individual f a pr$ecessor4 ,9 o!r words1 any liv+ organism is ! k9d ( organism x is 9 virtue ( its h]$it>y relation to its ance/ors4 ,x is "p ( ! biologi/'s task to seek a mat]ial basis1 a cont9uity ( actual sub/ance1 = ?is cont9uity ( life & =m betwe5 an organism & its (fspr+4 ,moreov]1 inasmu* z ! (fspr+ is nev] precisely simil> to its prog5itors he mu/ det]m9e also :at qualities are susceptible ( transmission & 9 :at measure4 ,ance/ry a ,network4--,f ! fact t ea* *ild has all ( ! ance/ors ( its "m z well z ( its fa!r1 arises ! great complications :i* are met ) 9 det]m9+ ! l9eage ( an individual4 ,a p]son has two p>5ts1 f\r gr&p>5ts1 eight great gr&p>5ts1 & ?us foll[+ out p$igree x is pla9 to be se5 t ?r\gh ?is process ( d\bl+ 9 ea* g5]ation1 9 ! c\rse ( a few c5turies "o's ance/ry is app>5tly enorm\s4 ,by actual computation1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,d4 ,s4 ,jordan1 if we c\nt ?irty g5]ations back to ! ,norman invasion ( ,engl& 9 #ajff1 at ?is ratio ( duplication1 ! *ild ( to-day w\ld h _h at t "t an ance/ry ( #h1eih1jid1eib p]sons4 ,b we "k t ! total numb] ( inhabitants 9 ,engl& dur+ ! "t ( ,william ! ,conqu]or 0 b a small fraction ( ?is enorm\s aggregate4 ,?is means t we %all h to modify our inf]5ce t a *ild has twice z _m ance/ors z its p>5ts2 a condition :i* at fir/ sight seems evid5t1 b :i* is n lit]ally true4 ,! fact is t ! p>5ts ( ! *ild1 9 all probability1 h _m ance/ors 9 common--a /ate ( affairs :i* is br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! int]m>riage ( relatives1 & ?is is especially frequ5t among remot] desc5dants ( common prog5itors4 ,"t aft] "t 9 g5ealogy /ra9s ( blood h cross$ & recross$ until x is n improbable t a man ( to-day :o is ( ,engli% orig9 has ! blood 9 8 ve9s f e inhabitant ( ,engl& :o liv$ dur+ ! "t ( ,william ! ,conqu]or & left fruitful desc5dants4 ,in/ead ( conceiv+ ( ance/ry z an ev] bran*+ & wid5+ tree-l sy/em z x rec$es into ! pa/1 x is m accurate1 !re=e1 to reg>d x 9 ! light ( an elaborate me%work4 ,! family tree 9 reality becomes ! family net4 ,ance/ry 9 ,royalty4--,! p$igrees ( royal families h prov$ to be ( mu* importance 9 ! /udy ( human inh]itance1 n t royal traits are any m h]itable ?an any o!r1 b simply because ! records h be5 c>efully kept s t !y are ! mo/ compreh5sive & easily foll[$ p$igrees available4 ,! netlike weave ( ance/ry is p>ticul>ly well exemplifi$ 9 "s ( ^! families because ( mu* close int]m>riage4 ,_! h]itage typifies on an int5sifi$ scale ! h]itage ( ! mass ( mank9d4 ,= example1 if we g six g5]ations back 9 ! ance/ry ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great in/ead ( ! expect$ sixty-f\r individual ance/ors we f9d only =ty2 or 9 a /ill m closely wov5 /ock1 9 ! ,spani% royal l9e ( ,don ,c>los we f9d 9 six g5]ations in/ead ( sixty-f\r individual ance/ors1 only tw5ty-eight4 ,:ile ! pres5t ,g]man emp]or might h _h f\r ?\s& n9ety-six ance/ors 9 ! twelf? g5]ation back1 x is e/imat$ t ow+ to int]m>riage he probably _h only five hundr$ ?irty-?ree4 ,(fspr+ ,d]iv$ f ,"o ,p>5t ,only4--,s f> 9 our reckon+ ( h]$ity we h c\nt$ elem5ts f bo? fa!r & "m1 & ! complications :i* arise f su* a d\ble ance/ry are manife/ly v p]plex+ ones4 ,if we c\ld d away ) ! elem5ts ( sex & f9d (fspr+ t are d]iv$ f "o p>5t only1 x w\ld seem+ly simplify our problem v mu* = we %\ld ?us h a direct l9e ( desc5t1 free f int]m+l+4 ,?is1 9 fact1 occurs to a great] or less ext5t among l[] animals 9 a numb] ( in/ances4 ,!re may be only female =ms = a numb] ( g5]ations & ! eggs :i* !y produce develop directly into new individuals4 ,moreov]1 _m ( ! simpl] organisms h ! p[] ( divid+ _! bodies into two & ?us giv+ rise to two new =ms1 ea* ( :i* resembles ! p>5t4 ,?is %[s pla9ly t we may h inh]itance )\t ! appe>ance ( any male ance/or at all1 h5ce sex is n always a necess>y factor 9 reproduction or h]$ity4 ,! developm5t ( eggs asexually1 t is1 )\t unit+ fir/ ) a male cognate1 is t]m$ p>!nog5esis4 ,! ord9>y plant l\se or aphid :i* is frequ5tly f\nd ^u g]aniums is a famili> example ( an animal :i* reproduces l>gely 9 ?is way4 ,dur+ ! summ] only ! females exi/ & !y are s a/oni%+ly f]tile t "o su* aphid & h] prog5y1 suppos+ none dies1 w produce "o hundr$ million 9 ! c\rse ( five g5]ations4 ,9 ! la/ broods ( ! fall1 males & females appe> & f]tile eggs are produc$ :i* lie dormant ?r\gh ! w9t] to />t ! cycle ( ! next ye>4 ,aga91 ! eggs ( "s k9ds ( animals :i* normally h to unite ) a male g]m be=e !y develop1 c be made to develop by m]ely treat+ !m ) *emical solutions4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 an (fspr+ d]iv$ 9 su* a mann]1 & "o :i* has develop$ f an egg f]tiliz$ by ! male is t x is made up ( *>act]i/ics f only "o s\rce1 ! mat]nal4 ,dual ,ance/ry an ,aid 9 ,/udy+ ,h]$ity4--,al?\gh we h ! factors ( h]$ity 9 a m simplifi$ =m 9 ! case ( asexual transmission1 z a matt] ( fact mo/ ( our insight into ! problems ( h]$ity has be5 atta9$ f a /udy ( sexually reproduc+ =ms1 because ! v exi/5ce ( two sets ( m or less p>allel features (f]s a k9d ( *eck+ up sy/em by :i* we c foll[ a giv5 *>act]i/ic4 ,rev]sion4--,occasionally1 h[ev]1 plants & animals d n develop ! complete individuality we might expect1 b /op %ort at or re-atta9 "s ance/ral /age along ! l9e ( desc5t1 & ?us come to resemble "s prog5itor p]haps _m g5]ations back ( _! own "t4 ,?us x is well kn[n t z reg>ds "o or m *>act]i/ics a *ild may resemble a gr&p>5t or (t5 "s remote ance/or mu* m closely ?an x does its imm$iate p>5t4 ,! reappe>ance ( su* ance/ral traits ! /ud5t ( h]$ity designates z ,rev]sion or ,atavism4 ,rev]sion may occur app>5tly 9 any class ( plants or animals4 ,x is especially pron\nc$ among dome/icat$ =ms1 :i* ?r\gh man's selection h be5 produc$ "u m or less artificial conditions4 ,= example1 among fancy bre$s ( pigeons1 !re may be an occasional return to ! old slaty blue color ( ! ance/ral rock-pigeon1 ) two d>k cross-b>s on ! w+s1 f :i* all mod]n bre$s h be5 d]iv$4 ,?is is almo/ sure to happ5 if ! fancy v>ieties are int]-cross$ = two or ?ree g5]ations4 ,ano!r example ( rev]sion frequ5tly cit$ is ! occasional reappe>ance 9 dome/ic p\ltry ( ! r$di% or br[ni% color patt]n ( ! ance/ral jungle-f[l to :i*1 among mod]n =ms1 ! ,indian game seems mo/ ne>ly relat$ 9 color4 ,/ill ano!r example is ! cross-b>s or /ripes occasionally to be se5 on ! =elegs ( colts1 p>ticul>ly mules1 rem9isc5t ( ! ext9ct wild prog5itors :i* 7 suppos$ly /rip$4 ,fig4 #a1 p4 #i1 is a picture ( a hybrid betwe5 ! common f[l & ! gu9ea-f[l4 ,! *evron-l m>k+s on c]ta9 fea!rs %[ a rev]sion to a type ( color patt]n t is preval5t among bo? ! primitive pheasants 7! dome/ic *ick5 is a pheasant7 & ! primitive gu9ea-f[ls4 ,al?\gh ! common spott$ gu9ea-f[l may be cross$ ) a black *ick5 :i* %[s no trace ( b>r+1 nev]!less ! hybrid (fspr+ are likely to be> a *evron-l patt]n su* z t %[n 9 ! picture4 ,!re has be5 mu* quibbl+ ov] ! relative mean+s ( rev]sion & atavism4 ,! g5]al idea1 :i*ev] t]m we use1 is t !re is a ?r[+ back 9 a noticeable degree ?r\gh inh]itance to "s ance/ral condition beyond ! imm$iate p>5ts4 ,a few rec5t au?ors h tak5 ! t]m atavism 9 a re/rict$ s5se & use x to signify specifically ^? n uncommon cases 9 :i* a p>ticul> "* ( an (fspr+ resembles ! correspond+ "* ( a gr&p>5t in/ead ( a p>5t4 ,su*1 = example1 z ! blue eye-color ( a *ild ) br[n-ey$ p>5ts1 ea* ( :om 9 turn has _h a blue-ey$ p>5t4 ,! t5d5cy ( o!r au?ors is to ab&on ! t]m entirely because ( ! div]sity ( mean+ t has be5 atta*$ to x 9 ! pa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,hybrid betwe5 ! gu9ea-f[l & ! common f[l1 %[+ 9 _m fea!rs rev]sion to a primitive *evron-l b>r+4 ,c]ta9 classes ( s-call$ rev]sions1 su* z ! case ( ! eye-color j cit$1 are readily explicable on ,m5delian pr9ciples z we %all see 9 a lat] *apt]1 b probably n all k9ds ( ph5om5a describ$ z rev]sion c be s expla9$4 ,= example1 "s seem to be cases ( suppress$ developm5t4 ,! ^w rev]sion1 inde$1 mu/ be look$ on z a conv5i5t descriptive t]m r ?an z ! "n ( a s+le specific condition4 ,telegony4--,!re is yet a wide-spread belief 9 ! suppos$ influ5ce ( an e>li] sire on (fspr+ born by ! same "m to a lat] & diff]5t sire4 ,?is alleg$ ph5om5on is t]m$ telegony4 ,= example1 _m dog-bre$]s ass]t t if a ?or\ghbr$ bit* has ev] _h pups by a mongrel fa!r1 h] lat] (fspr+1 al?\gh sir$ by a ?or\ghbr$1 w %[ ta9ts ( ! =m] mongrel mat+4 ,9 su* cases ! female is believ$ to be ru9$ = bre$+ purposes4 ,o!r suppos$ in/ances ( su* influ5ces h be5 cit$ among horses1 cattle1 %eep1 pigs1 cats1 birds1 pets ( v>i\s k9ds & ev5 m54 ,! hi/oric case mo/ frequ5tly quot$ is t ( ,"l ,morton's m>e :i* bore a hybrid colt :5 br$ to a quagga1 a /rip$ zebra-l animal n[ ext9ct4 ,9 lat] ye>s ! same m>e bore two colts1 sir$ by a black ,arabian horse4 ,bo? colts %[$ /ripes on ! neck & o!r p>ts ( ! body1 p>ticul>ly on ! legs4 ,x 0 inf]r$ t ?is /rip+ 0 a sort ( aft] effect ( ! e>li] bre$+ ) ! quagga4 ,9 rec5t times1 h[ev]1 ,pr(essor ,ew>t has repeat$ ! exp]im5t a numb] ( times ) diff]5t m>es us+ a ,bur*ell zebra z ! te/ sire4 ,al?\gh 8 exp]im5ts h be5 devis$ s z to conduce 9 e way possible to telegony 8 results h be5 negative4 ,moreov]1 x has be5 po9t$ out t ! /ripes on ! legs ( ! two foals alleg$ to %[ telegony c\ld n h be5 d]iv$ f ! quagga sire =1 unlike zebras1 quaggas did n h _! legs /rip$4 ,fur!rmore x is kn[n t ! occurr5ce ( d>k br[n /ripes on ! neck1 )]s & legs ( ord9>y colts is n uncommon1 "s cases ( :i* h exhibit$ m zebra-l m>k+s ?an ^? ( ! colts f ,"l ,morton's m>e4 ,x seems mu* m probable1 !re=e1 t ! alleg$ in/ances are m]ely cases ( ord9>y rev]sion to ! /rip$ ance/ral color patt]n :i* probably *>act]iz$ ! wild prog5itors ( ! dome/icat$ horse4 ,v>i\s exp]im5ts on gu9ea-pigs1 horses1 mice & o!r =ms1 especially devis$ to te/ out ?is alleg$ aft]-influ5ce ( an e>li] sire1 h all prov$ negative & ! g5]al belief ( ! biologi/ to-day is t telegony is a my?4 ,pr5atal ,influ5ces ,ap>t f ,h]$ity4--,9 discuss+ ! problems ( h]$ity x is necess>y to consid] also ! possibilities ( ext]nal influ5ces ap>t f l9eage :i* may affect (fspr+ ?r\gh ei!r p>5t4 ,al?\gh modifications d]iv$ directly by ! p>5t1 & pr5atal influ5ces 9 g5]al1 are ( extremely d\btful value z ( p]man5t inh]itable significance1 nev]!less !y mu/ be reckon$ ) 9 any inv5tory ( a *ild's end[m5t at bir?4 ,impair$ vitality on ! "p ( ! "m1 bad nutrition & physical vicissitudes ( v>i\s k9ds all ent] z factors 9 ! bir?right ( ! *ild1 :o1 moreov]1 may be> 9 its ve9s slumb]+ poisons f "s prog5itor :o has h&$ on blood ta9ts n prop]ly attributable to h]$ity4 ,( su* importance is ?is k9d ( influ5ce to ! welf>e ( ! imm$iate *ild t x w be necess>y to discuss x 9 consid]able detail 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,p>5t ,body & ,g]m ,n ,id5tical4--,inasmu* z ea* new individual appe>s to arise f mat]ial d]iv$ f its p>5t1 tak+ ! evid5ce at its face value "o might suppose t any peculi>ity ( organization call$ =? 9 ! liv+ sub/ance ( ! p>5t w\ld naturally be repeat$ 9 ! (fspr+1 b a clos] /udy ( ! develop+ organism f its fir/ inception to maturity %[s ?is to be probably a wrong conclusion4 ,! p>5t-body & ! reproductive sub/ance conta9$ 9 t body are by no means id5tical4 ,x becomes an important "q to decide1 9 fact1 h[ mu* effect1 if any1 ei!r p]man5t or tempor>y1 ! p>5t-body really has on ! g]m4 ,a giv5 f]tile g]m 7,fig4 #b1 p4 #ac7 gives rise by a succession ( divisions to a body :i* we call ! individual1 b su* a g]m also gives rise to a s]ies ( new g]m-cells :i* reside 9 t individual1 & x is ^! g]m-cells1 n some?+ d]iv$ f ! body1 t pass on ! det]m9]s ( di/+ui%+ features or qualities f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,x is only by grasp+ ! significance ( ?is fact t we c und]/& h[ 9 c]ta9 cases a totally diff]5t set ( *>act]s may appe> 9 an (fspr+ ?an ^? manife/$ 9 ei!r p>5t4 ,an ,h]$it>y ,"* ,def9$4--,by a "*1 9 discussions 9 h]$ity1 is meant simply a trait1 feature or o!r *>act]i/ic ( an organism4 ,:]e we c pick out a s+le def9able *>act]i/ic :i* acts z a unit 9 h]$ity1 = great] accuracy we t]m x a unit-"*4 ,_m traits are kn[n to be inh]it$ on a unit basis or are capable ( be+ analyz$ into factors :i* are s inh]it$4 ,^! unit-*>act]s are 9 l>ge measure inh]it$ indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r app>5tly1 al?\gh cases ( *>act]s inh]it$ z a unit along ) o!r *>act]s are kn[n4 ,h]$it>y ,m+l+ a ,mosaic ,r ,?an a ,bl5d4--,! indep5d5ce ( unit-*>act]s 9 inh]itance leads u to ! important conclusion t ! m+l+ ( two l9es ( ance/ry into a new individual is 9 no s5se br++ !m into ! melt+ pot1 z x has be5 picturesquely express$1 b x is r to be reg>d$ z ! m+l+ ( two mosaics1 ea* p>ticle ( :i* reta9s its own individuality1 & :i*1 ev5 if ov]%ad[$ 9 a giv5 g5]ation1 may nev]!less manife/ its qualities undimm$ 9 lat] g5]ations :5 conditions favorable to its expression transpire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,diagram illu/rat+ g]m9al cont9uity4 ,?r\gh a s]ies ( divisions a g]m-cell gives rise to a body or a soma & to new g]m-cells4 ,! latt]1 n ! body1 give rise 9 turn to ! next g5]ation4 ,det]m9]s ( ,*>act]s1 ,n ,*>act]s ,!mselves1 ,transmitt$4--,! fact %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood t ! actual ?+ :i* is transmitt$ by means ( ! g]m 9 inh]itance is n ! "* itself1 b some?+ :i* w det]m9e ! "* 9 ! (fspr+4 ,x is important to rememb] ?is1 = (t5 ^! det]m9]s1 z !y are call$1 may lie unexpress$ = "o or m g5]ations & may become manife/ only 9 lat] desc5dants4 ,! tru? ( ! matt] is1 ! *ild does n inh]it its *>act]s f correspond+ *>act]s 9 ! p>5t-body1 b p>5t & *ild are alike because !y are bo? products ( ! same l9e ( g]m-plasm1 bo? are *ips f ! same old block4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,/udy+ ,,h]$ity ,be=e ent]+ into details x w be well to get "s idea ( ! me?ods :i* are commonly employ$ 9 arriv+ at conclusions 9 ! field ( h]$ity4 ,"s ( ^! are extremely complex & all t we c d 9 an elem5t>y pres5tation is to get a glimpse ( ! proc$ures4 ,our ,k ( ,h]$ity ,d]iv$ ,along ,?ree ,l9es4--,our mod]n conceptions ( h]$ity h be5 d]iv$ ma9ly f ?ree di/9ct l9es ( inve/igation3 ,fir/1 f ! /udy ( embryology1 9 :i* ! biologi/ conc]ns himself ) ! g5esis ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! individual1 & ! me*anism ( ! g]ms :i* convey ! actual mat]ials f :i* ^! p>ts spr+2 second1 ?r\gh exp]im5tal bre$+ ( plants & animals to comp>e p>ticul> traits or features 9 successive g5]ations2 & ?ird1 ?r\gh ! /ati/ical treatm5t ( obs]vations or measurem5ts ( a l>ge numb] ( p>5ts & _! (fspr+ ) ref]5ce to a giv5 *>act]i/ic 9 ord] to det]m9e ! av]age ext5t ( resemblance betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 9 t p>ticul> respect4 ,! ,me?od ( ,exp]im5tal ,bre$+4--,a trem5d\s impetus 0 giv5 to ! me?od ( exp]im5tal bre$+ :5 x 0 realiz$ t we c itemize _m ( ! p>ts or traits ( an organism into entities :i* are inh]it$ indep5d5tly "o ( ano!r4 ,su* traits1 or z we h already t]m$ !m1 unit-*>act]s1 may be n only indep5d5tly h]itable b indep5d5tly v>iable z well4 ,! exp]im5tal me?od seeks to isolate & trace ?r\gh successive g5]ations ! sep>ate factors :i* det]m9e ! individual unit-*>act]s ( ! organism4 ,9 ?is attempt cross-bre$+ is resort$ to4 ,=ms :i* diff] 9 "o or m respects are mat$ & ! prog5y /udi$4 ,next ^! (fspr+ are mat$ ) o!rs ( _! own k9d or mat$ back ) ! respective p>5t types4 ,9 ?is way ! behavior ( a p>ticul> "* may (t5 be foll[$ & ! g]m9al con/itutions ( ! individuals conc]n$ c be =mulat$ ) ref]5ce to x4 ,inasmu* z we %all give mu* consid]ation to ?is me?od 9 ! *apt] on ,m5delism we ne$ n consid] x fur!r "h4 ,! ,/ati/ical ,me?od4--,! /ati/ical me?od seeks to obta9 l>ge bodies ( facts & to deal ) evid5ce z x appe>s ?r\gh ma!matical analysis ( ^! facts4 ,! attempt ( its foll[]s is to treat quantitatively all biological processes ) :i* x is conc]n$4 ,hi/orically ,sir ,francis ,galton 0 ! fir/ to make any consid]able application ( /ati/ical me?ods to ! problems ( h]$ity & v>iation4 ,9 8 attempts to det]m9e ! ext5t ( resemblance betwe5 relatives ( diff]5t degree z reg>ds bodily1 m5tal & temp]am5tal traits1 he devis$ new me?ods ( /ati/ical analysis :i* con/itute ! basis ( mod]n /ati/ical biology1 or biometry z x is t]m$ by its vot>ies4 ,pr(essor ,k>l ,pe>son 9 p>ticul> has ext5d$ & p]fect$ ! ma!matical me?ods ( ?is field & /&s to-day z p]haps its mo/ repres5tative expon5t4 ,! sy/em is 9 ! ma9 bas$ on ! calculus ( probability4 ,! me?ods (t5 are highly specializ$1 requir+ ! use ( high] ma!matics1 & are !re=e only at ! comm& ( specially tra9$ work]s4 ,j z insurance companies c tell u ! probable l5g? ( human life 9 a giv5 social gr\p1 s9ce al?\gh unc]ta9 9 any p>ticul> case1 x is r$ucible 9 mass to a pr$ictable con/ant1 s ! biometrician ) ev5 great] precision because ( 8 improv$ me?ods c (t51 :5 a l>ge numb] ( cases are conc]n$1 give u ! int5sity ( ance/ral influ5ce ) ref]5ce to p>ticul> *>act]s4 ,= example1 x is cle> t by measur+ a l>ge numb] ( adult human be+s "o c compute ! av]age height or det]m9e ! height :i* w fit ! greate/ numb]4 ,!re w be "s individuals bel[ & "s above x1 b ! great] ! div]g5ce f ?is /&>d height ! few] w be ! individuals conc]n$4 ,galton comp>$ ! heights ( #bjd normal ,engli% p>5ts & _! #ibh adult (fspr+4 ,9 ord] to equalize ! measurem5ts ( m5 & wom5 he f\nd he _h to multiply ea* female height by #a4jh4 ,!n1 to take bo? p>5ts into acc\nt :5 comp>+ height ( p>5ts to t ( *ildr5 he add$ ! height ( ! fa!r to ! proportionately augm5t$ height ( ! "m & divid$ by two1 ?us secur+ ! height ( :at he t]m$ ! mid-p>5t4 ,he f\nd t ! mid-p>5tal heights ( 8 subjects rang$ f #fd4e to #gb4e in*es1 & t ! g5]al mode 0 ab\t #fh4e in*es4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! mode1 9 a giv5 population1 repres5ts ! gr\p conta9+ ! l>ge/ numb] ( individuals ( "o k9d2 x may or may n co9cide ) ! av]age4 ,! *ildr5 ( all mid-p>5ts hav+ a giv5 height 7 measur$ next & tabulat$ ) ref]5ce to ^! mid-p>5ts4 ,! results ( ,galton's measurem5ts may be express$ simply z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,mode ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,height ( mid-p>5t 9 in*es #fd4efe4eff4efg4efh4efi4egj4ega4egb4e ,av]age height ( (fspr+ #fe4hff4gfg4bfg4ffh4cfh4ifi4efi4igb4b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! ,law ( ,regression4--,x is pla9 f ?is table t ! (fspr+ ( %ort mid-p>5ts t5d to be "u av]age or modal height ?\gh n s f> bel[ z _! p>5ts4 ,likewise *ildr5 ( tall p>5ts t5d to be tall b less tall ?an _! p>5ts4 ,?is fact illu/rates :at is kn[n z ,galton's law ( regression2 namely1 t if p>5ts 9 a giv5 population div]ge a c]ta9 am\nt f ! mode ( ! population z a :ole1 _! *ildr51 :ile t5d+ to resemble !m1 w div]ge less f ?is mode4 ,x is cle> t ! ext5t ( regression is an inv]se measure ( ! int5sity ( inh]itance f ! imm$iate p>5ts2 if ! deviation ( ! (fspr+ f ! g5]al mode 7 ne>ly z great z t ( _! p>5ts !n ! int5sity ( ! inh]itance mu/ be high2 if b slight--t is1 if ! (fspr+ regress$ ne>ly to ! mode--!n ! int5sity ( ! inh]itance mu/ be rank$ z l[4 ,9 ! example 9 "q x mu/ be rank$ z relatively high4 ,computations %[ t z reg>ds /ature ! fraction two-?irds repres5ts approximately ! am\nt ( resemblance betwe5 ! two g5]ations :]e bo? p>5ts are consid]$4 ,correlations ,betwe5 ,p>5ts & ,(fspr+4--,9 mod]n rese>*es ! conception ( mid-p>5t & mid-gr&p>5t z utiliz$ by ,galton has be5 l>gely ab&on$4 ,x has be5 f\nd m conv5i5t z well z m accurate to keep ! measurem5ts ( ! two p>5ts sep>ate & to deal ) correlations betwe5 fa!rs & sons1 fa!rs & daught]s1 mo!rs & sons1 mo!rs & daught]s1 bro!r & bro!r1 etc4 ,pr(essor ,pe>son & 8 pupils h f\nd = a numb] ( *>act]s t ! correlation betwe5 ei!r p>5t & *ildr51 :e!r sons or daught]s1 is relatively close4 ,! correlation betwe5 bro!r & bro!r1 si/] & si/]1 & bro!r & si/]1 usually ranges a little high] ?an ! correspond+ relation betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr54 ,! ,biometrical ,me?od1 ,/ati/ical1 ,n ,physiological4--,:ile biometry may 9 c]ta9 cases g f> t[>d %[+ u ! av]age int5sity ( ! inh]itance ( c]ta9 *>act]s x c n replace ! me?od ( ! exp]im5tal bre$] :i* deals ) p>ticul> *>act]s 9 individual p$igrees4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! biometrical me?od is a /ati/ical & n a physiological "o & t x is applicable only :5 l>ge numb]s ( individuals are consid]$ 9 mass4 ,x is mo/ valuable 9 cases :]e we are unable %>ply to def9e s+le *>act]s1 due probably to ! concurr5t action ( a numb] ( indep5d5t causes1 or :]e exp]im5t is impossible s t we h to dep5d solely on num]ical data ga9$ by obs]vation4 ,m5tal ,qualities ,inh]itable4--,galton %[$ by ?is me?od long ago1 & ,pe>son & 8 s*ool h ext5d$ & m cle>ly e/abli%$ ! "w1 t exceptional m5tal qualities t5d to be inh]it$4 ,:ile on ! av]age ! *ildr5 ( exceptional p>5ts t5d to be less exceptional ?an _! p>5ts1 /ill !y are f> m likely to be exceptional ?an are ! *ildr5 ( av]age p>5ts4 ,by ?is me?od ,pr(essor ,pe>son has %[n t su* m5tal & temp]am5tal attributes z ability1 vivacity1 consci5ti\sness1 temp]1 popul>ity1 h&writ+1 etc41 are z ess5tially det]m9$ z are physical features ?r\gh ! h]$it>y end[m5t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,be>]s ,,( ,,! ,,h]itage ,be=e we c make any detail$ analysis ( ! inh]itance ( *>act]s we %\ld h "s g5]al idea ( ! physical /ructure ( animals & p>ticul>ly "s famili>ity ) ! developm5t ( an individual f ! egg1 z well z "s k ( ! nature ( ! g]m-cells4 ,! ,cell ! ,unit ( ,/ructure4--,if we exam9e "o ( ! high] animals1 z1 = example1 ! horse1 ! dog1 or man1 we f9d t x is made up ( a l>ge numb] ( con/itu5ts1 su* z bones1 muscles1 n]v\s elem5ts1 blood & o!r tissues4 ,ea* k9d ( tissue is compos$ ( a numb] ( liv+ units1 ord9>ily microscopic 9 size1 :i* are kn[n z cells4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( v>i\s cells reveals t al?\gh !y may diff] greatly 9 size1 %ape & m9or details1 !y all alike possess c]ta9 well-m>k$ *>act]i/ics4 ,ea* :5 r$uc$ to its fundam5tal =m is se5 to consi/ ( a small mass ( liv+ matt] t]m$ protoplasm 9 :i* may usually be di/+ui%$ two regions--! cell-body or cytoplasm1 & ! nucleus 7,fig4 #c1 p4 #ba74 ,any cell1 :e!r x be ( ! bra91 ( ! liv]1 or f any organ ( an animal or plant1 has ?is same fundam5tal /ructure4 ,9 addition1 a limit+ membrane or wall ( "s k9d is g5]ally pres5t1 al?\gh x is n a necess>y con/itu5t ( all cells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,diagram ( a cell %[+ v>i\s p>ts4 ,unicellul> ,organisms4--,:ile su* a /ructure z a tree or a horse is compos$ ( c\ntless millions ( cells1 on ! o!r h& num]\s organisms1 bo? plant & animal1 exi/ :i* consi/ ( only "o cell4 ,yet ?is cell is j z *>act]i/ically a cell z are ! compon5ts ( a complex animal or plant4 ,x has ! necess>y p>ts1 ! cell body & ! nucleus4 ,moreov] x exhibits all ( ! fundam5tal activities ( life1 ?\gh 9 a simplifi$ =m1 t a complex high] organism does4 ,importance ( ,cell-,!ory4--,?is discov]y t e liv+ ?+ is a s+le cell or an aggregation ( coop]at+ cells & cell-products is "o ( our mo/ important biological g5]alizations because x has br\ght su* a wide range ( ph5om5a "u a common po9t ( view4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! /ructure ( bo? plants & animals is r$ucible to a common fundam5tal unit ( organization4 ,moreov]1 bo? physiological & pa?ological ph5om5a are m readily und]/ood s9ce we recognize t ! functions ( ! body 9 heal? or disease are 9 l>ge measure ! result ( ! activities ( ! individual cells ( ! function+ "p4 ,!n aga91 ! problems ( embryological developm5t h become mu* m %>ply def9$ s9ce x c\ld be %[n t ! egg is a s+le cell & t x is ?r\gh a s]ies ( divisions ( ?is cell & subsequ5t *anges 9 ! new cells ?us =m$ t ! new organism is built up4 ,& la/ly1 ! problem ( h]$it>y transmission has be5 r5d]$ m def9ite & approa*able by ! discov]y t ! male g]m is likewise a s+le cell1 t f]tilization ( ! egg is !re=e ! union ( two cells1 & t 9 consequ5ce ! me*anism ( inh]itance mu/ be /[$ away someh[ 9 ^! two cells4 ,h]$ity 9 ,unicellul> ,=ms4--,9 unicellul> animals "o c readily see h[ x is possible = an individual always to give rise to its own k9d4 ,"o ( ! simple/ ( ! s+le-cell$ animals is ! ,ameba 7,fig4 #d1 p4 #bd74 ,! ameba eats & gr[s z d o!r animals4 ,soon] or lat] x rea*es a size beyond :i* x c n increase advantage\sly1 yet x is cont9u\sly tak+ 9 new food mat]ial :i* /imulates x to fur!r gr[?4 ,"h !n is a problem4 ,! ameba solves ?is difficulty by divid+ to =m two amebae4 ,su* a division is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d1 p4 #bd4 ,fir/ ! nucleus divides1 !n ! cell-body4 ,:5 ! two new amebae sep>ate completely ea* r5ews ! occupation ( eat+ & gr[+4 ,b :at has become ( ! p>5t8 ,"h1 :]e once exi/$ a l>ge adult ameba are two "y amebae4 ,! p>5t individual z su* has disappe>$1 yet !re has be5 no dea?1 = we h simply two bits ( liv+ jelly 9 place ( "o4 ,!y w 9 turn repeat ! same process1 s w _! (fspr+1 & ?us1 b>r+ accid5t1 ?is gr[? & reproduction1 or ov]gr[? z we may reg>d x1 may g on =ev]1 z f> z we "k4 ,"h ! problem ( h]$ity1 or ! resemblance ( (fspr+ to p>5t1 is n a v complicat$ "o4 ,! sub/ance ( ! cell-body & cell-nucleus divides into two simil> halves1 s t ea* desc5dant has ! sub/ance ( ! p>5t 9 its own body1 only x has b half z mu*4 ,x diff]s f ! p>5t1 n 9 quality or k9d1 b 9 size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,six successive /ages 9 ! division ( ,ameba polypodia 7aft] ,s*ulze74 ,! nucleus is se5 z a d>k spot 9 ! int]ior4 ,reproduction & ,h]$ity 9 ,colonial ,protozoa4--,!re are enorm\s numb]s ( ^! s+le-cell$ animals exi/+ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,"s are simple l ! ameba1 o!rs are v complex 9 /ructure4 ,_m1 aft] division1 move ap>t & pursue :olly indep5d5t c\rses ( exi/5ce4 ,on ! o!r h& we f9d a modification appe>+ 9 "s :i* is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,aft] division in/ead ( mov+ ap>t ! two cells may rema9 side by side & divide fur!r to =m two m1 ^! 9 turn may divide & ?us ! process goes on until !re is =m$ :at is kn[n z a colony4 ,ea* cell ( su* a colony resembles ! orig9al ance/ral cell because ea* is a "p ( ! actual sub/ance ( t cell4 ,z 9 ! ameba1 ! fir/ two cells are ! ance/ral cell done up 9 two sep>ate packets1 & ?us f9ally ! full quota ( cells mu/ be s _m sep>ate packets ( ! same k9d ( mat]ial4 ,inasmu* z ea* is b a repetition ( its orig9al ance/or1 x c1 & at times does1 produce a colony ( ! same k9d z t ance/or produc$4 ,conjugation4--,at long] or %ort] int]vals1 h[ev]1 we f9d t two individuals1 on ! disruption ( ! old colony1 in/ead ( cont9u+ ! r\t9e ( e/abli%+ new colonies ?r\gh a s]ies ( cell divisions1 v radically alt] _! behavior4 ,!y unite & fuse into a s+le l>g] individual4 ,?is process is call$ conjugation4 ,we f9d x occurr+ ev5 9 "s species ( ameba4 ,! conjugat+ cells 9 "s colonies are alike 9 size & appe>ance1 9 o!rs diff]5t4 ,specialization ( ,sex-,cells4--,a beautiful sph]e-%ap$ colony kn[n z ,volvox is to be f\nd occasionally 9 roadside pools4 ,dep5d+ on ! species ( ,volvox to :i* x belongs1 ! colony may be made up ( f a few hundr$ to sev]al ?\s& individuals arrang$ 9 a s+le lay] ab\t ! fluid-fill$ c5t] ( ! sph]e & b\nd toge!r by a cle> jelly-l int]-cellul> sub/ance4 ,ea* individual cell also connects ) its neighbors by means ( ?9 ?reads ( liv+ matt]4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ species is ,volvox globator1 "o edge ( :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #e1 p4 #bg4 ,mutual pressure ( ! cells gives !m a polygonal %ape :5 view$ f ! surface4 ,ea* cell1 ) a few exceptions to be not$ imm$iately1 be>s two long flagella1 :ip-l /ructures :i* project out into ! wat]4 ,! la%+ ( ^! flagella gives ! ball a rot>y motion & ?us x moves ab\t4 ,:5 ! colony has rea*$ its adult condition & is ready to reproduce itself1 c]ta9 cells )\t flagella & some:at l>g] ?an ! ord9>y cells become m r\nd$ 9 outl9e & increase consid]ably 9 size ?r\gh ! acquisition ( food mat]ials4 ,!y are !n kn[n z egg cells or ova4 ,ea* ovum f9ally ent]s on a s]ies ( cell-divisions =m+ a mass ( small] & small] cells :i* gradually assumes ! =m ( a holl[ sph]e l ! p>5t colony4 ,! "y colonies ?us =m$ drop into ! int]ior ( ! p>5t colony to escape lat] to ! outside z indep5d5t swimm+ organisms :5 ! old colony dies & dis9tegrates4 ,! ,f]tiliz$ ,ovum ,t]m$ a ,zygote4--,aft] a numb] ( g5]ations ( su* asexual reproduction1 sexual reproduction occurs4 ,! ova arise z usual4 ,c]ta9 memb]s ( ! colony1 on ! o!r h&1 g to ! o!r extreme & divide up into bundles ( f sixty-f\r to "o hundr$ tw5ty-eight m9ute sl5d] cells1 ea* provid$ ) flagella = locomotion4 ,:5 mature ^! small flagellate cells1 n[ kn[n z sp]matozoa1 escape into ! int]ior ( ! p>5t colony & swim ab\t actively4 ,ultimately ea* ovum is p5etrat$ by a sp]matozoon1 ! two cells fuse completely & ?us =m ! s+le f]tiliz$ ovum or zygote4 ,! body-cells ( ! "m colony f9ally dis9tegrate4 ,aft] a p]iod ( re/ ea* zygote1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( cell-divisions1 develops into an adult ,volvox4 ,9 "s species ( ,volvox a /ill fur!r advance is se51 9 t in/ead ( bo? k9ds ( gametes be+ produc$ 9 ! same colony1 ! ova may be produc$ by "o colony & ! sp]matozoa by ano!r4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! =e%ad[+s ( two sexes z sep>ate individuals1 a ph5om5on ( univ]sal occurr5ce among ! highe/ =ms ( animal life4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,volvox globator 7f ,hegn] aft] ,oltmanns74 ,half ( a sexually reproduc+ colony3 o1 eggs2 s1 sp]matozoa4 ,advancem5t ,se5 9 ! ,volvox ,colony4--,9 ! ,volvox colony !re is a di/9ct advance ov] ! conditions met ) 9 v>i\s l[] protozoan colonies 9 t only c]ta9 individuals ( ! colony take "p 9 ! process ( reproduction & ^! individuals are ( two di/9ct types2 "o is a l>g]1 food-lad5 cell or egg & ! o!r a small1 active1 f]tiliz+ cell4 ,! motile =ms are produc$ 9 mu* great] numb]s ?an ! eggs1 pla9ly because !y h to seek ! egg & _m w d\btless p]i% be=e ?is c be accompli%$4 ,?is disp>ity 9 numb] is only a means ( insur+ f]tilization ( ! egg4 ,! rema9+ cells ( ! body c>ry on ! ord9>y activities ( ! colony su* z locomotion & nutrition & h ceas$ to take any "p 9 ! production ( new colonies4 ,natural ,dea? ,appe>s ,) ! ,e/abli%m5t ( a ,body ,di/9ct f ! ,g]m4--,volvox is an organism ( unusual int]e/ because 9 x we see a prophecy ( :at is to come4 ,al?\gh /ill reg>d$ z a colony ( s+le-cell$ individuals1 x repres5ts 9 reality a transition betwe5 ! :ole gr\p ( unicellul> animals t]m$ protozoa & ! _m cell$ animals *>act]iz$ by ! possession ( di/9ct tissues1 kn[n z ,metazoa4 ,moreov]1 x %[s an int]e/+ /age 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a body or soma di/9ct f special reproductive cells :i* h tak5 on ! function ( reproduc+ ! colony4 ,9 su* colonial =ms natural dea? is f\nd appe>+ = ! fir/ "t1 ! reproductive cells alone cont9u+ to p]petuate ! species4 ,!n aga9 ,volvox repres5ts an important /ep 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( sex 9 ! animal k+dom = 9 its sexual reproduction ! conjugat+ cells kn[n z gametes are no long] alike 9 appe>ance b h become diff]5tiat$ into def9ite ova & sp]matozoa4 ,9 ,volvox z 9 ! o!r organisms :i* we h /udi$ we f9d t all ( ! cells includ+ ! g]m-cells are produc$ by ! repeat$ division ( a p>5t cell1 & consequ5tly ea* mu/ conta9 ! *>act]i/ic liv+ sub/ance ( t p>5t4 ,_m o!r =ms might be cit$ to illu/rate reproduction 9 s+le-cell$ animals1 :e!r free or 9 colonies1 b all su* cases w\ld be practically b repetitions or modifications ( ^? we h already exam9$4 ,specialization 9 ,high] ,organisms4--,if we pass on to ! high] animals & plants :i* are n s+le cells or colonies ( simil> cells b organisms made up ( _m diff]5t k9ds ( cells1 we f9d a pron\nc$ ext5sion ( ! ph5om5on met ) 9 ,volvox4 ,in/ead ( ea* cell execut+ indep5d5tly all ( ! life relations1 c]ta9 ones are set ap>t = ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 functions to ! exclusion ( o!r functions :i* are c>ri$ on by o!r memb]s ( ! aggregation4 ,?us ! organism z a :ole has all ! life relations c>ri$ on1 b1 z x 71 by speciali/s4 ,sexual ,ph5om5a 9 ,high] ,=ms4--,9 ! reproduction ( multicellul> organisms1 "o sees likewise b a cont9uation ( ! ph5om5a exhibit$ 9 ,volvox4 ,ord9>ily1 ea* new =m is produc$ by ! successive divisions ( a s+le g]m-cell :i* 9 ! va/ majority ( cases has conjugat$ ) ano!r g]m-cell4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! egg1 z ! divisions proce$1 gr\ps ( cells become modifi$ = _! p>ticul> "w until ! entire organism is complet$4 ,dur+ developm5t c]ta9 cells are set ap>t = reproduction ( ! =m j z !y 7 9 ,volvox4 ,^! two k9ds ( reproductive cells 9 multicellul> organisms are d]iv$ ord9>ily f two sep>ate individuals kn[n z male & female1 ?\gh !re are "s exceptions4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ^! cells :i* w h to unite to =m a s+le f]tile g]m-cell1 is t !y h specializ$ 9 diff]5t directions2 "o is small & active1 ! o!r l>ge1 food-lad5 & passive4 ,b ) two su* g]m-cells com+ z !y d f two individuals1 "o ! male1 ! o!r ! female1 x is obvi\s t ! actual liv+ sub/ance ( :i* ea* g]m is compos$ w be di/9ctive ( its own p>5tal l9e & t :5 ! g]ms unite ^! di/9ctive factors comm+le1 h5ce ! complications ( d\ble ance/ry arise4 ,/ructure ( ! ,cell4--,be=e we c und]/& c]ta9 necess>y details ( ! physical me*anism ( inh]itance we mu/ inquire a little fur!r into ! f9] /ructure ( ! cell & into ! nature ( cell division4 ,a typical cell1 z x w\ld appe> aft] treatm5t ) v>i\s /a9s :i* br+ out ! diff]5t p>ts m di/9ctly1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 p4 #ba4 ,typical1 n t any p>ticul> k9d ( liv+ cell resembles x v closely 9 appe>ance1 b because x %[s 9 a diagrammatic way ! ess5tial p>ts ( a cell4 ,9 ! diagram1 !re are two well-m>k$ regions2 a c5tral nucleus & a p]iph]al cell-body or cytoplasm4 ,o!r /ructures are pictur$ b only a few ( !m ne$ comm& our att5tion at pres5t4 ,at "o side ( ! nucleus "o obs]ves a small dot or granule surr\nd$ by a d5s] area ( cytoplasm4 ,?is body is call$ ! c5trosome4 ,! nucleus 9 ?is in/ance is b\nd$ by a well-m>k$ nucle> membrane & )9 x are sev]al sub/ances4 ,:at appe> to be ?reads ( a fa9tly /a9+ mat]ial1 ! l991 trav]se x 9 e direction & =m an app>5t network4 ,! p>ts on :i* we wi% p>ticul>ly to rivet our att5tion are ! d5sely /a9$ sub/ances scatt]$ along or emb$d$ 9 ! /r&s ( ?is network 9 irregul> granules & pat*es4 ,?is sub/ance is call$ *romat94 ,x takes its "n f ! fact t x %[s great aff9ity = c]ta9 /a9s & becomes int5sely color$ by !m4 ,?is deeply color$ portion ( ! cell1 ! *romat91 is by mo/ biologi/s reg>d$ z ( great importance f ! /&po9t ( h]$ity4 ,"o or m l>g] masses ( *romat9 or *romat9-l mat]ial1 kn[n z *romat9 nucleoli1 are (t5 pres5t1 & n infrequ5tly a small sph]oidal body1 diff]+ 9 its /a9+ reactions f ! *romat9-nucleolus & sometimes call$ ! true nucleolus1 exi/s4 ,cell-,division4--,9 ! simple/ type ( cell-division ! nucleus fir/ con/ricts 9 ! middle1 & f9ally ! two halves sep>ate4 ,?is sep>ation is foll[$ by a simil> con/riction & f9al division ( ! entire cell-body1 :i* results 9 ! production ( two new cells4 ,?is =m ( cell-division is kn[n z simple or direct division4 ,su* a simple division1 :ile f\nd 9 high] animals1 is less frequ5t & app>5tly mu* less significant ?an ano!r type ( division :i* involves pr(\nd *anges & re>rangem5ts ( ! nucle> cont5ts4 ,! latt] is t]m$ mitotic or indirect cell-division4 ,fig4 #f1 p4 #cc1 illu/rates "s ( ! /ages :i* are pass$ ?r\gh 9 indirect cell-division4 ,! c5trosome :i* lies passively at ! side ( ! nucleus 9 ! typical cell 7,fig4 #f;a1 p4 #cc7 awak5s to activity1 divides & ! two compon5ts come to lie at ! ends ( a fibr\s sp9dle4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! int]ior ( ! nucleus is und]go+ a trans=mation4 ,! granules & pat*es ( *romat9 beg9 to fl[ toge!r along ! nucle> network & become m & m cr[d$ until !y take on ! appe>ance ( "o or m long deeply-/a9$ ?reads w\nd back & =? 9 a loose ske9 9 ! nucleus 7,fig4 #f;b1 p4 #cc74 ,if we exam9e ?is ?read closely1 9 "s =ms x may be se5 to consi/ ( a s]ies ( deeply-/a9$ *romat9 granules pack$ closely toge!r int]m+l$ ) ! sub/ance ( ! orig9al nucle> network4 ,z ! prep>ations = division g on ! coil 9 ! nucleus breaks up into a numb] ( segm5ts :i* are designat$ z *romosomes 7,fig4 #f;c1 p4 #cc74 ,! nucle> membrane disappe>s4 ,! *romosomes & ! sp9dle-fib]s ultimately become relat$ 9 su* a way t ! *romosomes come to lie at ! equator ( ! sp9dle z %[n 9 ,fig #f;d1 p4 #cc4 ,ea* *romosome splits l5g?wise to =m two daught] *romosomes :i* !n div]ge to pass to ! poles ( ! sp9dle 7,figs4 #f;e & f1 p4 #cc74 ,?us ea* end ( ! sp9dle comes ultimately to be occupi$ by a set ( *romosomes4 ,moreov] ea* set is a duplicate ( ! o!r1 because ! sub/ance ( any individual *romosome 9 "o gr\p has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! o!r4 ,9 fact ?is :ole complicat$ sy/em ( indirect division is reg>d$ by mo/ biologi/s z a me*anism = br++ ab\t ! precise halv+ ( ! *romosomes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,diagram %[+ repres5tative /ages 9 mitotic or indirect cell-division3 a1 re/+ cell ) reticul> nucleus & s+le c5trosome2 b1 ! two new c5trosomes =m$ by division ( ! old "o are sep>at+ & ! nucleus is 9 ! spireme /age2 c1 ! nucle> wall has disappe>$1 ! spireme has brok5 up into six sep>ate *romosomes1 & ! sp9dle is =m+ betwe5 ! two c5trosomes2 d1 equatorial plate /age 9 :i* ! *romosomes occupy ! equator ( ! sp9dle2 e1 f1 ea* *romosome splits l5g?wise & ! daught] *romosomes ?us =m$ approa* _! respective poles2 g1 recon/ruction ( ! new nuclei & division ( ! cell body2 h1 cell-division complet$4 ,! *romosomes ( ea* gr\p at ! poles f9ally fuse & two new nuclei1 ea* simil> to ! orig9al "o1 are con/ruct$ 7,figs4 #f;g & h1 p4 #cc74 ,9 ! meantime a division ( ! cell-body is 9 progress :i*1 :5 complet$1 results 9 ! =mation ( two complete new cells4 ,z all liv+ matt] if giv5 suitable food1 c conv]t x into liv+ matt] ( its own k9d1 !re is no difficulty 9 conceiv+ h[ ! new cell or ! *romat9 mat]ial f9ally atta9s to ! same bulk t 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! p>5t cell4 ,9 ! case ( ! *romat91 inde$1 x seems t !re is at times a precoci\s d\bl+ ( ! ord9>y am\nt ( mat]ial be=e ! actual division occurs4 ,*romosomes ,con/ant 9 ,numb] & ,appe>ance4--,) "s m9or exceptions1 to be not$ lat]1 :i* increase r ?an detract f ! significance ( ! facts1 ! *romosomes are always ! same 9 numb] & appe>ance 9 all individuals ( a giv5 species ( plants or animals4 ,t is1 e species has a fix$ numb] :i* regul>ly recurs 9 all ( its cell-divisions4 ,?us ! ord9>y cells ( ! rat1 :5 prep>+ to divide1 ea* display sixte5 *romosomes1 ! frog or ! m\se1 tw5ty-f\r1 ! lily tw5ty-f\r1 & ! maw-worm ( ! horse only f\r4 ,! *romosomes ( diff]5t k9ds ( animals or plants may diff] v mu* 9 appe>ance4 ,9 "s !y are sph]ical1 9 o!rs rod-l1 filam5t\s or p]haps ( o!r =ms4 ,9 "s organisms ! *romosomes ( ! same nucleus may diff] f "o ano!r 9 size1 %ape & proportions1 b if su* diff]5ces appe> at "o division !y appe> at o!rs1 ?us %[+ t 9 su* cases ! diff]5ces are con/ant f "o g5]ation to ! next4 ,significance ( ! ,*romosomes4--,! "q naturally arises z to :at is ! significance ( ! *romosomes4 ,:y is ! accurate adju/m5t :i* we h not$ = _! division necess>y8 ,! v exi/5ce ( an elaborate me*anism s admirably adapt$ to _! precise halv+1 pr$isposes "o t[>d ! belief t ! *romosomes h an important function :i* necessitates ! ret5tion ( _! individuality & _! equal division4 ,_m biologi/s accept ?is along ) o!r evid5ce z indicat+ t 9 *romat9 we h a sub/ance :i* is n ! same ?r\gh\t1 t diff]5t regions ( ! same *romosome h diff]5t physiological values4 ,:5 ! cell prep>es = divisions1 ! granules1 z we h se51 arrange !mselves s]ially into a def9ite numb] ( /r&s :i* we h t]m$ *romosomes4 ,judg+ f all available evid5ce1 ! granules are self-propagat+ units2 t is1 !y c gr[ & reproduce !mselves4 ,s t :at really happ5s 9 mitosis 9 ! splitt+ ( ! *romosomes is a precise halv+ ( ! s]ies ( individual granules ( :i* ea* *romosome is con/itut$1 or 9 o!r words ea* granule has reproduc$ itself4 ,?us ea* ( ! two daught] cells presumably gets a sample ( e k9d ( *romosomal p>ticle1 h5ce1 ! two cells are qualitatively alike4 ,to use a homely illu/ration we may picture ! individual *romosomes to ourselves z s _m sep>ate tra9s ( freight c>s1 ea* c> ( :i* is load$ ) diff]5t m]*&ise4 ,n[1 if e "o ( ! tra9s c\ld split along its entire l5g? & ! result+ halves ea* gr[ into a tra9 simil> to ! orig9al1 s t in/ead ( "o !re w\ld exi/ two id5tical tra9s1 we %\ld h a ph5om5on analog\s to t ( a divid+ *romosome4 ,cleavage ( ! ,egg4--,x is ?r\gh a s]ies ( su* divisions z ^! t ! zygote or f]tiliz$ egg-cell builds up ! tissues & organs ( ! new organism4 ,! process is te*nically spok5 ( z cleavage4 ,cleavage g5]ally beg9s v %ortly aft] f]tilization4 ,! f]tile egg-cell divides into two1 ! result+ cells divide aga9 & ?us ! process cont9ues1 ) an ev]-increas+ numb] ( cells4 ,*ief ,processes ,op]ative 9 ,build+ ! ,body4--,al?\gh ( mu* int]e/1 space w n p]mit ( a discussion 9 detail ( ! build+ up ( ! special organs & tissues ( ! body4 ,x mu/ suffice m]ely to m5tion ! f\r *ief processes :i* are op]ative4 ,^! are1 7#a7 infold+s & outfold+s ( ! v>i\s cell complexes2 7#b7 multiplication ( ! compon5t cells2 7#c7 special *anges 7hi/ological diff]5tiation7 9 gr\ps ( cells2 & 7#d7 occasionally resorption ( c]ta9 areas ( p>ts4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,new ,g]m-,cells4--,on acc\nt ( ! unusual importance f ! /&po9t ( inh]itance1 :i* atta*es to ! g]m-cells1 a f9al ^w mu/ be said ab\t _! orig9 9 ! embryo4 ,:ile ! evid5ce is conflict+ 9 "s cases1 9 o!rs x has be5 well e/abli%$ t ! g]m-cells are set ap>t v e>ly f ! cells :i* are to diff]5tiate into ! ord9>y body tissues4 ,fig4 #g;,a1 p4 #ch1 %[s a section ?r\gh ! eight-cell$ /age ( ,mia/or1 a fly1 9 :i* a s+le l>ge1 primordial g]m-cell 7p4 g4 c47 has already be5 set ap>t at "o end ( ! develop+ embryo4 ,! nuclei ( ! re/ ( ! embryo /ill lie 9 a cont9u\s protoplasmic mass :i* has n yet divid$ up into sep>ate cells4 ,! d5sely /a9$ nuclei at ! opposite end ( ! section are ! remnants ( nurse-cells :i* orig9ally n\ri%$ ! egg4 ,fig4 #g;,b1 p4 #ch1 is a longitud9al section ?r\gh a lat] /age 9 ! developm5t ( ,mia/or2 ! primitive g]m-cells 7ooeg7 are pla9ly visible4 ,/ill o!r /rik+ examples might be cit$4 ,ev5 9 v]tebrates ! g]m-cells may (t5 be detect$ at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,significance ( ! ,e>ly ,sett+ ,ap>t ( ! ,g]m-,cells4--,x is ( great importance = ! read] to grasp ! significance ( ?is e>ly sett+ ap>t ( ! g]m-cells because s mu* 9 our future discussion h+es on ?is fact4 ,! tru? ( ! /atem5t made 9 a previ\s *apt] t ! body ( an individual & ! reproductive sub/ance 9 t body are n id5tical n[ becomes obvi\s4 ,= 9 su* cases z ^? j cit$ "o sees ! g]m9al sub/ance :i* is to c>ry on ! race set aside at an e>ly p]iod 9 a giv5 individual2 x takes no "p 9 ! =mation ( t individual's body1 b rema9s a slumb]+ mass ( pot5tialities :i* mu/ bide its "t to awak5 into expression 9 a subsequ5t g5]ation4 ,?us an egg does n develop into a body :i* 9 turn makes new g]m-cells1 b body & g]m-cells are e/abli%$ at ! same "t1 ! body h>bor+ & n\ri%+ ! g]m-cells1 b n g5]at+ !m 7,fig4 #b1 p4 #ac74 ,! same mu/ be true also 9 _m cases :]e ! e>lie/ hi/ory ( ! g]m-cells c n be visibly foll[$1 because 9 any ev5t1 9 all high] animals1 !y appe> long be=e ! embryo is mature & mu/ !re=e be desc5dants ( ! orig9al egg-cell & n ( ! function+ tissues ( ! mature individual4 ,?is ne$ n necess>ily mean t ! g]m-cells h rema9$ :olly unmodifi$ or t !y cont9ue un9flu5c$ by ! conditions :i* prevail 9 ! body1 especially 9 ! nutritive blood & lymph /ream1 al?\gh z a matt] ( fact mo/ biologi/s are extremely skeptical z to ! probability t influ5ces f ! body beyond su* g5]al indef9ite effects z might result f "u-nutrition or f poisons c>ri$ 9 ! blood1 modify ! intr9sic nature ( ! g]m9al sub/ances to any measurable ext5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g ,a--,g]m-cell 7p4 g4 c47 set ap>t 9 ! eight-cell$ /age ( cleavage 9 ,mia/or am]icana 7aft] ,hegn]74 ,! walls ( ! rema9+ sev5 somatic cells h n yet =m$ ?\gh ! re/+ or ! divid+ 7,m p7 nuclei may be se52 c ,r1 *romat9 fragm5ts ca/ (f f ! somatic cells4 ,b--,section l5g?wise ( a lat] embryo ( ,mia/or2 ! primordial egg-cells 7ooeg#c7 are conspicu\s 7aft] ,hegn]74 ,g]m9al ,cont9uity4--,! g]m-cells are collectively t]m$ ! g]m9al protoplasm & x is obvi\s t z long z any race cont9ues to exi/1 al?\gh successive individuals die1 "s g]m9al protoplasm is h&$ on f g5]ation to g5]ation )\t int]ruption4 ,?is is kn[n z ! !ory ( g]m9al cont9uity4 ,:5 ! organism is ready to reproduce its k9d ! g]m-cells awak5 to activity1 usually und]go+ a p]iod ( multiplication to =m m g]m-cells be=e f9ally pass+ ?r\gh a process ( :at is kn[n at maturation1 :i* makes !m ready = f]tilization4 ,! maturation process prop]1 :i* consi/s typically ( two rapidly succe$+ divisions1 is prec$$ by a m>k$ gr[? 9 size ( ! individual cells4 ,individuality ( ,*romosomes4--,be=e we c und]/& fully ! significance ( ! *anges :i* g on dur+ maturation we %all h to "k m ab\t ! conditions :i* prevail among ! *romosomes ( cells4 ,z already not$ ea* k9d ( animal or plant has its own *>act]i/ic numb] & types ( *romosomes :5 ^! appe> = division by mitosis4 ,9 _m organisms ! *romosomes are s ne>ly ( "o size z to make x difficult or impossible to be sure ( ! id5tity ( ea* individual *romosome1 b on ! o!r h&1 !re are "s organisms kn[n 9 :i* ! *romosomes ( a s+le nucleus are n ( ! same size & =m 7,fig4 #h1 p4 #da74 ,^! latt] cases enable u to det]m9e "s v significant facts4 ,:]e su* diff]5ces ( %ape & proportion occur !y are con/ant 9 ea* succe$+ division s t simil> *romosomes may be id5tifi$ ea* "t4 ,moreov]1 9 all ord9>y mitotic divisions :]e ! conditions are accurately kn[n1 ^! *romosomes ( diff]5t types are f\nd to be pres5t z pairs ( simil> elem5ts2 t is1 !re are two ( ea* =m or size4 ,pairs ( ,simil> ,*romosomes 9 ! ,nucleus ,because ,"o ,*romosome ,comes f ,ea* ,p>5t4--,:5 we recall t ! orig9al f]tiliz$ egg f :i* ! individual develops is really =m$ by ! union ( two gametes1 ovum & sp]matozoon1 & t ea* gamete1 be+ a true cell1 mu/ c>ry its own set ( *romosomes1 ! significance ( ! pairs ( simil> *romosomes becomes evid5t2 "o ( ea* k9d has probably be5 contribut$ by ea* gamete4 ,?is means t ! zygote or f]tile ovum conta9s d\ble ! numb] ( *romosomes possess$ by ei!r gamete1 & t1 moreov]1 ea* tissue-cell ( ! new individual w conta9 ?is dual numb]4 ,=1 z we h se51 ! numb] ( *romosomes is1 ) possibly a few exceptions1 con/ant 9 ! tissue-cells & e>ly g]m-cells 9 successive g5]ations ( individuals4 ,= ?is to be true x is obvi\s t 9 "s way ! nuclei ( ! conjugat+ gametes h come to conta9 only half ! usual numb]4 ,te*nically ! tissue-cells are said to conta9 ! diploid numb] ( *romosomes1 ! gametes ! r$uc$ or haploid numb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h ,a--,*romosomes ( ! mosquito 7,culex7 aft] ,/ev5s4 ,b--,*romosomes ( ! fruit-fly 7,drosophila7 aft] ,metz4 ,bo? ( ^! =ms h an unusually small numb] ( *romosomes4 ,9 ,maturation ! ,numb] ( ,*romosomes ,is ,r$uc$ by ,"o-,half4--,?is halv+1 or z x is kn[n1 r$uction 9 ! numb] ( *romosomes is ! ess5tial feature ( ! process ( maturation4 ,x is accompli%$ by a modification 9 ! mitotic division 9 :i* in/ead ( ea* *romosome splitt+ l5g?wise1 z 9 ord9>y mitosis1 ! *romosomes unite 9 pairs 7,fig4 #i;b1 p4 #db71 a process kn[n te*nically z synapsis1 & !n app>5tly "o memb] ( ea* pair passes entire into "o new daught] cell1 ! o!r memb] go+ to ! o!r daught] cell 7,fig4 #i;c1 p4 #db74 ,9 ! pair+ prelim9>y to ?is r$uction division1 leav+ out ( acc\nt c]ta9 special cases to be consid]$ lat]1 accord+ to ! be/ evid5ce at our comm& ! union always takes place betwe5 two *romosomes :i* mat* ea* o!r 9 size & appe>ance4 ,s9ce "o ( ^! is believ$ to be ( mat]nal & ! o!r ( pat]nal orig91 ! ensu+ division sep>ates correspond+ mates & insures t ea* gamete gets "o ( ea* k9d ( *romosome al?\gh x appe>s to be a matt] ( m]e *ance :e!r or n a giv5 cell gets ! pat]nal or ! mat]nal repres5tative ( t k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i ,diagram to illu/rate sp]matog5esis3 a1 %[+ ! diploid numb] ( *romosomes 7six is arbitr>ily *os57 z !y occur 9 divisions ( ord9>y cells & sp]matogonia2 b1 ! pair+ 7synapsis7 ( correspond+ mates 9 ! prim>y sp]matocyte prep>atory to r$uction2 c1 ea* second>y sp]matocyte receives ?ree1 ! haploid numb] ( *romosomes2 d1 division ( ! second>y sp]matocytes to =m e1 sp]matids1 :i* trans=m into f1 sp]matozoa4 ,maturation ( ! ,sp]m-,cell4--,9 ! maturation ( ! male gamete ! g]m-cell1 n[ kn[n z a sp]matogonium1 increases greatly 9 size to become a prim>y sp]matocyte4 ,9 ea* prim>y sp]matocyte ! pair+ ( ! *romosomes already allud$ to occurs z indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #i;b1 p4 #db1 :]e six is tak5 arbitr>ily to indicate ! ord9>y or diploid numb] ( *romosomes1 & ?ree ! r$uc$ or haploid numb]4 ,! division ( ! prim>y sp]matocyte gives rise to two second>y sp]matocytes 7c71 ! pair$ *romosomes sep>at+ 9 su* a way t a memb] ( ea* pair goes to ea* second>y sp]matocyte4 ,ea* second>y sp]matocyte 7d7 soon divides aga9 into two sp]matids 7e71 b 9 ?is second division ! *romosomes ea* split l5g?wise z 9 an ord9>y division s t !re is no fur!r r$uction4 ,9 "s =ms ! r$uction division occurs 9 ! second>y sp]matocytes in/ead ( ! prim>y4 ,ea* sp]matid trans=ms into a mature sp]matozoon 7f74 ,! sp]matozoa ( mo/ animals are ( l9e> =m1 ea* ) a head1 a middle-piece & a long vibratile tail :i* is us$ = locomotion4 ,! head consi/s = ! mo/ "p ( ! trans=m$ nucleus & is consequ5tly ! "p :i* be>s ! *romosomes4 ,maturation ( ! ,egg-,cell4--,z reg>ds ! behavior ( ! *romosomes ! maturation ( ! ovum p>allels t ( ! sp]m-cell4 ,!re are n s _m primordial g]m-cells =m$ & only "o out ( f\r ( ! ultimate cells becomes a functional egg4 ,z 9 maturation ( ! sp]m-cell !re is a gr[? p]iod 9 :i* ooegonia enl>ge to become prim>y ooecytes 7,fig4 #aj;b1 p4 #de74 ,9 ea* prim>y ooecyte z 9 ! prim>y sp]matocyte ! *romosomes pair & two rapidly succe$+ divisions foll[ 9 "o ( :i* ! typical num]ical r$uction 9 ! *romosomes occurs4 ,a peculi>ity 9 ! maturation ( ! ovum is t !re is a v unequal division ( ! cytoplasm 9 cell division s t ?ree ( ! result+ cells usually t]m$ pol> bodies are v small & appe> l m9ute buds on ! side ( ! f\r? or egg-cell prop]4 ,! s*eme ( ?is =mation ( ! pol> bodies is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #aj1 p4 #de4 ,9 ,fig4 #aj;b ! *romosomes are se5 pair$ & ready = ! fir/ division2 t is1 = ! =mation ( ! fir/ pol> body4 ,figs4 #aj;c1 d1 p4 #de1 %[ ! giv+ (f ( ?is body4 ,note t :ile only a small proportion ( ! cytoplasm passes into ?is t9y cell1 its *romat9 cont5t is z great z t ( ! ovum4 ,a second pol> body 7,figs4 #aj;e1 f1 p4 #de7 is =m$ by ! egg1 b 9 ?is case ea* *romosome splits l5g?wise1 z 9 ord9>y mitosis1 & !re is no fur!r num]ical r$uction4 ,9 ! meantime1 typically1 a ?ird pol> body is =m$ by division ( ! fir/4 7,/ages e1 f1 g47 ,p>allel ,betwe5 ! ,maturation ( ,sp]m- & ,egg-,cell4--,?is r complex proc$ure ( ! g]m-cells w be r5d]$ m intelligible ?r\gh a c>eful /udy ( ,figs4 #i & #aj1 pp4 #db & #de1 & ,fig4 #aa1 p4 #df1 :i* indicates ! p>allel conditions 9 sp]motog5esis & ooeg5esis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,diagram to illu/rate ooeg5esis3 a1 %[+ ! diploid numb] ( *romosomes 7six is arbitr>ily *os57 z !y occur 9 ord9>y cells & ooegonia2 b1 ! pair+ ( correspond+ mates prep>atory to r$uction2 c1 d1 r$uction division1 giv+ (f ( fir/ pol> body2 e1 egg prep>+ to give (f second pol> body1 fir/ pol> body ready = division2 f1 g1 second pol> body giv5 (f1 division ( fir/ pol> body complet$4 ,! egg nucleus1 n[ kn[n z ! female pronucleus1 & ea* body conta9 ! r$uc$ or haploid numb] ( *romosomes4 ,! view n[ g5]ally held reg>d+ ! pol> bodies is t !y are really abortive eggs4 ,!y lat] disappe>1 tak+ no "p 9 embryo-=mation4 ,x c readily be se5 h[ su* an unequal division is advantage\s to ! l>ge cell1 = x receives all ( ! ri* /ore ( food mat]ial t w\ld be di/ribut$ among ! f\r cells if all 7 ( equal size4 ,?is increas$ am\nt ( food is a favorable provision = ! =?com+ (fspr+ ^: n\ri%m5t is ?us m ?or\ghly insur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa ,diagram %[+ ! p>allel betwe5 maturation ( ! sp]m-cell & maturation ( ! ovum4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all ( ! sp]m-cells develop into complete active =ms1 :i*1 z a=esaid1 usually become v mu* elongat$ & develop a motile organ ( "s k9d4 ,9 su* cells an accumulation ( food to any l>ge ext5t w\ld h9d] r ?an help !m1 because x w\ld s]i\sly int]f]e ) _! activity4 ,f]tilization4--,9 f]tilization 7,fig4 #ab1 p4 #dh7 ! sp]matozoon p5etrates ! wall ( ! ovum & aft] und]go+ consid]able alt]ation its nucleus fuses ) ! nucleus ( ! egg4 ,9 "s =ms only ! head 7nucleus7 & middle-piece ent]1 ! tail be+ cut (f by a s-call$ f]tilization membrane :i* =ms at ! surface ( ! egg & effectually blocks ! entrance ( o!r sp]matozoa4 ,?us normally only "o sp]matozoon unites ) an egg4 ,9 "s =ms :ile sev]al may ent] ! egg only "o becomes functional4 ,z soon z ! nucleus ( ! sp]matozoon1 n[ kn[n z ! male pronucleus1 rea*es ! int]ior ( ! egg1 x enl>ges & becomes simil> 9 appe>ance to ! female pronucleus4 ,x sw+s ar\nd 9 su* a way 7,fig4 #ab;b1 p4 #dh7 t ! middle piece1 n[ trans=m$ into a c5trosome1 lies betwe5 x & ! female pronucleus4 ,! two pronuclei 7c1 d1 e71 ea* conta9+ ! r$uc$ numb] ( *romosomes1 approa*1 ! c5trosome divides1 ! nucle> walls disappe>1 ! typical division sp9dle =ms1 & ! *romosomes ( pat]nal & mat]nal orig9 respectively come to lie side by side at ! equator ( ! sp9dle ready = ! fir/ division or cleavage 7f1 g74 ,x w be not$ t ! individual *romosomes d n int]m+le _! sub/ance at ?is "t1 b t ea* app>5tly reta9s its own individuality4 ,!re is consid]able evid5ce :i* indicates t ?r\gh\t life ! *romosomes contribut$ by ! male p>5t rema9 di/9ct f ^? ( ! female p>5t4 ,inasmu* z ea* g]m-cell1 aft] maturation1 conta9s only half ! *>act]i/ic numb] ( *romosomes1 ! orig9al numb] is re/or$ 9 f]tilization4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,diagram to illu/rate f]tilization2 male1 male pronucleus2 female1 female pronucleus2 obs]ve t ! *romosomes ( mat]nal & pat]nal orig9 respectively d n fuse4 ,significance ( ! ,behavior ( ! ,*romosomes4--,! "q confronts u z to :at is ! significance ( ?is elaborate sy/em :i* keeps ! *romosomes ( con/ant size1 %ape & numb]2 :i* p>titions !m s accurately 9 ord9>y cell-divisions2 & :i* provides = a r$uction ( _! numb]s by half 9 ! g]m-cell :ile yet secur+ t ea* mature gamete gets "o ( ea* k9d ( *romosome4 ,mo/ biologi/s look on ^! facts z indicat+ t ! *romosomes are specifically conc]n$ 9 inh]itance4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is recogniz$ t z reg>ds ! def9able *>act]s :i* sep>ate individuals ( ! same species1 (fspr+ may inh]it equally f ei!r p>5t4 ,& x is a v significant fact t :ile ! ovum & sp]matozoon are v unequal 9 size !mselves1 ! *romosomes ( ! two g]m-cells are ( ! same size & numb]4 ,?is p>ity 9 *romosomal contribution po9ts cle>ly to ! means by :i* an equal numb] ( "*-det]m9]s might be convey$ f ea* p>5t4 ,moreov] x is ma9ly ! nucleus ( ! sp]m-cell 9 "s organisms :i* ent]s ! egg1 h5ce ! det]m9]s f ! male l9e mu/ exi/ :olly or l>gely some:]e 9 ! nucleus4 ,& ! bulk ( ! nucleus 9 ! sp]matozoon consi/s ( ! *romosomes or _! products4 ,a ,s+le ,set ( ,*romosomes ,d]iv$ f ,"o ,p>5t ,only ,is ,suffici5t = ! ,production ( a ,complete ,organism4--,t a s+le or haploid set ( *romosomes z se5 9 ! gametes is suffici5t contribution ( *romat9 = ! production ( a complete organism is prov$ by ! fact t ! unf]tiliz$ eggs ( v>i\s animals 7_m e*9od]ms1 worms1 mollusks1 & ev5 ! frog7 may be artificially /imulat$ to developm5t )\t unit+ at all ) a sp]matozoon4 ,! result+ individual is normal 9 e respect except t in/ead ( ! usual diploid numb] x has only ! s+le or haploid numb] ( *romosomes4 ,its inh]itance ( c\rse is :olly ( mat]nal orig94 ,! conv]se exp]im5t 9 e*9od]ms 9 :i* a nucleus ( male orig9 7t is1 a sp]matozoon7 has be5 introduc$ into an egg f :i* ! orig9al nucleus has be5 remov$ %[s t ! s+le set ( *romosomes c>ri$ by ! male gamete is also suffici5t to coop]ate ) ! egg-cytoplasm 9 develop+ a complete individual4 ,! ,duality ( ! ,body & ! ,s+l5ess ( ! ,g]m4--,s9ce e mat]nal *romosome 9 ! ord9>y cell has an equival5t mate d]iv$ f ! male p>5t1 x foll[s !re=e1 suppos+ ! *romosomes d h ! significance 9 inh]itance attribut$ to !m1 t z reg>ds ! measurable inh]itable diff]5ces betwe5 two individuals1 ! ord9>y organism produc$ ?r\gh ! union ( ! two g]m-cells is1 pot5tially at lea/1 dual 9 nature4 ,on ! o!r h& ?r\gh ! process ( r$uction ! gametes are provid$ ) only a s+le set ( su* repres5tatives4 ,?is duality ( ! body & s+l5ess ( ! mature g]m is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ facts t come to light 9 embryology4 ,h[ well ! facts fit 9 ) ! behavior ( c]ta9 h]$it>y *>act]s w be se5 lat] 9 our discussions ( ,m5delism4 ,! ,cytoplasm ,n ,negligible 9 ,inh]itance4--,j :at "p is play$ by ! cytoplasm 9 inh]itance is n cle>1 b x is probably by no means a negligible "o4 ,! cytoplasm ( a giv5 organism is j z di/9ctive ( ! species or ( ! individual ( :i* x =ms a "p z are ! *romosomes4 ,x is well e/abli%$ t nei!r nucleus nor cytoplasm c fully function or ev5 exi/ long )\t ! o!r1 & nei!r c alone produce ! o!r4 ,!y und\bt$ly mu/ coop]ate 9 build+ up ! new individual1 & ! cytoplasm ( ! new individual is pr$om9antly ( mat]nal orig94 ,x is obvi\s t all ( ! m fundam5tal *>act]s :i* make up an organism1 su*1 = in/ance1 z make x an animal ( a c]ta9 ord] or family1 z a human be+ or a dog or a horse1 are common to bo? p>5ts1 & !re is no way ( measur+ h[ mu* ( ?is fundam5tal con/itution comes f ei!r p>5t1 s9ce only closely relat$ =ms w int]bre$4 ,9 "s =ms1 moreov]1 ! broad] fundam5tal features ( embryog5y are already e/abli%$ be=e ! entrance ( ! sp]matozoon4 ,x is probable !re=e t in/ead ( ass]t+ t ! entire quota ( *>act]s :i* g to make up a complete individual are inh]it$ f ea* p>5t equally1 we are ju/ifi$ only 9 ma9ta9+ t ?is equality is re/rict$ to ^? measurable diff]5ces :i* v5e] or top (f1 z x 71 ! individual4 ,we may inf] t 9 ! developm5t ( ! new be+ ! *romosomes ( ! egg toge!r ) ^? d]iv$ f ! male "w jo9tly on or ) ! o!r g]m9al cont5ts :i* are mo/ly cytoplasmic mat]ials ( mat]nal orig94 ,! ,*romosomes ,possibly ,responsible = ! ,di/9ctiv5ess ( ,giv5 ,*>act]s4--,x seems probable t 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( c]ta9 basic features ( ! organism ! coop]ation ( ! cytoplasm ) *romat9 ( ei!r mat]nal or pat]nal orig9 might accompli% ! same end1 b t c]ta9 di/9ctive t\*es are add$ or come cumulatively into expression ?r\gh influ5ces c>ri$1 pr$om9antly at lea/1 9 ! *romat9 f "o z aga9/ ! o!r p>5t4 ,^! la/ di/9ctive *>act]s ( ! plant or animal con/itute ! individual diff]5ces ( su* organisms4 ,9 ?is connection x is a significant fact t 9 "y hybrids betwe5 two di/9ct species ! e>ly /ages ( developm5t1 especially z reg>ds symmetry & regional specifications1 are exclusively or pr$om9antly mat]nal 9 "*1 b ! male influ5ce becomes m & m app>5t z developm5t progresses until ! f9al degree ( int]m$iacy is atta9$4 ,f ! evid5ce at h& ?is mu* seems sure1 t ! pat]nal & mat]nal *romosomes respectively c>ry sub/ances1 be !y f]m5ts1 nutritive mat]ials or :at n1 t are in/rum5tal 9 giv+ ! f9al p>ity ( p]sonal *>act]s :i* we obs]ve to be equally h]itable f ei!r l9e ( ance/ry4 ,x is cle> t mo/ ( ! *>act]s ( an adult organism c n be m]ely ! outcome ( any unit>y sub/ance ( ! g]m4 ,ea* is ! product ( _m coop]at+ factors & = ! f9al outcome any "o coop]ant is probably j z important 9 its way z any o!r4 ,! individual *>act]s :i* we juggle to & fro 9 our bre$+ exp]im5ts seem apex$1 z x 71 on m fundam5tal features ( organic *emical con/itution1 pol>ity1 regional diff]5tiation1 & physiological balance1 b s9ce su* individual *>act]s p>allel s closely ! visible segregations & associations :i* g on among ! *romosomes ( ! g]m-cells x w\ld seem t !y1 at lea/1 are repres5t$ 9 ! *romosomes by di/9ctive coop]ants :i* give ! f9al t\* ( specificity to ^? h]$it>y *>act]s :i* c be %ift$ ab\t z units ( inh]itance4 ,sex & ,h]$ity4--,:atev] ! orig9 ( f]tilization may h be5 9 ! _w ( life1 or :atev] its e>lie/ significance1 ! important fact rema9s t to-day x is unque/ionably ( v great significance 9 relation to ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity4 ,= 9 all high] animals1 at lea/1 (fspr+ may possess "s ( ! *>act]i/ics orig9ally pres5t 9 ei!r ( two l9es ( ance/ry1 & ?is comm+l+ ( su* possessions is possible only ?r\gh sexual reproduction4 ,z has already be5 se51 9 ! pair+ ( *romosomes previ\s to r$uction1 ! correspond+ memb]s ( a pair always come toge!r s t 9 ! f9al segregation ea* gamete is sure to h "o ( ea* k9d al?\gh :e!r a giv5 *romosome ( ! haploid set is ( mat]nal or pat]nal orig9 seems to be m]ely a matt] ( *ance4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 if we arbitr>ily repres5t ! *romosomes ( a giv5 individual by ,,abc abc1 & reg>d ,a1 ,b & ,c z ( pat]nal & a1 b & c z ( mat]nal orig91 !n 9 synapsis only ,a & a c pair toge!r1 ,b & b & ,c & c1 b ea* pair op]ates indep5d5tly ( ! o!r s t 9 ! ensu+ r$uction division ei!r memb] ( a pair may get into a cell ) ei!r memb] ( ! o!r pairs4 ,t is1 ! l9e up = division at a giv5 r$uction might be any "o ( ! foll[+1 ,,abc_/abc ,a,bc_/ab,c ,abc_/a,b,c ,ab,c_/a,bc4 ,?is w\ld yield ! foll[+ eight k9ds ( gametes1 ,,abc1 abc1 ,a,bc1 ab,c1 ,abc1 a,b,c1 ,ab,c1 a,bc1 ea* be>+ "o ( ea* k9d ( *romosome requir$ to cov] ! entire field ( *>act]s necess>y to a complete organism4 ,& s9ce ea* sex w\ld be equally likely to h ^! eight types ( gametes & any "o ( ! eight 9 "o individual might meet any "o ( ! eight ( ! o!r1 ! possible numb] ( comb9ations 9 ! production ( a new individual f su* g]m-cells w\ld be #hx#h1 or #fd4 ,) ! l>g] numb]s ( *romosomes :i* exi/ 9 mo/ animals x is readily se5 t ! numb] ( possible comb9ations becomes v great4 ,?us any individual ( a species ) tw5ty *romosomes--& _m animals1 includ+ man1 h m--w\ld h t5 pairs at ! r$uction p]iod & c\ld !re=e =m 7#b7aj1 or #a1jbd diff]5t gametes 9 ea* sex4 ,& s9ce any "o ( ^! 9 "o sex w\ld h an equal *ance ( meet+ ) any "o 9 ! opposite sex1 ! total numb] ( possible diff]5t zygotes t might be produc$ w\ld be 7#a1jbd7b1 or #a1jdh1egf4 ,sex !re=e1 ?r\gh recomb9ations ( ance/ral mat]ials1 und\bt$ly means1 among o!r ?+s1 ! production ( great div]sity 9 (fspr+4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,sex ,_m ,!ories4--,f e>lie/ times ! problem ( sex det]m9ation has be5 "o ( ke5 int]e/1 & ne$less to say hundr$s ( !ories h be5 prop\nd$ to expla9 x4 ,g$des & ,?omson say t ,drel9c\rt record$ two hundr$ sixty-two s-call$ !ories ( sex production & rem>k t s9ce 8 "t ! numb] has at lea/ be5 d\bl$4 ,! desirability ( controll+ sex has naturally appeal$ /rongly to bre$]s ( dome/icat$ animals4 ,a /udy ( animals born 9 litt]s1 or ( tw9s1 is en\gh 9 itself to make u skeptical ( !ories ( sex-det]m9ation bas$ on nutritional or ext]nal factors4 ,9 a litt] ( puppies1 = example1 !re are usually bo? males & females1 al?\gh 9 _! pr5atal exi/5ce !y h all be5 subject to ! same nutritional & environm5tal conditions4 ,likewise 9 ord9>y human tw9s "o may be a boy1 ! o!r a girl1 :]eas if ! nutritional condition ( ! "m 7 ! fact det]m9+ sex1 bo? %\ld be boys or bo? girls4 ,h[ev]1 !re are tw9s kn[n z id5tical tw9s :o are rem>kably alike & :o are always ( ! same sex4 ,b !re is reason to suppose t id5tical tw9s 9 reality come f ! same zygote4 ,presumably 9 e>ly embryog5y1 probably at ! two-cell$ /age ( cleavage1 ! two bla/om]es become sep>at$ & ea* gives rise to a complete individual in/ead ( only ! half ( "o x w\ld h produc$ _h ! two bla/om]es rema9$ toge!r4 ,su* tw9s are mono*orial2 t is1 !y gr[ inside ! same fetal membrane1 :]eas ea* ord9>y tw9 has its own fetal membrane & has obvi\sly orig9at$ f a sep>ate ovum4 ,x has be5 e/abli%$ exp]im5tally 9 sev]al k9ds ( animals t e>ly cleavage bla/om]es :5 isolat$ c ea* develop into a complete individual4 ,9 man1 ord9>y tw9s are no m alike ?an ord9>y bro!rs & si/]s1 b id5tical tw9s are /rik+ly simil> 9 /ructure1 appe>ance1 habits1 ta/es1 & ev5 susceptibility to v>i\s maladies4 ,! fact t !y are inv>iably ( ! same sex is a /rong reason = believ+ t sex 0 already develop$ 9 ! f]tile ovum & consequ5tly 9 ! result+ bla/om]es f t ovum4 ,! "y ( ! n9e-b&$ armadillo 9 a giv5 litt] are inv>iably ( ! same sex & are closely simil> 9 all features4 ,newman & ,patt]son h %[n t all ! memb]s ( a litt] come f ! same egg4 ,patt]son has e/abli%$ ! fact t cleavage ( ! egg takes place 9 ! usual mann]1 b lat] sep>ate c5t]s ( developm5t appe> 9 ! e>ly embryonic mass & give rise to ! sep>ate "y individuals4 ,aga9 9 c]ta9 insects :]e "o egg indirectly gives rise to a *a9 ( embryos1 or to a numb] ( sep>ate l>vae1 possibly z _m z a ?\s&1 all ( ! latt] are ( ! same sex4 ,ev5 9 "s plants rese>*es h %[n t sex is already det]m9$ at ! beg9n+ ( developm5t4 ,!n1 too1 mu* evid5ce has come to light rec5tly %[+ t sex-*>act]s 9 c]ta9 cases behave z h]itable *>act]s & are indep5d5t ( ext]nal conditions4 ,la/ly !re is visible & conv9c+ evid5ce obta9able ?r\gh microscopical obs]vations t sex is det]m9$ by a me*anism 9 ! g]m-cells !mselves4 ,x is *iefly to ^! latt] facts t ,i wi% to direct att5tion = ! pres5t4 ,! ,sex ,*romosome4--,! evid5ce c5t]s ab\t a special *romosome or *romosome-gr\p commonly designat$ z ! sex-*romosome or ,x-elem5t1 :i* has be5 f\nd 9 v>i\s species ( animals1 includ+ man4 ,9 ! males ( su* animals ?is *romosome is pres5t 9 addition to ! regul> numb] ( pairs1 ?us giv+ rise to an unev5 in/ead ( ! conv5tional ev5 numb] ( *romosomes4 ,?is elem5t rema9s undivid$ 9 "o ( ! maturation divisions ( ! sp]matocytes1 9 "s =ms 9 ! fir/ 9 o!rs 9 ! second1 & passes entire to "o pole ( ! sp9dle 7,fig4 #ac1 p4 #eh74 ,?is results 9 ! production ( two classes ( cells1 "o conta9+ ! ,x-elem5t & "o n4 ,! outcome is t two correspond+ classes ( sp]matozoa are produc$4 ,! ph5om5a involv$ are diagrammatically repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ac4 ,x has be5 cle>ly demon/rat$ 9 sev]al cases t eggs f]tiliz$ by sp]matozoa :i* possess ?is ,x-elem5t1 always become females1 ^? f]tiliz$ by sp]matozoa :i* d n possess x always develop into males4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac ,diagram illu/rat+ ! behavior ( ! x-elem5t or sex-*romosome 9 ! maturation ( ! sp]m-cell4 ,9 "o ( ! two maturation divisions 7repres5t$ "h z 9 ! fir/7 x passes undivid$ to "o pole 7a1 b1 c71 9 ! o!r x divides4 ,s9ce ! cell )\t ! x-elem5t also divides ! result is t ultimately f ! orig9al prim>y sp]matocyte 7a7 f\r cells are =m$ 7f71 two ) ! x-elem5t & two )\t x4 ,half ( ! sp]matozoa !re=e w be> an x-elem5t1 half w be )\t x4 ,9 a ! ord9>y *romosomes1 arbitr>ily indicat$ z #aj1 are suppos$ to h already pair$ = r$uction s t ! orig9al diploid numb] 9 sp]matogonia & body-cells ( ! male w\ld be #bj plus ! x-*romosome4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 fur!rmore1 t 9 species 9 :i* ! males possess ?is extra elem5t ! females h two ( !m4 ,t is1 if ! orig9al numb] 9 ! somatic cells ( ! male 7 tw5ty-?ree1 tw5ty-two ord9>y & "o ,x-elem5t1 ! numb] 9 ! somatic cells ( ! female w\ld be tw5ty-f\r1 or tw5ty-two ord9>y & two ,x-elem5ts4 ,x has be5 f\nd t :5 ! *romosomes ( ! female pair = ! r$uction division1 ea* *romosome unit+ ) its correspond+ fell[1 ! two ,x-elem5ts 9 ! female pair 9 ! usual way s t e egg-cell possesses an ,x-elem5t4 ,?us e mature egg has an ,x-elem5t1 :ile only half ( ! sp]matozoa h "o4 ,t is1 if we assume tw5ty-?ree z ! diploid numb] pres5t orig9ally 9 ! somatic cells ( ! male & tw5ty-f\r z ! numb] 9 ! female1 !n "o-half ! sp]matozoa ( ! male w\ld conta9 ! haploid numb] elev51 & ! o!r half1 ! numb] twelve1 :]eas e mature ovum w\ld conta9 twelve4 ,s9ce !re are equal numb]s ( ! sp]matozoa ) ! ,x-elem5t & )\t x1 & inasmu* z presumably "u ord9>y conditions "o k9d is z likely to f]tilize ! egg z ! o!r1 !n !re are equal *ances at f]tilization ( produc+ a zygote ) two ,x-elem5ts or ) b "o4 ,?us1 ,sp]matozoon ,x by ,ovum ,x ,zygote ,,xx4 ,sp]matozoon 7no ,x7 by ,ovum ,x ,zygote ,x4 ,we h already se5 t ! =m] is always female1 ! latt] male4 ,x ?us becomes possible to di/+ui% ! sex ( an embryo by c\nt+ ! *romosomes ( its cells4 ,?is has be5 accompli%$ 9 sev]al cases4 ,9 "s in/ances#a ! conditions may be mu* m complex ?an ! ones indicat$--too complex 9 fact to w>rant detail$ discussion 9 an elem5t>y exposition--b ! pr9ciple rema9s ! same ?r\gh\t1 ! v complexity :5 ?or\ghly und]/ood1 /r5g!n+ r ?an weak5+ ! evid5ce4 ,9 a few =ms an int]e/+ rev]sal ( conditions has be5 f\nd 9 t ! eggs in/ead ( ! sp]matozoa %[ ! *>act]i/ic dimorphism4 ,j :at ! exact relation%ip betwe5 sex-diff]5tiation & ! ,x-elem5t is has nev] be5 cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,x is possible t ?is elem5t is an actual sex-det]m9ant1 9 ! ord9>y cases "o ,x-elem5t det]m9+ ! male condition & two ,x-elem5ts produc+ ! female condition4 ,on ! o!r h& x might be argu$ t x is n ! det]m9+ factor b ! expression ( o!r cell activities :i* d det]m9e sex2 t is1 a sex accompanim5t4 ,or aga91 x may be "o ( sev]al ess5tial factors :i* mu/ coop]ate to det]m9e sex4 ,,sex-,,l9k$ ,,*>act]s ,! discov]y ( ! rem>kable behavior ( c]ta9 *>act]s 9 h]$ity :i* c only be plausibly expla9$ by suppos+ t !y are l9k$ ) a sex-det]m9+ factor /ill fur!r /r5g!ns our belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( su* a def9ite factor4 ,su* *>act]s are commonly t]m$ sex-l9k$ *>act]s4 ,sex-,l9k$ ,*>act]s 9 ,man4--,s9ce !re are a numb] ( !m 9 man we may *oose "o ( ^!1 su* z color-bl9dness1 = illu/ration4 ,! common =m ( color-bl9dness kn[n z ,daltonism 9 :i* ! subject c n di/+ui% r$s f gre5s1 a condition :i* seems to be due to ! abs5ce ( some?+ :i* is pres5t 9 individuals ( normal color vision1 is f> common] 9 m5 ?an 9 wom54 ,its type ( inh]itance1 sometimes t]m$ crisscross h]$ity1 has be5 lik5$ to ! knight moves 9 a game ( *ess4 ,! condition is transmitt$ f a color-bl9d man ?r\gh 8 daught] to half ( h] sons4 ,or1 to g m into detail1 a color-bl9d fa!r & normal "m h only normal *ildr5 :e!r sons or daught]s4 ,! sons cont9ue to h normal *ildr5 b ! daught]s1 al?\gh ( normal vision !mselves1 transmit color-bl9dness to "o-half ( _! own sons4 ,if su* a woman m>ries a color-bl9d man1 z might easily happ5 9 a m>riage betwe5 c\s9s1 !n z a rule "o-half h] daught]s z well z "o-half h] sons w be color-bl9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad ,diagram illu/rat+ ! inh]itance ( a sex-limit$ "* su* z color-bl9dness 9 man on ! assumption t ! factor 9 "q is locat$ 9 ! sex-*romosome 7f ,loeb aft] ,wilson74 ,! normal sex-*romosome is indicat$ by a black ,x1 ! "o lack+ ! factor = color p]ception1 by a light ,x4 ,x is assum$ t a normal female is mat$ ) a color-bl9d male4 ,9 su* cases :at appe>s to be a my/]i\s proc$ure becomes v simple if we assume t ! defective "* is associat$ ) ! sex-det]m9+ factor1 or to make x concrete let u say ) ! ,x-elem5t4 ,! *>t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad1 p4 #fb1 indicates :at ! g]m9al condition w\ld be "u ! circum/ances4 ,! column to ! "r repres5ts ! mat]nal1 ! "o to ! left ! pat]nal l9e4 ,s9ce two ,x means female & "o ,x male1 & inasmu* z we h assum$ t ! physical basis ( ! defect to :i* color-bl9dness is due is convey$ by ! ,x-elem5t1 we may repres5t ! defective s+le ,x ( ! male 9 outl9e only 7see fir/ r[74 ,x is obvi\s t aft] ! r$uction divisions 7second r[7 ! mature sex-cells ( ! female w ea* conta9 a s+le normal ,x1 ! correspond+ sex cells ( ! male w conta9 ei!r no ,x or a defective ,x4 ,s9ce if any memb] ( ! class ( sp]matozoa conta9+ no ,x1 f]tilizes an egg ! result+ zygote 7r[ ?ree7 w h b "o ,x & t a normal "o1 ! individual :i* develops f ! zygote w be normal z reg>ds color vision & moreov] w be male because ! condition "o ,x always means mal5ess4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if any memb] ( ! class ( sp]matozoa conta9+ ! defective ,x f]tilizes an egg two ,x-elem5ts are br\ght toge!r & ?is ( itself means femal5ess4 ,9 ?is case "o ( ! ,x-elem5ts is defective b ! s+le normal ,x is suffici5t 9 itself to produce normal color vision4 ,b :5 x comes to ! maturation ( ! sex-cells ( ?is female1 ! pair ( ,x-elem5ts are sep>at$ 9 ! usual way ) ! result t half ( ! mature ova conta9 a normal ,x & half a defective ,x 7r[ f\r74 ,s9ce 9 a normal male1 h[ev]1 ! mature reproductive cells w conta9 ei!r a normal ,x or no ,x 7f\r? r[71 any "o ( f\r diff]5t k9ds ( mat+s may result4 ,a sex-cell c>ry+ normal ,x ( ! male may comb9e ) an ovum conta9+ normal ,x produc+ a normal female 7r[ five74 ,or su* a cell may comb9e ) an ovum c>ry+ ! defective ,x1 also produc+ a female b "o :o al?\gh ( normal color vision h]self1 l h] "m1 is a c>ri] ( ! defect4 ,on ! o!r h&1 any "o ( ! sp]matozoa )\t an ,x may comb9e ) an ovum conta9+ ! normal ,x1 9 :i* case a normal male is produc$ &1 moreov]1 "o :o1 l 8 "m's bro!rs1 is incapable ( transmitt+ ! defect4 ,h[ev]1 ! sp]m-cell devoid ( an ,x is j z likely to f]tilize an ovum c>ry+ ! defective ,x1 9 :i* ev5t ! result+ individual1 a male1 mu/ be color-bl9d because he conta9s ! defective ,x alone4 ,9 o!r words1 ! *ances are t "o-half ! sons ( a woman ^: fa!r 0 color-bl9d w be color-bl9d1 ! o!r half p]fectly normal2 & t all ( ! daught]s w be ( normal color vision al?\gh "o-half ( !m w probably transmit ! defect to "o-half ( _! sons4 ,f a glance at ! diagram x is readily se5 also t a color-bl9d female c\ld result f ! union ( a color-bl9d man 7see fir/ r[7 & ! daught] ( a color-bl9d man 7see ?ird r[74 ,= half ( ! gametes ( su* a female w\ld be> ! defect z w\ld also t half ( ! gametes ( ! male :i* c>ry ,x1 h5ce ! expectation w\ld be t half ( ! daught]s ( su* a union w\ld be color-bl9d & half w\ld be c>ri]s ( color-bl9dness2 & t half ( ! sons w\ld be color-bl9d & half normal4 ,all ! sons ( a color-bl9d woman w\ld be color-bl9d because %e has only defective ,x-elem5ts to pass on4 ,! inh]itance ( v>i\s o!r conditions 9 man foll[s m or less accurately ! same c\rse z color-bl9dness4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$3 hemophilia1 a s]i\s condition 9 :i* ! blood w n clot prop]ly1 ?us r5d]+ ! affect$ individual con/antly liable to sev]e or fatal hemorrhage2 ne>-sight$ness 7myopia7 9 "s cases2 a deg5]ative disease ( ! sp9al cord kn[n z multiple scl]osis2 progressive atrophy ( ! optic n]ve 7neuritis optica72 ,g[]'s muscul> atrophy2 "s =ms ( night-bl9dness2 9 "s cases i*?yosis1 a peculi> scaly condition ( ! sk94 ,9 "o ( my own tabulations ( a case ( inh]itance ( webb$ digits or syndactyly1 a condition 9 :i* two or m f+]s or toes are m or less unit$1 a sex-l9k$ inh]itance is cle>ly indicat$ 7,fig4 #ae71 al?\gh f ! p$igrees record$ by o!r inve/igators ?is condition usually appe>s 9 "s ( bo? ! sons & daught]s ( an affect$ individual4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,*>t %[+ ! inh]itance ( a case ( syndactyly aft] ! mann] ( a sex-l9k$ "*4 ,! affect$ individuals are repres5t$ 9 black2 squ>es indicate males1 circles females4 ,! condition is se5 to be inh]it$ by males ?r\gh unaffect$ females4 ,! ,occurr5ce ( ,sex-,l9kage 9 ,l[] ,=ms ,r5d]s ,exp]im5ts ,possible4--,! c\rse foll[$ by su* *>act]s 9 man c be inf]r$ only f ! p$igrees we c obta9 f family hi/ories4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 su* sex-l9kage also occurs 9 l[] animals & we are able !re=e to v]ify & ext5d our obs]vations by direct exp]im5ts 9 bre$+4 ,sev]al sex-l9k$ *>act]s h be5 f\nd to exi/ 9 a small fruit-fly kn[n z ,drosophila4 ,ext5sive bre$+ exp]im5ts ) ?is fly by ,pr(essor ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan & 8 pupils h borne out rem>kably ! int]pretation t ! *>act]s 9 "q are really l9k$ ) a sex-det]m9+ factor4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,m5delism ,new ,discov]ies 9 ! ,field ( ,h]$ity4--,writ+ 9 #ahii1 "o ( ,am]ica's well-kn[n zoologi/s ass]ts t1 ,x is easi] to weigh an invisible planet ?an to measure ! =ce ( h]$ity 9 a s+le gra9 ( corn4 ,& yet only two or ?ree ye>s lat] we f9d ano!r prom95t naturali/ say+ reg>d+ h]$ity t1 ,! exp]im5ts :i* l$ to ?is advance 9 k are wor?y to rank ) ^? t laid ! f\ndation ( ! atomic laws ( *emi/ry4 ,aga91 ,! bre$+ p5 is to u :at ! te/-tube is to ! *emi/--an in/rum5t :]eby we exam9e ! nature ( our organisms & det]m9e empirically _! g5etic prop]ties4 ,"h is a decid$ contra/ ( /atem5t & yet bo? 7 ju/ifiable at ! "t ( utt]ance4 ,= ev5 at ! writ+ ( ! fir/ /atem5t ! inve/igations 7 9 progress :i*1 toge!r ) ! r$iscov]y ( c]ta9 old] "w1 7 to transf] our k ( h]$ity f ! realm ( speculation to t ( exp]im5t & disclose c]ta9 def9ite pr9ciples ( g5etic transmission4 ,?r\gh a k ( ^! pr9ciples 9 fact1 ! %ift+ ( c]ta9 *>act]s is r$ucible to a s]ies ( def9itely pr$ictable proportions & ! skill$ bre$] may proce$ to ! build+ up ( new & p]man5t comb9ations ( desirable *>act]s accord+ to ma!matical ratios &1 :at is ( equal importance1 he c secure ! elim9ation ( undesirable qualities4 ,:ile !re are _m limitations 9 ! application ( ^! pr9ciples & :ile new facts & modifications are con/antly be+ discov]$ conc]n+ !m1 nev]!less !y repres5t ! fir/ approximations to def9ite laws ( h]$it>y transmission t we h ev] be5 able to make1 & ! practical fact confronts u t :atev] our !oretical int]pretations may be1 ! pr9ciples are s def9ite t ?r\gh _! application important improvem5ts ( crops & dome/icat$ animals h already actually be5 secur$ & "o may confid5tly expect /ill o!rs to foll[4 ,m5del4--,! pr9ciples involv$ are call$ ! ,m5delian pr9ciples aft] _! discov]]1 ,gregor ,johann ,m5del1 abbot ( a mona/]y at ,bru5n1 ,au/ria4 ,aft] eight ye>s ( pati5t exp]im5t+ 9 8 cloi/] g>d5 ) plants1 *iefly edible peas1 he publi%$ 8 results & conclusions 9 #ahff1 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,society ( ,bru5n4 ,:ile kn[n to a few botani/s ( t day1 ! full importance ( ! contribution 0 n recogniz$1 & 9 ! excitem5t ( ! po/-,d>w9ian controv]sy1 ! facts 7 lo/ sight ( & ultimately =gott54 ,r$iscov]y ( ,m5delian ,pr9ciples4--,9 #aijj ?ree m51 ,corr5s1 ,de ,vries & ,ts*]mak1 work+ indep5d5tly--9 diff]5t c\ntries1 9 fact--r$iscov]$ ! pr9ciples & call$ att5tion anew to ! long-=gott5 "w ( ,m5del :i* !y _h come ^u 9 look+ ov] ! old] lit]ature on plant bre$+4 ,^! inve/igators add$ o!r examples f _! own exp]im5ts4 ,s9ce _! r$iscov]y ! pr9ciples h be5 confirm$ 9 ess5tial features & ext5d$ by num]\s exp]im5tali/s ) reg>d to a wide range ( h]$it>y *>act]s 9 bo? animals & plants4 ,indep5d5ce ( ,inh]itable ,*>act]s4--,x has be5 f\nd t _m truly h]itable *>act]i/ics or traits ( an individual1 :e!r plant or animal1 are comp>atively indep5d5t ( "o ano!r & may be inh]it$ indep5d5tly4 ,:]e !re are contra/$ *>act]s 9 fa!r & "m1 su* z :ite plumage & black plumage 9 f[ls1 smoo? coat & wr9kl$ coat 9 se$1 horns & hornlessness 9 cattle1 long fur & %ort fur 9 rabbits1 be>d & be>dlessness 9 :eat1 alb9o condition & normal condition1 etc41 !re is obvi\sly a br++ toge!r ( ! det]m9]s ( ! two traits 9 ! result+ (fspr+4 ,9 ! ?ird g5]ation1 h[ev]1 9 ! prog5y ( ^! (fspr+1 ! two di/9ct *>act]s may be set ap>t aga91 ?us %[+ t 9 ! second g5]ation :ile p]haps "o only 0 visible1 ! factors :i* det]m9e bo? 7 nev]!less pres5t1 & moreov]1 !y 7 pres5t 9 a sep>able condition4 ,illu/ration ( ,m5delism 9 ! ,&alusian ,f[l4--,let u take z a simple example ! case ( ! ,&alusian f[l4 ,al?\gh x is n a case e/abli%$ by ,m5del x illu/rates c]ta9 ( ! ess5tial conditions und]ly+ ,m5delism 9 a m obvi\s way ?an ! cases work$ out by ,m5del himself4 ,! s-call$ blue ,&alusian f[l results f a cross ( a color v>iety ( ! f[l :i* is black ) "o :i* is :ite ) black-spla%$ fea!rs4 ,! result is ! same irrespective ( :i* p>5t is black4 ,:5 br$ ) _! l1 :e!r f ! same p>5ts or diff]5t p>5ts1 ^! blue f[ls produce ?ree k9ds ( prog5y1 approximately "o-f\r? ( :i* are black l ! "o gr&p>5t1 "o-f\r? :ite l ! o!r gr&p>5t1 & ! rema9+ half1 blue l ! p>5ts 7,fig4 #af74 ,moreov]1 ! black f[ls obta9$ 9 ?is way w1 :5 int]br$1 produce only black (fspr+ & ! same is true ( ! :ite f[ls4 ,to all appe>ances z f> z color is conc]n$ !y are ( z pure type z ! orig9al gr&p>5ts4 ,) ! blue f[ls1 h[ev]1 ! case is diff]5t1 = :5 br$ toge!r !y w produce ! same ?ree k9ds ( prog5y t _! p>5ts produc$ & 9 ! same proportions4 ,aga9 ! :ite & ! black are true to type b ! blue w always yield ! ?ree classes ( (fspr+ & ?is ?r\gh g5]ation aft] g5]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af ,diagram %[+ ! s*eme ( inh]itance 9 ! blue ,&alusian f[l4 ,^! facts may be illu/rat$ graphically z foll[s :]e ! ^w black indicates ! orig9al black p>5t1 :ite ! orig9al :ite 7black spla%$7 p>5t & blue ! hybrid (fspr+4 ,p>5tal ,g5]ation 7,p7 ,black x ,:ite ,black x ,:ite ,fir/ ,filial ,g5]ation 7,f#a7 ,blue x ,blue ---------------------------------------- -- ,second ,filial ,black ,blue ,:ite ,g5]ation 7,f#b7 7#be7 7#ej7 7#be7 ------------------------- ,?ird ,filial ,black ,black ,blue ,:ite ,:ite ,g5]ation 7,f#c7 7#be7 7#ej7 7#be7 ------------- ,f\r? ,filial ,black ,black ,black ,blue ,:ite ,:ite ,:ite ,g5]ation 7,f#d7 7#be7 7#ej7 7#be7 ,! ,cause ( ! ,m5delian ,ratio4--,conc]n+ ! cause ( ?is peculi> ratio ( inh]itance 9 cross$ =ms ,m5del sugge/$ a simple explanation4 ,animals or plants t c be cross-br$1 obvi\sly mu/ be =ms t produce a new individual f ! union ( two g]m-cells1 "o ( :i* is provid$ by ea* p>5t4 ,m5del's idea 0 t !re mu/ be "s process ( segregation go+ on 9 ! develop+ g]m-cells ( ea* hybrid :]eby ! factors = ! two qualities are set ap>t 9 diff]5t cells ) ! result t half ( ! g]m-cells ( a giv5 individual w conta9 ! det]m9] ( "o "* & half1 ! det]m9] ( ! o!r4 ,t is1 a giv5 g]m-cell c>ries a factor = "o or ! o!r ( ! two alt]nate *>act]s b n ! factors = bo?4 ,9 a plant1 = example1 9 ! male l9e1 half ( ! poll5 gra9s w\ld be> g]m-cells c>ry+ ! det]m9] ( "o "* & half1 t ( ! o!r4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! female l9e1 half ( ! ovules w\ld conta9 ! det]m9] ( ! "o "* & half1 t ( ! o!r4 ,likewise 9 animals z reg>ds su* pairs ( *>act]s !re w\ld be two classes ( g]m-cells 9 ! male & two 9 ! female4 ,9 ! case ( ! blue ,&alusian f[ls "u discussion ?is w\ld mean t half ( ! mature g]m-cells ( ! male c>ry ! black-produc+ factor1 & half c>ry ! :ite-produc+ factor1 & ! same is true ( ! g]m-cells ( ! female4 ,?us :5 two su* cross$ =ms are mat$1 !re are1 by ! laws ( *ance1 f\r possible comb9ations1 namely3 7#a7 :ite-det]m9+ sp]m-cells & :ite-det]m9+ ovum2 7#b7 :ite-det]m9+ sp]m-cells & black-det]m9+ ovum2 7#c7 black-det]m9+ sp]m-cells & :ite-det]m9+ ovum2 & 7#d7 black-det]m9+ sp]m-cells & black-det]m9+ ovum4 ,manife/ly1 ! fir/ comb9ation c only give :ite (fspr+2 ! second1 :ite & black1 gives blue 7by su* a cross ! orig9al blues 7 e/abli%$72 likewise1 ! ?ird1 black & :ite1 gives blue2 & ! f\r? comb9ation c only give black (fspr+4 ,?is matt] may be graphically repres5t$ by ! foll[+ =mulae 9 :i* ,b indicates ! det]m9] ( ,black 9 ! g]m-cell & ,w ! det]m9] ( ,:ite3 male signifies male2 female female4 ,,9 ,,! ,,orig9al ,,p>5ts ,w x ,b ,,wb ,blue ,,9 ,,! ,,hybrids male female g]m- g]m- cells cells male female ,w----,w ,w x ,w ,,ww ,:ite _/ ,w x ,b ,,wb ,blue _/ or ,b x ,w ,,bw ,blue ,b----,b ,b x ,b ,,bb ,black ,?us ( ! f\r possible comb9ations "o only c produce :ite f[ls1 two 7,,wb or ,,bw7 c produce blue f[ls1 & "o black f[ls4 ,t is1 ! ratio is #a3b3a or ! #be1 #ej & #be p] c5t41 respectively1 ( our diagram4 ,! black f[ls or ! :ite f[ls w bre$ true 9 subsequ5t g5]ations :5 mat$ ) ^? ( _! own color because ! det]m9] ( ! alt]native "* has be5 p]man5tly elim9at$ f _! g]m-plasm2 b ! blue f[ls w always yield ?ree types ( (fspr+ because !y /ill possess ! two classes ( g]m-cells4 ,v]ification ( ! ,hypo!sis4--,! hypo!sis t g]m-cells ( cross$ =ms are ( two classes ) respect to a giv5 pair ( ,m5delian *>act]s is fur!r sub/antiat$ by ! foll[+ facts4 ,if 9 ! case ( ! f[ls "u discussion "o ( ! blue f[ls is mat$ ) an individual ( ! :ite v>iety1 half ( ! prog5y w be blue & half :ite4 ,= ! hybrid has two k9ds ( g]m-cells1 black produc+1 :i* we h designat$ by ! lett] ,b1 & :ite produc+ 7or ,w7 9 equal numb] :ile ! :ite p>5t has only "o k9d1 :ite produc+4 ,x is obvi\s t if half ! g]m-cells ( ! hybrid =m are ( ! type ,b !n half ! prog5y w be ( ! ,,bw type1 :i* is blue1 & ! o!r half w be ( ! ,,ww type1 :i* is :ite4 ,9 ! same way if we mate a hybrid & a black f[l1 half ( ! prog5y w be black & half w be blue1 t is1 !re c\ld only be ,,wb & ,,bb types4 ,! fact mu/ n be lo/ sight ( t s9ce ! pair+s are :olly det]m9$ by ! laws ( *ance ! proportions are likely to be only approximate4 ,x is obvi\s t ! great] ! numb] ( individuals1 ! ne>] ! results w approa* ! expect$ ratio4 ,,dom9ant ,,& ,,recessive ,"o ,"* ,may ,mask ! ,o!r4--,9 a l>ge numb] ( cases1 h[ev]1 ! actual condition ( affairs is n s evid5t z 9 ! ,&alusian f[l1 = in/ead ( be+ int]m$iate or diff]5t 9 appe>ance1 ! g5]ation produc$ by cross+ resembles "o p>5t to ! exclusion ( ! o!r4 ,su* an ov]%ad[+ is spok5 ( z dom9ance1 & ! two *>act]s are t]m$ dom9ant & recessive4 ,?us :5 br[n r+-doves & :ite r+-doves are mat$ ! prog5y are all br[n1 or if wild gray mice are mat$ to :ite mice ! prog5y are all gray4 ,s black is dom9ant to :ite 9 rose-comb bantams2 br[n eyes to blue eyes 9 man2 be>dlessness to be>d 9 :eat1 & likewise r\gh *aff to smoo?1 & ?ick /em to ?92 tallness to dw>fness 9 v>i\s plants2 normal condition to ! peculi> waltz+ condition 9 ! ,japanese waltz+ m\se4 ,num]\s o!r cases might be cit$ b ^! are suffici5t to illu/rate ! condition4 ,segregation 9 ! ,next ,g5]ation4--,b n[ ! "q arises1 :at d su* crosses z %[ dom9ance transmit to ! next g5]ation8 ,exp]im5ts %[ reg>d+ any giv5 pair ( ^! alt]nate *>act]s t !y are set ap>t aga9 9 ! succe$+ g5]ation1 return+ 9 a def9ite p]c5tage to ! respective gr&p>5tal types4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag ,diagram %[+ ! s*eme ( inh]itance 9 gu9ea-pigs :5 black & alb9o =ms are cross$4 ,dom9ance ,illu/rat$ 9 ,gu9ea-,pigs4--,9 gu9ea-pigs = example 7,fig4 #ag71 :5 an individual 7ei!r male or female7 ( a black v>iety1 is cross$ ) "o ( a :ite v>iety1 ! ,f#a g5]ation are all black l ! black p>5t4 ,:5 ^! are int]br$ or br$ ) o!r blacks :i* h _h "o black & "o :ite p>5t1 only two visible types ( prog5y appe>1 viz41 black & :ite1 & ^! approximately 9 ! ratio ( ?ree to "o4 ,analysis by fur!r bre$+ %[s1 h[ev]1 t !re are 9 reality ?ree types1 b s9ce dom9ance is complete ! pure extract$ dom9ant & ! mix$ dom9ant-&-recessive type are indi/+ui%able to our eye4 ,t is1 :ile ! blacks are ?ree times z num]\s z ! :ites1 two out ( e ?ree ( ^! blacks are really hybrid & correspond to ! blue f[ls ( our =m] example4 ,! condition is readily compreh5d$ :5 express$ diagrammatically ?us3 ,g5]ation ,p ,black x ,:ite ,black x ,:ite ,g5]ation ,f#a ,black 7,:ite7 x ,black 7,:ite7 ------------------------------------- ,g5]ation ,f#b #a ,black #b ,black 7,:ite7 #a ,:ite ,9 o!r words1 ! g]m-cells ( ! "o orig9al p>5t 7,g54 ,p7 w\ld conta9 only det]m9]s = black & t ( ! o!r p>5t w\ld conta9 only det]m9]s = :ite4 ,! condition ( ! individuals produc$ by ! cross w\ld be repres5t$ by ! =mula ,b7,w74 ,b ^! det]m9]s segregate 9 ! g]m-cells ( ! cross$ =m1 :e!r x be male or female1 into ,b & ,w4 ,h5ce half ! sp]matozoa ( ! male hybrid 7g5]ation ,f#a7 w\ld c>ry ! ,b det]m9]s & half ! ,w det]m9]s4 ,! same is true ( ! mature ova ( ! female hybrid4 ,consequ5tly1 9 mat+ !re are always f\r equally possible comb9ations1 viz41 ,,bb1 ,b7,w71 7,w7,b1 & ,,ww4 ,s9ce ,b is always dom9ant ?ree out ( ! f\r mat+s w\ld yield black individuals1 or 9 o!r words ! ratio w\ld be #c3a4 ,! pure blacks :5 mat$ toge!r w bre$ true 9 subsequ5t g5]ations1 likewise ! :ites1 b ! blacks c>ry+ :ite z a recessive w yield :5 int]br$ ! same ratio ( :ites & black z did _! hybrid p>5ts 7,fig4 #ag1 p4 #ge74 ,t]m9ology4--,z "w 9 ! /udy ( ,m5delian inh]itance has progress$ & exp&$ ! ne$ ( a m precise t]m9ology has become evid5t & su* is gradually be+ e/abli%$4 ,?us ,pr(essor ,bateson has co9$ ! t]m allelomorph 7,gk4 "o ano!r1 & =m7 to express m exactly :at we h ?us f> be5 call+ a pair ( alt]nate or opposite *>act]s4 ,9 ! blue ,&alusian f[ls discuss$1 ! :ite condition 9 ! "o p>5t is ! allelomorph ( ! black condition 9 ! o!r4 ,! t]m g5]ally means "o ( ! pair ( ,m5delian *>act]s !mselves z express$ 9 ! individual plants or animals b :5 ! g]m9al basis ( su* ph5om5a is "u discussion1 x is sometimes us$ to ref] to ! det]m9]s ( su* *>act]s4 ,& by det]m9] is meant simply ! condition :i* is necess>y 9 ! g]m to br+ ab\t ! occurr5ce ( a def9ite "*4 ,= example1 :5 we are /udy+ a cross betwe5 a r$ fl[] & a :ite fl[] ) ref]5ce to ! color factors1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two plants may lie 9 ! fact t "o produces a r$ color+ matt] & ! o!r does n4 ,t is1 ! det]m9] = r$ is abs5t f ! :ite v>iety4 ,:at ! exact relation ( color production is to ! p>ts ( ! g]m-cell we d n "k4 ,x c\ld be ! function ( a s+le def9ite body or ! resultant ( sev]al coop]at+ bodies4 ,! latt] is f> m likely to be ! case4 ,we may suppose t a gr\p ( coop]at+ sub/ances function to produce r$ 9 ! r$ fl[] b t 9 ! :ite fl[]s "o ( ^! bodies is abs5t or fails to p]=m its r$-produc+ function4 ,x is cu/om>y :]e practicable to ref] to ! det]m9] ( a "* by ! initial lett] ( ! "n ( ! "*4 ,! lett] :5 writt5 z a capital indicates ! det]m9] b :5 writt5 z a small lett] ! abs5ce ( ! det]m9]4 ,?us ,r may be tak5 to repres5t ! det]m9] = r$ color+ matt] & r its abs5ce4 ,x is conv5i5t also to h a brief symbol to d5ote a giv5 g5]ation & = ?is purpose ,bateson has introduc$ ! symbol ,f#a = ! hybrid prog5y ( ! fir/ cross1 ! initial lett] ( ! ^w filial4 ,f#b w\ld indicate ! next g5]ation1 ,f#c ! ?ird & s on4 ,likewise ,p d5otes ! orig9al p>5t g5]ation4 ,! ,!ory ( ,pres5ce & ,abs5ce4--,_m1 if n all1 allelomorphs consi/ ( ! pres5ce & abs5ce respectively ( a giv5 det]m9]4 ,9 su* cases ! "* repres5t$ by ! pres5ce ( ! det]m9] is dom9ant ov] ! "* repres5t$ by ! abs5ce ( a det]m9]4 ,?us 9 ! crosses f ! wild gray mice & alb9o mice ! prog5y are all gray mice s9ce "o p>5t _h ! det]m9] or gr\p ( det]m9]s = grayness & ! hybrid (fspr+ mu/ also possess x4 ,likewise ! pres5ce ( black 9 black gu9ea-pigs is dom9ant to its abs5ce 9 alb9o gu9ea-pigs & ! result+ prog5y are all black4 ,h[ev]1 x has already be5 m5tion$ t be>dlessness 9 :eat is dom9ant to be>d & t ! abs5ce ( horns 9 cattle is dom9ant to _! pres5ce1 t is1 ! prog5y ( hornless by horn$ cattle are )\t horns except = occasional traces ( imp]fect horns4 ,facts l ^! w\ld seem at fir/ sight to contradict ! ass]tion j made t pres5ce is dom9ant to abs5ce1 b x is fairly well e/abli%$ t 9 su* cases "o is n deal+ ) true abs5ces b ) suppressions4 ,! poll$ bre$s ( cattle1 = example1 are hornless n because ( ! abs5ce ( det]m9]s = horns b because ( ! pres5ce ( an additional inhibit+ factor :i* prev5ts ^! det]m9]s f function+4 ,! horn$ bre$s are )\t ?is inhibitor4 ,:5 horn$ & hornless individuals are cross$ ! pres5ce ( ! inhibitor f "o l9e ( ance/ry is suffici5t to suppress ! developm5t ( horns 9 ! prog5y4 ,a simil> explanation w\ld1 ( c\rse1 apply to be>dlessness 9 :eat4 ,9 writ+ d\ble-lett]$ =mulae to d5ote ! det]m9]s ( *>act]s 9 hybrids ! condition is repres5t$ m]ely by ! capital & small lett]4 ,?us ,rr indicates t r$ is dom9ant to its abs5ce4 ,additional ,t]m9ology4--,9 pure bre$s :]e ! det]m9]s are alike z ,,bb 9 black or bb 9 alb9o gu9ea-pigs1 ! individual is said to be a homozygote 7l ?+s unit$7 ) ref]5ce to t "*1 :ile 9 ^? 9 :i* ! det]m9]s are unlike1 z ,bb1 ! individual is t]m$ a het]ozygote 7unlike ?+s unit$7 ) ref]5ce to ! "*4 ,or to use ! adjective =ms1 a pure black gu9ea-pig is homozyg\s = black pigm5t1 an alb9o gu9ea-pig is homozyg\s = abs5ce ( pigm5t1 :ile a cross betwe5 ! two is het]ozyg\s = pigm5t4 ,also1 :]e ! det]m9] ( a giv5 "* is pres5t 9 d\ble quantity1 t is1 f bo? l9es ( ance/ry1 ! individual is said to be duplex1 :]e repres5t$ 9 only ! s+le =m z 9 het]ozyg\s individuals1 simplex1 & :]e ! det]m9] is abs5t entirely1 nulliplex1 ) ref]5ce to ! "* 9 "q4 ,?us black gu9ea-pigs ( =mula ,,bb are duplex ) reg>d to ! det]m9] = black color1 individuals ( =mula ,bb are simplex ) ref]5ce to ?is det]m9]1 & ^? ( =mula bb are nulliplex4 ,a het]ozygote 9 :i* dom9ance prevails c be id5tifi$ ) c]ta9ty by bre$+ to a kn[n recessive & not+ ! k9d ( (fspr+ produc$4 ,if ! individual 0 really a het]ozygote1 approximately fifty p] c5t4 ( ! (fspr+ %\ld be ( ! recessive type4 ,dom9ance ,n ,always ,complete4--,z a matt] ( fact close inspection %[s t 9 num]\s in/ances dom9ance is n absolute s9ce traces ( ! recessive "* may be detectable4 ,= example1 9 ! cross betwe5 smoo? & be>d$ :eat :ile smoo?ness is reg>d$ z ! dom9ant "* & be>dlessness z ! recessive1 nev]!less 9 ! hybrid (fspr+ a slight t5d5cy t[>d be>d+ is n infrequ5tly se54 ,or aga9 :5 horn$ bre$s ( cattle are cross$ ) hornless ones1 a small proportion ( su* prog5y w %[ traces ( imp]fect horns4 ,9 "s cases in/ead ( ei!r "* dom9at+ ! o!r a =m int]m$iate betwe5 ! two p>5ts may result1 z we h se5 already 9 ! case ( ! ,&alusian f[l4 ,?us1 c]ta9 :ite-fl[]$ plants & c]ta9 r$-fl[]$ plants :5 cross$ produce p9k hybrids1 & longhead$ & %or!ad$ :eats :5 cross$ give (fspr+ ) heads ( int]m$iate l5g?4 ,or aga91 crosses betwe5 :ite & r$ cattle may yield r$ roans1 & betwe5 black & :ite cattle1 blue roans4 ,?us1 :ile = su* pairs ( alt]native *>act]s z h be5 /udi$1 dom9ance to "s consid]able degrees at lea/1 seems to be ! rule1 /ill we h gradations d[n to ! int]m$iate condition1 & 9 "s in/ances ! hybrid ) respect to a giv5 "* may be unlike ei!r p>5t4 ,! ?+s ( *ief importance 9 ! ,m5delian discov]y are ! indep5d5t1 unit>y nature ( ! *>act]s & _! segregation 9 ! (fspr+ ( cross-br$ =ms4 ,modifications ( ,dom9ance4--,x %\ld be not$ also t !re is su* a condition z delay$ dom9ance4 ,dav5port f\nd1 = example1 t *icks produc$ by cross+ pure :ite ) pure black ,leghorn f[ls are speckl$ black & :ite1 b lat] 9 ! adult =m :ite becomes dom9ant4 ,likewise conditions ( delay$ dom9ance are kn[n 9 man 9 eye-color & notably 9 color ( hair4 ,"s few cases h be5 record$ :]e a "* is dom9ant at "o "t1 recessive at ano!r4 ,accord+ to ,dav5port extra toe 9 f[ls may behave 9 ?is way4 ,m5del's ,own ,"w4--,m5del#b himself work$ out 8 pr9ciples on sev5 pairs ( *>act]s :i* he f\nd 9 common cul9>y peas4 ,plac+ ! dom9ant *>act]s fir/1 ^! may be enum]at$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,tall by dw>f2 7#b7 gre5 pod 7unripe7 by yell[2 7#c7 pod inflat$ by pod con/rict$ betwe5 ! individual peas2 7#d7 fl[]s arrang$ along ! axis ( ! plant by fl[]s bun*$ toge!r at ! top2 7#e7 se$ sk9 color$ by se$ sk9 :ite2 7#f7 cotyl$ons yell[ by cotyl$ons gre52 7#g7 se$ r\nd$ by se$ wr9kl$4 ,he f\nd t ea* pair ( *>act]s foll[$ ! same law z any o!r pair :5 m ?an "o pair ( ! *>act]s occurr$ 9 ! same plants1 b t ea* pair behav$ indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4 ,! mean+ ( ?is is t we may get v>i\s comb9ations ( *>act]s n associat$ 9 ! orig9al pure /ocks1 ! numb] ( su* comb9ations dep5d+ on ! numb] ( pairs ( allelomorphs !re are4 ,,dihybrids ,gett+ ,new ,comb9ations ( ,*>act]s4--,s9ce ?is pr9ciple is well illu/rat$ 9 peas1 let u take two pairs ( _! *>act]s1 viz41 gre5ness & yell[ness 7( ! cotyl$ons7 & r\ndness & angul>ity to see exactly :at happ5s :5 two pairs ( allelomorphs are involv$4 ,:5 a specific k9d ( yell[ pea is cross$ ) a p>ticul> k9d ( gre5 pea ! (fspr+ are always yell[ 7,fig4 #ah1 opposite p4 #hd74 ,:5 ^! hybrids 7g5]ation ,f#a7 are self-f]tiliz$ !re is ! usual ,m5delian segregation2 "o-f\r? ! result+ (fspr+ w be gre51 "o-f\r? pure yell[1 & "o-half1 al?\gh yell[ 9 appe>ance1 w be ( ! mix$ type4 ,! exact numb]s f\nd by ,m5del 7 #f1jbb yell[ se$s to #b1jja gre5 se$s4 ,n[ ( ! orig9al peas 7g5]ation ,p7 ! yell[ ones are r\nd & ! gre5 ones angul> 7really wr9kl$74 ,*oos+ ?is r\ndness & angul>ity respectively z a pair ( *>act]s !y are f\nd to foll[ ! same law t ! colors foll[ 7,m5del obta9$ 9 ! ,f#b g5]ation #e1dgd r\nd & #a1hej wr9kl$ se$71 b indep5d5tly ( ! latt]4 ,= :ile 9 ! prog5y ( ! hybrids 7,g54 ,f#a71 tw5ty-five p] c5t4 w be r\nd & ( pure type z reg>ds r\ndness1 tw5ty-five p] c5t4 angul>1 & fifty p] c5t4 r\nd b conta9+ hidd5 factors ( angul>ity 7i4 e41 r\ndness is dom9ant71 ! r\ndness & ! yell[ness1 or ! angul>ity & ! gre5ness w n always g toge!r z !y did 9 ! orig9al gr&p>5tal /ra9s1 b !re w be 9 addition "s new types ( r\nd gre5 peas & "s ( angul> yell[ ones4 ,t is1 ! factors ( color & ( %ape h be5 inh]it$ indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 s t in/ead ( ! two orig9al k9ds ( peas1 f\r h be5 produc$1 viz41 7#a7 r\nd-yell[ 7"o ( ! orig9al types72 7#b7 r\nd-gre5 7new type72 7#c7 angul>-yell[ 7new type72 & 7#d7 angul>-gre5 7"o ( ! orig9al types74 ,fur!rmore1 ^! w be f\nd to /& 9 ! ratio ( #i3c3c3a respectively4 ,segregations ( ! ,det]m9]s4--,h[ ^! comb9ations come ab\t 9 ?is def9ite proportion is easily und]/ood if ! matt] is express$ 9 t]ms ( det]m9]s & ! possible mat+s tabulat$ 7,fig4 #ah74 ,if we repres5t ! yell[ det]m9] by ,y & ! gre5 det]m9] by y1 & likewise ! det]m9]s ( r\ndness & angul>ity by ,r & r respectively1 !n ! =mulae = ! det]m9]s ( ^! two pairs ( *>act]s 9 ! body cells 7t is1 9 ! unr$uc$ condition7 ( ! pure =ms & ( ! ,f#a g5]ation hybrids respectively are z foll[s3 ,9 pure r\nd yell[ peas ,,rr ,,yy ,9 pure angul> gre5 peas rr yy ,9 ! hybrid ,rr ,yy ,b n[ 9 ! segregation ( ^! det]m9]s 9 ! g]m-cells ( ! hybrids 7g5]ation ,f#a7 ! pair ( det]m9]s ,rr & ! pair ,yy op]ate entirely indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r4 ,_! only compulsion is t ea* pair be sep>at$ into ! s+le det]m9]s1 ,r & r 9 ! "o case & ,y & y 9 ! o!r4 ,s 9 ! sep>at+ division :i* br+s ab\t ?is divorcem5t ,r sep>ates f r irrespective ( :e!r x is accompany+ ,y or y into ! result+ daught] cell4 ,?us 9 "s cases ,r & ,y w\ld pass into "o g]m-cell1 9 o!rs ,r & y1 9 o!rs r & ,y1 & 9 /ill o!rs r & y1 dep5d+ entirely ^u ! *ance relations ( ! respective pairs to ! plane ( division4 ,t is1 ! segregation is equally likely to be ,,ry_/ry giv+ gametes ,,ry & ry1 or ,ry_/r,y giv+ gametes ,ry & r,y4 ,illu/ration3 ,female ,male ,,ry ,ry r,y ry ------------------------------- ,,ry ,,rryy ,r,r,yy ,,rryy ,rr,yy ------------------------------- ,ry ,r,r,yy ,r,ryy ,rr,yy ,rryy ------------------------------- r,y ,rr,y,y ,rr,yy rr,y,y rr,yy ------------------------------- ry ,rr,yy ,rryy rr,yy rryy ------------------------------- 7#a7 #a ,,rryy 7#d7 #b ,rr,y,y 7#g7 #a rr,y,y 7#b7 #b ,r,r,yy 7#e7 #d ,rr,yy 7#h7 #b rr,yy 7#c7 #a ,r,ryy 7#f7 #b ,rryy 7#i7 #a rr,yy #i3c3c3a ,,fig4 #ah ,diagram %[+ ! possible comb9ations aris+ 9 ! second filial g5]ation 7,f#b7 foll[+ a cross betwe5 yell[1 r\nd 7,,yyrr7 & gre51 angul> or wr9kl$ 7yyrr7 peas4 ,y1 pres5ce ( factor = yell[2 y1 abs5ce ( su* a factor2 ,r1 pres5ce ( factor = smoo?ness or r\ndness2 r1 abs5ce ( su* a factor2 male male2 female female4 ,f\r ,k9ds ( ,gametes 9 ,ea* ,sex ,means ,sixte5 ,possible ,comb9ations4--,!re are1 !re=e1 ) ref]5ce to ! two pairs ( *>act]s "u consid]ation1 f\r k9ds ( gametes 7or mature g]m-cells7 produc$ 9 equal numb]s 9 ea* hybrid1 viz41 ,,ry1 ,ry1 r,y1 & ry4 ,t is1 9 ! fir/ type r\ndness & yell[ness are associat$1 9 ! second r\ndness & gre5ness1 9 ! ?ird angul>ity 7lack ( r\ndness7 & yell[ness1 & 9 ! f\r? angul>ity & gre5ness4 ,b s9ce bo? males & females h ^! f\r k9ds ( gametes1 :5 !y are mat$ !re w be sixte5 possible comb9ations4 ,^! may be tabulat$ z 9 ,fig4 #ah1 opposite p4 #hd4 ,! #i3c3c3a ,ratio4--,:ile !re are sixte5 possible & equally probable comb9ations1 ^! w give only n9e di/9ct k9ds because "s ( ! mat+s are alike4 ,! numb]s ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( mat+s are z foll[s3 7#a7 #a ,,rryy 7#d7 #b ,rr,y,y 7#g7 #a rr,y,y 7#b7 #b ,r,r,yy 7#e7 #d ,rr,yy 7#h7 #b rr,yy 7#c7 #a ,r,ryy 7#f7 #b ,rryy 7#i7 #a rr,yy ,s9ce r\ndness 7,r7 & yell[ness 7,y7 are dom9ant to angul>ity 7r7 & gre5ness 7y7 9 all comb9ations conta9+ ,r or ,y1 ! alt]native det]m9]s r or y w\ld be obscur$1 ) ! result t individuals hav+ c]ta9 ( ! comb9ations w\ld look alike to our eye4 ,= example1 ! individuals repres5t$ by numb]s #a1 #b1 #d & #e1 s9ce !y conta9 dom9ant ,r & ,y1 w\ld all appe> r\nd & yell[1 al?\gh 9 reality ,no4 #a w\ld be ! only "o ( pure type 7bo? elem5ts homozyg\s7 & h5ce ! only "o t w\ld bre$ true 9 subsequ5t g5]ations4 ,! two individuals repres5t$ 9 ,no4 #b w\ld bre$ true z reg>ds %ape 7,,rr7 b n color 7,yy74 ,j ! rev]se is true ( ,no4 #d s9ce %ape is het]ozyg\s 7,rr7 & color homozyg\s 7,,yy74 ,! f\r individuals repres5t$ 9 ,no4 #e are het]ozyg\s ) reg>d to bo? elem5ts4 ,?us n9e individuals 7#a plus #b plus #b plus #d #i7 repres5t$ 9 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #d & #e w\ld be r\nd & yell[1 ?ree individuals 7,nos4 #c & #f7 w\ld be r\nd & gre51 ?ree 7,nos4 #g & #h7 w\ld be angul> & yell[1 & only "o 7,no4 #i7 w\ld be angul> & gre54 ,t is to say1 ! f\r classes disc]nible to ! eye 9 g5]ation ,f#b w\ld be pres5t 9 ! ratio ( #i3c3c3a4 ,ph5otype & ,g5otype4--,=ms su* z ^? repres5t$ 9 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #d & #e :i* to ! eye appe> to be alike1 reg>dless ( _! g]m9al con/itution1 are said to be ( ! same ph5otype4 ,^? ( ! same h]$it>y con/itution1 z ! two individuals repres5t$ 9 ,no4 #h1 or ! f\r individuals 9 ,no4 #e1 are said to be ( ! same g5otype1 t is1 !y are ( id5tical gametic con/itution4 ,z we h se51 x is f ! g5otypical n ! ph5otypical con/itution t an (fspr+ is d]iv$ & :at a giv5 =m w br+ =? dep5ds !n on its g5otype4 ,crosses ,) ,m ,?an ,two ,pairs ( ,*>act]s4--,9 crosses 9 :i* m ?an two pairs ( contra/$ *>act]s are involv$ ! und]ly+ pr9ciples are 9 no way diff]5t1 only ) ea* pair ( additional *>act]s !re is1 ( c\rse1 a great] numb] ( possible comb9ations4 ,?us ) ?ree pairs ( *>act]s !re w be eight diff]5t classes ( gametes 9 ea* sex & consequ5tly sixty-f\r possible comb9ations 9 mat+1 giv+ eight diff]5t ph5otypes 9 ! proportion ( #bg3i3i3i3c3c3c3a4 ,! l>ge/ class manife/s ! ?ree dom9ant *>act]s2 ! smalle/ class1 ! ?ree recessives2 ! ?ree classes 9 ! proportion ( #i ea* exhibit two dom9ant & "o recessive *>act]s2 & ^? 9 ! proportion ( #c ea* display two recessive & "o dom9ant *>act]s4 ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,bl5d$ ,,inh]itance ,we come n[ to c]ta9 types ( inh]itance 9 :i* !re seems to be a true fusion or bl5d ( ! contributions f ! two p>5ts1 ! int]m$iate condition app>5tly p]si/+ 9 subsequ5t g5]ations )\t segregation4 ,num]\s cases ( bl5d$ inh]itance h be5 cit$ 9 e>li] lit]ature ( h]$ity1 b z our k ( g5etics has progress$ _m exp]im5tal bre$]s h come to believe t ! bl5ds 9 su* cases are app>5t r ?an real & t ! ph5om5a c be be/ expla9$ on a non-bl5d+ unit-"* basis1 j z we w\ld expla9 ord9>y ,m5delian ph5om5a4 ,nilsson-,ehle's ,discov]ies4--,to get _! po9t ( view we may review c]ta9 exp]im5ts on :eat made by ,nilsson-,ehle1 toge!r ) _! ,m5delian int]pretation4 ,nilsson-,ehle f\nd t a c]ta9 br[n-*aff$ :eat :5 cross$ ) a :ite-*aff$ /ra9 yield$ a br[n-*aff$ hybrid1 app>5tly 9 accordance ) ! simple pr9ciple ( ,m5delian dom9ance4 ,b ^! het]ozyg\s br[n-*aff$ individuals did n 9 turn give ! expect$ ratio ( #c3a 9 ! ,f#b g5]ation b a ratio ( #ae br[n to #a :ite1 & fur!rmore ! br[ns 7 n all ( ! same degree ( br[nness4 ,to be exact1 f fifte5 diff]5t crosses ( ! /ra9s he obta9$ #a1daj br[n-*aff$ & #id :ite-*aff$ plants4 ,?is app>5t anomaly 9 segregation 0 easily expla9$1 h[ev]1 :5 x 0 f9ally figur$ out t !re 7 really two indep5d5t det]m9]s = br[n color1 ei!r ( :i* alone c\ld produce a br[n individual1 b :5 comb9$ produc$ individuals ( correspond+ly deep] %ades ( br[n4 ,9 su* a case !n ,nilsson-,ehle discov]$ t he 0 deal+ m]ely ) a ,m5delian dihybrid :]e two diff]5t det]m9]s ,b & ,b' & _! respective abs5ces b & b' are involv$4 ,! orig9al br[n :eat _h bo? ,b & ,b' & ! orig9al :ite b & b'4 ,! =mula = ! ,f#a het]ozygote 0 !re=e ,bb,b'b'4 ,! f\r possible types ( gametes = male & female are ,,bb'1 ,bb'1 b,b'1 bb'1 & ! tabulation w\ld be z foll[s3 ----------------------------------- ,,bb' ,bb' b,b' bb' ------------------------------------- ,,bb' ,,bbb',b' ,,bbb'b' ,bb,b',b' ,bb,b'b' ------------------------------------- ,bb' ,,bbb'b' ,bb',bb' ,bb,b'b' ,bbb'b' ------------------------------------- b,b' ,bb,b',b' ,bb,b'b' bb,b',b' bb,b'b' ------------------------------------- bb' ,bb,b'b' ,bbb'b' bb,b'b' bbb'b' ---------------------------------------- - ,x w be obs]v$ t !re are m br[n det]m9]s 9 "s comb9ations ?an o!rs4 ,= in/ance "o ( ! sixte5 conta9s f\r su* det]m9]s1 viz41 ,b1 ,b'1 ,b1 ,b'1 f\r conta9 ?ree det]m9]s1 six conta9 two1 f\r conta9 only "o1 & "o conta9s none4 ,?us all b "o ( ! sixte5 conta9 at lea/ "o det]m9] & w !re=e be br[n 9 color b ! dep? ( color w dep5d on ! numb] ( br[n det]m9]s 9 a giv5 individual4 ,?is is m graphically repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ai1 p4 #ij4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( simil> individuals1 six 9 all1 conta9 two det]m9]s ea* & repres5t an int]m$iate bl5d betwe5 ! orig9al br[n-*aff$ & :ite-*aff$ /ra9s4 ,! deep] & ! light] br[ns due to m or few] det]m9ants 9 an individual w\ld if "o did n "k ! units 9 ?is case look l ! fluctuations ar\nd ?is av]age :i* we might expect 9 a bl5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai ,diagram illu/rat+ ! proportionate di/ribution ( det]m9]s :]e ei!r ( two diff]5t det]m9]s produces ! same "*1 ! degree ( expression ( ! "* dep5d+ on ! numb] ( ! det]m9]s pres5t4 ,! num]als indicate ! numb] ( br[n det]m9]s pres5t 9 an individual4 ,nilsson-,ehle f\nd ano!r significant case 9 :eat :]e "o p>ticul> r$-gra9$ /ra9 ( ,sw$i% :eat :5 cross$ ) :ite-gra9$ /ra9s produc$ r$-gra9$ (fspr+1 b :5 ^! 7 int]br$ ! ,f#b g5]ation gave approximately sixty-?ree r$ to "o :ite-gra9$ individual4 ,"h x 0 f\nd t 9 ! orig9al r$ :eat !re are ?ree sep>ate det]m9]s :i* act indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r 9 h]$ity1 any "o ( :i* w\ld make r$ color2 & t !y toge!r ) _! abs5ces simply foll[ ! ,m5delian laws = a trihybrid4 ,su* ,cases ,easily ,mi/ak5 = ,true ,bl5ds4--,if we %\ld tabulate ! possible comb9ations z we did ! dihybrid we %\ld see t we w\ld get individuals hav+ v>y+ numb]s ( r$ det]m9]s4 ,only "o ( ! sixty-f\r possible comb9ations w\ld be )\t a factor = r$4 ,( ! sixty-f\r1 "o w\ld h six det]m9]s = r$1 six w\ld h five1 fifte5 w\ld h f\r1 tw5ty w\ld h ?ree1 fifte5 w\ld h two1 six w\ld h "o1 & "o w\ld h none4 ,s9ce "h e additional r$ factor means deep] r$ness 9 ! individual !re w\ld be v>y+ degrees ( r$ness 9 ! ,f#b g5]ation ) ^? hav+ ?ree det]m9]s1 ! l>ge/ gr\p1 /&+ app>5tly int]m$iate4 ,n kn[+ ! factors involv$ we might easily mi/ake su* a case = a true bl5d ) fluctuations ab\t an av]age int]m$iate =m4 ,nilsson-,ehle f9ally prov$ 8 int]pretation by re>+ an ,f#c g5]ation f isolat$ & self-f]tiliz$ plants ( ?is ,f#b g5]ation4 ,?is same pr9ciple ( cumulative det]m9]s has also be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,am]ica by ,ea/ ) field corn4 ,z ! numb] ( duplicate det]m9]s increases x c be readily se5 t ! numb] ( app>5t bl5ds ( diff]5t degrees ( int]m$iacy betwe5 ! two extremes w\ld rapidly increase4 ,sk9-,color 9 ,man4--,9 man1 ! sk9-color ( ! hybrids betwe5 negroes & :ites is (t5 cit$ z a case ( bl5d$ inh]itance 9 contradi/9ction to ,m5delian inh]itance4 ,! sk9-color ( ! mulatto ( ! ,f#a g5]ation is int]m$iate betwe5 t ( ! :ite & black p>5t4 ,?is same degree ( int]m$iacy is commonly suppos$ to p]si/ 9 subsequ5t g5]ations1 b z a matt] ( fact1 c>eful inve/igation has %[n t :ile mulattoes r>ely produce pure :ite or pure black *ildr51 !re is consid]ably great] range 9 ! %ades ( color 9 ! ,f#b g5]ation & subsequ5t g5]ations ?an 9 ! ,f#a g5]ation4 ,?is is exactly :at "o w\ld expect ( a ,m5delian "* 9 :i* sev]al coop]at+ factors 7 involv$4 ,inde$1 ,dav5port :o has made ext5sive /udies#c on ! inh]itance ( sk9-color 9 man has come to ! conclusion t ! case is really "o ( ,m5delian inh]itance 9 :i* sev]al factors = sk9-color are conc]n$4 ,ev5 ! sk9 ( a :ite man is pigm5t$ 9 "s degree "u normal conditions4 ,dav5port has %[n 9 ! sk9 ( bo? :ites & blacks t !re is a mixture ( black1 yell[ & r$ pigm5ts4 ,he concludes t !re are two d\ble factors 7,,aabb7 = black pigm5tation 9 ! full-blood$ negro ( ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa & ^! are sep>ably inh]itable4 ,s9ce ^! factors are lack+ 9 :ite p]sons ! int]m$iate color ( an ,f#a mulatto w\ld !re=e be het]ozyg\s = pigm5tation1 & subsequ5t g5]ations1 foll[+ ! laws = segregation :]e a numb] ( factors are conc]n$1 w\ld %[ diff]5t degrees ( color because ( ! v>y+ comb9ations ( factors4 ,"s ,inve/igators ,w\ld ,"q ! ,exi/5ce ( ,real ,bl5ds4--,/ill o!r reput$ bl5ds su* z e> l5g? 9 rabbits & ! l h be5 %[n to be analyzable into ,m5delian behavior if "o w b po/ulate num]\s or multiple factors4 ,j h[ f> we are ju/ifi$ 9 s acc\nt+ = bl5ds has n yet be5 e/abli%$4 ,"s ( our mo/ c>eful exp]im5tali/s 9 h]$ity /ill believe t real bl5ds exi/1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! "* is quantitatively express$--t is1 z m or less ( a giv5 size or am\nt--:ile o!rs w\ld ma9ta9 t all alleg$ bl5ds w probably be f\nd to be resolvable into factors :i* foll[ ,m5delian rule4 ,x mu/ be left = future inve/igations to demon/rate :i* s*ool is correct4 ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,! ,,m5delian ,,factors ,,9 ,,! ,,g]m-,,cells ,p>allel ,betwe5 ! ,behavior ( ,m5delian ,factors & ,*romosomes4--,! "q arises z to :e!r !re is any evid5ce f ! /udy ( g]m-cells !mselves to be> out ! ,m5delian conception ( sep>ation ( contra/$ *>act]s 9 ! gametes ( ! ,f#a g5]ation4 ,9 ! discussion ( ! maturation ( g]m-cells 7,*ap4 ,,ii7 x has already be5 se5 t ! *romosomes ( ! g]m-cells are 9 all probability arrang$ 9 homolog\s pairs1 "o memb] be+ ( mat]nal & ! o!r ( pat]nal orig91 & t fur!rmore !y are closely associat$ ) ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity4 ,& s9ce 9 maturation !re is an actual segregation ( ! *romosomes into two sets1 half go+ to "o cell & half to its mate1 a physical basis adequate to ! necessities ( ! case is really at h&4 ,x w be recall$ t ! individuals ( a pair sep>ate 9 su* a way at ! r$uction division t ! pat]nal memb] goes to "o cell & ! mat]nal memb] to ! o!r1 al?\gh ea* pair seem+ly acts indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs ) ! result t any mature g]m-cell may conta9 *romosomes f ea* ( ! orig9al p>5ts b nev] ! two *romosomes :i* e>li] made up a pair4 ,! close p>allel betwe5 ! behavior ( *romosomes & ! behavior ( ,m5delian factors1 al?\gh ! two sets ( ph5om5a 7 discov]$ :olly indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 is obvi\s4 ,if we suppose t ea* *romosome be>s ! det]m9] ( a ,m5delian "* & t *romosomes be>+ allelomorphic *>act]s make up ! v>i\s pairs :i* are se5 9 ! e>ly g]m-cells ( an individual be=e r$uction occurs1 !n ! segregation ( ! individuals ( an allelomorphic pair into diff]5t gametes mu/ result 9 consequ5ce ( ! pass+ ( ! correspond+ *romosomes into sep>ate gametes4 ,fig4 #bj1 p4 #ie1 f ,pr(essor ,wilson repres5ts equally well ! segregations ( pairs ( *romosomes or pairs ( ,m5delian *>act]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj ,diagram %[+ union ( factors f ! two sep>ate p>5ts 9 f]tilization & _! segregation 9 ! =mation ( g]m-cells 7aft] ,wilson74 ,) f\r pairs ( factors 7,aa1 ,bb1 ,cc1 ,dd71 sixte5 types ( gametes are possible1 z %[n 9 ! s]ies ( small circles at ! "r4 ,! same diagram equally well repres5ts ! pair+s & segregations ( *romosomes4 ,a ,s+le ,*romosome n ,re/rict$ to ,c>ry+ a ,s+le ,det]m9]4--,x has be5 object$ t !re may be m pairs ( indep5d5tly h]itable allelomorphic *>act]s ?an !re are pairs ( *romosomes4 ,x is true t !re are m pairs ( *>act]s ?an pairs ( *romosomes b !re is no reason = suppos+ t a giv5 *romosome is re/rict$ to c>ry+ a s+le unit-det]m9]4 ,on ! contr>y x probably c>ries sev]al or _m4 ,"s work]s h po9t$ out t c]ta9 units might be int]*ang$ dur+ ! pair+ ( *romosomes be=e ! r$uction division1 o!rs t inasmu* z ! *romosomes become diffuse & granulat$ dur+ ! int]vals betwe5 divisions x is n improbable t ! individual units may become sep>at$ f _! orig9al sy/em dur+ su* times & t x is a matt] ( *ance into :i* ( ! homolog\s *romosomes1 ,a or a1 !y ent] ) ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! *romosomes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 cases are kn[n :]e two or m sep>ate *>act]s are p]man5tly associat$ 9 inh]itance1 t is1 if !y ent] a cross$ =m toge!r !y come out toge!r 9 ! gr&*ildr5 z if !y 7 c>ri$ 9 ! same unit-body 9 ! g]m-cell4 ,! only obs]vable unit-bodies t fulfil ! necessities ( su* cases are ! *romosomes4 ,?is t5d5cy ( *>act]s to exi/ 9 gr\ps :i* are inh]it$ indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r is com+ m & m into evid5ce z we p5etrate f>!r into ! intricacies ( inh]itance1 & x is exactly :at we w\ld expect on ! supposition t ea* *romosome c>ries ! det]m9]s ( a numb] ( *>act]s in/ead ( a s+le "o4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,m5delism ,,9 ,,man ,! ,m5delian ,pr9ciples ,probably ,applicable to ,_m ,*>act]s ( ,man4--,we are really j beg9n+ to make ! prop] obs]vations & collect ! necess>y data ) ref]5ce to ! application ( ,m5delian pr9ciples to ! traits ( man4 ,yet brief z has be5 our /udy we h disclos$ mu* significant evid5ce :i* makes x seem highly probable t _m ( 8 *>act]s1 good & bad1 ( m9d & body are z subs]vi5t to ^! laws z are ! traits & features ( l[] =ms4 ,dav5port & ,plate record ov] sixty human *>act]s or defects :i* are seem+ly inh]it$ 9 ,m5delian fa%ion4 ,al?\gh ab\t fifty ( ^! are pa?ological or abnormal conditions1 ?is does n mean t su* conditions are m prone to foll[ ,m5delian inh]itance b m]ely t be+ relatively conspicu\s or isolat$ !y are easi] to foll[ & tabulate4 ,difficult to get ,correct ,data4--,:ile x mu/ be said t 9 _m cases no simple =m ( ,m5delian tabulation has be5 unequivocally e/abli%$1 yet ! g5]al behavior ( ! v>i\s inh]itable traits 9 "q is s obvi\sly relat$ to ! conv5tional ,m5delian c\rse t !re seems little reason = d\bt+ t !y are at bottom ! same4 ,failure to obta9 exact proportions may be attributable 9 "p to ! probability t :at we loosely reg>d z a "* %\ld 9 reality be analyz$ into m elem5tal compon5ts1 & above all to ! fact t f ! v nature ( ! conditions "u :i* human records mu/ be obta9$1 !re is consid]able *ance ( inaccuracy or error 9 su* acc\nts4 ,h[ _m human traits foll[ ,m5delian rules rema9s l>gely = future inve/igators to e/abli%4 ,we are h&icapp$ at ! outset 9 man by ! _m difficulties ( gett+ correct data f ! g5ealogies on :i* we mu/ dep5d1 or 9 fact ( gett+ any g5ealogy at all1 = 9 ?is c\ntry at lea/1 mo/ families keep imp]fect records ( bir?s & dea?s & _m ( ! in/itutions = ! v>i\s k9ds ( defectives h little 9 _! records t w help u 9 foll[+ out h]$it>y conditions4 ,!n 9 matt]s ( disease we meet ) ! fact t _m =m] diagnoses 7 errone\s4 ,9 yet o!r cases1 & ?is is p>ticul>ly true among m5tal & moral defectives1 we are (t5 n sure ( ! pat]nity ( a giv5 *ild4 ,fur!rmore1 "o is likely to be misl$ by ! proportions :i* may occur 9 ! v limit$ numb] ( *ildr5 ( any giv5 c\ple4 ,/ill o!r difficulties exi/4 ,among ^! is ! fact1 = example1 t 9 _m cases ( defect or susceptibility to disease1 a giv5 individual 9 ! /ock may h ! trait 9 an expressible & transmissible =m1 yet x nev] comes to expression because t individual has be5 =tunate en\gh to escape ! environm5tal /imulus :i* w\ld call x =?4 ,?us "o highly susceptible to tub]culosis might escape infection1 or p]sons hov]+ on ! v]ge ( insanity might nev] receive ! precipitat+ /imulus :i* w\ld topple !m into actual insanity2 yet ea* w\ld be wrongfully record$ 9 a g5ealogy look+ to su* traits z p]fectly normal4 ,or aga9 if x be a "q ( intellectual brilliancy z %[n by accompli%m5t 9 ! realm ( s*ol>%ip1 or ( worldly affairs1 ! ones :o al?\gh possess+ !m h _h no *ance to display unusual tal5ts w\ld be tabulat$ z av]age :]eas 9 fact !y %\ld be record$ z ( high rank4 ,t ?is is p>ticul>ly likely to happ5 9 ! case ( wom5 is evid5t4 ,a ,g5]aliz$ ,pres5ce-,abs5ce ,=mula = ,man4--,9 man z 9 l[] =ms "s *>act]s or traits are due presumably to ! pres5ce ( det]m9]s or to _! abs5ce4 ,likewise1 dom9ance & recessiv5ess are z mu* 9 evid5ce1 = 9 trac+ back p$igrees ( v>i\s traits we f9d ! same =ms ( tabulation t obta9 = ^! conditions 9 plants & l[] animals hold good4 ,= typical cases 9 man let u use a g5]aliz$ pres5ce-abs5ce =mula & ! arbitr>y symbol ,a = ! pres5ce ( ! det]m9] ( ! "* 7d\ble 9 ! individual1 s+le 9 ! g]m7 & a = its abs5ce4 ,?us ,,aa repres5ts a condition 9 :i* simil> det]m9]s h be5 d]iv$ f bo? p>5ts & ! individual is duplex z reg>ds ! "* 9 "q2 ea* mature g]m-cell w h ! det]m9]4 ,aa repres5ts a condition 9 :i* ! individual has receiv$ ! det]m9] f only "o p>5t & is !re=e simplex ) reg>d to ! "*2 half ( ! gametes ( su* an individual w h ! det]m9] & half w lack x4 ,la/ly1 aa repres5ts total abs5ce ( ! det]m9]4 ,su* an individual is nulliplex4 ,he or %e w n h ! det]m9] repres5t$ 9 any ( ! gametes1 & c n1 ( c\rse1 transmit a trait repres5t$ by ! det]m9]4 ,x is evid5t t six k9ds ( gametic mat+s are possible among individuals repres5t+ ^! v>i\s =mulae4 ,^! mat+s are z foll[s3 ,possible c\pl+s ,mat+s ( gametes ,product #a4 ,nulliplex x ,nulliplex 7aa x aa7 a------a all nulliplex _/ _/ a------a #b4 ,nulliplex x ,simplex 7aa x ,aa7 a------,a #ej p] c5t4 _/ ) "* _/ nulliplex & a------a #ej p] c5t4 ) x simplex4 #c4 ,nulliplex x ,duplex 7aa x ,,aa7 a------,a all ) *>act]s _/ simplex _/ a------,a #d4 ,simplex x ,simplex 7,aa x ,aa7 ,a------,a #be p] c5t4 _/ ) *>act]s _/ duplex1 #ej p] a------a c5t4 ) x simplex & #be p] c5t4 ) x nulliplex4 #e4 ,simplex x ,duplex 7,aa x ,,aa7 ,a-------,a #ej p] c5t4 _/ ) "* _/ duplex & #ej a-------,a p] c5t4 ) x simplex4 #f4 ,duplex x ,duplex 7,,aa x ,,aa7 ,a-------,a all duplex4 _/ _/ ,a-------,a ,indications ( ,incomplete ,dom9ance4--,:ile 9 cases ( /rict ,m5delian dom9ance x is n possible to di/+ui% directly ! simplex f ! duplex condition1 z a matt] ( fact ! individual ( simplex con/itution sometimes has ! "* repres5t$ 9 ! s+le det]m9] less p]fectly develop$ ?an 9 ! correspond+ "* ( duplex orig94 ,9 /udy+ defects 9 man due to ! abs5ce ( a det]m9]1 :]e !oretically pres5ce ( ! det]m9] 7normality7 is dom9ant ov] its abs5ce 9 individuals ( simplex con/itution1 "o f9ds x record$ ) increas+ frequ5cy t su* individuals are m or less int]m$iate or are ta9t$ ) ! defect2 ?us %[+ t ! defect ?\gh obscur$ is n :olly 9 abeyance4 ,?us individuals c>ry+ epilepsy or feeble-m9d$ness :i* are reg>d$ z recessive traits1 :ile n %[+ specific feeble-m9d$ness or epilepsy1 may nev]!less app>5tly %[ a neuropa?ic ta9t 9 ! =m ( migra9e1 alcoholism or o!r lapse f normality4 ,! condition is seem+ly m ak9 9 "s cases to t f\nd 9 ! (fspr+ ( c]ta9 r$ fl[]s crossbr$ ) :ite fl[]s1 :i* ?\gh r$ d n %[ ! same int5sity ( color z ! orig9al r$ p>5t4 ,j z "h ! s+le det]m9] or s+le dose ( r$ness is insuffici5t to produce ! int5sity ( color t appe>s :5 ! (fspr+ receive two det]m9]s = r$1 "o f ea* p>5t1 s 9 man a s+le det]m9] = normality ( a specific "* is inadequate 9 "s cases to make ! individual :olly normal4 ,or possibly "s cases are m ( ! type ( ^? 9 :i* ! "* 9 "q1 = in/ance ! r$ color ( "s :eats & corn1 may be produc$ by any "o ( two or ?ree det]m9]s1 ! int5sity ( ! *>act]s 7r$ color1 e4 g47 dep5d+ on :e!r "o1 two or ?ree det]m9]s are pres5t4 ,:y ,aft] ! ,fir/ ,g5]ation ,only ,half ! ,*ildr5 ,may ,%[ ! ,dom9ant ,"*4--,if ! trait is a simple dom9ant "o x is cle> t x w appe> 9 ea* g5]ation & always spr+ f an affect$ individual4 ,by ref]r+ back to our tabulation ( possible mat+s on page #ajj :]e ! dom9ant "* is repres5t$ by ! lett] ,a1 ?is c be se5 at a glance4 ,if ! trait is pres5t 9 ! duplex condition 9 "o p>5t & abs5t f ! o!r1 !n =mula #c applies2 all *ildr5 w %[ ! trait1 b 9 ! simplex =m 7,aa74 ,if ! trait is pres5t 9 ! simplex =m 9 "o p>5t & abs5t 9 ! o!r1 =mula #b applies4 ,fifty p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 w h ! "* 9 ! simplex =m 7,aa7 :i* means also an ev5 *ance ( transmitt+ x to _! (fspr+2 fifty p] c5t4 w n inh]it x & w be incapable1 fur!rmore1 ( transmitt+ x1 s9ce !y h become nulliplex 7aa74 ,9 human g5ealogies if an individual hav+ an unusual trait :i* is inh]it$ z a dom9ant m>ries a normal p]son & half ( ! (fspr+ %[ ! trait 7& ?is is common71 ?is means t ! p>5t manife/+ ! trait _h x repres5t$ only 9 ! simplex condition1 o!rwise all ( ! *ildr5 w\ld h %[n x4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! orig9al ance/or :o fir/ develop$ ! condition or /ructure may h _h x 9 a duplex =m1 x w\ld aft] ! fir/ mat+1 if ?is 7 ) an individual lack+ ! trait1 be repres5t$ only 9 ! simplex =m 7see =mula #e7 & c\ld nev] become duplex aga9 unless two individuals bo? hav+ ! "* m>ri$1 & !n only 9 tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( ! (fspr+ 7see =mula #c74 ,if ! trait is a defect all ! *ildr5 %[+ x1 ev5 ?\gh m>ry+ normal 7nulliplex7 individuals1 w pass x on aga9 to half _! *ildr51 b ^? :o d n %[ x may ord9>ily m>ry ) impunity s9ce its non-expression 9 _! make-up means1 z f> z we "k at pres5t1 t _! g]m-plasm has be5 purg$ ( ! defect & t !y are !re=e nulliplex ) ref]5ce to x4 ,eye-,color 9 ,man4--,( normal *>act]s 9 man :i* foll[ ! ,m5delian =mula p]haps eye-color is ! be/ e/abli%$4 ,br[n or black eye-color is due to a melan9 pigm5t abs5t f ! blue or gray eye4 ,t is1 a br[n eye is practically a blue eye plus an additional lay] ( pigm5t on ! out] surface ( ! iris4 ,! diff]5t %ades ( br[n & ! black are due to ! relative abundance ( ?is pigm5t4 ,gray color & ! %ades ( blue seem to be a modification ( an orig9al d>k blue1 due to /ructural diff]5ces 9 ! fibr\s tissues ( ! iris4 ,9 inh]itance br[n or black is dom9ant to blue or gray1 or 9 o!r words ! pres5ce & abs5ce ( a pigm5t ,p con/itutes a pair ( allelomorphs4 ,h5ce two br[n-ey$ p>5ts1 if ,p is duplex 9 bo? 7or duplex 9 "o & simplex 9 ! o!r7 c h only br[n-ey$ *ildr54 ,?us1 #a4 ,,pp x ,,pp ,,pp1 or all duplex br[n4 #b4 ,,pp x ,pp ,,pp & ,pp1 half duplex br[n & half simplex br[n4 ,if ea* p>5t has br[n eyes b 9 simplex condition1 !n "o-f\r? ( *ildr5 w h blue or gray eyes2 = example1 ,mat+ ,gametic ,product c\pl+s ,pp x ,pp ,p--,p ,,pp1 ,pp1 p,p1 & pp1 or "o-f\r? _/ duplex br[n1 "o-half simplex _/ br[n1 & "o-f\r? blue or p--p gray4 ,if bo? p>5ts h blue or gray eyes !y c n h *ildr5 ) black or br[n eyes1 s9ce ! recessive condition 9 ea* p>5t means total abs5ce ( br[n pigm5t 9 bo?4 ,if "o pair is duplex br[n & ! o!r blue1 !n all *ildr5 w h br[n eyes b ( simplex type4 ,if "o p>5t has simplex br[n eyes 7type ,pp7 & "o blue 7pp7 !n "o-half ( ! *ildr5 w h br[n eyes ( simplex type & "o-half w h blue eyes4 ,occasional objections h be5 rais$ aga9/ ! ,m5delian int]pretation ( inh]itance 9 eye-color1 b ! cases cit$ 9 evid5ce aga9/ ! !ory usually n>r[ d[n to ^? 9 :i* ! color is s dilut$ z to r5d] classification unc]ta94 ,= example1 hazel eyes are sometimes call$ gray2 !y belong h[ev] to ! melanic pigm5t$ type al?\gh ! br[n pigm5t may be mu* dilut$ & occur ma9ly ar\nd ! pupil4 ,s-call$ gre5 eyes are due to yell[ pigm5t on a blue backgr\nd4 ,9 ! r>e cases :]e 9 ! same individual "o eye is br[n & ! o!r blue1 ! individual %\ld probably be rat$ z br[n-ey$ on ! supposition t 9 ! "o eye ! developm5t ( br[n pigm5t has 9 "s way be5 suppress$4 ,hair-,color4--,! inh]itance ( hair-color has also be5 ! subject ( consid]able /udy & :ile ! conditions are n s simple z 9 ! case ( eye-color1 !re is little d\bt t x belongs 9 ! ,m5delian category4 ,9 human hair1 color has z its f\ndation app>5tly two pigm5ts1 black & r$4 ,abs5ce ( "o or bo? or v>i\s comb9ations or dilutions ( ^! seem+ly acc\nt = ! prevail+ colors 9 human hair4 ,9 g5]al d>k hair is dom9ant to light1 al?\gh because ( ! delay sometimes 9 ! d>k5+ ( ! hair 9 *ildr5 ?is fact is (t5 obscur$4 ,black is dom9ant to r$4 ,p ) glossy black hair1 accord+ to ,dav5port1 are probably simplex = black1 ! gloss9ess be+ due usually to recessive r$4 ,! expectation w\ld be = "s ( ! *ildr5 ( su* a pair to h r$ hair4 ,9 man occasionally a cong5ital :ite lock contra/+ /rik+ly ) ! rema9+ normally pigm5t$ hair occurs4 ,x behaves z a simple dom9ant 9 h]$ity4 ,hair-,%ape4--,aga91 /raight & curly hair seem to be di/9ct inh]itable *>act]s4 ,curly is incompletely dom9ant to /raight1 ! simplex condition yield+ wavy hair4 ,n to ent] into details ( ! mat+s1 /ati/ics ga!r$ by ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,dav5port %[ t1 two flax5-hair$ p>5ts h flax5-hair$ *ildr52 two gold5-hair$ p>5ts h only gold5-hair$ *ildr52 two p>5ts ) light br[n hair h *ildr5 ) hair ( t color or light]1 b nev] d>k]2 two p>5ts ea* ) d>k br[n or black hair may h *ildr5 ) all ! v>ieties ( hair-color4 ,summ+ toge!r a s]ies ( recessives ,dav5port po9ts out t two blue-ey$1 flax5 or gold5 & /raight-hair$ p>5ts w h only *ildr5 l !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba ,diagram %[+ desc5t ( bra*ydactyly ?r\gh five g5]ations2 black symbols indicate affect$ individuals2 male1 male2 female1 female 7aft] ,f>abee74 ,irregul>ities4--,if a dom9ant trait or defect dep5ds on m ?an a s+le factor1 z is sometimes ! case1 or if x is modifi$ by sex or o!r conditions1 z is true ( c]ta9 *>act]s1 "s ( :i*1 su* z color-bl9dness1 h already be5 exam9$1 !n we %all f9d "s app>5tly non-affect$ individuals hav+ affect$ (fspr+4 ,c]ta9 diseases1 = example1 are g5]ally transmitt$ by affect$ memb]s ( ! family to _! *ildr5 9 ! expect$ ,m5delian ratio = a dom9ant1 yet an occasional skip ( a g5]ation may appe> 9 :i* an app>5tly p]fectly normal individual transmits to 8 *ildr5 :at1 except = ! omission 9 8 own case1 appe>s to be an ord9>y dom9ant "*4 ,?is occasional lapse 9 ! appe>ance ( a "* :5 !oretically x %\ld appe> is d\btless due 9 "s in/ances to ! fact t :at is really inh]it$ is a t5d5cy1 & al?\gh ?is is pres5t 9 ! app>5tly normal individual1 = "s reason ! condition itself has n appe>$4 ,?is might especially be true 9 ! case ( a disease :i* does n manife/ itself until late 9 life4 ,9 o!r cases !re are und\bt$ly complicat+ accessory conditions :i* modify ! behavior ( ! trait some:at4 ,,o!r ,,cases ,,( ,,dom9ance ,,9 ,,man ,among o!r normal *>act]s 9 man1 z f> z available evid5ce goes1 d>k sk9 is dom9ant to light sk92 normally pigm5t$ condition to alb9o2 & n]v\s temp]am5t to phlegmatic4 ,digital ,mal=mations4--,an int]e/+ & easily foll[$ defect is a condition kn[n z bra*ydactylism1 9 :i* ! digits are %ort5$ because ( ! abs5ce or rudim5t>y condition ( "o segm5t4 ,! f+]s1 !re=e1 appe> to be only two-jo9t$ l ! ?umb4 ,sev]al families %[+ ?is defect h be5 *>t$ & x appe>s to behave z a typical dom9ant4 ,9 look+ ov] su* a *>t 7,fig4 #ba1 p4 #ajf7 "o is /ruck by ! fact t only half ( ! *ildr5 f mo/ ( ! mat+s %[ ! defect1 b :5 we recall t ! affect$ p>5t1 aft] ! fir/ g5]ation1 probably c>ri$ ! condition 9 only ! simplex =m & m>ri$ a normal individual1 su* a result is j :at w\ld be expect$ 7see =mula #b74 ,polydactylism 7,figs4 #bb1 #bc1 pp4 #aji1 #aaj7 is a condition 9 :i* !re are extra digits on h&s or feet4 ,! "*1 ) app>5tly slight exceptions 9 a few records1 behaves z a typical dom9ant4 ,among o!r digital defects :i* are inh]it$ z a dom9ant is a condition kn[n z syndactylism 7,fig4 #bd1 p4 #aaa71 9 :i* two or m digits are fus$ side by side4 ,= an example ( syndactyly :i* seems to be 9 ! class ( sex-l9k$ *>act]s1 see ,fig4 #ae1 p4 #fe4 ,eye ,defects4--,cong5ital cat>act is ano!r n uncommon defect 9 man :i* is transmitt$ z a dom9ant 7,fig4 #be1 p4 #aab7 ) occasional irregul>ities4 ,x is a condition ( opacity ( ! l5s ( ! eye :i* produces p>tial or total bl9dness4 ,9 a pap] on ,h]$it>y ,bl9dness & ,its ,prev5tion1 ,cl>5ce ,loeb 7#aiji7 m5tions #cjd families ( :i* p$igrees h be5 publi%$4 ,( ! #a1jab *ildr5 9 ^! families #ehi1 or #eh p] c5t41 7 affect$4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is is ne> ! expect$ p]c5tage 9 ! case ( a dom9ant trait :]e mat+s ( affect$ ) normal individuals prevail$4 ,an un=tunate circum/ance ab\t ?is malady f ! eug5ic /&po9t is ! fact t x is frequ5tly ( ! pres5ile =m :i* comes on late 9 life s t x is usually impossible to pr$ict :e!r an individual ( m>riageable age is immune or w lat] become affect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb ,radiograph 7,c\rtesy ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,helm7 %[+ polydactyly 9 a *ild's h&4 ,= g5ealogy ( ?is see ,fig4 #bc1 p4 #aaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc ,*>t %[+ a hi/ory ( polydactylism ?r\gh five g5]ations 9 ! ,b---- family4 ,! individual ^: h& is pictur$ 9 ,fig4 #bb1 p4 #aji1 is ( ! fif? g5]ation4 ,squ>es repres5t males1 circles females4 ,ano!r defect ( ! eye foll[+ ! c\rse ( a dom9ant 9 h]$ity is a pigm5t>y deg5]ation ( ! ret9a kn[n z ret9itis pigm5tosa4 ,atrophy ( ! optic n]ve is also involv$ & ! f9al result is bl9dness4 ,/ill ano!r example frequ5tly cit$ is t ( h]$it>y night bl9dness 7hem]alopia71 a disease 9 :i* ! affect$ p]son c n see by any b ! brighte/ light4 ,9 mo/ affect$ families ! f9al outcome is usually total bl9dness4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable p$igrees ( defects 9 man ev] collect$ is "o ( ?is disease publi%$ by ,nettle%ip4 ,he succe$$ 9 trac+ ! defect ?r\gh n9e g5]ations1 back to ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! g5ealogy includes #b1aaf p]sons4 ,! "* behaves z a s+le dom9ant 9 males1 b frequ5tly1 ?\gh n always1 females may be c>ri]s ( ! defect 9 transmissible =m ?\gh n exhibit+ x !mselves4 ,t is1 males 9 :i* ! condition is simplex 7,aa7 develop ! defect b females ( simil> simplex con/itution 7,aa7 frequ5tly d n4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t normal males ( su* /ra9s w h normal (fspr+ b normal females may h affect$ *ildr54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd ,radiograph 7,c\rtesy ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,helm7 %[+ a p>tial syndactyly 9 ea* h& ( an individual4 ,"s degree ( webb+ betwe5 ! m di/al portions ( ! affect$ p>ts is usual4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be ,p$igree ( a family ) pres5ile cat>act 7black symbols72 numb]s 9 circles indicate unaffect$ individuals 7aft] ,dav5port74 ,o!r ,defects ,inh]it$ z ,dom9ants4--,n to g into details o!r defects :i* behave z dom9ants or modifi$ dom9ants 9 human inh]itance may be m5tion$4 ,! foll[+ li/ is n complete & x mu/ be und]/ood t 9 "s cases ! /ati/ics are insuffici5t to ju/ify u 9 mak+ any?+ b a t5tative decision4 ,we may ?us enum]ate z dom9ant ov] normality3 ,a*ondroplasy 7abnormally %ort limbs ) normal head & body72 ,k]atosis 7?ick5+ ( epid]mis72 ,epid]molysis 7excessive =mation ( bli/]s72 ,hypotri*osis 7hairless1 too?less condition72 ,diabetes insipidus2 ,diabetes mellitus2 ord9>y 7n ,g[]'s7 muscul> atrophy2 ,glaucoma 7int]nal swell+ & pressure ( eye-ball72 displac$ l5s2 ,coloboma 7op5 suture 9 iris72 spott$ness ( hair-coat2 & corneal opacity4 ,z a f9al illu/ration ( a s]i\s malady 9 man :i* acts z a dom9ant 9 inh]itance1 let u take ,hunt+ton's *orea4 ,ord9>y *orea1 or ,/4 ,vitus' dance1 a disord] *>act]iz$ by involunt>y muscul> movem5ts1 is commonly ?\gh n always conf9$ to *ildr5 & usually ends 9 recov]y1 b ,hunt+ton's *orea appe>s typically 9 middle life & is a mu* m dang]\s malady4 ,fig4 #bf1 p4 #aad1 repres5ts ! family hi/ory ( "o ( five cases :i* h be5 /udi$ by ,doctor ,lor5z 9 ! ,m5dota ,hospital = ! ,insane4 ,all *>ts :i* h be5 platt$ ( ?is malady %[ x to be inh]it$ z a dom9ant4 ,?is means t half ( ! *ildr5 ( an individual :o c>ri$ ! malady 9 ! simplex condition1 & all ! *ildr5 ( "o :o c>ries x 9 ! duplex condition1 are probably m>k$ = ?is t]rible end4 ,& ! true horror ( x c only be appreciat$ by "o :o has se5 ! la/ /ages ( ! malady4 ,! victim once 9 its grasp gradually becomes wreck$ 9 m9d & body2 ! muscul> twit*+s & disord]s ( movem5t cont9ually increase & dem5tia progresses until at la/ dea? ensues4 ,fig4 #bg1 p4 #aae1 is ano!r *>t %[+ inh]itance ( ,hunt+ton's *orea4 ,9 /ill a ?ird case at ! ,m5dota ,hospital1 ! gravity ( ! situation c be appreciat$ :5 "o realizes t ! pati5t is ! fa!r ( t5 *ildr51 rang+ 9 age f "o to sev5te5 & "o-half ye>s4 ,! calamit\s fact t ?is disease does n manife/ itself usually until middle life makes x likely t ^! *ildr5 w all rea* maturity1 m>ry & 9 turn probably produce (fspr+ be=e ! doom$ memb]s ( ! family realize _! fate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf ,*>t %[+ desc5t ( ,hunt+ton's *orea 9 ! ,p---- family 7c\rtesy ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,lor5z74 ,squ>es repres5t male1 circles female2 %ad$ figures are *oreic memb]s ( ! family2 p>tially %ad$ figures1 slightly affect$ or v n]v\s memb]s4 ,! memb]s ( ! la/ g5]ation are = ! mo/ "p /ill too "y to %[ _! condition4 ,! cross indicates ! individual 9 ! asylum f :om ! record 0 trac$ back4 ,,cases ,,( ,,recessiv5ess ,,9 ,,man ,recessive ,conditions ,m ,difficult to ,deal ,) ,because ,!y ,are ,frequ5tly ,mask$4--,com+ n[ to ! "q ( recessive conditions 9 man1 we f9d t defects are m likely to be ( recessive ?an ( dom9ant type4 ,app>5tly normality usually means ! pres5ce ( normal det]m9]s & abnormality1 ! abs5ce ( "s ess5tial det]m9]4 ,9 ! latt] case1 a unit-factor has seem+ly be5 lo/ out 9 "s way 9 ! g]m-plasm1 & ! product ( su* g]m-plasm is !re=e incomplete4 ,z long z ! loss is c\nt]balanc$ by ! pres5ce ( a s+le det]m9] f ! o!r l9e ( ance/ry1 t is1 z long z ! simplex 7,aa7 condition prevails1 ! loss may n be 9 evid5ce1 except 9 cases ( incomplete dom9ance 7ta9ts1 etc471 b any mat+ :i* p]mits ( ! production ( ! nulliplex condition w br+ ! defect to expression aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg ,*>t %[+ inh]itance ( ,hunt+ton's *orea 9 ! ,r---- family 7c\rtesy ( ,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,lor5z72 #a1 #b h be5 pati5ts at ,m5dota ,hospital = ! ,insane2 #c1 di$ ( p>alysis2 ! f\r? or la/ g5]ation indicat$ by ! cross1 rang+ 9 age f #f to #ad1 are too "y yet to %[ _! condition z reg>ds ?is malady4 ,! obscure nature ( recessives makes su* conditions m difficult to deal ) ?an dom9ant defects4 ,= z reg>ds ! latt] we h se5 t m>riage ( unaffect$ memb]s ( ! family z f> z t p>ticul> trait is conc]n$1 is p]fectly safe1 ev5 to a c\s91 = once ! g]m-plasm is purg$ ( su* a positive factor1 x1 9 s f> z we "k1 rema9s pure4 ,b 9 ! case ( a recessive "* due to ! abs5ce ( "s necess>y det]m9] a normal (fspr+ ( simplex con/itution 7,aa7 w probably transmit to half ( 8 *ildr5 ! capacity = h&+ on ! defect1 or if mat$ to ano!r normal individual ( simplex con/itution 7,aa7 is likely to h ! actual defect reveal$ aga9 9 "o-f\r? ( 8 *ildr5 & lat5t 9 two-?irds ( ! rema9d]4 ,alb9ism a ,recessive4--,z an easily und]/ood illu/ration ( ?is type ( case we may take human alb9ism1 a condition :i* is due to ! abs5ce ( a pigm5t-develop+ det]m9]4 ,accord+ to ,dav5port ! alb9ic condition is recessive to normal condition4 ,if alb9o 7aa7 is mat$ ) alb9o 7aa7 no?+ b alb9o *ildr5 may be expect$4 ,an alb9o 7aa7 mat$ ) a normal individual w h normal (fspr+ 7,aa71 b !y w h ! capacity = transmitt+ alb9ism to _! desc5dants4 ,?us ! normal (fspr+ 7,aa7 ( an alb9o 7aa7 & a normal p>5t 7,,aa7 if mat$ to ano!r normal individual 7,aa7 :o has also _h an alb9o p>5t w probably transmit actual alb9ism to "o-f\r? ( 8 *ildr5 & ! same capacity t he himself has ( produc+ alb9os1 to "o-half ( 8 *ildr51 al?\gh ! latt] w appe> to ! eye to be normal4 ,o!r ,recessive ,conditions 9 ,man4--,if = alb9ism we sub/itute c]ta9 =ms ( insanity1 h]$it>y feeble-m9d$ness 7,fig4 #bh1 p4 #aah71 or h]$it>y epilepsy1 all ( :i* app>5tly foll[ ! same law1 we c readily und]/& h[ unfit su* mat+s are :]e bo? /ra9s are affect$4 ,m>riage ) simil>ly defective /ock w result 9 ! affection appe>+ 9 "o-f\r? ( ! prog5y1 & "o-half ( !m1 ?\gh app>5tly normal !mselves1 w h ! capacity = transmitt+ ! imp]fection4 ,x is 9 ! exi/5ce ( su* hidd5 factors t ! *ief dang] 9 ! m>riage ( c\s9s1 or 9 fact any consangu9e\s m>riage lies4 ,a few ( ! v>i\s defects :i* seem to be inh]it$ z recessives :5 mat$ ) normality are3 susceptibility to canc]2 *orea 7,/4 ,vitus' dance72 true dw>fism 7all p>ts proportionately r$uc$72 ,alkaptonuria 7ur9e d>k5s aft] passage72 alcoholism & crim9ality1 :]e bas$ on m5tal defici5cy2 h]$it>y hy/]ia2 multiple scl]osis 7diffuse deg5]ation ( n]v\s tissue72 ,fri$rei*'s disease 7deg5]ation ( upp] "p ( ! sp9al cord72 ,m]ri]e's disease 7dizz9ess & ro>+ 9 e>s72 ,?oms5's disease 7lack ( muscul> tone72 h]$it>y ataxia2 possibly ! t5d5cy to become h>d ( he>+ ) increas$ age2 & possibly1 non-resi/ance to tub]culosis4 ,( non-pa?ological conditions 9 man :i* are inh]it$ z recessives1 app>5tly ei!r v great or v small intellectual ability are examples4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh ,*>t %[+ desc5t ( feeble-m9d$ness z a typical recessive 7aft] ,godd>d74 ,squ>es repres5t males1 circles females2 ,,dd1 homozyg\s dom9ant2 ,,dr1 het]ozyg\s dom9ant 7i4 e4 normal al?\gh a c>ri]72 ,,rr1 pure recessive2 ,n1 normal2 ,f1 feeble-m9d$2 ,a1 alcoholic4 ,bre$+ ,out ,defects4--,ev5 ?\gh recessive defects occur 9 a /ock1 !re is ! possibility ( dilut+ out ! imp]fection 9 successive g5]ations if c>e is tak5 always to m>ry into a /ock :olly free f x4 ,= example1 a normal individual c>ry+ a recessive defect w be> ! abnormality 9 half ( 8 or h] g]m-cells4 ,?is means t :5 su* an individual m>ries a normal1 non-c>ri]1 half ( _! *ildr5 w be :olly normal 7,,aa7 & half w be c>ri]s2 normal b ( simplex con/itution 7,aa74 ,if n[ ?is g5]ation1 c>ri]s & non-c>ri]s1 m>ry only into normal /ra9s ( duplex con/itution1 !n _! comb9$ issue w be likewise normal ) only "o-f\r? ( !m c>ri]s ( ! imp]fections4 ,?is means t ev5 if all ( ?is la/ g5]ation 7 m>ri$ to p]sons hav+ ! defect only "o out ( f\r w\ld h *ildr5 %[+ x al?\gh ! rema9+ *ildr5 w\ld be c>ri]s4 ,on ! o!r h& if mat$ to normals only "o-eight ( ! next g5]ation w\ld be c>ri]s4 ,?us by cont9ually m>ry+ into /rong /ra9s liability to manife/ any recessive defect c be dim9i%$ 9 a few g5]ations until ! desc5dants are no m likely to h defective *ildr5 ?an are memb]s ( our ord9>y population4 ,! proportion 9 :i* ! recessive defect w\ld appe> 9 successive g5]ations if all p]sons 9 a giv5 g5]ation m>ri$ only normal individuals :o 7 non-c>ri]s is indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ table :]e ,,aa indicates a normal individual1 ,aa "o :o is normal b a c>ri]1 & aa an individual ) ! imp]fection express$2 to indicate proportions simply aft] ! fir/ g5]ation1 f\r is arbitr>ily *os5 z ! numb] ( *ildr5 :i* results f ea* m>riage3 ,mat+s ,*ildr5 ,g5]ation #a aa x ,,aa ,aa ,g5]ation #b ,aa x ,,aa #b;,,aa #b;,aa ,g5]ation #c ,,aa x ,,aa #d;,,aa ,,aa x ,,aa #d;,,aa ,aa x ,,aa #b;,,aa #b;,aa ,aa x ,,aa #b;,,aa #b;,aa ---------- #ab;,,aa #d;,aa ,o!r ,inh]itable ,conditions 9 ,man4--,:ile _m p$igrees %[ beyond dispute t su* qualities z musical ability1 lit]>y ability1 memory1 calculat+ ability1 me*anical skill1 longevity1 peculi>ities ( h&writ+1 obesity & muscul> /r5g?1 = example1 are inh]it$1 _! modes ( inh]itance h n yet be5 suffici5tly analyz$ to express !m exactly4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,are ,,modifications ,,acquir$ ,,directly ,,by ,,! ,,body ,,inh]it$8 ,:i* ,new ,*>act]s ,are ,inh]it$8--,any new feature :i* appe>s 9 a giv5 organism may h _h its orig9 9 "s *ange :i* has come ab\t 9 ! g]m f :i* x sprang1 or x may be m]ely ! product ( "s unusual /imulus op]at+ on ! body4 ,:ile ! outcome1 z f> z ! pres5t individual is conc]n$1 is 9 ea* case a def9ite modification1 ! matt] ( inh]itance is a v diff]5t "q4 ,on ! fir/ alt]native :]e ! new "* is ! outcome ( g]m9al *ange1 x is obvi\s t ! alt]$ g]m-plasm w f9d expression 9 a simil> way 9 succe$+ g5]ations z long z ! new g]m9al comb9ations p]si/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! new "* has result$ m]ely f "s influ5ce op]at+ on ! body ( ! individual1 !n to be inh]it$ x w\ld also h 9 "s way to be transf]r$ to & incorporat$ 9 ! g]m-plasm4 ,inasmu* z ! body or soma ( any individual is highly pla/ic & s9ce v>i\s ( its ultimate features may be m]e somatic modifications1 x is important to decide if possible :e!r or n somatic v>iations :i* are n ( g]m9al orig9 c be inh]it$4 ,examples ( ,somatic ,modifications4--,= example1 ! small foot ( ! ,*9ese woman ( c]ta9 ca/e is ! result ( inh]5t g]m9al factor = ! production ( a foot plus ! effects ( b9d+ :i* are 9 no wise g]m9al4 ,! h& ( ! skill$ piani/ is a normal h& ( g]m9al orig9 & normal environm5t plus ! effects ( special tra9+4 ,aga91 ! head ( ! ,fla!ad ,indian is a normal head ( g]m9al orig9 & environm5t plus ! effects ( flatt5+4 ,simil>ly1 almo/ any mal=mation ( extr9sic orig9 may be cit$1 rang+ f mutilations & amputations1 sc>s & ! l to mon/rosities su* z "o-ey$ fi% :i* may be produc$ by subject+ a develop+ embryo to adv]se conditions ( developm5t4 ,use & ,disuse4--,ev5 reactions set up ?r\gh ! organism's own activities mu/ produce *anges4 ,= example1 a muscle has a c]ta9 av]age ( normal developm5t 9 ! av]age man2 x comes to ?is ?r\gh ! innate nature ( its compon5t cells plus a c]ta9 av]age am\nt ( ex]cise4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be develop$ f> beyond ?is av]age by excessive ex]cise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a well-kn[n fact t an unus$ organ weak5s or may rema9 b p>tially develop$4 ,?us ei!r use or disuse may play an important "p 9 ! mold+ ( a giv5 individual4 ,b :e!r or n 9 do+ ?is x simil>ly affects ! g]m is a v diff]5t matt]4 ,! ,problem ,/at$4--,! "q is c su* enhanc$ or suppress$ developm5t1 or c new or modifi$ *>act]s1 produc$ 9 an individual by ext]nal ag5cies be s reflect$ on ! g]m-cell ( ! individual t !y t5d to reappe> z su* 9 its (fspr+ )\t requir+ ! same ext]nal factors = _! production8 ,special ,conditions ,prevail 9 ,mammals4--,be=e proce$+ fur!r we mu/ recognize cle>ly ! v special conditions :i* exi/ 9 mo/ mammals4 ,) !m environm5t is 9 "p an intra-mat]nal environm5t & 9 "p indep5d5t ( p>5tal influ5ces4 ,?us ! =mula = mo/ non-mammalia w\ld be-- ,individual egg non-p>5tal environm5t2 b = mo/ mammals1 includ+ man-- ,individual egg intra-mat]nal environm5t non-p>5tal environm5t4 ,?is condition 9 mammals introduces a complicat+ factor :i* is likely to obscure ! :ole issue unless we be> x con/antly 9 m9d4 ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ discrim9ate %>ply1 9 ! discussion ( inh]itance 9 man1 = in/ance1 betwe5 two classes ( influ5ces :i* may exi/ 9 ! infant at bir?1 t is1 :i* are cong5ital2 namely1 ^? :i* 7 truly inh]5t--7 9 ! g]m-cells--at ! v inception ( ! "y individual1 & 7#b7 ^? :i* might lat] h be5 d]iv$ f ei!r p>5t by ! yet unborn (fspr+4 ,! latt] are n reg>d$ z truly h]$it>y4 ,s9ce c]ta9 diseases or _! effects belong "h we occasionally f9d a physician us+ ! t]m inh]itance = su* pr5atal influ5ces1 b ! m c>eful ones n[ employ ! t]m transmission to discrim9ate betwe5 su* conditions & true inh]itance4 ,9 its biological usage inh]itance always ref]s to g]m9al con/itution & nev] to any condition t may be ?ru/ on a develop+ organism be=e bir?4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t cong5ital conditions are n all necess>ily cases ( inh]itance4 ,?ree ,fundam5tal ,que/ions4--,to get at ! "q ( ! inh]itance ( body modifications ) ! lea/ confusion1 let u exam9e x 9 ! =m ( ?ree fundam5tal que/ions1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,c ext]nal influ5ces directly affect ! g]m-cells8 #b4 ,c ext]nal influ5ces1 op]at+ ?r\gh ! int]m$iation ( ! p>5tal body1 affect ! g]m-cells8 ,if s1 is ! effect a specific & a p]man5t "o :i* p]si/s 9 succe$+ g5]ations indep5d5tly ( ext]nal influ5ces simil> to ^? :i* orig9ally produc$ x8 ,only su* a condition z ?is w\ld rank z ! inh]itance ( a somatic modification4 #c4 ,c ! appe>ance ( new *>act]s be expla9$ on any o!r gr\nd1 or on any m inclusive basis1 ?an ?r\gh ! transmission ( somatic acquirem5ts1 or d organisms possess h]itable *>act]s :i* are inexplicable z inh]itance ( su* modifications8 ,obvi\sly ! only way ! "q c be settl$ is ?r\gh c>eful exp]im5tation 9 :i* all possible s\rces ( error h be5 =ese5 & gu>d$ aga9/4 ,mu* exp]im5tal "w has be5 und]tak5 = ! solution ( ?is problem z ! goal & we may !re=e select typical ones ( ^! exp]im5ts & apply ! results t[>d answ]+ our ?ree que/ions4 ,ext]nal ,influ5ces ,may ,directly ,affect ! ,g]m-,cells4--,!re is evid5ce t "u special conditions ext]nal influ5ces may 9 c]ta9 organisms affect ! g]m-cells1 b t ?is occurs commonly is extremely d\btful4 ,= example1 ,pr(essor ,mac,dougal1 by treat+ ! g]m-cells ( ! ev5+ primrose ) v>i\s solutions1 su* z sug>1 z9c sulphate & calcium nitrate1 has app>5tly succe$$ 9 produc+ def9ite g]m9al mutations4 ,he inject$ ! solution into ! ov>y ( ! fl[] ! =5oon ( ! day at ! close ( :i* poll9ation w\ld occur4 ,he reports t 9 ?is way *anges 7 produc$ 9 ! g]m :i* f\nd expression 9 new & p]man5t *>act]s4 ,pr(essor ,t[] has exp]im5t$ = a numb] ( ye>s ) v>i\s species ( ,lept9ot>sa1 ! potato beetle4 ,by v>y+ ! conditions ( temp]ature1 humidity & atmosph]ic pressure :5 females 7 lay+ _! eggs1 he reports hav+ produc$ v>iations 9 ! "y :i* came f ^! eggs al?\gh ! mo!rs !mselves 7 n *ang$4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,t[] slight increase or decrease 9 ^! environm5tal factors /imulat$ ! activity ( ! color produc+ f]m5ts1 giv+ rise to melanic or d>k] individuals4 ,great] increase or decrease1 inhibit$ !m & produc$ alb9os4 ,he f\nd also t at times ! same /imulus might %[ diff]5t results 9 diff]5t eggs4 ,! effect1 !re=e1 is a g5]al & n a specific "o4 ,ord9>ily ! eggs ( ^! beetles are laid 9 bat*es4 ,:5 "o ( ^! bat*es 0 laid & left "u normal conditions1 ! usual =m ( "y hat*$ f x1 b o!r bat*es f ! same female "u abnormal conditions result$ 9 ! production ( atypical =ms4 ,= example1 a normal two-brood$ =m became five-brood$4 ,! commone/ modification 0 ! production ( v>i\s color types4 ,^! once e/abli%$1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,t[]1 behave z indep5d5t1 inh]itable units4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,doctor ,b>de5 ) ,x-rays & ( o!rs ) ,x-rays1 radium & o!r ag5ts on ! sp]m & ova ( amphibia %[ t ^! are v susceptible to injuri\s influ5ce at or ne> ! "t ( f]tilization4 ,su* ,effects ,improbable 9 ,w>m-,blood$ ,animals4--,h[ev] possible x may be to br+ ab\t g]m9al *anges 9 inv]tebrata or l[] v]tebrata by su* ext]nal ag5ts z temp]ature & ! l x is obvi\s t ! probability ( su* extr9sic influ5ces affect+ ! g]m-cells ( w>m-blood$ animals is v remote inde$4 ,9 ! latt] ! g]m-cells are m or less di/ant f ! ext]ior & are at practically a con/ant temp]ature4 ,su* exp]im5ts1 !re=e1 beyond %[+ ! possibility ( produc+ *anges 9 g]m-cells1 d n h v direct be>+ on ! problem ( h[ inh]itable v>iations are produc$ 9 man4 ,9 8 case ab\t ! only av5ue ( approa* ?r\gh :i* g]m-cells might be influ5c$ is ! blood or lymph4 ,poisons 9 ! ,blood ,may ,affect ! ,g]m-,cells4--,any poison\s mat]ial 9 ! latt] might injuri\sly affect ! gametes4 ,we "k1 9 fact1 t su* poisons z alcohol1 lead & v>i\s drugs1 & also ! tox9s ( v>i\s diseases1 d s affect g]m-cells4 ,x seems plausible to suppose t *ang+ conditions ( nutrition may affect ! con/itution ( ! g]m-cells & ?us induce *anges 9 ! organism :i* arise f ^! cells1 b su* nutritional effect is n yet a matt] ( e/abli%$ fact4 ,difficulty ( ,expla9+ ,h[ ,somatic ,modifications ,c\ld be ,regi/]$ 9 ,g]m-,cells4--,z to our second qu]y conc]n+ ! possibility ( affect+ ! g]m-cells ?r\gh ! int]m$iation ( p>5tal tissues1 x is evid5t at a glance t s9ce ! g]m-cells are built up along ) ! body & are n a product ( x 7,fig4 #b1 p4 #ac71 if su* effects are possible !y mu/ take place ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( "s transport+ m$ium4 ,! g]m-cells1 be+ l9eal desc5dants ( ! orig9al f]tile g]m or zygote1 already h ! same possibilities ( develop+ into an adult t ! zygote _h1 & s ! problem becomes "o ( modify+ a complete g]m already organiz$ r ?an ( e/abli%+ a new g]m by gett+ toge!r samples ( e "p ( ! body4 ,?is is all ! m evid5t :5 "o realizes t usually ! g]m-cells are set ap>t long be=e ! body becomes adult1 t is1 be=e ! body has develop$ mo/ ( its *>act]i/ics4 ,moreov]1 among l[] animals _m in/ances are kn[n :]e ! immature "y or ev5 l>vae w produce (fspr+ :i* nev]!less ultimately manife/ all ! /ructures ( ! adult condition4 ,b suppos+ specific modifications ( ! g]m9al me*anism 7 possible1 x is difficult to compreh5d h[ an influ5ce at a di/ant po9t ( ! body c\ld rea* ! g]m-cell1 to say no?+ ( ! ev5 great] difficulty ( und]/&+ h[ x c\ld become regi/]$ 9 ! g]m 9 a specific way z affect+ a p>ticul> "p4 ,= x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! organs ( ! adult d n exi/ z su* 9 ! g]m b are pres5t !re only z pot5tialities4 ,h[1 = example1 c a *ange 9 ! biceps muscle ( "o's arm be regi/]$ 9 a g]m-cell 9 :i* !re is no biceps muscle1 b m]ely ! possibilities ( develop+ "o8 ,or h[ c increas$ m5tal ability :i* is cont+5t on ! elaboration ( c]ta9 bra9-cells be impress$ on a g]m :i* has no bra9-cells b only ! capacity "u c]ta9 conditions ( produc+ su* cells8 ,= ! bra9 ( a *ild is n desc5d$ f ! bra9 ( 8 p>5t1 b f a g]m-cell c>ri$ by t p>5t4 ,p]si/5ce ( ,m5delian ,factors ,argues ,aga9/ ,su* a ,mode ( ,inh]itance4--,on ! face ( ?+s1 ! app>5t inviolability ( ,m5delian factors :i* may rema9 unexpress$ 9 ! g]m = "o or _m g5]ations--inde$ ! :ole matt] ( g5otypical diff]5ces 9 ! gametes ( ! same individual--%[s ! improbability ( somatic int]f]5ce ) ! g]m-plasm4 ,b not)/&+ ?is1 because ( ! great importance ( ! issue1 x is well to review 9 "s consid]able detail ! v>i\s phases & possibilities ( ! "q4 ,exp]im5ts on ,insects4--,"s ( ! attempts to secure evid5ce ( ! transmission ( p]sonally acquir$ p>5tal modifications 9 insects are v int]e/+4 ,_m insects 9 ! l>val /ages1 p>ticul>ly j aft] pupation seem to be especially susceptible to ext]nal influ5ces4 ,!y h be5 mu* us$1 !re=e1 = purposes ( exp]im5t4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t diff]5ces 9 size1 9 color & ev5 9 ! %ape ( w+s c be produc$ by v>i\s ag5ts if appli$ at ?is p]iod ( developm5t4 ,f ! /&po9t ( h]$ity1 h[ev]1 ! important consid]ation is to det]m9e if ^! exp]im5tally induc$ *anges h be5 reflect$ on to ! g]m-cells s t !y reappe> 9 ! (fspr+ ( ! modifi$ individuals4 ,x has be5 f\nd t 9 "s cases :]e male & female are ( diff]5t color1 ! color ( ! female c be *ang$ to t ( ! male by alt]+ ! conditions ( temp]ature4 ,9 c]ta9 cases types c be *ang$ by cold s t !y resemble v>ieties ( ! same species f\nd f>!r nor?1 & by heat1 v>ieties f\nd f>!r s\?4 ,b n all individuals ( a giv5 lot are affect$1 & (t5 diff]5t individuals ( ! same k9d %[ diff]5t effects4 ,moreov]1 9 "s cases ! same ab]rations 7 produc$ by heat z by cold4 ,?is indicates t x is n s mu* a "q ( specific effects z a g5]al physiological *ange1 app>5tly ma9ly a matt] ( direct influ5ce ( temp]ature on ! *emical composition ( ! pigm5ts4 ,! ,c\ntess von ,l9d5 9 fact has %[n t ! extract$ pigm5ts c be made to und]go ! same *anges ( color 9 a te/-tube by heat & cold z 9 ! pupae4 ,b !re is no evid5ce t ! g]m-cells ( ! liv+ insect 7 affect$ 9 a specific way4 ,9 a small fraction ( ! (fspr+ ( su* modifi$ individuals abnormalities appe>$1 b ^! 7 n always ( ! same k9d z ^? :i* _h be5 produc$ 9 ! p>5t4 ,t is1 !re 0 no evid5ce ( a trait or "* hav+ be5 acquir$ by ! body & h&$ on to ! g]m-cell4 ,:]e an effect 0 produc$ on ! g]m-cell x 0 probably produc$ directly z 9 ! fir/ cases discuss$4 ,size1 colors & m>k+s ( butt]flies h also be5 alt]$ by subject+ ! cat]pill>s or ! pupae to su* influ5ces z /rong light1 electricity1 v>i\s *emical sub/ances1 c5trifug+1 dim9i%$ oxyg5 supply1 etc41 b ! results 7 9 ! ma9 conf9$ to ! imm$iate g5]ations4 ,9 ! few cases :]e p]man5t inh]itable *anges 7 seem+ly produc$ !y 7 m reasonably int]pret$ z ! effects ( direct action on ! g]m-cells ?an z examples ( inh]it$ somatic modifications4 ,/>vation exp]im5ts :i* result$ 9 ! dw>f+ ( adult individuals h be5 p]=m$ on v>i\s insects1 & :ile ! dw>f condition may p]si/ ?r\gh "o or two g5]ations due to a dim9i%$ food supply 9 ! eggs ( ! dw>f1 ! /ock 9 "q :5 return$ to normal food conditions soon resumes its orig9al *>act]i/ic size4 ,exp]im5ts on ,plants4--,_m exp]im5ts h be5 p]=m$ ) plants1 inasmu* z !y are p>ticul>ly prone to become modifi$ by *anges ( food supply1 or climate4 ,= example1 plants :i* gr[ luxuriantly 9 a w>m moi/ climate or a ri* soil may become /unt$ & m>k$ly *ang$ if transplant$ to a cold climate or a poor soil4 ,naturally1 _! prog5y w exhibit ! same behavior z long z !y are kept "u ! new conditions4 ,exp]im5ts c>ri$ on ?r\gh num]\s g5]ations1 h[ev]1 practically all %[ t ! g]m9al con/itution ( ! plants rema9s un*ang$1 = :5 _! se$s are plant$ "u ! orig9al favorable conditions ( soil or climate1 ! plants resume _! =m] habits ( gr[?4 ,naegeli1 = in/ance1 :o made a /udy ( _m v>ieties ( ,alp9e plants1 & :o c>ri$ on exp]im5ts ) _m ( !m = ye>s 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,muni*1 conclud$ t no p]man5t effects _h be5 produc$ by ! ,alp9e climate & conditions 9 plants f o!r regions :i* _h come "u its influ5ce4 ,a few botani/s h claim$ to h f\nd t ! *anges produc$ by ! ,alp9e climate h p]si/$ = a g5]ation or two & h !n worn (f4 ,m rec5t exp]im5ts on v>i\s ( our field gra9s :i* h be5 /unt$ & cut d[n 9 productivity by gr[+ = a numb] ( g5]ations "u adv]se conditions %[ t !y h n be5 p]man5tly modifi$ by su* treatm5t1 = !y resume normal productivity & size :5 gr[n aga9 "u favorable conditions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,l$]baur f\nd t a common we$1 ,capsella1 :5 transplant$ f an ,alp9e habitat to ! l[l&s did n return to ! l[l& type ( ! we$1 b reta9$ c]ta9 ( its ,alp9e *>act]i/ics4 ,x is n cle>1 h[ev]1 t ?is p>ticul> species dur+ its long soj\rn ( _m g5]ations 9 ,alp9e conditions may n h und]gone a s]ies ( g]m9al v>iations & h develop$ into a new v>iety or species q indep5d5tly ( *anges wr\ght 9 ! g]m by reflect$ somatic effects4 ,inde$1 9 face ( ! prepond]ance ( o!r cases to ! contr>y1 ?is int]pretation w\ld seem to be ! m plausible "o4 ,exp]im5ts on ,v]tebrates4--,9 ! v]tebrates we may also f9d examples ( v>i\s somatic modifications exp]im5tally produc$1 b evid5ce ( _! inh]itance is z difficult to e/abli% z 9 ! inv]tebrates4 ,let u exam9e a few ( ! m significant ( ^! :i* are alleg$ by "s to be> evid5ce ( su* inh]itance4 ,by decreas+ ! am\nt ( wat] 9 an aqu>ium ,m>ie von ,*auv9 0 able to trans=m ! aquatic1 gill-brea?+ salam&] ,axolotl into ! gill-less l& =m ,amby/oma1 h]et(ore reg>d$ by sy/emati/s z a diff]5t species4 ,ei!r ( ^! =ms :5 sexually mature produces its l4 ,! salam&]s 9 "q h bo? lungs & gills1 b aft] a "t ! ones :i* are to be l& =ms lose _! gills & become exclusively lung-brea!rs4 ,:at seems to h be5 accompli%$ !n is ! accel]at+ or =c+ ( normal natural t5d5cies already inh]5t 9 ! organism in/ead ( introduc+ some?+ new into ! inh]itance by way ( ! soma4 ,axolotl is 9 all probability m]ely a l>val =m ( ,amby/oma :i* ) high temp]ature & an abundance ( wat] reproduces )\t advanc+ to ! f9al possible /age ( its life cycle4 ,epilepsy 9 ,gu9ea-,pigs4--,p]haps ! mo/ frequ5tly cit$ case & ! "o 9 :i* ! def5d]s ( ! idea ( somatic inh]itance usually take f9al refuge is t ( ,doctor ,br[n-,sequ>d's gu9ea-pigs1 not)/&+ ! fact t no "o has _h conv9c+ success 9 repeat+ ! exp]im5ts & t ! orig9al results are app>5tly op5 to m ?an "o int]pretation4 ,?is exp]im5t] r5d]$ gu9ea-pigs epileptic by c]ta9 injuries to ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,epilepsy appe>$ 9 "s ( ! (fspr+ ( ^! op]at$ animals4 ,he reg>d$ ?is z an example ( ! inh]itance ( an artificially induc$ epilepsy4 ,an indirect loss ( toes occurr$ 9 "s ( ! p>5ts z a result ( ! op]ations on ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,"s ( _! "y also _h miss+ toes4 ,h[ev]1 z has be5 po9t$ out by v>i\s critics1 gu9ea-pigs are /rongly pr$ispos$ t[>d epileptic-l seizures1 & ! epilepsy 9 ! "y may h be5 m]ely a co9cid5ce4 ,voison & ,p]on believe !y h %[n t 9 epilepsy a tox9 is produc$ t may affect ! unborn fetus4 ,t is1 ! result might h be5 due to a poison d]iv$ directly f ! "m4 ,! exp]im5ts 9 fact %[ t x 0 ma9ly 9 ! (fspr+ ( affect$ mo!rs t ! condition appe>$4 ,o!rs ma9ta9 t we d n "k ! exact nature ( epilepsy1 t 9 "s cases x may be ! result ( infection by disease-g]ms1 & t ,br[n-,sequ>d's cases may1 !re=e1 h be5 m]ely ! communication ( a disease f p>5t to *ild4 ,z to ! disappe>ance ( toes x is a well-kn[n fact t rod5ts 9 p>ticul> are likely to gnaw (f ! toes ( _! "y v soon aft] bir?1 & little cr$5ce c be put 9 a lack ( toes 9 su* "y z cases ( inh]itance except "u conditions ( mu* m c>eful obs]vation ?an exi/$ 9 ,br[n-,sequ>d's exp]im5ts4 ,a full] acc\nt ( ^! exp]im5ts w be f\nd 9 ,romanes' ,d>w9 & ,aft] ,d>w91 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,*ap4 #f4 ,effects ( ,mutilations ,n ,inh]it$4--,_m exp]im5ts h be5 p]=m$ by inve/igators to det]m9e :e!r or n ! results ( mutilation are transf]r$ to succe$+ g5]ations1 b s f> only ) negative results4 ,_m su* exp]im5ts h be5 unwitt+ly c>ri$ on = _m g5]ations1 9 fact1 by bre$]s & fanci]s1 9 ! dock+ ( horses1 dogs & %eep1 ! dehorn+ ( cattle & ! l1 yet no satisfactory evid5ce ( ! transmission ( su* conditions 9 any degree has ev] be5 =?com+4 ,! mutilations or di/ortions ( ! human body ?r\gh v>i\s rites or social cu/oms also fails to yield any conv9c+ examples4 ,foot-b9d+1 head-b9d+1 or wai/-b9d+ mu/ be repeat$ 9 ea* successive g5]ation to produce ! p>ticul> type ( beauty t results f su* de=mities4 ,& lucky x is = man t injuries d n p]si/ 9 subsequ5t g5]ations1 o!rwise ! mod]n human be+ w\ld be b a maim$ relic ( pa/ mis=tunes4 ,transplantation ( ,gonads4--,an int]e/+ exp]im5tal te/ reg>d+ ! effect ( ! body on ! g]m 0 made rec5tly by ,ca/le & ,phillips ) gu9ea-pigs4 ,x w be recall$ f ! discussion on ,m5delism t :5 a black gu9ea-pig is mat$ ) a :ite "o ! (fspr+ are always black4 ,^! exp]im5t]s transplant$ ! ov>ies f a "y black gu9ea-pig to a "y :ite female ^: own ov>ies _h be5 previ\sly remov$4 ,?is :ite female 0 lat] mat$ to a :ite male4 ,al?\gh %e produc$ ?ree diff]5t litt]s ( "y1 six individuals 9 all1 ! latt] 7 all black4 ,t is1 n a trace ( coat-color ( ! :ite fa!r or ( ! :ite fo/]-"m 0 impress$ on ! transplant$ g]m-cells or ! develop+ "y4 ,lat] exp]im5ts ( ! same k9d by ,ca/le & ,phillips1 ) o!r v>ieties ( gu9ea-pigs1 h yield$ ! same results4 ,! body ( ! "m1 inde$1 seems to s]ve m]ely z a protective envelope & a s\rce ( nutrition4 ,effects ( ,body on ,g]m-,cells ,g5]al1 ,n ,specific4--,z f> z ! evid5ce reg>d+ ! modification ( ! g]m-plasm by ! body is conc]n$1 we mu/ conclude !n t :ile "u special circum/ances ! g]m-cells may be affect$1 ! effect is g5]al r ?an specific & ! result z se5 9 ! (fspr+ has no discov]able correlation ) any p>ticul> "p or /ructure ( ! p>5tal soma4 ,! effect is presumably ( mu* ! same nature z :]e ! g]m is directly affect$ by ext]nal ag5ts4 ,:]e a new "* or a modification ( "o already exi/+ is produc$ by a giv5 condition ( environm5t1 9 our exp]i5ce s f> to h ! same repeat$ 9 ! (fspr+1 a simil> evocative condition mu/ prevail 9 ! environm5t ( ! latt]4 ,or 9 o!r words ! new "* is n a p]man5t "o :i* p]si/s 9 succe$+ g5]ations indep5d5tly ( ext]nal influ5ces simil> to ^? :i* orig9ally produc$ x4 ,c]ta9 ,*>act]s ,inexplicable z ,inh]it$ ,somatic ,acquirem5ts4--,x w\ld require rem>kable cr$ulity1 9 fact1 to believe t "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ab\t c]ta9 plants or animals c\ld h be5 develop$ by means ( ! inh]itance ( somatic modifications4 ,= example1 _m animals su* z ! quail1 ! rabbit1 or ! leaf-butt]fly are protectively color$4 ,t is1 !y h>monize 9 color-patt]n ) _! surr\nd+s s closely t !y are ov]look$ by _! enemies4 ,b h[ c ?is ov]sight on ! "p ( an enemy s affect ! bodies & ?r\gh !m ! g]m-cells ( su* individuals z to develop s high a degree ( protective coloration8 ,or h[1 inde$1 c\ld any ( num]\s adaptive /ructures :i* "o c ?9k (1 su* z ! color or sc5t ( fl[]s to lure insects = cross-poll5ation1 ! v>i\s grappl+ devices on _m se$s to secure wide di/ribution by animals1 or ! l1 h be5 directly produc$ by use or disuse or by any v>iation produc$ 9 !m by ! ag5ts to :i* !y are adapt$8 ,! ,case ( ,neut] ,insects4--,a v in/ructive example ( ! improbability t great skill1 highly specializ$ /ructures1 or c]ta9 in/9cts are fir/ develop$ 9 ! p>5tal body z ! result ( use & !n pass$ on to ! (fspr+1 is se5 9 ! case ( neut] insects4 ,9 bees1 = example1 !re are ?ree classes ( individuals3 ! drones or males2 ! que5s or functional females2 & ! work]s1 :i* are neut]1 t is1 take no "p 9 reproduction4 ,! latt] are really sexually undevelop$ females4 ,! que5 c lay ei!r f]tiliz$ or unf]tiliz$ eggs4 ,! latt] always give rise to males4 ,! work]s ga!r ! food1 att5d ! que51 wait on ! "y1 con/ruct ! comb1 & 9 %ort p]=m all ! ord9>y functions ( ! colony except ! reproductive4 ,!y h _m highly specializ$ /ructures on v>i\s p>ts ( _! bodies = c>ry+ on _! _m activities1 z well z ! v highly specializ$ in/9cts necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( ! colony4 ,b n[1 complex & highly develop$ z ^! work]s are1 s9ce !y d n give rise to (fspr+1 no matt] h[ mu* exp]i5ce or /ructural modifications !y may acquire dur+ _! lifetime1 x c n be h&$ on to ano!r g5]ation4 ,nor c !y h come to _! pres5t highly organiz$ /ate ?r\gh su* a =m ( transmission s9ce !y are n ! desc5dants ( work]s b ( a que54 ,any new modifications t appe> 9 ! work]s ( a colony mu/ !re=e h _! orig9 9 *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! g]m-cells ( ! que51 & n 9 ! soma ( "s o!r work]4 ,x has be5 argu$ t ! work] has n always be5 inf]tile2 t at a m primitive /age ( ! evolution ( ! bee colony e female 0 bo? work] & "m1 & t individual somatic acquirem5ts might !re=e h be5 transmitt$1 b ?is argum5t c n hold = _m ( ! in/9cts or features ( ! mod]n bee because ^! h to d only ) ! conditions ( life :i* exi/ 9 ! colony 9 its pres5t =m4 ,x is obvi\sly absurd to ma9ta91 = in/ance1 t all ! highly specializ$ in/9cts incid5t to que5 production1 que5 att5dance & ! l 7 functionally produc$ ?r\gh usage be=e !re 0 any que5 to produce or att5d1 :ile on ! o!r h&1 ! v necessity ( que5 production & ma9t5ance is ! outcome ( ! inf]tility ( ! work]s4 ,"s work]s h be5 kn[n to lay eggs1 b z ^! are few 9 numb] & are nev] f]tiliz$1 :i* means if !y develop !y c only produce males1 !y c play no consid]able "p 9 inh]itance4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,new ,,*>act]s ,orig9 ( ,new ,*>act]s 9 ,g]m9al ,v>iation4--,?is br+s u to our la/ qu]y z to :e!r ! appe>ance ( new *>act]s c be expla9$ on any o!r or any m inclusive gr\nd ?an t :i* inf]s t *anges und]gone by ! p>5t-body are 9 "s way regi/]$ 9 ! g]m-cells s z to be repeat$ 9 a c]ta9 measure 9 ! body ( ! (fspr+4 ,! answ] to ! "q ( h[ inh]itable v>iations d come to appe> 9 (fspr+ if n ?r\gh *anges produc$ 9 ! body ( ! p>5t1 is unc]ta92 nev]!less mo/ biologi/s believe t !y d n h su* a somatic orig9 b arise directly z g]m9al v>iations4 ,"s w\ld attribute !m to ! fluctuat+ nature ( liv+ sub/ance 9 g5]al4 ,! in/ability ( protoplasm is "o ( its /rik+ *>act]i/ics4 ,x is con/antly be+ brok5 d[n & built up1 or1 9 o!r words1 und]go+ wa/e & repair4 ,l all o!r protoplasm1 t ( ! g]m-cells mu/ also und]go ^! metabolic *anges & x is possible ?\gh n prov$ t 9 ?is give & take ( sub/ances small *anges occur 9 _! con/itution :i* f9d expression 9 ! (fspr+ z v>iations4 ,z already se51 sub/ances 9 ! blood o!r ?an food may also affect ! con/itution ( ! g]m-cells4 ,sexual ,reproduction 9 ,relation to ,new ,*>act]s4--,"s biologi/s attribute great importance to sexual reproduction z a basis ( v>iation & ! orig9 ( new *>act]s4 ,!y argue t ! m+l+ ( det]m9]s f two diff]5t l9es mu/ produce _m new comb9ations & expressions ( g]m9al pot5tialities4 ,plausible z ! argum5t seems at fir/ sight no "o has succe$$ z yet 9 secur+ pro( t absolutely new *>act]s c be orig9at$ 9 ?is way4 ,:at seems to occur "u su* circum/ances is m]ely a re%uffl+ or sort+ ( old unit-*>act]s4 ,al?\gh innum]able p]mutations & comb9ations ( ^! may be made :i* f9d new expression outw>dly1 ?is is obvi\sly n creat+ det]m9]s ( new unit-*>act]s 9 ! g]m-plasm4 ,:ile _m biologi/s w\ld n d5y ! possibility or ev5 ! probability t ! det]m9]s ( unit-*>act]s may sometimes comb9e or influ5ce "o ano!r s z to =m actual p]man5t new *>act]s1 ! pro( ( su* p]=mance is :olly lack+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are n a few biologi/s :o argue t sexual reproduction accompli%es j ! rev]se ( increas+ ! ext5t ( v>iation or creat+ new *>act]s2 accord+ to !m x t5ds to annul exceptional peculi>ities ( ei!r p>5t by ?r[+ ! (fspr+ back to ! av]age racial type4 ,x is ?us look$ on by ^! advocates z a /abiliz] :i* r$uces ! amplitude ( v>iations in/ead ( increas+ !m4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! two ideas are n mutually exclusive2 sexual reproduction may accompli% bo? ( ^! ends4 ,a limit$ numb] ( obs]vations & exp]im5ts h be5 made to te/ out ! correlation betwe5 sexual reproduction & v>iation1 b !y h s f> be5 too few or too inconclusive to enable u to come to a satisfactory conclusion4 ,:ile we are unc]ta9 ab\t ! me?od ( orig9 ( new *>act]s ! fact rema9s t !y d arise 9 abundance z abrupt mutations or o!rwise & become a "p ( ! p]man5t h]itage ( a /ock4 ,x is cle> t sexual reproduction may be "o important means by :i* a giv5 new "* :i* has aris5 9 "o or a few individuals may become incorporat$ 9 ! species at l>ge4 ,?r\gh ,m5delian comb9ations & segregations x w\ld by cross-bre$+ be spread & gradually introduc$ into m & m /ra9s ( ! g5]al population4 ,:y ,s ,_m ,features ( an ,organism ,are ,*>act]iz$ by ,utility4--,g]m9al v>iations are seem+ly at fir/ m or less hit or miss affairs z f> z utility to ! organism is conc]n$4 ,useless v>iations1 s long z !y are n actually h>mful1 may p]si/ & app>5tly be indef9itely inh]it$4 ,h[ev]1 a special premium is put on v>iations :i* happ5 to be useful = !y help ! organism to succe$ 9 its /ruggle = life & s9ce success 9 ! _w ( life means n only m]e individual survival b also ! production ( prog5y1 ?r\gh ?is v means insur$ transmission to subsequ5t g5]ations4 ,x is probable t ! v _m useful features ( any organism1 t is1 its adaptations1 h ?us be5 e/abli%$4 ,x is possible also t _m v>iations :i* at _! inception are indiff]5t may wax 9 /r5g? 9 successive g5]ations until !y rea* a po9t :]e !y mu/ become ei!r useful or h>mful4 ,9 ! =m] case !y w\ld mean increas$ insurance ( survival = _! possessors1 9 ! latt]1 elim9ation4 ,) su* an automatic process z ?is op]ative 9 nature x is n a/oni%+ t ! ma9 features ( any organism are *>act]iz$ by _! utility to x4 ,g]m9al ,v>iation a ,simpl] & ,m ,inclusive ,explanation4--,! gi/ ( ! :ole matt] reg>d+ ! s\rce ( new *>act]s 9 (fspr+ seems to be t ! explanation bas$ on ! idea ( g]m9al v>iation is 9 la/ analysis ! simpl] & m inclusive1 & !re is no alleg$ case ( inh]itance ( p>5tal modification1 :i* c n be equally well expla9$ z ! result ( a g]m9al v>iation4 ,!re are num]\s cases :i* c n be expla9$ z transmissions ( somatic acquirem5ts ev5 if ?is transmission c\ld be e/abli%$ 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,s1 _m biologi/s argue1 :y h two explanations :5 "o is suffici5t1 especially :5 ! o!r has nev] be5 conclusively e/abli%$ z true 9 any case & is obvi\sly untrue 9 c]ta9 te/ cases8 ,! attitude ( mo/ inve/igators is t ( ! op5 m9d4 ,:ile feel+ t ! weight ( probability is v decid$ly aga9/ ! !ory ( ! inh]itance ( somatic modifications1 !y /ill /& ready & will+ to accept any evid5ce 9 its favor :i* :5 weigh$ 9 ! balance is n f\nd want+4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,cases ,:ile space w n p]mit ext5d$ discussion1 9 ord] fur!r to fix ! nature ( ! problem 9 m9d z well z to exemplify ! conditions t mu/ be satisfi$ to =m conv9c+ evid5ce ( inh]it$ somatic acquirem5ts1 x w be well p]haps to analyze a few typical cases z !y are frequ5tly cit$4 ,are ! ,effects ( ,tra9+ ,inh]it$8--,bre$]s & tra9]s v commonly believe t ! (fspr+ ( tra9$ animals inh]it 9 "s measure ! effects ( ! tra9+4 ,?us ! increas$ spe$ ( ! ,am]ican trott+ horse is (t5 po9t$ to z /rong evid5ce ( su* transmission4 ,accord+ to ,w4 ,h4 ,brew]1 ! e>lie/ au!ntic record ( a mile 9 ?ree m9utes 0 made 9 #ahah4 ,! improvem5t1 approximately by decades1 f t "t 0 z foll[s3 ,dur+ #a/ decade aft] #ahah1 improv$ to #b3cd #bnd #b3ca-a_/b #crd #b3bi-a_/b #d? #b3bd-a_/b #e? #b3ag-a_/b #f? #b3ac-a_/b #g? #b3jh-a_/b ,by #ahib1 ! date ( ,pr(essor ,brew]'s publications 7,see ,agricultural ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #d1 #ahib7 ! record _h rea*$ #b3jh-a_/b4 ,s9ce !n x has be5 l[]$ /ill fur!r4 ,on ! face ( x ?is looks l a good case ( inh]itance ( tra9+1 & ,brew] himself believ$ x su*4 ,if s ?is w\ld mean t colts ( a highly tra9$ trott] w\ld be fa/] ?an !y w\ld h be5 if _! p>5t _h rema9$ untra9$4 ,x is impossible to get positive pro( 9 ! case ( any tra9$ horse s9ce !re is no way ( e/abli%+ j h[ spe$y ! prog5y w\ld h be5 _h ! p>5t rema9$ untra9$4 ,if x c\ld be %[n t colts sir$ by a trott] late 9 life 7 on ! :ole fa/] ?an ^? sir$ by ! same fa!r :5 y\ng] & z yet n highly ex]cis$ 9 trott+1 !n ! facts might give "s evid5ce ( value1 b un=tunately no su* records are available4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev5 ignor+ ! fact t improvem5t 9 track & sulky are probably ! bigge/ items 9 ! %ort5+ ( records 9 rec5t times1 selection in/ead ( inh]itance ( ! effects ( tra9+ w equally well acc\nt = any innate progress 9 trott+4 ,& s9ce1 z po9t$ out by ,pr(essor ,ritt]1 !re are ev5 m /rik+ cases ( simil> improvem5ts 9 o!r fields1 su* z college a?letics1 :]e ! factor ( use-inh]itance is entirely preclud$1 x is :olly unnecess>y to po/ulate x 9 ! case ( ! trott]4 ,= example an inspection ( ! records ( college a?letics = ! la/ ?irty-five ye>s 9 runn+1 hurdl+1 pole-vault+1 jump+1 putt+ ! %ot1 etc41 %[s on ! :ole a /eady advance ye> by ye>4 ,moreov]1 ! greate/ improvem5t has occurr$ 9 ^? ev5ts 9 :i* skill & practise c\nt = mo/ toge!r ) selection ( ! inh]5tly able/ c&idate = ! ev5ts4 ,b 9 ! case ( a?letics ! improvem5ts %[n 9 ?irty-five ye>s h all come )9 a s+le g5]ation & h5ce ! inh]itance ( ! effects ( tra9+ is rul$ out z a factor4 ,selection & improv$ tra9+ are ! only factors op]ative4 ,9 ! case ( ! trott] inh]itance und\bt$ly has also be5 a factor1 b inh]itance bas$ on selection ( :at ! race-track has %[n to be ! spe$ie/ individual1 n inh]itance ( ! effects ( tra9+4 ,9 o!r words1 horses :i* h %[n ! capacity = be+ tra9$ to ! highe/ degree ( spe$ h naturally be5 select$ z sires & dams & s ?r\gh selection g5]ation aft] g5]ation a spe$i] /ra9 has gradually be5 e/abli%$4 ,in/9cts4--,:5 we turn to ! realm ( m5tal traits1 p>ticul>ly ( in/9cts1 we meet ) a :ole ho/ ( activities :i* are frequ5tly po9t$ to by transmissioni/s z examples ( inh]it$ acquirem5ts4 ,?us accord+ to !m1 habits at fir/ acquir$ ?r\gh special ef=t ultimately become in/9ctive1 or accord+ to "s1 in/9ct is laps$ intellig5ce4 ,in/ances (t5 cit$ are ! po9t+ ( ! bird-dog1 ! extraord9>y crop-inflation ( ! p\t]-pigeon1 or ! tumbl+ ( ! tumbl] pigeon4 ,we c n /op to discuss ^! cases beyond po9t+ out z _m o!rs h done t practically all dogs h m or less ( an impulse to halt sudd5ly1 cr\* slightly & lift up "o =e-foot :5 !y sc5t dang] or prey1 t all pigeons p\t m or less1 & t practically all %[ m or less in/9cts ( tumbl+ :5 pursu$ by a hawk4 ,?us 9 all ( ^! cases ! fundam5tal g]m9al t5d5cy is already at h& = ! fanci] to base 8 *oice on & ?us ?r\gh selection build up ! type desir$4 ,j z 9 ! fan-tail$ pigeon1 by repeat$ly select+ = bre$+ purposes individuals :i* %[$ an unusual numb] ( tail-fea!rs he has built up a type ) an upright1 fan-l tail hav+ _m m fea!rs ?an ! twelve f\nd 9 ! tail ( ! ord9>y pigeon1 s by simil> proc$ure 9 ! case ( o!r =ms he has m>k$ly enhanc$ c]ta9 features4 ,! idea ( in/9cts be+ laps$ intellig5ce is s cle>ly & concisely criticiz$ 9 an article by ! late ,pr(essor ,:itman#d t ,i c n d bett] ?an quote an exc]pt4 ,8 views to ! contr>y are z foll[s3 ,! view "h tak5 places ! prim>y roots ( in/9ct 9 ! con/itutional activities ( protoplasm & reg>ds in/9ct 9 e /age ( its evolution z action dep5d+ ess5tially ^u organization4 ,x places in/9ct be=e intellig5ce 9 ord] ( developm5t1 & is ?us 9 accord ) ! broad facts ( ! pres5t di/ribution & relations ( in/9ct & intellig5ce1 in/9ct becom+ m g5]al z we desc5d ! scale1 :ile intellig5ce em]ges to view m & m z we asc5d to ! high] ord]s ( animal life4 ,x relieves u ( ! great inconsi/5cies involv$ 9 ! !ory ( in/9ct z laps$ intellig5ce4 ,in/9cts are univ]sal among animals1 & t c n be said ( intellig5ce4 ,x ill accords ) any !ory ( evolution1 or ) kn[n facts1 to make in/9ct dep5d ^u intellig5ce = its orig92 = if t 7 s1 we %\ld expect to f9d ! l[e/ animals free f in/9ct & possess$ ( pure intellig5ce4 ,9 ! high] =ms we %\ld expect to see intellig5ce laps+ m & m into pure in/9ct4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we see no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! l[e/ =ms act by in/9ct s exclusively t we fail to get decid$ evid5ce ( intellig5ce4 ,9 high] =ms n a s+le case ( intellig5ce laps+ into in/9ct is kn[n4 ,9 =ms t give indubitable evid5ce ( intellig5ce we d n see consci\s reflection cry/alliz+ into in/9ct1 b we d f9d in/9ct com+ m & m "u ! sway ( intellig5ce4 ,9 ! human race in/9ctive actions *>act]ize ! life ( ! savage1 :ile !y fall m & m into ! backgr\nd 9 ! m intellectual races4 ,= fur!r discussion ( ?is field ! read] is ref]r$ to an excell5t *apt] on ,are ,acquir$ ,habits ,inh]it$8 9 ,c4 ,lloyd ,morgan's book1 ,habit & ,in/9ct4 ,disease4--,p]haps 9 ! realm ( disease m ?an 9 any o!r has an int]e/ 9 ! inh]itance ( somatic acquirem5ts be5 manife/$4 ,! problem aris+ "h is n ess5tially diff]5t f o!r que/ions ( inh]itance b s9ce x is a matt] ( su* practical importance to man1 we may well give x special att5tion4 ,we h to deal simply ) ! old que/ions ( :at is con/itutionally 9 ! g]m1 :at is acquir$ by ! body1 & la/ly1 :e!r ! somatically acquir$ is inh]it$4 ,:ile we all "k 9 a g5]al way :at is meant by disease1 especially if "s specific disord] su* z sc>let fev]1 mal>ia or tub]culosis is m5tion$1 an attempt to give an accurate def9ition is mu* l try+ to def9e a we$1 inasmu* z :at is functionally all "r at "o "t or place may be all wrong at ano!r1 or :at is normal 9 "o animal may be abnormal 9 ano!r4 ,9 g5]al we may say t disease is d]angem5t or failure ( physiological function4 ,reappe>ance ( a ,disord] 9 ,successive ,g5]ations ,n ,necess>ily ,inh]itance4--,9 attempt+ to /udy ! inh]itance ( diseases we mu/ recognize cle>ly at ! outset t reappe>ance ( a disease 9 successive g5]ations by no means necess>ily signifies inh]itance4 ,be=e x c be pron\nc$ su* we mu/ make sure t x is n a case ( reimpress+ simil> modifications on ! individuals ( successive g5]ations4 ,= example1 9 ,engl& !re is a well-recogniz$ condition kn[n z colli]'s lung :i* results f con/ant work+ 9 coal m9es4 ,& :ile bo? fa!r & son may exhibit x1 because ( _! simil> occupations1 !re is no?+ h]$it>y ab\t ! malady4 ,likewise !re is :at is kn[n z em]y gr9d]'s lung1 & practically e l>ge manufactur+ city ) soot-lad5 atmosph]e leaves its impress on ! lungs ( ! inhabitants4 ,?is w occur1 ( c\rse1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 z long z su* pollutions ( ! atmosph]e cont9ue to exi/4 ,x is cle> t any unheal?y occupation is likely to cause ! reappe>ance ( an associat$ typical disease g5]ation aft] g5]ation z long z ! *ildr5 foll[ ! call+ ( _! p>5ts4 ,! common misconception t de=mities or po/ures associat$ ) a trade1 su* z a %oemak]'s or tailor's1 is g5etically /amp$ on (fspr+ by ! end ( ! ?ird or f\r? g5]ation results f failure to discrim9ate betwe5 real inh]itance & m]e reappe>ances "u simil> conditions ( environm5t4 ,pr5atal ,infection ,n ,inh]itance4--,aga91 we mu/ recognize t pr5atal infection is n inh]itance4 ,we h already se5 t ! "y mammal und]goes a c]ta9 p]iod ( intra-mat]nal developm5t1 b influ5ces op]at+ on x dur+ ?is p]iod ( ge/ation mu/ be reckon$ ) z environm5tal1 n g]m9al4 ,= example1 x is said t an unborn *ild may take smallpox f its "m b ?is & all simil> occurr5ces are cases ( contagion4 ,we f9d ! great pa?ologi/1 ,vir*[1 :o ) _m o!rs ( 8 "t 0 a believ] 9 ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 say+ nev]!less reg>d+ su* in/ances t1 ,:at op]ates on ! g]m aft] ! fusion ( ! sex-nuclei1 modify+ ! embryo1 or ev5 induc+ an actual deviation 9 ! developm5t1 c n be spok5 ( z inh]it$4 ,x belongs to ! category ( e>ly acquir$ deviations :i* are !re=e frequ5tly cong5ital4 ,inh]itance ( a ,pr$isposition ,n ,inh]itance ( a ,disease4--,we mu/ discrim9ate %>ply also betwe5 ! inh]itance ( a pr$isposition & ! inh]itance ( a disease itself4 ,we (t5 he> ! /atem5t made t tub]culosis is inh]it$ & h cit$ 9 evid5ce c]ta9 consumptive families or /ra9s4 ,b tub]culosis is a bact]ial disease & *ildr5 ( tub]cul\s p>5ts are nev] born ) ! disease except 9 ! r>e/ ( in/ances4 ,tub]culosis4--,:at is really inh]it$ is a con/itutional susceptibility to ?is p>ticul> g]m4 ,:ile almo/ any individual may contract tub]culosis :5 9 a /ate ( depress$ vitality1 or "u /ress ( adv]se surr\nd+s1 !re is no d\bt t c]ta9 families are m easily infect$ ?an o!rs & mu* less resi/ant to ! ravages ( ! disease :5 once x ga9s a foo?old4 ,h[ev]1 a pr$isposition is a va/ly diff]5t ?+ f ! inh]itance ( ! actual disease4 ,= j z we are born ) a nose well adapt$ to eye-glasses b n ) eye-glasses on our nose1 s _m ( u are born tub]culizable ?\gh n tub]cul\s1 & e sanit>y advance we make t[>d less5+ ! *ances ( infection is j s mu* m insurance = ! susceptible4 ,! :ole problem ( tub]culosis is an extremely complex "o4 ,we d n "k j ! measure ( ! inh]itance ( ! pr$isposition4 ,"s writ]s 9 ! pa/ h ma9ta9$ t tub]culosis is ma9ly a "q ( infection & n ( inh]5t susceptibility1 b /eadily increas+ evid5ce all po9ts ! o!r way4 ,:]e ! pr$isposition exi/s ! *ances ( infection are /ill1 ev5 "u ! conditions ( pres5t-day sanitation1 v great4 ,! close association betwe5 a consumptive & o!r memb]s ( ! family ?r\gh a prolong$ p]iod ( "t1 ( c\rse1 r5d]s ! latt] likely to infection unless unusual c>e is ex]cis$4 ,v (t5 :]e a p>5t is consumptive a *ild contracts ! malady %ortly aft] bir? & is p>ticul>ly likely to d s if ! "m1 :o nurses x & c>es = x mo/ intimately1 is ! tub]cul> memb] ( ! family4 ,:]e ! "m is tub]cul>1 inde$1 ! probabilities are t ! *ild has already be=e bir? _h its vitality l[]$ ?r\gh ! tox9s circulat+ 9 h] blood or ?r\gh defective nutrition1 & 9 consequ5ce does n resi/ well any diseases4 ,und\bt$ly a l>ge proportion ( our infant mortality is ( tub]cul> orig94 ,x is n[ a well-e/abli%$ fact t mu* tub]culosis 9 *ildr5 is attributable to dr9k+ milk f tub]cul\s c[s1 yet we f9d individuals s un9=m$ & dairym5 s m]c5>y t !y fight all attempts ( ! commonweal? to te/ out cattle = tub]culosis s z to condemn ! infect$ individuals & ?us save our babies4 ,rec5t inve/igations made 9 "s ( our l>ge pork-pack+ e/abli%m5ts also indicate t hogs1 especially su* z h be5 ar\nd tub]cul> cattle1 are (t5 %ot ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) tub]culosis & t su* fle% :5 us$ z food1 if n ?or\ghly cook$1 may become a s]i\s m5ace to our heal?4 ,) ! wide preval5ce ( bov9e & human tub]culosis x is little wond] t ne>ly e human be+ becomes m or less infect$ at "s p]iod ( life4 ,autopsies on l>ge numb]s ( individuals 9 "s ( our great hospitals h %[n t z _m z n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 ( ! subjects %[ tub]cul> lesions ( "s k9d4 ,:ile x is true t ! class ( p :o w\ld come to autopsy 9 su* public hospitals w\ld p]haps be m likely to be tub]cul> ?an ! av]age ( ! community1 /ill x c n be d5i$ t a v l>ge degree ( infection exi/s4 ,pe>son1 f /ati/ics ga!r$ 9 ,europe1 has %[n t ab\t eighty to n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! population h tub]cul> lesions be=e ! age ( eighte54 ,hamburg] f\nd t 9 ,vi5na n9ety-five p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor1 betwe5 twelve & ?irte5 ye>s ( age1 7 infect$ ) tub]cul> bacilli & he e/imates t all w\ld be be=e maturity4 ,accord+ to ,doctor ,mott1 pa?ologi/ to ! ,london ,c\nty ,asylums1 ! insane betwe5 ! ages ( fifte5 & ?irty-five are ab\t fifte5 times z likely to acquire tub]culosis z ! sane are4 ,yet ! mortality f tub]culosis1 great ?\gh x be1 is obvi\sly n 9 proportion to ! enorm\s degree ( infection4 ,! crux ( ! situation is ma9ly ! matt] ( resi/ance4 ,f ! /&po9t ( h]$ity1 !re=e1 ! "q l>gely resolves itself into "o ( ! inh]itance or non-inh]itance ( con/itutional resi/ance4 ,"s are pr$ispos$ to be non-resi/ant & h5ce succumb4 ,! "w ( ,k>l ,pe>son#e & o!r rec5t rese>*es =cibly indicate t h]$it>y con/itutional pr$isposition is "o ( ! *ief factors conc]n$ 9 subjects :o develop well def9$ attacks ( ! disease4 ,yet we mu/ n =get t !re are degrees ( susceptibility & t !re=e a con/itutional pr$isposition :i* might be ( little significance "u good av]age conditions ( nutrition & sanitation might be insuffici5t "u unfavorable conditions4 ,be=e we c make any relatively accurate e/imate ( ! exact degree to :i* ! malady is bas$ on inh]itance we mu/ h m data4 ,_m difficulties beset ! pa? ( ! inve/igator4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :5 "o gets back a g5]ation or two he f9ds t diagnosis 0 crude & unc]ta92 a giv5 malady may or may n h be5 tub]culosis4 ,! ma9 error h[ev] 0 probably on ! side ( n recogniz+ x 9 mild or obscure cases4 ,!n aga9 ! que/ions ( virul5ce ( ! infection1 ( size & frequ5cy ( ! dose1 etc41 are also complicat+ factors4 ,moreov]1 9 v _m cases ! infection is a mix$ "o & h5ce we are deal+ ) o!r factors ?an /raight tub]culosis4 ,two ,individuals ( ,tub]cul> ,/ocks ,%\ld ,n ,m>ry4--,h[ev]1 suffici5t is n[ kn[n ( ! inh]itance ( susceptibility to ! disease t we c h little consci5ce t[>d ! welf>e ( ! race if we 9 any way c\nt5ance ! m>riage ( two individuals :o come ea* ( tub]cul> /ra9s1 & m>riage ( ev5 a normal p]son into a badly ta9t$ /ra91 :]e ! "o m>ri$ is tub]cul>1 is extremely haz>d\s look$ at f ! /&po9t ( ! *ildr5 likely to be born ( su* a union4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,new ,york rec5tly held t ! fraudul5t concealm5t ( tub]culosis by a p]son ent]+ into a m>riage relation is gr\nd = ! annulm5t ( ! m>riage4 ,special ,susceptibility ,less ( a ,factor 9 ,_m ,diseases4--,) "s diseases su* z leprosy1 typhoid fev]1 smallpox & *ol]a !re seems to be less a "q ( special susceptibility s9ce ne>ly all p]sons are vuln]able4 ,yet 9 cases ( typhoid1 at lea/1 !re are "s indications t c]ta9 families are m likely to take ! disease ?an o!rs "u simil> exposure4 ,we "k ( no inh]it$ effects ( su* diseases1 h[ev]4 ,= in/ance1 *ildr5 ( lep]s d n inh]it leprosy & if kept out ( lep] di/ricts rema9 normal4 ,deaf-,mutism4--,9 c]ta9 abnormal /ates !re is dang] ( confus+ simil> conditions :i* may h two entirely diff]5t s\rces ( orig94 ,deafness1 = example1 may be /rictly inborn z ! outcome ( a g]m9al v>iation or x may result f extrane\s influ5ces su* z accid5ts1 infective diseases1 neglect$ tonsils & ! l4 ,! =m] is inh]itable1 ! latt] n4 ,bell 9 #aijf 9 a special c5sus report to ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t %[$ t deaf-mutism is m>k$ly h]$it>y1 p>ticul>ly :]e deaf-mutes int]m>ry z !y are prone to d4 ,fay's ext5sive /udies on ,m>riage ( ! ,deaf 9 ,am]ica also demon/rate ! h]$it>y nature ( ! cong5ital =ms ( deafness4 ,cut (f z su* individuals are f communication ) normal p1 ! association ( ! two sexes 9 special s*ools & in/itutions is ( c\rse highly conducive to su* m>riages4 ,! defect seems to behave 9 ! mann] ( a ,m5delian recessive4 ,two deaf-mutes %\ld n h *ildr5 & yet su* m>riages are occurr+ e day4 ,ev5 if two p]sons m>ry f families :i* t5d to become h>d ( he>+ ! evid5ce indicates t _! *ildr5 are likely also to develop ?is p>tial deafness z !y gr[ old]1 al?\gh x seems safe = a p]son ( su* t5d5cy to m>ry into a family )\t x4 ,g\t4--,9 su* disord]s z g\t !re is little "q b t a t5d5cy to x runs 9 families4 ,on ! o!r h& x may also be acquir$ )\t special susceptibility4 ,!re is no evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t because a fa!r has g\t ! effect ( ! g\t is reflect$ on 8 g]m-cells & ! son has g\t z a result4 ,inde$1 (t5 a son :o becomes g\ty 0 born long be=e ! fa!r became g\ty4 ,son & fa!r bo? h g\t !n1 because ea* has innate g]m9al t5d5cies :i* :5 subject$ to c]ta9 evocative /imuli become express$ z g\t4 ,n]v\s & ,m5tal ,diseases4--,inasmu* z ! "q ( n]v\s & m5tal diseases has become "o ( su* ov]%ad[+ importance at ! pres5t day1 a discussion ( ! subject at "s l5g? w be pres5t$ 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,i %all m]ely po9t out "h t ! g5]al v]dict ( exp]ts 9 n]v\s & m5tal disord]s is to ! effect t ext]nally induc$ m5tal disord]s are ( r>e occurr5ce except z ! result ( g5]al poison+ or enfeeblem5t ( ! sy/em 9 "s way1 or by traumatic conditions su* z a bl[ on ! head1 & t !re is no evid5ce ( ! transmission ( ! effects ( su* conditions4 ,9 mo/ cases ( insanity1 suppos$ly caus$ by fright or worry1 a close /udy ( ! family /ock w reveal n]v\s in/ability ( "s k9d4 ,! suppos$ cause has be5 m]ely ! precipitat+ /imulus :i* has br\ght to expression a dormant weakness ( g]m9al orig94 ,! /ress & /ra9 ( mod]n life is p>ticul>ly likely to te/ out & reveal su* neurally un/able individuals4 ,o!r ,disord]s ,:i* ,h ,h]$it>y ,aspects4--,space w n p]mit discussion ( v>i\s o!r specific disord]s :i* are kn[n to h important h]$it>y aspects1 al?\gh none %[s any conv9c+ evid5ce ( hav+ become h]$it>y 9 nature ?r\gh fir/ affect+ ! soma4 ,"s ( ^!1 su* z epilepsy & o!r n]v\s affections1 tub]culosis1 color-bl9dness1 cat>act & v>i\s mal=mations1 h already be5 m5tion$4 ,o!rs t may be li/$ are canc]1 art]io-scl]osis1 obesity & c]ta9 =ms ( rheumatism1 & ( he>t & kidney diseases4 ,9 practically all ( ^! cases 9 :i* h]$ity ent]s z a factor ! condition is "o ( inh]it+ a special susceptibility & n ! disease itself4 ,:i* means simply t ! disord] 9 "q is mu* m easily call$ =? 9 su* p]sons by appropriate bact]ial or o!r /imulus1 ?an 9 ! case ( ! normal individual4 ,induc$ ,immunity ,n ,inh]it$4--,la/ly1 x is well kn[n t v>i\s animals1 includ+ man1 aft] recov]y f an attack ( any "o ( c]ta9 diseases1 become m or less immune f fur!r attacks ( ! same disease4 ,moreov] 9 "s in/ances z 9 inoculation aga9/ typhoid or diph!ria1 immunity may be artificially induc$ by means ( anti-tox9s4 ,! "q arises z to :e!r su* immunity is transmitt$ to (fspr+4 ,exp]im5ts h be5 made 7see ,bullet9 ,no4 #cj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,hygi5ic ,laboratory7 to te/ ?is & x has be5 f\nd t ! condition is n inh]it$4 ,"y gu9ea-pigs1 = in/ance1 born ( mo!rs immuniz$ dur+ pregnancy are immune at bir? b !y lose _! immunity 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks4 ,! effect is cle>ly "o ( direct transf]5ce f ! blood ( ! "m4 ,! same tempor>y immunity c be produc$ 9 ! "y1 9 fact1 by m]ely hav+ !m nurse f an immuniz$ "m4 ,non-,inh]itance ( ,p>5tal ,modifications ,has ,social1 ,e?ical & ,educational ,significance4--,l _m o!r biological conclusions ^! relative to ! non-inh]itance ( p>5tal modifications are ( extreme importance to humanity4 ,x is cle> t !y h n only physical b social1 e?ical & educational significance4 ,= if ! education :i* we give our *ildr5 ( to-day1 or ! desirable moral conduct :i* we inculcate does n affect ! (fspr+ ( succe$+ g5]ations ?r\gh inh]itance1 !n ! actual progress ( ! race is mu* sl[] ?an is commonly suppos$1 & ! advance ( mod]n ov] anci5t times lies m 9 an improvem5t 9 extrane\s conditions ?r\gh inv5tion & ! accumulation & r5d]+ accessible ( k1 ?an 9 an actual innate individual sup]iority4 ,& :5 we face ! issue squ>ely we h to admit t !re is no m indication ( ! inh]itance ( p>5tally acquir$ *>act]s z reg>ds cu/oms1 k1 habits & moral traditions ?an !re is ( physical features4 ,9 fact1 if su* acquirem5ts 7 inh]it$ !n we %\ld soon h a race :i* w\ld naturally1 spontane\sly z x 71 d :at its ance/ors did ) ef=t4 ,yet we d n f9d ! *ildr5 9 our s*ools read+1 do+ sums & develop+ prop] social relations )\t ceaseless prompt+ & urg+ on ! "p ( ! tea*]4 ,inde$ ,i c te/ify t ?is necessity c>ries ov] ev5 into a univ]sity4 ,9 %ort1 ! habits & /&>ds ( ea* g5]ation h to be in/ill$ into ! succe$+ g5]ation4 ,no ,cause = ,disc\ragem5t4--,at fir/ glance :5 we realize t not)/&+ our individual advancem5t1 t 9 spite ( all our pa9/ak+ ef=ts t[>d self-improvem5t1 we c n add "o jot or tittle to ! native ability ( our *ildr51 t1 aside f possible advantage\s g]m9al v>iations1 !y w h to />t 9 at approximately ! same level z we did1 & l u w h to /ruggle1 or be coax$1 pull$ or spurr$ up to ! high] rea*es ( atta9m5ts1 we are apt to feel disc\rag$ & to look on h]$ity z ! h& ( fate :i* irrevocably b>s progress4 ,b !re is ano!r side to ! picture4 ,?is v fact ( h]$ity :i* c n be alt]$ at w is ! cons]vative factor :i* ma9ta9s ! excell5ce ( our /&>d /ra9s ( plants & animals1 & su/a9s man himself at 8 pres5t level ( accompli%m5t4 ,:ile we are d5i$ advancem5t ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! fle%1 we are also l>gely protect$ f our mis=tunes & follies1 z witness ! non-inh]itance ( mutilations1 ( v>i\s maladies ( extr9sic orig91 or ( p]sonally acquir$ bad habits4 ,improv$ ,environm5t ,w ,help ,cons]ve ! ,sup]ior ,/ra9s ,:5 ,!y ,d ,appe>4--,if we c n h& on to our desc5dants a p]sonally enhanc$ blood h]itage1 we at lea/ c d our %>e t[>d build+ up a social h]itage ( e/abli%$ tru?1 ( effici5t in/itutions & ( /imulat+ ideals1 ?r\gh :i* _! dormant capacities may be l$ to exp& m surely & m effectively to _! utt]mo/ limits4 ,ea* advance 9 su* social h]itage w t5d m & m to create an atmosph]e :i* w make x sure t ! occasional real progressive & p]man5t v>iations :i* occur f "t to "t w f9d adequate expression & pres]vation 9 future l9es ( desc5dants4 ,x w r$uce ! numb]s ( our mute1 +lori\s ,miltons by m c]ta9ly disclos+ ! individual ( exceptional tal5ts & insur+ = him an opportunity ( reveal+ !m to ! be/ advantage4 ,above all1 s9ce surr\nd+ influ5ces are especially p[]ful on "y & develop+ organisms1 we %\ld realize t great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 behalf ( ! "y *ild to secure an environm5t :i* is saturat$ ) :olesome influ5ces4 ,= x is a rule ( developm5t t if ! environm5t is faulty ! organism is impair$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,pr5atal ,,influ5ces ,all ,t a ,*ild ,possesses at ,bir? ,n ,necess>ily ,h]$it>y4--,we come n[ to ! m specific discussion ( :at may happ5 to (fspr+ ( mammals1 & p>ticul>ly man1 9 ! int]val betwe5 f]tilization & bir?2 t is1 dur+ ! intra-mat]nal p]iod4 ,we h already se5 t any?+ affect+ ! (fspr+ dur+ ?is p]iod has to be reckon$ z environm5tal1 our =mula read+1 ,mammal g]m intra-mat]nal environm5t ext]nal environm5t4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t all t a *ild possesses at bir? is n necess>ily h]$it>y1 s9ce ! unborn *ild may be influ5c$ by conditions prevail+ 9 ei!r p>5t4 ,! ,my? ( ,mat]nal ,impressions4--,9 ord] to cle> ! way = m urg5t matt]s let u fir/ inquire into ! "q ( ! production ( *anges 9 ! unborn *ild z a result ( mat]nal impressions4 ,z ! tale g5]ally goes1 /ructural *anges are produc$ 9 ! unborn *ild correspond+ to "s m5tal exp]i5ce ( ! "m1 usually a vivid impression ( /rong emotion1 b :5 a giv5 individual is p9n$ d[n to s\rces1 x is usually a case ( he>say4 ,/ock examples are3 ,! "m sees a m\se ) ! result t a m\se-%ap$ bir?m>k occurs on ! *ild2 or %e sees a cru%$ h& & 9 consequ5ce be>s a *ild lat] ) "s ( ! bones ( ! h& miss+2 ! "m t\*es h] body :5 fright5$ & ?us m>ks ! unborn *ild on ! correspond+ "p ( ! body2 or %e produces beauty 9 ! *ild by long contemplation ( a picture ( a beautiful *ild2 & s on almo/ endlessly4 ,! favorite is usually ! production ( a r$ bir?m>k or m>ks on ! *ild's body by /rong desire on ! "p ( ! "m = /rawb]ries1 tomatoes1 etc4--! fruit mu/ be r$ s9ce ! m>k is r$--or by fright f see+ a fire4 ,z a matt] ( fact x is n uncommon = ! capill>y blood vessels ( ! sk9 ( a new-born infant to rema9 dilat$ 9 spots in/ead ( contract+ z !y normally %\ld d4 ,! result is m or less ( a r$ or flame spot4 ,x is easy to see1 !re=e1 :y su* bir?m>ks are s frequ5tly ref]r$ back by ! cr$ul\s "m to h] desire = or fe> ( "s r$ object4 ,an analysis ( ! case ( a *ild %udd]+ at ! sight ( pea*es is ( int]e/ 9 ?is connection4 ,! *ild %[$ ! greate/ av]sion to pea*es1 p>ticul>ly to ! fuzzy cov]+4 ,! "m's explanation 0 t pea*es 7 unusually pl5tiful ! ye> ! *ild 0 born & t %e _h work$ h\r aft] h\r at peel+ & cann+ pea*es %ortly be=e 8 bir? until %e _h become ?or\ghly sick ( !m4 ,?is acquir$ av]sion on h] "p %e believ$ _h be5 transf]r$ to ! *ild4 ,a few que/ions reveal$ ! fact1 h[ev]1 t ! "m1 h]self1 _h nev] lik$ pea*es & :5 ask$ if !y 7 di/a/eful to any o!r memb] ( h] own family %e exclaim$1 ,oh1 yes1 my "m w\ld %udd] & %ake if a pea* 7 br\ght ne> h]4 ,& !re we h x4 ,! idiosyncrasy 0 an inh]it$ "o z _m simil> peculi>ities are4 ,! m5tal impression produc$ 9 ! "m by h] own exp]i5ce ) pea*es _h no?+ to d ) its occurr5ce 9 ! *ild4 ,v frequ5tly also "o enc\nt]s ! "m :o is sure %e has eng5d]$ musical ability 9 h] *ild by con/ant practise & /udy ( music dur+ pregnancy4 ,! *ild is musical2 :at bett] evid5ce does "o want6 ,x seems nev] to occur to su* a "m t ! *ild is musically incl9$ because %e h]self is1 z is ev9c$ by h] own desire 9 ! matt] ev5 if %e is n a skillful p]=m]4 ,:5 we take into acc\nt ! extreme cr$ulity ( _m p1 ! unconsci\s t5d5cy ( mank9d to give a dramatic int]pretation to ev5ts :]e causes are n c]ta9ly kn[n1 ! ho/s ( co9cid5ces t occur 9 life1 & ! multitude ( cases :]e some?+ %\ld happ5 b no?+ does1 we are compell$ to believe t ! :ole matt] ( direct specific influ5ce ( ! "m's m9d on ! develop+ fetus is a my?4 ,aft] see+ ! conditions :i* prevail 9 ,m5delism1 = example1 x w take /rong fai? to believe t a "m ) duplex br[n eyes c ?9k or w blue eyes on h] baby1 yet ?is w\ld be a mild proc$ure comp>$ to "s we are ask$ to accept by believ]s 9 ! transmission ( mat]nal impressions4 ,mo/ ( all1 h[ev]1 :5 we recall ! actual relation betwe5 ! embryo & ! "m--a n>r[ umbilical cord is ! sole means ( communication betwe5 ! two--! physical impossibility ( a connection betwe5 "s p>ticul> m5tal happ5+ ( ! "m & a correspond+ specific modification 9 ! fetus becomes evid5t4 ,= !re are no n]ves 9 ! umbilical cord1 ! only pa? ( communication betwe5 "m & fetus be+ ! indirect "o by way ( ! blood /ream4 ,ev5 ?is me?od ( communication is limit$ inasmu* z ! "m's blood does n circulate ?r\gh ! blood vessels ( ! fetus4 ,gase\s & dissolv$ sub/ances are m]ely int]*ang$ ?r\gh ! ?9 walls ( ! capill>y blood vessels 9 ! plac5ta4 ,injuri\s ,pr5atal ,influ5ces4--,h[ev]1 ! d5ial t a p>ticul> m5tal impression ( ! "m is associat$ ) a p>ticul> /ructural defect 9 a *ild does n c>ry ) x ! implication t pr5atal influ5ces ( all k9ds are negligible factors4 ,on ! contr>y any delet]i\s effect :i* c rea* ! fetus ?r\gh absorption f ! blood ( ! "m may be ( grave consequ5ce4 ,!re is n ! lea/ d\bt t malnutrition or s]i\s ill-heal? on ! "p ( ! "m (t5 has a prejudicial effect on ! unborn (fspr+4 ,sev]e %ock or grief1 worry1 n]v\s exhau/ion1 ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 diseases1 poisons 9 ! blood or tissues ( ! p>5t1 su* z lead1 m]cury1 phosphorus1 alcohol & ! l1 may all act detrim5tally1 b !y op]ate ei!r by r5d]+ nutrition defective1 by direct poison+1 or by g5]at+ tox9s 9 ! blood ( ! p>5t :i* !n poison ! fetus4 ,among ! latt] may be m5tion$ ! toxic products ( tub]culosis & c]ta9 o!r bact]ial diseases4 ,su* factors op]at+ on ! unborn "y or ev5 on ! g]m-cells may cause mal=mations1 arre/s ( developm5t1 in/abilities ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & g5]al physical or m5tal weakness4 ,! effects are g5]al1 h[ev]1 & n specific4 ,to di/+ui% c]ta9 ( ^! pr5atal effects1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( c]ta9 diseases or poisons1 f true h]$it>y influ5ces !y are frequ5tly spok5 ( z cases ( transmission r ?an inh]itance f p>5ts4 ,"s writ]s use ! te*nical t]m bla/oph?oria1 or false-h]$ity1 ext5d+ ! mean+ s z to include also any damage t might be inflict$ on ! g]m-cells4 ,lead ,poison+4--,by way ( illu/ration ( h[ c]ta9 cumulative poisons may act we may exam9e a tabulation ( eighty-"o cases ( lead poison+ z report$ by ,con/ant9 ,paul 7,fig4 #bi1 p4 #afd74 ,! table requires little comm5t4 ,! disa/r\s effects ( su* poison+ are app>5t 9 e class ( cases4 ,! six? class :]e ! husb& alone 0 expos$ to lead %[s t ! poison c op]ate directly ?r\gh ! g]m-cell4 ,o!r obs]v]s note t 9 ! *ildr5 ( work]s 9 lead1 !re is a di/ress+ frequ5cy ( feeble-m9d$ness & epilepsy4 ,t lead poison+ op]at+ ?r\gh ! g]m-cells ( ! fa!r c affect ! developm5t ( ! "y h>mfully is well %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj1 p4 #afe1 :i* is a photograph ( two "y rabbits f ! same litt] ,! :ite "y "o is f a normal alb9o "m mat$ to an alb9o fa!r :i* _h receiv$ lead treatm5t4 ,! pigm5t$ "y "o is f ! same alb9o "m by a normal pigm5t$ fa!r4 ,al?\gh ! :ite fa!r 0 consid]ably l>g] ?an ! pigm5t$ fa!r1 nev]!less ! "y ( ! =m]1 because ( ! h>mful effects ( ! lead1 is di/9ctly small] & less lively4 ,a numb] ( litt]s1 ea* f ! same "m b 9 "p f a lead-poison$ fa!r & 9 "p f a normal fa!r1 h be5 secur$4 ,all %[ m or less ! same results4 ,! exp]im5ts are /ill 9 progress 9 ! dep>tm5t ( exp]im5tal bre$+ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,numb] ( cases4 ---------------------------------------- ,numb] ( pregnancies4 --------------------------------- ,abortions1 premature labor1 & /illbir?s4 --------------------------- ,infants born liv+4 -------------------- ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a4 ,"m %[+ ,"o infant di$ symptoms ( plubism #d #ae #ac #b )9 #bd h\rs4 #b4 ,"m work+ 9 type f\ndry1 all ( ^: previ\s pregnancies _h ,f\r ( ^! di$ be5 normal #e #cf #bi #g 9 fir/ ye>4 #c4 ,"m :o dur+ p]iod ( "w 9 ,aft] ceas+ to type f\ndry _h "w _h five pregnancies #a #e #e #j heal?y *ild4 #d4 ,"m work+ ,:5 away f int]mitt5tly 9 "w = "s type f\ndry2 p]iod ( "t :ile work+ gave bir? to !re #c #c #c #j heal?y *ildr54 #e4 ,"m 9 :om blue l9e on gum ! only sign ( lead poison+ #f #bi #ba #h ,( ^!1 eight di$ #f4 ,husb& alone 9 fir/ ye>1 expos$ to lead 8 #cb #ab #bj f\r 9 second1 five 9 ?ird4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,fig4 #bi ,tabulation ( eighty-"o cases ( lead poison+ record$ by ,con/ant9 ,paul 7f ,adami74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj ,photograph ( "y rabbits f ! same litt]1 ! small] "o /unt$ by lead-poison+ ( its fa!r 7,c\rtesy ( ,pr(essor ,l4 ,j4 ,cole74 ,! ,expectant ,"m ,%\ld ,h ,re/4--,! m]e matt] ( re/ on ! "p ( ! pregnant "m is1 judg+ f ! "w ( ,p9>d1 a ,fr5*man1 & 8 pupils1 an important "o4 ,9 a numb] ( detail$ inve/igations !y h %[n t re/ on ! "p ( ! work+ "m dur+ ! la/ ?ree mon?s be=e ! *ild is born results 9 ! production ( m>k$ly l>g] & m robu/ *ildr5 ?an ^? born ( mo!rs equally heal?y b :o h n _h su* re/4 ,moreov] ! dang] ( premature bir? is consid]ably less5$4 ,too ,%ort ,int]vals ,betwe5 ,*ildr54--,too %ort an int]val betwe5 *ildbir?s w\ld also seem to be an infr+em5t on ! rights ( ! *ild z well z ( ! "m4 ,?us ,doctor ,r4 ,j4 ,ew>t 7,! ,influ5ce ( ,p>5tal ,age on ,(fspr+1 ,eug5ic ,review1 ,octob]1 #aiaa7 f9ds t *ildr5 born at int]vals ( less ?an two ye>s aft] ! bir? ( ! previ\s *ild /ill %[ at ! age ( six a notable defici5cy 9 height1 weight & intellig5ce1 :5 comp>$ ) ! *ildr5 born aft] a long] int]val1 or ev5 ) fir/-born *ildr54 ,our ,duty to ,safegu>d ,mo!rhood4--,d\btless ! unv5tilat$ factory & t5em5t also d _! %>e1 ev5 ?\gh we c give no exact quantitative measure ( x4 ,obvi\sly1 x becomes a civic duty to protect z mu* z possible all memb]s ( our social sy/em f su* injuri\s factors z h j be5 discuss$4 ,x is p>ticul>ly necess>y to safegu>d mo!rs be=e conf9em5t1 especially work+ mo!rs4 ,expectant ,mo!rs ,neglect$4--,accord+ to ! claims ( life insurance m51 expectant mo!rs are ! mo/ neglect$ memb]s ( our population4 ,doctor ,van ,+51 ( ,new ,york ,city1 e/imates t n9ety p] c5t4 ( wom5 9 ?is c\ntry are :olly )\t pr5atal c>e4 ,yet e prospective "m %\ld be taught ! probable mean+ ( su* symptoms z heada*e1 hemorrhages1 swell+ ( ! feet & di/urb$ vision4 ,%e %\ld realize ! importance ( submitt+ a sample ( ur9e = analysis at lea/ once a mon? be=e *ildbir? & twice a mon? = a :ile !reaft]4 ,%e %\ld be specially in=m$ reg>d+ "w1 ex]cise1 diet & dress4 ,a rec5t gov]nm5t bullet9 writt5 by ,mrs4 ,max ,we/ :i* may be _h free by writ+ to ! ,*ildr5's ,bureau1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 gives mu* useful in=mation on ?is subject4 ,,alcoholism ,unreliability ( ,mu* ( ! ,data4--,"o ( ! mo/ important poisons t plays a prom95t "p among ante-natal influ5ces is alcohol4 ,b :5 x comes to a /udy ( ! problem ( alcoholism f ! /&po9t ( h]$ity & p>5tal influ5ces we meet ) _m difficulties1 prom95t among :i* are ! inaccuracy & unreliability ( _m ( ! /ati/ics br\ght =w>d 9 ?is connection4 ,_m ( ! results are vitiat$ by ! prejudices ( propag&i/s :o propose to make a case ei!r = or aga9/ alcohol z a bev]age :e!r or n ! facts ju/ify _! conclusions4 ,:5 "o tries to view ! matt] ) an op5 m9d he f9ds t !re is a deplorable lack ( /ati/ics :i* are n susceptible to m ?an "o int]pretation4 ,h[ev]1 us+ z mu* z possible :at seems to be unbias$ data1 ! evid5ce is almo/ :olly aga9/ alcohol z a bev]age1 at lea/ to any immod]ate ext5t4 ,alcohol a ,g]m9al or ,fetal ,poison4--,! bad effects z f> z (fspr+ are conc]n$ reveal !mselves 9 ! ma9 "u ! category ( false h]$ity1 i4 e41 g]m9al or fetal poison+s r ?an ( h]itable *anges induc$ 9 ! g]m-cells4 ,mo/ inve/igators feel t !re are too _m crim9al1 imbecile1 insane & unheal?y p]sons among ! (fspr+ ( drunk>ds to dismiss ! matt] z a co9cid5ce4 ,9 an inve/igation ( ,imbault1 = example1 we f9d record$ ( "o hundr$ tub]cul\s *ildr5 t :ile =ty-"o 7 ( tub]cul\s p>5tage1 ?irty-six p] c5t1 7 ! (fspr+ ( inebriates4 ,fur!rmore ,imbault cites ! obs]vations ( ,arrive on #a1ejf cases ( juv5ile m5+itis to ! effect t ?is malady is twice z frequ5t 9 ! *ildr5 ( alcoholic z 9 ^? ( tub]cul\s p>5tage4 ,x has be5 prov$ by ,nicl\x 7,l',ob/etrique1 ,vol4 #ii1 #aijj7 t 9 dogs & gu9ea-pigs alcohol passes ?r\gh ! plac5ta & may be detect$ 9 fetal tissues2 h5ce x is 9 position to influ5ce ! fetus4 ,he f\nd t 9 a v %ort "t ! am\nt ( alcohol 9 ! blood ( ! fetus ab\t p>allel$ t 9 ! blood ( ! "m4 ,progressive ,increase 9 ,dea?-,rate ( ,(fspr+ ( ,inebriate ,wom54--,9 an inve/igation on ! effects ( p>5tal alcoholism on ! (fspr+1 ,sullivan 7,j\rnal ( ,m5tal ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #de1 #ahii7 gives "s important figures4 ,to avoid o!r complications he *ose female drunk>ds 9 :om no o!r deg5]ative features 7 evid5t4 ,he f\nd t among ^! ! p]c5tage ( abortions1 /ill-bir?s & dea?s ( infants be=e _! ?ird ye> 0 #ee4h p] c5t4 z aga9/ #bc4i p] c5t4 9 sob] mo!rs4 ,9 answ] to ! objection t ?is high p]c5tage may be due m]ely to neglect1 & n to impairm5t ( ! fetus by alcoholism1 he po9ts out ! fact bas$ on ! hi/ory ( ! successive bir?s1 t !re 0 a progressive increase 9 ! dea?-rate ( (fspr+ 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( "t ! "m _h be5 an inebriate1 ?us3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,no4 (,p] c5t4,p] c5t4 dy+ ,total cases born dead be=e #c p]c5tage ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,fir/ bir?s #hj #f4b #bg4e #cc4g ,second bir?s #hj #aa4b #dj4h #ej4j ,?ird bir?s #hj #g4f #de4j #eb4f ,f\r? & fif? #aaa #aj4h #ed4i #fe4g ,six? to t5? #ic #ag4b #ed4h #gb4j ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,views ( a ,psy*iatri/ on ,alcohol4--,=el1 :o = ye>s 0 ! psy*iatri/ at ! head ( a l>ge insane asylum at ,zuri*1 ,switz]l&1 has ?is to say ab\t ! effects ( n>cotic poisons & alcohol 9 p>ticul>3 ,! (fspr+ ta9t$ ) alcoholic bla/oph?oria suff] v>i\s bodily & physical anomalies1 among :i* are dw>fism1 rickets1 a pr$isposition to tub]culosis & epilepsy1 moral idiocy1 & idiocy 9 g5]al1 a pr$isposition to crime & m5tal diseases1 sexual p]v]sions1 loss ( suckl+ 9 wom51 & _m o!r mis=tunes4 ,9 ano!r passage he#f rem>ks z foll[s3 ,b :at is ( mu* great] importance is ! fact t acute & *ronic alcoholic intoxication det]iorates ! g]m9al protoplasm ( ! procreators4444 ,! rec5t rese>*es ( ,bezzola seem to prove t ! old belief 9 ! bad quality ( *ildr5 conceiv$ dur+ drunk5ness is n )\t f\ndation4 ,rely+ on ! ,swiss c5sus ( #aijj1 9 :i* !re figure n9e ?\s& idiots1 & aft] c>eful exam9ation ( ! bullet9s conc]n+ !m1 ?is au?or has prov$ t !re are two acute annual maximum p]iods = ! conception ( idiots 7calculat$ f n9e mon?s be=e bir?72 ! p]iods ( c>nival & v9tage1 :5 ! p dr9k mo/4 ,9 ! w9e-gr[+ di/ricts ! maximum conception ( idiots is enorm\s1 :ile x is almo/ nil at o!r p]iods4 ,moreov]1 ^! two maximum p]iods come at ! "t ( ye> :5 conception is at a m9imum among ! re/ ( ! population1 ! maximum ( normal conceptions occurr+ at ! beg9n+ ( summ]4 ,ano!r int]pretation ( ,bezzola's results has be5 sugge/$ to ! effect t ! lic5se ( ^! p]iods enables ! defective memb]s ( ! community1 su* z ! feeble-m9d$1 an opportunity ( mat+ m readily & t consequ5tly ! result is direct inh]itance ( idiocy & alli$ defects in/ead ( idiocy produc$ ?r\gh alcoholic poison+ ( ! p>5tal g]m-cell4 ,o!r ,views4--,!re are inde$ _m compet5t inve/igators :o believe t alcoholism 9 p>5ts has little or no "p 9 ! direct production ( m5tal defects 9 *ildr54 ,= in/ance1 ,tr$gold quotes ,doctor ,irel&'s obs]vations t al?\gh at ,new ,ye>1 :5 ! fi%]m5 return1 ! :ole population ( c]ta9 villages 9 ,scotl& gets drunk1 !re is no noticeable excess ( defectives born n9e mon?s lat]1 & rem>ks fur!r t1 ,i h hi/ories ( idiots conceiv$ "u su* circum/ances1 b s ,i h ( normal *ildr51 & my op9ion is1 t :ile ?is may be a cause 9 "s cases1 ! numb] ( in/ances 9 ?is c\ntry at any rate is exce$+ly small4 ,aga91 ,godd>d1 "o ( our be/ kn[n ,am]ican /ud5ts ( feeble-m9d$ness1 :o has made c>eful /udy ( ?is po9t "u especially favorable conditions1 feels t 8 data d n prove t alcoholism ( ei!r ! fa!r or ! "m causes feeble-m9d$ness 9 ! *ild4 ,he concludes1 ,ev]y?+ seems to indicate t alcoholism itself is only a symptom2 t x = ! mo/ "p occurs 9 families :]e !re is "s =m ( neurotic ta9t1 especially feeble-m9d$ness4 ,godd>d1 h[ev]1 9 common ) _m o!r obs]v]s1 notes t misc>riages & dea?s 9 infancy are f> high] among inebriates ?an among ab/a9]s4 ,doctor ,mjoe5 cites an int]e/+ p>allel betwe5 ! increase ( feeble-m9d$ness 9 ,norway & a p]iod f #ahaf to #ahce1 :5 e "o 0 p]mitt$ to di/il br&y4 ,9 "s di/ricts _m ( ! f>m]s di/ill$ br&y f corn & potatoes1 & 9 su* regions dur+ ?is p]iod feeble-m9d$ness increas$ ne>ly "o hundr$ p] c5t4 ,lat] ! home di/illation ( br&y 0 /opp$4 ,accord+ to ,doctor ,mjoe51 ,! enorm\s increase 9 idiots came & w5t ) ! br&y4 ,he is incl9$ to believe1 h[ev]1 t ! alcohol op]at$ injuri\sly ma9ly on /ocks already defective4 ,! ,aff9ity ( ,alcohol = ,g]m9al ,tissue4--,nicl\x & ,r5ault h %[n t alcohol has a decid$ aff9ity = ! reproductive gl&s4 ,9 individuals :o h rec5tly tak5 alcohol ! proportion ( alcohol 9 ! gonads is soon almo/ equal to ! am\nt f\nd 9 ! blood4 ,?us 9 exp]im5ts on mammals x 0 f\nd t ! proportion ( alcohol 9 ! ov>y to t 9 ! blood 0 z ?ree to five1 & 9 ! te/is z two to ?ree4 ,?is w\ld af=d abundant opportunity = alcohol to act directly on ! sp]matozoon or ! ovum4 ,a numb] ( diff]5t inve/igators concur 9 f9d+ t ! g]m-gl&s ( ! male human inebriate 9 _m cases %[ m or less atrophy & o!r deg5]ative *anges4 ,9 gu9ea-pigs :i* h be5 repeat$ly intoxicat$ ) alcohol1 ,/ock>d f\nd t :ile he c\ld detect no visible abnormality 9 ! gonad1 nev]!less _! defective & weak5$ prog5y %[$ t ! g]m-cells _h be5 affect$4 ,innate ,deg5]acy ,v]sus ! ,effects ( ,alcohol4--,_m obs]vations on human be+s h be5 br\ght =w>d :i* at fir/ sight seem to indicate t noticeable defects1 p>ticul>ly m5tal & n]v\s1 occur ) appall+ frequ5cy 9 *ildr5 result+ f conception dur+ intoxication1 al?\gh1 un=tunately1 ! evid5ce is r>ely cle> z to :e!r ! defects are really due to ! effects ( ! alcohol or to ! fact t ! p>5t or p>5ts 7 deg5]ate to beg9 )4 ,a v int]e/+ human case cit$ by ,=el on ! au?ority ( ,s*weigh(] is t ( a normal woman :o _h ?ree s\nd *ildr5 :5 m>ri$ to a normal man4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ?is husb& %e m>ri$ an inebriate by :om %e _h ?ree o!r *ildr54 ,"o ( ^! suff]$ f infantilism1 "o turn$ out to be a drunk>d1 & ! ?ird became a social deg5]ate & drunk>d4 ,moreov] ! fir/ two contract$ tub]culosis1 al?\gh hi!rto ! family /ock _h be5 free f ?is malady4 ,ultimately ! woman m>ri$ aga9 & by ?is ?ird husb&1 :o 0 normal1 %e aga9 _h s\nd *ildr54 ,simil> cases might be cit$1 z1 = example1 a record ( eighty-?ree epileptics1 ( :om sixty _h drunk5 p>5ts1 b x c be urg$ aga9/ all ( !m1 ( c\rse1 t ! defective (fspr+ 7 due to an innate deg5]acy ( ! drunk5 p>5t :i* made him a drunk>d r ?an to ! effects ( ! alcohol he took4 ,:ile "o is skeptical z to ! validity ( ?is objection 9 all ( ! _m cases :i* occur ) su* monoton\s frequ5cy 9 man1 !re is no way ( escap+ su* an int]pretation ) ! evid5ce at h&4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 moreov]1 t !re are _m families ) "o or bo? p>5ts alcoholic 9 :i* ! *ildr5 are n m5tally defective4 ,exp]im5tal ,alcoholism 9 ,l[] ,animals4--,_m ( ! objections t exi/ 9 ! case ( man1 h[ev]1 d n apply 9 t ( l[] animals4 ,if normal animals are exp]im5tally alcoholiz$ & are %[n to produce defective (fspr+ "u su* conditions1 !n 9 _! cases at lea/1 ! disord]s 9 ! (fspr+ mu/ be due to ! effects ( alcohol & n to an innately deg5]ate condition ( ! p>5t4 ,disord]s simil> to "s ( ^? se5 9 ! *ildr5 ( alcoholics d actually result 9 alcoholiz$ animals ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,aga9/ ! e>li] exp]im5ts on animals x has be5 urg$ t too few individuals 7 us$ to give conclusive results1 b ?is objection c n be br\ght aga9/ ! rec5t exp]im5ts ( ,/ock>d4 ,:ile he has publi%$ acc\nts ( 8 "w 9 v>i\s sci5tific p]iodicals lately1 ! read] w f9d a full /atem5t ( 8 own exp]im5ts1 toge!r ) a review ( ! :ole subject ( exp]im5tal alcoholism 9 animals & ! effects on prog5y 9 ,! ,am]ican ,naturali/1 ,vol4 ,,xlvii1 ,novemb]1 #aiac1 toge!r ) a useful bibliography4 ,be=e tak+ up ,/ock>d's results we may select a few ( ! m significant exp]im5ts made e>li] by o!r inve/igators4 ,lait95 alcoholiz$ rabbits & gu9ea-pigs4 ,he f\nd t ! treat$ individuals _h m /ill-born "y ?an ! control1 & also t gr[? ( ! liv+ "y 0 ret>d$4 ,8 alcoholiz$ rabbits & gu9ea-pigs produc$ m "y ?an did ! normal individuals us$ z a control4 ,lait95's /udies on man1 toge!r ) ?ree o!r /udies ( ! ,eug5ics ,laboratory 9 ,london1 %[ t 9 man also m *ildr5 are born to alcoholics ?an to normal p>5ts4 ,godd>d's inve/igations 9 ,am]ica corroborate ?is fact4 ,c5i f\nd t only #dc p] c5t4 ( ! eggs f alcoholiz$ f[ls develop$ normally1 z aga9/ #gg p] c5t4 ( normal developm5t 9 ! controls4 ,moreov] ! eggs ( alcoholic f[ls 7 %[n to be less resi/ant to adv]se conditions ?an normal eggs f ! fact t fluctuations ( temp]ature at ! beg9n+ ( incubation kept all ! alcoholic eggs f develop+ p]fectly1 :ile #bg p] c5t4 ( ! control eggs develop$ normally "u ! same adv]se circum/ances4 ,hodge made a pair ( dogs alcoholic4 ,( #bc pups obta9$ f ! pair1 #h 7 de=m$ & #i 7 dead2 #d alone 7 viable4 ,f a control pair ( dogs #de pups 7 obta9$1 ( :i* #d 7 de=m$1 none 7 born dead1 & #da 7 viable4 ,/ock>d's ,exp]im5ts on ,gu9ea-,pigs4--,/ock>d's exp]im5ts demon/rate t ! (fspr+ ( mammals may be injur$ or modifi$ 9 _! developm5t by treat+ ei!r p>5t repeat$ly ) alcohol4 ,! gu9ea-pigs us$ 9 ! exp]im5t 7 all fir/ te/$ by normal mat+s & f\nd to yield normal (fspr+4 ,! alcohol 0 giv5 to !m by inhalation4 ,x 0 f\nd to be readily tak5 into ! animals' blood & to produce intoxication4 ,:ile gu9ea-pigs alcoholiz$ 9 ?is way z (t5 z six times a week = two & "o-half ye>s w\ld ma9ta9 _! own bodily vigor & heal? app>5tly1 ! delet]i\s effects on _! prog5y 7 m>k$4 ,! defects 7 g5]al r ?an specific1 al?\gh ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em & special s5se organs 7 app>5tly affect$ mo/4 ,out ( #aai total "y produc$ by ! alcoholic animals1 only #eb1 or less ?an #dd p] c5t41 surviv$1 :]eas out ( #fd "y produc$ f normal p>5ts us$ z a control = ! exp]im5t1 #ef1 or ov] #hg p] c5t41 surviv$4 ,9 "s cases alcoholic males 7 mat$ ) normal females1 9 o!r1 alcoholic females ) normal males4 ,9 /ill o!r in/ances bo? p>5ts 7 alcoholic4 ,! results are summ>iz$ 9 ! accompany+ table 7,fig4 #ca71 tak5 f ,/ock>d's pap]3 ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,(fspr+ ,,f ,,gu9ea-,,pigs ,,treat$ ,,) ,,alcohol ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,numb] ( ,mat+s -------------------------------------- ,negative ,result or ,e>ly ,abortion --------------------------------- ,/illborn ,litt]s ---------------------------- ,numb] ,/illborn ,"y --------------------- ,liv+ ,litt]s ---------------- ,"y ,dy+ ,soon ,aft] ,bir? --------- ,condition ( ,surviv+ ! ,animals ,"y ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,alcoholic male by normal female #ei #be #h #ae #bf #ba #cc ,normal male by alcoholic female #ae #c #c #i #i #i #aj ,alcoholic male by alcoholic female #bi #ae #c #f #aa #g #i ,,summ>y #ajc #dc #ad #cj #df #cg #eb ,normal male by normal female #ce #b #a #d #cb #d #ef #b;d g5]ation by normal #c #j #j #j #c #j #d #b;d g5]ation by alcoholic #c #j #b #e #a #j #b #a def4 #b;d g5]ation by #b;d g5]ation #ai #g #j #j #ab #f #ac #a def4 ,female treat$ dur+ pregnancy #d #j #j #j #d #a #g ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,fig4 #ca ,table %[+ condition ( ! (fspr+ f gu9ea-pigs treat$ ) alcohol 7aft] ,/ock>d74 ,l9es f\r & five give a comp>ison betwe5 ! #ajc total mat+s ( all treat$ individuals & #ce normal mat+s4 ,9 ! fir/ case almo/ #db p] c5t4 ( ! mat+s gave negative results or e>ly abortions1 :]eas 9 ! normal control mat+s1 failure to yield a full-t]m litt] occurr$ 9 only two cases4 ,! #ajc mat+s ( alcoholic animals gave only #df liv+ litt]s1 or ab\t #de p] c5t4 ,on ! o!r h& ! #ce control mat+s produc$ #cb liv+ litt]s1 or #ia-a_/b p] c5t4 ,x w be obs]v$ also t f su* ( ! #ajc mat+s ( alcoholics z produc$ "y !re 7 #cj /ill-born1 #cg :i* di$ soon aft] bir?1 & only #eb surviv+ "y1 :]eas f ! #ce mat+s ( normal individuals !re 7 only #d /ill-born "y1 #d :i* di$ soon aft] bir?1 & #ef surviv+ "y4 ,! bottom l9e ( ! table1 al?\gh1 z ,/ock>d po9ts out1 conta9+ too few cases to prove :olly conv9c+1 indicates t alcoholiz+ er/:ile normal females dur+ pregnancy 0 n p>ticul>ly h>mful to ! embryos 9 ut]o4 ,"s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ results 7 obta9$ :5 (fspr+ t]m$ second g5]ation animals1 d]iv$ f alcoholic p>5ts ?\gh n !mselves treat$ ) alcohol1 7 mat$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,:5 su* individuals 7 mat$ ) normal individuals1 al?\gh ! litt]s 7 small1 ! results 7 normal1 ! normal mate hav+ seem+ly c\nt]act$ any defects :i* might h lurk$ 9 ! second g5]ation animal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 out ( ?ree mat+s ( second g5]ation animals ) alcoholic individuals1 two produc$ /ill-born "y1 ( :i* "o 0 m>k$ly de=m$1 :ile ! ?ird yield$ two liv+ "y4 ,h[ev]1 ! mo/ /rik+ results 7 obta9$ :5 two second g5]ation individuals1 ! (fspr+ ( alcoholic p>5ts1 7 br$ toge!r4 ,al?\gh !mselves untreat$1 ^! individuals1 ( :i* #ai mat+s 7 made1 produc$ z _m or m defective "y ?an did _! alcoholic p>5ts4 ,sev5 ( ! mat+s 7 unfruitful4 ,! rema9+ #ab mat+s gave liv+ litt]s consi/+ ( #ai individuals 9 all4 ,six ( ^! %[$ v>i\s n]ve disord]s 7spasms1 epileptic-l seizures1 etc47 soon aft] bir?2 "o 0 eyeless & o!rwise de=m$4 ,/ock>d's ,int]pretation4--,/ock>d's int]pretation ( 8 exp]im5ts is z foll[s3 ,mammals treat$ ) injuri\s sub/ances1 su* z alcohol1 e!r1 lead1 etc41 suff] f ! treatm5ts by hav+ ! tissues ( _! bodies injur$4 ,:5 ! reproductive gl&s & g]m-cells become injur$ 9 ?is way !y give rise to (fspr+ %[+ weak & deg5]ative conditions ( a g5]al nature1 & e cell ( ^! (fspr+ hav+ be5 d]iv$ f ! injur$ egg or sp]m-cell are necess>ily simil>ly injur$ & c only give rise to o!r injur$ cells & ?us ! next g5]ation ( (fspr+ are equally weak & injur$ & s on4 ,! only hope = su* a l9e ( individuals is t x c be cross$ by normal /ock1 9 :i* case ! vigor ( ! normal g]m-cell 9 ! comb9ation may c\nt]act1 or at any rate r$uce1 ! ext5t ( injury 9 ! body cells ( ! result+ animal4 ,he also believes t v>i\s de=mities & developm5tal arre/s su* z h>elip & cleft-palate may simil>ly be cases ( transmission r ?an true inh]itance1 due to ! weak5+ ( ! g]m-cells 9 "s way1 or to "s lack ( full vigor 9 ! ut]9e environm5t4 ,fur!r ,rem>ks on ! ,situation 9 ,man4--,return+ n[ to ! "q ( alcoholism 9 man1 x seems 9 view ( ! /rong circum/antial evid5ce 9 ! case ( man himself1 toge!r ) ! result ( exp]im5ts on animals1 t little d\bt rema9s t excessive alcoholism might result 9 ! production ( defective (fspr+4 ,on ! o!r h& an antec$5t deg5]acy or neural in/ability und\bt$ly plays an important "p 9 _m cases1 9 ! orig9al production ( drunk>ds1 & :5 su* occurs1 x1 z well z ! direct effects ( alcoholic poison+1 mu/ be reckon$ ) 9 ! effects on prog5y4 ,/udies c>ri$ on by ,pe>son1 ,eld]ton & ,b>r+ton ( ! ,eug5ic ,laboratory 9 ,london lead ^! inve/igators to ! conclusion t extreme alcoholism is a result n a cause ( deg5]acy4 ,t is1 ! deg5]acy is due to ! defective /ock1 n to alcohol4 ,!y cite 9 evid5ce _! records ( f\r ?\s& s*ool *ildr5 ( alcoholic & ( sob] p>5ts1 :i* fail to %[ any unfavorable effect ( alcohol on (fspr+4 ,"s ( _! critics1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 t !y did n *oose subjects :o 7 suffici5tly alcoholic to give ! injuri\s results t might legitimately be expect$ among ! (fspr+ ( excessive dr9k]s or habitual drunk>ds4 ,:]e *ildr5 %[ a h]$it>y incl9ation t[>d dr9k1 unque/ionably "o ( ! /ronge/ factors is ! inh]itance ( ! same disposition1 ! same un/able n]v\s con/itution & its accompany+ lack ( self-control :i* l$ ! p>5t to dr9k1 r ?an ! inh]itance ( ! effects ( ! dr9k on ! p>5t4 ,= 9 _m cases a p>5t may n become a drunk>d until aft] ! *ildr5 :o also become drunk>ds are born4 ,t ! t5d5cy to dr9k immod]ately is frequ5tly due to a /ra9 ( feeble-m9d$ness or epilepsy becomes m evid5t e day4 ,9 _m ( ! s-call$ p]iodical drunk>ds1 ! accompany+ features ( _! p]iodic attacks ( dr9k-crav+1 su* z cl\d+ ( memory1 re/lessness & depression1 are ^? commonly associat$ ) ord9>y epileptic attacks4 ,probably ,ov] ,fifty ,p] ,c5t4 ( ,inebriety 9 ,man ,due to ,defective ,n]v\s ,con/itution4--,bran?waite1 an ,engli% au?ority on drunk5ness1 f9ds t ab\t sixty-?ree p] c5t4 ( ! inebriates :o come to 8 notice are m5tally defective4 ,9 alcoholic insanities h]$ity is a pot5t factor4 ,x is com+ to be realiz$ m & m t pron\nc$ alcoholism is due 9 a l>ge p]c5tage ( cases1 p]haps ov] half1 to a defective n]v\s make-up4 ,:ile x is true t _m drunk>ds w\ld n develop )\t free access to alcohol1 on ! o!r h& _m w\ld nev] develop )\t a bad h]$ity back ( !m1 :i* gives !m a peculi> n]v\s con/itution t r5d]s alcohol an undue /imulus4 ,9 a rec5t report ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,hospital ,commission x is /at$ t 9 fifty-f\r p] c5t4 ( ! cases ( alcoholic insanity1 a family hi/ory ( insanity1 epilepsy or n]v\s disease exi/s4 ,?us 9 ! pres5ce ( alcohol mo/ ( ^! un=tunates are helpless pawns ( a h]$it>y weakness4 ,s :5 ! "q ( alcoholism is view$ f all angles1 ! *ildr5 ( ! human drunk>d w\ld seem to run a d\ble m5ace ( mis=tune1 s9ce !y may be subject bo? to ! direct poison+ effects ( alcohol & ! results ( an inh]itable deg5]acy4 ,factors to ,be ,reckon$ ,) 9 ! ,/udy ( ,alcoholism4--,9 any ?or\ghgo+ /udy ( alcoholism 9 man _m factors w h to be reckon$ )4 ,fir/ ( all !re is ! "q ( inh]5t lack ( control4 ,?is is probably ! pr9cipal ?+ inh]it$ :]e h]$ity truly ent]s z a factor4 ,t example & social environm5t are important factors 9 addition to or 9 place ( h]$ity is cle>1 too1 :5 we obs]ve t (t5 x is ! boys only :o take aft] a drunk5 fa!r1 = !re is no evid5ce t ! inh]it$ t5d5cy :5 x really exi/s is at all sex-l9k$4 ,aga91 9 c]ta9 occupations c>ri$ on "u un:olesome influ5ces relief is frequ5tly s\ght 9 alcoholic /imulants1 & su* cu/om may easily cry/allize into habit4 ,fur!rmore1 ! accu/om+ "y *ildr5 to doses ( alcohol1 or ! unborn "y to alcohol ?r\gh ! body ( a drunk5 "m1 may be /rongly contributory t[>d e/abli%+ inebriety 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,z we h se5 f an abundance ( exp]im5tal data on animals1 moreov]1 ! nurture effects on g]m-cells may result 9 ! production ( weak5$ (fspr+4 ,su* (fspr+ 9 ! case ( man are probably less able to )/& temptations ( all k9ds & h5ce readily succumb to ! habit-=m+ effects ( alcohol if once its use is begun4 ,la/ly1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t alcoholism 9 ! fa!r usually means pov]ty & ! subsequ5t accompanim5t ( malnutrition & neglect ( ! *ildr51 & ?is 9 itself may n only acc\nt = poor developm5t ( ! latt]1 b may also be /rongly contributory t[>d e/abli%+ ! habit ( alcoholism 9 !m4 ,an inh]5t bias plus mo/ ( ! o!r conditions j enum]at$ is ! n unusual lot ( ! (fspr+ ( drunk>ds4 ,v5]eal ,diseases4--,!re is yet ano!r v consid]able class ( m>itally unfit :o 9 any consci5ti\s discussion ( unfitness = m>riage or ( racial improvem5t mu/ be consid]$4 ,i ref] to ^? :o are afflict$ ) ! diseases :i* are insep>ably associat$ ) ! s-call$ social evil4 ,to gonorrhea1 "o ( ! mo/ preval5t ( ^! diseases1 m ?an "o-f\r? ( our total "o hundr$ & t5 ?\s& bl9d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are said to owe _! affliction4 ,mild] types ( eye disease may also result f su* infections4 ,z mu* z eighty p] c5t41 or "s say practically all bl9dness 9 *ildr5 born bl9d is caus$ by x1 ! infection occurr+ at ! "t ( bir? or )9 a few days !reaft]4 ,! t]rible consequ5ces ( ?is disease to ! innoc5t wife w\ld alone make its discussion imp]ative4 ,! ,s]i\sness ( ! ,situation4--,un=tunately ! insidi\s nature ( gonorrheal infections is unkn[n to mo/ p]sons4 ,a cure is app>5tly effect$1 yet z a matt] ( fact ! g]ms may live = ye>s &1 if 9 ! male1 lat] be transmitt$ to ! wife1 subject+ h] to a future ( invalidism & mis]y4 ,reliable /ati/ics f v>i\s m$ical au?orities reveal ! appall+ fact t sev5ty-five p] c5t4 or m ( ! surgical op]ations = inflammatory pelvic disord]s peculi> to wom51 su* z pus tubes & p]itonitis1 are attributable to ?is disease1 z is also ! involunt>y /]ility ( =ty-five p] c5t4 ( *ildless wom54 ,unwelcome z ! fact is !re is an abundance ( evid5ce to %[ t a l>ge p]c5tage ( m5 9 p>ticul> h at "s p]iod ( _! life be5 infect$ ) v5]eal disease4 ,( our f\rte5 million males 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ! age ( ?irty we f9d e/imates by "s speciali/s 9 v5]eal diseases to ! effect t five million ( !m1 t is1 "o out ( ?ree1 suff] f "s "o ( ! social diseases or _! consequ5ces4 ,doctor ,hugh ,cabot1 "o ( ! *ief surgeons ( ! ,massa*usetts ,g5]al ,hospital at ,bo/on1 a memb] ( ! faculty ( ! ,h>v>d ,m$ical ,s*ool & presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,association ( ,g5ito-,ur9>y ,surgeons1 has ?is to say ab\t ! situation3 ,we h ( late ye>s he>d mu* ab\t ! frequ5cy & s]i\s consequ5ces ( tub]culosis2 x has be5 dubb$ ! ':ite plague1' & s active has be5 ! campaign t a wide-spread und]/&+ ( ?is s]i\s disease has result$4 ,x may safely be av]r$ t 9 ! urban population at lea/ !re are two1 & p]haps ?ree1 individuals ) syphilis to e "o ) tub]culosis4 ,! frequ5cy ( gonococcus infection is mu* high]4 ,he believes t ov] half ! male population acquire a gonococcus infection at "s p]iod ( _! c>e]4 ,:ile z a layman1 "o c n b feel t a speciali/'s e/imate may run unduly high because ( ! fact t he is enc\nt]+ an inord9ate proportion ( su* maladies e day1 /ill su* speciali/s are 9 position to get at ! tru? z no o!r p]son c & _! calculations are probably n grossly 9 error4 ,9 any ev5t any "o :o has progress$ 9 worldly k beyond ! naivete ( a *ild mu/ recognize ! appall+ preval5ce ( ^! maladies4 ,infantile ,bl9dness4--,s s]i\s has ! matt] ( infantile bl9dness become t "s /ate bo>ds ( heal? & "s city heal? dep>tm5ts supply all physicians & midwives ) specially prep>$ packages conta9+ cotton & nitrate ( silv] solution = prev5tive or curative treatm5t ( ! eyes ( all new-born *ildr54 ,at ! "t ( ! fir/ ba? ea* eye is c>efully wa%$ ) a sep>ate pl$get ( cotton saturat$ ) boric acid solution4 ,ea* !n receives a drop ( ! silv] solution1 :i* is made j /rong en\gh to kill any gonococci t might be pres5t )\t itself inflam+ ! eye4 ,wat] us$ 9 ba?+ ! baby's body ( c\rse is n all[$ to come 9 contact ) its eyes4 ,su* treatm5t %\ld be giv5 e *ild no matt] h[ unsuspici\s ! circum/ances may be4 ,g]man au?orities :o h be5 foll[+ ?is me?od n[ = "s ye>s assure u t n9ete5-tw5tie?s ( ! bl9dness ( infancy c ?us be prev5t$4 ,syphilis4--,z to syphilis1 ano!r & ev5 m t]rible ( ^! diseases1 we h be=e u ! absurd fact t :ile ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( doll>s are be+ sp5t to e/abli% a rigid inspection & prev5tive measures aga9/ ! spread ( a v simil> disease 9 ! horse1 ?is malady 9 man is all[$ to pass un*all5g$ & we are confront$ by ! gruesome c]ta9ty t !re are hundr$s ( ^! diseas$ p]sons ab\t u to-day :o1 on _! m]e affirmation t !y are unm>ri$ & ( age1 w be giv5 ! "r to m>ry & ?us produce families ( infect$ *ildr5 irrevocably doom$ to e>ly dea? or to lifelong mis]y4 ,:ile syphilis is mo/ commonly spread ?r\gh relations betwe5 ! sexes1 x may be acquir$ 9 v>i\s o!r ways1 z = example1 ?r\gh a cut 9 %av+ ) ! same razor an infect$ individual has us$4 ,x is commonly transmitt$ f p>5t to *ild4 ,practically e pro/itute is a c5t] ( dissem9ation4 ,ka!r9e ,bem5t ,davis has %[n 9 h] /udies made at ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,re=matory = ,wom5 t :ile ord9>y cl9ical te/s %[ t app>5tly only tw5ty-"o p] c5t4 ( ^! wom5 are infect$ ) v5]eal disease1 m c>eful laboratory te/s %[$ at lea/ n9ety p] c5t4 to be infect$4 ,syphilis is caus$ by ,treponema pallidum1 a small unicellul> animal p>asite4 ,giv5 access to ! blood by any means :atev]1 possibly ev5 ?r\gh an abrasion 9 ! lip by means ( a kiss1 x multiplies rapidly & any "p or organ ( ! body may be attack$4 ,usually a small sore occurs at ! po9t ( entrance to ! body1 b (t5 x heals up readily ) little indication ( ! s]i\sness ( ! infection4 ,! developm5t ( ! malady is insidi\s & long cont9u$4 ,z a matt] ( cl9ical conv5i5ce physicians divide its progress into successive /ages al?\gh 9 reality ! transitions are frequ5tly v>iable & ill m>k$4 ,! symptoms t arise )9 ! fir/ few mon?s or ev5 ye>s are readily controll$ by appropriate treatm5t1 b to insure a cure prolong$ & mo/ ?or\ghgo+ treatm5t is imp]ative4 ,! symptoms disappe> s completely aft] a %ort p]iod ( treatm5t t x is v difficult to p]suade ! av]age pati5t t he is n yet cur$4 ,two ye>s at lea/ are none too %ort a p]iod ( treatm5t1 yet ! majority ( pati5ts1 fully conv9c$ t !y are m]ely be+ exploit$ by ! physician z a s\rce ( rev5ue1 drift away at ! end ( a few mon?s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! g]ms usually p]si/ long aft] ! obvi\s symptoms ( ! disease h disappe>$1 & 9 consequ5ce _m ( ! mo/ s]i\s results ( syphilis may n manife/ !mselves = a p]iod ( p]haps t51 tw5ty or ?irty ye>s4 ,"s ( ! ,effects4--,x is n[ kn[n t p>esis1 also t]m$ g5]al p>alysis or s(t5+ ( ! bra91 is probably inv>iably due to syphilis4 ,! "w ( ,flexn] & ,nogu*i on p>esis & tabes dorsalis %[ t always 9 su* afflictions ! tissues ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em h be5 invad$ by ! p>asite4 ,! orig9al infection1 h[ev]1 may h occurr$ s long be=e z to h be5 almo/ =gott5 by ! pati5t4 ,?us _m an app>5tly robu/ man is /rick5 d[n 9 ! prime ( life4 ,e>li] & prolong$ treatm5t w\ld 9 all probability h eradicat$ ! g]ms & ?us prev5t$ ! m5tal breakd[n1 :i* c n be cur$ by any kn[n treatm5t4 ,po/mortem exam9ation always %[s t ! ,treponema has wr\ght wide-spread damage 9 ! bra94 ,! frequ5cy ( p>esis may be realiz$ :5 "o le>ns t 9 "s regions x is responsible = ab\t "o-fif? ( all cases ( insanity s5t to hospitals = ! insane4 ,x ranks next to ! highe/ z a cause ( insanity4 ,/ati/ics %[ t 9 ! /ate ( ,new ,york m dea?s result annually f p>esis ?an f smallpox1 tetanus1 mal>ia1 dys5t]y & rabies all comb9$4 ,9 "s cases ! disease attacks ! membranes ( ! bra9 & ! small blood vessels giv+ rise to a /ill diff]5t type ( m5tal disord]4 ,practically all pati5ts ) locomotor ataxia owe _! condition to an antec$5t syphilis4 ,moreov] x is "o ( ! important causes ( art]io-scl]osis1 or h>d5+ ( ! blood vessels1 & is also a prom95t factor 9 c]ta9 =ms ( he>t-disease1 z well z by no means an unimportant cause ( bl9dness 9 *ildr54 ,z to specific cases ( ! effects ( ?is disease on desc5dants ! lit]ature ( ! subject is cr[d$ full4 ,:ile x is ne$less to conduct ! read] ?r\gh a *amb] ( horrors by review+ cl9ical cases1 x is desirable to po9t out 9 a g5]al way "s ( ! effects4 ,doctor ,george ,h4 ,kirby1 director ( ,cl9ical ,psy*iatry1 ,manhattan ,/ate ,hospital1 says3 ,we f9d t :5 ei!r ! fa!r or ! "m suff]s f p>esis t _m o!r memb]s ( ! family may be infect$ ) syphilis1 & fur!rmore1 we f9d t a l>ge numb] ( *ildr5 9 ^! families are feeble-m9d$1 n]v\s1 or 9 o!r ways abnormal4 ,doctor ,plant exam9$ a gr\p ( #ajj *ildr51 ! (fspr+ ( cases ( p>esis1 & f\nd t #de p] c5t4 7 pla9ly damag$ m5tally or physically1 or 9 bo? fields2 ! blood te/ %[$ t "o-?ird ( ^! #ajj *ildr5 _h ! syphilitic poison 9 _! sy/ems4 ,ano!r inve/igator f\nd 9 a gr\p ( #aci *ildr51 ! desc5dants ( p>5ts :o _h syphilitic n]v\s disease1 t ov] #be p] c5t4 7 def9itely feeble-m9d$ or affect$ ) "s s]i\s n]v\s disord]s4 ,o!r /udies indicate t !re exi/s a close relation betwe5 syphilis & _m ( ! hi!rto unexpla9$ cases ( feeble-m9d$ness1 includ+ idiocy1 imbecility1 infantile p>alysis1 & "s =ms ( epilepsy4 ,:ile ! "q is n yet settl$1 x appe>s t syphilis is ! real cause ( _m ( ^! cases ( m5tal defect 9 *ildr54 ,/ill o!r inve/igators give details ( physical afflictions & di/ortions1 ( suppress$ developm5t1 ( inord9ate p]c5tages ( /illbir?s--p]haps ! mo/ m]ciful lot = ! little victims--b suffici5t has be5 said to indicate ! full horror ( ! situation4 ,godd>d1#g al?\gh n m9imiz+ ! t]rible nature ( ! disease1 f9ds little evid5ce 9 8 /udies t syphilis 9 p>5ts is a specific cause ( feeble-m9d$ness4 ,a ,blood ,te/4--,=tunately a delicate blood te/ kn[n z ! ,wass]man te/ has be5 discov]$ by means ( :i*1 ?r\gh an exam9ation ( a few drops ( blood1 any trace ( syphilitic poison :i* exi/s 9 ! body may usually be detect$4 ,?is is true ev5 ?\gh ! individual may at ! "t %[ no visible symptoms ( syphilis4 ,! te/ is !re=e ( great value 9 detect+ ! lat5t g]ms ( syphilis 9 individuals :o h app>5tly be5 cur$1 & also (t5 9 mak+ an e>ly diagnosis ( p>esis4 ,! ,wass]man te/1 h[ev]1 is reliable only 9 ! h&s ( a skill$ op]ator4 ,x may occasionally give a positive reaction :5 syphilis does n exi/ & on ! contr>y a negative :5 x is pres5t4 ,! luet9 te/ is also n[ appli$ by "s speciali/s1 b is too new a te/ to h come into g5]al use4 ,x works on ! same pr9ciple z ! tub]cul9 te/ = tub]culosis4 ,"s army physicians n[ also give :at is t]m$ a provocative ,wass]man4 ,t is1 9 a suspici\s case :i* gives only negative results by an ord9>y ,wass]man1 !y c get1 if syphilis really exi/s1 a positive reaction aft] giv+ small doses ( potassium iodide or salv>san4 ,x %\ld be well und]/ood by e "o t syphilis is usually curable provid$ ! pati5t is giv5 mod]n sci5tific treatm5t by a compet5t physician4 ,i emphasize compet5t because !re are s _m quacks 9 ?is field t "o und]go+ treatm5t c n be too c>eful 9 assur+ himself ( ! compet5cy ( ! physician4 ,9 ev5 a case ( long /&+1 :]e ! symptoms h be5 9 abeyance = a numb] ( ye>s1 ! disease c be cur$ provid$ x has n develop$ into an active c]ebro-sp9al type1 & ev5 ! latt] c be mu* b5efit$ by prop] treatm5t4 ,! great dang] ( ! c]ebro-sp9al type is t x w result 9 p>esis or locomotor ataxia4 ,z long z ! blood ( a pati5t %[s a positive ,wass]man reaction1 m>riage %\ld c]ta9ly n be consummat$4 ,if aft] a prop] c\rse ( treatm5t by a well-in=m$ physician1 ! pati5t %[s a negative ,wass]man :5 te/$ by a compet5t exam9]1 he probably w\ld n infect 8 wife or (fspr+1 al?\gh prud5ce w\ld require t he wait at lea/ six mon?s or a ye> be=e m>riage1 & m>ry+ !n only if lat] te/s rema9 negative4 ,! only way = a pati5t to be sure t he is n h>bor+ ! c]ebro-sp9al =m w\ld be to h a sp9al puncture made & ! c]ebro-sp9al fluid exam9$4 ,:ile ! c]ebro-sp9al phase (t5 does n occur until long aft] ! prim>y infection1 cases are kn[n 9 :i* x has appe>$ )9 a few weeks4 ,evid5ce t ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em is frequ5tly invad$ e>ly 9 ! c\rse ( ! disease is increas+4 ,m>riage ( an individual suff]+ f ! c]ebro-sp9al =m %\ld n take place1 s9ce su* a "o is almo/ sure to become a burd5 on ! family or ! /ate4 ,_m ,syphilitics ,are ,m>ri$4--,x may seem to "s t 9 a treatise on be+ well-born ! subject ( syphilis might be ignor$ z n be+ especially p]t95t1 b ! supposition t no consid]able p]c5tage ( syphilitics m>ry is n borne out by ! facts4 ,sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ( m5 ) insanity due to syphilis :o are admitt$ to hospitals are m>ri$4 ,! insanity 9 su* cases is ma9ly ! result ( infections 9 e>li] ye>s1 (t5 long be=e m>riage4 ,:ile syphilis1 /rictly speak+1 is n inh]it$1 t is1 does n become "p & p>cel ( ! g]m-plasm1 /ill ! frequ5cy ( its direct transmission to (fspr+ is s appall+ t ! outcome1 z f> z ! imm$iate *ild is conc]n$1 is q z disa/r\s z ! mo/ ?or\ghgo+ real inh]itance c\ld be4 ,:y ,p]mit ,conditions to ,cont9ue z ,!y ,are8--,:5 "o faces ! easily asc]ta9$ facts reg>d+ v5]eal disease1 x seems incr$ible t we1 an intellig5t p1 c g on complac5tly h&+ our daught]s & si/]s ov] to ! surgeon's knife & a life ( p]sonal mis]y1 & ev5 9 n a few in/ances to become mo!rs ( incurably defective *ildr51 yet ! dire fact confronts u t we d4 ,we c no long] excuse ourselves on ! plea ( ignorance1 = ! grisly record may n[ be read 9 _m m$ical & n a few popul> treatises1 & we f9d ! !me ent]+ ev5 into ! mod]n drama1 z witness ,brieux's ,damag$ ,goods4 ,fur!r indiff]5ce to ^! conditions c only be attribut$ to culpable apa?y or prud]y4 ,! extreme dang]s to :i* p>5ts are subject+ _! daught]s if !y d n dem& a clean bill ( heal? on ! "p ( _! prospective husb&s are obvi\s4 ,fa!rs & mo!rs p]fectly will+ to inquire into _! future son-9-law's social connections1 8 income1 securities1 or bus9ess *ances become /rangely mode/ :5 x comes to det]m9+ :e!r he is physically fit = m>riage4 ,"o great cause ( ignorance 9 ! pa/ 0 ! prudi% taboo aga9/ frank discussions ( v5]eal diseases :i* has ?r[n ! veil ( sil5ce ab\t ! subject4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 x is com+ to be recogniz$ t ^! maladies are diseases & n a /&>d ( social propriety1 & t l mo/ o!r diseases ! sure/ way to secure prev5tion & gradual eradication is ?r\gh ! enlight5m5t ( ! public4 ,!y are preval5t 9 all classes ( society4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t !re is no =m ( v5]eal disease :i* may n be innoc5tly acquir$4 ,ev5 :]e acquir$ ?r\gh transgression ( moral law an ignorant attitude t[>d ! sexual in/9ct is (t5 at ! bottom ( ! difficulty4 ,m$ical ,inspection ,be=e ,m>riage4--,ante-nuptial m$ical inspection is c]ta9ly z necess>y to ! welf>e ( society z ! c]tification ( age & ( ! s+le /ate n[ requir$ by law4 ,no "o objects to a m$ical exam9ation p]ta9+ to v5]eal & o!r diseases :5 x comes to tak+ out a life insurance policy1 & :y !re %\ld be any m objection to x z a prelim9>y to m>riage is a my/]y4 ,a few /ates already h compulsory ante-nuptial m$ical inspection4 ,! laws h be5 enact$ too rec5tly to judge adequately ( _! work+4 ,!re has be5 mu* debate 9 ,wiscons9 z to :e!r _! law 7,*apt] #gch1 ,laws ( #aiac71 :i* w5t into effect ,janu>y #a1 #aiad1 is con/itutional & :e!r x requires a ,wass]man te/4 ,! ,wiscons9 law applies to males only4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! /ate has decl>$ x con/itutional & t its requirem5t ( ! application ( ! recogniz$ cl9ical & laboratory te/s ( sci5tific se>* involves only su* exam9ation z ! ord9>y lic5s$ physician is equipp$ to make & c reasonably be expect$ to make = ?ree doll>s1 ! maximum fee specifi$ 9 ! law4 ,a numb] ( ! physicians ( ! /ate are /ill dissatisfi$ ) ! word+1 al?\gh mo/ d n oppose ! pr9ciple ( ! law4 ,_m believe t x %\ld apply to ! wom5 z well z to ! m51 & o!rs feel t ! law %\ld be ext5d$ to cov] /ill o!r k9ds ( m>ital unfitness4 ,mo/ ( ! practition]s ) :om ,i h discuss$ ! matt] appreciate ! motive und]ly+ ! law & are endeavor+ to make x successful4 ,! g5]al public ( ! /ate z a :ole seems to be 9 favor ( ! provision4 ,at lea/ "o he>s mu* favorable comm5t & little diss5sion among ^? :o und]/& its purpose4 ,! v controv]sy ov] x :i* sprang up aft] its passage prov$ to be ( great b5efit 9 ! education ( ! public reg>d+ ! necessity ( su* measures4 ,su* physicians z ,i h be5 able to "q report t ! c&idates = m>riage r>ely object to ! requirem5t1 b on ! contr>y /rongly favor x4 ,especially :]e !y h suff]$ f v5]eal disease e>li] 9 life mo/ are eag] to "k _! condition & to h m$ical advice4 ,to my own m9d ?is la/ fact is ! mo/ significant ( all1 z x w give e c&idate = m>riage a *ance to "k ! tru?4 ,mo/ m5 are n s mu* brutal or vici\s z ignorant 9 su* matt]s4 ,! va/ majority ( ^? unfit = m>riage z a consequ5ce ( v5]eal disease w1 :5 !y realize ! dang] _! condition imposes on wife & *ildr51 take e possible means to put !mselves into prop] condition4 ,desirable z ! ,wass]man te/ may be1 x requires special laboratory facilities & equipm5t z well z a specially tra9$ exam9] to make x a reliable te/4 ,moreov] x c n be giv5 by ! g5]al practition] = ! v mod]ate fee t mu/ obta9 9 a pre-nuptial exam9ation compell$ by law4 ,if x or ! s]um te/ = gonorrhea are to be appli$ !n ! legislative body ( ! /ate w f9d x necess>y to e/abli% a special public laboratory or laboratories = _! application4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n a matt] ( p>ticul> difficulty & w\ld be capital well inve/$ 9 any /ate4 ,! ,p]ils ( ,v5]eal ,disease ,mu/ ,be ,prev5t$ at ,any ,co/4--,h[ev]1 no matt] :at ! co/ may be to ! /ate1 no matt] :at ! exaction f ! individual1 ! grave p]ils ( v5]eal disease to society mu/ be prev5t$4 ,we owe x to ! cause ( humanity t !re be few] victims born into a _w ( et]nal night1 t f a p>5tage ( pollut$ blood !re spr+ no long] ho/s ( *ildr5 ) feeble mis%ap5 bodies or ) t>ni%$ intellects1 dea?-m>k$ at ! door ( life4 ,bad ,environm5t ,c ,wreck ,good ,g]m-,plasm4--,9 conclusion x is evid5t f our discussion ( pr5atal influ5ces t n all ( be+ well-born is conc]n$ ) h]$ity 9 its prop] s5se1 s9ce ! unborn "y may be influ5c$ ei!r directly or indirectly by environm5tal conditions :i* are 9 no s5se products ( h]$ity1 al?\gh z f> z ! imm$iate *ild is conc]n$ ! result may be q z disa/r\s :]e ! influ5ce is a baneful "o4 ,z to ! production ( b5eficial pr5atal effects1 :ile p>5ts c d no?+ t[>d modify+ favorably su* qualities z are pr$et]m9$ 9 _! g]m-plasm1 nev]!less !y mu/ come to realize t bad environm5t c wreck good g]m-plasm4 ,!y c see to x t !y keep !mselves 9 good physical condition by :olesome temp]ate liv+1 & !reby insure z f> z possible heal?y g]m-cells = ! conception & good nutrition = ! su/5ance ( _! prog5y4 ,_! "o sacr$ obligation to ! immortal g]m-plasm ( :i* !y are ! tru/ees is to see t !y h& x on ) its maximal possibilities undimm$ by innutrition1 poisons or vice4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,responsibility ,,= ,,conduct ,s9ce bo? physical & m5tal attributes are unque/ionably inh]it$1 x becomes a matt] ( importance to inquire into ! nature ( ! entity we call p]sonality4 ,to :at ext5t is human conduct a product ( p>5tage8 ,al?\gh app>5tly free ag5ts are we 9 reality only by inf9itely subtle indirections mak+ ! responses1 =m+ ! habits1 e/abli%+ ! *>act]s :i* result m]ely f ! bl9d impulsions ( an inh]5t con/itution8 ,if s1 :o is praisewor?y1 :o blamewor?y8 ,are m5 ,b helpless pieces ( ! ,game ,he plays ,^u ?is *equ]-bo>d ( ,nights & ,days4 ,all ,m5tal ,process ,accompani$ by ,neural ,process4--,:atev] ! ultimate decision ( psy*ologi/s may be reg>d+ ! relation ( m9d to ! s5sory & n]v\s me*anism ( man x is c]ta9 t !re is s close an association betwe5 !m t ! lea/ alt]ation 9 ! me*anism means a p>allel effect 9 ! m9d1 or 9 ! words ( ,huxley1 e psy*osis is def9itely correlat$ ) a neurosis4 ,! r9d or cortex ( gray matt] :i* con/itutes ! surface ( ! l>ge c]ebral hemisph]es ( ! human bra9 is reg>d$ z ! seat ( consci\sness4 ,! developm5t ( ! m5tal p[]s 9 ! infant is dep5d5t on ! developm5t ( ! elem5ts ( ?is cortical sub/ance & ! wan+ ( ! m5tal faculties 9 old age goes h& 9 h& ) its atrophy4 ,abnormal arrangem5ts1 injuries or omissions 9 x mean m5tal uns\ndness4 ,h[ ! activity ( ! /ructural me*anism gives a reaction 9 consci\sness is n und]/ood1 b we "k t 9 ! liv+ be+ ! two ph5om5a are insep>ably l9k$4 ,:e!r we accept ! hypo!sis t consci\sness is an actual product ( ! /ructural me*anism or ! hypo!sis t ! latt] is only an in/rum5t = ! manife/ations z consci\sness ( an outside =ce or entity1 j z ! telegraphic in/rum5t manife/s ! exi/5ce ( electricity1 is nei!r "h nor !re = our purposes4 ,on ei!r supposition ! degree & mann] ( expression are det]m9$ by ! /ructure ( ! me*anism4 ,our ma9 problem is to decide z ne>ly z possible h[ mu* ( ! me*anism is rigidly inh]it$1 h[ mu* is at bir? l>gely unde/9$1 s t its ultimate outcome is 9 "p a product ( ! =ces :i* play ^u x1 or 9 o!r words ( education & tra9+4 ,gradation 9 ,n]v\s ,response f ,l[] ,organisms to ,man4--,to compreh5d fully ! basic nature ( human neural responses "o mu/ seek ! roots 9 ! behavior ( l[] organisms4 ,= !re is f\nd 9 a simpl] =m _m ( ! fundam5tal activities & ! fir/ dim grop+s :i* em]ge 9 man z memory1 reason & w4 ,z we asc5d ! scale ( animal life we f9d a cont9u\s advance 9 neural complexity & n]v\s response t 9 _m respects grades up closely to ! human type4 ,a w9dmill or a wea!r-vane po9ts t[>d ! s\rce ( ! w9d1 obvi\sly n because ei!r ex]cises any special *oice 9 ! matt]1 b because x is con/ruct$ on su* l9es ( symmetry t :5 ! w9d /rikes x1 if x slants ! slighte/ to left or "r1 ! m expos$ surface receives ! greate/ pressure & ?us sw+s ! body back into ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,behavior ( ,_m ,animals ,(t5 an ,automatic ,adju/m5t to ,simple ,ext]nal ,ag5ts4--,x is a f> cry1 ( c\rse1 f ! responses ( su* a ma*9e z a w9dmill to ! responses ( ev5 ! simple/ liv+ ?+1 b 9 spite ( ! broad gap betwe5 ! two1 !re is mu* reason to believe t ! behavior ( _m liv+ organisms is due 9 a m>k$ degree to ! directive effects ( comp>atively simple ext]nal factors r ?an to ! complex int]nal volitions ! casual obs]v] is likely to attribute to !m4 ,tropisms4--,x is a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( all liv+ protoplasm t x has ! p[] ( respond+ to ext]nal /imuli4 ,?is p[] ( response is t]m$ excitability or irritability4 ,9 describ+ ! motor responses ( liv+ organisms to /imuli result+ f a *ange 9 surr\nd+s ! t]m tropism 7,gr4 ,trope1 turn+7 is frequ5tly us$ & ! k9d ( /imulus is indicat$ by a prefix4 ,?us ! t]m phototropism means a turn+ or ori5tation br\ght ab\t by means ( light4 ,an organism :i* reacts by a movem5t t[>d ! s\rce ( light is said to be positively phototropic1 "o :i* moves away f x1 negatively phototropic4 ,by us+ su* a neutral t]m9ology ! physiologi/ avoids imply+ t necess>ily likes or dislikes or any o!r psy*ic reaction ent] into ! movem5ts4 ,sev]al k9ds ( tropisms are recogniz$1 su* z phototropism or heliotropism1 reaction to light2 !rmotropism1 reaction to heat2 electrotropism or galvanotropism1 to electric curr5t2 geotropism1 to gravity2 *emotropism1 to a *emical2 rheotropism1 to curr5t2 ?igmotropism or /]eotropism1 to contact2 & *romotropism1 to color4 ,_m ,animals ,%[ ,tropic ,responses4--,_m ( ! l[] animals seem to h _! movem5ts det]m9$ m or less me*anically by ! action ( su* ext]nal factors1 "s be+ positively1 o!rs negatively responsive to a giv5 k9d ( /imulus1 or ! same individual may be at "o "t positive1 at ano!r negative1 accord+ to modify+ conditions to be m5tion$ pres5tly4 ,9 plants & 9 simpl] l[] animals !re is no special n]v\s sy/em4 ,! responses ( ^! organisms dep5d on ! g5]al irritability ( _! con/itu5t protoplasm4 ,9 o!r animals a n]v\s sy/em is develop$1 crude & diffuse 9 l[] =ms1 extremely delicate1 complex & def9itely ord]$ 9 high] =ms4 ,b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t n]ve protoplasm possesses only 9 high degree a capacity = irritability1 conduction1 etc41 t is common to all liv+ sub/ance4 ,9 keep+ ) o!r physiological divisions ( labor or specialization :i* m>k ! increas+ complexity ( animals1 ?is enorm\sly enhanc$ s5sitivity & conductivity ( c]ta9 tissues h come ab\t1 & !y h become set ap>t = ^! special functions4 ,9 high] animals1 !re=e1 ! tropisms :]e op]ative mu/ act m or less ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! n]v\s sy/em in/ead ( directly ?r\gh ! g5]al protoplasm ( ! organism4 ,c]ta9 ,app>5tly ,complex ,volitions ,probably ,only ,tropisms4--,:]e n]v\s sy/ems ent] into tropic responses !re mu/ be specific s5sibility ( c]ta9 n]ve t]m9ations 7i4 e41 s5se organs7 at ! surface ( ! body4 ,^! s5sory or receiv+ n]ves connect ?r\gh ! c5tral sy/em ) correspond+ motor n]ves :i* 9 turn supply c]ta9 specific muscles ?r\gh ! contraction ( :i* ! organism is z surely & z me*anically ori5t$ z 9 ! simpl] cases4 ,= example1 if light is ! /imulat+ ag5t1 :5 x /rikes a positively phototropic animal1 if ! latt] is n already ori5t$1 ! eyes or o!r n]ve t]m9ations s5sitive to light transmit an impulse ?r\gh ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em to c]ta9 muscles caus+ !m to increase _! t5sion & !reby sw+ ! animal ar\nd ) its head t[>d ! light4 ,progressive movem5ts :i* ! organism !n makes mu/ c>ry x t[>d ! s\rce ( light4 ,?us x is n love ( light t draws ! mo? into ! flame b ! me*anical /e]+ ( ! body t[>d ! s\rce ( light ?r\gh ! /imulations produc$ by ! light waves4 ,x is *emotropism1 n solicitude = its (fspr+1 :i* drives ! fle% fly to lay its eggs on decay+ meat4 ,& x is /]eotropism & n a desire = concealm5t :i* impels c]ta9 animals su* z _m worms & insects to get into a close contact ) solid bodies1 or 9 o!r words to hide !mselves 9 burr[s & crevices4 ,complicat+ ,factors4--,h[ev]1 beautifully z ^! !ories ( tropisms "w out 9 a broad g5]al way1 !re are v>i\s additional factors ent]+ :i* mu/ be reckon$ )1 & ^! become m num]\s & ( m consequ5ce z ! organism becomes m complex4 ,9 ! fir/ place c]ta9 int]nal conditions mu/ be consid]$4 ,liv+ matt] is *>act]iz$ by its in/ability4 ,!re are cont9ual syn!tic & disruptive processes 9 progress :i* ! physiologi/ t]ms metabolic *anges4 ,! v life ( su* matt] seems to be ! manife/ation ( su* *anges4 ,conc]n+ :at ! ultimate s\rce ( ^! *anges is1 :e!r or n indirectly !y may be ref]r$ to ext]nal conditions z seems probable to _m biologi/s1 no "o s f> has ev] giv5 a conv9c+1 positive answ]4 ,x is suffici5t = our purposes to "k t !y may h set up c]ta9 int]nal /imuli :i* may modify ! behavior ( ! organism 9 :i* !y reside1 & t ! physiological /ate ( ! organism at ! "t ( ext]nal or int]nal /imulation w condition ! response4 ,?is physiological condition may be dep5d5t on ! g5]al metabolic equilibrium ( ! animal1 or on ! ext5t ( previ\s /imulation by means ( ! same or diff]5t ag5ts4 ,?us ! organism may n always react 9 ! same way to ! same /imulus4 ,! int5sity ( ! /imulation & *ange 9 ! int5sity ( ! /imulation1 are also factors to be reckon$ )4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt t a giv5 organism is (t5 op]at+ "u ! control ( m ?an "o ext]nal influ5ce4 ,= example1 sw>m spores 9 a di% ( wat] :i* at a giv5 temp]ature are positively phototropic1 t is1 ga!r at ! side ( ! di% t[>d ! light1 may1 if ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is rais$ or 9 case ( m>9e =ms if ! sal9ity is increas$1 become negatively phototropic4 ,sometimes two or m =ms ( /imuli may coop]ate 9 br++ ab\t c]ta9 behavior z1 = in/ance1 9 ! reaction ( ! e>?worm to a suitable habitat1 ?r\gh a comb9ation ( *emical & contact /imuli4 ,on ! o!r h&1 two diff]5t /imuli may int]f]e ) ea* o!r2 = example1 ! usual phototropic responses ( c]ta9 animals d n manife/ !mselves :5 !y are mat+ or fe$+4 ,9 %ort1 any?+ t alt]s ! physiological /ate ( ! organism may cause x to react 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,& ?us ) ! int]play ( %ift+ ext]nal ag5ts & v>iable int]nal /ate ! b\nds ( behavior on ^! purely me*anical bases become consid]ably ext5d$4 ,_m ,tropic ,responses ,app>5tly ,purposeful4--,! qu]y arises z to :y if ^! responses are me*anical !y are s (t5 app>5tly purposive2 t is1 :y d !y s (t5 subs]ve "s useful end = ! animal8 ,:ile !y d n always "w out to ! animal's b5efit1 z = in/ance 9 ! case ( ! mo? & ! light or "u _m o!r conditions t c be devis$ exp]im5tally1 z a matt] ( fact "u normal natural conditions !y are on ! :ole useful to ! organism1 c>ry+ x into suitable surr\nd+s ( food1 less5$ dang]1 temp]ature1 & ! l4 ,! probabilities are t 9 _! fir/ orig9 ! reactions 7 n purposive4 ,h[ev]1 if any prov$ h>mful !y w\ld result 9 ! ext]m9ation ( _! possessors & h5ce ( t p>ticul> /ra9 ( individuals4 ,^? types t happ5$ to h useful reactions w\ld be left & 9 c\rse ( "t z ! process ( elim9at+ ! o!rs w5t on1 w\ld become ! prevail+ types4 ,any organism :i* ! useful reaction _h pres]v$ w\ld t5d to h& x d[n to ! succe$+ g5]ation :]e aga9 x w\ld be ! cons]v] ( ^? individuals :i* possess$ x 9 suffici5t degree4 ,au?orities ,n ,agre$ on ,details ( ,tropic ,responses4--,al?\gh all ! =emo/ mod]n /ud5ts ( animal behavior accept z facts ! m or less me*anical ori5t+ effects ( ext]nal /imuli1 !re is by no means unanimity ( op9ion reg>d+ details4 ,"s /ress z ! directive factor ! cont9u\s action ( ! /imulat+ ag5t on s5sitive tissues symmetrically situat$4 ,o!rs w\ld ma9ta9 t x is ! "t rate ( *ange 9 ! int5sity ( ! /imulat+ ag5t1 or t ! factor is diff]5t 9 diff]5t cases4 ,"s make mu* ( an automatic sort ( trial & error sy/em by :i* c]ta9 organisms te/ out an inimical environm5t until ! pa? ( lea/ irritation is hit ^u z ! way to safety4 ,! field is a broad "o & to get at ! f9] %ades ( di/9ction ! read] w h to ref] to ! works ( su* au?orities z ,loeb1 ,j5n+s1 ,holmes & ,ma/4 ,tropisms ,grade ,into ,reflex ,actions & ,in/9cts4--,! tropisms 9 _m cases become indi/+ui%able f reflex actions & ^! 9 turn grade up into ! in/9cts ( animals4 ,! latt] may be look$ on z b subtl] & m involv$ reactions made possible ?r\gh a m intricate /ructural organization4 ,z might be expect$ ( in/9cts1 ! feature ( utility is m 9 evid5ce ?an 9 simpl] tropisms because !y h become ( proportionately great] magnitude1 b ! same fundam5tal me*anism is app>5tly at bottom ( bo?4 ,x has already be5 se5 h[ ! in/9ct ( ! bl[-fly to lay its egg on meat is int]pretable z a *emotropic response4 ,?us no elaborate psy*ic me*anism is necess>y 9 su* behavior4 ,in/9cts4--,9 ! typical in/9ct !re is a s]ies ( *a9 reflexes 9 :i* "o /ep det]m9es ! next until me*anically ! :ole gamut ( *anges is run to ! la/ /ep4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( a purely in/9ctive act t an animal p]=ms x )\t practise1 )\t in/ruction1 & )\t reason4 ,moreov]1 all ( ! same k9d ( animals t5d to p]=m ! act 9 ! same way4 ,b ) in/9cts1 z ) tropisms1 ! physiological /ate ( ! organism mu/ be reg>d$4 ,= in/ance1 ! in/9ctive reactions ( an animal sat$ ) food or hungry w be diff]5t4 ,adju/ability ( ,in/9cts ,op5s ! ,way = ,intellig5t ,behavior4--,z we progress 9 ! scale ( animal life ?is adju/ability ( in/9cts to new conditions comes m into evid5ce4 ,:ile prescrib$ 9 ! ma9 by int]nal impulse ! c>ry+ out ( ! action is capable ( "s adaptability to circum/ances4 ,& 9 proportion z ?is adaptability releases ! organism f a bl9d rigid work+-out ( a pr$et]m9$ end1 !re is op5$ up ! possibility ( intellig5t behavior2 t is1 ( modification ( ! in/9ctive behavior by individually acquir$ exp]i5ce4 ,:ile ! g5]ation ( in/9ctive impulses /ill occurs x is left m = individual exp]i5ce to tea* discrim9ation betwe5 ends4 ,b we c n escape a fundam5tal /ructural me*anism1 = ) ?is new capacity ( educability mu/ come new /ructural me*anisms 9 ! n]v\s sy/em & ?is mu/ be z fai?fully reproduc$ 9 ea* individual z is ! basis = any o!r n]v\s response4 ,h[ l[ 9 ! scale ( animal life animals c pr(it f _! exp]i5ces to ! ext5t t _! future conduct is condition$ !reby is n kn[n4 ,"s w\ld place x z f> back z ! protozoa1 o!rs w\ld n4 ,:]e su* modification ( behavior is possible !re mu/ be "s me*anism = ! /orage ( impressions 9 ! =m ( :at we t]m memory4 ,modification ( ,habits ,possible 9 ,l[] ,animals4--,among inv]tebrates su* animals z crayfi% w acquire new habits1 or r w modify old ones4 ,ev5 z l[ly an organism z ! />fi% c h *anges ( habit ?ru/ on x4 ,:5 a />fi% is plac$ ^u its back x rights itself by means ( its arms or rays4 ,pr(essor ,j5n+s f\nd t 9 a giv5 individual ! t5d5cy 0 always to employ c]ta9 rays = ?is r ?an o!rs4 ,h[ev]1 by prev5t+ ! use ( ! rays cu/om>ily employ$1 he f\nd t ! animal w\ld use a diff]5t pair & t ultimately 9 ?is way x c\ld be tra9$ into ! habit ( us+ ?is pair ( rays ev5 :5 re/ra9$ 9 no way4 ,"o />fi% :i* 0 giv5 "o hundr$ eighty su* lessons 9 eighte5 days aft] an int]val ( sev5 days /ill reta9$ ! new habit2 "y individuals 7 f\nd to be m easily tra9$ ?an old ones4 ,"s ,l[] ,v]tebrates ,pr(it by ,exp]i5ce4--,among v]tebrates x is kn[n t ^? z l[ 9 organization z fi% w pr(it by exp]i5ce4 ,!y w le>n to come = food at a regul> "t & app>5tly le>n m or less to appreciate ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 ob/acles ) :i* !y h _h unsatisfactory exp]i5ces4 ,pr(essor ,san=d sums up :at he believes are ! limitations ( ! pisc9e m5tal organization z foll[s3 ,no fi% is ev] consci\s ( himself2 he nev] ?9ks ( himself z do+ ?is or t1 or feel+ 9 ?is way or t way4 ,! :ole direction ( ! m9d is outw>d4 ,he has no language & s c n ?9k 9 v]bal t]ms2 he nev] names any?+2 he nev] talks to himself2 z ,huxley says ( ! crayfi%1 he 'has no?+ to say to himself or any "o else4' ,he does n reflect2 he makes no g5]alizations4 ,all 8 ?9k+ is 9 ! pres5t & 9 concrete t]ms4 ,he has no volunt>y att5tion1 no volition 9 ! true s5se1 no self-control4 ,rational ,behavior4--,f9ally1 h[ev]1 out ( ^! fir/ dull glimm]+s ( intellig5ce z exemplifi$ 9 ! high] inv]tebrates & ! l[] v]tebrates1 :i* c modify behavior z ! result ( exp]i5ce1 come ! /ill high] factors s dom9ant 9 man1 ( rational behavior4 ,?is high] m5tal process c realize ! end to be rea*$ & c delib]ate on ! means to be employ$4 ,by means ( 8 reason man c ov]come difficulties 9 advance by ?9k+ out suitable s*emes ( action4 ,"s naturali/s believe t man /&s alone 9 possess+ ! p[] to reason1 al?\gh o!rs believe t "s ( ! o!r mammals1 notably ! o!r primates1 possess ! same attribute al?\gh 9 a mu* less degree4 ,conceptual ,?\ght ,probably an ,outgr[? ( ,simpl] ,psy*ic ,/ates4--,is ! capacity = su* conceptual ?\ght1 h[ev]1 :i* appe>s z ! f9al effloresc5ce ( complex neural activity some?+ entirely new8 ,mo/ /ud5ts ( comp>ative psy*ology ma9ta9 t x is n4 ,j z "o k9d ( an in/9ct frequ5tly gr[s out ( ano!r1 s has ?is gr[n out ( ! complex ( psy*ic /ates :i* prec$$ x4 ,x app>5tly is ! product ( ! increas+ aw>5ess on ! "p ( animals ( _! neural processes & ! outcome ( ^! processes1 :i* becomes m & m prom95t z we asc5d ! scale ( animal life4 ,) ! adv5t ( associative memory ! m9d comes m & m to deal ) attributes ( objects in/ead ( m]ely ) ea* s+le concrete object z x pres5ts itself1 & ^! attributes be+ common to _m objects1 come to repres5t def9ite ideas :i* c be manipulat$ by ! m9d4 ,language1 ( c\rse1 has be5 an indisp5sable aid to man 9 ?is reg>d1 = words become descriptions ( facts & symbols ( concepts1 & !reby all[ ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,! ,capacity = ,alt]native ,action 9 ,high ,animals ,r5d]s ,possible ,m ,?an ,"o ,=m ( ,behavior4--,) ?is modification ( in/9ct by exp]i5ce made possible1 !re comes at ! same "t1 ( c\rse1 ! capacity = a rational in/ead ( a purely in/9ctive behavior4 ,?is v capacity = alt]native action op5s up _m new possibilities ( behavior & toge!r ) ! well-kn[n fixative effects ( habit1 also ! opportunity ( p]man5tly e/abli%+ c]ta9 ones4 ,?us x is obvi\s t a behavior t[>d :i* 9 a /rict s5se !re c n be said to h be5 an orig9al specific t5d5cy1 c be develop$4 ,:at 0 pres5t 9 ! fir/ place 0 only a g5]al possibility ( ! developm5t ( any "o ( sev]al types ( behavior4 ,! f9al *oice ( ! alt]natives toge!r ) repetition makes x ! habitual behavior ( ! individual4 ,( c\rse x c be urg$ t if ! selection ( ! type ( behavior is left to ! individual !n ! latt] w op]ate automatically t[>d ! v>i\s impulsions ( its neural make-up & "o pa? w be foll[$ because ( /rong] incl9ation 9 t direction1 s t ! :ole proc$ure is 9 ! end ! m]e op]ation ( an automaton4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be 9 ! individual left to itself1 ! fact is 9 man t ! "y individual is nev] left to itself & 9 ! nature ( ?+s c n be1 s t )\t ent]+ into ?is tr\bl$ pool ( controv]sy reg>d+ fre$om ( ! w1 ,i wi% m]ely to po9t out t ! possibility ( m ?an "o =m ( behavior exi/s & t if "o is m desirable ?an ! o!rs !n ?is "o c be *os5 by ! ones responsible = ! tra9+ ( ! "y individual & cl5*$ fa/ by ! ag5cy ( habit4 ,intellig5ce1 reason & habits1 h[ev]1 no less ?an in/9cts & tropism mu/ h neural z well z psy*ical exi/5ce & we c n escape !re=e ! und]ly+ me*anism4 ,! ,elem5tal ,units ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em ,are ! ,same 9 ,l[] & ,high] ,animals4--,x is int]e/+ to note t ! fundam5tal neural me*anism :i* und]lies ! m5tal processes ( high] animals is n ess5tially diff]5t f t :i* s]ves 9 l[] =ms4 ,al?\gh z animals become m complex _! n]v\s sy/ems h become proportionately l>g] & incomp>ably m intricate1 /ill all ! *anges h be5 rung on ! same basic neural unit1 ! neuron or n]ve-cell 7,fig4 #cb;,a1 p4 #bji74 ,! high] n]v\s sy/em diff]s f ! l[] 9 ! numb]1 9 ! specializations & 9 ! associations ( ^! units r ?an 9 possess+ some?+ ( entirely diff]5t elem5tal /ructure4 ,neuron ,!ory4--,accord+ to ! prevail+ mod]n conception ! entire n]v\s sy/em is made up ( a s]ies ( units call$ neurons4 ,ea* neuron is a s+le cell ) all its processes4 ,! latt] consi/s typically ( %ort bran*+ processes on ! "o h&1 kn[n z d5drites1 & ( a s+le process on ! o!r1 kn[n z ! axon1 :i* ext5ds f ! cell to become a n]ve fib] 7,fig4 #cb1 p4 #bji74 ,! v>i\s neurons1 ) possibly a few exceptions1 are n anatomically cont9u\s b contigu\s4 ,!y communicate ) "o ano!r app>5tly by contact only4 ,! axon ( ea* neuron ends 9 an elaborate s]ies ( f9e bran*+s :i* lie 9 contact ) ! d5drites ( ano!r neuron1 or 9 "s cases ) ! body ( ! o!r cell 7,fig4 #cb1 p4 #bji74 ,?us ! n]v\s impulse passes f "o neuron to ! o!r at ^! po9ts ( contact4 ,an impulse is suppos$ to travel normally only 9 "o direction ?r\gh a neuron1 ! d5drites be+ ! receiv+ & ! axon ! dis*>g+ t]m9als4 ,!re are v>i\s types ( neurons4 ,"s1 p>ticul>ly )9 ! bra91 h _! ma9 processes s provid$ ) bran*es & bru%es t !y may come into physiological connection ) a numb] ( o!r neurons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb ,a--,diagram to illu/rate neurons & _! me?od ( connection2 a1 axon2 d1 d5drite2 s1 synapse4 ,to simplify ! diagram ! m$ull>y %ea!s ( su* fib]s z w\ld h !m h be5 omitt$4 ,! arr[s indicate ! direction 9 :i* ! impulse travels4 ,! l[] s]ies %[s diagrammatically h[ f ! same neuron 9 ! cortex two subord9ate neurons may be affect$1 ! "o excit$ to cause contraction ( a c]ta9 gr\p ( muscle fib]s1 ! o!r inhibit$ s t ! antagoni/ic fib]s may relax & ?us n h9d] ! movem5t ( a giv5 "p4 ,b--,section ( a region ( ! c]ebral cortex 7aft] ,cajal74 ,! cells h be5 black5$ ) *rome-silv] & are mu* less highly magnifi$ ?an ! diagrams 9 ,a4 ,! num]als ref] to c]ta9 *>act]i/ic lay]s ( ! cortex 9 ?is region4 ,e/abli%m5t ( ,pa?ways ,?r\gh ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em4--,x is believ$ t m or less resi/ance to transmission ( /imuli prevails at ! po9t ( contact 7synapse7 betwe5 two neurons b t ?is resi/ance is less5$ by repetition ( conduction4 ,! frequ5t trav]s+ ( a giv5 pa?way by simil> impulses f9ally results 9 an automatic occurr5ce ( ! transmission1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! action becomes habitual4 ,education consi/s l>gely 9 e/abli%+ su* r\tes ?r\gh ! n]v\s tissue4 ,because ( ! great] pla/icity ( ! neural me*anism 9 y\? x is easi] to op5 up & fix pa?ways ( conduction ?an 9 lat] ye>s4 ,moreov] ! e>li] e/abli%$ l9es ( conduction become ! m p]man5t4 ,*>act]i/ic ,arrangem5ts ( ,n]ve ,cells ,are z ,subject to ,inh]itance z ,o!r ,/ructures ( ! ,body4--,t ! ma9 features ( ! n]v\s sy/em are inh]it$ becomes obvi\s :5 we see t ea* k9d ( animal has its own di/9ctive numb]s1 arrangem5ts & proportions ( ! v>i\s neural units4 ,9 man1 = example1 !re are c]ta9 *>act]i/ics1 types & gr\p+s ( n]ve-cells :i* are reproduc$ g5]ation aft] g5]ation ) rem>kable fidelity4 ,?is means t 9 s f> z ^! repres5t ! m5tal make-up ( ! individual1 8 m5tality is cont9u\sly l9k$ ) o!rs :i* h gone be=e4 ,! new-born *ild has all ! n]ve-cells 9 its bra9 t x w ev] h b ! ultimate l9kages ( ! f9] connectives betwe5 !m1 or at lea/ ! pa?ways ( travel1 rema9 9 l>ge measure to be made4 ,z we h already se51 ! c]ebral cortex is ! seat ( ! *ief m5tal faculties ( man or at lea/ ( ! highe/ ( ^!4 ,pr(essor ,lloyd ,morgan1 "o ( our greate/ au?orities on comp>ative psy*ology1 is incl9$ to believe t ! in/9cts are locat$ 9 ! subcortical mat]ial4 ,9 any ev5t1 ! inh]itance ( m5tal ability resolves itself into ! inh]itance ( a c]ta9 c]ebral me*anism4 ,diff]5t ,p>ts ( ! ,cortex ,yield ,diff]5t ,reactions4--,! c]ebral cortex1 h[ev]1 is n functionally homog5e\s ?r\gh\t4 ,c]ta9 regions h be5 %[n to be motor1 o!rs s5sory1 & moreov]1 ^! regions are app>5tly fur!r specializ$ s t a giv5 "o ( !m is associat$ ) a specific type ( s5sory or motor response1 n m]ely ) responses 9 g5]al4 ,?us by injur+ "o ( ! s5sory areas we might de/roy vision b n o!r s5sations1 or by /imulat+ "o ( ! motor c5t]s we w\ld get a response 9 a correspond+ motor organ b n 9 all su* organs4 ,likewise1 x is probable t /ill diff]5t areas1 ! s-call$ association areas1 relatively ( mu* great] developm5t 9 man ?an 9 any o!r animal1 are ! regions 9 :i* v>i\s p]ceptions & conceptions are syn!siz$ & =m$ into organiz$ k4 ,"h also are eng5d]$ ! volitions :i* :5 fla%$ ?r\gh ! motor c5t]s become express$ 9 activity or behavior4 ,x seems highly probable t j z ! s5sory & motor areas diff] 9 k9d f "o ano!r1 s we mu/ suppose !re are qualitative diff]5ces 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! association areas s t ! diff]5t p>ts give diff]5t reactions 9 consci\sness2 t is1 ea* special m5tal ability ( ! individual is m or less c5t]$ 9 a special "p ( ! cortex4 ,& j z !re may be v>iations 9 o!r /ructures ( ! organism s !re may be v>iations 9 ^! areas4 ,! gift$ p]son 9 "s "o direction1 :e!r x be 9 ma!matics1 music1 pa9t+1 or :at n1 is on ?is hypo!sis "o :o has t p>ticul> area ( 8 bra9 :i* =ms ! basis = ! tal5t 9 "q m highly develop$ ?an x is 9 ! av]age individual4 ,& s9ce su* tal5ts are h&$ d[n to desc5dants1 ?is c only mean t a simil> gr\p+ ( ! neurons 9 ! region 9 "q has occurr$4 ,skill ,acquir$ 9 ,"o ,special ,bran* ( ,le>n+ ,probably ,n ,transf]r$ to ,ano!r ,bran*4--,su* a diff]5tial arrangem5t ( ! bra9-me*anism :i* presumably und]lies ! v>i\s m5tal abilities w\ld lead to ! inf]5ce t skill 9 "o special bran* ( le>n+1 9 s f> z x involves only c]ta9 c5t]s ( ! cortex1 w\ld n be transf]r$ to ano!r bran* bas$ on diff]5t neural pa?ways & c5t]s4 ,developm5t ( hi/orical k1 = example1 w\ld n enhance "o's ma!matical ability1 or vice v]sa4 ,! te/imony ( v>i\s psy*ologi/s be>s out ?is idea4 ,9 s f> z c]ta9 factors ( tra9+1 su* z habits ( indu/ry1 conc5tration1 etc41 are common to ! /udy ( ei!r ma!matics or hi/ory1 ! good effects ( ei!r discipl9e w probably be mu* ! same1 b ! id5tity ( effect vani%es z soon z ! intr9sic *>act]i/ics ( ! subjects !mselves are involv$4 ,j h[ f> we are w>rant$1 h[ev]1 9 c>ry+ ?is idea ( localiz$ functions z reg>ds ! association areas is a moot "q4 ,our pres5t attitude reg>d+ ! specificity ( su* localizations is l>gely a matt] ( inf]5ce bas$ on analogy to conditions :i* obta9 9 o!r & bett] kn[n p>ts ( ! bra91 toge!r ) ! indubitable diff]5ces 9 inborn abilities :i* exi/ betwe5 individuals4 ,"s few bra9 physiologi/s ma9ta9 t ! :ole cortex op]ates m or less z a unit 9 all ( ! high] psy*ical activities4 ,prepond]ance ( ,cortex 9 ,highe/ ,animals4--,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ conditions 9 ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! highe/ types ( animals is ! way 9 :i* ! cortex has outrun ! o!r p>ts ( ! bra9 9 size & complexity & has come to dom9ate ! organism m & m bo? directly & indirectly4 ,aside f ! proportionately great] increase 9 size ( ! cortex1 !re is an abundance ( anatomical evid5ce ( ?is alt]$ & probably alt]+ sy/em ( control 9 man & ! high] apes4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ 9 ! fib] tracts 7n]ve bundles7 ( ! sp9al cord4 ,m ,long ,fib] ,tracts 9 ! ,sp9al ,cord ( ,man4--,! sp9al cord al?\gh hav+ _m n]ve c5t]s ( its own is also 9 great "p a l>ge cable = conduct+ enorm\s numb]s ( fib]s f "o "p ( ! cord to ano!r1 or to & f ! bra94 ,9 man & ! high] apes a consid]ably l>g] p]c5tage ( ! total area ( ! cord is giv5 up to ! long fib] tracts f ! bra9 to ! body ?an 9 l[] v]tebrates4 ,?is progressive increase 9 long fib] tracts 9 ! high] an?ropoids probably m>ks m & m dom9ation ( ! body by ! high] bra9 c5t]s & correspond+ly less by ! direct activity ( ! cord & by ! l[] bra9 c5t]s4 ,h[ev]1 ev5 9 man1 _m ( ! simpl] reflexes ( ! body /ill h _! c5t]s 9 ! sp9al cord4 ,special ,fib] ,tracts 9 ! ,cord ( ,man & ,high] ,apes4--,!re are c]ta9 special tracts ( ! cord t are p>ticul>ly int]e/+ 9 connection ) ! increas+ dom9ation ( ! bra9 ov] ! body1 namely1 ! pyramidal tracts4 ,^! 7 ! late/ tracts to appe> 9 ! animal k+dom & are app>5tly ! late/ to become functional 9 ! individual4 ,x is believ$ t ! developm5t ( ! m$ull>y sub/ance 7an envelop+ %ea?7 ( ! common m$ullat$ n]ve fib] m>ks ! "t ( entrance ( ! fib] into activity & x is a significant fact t ! =mation ( ?is %ea? occurs la/ ( all 9 ! fib]s ( ! pyramidal tracts1 :]e x does n appe> till aft] bir?4 ,^! tracts convey impulses f ! bra9 to ! body4 ,!y consi/ ( two sets ( tracts1 9 fact1 "o ! cross$1 ! o!r ! direct4 ,z an anomaly1 probably aris+ mo/ frequ5tly f in/rum5tal injury at bir?1 ! pyramidal tracts fail to develop normally1 ) ! di/ress+ result t ! infant1 al?\gh possess+ p]fectly normal bra9 activity & normal sp9al cord reflexes1 is unable to ex]cise volunt>y control ( ! body4 ,9 o!r words ! condition1 l h>e-lip1 is "o ( suppress$ developm5t4 ,at lea/ ?is seems to be ! mo/ plausible explanation ( :at is kn[n z ,little's disease4 ,su* un=tunates usually die e>ly al?\gh !y may survive = a few ye>s4 ,! direct pyramidal tracts occur only 9 man & man-l apes4 ,!y v>y consid]ably 9 ext5t 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,!y orig9ate 9 ne/s ( *>act]i/ic l>ge cells locat$ 9 ! c]ebral cortex & are reg>d$ z pa?s1 ?\gh n ! only ones1 ?r\gh :i* volitional impulses are convey$ f ! bra94 ,!y seem to control c]ta9 ( ! f9] & m delicate movem5ts ( ! body4 ,great ,complexity 9 ,associations & ,m ,neurons 9 ! ,bra9 ( ,man ,?an ( ,o!r ,animals4--,x has already be5 not$ t z animals /& high] 9 ! scale ( life :ile ! g5]al plan ( _! neural elem5ts rema9 ! same1 !re is increas+ complexity 9 ! numb] & connections ( ! neurons4 ,! numb] ( processes on individual n]ve-cells is also great]4 ,!re is 9 fact mu* great] complexity 9 ! numb] ( processes & ! int]-connections ( ! neural cells ?an 9 ! numb]s ( ! cells !mselves4 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate t ! great] m5tal activities ( high] animals dep5d m on ri*ness 9 complex associations ?an on m]e increase 9 numb] ( neurons4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 is by no means unimportant z may be se5 9 man1 = in/ance1 9 :om x is e/imat$ t ! c]ebral cortex1 t is1 t "p ( 8 bra9 9 :i* 8 m complex m5tal processes transpire1 conta9s "s n9e billion m n]ve cells ?an does ! correspond+ region ( ! bra9 ( an an?ropoid ape4 ,( especial significance 9 ! psy*ic make-up ( man is 8 va/ly increas$ capacity = inhibition4 ,al?\gh n possess$ by all m5 9 equal measure & n entirely want+ 9 l[] animals x is a di/9ctive feature 9 all human conduct4 ,mu* ( any *ild's education1 p>ticul>ly z x p]ta9s to behavior1 mu/ be conc]n$ ) tra9+ 9 ! ex]cise ( prop] inhibitions4 ,he mu/ le>n to suppress c]ta9 primitive types ( reaction 9 favor ( high] ones4 ,?is applies n only to motor activities b to tra9s ( ?\ght z well4 ,! ess5ce ( self-control consi/s ma9ly 9 ability to sub/itute = "o impulse or idea o!r comp5sat+ ones4 ,& ! secret ( conc5tration lies 9 be+ able to bani% irrelevant ideas & focus on ! c5tral ?\ght4 ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em 9 ! ,ma9 ,already ,/ag$ at ! ,"t ( ,bir? = ! ,"p ,x ,mu/ ,play4--,x is cle> f :at is kn[n ( its anatomy t 9 ! ma9 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em is fram$ to respond 9 c]ta9 set ways1 t !re are det]m9ative elem5ts 9 x :i* control or det]m9e ! responses1 & !re=e ! behavior ( ! body4 ,! same evid5ce %[s also1 h[ev]1 9 ! incomplet5ess ( _m ( ! associations1 t :ile ! /age is all set & "s ( ! ma9 features ( ! p]=mance are det]m9$ at ! "t ( bir?1 consid]able yet rema9s to be done t[>d fitt+ ! p>ts toge!r & work+ up ! detail4 ,j exactly :at & h[ mu* is rigidly det]m9$ no "o kn[s4 ,_m ,pa?ways ( ,conduction ,n ,e/abli%$ at ,bir?4--,z we h already se5 ! evid5ce is t _m ( ! neural pa?ways are n yet fully e/abli%$ at bir?1 & !re is "s indication t r\tes once op5$ may be alt]$4 ,to :at degree ?is has be>+ on behavior is /ill unkn[n1 b s9ce neurologi/s attribute s mu* importance to ! ri*ness & ! associations ( ! cell-outgr[?s1 x is evid5t t ?is increase 9 ! numb] ( pa?ways aft] bir? ) possible alt]natives ( connections may be a v important factor 9 ! modification ( behavior4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 we are completely 9 ! d>k z to :at ext5t ^! lat] associations are pr$et]m9$ 9 ! e>li] cells4 ,! ,ext5t ( ! ,zone ,t ,c ,be ,modifi$ ,is ,unkn[n4--,!re is little d\bt t _m ( ! pa?s ( action are already firmly e/abli%$4 ,o!rs1 al?\gh n irrevocably fix$1 (f] ! lea/ resi/ance & w\ld naturally be tak5 if n c\nt]act$ or modifi$ by ! m or less artificial developm5t & fixation ( o!r pa?s ?r\gh cultivation & habit4 ,yet o!rs p]haps are l>gely neutral2 !y /ill await ! initial decisive pu% :i* *oice or ext]nal environm5t may mete out to !m4 ,z tra9]s ( y\? all t is left t we c d is to attempt to develop 9 c]ta9 ways ! elem5ts ( ?is indef9ite1 impressible zone4 ,un=tunately1 we mu/ labor 9 ! d>k to a great ext5t z we h all too little indication ( :i* ! malleable factors ( intellect & conduct are4 ,we c only inf] f long1 intellig5t & sympa!tic obs]vation ( *ildr5 9 successive /ages ( _! developm5t4 ,x is only by hav+ cle>ly 9 m9d ! nature ( our problem t our conclusions w f9ally come to be ( enhanc$ practical value 9 ! tra9+ ( *ildr54 ,obs]vation to ! pres5t "t cle>ly indicates t _m *ildr5 are /rongly pr$ispos$ ?is way or t z ! sp>ks fly upw>d4 ,?is is a po9t too frequ5tly ov]look$ by educators4 ,!y are (t5 unduly actuat$ by ! o!r piece ( ! tru? t1 z ! twig is b5t ! tree incl9es4 ,!y sometimes fail to realize t aft] all ! tree rema9s ! same k9d ( a tree4 ,if an apple tree1 :ile x may be b5t f ! normal pa? ( developm5t1 x c n produce o!r fruit ?an apples4 ,j h[ mu* ! de/9y ( man c be influ5c$ by tra9+ & ! ex]cise ( 8 own w p[] is ! fundam5tal "q n only ( p$agogy b ( e?ics z well4 ,= if man's rational judgm5ts are m>k$ly condition$ by 8 neural make-up !n ! volitional judgm5ts :i* und]lie conduct are likewise condition$ s9ce !y are inextricably int]m+l$ ) 8 reason4 ,we mu/ believe t to a consid]able ext5t emotional expression1 z well z o!r m5tal functions1 is due to h]$it>y dispositions ( ! neurons 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! bra94 ,v>i\s ,possibilities ( ,reaction 9 ! ,*ild4--,despite ! innate pr$et]m9ations ( ! tree1 x is nev]!less our prov9ce to see t ! twig is b5t1 b our "w c only be done ) due intellig5ce :5 we recognize some?+ ( ! limitations ( our mat]ial4 ,( ! v>i\s possibilities ( reaction we mu/ see t c]ta9 desirable ones are realiz$1 ev51 9 "s cases1 if only to h o!rs !reby exclud$4 ,x is a commonplace ( psy*ology t all c]ebral excitations1 no matt] :at ! orig91 mu/ v5t !mselves 9 "s way & if ?is expression is n direct$ into prop] *annels x w v likely f9d improp] ones4 ,we mu/ see t ! "y we>] ( ! coat ( undet]m9$ capacities gets x set by repeat$ p]=mance into ! habitual wr9kles ( normal social conduct4 ,= x is a trite obs]vation t :5 habits are once well e/abli%$ x requires trem5d\s ef=ts to d o!rwise ?an z !y dictate4 ,!re is n ! lea/ d\bt t "s ( our subjects w respond mu* m readily to tra9+ 9 c]ta9 directions ( habitual reactions ?an o!rs1 b we h always ! consolatory k t no matt] h[ difficult ! art may be at fir/1 repetition r$uces ! difficulty4 ,:ile mu* ( any y\?'s "* mu/ be det]m9$ by ext]nal =ces br\ght to be> ^u x1 ! ultimate climax ( our ef=t & measure ( our success w be ! ext5t to :i* we h eng5d]$ 9 him ! capacity = initiat+ & c>ry+ out ?r\gh 8 own volition ^? impulsions & inhibitions :i* t5d to ! highe/ good ( humanity4 ,probable ,orig9 ( ,altrui/ic ,human ,conduct4--,^? phases ( human conduct :i* f9d expression 9 consid]ation = o!rs seem no less ?an o!r m5tal attributes to h _! orig9 9 c]ta9 fundam5tal in/9cts4 ,altrui/ic conduct1 9 la/ analysis1 app>5tly resolves itself back l>gely to c]ta9 v fundam5tal impulsions1 namely ^? :i* arise out ( c]ta9 obligations = ! welf>e ( o!rs :i* are necess>ily associat$ ) ! m>ital1 p>5tal & filial relations t mu/ exi/ :]e ! "y require po/-natal c>e4 ,look$ at f ! /&po9t ( natural selection1 ?is w\ld come ab\t z a m]e matt] ( survival value4 ,:]e ! "y1 z 9 man1 are helpless = a long p]iod ( "t1 m opportunity w\ld be af=d$ = ! developm5t ( bo? conjugal & filial affection4 ,! sympa!tic emotions once e/abli%$ 9 su* family relations w\ld p>tly ?r\gh habit1 p>tly ?r\gh community ( int]e/1 readily become ext5d$ to clan or tribe & z a f9al consummation to all mank9d4 ,tra9+ 9 ,motive ,necess>y4--,9 ! tra9+ ( *ildr51 !n1 we mu/ recognize fir/ ( all t !re are decid$ incl9ations or b5ts :i*1 z long z !y are n anti-social 9 nature1 mu/ be respect$ if n always enc\rag$4 ,:ile x is necess>y to utilize ^! z mu* z possible 9 _! tra9+ /ill we mu/ be> 9 m9d t al?\gh x is natural = a *ild to foll[ c]ta9 int]e/s1 ! fact rema9s t z reg>ds social wor? ^! natural int]e/s may n be ! mo/ valuable4 ,:5 ?is is true we mu/ /rive to develop o!rs :i* w compel att5tion & ?us become impell+ factors 9 conduct4 ,:]e c]ta9 fundam5tal impulsions run contr>y to ! common welf>e x is necess>y to practise ! *ild 9 ! sett+ up ( inhibitions or c\nt]-impulses until ?is becomes habitual4 ,he mu/ be l$ to con/ruct a protective mantle ( appropriate scruples1 d\bts & fe>s4 ,x is all important to get ! prop] motives = action to prevail 9 8 m9d4 ,actual ,practise 9 ,c>ry+ ,out ,projects ,is ,all ,important4--,b on ! o!r h& x is equally important to see t ! action is effectively c>ri$ out4 ,9 ! matt] ( self-discipl9e1 p>ticul>ly1 we may h _m ideal impulses & realize t !y %\ld prevail ov] c]ta9 ( our natural prop5sities1 b unless we put =? ef=t to ov]come ! prop5sities our ideal impulses are ( no avail4 ,! _w has _m su* moral p>alytics to-day :o c n seize _! languor z x 7 a curl+ snake & ca/ x (f4 ,x is tra9+ 9 ?is v ov]com+ ( reluctance1 9 ?is putt+ =? ( actual ef=t t[>d wor?y ends in/ead ( m]ely memoriz+ precepts ab\t ! desirability ( su* accompli%m5ts1 t is s sadly lack+ 9 our s*ool & home life to-day4 ,we prate ( ! importance ( self-control1 we say ) our lips t ! way to le>n to d is by do+1 we proclaim t x is m vital to in/il good m5tal & physical habits into our pupils ?an to /ock !m ) in=mation1 we prea* t m]e fact tra9+ is z conducive to mak+ a fir/-class rascal z an upright man1 yet we jog on complac5tly 9 ! well-beat5 ruts ( memory r\t9e :i* require ! memoriz+ ( symbols r ?an real und]/&+4 ,we seldom require t our proteges make intellig5t judgm5ts bas$ on evid5ce1 we r>ely exact ( !m decisions 9 matt]s ( e?ics1 & almo/ nev] dem& t !y put _! k into effici5t accompli%m5t4 ,x c n be too /rongly urg$ t we ne$ less ( =mulae le>n$ by he>t1 less dead erudition pigeonhol$ 9 ! bra9 l s _m =eign bodies1 & va/ly m assimilation ( k into ! liv+ p]sonality ( ! individual4 ,:]e 9 s*ool or home to-day d we f9d provision = su* tra9+8 ,our t5d5cy is1 9 fact1 j ! opposite4 ,accord+ to ! mod]n code1 z x works out 9 _m in/ances at lea/1 ! *ild mu/ be taught ?r\gh play4 ,?\gh x is a truism t he :o has n le>n$ ob$i5ce c nev] be ma/] ( himself1 ! *ild ( to-day mu/ n be made to obey b be :e$l$ into *ang+ 8 m9d4 ,if a giv5 subject ( /udy proves di/a/eful to him1 ! fault is ! tea*]'s = n mak+ x int]e/+1 = he mu/ always be l$ on by ! ?rill ( fasc9ation4 ,9 o!r words1 ! *ild mu/ n only be all[$ b be enc\rag$ to take ! pa? ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,8 own pleasure is to be ! /&>d ( 8 actions4 ,let no /]n dem&s ( duty int]f]e6 ,is x any wond] t ! products ( su* tutelage come into ! activities ( life self-indulg5t & undiscipl9$1 & al?\gh (t5 recogniz+ our private & public %ame 9 bus9ess1 politics & conduct1 /ill rema9 sup9e1 evasive ( ! unpleasantness or h>d%ips ( re=m1 or ineffici5t or unwill+ 9 accompli%+ unselfi% ends8 ,int]e/ & ,difficulty ,bo? ,ess5tial4--,! writ] does n wi% to be und]/ood z m9imiz+ ! importance ( int]e/ on ! "p ( ! *ild 9 :at he is do+4 ,int]e/ is und5iably ! op5 sesame to desirable m5tal developm5t2 b :at he does prote/ aga9/ is t n uncommon int]pretation ( int]e/ :i* deems x necess>y to es*ew mo/ s]i\s consid]ation ( a subject & evade su* p>ts z pres5t difficulties4 ,c]ta9ly if !re is any fact t /&s out prom95tly 9 human exp]i5ce x is ! fact t no?+ conduces to ! developm5t ( moral /am9a s mu* z ! ov]com+ ( difficulties1 p>ticul>ly di/a/eful difficulties4 ,conduct ,develop$ ,?r\gh ,actual ,p]=mance4--,self-control & ! w to d c be tra9$ & cry/alliz$ into habit z well z c any o!r activity4 ,x is a fact t "o well gr\nd$ 9 morals by habit w successfully resi/ subconsci\s impulsions to wrongdo+ ev5 :5 sugge/$ 9 ! hypnotic /ate4 ,conduct is l>gely a matt] ( gr[? ?r\gh actual p]=mance4 ,= prop] guidance ( ?is gr[? !re mu/1 ( c\rse1 be high ideals ar\nd :i* ! feel+s are l$ to clu/] & by :i* !y gradually come to be controll$4 ,con/ruction ( ,ideals4--,! con/ruction ( su* ideals ?r\gh example1 ?r\gh precept1 ?r\gh appeal & ?r\gh actual practise 9 self-d5ial & self-control on ! "p ( ! *ild1 %\ld be ! =emo/ duty ( ! p>5t or tea*]4 ,above all x %\ld be rememb]$ t imitation ( tea*]1 ( p>5ts1 ( companions1 is m ( a factor ?an intellect 9 ! moral action ( *ildr54 ,at pres5t educationally we are 9 a fev] = vocational tra9+1 = practical "w1 & 9 g5]al = all ?+s conducive to coa*+ our pupils 9 h[ to make a liv+1 yet comm5dable z all ?is may be1 is x n ( ev5 m fundam5tal importance to tra9 !m h[ to live8 ,! ,realization ( ,c]ta9 ,possibilities ( ! ,g]m ,r ,?an ,o!rs ,is ,subject to ,control4--,x may be said 9 a s5se t !re exi/s pot5tially 9 any g]m all ! ?+s t c possibly come out ( x "u any obta9able conditions ( environm5t4 ,! v initiation ( a giv5 mode ( expression by "s environm5tal factor1 h[ev]1 (t5 mutually excludes _m ( ! o!rs4 ,we get a giv5 av]age result ord9>ily because developm5t normally takes place 9 a giv5 av]age environm5t4 ,z may be easily %[n by exp]im5t1 ?is is manife/ ev5 9 ! in/9cts ( l[] animals4 ,9 ! "y ! v>i\s in/9cts d n come into expression at ! same "t1 & x n infrequ5tly happ5s t if "o ( ! e>li] in/9cts becomes op]ative t[>d c]ta9 objects or situations1 lat] in/9cts w h a :olly diff]5t relation t[>d ^! objects or situations ?an !y w\ld o!rwise h _h4 ,z a result ! :ole life conduct ( ! animal is m>k$ly modifi$4 ,= example1 "y animals imm$iately aft] bir? h no in/9ct ( fe>4 ,!y d1 h[ev]1 h a /rong in/9ct to atta* !mselves to "s mov+ ?+ & foll[ x4 ,! utility ( su* an in/9ct1 z = in/ance 9 ! case ( "y *ick5s1 is obvi\s4 ,! object ( atta*m5t is usually ! p>5t1 b man may take ! place ( a p>5t & ! "y animal w fe>lessly foll[ him ab\t4 ,h[ev] if ! "y animal has _h no exp]i5ce ) man dur+ its e>lie/ infancy a lat] in/9ct1 t ( fe> or wildness1 w h come into play & x w flee f him4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t by famili>iz+ ! "y animal ) man be=e its in/9ct ( fe> has come to expression1 c]ta9 habitual reactions are set up 9 x :i* inhibit or limit ! application ( its in/9ct ( wildness z reg>ds man4 ,9 o!r words1 ! :ole c\rse ( its life has be5 alt]$ by ?is simple exp]i5ce4 ,! same pr9ciple applies 9 ev5 great] degree to ! "y ( man4 ,we h se5 9 a =m] *apt] t :at 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature 0 pr$e/9$ to become "o individual nev]!less conta9$ ! possibility ( becom+ f\r or m if ! environ+ conditions 7 made su* z to br+ ab\t a sep>ation ( ! cleavage bla/om]es4 ,or a fi% egg t conta9$ ! possibility ( becom+ a normal two-ey$ =m also conta9$ ! possibility ( becom+ a "o-ey$ =m & c\ld be made to d s by c]ta9 unusual modifications ( ! conditions "u :i* x develops4 ,h[ev] we mu/ n be l$ s f> by ! plausibility ( ?is comp>ison t we are misl$1 = ! fact is t we are n creat+ any?+ new by ^! environm5tal upheavals1 b are ma9ly alt]+ features t already exi/4 ,beyond d\bt ! nature ( ! mat]ial is ( great] import 9 ! specificity ( ! outcome ?an are ! ext]nal =ces br\ght to play on x4 ,! only po9t ,i wi% to make is t ev5 :at seem ord9>ily to be pr$e/9$ ends c be alt]$ by environm5t1 & t ! probabilities are t c]ta9 features are relatively indiff]5t at _! inception1 ! environm5tal factor add+ ! f9al t\* ( specificity4 ,& our common exp]i5ce 9 education w\ld indicate t ! same is true ( m5tal conditions1 includ+ behavior4 ,! actual appe>ance ( a p>ticul> trait is n necess>ily always a matt] ( an initial tr5d1 b may be due m]ely to ! fact t its developm5t is possible "u c]ta9 conditions ( environm5t & t ^! conditions h prevail$ 9 ! giv5 in/ance4 ,& ev5 :]e !re is a specific b5t x may be arre/$ ?r\gh ! awak5+ ( a contr>y impulse1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 its ex]cise may prev5t ! eng5d]+ ( ! opposite impulse4 ,our ,duty to ,af=d ! ,opportunity & ,provide ! ,prop] ,/imuli = ! ,developm5t ( ,good ,traits4--,x is cle>ly our duty to see t ! expression ( good traits is made possible4 ,we mu/ ?r[ a %elt]+ scre5 ( social environm5t ar\nd ! "y individual :i* w f5d (f wrong =ms ( incitem5t & *ances = h>mful expression1 & we mu/ provide prop] /imuli & af=d opportunity = developm5t ( prop] modes ( expression4 ,we mu/ n =get t a normal in/9ct d5i$ a legitimate outlet w n infrequ5tly f9d an illegitimate "o4 ,above all we mu/ n =get ! vital importance ( e/abli%+ correct habits nor ! possibility ( ev5 replac+ undesirable ones by good ones4 ,if tra9+ c r$irect ! ma*9e-l behavior ( z l[ly a creature z ! />fi% into new c\rses1 :y %\ld we be s will+ z "s ( our g5eti/s w\ld seem to be to ?r[ up our h&s & admit failure 9 ! case ( man be=e we h ev5 made a rational attempt to correct ! evils 9 "q8 ,ev5 9 l[ly organisms we h se5 t behavior is n only ! result ( an innate con/itution b also ( ! degree & k9d ( /imulations to :i* x has be5 subject$4 ,if ! individual himself has n ! initiative or w to make ! attempt to set up prop] or corrective habits1 or to cultivate ! necess>y specific inhibitors1 !n all ! m is x our duty to see t he is l$ by sugge/ion & drill into ! prop] r\t9e ( activities = _! e/abli%m5t4 ,= if ! individual ) prop5sities t[>d moral obliquity is to be sav$ to society x mu/ be ?r\gh ! /]eotyp+ effects ( good habits4 ,moral ,responsibility4--,beyond "q diff]5t m5 h diff]5t degrees ( capacity = m5tal & moral tra9+4 ,all c n be held equally responsible e?ically1 b ! l[]mo/ limit ( obligatory response to social & e?ical dem&s necess>y to rank "o z )9 ! pale ( normal conduct is at su* a level t any "o n an actual defective c 9 a reasonably :olesome environm5t surm\nt x4 ,all normal m5 are responsible = _! conduct4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,m5tal ,,& ,,n]v\s ,,defects ,"s ( ! mo/ important & s]i\s problems :i* confront humanity to-day lie 9 ! realm ( m5tal & neural maladju/m5ts4 ,= human progress & social welf>e are 9 la/ analysis bas$ fundam5tally on ! results ( normal reactions ( human n]v\s sy/ems4 ,any s]i\s d]angem5t ( ! latt] may1 & 9 c]ta9 cases mu/1 lead to m or less disa/] = ! individual & disord] = society ( :i* he is a unit4 ,s appall+ has ! numb] ( neuropa?ic subjects become 9 mod]n times t ! matt] may well cause ev5 ! mo/ ?\ghtless citiz5 to pause & consid]4 ,preval5ce ( ,insanity4--,z to ! preval5ce ( insanity1 "o le>ns f rec5t *>ts prep>$ by a memb] ( ! ,national ,committee = ,m5tal ,hygi5e t 9 #aiaj we _h m insane 7#ahg1ded7 9 our in/itutions ?an !re 7 /ud5ts 7#ahd1gab7 9 all our colleges & univ]sities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or (fic]s & enli/$ m5 7#adb1fie7 9 our comb9$ ,unit$ ,/ates army1 navy & m>9e corps2 fur!r1 ! ye>ly co/ 7#cb1hjd1dej7 ( c>+ = ^! insane is great] ?an ! annual co/ ( con/ruction 7#cb1ebj1ajj7 on su* a /up5d\s und]tak+ z ! ,panama ,canal4 ,9 ,new ,york ov] tw5ty p] c5t4 ( ! rev5ues ( ! /ate g to support ! insane4 ,doctor ,lewellys ,f4 ,b>k]1 ,presid5t ( ! ,national ,committee = ,m5tal ,hygi5e1 says3 ,x is calculat$ t "s #bej1jjj p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are insane4 ,"o ( e five m5 dis*>g$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates army = disability is dis*>g$ because ( insanity1 #fj p] c5t4 ( ! cases be+ dem5tia precox4 ,ev5 9 individual /ates ) exceptionally l>ge univ]sity populations we /ill f9d ^! outnumb]$ by ^? ( ! insane4 ,?us 9 ,wiscons9 by #aiad ! /ate univ]sity _h atta9$ a population ( ab\t #d1gjj /ud5ts resid5t at ! univ]sity dur+ ! regul> s*ool ye>1 & ( approximately #f1jjj att5d+ dur+ "s "p ( ! ye>1 b ! numb] ( insane "u re/ra9t 9 public in/itutions 9 ! /ate ,june #bj1 #aiab1 0 #f1hea1 ) an additional #a1bhd on p>ole4 ,?is does n include ! insane 9 v>i\s private sanatoria1 & moreov] a consid]able great] numb] ( pati5ts _h be5 treat$ 9 ^! public in/itutions ?an 7 resid5t !re ,june tw5tie?4 ,to make su* comp>isons complete "o %\ld1 ( c\rse1 "k ! av]age l5g? ( resid5ce ( /ud5ts 9 college1 & ( insane pati5ts 9 in/itutions4 ,no accurate data on ?is po9t are at h&4 ,! av]age p]iod ( resid5ce 9 hospitals = ! acutely insane is d\btless consid]ably %ort] ?an ! av]age p]iod ( att5dance ( /ud5ts 9 college1 :ile on ! o!r h& ! av]age p]iod ( resid5ce ( inmates 9 asylums = *ronic insane is probably consid]ably long]4 ,= example1 ! ,wiscons9 ,/ate ,hospital = ! ,insane reports a total ( #a1bbd pati5ts "u treatm5t1 b an av]age population at any "o "t ( only #fbb dur+ ! ye> #aiaa1 & ! ,nor!rn ,hospital = ! ,insane1 a total ( #a1aid1 ) a daily av]age ( #fac dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,! comb9$ ?irty-f\r c\nty asylums 9 ,wiscons91 = *ronic insane1 _h a total population ( #e1chd dur+ ! ye> #aiaa1 ) a loss ( #eag1 or approximately #aj p] c5t4 ,dur+ #aiab ! figures = ^! same in/itutions run #e1geh & #gdb respectively1 or a loss ( ov] #ab4e p] c5t4 ,! conditions 9 o!r /ates are probably mu* ! same4 ,9 o!r repres5tative /ates we f9d ! numb] ( insane 9 public in/itutions z foll[s3 ,cali=nia1 #g1iji2 ,mi*igan1 #g1gjc2 ,m9nesota1 #e1cbi2 ,p5nsylvania1 #af1iib4 ,epileptics are e/imat$ by ali5i/s to be ab\t equal 9 numb] to ! insane1 feeble-m9d$ to be m num]\s4 ,! e/imate t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re are #cjj1jjj feeble-m9d$ is probably a m9imal figure4 ,imp]fect ,adju/m5ts ( ! ,bra9 ,me*anism ,(t5 ,inh]itable4--,! outside lay] or cortex ( ! bra9 is ! region 9 :i* ! m complicat$ adju/m5ts occur1 especially su* z p]ta9 to human behavior1 & inasmu* z ?is portion ( ! bra9 is extremely complex & delicate 9 its me*anism1 x is peculi>ly liable to d]angem5ts :i*1 ev5 :5 slight1 may h f>-rea*+ effects4 ,?is bra9-me*anism is z mu* a product ( ance/ry z is any o!r /ructure ( ! body1 & x is obvi\s !re=e t imp]fect adju/m5ts ( its /ructure mu/ be z subject to ! laws ( inh]itance z are o!r mal=mations ( ! body4 ,& j z ) o!r defects1 m5tal disord]s may ?us fl[ f pre-exi/+ ance/ral maladju/m5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em or f imm$iate causes ?ru/ ^u x1 su* z syphilis1 alcoholism1 deg5]ation ( ! blood vessels & traumata4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ! me*anism ( m5tality may be faulty f ! beg9n+1 or x may be made faulty by bad environm5tal conditions4 ,! records ( ! inh]itance ( insanity1 imbecility1 feeble-m9d$ness & o!r =ms ( n]v\s & m5tal defects are truly />tl+4 ,active rese>*es 9 ?is field h be5 9 progress n[ = sev]al ye>s1 & z ea* new set ( inve/igations comes 9 ! tale is always ! same4 ,x is que/ionable if !re is a s+le g5u9e case on record :]e a normal *ild has be5 born f a union ( two imbeciles4 ,yet ! univ]sal t5d5cy is = defective to mate ) defective4 ,dav5port gives a li/ ( examples1 beg9n+ ) su* a "o z ?is3 ,a feeble-m9d$ man ( ?irty-eight has a delicate wife :o 9 tw5ty ye>s has borne him n9ete5 defective *ildr54 ,little wond]1 9 ! light ( su* facts z ^!1 t ! numb] ( deg5]ates is rapidly increas+ 9 :at are call$ civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,_m ,m5tal ,defectives ,m>ri$4--,b1 x may be urg$1 ^! are exceptional cases1 !re is surely no consid]able numb] ( m5tal defectives :o are m>ri$4 ,let u look at ! available facts4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 9 #aija1 ( #fj1jjj kn[n feeble-m9d$1 imbeciles & idiots1 #ai1jjj 7 m>ri$1 & 9 ! same ye>1 ( #aag1jjj lunatics1 #dg1jjj 7 m>ri$2 t is1 a sum-total ( #ff1jjj m5tally defective individuals 7 legally multiply+1 or _h _h ! opportunity to multiply _! k9d1 to say no?+ ( ! unm>ri$ :o 7 kn[n to h produc$ *ildr54 ,9 ! /ate ( ,wiscons9 ,i note f ! t5? bi5nial report ( ! ,bo>d ( ,control t ( #egd pati5ts admitt$ to ! ,nor!rn ,hospital = ! ,insane dur+ ! ye> f ,july #a1 #aijh1 to ,june #cj1 #aiji1 #bgd 7 m>ri$ & #bi o!rs 7 kn[n to h be5 m>ri$2 ?is is a total ( #cjc out ( #egd1 consid]ably ov] half4 ,at ! ,wiscons9 ,/ate ,hospital = ! ,insane we f9d ! conditions are no bett]1 = out ( #dii admitt$ 9 ! ye> #aiji-aj1 #bjh 7 m>ri$ & #fe o!rs _h at "s "t be5 m>ri$1 or a total ( #bgc out ( #dii4 ,!re is e reason to believe t conditions are approximately simil> 9 o!r /ates4 ,disproportionate ,increase 9 ! ,numb] ( ,m5tal ,defectives4--,writ+ ( conditions 9 ,engl& ! ,commission]s 9 ,lunacy /ate 9 _! fifty-f\r? report t n[ 7#aija7 !re is "o (ficially kn[n lunatic to #cja4cb individuals ( population1 :]eas 9 #ahei !re 0 only "o to #ecf individuals ( population4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 tak+ into acc\nt m5tal defectives ( all k9ds1 ! #aija c5sus %[$ a total ( #dhe1ejg1 or #a3he ( total population4 ,r5t\l e/imates t #a3ej w\ld be ne>] ! tru? because ( ! fact t ! numb] ( (ficially kn[n m5tal defectives is mu* less ?an ! actual numb]4 ,! conditions 9 ,irel& are ev5 m impressive1 = 9 #ahea !re 0 "o kn[n lunatic to #feg individuals ( population2 9 #ahga1 "o to #cbh1 & 9 #aija "o to #agh4 ,:5 all all[ance is made 9 ^! /ati/ics = ! great] accuracy ( rec5t enum]ation1 & = o!r modify+ influ5ces1 su* z migration1 we are /ill =c$ to believe t an al>m+ increase 9 insanity is 9 progress & t society is woefully d]elict 9 p]mitt+ ! m>riage ( su* un=tunates4 ,a c5sus ( ! insane "u public c>e 9 ,wiscons9 ,june #cj1 #aiaj1 n c\nt+ ! p>ol$1 %[s #f1ecg1 or "o to ea* #ceg ( population1 s9ce ! population ( ! /ate 0 !n #b1ccc1hfj4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we %\ld add ! numb] ( insane 9 private sanatoria & ! numb] unconf9$ ! proportion ( normal individuals w\ld be v mu* r$uc$4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a :ole1 :ile ,i "k ( no data giv+ ! numb] ( m>ri$ insane1 x is e/imat$ t at lea/ "o-f\r? ( ! insane are n 9 asylums or hospitals4 ,9 all /ates ! numb] ( insane 9 /ate in/itutions 7!re are no available records ( mo/ private in/itutions7 is rapidly increas+4 ,accord+ to ! special c5sus ( #aijc cov]+ a p]iod ( f\rte5 ye>s1 dur+ :i* ! g5]al population increas$ ?irty p] c5t41 ! numb] ( insane 9 in/itutions increas$ "o hundr$ p] c5t4 ,?is is due d\btless 9 "p to ! fact t because ( bett] facilities = keep+ !m a proportionately great] numb] ( insane are be+ s5t to /ate hospitals ?an 9 =m] ye>s4 ,moreov]1 improv$ sanitation has cut d[n ! dea?-rate 9 asylums4 ,! increase is 9 su* va/ly great] proportion ?an ! increase 9 g5]al population1 h[ev]1 t x seems impossible to attribute x :olly to ! great] accuracy ( rec5t enum]ations & ! increas+ cu/om ( conf9+ ! insane 9 asylums4 ,?is is a matt] t dem&s our grave/ att5tion & "o t %\ld be inve/igat$ ) ! greate/ ?or\ghness4 ,"o ( ! mo/ disquiet+ facts 9 ! situation 9 mo/ /ates is t _m pati5ts--an av]age ( approximately "o ?\s& a ye>1 9 ,wiscons9 = example--are on p>ole subject to recall4 ,?is means t al?\gh x is recogniz$ t ^! pati5ts are likely to h to be return$ to ! asylum or hospital1 little or no re/ra9t 9 ! meantime is plac$ on _! m>ital relations4#h ,prote/s ,voic$ by ,ali5i/s4--,is x any wond] "u ! circum/ances t we f9d ,doctor ,*>les ,gor/1 sup]9t5d5t at ! ,m5dota ,hospital1 voic+ 9 8 #aiaj report ! foll[+ vigor\s prote/--& c]ta9ly su* m5 z he are 9 ! be/ position to "k4 ,he says3 ,no "o d\bts = a mom5t t defective m5tal conditions are transmitt$ f p>5t to *ild z surely z ! physical defects & de=mities4 ,e "o kn[s t x is common = defectives to be attract$ to ea* o!r & m>ry1 & t ! defects ( bo? p>5ts are liable to be transmitt$ to ! *ildr54 ,x is also true t !re are m *ildr5 born 9 su* families2 & = t reason ! p]c5tage ( defectives is cont9ually on ! increase4 ,! report ( ! /ate ( ,ill9ois %[s ! increase to be al>m+1 & _m o!r /ates are no bett]4 ,x is absolutely wick$ t ! p]sons suff]+ f p]iodical insanity %\ld be all[$ to return to _! homes to propagate & scatt] _! *ildr5 ab\t ! /ate z dep5d5ts4 ,examples ( ,h]$it>y ,feeble-,m9d$ness4--,no "o c look at ! rem>kable s]ies ( *>ts & records br\ght toge!r by ,doctor ,godd>d ( ! in/itution at ,v9el&1 ,new ,j]sey1 & by o!r directors ( simil> in/itutions1 & d\bt = an in/ant ! inh]itability ( feeble-m9d$ness & alli$ defects4 ,9 "s in/ances ! family hi/ory has be5 foll[$ back z f> z five g5]ations1 & x is always ! same dire sequ5ce ( insanity1 idiocy1 epilepsy or feeble-m9d$ness1 f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,= example1 ,fig4 #cc1 p4 #bcf1 is "o ( ,doctor ,godd>d's *>ts4 ,x %[s ?irte5 desc5dants ( a suppos$ly normal fa!r 7possibly a c>ri]7 & a feeble-m9d$ "m1 ( :om sev5 7 feeble-m9d$1 ! o!rs dy+ 9 infancy4 ,! "m h]self 0 "o ( sev5 feeble-m9d$ *ildr51 :o 7 9 turn ! desc5dants ( feeble-m9d$ p>5ts1 ( :om ! woman _h five feeble-m9d$ bro!rs & si/]s4 ,9 ,fig4 #cd1 p4 #bcg1 he %[s m5tal defects runn+ ?r\gh f\r g5]ations4 ,fig4 #ce1 p4 #bch1 is a rem>kable exhibit :i*1 />t+ 9 ! fif? g5]ation back ) a feeble-m9d$1 alcoholic man--! m5tal condition ( 8 wife be+ unkn[n--%[s t 9 e g5]ation d[n to & includ+ ! pres5t !re has be5 no?+ b feeble-m9d$ 7or worse7 (fspr+1 leav+ out ( acc\nt two unkn[n & a numb] :o di$ 9 infancy )\t reveal+ _! m5tal condition4 ,?is is true not)/&+ ! fact t 9 ! c\rse ( ! v>i\s g5]ations !re _h be5 sev]al mat+s ) app>5tly normal individuals4 ,! new blood1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( r$eem+ ! ta9t$ /ock1 itself became vitiat$4 ,! num]\s specific cases ( inh]itance ( family traits review$ 9 rec5t books or 9 special reports ( tra9$ work]s give u abundant confirmatory evid5ce ( ! inevitable inh]itance ( v>i\s n]v\s & m5tal defects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc ,inh]itance ( feeble-m9d$ness 7aft] ,godd>d73 squ>es repres5t males1 circles females2 ,f1 feeble-m9d$2 ,n1 normal2 ,e1 epileptic2 ,i1 insane2 ,c1 crim9al2 ,t1 tub]cul\s2 d4 inf41 di$ 9 infancy2 ! h& %[s ! individual f :om ! record 0 trac$ back2 small black circle indicates misc>riage4 ,difficult to ,secure ,accurate ,data4--,x is obvi\s1 ( c\rse1 t 9 tabulations su* z ^! !re may lurk consid]able m>g9s ( error4 ,not)/&+ our ,b9et-,simon & o!r te/s = feeble-m9d$ness1 = example1 !re is yet mu* to be desir$ 9 ! way ( accuracy4 ,_m cases j bord]+ normality are by no means easy to decide4 ,!n aga9 9 mo/ human records1 :5 "o gets back beyond ! ?ird or1 at mo/1 ! f\r? g5]ation1 ! inve/igator has to dep5d on ! he>say evid5ce ( relatives1 fri5ds or neighbors1 & h[ vague ?is g5]ally is c only be appreciat$ by ^? :o h !mselves tri$ to collect su* data4 ,b 9 spite ( all ! difficulties1 !re is little d\bt t ! m c>efully prep>$ records are suffici5tly accurate to e/abli% ! fact beyond dispute t defective t5ds 9 l>ge measure to bre$ defective4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd ,inh]itance ( feeble-m9d$ness 7aft] ,godd>d72 symbols same z 9 ,fig4 #cc1 p4 #bcf4 ,"o s]i\s drawback 9 mak+ a /udy ( ! inh]itability ( insanity & o!r n]v\s disord]s is t s f> we h dealt ma9ly ) mass effects r ?an specific neuroses4 ,b ev5 :5 ! latt] is attempt$ we are confront$ by ! fact t !re are v>i\s int]gradations ( ! recogniz$ types ( defect1 t because ( v>y+ degrees ( defect 9 ! same type a /&>d is h>d to e/abli%1 & above all t :at appe>s z a specific m5tal malady 9 "o individual may crop out 9 8 desc5dants 9 an entirely diff]5t guise4 ,moreov]1 n only ! pr$isposition ( ! individual1 b age & precipitative cause ent] z factors 9 det]m9+ ! ultimate symptoms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce ,inh]itance ( feeble-m9d$ness 7aft] ,godd>d72 symbols same z 9 ,fig4 #cc1 p4 #bcf4 ,feeble-,m9d$ness & ,insanity ,n ! ,same4--,au?orities make a %>p di/9ction betwe5 insanities on ! "o h& & feeble-m9d$ness on ! o!r4 ,accord+ to ,godd>d1 n only is !re no close relation%ip betwe5 ! two conditions1 b 9 reality !y /& at opposite ends ( ! psy*ical scale4 ,9 g5]al1 insanity is a deg5]ative process1 :]eas feeble-m9d$ness is an arre/ ( developm5t4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! victim loses "p ( ! m5tality he once _h1 9 ! second he /ops %ort ( normal developm5t4 ,_m ,types ( ,insanity4--,! commone/ manife/ations ( insanity are undue depression1 apa?y1 excitem5t1 in/ability1 obsessions1 halluc9ations & delusions4 ,"s m5tal disord]s are associat$ ) recognizable /ructural *anges 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 b ! /ructural basis ( _m is n kn[n4 ,9 g5]al !re is m d\bt ab\t ! inh]itability ( "s ( ! insanities ?an ab\t cases ( m5tal defici5cy4 ,! t]m insanity is m]ely a loose descriptive "o1 & we %all ga9 little def9ite k ab\t ! inh]itance ( su* maladies until we /udy ea* sep>ate insane dia!sis specifically4 ,psy*iatri/s recognize _m diff]5t =ms ( insanity1 "s ( !m v di/9ct f o!rs & ! product ( unrelat$ und]ly+ causes4 ,(t5 x is only a "q ( degree or sometimes a matt] ( *ance z to :e!r a giv5 individual is c]tifi$ z insane or n4 ,a neuropa?ic p]son :o manife/s c]ta9 anti-social activities is sure to be class$ z insane1 :]eas ano!r individual ) ! same dia!sis 9 a less degree might pass unrecogniz$4 ,x is almo/ impossible 9 "s in/ances to tell j :]e ! bord]-l9e betwe5 a neuropa?ic & a normal con/itution lies4 ,_m ( ! idiosyncrasies ( ! insane1 inde$1 are m]ely exagg]ations ( *>act]i/ics se5 9 normal p4 ,rec5t /udies ( ! psy*ology ( ! insane %[ t mo/ ( _! halluc9ations & delusions are closely relat$ to "s previ\s m5tal exp]i5ce !y _h be=e becom+ insane4 ,& x has be5 f\nd t ! sure/ means t[>d remov+ ! obsessions ( ! pati5t 9 curable cases is to f]ret out ^! e>li] exp]i5ces & correct ! wrong impressions reg>d+ !m4 ,aga91 c]ta9 =ms ( insanity d n become manife/ except z special reactions to p>ticul> environm5tal conditions1 & if ^! conditions d n happ5 to occur1 !n ! neuropa?ic con/itution ?\gh exi/+ w\ld n be reveal$4 ,c]ta9 critical p]iods ( life su* z pub]ty1 pregnancy & ! close ( sexual life are p>ticul>ly likely to te/ out ! m5tally un/able1 al?\gh su* individuals may h ma9ta9$ normal m5tal balance up to ! crisis 9 "q4 ,n ,all ,insanities ( ! ,same ,eug5ical ,significance4--,( ! v>i\s k9ds ( insanity "s seem to be ( mu* great] eug5ical significance ?an o!rs1 n only because !y are /rongly h]itable1 b also because ( ! p]iodicity ( ! attacks4 ,! pati5t may be repeat$ly 9 & out ( ! asylum & 9 8 sane int]vals :olly unre/ra9$ z f> z propagat+ 8 k9d is conc]n$4 ,manic depressive psy*oses & dem5tia precox 9 ! ord] nam$ repres5t$ ! l>ge/ numb] ( admissions to ! ,wiscons9 ,/ate ,hospital = ! ,insane 9 #aiaa & #aiab1 & bo? ( ^! v frequ5tly h a h]$it>y basis4 ,fig4 #cf1 a *>t %[+ ! insanity 9 a local family z work$ out by "o ( my pupils1 is a good example ( a recurr5t type4 ,! fa!r 7,fig4 #cf1 p4 #bda7 0 ab\t eighty-two ye>s old :5 ! record 0 made4 ,8 memory 0 poor & he c\ld n talk connect$ly1 al?\gh ?is 0 possibly attributable to old age r ?an to insanity4 ,8 bro!r1 writt5 to 9 ,irel&1 /at$ t to 8 k !re _h nev] be5 insanity 9 8 side ( ! family4 ,! "m 7#b7 0 insane at n9e1 aga9 at tw5ty-n9e & aga9 at ?irty-six4 ,9 h] lat] life %e has be5 9 ! ,m5dota ,hospital = ! ,insane five times & 9 ! ,c\nty ,asylum twice4 ,! elde/ daught] 7#c7 has be5 9 ! ,/ate ,asylum five times & is n[ at home4 ,! next daught] 7#d7 sp5t five mon?s 9 ! asylum 9 #ahhe4 ,ano!r daught] 7#e7 likewise sp5t a %ort p]iod 9 ! asylum4 ,two sons 7#f1 #g7 h ea* sp5t two p]iods 9 ! asylum1 & a ?ird son 7#h7 has _h an attack ( insanity4 ,! y\nge/ *ild di$ at ! age ( ?ree4 ,?us ( ! eight adult *ildr5 six h be5 insane at "s "t4 ,! cases 9 ?is family seem all to be in/ances ( manic-depressive insanity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf ,inh]itance ( insanity 9 ! ,l---- family4 ,see text = description4 ,a ,neuropa?ic ,con/itution ,may ,express ,itself ,diff]5tly ,"u ,diff]5t ,conditions4--,"s ( ! difficulties ( gett+ g5ealogies ( specific =ms ( insanity are obvi\s f ! foll[+ quotations *os5 f ! works ( em95t psy*iatri/s4 ,kraepel91 = in/ance1 expresses ! op9ion t3 ,! psy*opa?ic *>ge ( a family may reveal itself n only by ! appe>ance ( m5tal disord]s b also by o!r =ms ( manife/ation4 ,"h belong be=e all1 ^? div]se slight] deviations f m5tal heal? :i* g to make up ! bord]l& ( insanity3 n]v\sness1 /ates ( anxiety & compulsion1 con/itutional depressions1 slight hy/]ical disord]s & =ms ( feeble-m9d$ness1 tics2 also odd *>act]s1 peculi>ities 9 mode ( liv+1 crim9al t5d5cies1 lack ( self-control1 intemp]ance1 love ( adv5ture1 m5dacity1 suicide on an inn] basis4 ,f ! volume ( ,*ur* & ,pet]son on ,n]v\s & ,m5tal ,diseases a fur!r confirmatory op9ion may be cit$3 ,9 det]m9+ ! factor ( h]$ity we mu/ n be cont5t ) asc]ta9+ ! exi/5ce ( psy*oses 9 ! asc5dants1 b mu/ seek1 by c>eful int]rogation ( v>i\s memb]s ( ! family1 = "s ( ! h]$it>y equival5ts1 su* z epilepsy1 *orea1 hy/]ia1 neura/h5ia1 somnambulism1 migra9e1 organic diseases ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 crim9al t5d5cies1 ecc5tricities ( "*1 drunk5ness1 etc41 = ^! equival5ts are int]*angeable f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 & are simply evid5ce ( in/ability ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,x is ! un/able n]v\s organization t is inh]it$1 n a p>ticul> neurosis or psy*osis1 & x mu/ be our aim 9 ! inve/igation ( ! prog5itors to discov] ! evid5ce ( ?is4 ,c]ta9 ,=ms ( ,insanity1 ,b ,n ,all1 ,seem to ,behave z ,m5delian ,recessives4--,a numb] ( psy*iatri/s & inve/igators ( ! inh]itance ( insanities 7,rud91 ,lunborg1 ,dav5port1 ,rosan(f1 ,jolly71 al?\gh work+ indep5d5tly & 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 concur 9 ! op9ion t manic-depressive insanity1 dem5tia precox & alli$ psy*opa?ic conditions t5d to occur aft] ! mann] ( a ,m5delian recessive4 ,on ! o!r h& su* maladies z ,hunt+ton's *orea are transmitt$ z a dom9ant & 9 all probability at lea/ half ( ! *ildr5 ( an afflict$ individual w inh]it & manife/ ! defect4 ,z to inh]itance ( v>i\s o!r psy*oses we h too few accurately *>t$ p$igrees = mo/ types to make v positive /atem5ts ab\t _! degree or mann] ( inh]itance4 ,little c be said beyond ! /atem5t t !re is a decid$ t5d5cy = v>i\s =ms to recur 9 (fspr+4 ,:]e m ?an "o case ( insanity occurs 9 a giv5 family or /ock x is /rong presumptive evid5ce t a h]$it>y defect is at ! bottom ( x4 ,z ,doctor ,wilm>? says1 ,m5tal accid5t may occur 9 any family1 b x is r>ely a second case occurs unless !re is a t5d5cy to n]ve deg5]acy4 ,= example1 ( #hah insane at ! ,wiscons9 ,/ate ,hospital = ! ,insane dur+ ! bi5nium #aiji-aj1 #ahg1 or practically "o-f\r? 7 positively kn[n to h insane relatives4 ,( ^!1 #bd _h insane fa!rs1 #ca insane mo!rs1 #cj insane bro!rs1 #bc insane si/]s1 #be insane uncles1 #ba insane aunts1 & #ba insane c\s9s4 ,:]e def9ite in=mation c\ld be obta9$ x 0 f\nd t ( ! #e1gjj admissions ( insane pati5ts to ! ,new ,york /ate hospitals dur+ ! ye> end+ ,septemb] #cj1 #aiaa1 #bg4g p] c5t4 ( ! cases %[$ a hi/ory ( insanity 9 ! family & an additional #bb4i p] c5t4 %[$ a hi/ory ( alcoholism1 n]v\s diseases & ! l4 ,grades ( ,feeble-,m9d$ness4--,z to ! v>i\s grades ( feeble-m9d$ness1 :ile no %>p l9es ( dem>cation c be drawn1 a r\gh & ready te/ usually appli$ is ! relative ability ( su* subnormal individuals to take c>e ( !mselves4 ,9 all1 ! conditions exi/ f bir? or %ortly aft]4 ,idiots are su* defective individuals z are unable to take c>e ( !mselves ev5 to ! matt] ( gu>d+ aga9/ common physical dang]s4 ,_! m5tality does n progress beyond t ( a two-ye>-old *ild4 ,imbeciles c take c>e ( !mselves 9 ! crud] physical ways1 b are unable to e>n _! liv+4 ,_! m5tal age ranges f ?ree to sev5 ye>s inclusive4 ,morons1 or ! feeble-m9d$ 9 a m specific usage ( ! t]m1 c "u prop] direction become m or less self-support+ b !y are z a rule incapable ( und]tak+ affairs :i* dem& judgm5t or involve unre/rict$ competition ) normal individuals4 ,_! intellig5ce ranges ) t ( normal *ildr5 f sev5 to twelve ye>s ( age4 ,! la/ class grades up ins5sibly into ! %iftless1 ne'er-d-well types :i* exi/ 9 e community4 ,x is ! hordes ( ! feeble-m9d$ 9 ! re/rict$ s5se t af=d our mo/ s]i\s problems to-day4 ,! idiot & ! imbecile are usually e>ly & easily recogniz$ & are kept m or less "u re/ra9t1 b ! high] grades ( feeble-m9d$1 ! s-call$ moron type1 c be detect$ (t5 only by c>efully devis$ te/s4 ,ab\t ,two-,?irds ( ! ,feeble-,m9d$ ,h ,inh]it$ ,_! ,condition4--,conc]n+ ! v>i\s types ( feeble-m9d$ness !re is /rong evid5ce t h]$ity is a factor ( great] magnitude ?an 9 mo/ insanities4 ,all facts po9t to ! conclusion t mo/ m5tal defici5cy is /rongly inh]itable & t ! majority ( our defectives ( ?is type come f deg5]ate /ocks4 ,practically all speciali/s at ! heads ( asylums & homes = ! m5tally defici5t concur 9 ! op9ion t ab\t two-?irds ( ! cases are h]$it>y4 ,= example1 ,doctor ,alfr$ ,wilm>?1 sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,wiscons9 ,home = ,feeble-m9d$1 says3 ,my own obs]vations1 & ^? ( o!rs 9 ?is c\ntry & ,europe1 w\ld indicate t at lea/ two-?irds ( ! feeble-m9d$ h defective relatives4 ,9 8 /udy ( two ?\s& *ildr5 te/$ by ! ,b9et measur+ scale = intellig5ce1 ,doctor ,h5ry ,h4 ,godd>d1 director ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,rese>* at ! ,tra9+ ,s*ool = ,feeble-m9d$ at ,v9el&1 ,n4 ,j41 rem>ks conc]n+ h]$ity ( feeble-m9d$ness3 ,b we n[ "k t sixty-five p] c5t4 ( ^! *ildr5 h inh]it$ ! condition1 & t if !y gr[ up & m>ry !y w transmit ! same condition to _! (fspr+4 ,inde$1 we "k t ?is class ( p is increas+ at an enorm\s rate 9 e community & unless we d some?+ to /op ?is great /ream ( bad protoplasm we %all "s day be swamp$ 9 a sea ( deg5]acy4 ,e4 ,r4 ,john/one1 sup]9t5d5t ( ! tra9+ s*ool at ,v9el&1 ,n4 ,j41 9 a rec5t bullet9 rem>ks conc]n+ feeble-m9d$ & epileptics1 ,we are n[ conv9c$ t f sixty to eighty p] c5t4 ( ! cases are h]$it>y4 ,aga91 we f9d ,doctor ,a4 ,c4 ,rog]s1 sup]9t5d5t ( a s*ool = feeble-m9d$ 9 ,m9nesota1 say+1 ,we h no survey ( m5tality 9 ?is c\ntry except 9 v small areas1 b probably ab\t sixty-five p] c5t4 ( ! feeble-m9d$ *ildr5 t we "k ( are feeble-m9d$ f h]$ity2 t is1 !y come f families 9 :i* !re is mu* feeble-m9d$ness1 usually associat$ ) v>i\s neuroses or psy*osis4 ,!re are ab\t ?irty-five p] c5t4 approximately t are acquir$ cases4 ,^! cases develop f v>i\s ?+s4 ,full developm5t may be prev5t$ dur+ ge/ation1 or e>ly *ildhood1 or e>ly adolesc5ce1 b ^! acquir$ cases are entirely di/9ct f ! h]$it>y ones4 ,9 a rec5t pap] ,doctor ,m>t9 ,w4 ,b>r1 *ief physician = ! ,p5nsylvania ,tra9+ ,s*ool = ,feeble-m9d$ ,*ildr51 says3 ,9 my individual /udy ( #d1jej cases ( imbecility1 ,i f9d #b1fea1 or #fe4cd p] c5t41 caus$ by malign h]$ities2 & ( ^! #a1jcj1 or #be4dc p] c5t41 are due to direct inh]itance ( idiocy2 & #bhj1 or #f4ia p] c5t41 to insanity4 ,f ^! figures x w be se5 t ,doctors ,b>r1 ,godd>d1 ,wilm>?1 ,john/one & ,rog]s all agree 9 _! e/imates2 namely1 t two-?irds ( our imbeciles are s ?r\gh inh]itance4 ,"s ,results ( ,non-,re/ra9t ( ! ,feeble-m9d$4--,! foll[+ exc]pt f a pap] by ,doctor ,b>r1 is a fair sample ( :at happ5s :5 su* defective individuals are n re/ra9$ f propagat+ _! k9d3 ,my own /udy & obs]vation alone1 ( ov] #d1jjj deg5]ates1 %[s su* examples z3 ,a man #ch ye>s ( age1 ! fa!r ( #ai defective *ildr51 all liv+1 he & 8 wife bo? "u p> m5tally2 z 0 ano!r c\ple1 ) #i imbecile *ildr52 an idiot woman ) #g idiot *ildr54 ,a =cible in/ance is t ( a man ) two daught]s & "o illegitimate gr&*ild1 all feeble-m9d$4444 ,i c\ld "n a family1 "o ( ! pr\de/ 9 ! l&1 :]e !re are five *ildr51 an aunt & two uncles1 all feeble-m9d$4 ,yet ano!r1 :i* 9 sev5 g5]ations numb]+ "s #ach individuals1 records #aj /ill-born *ildr5 7premature bir?s71 #af insane1 #g imbeciles1 #c epileptics & #cb ) m5tal peculi>ities s pron\nc$ z to occasion rem>k4 ,( ! #ach !re rema9 #hj app>5tly normal1 :o are nev]!less hopeless slaves ( a neurotic h]$ity1 direct or collat]al4 ,9 a /udy ( #ae imbecile girls1 #c 7 recogniz$ pro/itutes1 #i _h ea* #a illegitimate *ild 7#b be+ ! result ( ince/u\s int]c\rse ) bro!rs72 #a _h #b2 #b epileptics _h1 ! "o #c1 & ! o!r #d idiot *ildr54 ,f\r feeble-m9d$ wom5 _h #dj illegitimate *ildr54 ,a feeble-m9d$ woman liv+ 9 an alm%\se s9ce e>ly *ildhood1 all[$ to g out to s]vice p]iodically1 _h giv5 bir? to six illegitimate *ildr51 all inh]it+ h] defect4 ,an imbecile drunk>d is ! fa!r ( ?ree feeble-m9d$ *ildr54 ,! daught]1 s$uc$ be=e ! age ( sixte51 gave bir? to an idiot *ild2 "o son is a h>mless imbecile1 b ! o!r is a moral imbecile1 a sexual p]v]t1 a ?ief on ! /reets1 & a pyromaniac1 fir+ 9 %e] wantonness a l>ge mill prop]ty4 ,ano!r %[s ! entire family = ?ree g5]ations bel[ normal4 ,fa!r1 "m1 "m's si/]1 & fa!r's uncle1 all imbecile4 ,five *ildr5 feeble-m9d$4 ,"o girl _h a proposal ( m>riage1 & "o boy is m>ri$ to a feeble-m9d$ girl4 ,"o insane woman1 ^: bro!r & si/] committ$ suicide1 _h five sons4 ,! olde/1 feeble-m9d$1 a drunk>d & hobo1 _h "o son1 a crim9al4 ,! second son1 insane1 _h ?ree imbecile *ildr54 ,! ?ird1 an insane epileptic1 _h ?ree imbecile sons1 "o ( :om 0 an epileptic4 ,! f\r? son 0 insane4 ,! fif?1 app>5tly normal1 _h a morally imbecile son & an epileptic daught]4 ,yet /rik+ z is ! inh]itance ( ^! maladies1 ,doctor ,b>r po9ts out t ( ! #aj1jjj kn[n cases ( feeble-m9d$ness 9 ,p5nsylvania1 only #c1ejj are seque/rat$4 ,?is leaves a balance 9 t /ate ( #f1ejj totally irresponsible individuals to "w havoc 9 society by produc+ _! k9d4 ,inh]itance ,n a ,factor 9 ,"s ,cases ( ,m5tal ,defici5cy4--,on ! o!r h& z our data %[1 !re rema9 ab\t "o-?ird ( ! m5tally defici5t type to be acc\nt$ = on o!r ?an a basis ( h]$ity4 ,z already not$1 "s ( ^! are d\btless ! product ( suppressions ( normal developm5t by v>i\s extrane\s factors op]at+ be=e or %ortly aft] bir?4 ,!re is "o class p>ticul>ly1 e/imat$ by "s au?orities z con/itut+ z high z ?irty p] c5t4 ( ! feeble-m9d$ :i* is unusually puzzl+4 ,^! are ! s-call$ mongolians4 ,! "n is giv5 because ! features ( su* individuals be> m or less resemblance to ^? ( "s ( ! ,mongolian races4 ,! defect does n seem to be h]$it>y al?\gh x is usually cong5ital4 ,x appe>s to be due to some?+ :i* int]f]es ) pr5atal developm5t4 ,:atev] ! conditions1 :e!r lack ( nutrition 9 ! "m1 alcoholic or o!r poison+1 ! cases seem to be z hopelessly incurable z are ! h]$it>y =ms4 ,f ! social /&po9t1 ( c\rse1 su* individuals are 9 _! imm$iate g5]ation1 z incompet5t or z dang]\s to society z ^? suff]+ f ! m surely kn[n h]$it>y =ms ( m5tal defect4 ,epileptics4--,al?\gh epileptics are n class$ z imbeciles ord9>ily1 z a matt] ( fact no %>p di/9ction c be drawn betwe5 ! two classes4 ,doctor ,wilm>? says1 ,epilepsy & m5tal defici5cy are z closely relat$ z bran*es on ! same tree4444 ,ov] "o-half & p]haps two-?irds ( all feeble-m9d$ are subject to convulsive seizures at "s p]iod ( _! lives1 & we are nev] surpris$ at ! appe>ance ( epilepsy 9 any feeble-m9d$ p]son4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s small a p]c5tage ( epileptics ma9ta9 normal m5tal actions z h>dly to be wor? consid]ation 444 ev5 ^? :o reta9 a normal m9d 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! diseases almo/ infallibly become imp]fect lat]4 ,h[ slight a *ance ! epileptic has ( ev] becom+ normal may be inf]r$ f a /atem5t made by ,doctor ,frank ,bill+s 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,ill9ois ,/ate ,m$ical ,society 9 #aiji to ! effect t t5 p] c5t4 or m c be cur$ by prop] c>e4 ,accord+ to ! e/imates ( ,! ,committee ( ,fifty 9 ! /ate ( ,ill9ois1 :o h be5 agitat+ = ! e/abli%m5t ( a colony = epileptics1 !re are #aj1jjj ( ^! un=tunates 9 t /ate4 ,! cons5sus ( op9ion ( exp]i5c$ work]s 9 v>i\s /ates is t !re is ab\t "o epileptic to ea* ?ree hundr$ fifty to five hundr$ inhabitants4 ,9 ,h]$ity ,conditions ( ,feeble-,m9d$ness ,are ,probably ,recessive to ,normal ,condition4--,z to ! mode ( inh]itance ( ! v>i\s =ms ( feeble-m9d$ness1 ! evid5ce po9ts to su* defects 9 ! ma9 z be+ recessive4 ,h[ev]1 no p>ticul> grade c be pick$ out & %[n to be a pure recessive4 ,= in/ance1 ! *ildr5 ( two epileptics w be defective b x is impossible to pr$ict always :e!r ! defect w appe> z epilepsy or feeble-m9d$ness4 ,?is is d\btless due to ! fact t m5tal defici5cies ev5 ( ! inh]itable type are n all due to ! same specific cause1 & 9 _m cases ! individual is defective 9 m ?an "o direction4 ,if "o or m ( a great numb] ( units :i* are necess>y = complete m5tal developm5t are lack+1 obvi\sly m5tal defici5cy w result4 ,9 o!r words1 feeble-m9d$ness & alli$ disord]s may n be def9ite *>act]s1 b simply evid5ces ( ! fact t ! n]v\s sy/em has n develop$ all factors necess>y = normal m5tal coord9ation4 ,godd>d1 h[ev]1 "o ( our be/ au?orities on ! h]$ity ( feeble-m9d$ness1 is incl9$ to reg>d ! condition z a unit "*1 due ei!r to ! pres5ce ( some?+ :i* acts z an inhibitor1 or due to ! abs5ce ( "s /imulus :i* s5ds ! normal bra9 on to fur!r developm5t4 ,suppos+ n]v\s defects f9d+ expression 9 feeble-m9d$ness1 epilepsy & relat$ conditions1 to act z a ,m5delian recessive1 !n ! m>riage ( "o su* defective ) ano!r %\ld yield only m5tally enfeebl$ (fspr+4 ,h[ ne>ly ?is expectation may be realiz$ is se5 f ! foll[+ examples4 ,9 an ext5sive /udy#i ( feeble-m9d$ness1 j f ! press1 ,doctor ,h5ry ,h4 ,godd>d po9ts out t ( #dhb *ildr5 ) bo? p>5ts feeble-m9d$ all b six 7 feeble-m9d$4 ,ev5 ! exceptions may be app>5t r ?an real z !re is possibility ( mi/ake 9 judg+ ! condition ( ! p>5ts or ( ! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,moreov]1 ) ! feeble-m9d$ "o is n always sure ( ! pat]nity ( a *ild1 z is in/anc$ by ,doctor ,godd>d 9 a case quot$ f ,doctor ,em]ick 9 :i* ( twelve *ildr5 9 a :ite family ) bo? fa!r & "m feeble-m9d$ t5 7 feeble-m9d$ & two 7 n1 b ^! two 7 mulatto *ildr54 ,9 a pap] by ,weeks 7,! ,inh]itance ( ,epilepsy71 9 "p an ext5sion ( an e>li] jo9t pap] by ,dav5port & ,weeks1 is record$ among o!rs a /udy ( tw5ty-sev5 frat]nities 9 :i* bo? p>5ts 7 ei!r epileptic or feeble-m9d$4 ,( ! #bh prog5y1 #ai liv$ long en\gh to reveal _! m5tal /ate4 ,( ^! #c 7 feeble-m9d$1 #h epileptic & #h1 f p>5ts :o develop$ epilepsy late 9 life1 7 :at ,doctor ,weeks t]ms ta9t$4 ,9 #ae frat]nities 9 :i* "o p>5t 0 epileptic & ! o!r feeble-m9d$ he f\nd !re _h be5 #ha conceptions4 ,( ^! #g 7 too "y to classify & #ai _h di$ be=e f\rte5 ye>s ( age4 ,( ! rema9+ #ee1 #bh 7 epileptic1 #bf feeble-m9d$1 & #a insane4 ,aga91 9 #i families 9 :i* ! p>5ts 7 bo? feeble-m9d$1 ( ! #ch surviv+ (fspr+ :o 7 old en\gh to classify1 #g 7 epileptic1 #bi feeble-m9d$1 & #b drunk>ds4 ,9 #e families :]e "o p>5t 0 insane & ! o!r epileptic or feeble-m9d$1 #e *ildr5 di$ be=e ! age ( f\rte51 ! condition ( #b 0 unkn[n1 #b 7 epileptic1 #d feeble-m9d$1 #a insane1 #h ta9t$1 & #g seem+ly normal4 ,reg>d+ ! latt] ,doctor ,weeks says !y came f two families :]e 9 "o case ! fa!r's insanity seem$ to be traumatic & 9 ! o!r alcoholic4 ,9 a few cases :]e ! defect 9 "o p>5t has app>5tly be5 ( a type diff]5t f ! defect ( ! o!r p>5t a normal *ild 0 produc$4 ,t is1 presumably ea* p>5t c>ri$ normality 9 ! trait defective 9 ! o!r s t ! *ild became simplex ) ref]5ce to ea* defect4 ,dav5port po9ts out t n infrequ5tly two deaf-mutes ^: defects are due to diff]5t causes may h normal *ildr54 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! reasonable expectation is t :]e two feeble-m9d$ individuals m>ry1 a v common occurr5ce1 ! *ildr5 w all %[ m5tal defici5cy4 ,a mat+ betwe5 a feeble-m9d$ p]son & "o ( p]fectly normal /ock w app>5tly result 9 normal *ildr5 al?\gh !y w be c>ri]s4 ,!re is "s evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t su* c>ri]s may occasionally %[ ta9ts ( abnormality 9 ! =m ( migra9e 7n]v\s sick heada*e71 alcoholism1 que]ness1 viol5t temp]1 etc4 ,?us accord+ to ! /udies ( ,doctor ,weeks1 ,9 #ej mat+s :]e at lea/ "o p>5t is migra9\s1 !re 7 #cej conceptions1 ( :i* numb] en\gh is kn[n ( #bab to classify #ee1 or #bf p] c5t41 z epileptic2 #ab1 or #f p] c5t41 z feeble-m9d$1 ) ! o!rs ta9t$ or normal4 ,9 ! #aca mat+s :]e at lea/ "o p>5t is alcoholic1 !re 7 #hde conceptions4 ,( ! #did classifi$1 #aea1 or #ca p] c5t41 7 epileptic2 #ed1 or #aa p] c5t41 feeble-m9d$1 ) ! balance ta9t$ or normal4 ,m>riage betwe5 two c>ri]s w cause ! defect to reappe> 9 active =m 9 approximately #be p] c5t4 ( ! (fspr+ & #ej p] c5t4 w cont9ue to be c>ri]s4 ,_m ,app>5tly ,normal ,p ,really ,c>ri]s ( ,neuropa?ic ,defects4--,!re is consid]able evid5ce t _m app>5tly normal individuals ( our av]age population are 9 reality c>ri]s ( "s =m ( neuropa?ic defect1 "s au?orities plac+ ! proportion provisionally at ov] ?irty p] c5t4 ,?is be+ true1 !n x is easy to expla9 ! app>5tly unacc\ntable appe>ance ( epilepsy1 feeble-m9d$ness1 or simil> defects among ! *ildr5 ( :at pass = normal /ocks4 ,! probabilities are t 9 _m cases x means simply t ! p>5ts ( ! defective *ildr5 h be5 c>ri]s4 ,z to ! cont5tion t 9 prev5t+ ! propagation ( ! feeble-m9d$ we may be depriv+ ! _w ( g5iuses1 ,doctor ,godd>d rem>ks3 ,x is a significant fact t 9 our ?ree hundr$ family hi/ories total+ #aa1chi individuals n a s+le g5ius has be5 f\nd4 ,n only are !re no g5iuses b ! fact c n be too /rongly emphasiz$ t ev5 ! p :o are consid]$ normal 444 are n z a rule p ( av]age intellig5ce4444 ,h[ev]1 betwe5 insanity & g5ius he f9ds m k9dr$ _s4 ,te/s = ,m5tal ,defici5cy4--,z to te/s = m5tal defici5cy1 ! "o commonly met$ out to victims 9 ! e-day _w is ! social-economic "o ( survival 9 ! competitions ( life4 ,! m5tally defici5t fail4 ,al?\gh (t5 unrecogniz$ z feeble-m9d$ !y drift ?r\gh life social & economical d]elicts :o h to be support$ by ! community4 ,( laboratory te/s _m h be5 devis$4 ,:ile all yet leave mu* to be desir$1 /ill ?r\gh _! application ! majority ( m5tal defectives c be detect$4 ,fairly accurate /&>ds ( normality h be5 e/abli%$ f :i* ! relative degree ( backw>dness c be det]m9$4 ,we h j awak5$ to ! importance ( detect+ defectives e>ly 9 life1 h5ce _m ( our te/s h be5 plann$ ) ref]5ce to *ildr54 ,!y are bas$ n s mu* on tra9+ or consci\s le>n+ z on fundam5tal processes :i* develop at c]ta9 ages 9 *ildr54 ,ano!r impetus t[>d secur+ adequate crit]ia ( m5tal defici5cy has be5 ! cry+ ne$ ( hav+ "s easily appli$ /&>d = detect+ ! v l>ge numb]s ( defective immigrants :o are cont9ually seek+ to ent] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mo/ ( ! me?ods consi/ ( p]=mance te/s :i* are plann$ to te/ ! p[]s ( p]ception1 conc5tration1 application1 +5uity & education ( ! subject4 ,previ\s environm5t1 education & ! difficulties "u :i* ! subject may be labor+ at ! "t ( ! te/ mu/1 ( c\rse1 be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,x is p>ticul>ly difficult to get adequate te/s = ! immigrant :i* w enable "o to di/+ui% betwe5 ignorance1 /upidity1 fe> & tempor>y psy*ic depression on ! "o h&1 & cong5ital m5tal defici5cy on ! o!r4 ,p]haps ! mo/ successful s+le set ( te/s = m5tal defici5cy is t kn[n z ! ,b9et-,simon ,scale4 ,f an exam9ation ( l>ge numb]s ( ,fr5* s*ool *ildr5 ,b9et con/ruct$ a scale ( te/s ( increas+ complexity accurately grad$ to age & previ\s tra9+ ( ! av]age normal *ild4 ,9 ! ,b9et-,simon sy/em te/s are giv5 = ea* age f ?ree ye>s to ?irte54 ,:5 a *ild successfully passes ! te/s = 8 age he is class$ z normal4 ,if he succe$s only 9 te/s :i* normally are ^? giv5 = a *ild a ye> y\ng] !n he is backw>d to ! ext5t ( "o ye>4 ,simil>ly he may %[ by ^! grad$ te/s t he is backw>d to ! ext5t ( two ye>s1 ?ree ye>s & s on4 ,if a *ild is m ?an ?ree ye>s backw>d accord+ to ! te/ he is reg>d$ z m5tally defective4 ,v>i\s corrections & adju/m5ts ( ! orig9al scale h be5 work$ out to all[ = unev5ness 9 m5tal developm5t4 ,on ! :ole ! s*eme works out satisfactorily :5 appli$ by "o skill$ 9 its use4 ,! attitude ( ! exam9]1 h[ev]1 is ( s great importance t ! te/s are ( less value 9 ! h& ( inexp]i5c$ work]s4 ,a revision ( ! scale to adapt x bett] to ,am]ican *ildr5 has rec5tly be5 made by ,doctor ,godd>d4#aj ,besides ! ,b9et-,simon te/s v>i\s p]=mance te/s1 /&>diz$ = *ildr5 ( diff]5t ages1 su* z ,segu9's =m bo>d1 ,healy's pictorial completion te/1 ,f]nald's con/ruction puzzle1 ! ,rossolimo te/1 ,de ,sanctis te/1 etc41 are us$ by diff]5t inve/igators4 ,que/ions design$ to reveal moral tone are also employ$4 ,doctor ,h[>d ,a4 ,knox1 assi/ant surgeon ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 9 a rec5t article#aa gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! te/s appli$ to det]m9e ! exact m5tality ( immigrants ent]+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates toge!r ) a brief review ( v>i\s te/s4 ,a full acc\nt & discussion ( ! v>i\s te/s = ! m5tally subnormal w be f\nd 9 a rec5t publication by ,doctor ,william ,healy1#ab director ( ! ,juv5ile ,psy*opa?ic ,in/itute1 ,*icago4 ,! ,backw>d ,*ild 9 ,s*ool4--,x is only 9 rec5t times t we h come to realize ! s]i\sness ( ! problem :i* ! backw>d *ild pres5ts 9 our s*ools4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance to discov] e>ly 9 s*ool life :i* ( ! backw>d *ildr5 owe _! condition to ad5oids1 defective sight or he>+1 poor nutrition1 imp]fect circulation1 or o!r rem$iable defects1 & :i* are ! victims ( innate m5tal defici5cy4 ,! treatm5t ( ! individual mu/ be v diff]5t 9 ! two cases4 ,9 ! "o ! condition c be cur$ by prop] manipulations or o!r treatm5ts2 9 ! o!r x c only be ameliorat$4 ,all s*ool *ildr5 :o are two or ?ree ye>s bel[ grade %\ld be rigidly inspect$ by ! m$ical exam9]4 ,f a /udy ( ab\t two ?\s& *ildr5 compris+ ! fir/ five grades ( an entire public s*ool sy/em ,godd>d f\nd t eighte5 p] c5t4 7 def9itely backw>d4 ,( ^! betwe5 two & ?ree p] c5t4 7 actually feeble-m9d$1 ! condition 9 ! rema9+ fifte5 p] c5t4 be+ presumably capable ( correction4 ,o!r simil> surveys h giv5 practically ! same results4 ,! ,exceptionally ,able ,*ild ,likely to ,be ,neglect$4--,h[ev]1 :ile we mu/ n =get t x is important to recognize backw>d *ildr5 & to see t !y are segregat$ into small gr\ps :i* are n requir$ to d ! full am\nt ( "w 9 regul> "t1 x is equally urg5t to see t ! unusually bright individual is also giv5 opportunity to advance m rapidly ?an ! rank & file4 ,only too (t5 ! hold+ back ( a *ild 9 s*ool leads to lack ( int]e/ & habits ( m5tal laz9ess1 & sometimes to truancy & incorrigibility4 ,! g5]al attempt 9 our grad$ s*ools to keep all *ildr5 close to ! av]age is to be /rongly condemn$4 ,co/ ( ,c>+ = ,our ,m5tally ,disord]$4--,doctor ,*>les ,l4 ,dana1 memb] ( ! ,national ,committee = ,m5tal ,hygi5e1 e/imat$ 9 #aijd t ! actual co/ ( c>+ = feeble-m9d$ & insane 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates am\nt$ to sixty million doll>s1 to :i* %\ld be add$ ! correspond+ loss 9 indu/rial activity on ! "p ( ! afflict$1--at lea/ tw5ty million doll>s m1 & he figures t ! am\nt 0 increas+ at ! rate ( f\r p] c5t4 p] annum4 ,_m inve/igators concur 9 ! op9ion t our insane & feeble-m9d$ alone co/ u f> above "o hundr$ million doll>s4 ,add+ to ?is economic burd5 ! co/ ( our del9qu5ts & crim9als ! total exp5se becomes /up5d\s4 ,& :5 we consid] /ill fur!r ! ev5 great] burd5 ( suff]+ ( ! un=tunates !mselves & ! sorr[s ( ^? to :om !y are de>1 a burd5 n measurable 9 money1 ! feel+ t some?+ mu/ be done to relieve ! situation becomes ov]p[]+4 ,importance ( ,rigid ,segregation ( ,feeble-,m9d$4--,z reg>ds ! really feeble-m9d$ little c be done beyond mak+ !m z happy z possible & develop+ ! limit$ gifts !y h be5 giv5 by nature4 ,_! tea*+ mu/ be 9 ! ma9 concrete & simple4 ,at ! age ( pub]ty x is imp]ative to see t ! sexes are sep>at$ & kept "u suffici5t p]man5t sup]vision to prev5t all possibility ( procreation4 ,!re is nei!r economic nor common s5se 9 ev5 all[+ ! remote/ *ance ( su* occurr5ces z ! foll[+3 ,?is is ! case ( a feeble-m9d$ & epileptic woman :o _h six *ildr5 by v>i\s p]sons :ile an inmate ( a c\nty poor h\se4 ,"o *ild at ! age ( eighte5 di$ 9 ! alm%\se1 two di$ 9 infancy1 "o 0 epileptic 7! son ( a man ) a crim9al record7 & two :o are n[ liv+ 9 ! alm%\se are feeble-m9d$1 "o be+ ! son ( a negro4 ,aga91 we f9d a sup]9t5d5t ( an ,engli% alm%\se report+ t "o hundr$ & two out ( "o hundr$ & five *ildr5 born !re 9 five ye>s 7 feeble-m9d$4 ,z conditions are to-day e in/itution = ! feeble-m9d$ has a long wait+ li/ & ! same is true ( mo/ asylums = ! insane4 ,in/ead ( provid+ ! prolong$ c>e necess>y = su* pati5ts1 in/itutions are =c$ to dis*>ge _m prematurely 9 ord] to make room = m urg5t cases4 ,importance ( ,e>ly ,diagnosis ( ,insanity4--,9 insanities1 ev5 :5 ( h]$it>y orig91 !re is mu* hope 9 c]ta9 cases ( greatly b5efit+ ! individual1 ?\gh a p]man5t cure1 or at lea/ ! e/abli%m5t ( procreative fitness may be impossible4 ,x is extremely important t ! public realize h[ mu* c be done ?r\gh e>ly exam9ation & advice 9 su* m5tal afflictions4 ,mo/ ( ! insane :o recov] usually d s )9 a few mon?s ( _! fir/ ali5ation1 h5ce ! importance ( los+ no "t 9 detect+ ! condition & secur+ e>ly treatm5t4 ,x is n[ well kn[n t _m cases ( *ronic insanity may be measurably improv$ "u ! c>e ( a psy*iatri/ by sy/ematic re-education1 especially 9 indu/rial l9es4 ,b h[ little ( ?is may be expect$ at ! h&s ( ! untra9$ cu/odians :o fe$ ! inmates ( our c\nty alm%\ses1 to :i* 9 _m /ates ! *ronic insane are entru/$1 is obvi\s4 ,all ,insane ,%\ld ,be ,pass$ ,^u by ,compet5t ,psy*iatri/s4--,! atroci\s sy/em ( turn+ ! *ronic insane ov] to c\nty poorh\ses mann$ by sup]visors ^: *ief qualification = ! position has n infrequ5tly be5 ! l[ness ( _! bid = bo>d+ & c>+ = ! inmates1 c n be too /rongly condemn$4 ,incr$ible z x may seem1 9 "s /ates ! c\rt c on its own judgm5t s5d pati5ts directly to ^! in/itutions )\t fir/ submitt+ !m to ! /udy ( exp]t physicians 9 ! /ate hospital = ! insane4 ,! vici\sness ( su* proc$ure is evid5t :5 "o realizes t (t5 c>eful scrut9y on ! "p ( ! v be/ exp]ts1 ext5d+ ov] a consid]able p]iod ( "t1 is requir$ be=e ! true condition ( ! pati5t c be det]m9$4 ,rec5tly a psy*iatri/ ( high /&+1 :o 0 ga!r+ data on c\nty asylums = a national organization1 in=m$ ! writ] t beyond ! %ad[ ( a d\bt he _h come across case aft] case 9 c\nty asylums :i* w\ld h be5 curable "u prop] treatm5t4 ,"h aga9 ! responsibility 9 la/ analysis mu/ re/ ^u u z citiz5s1 = x is l>gely ?r\gh our intellig5t dem&s z vot]s t conditions w be improv$ & compet5t exp]ts be put 9 *>ge ( c\nty asylums z well z ( ! /ate hospitals = ! acutely insane4 ,"s ,insanities ,n ( ,h]$it>y ,orig94--,"s ali5i/s believe t self-poison+ kn[n z auto-intoxication1 due to improp] elim9ation ( poisons g5]at$ ?r\gh faulty dige/ion or metabolism1 if ( long /&+1 may be n only a contributory b a m or less direct cause ( insanity4 ,ab\t tw5ty p] c5t4 ( insanities ( m5 liv+ 9 cities & ab\t fifte5 p] c5t4 ( ^? liv+ 9 ! c\ntry seem to be directly relat$ to ! intemp]ate use ( alcohol4 ,! correspond+ figures = wom5 are sev5 p] c5t4 & "o p] c5t4 respectively4 ,g5]al p>esis or s(t5+ ( ! bra9 is probably inv>iably prec$$ by syphilis4 ,ab\t tw5ty-two & five-t5?s p] c5t4 ( ! fir/ admissions to hospitals = ! insane f city-dwell+ m51 & eight p] c5t4 f m5 liv+ 9 ! c\ntry 9 ! /ate ( ,new ,york are cases ( ?is k9d ( insanity4 ,! correspond+ figures = wom5 are five & five-t5?s p] c5t4 & two & five-t5?s p] c5t4 respectively4 ,importance ( ,h]$ity 9 ,insanity ,n ,appreciat$4--,we h already se5 t h]$ity plays an important "p 9 insanities4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! t5d5cy is to "u-e/imate r ?an ov]-e/imate its importance4 ,_m cases said to be caus$ by m5tal /ra9 su* z ^? occasion$ by dome/ic infelicities1 bus9ess rev]ses & ! l %\ld 9 all probability be fundam5tally attribut$ to some?+ f> m deep-seat$ ?an ! m obvi\s cause4 ,9 _m su* in/ances !re is little d\bt t an inh]5t weakness 9 m5tal make-up exi/s :i* pr$isposes ! individual t[>d m5tal breakd[n4 ,?is is m app>5t :5 "o recalls t !re are ?\s&s ( o!r individuals :o und]go equally great or great] calamities )\t loss ( m5tal balance4 ,!re are well-recogniz$ types ( m5tal disposition :i* lat] contribute to correspond+ =ms ( insanity4 ,9 _m in/ances ! f9al cata/rophe may be av]t$ if ! peculi> individual c be kept 9 good heal? & guid$ into "r habits ( ?\ght4 ,und\bt$ly c]ta9 infecti\s diseases1 art]io scl]osis1 v>i\s poisons 9 ! blood1 *ild-bir?1 & simil> influ5ces (t5 ent] z important contributory factors4 ,9 all cases ( cure1 h[ev]1 we mu/ face ! fact t "u exi/+ conditions ^! m5tally re/or$ individuals are releas$ into society )\t let or h9drance z reg>ds _! m>ital relations4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,crime ,,& ,,del9qu5cy ,! ,relative ,importance ( ,h]$ity & ,environm5t 9 ,?is ,field ,unc]ta94--,! :ole "q ( crime & del9qu5cy is a highly complex "o4 ,"h1 p]haps1 m ?an 9 any o!r phase ( race bett]m5t we f9d ! greate/ difficulty 9 sep>at+ ! effects ( h]$it>y pr$isposition f ! results ( unfavorable environm5t4 ,:ile !re is no long] a reasonable d\bt ab\t su* n]v\s disord]s z epilepsy1 feeble-m9d$ness & c]ta9 =ms ( insanity be+ root$ l>gely 9 ance/ral ta9ts1 ! degree to :i* crime or del9qu5cy is bas$ on h]$ity is f> m que/ionable4 ,e /ud5t ( g5etics kn[s t we may h dw>f plants because ! con/itution ( ! g]m is ( a nature to produce only su* individuals1 or we may h dw>f$ plants because ( adv]se conditions ( soil & lack ( an opportunity to climb or rise to _! full capacity4 ,bateson p]t95tly rem>ks1 ,! /ick w n make ! dw>f pea climb1 ?\gh )\t x ! tall c nev] rise4 ,education1 sanitation1 & ! re/ are b ! giv+ or )hold+ ( opportunity4 ,! important sociological "q = u to det]m9e is :i* ( ^! l[ly peas ( ! human family are really dw>fs & :i* are dw>f$ simply because ! /ick ( opportunity on :i* to climb is lack+4 ,beyond d\bt a consid]able portion ( crime & deg5]acy is due 9 l>ge measure to innate incl9ation1 b ) j z little d\bt mu* is ! effect ma9ly ( vici\s habits acquir$ ?r\gh an un:olesome environm5t4 ,a normal appetite or impulse may be giv5 a pa?ological tr5d by bad influ5ces4 ,& "o has to reckon1 moreov]1 ) degrees ( h]$it>y aptitude to crime4 ,j :at is ! measure ( normality8 ,to :at ext5t by develop+ to _! highe/ po9t c]ta9 inhibitive or oppos+ t5d5cies1 c we c\nt]act c]ta9 inh]5t proclivities = wrong-do+8 ,by :at means %all we sift ! cong5ital defectives f ! victims ( suppress$ opportunities8 ,^! & k9dr$ que/ions confront u at ! v outset ( our /udies ( crime & del9qu5cy4 ,x is obvi\s t al?\gh we may in/itute ! /ricte/ elim9ation ( ! socially unfit1 unless we c provide a :olesome environm5t = ! fit1 lapses into unfitness are sure to recur4 ,feeble-,m9d$ness ,(t5 a ,factor4--,! conviction is /eadily gr[+ among /ud5ts ( human h]$ity t a consid]able am\nt ( crime1 gross immorality & deg5]acy is due at bottom to feeble-m9d$ness & t1 !re=e1 if we c once elim9ate feeble-m9d$ness1 ^! vici\s accompanim5ts w at ! same "t 9 equal measure disappe>4 ,godd>d1 = example1 "o ( our au?orities on ! inh]itance ( feeble-m9d$ness1 is conv9c$ t a l>ge proportion ( ! del9qu5t girls :o fill our re=matories are actually feeble-m9d$4 ,!y are (t5 ! high] grade or moron type1 & _! m5tal condition rema9s unsuspect$ because !y h nev] be5 ?or\ghly te/$ 9 ?is respect4 ,_m ,del9qu5t ,girls ,m5tally ,defici5t4--,accord+ to ,havelock ,ellis1 #b1ejj ( "s #ae1jjj wom5 :o pass$ ?r\gh ,magdal5 homes 9 ,engl& 7 def9itely feeble-m9d$ & 7 kn[n to h add$ a ?\s& illegitimate *ildr5 to ! population4 ,! prelim9>y reports ( ! s-call$ :ite slave inve/igations n[ 9 progress 9 ,new ,york ,city classes #be p] c5t4 ( ^! un=tunate wom5 z m5tally incapable ( tak+ c>e ( !mselves4 ,o!r inve/igations indicate t f #dj to #fj p] c5t4 ( ?is class ( wom5 are defectives4 ,= example1 f ! report ( ! ,massa*usetts ,commission = ! ,inve/igation ( ! ,:ite ,slave ,traffic1 ,s-,call$1 "o reads3 ,( #cjj pro/itutes1 #aed1 or #ea p] c5t41 7 feeble-m9d$4 ,all d\btful cases 7 record$ z normal4 ,! m5tal defect ( ^! #aed wom5 0 s pron\nc$ & evid5t z to w>rant ! legal commitm5t ( ea* "o z a feeble-m9d$ p]son or z a defective del9qu5t4444 ,! #ace wom5 designat$ z normal1 z a class 7 ( di/9ctly inf]ior intellig5ce4 ,m "t = /udy ( ^! wom51 m complete hi/ories ( _! life 9 ! community1 & opportunity = m elaborate psy*ological te/s might v]ify ! belief ( ! exam9]s t _m ( !m 7 also feeble-m9d$ or insane4 ,! data f "s ( our public re=matories1 indu/rial s*ools & /ate homes = del9qu5t girls1 are v in/ructive 9 ?is respect4 ,reports f a numb] ( su* in/itutions %[ t _m ( _! inmates are m5tally subnormal4 ,! proportions range f ?irty-?ree p] c5t4 9 ! ,new ,j]sey ,re=matory at ,rahway to eighty-n9e p] c5t4 9 ! in/itution at ,g5eva1 ,ill9ois4 ,in/itutional ,figures ,mislead+4--,h[ev]1 significant z are ^! figures f in/itutions = del9qu5ts1 "o %\ld n be misl$ by !m4 ,!y are und\bt$ly n repres5tative ( (f5d]s 9 g5]al1 b ( a select$ gr\p ( ! mo/ hopeless cases4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! m capable individuals escape ! dragnet :i* l&s ! defective del9qu5ts 9 an in/itution1 & fur!rmore1 because ( lib]al sy/ems ( probation1 only ! m incorrigible or ! v /upid make up ! bulk ( ! population ( su* places4 ,miss ,augu/a ,f4 ,bronn]1 assi/ant director ( ! ,psy*opa?ic ,in/itute ( ! ,juv5ile ,c\rt ( ,*icago1 f a c>eful /udy ( five hundr$ & five cases ( del9qu5t boys & girls 9 ! ,det5tion ,home1 *os5 ) z little selection z possible1 f9ds ! proportion ( m5tally subnormal among !m to be less ?an t5 p] c5t4 ,_m ,prison]s ,m5tally ,subnormal4--,doctor ,walt] ,s4 ,f]nald1 ( ! ,massa*usetts ,s*ool = ,feeble-m9d$1 e/imates t at lea/ #be p] c5t4 ( ! inmates ( our p5al in/itutions are m5tally defective4 ,among ! v>i\s available e/imates at h& ?is seems to be a fairly cons]vative approximation4 ,ha/+s ,h4 ,h>t po9ts out t ?is calculation ( #be p] c5t4 means t !re are #bj1jjj adult defective del9qu5ts 9 prison1 & #f1jjj y\?s 9 juv5ile re=matories1 or a total ( #bf1jjj 9 cu/ody 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,inhibitions ,necess>y to ,social ,welf>e ,n ,well ,e/abli%$ 9 ,all4--,b let u look at ?is matt] ( del9qu5cy a little m 9 detail4 ,9 common ) o!r liv+ creatures mank9d has two /rongly pr$om9at+ in/9cts )\t :i* !re c be no prolong$ individual or racial exi/5ce1 namely1 ! self-pres]vative & ! reproductive4 ,says ,s*ill]3 ,:ile philosoph]s are disput+ ab\t ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 ,hung] & ,love are p]=m+ ! task4 ,"u self-pres]vative w\ld be includ$ ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to food1 prop]ty & self-protection4 ,9 addition1 h[ev]1 man1 toge!r ) c]ta9 o!r social animals1 has develop$ a ?ird set ( activities or in/9cts--an impulsion t[>d ! pres]vation ( ! community to :i* he belongs--& s f> has ?is evolv$ 9 8 case t x outranks 9 importance ! o!r two4 ,= ! highe/ accompli%m5ts & ideals ( ! race are 9 la/ analysis expressions ( ?is social in/9ct4 ,b ) ?is sy/em ( mutual help comes ! necessity ( c]ta9 re/ra9ts1 because = society to exi/ its memb]s mu/ impose ^u !mselves1 or h impos$ ^u !m1 c]ta9 inhibitions ( _! self-pres]vative & reproductive in/9cts4 ,be+ a late acquisition ( ! race & less firmly +ra9$1 ! social in/9ct is n well e/abli%$ 9 all individuals4 ,"s h x suffici5tly /rong to ex]cise ( _! own accord ! necess>y inhibitions ( o!r in/9cts4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t o!rs1 ei!r ?r\gh a lack or ?r\gh a wrong cultivation ( x1 c n or w n d s unaid$4 ,= ! latt]1 society has in/itut$ c]ta9 conv5tions & ! crim9al law :]eby ?r\gh a sy/em ( re/ra9ts & puni%m5ts su* an individual is held 9 *eck ei!r by actual physical re/ra9t ( 8 prop]ty or p]son or ?r\gh ! p[]fully inhibitive factors ( %ame or fe>4 ,man z a normal memb] ( society mu/ con/antly take he$ ( ! physical1 intellectual or moral dang] ! ex]cise ( a giv5 feel+1 action or proc$ure on 8 "p w br+ to humanity1 & gov]n himself accord+ly4 ,b x is 9 j ^! v inhibitions t m5tal defectives are lack+4 ,!y are almo/ inv>iably anti-social types because !y are unable to e/abli% ! p]sonal ab/5tions :i* are necess>y = ! good ( ! community4 ,:ile 9 ! individual ( innate normal m5tality anti-social traits may h develop$ because ( improp] tra9+ or surr\nd+s1 9 m5tally defective types "s factor or factors necess>y to normality h be5 left out ( _! make-up & z a result !y are (t5 :olly lack+ 9 social in/9cts or h ^! s feebly develop$ t education & exhortations t[>d social ideals are fruitless4 ,we c n appeal successfully if !re is no?+ to appeal to2 we c n develop some?+ out ( no?+4 ,! ,high-,grade ,moron a ,difficult ,problem4--,"o great difficulty 9 id5tify+ ! high-grade morons :o are a b\ntiful s\rce ( our crim9als is our almo/ univ]sal failure to recognize t a memory te/ alone is n suffici5t to det]m9e ! m5tal responsibility ( an individual4 ,n only memory1 b judgm5t1 w-p[] & p]haps1 also1 to a less] degree1 ! p[]s ( att5tion & conc5tration are all indisp5sable elem5ts 9 ! make-up ( a normal individual4 ,!re are cases on record ( imbeciles ) prodigi\s memories1 yet hopelessly incapable ( c>+ = !mselves or ( respect+ ! rights ( o!rs4 ,9 fact c]ta9 types ( morons1 usually cunn+1 (t5 prepossess+ & sup]ficially clev]1 are *>act]iz$ by good memories & w moralize volubly1 al?\gh _! wills are too weak to inhibit impulses :5 !y face temptation4 ,x is obvi\s t j 9 proportion z ! intellig5ce ( ! high-grade deg5]ate approa*es normality & yet rema9s abnormal1 ! m dang]\s he may become to society4 ,deg5]ate ,/ra9s4--,a numb] ( family records are n[ available :i* %[ conv9c+ evid5ce ( ! h]$it>y nature ( a deg5]acy :i* f9ds expression 9 paup]ism1 immorality & crime4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out1 !re is reason to believe t mu* ( ?is is bas$ 9 "s degree on feeble-m9d$ness4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! is ! rec5t /udy on deg5]acy by ,godd>d z set =? 9 8 book call$ ,! ,kallikak ,family4 ,! record is t ( six g5]ations ( desc5dants f an orig9al prog5itor to :om ! fictiti\s "n ( ,kallikak has be5 assign$4 ,?is individual1 desc5d$ f good /ock1 be=e 8 m>riage met a feeble-m9d$ girl by :om he became ! fa!r ( a feeble-m9d$ son4 ,lat] he m>ri$ a normal woman by :om he _h normal *ildr54 ,?us f "o normal fa!r h sprung two l9es ( prog5y1 "o vitiat$ ) feeble-m9d$ness1 ! o!r normal4 ,! comp>ison may be readily made by draw+ up 9 p>allel columns ! data z foll[s3 ,,l9e ,a ,,l9e ,b ,9 five g5]ations #dhj direct ,9 five g5]ations #dif desc5dants desc5dants f a normal fa!r f ! same normal fa!r z 9 fa!r & a feeble-m9d$ ,l9e ,a & a normal "m h ! "m h be5 acc\nt$ = foll[+ record3 z foll[s3 #adc kn[n to be feeble-m9d$4 ,all b "o ( normal m5tality4 #bia m5tal /atus unkn[n or ,two m5 kn[n to be alcoholic4 d\btful4 #cf illegitimate4 ,"o case ( religi\s mania4 #cc sexually immoral1 mo/ly ,among ! re/ h be5 f\nd pro/itutes4 no?+ b good repres5tative citiz5%ip1 numb]+ doctors1 #bd confirm$ alcoholics4 lawy]s1 educators1 judges1 trad]s1 etc4 #c epileptics4 ,no epileptics or crim9als4 #hb di$ 9 infancy4 ,only fifte5 *ildr5 di$ 9 infancy4 #c crim9als4 #h keep]s ( disreputable h\ses4 #df only ones kn[n to b5 ormal4 ,c]ta9ly !re is abundant food = ?\ght 9 ^! two records4 ,if we take /ill o!r families ( crim9al or deg5]ate antec$5ts ! same multiplication ( vici\sness1 z a rule1 is 9 evid5ce4 ,?us1 ,m>g>et1 ! ,"m ( ,crim9als1 has left a prog5y ( "s #gjj paup]s1 pro/itutes & crim9als1 "s ( ! wom5 be>+ z _m z tw5ty *ildr54 ,! fam\s ,jukes family1 s (t5 cit$1 ) its #caj pr(essional paup]s1 #cjj dea?s 9 infancy1 #ddj physical wrecks f debau*]y1 #ej pro/itutes1 #fj habitual ?ieves1 #g murd]]s1 & #acj o!r convicts out ( a total #a1bjj desc5dants :o h be5 id5tifi$1 has alone co/ ! /ate ( ,new ,york #a1bej1jjj 9 ! c>e ( its crim9al1 defective & immoral prog5y4 ,ano!r family record1 ! ,z]os1 report$ by ,poellman1 ( ,bonn1 />ts ) a female confirm$ drunk>d4 ,9 six g5]ations ( h] desc5dants1 total+ #hjj p1 ,poellman f\nd #ajb pr(essional begg>s1 #ajg illegitimates1 #aha pro/itutes1 #ed 9 alm%\se1 #gf convict$ ( s]i\s crime1 #g ( murd]1 & co/+ "s #a1bjf1jjj4 ,or we might cite ! s-call$ ,tribe ( ,i%mael1 ! prog5y ( a neurotic man & a half-bre$ woman4 ,!y h spread _! ill-favor$ spawn ov] v>i\s ( ! c5tral /ates 9 a v]itable flood ( imbecility & petty crime4 ,& to ^! families may be add$ ! records ( ,! ,hill ,folk1 ,! ,p9eys1 or o!rs ( ! sev]al rec5t /udies ( deg5]ate /ra9s4 ,all be> ! same message ( rapidly multiply+ deg5]acy4 ,int5sification ( ,defects by ,inbre$+4--,mo/ ( ^! regional surveys t are n[ 9 progress %[ t !re is p>ticul> dang] 9 a population becom+ brok5 up into small communities & isolat$4 ,"u su* conditions !re is a pron\nc$ t5d5cy to int]m>ry1 & if det]ioration is already pres5t 9 ! /ock su* communities become c5t]s ( m>k$ deg5]acy4 ,! situation is well exemplifi$ 9 ! foll[+ exc]pt f ,dav5port3 ,i h be5 go+ ov] ! records ( "o family 9 ,new ,york1 ! s-call$ ,nam family4 ,!re 7 #ee p] c5t4 consangu9e\s mat+s1 m>riage betwe5 c\s9s1 9 "o g5]ation1 &1 ow+ to ! fact t ! /ra9 0 already load$ ) defects1 we c see h[ ^! defects 7 conc5trat$ by ^! c\s9 m>riages1 s t ab\t #ij p] c5t4 ( ! /ra9 is feeble-m9d$4 ,!re 7 fully #ij p] c5t4 ( ! m5 :o are unable to resi/ ! lure ( liquor4 ,"o-f\r? ( ! *ildr5 are born illegitimates4 ,infanticides1 ince/1 murd]1 h>lotry1 are all ov] ! *>t4 ,?is is a highly inbr$ community1 keep+ a ne>ly pure /ra9 ( social defects1 & ! co/ to ! community has be5 a million & a half on a fair way ( figur+1 n directly 9 ! c>e1 b indirectly 9 ! damage !y h done4 ,^! con/itute a rural community4 ,out ( ?is community we c trace ^? :o h gone to ! cities & become murd]]s1 pro/itutes & ?ieves4 ,!y are n conf9$ to "o /ate2 !y spread out ov] ! c\ntry4 ,"o bran* ( ! family came to ! /ate ( ,m9nesota4 ,we s5t to "o ( ,doctor ,rog]s' tra9$ field work]s to le>n :e!r %e _h ev] he>d ( ?is family1 & receiv$ a reply t ! family 0 well kn[n to social work]s 9 ! /ate ( ,m9nesota4 ,^! /ra9s ( deg5]ates are n local matt]s at all2 !y are matt]s ( national int]e/4 ,conc]n+ crime & del9qu5cy1 we f9d t all evid5ce t5ds to %[ t an al>m+ increase is 9 progress al?\gh satisfactory data are h>d to obta94 ,x is c]ta9 t !re is a trem5d\sly disproportionate increase 9 ! numb] ( prison]s 9 rec5t ye>s comp>$ ) g5]al population1 = :ile ! total population has increas$ ?ree & "o-half fold1 ! prison elem5t has increas$ fifte5 fold4 ,accord+ to ,wi]1 9 ?is c\ntry !re are f\r & "o-half times z _m murd]s = e million ( our population to-day z !re 7 tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,x may be urg$ t ?is increase 9 prison population is n a disproportionate increase 9 ! numb] ( defectives or crim9als1 b only an increase 9 ! numb] s5t to prison1 & ?is is probably a p>tial tru?--b :5 we recall su* p$igree z ^? ( ! ,nams1 ! defective l9e ( ,kallikaks & o!r kn[n uns\nd /ra9s1 he mu/ be hopeful inde$ :o c f9d mu* consolation 9 ?is supposition4 ,9 any ev5t1 no su* unc]ta9ty exi/s reg>d+ ! numb] ( murd]s & homicides1 s9ce ^! h 9 all probability be5 z fully record$ 9 ! pa/ z at pres5t4 ,vici\s ,surr\nd+s ,n a ,suffici5t ,explanation 9 ,deg5]ate ,/ocks4--,x is sometimes urg$ t we are n deal+ 9 su* cases ) deg5]ate /ra9s1 b m]ely ) un=tunate individuals :o h be5 subject$ to p]nici\s surr\nd+s f ! beg9n+4 ,& x c n be d5i$ t p>5ts :o are m5tally defective1 dissipat$ or syphilitic af=d mo/ noxi\s developm5tal & environm5tal conditions = _! *ildr54 ,b :5 "o notes h[ intimately ! moral deg5]acy 9 su* /ocks is b\nd up ) "s degree ( feeble-m9d$ness1 he is /rongly skeptical t[>d ! suffici5cy ( su* an int]pretation1 al?\gh environm5t und\bt$ly int5sifies ! results4 ,conc]n+ ?is po9t ,dav5port says3 ,we h c]ta9 me?ods ( te/+ :e!r x is bad environm5t or bad bre$+ :i* produc$ ^! p4 ,"s ( ! *ildr5 h be5 tak5 at an e>ly age & 'plac$ out'4 ,we h trac$ _! subsequ5t hi/ory4 ,9 mo/ cases !y h turn$ out q z bad z ^? :o h rema9$ at home4 ,9 a few cases !y h turn$ out well1 b x is also true t "s ( ! *ildr5 :o rema9$ at home 9 bad environm5t h turn$ out well4 ,& to ,dav5port's te/imony may we add t ( ,doctor ,wilm>?1 :o1 speak+ ( *ildr5 at ! home = feeble-m9d$1 says3 ,9 no place is ?is subject ( ! p[] ( h]$ity 9 relation to environm5t s easily /udi$ z among our *ildr54 ,a gr\p ( _m little *ildr5 came to u f ! /ate s*ool1 be+ untra9able !re4 ,!y h _h ) u ! same tea*+ & ! same companion%ip4 ,ea* "o has liv$1 eat5 & slept among ! o!rs1 &1 s f> z we "k1 ) b "o exception1 ^? ( vici\s p>5tage h turn$ in/9ctively to vici\s traits by pref]5ce1 :ile ^? ( simple b hone/ /ock d evil ?+s only "u /rong temptation1 & d n p]si/ 9 !m aft] ! wrong is po9t$ out4 ,by ,no ,means ,all ,del9qu5ts ,are ,defectives4--,"o mu/ n ov]look ! fact1 h[ev]1 t del9qu5t & defective are by no means synonym\s t]ms1 & t _m del9qu5ts are ) little d\bt ! product ( adv]se social circum/ances4 ,! rec5t c>eful "w ( ,doctor ,william ,healy#ac 9 connection ) ! juv5ile del9qu5ts ( ,*icago %[s conv9c+ly t ! und]ly+ causations ( del9qu5cy are _m4 ,su* factors z immorality or con/ant qu>rel+ ( p>5ts1 bad companions1 lack ( p>5tal control1 defective s5se organs1 debilitat+ habits1 lack ( heal?y m5tal int]e/s & a ho/ ( o!r environm5tal factors are n infrequ5tly suffici5t 9 !mselves to develop del9qu5cy 9 ! abs5ce ( inh]it$ defici5cy4 ,! pres5t-day ef=ts ( ! /ud5t ( h]$ity %\ld n be misund]/ood4 ,!y are n attempts to make all del9qu5ts out defectives1 b r to det]m9e :at p]c5tage ( del9qu5ts may be legitimately reckon$ z defective & to make ! facts kn[n4 ,s9ce !re is no long] any reasonable d\bt t1 to express x 9 ! milde/ t]ms1 an am\nt ( del9qu5cy f> f negligible is due 9 great measure to cong5ital omissions or prop5sities1 !n ! soon] ! public le>ns ?is ! bett]1 = we may !n set ab\t supplem5t+ our pres5t ef=ts at race bett]m5t ?r\gh ext]nal improvem5t by devis+ means ( cleans+ ! f\nta9 s\rce z well4 ,x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ! av]age man diff]s little if any 9 inh]5t p]sonality & capacity f _m a crim9al :o is su* by occasion r ?an by undue pr$isposition4 ,:o c tru?fully answ] h[ _m individuals !re are :o are n pot5tially crim9als to "s ext5t1 giv5 suffici5t evocative conditions ( ignorance1 vice1 adv]se economic pressure & undue temptation8 ,virtue itself turns vice1 be+ misappli$4 ,no ,special ,inh]itable ,crime-,factor4--,! ma9 difficulty 9 try+ to f9d a h]$it>y basis = crime lies 9 ! multiplicity ( ?+s crime may be4 ,! individual impulsions :i* lead to c]ta9 (f5ses may be utt]ly diff]5t f ^? :i* conduce to o!rs4 ,und\bt$ly _m inborn t5d5cies :i* are p]fectly normal or neutral 9 !mselves may be w>p$ by circum/ances into ! commission ( :at are classifi$ z crimes4 ,! moral man may h ! same desire = a ?+ t ! crim9al does1 b :5 he f9ds t ?is desire c only be gratifi$ by injury to o!rs1 he inhibits x because ( 8 repugnance to su* injury4 ,! crim9al makes no su* inhibition4 ,9 g5]al1 crime means an (f5se ( "s k9d aga9/ p]son1 prop]ty or /ate4 ,b a biological analysis ( x1 c\ld x be made1 w\ld require among o!r ?+s k ( crime 9 t]ms ( motive or lack ( motive1 :e!r ! act 0 int5d$ to b5efit ! p]petrator1 "s o!r p]son1 or ev5 ! race or /ate2 :e!r ! (f5se 0 "o ( di%one/y1 ( cupidity1 ( lu/1 or ( viol5ce aga9/ ano!r4 ,z a matt] ( fact no satisfactory classification ( crime c be made s9ce s _m factors ent] & 9 su* v>y+ degrees4 ,mo/ classifications made 9 our legal codes are a hodge-podge bas$ on a mixture ( motive on ! "p ( ! p>ticipant1 degree ( turpitude involv$1 nature & ext5t ( ! injury inflict$1 & ! object aga9/ :i* ! (f5se 0 p]petrat$1 :e!r an individual1 society or ! /ate4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t 9 _m in/ances :at 0 crime 9 ! pa/ is no long] s1 & vice v]sa _m ?+s :i* are reg>d$ z crim9al to-day 7 n consid]$ s 9 ! pa/4 ,s ! futility ( seek+ a specific inh]5t prop5sity = crime is manife/4 ,h[1 = in/ance1 9 t]ms ( h]$it>y det]m9]s %all we draw ! f9e l9es ( di/9ction among ^? :o bribe legislators & legal (ficials1 ^? :o are av>ici\s & di%one/ 9 ! _w ( trade1 & ^? :o are wilfully obtuse 9 provid+ prop] safegu>ds = employees8 ,:at ,is ,meant by a ,born ,crim9al8--,all we c d is to fall back on ! assurance t any act directly or indirectly injuri\s to society is an (f5se1 & t ^? (f5d]s :o are cong5itally unable to di/+ui% betwe5 :at is g5]ally accept$ z "r & wrong1 or :o if recogniz+ ?is are nev]!less uncontrollably impell$ t[>d or are unable to refra9 f anti-social acts because ( "s inh]5t condition ( intellectual or volitional make-up1 may be legitimately class$ z individuals born ) an aptitude = crime & social transgressions4 ,9 su* individuals ! natural m5tal make-up is lack+ 9 "s ( its necess>y elem5ts s t memory1 judgm5t1 or w-p[] are n up to ! m9imum t is necess>y = ! e/abli%m5t ( prop] conduct4 ,9 "s cases1 app>5tly1 ?is lack f9ds expression 9 almo/ any k9d ( vice or crime into :i* circum/ances happ5 to lead ! individual4 ,9 o!rs1 h[ev]1 !re seem to be t5d5cies t[>d ! commission ( c]ta9 types ( crime or vice4 ,c]ta9 family /ra9s are *>act]iz$ by petty ?iev+1 o!rs by de$s ( viol5ce1 & /ill o!rs by sexual (f5ses4 ,c]ta9 types ( m5tal defect are closely associat$ ) c]ta9 crimes4 ,?us suff]]s f incipi5t p>esis seem p>ticul>ly prone to commit assaults & l>c5y2 epileptics1 crimes ( brutality & viol5ce4 ,! ,epileptic ,crim9al ,especially ,dang]\s4--,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( epilepsy1 inde$1 emphasiz$ by v>i\s psy*iatri/s1 is t frequ5tly x leads to loss ( ^? =ms ( self-re/ra9t :i* are absolutely indisp5sable to morality & ! safety ( society4 ,cruelty1 atroci\s sexual (f5ses & o!r vici\s crimes are ! result4 ,x is a notewor?y fact1 moreov]1 t (t5 9 ! mild] =ms ( affliction1 :]e in/ead ( well-m>k$ convulsions only mom5t>y lapses ( consci\sness occur1 ! greate/ am\nt ( m5tal & moral det]ioration & fluctuation is sometimes f\nd4 ,! situation z reg>ds ! epileptic is well pres5t$ by ,doctor ,william ,healy1 ,director ( ! ,juv5ile ,psycopa?ic ,in/itute ( ,*icago1 9 an article entitl$ ,epilepsy & ,crime2 ! ,co/1 9 ! ,ill9ois ,m$ical ,j\rnal1 ,novemb]1 #aiab4 ,he says3 ,9 ! "w ( our in/itute1#ad :i* repres5ts ! mo/ ?or\ghgo+ rese>* into ! g5etics ( crim9alism ev] und]tak5 9 ?is c\ntry1 we h ) ! help ( p>5ts & o!rs c>efully /udi$ ne>ly #a1jjj "y repeat$ (f5d]s4 ,we h f\nd t no less ?an #g-a_/b p] c5t4 ( ^! are ord9>y epileptics1 & we h reason to suspect o!rs4 ,?is by no means repres5ts ! total numb] ( epileptics se5 9 connection ) juv5ile c\rt "w1 :]e1 ( c\rse1 fir/ (f5d]s z well z l>ge numb]s ( dep5d5ts are se54 ,9 addition to my above enum]ation1 o!r cases se5 by ! ,det5tion ,home physicians & myself am\nt up to _m scores ( cases4 ,if "o rememb]s t x is ord9>ily calculat$ t "o p]son 9 e #ejj is epileptic1 ! significance ( ?is high crim9al p]c5tage is cle>1 & ! practical be>+ ( x is /ill fur!r acc5tuat$ by ! fact t "s ( ! wor/ repeat]s are epileptics1 & t _m ( ! grave/ crimes are committ$ by ^? un=tunates4 ,! connection betwe5 epilepsy & crime has ev]y:]e be5 recogniz$ by /ud5ts ( ! subject1 b x app>5tly ne$s con/ant emphasis 9 ord] t common s5se /eps may be tak5 t[>d gu>dian%ip ( ^! :o suff] f a disease :i* wreaks su* extravagant v5geance on society4 ,m5tal ,disord]s ,mo/ ,frequ5tly ,associat$ ,) ,crime4--,doctor ,*>les ,m]ci]1 an ,engli% au?ority on crime & insanity1 9 enum]at+ ! m5tal disord]s mo/ frequ5tly associat$ ) crime1 places ! insanity ( drunk5ness fir/4 ,any "o :o w take ! tr\ble to v]ify ! facts 9 8 own community w f9d t a l>ge p]c5tage1 frequ5tly consid]ably ov] half1 ( ! arre/s made by ! police are = acts committ$ :ile ! (f5d] 0 m or less "u ! influ5ce ( alcohol4 ,next to drunk5ness among m5tal disord]s :i* lead to crime ,doctor ,m]ci] places feeble-m9d$ness4 ,next to feeble-m9d$ness comes epilepsy2 !n p>anoia or sy/ematiz$ delusion2 next p>esis2 & la/ly melan*olia4 ,p>anoics are peculi> 9 t !y are p>ticul>ly apt to attack p]sons ( prom95ce4 ,highly egoti/ical1 !y almo/ inv>iably believe !mselves or "s "o or "s cause de> to !m1 ! subject ( a plot1 p]haps to rob !m1 to torture !m1 to /eal _! inv5tions or lit]>y productions1 or to p]secute !m 9 "s way4 ,two if n ?ree ( our murd]$ presid5ts owe _! assass9ations to p>anoics4 ,_m rul]s h be5 attack$ & "s kill$ by su* insane individuals4 ,mo/ ( ! cranks :o write ?reat5+ lett]s are lunatics ( ?is type4 ,( ! k9ds ( m5tal uns\ndness kn[n to be inh]itable :i* are ( special significance f ! /&po9t ( crime & del9qu5cy und\bt$ly feeble-m9d$ness ranks fir/4 ,we h already se5 t z our me?ods = detect+ ! high] grades ( feeble-m9d$ness become m accurate we disclose 9 bord]-l9e cases a v]itable hot-b$ ( m5tal incapacity suitable = ! eng5d]+ ( ! crim9al & ! vici\s4 ,"h 9 addition to "s ( ! m pron\nc$ crim9al types belong ho/s ( our *ronic petty (f5d]s1 our sexually vici\s & our won't-works4 ,"o int]e/+ outcome ( a rec5t inve/igation into ! army ( unemploy$ 9 ,engl& 0 ! discov]y ( ! g5]al unfitness ( ^! unemploy$4 ,9 our own c\ntry ! habitually unemploy$ are s n because ( lack ( "w1 b l>gely because x is unpr(itable to employ !m4 ,! ,be>+ ( ,immigration on ,crime & ,del9qu5cy4--,p]haps 9 no field m ?an ?is ( crime & del9qu5cy1 especially 9 s f> z x is bas$ on innate defici5cy1 does ! gravity ( ! immigration "q impress itself on u4 ,h[ /up5d\s ?is problem#ae has become may be realiz$ f ! fact t accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aiaj1 #ac1cde1ede1 or "o out ( sev5 ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7 =eign born4 ,& if we add to ^! ! #ah1hig1hcg ( :om "o or bo? p>5ts 7 ( =eign bir?1 we rea* ! a/oni%+ total ( ov] #cb1jjj1jjj1 or m ?an "o-?ird ( our total population1 :o are =eign born1 or :o h "o or bo? p>5ts ( =eign bir?4 ,dur+ ! decade f #aijj to #aiaj1 #h1ejj1jjj =eign]s came to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( :om #e1bej1jjj rema9$ to make a p]man5t home4 ,?is %[s h[ rapidly our :ole population might be radically *ang$4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! s\rce ( our immigrants has %ift$ proportionately f nor?we/]n ,europe to s\!rn & ea/]n ,europe 7,italy1 ,au/ria-,hung>y & ,russia71 & :e!r = weal or woe ?is new blood mu/ inevitably leave its impress ^u u4 ,does x n behoove u !n to seek ) anxi\s eyes "s k ( ^! invad+ hordes ) :om we are to m+le our life-blood8 ,ev5 ! mo/ sup]ficial exam9ation may well cause u grave conc]n4 ,we f9d t 9 "o ye> 7#aijh7 at ,ellis ,isl& alone1 #c1gda paup]s1 #b1ijj p]sons ) contagi\s disease1 #ahd insane1 #aba feeble-m9d$1 #acf crim9als1 #abd pro/itutes & #fe idiots 7 d5i$ entrance1 & yet1 accord+ to ! e/imate ( ,doctor ,f4 ,k4 ,sprague1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 probably only ab\t #e p] c5t ( ! m5tally defici5t & #be p] c5t4 ( ^? :o w become insane h be5 detect$4 ,:5 confront$ by su* data we c beg9 to realize :at we are fac+4 ,o!rs e/imate t f #f to #g p] c5t4 ( ! immigrants :o are n[ arriv+ are feeble-m9d$4 ,we le>n fur!r t rec5tly :ile ! =eign-born population ( ,new ,york /ate 0 ab\t #cj p] c5t41 ! =eign-born population ( ! insane hospitals ( ! /ate 0 ov] #dc p] c5t41 & at "o "t approximately #fe p] c5t4 = ,new ,york ,city4 ,9 "o ye> 7#aijh7 #hd p] c5t4 ( ! pati5ts 9 ,bellevue ,hospital1 ,new ,york ,city1 7 ( =eign p>5tage4 ,p>esis1 :i* probably always has syphilis z its antec$5t1 is proportionately twice z preval5t among =eign]s z among natives 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,b f ! /&po9t ( inh]itance1 h[ev] great ! dang] may be f classifiable defectives1 x is probably f> great] f t mu* l>g] class ( ali5s we are n[ receiv+ ) op5 arms :o are bel[ ! m5tal & physical av]age ( _! own c\ntries4 ,moreov]1 ) our pres5t sy/em ( inspection !re is no way ( detect+ ! grades ( feeble-m9d$ness above idiocy & imbecility 9 ! great numb]s ( =eign *ildr5 "u five :5 br\ght 91 :o are beg9n+ to %[ up 9 al>m+ numb]s 9 ! s*ools ( "s ( our l>g] cities4 ,ab\t ?irty p] c5t4 ( ! annual increm5t ( our population is due to immigration & n to bir?s2 & once 9 our c\ntry ! ali5 f> outbre$s ! native /ock1 ) relatively little increase 9 dea?-rate1 ?us mak+ a d\ble contribution to ! increase ( population4 ,:5 we take all ^! facts into consid]ation x c]ta9ly is high "t t we ar\se f our self-complac5t attitude & consid] ! :ole "q ( immigration mo/ e>ne/ly4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t _m individuals are caught 9 ! net ( inspection at our portals1 x is cle> t /ill m rigid rejection#af is imp]ative4 ,! inspectors at our v>i\s ports are do+ ! be/ !y c "u ! circum/ances1 b !re are at pres5t too few ( !m & !y are too re/rict$ 9 _! p[]s to meet ! situation satisfactorily4 ,moreov]1 :5 at "o ( our ports 9 "o ye> 7#aiaj71 ( #a1dhc immigrants c]tifi$ by ! inspect+ surgeons z unfit to l& because ( s]i\s m5tal or physical defects1 #a1cgj 7 l&$ anyway1 x is evid5t t !re is a /rong & repreh5sible pull some:]e to evade ! obvi\s int5t ( ! law4 ,x rema9s = u z a p to decide :e!r we %all cont9ue to let ! l>ge employ]s ( *eap labor1 ! railroad & /eam%ip ag5ts & brok]s1 :o c>e no?+ ab\t ! innate fitness ( ! immigrants !y br+1 det]m9e ! "* ( our future population1 or :e!r we %all insi/ on a prop] regulation ( ?is flood s t we may receive only an hone/1 intellig5t1 indu/ri\s & heal?y /ock4 ,to cont9ue to absorb ^! ali5s ) z little selection z we n[ d is no?+ %ort ( crim9al c>elessness4 ,let u n be deceiv$ by ! prompt+s ( a misguid$ s5tim5t1 ,! voice is ,jacob's voice1 b ! h&s are ! h&s ( ,esau4 ,! voice is ,jacob's voice1 nor %\ld ?is voice ( ! easily p]suad$1 ! s5tim5tali/1 ! int]e/$ organization to :i* ! relatives ( ! defective ali5 belong1 or any o!r pressure move u f our obvi\s duty ( refus+ to fa/5 ^u ?is c\ntry an incubus ( deg5]acy = :i* we z a nation are 9 no way responsible4 ,to r5d] u safe we %\ld n only h m c>efully drawn laws & m rigid selection at our ports ( entry1 b we %\ld if possible also "k ! /ock f :i* our future citiz5s come4 ,?is is peculi>ly desirable = su* defects z feeble-m9d$ness & v>i\s o!r m5tal imp]fections1 "s ( :i* require prolong$ obs]vation = detection4 ,dav5port e/imates t x is :olly )9 ! realm ( possibility & good bus9ess s5se to ma9ta9 a corps ( tra9$ inspectors abroad 9 ! *ief c5t]s f :i* our immigrants come :o %all c]tify ! desirable applicants4 ,he makes ! po9t t ! national exp5se w\ld be f> less ?an ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ ! army ( defectives we are n[ admitt+ to our own c\ntry1 _m ( :om almo/ imm$iately become public *>ges1 to say no?+ ( ! hordes ( c>ri]s :o ?\gh normal !mselves1 w transmit undesirable traits4 ,sexual ,vice4--,z to sexual vice1 ! ske9 is inde$ a tangl$ "o4 ,s9ce n9e-t5?s ( ! difficulty c5t]s 9 a lack ( self-re/ra9t1 & inasmu* z ! mat+ in/9ct is "o ( ! /ronge/ t tugs at ! fle% ( humanity1 x is obvi\s t ^? by nature defici5t 9 volitional control w almo/ )\t exception give way to ! call4 ,s z might be expect$ ! hordes ( our feeble-m9d$ & epileptic are always a s\rce ( grave dang] 9 ?is respect4 ,h[ev]1 ! m5tally enfeebl$ are by no means ! only (f5d]s2 inde$1 !y are probably n ! majority4 ,! true situation is f9ally dawn+ on society & ! re=m]'s call = in/ruction 9 sex-hygi5e res\nds ?r\gh ! l&4 ,! :ole matt] is "o ( ! mo/ p]plex+ & mom5t\s t confronts u to-day4 ,! ,"q ( ,s*ool ,in/ruction 9 ,sex-,hygi5e4--,:ile ! writ] does n = an in/ant und]e/imate ! gravity ( ! situation1 & has only contempt = ! nons5se t is palm$ (f on *ildr5 ab\t _! orig91 or ! indelicate self-consci\sness :i* puts "u ! ban ! discussion ( s s]i\s a problem by adults1 /ill he is n conv9c$ t ! univ]sal tea*+ ( ! subject to *ildr5 9 s*ools by ! av]age tea*]1 z advocat$ by "s1 is to be ! solution ( ! matt] or is ev5 a wise attempt at solution4 ,yet he freely admits t he is possibly ov]fe>ful ( ! effects ( ! undesirable features ( su* in/ruction4 ,true x is t all *ildr5 d le>n1 frequ5tly at an a/oni%+ly e>ly age1 ab\t sex1 & _! k is usually ( an undesirable k9d f unreliable & (t5 vici\s s\rces1 & x is equally true t p>5ts1 ei!r ?r\gh ignorance or prud]y1 g5]ally c n be dep5d$ on to give ! *ild necess>y in/ruction4 ,b be=e ent]+ on a wide-spread campaign ( undilut$ sex-in/ruction 9 s*ools might x n be m prud5t to make an attempt t[>d rea*+ fa!rs & mo!rs & conv9c+ !m ( ! necessity ( deal+ m frankly & intellig5tly ) _! *ildr5 reg>d+ sex8 ,ev5 to ! novice 9 psy*ology ! p[]ful nature ( sugge/ion is kn[n1 & ) ?is k be=e u1 is x n wis] to /rive 9 ! ma9 to keep ! *ild's m9d (f ( sex r ?an specifically to focus x on x by special convocations & disc\rse8 ,if our psy*ology means any?+1 !n ! wor/ possible ?+ we c d = a *ild is to make him unduly sex-consci\s4 ,some?+ might be done pr(itably p]haps 9 s*ools 9 an unobtrusive way by specially gift$ p]sons1 b ! self-consci\s way 9 :i* mo/ tea*]s g ab\t topics ( sex is c]ta9ly n reassur+ to ! ?\ghtful obs]v] z reg>ds ! b5efit d]iv$ f su* in/ruction4 ,! "o evid5t me?od ( accompli%+ :olesome sex-in/ruction 9 s*ools1 devoid ( all possibility ( undesirable sugge/ion & sex-consci\sness1 is 9 ! =m ( biological "w :]e plants & animals are /udi$ 9 all _! relations1 ! subject ( propagation be+ tak5 up 9 z matt]-(-fact a way z ! function+ ( any o!r organ sy/em ( plants or animals4 ,9 su* a c\rse1 long be=e ! subject ( sex 9 high] animals ne$ be approa*$ ! pupil w h develop$ an attitude ( m9d :i* w lead him to see no?+ unusual or sugge/ive 9 ! function ( sex no matt] :]e x may be f\nd4 ,incid5tally1 inasmu* z ! mann] 9 :i* g]ms affect liv+ organisms %\ld be /udi$ 9 su* a c\rse anyway1 x w\ld be a simple matt] to give all necess>y in=mation ab\t ! dang]s ( infection f v5]eal diseases4 ,m]e ,k ,n ! ,crux ( ! ,sex ,problem4--,h[ev]1 desirable z correct k ab\t sex is1 k alone is n ! crux ( ! sex problem4 ,! moral dang]s & abuses t we are try+ to circumv5t lie r 9 ! realm ( ! emotions ?an t ( ! intellect4 ,! problem mu/ be solv$ f a broad] f\ndation ?an m]e in=mation4 ,! all-important consid]ation is ! e>ly e/abli%m5t ( g5]al habits ( self-control s t ^! may become incorporat$ 9 ! n]v\s organization ( ! *ild & become inhibitory an*ors aga9/ passions & temptation4 ,*ildr5 mu/ be taught to suppress ! pres5t impulse1 to sacrifice ! imm$iate pleasure = ! m di/ant or p]man5t good4 ,!y mu/ be practis$ 9 call+ up feel+s t w c\nt]act o!r prompt+s :i* if foll[$ bl9dly are inimical to social welf>e4 ,_! control mu/ come f )9 n z a matt] ( ext]nal compulsion4 ,t way "* lies4 ,s 9 view+ ! problem ( sexual hygi5e ! writ] feels t our attempts t[>d damm+ ! torr5ts 9 ! adolesc5t by a belat$ ef=t at v]bal in/ruction on sex-hygi5e is at be/ only a palliative or an attempt to cure ! symptoms ( a m deeply-seat$1 organic1 social malady4 ,! treatm5t %\ld h be5 9 progress long be=e 9 ! =m ( tra9+ 9 self-control1 & 9 ! inculcation ( ! s5se ( dignity & self-respect :i* spr+s f ! individual's consci\sness ( be+1 n a slave to 8 desires1 b 8 own ma/]4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! judici\s s*ool+ ( boys 9 a great] *ivalry & respect = womanhood1 & ( girls 9 ! necessity ( m]it+ su* e/eem1 w1 9 my e/imation1 c>ry u fur!r ?an =mal c\rses 9 sex-hygi5e4 ,e>ly ,tra9+ 9 ,self-,re/ra9t an ,important ,prev5tive ( ,crime & ,del9qu5cy4--,z to crime & del9qu5cy 9 g5]al1 x is evid5t t ! same e>ly tra9+ 9 self-re/ra9t is a mo/ important factor ( prev5tion4 ,a wise w>d5 9 *>ge ( a l>ge prison says1 ,mo/ ( ^! m5 are "h because !y h n le>n$ suffici5tly ! lesson ( self-control4 ,?is is ! age ( prev5tive m$ic9e1 :y n also ( prev5tive crime & del9qu5cy8 ,in/ead ( conf9+ our practise to puni%+ (f5d]s1 necess>y z ?is may be "u ! pres5t conditions1 :y n /rive m to prev5t ! commission ( (f5ses8 ,z f> z normal individuals are conc]n$ mu* c be done by e>ly cultivation 9 self-discipl9e & ?r\gh ! e/abli%m5t ( moral backbone by tra9+ 9 ! ov]com+ ( difficulties4 ,mu*1 v mu*1 also rema9s to be done 9 ! correction ( wrong social conditions4 ,unp>donable to ,p]mit ,del9qu5t ,defectives to ,multiply ,_! ,k9d4--,z = our m5tal defectives & moral imbeciles1 kn[+ n[ h[ /rongly h]$it>y ! und]ly+ factors ( ^! conditions are1 & ) no prev5tive or curative ag5ts 9 sight1 to let !m produce prog5y1 is cle>ly unp>donable4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,race ,,bett]m5t ,,?r\gh ,,h]$ity ,mo/ ( u h he>d 9 "o =m or ano!r ! fairy /ory ( ! y\? on adv5ture b5t1 :o 0 captur$ by ! giant & "u dire p5alty 9 case ( failure 0 set ! task ( sweep+ out ! giant's /able be=e sund[n4 ,! peculi>ity ( ?is /able1 x w be recall$1 0 t1 z fa/ z ! refuse 0 swept out at ! door an ev5 great] quantity p\r$ 9 ?r\gh ! w9d[s s t ! sweep]1 j 9 proportion to 8 zeal1 became m & m encumb]$ ) 8 burd54 ,a ,que/ionable ,=m ( ,*>ity4--,?\gh we smile at ! *ildi%ness ( ?is leg5d1 are we n z a civiliz$ p attempt+ ?r\gh our *>ities a feat p>allel to t ( ?is un=tunate y\?8 ,we fo/] & favor our social wa/age ) ! inevitable result t x runs riot "u our %elt]+ h& & deluges u ) an ev] accumulat+ flood ( its l4 ,= are we n con/antly build+ m asylums1 sanit>ia & prisons1 to pres]ve m unfit1 to produce m defectives1 to require /ill great] numb]s ( asylums1 sanit>ia & prisons1 to pres]ve m unfit1 & s on 9 un5d+ progression8 ,at ne>ly e p]iod ( hi/ory !re h be5 c]ta9 individuals :o h se5 ! necessity ( a /ate elim9at+ its supply ( defectives4 ,pa/ ,prote/s4--,= in/ance1 we f9d ! importance ( ?is /rongly urg$ by ,plato4 ,aft] po9t+ out ! fact t ! %eph]d1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! /&>d ( 8 flocks1 br$ only f ! be/ individuals1 z did likewise ! huntsman ) 8 dogs & horses1 & ! fanci] ) 8 v>i\s pets1 ,plato w5t on to %[ ! dang] to ! /ate ( all[+ ! con/antly increas+ body ( defectives & deg5]ates to multiply _! k9d4 ,repeat$ expression ( ! same idea has occurr$ f "t to "t dur+ ! succe$+ c5turies4 ,little he$ 0 paid to ^! remon/rances1 h[ev]1 ) ! result t is kn[n to u all4 ,to-day1 ! glory t 0 ,greece & ! gr&eur t 0 ,rome is /ill sung by ! poet1 b ! orig9al nations !mselves h long s9ce pass$ into ! night4 ,an ,increas+ ,flood ( ,defectives4--,/rive to ignore ! unpleasant facts z we may1 we h to admit t ! same problem ( :at ! human h>ve/ %all be is ) u 9 grave =m to-day4 ,! al>m+ phase ( ! situation1 h[ev]1 lies 9 ! fact t we are fac+ an ev] increas+ flood ( social wa/age4 ,b :y ?is increase ( defectives8 ,x c n be attribut$ to oppression1 to gr9d+ pov]ty1 or to decl9e 9 att5tion to our sick & ne$y1 = nev] 0 prosp]ity great]1 nev] 7 *>ities m fl\ri%+1 nev] su* activity 9 ! se>* = palliatives & cures4 ,! simple fact is t we are bre$+ our defectives4 ,! human h>ve/ l ! gra9 h>ve/ is bas$ fundam5tally on h]itage4 ,& to get a bett] crop ( human be+s1 we mu/1 z ) o!r crops1 we$ out bad /ra9s4 ,to :atev] s\rce ( in=mation we turn ! facts are ess5tially ! same4 ,abroad we f9d t 9 ,engl&1 = example1 ! ratio ( defectives to normals m ?an d\bl$ betwe5 #agfd & #ahif4 ,at home1 f ! inve/igation ( ,dav5port & ,weeks we le>n t 9 ! /ate ( ,new ,j]sey ! numb] ( epileptics d\bles e ?irty ye>s4 ,& o!r inve/igators e/imate t ! fecundity ( m5tal defectives 9 g5]al is ab\t twice z great z t ( ! av]age ( our population4 ,9 a rec5t report ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,*>ities we read1 ,!re are ab\t ?irty ?\s& feeble-m9d$ p]sons 9 ! /ate ( ,new ,york1 ( :om f\r ?\s& are int]mitt5tly seque/]$ :ile tw5ty-six ?\s& :o are a m5ace to society are at lib]ty & may produce ! unfit4 ,& a passage f ! la/ ,massa*usetts report reads z foll[s3 ,we h be5 oblig$ to refuse a v l>ge numb] ( applicants = ! admission ( feeble-m9d$ wom5--_m ( :om h giv5 bir? to "o or m *ildr54 ,! prolific prog5y ( ^! wom5 almo/ )\t exception are public *>ges f ! date ( _! bir?4 ,h[ f]tile defective types may be is %[n by a passage 9 "o ( ,doctor ,wilm>?'s pap]s :i* runs z foll[s3 ,"o feeble-m9d$ woman1 n[ remov$ f ?is /ate1 _h by diff]5t m5 eighte5 *ildr5 9 n9ete5 ye>s1 %e alleges4 ,9 a lett] ,doctor ,wilm>? tells me t ! bir? ( ! tw5ty-?ird *ild ( ?is woman has j be5 ann\nc$6 ,9 "o ,engli% workh\se ,potts reports sixte5 feeble-m9d$ wom5 :o h produc$ "o hundr$ sixte5 m5tally defective *ildr51 & ,bran?waite n9ety-two female habitual drunk>ds :o h _h eight hundr$ fifty babies4 ,if we include ! two million individuals c>$ = annually 9 v>i\s in/itutional homes1 hospitals & disp5s>ies z dep5d5ts1 ! e/imat$ total ( insane1 feeble-m9d$1 epileptic1 deaf & dumb1 crim9als1 juv5ile del9qu5ts1 paup]s & o!r dep5d5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiaj 0 approximately ?ree million1 or "o 9 e ?irty ( our population6 ,) ! high] f]tility ( c]ta9 ( ^! classes & ) only a small p]c5tage "u cu/odial c>e :]e w x all end8 ,is x n "t = u to wak5 f our le?>gy & /em ?is tide ( national det]ioration8 ,natural ,elim9ation ( ,defectives ,done ,away ,)4--,) our improv$ me?ods ( sanitation & c>e ( ! sick1 ! paup] & ! defective1 ^! classes h be5 fre$ f ! /ress ( an environm5t t "u natural conditions w\ld h result$ 9 _! premature dea? & consequ5t inf]tility4 ,or 9 ! t]m9ology ( ! biologi/1 we h done away ) ! factor ( natural selection1 ! factor :i* 9 /ate ( nature keeps all races purg$ ( ! unfit1 ! ill-adapt$4 ,) ?is re/ra9+1 & purify+ influ5ce remov$1 h[ev]1 ! weakl+1 ! defective1 may arrive at maturity & comm+le 8 blood ) t ( ! /rong1 ) ! inevitable result t ! g5]al vigor ( ! prog5y f g5]ation to g5]ation is sapp$ & progressively und]m9$4 ,?us we are confront$ by ! /ubborn fact t ?r\gh pres5t humanit>ian me?ods we are driv+ ! race t[>d decad5ce4 ,:y ,n ,prev5t ,our ,social ,maladies8--,n[ !re is no reasonable p]son1 ,i ?9k1 :o w n admit t ! motives und]ly+ our mod]n altrui/ic practises are ! noble/ fruitage ( our sl[ upw>d /ruggle f ! brute to man4 ,z humane be+s1 we c n ca/ aside ^! pr9ciples & return to ! pa9ful & pitiless me?od ( nature :i* w\ld leave ! sick & ! defective alone to p]i% mis]ably2 ! sacrifice w\ld be too great4 ,is !re !n no escape f ?is dilemma8 ,to ?is qu]y ! mod]n /ud5t ( h]$ity answ]s yes2 let u b add m wisdom to our *>ity & ! enigma is solv$4 ,we ne$ no sacrifice ( pity b r an expansion ( x4 ,let u b ext5d our vision f imm$iate suff]+ to ! prospective suff]+ ( ! c\ntless unborn desc5dants ( our pres5t unfit & ask ourselves ! "q1 :y %\ld !y be born8 ,:y n prev5t our social maladies in/ead ( wait+ to cure !m8 ,?is is ! prov9ce ( eug5ics4 ,eug5ics ,def9$4--,! t]m ,eug5ics 0 co9$ 9 #ahhc by ,francis ,galton 9 8 book entitl$ ,inquiries ,into ,human ,faculties1 & we may !re=e look to him = a satisfactory def9ition4 ,he says1 ,eug5ics is ! /udy ( ! ag5cies "u social control1 t may improve or impair ! racial qualities ( future g5]ations1 ei!r physically or m5tally4 ,& aga91 ,i take ,eug5ics v s]i\sly1 feel+ t its pr9ciples ought to become "o ( ! dom9ant motives 9 a civiliz$ nation1 mu* z if !y 7 "o ( its religi\s t5ets4444 ,man is gift$ ) pity & o!r k9dly feel+s1 b he also has ! p[] ( prev5t+ _m k9ds ( suff]+4 ,i conceive x to fall well )9 8 prov9ce to replace natural selection by o!r processes t are m m]ciful & n less effective4 ,?is is precisely ! aim ( ,eug5ics4 ,its fir/ object is to *eck ! bir?-rate ( ! unfit in/ead ( all[+ !m to come into be+1 ?\gh doom$ 9 l>ge numb]s to p]i% prematurely4 ,! second object is ! improvem5t ( ! race by fur!r+ ! productivity ( ! fit1 by e>ly m>riages & ! heal?ful re>+ ( _! *ildr54 ,improv$ ,environm5t ,alone ,w ,n ,cure ,racial ,deg5]acy4--,:ile _m an en?usia/ic humanit>ian is labor+ "u ! assumption t if we c improve ext]nal conditions human defici5cies w disappe>1 ! /ud5t ( h]$ity realizes t ?is is 9 l>ge "p a delusion unless we c secure an accompany+ improvem5t 9 intr9sic qualities ( ! human species itself ?r\gh ! suitable mat+ ( individuals4 ,j z ! intellig5t f>m] to-day dem&s select$ se$ z well z good soil & prop] cultivation1 s "o ) ! facts ( h]$ity at h& w\ld1 z he views social problems1 urge ! fundam5tal importance ( hav+ select$ /ock ) :i* to />t4 ,no %ifts or %ap+s ( environm5t w ev] enable m5 to ga!r grapes ( ?orns or figs ( ?i/les4 ,h]$ity & ,environm5t4--,to wrangle ov] ! "q ( :i* is ! m important1 h]$ity or environm5t1 is ab\t z idle a proce$+ z to argue :i* is ! m important1 ! /oma* or some?+ to put 9 ! /oma*4 ,man w\ld soon come to grief )\t ei!r4 ,s1 too1 ! "q ( human developm5t is n "o ( h]$ity alone nor ( environm5t alone2 bo? are necess>y & mu/ "w h& 9 h&4 ,dormant capacities mu/ h prop] environm5t to call !m =?1 b on ! o!r h& no k9d ( environm5t c evoke responses if "s degree ( aptitude is n pres5t4 ,pr(essor ,?orndike und]took exp]im5ts ) gr\ps ( s*ool *ildr5 ( high & ( l[ initial ability respectively to det]m9e :e!r equal opportunity or equal special tra9+ w\ld produce an equaliz+ effect 9 easily alt]able traits su* z rapidity 9 addition & ! l4 ,)\t exception he f\nd t at ! end ( su* exp]im5ts1 al?\gh bo? gr\ps _h improv$1 ! sup]ior individuals 7 f>!r ahead ?an ev]1 t equality ( opportunity & tra9+ _h wid5$ r ?an n>r[$ ! gap betwe5 ! two classes4 ,o!rs :o h made special /udies on ! causes ( individual diff]5ces h come to ! same conclusion2 namely1 t individuals diff] widely by orig9al nature & t simil>ity 9 conditions ( nurture & tra9+ w n avail 9 delet+ ^! diff]5ces4 ,galton & o!rs1 f ext5sive /udies bas$ on ,engli% s\rces1 h %[n t notable a*ievem5ts h run 9 c]ta9 families to a degree t is inexplicable on ! basis ( opportunity alone2 x c be fully acc\nt$ = only by attribut+ mu* to sup]ior inborn capacity4 ,doctor ,woods has %[n mu* ! same ?+ = c]ta9 families 9 ,am]ica4 ,s*u/] & ,eld]ton h prov$ t !re is a high degree ( simil>ity 9 s*ola/ic /&+ betwe5 fa!rs & sons 9 ,ox=d4 ,pr(essor ,pe>son's measurem5ts ( m5tal *>act]s 9 bro!rs & si/]s :ile at s*ool %[ a high degree ( innate resemblance 9 _m cases & c]ta9 cases ( decid$ contra/4 ,:]e contra/s exi/ 9 c]ta9 families !y rema9 unr$uc$ 9 spite ( ! simil>ity ( environm5t1 ?us prov+ t environm5t is less op]ative 9 ! f9al intellectual e/abli%m5t ( su* individuals ?an are _! inborn aptitudes4 ,ev5 9 tw9s1 z bo? ,galton & ,?orndike h %[n1 !re is no t5d5cy = simil> education1 home life & ! l to r5d] ^? orig9ally diff]5t any m simil> ) advanc+ ye>s4 ,pr(essor ,k>l ,pe>son has done m p]haps ?an any o!r individual t[>d attempt+ actually to measure ! relative /r5g? ( h]$ity & environm5t4 ,num]\s /ati/ical measurem5ts lead him to conclude t x is a cons]vative e/imate to reg>d h]$ity z at lea/ five or t5 times z important z environm5t 9 ! developm5t ( ! individual4 ,a vigor\s def5se by him ( ?is position w be f\nd 9 ,biometrika = ,april1 #aiad4 ,int]-,racial ,m>riage4--,"s ( ! dang]s ( racial det]ioration :i* ?reat5 u because ( our laxity reg>d+ immigration h already be5 indicat$4 ,x is high "t t we give ?is :ole "q ! mo/ s]i\s consid]ation ( :i* we are capable4 ,f ! rate at :i* immigrants are increas+ x is obvi\s t our v life-blood is at /ake4 ,= our own protection we mu/ face ! "q ( :at types or races %\ld be rul$ out4 ,aside f ! dang]s :i* lie 9 ! defective or unsuccessful types already discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ix1 _m /ud5ts ( h]$ity feel t !re is great haz>d 9 ! mongreliz+ ( di/9ctly unrelat$ races no matt] h[ sup]ior ! orig9al /ra9s may be4 ,un=tunately !re is a great lack ( reliable data on ?is po9t4 ,! mulatto ( our own c\ntry1 ! ,eurasians 9 ,india & ! mix$ races ( ,s\? ,am]ica are1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( _m obs]v]s1 eloqu5t argum5ts aga9/ su* hybridization4 ,agassiz rem>k$ on ?is po9t z foll[s3 ,let any "o :o d\bts ! evil ( ! mixture ( races & :o is incl9$ f mi/ak5 philan?ropy to break d[n all b>ri]s betwe5 !m come to ,brazil4 ,he c n d5y ! det]ioration consequ5t ^u ! amalgamation ( races1 m wide-spread "h ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w1 & :i* is rapidly effac+ ! be/ qualities ( ! :ite man1 ! ,indian1 & ! negro1 leav+ a mongrel nondescript type defici5t 9 physical & m5tal en]gy4 ,( ! ,am]ican mulatto "o n infrequ5tly meets ) ! ass]tion t he is on ! av]age inf]ior m5tally1 morally & physically to ei!r ! :ite or ! negro race4 ,?us ,doctor ,j4 ,b4 ,taylor#ag /ates t1 ,x is demon/rat$ by well-atte/$ facts t ^! hybrids ( black & :ite are va/ly m susceptible to c]ta9 infections2 _! moral z well z physical /am9a is l[] ?an t ( ei!r orig9al race4 ,o!rs w\ld d5y t conclusive evid5ce to ?is effect exi/s4 ,h[ev]1 x is c]ta9 t "u exi/+ social conditions 9 our own c\ntry only ! mo/ wor?less & vici\s ( ! :ite race w t5d 9 any consid]able numb]s to mate ) ! negro & ! result c n b mean det]ioration on ! :ole = ei!r race4 ,!re is c]ta9ly n "o iota ( evid5ce t ! cross+ ( any two widely diff]5t human races w yield sup]ior (fspr+ 9 any respect & !re are _m indications t su* int]mixture l[]s ! av]age ( ! population4 ,our evid5ce d]iv$ f plant & animal bre$+ is also aga9/ pron\nc$ crosses4 ,! inf]iority ( ! mongrel is univ]sally recogniz$4 ,no sane f>m]1 = example1 w\ld seek to improve 8 ,j]seys or 8 ,h]e=ds by cross+ "o ) ! o!r4 ,x is true t 9 pure bre$s ( plants & animals we sometimes v5ture on a cross to introduce "s new desirable "* b we foll[ up su* mixture by a rigid selection 9 :i* is elim9at$ all b ! r>e individuals hav+ ! desir$ *>act]i/ics1 & we cont9ue ?is elim9ation g5]ation aft] g5]ation to fix our *>act]s aga94 ,x is obvi\s t no su* selection z ?is w\ld be possible among ! prog5y ( human crosses4 ,x cle>ly becomes our duty !n to det]m9e z accurately z possible ! degree ( non-relation%ip betwe5 races x is inadvisable to transc5d 9 int]-racial m>riages4 ,we are c]ta9ly tak+ great risks 9 accept+ 9 any consid]able numb]s ^? races we c n assimilate to advantage into our own /ock4 ,w>4--,! det]iorat+ effect ( w> on national physique & vigor has be5 s frequ5tly cit$ by eug5i/s#ah & is s obvi\s z sc>cely to require fur!r comm5t4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 t :]e1 z is ! case at pres5t 9 ,great ,brita91 armies are assembl$ f volunte]s1 in/ead ( by conscription1 !re is ! greate/ dang] f ! eug5ic /&po9t1 s9ce n only physical b moral qualities are involv$4 ,= x is ! brave1 ! g5]\s1 ! individual ) a high s5se ( duty :o goes =w>d to ! slaught] leav+ ! c[>dly1 ! selfi% or ! indiff]5t to fa!r ! race4 ,) ! awful deadl9ess ( mod]n w>f>e ^u exhibition be=e our v eyes to-day1 ! extreme s]i\sness ( su* selective action mu/ be evid5t to e ?\ghtful p]son4 ,human ,cons]vation4--,we talk mu* 9 rec5t ye>s ( cons]vation2 b :at are our =e/s & fronti]s1 our m9]als & our wat]ways1 comp>$ ) our national heal? & life-blood8 ,no f>m] w\ld ?9k ( sett+ aside a diseas$ or physically defective animal = bre$+ purposes1 yet ! same man toge!r ) ! majority ( mank9d is :olly oblivi\s to simil> faults :5 x comes to ! mat+ ( human be+s4 ,b is x n z important to look to fitness 9 man z 9 ,pol& ,*9a hogs or ,hol/e9 c[s8 ,c]ta9ly ! v>i\s /ra9s are z m>k$ & bre$ z true 9 ! human family z 9 our live /ock4 ,:y face complac5tly 9 our own families :at we w\ld n tol]ate 9 our pigg]y8 ,f ! exp5diture ( comp>atively small sums 9 /udy+ ! inh]itance ( v>i\s qualities 9 :eat1 corn & o!r gra91 improvem5ts bas$ on ! laws ( g5etics h be5 secur$ :i* are enorm\sly increas+ our agricultural output & !reby add+ to our national weal?4 ,b if x co/s relatively little to discov] & cons]ve millions ( doll>s' wor? ( h]$it>y qualities 9 our plants & animals1 :at are we to ?9k ( ourselves1 an intellig5t p :o1 kn[+ t e good tree br+e? =? good fruit1 b a corrupt tree br+e? =? evil fruit1 /ill g on placidly p]mitt+ ! production ( defectives & del9qu5ts8 ,c we cont9ue to dr9k ! sluggi% blood ( ! paup] & ! imbecile into our ve9s & hope to escape unsca!d8 ,we are all famili> ) ! fate ( ,babylon1 ,assyria1 ,p]sia1 ,egypt & ,rome4 ,:y n ,am]ica8 ,c]ta9ly we h no pl$ge ( special immunity f ,div9e ,p[]s4 ,if s1 :at !n is ! mean+ ( our #cff hospitals = insane :i* co/ u annually #ba1jjj1jjj2 our #fc in/itutions = feeble-m9d$ co/+ u ov] #e1jjj1jjj2 our #a1cjj prisons ma9ta9$ at a co/ ( m ?an #ac1jjj1jjj2 our #a1ejj hospitals ^: annual ma9t5ance requires at lea/ #cj1jjj1jjj2 our #aae s*ools or homes = deaf & dumb2 our #b1ejj alm%\ses ) an annual exp5se acc\nt ( #bj1jjj1jjj & our #a1bjj refuge homes co/+ annually sev]al millions ( doll>s m8 ,to say t we sp5d annually ov] #ajj1jjj1jjj on ! cu/ody ( insane1 feeble-m9d$1 paup]s1 epileptics1 deaf1 bl9d & o!r *>ges is express+ ! situation v cons]vatively4 ,k9dness 9 ! ,long ,run4--,!re is no "o ,i ?9k :o w n admit t ! sympa?y & *>ity ( ! human he>t are its noble/ virtues4 ,b we mu/ face ! problem ( :at is k9dness 9 ! long run4 ,havelock ,ellis well says1 ,! sup]ficially sympa!tic man fl+s a co9 to ! begg>2 ! m deeply sympa!tic man builds an alm%\se = him s t he ne$ no long] beg2 b p]haps ! mo/ radically sympa!tic ( all is ! man :o arranges t ! begg> %all n be born4 ,:at %all we d8 ,! ,problem ,has ,two ,phases4--,= an intellig5t consid]ation ( ! problem "o mu/ recognize at ! outset t x has two di/9ct phases2 namely1 7#a7 a selective union ( ! fitte/1 or 9 o!r words1 a consci\s attempt to bre$ a sup]ior race2 & 7#b7 ! elim9ation ( ! obvi\sly unfit by prev5t+ _! reproduction1 ) ! purpose ( purify+ ! pres5t race4 ,x is evid5t at a glance t ^! are two ess5tially di/9ct problems al?\gh ! practise ( ei!r me?od c\ld result 9 racial improvem5t4 ,! fir/ is sometimes spok5 ( z positive or con/ructive eug5ics1 ! second z negative or re/rictive eug5ics4 ,con/ructive ,eug5ics ,mu/ ,be ,bas$ on ,education4--,z to ! fir/ phase1 direct selection = sup]iority1 ! campaign mu/1 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 be "o ( education4 ,) ! necess>y k ( ! facts 9 m9d1 ! awak5+ consci5ce ( ! individual toge!r ) an enlight5$ public op9ion w =m ! safe/ guide4 ,increas+ popul> compreh5sion ( ! inevitable nature ( human inh]itance mu/ eng5d] a s5se ( responsibility z to ! positive eug5ic fitness ( a contemplat$ m>riage4 ,! gr[? ( ?is s5tim5t w d\btless be sl[1 & prop]ly s1 = z yet we h b half-lights on :at are ! mo/ desirable types ( humanity4 ,no "o c say :at ! highe/ type ( man %\ld be1 b almo/ any "o c readily pick out types :i* c]ta9ly %\ld n be4 ,inf]ior ,increas+ ,m ,rapidly ,?an ,sup]ior ,/ocks4--,mod]n eug5i/s1 al?\gh realiz+ t ! con/ructive phase is ( great importance1 are mak+ no attempt to map out any fix$ mode ( proc$ure = x beyond po9t+ out ! desirability ( l>g] families among ! bett] classes4 ,! ne$ = individuals ( sup]ior physical1 m5tal & moral qualities to multiply is s obvi\s z sc>cely to require comm5t4 ,yet ! fact is t judg+ f all appe>ances ^! are ! v ones :o h ! l[e/ bir?-rate4 ,eug5ics is ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! relative rates ( increase ( ! v>i\s classes1 n ) m]e f]tility 9 itself4 ,& ! actual increase mu/ be measur$ 9 t]ms ( ! ext5t to :i* bir?-rate exce$s dea?-rate4 ,if a high bir?-rate is accompani$ by a high dea?-rate !n x is n especially significant 9 increas+ a giv5 class z a :ole4 ,all available evid5ce po9ts to ! fact t to-day ! l[] /rata ( society are f> outbre$+ ! middle & high]1 ) an almo/ negligible diff]5ce 9 dea?-rate1 & j 9 ! measure t ^! l[] /rata are innately inf]ior j 9 t degree mu/ ! race det]iorate4 ,! s]i\sness ( ! :ole situation z x exi/s to-day h+es1 !re=e1 on ! ext5t to :i* ! l[] /rata are inf]ior to ^? above !m4 ,an ,unselect$ ,population ,may ,conta9 ,mu* ,valuable ,mat]ial4--,9 evaluat+ ^! l[] /rata a matt] ( v great importance is :e!r ! population is a select$ or an unselect$ "o4 ,if ! population has be5 long resid5t 9 a giv5 region & has _h fairly good opportunity = education !n we w f9d 9 ! l[] rea*es a l>g] p]c5tage ( s$im5tation made up ( ! wor?less & inf]ior /ocks4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a cont9ual fom5tation & geographical %ift+ ( ! population is 9 progress z 9 p>ts ( ,am]ica1 or if adequate educational opportunities are lack+1 z 9 "s p>ts ( ,russia1 ! poor & less well-to-d classes may conta91 no "o c tell h[ mu*1 relatively valuable /ock4 ,=el rem>ks on ?is po9t z foll[s3 ,if we comp>e ! nature ( del9qu5ts1 ab&on$ *ildr51 vagabonds1 etc41 9 a c\ntry :]e little or no?+ has be5 done = ! p 7,russia1 ,galicia1 ,vi5na1 etc471 ) t ( ! same individuals 9 ,switz]l&1 = example1 :]e mu* has already be5 done = ! poor1 we f9d ?is result3 ,9 ,switz]l&1 ^! individuals are ne>ly all ta9t$ ) alcoholism1 or pa?ological h]$ity2 !y consi/ ( alcoholics1 incorrigibles1 & cong5ital decad5ts1 & education c d little = !m because ne>ly all ^? :o h a bett] h]$it>y f\ndation h be5 able to e>n _! liv+ by hone/ "w4 ,9 ,russia1 ,galicia1 & ev5 9 ,vi5na1 we are1 on ! contr>y1 a/oni%$ to see h[ _m hone/ natures !re are among ! dis9h]it$ :5 !y are provid$ ) "w & education4 ,! ,lack ( ,crit]ia = ,judg+ ,fitness4--,b>r+ ! untold hordes ( actual defectives :o h gravitat$ into ?is l[] /ratum1 !re are few positive crit]ia by :i* we c measure ! real fitness ( ! rema9d]4 ,be=e we c set out on a campaign ( positive eug5ics we mu/ h "s /&>d by :i* to /e]1 & x w\ld be a ra% advocate inde$ :o w\ld ass]t t class di/9ction alone1 or ev5 success z measur$ by public op9ion to-day %\ld be our :ole crit]ion ( fitness4 ,%all we measure fitness 9 t]ms ( h[ successfully "o c acquire worldly goods1 or 9 o!r words1 by ! prop]ty te/1 or :at %all be our /&>d8 ,! ,college ,graduate4--,_m ( our mod]n critiques ( ! bir?-rate situation make mu* ( ! fact t our college graduates z a gr\p are sc>cely reproduc+ !mselves4 ,accord+ to ,dav5port1 ,bryn ,mawr ,college betwe5 #ahhh & #aiac has graduat$ #a1aic ba*elors ( arts1 b ^! wom5 h produc$ up to ,janu>y1 #aiac1 only #bfc girls to take _! place 9 ! next g5]ation4 ,he also po9ts out t /ati/ics on "s ( ! graduate classes ( ,h>v>d ( tw5ty ye>s ago or e>li] %[ t !y are little m ?an ma9ta9+ !mselves2 ?us "o class ( #cbh graduates tw5ty ye>s lat] _h produc$ #aie sons1 & 9 ano!r case a class ( #bgh individuals _h produc$1 tw5ty-five ye>s lat]1 #ada sons4 ,relatively simil> /ati/ics c be cit$ = o!r ea/]n colleges4 ,all su* cases ( college graduates cit$ z especially deplorable decl9es 9 bir?-rate are bas$ on ! assumption t ^! individuals are a p>ticul>ly sup]ior /ock4#ai ,b "o might "q ?is premise z a g5]alization4 ,x may or may n be true4 ,are !y sup]ior or h !y _h ma9ly a comb9ation ( luck & inc5tive1 luck 9 t _! p>5ts _h suffici5t means1 acquir$ possibly ?r\gh _! own sup]iority1 possibly n1 to s5d !m to college1 & inc5tive d]iv$ f a =tunate environm5t :i* awak5$ a desire 9 !m--or 9 _! p>5ts = !m--= college education8 ,is ! woolly-witt$ son ( opul5ce1 s abundant 9 our colleges to-day1 :o is boo/$ ?r\gh by hook or by crook1 ( sup]ior eug5ical value to ! al]t eag] boy--& 8 "n is legion--de/9$ = economic reasons to g to "w at or be=e ! completion ( 8 high-s*ool c\rse1 p]haps because ( ! v fact ( an unlimit$ fecundity 9 8 own family :i* necessitates 8 help = ! g5]al support8 ,:5 "o fir/ le>ns ( ! decl9+ bir?-rate among college wom5 & m5 he feels appall$1 b imm$iately ! "q fla%es up1 if ?is is ! sup]ior /ock1 & up to date x has di$ out or is dy+ out rapidly1 :5ce !n ?is ev] augm5t+ ru% ( "y folk :o fairly deluge our univ]sities & colleges to-day8 ,does x n r po9t to ! fact t 9 our own c\ntry at lea/1 ! man :o w & c take a college education successfully is n s mu* ! product ( bre$+ f college m51 b ( a prosp]ity :i* leaves a suffici5t surplus 9 ! family ex*equ] to enable sons & daught]s to g to college1 & is x n reasonable to suppose t !re is yet an abundant /ock back ( ^! :o simil>ly await b ! gold5 t\* ( opportunity8 ,:5 we consid] su* m5 z ,c>lyle1 ,l9coln & a ho/ ( o!rs :o 7 n ! sons ( collegians1 al?\gh we may be univ]sity p$igre$ ourselves we c n b feel d\btful ( ! validity ( a premise :i* takes a college /ock unqualifi$ly z hav+ any consid]able monopoly ( innate sup]iority4 ,aft] all1 college c mean little m ?an opportunity1 & ! obta9+ ( su* opportunity 9 ?is _w ( economic maladju/m5ts & accid5ts ( social position is too l>gely a matt] ( *ance1 at lea/ 9 ,am]ica1 to /amp ! possessors ( ^! advantages1 on ?is crit]ion alone1 z ( inborn sup]iority4 ,und\bt$ly mu* t is intr9sically good n[ slumb]s 9 ! l[] /rata ( society because ( lack ( favorable environm5t to call =? ! lat5t possibilities4 ,native ,ability1 ,indep5d5ce & ,en]gy ,eug5ically ,desirable4--,al?\gh we c n sift out ) c]ta9ty ! sup]ior f ! inf]ior 9 our normal population by ! prop]ty te/ or ! educational /&>d alone1 x is und\bt$ly true t1 on ! :ole1 native ability1 indep5d5ce & en]gy are pres5t to a high] degree 9 our well-to-d & prosp]\s families ?an 9 ! /ocks :i* m]ely hold _! own or :i* gradually decl9e1 & !re is no ga9say+ ! fact t 9 s f> z ! l[] classes are :]e !y are ?r\gh actual defici5cy--& !re are enorm\s numb]s 9 ?is category--!y ?reat5 our v exi/5ce z a race4 ,x is imp]ative t ! great middle class 9 p>ticul> e/abli% 9 "s way a selective bir?-rate1 by increas$ f]tility on _! own "p1 & dim9i%$ fecundity on ! "p ( inf]ior /ocks1 :i* w (fset or m ?an (fset ! disproportionate increase ( ! socially unfit4 ,f\r ,*ildr5 to ,ea* ,m>riage ,requir$ to ,ma9ta9 a ,/ock4--,x is e/imat$ t "u pres5t conditions an av]age ( at lea/ f\r *ildr5 %\ld be born to ea* m>riage if a /ock is to ma9ta9 its numb]s undim9i%$4 ,"s ( our mo/ valuable /ra9s are fall+ f> %ort ( ?is av]age4 ,9 a /ati/ical table on ! relative f]tility ( diff]5t /ocks1 prep>$ by ,pe>son1 we f9d ! m5tally defective1 crim9al1 deaf-mute & deg5]ate /ocks head+ ! li/ ) av]ages rang+ f five to sev5 *ildr5 p] family1 :ile ! ,am]ican graduate 7bas$ on ,h>v>d /ati/ics7 & ! ,engli% intellectual types av]age less ?an two *ildr5 p] m>riage4 ,:ile ! dea?-rate is high] 9 ! undesirable classes m5tion$1 x is by no means en\gh high] to comp5sate = ! diff]5ce 9 bir?-rates4 ,?us :ile c]ta9 v desirable types are n ma9ta9+ !mselves g5etically1 o!r extremely undesirable ones are rapidly m ?an replac+ !mselves4 ,inve/igations made by ,h]on 9 ,london %[ t ?is condition z reg>ds ,engli% desirables did n exi/ sixty ye>s ago2 !n ! ri*] a community 0 9 pr(essional m5 & well-to-d families1 ! high] 0 ! bir?-rate4 ,factors ,contribut+ to ,l[ ,bir?-,rate 9 ,desirable ,/ra9s4--,mo/ /ud5ts ( ! subject believe t ! fecundity ( mu* ( ! be/ blood 9 our c\ntry has rea*$ su* a l[ ebb z to ?reat5 ! :ole fabric ( our commonweal?4 ,h[ to correct ?is is ! press+ problem to :i* no "o has f\nd a solution4 ,h[ev] mu* "o may deplore x ! fact rema9s t always 9 ! hi/ory ( ! civiliz$ _w ) ! rise ( mat]ial conditions 9 any class ( a population !re has come an accompany+ limitation ( *ild-bir?4 ,expla9 ?is z we may 9 mod]n times--:e!r z an awak5$ individualism :i* looks only to ! imm$iate int]e/ ( ! individual z aga9/ ! ultimate int]e/ ( ! race1 or a desire = luxuries or = a bett] opportunity = small] numb]s ( *ildr51 or z a det]m9$ ef=t ( ! wage e>n] to bett] 8 conditions1 or to ! fem9i/ movem5t ) its accompanim5t ( a great] p]sonal fre$om ( m>ri$ wom5 & ! recognition ( ! fact t m>riage & *ild-be>+ are (t5 b>s to employm5t1 or to g5]al increas+ pressure ( economic burd5s--9 brief :atev] ! cause or causes1 !re is no d5y+ ! fact ( a dim9i%+ bir?-rate among our abl] m5 & wom54 ,moreov]1 no am\nt ( coax+1 cajol+ or dire prophecy seems to avail 9 alt]+ ! conditions4 ,v>i\s p>tial rem$ies1 _m ( !m ( que/ionable practicability1 h be5 propos$1 b s f> !re has be5 no f>-rea*+ ef=t made to put any ( !m into effect4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t society return to ! simple life s t our "y folk may m>ry e>li] & live m easily on limit$ means1 b s f> few volunte]s h appe>$ to lead ! procession4 ,:ile !re is no d\bt t pres5t economic conditions t5d to p5alize p>5?ood1 ! simple life w n return = ! m]e ask+4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ! fa!r is 9 unfair competition ) ! ba*elor & is also unfairly tax$ 9 comp>ison1 & "s w\ld !re=e tax unm>ri$ m5 m heavily4 ,o!rs w\ld pay a direct b\nty on reproduction1 b x is probable t su* rew>ds w\ld m]ely /imulate families ( ! l[] types to increas$ fruitfulness4 ,& s "o panacea aft] ano!r may be weigh$ & f\nd want+4 ,! ,educat$ ,public ,mu/ ,be ,made to ,realize ! ,situation4--,x seems probable t ! mo/ success w be met ) ?r\gh ! sl[ & unspectacul> me?ods ( education4 ,! necessity ( ! situation mu/ be driv5 home s t x becomes "p & p>cel ( ! collective intellig5ce ( ! educat$ public4 ,diff]5t ideals ( life w h to be e/abli%$ 9 ! "y4 ,if k ( ! facts ( h]$ity is ?or\ghly dissem9at$ among ! p & ideals reg>d+ p>5?ood are fo/]$1 !n mu* w h be5 accompli%$ by ! psy*ic p[] ( sugge/ion alone t[>d ! end desir$4 ,utilization ( ,family ,pride z a ,basis = ,con/ructive ,eug5ics4--,!re are few m p[]ful inc5tives to make ! be/ ( "o's abilities1 or few great] det]r5ts f vice ?an family pride2 & !re is no reason :y ?is same s5tim5t may n be ar\s$ 9 behalf ( unborn g5]ations4 ,! s5tim5t ( ca/e or ari/ocracy 9 "s =m is well nigh univ]sal 9 mank9d4 ,! family ( ,mr4 ,a came ov] 9 ! ,mayfl[] & is !re=e worlds above ! family ( ,mr4 ,b1 :o arriv$ fifty ye>s lat]4 ,mr4 ,x's income is #e1jjj a ye>1 ,mr4 ,y's only #a1ejj4 ,! poor family 9 ! front suite ( ! t5em5t reg>ds itself z f> sup]ior to ! "o 9 ! re>4 ,among crim9als ! pr(essional h\se-break] feels himself to be ( high] ca/e ?an ! sneak-?ief1 & 9 turn is surpass$ by ! bank-burgl>4 ,ev5 9 ! insane asylum ! feel+ is rampant4 ,) su* a wide-spread t5d5cy = a f\ndation ! creation ( a s5tim5t ( eug5ic ari/ocracy is by no means a vision>y und]tak+4 ,! ,t5d5cy = ,l to ,m>ry ,l4--,ev5 n[ !re is a decid$ ?\gh unconsci\s t5d5cy = l to m>ry l & ?us create p>ticul> /ra9s4 ,we h l9es1 = in/ance1 :i* produce notably families ( s*ol>s1 o!rs :i* yield ma9ly /atesm51 & /ill o!r /ra9s ( inv5tors1 ( f9anci]s1 ( naval m51 ( soldi]s1 & ( actors respectively4 ,& !re is little d\bt t p1 ) ! facts ( inh]itance ( ability once be=e !m1 w be l$ to act m or less 9 accordance ) _! k4 ,on ! o!r h&1 due app>5tly to ! same unconsci\s t5d5cy = l to m>ry l1 we f9d produc$ crim9ali/ic1 feeble-m9d$1 deaf-mute & tub]cul> /ocks4 ,! fir/ type ( family is (t5 t]m$ ari/og5ic & ! second or defective type1 cacog5ic4 ,public ,op9ion z an ,inc5tive to ,action4--,mu* ( our social conduct is ! result ( ! pressure ( public op9ion1 yet s accu/om$ are we to ?is t we ord9>ily d n feel x z a h>d%ip4 ,!re is little d\bt t simil>ly ! m :olesome attitude t[>d p>5?ood advocat$ by ! eug5i/ w\ld be tak5 z a matt] ( c\rse1 once ! idea became preval5t4 ,x w\ld come to be "o ( ^? socially preconceiv$ ideas :i* are z mu* actualities & :i* become unconsci\s guides to action no less c]ta9ly ?an d ! m obvi\s p]sonal habits ( ! individual4 ,& j 9 ! degree t we z a race get ! feel+ t intellect1 morals & skill are highly desirable attributes 9 m>riage selection1 j 9 t degree w "o's affections 9 _! e>li] /ages gravitate t[>d individuals :o possess su* qualities 9 high degree4 ,9 ! ma91 ^? /ocks :i* h %[n by ance/ral z well z p]sonal a*ievem5t _! sup]iority w t5d to insure mo/ c]ta9ly a cont9uation ( ?is sup]iority 9 (fspr+4 ,*oos+ a ,m>riage ,mate ,means ,*oos+ a ,p>5t4--,al?\gh m>riages1 z all "y folks "k1 are made 9 ,heav51 x is int]e/+ to see :at a va/ numb] ( ^! =eorda9$ mat*es co9cide ) prop9quity 9 college1 9 *ur*1 or 9 ! same social set4 ,moreov]1 *ildr5 are born "h on e>?4 ,! "o ?+ ( all ?+s t ! eug5i/ desires is = ^! "y folk to get a cle>-ey$ vision ( ! fact t 9 *oos+ a m>riage mate !y are also *oos+ ! future fa!r or "m ( _! *ildr5 ) all t ?is implies4 ,! ,be/ ,eug5ic ,m>riage ,also a ,love ,mat*4--,a few rec5t writ]s1 :o %[ an utt] misconception ( :at ! aim ( mod]n eug5ics is1 h rais$ ! cry ( give u ! old-fa%ion$ love mat* in/ead ( ! eug5ic m>riage1 z if ! eug5i/'s ideal ( moral cleanl9ess1 fre$om f transmissible physical ta9ts or m5tal enfeeblem5t1 & an attitude ( special approval t[>d m>riages :i* br+ toge!r individuals ( m ?an av]age m5tal or spiritual end[m5t1 _h any?+ 9 x t 0 inimical to love4 ,no "o bett] ?an he realizes ! sordid dep?s to :i* m>ital relations devoid ( mutual affection & reg>d mu/ rea*4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no?+ 9 ! eug5ic ideal :5 its full import is und]/ood t c %ock ! s5sibilities ( ! mo/ delicate-m9d$4 ,inde$ x is p ( f9e susceptibilities :o w be ! fir/ to feel repugnance t[>d a m>riage :i* means m5tal or physical det]ioration ( _! own blood4 ,good ,traits ,no ,less ,?an ,bad ,ones ,inh]it$4--,an inspection ( su* *>ts z ^? %[n 9 ,figs4 #cg1 #ch & #ci1 pp4 #cac1 #cad1 #caf--;& an abundance ( su* enc\rag+ records may n[ be f\nd--reassures u 9 our convictions t good traits are no less inh]itable ?an bad ones4 ,& :at any heal?y1 m5tally well-end[$ p]son may be depriv+ ! _w ( if he or %e decl9es to ent] into a fruitful m>riage c n be bett] exemplifi$ ?an 9 ! foll[+ exc]pt f ,dav5port3 ,_m a man at ! op5+ ( 8 life "w v[s1 z ,judge ,john ,l[ell ( ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury did1 z he 0 be+ graduat$ f ,h>v>d ,college1 t he w nev] m>ry4 ,b nature 0 too /rong = ,john ,l[ell & he m>ri$ ?ree times1 & among 8 desc5dants 0 ! director ( a great a/ronomical obs]vatory1 ! presid5t ( ,h>v>d ,college1 a pr9cipal f\nd] & promot] ( ! ,massa*usetts ,g5]al ,hospital & ! ,bo/on ,a!neum2 ! f\nd] ( ! city ( ,l[ell & its cotton mills2 ! f\nd] ( ! ,l[ell ,in/itute at ,bo/on2 ! belov$ ,g5]al ,*>les ,russell ,l[ell & 8 bro!r1 ,james1 bo? ( :om fell 9 ! ,civil ,w>1 & ,james ,russell ,l[ell1 poet1 pr(essor & ambassador2 besides brilliant lawy]s & m5 entru/$ ) l>ge int]e/s z executors ( e/ates4 ,d y ?9k ,john ,l[ell w\ld h tak5 t v[ c\ld he h =ese5 ! future8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg ,p$igree ( family ) arti/ic 7d>k upp] section71 lit]>y 7d>k "r section7 & musical 7d>k left section7 ability 7f ,dav5port74 ,! ,elim9ation ( ! ,grossly ,unfit ,urg5t4--,b ev5 if1 "u pres5t conditions ( p>tial k & lack ( an adequate /&>d1 ! con/ructive phase ( eug5ics mu/ be left 9 ! ma9 to ! awak5+ consci5ce ( ! individual z humanity improves 9 g5]al enlight5m5t1 ! second phase1 ! elim9ation ( ! grossly unfit is "o ( ! greate/ social obligations t confronts u to-day4 ,= if !re is an al>m+ am\nt ( m5tal impairm5t 9 civiliz$ nations1 & if ! problems ( paup]ism1 inebriety1 pro/itution & crim9ality are closely int]wov5 ) ! problems ( m5tal uns\ndness1 z we h e reason to believe f available data1 !n any means :i* w op]ate t[>d secur+ normally function+ bra9s w at ! same "t op]ate t[>d dim9i%+1 defects & del9qu5cies4 ,& inasmu* z a consid]able proportion ( defects1 bo? m5tal & physical1 are inh]itable1 x is obvi\s t if we c dim9i% ! numb] ( *ildr5 born into ! _w ) defective bra9s or bodies we h made a long /ride 9 ! "r direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch ,inh]itance ( ability 7f ,kellicott aft] ,:e?am74 ,sugge/$ ,rem$ies4--,b h[ g ab\t x8 ,v>i\s s*emes h be5 propos$1 ( :i* ! *ief are z foll[s3 #a4 ,laws re/rict+ m>riage4 #b4 ,sy/ems ( mat+ ) ! purpose ( cov]+ up & gradually dilut+ out defective traits4 #c4 ,segregation dur+ ! reproductive p]iod4 #d4 ,/]ilization4 #e4 ,education 9 ! pr9ciples ( eug5ics4 ,inefficacy ( ,laws ,:i* ,=bid ,m>riage ( ,m5tal ,defectives4--,! utt] inefficacy ( ! fir/ proposition1 namely ! enactm5t ( laws re/rict+ m>riage1 at lea/ z reg>ds ! socially unfit ^: condition is bas$ on impair$ m5tality1 has be5 demon/rat$ "t & aga94 ,if !y are =bidd5 m>riage1 !y m]ely h *ildr5 )\t gett+ m>ri$4 ,mo/ /ates h laws to prev5t ! m>riage ( su* individuals b ^! laws are almo/ :olly ineffective 9 prev5t+ procreation on _! "p4 ,we might z well recognize once = all t 9 su* cases no?+ %ort ( close cu/odial c>e or /]ilization w accompli% ! end desir$4 ,z to ! second proposition1 sy/ems ( mat+ ) ! purpose ( cov]+ up & gradually dilut+ out defective traits1 ?is has be5 %[n to be possible ) c]ta9 types ( defectives4 ,:e!r x is desirable or n is a diff]5t "q4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci ,inh]itance ( ability 7*>t cond5s$ & incomplete7 9 ?ree m>k$ly able families 7f ,kellicott aft] ,:e?am73 #a1 ,*>les ,d>w92 #b1 8 c\s91 ,francis ,galton1 f\nd] ( ! mod]n eug5ic movem5t4 ,sy/ems ( ,mat+ ,impracticable 9 ! ,ma94--,by sy/ems ( mat+1 x %\ld be said1 is n meant ! arbitr>y m>ry+ ( two individuals willy-nilly1 b r x is ! prev5tion f m>riage ( two individuals hav+ simil> defects4 ,9 g5]al ! facts at our comm& indicate t 9 ! majority ( cases ! (fspr+ f a m>riage ( an insane1 feeble-m9d$ or epileptic p]son ) a normal individual free f all neuropa?ic ta9ts are normal or at mo/ %[ b slight effects ( ! ta9t4 ,b :at normal individual w\ld kn[+ly m>ry into su* a /ock8 ,) few exceptions su* traits :]e inh]itable are app>5tly negative1 t is1 n repres5t$ by "s positive abnormal factor b due to ! lack ( "s elem5t or elem5ts necess>y to ! prop] work+ ( ! normal bra94 ,9 ! (fspr+ ( su* a union ! necess>y miss+ factors are suppli$ by ! normal p>5t4 ,or 9 ,m5delian phraseology1 ! defective traits are recessive & are dom9at$ by ! normality ( ! o!r p>5t4 ,su* (fspr+1 h[ev]1 :ile app>5tly normal ( body are n normal ( g]m-plasm1 inasmu* z half ( _! g]m-cells w c>ry ! abnormality ( ! defective p>5t z e>li] expla9$ 7page #aai7 "u ,m5delism4 ,we h already se5 7page #aai7 h[ by cont9ually m>ry+ into /rong /ra9s ! liability to recessive defect c be dilut$ out until ! desc5dants are no m likely to h defective *ildr5 ?an are memb]s ( our ord9>y population4 ,if1 h[ev]1 z is e/imat$ 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #e ( ! ,eug5ics ,record ,(fice1 ab\t ?irty p] c5t4 ( our g5]al population already c>ry recessive neuropa?ic ta9ts1 x c]ta9ly is a haz>d\s proce$+ to attempt ?us to bre$ out n]v\s defects unless "o is absolutely sure ( ! normality ( ! /ra9 into :i* x is propos$ to m>ry4 ,! great difficulty is 9 det]m9+ :e!r or n !re is a defective ance/ry 9 a giv5 /ock4 ,we h at pres5t no crit]ia = id5tify+ normal individuals :o h defective g]m-plasm4 ,z a practical te/1 h[ev]1 if no defect has appe>$ 9 ! /ock = ?ree or f\r g5]ations back1 ! m>riage w\ld be relatively z safe z are ! m>riages ( our av]age population to-day4 ,corrective ,mat+ ,presupposes ,k ( ,eug5ics4--,b su* a s*eme ( corrective mat+ presupposes a relatively high degree ( intellig5ce & judgm5t on ! "p ( ! p>ticipants1 & ?is is j :at we d n h & 9 ! nature ( ?+s c n get1 9 ! types ( feeble-m9d$1 epileptic & deg5]ate /ra9s we are /riv+ to elim9ate4 ,all our evid5ce %[s t :5 unre/rict$ !re is a m>k$ t5d5cy = feeble-m9d$ to mate ) feeble-m9d$1 deg5]ate ) deg5]ate4 ,ab\t sixte5 p] c5t4 ( ! feeble-m9d$1 9 fact1 come f consangu9e\s m>riages4 ,if we try to legislate !m into specific types ( m>riage !n we enc\nt] ! same futility po9t$ out "u our discussion ( re/rictive legislation1 !y w produce (fspr+ )\t ! =mality ( m>riage4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ( insanity & 9 o!r ?an neuropa?ic defects "o c see h[ ! sy/em might be inaugurat$ ) great] prospects ( success1 b ev5 !n a k ( ! pr9ciples ( eug5ics w\ld be necess>y to ! p>ticipants1 or 9 o!r words we c\ld only accompli% our end ?r\gh our fif? proposition1 education4 ,segregation ,has ,_m ,advocates4--,z to ! ?ird proposition1 segregation dur+ ! reproductive p]iod1 ?is seems to h a l>g] numb] ( advocates ?an any o!r co]cive measure4 ,:ile on !oretical gr\nds x is plausible en\gh1 :5 we face ! actual putt+ ( ! me?od into practise we are confront$ by ! fact t trem5d\s sums ( money w\ld be requir$ to seque/rate & ma9ta9 colonies or indu/rial refuges4 ,:5 "o realizes t no /ate n[ provides = m ?an a small m9ority ( its defectives1 & kn[+ also ( ! pressure t mu/ be br\ght to be> on legislatures to secure suffici5t funds to provide = ^! cases ( extreme/ urg5cy1 "o c n be ov]ly optimi/ic ab\t ! practicability ( ext5sive seque/ration4 ,e4 ,r4 ,john/one1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( a l>ge tra9+ s*ool = feeble-m9d$ 9 ,new ,j]sey1 po9ts out t no /ate 9 ! ,union is provid+ = _m m ?an "o-t5? ( h] feeble-m9d$ & epileptics4 ,if 8 e/imate is true1 to place 9 in/itutions1 treat & tra9 all its feeble-m9d$ & epileptics w\ld ev5 n[ almo/ swamp any /ate treasury4 ,b :at w x be 9 ! future if we p]mit ?is unre/rict$ n9e-t5?s to g on & multiply _! k9d8 ,leav+ out ( acc\nt ! enorm\s sums sp5t 9 private *>ities ev5 n[ f "o-fif? to "o-sev5? ! total public exp5ditures ( almo/ any "o ( our /ates is go+ to ma9ta9 its defectives1 dep5d5ts & crim9als4 ,f ! #aiab report ( ! secret>y ( /ate1 9 ! /ate ( ,wiscons91 = in/ance1 ,i le>n t ( ! total exp5ses = #aiab1 sixte5 p] c5t4 0 = *>itable & p5al in/itutions4 ,! situation is ev5 worse 9 "s o!r /ates4 ,?9k ( x6 ,?9k :at a l>ge total ( exp5se x becomes6 ,& ! exp5se is f> second>y f ! humanit>ian /&po9t to ! mis]y involv$4 ,9 ! ,survey ( ,may #bd1 #aiac1 we f9d ,mr4 ,ha/+s ,h4 ,h>t1 ,director ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,*ild ,help+ ( ! ,russell ,sage ,f\ndation1 propos+ v specifically a work+ program = ! ext9ction ( ! defective del9qu5t1 :i* involves segregation dur+ ! reproductive p]iod4 ,he gives ! numb] ( feeble-m9d$ "u public c>e z #bj1jjj 9 in/itutions = ! feeble-m9d$1 #af1jjj 9 alm%\ses1 #e1jjj 9 hospitals = ! insane1 & #bf1jjj 9 prisons & re=matories1 or a total ( #fg1jjj already "u cu/odial c>e4 ,& he ass]ts t z ne>ly z c be judg$1 ?is is "o-?ird ( ! feeble-m9d$ p]sons 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,betwe5 ?is e/imate t "o-?ird ( our feeble-m9d$ are 9 in/itutions & ,doctor ,john/one's t we are n provid+ = _m m ?an "o-t5? ( our feeble-m9d$ & epileptic1 !re is a wide discrepancy1 b ,i "k ( no accurate data#bj :]eby ! matt] c be settl$ def9itely4 ,"o po9t ( diff]5ce may be t ,doctor ,john/one specifically includes epileptics & ano!r may be "o ( def9ition ( feeble-m9d$4 ,h[ev]1 suppos+ t we c\ld get !m all into in/itutions1 in/itutional c>e at pres5t by no means also implies prev5tion ( propagation4 ,x is n an unusual hi/ory ( feeble-m9d$ wom5 9 our c\nty poor-h\ses t !y alt]nate betwe5 p]iods ( h\sework 9 "s family & p]iods ( resid5ce 9 ! alm%\se1 ! return to ! latt] be+ only too (t5 to be> an additional *ild4 ,n a few /ud5ts ( ! problem1 h[ev]1 advocate a rigid segregation z ! only reasonable prev5tive measure1 no matt] :at ! exp5se4 ,!y po9t out t ! co/ is m\nt+ up high] ea* ye> & t we are only increas+ x ultimately by procra/9ation4 ,!y urge1 moreov]1 t :5 c\nt+ ! co/ ( ! segregation ( ! feeble-m9d$ we %\ld be> 9 m9d also t we are r$uc+ ! exp5ses ( our o!r *>ity & p5al in/itutions1 s9ce mu* ( deg5]acy1 paup]ism & petty crim9ality c5t]s 9 m5tal enfeeblem5t4 ,"s believe t colonies c be e/abli%$ :i* are 9 consid]able measure self-support+4 ,doctor ,john/one1 = in/ance1 al?\gh 8 e/imates ( ! numb] ( feeble-m9d$ & epileptic is "o ( ! highe/1 sket*es out 9 a rec5t pap] 79 ,p$iatrics1 ,augu/1 #aiab7 a plan :i* he consid]s feasible4 ,b :at assurance h we t we c prev5t ! production ( defectives by segregation8 ,9 reply may be cit$ a rec5t exp]im5t on an ext5sive scale4 ,cret9ism is a condition due to disease ( ! ?yroid gl&s4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by goit]1 m>k$ de=mities & imbecility4 ,x is h]$it>y & has be5 v preval5t 9 c]ta9 valleys ( s\!rn ,switz]l& & nor!rn ,italy4 ,cret9 mat$ ) cret9 & consequ5tly a l>ge new supply 0 con/antly produc$4 ,9 rec5t ye>s 9 c]ta9 communities ! sexes h be5 segregat$ 7see ,eug5ic ,review1 #aiaj1 ,jordan7 ) ! result t 9 su* places cret9ism has ab\t disappe>$4 ,com+ n[ to ! f\r? solution propos$1 namely1 /]ilization1#ba let u consid] "s ( its alleg$ advantages & disadvantages4 ,/]ilization4--,fir/ ( all1 s9ce !re is "s consid]able popul> misund]/&+ on ! subject1 x %\ld be made pla9 t by /]ilization is n necess>ily1 nor 9 fact g5]ally1 meant asexualization1 or ! removal ( ! reproductive gl&s4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ! male1 /]ilization is ord9>ily accompli%$ by an op]ation kn[n z vasectomy1 9 :i* a small piece ( ea* sp]m duct is remov$4 ,su* reports on x z ,i h f\nd indicate t x is a comp>atively simple m9or op]ation :i* involves no special inconv5i5ce or h>d%ip on ! subject beyond ! deprivation ( (fspr+4 ,9 fact1 accord+ to ,doctor ,%>p's report1 9 ! majority ( cases :]e x has be5 put into practise ! pati5t has usually submitt$ volunt>ily aft] hav+ ! details ( ! situation expla9$ to him & has (t5 advis$ fell[ del9qu5ts to d likewise4 ,ev5 %\ld lat] developm5ts %[ t a mi/ake _h be5 made1 9 all probability ! matt] c\ld be rem$i$ by a second op]ation 9 :i* ! cut ends ( ! ducts c be reunit$4 ,?is has be5 accompli%$ exp]im5tally 9 dogs1 & fur!rmore1 9 m5 r5d]$ /]ile by occlusion ( ! duct ?r\gh inflammatory diseases1 ! /]ility has be5 rem$i$ by remov+ ! block$ area & reunit+ ! ends ( ! duct on ei!r side4 ,9 wom5 ! correspond+ op]ation--a section ( ! oviduct--is t]m$ salp+ectomy4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! op]ation is a m s]i\s "o z x usually involves op5+ ! abdom9al cavity & ! accompany+ haz>d ( infection1 a dang] suffici5tly great t x is safe to say t ! op]ation w be resort$ to m r>ely ?an vasectomy 9 man4 ,z a ,eug5ic ,measure4--,/]ilization z a eug5ic measure has _m advocates & p]haps m oppon5ts2 & among ! latt]1 x mu/ be said1 are _m compet5t & ?\ghtful /ud5ts ( ! subject :o recognize exi/+ conditions & deplore _! cont9uance z mu* z any "o4 ,!y ma9ta9 t :ile we may h to come to x z a la/ resort1 we are yet too ignorant ( ! actual effects ( ! op]ation1 or are too little in=m$ on ! inh]itability ( ! specific traits we are try+ to eradicate1 to laun* =? on s radical a program4 ,we mu/ n =get t :5 we put /]ilization into effect we are go+ to h to deal ) individual cases1 n g5]al av]ages4 ,to ,:at ,conditions ,applicable4--,& j "h1 x seems to me1 is ! crux ( ! situation4 ,:5 confront$ by ! defective individual1 9 a practical case1 j :at crit]ia are we go+ to use to det]m9e :e!r ?is p>ticul> individual %\ld be /]iliz$ or n8 ,ne>ly all ( ! twelve /ates :i* h /]ilization laws specify insanity1 feeble-m9d$ness1 epilepsy & crim9ality4 ,9 ,insanity4--,:5 x comes to insanity ,i /rongly suspect t ^? :o h ! selection ( ! exam9+ bo>d w h difficulty 9 f9d+ an ali5i/ :o is will+ to take ! responsibility ( decid+ on j :i* insane individuals %all be op]at$ on & :i* n4 ,= among ! insane !re are s _m k9ds & degrees ( m5tal uns\ndness1 & ^! are ( su* v>y+ & z yet unkn[n eug5ical significance1 t a positive decision is frequ5tly out ( ! "q4 ,( ! tw5ty-sev5 or m recogniz$ =ms ( insanity :o kn[s ) any consid]able degree ( c]ta9ty :i* are h]itable1 :i* n8 ,%all we treat all manic-depressives alike8 ,%all we treat !m z1 = in/ance1 we w\ld ^? suff]+ f dem5tia precox8 ,:o w take ! responsibility ( answ]+ positively8 ,aga91 :at %all we d 9 cases ( p>esis1 or g5]al p>alysis ( ! insane1 an affliction :i* probably inv>iably has syphilis z its antec$5t8 ,yet x con/itutes "o ( ! commone/ =ms ( insanity f\nd 9 asylums4 ,doctor ,george ,h4 ,kirby1 director ( ,cl9ical ,psy*iatry1 ,manhattan ,/ate ,hospital1 says t ) "o exception !re are m admissions ( p>etics to ,manhattan ,/ate ,hospital ?an suff]]s f any o!r =m ( m5tal disord]4 ,he cont9ues1 ,we f9d t :5 ei!r ! fa!r or ! "m suff]s f p>esis t _m o!r memb]s ( ! family may be infect$ ) syphilis1 & fur!rmore1 we f9d t a surpris+ly l>ge numb] ( *ildr5 9 ^! families are feeble-m9d$1 n]v\s1 or 9 o!r ways abnormal4 ,b "h1 x is cle>1 ! pati5t has done ! damage be=e he rea*$ ! hospital1 nor 0 x p>esis z su* t did ! h>m b ! syphilitic infection ( :i* p>esis itself 0 b ! outcome4 ,c]ta9ly ! "o fact :i* /&s out conspicu\sly :5 we face mo/ concrete cases1 is t at pres5t we ne$ m urg5tly ?an /]ilization laws = ! insane1 exhau/ive /udies ( ! inh]itability ( specific m5tal infirmities t we may "k ) "s degree ( c]ta9ty :i* w>rant /]ilization4 ,yet on ! o!r h& "o ( ! mo/ disquiet+ facts t confronts u to-day is ! l>ge numb] ( pati5ts :o are on p>ole f our hospitals = ! insane1 subject to recall4 ,:at %all we d ) !m8 ,%all we submit !m to ! trem5d\s h>d%ip ( /ill rema9+ "u cu/odial c>e al?\gh to all int5ts & purposes sane1 or %all we make _! release cont+5t ^u _! submission to vasectomy or salp+ectomy8 ,9 a few cases su* z ,hunt+ton's *orea 7,figs4 #bf1 #bg1 pp4 #aad1 #aae7 we c proce$ ) a fair degree ( assurance1 = we "k t ?is dreadful malady is transmitt$ z a positive trait & t 9 all probability half ( ! *ildr5 ( an afflict$ individual w inh]it ! defect4 ,su* pati5ts1 if !y ev] rally suffici5tly tempor>ily to leave ! hospital1 or :]e enc\nt]$ outside ! hospital %\ld c]ta9ly be re/ra9$ f procreation4 ,x is que/ionable if ev5 _! *ildr51 ?\gh app>5tly normal1 %\ld be all[$ to h (fspr+1 = usually ! disord] does n manife/ itself until middle life & !n x is too late to try to prev5t its transmission s9ce ! affect$ individual has already probably m>ri$ & _h *ildr54 ,b ,hunt+ton's *orea is a comp>atively r>e =m ( insanity1 & "o ( only a few ab\t :i* our k z reg>ds its transmissibility is fairly satisfactory4 ,9 ,feeble-,m9d$ness4--,:5 we come to in/itutions = ! feeble-m9d$1 h[ev]1 !re seems to be mu* m unanimity ( op9ion among physicians 9 *>ge ( su* in/itutions t /]ilization w\ld be an effective & satisfactory disposition to make ( _m cases1 if we are to release ! pati5ts 9 "q f cu/ody4 ,unque/ionably 9 cases ( imbecility x is easi] ?an 9 insanities to pass conclusive judgm5t on ! inh]itability ( ! condition 9 a l>ge class ( cases4 ,practically all are agre$ t ei!r p]man5t cu/odial c>e ?r\gh ! reproductive p]iod or /]ilization %\ld be en=c$4 ,"s ma9ta9 t su* individuals %\ld rema9 p]man5tly 9 in/itutions anyway & t !re=e to /]ilize !m is ne$less1 :ile o!rs urge t if /]iliz$ _m capable ( mak+ _! own liv+ c\ld be fre$ & all[$ to d s4 ,accord+ to ,godd>d ! feeble-m9d$ woman is ab\t ?ree times z likely to f9d a mate z a feeble-m9d$ man1 h5ce x w\ld seem to be ( mu* great] importance to /]ilize ! woman ?an ! man4 ,aga9 x might be urg$ ) mu* ju/ification1 t ev5 ?\gh /]iliz$1 ! feeble-m9d$ individual because ( lack ( self-control w transgress sexually & w ?us c]ta9ly become a m5ace to society 9 ! spread ( v5]eal diseases4 ,if ,mr4 ,h>t's e/imate is any:]e ne> correct1 t !re are #fj1jjj feeble-m9d$ wom5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( *ild-be>+ age1 & t #ac1jjj are already 9 cu/ody1 !n ! task ( gett+ all wom5 ( ?is class into cu/ody is n s insurm\ntable z w\ld at fir/ appe>4 ,9 ,cases ( ,epilepsy4--,z to epilepsy1 ,i f9d a v decid$ diff]5ce ( op9ion among physicians4 ,"s consid] x1 on acc\nt ( its app>5tly /rong inh]itability1 toge!r ) ! %ock+ crimes p]petrat$ by epileptic crim9al types1 "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s m5aces1 :ile o!rs po9t out t we "k no?+ ( ! real cause ( epilepsy1 t !re are all degrees & %ades1 t x is probably ref]able to diff]5t causes 9 diff]5t cases & t no "o is able to say :at ! (fspr+ ( any giv5 epileptic w be4 ,z to crim9al types1 "h aga9 we face ! difficulty ( decid+ any p>ticul> case4 ,let u suppose t tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( crim9als are m5tal defectives1 h[ %all we sift !m out f ! sev5ty-five p] c5t4 :o are suppos$ to be eug5ically normal8 ,d\btless 9 _m ( ! tw5ty-five p] c5t4 class1 ! indications ( defective m5tality are suffici5tly evid5t to prev5t mi/akes1 b a consid]able numb] ( unc]ta9 /atus mu/ also rema9 ne> ! bord]-l9e4 ,/]ilization ,laws4--,al?\gh twelve ( our /ates already h /]ilization laws1 only two1 ,indiana & ,cali=nia1 seem to h made any active attempt to en=ce !m4 ,! situation is too new yet 9 ,wiscons91 ,mi*igan & ,p5nsylvania = ^! /ates to h %[n :at !y int5d to d4 ,al?\gh ! ,indiana law says1 x %all be compulsory = ea* & e in/itution to ma9ta9 ! practise1 x has fall5 into disuse s9ce #aiaa1 presumably because ! gov]nor believ$ ! law uncon/itutional4 ,x is ( int]e/ to see ! motive und]ly+ ! law 9 v>i\s /ates4 ,9 ! majority x is purely eug5ic4 ,9 ,connecticut x is ma9ly eug5ic ?\gh p>tly !rapeutic4 ,9 ,cali=nia x is app>5tly 9 "p !rapeutic1 s9ce x is /at$ z be+ = ! physical1 m5tal or moral b5efit ( inmates ( v>i\s /ate in/itutions1 & 9 "p punitive & eug5ic1 s9ce individuals twice committ$ = sexual (f5ses or ?ree times = o!r crimes are subject to ! op]ation4 ,9 ,wa%+ton & ,nevada ! object is purely punitive1 ! p]sons specifi$ be+ habitual crim9als & p]sons adjudg$ guilty ( c>nal abuse ( female p]sons "u t5 ye>s ( age1 or ( rape4 ,9 ^! /ates also ! c\rt ord]s ! op]ation in/ead ( leav+ x to ! decision ( a bo>d ( m$ical exp]ts4 ,social ,dang]s 9 ,vasectomy4--,x has be5 urg$ aga9/ vasectomy t x w "w untold h>m because x relieves ( ! responsibility ( a probable p>5tage4 ,?is argum5t does n appeal to "o z v weighty z f> z ! imbecile or o!r deg5]ate is conc]n$1 because "o ( ! v traits *>act]i/ic ( su* individuals is lack ( any s5se ( responsibility4 ,by ?is same tok51 h[ev]1 we h a v good argum5t = seque/ration z aga9/ /]ilization1 = ! deg5]ate1 ev5 ?\gh /]iliz$1 w n be re/ra9$ sexually & w be likely to dissem9ate v5]eal diseases or commit rape4 ,fur!rmore1 !re w be ! temptation to /]ilize & lib]ate c]ta9 types t w\ld o!rwise h be5 kept p]man5tly 9 cu/ody4 ,our ,pres5t ,k ,insuffici5t4--,:5 all is said & done1 aft] we take into acc\nt ! meag]ness ( our pres5t k on ! subject1 x is n to be wond]$ at t _m ?\ghtful /ud5ts ( a cons]vative turn ( m9d1 feel t any consid]able practise ( /]ilization is premature4 ,! problem has s _m phases1 & despite occasional bits ( positive k1 we are yet 9 su* a sea ( ignorance reg>d+ x1 t 9 no field is ! good ,fri> ,laur5ce's admonition ( wisely & sl[2 !y /umble t run fa/1 ne$$ m at pres5t ?an x is "h4 ,!re is little d\bt t 9 !ory ! feeble-m9d$ & simil> defectives %\ld be s5t to in/itutions & kept !re1 b ! important practical "q is1 c ?is be done8 ,we c h no f9al answ] until x is tri$4 ,:ile ! initial exp5se w\ld und\bt$ly be great1 if we c\ld keep our defectives f propagation = a s+le g5]ation we c\ld v mat]ially less5 _! numb]s & 9 succe$+ g5]ations ! exp5ses ( _! c>e w\ld rapidly dim9i%4 ,! "o cry+ ne$ t /&s out mo/ prom95tly 9 ?is :ole field is t ( c>eful inve/igation ( individual cases & specific types ( malady1 toge!r ) an accurate c5sus ( conditions z a :ole4 ,our k ( individual malign h]$ities is too meag] to c>ry u v f> at pres5t4 ,:5 we h f\nd aft] adequate inve/igation 9 j :i* specific types ( defects h]$ity is an important factor--& we %all und\bt$ly f9d x to be "o 9 _m cases--!n we c proce$ confid5tly ) /]ilization1 if x w prove to be m practical & desirable ?an seque/ration4 ,/]ilization ,laws on ,trial4--,x w be ( great int]e/ & in/ruction to see h[ ext5sively1 9 ! v>i\s /ates :i* h rec5tly pass$ /]ilization laws1 ! exp]ts select$ w f9d x exp$i5t to c>ry on /]ilization1 & :at crit]ia !y w use 9 decid+ on individual cases4 ,t /]ilization c be put into effect is indisputable1 z may be se5 f ! fact t sev]al hundr$ op]ations h be5 p]=m$ 9 ,indiana4 ,if ! bo>d on :om ! decision dep5ds happ5s to be "o :i* feels t _m p are likely to di/ress !mselves unduly ov] ! bord]-l9e cases1 & ov]look ! fact t !re is always a goodly residue ) :i* to proce$ )\t great risk ( mi/ake1 !n we may expect to see a vigor\s campaign inaugurat$1 & ^? ( u :o are /ill undecid$ 9 ! matt] w h an opportunity ( le>n+ m c]ta9ly ! m]its or ! fail+s ( ! s*eme4 ,c]ta9 m>ri$ deg5]ate types w\ld seem to be ! ones mo/ urg5tly dem&+ att5tion4 ,hav+ already begott5 sev]al defective *ildr5 & ) no?+ else 9 prospect b ! production ( ! same k9d1 x is difficult to see f any /&po9t :y a vasectomy on ! male w\ld n be a m]ciful act4 ,!re are n a few su* families :]e ! fa!r is p]iodically 9 ! h&s ( ! law & yet n 9 p]man5t re/ra9t4 ,once 9 cu/ody 8 release c\ld be made cont+5t on vasectomy4 ,an ,educat$ ,public ,s5tim5t ! ,mo/ ,valuable ,eug5ic ,ag5t4--,com+ n[ to ! la/ proposition1 education ( ! public 9 ! pr9ciples ( eug5ics1 ?is is ! me?od calculat$ to be ( m f>-rea*+ s]vice ?an any o!r1 9 ! negative z well z 9 ! positive phases ( eug5ics4 ,education is necess>y be=e we c h effective re/rictive measures = ! m5tally incompet5t e/abli%$ & en=c$1 & x is also a pr]equisite to intellig5t proc$ure on ! "p ( normal individuals 9 consid]+ _! own fitness = m>riage4 ,( greate/ importance 9 prev5t+ undesirable m>riages1 z f> z p ( normal intellig5ce is conc]n$1 w be ! s5tim5t ( disapproval :i* w arise on ! "p ( society itself :5 x becomes really conv9c$ t c]ta9 m>riages are inimical to social welf>e4 ,public op9ion is1 9 fact1 "o ( ! mo/ pot5t influ5ces 9 m>ital affairs1 simply because refusal to abide by ! dictates ( ! community means social o/racism4 ,t social disapproval ( c]ta9 unions c become a v real factor 9 prev5t+ su* m>riage is ev9c$ on all sides by ! num]\s b>ri]s to m>riage already 9 exi/5ce bas$ on race1 religi\s sect or social /atus4 ,ev5 9 our mu* vaunt$ democracies "o is look$ d[n on :o m>ries b5ea? 8 or h] social set4 ,?is s5tim5t ( taboo1 s readily & (t5 s s5selessly cultivat$ 9 our pres5t human society1 w inevitably spr+ up 9 consequ5ce ( a wide-spread k ( ! facts ( human h]$ity4 ,x is to su* a gr[?1 to ! e/abli%m5t ( a disapproval :i* is ! product ( its own s5tim5ts r ?an to legislative enactm5ts1 t society mu/ look = ! greate/ fur!rance ( ! eug5ic program4 ,necess>y z legal re/ra9t is 9 c]ta9 cases1 x mu/ obvi\sly be re/rict$ to only ! mo/ gl>+ defects4 ,moreov]1 legislation c n run f> 9 advance ( public op9ion4 ,! ,"q ( ,p]sonal ,lib]ty4--,x mu/ be admitt$ t !re is a reluctance on ! "p ( _m ev5 ?\ghtful individuals to ! application ( me?ods :i* savor 9 any way ( re/ra9t4 ,an objection n infrequ5tly urg$ by su* p]sons aga9/ ! application ( c]ta9 eug5ic pr9ciples is t !y dem& an unw>rant$ curtailm5t ( p]sonal lib]ty4 ,to ^? :o hoi/ ! flag ( p]sonal lib]ty1 x may fairly be ask$1 h[ mu* p]sonal lib]ty does ! syphilitic accord 8 doom$ & suff]+ wife & *ildr51 or h[ mu* p]sonal lib]ty is ! portion ( ! (fspr+ ( feeble-m9d$ p>5ts8 ,or1 :at quota ( p]sonal lib]ty w accrue to ! ill-fat$ desc5dants ( ! epileptic1 ! habitual drunk>d or crim9al1 ! gross moral p]v]t1 ! cong5ially deaf & dumb1 or to ev5 ! prog5y :i* may result f ! union ( two well-e/abli%$ tub]cul> /ra9s8 ,we d n hesitate to s5d ! pick ( our /alw>t heal?y manhood to w> to be slaught]$ by ! ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s :5 an affront is (f]$ to an ab/raction :i* we t]m our national honor1 &1 sublimely unconsci\s ( ! irony ( x all1 we ?r[ ourselves into a well-nigh hy/]ical fr5zy ( prote/ :5 x is propos$ to /op ! bre$+ ( defectives by infr++ to a c]ta9 ext5t on _! p]sonal lib]ties4 ,society has already f\nd x necess>y to suppress c]ta9 individuals & yet we he> little compla9t ab\t loss ( p]sonal lib]ty 9 su* cases4 ,b if x is necess>y to re/ra9 ! man :o w\ld /eal a purse or a horse1 is x n /ill m urg5t to re/ra9 "o :o w\ld poison ! blood ( a :ole family or ev5 ( an entire /ock = g5]ations8 ,surely !re c be b "o answ]2 society owes x to itself z a matt] ( self-pres]vation to en=ce ! re/ra9t ( p]sons infect$ ) c]ta9 types ( disease & ( individuals possess+ highly undesirable inh]itable traits1 s t p]petuation ( su* defects is impossible4 ,education ( ,wom5 9 ,eug5ics ,ne$$4--,"o ( ! mo/ cry+ ne$s ( ! pres5t is ! awak5+ & educat+ ( wom5 to ! significance ( ! kn[n facts4 ,= !y are p]haps ! greate/ suff]]s1 & once in=m$1 z a m]e matt] ( safety if = no o!r reason1 !y w see ! necessity ( dem&+ a clean bill ( heal? on ! "p ( _! prospective mates4 ,fur!rmore 9 ! la/ analysis woman is ! decisive factor 9 race bett]m5t1 = x is %e :o says ! f9al yea or nay :i* decides m>riage & ?us det]m9es 9 l>ge measure ! qualities :i* w be possess$ by h] *ildr54 ,above all1 "y wom5 mu/ come to realize t ! fa/ or dissipat$ "y man1 no matt] h[ int]e/+ly or romantically he may be depict$ by ! writ] ( fiction1 is 9 reality uns\nd physically1 & is an actual & s]i\s dang] to 8 future wife & *ildr54 ,mu* ,yet to ,be ,done4--,b pla9 z is our duty reg>d+ ! application ( facts already kn[n1 :5 we consid] t ! /ud5t ( h]$ity has made only a beg9n+1 x is equally evid5t t he mu/ be urg$ on 9 8 que/ = new facts1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( new pr9ciples4 ,!re is imp]ative ne$ to c>ry on prop] exp]im5ts ) plants & animals1 to collect necess>y data reg>d+ man1 & = :at is sc>cely less important1 ! publication ( ! facts already acquir$ s t ! public may be guid$ aright4 ,j at pres5t x is ( ! utmo/ importance to secure m tru/wor?y /ati/ics 9 ord] t we may intellig5tly g ab\t in/itut+ suitable re/rictive measures = undesirable human /ra9s4 ,we mu/ "k ! exact numb] & k9ds ( feeble-m9d$1 epileptic & insane 9 our population1 & we mu/ h m insight into ! p]sonal /atus & p$igrees ( our del9qu5ts & crim9als4 ,= purposes ( rational proc$ure su* in=mation is indisp5sable4 ,mu* c be done by hospitals1 homes & p5al in/itutions by det]m9+ & record+ m accurately all obta9able facts reg>d+ ! ance/ry ( _! *>ges4 ,moreov]1 9 su* /ates z ,wiscons91 :]e ! /ate hospitals = ! insane h ea* an aft]-c>e-ag5t1 ! duties ( su* (fic]s might well include ! collection ( m adequate data reg>d+ ! h]$it>y aspects ( _! pati5t's condition4 ,& la/ly1 if 9 e c5sus1 :e!r /ate or national1 x 7 made an important "p ( ! "w to secure accurate vital /ati/ics1 p>ticul>ly z !y p]ta9 to human h]$ity1 ! contribution t[>d enabl+ u ultimately to purge ! blood ( our nation ( c]ta9 =ms ( suff]+1 deg5]acy & crime w\ld be ine/imably great4 ,a ,work+ ,program4--,& n[ aft] review+ at "s l5g? v>i\s aspects ( man's h]$it>y & cong5ital end[m5t1 ! important "q arises z to :e!r x is possible1 ) ! k at pres5t available1 to g ahead ) a practical program :i* w insure to ! *ild ( ! future its "r ( rights1 t ( be+ well-born4 ,:5 "o consid]s ! matt] x is evid5t t mu* c be done at once4 ,mo/ ( ! ne$s set =? 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph c cle>ly be met 9 a fair degree by in/itut+ ! proc$ures indicat$4 ,"o ( ! obvi\s duties 9 a re/rictive way t confronts u "r at ! />t is ! c>e & control ( ! feeble-m9d$ & ( ! defective del9qu5t 9 su* a way z to prev5t procreation4 ,mu* help c be giv5 also ?r\gh intellig5t agitation = ! e/abli%m5t ( colonies = epileptics & ! high] grades ( feeble-m9d$ :i* c be made 9 consid]able measure self-support+4 ,a giv5 colony mu/1 ( c\rse1 be = "o sex alone4 ,mu* c be done1 fur!rmore1 by putt+ into op]ation1 bo? 9 & out ( in/itutions1 effective sy/ems ( regi/]+ bir?s & dea?s toge!r ) accompany+ facts :i* may prove ( eug5ical significance4 ,aga91 we %\ld m surely id5tify & exclude undesirable immigrants & also und]take ?or\ghgo+ inve/igations to det]m9e :i* races we c n pr(itably assimilate into our own blood4 ,physicians %\ld pay m att5tion to ! h]$it>y & cong5ital aspects ( _! cases & make x m a matt] ( consci5ce ?an !y d at pres5t to advise pati5ts ) reg>d to m>riage4 ,pr5uptial m$ical inspection %\ld become ! cu/om1 if n by law at lea/ z a volunt>y proc$ure4 ,e p>5t mu/ come to realize ! grave risk to :i* he is subject+ 8 daught] if a gu>antee ( physical fitness1 ev5 m ?an assurance ( f9ancial /&+ or social position1 is n =?com+ f h] prospective mate4 ,:olly ap>t f ! field ( h]$ity ?\gh 9 a realm intimately conc]n$ ) ! bir?right ( ! *ild1 mu* practical good c be accompli%$ by pond]+ ! facts & ! fictions ( pr5atal influ5ce & 9 ! light ( ! k ?us ga9$1 see+ t :ile fooli% & unnecess>y worries are aboli%$1 ! conditions ( heal?1 nutrition & occupation surr\nd+ ! expectant "m are ! be/ obta9able4 ,x is ! sacr$ duty ( e individual1 moreov]1 to see t ! maximal possibilities ( 8 own g]m-plasm are n l[]$ by vici\s or un:olesome liv+4 ,z individuals we c cultivate a great] s5se ( responsibility reg>d+ m>riage & p>5?ood 9 ^? = ^: tra9+ we are responsible4 ,we c /udy ?is :ole subject consci5ti\sly1 keep pace ) new k & see t o!r p are likewise in=m$4 ,9 %[+ an enlight5$ int]e/ 9 ! ideals ( eug5ics & a sympa!tic approval ( :olesome m>riages1 a s5tim5t t[>d p>5?ood w gradually arise :i* w make x seem m desirable to _m wor?y p ?an x does at pres5t4 ,if we are ( good /ock ourselves we %\ld recognize t x is highly desirable t we give to ! race at lea/ f\r *ildr54 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we come f a /ra9 :i* is eug5ically undesirable we %\ld ) equal consci5ti\sness refra9 f contribut+ to human mis]y4 ,= :]e s]i\s ob/acles to a union exi/1 r5unciation is c]ta9ly a high] manife/ation ( love ?an is consummation ( a m>riage :i* w result 9 untold mis]y to ! object ( ! affections4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ) adequate prelim9>y k z to :at actually con/itutes a s]i\s drawback to m>riage1 :]e su* really exi/s & is recogniz$ by ! associat$ individuals1 love ( ! k9d t leads to m>riage is n likely to arise4 ,z has be5 sugge/$ by v>i\s /ud5ts ( eug5ics1 x is ev5 at pres5t p]haps n infeasible = e>ne/ individuals to />t 9 a quiet way local c5t]s = ! keep+ & fil+ ( accurate records ( _! family traits = ! future use ( _! desc5dants4 ,su* gr\ps1 volunt>y ?\gh !y be1 w\ld soon acquire a degree ( di/9ction t w\ld make o!r p ( good end[m5ts wi% to jo9 9 & g on record z eug5ically desirable4 ,la/ly1 x %\ld n be =gott5 t good traits are inh]it$ z c]ta9ly z bad ones4 ,moreov]1 9 ! realm ( human conduct1 ev5 ?\gh ! fundam5tal features ( behavior are bas$ on an inh]it$ organization1 man is n always driv5 by an inexorable l9kage ( inh]it$ neutral units into only "o l9e ( conduct1 s9ce m or less capacity = alt]native action is also inh]it$4 ,x is ! p]sonal duty ( e memb] ( society to aid 9 af=d+ ! opportunity & provid+ ! prop] /imuli to insure t out ( ! _m possibilities ( behavior :i* exi/ 9 ! "y at bir?1 ^? =ms are realiz$ :i* are be/ wor? :ile to ! individual & to society4 ,& :ile we recognize t improv$ environm5t alone c n correct human defici5cies we mu/ nev]!less n relax our ef=ts to get clean] foods1 clean] surr\nd+s1 clean] politics & clean] he>ts4 ,:y g on alleviat+ v>i\s k9ds ( mis]y t might equally well be prev5t$8 ,:5 "o squ>ely faces ! issue1 surely ! absurdity ( our pres5t practises c n b be evid5t to ev5 ! mo/ ?\ghtless4 ,:i* ,%all ,x ,be8--,z a matt] ( social evolution1 human homes orig9at$ 9 ! necessity ( an abid+ place = ! nurture & tra9+ ( ! "y pa/ _! fir/ p]iod ( helplessness4 ,well 9 ! =egr\nd ( ! m5tal picture :i* arises :5 we he> ! v ^w home1 are *ildr54 ,:at %all ! home ( ! future be ) reg>d to its mo/ important assets1 ! *ildr58 ,%all we z a p cont9ue to be confront$ at e turn by ! dull c\nt5ance ( ! imbecile1 ! inevitable product ( a bad p>5tal mat+2 or ! feeble body & ! cl\d$ intellect ( ! *ild sprung f a p>5tage ( pollut$ blood2 or ! furtive cunn+ ( ! born crim9al1 ! w-less m9d ( ! br$ deg5]ate1 or ! %iftless spawn ( ! paup]8 ,or %all x be a type ) laugh+ face1 ) b\nd+ muscles1 ) uncl\d$ bra91 ov]fl[+ ) heal? & happ9ess--9 %ort1 ! well-born *ild8 ,! answ] is 9 our own h&s4 ,! fate ( _m future g5]ations is ours to det]m9e & we are false to our tru/ee%ip if we evade ! responsibility cle>ly laid be=e u4 ,h[ consci5ti\sly we he$ kn[n facts1 h[ actively we acqua9t ourselves ) new facts1 & h[ effectively we execute ! obvi\s duties dem&$ by ^! facts1 w give u ! answ]4 ,,! ,,end ,,gloss>y ,,acquir$ ,,*>act]s1 traits develop$ 9 ! body ?r\gh *anges 9 environm5t or function1 9 contra-di/9ction to ^? :i* h _! specific causes 9 ! g]m-cells4 ,,adaptation 7,l4 ad1 to2 aptus1 fit71 fitness to environm5t4 ,,alb9ism 7,l4 albus1 :ite71 a condition ( defici5cy 9 pigm5t4 ,,allelomorph 7,gr4 allelon1 ( "o ano!r2 morphe1 =m71 "o ( a pair ( alt]nate ,m5delian *>act]s4 ,,ameba 7,gr4 amoibe1 *ange71 a primitive s+le-cell$ animal4 ,,amphibian 7,gr4 amphi1 bo?2 bios1 life71 capable ( liv+ bo? on l& & 9 wat]4 ,,an?ropoid 7,gr4 an?ropos1 man2 eidos1 =m71 man-l4 ,,ari/og5ic 7,gr4 ari/os1 be/2 g5esis1 orig971 p]ta9+ to ! g5etically mo/ desirable human /ra9s4 ,,association ,,areas1 ^? regions ( ! bra9 9 :i* presumably ! high] m5tal processes are effect$4 ,,atavism 7,l4 ad1 be=e2 avus1 gr&fa!r71 a return 9 "o or m *>act]s to an ance/ral type4 ,see p4 #h = re/rict$ mod]n usage4 ,,atrophy 7,gr4 a1 negative2 trophe1 n\ri%m5t71 a wa/+ away ( a "p ( a liv+ organism4 ,,axon 7,gr4 axon1 axis71 ! process f a n]ve cell :i* becomes a n]ve fib]4 ,,b9et-,,simon ,,scale1 a s]ies ( te/s grad$ to age & previ\s tra9+ ( ! av]age normal *ild1 mu* us$ 9 measur+ m5tal defici5cy4 ,,biology 7,gr4 bios1 life2 logos1 disc\rse71 ! /udy ( life & ( liv+ ?+s4 ,,biometry 7,gr4 bios1 life2 metron1 measure71 ! /udy ( biological problems by means ( /ati/ical me?ods4 ,,bla/om]e 7,gr4 bla/os1 g]m2 m]os1 "p71 "o ( ! e>ly cells =m$ by ! division ( ! ovum4 ,,bla/oph?oria 7,gr4 bla/os1 g]m2 ph!iro1 de/roy71 det]ioration ( ! g]m z ! result ( direct pa?og5ic or o!r di/urb+ ag5ts4 ,,bl5d+ ,,inh]itance1 inh]itance 9 :i* ! *>act]s ( ! p>5ts seem to bl5d 9 ! (fspr+4 ,,cacog5ic 7,gr4 kakos1 bad2 g5esis1 orig971 p]ta9+ to g5etically undesirable human /ra9s4 ,,cell1 ! fundam5tal unit ( /ructure 9 plants & animals4 ,,c5trosome 7,gr4 k5tron1 c5t]2 soma1 body71 a small body :i* functions 9 indirect cell-division4 ,,"*1 any di/+ui%+ feature1 trait or prop]ty ( an organism4 ,,*emotropism 7*emical & tropism71 def9$1 p4 #aih4 ,,*romat9 7,gr4 *roma1 color71 deeply /a9+ sub/ance ( ! cell-nucleus4 ,,*romosomes 7,gr4 *roma1 color2 soma1 body71 *>act]i/ic deeply /a9+ bodies1 typically con/ant 9 numb] & appe>ance 9 ea* species ( animal or plant1 :i* appe> 9 ! cell dur+ indirect division4 ,,*romotropism 7,gr4 *roma1 color2 trope1 turn+71 def9$1 p4 #aih4 ,,cleavage1 ! division ( ! egg-cell into _m cells4 ,,cong5ital 7,l4 con1 toge!r2 gigno1 be>71 pres5t at bir?4 ,,conjugation 7,l4 con1 toge!r2 jugum1 yolk71 ! union ( g]m-cells or unicellul> individuals = reproduction4 ,,con/ructive 7or positive7 ,,eug5ics1 a sy/em ( secur+ a sup]ior race ?r\gh propagation ( ! fitte/ individuals4 ,,cortex 7,l4 cortex1 b>k71 ! out] or inve/+ lay] ( ! bra94 ,,cytoplasm 7,gr4 kytos1 cell2 plasso1 =m71 ! protoplasm ( ! cell outside ( ! nucleus4 ,,daltonism1 ! commone/ =m ( color-bl9dness 9 :i* ! affect$ individual is unable to discrim9ate betwe5 r$ & gre54 ,,d5drites 7,gr4 d5dron1 tree71 bran*+ processes :i* spr+ f n]ve-cells4 ,,det]m9] 7,l4 det]m9>e1 to det]m9e71 ! di/9ctive cause or unit 9 a g]m-cell :i* det]m9es ! developm5t ( a p>ticul> "* 9 ! individual d]iv$ f t cell4 ,! t]ms g5e & factor are sometimes us$ z synonyms ( det]m9]4 ,,dihybrids 7,l4 di1 two2 hybrida1 mongrel71 ! (fspr+ ( p>5ts diff]+ 9 two *>act]s4 ,,diploid 7,gr4 diploos1 d\ble2 eidos1 =m71 ! dual or somatic numb] ( *romosomes4 ,,dom9ant ,,"* 7,l4 dom9>e1 to be a ma/]71 a "* f "o p>5t :i* manife/s itself 9 (fspr+ to ! exclusion ( a contra/$ "* f ! o!r p>5t4 ,,drosophila1 a g5us ( fruit-flies ( :i* !re are sev]al species4 ,,duplex 7,l4 duo1 two2 plico1 fold71 ! condition 9 :i* a "* is repres5t$ by two det]m9]s1 "o f ea* p>5t4 ,,electrotropism 7,gr4 electron1 amb]2 trope1 turn+71 def9$1 p4 #aih4 ,,embryo 7,gr4 embryon71 ! "y organism 9 its e>lie/ /ages ( developm5t4 ,,embryog5y 7,gr4 embryon2 g5esis1 g5]ation71 ! developm5t ( ! embryo4 ,,eug5ics 7,gr4 eug5es1 well-born71 ! sci5ce relat+ to improvem5t ( ! human race ?r\gh good bre$+4 ,,factor1 ! det]m9] ( a p>ticul> h]$it>y "*4 ,,feeble-,,m9d$ness1 defici5cy 9 m5tal developm5t4 ,= grades1 see p4 #bdd4 ,,f]tilization1 union ( ! sexual cells4 ,,fetus 7,l4 feu]e1 to br+ =?71 ! unborn "y animal 9 its lat] 7aft] ! second mon? 9 man7 /ages ( developm5t4 ,,flagellum 7,l4 flagellum1 little :ip71 a vibratile1 ?read-l organ ( locomotion4 ,,gamete 7,gr4 gamos1 m>riage71 a mature g]m-cell4 ,,g5etics 7,gr4 g5esis1 orig971 ! sci5ce :i* deals ) h]$ity & ! orig9 ( individuals 9 g5]al4 ,,g5otype 7,gr4 g5ea1 race2 typto1 /rike71 ! g]m9al con/itution ( an organism4 ,,geotropism 7,gr4 ge1 e>?2 trope1 turn+71 def9$1 p4 #aih4 ,,g]m-,,cell1 a reproductive cell4 ,,g]m9al ,,v>iations1 v>iations :i* owe _! orig9 to "s modification 9 ! g]m-cells4 ,,g]m-,,plasm1 ! mat]ial basis ( inh]itance4 ,,gonad 7,gr4 gonos1 g5]ation71 a g]m-gl&4 ,,haploid 7,gr4 haploos1 s+le2 eidos1 =m71 ! s+le or r$uc$ numb] ( *romosomes z f\nd1 = in/ance1 9 ! mature g]m-cells4 ,,heliotropism 7,gr4 helios1 sun2 trope1 turn+71 def9$1 p4 #aih4 ,,h]$ity 7,l4 h]es1 heir71 resemblance ( individuals to _! prog5itors bas$ on community ( orig94 ,,h]itage 7,l4 h]es1 heir71 all t is inh]it$ by an individual4 ,,het]ozygote 7,gr4 het]os1 o!r2 zygon1 yolk71 an individual produc$ ?r\gh ! union ( g]m-cells :i* are unlike 9 "o or m det]m9]s4 ,adjective1 het]ozyg\s4 ,,homozygote 7,gr4 homos1 same2 zygon1 yolk71 an individual produc$ ?r\gh ! union ( g]m-cells :i* are alike 9 det]m9]s4 ,adjective1 homozyg\s4 ,,hybrid 7,l4 hybrida1 mongrel71 ! (fspr+ ( p>5ts :i* diff] 9 "o or m *>act]s4 ,,id5tical ,,tw9s1 tw9s :i* %[ id5tical inborn *>act]s1 bo? hav+ come presumably f ! same ovum4 ,,idiot 7,gr4 idios1 peculi>1 private71 def9$1 p4 #bdd4 ,,imbecile 7,l4 imbecillis1 weak71 def9$1 p4 #bdd4 ,,inh]itance 7,l4 91 92 h]es1 heir71 ! sum ( all *>act]s :i* are transmitt$ by ! g]m-cells f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,,inhibitor 7,l4 91 92 habeo1 hold1 h71 t :i* *ecks or re/ra9s4 ,,in/9ct 7,l4 91 92 /+no1 prick71 def9$1 p4 #bjc4 ,,intra-,,ut]9e 7,l4 intra1 )92 ut]us1 ! womb71 )9 ! womb4 ,,irritability 7,l4 irrito1 excite71 ! prop]ty ( respond+ to /imuli4 ,,l99 7,l4 l9um1 flax71 filam5ts ( ! cell-nucleus n readily /a9$ by dyes4 ,,luet9 ,,te/ 7,l4 lues1 pe/71 a te/ = syphilis2 see p4 #ahh4 ,,mammals 7,l4 mamma1 brea/71 w>m-blood$1 hairy animals :i* suckle _! "y4 ,,maturation 7,l4 maturus1 ripe71 ! f9al /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! sex-cells *>act]iz$ by two divisions 9 "o ( :i* ! numb] ( *romosomes is r$uc$ by "o-half4 ,,m5delian1 ,,m5delism1 ref]r+ to ,m5del1 ! f\nd] ( a !ory ( h]$ity4 ,see p4 #fg4 ,,metazoa 7,gr4 meta1 ov]2 zoon1 animal71 all animals high] ?an ! protozoa4 ,,mitosis 7,gr4 mitos1 ?read71 indirect nucle> division1 *>act]iz$ by ! appe>ance ( a fibr\s sp9dle & a def9ite numb] ( *romosomes4 ,! latt] split to =m daught] *romosomes :i* div]ge to ! poles ( ! sp9dle to =m p>ts ( ! new nuclei4 ,,mongolian1 a type ( feeble-m9d$ individual1 see p4 #bdh4 ,,monohybrid 7,gr4 monos1 s+le2 ,l4 hybrida1 mongrel71 ! (fspr+ ( p>5ts1 diff]+ 9 "o "*4 ,,moron 7,gr4 moros1 fooli%71 def9$1 p4 #bdd4 ,,mutations 7,l4 mut>e1 to *ange71 abrupt1 inh]itable g]m9al v>iations4 ,frequ5tly ?\gh n necess>ily !y are *anges ( consid]able ext5t4 ,,neural 7,gr4 neuron1 n]ve71 p]ta9+ to ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,,neuron 7,gr4 neuron1 n]ve71 a n]ve-unit consi/+ ( a n]ve-cell ) bran*+ processes call$ d5drites & an axon or axis cyl9d] process :i* gives rise to a n]ve fib]4 ,,neuropa?ic 7,gr4 neuron1 n]ve2 pa?os1 suff]+71 relat+ to disease ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,,nucleolus 7,l4 dim4 ( nucleus71 a well-def9$ body f\nd )9 ! nucleus ( a cell4 ,,nucleus 7,l4 nux1 a nut71 ! c5tral organ ( a cell4 ,,nulliplex 7,l4 nullus1 n any2 plico1 fold71 ! condition 9 :i* no det]m9]s ( a giv5 "* exi/ 9 a p>ticul> individual4 ,o,oe,c,y,t,e 7,gr4 oon1 egg2 kytos1 cell71 ! ov>ian egg 9 "o /age ( developm5t4 ,o,oe,g,e,n,e,s,i,s 7,gr4 oon1 egg2 g5esis1 orig971 ! developm5t ( ova f primitive sex-cells4 ,o,oe,g,o,n,i,u,m 7,gr4 oon1 egg2 gonos1 g5]ation71 a primordial egg-cell4 ,,ov>y 7,l4 ovum1 egg71 ! organ 9 :i* ! egg-cells multiply & are n\ri%$4 ,,ovum 7,l4 ovum1 an egg71 ! female sex cell4 ,,p>!nog5esis 7,gr4 p>!nos1 virg92 g5esis1 orig971 developm5t ( an egg :i* has n unit$ ) a male gamete4 ,,ph5otype 7,gr4 pha9o1 %[2 typto1 /rike71 ! exi/+ type ( individual irrespective ( h]$it>y possibilities :i* may reside 9 x undevelop$4 ,,phototropism 7,gr4 phos1 light2 trope1 turn+71 def9$1 p4 #aih4 ,,plac5ta 7,l4 plac5ta1 a flat cake71 ! organ by :i* ! fetus ( ! high] mammals is atta*$ to ! ut]9e wall ( ! "m = purposes ( n\ri%m5t1 respiration & excretion4 ,9 x ! mat]nal & fetal blood1 al?\gh n int]m+l+1 are br\ght into su* close proximity t an int]*ange ( dissolv$ sub/ances is possible4 ,,pol> ,,bodies1 ! m9ute cells :i* are sep>at$ f ! egg 9 its maturation divisions4 ,,primate 7,l4 primus1 fir/71 ! highe/ ord] ( animals1 includ+ monkeys1 apes & man4 ,,pronucleus1 ! nucleus ( ! mature ovum or sp]m-cell4 ,,protoplasm 7,gr4 protos1 fir/2 plasma1 =m71 ! ess5tial liv+ sub/ance4 ,,protozoa 7,gr4 protos1 fir/2 zoon1 animal71 s+le-cell$ animals or animals compos$ ( cells n sep>able into diff]5t tissues4 ,,psy*ical 7,gr4 psy*e1 ! s\l71 p]ta9+ to ! m9d4 ,,recessive ,,"* 7,l4 recessus1 a go+ back71 a "* f "o p>5t :i* rema9s undevelop$ 9 (fspr+ :5 associat$ ) ! correspond+ dom9ant "* f ! o!r p>5t4 ,,r$uction ,,division1 a division ( ! matur+ g]m-cells 9 :i* ! dual or somatic 7diploid7 numb] ( *romosomes is r$uc$ to ! s+le 7haploid7 numb]4 ,,reflex ,,action 7,l4 re1 back2 flect]e1 b5d71 an automatic response ( ! n]v\s & motor me*anism ( ! body4 ,,re/rictive 7or negative7 ,,eug5ics1 a sy/em ( improv+ ! human race by prev5t+ reproduction ( ! unfit4 ,,rev]sion 7,l4 re1 back2 v]to1 turn71 ! reappe>ance ( ance/ral traits :i* h = "s g5]ations be5 9 abeyance4 ,,rheotropism 7,gr4 rheo1 to fl[2 trope1 turn+71 def9$1 p4 #aih4 ,,salp+ectomy 7,gr4 salp9x1 trumpet2 ectome1 cutt+ out71 removal ( "p or all ( a ,fallopian tube 7oviduct74 ,,segregation 7,l4 se1 aside2 grex1 flock71 sep>ation4 ,,sex ,,*romosome1 a special *romosome :i* is suppos$ to be conc]n$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( sex4 ,,sex-,,l9k$ ,,*>act]s1 def9$1 p4 #fj4 ,,simian 7,l4 simia1 ape71 ape-l4 ,,simplex 7,l4 sim1 same2 plico1 fold71 ! condition 9 :i* a "* is repres5t$ by a det]m9] f only "o ( ! two p>5ts4 ,,soma 7,gr4 soma1 body71 ! body consid]$ ap>t f ! g]m-cells4 ,,sp]matid 7,gr4 sp]ma1 se$71 a cell result+ f ! la/ division ( ! g]m-cell 9 sp]matog5esis4 ,x trans=ms into ! sp]matozoon4 ,,sp]matocytes 7,gr4 sp]ma1 se$2 kytos1 cell71 cells conc]n$ 9 ! maturation divisions ( ! male g]m-cells4 ,,sp]matog5esis 7,gr4 sp]ma1 se$2 g5esis1 orig971 ! developm5t ( sp]matozoa f primitive sex-cells4 ,,sp]matogonium 7,gr4 sp]ma1 se$2 gonos1 g5]ation71 a primordial sp]m-cell4 ,,sp]matozoon 7,gr4 sp]ma1 se$2 zoon1 animal71 ! functional male sex-cell4 ,,sp9dle1 a fibr\s organ =m$ 9 indirect cell-division4 ,,spireme 7,l4 spira1 coil71 a *>act]i/ic /age prelim9>y to indirect cell-division 9 :i* ! *romat9 mat]ial ( ! nucleus appe>s 9 ! =m ( a ske9 ( filam5ts4 ,,/]eotropism 7,gr4 /]eos1 solid2 trope1 turn+71 def9$1 p4 #aih4 ,,/]ilization 7,l4 /]ilis1 b>r571 deprivation ( reproductive p[]4 ,= me?ods1 see p4 #cbb4 ,,synapse 7,gr4 syn1 toge!r2 hapto1 unite71 ! com+ 9 contact ( ! processes ( "o n]ve cell ) ! processes or body ( ano!r4 ,,synapsis 7,gr4 syn1 toge!r2 hapto1 unite71 union ( ! *romosomes 9 pairs prelim9>y to ! r$uction division4 ,,telegony 7,gr4 telegonos1 born f> away71 ! suppos$ influ5ce ( an e>li] sire on (fspr+ born lat] ( ! same "m to a diff]5t sire4 ,,!rmotropism 7,gr4 !ro1 heat2 trope1 turn+71 def9$1 p4 #aih4 ,,?igmotropism 7,gr4 ?igmo1 t\*2 trope1 turn+71 def9$1 p4 #aih4 ,,tox9 7,gr4 toxicon1 poison71 poison\s comp\nds ( animal1 vegetable1 or bact]ial orig94 ,,tropism 7,gr4 trope1 turn+71 ! automatic direct+ ( an organism t[>d or away f a s\rce ( /imulus4 ,,unit-,,"*1 a "* :i* behaves z an indivisible unit 9 h]$ity4 ,,vasectomy 7,l4 vas1 vessel2 ektome1 cutt+ out71 removal ( a portion ( ! vas def]5s 7duct = convey+ sp]matozoa74 ,,ve/igeal 7,l4 ve/igium1 foot/ep71 repres5t+ organs :i* exi/$ once 9 a m develop$ condition4 ,,volvox 7,l4 volvo1 roll71 a small fre%-wat] organism occurr+ 9 sph]ical colonies4 ,,wass]man ,,reaction1 a te/ = syphilis1 see p4 #ahh4 ,x-,,elem5t1 same z sex-*romosome4 ,,zygote 7,gr4 zygon1 yolk71 ! product ( ! union ( two gametes4 ,,ref]5ces ,,= ,,fur!r ,,read+ ,,& ,,/udy ,,bateson1 ,w41 #aiji4 ,m5del's ,pr9ciples ( ,h]$ity4 ,cambridge1 ,! ,univ]sity ,press4 ,! be/ te*nical acc\nt ( ,m5delism4 ,x conta9s also a translation ( ! orig9al pap]s ( ,m5del4 ,,ca/le1 ,,william ,e41 #aiaa4 ,h]$ity4 ,new ,york1 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,,ca/le1 ,,william ,e42 ,,c\lt]1 ,,john ,m42 ,,dav5port1 ,,*>les ,b42 ,,ea/1 ,,edw>d ,m42 ,,t[]1 ,,william ,l41 #aiab4 ,h]$ity & ,eug5ics4 ,*icago1 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,press4 ,,conkl91 ,,edw9 ,,grant1 #aiae4 ,h]$ity & ,environm5t 9 ! ,developm5t ( ,m54 ,pr9ceton1 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,press4 ,,dav5port1 ,,*>les ,b41 #aiaa4 ,h]$ity 9 ,relation to ,eug5ics4 ,new ,york1 ,h5ry ,holt & ,company4 ,,donca/]1 ,l41 #aiaa4 ,h]$ity 9 ! ,light ( ,rec5t ,rese>*4 ,cambridge1 ,! ,univ]sity ,press4 ,,donca/]1 ,l41 #aiae4 ,! ,det]m9ation ( ,sex4 ,cambridge1 ,! ,univ]sity ,press4 ,,ellis1 ,,havelock1 #aiab4 ,! ,task ( ,social ,hygi5e4 ,new ,york1 ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,company4 ,,galton1 ,,francis1 #ahfi4 ,h]$it>y ,g5ius3 an ,inquiry ,into ,its ,laws & ,consequ5ces4 ,london1 ,macmillan & ,company4 ,,galton1 ,,francis1 #ahhi4 ,natural ,inh]itance4 ,new ,york1 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,,galton1 ,,francis1 #ahie4 ,engli% ,m5 ( ,sci5ce2 ,_! ,nature & ,nurture4 ,new ,york1 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,,galton1 ,,francis1 & ,,s*u/]1 ,,edg>1 #aijf4 ,notewor?y ,families 7,mod]n ,sci5ce74 ,london1 ,j4 ,murray4 ,,godd>d1 ,,h5ry ,,h]b]t1 #aiab4 ,! ,kallikak ,family2 a ,/udy 9 ! ,h]$ity ( ,feeble-m9d$ness4 ,new ,york1 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,,godd>d1 ,,h5ry ,,h]b]t1 #aiad4 ,feeble-m9d$ness2 ,its ,causes & ,consequ5ces4 ,new ,york1 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,,healy1 ,,william1 #aiae4 ,! ,individual ,del9qu5t4 ,bo/on1 ,little1 ,br[n & ,company4 ,,kellicott1 ,,william ,e41 #aiaa4 ,! ,social ,direction ( ,human ,evolution2 an ,outl9e ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,eug5ics4 ,new ,york1 ,d4 ,appleton & ,company4 ,,morgan1 ,,?omas ,,hunt1 #aiac4 ,h]$ity & ,sex4 ,new ,york1 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press4 ,,punnett1 ,r4 ,c41 #aiaa4 ,m5delism4 ,new ,york1 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,! be/ popul> acc\nt ( ,m5delism4 ,,saleeby1 ,,caleb ,,william1 #aiji4 ,p>5?ood & ,race ,culture2 an ,outl9e ( ,eug5ics4 ,london1 ,cassell & ,company4 ,,s*u/]1 ,,edg>1 #aiab4 ,eug5ics4 ,london1 ,coll9s ,cle>-,type ,press4 ,,?omson1 ,j4 ,,ar?ur1 #aijh4 ,h]$ity4 ,london1 ,john ,murray4 ,,walt]1 ,,h]b]t ,,eug5e1 #aiac4 ,g5etics4 ,new ,york1 ,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,,:e?am1 ,w4 ,c4 ,d4 & ,c4 ,d41 #aiji4 ,! ,family & ! ,nation4 ,london1 ,longmans1 ,gre5 & ,company4 ,,woods1 ,,fr$]ick ,,adams1 #aijf4 ,m5tal & ,moral ,h]$ity 9 ,royalty4 ,new ,york1 ,h5ry ,holt & ,company4 ,,v>i\s ,,au?ors1 #aiad4 ,eug5ics2 ,twelve ,univ]sity ,lectures4 ,new ,york1 ,dodd1 ,mead & ,company4 ,,j\rnals3 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,h]$ity4 ,! organ ( ! ,am]ican ,g5etic ,association1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,! ,eug5ics ,review4 ,issu$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,memoirs & ,bullet9s publi%$ by ! ,eug5ics ,record ,(fice1 ,cold ,spr+ ,h>bor1 ,long ,isl&1 ,n4 ,y4 ,e "o int]e/$ 9 eug5ics %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! "w ( ?is (fice4 ,9 its own words its functions are3 #a4 ,to s]ve eug5ical int]e/s 9 ! capacity ( repository & cle>+ h\se4 #b4 ,to build up an analytical index ( ! traits ( ,am]ican families4 #c4 ,to tra9 field work]s to ga!r data ( eug5ical import4 #d4 ,to ma9ta9 a field =ce actually engag$ 9 ga!r+ su* data4 #e4 ,to coop]ate ) o!r in/itutions & ) p]sons conc]n$ ) eug5ical /udy4 #f4 ,to inve/igate ! mann] ( inh]itance ( specific human traits4 #g4 ,to advise conc]n+ ! eug5ical fitness ( propos$ m>riages4 #h4 ,to publi% results ( rese>*es4 ,to su* p]sons z w und]take to fill !m out x furni%es free 9 duplicate 7"o copy to be reta9$ by ! applicant7 ! foll[+ blank s*$ules3 #a4 ,record ( ,family ,traits4 #b4 ,index to ,g]m-plasm--,a ,p>allel ,family ,record = ,prospective ,m>riage ,mates4 #c4 ,musical ,tal5t4 #d4 ,ma!matical ,tal5t4 #e4 ,tub]culosis4 #f4 ,special ,trait ,*>t4 #g4 ,h>elip & ,cleft-palate4 ,publications ( ! ,volta ,bureau ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 an in/itution giv5 ov] entirely to data reg>d+ deaf mutes4 ,/udies 9 ,national ,det]ioration4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,memoirs & ,lectures1 f ! ,biometric ,laboratory1 ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,treasury ( ,human ,inh]itance1 a s]ies ( /udies be+ issu$ f ! ,eug5ics ,laboratory1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,,index ,ability3 #aah2 calculat+1 lit]>y1 musical1 #abj4 ,able *ild likely to be neglect$1 #beg4 ,a*ondroplasy1 #aac4 ,acquir$ *>act]s1 inh]itance (1 #aba4 ,adami1 #afd4 ,adaptations1 e/abli%m5t (1 #adj4 ,adaptive responses1 #bja4 ,agassiz1 #big4 ,alb9ism1 9 man1 #aaf4 ,alcohol3 & crime1 #bgi2 & deg5]acy1 #agb1 #agi2 & g]m9al tissue1 #agb2 a poison1 #afh4 ,alcoholism3 #aja1 #aag1 #afg2 factors 91 #ahj2 9 l[] animals1 #agc-agh2 views reg>d+ inh]itance (1 #afi1 #agj1 #agb1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj4 ,alkaptonuria1 #aag4 ,allelomorph1 #gg4 ,alp9e plants1 non-inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 #aca4 ,alt]native action 9 behavior1 #bjg4 ,altruism1 possible orig9 (1 #bbj4 ,amby/oma1 #acb4 ,ameba1 #bc1 #bd4 ,ance/ors1 numb] (1 #d4 ,ance/ry3 a network1 #c2 dual1 #f2 9 royalty1 #e2 pride (1 z a eug5ic ag5t1 #cji4 ,backw>d *ild1 #bef4 ,backw>dness1 importance ( e>ly det]m9ation1 #bef1 #beg4 ,b>de51 #abf4 ,b>k]1 #bbi4 ,b>r1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,b>r+ton1 #agi4 ,bateson1 #gg1 #hb4 ,bees1 inh]itance 91 #acf1 #acg4 ,behavior3 l[] animals1 #aig2 modifiability (1 #bjj1 #bjd-bjg1 #bag1 #bai1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #ccg2 n :olly e/abli%$ by h]$ity1 #bag1 #bbg2 rational1 #bje1 #bjf2 v>i\s =ms (1 possible1 #bjg1 #bai4 ,bell1 #aeb4 ,bezzola1 #agj4 ,bill+s1 #bdi4 ,b9et-,simon te/1 #bee4 ,biometry1 #af4 ,bir?m>ks1 #aei1 #afj4 ,bir?-rate3 significance (1 #cjb2 too l[ 9 desirable /ocks1 #cjb1 #cjd1 #cje1 #cjg4 ,bla/om]es1 #ee4 ,bla/oph?oria1 #afc4 ,bl5d$ inh]itance1 #hg1 #ib1 #ic4 ,bl5ds1 mi/akes =1 #ia4 ,bl9dness1 infantile1 #ahc4 ,bli/]+1 #aac4 ,body3 h[ built up f g]m1 #cf2 duality (1 #ej4 ,bra*ydactylism1 #ajg4 ,bra93 9 high] animals1 #bac2 me*anism1 maladju/m5ts (1 #bcj4 ,bran?waite1 #ahj1 #bib4 ,bre$+1 exp]im5ts1 me?od (1 #ad1 #ae4 ,brew]1 #adb4 ,brieux1 #aja4 ,bronn]1 #bff4 ,br[n ,sequ>d1 #acb1 #acc4 ,cabot1 #ahc4 ,cacog5ic /ra9s1 #caj4 ,cajal1 #bji4 ,canc]1 #aag1 #aed4 ,capsella1 #aca4 ,ca/le1 #acd4 ,cat>act1 pres5ile1 #aab4 ,cattle3 horn *>act]s1 #gi2 roan1 #ha4 ,cell3 a unit ( /ructure1 #bj2 diagram (1 #ba2 /ructure (1 #bj1 #cj4 ,cell-division3 #ca2 indirect 7mitosis71 #cb2 mean+ ( indirect1 #cd4 ,cell-!ory1 #bb4 ,cellul> basis ( h]$ity1 #bb4 ,c5i1 #agd4 ,c5trosome1 #ca4 ,c]ebral cortex1 n functionally homog5e\s1 #baa4 ,"*3 def9$1 #ab2 dom9ant1 #gd2 recessive1 #gd4 ,*>act]s3 contra/$1 #fi2 det]m9]s (1 #ac1 #ad2 indep5d5ce (1 #fi2 inh]itable & non-inh]itable1 #aba1 #abb2 m ?an two pairs (1 #hg2 new comb9ations (1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd2 sep>able1 #fi2 symbols =1 #gh2 two pairs (1 #hb4 ,*auv91 #acb4 ,*emotropism1 #aih4 ,*ildbir?s1 int]vals betwe51 #afe4 ,*ildr5 ( ! future3 ours to det]m9e quality (1 #cch1 #cci2 & home1 #cch4 ,*ol]a1 #aeb4 ,*orea3 #aag2 ,hunt+ton's1 #aac-aae1 #bdc1 #cbe4 ,*romat91 #ca4 ,*romosome1 #cb4 ,*romosomes3 individuality (1 #ci1 #dh2 det]m9]s 91 #id2 9 g]m & body cells1 #dj2 ,m5delian factors &1 #ic2 numb] & appe>ance1 #cd1 #da2 pairs (1 #dj1 #ic1 #id2 significance (1 9 h]$ity1 #ce1 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed4 ,*romotropism1 #aih4 ,*ur*1 #bdb4 ,cleavage1 #cf4 ,cleft-palate1 #agh4 ,cole1 #aff4 ,college graduates & bir?-rate1 #cjd4 ,coloboma1 #aac4 ,color-bl9dness1 #fj-fb4 ,conceptual ?\ght1 orig9 (1 #bjf4 ,conduct3 importance to "y ( practise1 #bba1 #bbc2 h]$it>y pr$isposition &1 #bah1 #ccg2 responsibility =1 #aie4 ,cong5ital traits1 #abc4 ,conjugation1 #be4 ,consci\sness1 #bjf4 ,cons]vation3 ( sup]ior /ra9s1 #aeg2 human1 #bii1 #cjj4 ,con/ructive eug5ics1 #cji4 ,corneal opacity1 #aac4 ,corr5s1 #fh4 ,cortex ( bra91 #aie1 #bac4 ,co/1 ( c>+ = our disord]$ & del9qu5t1 #beg1 #cjj4 ,cret9s1 effects ( segregat+ ! sexes1 #cba4 ,crime3 & del9qu5cy1 #bfc1 #bhg2 & feeble-m9d$ness1 #bfd-bgj2 be>+s ( immigration on1 #bhj2 classifications (1 #bgf2 def9$1 #bgf2 h]$ity vs4 environm5t 91 #bfc2 increase 91 #bgb2 m5tal disord]s mo/ frequ5tly associat$ )1 #bgi2 no specific h]$it>y factor =1 #bge4 ,crim9al3 ! born1 #bgg2 ! epileptic1 #bgg4 ,crim9ality1 #aag4 ,criss-cross inh]itance1 #fa4 ,crit]ia = judg+ reproductive fitness1 #cjd1 #cjf4 ,cytoplasm3 #cj2 9 h]$ity1 #ea4 ,daltonism1 #fj4 ,dana1 #beg4 ,d>w91 p$igree (1 #caf4 ,dav5port1 #ib1 #aaf1 #bca1 #bdc1 #beg1 #bga1 #bgc1 #bhd1 #bia1 #cjd1 #cab4 ,davis1 #ahe4 ,deaf-mutism1 #aeb1 #aec4 ,dea?1 natural1 #bh4 ,decl9e ( nations1 #bij1 #cjj4 ,defective del9qu5t1 %\ld prev5t procreation (1 #cce4 ,defectives3 increase due to bre$+1 #bij1 #bia2 natural elim9ation done away ) among1 #bib2 unp>donable to let multiply1 #bhh4 ,defects3 bre$+ out1 #aah1 #aai2 m5tal & n]v\s1 #bbh4 ,deg5]ate /ra9s3 #bfi2 n a product ( surr\nd+s1 #bgc4 ,deg5]ates1 /]ilization ( m>ri$1 #ccj4 ,del9qu5cy1 causes (1 #bfg1 #bgd4 ,del9qu5ts n all defectives1 #bgd4 ,del9qu5t wom5 & girls1 _m m5tally defective1 #bfe1 #bff4 ,d5drite1 #bjh4 ,de ,sanctis1 #bef4 ,det]m9]s3 #ac1 #gg2 diff]5t produc+ ! same "*1 #hh1 #ij2 segregation (1 #hd4 ,developm5t3 9 high] organisms1 #bh2 suppress$1 #i4 ,de ,vries1 #fh4 ,diabetes1 #aac4 ,difficulty1 educational value (1 #bbb1 #bbc4 ,digital mal=mations1 #ajg4 ,dihybrids1 #hb4 ,diploid numb] ( *romosomes1 #da1 #dc4 ,disease3 def9$1 #adf2 inh]itance (1 #ih1 #adh2 pr$isposition to1 #adh2 reappe>ance ( n necess>ily inh]itance1 #adf4 ,dom9ance3 #gd2 delay$1 #ha2 incomplete1 #hj1 #ajj2 9 human g5ealogies1 #ajb2 9 man1 #ii1 #ajg4 ,don ,c>los1 numb] ( ance/ors1 #e4 ,drosophila1 #ff4 ,duplex "*1 #hj1 #ii4 ,dw>f+1 by />vation1 #acj4 ,dw>fs1 true1 #aag4 ,ea/1 #ia4 ,education3 actual practise 9 c>ry+ out projects important1 #bba2 af=d+ opportunity = developm5t ( good traits1 #bbf2 effects ( n inh]it$1 #adb1 #aee2 e/abli%+ pa?ways ?r\gh ! n]v\s sy/em1 #baj2 importance ( difficulty 91 #bbb1 #bbc2 non-transf]5ce ( skill acquir$ 9 "o l9e to o!r l9es1 #bac2 provid+ prop] /imuli1 #bbf2 tra9+ 9 motive necess>y1 #bbj2 value ( int]e/ 91 #bbc4 ,egg1 a cell1 #bb4 ,egg-cell & sp]m-cell contra/$1 #bi4 ,eld]ton1 #agi1 #bif4 ,electrotropism1 #aih4 ,ellis1 #bfe1 #cja4 ,embryo1 relation to "m1 #afa4 ,embryog5y1 #cf4 ,em]ick1 #bea4 ,environm5t3 direct action on g]m cells1 #abd1 #abe2 effects ( faulty1 #aeh2 9 crime & del9qu5cy1 #bfc1 #bff1 #bgc1 #bgd4 ,epid]molysis1 #aac4 ,epilepsy3 #aja1 #aag1 #bdb1 #bdi1 #bea1 #beb1 #bec2 9 gu9ea-pigs1 #acb2 relation to feeble-m9d$ness1 #bdi4 ,epileptic1 ! crim9al type1 #bgg-bgi4 ,epileptics1 numb] (1 #bcj1 #bdf1 #bej4 ,eug5ic ag5t1 educat$ public s5tim5t1 #ccj4 ,eug5ics3 & education1 #cji2 & p]sonal lib]ty1 #ccb2 a work+ program (1 #cce2 con/ructive1 bas$ on education1 #cja2 def9$1 #bic2 desirable traits1 #cjf2 education ( wom5 91 #ccc2 influ5ce ( public op9ion on1 #cca2 mu* yet to be done1 #ccc1 #ccd2 positive & negative1 #cja4 ,ew>t1 #aj1 #afe4 ,exceptional *ild likely to be neglect$1 #beg4 ,exp]im5tal bre$+1 me?od (1 #ae4 ,ext]nal conditions1 influ5ces (1 #acj4 ,eye-color3 #i1 #ajc2 inh]itance (1 #ajd4 ,eye-defects1 #ajh1 #aaj4 ,family pride & eug5ics1 #cji4 ,f>abee1 #ajf4 ,fay1 #aec4 ,feeble-m9d$3 prev5tion ( procreation 91 #beh1 #cce2 results ( non-re/ra9t1 #bdf4 ,feeble-m9d$ness3 #aja1 #aag2 & crime1 #bfd-bfi1 #bgi2 grades (1 #bdd2 inh]itance (1 #bde2 n insanity1 #bch2 relation ( alcohol to1 #afi-agb4 ,f]nald1 #bef1 #bff4 ,f]tilization1 #bf1 #bi1 #dg1 #dh4 ,fetus3 poison+ (1 #afb2 relation to "m1 #afa4 ,fib]-tracts 9 man1 #bad4 ,fitness1 crit]ia = judg+1 #cjd1 #cjf4 ,flexn]1 #ahf4 ,=el1 #afi1 #agc1 #cjc4 ,f[l1 ,&alusian1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 numb] ( ance/ors1 #e4 ,fri$rei*'s disease1 #aag4 ,fruit-fly1 #ff4 ,galton1 #bic1 #bie4 ,gamete1 #bh1 #dj4 ,gametes 9 dihybrids1 #he4 ,gametic mat+s 9 man1 #ajj4 ,g$des1 #ee4 ,g5ealogies1 imp]fect1 #ih4 ,g5otype1 #hf4 ,geotropism1 #aih4 ,g]m & body di/9ct1 #cg1 #ch4 ,g]m3 control ( possibilities 91 #bbd2 s+l5ess (1 #ej4 ,g]man emp]or1 numb] ( ance/ors1 #e4 ,g]m-cells3 affect$ by poisons1 #abf2 *anges 91 #abf1 #abg2 e>ly set ap>t1 #cg2 "q ( effects ( body on1 #abh1 #ace2 effects ( ext]nal influ5ces on1 #abd2 9 ,mia/or1 #cg1 #ch2 metabolic *anges 91 #ach2 orig9 (1 #cf1 #cg2 possibilities ( developm5t1 #abg2 two classes (1 #ga1 #gc4 ,g]m9al cont9uity1 #ci4 ,g]m9al v>iation & ! orig9 ( new *>act]s3 #ach2 cases analyz$1 #ada2 sexual reproduction 9 relation to1 #ach4 ,g]m-plasm & bad environm5t1 #aid4 ,gift$ p]sons1 #bab4 ,glaucoma1 #aac4 ,godd>d1 #aah1 #aga1 #agd1 #ahh1 #bce1 #bch1 #bde1 #bej1 #bef1 #beg1 #bfd1 #bfi1 #cbf4 ,gonads1 transplantation (1 #acd4 ,gonorrhoea3 s]i\sness (1 #ahb2 preval5ce1 #ahc4 ,gor/1 #bcd4 ,g\t1 #aec1 #bcd4 ,gu9ea-pigs3 alcoholism 91 #age2 ,m5delism 91 #ge4 ,guy]1 #ei4 ,habit1 #bai4 ,habits1 modification ( 9 l[] animals1 #bjd4 ,hair-color1 #aje4 ,hair %ape1 #aje4 ,hamburg]1 #aej4 ,h&writ+1 #abj4 ,haploid numb] ( *romosomes1 #da1 #dc4 ,h>elip1 #agh4 ,h>t1 #bff1 #cai1 #cbf4 ,healy1 #bef1 #bgd1 #bgh4 ,he>+1 h>dness (1 #aah4 ,he>t disease1 #aed4 ,hegn]1 #bg1 #ch4 ,heliotropism1 #aih4 ,helm1 #aji1 #aaa4 ,hemophilia1 #fd4 ,h]$it>y "* def9$1 #ab4 ,h]$it>y m+l+1 mosaic r ?an bl5d1 #ac4 ,h]$it>y transmission1 laws (1 #fh4 ,h]$ity3 & environm5t1 #bie2 dual ance/ry 91 #f2 def9$1 #a2 false1 #afc2 human1 unc]ta9ty ( records1 #ih2 9 protozoa1 #bb1 #bc2 9 insanity1 importance (1 #bfa2 9 sexually reproduc+ =ms1 #g2 9 unicellul> =ms1 #bb1 #bc2 me?ods ( /udy1 #ad1 #ae2 new discov]ies 91 #fg2 n a bl5d1 #ac2 race bett]m5t ?r\gh1 #bhi4 ,h]itage1 blood1 #a4 ,h]on1 #cjg4 ,het]ozygote3 #hj2 detection (1 #hj4 ,hill-folk1 !1 #bga4 ,hodge1 #age4 ,holmes1 #bjc4 ,home1 = *ildr51 #cch4 ,homozygote1 #hj4 ,hunt+ton's *orea1 #aac-aae1 #bdc1 #cbe4 ,huxley1 #aie1 #bje4 ,hybrids3 #eb2 :ites & negroes1 #big1 #bih4 ,hypotri*osis1 #aac4 ,hy/]ia1 #aag4 ,i*?yosis1 #fe4 ,ideals1 importance ( e/abli%+ 9 *ildr51 #bbc4 ,idiots1 #bdd4 ,imbeciles1 #bdd4 ,immigrants1 duty ( exclud+ undesirable1 #cce4 ,immigration3 & m5tal uns\ndness1 #bha1 #bhb2 be>+ on crime & del9qu5cy1 #bhj2 be>+ on v5]eal diseases1 #bhb2 importance ( re/rict+1 #bhc1 #cce4 ,immortality3 ( protozoa1 #bc2 ( ! race1 #c4 ,immunity1 artificial1 n inh]it$1 #aee4 ,inbre$+1 9 defectives1 #bga4 ,individual1 & race1 #c4 ,inebriate wom51 (fspr+ (1 #afh4 ,inebriety1 con/itutional1 #ahj4 ,infant mortality1 #adi4 ,infection1 pr5atal1 #adg4 ,inh]itance3 & disease1 #adf2 bl5d$1 #hg1 #ic2 ( t5d5cies1 #ajg4 ,inhibitions1 #baf4 ,inhibitors1 #gi4 ,insane1 increase 9 numb]s (1 #bcc1 #bcd4 ,insanity3 #aag2 c]ta9 =ms recessive1 #bdc2 eug5ical significance (1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bdj2 importance ( e>ly diagnosis1 #bei2 "s =ms n h]$it>y1 #bfj2 types (1 #bci2 preval5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bbh1 #bbi4 ,insect colors1 effect ( temp]ature1 #abi4 ,in/9cts3 #bjc2 adju/able1 #bjc2 n inh]it$ acquirem5ts1 #add2 orig9 ( intellig5t behavior f1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,in/itutional figures mislead+1 #bff4 ,intellig5ce1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,intellig5t behavior1 op5+ up possibilities (1 #bjd4 ,irel&1 #aga4 ,irritability1 *>act]i/ics ( liv+ protoplasm1 #aig4 ,j5n+s1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,johnson1 #cje4 ,john/one1 #bde1 #cai1 #cbj1 #cba4 ,jolly1 #bdc4 ,jordan1 #d1 #bii4 ,jukes1 #bgj4 ,kallikak family1 #bfi1 #bgj4 ,kellicott1 #cad1 #caf4 ,kellogg1 #bii4 ,k]atosis1 #aac4 ,kidney diseases1 #aed4 ,kirby1 #ahg1 #cbd4 ,knox1 #bef4 ,kraepl91 #bdb4 ,lait951 #agd4 ,language1 z m5tal aid1 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,laps$ intellig5ce1 !ory (1 #ade4 ,l>val /ages1 susceptibility (1 #abh4 ,laws1 /]ilization1 #cbc1 #cbg1 #cbi4 ,lead-poison+3 #afc2 exp]im5ts on rabbits1 #afc4 ,l$]baur1 #aca4 ,legal re/ra9t ( defectives limit$1 #cca4 ,l5s3 displac$1 #aac2 cat>act1 #aab4 ,leprosy1 #aeb4 ,lept9ot>sa1 production ( v>iations 91 #abe4 ,l9d51 ,c\ntess von1 #abi4 ,l991 #ca4 ,little's disease1 #bae4 ,locomotor ataxia1 #ahg4 ,loeb1 #fb1 #bjc4 ,longevity1 #abj4 ,"l ,morton's m>e1 #aj4 ,lor5z1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae4 ,l[ bir?-rate1 #cjh4 ,l[ell1 ,judge ,john1 #cab4 ,luet9 te/1 #ahh4 ,lunborg1 #bdc4 ,mac,dougal1 #abe4 ,m>g>et1 ,"m ( ,crim9als1 #bgj4 ,m>riage3 b>ri]s to1 #cca2 int]-racial1 #bif2 m$ical inspection be=e1 #aia4 ,ma/1 #bjc4 ,mat]nal impressions1 #aei-afj4 ,maturation3 #ci1 #da1 #dc1 #dd2 p>allel betwe5 egg & sp]m-cell1 #dd1 #df4 ,me*anical skill1 #abj4 ,me*anism ( h]$ity1 #bb1 #be1 #bf1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #ce1 #cg1 #dj-ed1 #id1 #ie4 ,melan*olia & crime1 #bgi4 ,memory3 #abj1 #bjd2 n a complete te/ ( normality1 #bfh1 #bfi4 ,m5del3 #fh2 "w on peas1 #hb4 ,m5delian factors & *romosomes3 #ic2 inh]itance & man1 #ig2 pr9ciples1 r$iscov]y (1 #fh2 ratio1 cause (1 #ga4 ,m5delism1 #fg1 #fi4 ,m5tal & n]v\s defects1 #bbh4 ,m5tal defective3 def9$1 #bee2 disproportionate increase 91 #bcb2 numb]s m>ri$1 #bca1 #bcb2 ineffici5cy ( m>riage laws conc]n+1 #cae4 ,m5tal defici5cy3 n always inh]it$1 #bdh2 te/s =1 #bed1 #bee4 ,m5tal organization ( l[] v]tebrates1 #bje4 ,m5tal process z neural process1 #aie4 ,m5tal uns\ndness1 #aif4 ,m5tality1 inh]itance (1 #ai4 ,m5tally disord]$1 co/ ( c>+ =1 #beg1 #beh4 ,m]ci]1 #bgi4 ,m]ri]e's disease1 #aag4 ,metazoa1 #bh4 ,metz1 #da4 ,mice1 #gh4 ,mi*igan1 /ate report on m5tally defective1 #bcd4 ,migra9e1 #aja4 ,m9d1 relation to bra91 #aie4 ,mitosis3 #cb1 #cc2 mean+ (1 #cd1 #cg4 ,mjoe51 #aga4 ,modifiability ( behavior1 #bjj1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bjg1 #bag1 #bai1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #ccg4 ,mongolians1 #bdh4 ,moral responsibility1 #bbg4 ,morgan1 ,c4 ,lloyd1 #adf1 #baa4 ,morgan1 ,t4 ,h41 #ei1 #ff4 ,moron1 #bdd1 #bfh4 ,morons & crime1 #bfh4 ,mosaic1 h]$ity a1 #ac4 ,mo!rhood1 safegu>d+1 #afe4 ,motive1 tra9+ 91 #bbj4 ,mott1 #aej4 ,mulattoes1 #ib4 ,multiple scl]osis1 #fd1 #aag4 ,muscul> atrophy3 #aac2 ,g[]'s1 #fe4 ,musical ability1 #abj4 ,mutations3 artificial production (1 #abe2 g]m9al1 #abe4 ,mutilations1 non-inh]itance (1 #acd4 ,myopia1 #fd4 ,naegeli1 #aca4 ,nam family1 #bga4 ,natural selection p>tly done away ) 9 human society1 #bib4 ,ne>-sight$ness1 #fd4 ,n]v\s & m5tal diseases1 #aec4 ,n]v\s organization1 inh]itable1 #bdb4 ,n]v\s response1 9 l[] organisms1 #aif4 ,n]v\s sy/em3 ma9ly inh]it$1 #baj1 #baf2 e/abli%m5t ( pa?ways 91 #baj2 maladju/m5ts (1 #bca2 special developm5ts 9 man1 #bac1 #bad1 #bae2 units (1 #bjh4 ,n]v\s sy/ems ( an?ropoids1 #bad4 ,neural pa?ways1 n all e/abli%$ at bir?1 #bag4 ,neuritis optica1 #fe4 ,neurons1 #bjh4 ,neuron !ory1 #bjh4 ,neuropa?ic con/itution1 expression (1 #bda4 ,neuropa?ic defects1 c>ri]s (1 #bec4 ,neut] insects1 h]$ity 91 #acf1 #acg4 ,new *>act]s1 orig9 (1 #ach4 ,newman1 #ef4 ,nicl\x1 #agb4 ,night-bl9dness1 #fe4 ,nilsson-,ehle1 #hh1 #hi4 ,nogu*i1 #ahf4 ,nucleolus1 #ca4 ,nucleus1 /ructure (1 #ca4 ,nulliplex "*1 #hj1 #ajj4 ,obesity1 #abj1 #aed4 ,(fspr+3 f "o p>5t only1 #e2 diff]5t f ei!r p>5t1 #ab4 ,ooecyte1 prim>y1 second>y1 #dd4 ,ooeg5esis1 #dd4 ,ooegonia1 #dd4 ,optic n]ve1 atrophy (1 #fd4 ,organs1 =mation (1 #cf4 ,orig9 ( sex cells1 #ab1 #cf4 ,ov>ies1 transplantation (1 #acd4 ,ovum1 #bf1 #dj4 ,p>alysis1 g5]al1 #ahf4 ,p>anoia1 #bgi4 ,p>5t-body & g]m di/9ct1 #ab4 ,p>5?ood1 cultivation ( :olesome s5tim5t t[>d1 #ccf4 ,p>esis3 #ahf2 & crime1 #bgi4 ,p>!nog5esis1 #f4 ,patt]son1 #ef4 ,paul1 #afc4 ,pe>son1 #aej1 #aea1 #agi1 #bif1 #cjg4 ,peas1 #fh1 #hb4 ,p]=mance te/s1 #bef4 ,p]on1 #acc4 ,p]sonality det]m9$ by h]$ity1 #b1 #aie4 ,pet]son1 #bdb4 ,ph5otype1 #hf4 ,phillips1 #acd1 #ace4 ,phototropism1 #aih4 ,p9>d1 #afe4 ,p9eys1 !1 #bga4 ,plato1 #bij4 ,poellman1 #bga4 ,pol> bodies1 #dd1 #de4 ,polydactyly1 #ajh4 ,potato-beetle1 production ( v>iations 91 #abe4 ,potts1 #bib4 ,pr$isposition to disease1 #adh4 ,pregnancy1 neglect ( mo!rs dur+1 #afe4 ,pr5atal c>e3 #ccf2 infection1 #adg2 influ5ce1 #aa1 #aei1 #afb4 ,pr5uptial m$ical inspection desirable1 #ccf4 ,pres5ce & abs5ce !ory3 #gh2 =mulae = man1 #ii4 ,primrose1 exp]im5ts on1 #abe4 ,pr9ciples1 ,m5delian1 #fh4 ,prison]s1 _m m5tally subnormal1 #bff4 ,pronucleus1 #dg4 ,protective coloration1 n ( somatic orig91 #ace1 #acf4 ,protoplasm1 g]m9al1 #ci4 ,psy*ical developm5t1 #aif1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bjf1 #bac1 #bae4 ,pyramidal tracts1 #bad4 ,quagga hybrid1 #aj4 ,race amalgamation3 #big1 #bih2 det]ioration1 9 a select$ population1 #cjc4 ,racial deg5]acy1 n curable by improv$ environm5t alone1 #bid4 ,ratio3 ! #a3b3a1 #gc2 ! #c3a1 #gg2 ! #i3c3c3a1 #he2 ! #bg3i3i3i3c3c3c3a1 #hg2 ! #ae3a1 #hh2 ! #fc3a1 #ij4 ,rational behavior1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,reason1 #bjf4 ,recessiv5ess3 #gd2 9 man1 #aae4 ,records ( family traits desirable1 #ccg4 ,r$uction division1 #da1 #db4 ,reflexes1 #bjc4 ,regression1 law (1 #ag4 ,r5ault1 #agb4 ,r5t\l1 #bcb4 ,reproduction3 asexual1 #f1 #bf2 sexual1 #bf2 sexual & v>iation1 #aci4 ,reproductive cells1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi4 ,responsibility = conduct1 #aie4 ,re/1 importance (1 9 pregnancy1 #afe4 ,rev]sion3 #g1 #h2 & atavism1 #h2 9 gu9ea-*ick5 hybrids1 #h4 ,rheotropism1 #aih4 ,rheumatism1 #aed4 ,ritt]1 #adc4 ,rog]s1 #bdf1 #bgb4 ,romanes1 #acc4 ,rosan(f1 #bdc4 ,rossolimo1 #bef4 ,rud91 #bdc4 ,salp+ectomy1 #cbb4 ,san=d1 #bje4 ,/4 ,vitus' dance1 #aag4 ,s*ulze1 #bd4 ,s*u/]1 #bif4 ,scl]osis1 multiple1 #fd1 #aag4 ,segregation3 9 dihybrids1 #hd2 ,m5delian1 #fi1 #gj1 #ge2 ( defectives1 #cah4 ,segu91 #bef4 ,self-control1 importance (1 #bba1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bhd1 #bhf1 #bhg4 ,sex3 & *romosomes1 #ei2 & h]$ity1 #ec2 cells ( ,volvox1 #be2 *romosome1 #eg1 #eh2 det]m9ation1 #ee2 diff]5tiation & ,x-elem5t1 #fj2 evolution (1 #be-cj2 hygi5e1 "q ( s*ool in/ruction 91 #bhe2 9 c]ta9 insects1 #ef2 l9k$ *>act]s1 #fj1 #fe2 n a necess>y factor 9 h]$ity1 #f2 problem1 k alone n suffici5t1 #bhf4 ,sexual vice1 #bhd4 ,%>p1 #cbb4 ,simplex "*1 #hj1 #ii4 ,skill1 non-transf]5ce 9 bra91 #bab1 #bac4 ,sk91 color (1 #ib4 ,smallpox1 #aeb4 ,social maladies1 prev5tion (1 #bic4 ,s(t5+ ( ! bra91 #ahf4 ,soma1 #bh4 ,sp]matid1 #dc4 ,sp]matocyte1 prim>y1 second>y1 #dc4 ,sp]matog5esis1 #db4 ,sp]matogonium1 #dc4 ,sp]matazoon3 #bf1 #dj2 a cell1 #bb2 =mation (1 #dc2 /ructure (1 #dc4 ,sp9dle1 9 cell-division1 #cb4 ,spott$ness ( hair-coat1 #aac4 ,sprague1 #bha1 #cje4 ,/>fi%1 tra9+ a1 #bjd4 ,/ati/ical me?ods1 #ae4 ,/ati/ics1 tru/wor?y ne$$1 #ccd4 ,/ature1 inh]itance (1 #ag4 ,/]eotropism1 #aih4 ,/]ility1 #ahb4 ,/]ilization3 #cbb2 9 epilepsy1 #cbf2 laws1 #cbc2 laws1 on trial1 #cbi2 laws1 /ates hav+1 #cbg4 ,/ev5s1 #da4 ,/ock>d1 #agd-agh4 ,/r5g?1 muscul>1 #abj4 ,/ripes1 rev]sion>y1 #h4 ,/utzman1 #cje4 ,sullivan1 #afh4 ,sup]ior /ra9s1 cons]vation (1 #aeg4 ,synapse1 #baj4 ,synapsis1 #da1 #db4 ,syndactyly1 #fe1 #ajh1 #aaa4 ,syphilis3 #ahd-aij2 & pro/itutes1 #ahe2 c]ebro-sp9al =m1 #ahi-aij2 pr5uptial inspection =1 #aij-aib2 preval5ce1 #ahf2 /ages (1 #ahe2 te/s =1 #ahh4 ,syphilitics3 *ildr5 (1 #ahg1 #ahh2 m>ri$1 #aij4 ,tabes dorsalis1 #ahf4 ,ta9ts1 #aja4 ,tal5t1 inh]itance (1 #bab4 ,taylor1 #big4 ,telegony1 alleg$ cases (1 #aj4 ,temp]am5t1 inh]itance (1 #ai4 ,!rmotropism1 #aih4 ,?igmotropism1 #aih4 ,?ird g5]ation1 segregation 91 #fi4 ,?oms5's disease1 #aah4 ,?omson1 #ee4 ,?orndike1 #bif4 ,t[]1 #abe4 ,tra9+ ( *ildr53 & h]$ity1 #bah2 faults 91 #bba1 #bbb4 ,transmission1 n necess>ily inh]itance1 #afc4 ,tr$gold1 #agj4 ,treponema pallidum1 #ahe4 ,tribe ( ,i%mael1 #bga4 ,tropic responses3 (t5 purposeful1 #bja2 unc]ta9ties 91 #bjb4 ,tropisms3 #aig2 complications 91 #bjj2 9 plants & animals1 #aih2 relations to reflex actions & in/9cts1 #bjc4 ,ts*]mak1 #fh4 ,tub]culosis1 #aah1 #adh-afj1 #afb4 ,tw9s3 id5tical1 #ee2 sex (1 #ee4 ,typhoid1 #aeb4 ,unemploy$1 frequ5tly morons1 #bhj4 ,unfit1 elim9ation (1 urg5t1 #cac4 ,unit-"*3 #ab2 inh]itance (1 #ac4 ,unicellul> organisms3 #ba2 inh]itance 91 #bb1 #bc4 ,use & disuse1 #abb4 ,van ,+51 #afg4 ,vasectomy1 #cbb4 ,v5]eal disease1 #ahb4 ,vir*[1 #adg4 ,voison1 #acc4 ,volitions z tropisms1 #aii4 ,volvox1 #be1 #bf1 #bg4 ,w>1 eug5ical effects (1 #bii4 ,wass]man1 provocative1 #ahi4 ,wass]man te/1 #ahh1 #ahi4 ,webb$ digits1 #fe4 ,weeks1 #bea1 #beb1 #bec1 #bia4 ,we/1 #afg4 ,:eat1 #ge1 #ha1 #hh4 ,:e?am1 #cad1 #caf4 ,:itman1 #ade4 ,wilm>?1 #bdc1 #bde1 #bgd1 #bia4 ,wilson1 #ei1 #fb1 #id1 #ie4 ,woods1 #bif4 ,x-elem5t1 #eg1 #eh4 ,zebra hybrids1 #aj4 ,z]os1 !1 #bga4 ,zygote3 #bf1 #bg2 *romosomes (1 #dj4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! read] desir+ m detail$ in=mation w f9d full] discussions 9 ! foll[+3 ,wilson1 ,e4 ,b43 ,rec5t ,rese>*es on ! ,det]m9ation & ,h]$ity ( ,sex4 ,sci5ce1 ,janu>y #h1 #aiji4 ,wilson1 ,e4 ,b43 ,! ,*romosomes 9 ,relation to ! ,det]m9ation ( ,sex4 ,sci5ce ,progress1 ,april1 #aiaj4 ,guy]1 ,m4 ,f43 ,rec5t ,progress 9 ,"s ,l9es ( ,cytology4 ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,microscopical ,society1 ,april1 #aiaa4 ,morgan1 ,t4 ,h43 ,h]$ity & ,sex4 ,columbia ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiac4 #b ,a translation ( ,m5del's orig9al pap]s w be f\nd 9 ,m5del's ,pr9ciples ( ,h]$ity1 by ,w4 ,bateson4 #c ,h]$ity ( ,sk9 ,color 9 ,negro & ,:ite ,crosses3 ,publication ,no4 #ahh1 ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itution ( ,wa%+ton4 #d ,:itman1 ,c4 ,o43 ,animal ,behavior1 ,biological ,lectures1 ,m>9e ,biological ,laboratory1 #ahih4 #e ,! ,fight ,aga9/ ,tub]culosis & ! ,dea? ,rate f ,ph?isis1 ,london1 ,dulau ,co41 #aiaa4 #f ,=el1 ,augu/3 ,! ,sexual ,"q1 p4 #bfh4 #g ,loc4 cit4 p4 #bea4 #h ,9 ?is connection x is in/ructive to note f a ,mi*igan /ate report1 j (f ! press1 t1 among #d1iag insane individuals conc]n+ :om satisfactory in=mation 0 obta9$1 #fe4d p] c5t4 _h among _! ance/ors or family su* h]$it>y influ5ces z insanity1 apoplexy or p>alysis1 psy*opa?ic abnormalities or alcoholism4 ,see ,report ( ! ,commission to ,inve/igate ! ,ext5t ( ,feeble-m9d$ness1 ,epilepsy1 ,insanity & ,o!r ,conditions ( ,m5tal ,defectiv5ess 9 ,mi*igan4 ,wynkoop ,holl5beck ,craw=d ,co41 ,/ate ,pr9t]s1 ,lans+1 ,mi*igan1 #aiae4 #i ,feeble-m9d$ness2 ,its ,causes & ,consequ5ces1 by ,h5ry ,h4 ,godd>d1 ,! ,macmillan ,company1 #aiad4 #aj ,! ,b9et-,simon ,measur+ ,scale = ,intellig5ce1 by ,h5ry ,h4 ,godd>d1 #aiaa4 ,! ,tra9+ ,s*ool1 ,v9el&1 ,n4 ,j4 ,price #ae c5ts4 #aa ,te/s = ,m5tal ,defects1 by ,h[>d ,a4 ,knox1 ,j\rnal ( ,h]$ity1 ,m>*1 #aiad4 ,see also ,knox3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association1 #aiad4 #ab ,! ,individual ,del9qu5t1 by ,william ,healy1 ,m4 ,d4 ,little1 ,br[n ,co41 ,bo/on4 #ac ,! ,individual ,del9qu5t1 by ,william ,healy1 ,m4 ,d4 ,little1 ,br[n ,co41 ,bo/on4 #ad ,! ,psycopa?ic ,laboratory 9 connection ) ! ,juv5ile ,c\rt ( ,*icago4 #ae ,see ,! ,=eign ,born 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 ,septemb]1 #aiad4 #af ,see ,fir/ ,report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,eug5ic ,section ( ! ,am]ican ,bre$]s' ,association1 ,on ,immigration1 ,am]ican ,bre$]s' ,magaz9e1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #d1 #aiab4 ,also ,second ,report ( same1 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,h]$ity1 ,july1 #aiad4 #ag ,! ,negro & ,8 ,heal? ,problems1 ,m$ical ,record1 ,septemb] #ab1 #aiab4 #ah ,see ,d4 ,s4 ,jordan1 ,! ,human ,h>ve/1 or ,v4 ,l4 ,kellogg1 ,eug5ics & ,milit>ism4 #ai ,= argum5ts indicat+ ! sup]ior eug5ical fitness ( college graduates see ,wellesley's ,bir?-,rate1 by ,roswell ,h4 ,johnson & ,b]?a ,/utzman1 ,! ,j\rnal ( ,h]$ity1 ,june1 #aiae4 ,see also1 ,education & ,race ,suicide1 by ,rob]t ,j4 ,sprague1 ibid41 ,april1 #aiae4 #bj ,s9ce ! pres5t manuscript w5t to press an excell5t gov]nm5t report 7,insane & ,feeble-,m9d$ 9 ,in/itutions 9 #aiaj1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce1 ,bureau ( ! ,c5sus1 #aiad1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c47 has appe>$4 ,9 x "o f9ds ! e/imate t n ov] "o-t5? ( our feeble-m9d$ are be+ c>$ = 9 special in/itutions4 #ba ,= summ>ies ( exi/+ /]ilization laws & /atem5ts ( ! issues involv$ see 7#a7 ,! ,legal1 ,legislative1 & ,adm9i/rative ,aspects ( ,/]ilisation1 ,bullet9 #aj;,b1 ,febru>y #c1 #aiad1 ,eug5ics ,record ,(fice1 ,cold ,spr+ ,h>bor1 ,n4 ,y42 7#b7 ,/]ilisation ( ,crim9als1 ,report ( ,committee ,h ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,crim9al ,law & ,crim9ology1 ,bullet9 ,no4 ,,xv1 ,septemb]1 #aiad4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by italics4 ,passages 9 bold are indicat$ by bold4 ,sup]script$ *>act]s are indicat$ by sup]script4 ,subscript$ *>act]s are indicat$ by subscript4 ,! orig9al text conta9s a few lett]s ) diacritical m>ks t are n repres5t$ 9 ?is text v]sion4 ,! orig9al text conta9s male & female symbols4 ,^! are repres5t$ z male & female4