,! ,works ( ,george ,b]keley ,d4,d4 ,=m]ly ,bi%op ( ,cloyne ,includ+ 8 ,po/hum\s ,works ,) ,prefaces1 ,annotations1 ,app5dices1 & ,an ,acc\nt ( 8 ,life1 by ,alex&] ,campbell ,fras] ,hon4 ,d4,c4,l41 ,ox=d ,hon4 ,,ll4,d4 ,glasg[ & ,ed9burgh2 ,em]itus ,pr(essor ( ,logic & ,metaphysics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh ,9 ,f\r ,volumes ,vol4 #a3 ,philosophical ,works1 #agje-ba ,ox=d ,at ! ,cl>5don ,press #aija ,,cont5ts ,preface ,george ,b]keley1 ,by ,! ,editor ,errata ,commonplace ,book4 ,ma!matical1 ,e?ical1 ,physical1 ,& ,metaphysical ,editor's ,preface ,to ,! ,commonplace ,book ,commonplace ,book ,an ,essay ,t[>ds ,a ,new ,!ory ,( ,vision ,editor's ,preface ,to ,! ,essay ,t[>ds ,a ,new ,!ory ,( ,vision ,d$ication ,an ,essay ,t[>ds ,a ,new ,!ory ,( ,vision ,an ,app5dix ,to ,! ,essay ,on ,vision ,a ,treatise ,conc]n+ ,! ,pr9ciples ,( ,human ,k ,editor's ,preface ,to ,! ,treatise ,conc]n+ ,! ,pr9ciples ,( ,human ,k ,d$ication ,! ,preface ,introduction ,"p ,fir/ ,?ree ,dialogues ,betwe5 ,hylas ,& ,philon\s ,! ,design ,( ,:i* ,is ,pla9ly ,to ,demon/rate ,! ,reality ,& ,p]fection ,( ,human ,k1 ,! ,incorporeal ,nature ,( ,! ,s\l1 ,& ,! ,imm$iate ,provid5ce ,( ,a ,deity1 ,9 ,opposition ,to ,sceptics ,& ,a!i/s1 ,also ,to ,op5 ,a ,me?od ,= ,r5d]+ ,! ,sci5ces ,m ,easy1 ,useful1 ,& ,comp5di\s ,editor's ,preface ,d$ication ,! ,preface ,! ,fir/ ,dialogue ,! ,second ,dialogue ,! ,?ird ,dialogue ,de ,motu3 ,sive2 ,de ,motus ,pr9cipio ,et ,natura1 ,et ,de ,causa ,communicationis ,motuum ,editor's ,preface ,to ,de ,motu ,de ,motu ,footnotes ,,preface ,frontispiece ,m ?an ?irty ye>s ago ,i 0 hon\r$ by a reque/ to prep>e a complete edition ( ! ,works ( ,bi%op ,b]keley1 ) ,notes1 = ! ,cl>5don ,press1 ,ox=d4 ,t edition1 :i* conta9s _m ( 8 writ+s previ\sly unpubli%$1 appe>$ 9 #ahga4 ,x 0 foll[$ 9 #ahgd by a volume ( annotat$ ,selections f 8 philosophical works2 & 9 #ahha ,i prep>$ a small volume on 8,b]keley0 = ,blackwood's 8,philosophical ,classics40 ,! #ahga edition ( ! ,works orig9at$1 ,i believe1 9 an essay on 8,! ,real ,_w ( ,b]keley10 :i* ,i gave to ,macmillan's ,magaz9e 9 #ahfb1 foll[$ by ano!r 9 #ahfd1 9 ! ,nor? ,briti% ,review4 ,^! essays sugge/$ advantages to contempor>y ?\ght :i* might be ga9$ by a consid]ation ( f9al que/ions ab\t man & ! univ]se1 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y are pres5t$ by a philosoph] :o has suff]$ m f misund]/&+ ?an almo/ any o!r mod]n ?9k]4 ,dur+ a "p ( 8 lifetime1 he 0 ! =emo/ metaphysician 9 ,europe 9 an unmetaphysical g5]ation4 ,& 9 ?is c\ntry1 aft] a revival ( philosophy 9 ! lat] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 idea1 matt]1 sub/ance1 cause1 & o!r t]ms :i* play an important "p 9 8 writ+s1 _h lo/ ! mean+ t he int5d$2 :ile 9 ,g]many ! sceptical speculations ( ,david ,hume gave rise to a recon/ructive criticism1 on ! "p ( ,kant & 8 successors1 :i* seem$ at ! "t to h little conc]n ) ! a po/]iori me?ods & ! pr9ciples ( ,b]keley4 ,! success ( ! attempt to recall att5tion to ,b]keley has f> exce$$ expectation4 ,ne>ly tw5ty ?\s& copies ( ! ?ree publications m5tion$ above h f\nd _! way into ! h&s ( read]s 9 ,europe & ,am]ica2 & ! critical e/imates ( ,b]keley1 by em95t writ]s1 :i* h appe>$ s9ce #ahga1 9 ,brita91 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,d5m>k1 ,holl&1 ,italy1 ,am]ica1 & ,india1 confirm ! op9ion t 8 ,works conta9 a ^w 9 season1 ev5 = ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,among o!rs :o h deliv]$ appreciative criticisms ( ,b]keley )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s are ,j4,s4 ,mill1 ,mansel1 ,huxley1 ,t4,h4 ,gre51 ,maguire1 ,collyns ,simon1 ! ,"r ,hon4 ,a4,j4 ,balf\r1 ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph51 ,dr4 ,hut*ison ,/irl+1 ,pr(essor ,t4,k4 ,abbott1 ,pr(essor ,van d] ,wyck1 ,m4 ,p5jon1 ,ueb]weg1 ,fr$]i*s1 ,ulrici1 ,janits*1 ,eug5 ,mey]1 ,spick]1 ,loewy1 ,pr(essor ,hffd+ ( ,cop5hag51 ,dr4 ,lor5z1 ,noah ,port]1 & ,krau?1 besides essays 9 ! *ief ,briti%1 ,cont95tal1 & ,am]ican reviews4 ,! text ( ^? ,works ( ,b]keley :i* 7 publi%$ dur+ 8 lifetime1 enri*$ ) a biographical ,introduction by ,mr4 ,a4,j4 ,balf\r1 c>efully edit$ by ,mr4 ,george ,sampson1 appe>$ 9 #ahig4 ,9 #aijj ,dr4 ,r4 ,ri*t]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipsic1 produc$ a new translation into ,g]man ( ! ,dialogues betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s1 ) an excell5t ,introduction & notes4 ,^! e/imates =m a rem>kable contra/ to ! d5unciations1 f\nd$ on misconception1 by ,w>burton & ,beattie 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 #ahii ,i 0 unexpect$ly aga9 ask$ by ! ,delegates ( ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press to prep>e a ,new ,edition ( ,b]keley's ,works1 ) "s acc\nt ( 8 life1 z ! edition ( #ahga 0 out ( pr9t2 a circum/ance :i* ,i _h n expect$ to occur 9 my lifetime4 ,x seem$ presumptu\s to und]take :at might h be5 entru/$ to "s "o probably m 9 t\* ) liv+ ?\ght2 & 9 "o's eighty-second ye>1 "t & /r5g? are want+ = remote rese>*4 ,b ! recollection t ,i 0 attract$ to philosophy l>gely by ,b]keley1 9 ! morn+ ( life m ?an sixty ye>s ago1 comb9$ ) ! pleasure d]iv$ f association 9 ?is way ) ! great ,univ]sity 9 :i* he f\nd an academic home 9 8 old age1 mov$ me 9 ! late ev5+ ( life to make ! attempt4 ,& n[1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 ,i (f] ^! volumes1 :i* /ill imp]fectly realise my ideal ( a f9al ,ox=d edition ( ! philosoph] :o sp5t 8 la/ days 9 ,ox=d1 & ^: mortal rema9s re/ 9 its ,ca!dral4 ,s9ce #ahga mat]ials ( biographical & philosophical int]e/ h be5 discov]$1 9 addition to ! invaluable collection ( ,,mss4 :i* ,ar*deacon ,rose !n plac$ at my disposal1 & :i* 7 includ$ 9 ! supplem5t>y volume ( ,life & ,lett]s4 ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! late ,e>l ( ,egmont ,i _h access1 "s ye>s ago1 to a l>ge numb] ( lett]s :i* pass$ betwe5 8 ance/or1 ,sir ,john 7aft]w>ds ,"l7 ,p]cival1 & ,b]keley1 betwe5 #agji & #agcj4 ,i h avail$ myself freely ( ?is correspond5ce4 ,"s int]e/+ lett]s f & conc]n+ ,b]keley1 address$ to 8 fri5d ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson ( ,/rat=d 9 ,connecticut1 aft]w>ds ,presid5t ( ,k+'s ,college 9 ,new ,york1 appe>$ 9 #ahgd1 9 ,dr4 ,be>dsley's ,life ( ,johnson1 illu/rat+ ,b]keley's hi/ory f #agbi till 8 dea?4 ,= ^! & = fur!r in=mation ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,be>dsley4 ,9 ! pres5t edition ( ,b]keley's ,works1 ! ,introductions & ! annotations h be5 mo/ly re-writt54 ,a %ort acc\nt ( 8 romantic life is prefix$1 int5d$ to trace its progress 9 ! gradual developm5t & application ( 8 initial ,pr9ciple2 & also ! ext]nal incid5ts ( 8 life 9 _! cont9uity1 ) ! help ( ! new mat]ial 9 ! ,p]cival ,,mss4 & ! correspond5ce ) ,johnson4 ,x =ms a key to ! :ole4 ,?is biography is n int5d$ to sup]s$e ! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,b]keley t accompani$ ! #ahga edition1 :i* rema9s z a magaz9e ( facts = ref]5ce4 ,! re>rangem5t ( ! ,works is a feature 9 ! pres5t edition4 ,mu* ( ! new mat]ial t 0 includ$ 9 ! #ahga edition rea*$ me :5 ! book 0 f> advanc$ 9 ! press1 & ?us ! *ronological arrangem5t1 /rictly foll[$ 9 ! pres5t edition1 0 n possible4 ,a *ronological arrangem5t is sugge/$ by ,b]keley himself4 8,i c\ld wi% t all ! ?+s ,i h publi%$ on ^! philosophical subjects 7 read 9 ! ord] :]e9 ,i publi%$ !m10 are 8 words 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,johnson2 8& a second "t ) a critical eye1 add+ y\r own ?\ght & obs]vation ^u e "p z y w5t along40 ,! fir/ ?ree volumes 9 ?is edition conta9 ! ,philosophical ,works exclusively2 arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]1 "u ! ?ree p]iods ( ,b]keley's life4 ,! ,fir/ ,volume includes ^? ( 8 e>ly life2 ! ,second ^? produc$ 9 middle life2 & ! ,?ird ^? ( 8 lat] ye>s4 ,! ,miscellane\s ,works are pres5t$ 9 l mann] 9 ! ,f\r? ,volume4 ,! f\r little treatises 9 :i* ,b]keley 9 e>ly life unfold$ 8 new ?\ght ab\t ! univ]se1 along ) 8 college ,commonplace ,book publi%$ 9 #ahga1 :i* prep>$ ! way = !m1 =m1 along ) ! ,life1 ! cont5ts ( ! ,fir/ ,volume4 ,x is ( !m t ! au?or writes ?us1 9 ano!r ( 8 lett]s to ,johnson3--8,i d n inde$ wond] t on fir/ read+ :at ,i h writt5 m5 are n ?or\ghly conv9c$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i %\ld v mu* wond] if prejudices :i* h be5 _m ye>s tak+ root %\ld be extirpat$ 9 a few h\rs' read+4 ,i _h no incl9ation to tr\ble ! _w ) l>ge volumes4 ,:at ,i h done 0 r ) a view ( giv+ h9ts to ?9k+ m51 :o h leisure & curiosity to g to ! bottom ( ?+s1 & pursue !m 9 _! own m9ds4 ,two or ?ree times read+ ^! small tracts1 & mak+ :at is read ! occasion ( ?9k+1 w\ld1 ,i believe1 r5d] ! :ole famili> & easy to ! m9d1 & take (f t %ock+ appe>ance :i* ha? (t5 be5 obs]v$ to att5d speculative tru?s40 ,except ,johnson1 none ( ,b]keley's eighte5?-c5tury critics seem to h obs]v$ ?is rule4 ,alciphron1 or ,! ,m9ute ,philosoph]1 ) its supplem5t 9 ! ,!ory ( ,visual ,language ,v9dicat$1 be+ ! philosophical works ( 8 middle life1 associat$ ) its ,am]ican ent]prise1 =m ! ,second ,volume4 ,9 !m ! conception ( ! univ]se t 0 unfold$ 9 ! e>ly writ+s is appli$1 9 v9dication ( religi\s morality & ,*ri/ianity1 aga9/ ! ,a!ism attribut$ to ^? :o call$ !mselves ,free-?9k]s2 :o 7 treat$ by ,b]keley z1 at lea/ by implication1 a!i/ic4 ,! ,?ird ,volume conta9s ! ,analy/ & ,siris1 :i* belong to 8 lat] life1 ,siris be+ especially *>act]i/ic ( its s]5e quiet4 ,9 bo? !re is a deep5$ s5se ( ! my/]y ( ! univ]se1 & 9 ,siris especially a m compreh5sive conception ( ! f9al problem sugge/$ by human life4 ,b ! metaphysics ( ! "o is lo/ 9 ma!matical controv]sy2 t ( ! o!r 9 m$ical controv]sy1 & 9 undige/$ anci5t & m$ival le>n+4 ,! metaphysical importance ( ,siris 0 long unrecognis$1 al?\gh 9 x ,b]keley's ?\ght culm9ates1 n 9 a p>adox ab\t ,matt]1 b 9 ! conception ( ,god z ! concat5at+ pr9ciple ( ! univ]se2 yet ?is rea*$ ?r\gh ! conception ( ,matt] z real only 9 & ?r\gh liv+ ,m9d4 ,! ,miscellane\s ,works1 aft] ! two juv5ile ,lat9 tracts 9 ma!matics1 deal ) obs]vations ( nature & man ga!r$ 9 8 travels1 que/ions ( social economy1 & lessons 9 religi\s life4 ,sev]al are po/hum\s1 & 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! #ahga edition4 ,( ^!1 p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ is ! ,j\rnal 9 ,italy4 ,! ,disc\rse on ,passive ,ob$i5ce is ! ne>e/ approa* to e?ical !ory :i* ,b]keley has giv5 to u1 & z su* x might h tak5 its place 9 ! ,fir/ ,volume2 b on ! :ole x seem$ m appropriately plac$ 9 ! ,f\r?1 :]e x is easily accessible = ^? :o pref] to read x imm$iately aft] ! book ( ,pr9ciples4 ,i h introduc$1 9 an ,app5dix to ! ,?ird ,volume1 "s matt] ( philosophical int]e/ = :i* !re 0 no place 9 ! editorial ,prefaces or 9 ! annotations4 ,! hi/orical significance ( ,samuel ,johnson & ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 z pione]s ( ,am]ican philosophy1 & also advocates ( ! new conception ( ! mat]ial _w t is associat$ ) ,b]keley1 is recognis$ 9 ,app5dix ,c4 ,illu/rations ( ! mis9t]pretation ( ,b]keley by 8 e>ly critics are pres5t$ 9 ,app5dix ,d4 ,a lately discov]$ tractate by ,b]keley =ms ,app5dix ,e4 ,9 ! ,f\r? ,volume1 num]\s qu]ies conta9$ 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,qu]i/1 & omitt$ 9 ! lat] editions1 are giv5 9 an ,app5dix1 :i* enables ! read] to recon/ruct t int]e/+ tract 9 ! =m 9 :i* x orig9ally appe>$4 ,! pres5t edition is ?us really a new "w1 :i* possesses1 ,i hope1 a c]ta9 philosophical unity1 z well z p]vad+ biographical int]e/4 ,z ,b]keley is ! imm$iate successor ( ,locke1 & z he 0 educat$ by collision ) ! ,essay on ,human ,und]/&+1 p]haps ,locke ought to h _h m prom95ce 9 ! editorial portion ( ?is book4 ,limitation ( space p>tly acc\nts = ! omission2 & ,i v5ture in/ead to ref] ! read] to ! ,prolegom5a & notes 9 my edition ( ,locke's ,essay1 :i* 0 publi%$ by ! ,cl>5don ,press 9 #ahid4 ,i may add t an expansion ( ?\ghts :i* run ?r\gh ! ,life & _m ( ! annotations1 9 ?is edition ( ,b]keley1 may be f\nd 9 my ,philosophy ( ,!ism7#a74 ,! read] ne$ n come to ,b]keley 9 ! expectation ( f9d+ 9 8 ,works an all-compreh5sive speculative sy/em l ,sp9oza's1 or a reason$ articulation ( ! univ]se ( reality su* z ,hegel is suppos$ to (f]4 ,b no "o 9 ! succession ( great ,engli% philosoph]s has1 ,i ?9k1 propos$ 9 a way m apt to invite reflexion1 ! f9al alt]native betwe5 ,unreason1 on ! "o h&1 & ,moral ,reason express$ 9 ,univ]sal ,div9e ,provid5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 z ! root ( ! unbeg9n+ & endless evolution 9 :i* we f9d ourselves involv$2 z well z ! fur!r "q1 ,:e!r ?is trem5d\s practical alt]native c be settl$ by any means t are )9 ! rea* ( man8 ,8 ,philosophical ,works1 tak5 collectively1 may enc\rage ^? :o see 9 a reasonable via m$ia betwe5 ,omnisci5ce & ,nesci5ce ! true pa? ( progress1 "u man's inevitable v5ture ( reasonable ,fai?4 ,"o is !re=e n )\t hope t a fre% impulse may be giv5 to philosophy & religi\s ?\ght by ?is reappe>ance ( ,george ,b]keley1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,8 read]s w at any rate f9d !mselves 9 ! company ( "o ( ! mo/ attractive p]sonalities ( ,engli% philosophy1 :o is also among ! =emo/ ( ^? ?9k]s :o are ma/]s 9 ,engli% lit]ature--,francis ,bacon & ,?omas ,hobbes1 ,george ,b]keley & ,david ,hume4 ,a4 ,campbell ,fras]4 ,,gorton1 ,,haw?ornd51 ,,midlo?ian1 ,m>*1 #aija4 ,,george ,,b]keley1 ,,by ,,! ,,editor ,i4 ,e>ly ,life 7#afhe-agba74 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! reign ( ,*>les ! ,second a c]ta9 ,william ,b]keley1 accord+ to cr$ible tradition1 occupi$ a cottage atta*$ to ! anci5t ,ca/le ( ,dys]t1 9 t "p ( ! c\nty ( ,kilk5ny :i* is wat]$ by ! ,nore4 ,little is kn[n ab\t ?is ,william ,b]keley except t he 0 ,iri% by bir? & ,engli% by desc5t4 ,x is said t 8 fa!r w5t ov] to ,irel& soon aft] ! ,re/oration1 9 ! suite ( 8 reput$ k9sman1 ,"l ,b]keley ( ,/ratton1 :5 he 0 ,"l ,lieut5ant4 ,william ,b]keley's wife seems to h be5 ( ,iri% blood1 & 9 "s remote way relat$ to ! family ( ,wolfe1 ! h]o ( ,quebec4 ,x 0 9 ! mode/ abode 9 ! valley ( ! ,nore t ,george1 ! elde/ ( _! six sons1 0 born1 on ,m>* #ab1 #afhe4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! record$ family hi/ory ( ^! ,dys]t ,b]keleys t helps to expla9 ! s+ul> p]sonality & c>e] ( ! elde/ son4 ,! p>5ts h left no m>k1 & make no appe>ance 9 any extant records ( ! family4 ,!y probably made _! way to ! valley ( ! ,nore among families ( ,engli% connexion :o1 9 ! qu>t] ( a c5tury prec$+ ! bir? ( ,george ,b]keley1 7 f9d+ settlem5ts 9 ,irel&4 ,! family1 z x appe>s1 0 n weal?y1 b 0 recognis$ z ( g5tle blood4 ,rob]t1 ! fif? son1 became rector ( ,middleton & vic>-g5]al ( ,cloyne2 & ano!r son1 ,william1 held a commission 9 ! army4 ,accord+ to ! ,regi/] ( ,tr9ity ,college1 "o ( ! sons 0 born 8ne> ,?urles10 9 #afii1 & ,?omas1 ! y\nge/1 0 born 9 ,tipp]>y1 9 #agjc1 s t ! family may h remov$ f ,dys]t aft] ! bir? ( ,george4 ,9 :at c be glean$ ( ! y\ng] sons1 "o f9ds little appe>ance ( sympa?y ) ! religi\s & philosophical g5ius ( ! elde/4 ,reg>d+ ?is fam\s elde/ son 9 ^? e>ly days1 we h ?is significant autobiographical fragm5t 9 8 ,commonplace ,book3 8,i 0 di/ru/ful at eight ye>s old1 & consequ5tly by nature dispos$ = ! new doctr9es40 ,9 8 twelf? ye> we f9d ! boy 9 ,kilk5ny ,s*ool4 ,! regi/] records 8 entrance !re 9 ! summ] ( #afif1 :5 he 0 plac$ at once 9 ! second class1 :i* seems to imply precocity1 = x is almo/ a solit>y in/ance4 ,he sp5t ! f\r foll[+ ye>s 9 ,kilk5ny4 ,! ,s*ool 0 9 high repute = le>n$ ma/]s & fam\s pupils2 among =m] pupils 7 ! poet ,congreve & ,swift1 ne>ly tw5ty ye>s e>li] ?an ,george ,b]keley2 among 8 s*ool-fell[s 0 ,?omas ,prior1 8 life-long fri5d & correspond5t4 ,9 ! days ( ,b]keley & ,prior ! head ma/] 0 ,dr4 ,h9ton1 & ! ,s*ool 0 /ill suff]+ f ! consequ5ces ( 8! w>re 9 ,irel&0 :i* foll[$ ! ,revolution4 ,b]keley 9 ,kilk5ny ,s*ool is h>dly visible1 & we h no means ( e/imat+ 8 m5tal /ate :5 he left x4 ,tradition says t 9 8 s*ool-days he 0 wont to fe$ 8 imag9ation ) airy visions & romance1 a tradition :i* p]haps orig9at$ long aft] 9 popul> misconceptions ( 8 idealism4 ,dimly disc]nible at ,kilk5ny1 only a few ye>s lat] he 0 a conspicu\s figure 9 an isl& t 0 !n beg9n+ to %>e 9 ! intellectual movem5t ( ! mod]n _w1 tak+ 8 place z a classic 9 ,engli% lit]ature1 & z ! mo/ subtle & ard5t ( contempor>y ,engli%-speak+ ?9k]s4 ,9 ,m>*1 #agjj1 at ! age ( fifte51 ,george ,b]keley ent]$ ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 ,?is 0 8 home = m ?an tw5ty ye>s4 ,he 0 at fir/ a my/]y to ! ord9>y und]graduate4 ,"s1 we are told1 pron\nc$ him ! greate/ dunce1 o!rs ! greate/ g5ius 9 ! ,college4 ,to ha/y judges he seem$ an idle dream]2 ! ?\ghtful admir$ 8 subtle intellig5ce & ! beauty ( 8 "*4 ,9 8 und]graduate ye>s1 a mild & +5u\s y\?1 inexp]i5c$ 9 ! ways ( m51 vivaci\s1 humor\s1 satirical1 9 unexpect$ ways inquisitive1 (t5 p>adoxical1 ?r\gh misund]/&+s he p]si/$ 9 8 own way1 full ( simplicity & en?usiasm4 ,9 #agjd 7! ye> 9 :i* ,locke di$7 he pass$ ,ba*elor ( ,arts1 & became ,ma/] 9 #agjg1 :5 he 0 admitt$ to a ,fell[%ip1 8! only rew>d ( le>n+ :i* t k+dom _h to be/[40 ,9 ,tr9ity ,college ! y\? f\nd himself on ! tide ( mod]n ?\ght1 = ! 8new philosophy0 ( ,newton & ,locke 0 !n invad+ ! ,univ]sity4 ,locke's ,essay1 publi%$ 9 #afij1 0 already 9 vogue4 ,?is e>ly recognition ( ,locke 9 ,dubl9 0 *iefly due to ,william ,molyneux1 ,locke's devot$ fri5d1 a lawy] & memb] ( ! ,iri% ,p>liam5t1 mu* giv5 to ! exp]im5tal me?ods4 ,desc>tes1 too1 ) 8 sceptical criticism ( human beliefs1 yet dispos$ to spiritualise p[]s commonly attribut$ to matt]1 0 ano!r accept$ au?ority 9 ,tr9ity ,college2 & ,malebran*e 0 n unkn[n4 ,hobbes 0 ! famili> repres5tative ( a f9ally mat]iali/ic conception ( exi/5ce1 reproduc+ 9 mod]n =ms ! atomism ( ,democritus & ! e?ics ( ,epicurus4 ,above all1 ,newton 0 ackn[l$g$ ma/] 9 physics1 ^: ,pr9cipia1 issu$ ?ree ye>s soon] ?an ,locke's ,essay1 0 trans=m+ ! conceptions ( educat$ m5 reg>d+ _! surr\nd+s1 l ! /ill m compreh5sive law ( physical evolution 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,john ,tol&1 an ,iri%man1 "o ( ! e>lie/ & able/ ( ! new sect ( ,free-?9k]s1 made 8 appe>ance at ,dubl9 9 #afif1 z ! au?or ( ,*ri/ianity n ,my/]i\s4 ,! book 0 condemn$ by ,college dignit>ies & dignifi$ cl]gy ) ev5 m ?an ,iri% f]v\r4 ,x 0 ! op5+ ( a controv]sy t la/$ ov] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,engl&1 9 :i* ,b]keley soon became prom95t2 & x 0 resum$ lat] on1 ) great] intellectual =ce & 9 f9] lit]>y =m1 by ,david ,hume & ,voltaire4 ,! collision ) ,tol& ab\t ! "t ( ,b]keley's matriculation may h awak5$ 8 int]e/4 ,tol& 0 suppos$ to tea* t matt] is et]nal1 & t motion is its ess5tial prop]ty1 into :i* all *anges pres5t$ 9 ! out] & inn] exp]i5ce ( man may at la/ be resolv$4 ,b]keley's life 0 a cont9ual prote/ aga9/ ^! dogmas4 ,! ,provo/ ( ,tr9ity ,college 9 #agjj 0 ,dr4 ,pet] ,br[ne1 :o _h already ent]$ ! li/s aga9/ ,tol&2 long aft]1 :5 ,bi%op ( ,cork1 he 0 9 controv]sy ) ,b]keley ab\t ! nature ( man's k ( ,god4 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl9 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 ,william ,k+1 /ill rememb]$ z a philosophical !ologian1 ^: book on ! ,orig9 ( ,evil1 publi%$ 9 #agjb1 0 criticis$ by ,boyle & ,leibniz4 ,dubl9 9 ^? ye>s 0 ?us a place 9 :i* a /udi\s y\?1 :o _h be5 8di/ru/ful at eight ye>s old10 might be dispos$ to ent]ta9 grave que/ions ab\t ! ultimate mean+ ( 8 visible environm5t1 & ( ! self-consci\s life to :i* he 0 becom+ awake4 ,is ! univ]se ( exi/5ce conf9$ to ! visible _w1 & is matt] ! really active p[] 9 exi/5ce8 ,is ,god ! root & c5tre ( all t is real1 & if s1 :at is meant by ,god8 ,c ,god be good if ! _w is a mixture ( good & evil8 ,que/ions l ^! 7 ready to meet ! inquisitive ,kilk5ny y\? 9 8 fir/ ye>s at ,dubl94 ,"o ( 8 e>lie/ int]e/s at ,college 0 ma!matical4 ,8 fir/ appe>ance 9 pr9t 0 z ! anonym\s au?or ( two ,lat9 tracts1 ,ari?metica & ,miscellanea ,ma!matica1 publi%$ 9 #agjg4 ,!y are int]e/+ z an index ( 8 intellectual incl9ation :5 he 0 h>dly tw5ty2 = he says !y 7 prep>$ ?ree ye>s be=e !y 7 giv5 to ! _w4 ,8 disposition to curi\s que/ions 9 geometry & algebra is fur!r %ewn 9 8 ,college ,commonplace ,book4 ,?is lately discov]$ ,commonplace ,book ?r[s a flood ( light ^u ,b]keley's /ate ( m9d betwe5 8 tw5tie? & tw5ty-f\r? ye>4 ,x is a wond]ful revelation2 a record "u 8 own h& ( 8 ?\ghts & feel+s :5 he fir/ came "u ! inspiration ( a new conception ( ! nature & (fice ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,x 0 !n /ruggl+ to f9d adequate expression1 & 9 x ! sangu9e y\? seem$ to f9d a spiritual panacea = ! errors & confusions ( philosophy4 ,x 0 able to make %ort "w1 he believ$1 ) a!i/ic mat]ialism1 & c\ld disp5se ) argum5ts aga9/ sceptics 9 v9dication ( ! reality ( exp]i5ce4 ,! m9d-dep5d5t exi/5ce ( ! mat]ial _w1 & its true function 9 ! univ]se ( concrete reality1 7 to be disclos$ "u ! light ( a new trans=m+ self-evid5t ,pr9ciple4 8,i wond] n at my sagacity 9 discov]+ ! obvi\s & amaz+ tru?4 ,i r wond] at my /upid inadv]t5cy 9 n f9d+ x out be=e--'tis no wit*craft to see40 ,! pages ( ! ,commonplace ,book give v5t to rapidly =m+ ?\ghts ab\t ! ?+s ( s5se & ! 8ambi5t space0 ( a y\? ent]+ into reflective life1 9 company ) ,desc>tes & ,malebran*e1 ,bacon & ,hobbes1 above all1 ,locke & ,newton2 :o 0 try+ to translate into reasonabl5ess 8 fai? 9 ! reality ( ! mat]ial _w & ,god4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is new conception1 he sees ! _w l "o awak5+ f a confus$ dream4 ,! revolution :i* he want$ to inaugurate he =esaw w\ld be resi/$4 ,m5 l to ?9k & speak ab\t ?+s z !y h be5 accu/om$ to d3 !y are (f5d$ :5 !y are ask$ to ex*ange ?is = :at appe>s to !m absurdity1 or at lea/ :5 ! *ange seems useless4 ,b 9 spite ( ! ridicule & dislike ( a _w long accu/om$ to put empty words 9 place ( liv+ ?\ghts1 he resolves to deliv] himself ( 8 burd51 ) ! politic conciliation ( a skilful advocate h[ev]2 = he *>act]i/ically rem9ds himself t "o :o 8desires to br+ ano!r ov] to 8 own op9ions mu/ seem to h>monize ) him at fir/1 & hum\r him 9 8 own way ( talk+40 ,9 #agji1 :5 he 0 tw5ty-f\r ye>s old1 ,b]keley pres5t$ himself to ! _w ( empty v]bal reason]s z ! au?or ( :at he calls mode/ly ,an ,essay t[>ds a ,new ,!ory ( ,vision4 ,x 0 d$icat$ to ,sir ,john ,p]cival1 8 correspond5t aft]w>ds = m ?an tw5ty ye>s2 b ,i h n discov]$ ! orig9 ( _! fri5d%ip4 ,! ,essay 0 a pione]1 meant to op5 ! way = ! disclosure ( ! ,secret ) :i* he 0 burd5$1 le/ ! _w might be %ock$ by an abrupt disclosure4 ,9 ?is prelude he tries to make ! read] recognise t 9 ord9>y see+ we are always int]pret+ visual signs2 s t we h daily pres5t$ to our eyes :at is virtually an intelligible natural language2 s t 9 all our int]c\rse ) ! visible _w we are 9 int]c\rse ) all-p]vad+ active ,intellig5ce4 ,we are read+ abs5t data ( t\* & ( ! o!r s5ses 9 ! language ( _! visual signs4 ,& ! visual signs !mselves1 :i* are ! imm$iate objects ( sight1 are necess>ily dep5d5t on s5ti5t & p]cipi5t m9d2 :atev] may be ! case ) ! tangible realities :i* ! visual data signify1 a fact evid5t by our exp]i5ce :5 we make use ( a look+-glass4 ,! mat]ial _w1 s f> at lea/ z x pres5ts itself visibly1 is real only 9 be+ realis$ by liv+ & see+ be+s4 ,! m9d-dep5d5t visual signs ( :i* we are consci\s are cont9ually speak+ to u ( an invisible & di/ant _w ( tangible realities2 & ?r\gh ! natural connexion ( ! visual signs ) _! tactual mean+s1 we are able 9 see+ practically to p]ceive1 n only :at is di/ant 9 space1 b also to anticipate ! future4 ,! ,book ( ,vision is 9 lit]al tru? a ,book ( ,prophecy4 ,! *ief lesson ( ! t5tative ,essay on ,vision is ?us summ$ up3-- 8,^u ! :ole1 ,i ?9k we may fairly conclude t ! prop] objects ( ,vision con/itute ! ,univ]sal ,language ( ,nature2 :]eby we are in/ruct$ h[ to regulate our actions 9 ord] to atta9 ^? ?+s t are necess>y to ! pres]vation & well-be+ ( our bodies1 z also to avoid :atev] may be hurtful & de/ructive ( !m4 ,& ! mann] :]e9 !y signify & m>k out unto u ! objects :i* are at a di/ance is ! same ) t ( languages & signs ( human appo9tm5t2 :i* d n sugge/ ! ?+s signifi$ by any lik5ess or id5tity ( nature1 b only by an habitual connexion t exp]i5ce has made u to obs]ve betwe5 !m4 ,suppose "o :o _h always cont9u$ bl9d be told by 8 guide t aft] he has advanc$ s _m /eps he %all come to ! br9k ( a precipice1 or be /opp$ by a wall2 mu/ n ?is to him seem v admirable & surpris+8 ,he _c conceive h[ x is possible = mortals to frame su* pr$ictions z ^!1 :i* to him w\ld seem z /range & unacc\ntable z prophecy does to o!rs4 ,ev5 !y :o are bless$ ) ! visive faculty may 7?\gh famili>ity make x less obs]v$7 f9d !re9 suffici5t cause ( admiration4 ,! wond]ful art & contrivance :]e) x is adju/$ to ^? ends & purposes = :i* x 0 app>5tly design$2 ! va/ ext5t1 numb]1 & v>iety ( objects t are at once1 ) s mu* ease & quickness & pleasure1 sugge/$ by x--all ^! af=d subject = mu* & pleas+ speculation1 & may1 if any?+1 give u "s glimm]+ analog\s prnotion ( ?+s t are plac$ beyond ! c]ta9 discov]y & compreh5sion ( our pres5t /ate7#b740 ,b]keley took ord]s 9 ! ye> 9 :i* 8 ,essay on ,vision 0 publi%$4 ,on ,febru>y #a1 #agji1 he 0 orda9$ z deacon1 9 ! *apel ( ,tr9ity ,college1 by ,dr4 ,george ,a%e1 ,bi%op ( ,clogh]4 ,orig5 & ,augu/9e1 ,anselm & ,aqu9as1 ,malebran*e1 ,f5elon1 & ,pascal1 ,cudwor?1 ,butl]1 ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 & ,s*lei]ma*]1 along ) ,b]keley1 are among ^? :o are illu/ri\s at once 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy & ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ur*1 x has be5 said1 has be5 = ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ! great ,e?ical ,society ( ! _w1 & if "u its re/rictions x has be5 less conspicu\s on ! field ( philosophical criticism & free inquiry1 ^! names rem9d u ( ! imm5se s]vice x has r5d]$ to m$itative ?\ght4 ,! light ( ! ,p]cival correspond5ce fir/ falls on ,b]keley's life 9 #agji4 ,! e>lie/ extant lett]s f ,b]keley to ,sir ,john ,p]cival are 9 ,septemb]1 ,octob]1 & ,decemb] ( t ye>1 dat$ at ,tr9ity ,college4 ,9 "o ( !m he pron\nces ,socrates 8! be/ & mo/ admirable man t ! hea!n _w has produc$40 ,ano!r lett]1 9 ,m>*1 #agaj1 accompanies a copy ( ! second edition ( ! ,essay on ,vision4 8,i h made "s alt]ations & additions 9 ! body ( ! treatise10 he says1 8& 9 ! app5dix h endeav\r$ to meet ! objections ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl920 ^: s]mon he proce$s to deprecate1 = 8d5y+ t goodness & und]/&+ are m to be affirm$ ( ,god ?an feet or h&s10 al?\gh all ^! may1 9 a metaphorical s5se4 ,h[ f>1 or :e!r at all1 ,god is kn[able by man1 01 z we %all see1 matt] ( discussion & controv]sy ) ,b]keley 9 lat] life2 b ?is %ews t ! subject 0 already 9 8 ?\ghts4 ,return+ to ! ,essay on ,vision1 he tells ,sir ,john t 8!re rema9s "o objection1 t ) reg>d to ! uselessness ( t book ( m9e2 b 9 a little "t ,i hope to make :at is !re laid d[n appe> subs]vi5t to ! ends ( morality & religion1 9 a ,treatise ,i h 9 ! press1 ! design ( :i* is to demon/rate ! exi/5ce & attributes ( ,god1 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ! reconciliation ( ,god's =ekn[l$ge & ! fre$om ( man2 & by %ew+ ! empt9ess & falsehood ( sev]al p>ts ( ! speculative sci5ces1 to induce m5 to ! /udy ( religion & ?+s useful4 ,h[ f> my endeav\rs w prove successful1 & :e!r ,i h be5 all ?is "t 9 a dream or no1 "t w %ew4 ,i d n see h[ x is possible to demon/rate ! be+ ( a ,god on ! pr9ciples ( ! ,ar*bi%op--t /rictly goodness & und]/&+ c no m be assum$ ( ,god ?an t ,he has feet or h&s2 !re be+ no argum5t t ,i "k = ,god's exi/5ce :i* does n prove ,him at ! same "t to be an und]/&+ & b5evol5t be+1 9 ! /rict1 lit]al1 & prop] mean+ ( ^! words40 ,he adds1 8,i h writt5 to ,mr4 ,cl>ke to give me 8 ?\ghts on ! subject ( ,god's exi/5ce1 b h got no answ]40 ,! "w =e%ad[$ 9 ?is lett] appe>$ 9 ! summ] ( #agaj1 z ! 8,fir/ "p0 ( a ,treatise conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 :]e9 ! *ief causes ( error & difficulty 9 ! ,sci5ces1 ) ! gr\nds ( ,scepticism1 ,a!ism1 & ,irreligion1 are inquir$ into4 ,9 ?is fragm5t ( a l>g] "w1 nev] f9i%$1 ,b]keley's spiritual conception ( matt] & cosmos is unfold$1 def5d$1 & appli$4 ,accord+ to ! ,essay on ,vision1 ! _w1 z f> z x is visible1 is dep5d5t on liv+ m9d4 ,accord+ to ?is book ( ,pr9ciples ! :ole mat]ial _w1 z f> z x c h any practical conc]n ) ! kn[+s & do+s ( m51 is real only by be+ realis$ 9 l mann] 9 ! p]cipi5t exp]i5ce ( "s liv+ m9d4 ,! concrete _w1 ) :i* alone we h to d1 c\ld n exi/ 9 its concrete reality if !re 7 no liv+ p]cipi5t be+ 9 exi/5ce to actualise x4 ,to suppose t x c\ld w\ld be to submit to ! illusion ( a metaphysical ab/raction4 ,matt] unrealis$ 9 its necess>y subord9ation to "s "o's p]cipi5t exp]i5ce is ! *ief among ! illusions :i* philosoph]s h be5 too ready to enc\rage1 & :i* ! mass ( mank9d1 :o accept words )\t reflect+ on _! legitimate mean+s1 are ready to accept bl9dly4 ,b we h only to reflect 9 ord] to see ! absurdity ( a mat]ial _w su* z we h exp]i5ce ( exi/+ )\t ev] be+ realis$ or made concrete 9 any s5ti5t life4 ,try to conceive an et]nally dead univ]se1 empty = ev] ( ,god & all f9ite spirits1 & y f9d y _c4 ,reality c be real only 9 a liv+ =m4 ,p]cipi5t life und]lies or con/itutes all t is real4 ,! esse ( ! concrete mat]ial _w is p]cipi4 ,?is 0 ! 8,new ,pr9ciple0 ) :i* ! "y ,dubl9 ,fell[ 0 burd5$--! ,secret ( ! univ]se :i* he _h be5 long+ to dis*>ge ^u mank9d = _! b5efit1 yet )\t sign ( desire to ga9 fame = himself z ! discov]]4 ,x is ?us t he unfolds x3-- 8,"s tru?s !re are s ne> & obvi\s to ! m9d t a man ne$ only op5 8 eyes to see !m4 ,su* ,i take ?is important "o to be1 viz4 t all ! *oir ( heav5 & furniture ( ! e>?1 9 a ^w1 all ^? bodies :i* compose ! mighty frame ( ! _w1 h n any subsi/5ce )\t a ,m9d2 t _! be+ is to be p]ceiv$ or kn[n2 t consequ5tly s long z !y are n actually p]ceiv$ by me1 or d n exi/ 9 my m9d1 or t ( any o!r creat$ _s1 !y mu/ ei!r h no exi/5ce at all1 or else subsi/ 9 ! m9d ( "s ,et]nal ,_s3 x be+ p]fectly un9telligible1 & involv+ all ! absurdity ( ab/raction1 to attribute to any s+le "p ( !m an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( a ,_s7#c740 ,?is does n mean d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( ! _w t is daily pres5t$ to our s5ses & :i* includes our own bodies4 ,on ! contr>y1 x affirms1 z intuitively true1 ! exi/5ce ( ! only real matt] :i* our s5ses pres5t to u4 ,! only mat]ial _w ( :i* we h any exp]i5ce consi/s ( ! appe>ances 7mislead+ly call$ ideas ( s5se by ,b]keley7 :i* are cont9ually ris+ z real objects 9 a passive procession ( int]pretable signs1 ?r\gh means ( :i* ea* f9ite p]son realises 8 own individual p]sonality2 also ! exi/5ce ( o!r f9ite p]sons2 & ! s5se-symbolism t is m or less int]pret$ 9 ! natural sci5ces2 all significant ( ,god4 ,s ! mat]ial _w ( concrete exp]i5ce is pres5t$ to u z m9d-dep5d5t & 9 itself p[]less3 ! deepe/ & true/ reality mu/ always be spiritual4 ,yet ?is m9d-dep5d5t mat]ial _w is ! occasion ( innum]able pleasures & pa9s to human p]cipi5ts1 9 s f> z !y con=m to or contradict its cu/om>y laws1 commonly call$ ! laws ( nature4 ,s ! s5se-symbolism 9 :i* we live is f\nd to play an important "p 9 ! exp]i5ce ( p]cipi5t be+s4 ,b x makes u sceptics & a!i/s :51 9 its "n1 we put a suppos$ dead ab/ract matt] 9 room ( ! ,div9e ,active ,reason ( :i* all natural ord] is ! cont9u\s provid5tial expression4 ,accord+ly1 ,god mu/ exi/1 because ! mat]ial _w1 9 ord] to be a real _w1 ne$s to be cont9ually realis$ & regulat$ by liv+ ,provid5ce2 & we h all ! c]ta9ty ( s5se & sanity t !re is a 7m9d-dep5d5t7 mat]ial _w1 a b\ndless & endlessly evolv+ s5se-symbolism4 ,9 ! two ye>s aft] ! disclosure ( 8 ,new ,pr9ciple we see ,b]keley *iefly ?r\gh 8 correspond5ce ) ,p]cival4 ,he 0 eag] to he> ! voice ( criticism2 b ! critics 7 sl[ to speak1 & :5 !y did speak !y misconceiv$ ! "q1 & ( c\rse 8 answ] to x4 8,if :5 y receive my book10 he writes f ,dubl91 9 ,july1 #agaj1 to ,sir ,john1 :o 0 !n 9 ,london1 8y c procure me ! op9ion ( "s ( y\r acqua9tances :o are ?9k+ m51 addict$ to ! /udy ( natural philosophy & ma!matics1 ,i %all be extremely oblig$ to y40 ,he also asks ,p]cival to pres5t ! book ( ,pr9ciples to ,"l ,pembroke1 to :om he _h v5tur$ to d$icate x1 z ,locke _h done 8 ,essay4 ,! reply 0 disc\rag+4 8,i did b "n ! subject-matt] ( y\r book ( ,pr9ciples to "s +5u\s fri5ds ( m9e10 ,p]cival says1 8& !y imm$iately treat$ x ) ridicule1 at ! same "t refus+ to read x2 :i* ,i h n yet got "o to d4 ,a physician ( my acqua9tance und]took to describe y\r p]son1 & argu$ y mu/ ne$s be mad1 & t y ought to take rem$ies4 ,a bi%op piti$ y1 t a desire & vanity ( />t+ some?+ new %\ld put y ^u su* an und]tak+2 & :5 ,i ju/ifi$ y 9 t "p ( y\r "*1 & add$ o!r des]v+ qualities y h1 he c\ld n tell :at to ?9k ( y4 ,ano!r told me an +5i\s man ought n to be disc\rag$ f ex]t+ 8 wit1 & said ,erasmus 0 n worse ?\ght ( = writ+ 9 praise ( folly2 b t y are n gone z f> z a g5tleman 9 t[n1 :o ass]ts n only t !re is no su* ?+ z ,matt]1 b t we ourselves h no be+ at all40 ,x is n surpris+ t a book :i* 0 suppos$ to d5y ! exi/5ce ( all t we see & t\* %\ld be ridicul$1 & its au?or call$ a madman4 ,:at vex$ ! au?or 01 8t m5 :o _h nev] consid]$ my book %\ld conf\nd me ) ! sceptics1 :o d\bt ! exi/5ce ( s5sible ?+s1 & are n positive ( any "o ?+1 n ev5 ( _! own be+4 ,b :oev] reads my book ) att5tion w see t ,i "q n ! exi/5ce ( any?+ we p]ceive by our s5ses4 ,f9e spun metaphysics are :at on all occasions ,i declaim aga9/1 & if any "o %all %ew any?+ ( t sort 9 my ,treatise ,i w will+ly correct x40 ,a mat]ial _w t 0 real en\gh to yield physical sci5ce1 to make kn[n to u ! exi/5ce ( o!r p]sons & ( ,god1 & :i* signifi$ 9 v practical ways happ9ess or mis]y to s5ti5t be+s1 seem$ to him suffici5tly real = human sci5ce & all o!r purposes4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! ard\r ( y\? ,b]keley _h h>dly fa?om$ ! dep?s into :i* 8 ,new ,pr9ciple l$1 & :i* he hop$ to escape by avoid+ ! ab/ractions ( 8f9e-spun metaphysics40 ,9 ,decemb] ,p]cival writes f ,london t he has 8giv5 ! book to ,"l ,pembroke10 :o 8?\ght ! au?or an +5i\s man1 & to be enc\rag$02 b = himself he 8_c believe 9 ! non-exi/5ce ( ,matt]02 & he _h tri$ 9 va9 to induce ,samuel ,cl>ke1 ! great ,engli% metaphysician1 ei!r to refute or to accept ! ,new ,pr9ciple4 ,9 ,febru>y ,b]keley s5ds an explanatory lett] = ,"l ,pembroke to ,p]cival's c>e4 ,9 a lett] 9 ,june he turns to social que/ions1 & sugge/s t if 8"s ,iri% g5tlem5 ( good =tune & g5]\s incl9ations w\ld con/antly reside 9 ,engl&1 !re to wat* = ! int]e/s ( ,irel&1 !y might br+ f> great] advantage ?an !y c\ld by sp5d+ _! incomes at home40 ,& s #agaa passes1 ) responses ( ignorant critics2 va9 endeav\rs to draw wor?y criticism f ,samuel ,cl>ke2 ! au?or all ! :ile do+ "w z a ,tutor 9 ,tr9ity ,college on a mode/ income2 n[ & !n on holidays 9 ,mea? or else:]e 9 ,irel&4 ,?ree disc\rses on ,passive ,ob$i5ce 9 ! ,college ,*apel 9 #agab1 mis9t]pret$1 br\ght on him ! reproa* ( ,jacobitism4 ,yet !y 7 design$ to %ew t society re/s on a deep] f\ndation ?an =ce & calculations ( utility1 & is at la/ root$ 9 pr9ciples ( an immutable morality4 ,locke's fav\rite op9ion1 t morality is a demon/rable1 seems to weigh ) him 9 ^! ,disc\rses4 ,b ,b]keley 0 n yet done ) ! exposition & v9dication ( 8 new ?\ght1 = x seem$ to him *>g$ ) supreme practical issues = mank9d4 ,9 ! two ye>s :i* foll[$ ! publication ( ! ,pr9ciples he 0 prep>+ to reproduce 8 spiritual conception ( ! univ]se1 9 ! dramatic =m ( dialogue1 conv5i5t = deal+ popul>ly ) plausible objections4 ,! issue 0 ! ,?ree ,dialogues betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s1 9 :i* ,philon\s argues = ! absurdity ( an ab/ract matt] t is unrealis$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( liv+ be+s1 z aga9/ ,hylas1 :o is put =w>d to ju/ify belief 9 ?is ab/ract reality4 ,! design ( ! ,dialogues is to pres5t 9 a famili> =m 8su* pr9ciples z1 by an easy solution ( ! p]plexities ( philosoph]s1 toge!r ) _! own native evid5ce1 may at once recomm5d !mselves z g5u9e to ! m9d1 & rescue philosophy f ! endless pursuits x is engag$ 92 :i*1 ) a pla9 demon/ration ( ! ,imm$iate ,provid5ce ( an all-see+ ,god1 %\ld seem ! readie/ prep>ation1 z well z ! /ronge/ motive to ! /udy & practice ( virtue7#d740 ,:5 ! ,dialogues 7 complet$1 at ! end ( #agab1 ,b]keley resolv$ to visit ,london1 z he told ,p]cival1 89 ord] to pr9t my new book ( ,dialogues1 & to make acqua9tance ) m5 ( m]it40 ,he got leave ( abs5ce f 8 ,college 8= ! recov]y ( 8 heal?10 :i* _h suff]$ f /udy1 & p]haps too he rememb]$ t ,bacon comm5ds travel z 8to ! y\ng] sort a "p ( education40 ,b]keley made 8 appe>ance 9 ,london 9 ,janu>y1 #agac4 ,on ! #bf? ( t mon? he writes to ,p]cival t he 8_h cross$ ! ,*annel f ,dubl9 a few days be=e10 describes adv5tures on ! road1 & enl>ges on ! beauty ( rural ,engl&1 :i* he lik$ m ?an any?+ he _h se5 9 ,london4 8,mr4 ,cl>ke0 _h already introduc$ him to ,"l ,pembroke4 ,he _h also call$ on 8 c\ntryman ,ri*>d ,/eele1 8:o desir$ to be acqua9t$ ) him4 ,somebody _h giv5 him my ,treatise on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 & t 0 ! gr\nd ( 8 incl9ation to my acqua9tance40 ,he anticipates 8mu* satisfaction 9 ! conv]sation ( ,/eele & 8 fri5ds10 add+ t 8!re is lately publi%$ a bold & p]nici\s book1 a ,disc\rse on ,free-?9k+7#e740 ,9 ,febru>y he 8d9es (t5 ) ,/eele 9 8 h\se 9 ,bloomsbury ,squ>e10 & tells 9 ,m>* 8t y w soon he> ( ,mr4 ,/eele "u ! "* ( ! ,gu>dian2 he designs 8 pap] %all come out e day z ! ,spectator40 ,! night be=e 8a v +5i\s new poem ^u #8,w9dsor ,=e/' _h be5 giv5 to him by ! au?or1 ,mr4 ,pope4 ,! g5tleman is a ,papi/1 b a man ( excell5t wit & le>n+1 "o ( ^? ,mr4 ,/eele m5tions 9 8 la/ pap] z hav+ writ "s ( ! ,spectator40 ,a few days lat] he has met 8,mr4 ,addison1 :o has ! same tal5ts z ,/eele 9 a high degree1 & is likewise a great philosoph]1 hav+ appli$ himself to ! speculative /udies m ?an any ( ! wits ,i "k4 ,i breakfa/$ ) him at ,dr4 ,swift's lodg+s4 ,8 com+ 9 :ile ,i 0 !re1 & ! good temp] he %[$1 0 con/ru$ by me z a sign ( ! approa*+ coalition ( p>ties4 ,a play ( ,mr4 ,/eele's1 :i* 0 expect$1 he has n[ put (f till next w9t]4 ,b ,cato1 a mo/ noble play ( ,mr4 ,addison1 is to be act$ 9 ,ea/] week40 ,accord+ly1 on ,april #ah1 he writes t 8on ,tuesday la/ ,cato 0 act$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,i 0 pres5t ) ,mr4 ,addison & two or ?ree m fri5ds 9 a side box1 :]e we _h a talk & two or ?ree flasks ( ,burgundy & ,*ampagne1 :i* ! au?or 7:o is a v sob] man7 ?\ght necess>y to support 8 spirits1 & inde$ x 0 a pleasant refre%m5t to u all betwe5 ! ,acts4 ,"s p>ts ( ! prologue1 writt5 by ,mr4 ,pope1 a ,tory & ev5 a ,papi/1 7 hiss$1 be+ ?\ght to sav\r ( ,:iggism2 b ! clap got mu* ! bett] ( ! hiss4 ,"l ,h>ley1 :o sat 9 ! next box to u1 0 obs]v$ to clap z l\d z any 9 ! h\se all ! "t ( ! play40 ,swift & ,pope h describ$ ?is fam\s fir/ night ( ,cato2 n[ = ! fir/ "t we h ,b]keley's report4 ,he adds1 8,?is day ,i d9$ at ,dr4 ,arbu?not's lodg+ 9 ! ,que5's ,palace40 ,8 c\ntryman1 ,swift1 0 among ! fir/ to welcome him to ,london1 :]e ,swift _h himself be5 = f\r ye>s1 8lodg+ 9 ,bury ,/reet10 & s5d+ ! daily j\rnal to ,/ella1 :i* records s _m incid5ts ( t memorable ,london life4 ,mrs4 ,vanhomrigh & h] daught]1 ! unhappy ,vanessa1 7 liv+ 9 rooms 9 ! same /reet z ,swift1 & !re he 8loit]$1 hot & lazy1 aft] 8 morn+'s "w10 & 8(t5 d9$ out ( m]e li/lessness40 ,b]keley 0 a frequ5t visitor at ,swift's h\se1 & ?is ,vanhomrigh connexion ) ,swift _h an influ5ce on ,b]keley's =tune long aft]w>ds4 ,on a ,sunday 9 ,april we f9d him at ,k5s+ton1 at ! ,c\rt ( ,que5 ,anne1 9 ! company ( ,swift4 8,i w5t to ,c\rt to-day10 ,swift's j\rnal records1 8on purpose to pres5t ,mr4 ,b]keley1 "o ( ! ,fell[s ( ,tr9ity4 ,college1 to ,"l ,b]keley ( ,/ratton4 ,t ,mr4 ,b]keley is a v +5i\s man1 & a great philosoph]1 & ,i h m5tion$ him to all ! m9i/]s1 & h giv5 !m "s ( 8 writ+s1 & ,i w fav\r him z mu* z ,i c40 ,9 ?is1 ,swift 0 z good z 8 ^w4 8,dr4 ,swift10 he adds1 8is admir$ bo? by ,/eele & ,addison1 & ,i ?9k ,addison "o ( ! be/ natur$ & mo/ agreeable m5 9 ! _w40 ,"o day ab\t ?is "t1 at ! in/ance ( ,addison1 x seems t a meet+ 0 arrang$ betwe5 ,b]keley & ,samuel ,cl>ke1 ! metaphysical rector ( ,/4 ,james's 9 ,piccadilly1 ^: op9ion he _h 9 va9 tri$ to draw =? two ye>s be=e ?r\gh ,sir ,john ,p]cival4 ,b]keley's p]sonal *>m 0 felt :]ev] he w5t1 & ev5 8! fa/idi\s & turbul5t ,att]bury10 aft] int]c\rse ) him1 is report$ to h said3 8,s mu* und]/&+1 s mu* k1 s mu* innoc5ce1 & su* humility1 ,i did n ?9k _h be5 ! portion ( any b angels till ,i saw ?is g5tleman40 ,mu* 0 expect$ f ! meet+ ) ,cl>ke1 b ,b]keley _h aga9 to compla9 t al?\gh ,cl>ke _h nei!r refut$ 8 argum5ts nor disprov$ 8 premisses1 he _h n ! c&\r to accept 8 conclusion4 ,x 0 ?us t ,b]keley became kn[n to 8m5 ( m]it0 9 t brilliant society4 ,he 0 also br\ght among p]sons on :om he w\ld h>dly h conf]r$ ?is title4 ,he tells ,p]cival t he _h att5d$ sev]al free-?9k+ clubs1 9 ! pret5d$ "* ( a le>n]1 & t he !re he>d ,an?ony ,coll9s1 au?or ( 8! bold & p]nici\s book on free-?9k+10 boa/ 8t he 0 able to demon/rate t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is an impossible supposition40 ,! promis$ 8demon/ration0 seems to h be5 ,coll9s' ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ,human ,lib]ty1 :i* appe>$ two ye>s lat]1 accord+ to :i* all t happ5s 9 m9d & matt] is ! issue ( natural necessity4 ,/eele invit$ ,b]keley to contribute to ! ,gu>dian dur+ its %ort-liv$ exi/5ce betwe5 ,m>* & ,septemb]1 #agac4 ,he took ! ,disc\rse ( ,coll9s = ! subject ( 8 fir/ essay4 ,?ree o!r essays are conc]n$ ) man's hope ( a future life1 & are among ! few passages 9 8 writ+s 9 :i* 8 philosophy is a m$itation ^u ,dea?4 ,9 ,may1 ,p]cival writes to him f ,dubl9 t he he>s ! 8new book ( ,dialogues is pr9t$1 ?\gh n yet publi%$1 & t y\r op9ion has ga9$ gr\nd among ! le>n$2 t ,mr4 ,addison has come ov] to y\r view2 & t :at at fir/ seem$ %ock+ is become s famili> t o!rs envy y ! discov]y1 & make x _! own40 ,9 8 reply 9 ,june1 ,b]keley m5tions t 8a cl]gyman 9 ,wilt%ire has lately publi%$ a treatise :]e9 he advances some?+ publi%$ ?ree ye>s ago 9 my ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k40 ,! cl]gyman 0 ,ar?ur ,colli]1 au?or ( ! ,clavis ,univ]salis1 or demon/ration ( ! impossibility ( an ext]nal _w7#f74 ,b]keley's ,?ree ,dialogues 7 publi%$ 9 ,june4 ,9 ! middle ( t same mon? he 0 9 ,ox=d1 8a mo/ delightful place10 :]e he sp5t two mon?s1 8witness$ ! ,act & gr& p]=mances at ! !atre1 & a great conc\rse f ,london & ! c\ntry1 among/ :om 7 sev]al =eign]s40 ,! ,drury ,lane ,company _h gone d[n to ,ox=d1 & ,cato 0 on ! /age = sev]al nights4 ,! ,p]cival correspond5ce n[ fir/ discloses ?is prolong$ visit to ,ox=d 9 ! summ] ( #agac1 t ideal home f :5ce1 =ty ye>s aft]1 he dep>t$ on a m my/]i\s j\rney ?an any on ?is planet4 ,9 a lett] f !nce to ,p]cival1 he _h claim$ ,arbu?not z "o ( ! conv]ts to ! 8new ,pr9ciple40 ,p]cival repli$ t ,swift demurr$ to ?is1 on :i* ,b]keley rejo9s3 8,z to :at y say ( ,dr4 ,arbu?not n be+ ( my op9ion1 x is true !re has be5 "s diff]5ce betwe5 u conc]n+ "s notions relat+ to ! necessity ( ! laws ( nature2 b ?is does n t\* ! ma9 po9ts ( ! non-exi/5ce ( :at philosoph]s call mat]ial sub/ance2 aga9/ :i* he ackn[l$ges he c ass]t no?+40 ,"o w\ld gladly h got m ?an ?is f ,b]keley1 ab\t :at t\*$ 8 fav\rite conception ( ! 8arbitr>9ess0 ( law 9 nature1 z di/+ui%$ f ! 8necessity0 :i* "s mod]n physici/s are ready vaguely to take = grant$4 ,! sc5e n[ *anges4 ,on ,octob] #ae ,b]keley sudd5ly writes f ,london3 8,i am on ! eve ( go+ to ,sicily1 z *apla9 to ,"l ,pet]bor\gh1 :o is ,ambassador ,extraord9>y on ! coronation ( ! new k+40 ,he _h be5 recomm5d$ by ,swift to ! ,ambassador1 "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y *>act]s !n 9 ,europe1 :o a few ye>s be=e _h a/oni%$ ! _w 9 ! w> ( ! ,succession 9 ,spa91 & aft]w>ds by 8 g5ius z a diplomati/3 9 ,holl&1 ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury be=e1 he _h =m$ an intimate fri5d%ip ) ,john ,locke4 ,t5 mon?s 9 ,france & ,italy 9 ! suite ( ,"l ,pet]bor\gh br\ght ! "y ,iri% metaphysician1 :o _h lately be5 introduc$ to ! wits ( ,london & ! dons ( ,ox=d1 into a new _w4 ,x 0 to him ! beg9n+ ( a c>e] ( w&]+ & social activity1 :i* la/$1 ) little int]ruption1 = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s1 dur+ :i* metaphysics & au?or%ip 7 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,on ,novemb] #be we f9d him 9 ,p>is1 writ+ lett]s to ,p]cival & ,prior4 8,f ,london to ,calais01 he tells ,prior1 8,i came 9 company ( a ,flam&1 a ,spani>d1 a ,fr5*man1 & ?ree ,engli% s]vants ( my ,"l4 ,! ?ree g5tlem51 be+ ( ?ree diff]5t nations1 oblig$ me to speak ! ,fr5* language 7:i* is n[ famili>71 & gave me ! opportunity ( see+ mu* ( ! _w 9 little compass4444 ,on ,novemb] #a 7,o4,s47 ,i emb>k$ 9 ! /age-coa*1 ) a company t 7 all p]fect /rang]s to me4 ,!re 7 two ,scot*1 & "o ,engli% g5tleman4 ,"o ( ! =m] happ5$ to be ! au?or ( ! ,voyage to ,/4 ,kilda & ! ,acc\nt ( ! ,we/]n ,isles7#g74 ,we 7 good company on ! road2 & t day se'ennight came to ,p>is4 ,i h s9ce be5 tak5 up 9 view+ *ur*es1 conv5ts1 palaces1 colleges1 c41 :i* are v num]\s & magnific5t 9 ?is t[n4 ,! spl5d\r & ri*es ( ^! ?+s surpasses belief2 b x 7 endless to desc5d to p>ticul>s4 ,i 0 pres5t at a disputation 9 ! ,sorbonne1 :i* inde$ _h mu* ( ! ,fr5* fire 9 x4 ,i saw ! ,iri% & ! ,engli% ,colleges4 ,9 ! latt] ,i saw1 enclos$ 9 a c(f91 ! body ( ! late ,k+ ,james4444 ,to-morr[ ,i int5d to visit ,fa!r ,malebran*e1 & disc\rse him on c]ta9 po9ts40 ,! ,abb ,d',aubign1 z he in=ms ,p]cival1 0 to introduce him to ,malebran*e1 !n ! *ief philosoph] ( ,france1 ^: ,vision ( ! _w 9 ,god _h "s aff9ity ) ,b]keley's own ?\ght4 ,un=tunately we h no record ( ! int5d$ int]view ) ! ,fr5* ideali/1 :o f\rte5 ye>s be=e _h be5 visit$ by ,addison1 also on 8 way to ,italy1 :5 ,malebran*e express$ great reg>d = ! ,engli% nation1 & admiration = ,newton2 b he %ook 8 head :5 ,hobbes 0 m5tion$1 :om he v5tur$ to disp>age z a 8poor silly creature40 ,malebran*e di$ ne>ly two ye>s aft] ,b]keley's propos$ int]view2 & accord+ to a /ory c\nt5anc$ by ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,b]keley 0 ! 8occasional cause0 ( 8 dea?4 ,he f\nd ! v5]able ,fa!r1 we are told1 9 a cell1 cook+1 9 a pipk91 a m$ic9e = a disord] ) :i* he 0 tr\bl$4 ,! conv]sation naturally turn$ on ,b]keley's sy/em1 ( :i* ,malebran*e _h receiv$ "s k f a translation4 ,! issue ( ! debate prov$ tragical to poor ,malebran*e4 ,9 ! heat ( disputation he rais$ 8 voice s high1 & gave way s freely to ! natural impetuosity ( a man ( g5ius & a ,fr5*man1 t he br\ght on a viol5t increase ( 8 disord]1 :i* c>ri$ him (f a few days aft]7#h74 ,?is romantic tale is1 ,i suspect1 my?ical4 ,! ,p]cival correspond5ce %ews t ,b]keley 0 liv+ 9 ,london 9 ,octob]1 #agae1 ! mon? 9 :i* ,malebran*e di$1 & ,i f9d no trace ( a %ort sudd5 visit to ,p>is at t "t4 ,aft] a mon? sp5t 9 ,p>is1 ano!r =tnight c>ri$ ,b]keley & two travell+ companions to ,italy ?r\gh ,savoy4 ,!y cross$ ,mont ,c5is on ,new ,ye>'s ,day 9 #agad--8"o ( ! mo/ difficult & =midable p>ts ( ! ,alps :i* is ev] pass$ ov] by mortal man10 z he tells ,prior 9 a lett] f ,tur94 8,we 7 c>ri$ 9 op5 *airs by m5 us$ to scale ^! rocks & precipices1 :i* at ?is season are m slipp]y & dang]\s ?an at o!r times1 & at ! be/ are high1 craggy1 & /eep en\gh to cause ! he>t ( ! mo/ valiant man to melt )9 him40 ,at ! end ( o!r six weeks we f9d him at ,leghorn1 :]e he sp5t ?ree mon?s1 8:ile my "l 0 9 ,sicily40 ,he 8pref]s ,engl& or ,irel& to ,italy3 ! only advantage is 9 po9t ( air40 ,f ,leghorn he writes 9 ,may a complim5t>y lett] to ,pope1 on ! occasion ( ! ,rape ( ! ,lock3 8,/yle1 pa9t+1 judgm5t1 _s1 ,i _h already admir$ 9 y\r o!r writ+s2 b 9 ?is ,i am *>m$ ) ! magic ( y\r inv5tion1 ) all ^? images1 allusions1 & inexplicable beauties :i* y raise s surpris+ly1 & at ! same "t s naturally1 out ( a trifle4444 ,i rememb] to h he>d y m5tion "s half-=m$ design ( com+ to ,italy4 ,:at might we n expect f a muse t s+s s well 9 ! bleak climate ( ,engl&1 if %e felt ! same w>m sun & brea!d ! same air ) ,virgil & ,horace40 ,9 ,july we f9d ,b]keley 9 ,p>is on 8 way back to ,engl&4 ,he _h 8p>t$ f ,"l ,pet]bor\gh at ,g5oa1 :]e my "l took po/ = ,tur91 & !nce design$ pass+ ov] ! ,alps1 & s ?r\gh ,savoy1 on 8 way to ,engl&40 ,9 ,augu/ !y are 9 ,london1 :]e ! aspect ( ,engli% politics 0 *ang$ by ! dea? ( ! ,que5 9 t mon?4 ,he seems to h _h a fev] soon aft] 8 return4 ,9 ,octob]1 ,arbu?not1 9 "o ( 8 *atty lett]s to ,swift1 writes ?us3 8,poor philosoph] ,b]keley has n[ ! idea ( heal?1 :i* 0 v h>d to produce 9 him1 = he _h an idea ( a /range fev] ^u him1 s /range t x 0 v h>d to de/roy x by introduc+ a contr>y "o40 ,our record ( ! two foll[+ ye>s is a long blank1 fir/ brok5 by a lett] to ,p]cival 9 ,july1 #agae1 dat$ at ,london4 ,:e!r he sp5t any "t at ,fulham ) ,"l ,pet]bor\gh aft] _! return f ,italy does n appe>1 nor :e!r he visit$ ,irel& 9 ^? ye>s1 :i* is n likely4 ,we h no glimpses ( brilliant ,london society z 9 ! prec$+ ye>4 ,/eele 0 n[ 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,swift _h return$ to ,dubl91 & ,addison 0 ! ,iri% *ief secret>y4 ,b ,pope 0 /ill at ,b9field1 among ! glades ( ,w9dsor1 & ,b]keley congratulat$ him aft] receiv+ ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,hom]4 ,( 8 own lit]>y pursuits we he> no?+4 ,p]haps ! ,second ,"p ( ! ,pr9ciples1 :i* 0 lo/ aft]w>ds 9 8 travels1 engag$ him4 ,9 ! end ( ,july he wrote to ,"l ,p]cival7#i7 f ,flaxley7#aj7 on ! ,sev]n2 & 9 ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 ,octob]1 & ,novemb] he wrote f ,london1 *iefly int]e/$ 9 reports ab\t 8! rebels 9 ,scotl&10 & 8! =ces "u ,"l ,m>1 :i* no d\bt w langui% & disp]se 9 a little "t4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol assur$ me ! o!r day t ! ,c\rt expect t ! ,duke ( ,orleans w\ld1 9 case ( ne$1 supply !m ) =ces aga9/ ! ,pret5d]40 ,our next glimpse ( him is 9 ,may1 #agaf1 :5 he writes to ,"l ,p]cival t he is 8l soon to g to ,irel&1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales hav+ recomm5d$ him to ! ,lords ,ju/ices = ! liv+ ( ,/4 ,paul's 9 ,dubl940 ,?is op5+ 0 soon clos$1 & ! visit to ,irel& 0 ab&on$4 ,a gr\ndless suspicion ( ,jacobitism 0 n ov]come by ! int]e/ ( ,c>ol9e1 ,pr9cess ( ,wales4 ,9 ,june1 #agaf1 ,*>les ,d]+ wrote f ,dubl91 t 8! ,lords ,ju/ices h made a /rong repres5tation aga9/ him40 ,he _h to look else:]e = ! imm$iate future4 ,we f9d him at ,tur9 9 ,novemb]1 #agaf1 ) a fre% leave ( abs5ce = two ye>s f 8 ,college4 ,x seems t ,a%e1 ,bi%op ( ,clogh]1 _h engag$ him z travell+ tutor to 8 son1 a means n !n uncommon = enabl+ "y au?ors ( mod]ate =tune to see new c\ntries & mix ) society4 ,addison _h visit$ ,italy 9 ?is way sixte5 ye>s be=e1 & ,adam ,smi? long aft]w>ds travell$ ) ! "y ,duke ( ,buccleu*4 ,) "y ,a%e1 ,b]keley cross$ ,mont ,c5is a second "t4 ,!y rea*$ ,rome at ! beg9n+ ( #agag4 ,8 ,j\rnal 9 ,italy 9 t ye>1 & occasional lett]s to ,p]cival1 ,pope1 & ,arbu?not1 %ew ard5t int]e/ 9 nature & art4 ,) ! wide/ views1 8?is v great ?\gh s+ul> sort ( man desc5d$ into a m9ute detail1 & begrudg$ nei!r pa9s nor exp5se = ! means ( in=mation4 ,he travell$ ?r\gh a great "p ( ,sicily on foot2 clamb]$ ov] ! m\nta9s & crept into ! cav]ns1 to inve/igate its natural hi/ory & discov] ! causes ( its volcanoes2 & ,i h kn[n him sit = h\rs 9 =ges & f\ndries to inspect _! successive op]ations7#aa740 ,if ! ,j\rnal _h be5 trans=m$ by 8 own h& into a book1 8 lett] to ,pope f ,in>ime %ews t ! book might h rivall$ ,addison's ,rem>ks on ,p>ts ( ,italy 9 grace ( /yle & l>ge human int]e/4 ,9 ! summ] ( #agbj we f9d ! travell]s at ,flor5ce1 aft]w>ds = "s "t at ,lyons1 & 9 ,london at ! beg9n+ ( ! next ye>4 ,on ! way home 8 metaphysical inspiration 0 reviv$4 ,! 8,cause ( ,motion0 _h be5 propos$ by ! ,fr5* ,academy z ! subject ( a prize diss]tation4 ,! subject gave an opportunity = fur!r unfold+ 8 e>ly ?\ght4 ,9 ! ,pr9ciples & ! ,dialogues he _h argu$ = ! necess>y dep5d5ce ( matt]1 = its concrete sub/antial reality1 ^u liv+ p]cipi5t m9d4 ,he w\ld n[ %ew its p[]lessness z x is pres5t$ to u 9 s5se4 ,! mat]ial _w1 *iefly "u ! category ( sub/ance1 inspir$ ! ,pr9ciples4 ,! mat]ial _w1 "u ! category ( cause or p[]1 inspir$ ! ,de ,motu4 ,?is ,lat9 ,essay sums up ! di/9ctive ?\ght ( ,b]keley1 z x appe>s 9 ! au?or%ip ( 8 e>ly life4 ,moles evolvit et agitat m5tes might be tak5 z ! =mula ( ! mat]ialism :i* he s\ght to dissolve4 ,m5s p]cipit et agitat molem significantem1 cujus esse e/ p]cipi expresses :at ,b]keley w\ld sub/itute = ! mat]iali/ic =mula4 ,! end ( ! summ] ( #agba f\nd ,b]keley /ill 9 ,london4 ,engl& 0 9 ! social agitation & mis]y consequ5t ^u ! failure ( ! ,s\? ,sea ,company1 a gigantic comm]cial speculation connect$ ) ,briti% trade 9 ,am]ica4 ,a new inspiration took possession ( him4 ,he ?\ght he saw 9 ?is cata/rophe signs ( a decl9e 9 public morals worse ?an t :i* foll[$ ! ,re/oration4 8,political corruption01 8decay ( religion10 8gr[? ( a!ism10 7 descriptive words us$ by ! ?\ghtful4 ,b]keley's eag] imag9ation 0 apt to exagg]ate ! evil4 ,he became inspir$ by social idealism1 & f\nd v5t = 8 f]v\r 9 ,an ,essay t[>ds prev5t+ ! ,ru9 ( ,great ,brita91 :i*1 z well z ! ,de ,motu1 made its appe>ance 9 #agba4 ,?is ,essay is a significant factor 9 8 c>e]4 ,x 0 ! ,cass&ra wail ( a sorr[ful & indignant prophet1 prep>$ to %ake ! du/ f 8 feet1 & to transf] 8 eye ( hope to o!r regions1 9 :i* a ne>] approa* to ,utopia might be realis$4 ,! true p]sonality ( ! individual is unrealisable 9 selfi% isolation4 ,8 fav\rite non sibi1 s$ toti mundo 0 h5ce=w>d m ?an ev] ! rul+ maxim ( 8 life4 ,,ii4 ,middle ,life 7#agbb-cd74 ,9 ,octob]1 #agba1 ,b]keley 0 9 ,dubl94 ,! regi/] ( ! ,college %ews t 8on ,novemb] #ad1 #agba1 ,mr4 ,b]keley _h ! grace ( ! ,h\se = ! ,degree ( ,ba*elor & ,doctor ( ,div9ity40 ,!re is no gr\nd = ! report t he return$ to ,irel& at ?is "t z ,*apla9 to ! ,duke ( ,grafton1 ! ,"l ,lieut5ant7#ab74 ,b pref]m5t 9 ! ,*ur* seem$ )9 8 rea*4 8,i _h no soon] set foot on %ore10 he wrote to ,p]cival 9 t ,octob]1 8?an ,i he>d t ! ,dean]y ( ,dromore 0 vacant40 ,p]cival us$ 8 influ5ce ) ! ,"l ,lieut5ant1 & 9 ,febru>y1 #agbb1 ,b]keley's pat5t 0 8pass+ ! ,seals = ! ,dean]y ( ,dromore40 ,b ! ,bi%op ( ,dromore claim$ ! patronage1 & ?is l$ to a protract$ & ineffectual lawsuit1 :i* took ,b]keley to ,london 9 ! foll[+ w9t]1 8to see fri5ds & in=m himself ( po9ts ( law10 & he tells t 8on ! way he 0 ne>ly dr[n$ 9 cross+ to ,holyhead7#ac740 ,b]keley's int]e/ 9 *ur* pref]m5t 0 n p]sonal4 ,he saw 9 x only means to an end4 ,9 ,m>*1 #agbc1 he surpris$ ,"l ,p]cival by ann\nc+1 9 a lett] f ,london1 a project :i* x seems = "s "t _h occupi$ 8 ?\ghts4 8,x is n[ ab\t t5 mon?s10 he says1 8s9ce ,i h det]m9$ to sp5d ! residue ( my days 9 ,b]muda1 :]e ,i tru/ 9 ,provid5ce ,i may be ! mean in/rum5t ( do+ great good to mank9d4 ,:atev] happ5s1 g ,i am resolv$1 if ,i live4 ,half a doz5 ( ! mo/ +5i\s & agreeable m5 9 our ,college are ) me 9 ?is project1 & s9ce ,i came hi!r ,i h got toge!r ab\t a doz5 ,engli%m5 ( quality1 :o int5d to retire to ^? isl&s40 ,he !n expla9s ! project1 op5+ a vision ( ,*ri/ian civilisation radiat+ f ^? fair isl&s ( ! ,we/1 ^: idyllic bliss poets _h sung1 diffus$ ov] ! ,new ,_w1 ) its magnific5t possibilities 9 ! future hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,i f9d no fur!r record ( ! orig9 ( ?is bright vision4 ,z x _h become a practical det]m9ation 8t5 mon?s0 be=e ,m>*1 #agbc1 "o is c>ri$ back to ! fir/ mon?s aft] 8 return to ,dubl9 & to ! ,essay t 0 call$ =? by ! ,s\? ,sea cata/rophe4 ,"o may conjecture t despair ( ,engl& & ! ,old ,_w--8su* z ,europe bre$s 9 h] decay0--l$ him to look we/w>d = ! hopeful future ( mank9d1 mov$1 p]haps1 by ! connexion ( ! cata/rophe ) ,am]ica4 ,8 active imag9ation pictur$ a bett] ,republic ?an ,plato's1 & a gr&] ,utopia ?an ,m's1 emanat+ f a ,college 9 ! isles ( :i* ,wall] _h sung4 ,9 ! meantime a curi\s =tune unexpect$ly fav\r$ him4 ,swift's unhappy ,vanessa1 associat$ ) ,bury ,/reet 9 #agac1 _h settl$ on h] prop]ty at ,m>ley ,abbey ne> ,dubl92 & ,swift _h privately m>ri$ ,/ella1 z %e confess$ to ,vanessa1 :o !reaft] revok$ ! beque/ ( h] =tune to ,swift1 & left x to be divid$ betwe5 ,b]keley & ,m>%al1 aft]w>ds an ,iri% judge4 ,vanessa di$ 9 ,may1 #agbc4 ,a few days aft] ,b]keley wrote ?us to ,"l ,p]cival3 8,"h is some?+ t w surprise y\r lord%ip z x do? me4 ,mrs4 ,he/] ,vanhomrigh1 a lady to :om ,i 0 a p]fect /rang]1 hav+ nev] 9 ! :ole c\rse ( my life ex*ang$ a ^w ) h]1 di$ on ,sunday4 ,ye/]day h] ,w 0 op5$1 by :i* x appe>s t ,i am con/itut$ executor1 ! advantage :]e( is comput$ by ^? :o und]/& h] affairs to be wor? #cjjj4444 ,my ,b]muda s*eme is n[ /rong] 9 my m9d ?an ev]2 ?is provid5tial ev5t hav+ made _m ?+s easy :i* 7 o!rwise be=e40 ,"l ,p]cival 9 reply concludes t he w\ld 8p]si/ m ?an ev] 9 t noble s*eme1 :i* may 9 "s "t exalt y\r "n beyond t ( ,/4 ,xavi] & ! mo/ fam\s mission>ies abroad40 ,b he w>ns him t1 8)\t ! protection ( ,gov]nm5t10 he w\ld enc\nt] insurm\ntable difficulties4 ,! ,vanessa legacy1 & ! ob/ructions 9 ! way ( ! ,dean]y ( ,dromore1 7 ! subjects ( a t$i\s correspond5ce ) 8 fri5d & bus9ess factotum1 8,tom ,prior10 9 #agbd & ! ?ree foll[+ ye>s4 ,9 ! end1 ! debts ( ,vanessa absorb$ mo/ ( ! legacy4 ,& z to ! ,dean]y ( ,dromore1 he tells ,p]cival1 on ,septemb] #ai1 #agbc3 8,i despair ( see+ x end to my advantage4 ,! tru? is1 my fix$ purpose ( go+ to ,b]muda sets me above solicit+ any?+ ) e>ne/ness 9 ?is "p ( ! _w4 ,x c be ( no use to me1 b z x may enable me ! bett] to prosecute t design2 & x mu/ be own$ t ! pres5t possession ( some?+ 9 ! ,*ur* w\ld make my application = an e/abli%m5t 9 ^? isl&s m consid]$40 ,nev]!less1 he got a ,dean]y at la/4 ,9 ,may1 #agbd1 he in=ms ,"l ,p]cival f ,tr9ity ,college3 8,ye/]day ,i receiv$ my pat5t = ! be/ ,dean]y 9 ! k+dom1 t ( ,d]ry4 ,x is said to be wor? #aejj p] annum4 ,b z ,i d n consid] x ) an eye to enri*+ myself1 s ,i %all be p]fectly cont5t$ if x facilitates & recomm5ds my s*eme ( ,b]muda1 :i* ,i am 9 hopes w meet ) a bett] reception if x comes f "o possess$ ( s great a ,dean]y40 ,9 ,septemb] he is on 8 way1 n to ,d]ry1 b to ,london1 8to raise funds & obta9 a ,*>t] = ! ,b]muda ,college f ,george ! ,fir/10 =tifi$ by a rem>kable lett] f ,swift to ,"l ,c>t]et1 ! new ,"l ,lieut5ant1 :o 0 !n 9 ,ba?7#ad74 ,z ,swift pr$ict$ 9 ?is lett]1 ,b]keley's conque/s spread f> & fa/ 9 ,engl&1 :]e he organis$ 8 res\rces dur+ ! f\r foll[+ ye>s4 ,no?+ %ews m signally ! magic ( 8 p]sonality ?an ! /ory ( 8 life 9 ,london 9 ^? ye>s ( negotiation & endeav\r4 ,! proposal met ) a response wond]ful 9 a g5]ation repres5t$ by ,walpole4 ,! subscriptions soon rea*$ five ?\s& p\nds1 & ,walpole 0 among ! subscrib]s4 ,! ,scribl]us ,club1 meet+ at ,"l ,ba?ur/'s1 agre$ to rally ,b]keley1 :o 0 among !m1 on 8 ,b]muda s*eme4 ,he ask$ to be he>d 9 def5ce1 & pres5t$ ! case ) su* =ce ( en?usiasm t ! company 87 /ruck dumb1 & aft] a pause simultane\sly rose & ask$ leave to accompany him40 ,b]muda = a "t inspir$ ,london4 ,b]keley 0 n satisfi$ ) ?is4 ,he rememb]$ :at ,"l ,p]cival _h said ab\t failure )\t help f ,gov]nm5t4 ,accord+ly he obta9$ a ,*>t] f ,george ! ,fir/ e>ly 9 #agbf1 & aft] canvass+ ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 secur$ a grant ( #bj1jjj1 ) only two diss5ti5t votes1 9 ,may ( t ye>4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( 8 difficulties4 ,paym5t 0 indef9itely delay$1 & he 0 kept negotiat+2 besides1 ) ! help ( ,prior1 he 0 unravell+ legal p]plexities 9 :i* ! ,vanessa legacy 0 involv$4 ,x 0 9 ^! ye>s t he 0 se5 at ! receptions ( ,c>ol9e at ,leice/] ,fields1 :5 %e 0 ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 & aft]w>ds at ,/4 ,james's or at ,k5s+ton1 :5 %e became ,que5 9 #agbg2 n1 he says1 because he lov$ ,c\rts1 b because he lov$ ,am]ica4 ,cl>ke 0 /ill rector ( ,/4 ,james's1 & ,butl] _h n yet migrat$ to 8 p>sonage at ,/anhope2 s _! society 0 op5 to him4 ,! ,que5 lik$ to li/5 to a philosophical discussion4 ,t5 ye>s be=e1 z ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 %e _h be5 a royal g-betwe5 9 ! fam\s correspond5ce betwe5 ,cl>ke & ,leibniz4 ,& n[1 ,b]keley be+ 9 ,london1 he too 0 ask$ to h] weekly reunions1 :5 %e lov$ to he> ,cl>ke argu+ ) ,b]keley1 or ,b]keley argu+ ) ,hoadley4 ,also 9 #agbf ,voltaire made 8 l5g!n$ visit to ,engl&1 a famili> figure 9 ! circle ( ,pope's fri5ds1 attract$ to ! philosophy ( ,locke & ,newton2 & ,voltaire m5tions t he met 8! discov]] ( ! true !ory ( vision0 dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,london4 ,f ! summ] ( #agbg until ! spr+ ( #agbh !re is no extant correspond5ce ei!r ) ,p]cival or 8,tom ,prior0 to ?r[ light on 8 movem5ts4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #agbh1 he 0 /ill 9 ,london1 b he 8hop$ to set out = ,dubl9 9 ,m>*1 & to ,am]ica 9 ,may40 ,!re is a my/]y ab\t ?is visit to ,dubl94 8,i propose to set out = ,dubl9 ab\t a mon? h5ce10 he writes to 8de> ,tom10 8b ( ?is y mu/ n give ! lea/ intimation to anybody4 ,x is ( all ?+s my e>ne/ desire 7& = v good reasons7 n to h x kn[n t ,i am 9 ,dubl94 ,speak n1 !re=e1 "o syllable ( x to any mortal :atsoev]4 ,:5 ,i =m]ly desir$ y to take a place = me ne> ! t[n1 y gave out t y 7 look+ = a retir$ lodg+ = a fri5d ( y\rs2 ^u :i* ev]ybody surmis$ me to be ! p]son4 ,i mu/ beg y n to act 9 ! l mann] n[1 b to take = me an entire h\se 9 y\r own "n1 & z = y\rself2 =1 all ?+s consid]$1 ,i am det]m9$ ^u a :ole h\se1 ) no mortal 9 x b a maid ( y\r own putt+1 :o is to look on h]self z y\r s]vant4 ,let !re be two b$-*amb]s3 "o = y1 ano!r = me2 &1 z y l1 y may ev] & anon lie !re4 ,i w\ld h ! h\se1 ) necess>y furniture1 tak5 by ! mon? 7or o!rwise1 z y c71 = ,i propose /ay+ n beyond t "t2 & yet p]haps ,i may4 ,take x z soon z possible4444 ,let me entreat y to say no?+ ( ?is to anybody1 b to d ! ?+ directly4444 ,i w\ld ( all ?+s 444 h a prop] place 9 a retir$ situation1 :]e ,i may h access to fields & sweet air provid$ aga9/ ! mom5t ,i arrive4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k "o may be bett] conceal$ 9 ! out]mo/ skirt ( ! suburbs1 ?an 9 ! c\ntry or )9 ! t[n4444 ,a h\se q deta*$ 9 ! c\ntry ,i %\ld h no objection to1 provid$ y judge t ,i %all n be liable to discov]y 9 x4 ,! place call$ ,b]muda ,i am utt]ly aga9/4 ,de> ,tom1 d ?is matt] cleanly & clev]ly1 )\t wait+ = fur!r advice4444 ,to ! p]son f :om y hire x 7:om alone ,i w\ld h y speak ( x to7 x w n seem /range y %\ld at ?is "t ( ! ye> be desir\s1 = y\r own conv5i5ce or heal?1 to h a place 9 a free & op5 air40 ,?is my/]i\s lett] 0 writt5 9 ,april4 ,f ,april till ,septemb] ,b]keley aga9 disappe>s4 ,!re is 9 all ?is a curi\s secretiv5ess ( :i* "o has repeat$ examples 9 8 life4 ,:e!r he w5t to ,dubl9 9 t spr+1 or :y he want$ to g1 does n appe>4 ,b 9 ,septemb] he em]ges unexpect$ly at ,graves5d1 newly m>ri$1 & ready to sail = ,rhode ,isl&1 89 a %ip ( #bej tons :i* he _h hir$40 ,! m>riage1 accord+ to ,/ock1 took place on ,augu/ #a1 :e!r 9 ,irel& or 9 ,engl& ,i _c tell4 ,! lady 0 ,anne1 daught] ( ,john ,=/]1 late ,*ief ,ju/ice1 & !n ,speak] ( ! ,iri% ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,%e %>$ 8 =tune :5 he 0 ab\t to engage 9 ! mo/ romantic1 & ideally ! gr&e/1 ,*ri/ian mission ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,accord+ to tradition %e 0 a dev\tly religi\s my/ic3 ,fnelon & ,madame ,guyon 7 among h] fav\rites4 8,i *ose h]10 he tells ,"l ,p]cival1 8= h] qualities ( m9d & h] unaffect$ incl9ation to books4 ,%e goes ) great ?ankfulness1 to live a pla9 f>m]'s life1 & we> /uff ( h] own sp9n+4 ,i h pres5t$ h] ) a sp9n+-:eel40 ,a lett] to ,prior1 dat$ 8,graves5d ,septemb] #e1 #agbh10 ?us describes ! little p>ty on ! eve ( _! dep>ture3--8,to-morr[1 ) ,god's bless+1 ,i set sail = ,rhode ,isl&1 ) my wife & a fri5d ( h]s1 my ,lady ,h&cock's daught]1 :o be>s u company4 ,i am m>ri$ s9ce ,i saw y to ,miss ,=/]1 ^: hum\r & turn ( m9d pleases me beyond any?+ t ,i "k 9 h] :ole sex4 ,mr4 ,james7#ae71 ,mr4 ,dalton1 & ,mr4 ,smib]t7#af7 g ) u on ?is voyage4 ,we are n[ all toge!r at ,graves5d1 & are engag$ 9 "o view40 ,we are fur!r told7#ag7 t !y c>ri$ /ores & goods to a great value1 & t ! ,dean 8emb>k$ #bj1jjj books1 besides :at ! two g5tlem5 c>ri$4 ,!y sail$ 9 ,septemb] = ,rhode ,isl&1 :]e ! ,dean int5ds to w9t]1 & to pur*ase an e/ate1 9 ord] to settle a correspond5ce & trade betwe5 t isl& & ,b]mudas40 ,b]keley 0 9 8 =ty-f\r? ye>1 :51 full ( gl[+ visions ( ,*ri/ian ,empire 9 ! ,we/1 8,"t's noble/ (fspr+10 he left ,engl&1 on 8 way to ,b]muda1 ) ! promise ( ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole t he %\ld receive ! promis$ grant aft] he _h made an inve/m5t4 ,he b\ght l& 9 ,am]ica1 b he nev] rea*$ ,b]muda4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ,janu>y1 9 #agbi1 ! little p>ty1 9 ! 8hir$ %ip ( #bej tons10 made _! appe>ance 9 ,n>ragansett ,bay1 on ! we/]n side ( ,rhode ,isl&4 8,blund]+ ab\t ! ocean10 !y _h t\*$ at ,virg9ia on ! way1 :5ce a correspond5t1 sceptical ( ! ent]prise1 in=ms ,"l ,p]cival t ! ,dean 8_h d9$ ) ! ,gov]nor1 & visit$ our ,college10 b ?9ks t 8:5 ! ,dean comes to put 8 vision>y s*eme into practice1 he w f9d x no bett] ?an a religi\s fr5zy10 & t 8he is z mu* a ,don ,quixote 9 zeal z t r5[n$ knight 0 9 *ivalry4 ,i wi% ! good ,dean may n f9d out at la/ t ,wall] really kidnapt him ov] to ,b]muda1 & t ! project he has be5 drawn into may n prove 9 e po9t ( x poetical40 ,we h a picture ( ! l&+ at ,newport1 on a w9t] day e>ly 9 #agbi4 8,ye/]day arriv$ "h ,dean ,b]keley ( ,londond]ry1 9 a pretty l>ge %ip4 ,he is a g5tleman ( middle /ature1 ( an agreeable1 pleasant1 & erect aspect4 ,he 0 u%]$ into ! t[n ) a great numb] ( g5tlem51 to :om he behav$ himself aft] a v complaisant mann]4 ',tis said he proposes to t>ry "h ) 8 family ab\t ?ree mon?s7#ah740 ,newport 0 !n a fl\ri%+ t[n1 ne>ly a c5tury old1 an emporium ( ,am]ican comm]ce1 9 ^? days ! rival ( ,bo/on & ,new ,york4 ,he 0 8nev] m agreeably surpris$10 he says1 ?an 8at ! size ( ! t[n & h>b\r40 ,ar\nd him 0 "s ( ! s(te/ rural & gr&e/ ocean sc5]y 9 ! _w1 :i* _h fre% *>ms ev5 = "o ^: boyhood 0 sp5t 9 ! valley ( ! ,nore1 :o _h l+]$ 9 ! ,bay ( ,naples1 & w&]$ 9 ,in>ime & among ! m\nta9s ( ,sicily4 ,he 0 sev5ty miles f ,bo/on1 & ab\t z f> f ,ne:av5 & ,yale ,college4 ,a range ( hills crosses ! c5tre ( ! isl&1 :5ce mead[s slope to ! rocky %ore4 ,! ,gulf ,/ream temp]s ! surr\nd+ sea4 8,! p10 he tells ,p]cival1 8are indu/ri\s2 & ?\gh less or?odox h n less virtue1 & ,i am sure !y h m regul>ity1 ?an ^? ,i left 9 ,europe4 ,!y are inde$ a /range m$ley ( diff]5t p]suasions40 ,! g5try reta9$ ! cu/oms ( ! squires 9 ,engl&3 tradition tells ( a *e]ful society3 ! fox *ase1 ) h\nds & horses1 0 a fav\rite recreation4 ,! society1 = s remote a region1 0 well in=m$4 ,! family libr>ies & pictures :i* rema9 argue culture & ref9em5t4 ,smib]t1 ! arti/ ( ! mission>y p>ty1 :o _h mov$ to ,bo/on1 soon f\nd employm5t 9 ,am]ica1 & 8 pictures /ill adorn h\ses 9 ,rhode ,isl&7#ai74 ,! ,dean & 8 "y wife liv$ 9 ,newport = "s mon?s aft] _! arrival4 ,mr4 ,honeyman1 a mission>y ( ! ,engli% ,society1 _h be5 plac$ !re1 9 ,tr9ity ,*ur*1 9 #agjd4 ,! *ur* is /ill a conspicu\s object f ! h>b\r4 ,b]keley prea*$ 9 x ?ree days aft] 8 arrival1 & occasionally aft]w>ds4 ,notes ( 8 s]mons are includ$ 9 ?is edition among 8 ,miscellane\s ,works4 ,9 ! summ] ( #agbi he mov$ f ,newport to a quiet valley 9 ! int]ior ( ! isl&1 :]e he b\ght a f>m1 & built a h\se4 ,9 ?is isl&-home1 nam$ ,:itehall1 he liv$ = m ?an two ye>s--ye>s ( dome/ic happ9ess1 & ( resum$ /udy1 mu* int]rupt$ s9ce he left ,dubl9 9 #agac4 ,! h\se may /ill be se51 a little aside f ! road t runs ea/w>d f ,newport1 ab\t ?ree miles f ! t[n4 ,x is built ( wood4 ,! s\?-we/ room 0 probably ! libr>y4 ,! ocean is se5 9 ! di/ance1 :ile or*>ds & groves (f] ! %ade & sil5ce :i* soo!d ! ?9k] 9 8 recluse life4 ,no invitations ( ! ?ree companions ( 8 voyage7#bj71 :o _h migrat$ to ,bo/on1 c\ld allure him f ?is retreat1 :]e he div]t$ 8 anxieties ab\t ,b]muda by ! ?\ghts :i* f\nd expression 9 ! dialogues ( ,alciphron1 r$ol5t ( ,rhode ,isl& & ! invigorat+ breezes ( its ocean %ore4 ,tradition tells t mu* ( ,alciphron 0 ! issue ( m$itation 9 ! op5 air1 at a fav\rite retreat1 b5ea? ! ,hang+ ,rocks1 :i* comm&s an ext5sive view ( ! bea* & ! ocean2 & ! *air 9 :i* he sat 9 ?is alcove is /ill pres]v$ ) v5]ation4 ,:ile ,b]keley lov$ dome/ic quiet at ,:itehall7#ba7 & ! 8/ill air ( delightful /udies10 he mix$ occasionally 9 ! society ( ,newport4 ,he f\nd x n uncong5ial1 & soon aft] he 0 settl$ at ,:itehall he l$ ! way 9 =m+ a club1 :i* held occasional meet+s1 ! g]m ( ! ,r$wood ,libr>y1 /ill a useful ,newport in/itution4 ,8 own h\se 0 a place ( meet+ = ! ,new ,engl& mission>ies4 ,illu/ration ,:itehall1 ,b]keley's ,resid5ce 9 ,rhode ,isl& ,soon aft] 8 arrival 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,b]keley 0 visit$ by ! ,rev]5d ,samuel ,johnson1 mission>y at ,/rat=d1 an acute & indep5d5t ?9k]1 "o ( ! two contempor>y repres5tatives ( philosophy 9 ,am]ica4 ,! o!r 0 ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 at t "t ,congregational m9i/] at ,nor?ampton on ! ,connecticut riv]4 ,!y _h bo? adopt$ a conception ( ! mean+ & (fice ( ! mat]ial _w 9 ! economy ( exi/5ce t 0 9 _m respects simil> to ,b]keley's7#bb74 ,x seems t ,b]keley's book ( ,pr9ciples _h be=e ?is fall5 into ,johnson's h&s4 ,he ha/5$ to visit ! au?or :5 he he>d ( 8 arrival4 ,a succession ( visits & a life-long correspond5ce foll[$4 ,! 8non-exi/5ce ( ,matt]10 int]pret$ z a :imsical & ev5 insane p>adox1 0 f\nd by ,johnson to mean ! abs5ce ( unrealisable ,sub/ance beh9d ! real mat]ial _w t is pres5t$ to our s5ses1 & ( unrealisable ,p[] 9 ! successive s5se-pres5t$ appe>ances ( :i* alone we are p]cipi5t4 ,he came to see ! real exi/5ce ( ! ?+s ( s5se 9 ! con/ant ord] ( ! data ( s5se1 ?r\gh :i* we ga9 our k ( ! exi/5ce ( our fell[ m51 & ( ! omnipres5t con/ant ,provid5ce ( ,god2 ^: ,ideas are ! true ar*etypes ( ! visible _w4 ,he adopt$ & appli$ ?is conception ) a lucidity & =ce :i* give him a high place among ,am]ican ?9k]s4 ,all ! :ile a cl\d d>k5$ ! recluse life at ,:itehall4 ,9 ,june1 #agbi1 ,b]keley expla9s to ,p]cival ! circum/ances & secrecy ( 8 dep>ture f ,engl&3-- 8,be=e ,i left ,engl& ,i 0 r$uc$ to a difficult situation4 ,_h ,i cont9u$ !re1 ! report w\ld h obta9$ 7:i* ,i _h f\nd beg9n+ to spread7 t ,i _h dropp$ ! design1 aft] x _h co/ me & my fri5ds s mu* tr\ble & exp5se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,i _h tak5 leave ( my fri5ds1 ev5 ^? :o assi/$ & approv$ my und]tak+ w\ld h condemn$ my com+ abroad be=e ! ,k+'s b\nty 0 receiv$4 ,?is oblig$ me to come away 9 ! private mann] t ,i did1 & to run ! risque ( a t$i\s w9t] voyage4 ,no?+ less w\ld h conv9c$ ! _w t ,i 0 9 e>ne/1 aft] ! report ,i knew 0 gr[+ to ! contr>y40 ,mon?s pass$1 & ,walpole's promise 0 /ill unfulfill$4 8,i wait "h10 he tells ,"l ,p]cival 9 ,m>*1 #agcj1 8) all ! anxiety t att5ds susp5se1 until ,i "k :at ,i c dep5d ^u1 or :at c\rse ,i am to take4 ,on ! "o h& ,i h no notion t ! ,c\rt w\ld put :at m5 call a bite ^u a poor cl]gyman1 :o dep5d$ ^u *>t]s1 grants1 votes1 & ! l engagem5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i see no?+ done t[>ds paym5t ( ! money40 ,lat] on he writes--8,z = ! raill]y ( ,european wits1 ,i %\ld n m9d x1 if ,i saw my ,college g on & prosp]2 b ,i mu/ own ! disappo9tm5ts ,i h met ) 9 ?is p>ticul> h ne>ly t\*$ me1 n )\t affect+ my heal? & spirits4 ,if ! f\nd+ a ,college = ! spread ( religion & le>n+ 9 ,am]ica _h be5 a fooli% project1 x _c be suppos$ ! ,c\rt1 ! ,m9i/]s1 & ! ,p>liam5t w\ld h giv5 su* public enc\ragem5t to x2 & if1 aft] all t enc\ragem5t1 !y :o engag$ to end[ & protect x let x drop1 ! disappo9tm5t inde$ may be to me1 b ! c5sure1 ,i ?9k1 w light else:]e40 ,! susp5se 0 at la/ end$4 ,gibson1 ! ,bi%op ( ,london1 press$ ,walpole = a f9al answ]4 8,if10 he repli$1 8y put ?is "q to me z a ,m9i/]1 ,i mu/1 & c1 assure y t ! money %all mo/ und\bt$ly be paid1 z soon z suits ) public conv5i5ce2 b if y ask me z a fri5d1 :e!r ,dean ,b]keley %\ld cont9ue 9 ,am]ica expect+ ! paym5t ( tw5ty ?\s& p\nds1 ,i advise him by all means to return home to ,europe1 & to give up 8 pres5t expectations40 ,x 0 ?us t 9 #agca ! ,prime ,m9i/] ( ,engl& cru%$ ! project conceiv$ t5 ye>s be=e1 & to :i* ! int]v5+ p]iod _h1 "u 8 enc\ragem5t1 be5 devot$ by ! projector ) a s+ul> en?usiasm4 ,illu/ration ,b]keley's ,alcove1 ,rhode ,isl& ,a few mon?s aft] ?is heavy bl[1 ,b]keley1 ) 8 wife1 & ,h5ry _! infant *ild1 bade f>ewell to ! isl& home4 ,!y sail$ f ,bo/on 9 ! late autumn ( #agca1 & 9 ! foll[+ ,febru>y we f9d !m 9 ,london4 ,?us end$ ! romantic episode ( ,rhode ,isl&1 ) its ideal ( ,*ri/ian civilisation1 :i* s moves ! he>t & t\*es ! imag9ation 9 our retrospect ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,( all :o h ev] l&$ on ! ,am]ican %ore1 none 0 ev] mov$ by a pur] & m self-sacrific+ _s4 ,am]ica /ill ackn[l$ges t by ,b]keley's visit on ?is mission x has be5 inve/$ ) ! halo ( an illu/ri\s "n1 & associat$ ) religi\s devotion to a magnific5t ideal1 ev5 if x 0 s\ght to be realis$ by impracticable means4 ,to re=m ! ,new ,_w1 & mank9d at la/1 by a ,college on an isl& 9 ! ,atlantic1 six hundr$ miles f ,am]ica1 ! ,indians :om x 0 int5d$ to civilise be+ mo/ly 9 ! int]ior ( ! cont95t1 & none 9 ,b]muda1 0 n unnaturally consid]$ ,quixotic2 & t x 0 at fir/ support$ by ! ,briti% ,c\rt & ,p>liam5t is a wond]ful tribute to ! p]suasive g5ius ( ! projector4 ,p]haps he 0 too mu* influ5c$ by ,"l ,p]cival's idea1 t x c\ld n be realis$ by private b5evol5ce1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! ,cr[n4 ,b ! indirect influ5ce ( ,b]keley's ,am]ican inspiration is app>5t 9 _m ways 9 ! intellectual & spiritual life ( t great cont95t1 dur+ ! la/ c5tury & a half1 especially by ! impulse giv5 to academical education4 ,x is ! te/imony ( an ,am]ican au?or t1 8by me?ods diff]5t f ^? int5d$ by ,b]keley1 & 9 ways m manifold ?an ev5 he c\ld h dream$1 he has s9ce accompli%$1 & ?r\gh all com+ "t1 by a ?\s& ineffaceable influ5ces1 he w cont9ue to accompli%1 "s portion at lea/ ( ! results :i* he _h aim$ at 9 ! f\nd+ ( 8 univ]sity4 ,x is ! old /ory ov] aga92 ! trag$y ( a ,provid5ce wis] ?an man's =esight2 ,god giv+ ! victory to ,8 fai?ful s]vant ev5 ?r\gh ! bitt]ness ( ov]rul+ him & defeat+ him7#bc740 ,am]ican ,empire1 z we n[ see x ) its b\ndless b5efic5t influ5ce1 is at lea/ an imp]fect realisation ( ,b]keley's dream4 ,b]keley's head qu>t]s 7 9 ,london1 9 ,gre5 ,/reet1 = m ?an two ye>s aft] ! return to ,engl& 9 ! beg9n+ ( #agcb4 ,extant correspond5ce ) ,"l ,p]cival ends 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 & our picture ( ! two ye>s 9 ,london is fa9tly =m$ by lett]s to ,prior & ,johnson4 ,^! speak ( ill-heal?1 & brea! a less sangu9e _s4 ,! brilliant social life ( =m] visits 0 less attractive n[1 ev5 if old fri5ds _h rema9$4 ,b ,swift _h quitt$ ,engl& = ev]1 & ,/eele _h foll[$ ,addison to ! grave4 ,gay1 ! common fri5d ( ,b]keley & ,pope1 di$ soon aft] ! return f ,rhode ,isl&1 & ,arbu?not 0 approa*+ 8 end at ,hamp/ead4 ,samuel ,cl>ke _h pass$ away :5 ,b]keley 0 at ,:itehall2 b ,seek] n[ held ! rectory ( ,/4 ,james's1 & ,butl] 0 9 /udi\s retirem5t on ! ,we>2 :ile ,pope 0 at ,twick5ham1 publi%+ 8 ,essay on ,man1 receiv+ visits f ,bol+broke1 or visit+ ,"l ,ba?ur/ at ,cir5ce/] ,p>k4 ,que5 ,c>ol9e1 too1 0 hold+ h] receptions at ,k5s+ton2 b 8^? :o imag9e 7z y write710 he tells ,prior 9 ,janu>y1 #agcd1 8t ,i h be5 mak+ my c\rt "h all ?is "t1 w\ld nev] believe 7:at is mo/ true7 t ,i h n be5 at ! ,c\rt or at ! ,m9i/]'s b once ^! sev5 ye>s4 ,! c>e ( my heal? & ! love ( retirem5t h prevail$ ov] :atsoev] ambition might h come to my %>e40 ,!re is a h9t ( a visit to ,ox=d1 at ,commemoration 9 #agcc1 :5 8 fri5d ,seek] receiv$ ! honor>y degree4 ,soon aft] he _h settl$ 9 ,london1 ! fruit ( 8 /udies 9 ,rhode ,isl& 0 giv5 to ! _w 9 ! ,sev5 ,dialogues ( ,alciphron1 or ,! ,m9ute ,philosoph]4 ,"h ! philosophical inspiration ( 8 e>ly ye>s is direct$ to su/a9 fai? 9 ,div9e ,moral ,ord]1 & 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,revelation4 ,alciphron is ! longe/1 & 9 lit]>y =m p]haps ! mo/ f9i%$ ( 8 works1 unsurpass$ 9 lively /rokes ( irony & satire4 ,yet if x is to be reg>d$ z a philosophical ju/ification ( religion1 z aga9/ mod]n agno/icism1 "o may incl9e to ! judgm5t ( ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph51 t x is 8! lea/ admirable ( all its au?or's admirable works40 ,z we h se51 ! sect ( free-?9k]s 0 e>ly ! object ( ,b]keley's ridicule & s>casm4 ,!y claim$ = !mselves wide intellectual vision1 yet !y 7 bl9d to ! deep realities ( ! univ]se2 !y took exclusive cr$it = fre$om ( ?\ght1 al?\gh _! ?9k+ 0 conf9$ )9 ! n>r[ compass ( our data 9 s5se4 ,! book ( ,pr9ciples1 ! ,dialogues1 & ! ,de ,motu ( 8 e>ly ye>s1 7 design$ to br+ into cle> light ! absolute dep5d5ce ( ! _w t is pres5t$ to our s5ses on ,omnipres5t ,_s2 & ! necess>y subjection ( all *anges 9 our surr\nd+s to ! imm$iate ag5cy or provid5ce ( ,god4 ,boa/$ 8free-?9k+0 0 really a n>r[ a!ism1 s he believ$1 9 :i* mean+less ,matt] usurp$ ! place t belong$ 9 reason to ,god1 & he employ$ reason to disclose ,omnipot5t ,intellig5ce 9 & beh9d ! ph5om5a t are pres5t$ to ! s5ses 9 impot5t natural sequ5ce4 ,! causes ( ! widespread moral corruption ( ! ,old ,_w1 :i* _h mov$ ,b]keley s pr(\ndly1 seem to h be5 pond]$ anew dur+ 8 recluse life 9 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,! decl9e ( morals 0 expla9$ by ! deification ( ,matt]3 consequ5t life ( s5su\s pleasure acc\nt$ = decay ( religion4 ,t vice is hurtful 0 argu$ by free-?9k]s l ,m&eville to be a vulg> error1 & a fallaci\s demon/ration 0 (f]$ ( its utility4 ,t virtue is intr9sically beautiful 0 taught by ,%aftesbury2 b ,b]keley judg$ ! ab/ract beauty1 ) :i* 8m9ute philosoph]s0 7 cont5t$1 unfit to move ord9>y human be+s to self-sacrific+ action2 = ?is involves devotion to a ,p]fect ,p]son by :om goodness is f9ally di/ribut$4 ,religion alone inspires ! l>g] & high] life1 9 pres5t+ di/ributive ju/ice p]sonifi$ on ! ?rone ( ! univ]se1 in/ead ( ab/ract virtue4 ,! turn+-po9t 9 ,alciphron is 9 man's vision ( ,god4 ,?is is press$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,dialogue4 ,! free-?9k] ass]ts t 8! notion ( a ,deity1 or "s invisible p[]1 is ( all prejudices ! mo/ unconqu]able2 ! mo/ signal example ( belief )\t reason = believ+40 ,he dem&s pro(--8su* pro( z e man ( s5se requires ( a matt] ( fact4444 ,%\ld a man ask1 :y ,i believe !re is a k+ ( ,great ,brita98 ,i might answ]1 ,because ,i _h se5 him4 ,or a k+ ( ,spa98 ,because ,i _h se5 ^? :o saw him4 ,b z = ?is ,k+ ( k+s1 ,i nei!r saw ,him myself1 nor any "o else t ev] did see ,him40 ,to :i* ,euphranor replies1 8,:at if x %\ld appe> t ,god really speaks to man2 w\ld ?is cont5t y8 ,:at if x %all appe> pla9ly t ,god speaks to m5 by ! int]v5tion & use ( arbitr>y1 outw>d1 s5sible signs1 hav+ no resemblance or necess>y connexion ) ! ?+s !y /& = & sugge/2 if x %all appe> t1 by innum]able comb9ations ( ^! signs1 an endless v>iety ( ?+s is discov]$ & made kn[n to u2 & t we are !reby in/ruct$ or in=m$ 9 _! diff]5t natures2 t we are taught & admoni%$ :at to %un & :at to pursue2 & are direct$ h[ to regulate our motions1 & h[ to act ) respect to ?+s di/ant f u1 z well 9 "t z place3 w ?is cont5t y80 ,euphranor accord+ly proce$s to %ew t ,visible ,nature is a ,language1 9 :i* ! ,univ]sal ,p[] t is cont9ually at "w is speak+ to u all1 9 a way simil> to t 9 :i* our fell[ m5 speak to u2 s t we h z mu* 7ev5 m7 reason to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]sal ,p]son :o is ! ,speak]1 z we h to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( p]sons ar\nd u2 :o become kn[n to u1 :5 !y too employ s5se-symbols1 9 ! words & actions by :i* we discov] t we are n alone 9 ! univ]se4 ,= m5 are really liv+ spirits3 _! bodies are only ! sign ( _! spiritual p]sonality4 ,& x is s ) ,god1 :o is also reveal$ 9 ! visible _w z a ,_s4 8,9 a /rict s5se10 says ,euphranor1 8,i d n see ,alciphron1 b only su* visible signs & tok5s z sugge/ & inf] ! be+ ( t invisible ?9k+ pr9ciple or s\l4 ,ev5 s1 9 ! self-same mann]1 x seems to me t1 ?\gh ,i _c ) eyes ( fle% behold ! invisible ,god1 yet ,i d1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 behold & p]ceive1 by all my s5ses1 su* signs & tok5s 444 z sugge/1 indicate1 & demon/rate an invisible ,god z c]ta9ly1 & ) ! same evid5ce1 at lea/1 z any o!r signs1 p]ceiv$ by s5se1 d sugge/ to me ! exi/5ce ( y\r s\l1 _s1 or ?9k+ pr9ciple2 :i* ,i am conv9c$ ( only by a few signs or effects1 & ! motions ( "o small organis$ body2 :]eas ,i d1 at all times1 & 9 all places1 p]ceive s5sible signs :i* ev9ce ! be+ ( ,god40 ,9 %ort1 ,god is ! liv+ ,s\l ( ! ,univ]se2 z y & ,i are ! liv+ s\ls t keep our bodies & _! organs 9 significant motion4 ,we c int]pret ! "* ( ,god 9 ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 ev5 z we c int]pret ! "* ( our neighb\r by obs]v+ 8 words & outw>d actions4 ,?is ov]:elm$ ,alciphron4 8,y />e to f9d t ,god is n f> f any "o ( u1 & t 9 ,him we live & move & h our be+10 rejo9s ,euphranor4 8,y :o1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is conf]5ce1 ?\ght x /range t ,god %\ld leave ,himself )\t a witness1 d n[ ?9k x /range ! witness %\ld be s full & cle>40 8,i mu/ own ,i d10 0 ! reply4 8,i nev] imag9$ x c\ld be pret5d$ t we saw ,god ) our fle%ly eyes1 z pla9 z we see any human p]son :atsoev]1 & t ,he daily speaks to our s5ses 9 a manife/ & cle> dialect40 ,al?\gh ?is reason+ satisfi$ ,alciphron1 o!rs may ?9k x inconclusive4 ,h[ "o is able to discov] ! exi/5ce ( o!r p]sons1 & ev5 ! mean+ ( f9ite p]sonality1 are !mselves que/ions full ( speculative difficulty4 ,b1 waiv+ ?is1 ! analogy betwe5 ! relation ( a human _s to its body1 & t ( ! ,omnipres5t & ,omnipot5t ,_s to ! ,univ]se ( ?+s & p]sons1 fails 9 sev]al respects4 ,god is suppos$ to be cont9ually creat+ ! _w by con/ant & cont9u\s ,provid5ce1 & ,8 ,omnisci5ce is suppos$ to compreh5d all its concrete relations3 a man's body is n absolutely dep5d5t on ! man's own p[] & provid5ce2 & ev5 8 sci5tific k ( x1 9 itself & 9 its relations1 is scanty & imp]fect1 z 8 p[] ov] x is limit$ & condition$4 ,!n ! little t a man gradually le>ns ( :at is go+ on 9 ! surr\nd+ univ]se is dep5d5t on 8 s5ses3 ,omnisci5ce compreh5ds ,imm5sity & ,et]nity 7s we suppose7 9 a s+le intuition4 ,our bodies1 moreov]1 are visible ?+s3 ! univ]se1 ?is organism ( ,god1 is cr[d$ ) p]sons1 to :om !re is no?+ correspond+ )9 ! organism :i* reveals "o man to ano!r4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,aft] ,euphranor has f\nd t ! ,univ]sal ,p[] is ,univ]sal ,_s1 ?is is /ill an inadequate ,god2 = :at we want to "k is :at sort ( ,_s ,god is4 ,is ,god omnipot5t or ( limit$ p[]1 reg>d$ e?ically1 fair or unfair 9 ,8 treatm5t ( p]sons2 good or evil1 accord+ to ! highe/ yet atta9$ conception ( goodness2 a ,god ( love1 or a devil omnipot5t8 ,i inf] ! "* ( my neighb\r f 8 words & actions1 pat5t to s5se 9 ! gradual outw>d evolution ( 8 life4 ,i am ask$ to inf] ! "* ( ! ,omnipres5t ,_s f ,8 words & actions1 manife/$ 9 ! univ]se ( ?+s & p]sons4 ,b we mu/ n attribute to ! ,cause m ?an x reveals ( itself 9 its effects4 ,god & m5 alike are kn[n by ! effects !y produce4 ,! ,univ]sal ,p[] is1 on ?is condition1 righte\s1 fair1 & lov+ to ! degree 9 :i* ^? conceptions are impli$ 9 ,8 visible embodim5t3 to affirm m or o!r ?an ?is1 on ! basis ( analogy alone1 is ei!r to indulge 9 baseless conjecture1 or to submit bl9dly to dogma & au?ority4 ,n[ ! univ]se1 z f> z x comes )9 ! range ( human exp]i5ce on ?is planet1 is full ( suff]+ & moral disord]4 ,! 8religi\s hypo!sis0 ( a p]fectly righte\s & b5evol5t ,god is "h (f]$ to acc\nt = ! appe>ances :i* ! univ]se pres5ts to u4 ,b d ^! signify exact di/ributive ju/ice8 ,is n visible nature app>5tly cruel & unrel5t+8 ,if we inf] cruelty 9 ! "* ( a man1 because 8 bodily actions cause undes]v$ suff]+1 mu/ we n1 by ?is analogy1 inf] 9 l mann] reg>d+ ! "* ( ! ,supreme ,_s1 manife/$ 9 ! progressive evolution ( ! univ]sal organism8 ,we f9d x impossible to det]m9e ) absolute c]ta9ty ! "* ev5 ( our fell[ m51 f _! imp]fectly int]pret$ words & actions1 s t ea* man is m or less a my/]y to 8 fell[s4 ,! my/]y deep5s :5 we try to read ! "* ( animals1--to int]pret ! motives :i* det]m9e ! ov]t acts ( dogs or horses4 ,& if we 7 able to communicate by visible signs ) ! inhabitants ( o!r planets1 ) h[ mu* great] difficulty %\ld we draw conclusions f _! visible acts reg>d+ _! "*8 ,b if ?is is s :5 we use ! data ( s5se = read+ ! "* ( f9ite p]sons1 h[ inf9ite mu/ be ! difficulty ( read+ ! "* ( ! ,et]nal ,_s1 9 & ?r\gh ! gradual evolution ( ! univ]se ( ?+s & p]sons1 :i* 9 ?is reason+ is suppos$ to be ,8 body2 & ! hi/ory ( t univ]se ! facts ( ,8 biography1 9 & by :i* ,he is et]nally reveal+ ,himself6 ,= we "k no?+ ab\t ! unbeg9n+ & un5d+4 ,! univ]se ( p]sons is assum$ to h no end2 & ,i "k n :y its evolution mu/ be suppos$ to h _h a beg9n+1 or t !re ev] 0 a "t 9 :i* ,god 0 unmanife/$1 to f9ite p]sons4 ,%all we 9 ^! circum/ances turn ) ,euphranor1 9 ! ,fif? & ,six? ,dialogues1 to pr(ess$ revelation ( ! "* ( ! ,univ]sal ,m9d pres5t$ 9 miracul\s revelation1 by inspir$ prophets & apo/les1 :o are br\ght =w>d z au?orities able to speak infallibly to ! "* ( ,god8 ,if ! :ole c\rse ( nature1 or endless evolution ( ev5ts1 is ! ,div9e ,_s reveal$ 9 omnipres5t activity1 :at room is !re = any o!r less regul> revelation8 ,! univ]se ( common exp]i5ce1 x is impli$ by ,b]keley1 is ess5tially miracul\s1 & !re=e absolutely p]fect4 ,is x consi/5t ) fairness1 & b5evol5ce1 & love ( goodness 9 all moral ag5ts = its own sake1 t ! ,*ri/ian revelation %\ld h be5 s long delay$1 & be /ill s incompletely made kn[n8 ,is n ! exi/5ce ( wick$ p]sons on ?is or any o!r planet1 wick$ m5 or devils1 a d>k spot 9 ! visible life ( ,god8 ,does n p]fect goodness 9 ,god mean re/oration ( goodness 9 m51 = its own sake1 ap>t f _! m]it2 & mu/ n ,omnipot5t ,goodness1 inf9itely opposite to all evil1 ei!r conv]t to goodness all be+s 9 ! univ]se :o h made !mselves bad1 or else relieve ! univ]se ( _! p]petual pres5ce 9 ev]-increas+ wick$ness8 ,sceptical criticism ( ?is sort has f\nd expression 9 ! se>*+ m9ute philosophy ( a lat] day ?an ,b]keley's & ,alciphron's2 z 9 ,david ,hume & ,voltaire1 & 9 ! agno/icism ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,0 n ,euphranor too ready to yield to ! dem& = a visible ,god1 ^: "* _h accord+ly to be det]m9$ by :at appe>s 9 nature & man1 "u ! conditions ( our limit$ & cont+5t exp]i5ce8 ,d we n ne$ to look bel[ data ( s5su\s exp]i5ce1 & among ! presuppositions :i* mu/ consci\sly or unconsci\sly be tak5 = grant$ 9 all man's deal+s ) ! environm5t 9 :i* he f9ds himself1 = ! root ( tru/wor?y exp]i5ce8 ,on m]ely physical reason+1 l t ( ,euphranor1 ! righte\s love ( ,god is an unw>rant$ inf]5ce1 & x ev5 seems to be contradict$ by visible facts pres5t$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,b if ,omnipot5t ,goodness mu/ a priori be attribut$ to ! ,univ]sal ,m9d1 z an indisp5sable condition = man's hav+ reliable int]c\rse ( any sort ) nature2 if ?is is ! prim>y po/ulate necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( tru? ( any k9d--!n ! 8religi\s hypo!sis0 t ,god is ,good1 accord+ to ! highe/ conception ( goodness1 is no gr\ndless fancy1 b ! fundam5tal fai?-v5ture 9 :i* man has to live4 ,x mu/ /& 9 reason2 unless x c be demon/rat$ t ! mixture ( good & evil :i* ! univ]se pres5ts1 necess>ily contradicts ?is fundam5tal presupposition3 & if s1 man is lo/ 9 pessimi/ic ,pyrrhonism1 & c ass]t no?+ ab\t any?+7#bd74 ,! religi\s altruism1 h[ev] inadequate1 :i* ,b]keley (f]$ 9 ,alciphron made "s noise at ! "t ( its appe>ance1 al?\gh its !i/ic argum5t 0 too subtle to be popul>4 ,! conception ( ! visible _w z ,div9e ,visual ,language 0 8receiv$ ) ridicule by ^? :o make ridicule ! te/ ( tru?10 al?\gh x has made way s9ce4 8,i h n se5 ,dean ,b]keley10 ,gay ! poet writes to ,swift 9 ! ,may foll[+ ! ,dean's return1 & v soon aft] ! appe>ance ( ,alciphron1 8b ,i h be5 read+ 8 book1 & l _m p>ts ( x2 b 9 g5]al ?9k ) y t x is too speculative40 ,w>burton1 ) admiration = ,b]keley1 _c compreh5d 8 philosophy1 & ,hoadley %ew$ a less fri5dly _s4 ,a ,lett] f a ,c\ntry ,cl]gyman1 attribut$ to ,"l ,h]vey1 ! 8,sporus0 ( ,pope1 0 "o ( sev]al ephem]al attacks :i* ! ,m9ute ,philosoph] enc\nt]$ 9 ! ye> aft] its appe>ance4 ,?ree o!r critics1 m wor?y ( consid]ation1 are m5tion$ 9 "o ( ,b]keley's lett]s f ,london to 8 ,am]ican fri5d ,johnson at ,/rat=d3 8,z to ! ,bi%op ( ,cork's book1 & ! o!r book y allude to1 ! au?or ( :i* is "o ,baxt]1 !y are bo? v little consid]$ "h2 = :i* reason ,i h tak5 no public notice ( !m4 ,to answ] objections already answ]$1 & repeat ! same ?+s1 is a ne$less z well z disagreeable task4 ,nor %\ld ,i h tak5 notice ( t ,lett] ab\t ,vision1 _h x n be5 pr9t$ 9 a newspap]1 :i* gave x c\rse1 & spread x ?r\gh ! k+dom4 ,besides1 ! !ory ( ,vision ,i f\nd 0 some:at obscure to mo/ p2 = :i* reason ,i 0 n displeas$ at an opportunity to expla9 x7#be740 ,! explanation 0 giv5 9 ,! ,!ory ( ,visual ,language ,v9dicat$1 9 ,janu>y1 #agcc1 z a supplem5t to ,alciphron4 ,its blot is a tone ( polemical bitt]ness direct$ aga9/ ,%aftesbury7#bf74 ,al?\gh ,b]keley 8took no public notice0 ( 8! ,bi%op ( ,cork's book7#bg70 x t\*$ a great "q1 :i* p]iodically has awak5$ controv]sy1 & be5 ! occasion ( mutual misund]/&+ among ! controv]siali/s 9 pa/ ages4 8,is ,god kn[able by man2 or mu/ religion be devotion to an object t is unkn[able80 ,9 "o ( 8 fir/ lett]s to ,"l ,p]cival1 z we saw1 ,b]keley animadv]t$ on a s]mon by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl91 :i* seem$ to d5y t !re 0 goodness1 or und]/&+ ,god1 any m ?an feet or h&s4 ,an op9ion some:at simil> _h be5 attribut$ to ,bi%op ,br[ne1 9 8 answ] to ,tol&1 & aft]w>ds 9 #agbh1 9 8 ,proc$ure & ,limits ( ,human ,und]/&+4 ,?is t\*$ to ! quick ,b]keley's ultimate conception ( ! univ]se1 z realisable only 91 & !re=e necess>ily dep5d5t on1 liv+ m9d4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ! fam\s analogy ( ,sp9oza7#bh74 ,if ! omnipres5t & omnipot5t ,m9d1 on :i* ,euphranor re/$1 c be call$ 8m9d0 only metaphorically1 & c be call$ 8good0 only :5 ! t]m is us$ )\t human mean+1 x may seem to be a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r we h unkn[able ,matt] or unkn[able ,m9d at ! root ( ?+s & p]sons4 ,bo? are empty words4 ,! ,p[] univ]sally at "w is equally un9telligible1 equally unfit to be ! object ( wor%ip 9 ! f9al v5ture ( fai?1 :e!r we use ! t]m ,matt] or ! t]m ,m9d4 ,! univ]se is nei!r expla9$ nor su/a9$ by a 8m9d0 t is m9d only metaphorically4 ,to call ?is 8,god0 is to console u ) an empty ab/raction4 ,! m9ute/ philosoph] is ready to grant ) ,alciphron t 8!re is a ,god 9 ?is indef9ite s5se02 s9ce no?+ c be inf]r$ f su* an acc\nt ( ,god ab\t conduct or religion4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,cork repli$ to ! /rictures ( ,euphranor 9 ! ,m9ute ,philosoph]4 ,he qualifi$ & expla9$ 8 =m] utt]ances 9 "s two hundr$ dull pages ( 8 ,div9e ,analogy1 :i* h>dly t\* ! root ( ! matt]4 ,! "q at issue is ! "o :i* und]lies mod]n agno/icism4 ,x 0 rais$ aga9 9 ,brita9 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ) deep] insight1 by ,sir ,william ,hamilton2 foll[$ by ,dean ,mansel1 9 controv]sy ) ,f4 ,d4 ,maurice1 at ! po9t ( view ( ,ar*bi%op ,k+ & ,bi%op ,br[ne1 9 philosophical v9dication ( ! my/]ies ( ,*ri/ian fai?2 by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & by ,huxley 9 a m9ute philosophy t has be5 deep5$ by ,hume's criticism ( ! rationale ( !ism 9 ,b]keley7#bi74 ,&rew ,baxt]'s ,inquiry into ! ,nature ( ! ,human ,s\l1 ref]r$ to 9 ,b]keley's lett] to ,johnson1 appe>$ 9 #agcc4 ,x has a *apt] on 8,dean ,b]keley's ,s*eme aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ,matt] & a ,mat]ial ,_w10 :i* is wor?y ( m5tion because x is ! e>lie/ elaborate criticism ( ! ,new ,pr9ciple1 al?\gh x _h !n be5 be=e ! _w = m ?an tw5ty ye>s4 ,! title ( ! *apt] %ews ,baxt]'s imp]fect compreh5sion ( ! proposition :i* he attempts to refute4 ,x sugge/s t ,b]keley argu$ = ! non-exi/5ce ( ! ?+s we see & t\*1 in/ead ( = _! necess>y dep5d5ce on1 or subord9ation to1 realis+ p]cipi5t ,m9d1 s f> z !y are concrete realities4 ,baxt]1 moreov]1 0 a ,scot2 & 8 criticism is int]e/+ z a =eta/e ( ! protract$ discussion ( ! 8ideal !ory0 by ,reid & 8 fri5ds1 & lat] on by ,hamilton4 ,b ,baxt]'s book 0 n ! fir/ sign ( ,b]keley's influ5ce 9 ,scotl&4 ,we are told by ,dugald ,/ew>t1 t 8! novelty ( ,b]keley's p>adox attract$ v p[]fully ! att5tion ( a set ( "y m5 :o 7 !n prosecut+ _! /udies at ,ed9burgh1 :o =m$ !mselves into a ,society = ! express purpose ( solicit+ f him an explanation ( "s p>ts ( 8 !ory :i* seem$ to !m obscurely or equivocally express$4 ,to ?is correspond5ce ! amiable & excell5t prelate seems to h giv5 e enc\ragem5t2 & ,i h be5 told on ! be/ au?ority t he 0 accu/om$ to say t 8 reason+ _h be5 n[h]e bett] und]/ood ?an by ?is club ( "y ,scotsm57#cj740 ,?us1 & aft]w>ds ?r\gh ,hume & ,reid1 ,b]keley is at ! root ( philosophy 9 ,scotl&4 ,! two ye>s ( indiff]5t heal? & au?or%ip 9 ,london sum up :at may be call$ ! ,am]ican p]iod ( ,b]keley's life4 ,e>ly 9 #agcd lett]s to ,prior op5 a new vi/a 9 8 hi/ory4 ,he 0 nom9at$ to ! bi%opric ( ,cloyne 9 ! s\? ( ,irel&1 & we h n[ to foll[ him to ! remote region :i* 0 8 home = eighte5 ye>s4 ,! int]e/ ( ! philosophic ,que51 & p]haps "s comp5sation = ! ,b]muda disappo9tm5t1 may expla9 ! appe>ance ( ! metaphysical & social ideali/ 9 ! place :]e he %one z a /> ( ! fir/ magnitude 9 ! ,iri% ,*ur* ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,iii4 ,lat] ,ye>s 7#agcd-ec74 ,9 ,may1 #agcd1 ,b]keley 0 consecrat$ z ,bi%op ( ,cloyne1 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur*1 ,dubl94 ,except occasional visits1 he _h be5 abs5t f ,irel& = m ?an tw5ty ye>s4 ,he return$ to sp5d eighte5 ye>s ( almo/ unbrok5 seclusion 9 8 remote diocese4 ,x suit$ a gr[+ incl9ation to a recluse1 m$itative life1 :i* _h be5 enc\rag$ by circum/ances 9 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,! ea/]n & nor!rn "p 9 ! c\nty ( ,cork =m$ 8 diocese1 b\nd$ on ! we/ by ,cork h>b\r1 & on ! ea/ by ! beautiful ,blackwat] & ! m\nta9s ( ,wat]=d2 ! sea1 :i* 0 its s\!rn b\nd>y1 approa*$ )9 two miles ( ! episcopal resid5ce 9 ! village ( ,cloyne4 ,z soon z he 0 settl$1 he resum$ /udy 8) unabat$ att5tion10 b /ill ) indiff]5t heal?4 ,travell+ _h become irksome to him1 & at ,cloyne he 0 almo/ z mu* remov$ z he _h be5 9 ,rhode ,isl& f ! ?9k+ _w4 ,cork took ! place ( ,newport2 b ,cork 0 tw5ty miles f ,cloyne1 :ile ,newport 0 only ?ree miles f ,:itehall4 ,8 episcopal neighb\r at ,cork 0 ,bi%op ,br[ne1 ! critic ( ,alciphron4 ,isaac ,g]vais1 aft]w>ds ,dean ( ,tuam1 (t5 enliv5$ ! 8manse-h\se0 at ,cloyne by 8 wit & int]c\rse ) ! great _w4 ,seck]1 ! ,bi%op ( ,bri/ol1 & ,b5son1 ! ,bi%op ( ,gl\ce/]1 n[ & !n ex*ang$ lett]s ) him1 & correspond5ce 0 kept up z ( old ) ,prior at ,dubl9 & ,johnson at ,/rat=d4 ,b !re is no trace ( int]c\rse ) ,swift1 :o 0 we>+ out an unhappy old age1 or ) ,pope1 almo/ ! only survivor ( ! brilliant society ( o!r ye>s4 ,we are told1 inde$1 t ! beauty ( ,cloyne 0 s describ$ to ! b>d ( ,twick5ham1 by ! p5 :i* 9 =m] days _h describ$ ,is*ia1 t ,pope 0 almo/ mov$ to visit x4 ,& a lett] f ,seck] 9 ,febru>y1 #agce7ca71 conta9s ?is scrap3 8,y\r fri5d ,mr4 ,pope is publi%+ small poems e n[ & !n1 full ( mu* wit & n a little ke5ness7#cb740 8,our common fri5d1 ,dr4 ,butl]10 he adds1 8ha? almo/ complet$ a set ( speculations ^u ! cr$ibility ( religion f its analogy to ! con/itution & c\rse ( nature1 :i* ,i believe 9 due "t y w read ) pleasure40 ,butl]'s ,analogy appe>$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,b ,i h f\nd no rema9s ( correspond5ce betwe5 ,b]keley & _! 8common fri5d02 ! two mo/ illu/ri\s religi\s ?9k]s ( ! ,anglican communion4 ,:5 he left ,london 9 #agcd ,b]keley 0 on ! eve ( :at s\nd$ l a ma!matical controv]sy1 al?\gh x 0 9 8 int5tion metaphysical1 & 0 sugge/$ by ! ,sev5? ,dialogue 9 ,alciphron4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,prior1 e>ly 9 t ye>1 he told him t ?\gh he 8c\ld n read1 ow+ to ill heal?10 yet 8 ?\ght 0 z di/9ct z ev]1 & t = amusem5t 8he pass$ 8 e>ly h\rs 9 ?9k+ ( c]ta9 ma!matical matt]s :i* may possibly produce some?+7#cc740 ,?is turn$1 x seems1 ^u a =m ( scepticism among contempor>y ma!maticians1 occasion$ by ! pres5ce ( my/]ies ( religion4 ,! ,analy/ 0 ! issue4 ,x 0 foll[$ by a controv]sy 9 :i* "s ( ! mo/ em95t ma!maticians took "p4 ,ma!matica exeunt 9 my/]ia might h be5 ! motto ( ! ,analy/4 ,! assumptions 9 ma!matics1 x is argu$1 are z my/]i\s z ^? ( !ologians & metaphysicians4 ,ma!maticians _c translate into p]fectly intelligible ?\ght _! own doctr9es 9 fluxions4 ,if man's k ( ,god is root$ 9 my/]y1 s too is ma!matical analysis4 ,pure sci5ce at la/ loses itself 9 propositions :i* usefully regulate action1 b :i* _c be compreh5d$4 ,?is is ! drift ( ! argum5t 9 ! ,analy/2 b p]haps ,b]keley's incl9ation to extreme conclusions1 & to :at is v]bally p>adoxical1 l$ him into d\btful positions 9 ! controv]sy to :i* ! ,analy/ gave rise4 ,in/ead ( ultimate imp]fect compreh5sibility1 he seems to attribute absolute contradiction to ! ,newtonian fluxions4 ,baxt]1 9 8 ,inquiry1 _h ass]t$ t ?+s 9 ,b]keley's book ( ,pr9ciples =c$ ! au?or 8to suspect t ev5 ma!matics may n be v s\nd k at ! bottom40 ,! metaphysical argum5t ( ! ,analy/ 0 obscur$ 9 a cl\d ( ma!matics4 ,! social condition ( ,irel& attract$ ,b]keley almo/ z soon z he 0 settl$ 9 ,cloyne4 ,he 0 surr\nd$ by a l>ge native ,iri% population & a small gr\p ( ,engli% coloni/s4 ,! natives1 long gov]n$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! /rang]1 _h nev] le>n$ to ex]t & gov]n !mselves4 ,! self-reliance :i* ,b]keley prea*$ fifte5 ye>s be=e1 z a mean = 8prev5t+ ! ru9 ( ,great ,brita910 0 m want+ 9 ,irel&1 :]e ! simple/ maxims ( social economy 7 neglect$4 ,x 0 a /ate ( ?+s fitt$ to move "o :o 0 too indep5d5t to p]mit 8 aspirations to be conf9$ to ! ord9>y r\t9e ( ! ,iri% episcopate1 & :o c\ld n =get ! fav\rite moral maxim ( 8 life4 ,! social *aos ( ,irel& 0 ! occasion ( :at to "s may be ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ,b]keley's writ+s4 ,8 ?\ghts f\nd v5t *>act]i/ically 9 a s]ies ( p5etrat+ practical qu]ies4 ,! ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,qu]i/ appe>$ 9 #agce1 anonym\sly1 edit$ by ,dr4 ,madd5 ( ,dubl91 :o along ) ,prior _h lately f\nd$ a ,society = promot+ indu/rial arts 9 ,irel&4 ,! ,second & ,?ird ,p>ts 7 publi%$ 9 ! two foll[+ ye>s4 ,a ,disc\rse to ,magi/rates occasion$ by ! ,enorm\s ,lic5ce & ,irreligion ( ! ,times1 :i* appe>$ 9 #agcf1 0 ano!r endeav\r1 ) l philan?ropic int5tion4 ,& ! only important break 9 8 seclud$ life at ,cloyne1 9 eighte5 ye>s ( resid5ce1 0 :5 he w5t = "s mon?s to ,dubl9 9 #agcg1 to r5d] social s]vice to ,irel& 9 ! ,iri% ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,8 metaphysic1 at fir/ enc\nt]$ by ridicule1 0 n[ beg9n+ to receive m s]i\s treatm5t4 ,a ,scotsman _h already recognis$ x4 ,9 #agci ano!r & m fam\s ,scotsman1 ,david ,hume1 ref]s ?us to ,b]keley 9 "o ( ! op5+ sections ( 8 ,treatise ( ,human ,nature3 8,a v mat]ial "q has be5 />t$ conc]n+ ab/ract or g5]al ideas--:e!r !y be g5]al or p>ticul> 9 ! m9d's conception ( !m4 ,a great philosoph]1 ,dr4 ,b]keley1 has disput$ ! receiv$ op9ion 9 ?is p>ticul>1 & has ass]t$ t all g5]al ideas are no?+ b p>ticul> ones1 annex$ to a c]ta9 t]m :i* gives !m a m ext5sive signification1 & makes !m recall ^u occasion o!r individuals :i* are simil> to !m4 ,i look ^u ?is to be "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ valuable discov]ies t has be5 made ( late ye>s 9 ! republic ( lett]s40 ,x does n appe> t ,b]keley he>d ( ,hume4 ,a curi\s int]e/ began to engage him ab\t ?is "t4 ,! ye>s foll[+ #agci 7 ye>s ( suff]+ 9 ! ,iri% diocese4 ,x 0 a "t ( fam9e foll[$ by widespread disease4 ,8 correspond5ce is full ( allusions to ?is4 ,x _h consequ5ces ( la/+ importance4 ,surr\nd$ by disease1 he pond]$ rem$ies4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ,rhode ,isl& & among ,am]ican ,indians sugge/$ ! heal+ prop]ties ( t>4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts 9 t>1 comb9$ ) m$itation & mu* curi\s read+1 deep5$ & exp&$ 8 metaphysical philosophy4 ,t> seem$ to gr[ "u 8 exp]im5ts1 & 9 8 ?\ghts1 into a ,panacea = giv+ heal? to ! organism on :i* liv+ m9d 9 man is mean:ile dep5d5t4 ,?is natural dep5d5ce ( heal? ^u t> introduc$ ?\ghts ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( all ?+s1 & !n ( ! imm$iate dep5d5ce ( all 9 nature ^u ,omnipres5t & ,omnipot5t ,m9d4 ,! liv+ ,m9d t und]lies ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se began to be conceiv$ "u a new light4 ,s9ce 8 return to ! life ( ?\ght 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 he _h be5 imm]s$ 9 ,platonic & ,neoplatonic lit]ature1 & 9 books ( my/ical ,div9ity1 enc\rag$ p]haps by ! my/ical disposition attribut$ to 8 wife4 ,an ecc5tric +5uity connect$ ! sci5tific exp]im5ts & prescriptions ) ! ,idealism ( ,plato & ,plot9us4 ,! natural law accord+ to :i* t>-wat] 0 univ]sally re/orative set 8 m9d to "w ab\t ! imman5ce ( liv+ ,m9d4 ,he mus$ ab\t a m$ic9e ?us univ]sally b5eficial1 & ! ?\ght occurr$ t x mu/ be naturally *>g$ ) 'pure invisible fire1 ! mo/ subtle & ela/ic ( bodies1 & ! vital elem5t 9 ! univ]se'2 & wat] might be ! natural cause :i* enables ?is elem5t>y fire to be drawn out ( t> & transf]r$ to vegetable & animal organisms4 ,b ! vital fire c\ld be only a natural cause2 :i* 9 tru? is no effici5t cause at all1 b only a sign ( div9e effici5cy transmitt$ ?r\gh ! _w ( s5se3 ! true cause ( ?is & all o!r natural effects mu/ be ! imman5t ,m9d or ,reason 9 :i* we all p>ticipate2 = 9 ,god we live & move & h our be+4 ,x is ?us t ,b]keley's ?\ght culm9ates 9 ,siris1 t ,*a9 ( ,philosophical ,reflexions & ,inquiries conc]n+ ! ,virtues ( ,t>-wat]1 & div]s o!r subjects connect$ toge!r & aris+ "o f ano!r1 :i* appe>$ 9 #agdd4 ,?is little book made m noise at ! "t ( its appe>ance ?an any ( 8 books2 b n because ( its philosophy1 :i* 0 lo/ 9 its m$ic9al promise to mank9d ( immunity f disease4 ,yet x 0 ,b]keley's la/ attempt to express 8 ultimate conception ( ! univ]se 9 its human & div9e relations4 ,:5 ,siris is comp>$ ) ! book ( ,pr9ciples1 ! imm5se diff]5ce 9 tone & mann] ( ?\ght %ews ! *ange wr\ght 9 ! int]v5+ ye>s4 ,! sangu9e argum5tative gladiator%ip ( ! ,pr9ciples is ex*ang$ = p5sive speculation1 :i* ackn[l$ges ! weakness ( human und]/&+1 :5 x is face to face ) ! ,imm5sities & ,et]nities4 ,comp>e ! op5+ sections ( ! ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples ) ! clos+ sections ( ,siris4 ,! cont+5t data ( our exp]i5ce are n[ felt to be insuffici5t1 & !re is a m or less consci\s gr\nd+ ( ! ,:ole 9 ! et]nal & immutable ,ideas ( ,reason4 8,/rictly1 ! s5se kn[s no?+4 ,we p]ceive1 inde$1 s\nds by he>+ & *>act]s by sight4 ,b we are n !re=e said to und]/& !m4444 ,s5se & exp]i5ce acqua9t u ) ! c\rse & analogy ( appe>ances & natural effects3 ?\ght1 reason1 intellect1 introduce u into ! k ( _! causes4444 ,! pr9ciples ( sci5ce are nei!r objects ( s5se nor imag9ation3 intellect & reason are alone ! sure guides to tru?40 ,s ! %ift+ basis ( ! e>li] ?\ght is f\nd to ne$ support 9 ! intellectual & moral fai? t mu/ be involv$ 9 all reasonable human int]c\rse ) ! ph5om5a pres5t$ 9 ! univ]se4 ,! inadequate ?\ght ( ,god1 z only a ,_s or ,p]son supreme among ! spirits or p]sons1 9 & ?r\gh :om ! mat]ial _w is realis$1 a ?\ght :i* p]vades ,alciphron1 makes way 9 ,siris = ! ?\ght ( ,god z ! inf9ite omnipres5t ,gr\nd1 or f9al su/a9+ ,p[]1 imman5t 9 ,nature & ,man1 to :i* ,b]keley _h become accu/om$ 9 ,neoplatonic & ,alex&rian metaphysics4 8,compreh5d+ ,god & ! creatures 9 ,"o g5]al notion1 we may say t all ?+s toge!r 7,god & ! univ]se ( ,space & ,"t7 make ,"o ,univ]se1 or 4 ,b if we %\ld say t all ?+s make ,"o ,god1 ?is w\ld be an errone\s notion ( ,god2 b w\ld n am\nt to a!ism1 z long z ,m9d or ,intellect 0 admitt$ to be 1 or ! gov]n+ "p4444 ,x w n seem j to fix ! imputation ( a!ism ^u ^? philosoph]s :o hold ! doctr9e ( 40 ,x is ?us t he n[ reg>ds ,god4 ,metaphysics & !ology are accord+ly "o4 ,no attempt is made 9 ,siris to articulate ! univ]se 9 ! light ( unify+ ,m9d or ,reason4 ,& we are /ill apt to ask :at ! tru? & goodness at ! he>t ( all really mean2 see+ t1 z conceiv$ 9 human m9ds1 !y v>y 9 ! gradual evolution ( intellect & consci5ce 9 m54 ,omnia exeunt 9 my/]ia is ! tone ( ,siris at ! end4 ,! univ]se ( reality is too mu* = our articulate intellectual dige/ion3 x mu/ be left = omnisci5ce2 x transc5ds f9ite intellig5ce & ! via m$ia ( human und]/&+4 ,man mu/ be satisfi$ to pass life1 9 ! inf9itesimal int]val betwe5 bir? & dea?1 z a fai?-v5ture1 :i* he may conv]t into a gr[+ insight1 z ! g5]ations roll on1 b :i* c nev] be conv]t$ into complete k4 8,9 ?is /ate we mu/ be satisfi$ to make ! be/ ( ^? glimpses )9 our rea*4 ,x is ,plato's rem>k 9 8 ,!tetus1 t :ile we sit /ill we are nev] ! wis]2 b go+ into ! riv]1 & mov+ up & d[n1 is ! way to discov] its dep?s & %all[s4 ,if we ex]cise & be/ir ourselves1 we may ev5 "h discov] some?+4 ,! eye by long use comes to see ev5 9 ! d>ke/ cav]n2 & !re is no subject s obscure b we may disc]n "s glimpse ( tru? by long por+ on x4 ,tru? is ! cry ( all1 b ! game ( a few4 ,c]ta9ly :]e x is ! *ief passion x do? n give way to vulg> c>es & views2 nor is x cont5t$ ) a little ard\r 9 ! e>ly "t ( life3 a "t p]haps to pursue1 b n s fit to weigh & revise4 ,he t w\ld make a real progress 9 k mu/ d$icate 8 age z well z 8 y\?1 ! lat] gr[? z well z ! fir/-fruits1 at ! alt> ( ,tru?40 ,su* 0 ,b]keley1 & su* 7 8 la/ words 9 philosophy4 ,!y may sugge/ ! attitude ( ,bacon :51 at a diff]5t view-po9t1 he disclaims exhau/ive sy/em3 8,i h made a beg9n+ ( ! "w3 ! =tune ( ! human race w give ! issue4 ,= ! matt] 9 h& is no m]e felicity ( speculation1 b ! real bus9ess & =tunes ( ! human race7#cd740 ,:ile ,b]keley's c5tral ?\ght ?r\gh\t 8 life is conc]n$ ) ,god z ! "o omnipres5t & omnipot5t ,provid5tial ,ag5t 9 ! univ]se1 he says little ab\t ! o!r f9al "q1 ( m exclusively human int]e/1 :i* conc]ns ! de/9y ( m54 ,t m5 are born into a univ]se :i*1 z ! visible expression ( ,moral ,provid5ce1 mu/ be sci5tifically & e?ically tru/wor?y2 c]ta9 n to put man to confusion intellectually or morally1 see+ t x c\ld n o!rwise be tru/$ = su* 9 our ultimate v5ture ( fai?--?is is "o ?+4 ,t all p]sons born into x are c]ta9 to cont9ue liv+ self-consci\sly = ev]1 is ano!r ?+4 ,?is is n obvi\sly impli$ 9 ! =m] presupposition1 :e!r or n x c be d$uc$ f x1 or else discov]$ by o!r means4 ,al?\gh man's environm5t is ess5tially ,div9e1 & :olly 9 its smalle/ details ,provid5tial1 may n 8 body1 9 its liv+ organisation f physical bir? until physical dea?1 be ! measure ( ! cont9uance ( 8 self-consci\s p]sonality8 ,is ea* man's immortal exi/5ce1 l ,god's1 indisp5sable8 ,d\bt ab\t ! de/9y ( m5 aft] !y die is1 at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 probably m preval5t ?an d\bt ab\t ! und]ly+ ,provid5ce ( ,god1 & ,8 con/ant creative activity2 m p]haps ?an x 0 9 ! days ( ,tol&1 & ,coll9s1 & ,t9dal4 ,future life _h be5 made s famili> to ! imag9ation by ! e>ly & m$iaeval ,*ur*1 & aft]w>ds by ! ,puritans1 z 9 ,milton1 ,bunyan1 & ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 t x !n seem$ to ! religi\s m9d m real ?an any?+ t is se5 & t\*$4 ,! habit :olly =m$ by natural sci5ce is apt to dissipate ?is & to make a human life liv$ "u conditions :olly /range to its 8m9ute philosophy0 appe> illusory4 ,a section 9 ! book ( ,pr9ciples7#ce7 9 :i* ! common argum5t = ! 8natural immortality0 ( ! human s\l is reproduc$1 /r5g!n$ by 8 new conception ( :at ! reality ( body means1 is ,b]keley's metaphysical contribution = det]m9+ betwe5 ! awful alt]natives ( annihilation or cont9u$ self-consci\s life aft] physical dea?4 ,! subject is t\*$1 9 a less recondite way1 9 two ( 8 pap]s 9 ! ,gu>dian1 & 9 ! ,disc\rse deliv]$ 9 ,tr9ity ,college ,*apel 9 #agjh1 9 :i* a revelation ( ! immortality ( m5 is pres5t$ z ! special gospel ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,to argue1 z ,b]keley does 9 ! ,pr9ciples1 t m5 _c be annihilat$ at dea?1 because !y are spiritual sub/ances hav+ p[]s indep5d5t ( ! sequ5ces ( nature1 implies assumptions reg>d+ f9ite p]sons :i* are op5 to criticism4 ,! ju/ification 9 reason = our v5ture ( fai? t ,omnipot5t ,goodness is at ! he>t ( ! univ]se is--t )\t ?is presupposition we c h no reasonable int]c\rse1 sci5tific or o!rwise1 ) ! _w ( ?+s & p]sons 9 :i* we f9d ourselves2 = reason & w are !n alike p>alys$ by univ]sal di/ru/4 ,b x c h>dly be ma9ta9$ a priori t m51 or o!r spiritual be+s 9 ! univ]se1 are equally ) ,god indisp5sable to its natural ord]2 s t :5 !y h once ent]$ on consci\s exi/5ce !y mu/ always cont9ue to exi/ consci\sly4 ,is n ! philosophical ju/ification ( man's hope ( endless life e?ical r ?an metaphysical2 f\nd$ on t fai? 9 ! ju/ice & goodness ( ! ,univ]sal ,m9d :i* has to be tak5 = grant$ 9 e attempt to int]pret exp]i5ce1 ) its mixture ( good & evil1 9 ?is evanesc5t embodi$ life8 ,c a life su* z ?is is be all = m51 9 a univ]se t1 because x is ess5tially ,div9e1 mu/ op]ate t[>ds ! ext9ction ( ! wick$ness :i* n[ makes x a my/]y ( ,omnipot5t ,goodness8 ,a *e]ful optimism appe>s 9 ,b]keley's habit ( ?\ght ab\t dea?1 z we h x 9 8 essays 9 ! ,gu>dian3 a sangu9e appreh5sion ( a pres5t prepond]ance ( good1 & consequ5t anticipation ( great] good aft] dea?2 unlike ^? ^: pessimi/ic temp]am5t induces a lurid picture ( et]nal moral disord]4 ,b 8 o!rwise active imag9ation seldom makes philosophy a m$itation ^u dea?4 ,he does n seem to h ex]cis$ himself 9 ! way ^? d :o f9d 9 ! prospect ( be+ 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ c5tury z !y 7 9 ! fir/1 :at makes !m appall$ t !y h ev] come at all into transitory p]cipi5t life2 or z ^? o!rs :o recoil f an unbodi$ life aft] physical dea?1 z inf9itely m appall+ ?an ! ?\ght ( be+ transport$ 9 ?is body into ano!r planet1 or ev5 to a mat]ial _w outside our sol> sy/em4 ,9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,johnson7#cf7 he does approa* ! unbodi$ life1 & 9 a *>act]i/ic way3-- 8,i see no difficulty 9 conceiv+ a *ange ( /ate1 su* z is vulg>ly call$ dea?1 z well )\t z ) mat]ial sub/ance4 ,x is suffici5t = t purpose t we all[ s5sible bodies1 i4e4 su* z are imm$iately p]ceiv$ by sight & t\*2 ! exi/5ce ( :i* ,i am s f> f que/ion+1 z philosoph]s are us$ to d1 t ,i e/abli% x1 ,i ?9k1 ^u evid5t pr9ciples4 ,n[ x seems v easy to conceive ! s\l to exi/ 9 a sep>ate /ate 7i4e4 dive/$ f ^? limits & laws ( motion & p]ception ) :i* %e is emb>rass$ "h7 & to ex]cise h]self on new ideas1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ^! tangible ?+s we call bodies4 ,x is ev5 v possible to appreh5d h[ ! s\l may h ideas ( col\r )\t an eye1 or ( s\nds )\t an e>7#cg740 ,b :ile we may ?us be suppos$ to h all our pres5t s5su\s exp]i5ce 9 an unbodi$ /ate1 ?is does n enable "o to conceive h[ unbodi$ p]sons c communicate ) "o ano!r 9 ! abs5ce ( all s5se signs2 :e!r ( ! sort d]iv$ f our pres5t s5ses1 or f o!r s5ses ( ^: data we c 9 ?is life h no imag9ation4 ,b]keley's t>-wat] en?usiasm la/$ ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( 8 life1 & f\nd v5t 9 lett]s & pamphlets 9 support ( 8 ,panacea1 f #agdd till #ageb4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 he 0 n =getful ( o!r int]e/s--ecclesia/ical1 & ! social ones :i* he includ$ 9 8 l>ge mean+ ( 8ecclesia/ical40 ,! ,ris+ "u ,*>les ,edw>d 9 #agde 0 ! occasion ( a ,lett] to ! ,roman ,ca?olics ( ,cloyne1 *>act]i/ically humane & lib]al4 ,x 0 foll[$ 9 #agdi by an ,exhortation to ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,cl]gy ( ,irel& 9 a simil> _s2 & ?is unwont$ c\rtesy ( an ,iri% ,prote/ant bi%op 0 receiv$ by ^? to :om x 0 address$ 9 a correspond+ temp]4 ,x is difficult to det]m9e ,b]keley's relation to rival s*ools or p>ties 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,8 disposition 0 too s+ul> & indep5d5t = a p>tisan4 ,"s ( 8 e>ly writ+s1 z we h se51 7 suspect$ ( high ,tory & ,jacobite lean+s2 b 8 argum5ts 9 ! suspect$ ,disc\rse 7 su* z ord9>y ,tories & ,jacobites fail$ to und]/&1 & ! t5or ( 8 words & actions 0 9 ! be/ s5se lib]al4 ,9 religi\s ?\ght ,siris might place him among latitud9>ians2 p]haps 9 aff9ity ) ! ,cambridge ,platoni/s4 ,8 true place is =emo/ among ! religi\s philosoph]s ( ! ,anglican ,*ur*2 ! fir/ to prep>e ! religi\s problem = ! light 9 :i* we are invit$ to look at ! univ]se by mod]n agno/ics1 & "u ! mod]n conception ( natural evolution4 ,he is ! mo/ picturesque figure 9 t ,anglican succession :i*1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 includes ,hook] & ,cudwor?2 9 ! eighte5?1 ,cl>ke & ,butl]2 & 9 ! n9ete5?1 may we say ,col]idge1 9 lack ( a repres5tative 9 ord]s2 al?\gh ,mansel1 ,maurice1 ,mozley1 & ,j[ett are n to be =gott51 nor ,isaac ,taylor among laym57#ch73 ,newman & ,arnold1 illu/ri\s o!rwise1 are h>dly repres5tatives ( metaphysical philosophy4 ,a m p5sive tone runs ?r\gh ! clos+ ye>s at ,cloyne4 ,attempts 7 made 9 va9 to )draw him f ! 8remote corn]0 to :i* he _h be5 s long conf9$4 ,8 fri5ds urg$ 8 claims = ! ,iri% ,primacy4 8,i am no man's rival or competitor 9 ?is matt]10 7 8 words to ,prior4 8,i am n 9 love ) fea/s1 & cr[ds1 & visits1 & late h\rs1 & /range faces1 & a hurry ( affairs (t5 insignificant4 ,= my own private satisfaction1 ,i _h r be ma/] ( my "t ?an we> a diadem40 ,lett]s to 8 ,am]ican fri5ds1 ,johnson & ,clap1 %ew him /ill mov$ by ! inspiration :i* c>ri$ him ov] ! ,atlantic1 & record 8 influ5ce 9 ! developm5t ( ,am]ican colleges7#ci74 ,! home education ( 8 ?ree sons 0 ano!r int]e/4 ,we are told by 8 wid[ t 8he w\ld n tru/ 8 sons to m]c5>y h&s4 ,?\gh old & sickly1 he p]=m$ ! con/ant t$i\s task himself40 ,( ! fruit ( ?is home education !re is little to tell4 ,! dea? ( ,william1 8 fav\rite boy1 9 #agea1 80 ?\ght to h /ruck too close to 8 fa!r's he>t40 8,i am a man10 s he writes1 8retir$ f ! amusem5ts1 politics1 visits1 & :at ! _w calls pleasure4 ,i _h a little fri5d1 educat$ always "u m9e own eye1 ^: pa9t+ delight$ me1 ^: music ravi%$ me1 & ^: lively gay _s 0 a cont9ual fea/4 ,x has pleas$ ,god to take him h5ce40 ,! elde/ son1 ,h5ry1 born 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 did n long survive 8 fa!r4 ,george1 ! ?ird son1 0 de/9$ = ,ox=d1 & ?is de/9y 0 connect$ ) a new project4 ,! 8life academico-philosophical10 :i* he s\ght 9 va9 to realise 9 ,b]muda1 he n[ hop$ to f9d = himself 9 ! city ( colleges on ! ,isis4 8,! tru? is10 he wrote to ,prior z e>ly z ,septemb] #agdf1 8,i h a s*eme ( my own = ?is long "t pa/1 9 :i* ,i propose m satisfaction & enjoym5t to myself ?an ,i c\ld 9 t high /ation7#dj71 :i* ,i nei!r solicit$1 nor s mu* z wi%$ =4 ,a great] income w\ld n tempt me to remove f ,cloyne1 & set aside my ,ox=d s*eme2 :i*1 ?\gh delay$ by ! illness ( my son7#da71 yet ,i am z int5t ^u x & z mu* resolv$ z ev]40 ,! la/ ( ,b]keley's lett]s :i* we h is to ,dean ,g]vais4 ,x expresses ! feel+ ) :i* 9 ,april1 #ageb1 he 0 contemplat+ life1 on ! eve ( 8 dep>ture f ,cloyne4 8,i submit to ye>s & infirmities4 ,my views 9 ?is _w are mean & n>r[2 x is a ?+ 9 :i* ,i h small %>e1 & :i* ought to give me small conc]n4 ,i abhor bus9ess1 & especially to h to d ) great p]sons & great affairs4 ,! ev5+ ( life ,i *oose to pass 9 a quiet retreat4 ,ambiti\s projects1 intrigues & qu>rels ( /atesm51 are ?+s ,i h =m]ly be5 amus$ )1 b !y n[ seem to be a va91 fugitive dream40 ,f\r mon?s aft] ?is1 ,b]keley saw ,cloyne = ! la/ "t4 ,9 ,augu/ he quitt$ x = ,ox=d1 :i* he _h long pictur$ 9 imag9ation z ! ideal home ( 8 old age4 ,:5 he left ,cork 9 ! vessel :i* c>ri$ 8 wife1 8 daught]1 & himself to ,bri/ol1 he 0 pro/rat$ by weakness1 & _h to be tak5 f ,bri/ol to ,ox=d on a horse-litt]4 ,x 0 late 9 ,augu/ :5 !y arriv$ !re7#db74 ,our picture ( ,b]keley at ,ox=d is dim4 ,accord+ to tradition he occupi$ a h\se 9 ,holywell ,/reet1 ne> ! g>d5s ( ,new ,college & n f> f ! cloi/]s ( ,magdal54 ,x 0 a *ang$ _w to him4 ,:ile he 0 ex*ang+ ,irel& = ,engl&1 dea? 0 remov+ old ,engli% fri5ds4 ,be=e he left ,cloyne he mu/ h he>d ( ! dea? ( ,butl] 9 ,june1 at ,ba?1 :]e ,b5son1 at ! reque/ ( ,seck]1 affectionately wat*$ ! la/ h\rs ( ! au?or ( ! ,analogy4 ,b5son foll[$ ,butl] 9 ,augu/4 ,we he> ( /udy resum$ 9 improv$ heal? 9 ! home 9 ,holy well ,/reet4 ,9 ,octob] a ,miscellany1 conta9+ sev]al ,tracts on v>i\s ,subjects1 8by ! ,bi%op ( ,cloyne10 appe>$ simultane\sly 9 ,london & ,dubl94 ,! ,tracts 7 repr9ts1 ) ! exception ( ,fur!r ,?\ghts on ,t>-wat]1 :i* may h be5 writt5 be=e he left ,irel&4 ,! ?ird edition ( ,alciphron also appe>$ 9 ?is autumn4 ,b ,siris is ! late/ record ( 8 philosophical ?\ght4 ,a comp>ison ( ! ,commonplace ,book & ! ,pr9ciples ) ! ,analy/ & ,siris gives ! measure ( 8 advancem5t4 ,aft] ! sangu9e beg9n+ p]haps ! comp>ison leaves a s5se ( disappo9tm5t1 :5 we f9d metaphysics mix$ up ) ma!matics 9 ! ,analy/1 & metaphysics obscurely mix$ up ) m$ic9e 9 ,siris4 ,x is curi\s t1 al?\gh 9 #ageb ,david ,hume's ,treatise ( ,human ,nature _h be5 be=e ! _w = ?irte5 ye>s & 8 ,inquiry conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+ = f\r ye>s1 !re is no allusion to ,hume by ,b]keley4 ,he 0 ,b]keley's imm$iate successor 9 ! eighte5?-c5tury evolution ( ,european ?\ght4 ,! sceptical criticism ( ,hume 0 appli$ to ! dogmatic religi\s philosophy ( ,b]keley1 to be foll[$ 9 its turn by ! ab/ractly rational & ! moral recon/ructive criticism ( ,kant4 ,alciphron is1 h[ev]1 expressly ref]r$ to by ,hume2 indirectly1 too1 ?r\gh\t ! religi\s agno/icism ( 8 ,inquiry1 also aft]w>ds 9 ! ,dialogues on ,natural ,religion1 9 a v9dication ( m9ute philosophy by pr(\nd] reason+s ?an ^? :i* satisfi$ ,lysicles & ,alciphron4 ,b]keley1 ,hume1 & ,kant are ! ?ree significant philosophical figures ( _! c5tury1 ea* hold+ ! supreme place successively 9 its beg9n+1 middle1 & lat] ye>s4 ,p]haps ,reid 9 ,scotl& did m ?an any o!r 9 8 g5]ation to make ,b]keley kn[n2 n1 h[ev]1 = 8 true "w 9 con/ructive religi\s ?\ght1 b = 8 suppos$ d5ial ( ! reality ( ! ?+s we see & t\*47#dc7 ,! ideal life 9 ,ox=d did n la/ long4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,sunday1 ,janu>y #ad1 #agec1 ,b]keley 0 sudd5ly confront$ by ! my/]y ( dea?4 8,z he 0 sitt+ ) my "m1 my si/]1 & myself10 s 8 son wrote to ,johnson at ,/rat=d1 9 ,octob]1 8sudd5ly1 & )\t ! lea/ previ\s notice or pa91 he 0 remov$ to ! enjoym5t ( et]nal rew>ds2 & al?\gh all possible means 7 in/antly us$1 no symptom ( life ev] appe>$ aft]2 nor c\ld ! physicians assign any cause = 8 dea?4 ,he arriv$ at ,ox=d on ,augu/ #be1 & _h receiv$ great b5efit f ! *ange ( air1 & by ,god's bless+ on t>-wat]1 insomu* t = "s ye>s he _h n be5 9 bett] heal? ?an he 0 ! in/ant be=e he left u7#dd740 ,six days lat] he 0 buri$ 9 ,ox=d1 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*7#de71 :]e 8 tomb be>s an appropriate inscription by ,dr4 ,m>kham1 aft]w>ds ,ar*bi%op ( ,york4 ,,errata ,vol4 ,i ,page #ii1 l9e #c = #adi-hj read #adi-fj4 ,page #ii1 l9e #bb =--& to be 8sugge/$10 n signifi$ read--in/ead ( be+ only sugge/$4 ,page #ajj1 l9e #aj = he>+ read see+4 ,page #ajc1 note1 l9es #e1 #f = pp4 #aaa1 #aab read p4 #baj4 ,page #bjj1 note1 l9e #ad = ,adam read ,rob]t4 ,page #cfd1 l9e #h f foot = & read :i*4 ,page #eab1 note #f1 l9e #c = imm95t read imman5t4 ,vol4 ,,ii ,page #aid1 note1 l9e #c = ,tyndal read ,t9dal4 ,page #bjg1 l9e #a1 ins]t #ac4 be=e ,alc44 ,page #cgg1 l9e #f = ante!sis read anti!sis4 ,vol4 ,,iv ,page #bhe1 l9es #d1 #e = ,?isus ,alus ,cujus1 c4 read ,ursus4 ,alus4 ,cuius4 c4 ,! inscription1 /rictly speak+1 appe>s on ! ,palace ( ! ,c\nts ,ors9i1 & is dat$ ,,md4 ,,commonplace ,,book4 ,,ma!matical1 ,,e?ical1 ,,physical1 ,,& ,,metaphysical ,writt5 ,at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 ,9 #agje-h ,fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahga ,editor's ,preface ,to ,! ,commonplace ,book ,b]keley's juv5ile ,commonplace ,book is a small qu>to volume1 9 8 h&writ+1 f\nd among ! ,b]keley manuscripts 9 possession ( ! late ,ar*deacon ,rose4 ,x 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahga1 9 my edition ( ,b]keley's ,works4 ,x consi/s ( occasional ?\ghts1 ma!matical1 physical1 e?ical1 & metaphysical1 set d[n 9 miscellane\s fa%ion1 = private use1 z !y arose 9 ! c\rse ( 8 /udies at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 ,!y are full ( ! f]vid en?usiasm t 0 natural to him1 & ( sangu9e expectations ( ! issue ( ! prospective au?or%ip = :i* !y record prep>ations4 ,on ! title-page is writt51 8,g4 ,b4 ,tr94 ,dub4 alum410 ) ! date #agje1 :5 he 0 tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,! entries are ! gradual accumulation ( ! next ?ree ye>s1 9 "o ( :i* ! ,ari?metica & ! ,miscellanea ,ma!matica made _! appe>ance4 ,! ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 giv5 to ! _w 9 #agji1 0 evid5tly mu* 9 8 m9d1 z well z ! sublime conception ( ! mat]ial _w 9 its necess>y subord9ation to ! spiritual _w1 ( :i* he deliv]$ himself 9 8 book ( ,pr9ciples1 9 #agaj4 ,?is disclosure ( ,b]keley's ?\ghts ab\t ?+s1 9 ! ye>s prec$+ ! publication ( 8 fir/ essays1 is inde$ a preci\s record ( ! initial /ruggles ( ard5t philosophical g5ius4 ,x places ! read] 9 intimate companion%ip ) him :5 he 0 beg9n+ to awake into intellectual & spiritual life4 ,we he> him soliloquis+4 ,we see him try+ to translate into reasonabl5ess our crude inh]it$ beliefs ab\t ! mat]ial _w & ! natural ord] ( ! univ]se1 self-consci\s p]sonality1 & ! ,univ]sal ,p[] or ,provid5ce--all "u ! sway ( a new det]m9+ ,pr9ciple :i* 0 tak+ pr(\nd possession ( 8 s\l4 ,he f9ds t he has only to look at ! concrete ?+s ( s5se 9 ! light ( ?is great discov]y to see ! artificially induc$ p]plexities ( ! old philosoph]s disappe>1 along ) _! impos+ ab/ractions1 :i* turn out empty words4 ,! ?9k+ is ?r\gh\t fre% & s9c]e2 sometimes impetu\s & "o-sid$2 ! outcome ( a m9d indispos$ to take ?+s ^u tru/1 resolv$ to inquire freely1 a rebel aga9/ ! tyranny ( language1 morally burd5$ ) ! consci\sness ( a new _w-trans=m+ conception1 :i* duty to mank9d oblig$ him to reveal1 al?\gh 8 message 0 sure to (f5d4 ,m5 l to reg>d ?+s z !y h be5 wont4 ,?is new conception ( ! surr\nd+ _w--! impot5ce ( ,matt]1 & its subord9ate (fice 9 ! ,supreme ,economy mu/1 he =esees1 di/urb ^? accu/om$ to treat outw>d ?+s z ! only realities1 & :o d n c>e to ask :at con/itutes reality4 ,not)/&+ ! ridicule & ill-w t 8 trans=m$ mat]ial _w 0 sure to meet )1 among/ ! _m :o accept empty words in/ead ( g5u9e insight1 he 0 resolv$ to deliv] himself ( 8 ?\ghts ?r\gh ! press1 b ) ! politic conciliation ( a p]suasive ,iri% plead]4 ,! ,commonplace ,book /eadily recognises ! adv]se influ5ce ( "o insidi\s foe4 ,its _w-trans=m+-,pr9ciple has be5 obscur$ by 8! mi/ & veil ( words40 ,! ab/ractions ( metaphysicians1 :i* poison human language1 _h to be driv5 out ( ! au?or's m9d be=e he c\ld see ! light1 & mu/ be driv5 out ( ! m9ds ( o!rs be=e !y c\ld be got to see x along ) him3 ! concrete _w z realisable only 9 p]cipi5t m9d is ) difficulty introduc$ into ! vacant place4 8,! *ief ?+ ,i pret5d to is only to remove ! mi/ & veil ( words40 ,he exults 9 ! trans=m$ m5tal sc5e t !n spontane\sly rises be=e him4 8,my speculations h _h ! same effect ^u me z visit+ =eign c\ntries1--9 ! end ,i return :]e ,i 0 be=e1 get my he>t at ease1 & enjoy myself ) m satisfaction4 ,! philosoph]s lose _! ab/ract matt]2 ! mat]iali/s lose _! ab/ract ext5sion2 ! pr(ane lose _! ext5d$ deity4 ,pray :at d ! re/ ( mank9d lose80 ,?is b5efic5t revolution seem$ to be ! issue ( a simple recognition ( ! fact1 t ! true way ( reg>d+ ! _w we see & t\* is to reg>d x z consi/+ ( ideas or ph5om5a t are pres5t$ to human s5ses1 someh[ regul>ly ord]$1 & ! occasions ( pleasure or pa9 to u z we con=m to or rebel aga9/ _! natural ord]4 ,?is is ! surr\nd+ univ]se--at lea/ 9 its relations to u1 & t is all 9 x t we h to d )4 8,i "k n10 he says1 8:at is meant by ?+s consid]$ 9 !mselves1 i4e4 9 ab/raction4 ,?is is nons5se4 ,?+ & idea are words ( mu* ab\t ! same ext5t & mean+4 ,exi/5ce is n conceivable )\t p]ception & volition4 ,i only decl>e ! mean+ ( ! ^w exi/5ce1 z f> z ,i c compreh5d x40 ,9 ! ,commonplace ,book we see ! y\? at ,tr9ity ,college =g+ ! weapons :i* he 0 soon to direct aga9/ ! mat]ialism & scepticism ( ! g5]ation into :i* he 0 born4 ,"h are r\gh drafts1 crude h9ts ( int5d$ argum5ts1 prob+ ( unphilosophical ma!maticians--ev5 ,newton & ,desc>tes1 memor&a ( facts1 m or less relevant1 on _! way into ! ,essay on ,vision & ! treatise on ,pr9ciples--se$s ( ! philosophy t 0 to be gradually unfold$ 9 8 life & 9 8 books4 ,we wat* ! intrepid ?9k]1 not)/&+ ! inexp]i5ce ( y\?1 m dispos$ to give battle to ma!maticians & metaphysicians ?an to submit ev5 provisionally to any human au?ority4 ,x does n seem t 8 s*ol>%ip or philosophical le>n+ 0 ext5sive4 ,desc>tes1 ,malebran*e1 & ,locke 7 8 intimates2 ,hobbes & ,sp9oza 7 n unkn[n to him2 ,newton & "s less] lights among ! ma!maticians are (t5 confront$4 ,he is m r>ely 9 company ) ! anci5ts or ! m$iaevali/s4 ,no deep /udy ( ,ari/otle appe>s1 & !re is ev5 a disposition to disp>age ,plato4 ,he seeks = 8 home 9 ! 8new philosophy0 ( exp]i5ce2 )\t anticipations ( ,kant1 z ! critic ( :at is presuppos$ 9 ! sci5tific reliability ( any exp]i5ce1 aga9/ :om 8 almo/ bl9d zeal aga9/ ab/ractions w\ld h set him at ?is e>ly /age4 8,pure intellect ,i und]/& n at all10 is "o ( 8 entries4 ,he asks himself1 8,:at becomes ( ! aet]nae v]itates80 & 8 reply is1 8,!y vani%40 ,:5 he tells himself t 8we mu/ ) ! mob place c]ta9ty 9 ! s5ses10 ! words are apt to sugge/ t ! s5ses are our only s\rce ( k1 b ,i suppose 8 mean+ is t ! s5ses mu/ be tru/wor?y1 z '! mob' assume4 ,yet occasionally he uses language :i* looks l an anticipation ( ,david ,hume1 z :5 he calls m9d 8a cong]ies ( p]ceptions4 ,take away p]ceptions10 he adds1 8& y take away m9d4 ,put ! p]ceptions & y put ! m9d4 ,! und]/&+ seeme? n to diff] f its p]ceptions & ideas40 ,he seems unconsci\s ( ! total scepticism :i* su* expressions1 :5 /rictly int]pret$1 are f\nd to involve4 ,b aft] all1 ! read] mu/ n apply rigor\s rules ( int]pretation to r&om entries or provisional memor&a1 meant only = private use1 by an en?usia/ic /ud5t :o 0 prep>+ to produce books4 ,i h foll[$ ! manuscript ( ! ,commonplace ,book1 omitt+ a few repetitions ( ?\ght 9 ! same words4 ,"h & !re ,b]keley's writ+ is almo/ oblit]at$ & difficult to deciph]1 app>5tly ?r\gh accid5t by wat] 9 ! c\rse ( 8 travels1 :51 z he m5tions long aft] 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 sev]al ( 8 manuscripts 7 lo/ & o!rs 7 injur$4 ,! lett]s ( ! alphabet :i* are int]pret$ on ! fir/ page1 & prefix$ on ! m>g9 to "s ( ! entries1 may s f> help to br+ ! app>5t *aos ( entries "u a few articulate heads4 ,i h add$ "s annotations "h & !re z !y happ5$ to occur1 & ^! might h be5 multipli$ indef9itely _h space p]mitt$4 ,commonplace ,book ,i4 ,introduction4 ,m4 ,matt]4 ,p4 ,prim>y & ,second>y qualities4 ,e4 ,exi/5ce4 ,t4 ,"t4 ,s4 ,s\l--,_s4 ,g4 ,god4 ,mo4 ,moral ,philosophy4 ,n4 ,natural ,philosophy4 ,qu4 ,if !re be n two k9ds ( visible ext5sion--"o p]ceiv'd by a confus'd view1 ! o!r by a di/9ct successive direction ( ! optique axis to ea* po9t8 7,m#a7 ,no g5]al ideas7#df74 ,! contr>y a cause ( mi/ake or confusion 9 ma!matiques1 c4 ,?is to be intimat$ 9 ye ,introduction7#dg74 ,! ,pr9ciple may be apply'd to ! difficulties ( cons]vation1 co-op]ation1 c4 7,m#b7 ,trifl+ = ! natural philosoph]s to enquire ! cause ( magnetical attractions1 c4 ,!y onely se>* aft] co-exi/+ ideas7#dh74 7,m#c7 ,qucunque 9 ,scriptura militant adv]sus ,cop]nicum1 militant pro me4 7,m#d7 ,all ?+s 9 ! ,scripture w* side ) ! vulg> aga9/ ! le>n$1 side ) me also4 ,i side 9 all ?+s ) ! mob4 7,m#e7 ,i "k !re is a mighty sect ( m5 w oppose me1 b yet ,i may expect to be support$ by ^? ^: m9ds are n s f> ov]gr[n w? madness4 ,^! are f> ! greate/ "p ( mank9d--especially ,morali/s1 ,div9es1 ,politicians2 9 a ^w1 all b ,ma!maticians & ,natural ,philosoph]s4 ,i mean only ! hypo!tical g5tlem54 ,exp]im5tal philosoph]s h no?+ :]eat to be (f5d$ 9 me4 ,newton begs 8 ,pr9ciples2 ,i demon/rate m9e7#di74 7,m#f7 ,i mu/ be v p>ticul> 9 expla9+ wt is meant by ?+s exi/+--9 h\ses1 *amb]s1 fields1 caves1 c4--wn n p]ceiv'd z well z wn p]ceiv$2 & %ew h[ ! vulg> notion agrees ) m9e1 :5 we n>r[ly inspect into ! mean+ & def9ition ( ! ^w exi/5ce1 : is no simple idea1 di/9ct f p]ceiv+ & be+ p]ceiv$7#ej74 ,! ,s*oolm5 h noble subjects1 b h&le !m ill4 ,! ma!maticians h trifl+ subjects1 b reason admirably ab\t !m4 ,c]ta9ly _! me?od & argu+ are excell5t4 ,god kn[s h[ f> our k ( intellectual be+s may be enl>g'd f ! ,pr9ciples4 7,m#g7 ,! rev]se ( ! ,pr9ciple ,i take to h be5 ! *ief s\rce ( all t scepticism & folly1 all ^? contradictions & inextricable puzzl+ absurdities1 t h 9 all ages be5 a reproa* to human reason1 z well z ( t idolatry1 :e!r ( images or ( gold1 t bl9ds ! greate/ "p ( ! _w1 & t %amefull immorality t turns u into bea/s4 7,m#h7 ,vixit fuit4 1 ! "n = sub/ance1 us$ by ,ari/otle1 ! ,fa!rs1 c4 ,if at ! same "t we %all make ! ,ma!matiques mu* m easie & mu* m accurate1 wt c be object$ to u7#ea78 ,we ne$ n =ce our imag9ation to conceive su* v small l9es = inf9itesimals4 ,!y may e :it z well be imag9'd big z little1 s9ce t ! integ] mu/ be inf9ite4 ,evid5t t w* has an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts mu/ be inf9ite4 ,we _c imag9e a l9e or space inf9itely great--!re=e absurd to talk or make propositions ab\t x4 ,we _c imag9e a l9e1 space1 c41 quovis lato majus4 ,s9ce yt :at we imag9e mu/ be datum aliquod2 a ?+ c't be great] ?an itself4 ,if y call inf9ite t w* is great] ?an any assignable by ano!r1 !n ,i say1 9 t s5se !re may be an inf9ite squ>e1 sph]e1 or any o!r figure1 w* is absurd4 ,qu4 if ext5sion be resoluble into po9ts x does n consi/ (8 ,no reason+ ab\t ?+s :]e( we h no ideas7#eb72 !re=e no reason+ ab\t inf9itesimals4 ,no ^w to be us$ )\t an idea4 7,m#i7 ,if uneas9ess be necess>y to set ! ,w at "w1 ,qu4 h[ %all we w 9 heav58 ,bayle's1 ,malbran*'s1 c4 argum5ts d n seem to prove aga9/ ,space1 b onely aga9/ ,bodies4 7,m#aj7 ,i agree 9 no?+ w? ! ,c>tesians z to ye exi/5ce ( ,bodies ,qualities7#ec74 ,ari/otle z good a man z ,euclid1 b he 0 all[$ to h be5 mi/ak54 ,l9es n prop] = demon/ration4 7,m#aa7 ,we see ! h\se itself1 ! *ur* itself2 x be+ an idea & no?+ m4 ,! h\se itself1 ! *ur* itself1 is an idea1 i4e4 an object--imm$iate object--( ?\ght7#ed74 ,in/ead ( injur+1 our doctr9e mu* b5efits geometry4 7,m#ab7 ,exi/5ce is p]cipi1 or p]cip]e1 or velle1 i4e4 ag]e7#ee74 ,! horse is 9 ! /able1 ! books are 9 ! /udy z be=e4 7,m#ac7 ,9 physiques ,i h a va/ view ( ?+s soluble h]eby1 b h n leisure4 7,m#ad7 ,hyps & su* l unacc\ntable ?+s confirm my doctr9e4 ,angle n well def9$4 ,see ,p>dies' ,geometry1 by ,h>ris1 c4 ,?is "o gr\nd ( trifl+4 7,m#ae7 ,"o idea n ! cause ( ano!r--"o p[] n ! cause ( ano!r4 ,! cause ( all natural ?+s is onely ,god4 ,h5ce trifl+ to enquire aft] second causes4 ,?is doctr9e gives a mo/ suitable idea ( ! ,div9ity7#ef74 7,m#af7 ,absurd to /udy a/ronomy & o!r ! l doctr9es z speculative sci5ces4 7,m#ag7 ,! absurd acc\nt ( memory by ! bra91 c4 makes = me4 ,h[ 0 light creat$ be=e man8 ,ev5 s 7 ,bodies creat$ be=e man7#eg74 7,m#ah7 ,impossible any?+ besides t w* ?9ks & is ?\ght on %\ld exi/7#eh74 ,t w* is visible _c be made up ( invisible ?+s4 ,m4,s4 is t :]e9 !re are n conta9'd di/+ui%able s5sible p>ts4 ,n[ h[ c t w* ha? n s5sible p>ts be divid$ into s5sible p>ts8 ,if y say x may be divid$ into ins5sible p>ts1 ,i say ^! are no?+s4 ,ext5sion ab/ract f s5sible qualities is no s5sation1 ,i grant2 b !n !re is no su* idea1 z any "o may try7#ei74 ,!re is onely a consid]+ ! numb] ( po9ts )\t ! sort ( !m1 ?is makes m = me1 s9ce x mu/ be 9 a consid]+ ?+4 ,mem4 ,be=e ,i h %ewn ! di/9ction betwe5 visible tangible ext5sion1 ,i mu/ n m5tion !m z di/9ct4 ,i mu/ n m5tion ,m4 ,t4 ,m4 ,v41 b 9 g5]al ,m4 ,s41 c47#fj7 ,qu4 :e!r a ,m4 ,v4 be ( any col\r8 a ,m4 ,t4 ( any tangible quality8 ,if visible ext5sion be ! object ( geometry1 'tis t :i* is survey'd by ! optique axis4 7,m#ai7 ,i may say ! pa9 is 9 my f+]1 c41 accord+ to my doctr9e7#fa74 ,mem4 ,nicely to discuss wt is meant :5 we say a l9e consi/s ( a c]ta9 numb] ( in*es or po9ts1 c42 a circle ( a c]ta9 numb] ( squ>e in*es1 po9ts1 c4 ,c]ta9ly we may ?9k ( a circle1 or h its idea 9 our m9d1 )\t ?9k+ ( po9ts or squ>e in*es1 c42 :]eas x %\ld seem ! idea ( a circle is n made up ( ! ideas ( po9ts1 squ>e in*es1 c4 ,qu4 ,is any m ?an ?is meant by ! =ego+ expressions1 viz4 t squ>es or po9ts may be p]ceiv$ 9 or made out ( a circle1 c41 or t squ>es1 po9ts1 c4 are actually 9 x1 i4e4 are p]ceivable 9 x8 ,a l9e 9 ab/ract1 or ,di/ance1 is ! numb] ( po9ts betwe5 two po9ts4 ,!re is also di/ance betwe5 a slave an emp]or1 betwe5 a peasant philosoph]1 betwe5 a dra*m a p\nd1 a f>?+ a cr[n1 c42 9 all :i* ,di/ance signifies ! numb] ( int]m$iate ideas4 ,halley's doctr9e ab\t ! proportion betwe5 inf9itely great quantities vani%es4 ,:5 m5 speak ( inf9ite quantities1 ei!r !y mean f9ite quantities1 or else talk ( t :]e( !y h7#fb7 no idea2 bo? :i* are absurd4 ,if ! disputations ( ! ,s*oolm5 are blam'd = intricacy1 trifl+ness1 confusion1 yet x mu/ be ackn[l$g'd t 9 ! ma9 !y treat$ ( great important subjects4 ,if we admire ! me?od acut5ess ( ! ,ma?ematicians--! l5g?1 ! subtilty1 ! exactness ( _! demon/rations--we mu/ nev]!less be =c$ to grant t !y are = ! mo/ "p ab\t trifl+ subjects1 & p]haps mean no?+ at all4 ,motion on #b;d ?\ghts seems to be a simple idea4 7,m#bj7 ,motion di/9ct f ye ?+ mov$ is n conceivable4 7,m#ba7 ,mem4 ,to take notice ( ,newton = def9+ x motion2 also ( ,locke's wisdom 9 leav+ x undef9'd7#fc74 ,ut ordo p>tium temporis e/ immutabilis1 s9 etiam ordo p>tium spatii4 ,moveantur h de locis suis1 et movebuntur 7ut ita dicam7 de seipsis4 ,truly numb] is imm5surable4 ,t we w all[ ) ,newton4 7,m#bb7 ,ask a ,c>tesian :e!r he is wont to imag9e 8 globules )\t col\r4 ,pellucidness is a col\r4 ,! col\r ( ord9>y light ( ! sun is :ite4 ,newton 9 ! "r 9 assign+ col\rs to ! rays ( light4 ,a man born bl9d w\ld n imag9e ,space z we d4 ,we give x always "s dilute1 or duski%1 or d>k col\r--9 %ort1 we imag9e x z visible1 or intromitt$ by ! eye1 w* he w\ld n d4 7,m#bc7 ,pro9de vim inf]unt sacris lit]is qui voces hasce 7v4 tempus1 spatium1 motus7 de quantitatibus m5suratis ibi int]pretantur4 ,newton1 p4 #aj4 7,m#bd7 ,i diff] f ,newton1 9 t ,i ?9k ! recession ab axe motus is n ! effect1 or index1 or measure ( motion1 b ( ! vis impressa4 ,x %ewe? n wt is truly mov$1 b wt has ! =ce impress$ on x1 or r t w* ha? an impress$ =ce4 ,d & ,p are n proportional 9 all circles4 d d is to #a_/d;d p z d to p_/#d2 b d & p_/#d are n 9 ! same proportion 9 all circles4 ,h5ce 'tis nons5se to seek ! t]ms ( "o g5]al proportion :]eby to rectify all p]iph]ies1 or ( ano!r :]eby to squ>e all circles4 ,n4 ,b4 ,if ! circle be squ>'d ari?metically1 'tis squ>'d geometrically1 ari?metic or numb]s be+ no?+ b l9es proportions ( l9es :5 apply'd to geometry4 ,mem4 ,to rem>k ,*eyne7#fd7 8 doctr9e ( inf9ites4 ,ext5sion1 motion1 "t1 d ea* ( !m include ! idea ( succession1 s f> =? !y seem to be ( ma!matical consid]ation4 ,numb] consi/+ 9 succession di/9ct p]ception1 w* also consi/s 9 succession2 = ?+s at once p]ceiv'd are jumbl$ & mixt toge!r 9 ! m9d4 ,"t & motion _c be conceiv'd )\t succession2 & ext5sion1 qua ma!mat41 _c be conceiv'd b z consi/+ ( p>ts w* may be di/9ctly successively p]ceiv'd4 ,ext5sion p]ceiv$ at once 9 confuso does n belong to ma?4 ,! simple idea call'd ,p[] seems obscure1 or r none at all1 b onely ! relation 'twixt ,cause & ,effect4 ,:5 ,i ask :e!r ,a c move ,b1 if ,a be an intellig5t ?+1 ,i mean no m ?an :e!r ! volition ( ,a t ,b move be att5d$ ) ! motion ( ,b8 ,if ,a be s5seless1 :e!r ! impulse ( ,a aga9/ ,b be foll[$ by ye motion ( ,b7#fe78 ,b>r['s argu+ aga9/ indivisibles1 lect4 i4 p4 #af1 is a petitio pr9cipii1 = ! ,demon/ration ( ,ar*im$es suppose? ! circumf]5ce to consi/ ( m ?an #bd po9ts4 ,moreov] x may p]haps be necess>y to suppose ! divisibility ad inf9itum1 9 ord] to demon/rate t ! radius is equal to ! side ( ! hexagon4 ,%ew me an argum5t aga9/ indivisibles t does n g on "s false supposition4 ,a great numb] ( ins5sibles--or ?us1 two invisibles1 say y1 put toge!r become visible2 !re=e t ,m4 ,v4 conta9s or is made up ( invisibles4 ,i answ]1 ! ,m4 ,v4 does n comprise1 is n compos$ (1 invisibles4 ,all ! matt] am\nts to ?is1 viz4 :]eas ,i _h no idea a:ile agoe1 ,i h an idea n[4 ,x rema9s = y to prove t ,i came by ! pres5t idea because !re 7 two invisibles add$ toge!r4 ,i say ! invisibles are no?+s1 _c exi/1 include a contradiction7#ff74 ,i am "y1 ,i am an up/>t1 ,i am a pret5d]1 ,i am va94 ,v well4 ,i %all endeav\r pati5tly to be> up "u ! mo/ less5+1 vilify+ appellations ! pride rage ( man c devise4 ,b "o ?+ ,i "k ,i am n guilty (4 ,i d n p9 my fai? on ! sleeve ( any great man4 ,i act n out ( prejudice or prepossession4 ,i d n adh]e to any op9ion because x is an old "o1 a reviv'd "o1 a fa%ionable "o1 or "o t ,i h sp5t mu* "t 9 ! /udy & cultivation (4 ,s5se r ?an reason or demon/ration ought to be employ$ ab\t l9es & figures1 ^! be+ ?+s s5sible2 = z = ^? y call ins5sible1 we h prov$ !m to be nons5se1 no?+7#fg74 7,m#be7 ,if 9 "s ?+s ,i diff] f a philosoph] ,i pr(ess to admire1 'tis = t v ?+ on acc\nt :]e( ,i admire him1 namely1 ! love ( tru?4 ,?is c4 7,m#bf7 ,:5ev] my read] f9ds me talk v positively1 ,i desire he'd n take x ill4 ,i see no reason :y c]ta9ty %\ld be conf9$ to ! ma!maticians4 ,i say !re are no incomm5surables1 no surds4 ,i say ! side ( any squ>e may be assign'd 9 numb]s4 ,say y assign unto me ! side ( ! squ>e #aj4 ,i ask wt #aj--aj feet1 in*es1 c41 or #aj po9ts8 ,if ! lat]1 ,i d5y !re is any su* squ>e1 'tis impossible #aj po9ts %\ld compose a squ>e4 ,if ! =m]1 resolve yr #aj squ>e in*es1 feet1 c4 into po9ts1 ! numb] ( po9ts mu/ necess>ily be a squ>e numb] ^: side is easily assignable4 ,a mean proportional _c be f\nd betwixt any two giv5 l9es4 ,x c onely be f\nd betwixt ^? ! numb]s ( ^: po9ts multiply'd toge!r produce a squ>e numb]4 ,?us betwixt a l9e ( #b in*es a l9e ( #e in*es a mean geometrical _c be f\nd1 except ! numb] ( po9ts conta9$ 9 #b in*es multiply'd by ye numb] ( po9ts conta9$ 9 #e in*es make a squ>e numb]4 ,if ! wit & indu/ry ( ! ,nihil>ians 7 employ'd ab\t ! usefull practical ma!matiques1 :at advantage _h x br\ght to mank9d6 7,m#bg7 ,y ask me :e!r ! books are 9 ! /udy n[1 :5 no "o is !re to see !m8 ,i answ]1 ,yes4 ,y ask me1 ,are we n 9 ! wrong = imag9+ ?+s to exi/ :5 !y are n actually p]ceiv'd by ! s5ses8 ,i answ]1 ,no4 ,! exi/5ce ( our ideas consi/s 9 be+ p]ceiv'd1 imag9'd1 ?\ght on4 ,:5ev] !y are imag9'd or ?\ght on !y d exi/4 ,:5ev] !y are m5tion$ or disc\rs'd ( !y are imag9'd ?\ght on4 ,!re=e y c at no "t ask me :e!r !y exi/ or no1 b by reason ( yt v "q !y mu/ necess>ily exi/4 7,m#bh7 ,b1 say y1 !n a *imra does exi/8 ,i answ]1 x do? 9 "o s5se1 i4e4 x is imag9'd4 ,b x mu/ be well not$ t exi/5ce is vulg>ly re/ra9'd to actuall p]ception1 & t ,i use ! ^w exi/5ce 9 a l>g] s5se ?an ord9>y47#fh7 ,n4 ,b4--,accord+ to my doctr9e all ?+s are entia rationis1 i4e4 solum hab5t esse 9 intellectum4 7,m#bi7 7#fi7;,accord+ to my doctr9e all are n entia rationis4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ens rationis & ens reale is kept up by x z well z any o!r doctr9e4 ,y ask me :e!r !re c be an inf9ite idea8 ,i answ]1 9 "o s5se !re may4 ,?us ! visual sph]e1 ?o' ev] s small1 is inf9ite1 i4e4 has no end4 ,b if by inf9ite y mean an ext5sion consi/+ ( innum]able po9ts1 !n ,i ask yr p>don4 ,po9ts1 ?o' nev] s _m1 may be numb]$4 ,! multitude ( po9ts1 or feet1 in*es1 c41 h9d]s n _! numbrabl5ess 7i4e4 h9d]s n _! be+ num]able7 9 ! lea/4 ,_m or mo/ are num]able1 z well z few or lea/4 ,also1 if by inf9ite idea y mean an idea too great to be compreh5d$ or p]ceiv'd all at once1 y mu/ excuse me4 ,i ?9k su* an inf9ite is no less ?an a contradiction7#gj74 7,m#cj7 ,! sillyness ( ! curr5t doctr9e makes mu* = me4 ,!y commonly suppose a mat]ial _w--figures1 motions1 bulks ( v>i\s sizes1 c4--accord+ to _! own confession to no purpose4 ,all our s5sations may be1 & sometimes actually are1 )\t !m2 nor c m5 s mu* z conceive x possible !y %\ld concur 9 any wise to ! production ( !m4 7,m#ca7 ,ask a man1 ,i mean a philosoph]1 :y he supposes ?is va/ /ructure1 ?is compages ( bodies8 he %all be at a /&2 he'll n h "o ^w to say4 ,w* suffici5tly %ews ! folly ( ! hypo!sis4 7,m#cb7 ,or r :y he supposes all ys ,matt]8 ,= bodies & _! qualities ,i d all[ to exi/ indep5d5tly ( our m9d4 7,m#cc7 ,qu4 ,h[ is ! s\l di/+ui%'d f its ideas8 ,c]ta9ly if !re 7 no s5sible ideas !re c\ld be no s\l1 no p]ception1 remembrance1 love1 fe>1 c42 no faculty c\ld be ex]t$7#ga74 7,m#cd7 ,! s\l is ! ,w1 prop]ly speak+1 & z x is di/9ct f ideas4 7,m#ce7 ,! gr& puzzl+ "q1 :e!r ,i sleep or wake1 easily solv'd4 ,qu4 ,:e!r m9ima or me] m9ima may n be comp>'d by _! soon] or lat] evanesc5ce1 z well z by m or less po9ts1 s t "o s5sible may be great] ?an ano!r1 ?\gh x exce$s x n by "o po9t8 ,circles on sev]al radius's are n simil> figures1 !y hav+ nei!r all nor any an inf9ite numb] ( sides4 ,h5ce 9 va9 to enquire aft] #b t]ms ( "o & ye same proportion t %\ld con/antly express ! reason ( ! d to ! p 9 all circles4 ,mem4 ,to rem>k ,wallis's h>angue1 t ! a=esaid proportion c nei!r be express$ by rational numb]s nor surds4 ,we c no m h an idea ( l5g? )\t bread? or visibility1 ?an ( a g5]al figure4 ,"o idea may be l ano!r idea1 ?o' !y conta9 no common simple idea7#gb74 ,?us ! simple idea r$ is 9 "s s5se l ! simple idea blue2 'tis lik] x ?an sweet or %rill4 ,b !n ^? ideas w* are s said to be alike1 agree bo? 9 _! connexion ) ano!r simple idea1 viz4 ext5sion1 9 _! be+ receiv'd by "o ! same s5se4 ,b1 aft] all1 no?+ c be l an idea b an idea4 ,no %>+ betwixt ,god ,nature or second causes 9 my doctr9e4 7,m#cf7 ,mat]iali/s mu/ all[ ! e>? to be actually mov'd by ! attractive p[] ( e /one t falls f ! air1 ) _m o!r ! l absurditys4 ,enquire conc]n+ ! p5dulum clock1 c42 :e!r ^? inv5tions ( ,huyg5s1 c4 be atta9$ to by my doctr9e4 ,! 444 444 444 c4 ( "t are to be ca/ away & neglect$1 z s _m n\ghts or no?+s4 ,mem4 ,to make exp]im5ts conc]n+ m9imums & _! col\rs1 :e!r !y h any or no1 :e!r !y c be ( t gre5 w* seems to be comp\nd$ ( yell[ & blue4 7,m#cg7 ,qu4 ,:e!r x 7 n bett] n to call ! op]ations ( ! m9d ideas--conf9+ ?is t]m to ?+s s5sible7#gc78 7,m#ch7 ,mem4 dilig5tly to set =? h[ t _m ( ! anci5t philosoph]s run into s great absurditys z ev5 to d5y ! exi/5ce ( motion1 & ( ^? o!r ?+s !y p]ceiv'd actually by _! s5ses4 ,?is sprung f _! n kn[+ wt ,exi/5ce 01 & :]e9 x consi/$4 ,?is ! s\rce ( all _! folly4 ',tis on ! discov]+ ( ! nature & mean+ & import ( ,exi/5ce t ,i *iefly insi/4 ,?is puts a wide diff]5ce betwixt ! sceptics c4 me4 ,?is ,i ?9k :olly new4 ,i am sure ?is is new to me7#gd74 ,we h le>n'd f ,mr4 ,locke t !re may be1 & t !re are1 sev]al glib1 coh]5t1 me?odical disc\rses1 :i* nev]!less am\nt to j no?+4 ,?is by him int5d$ ) relation to ! ,s*olem54 ,we may apply x to ! ,ma!maticians4 ,qu4 ,h[ c all words be said to /& = ideas8 ,! ^w blue /&s = a col\r )\t any ext5sion1 or ab/ract f ext5sion4 ,b we h n an idea ( col\r )\t ext5sion4 ,we _c imag9e col\r )\t ext5sion4 ,locke seems wrongly to assign a d\ble use ( words3 "o = communicat+ ! o!r = record+ our ?\ghts4 ',tis absurd to use words = record+ our ?\ghts to ourselves1 or 9 our private m$itations7#ge74 ,no "o ab/ract simple idea l ano!r4 ,two simple ideas may be connect$ ) "o ! same #c;d simple idea1 or be intromitt$ by "o ! same s5se4 ,b consid]'d 9 !mselves !y c h no?+ common1 & consequ5tly no lik5ess4 ,qu4 ,h[ c !re be any ab/ract ideas ( col\rs8 ,x seems n s easily z ( ta/es or s\nds4 ,b !n all ideas :atsoev] are p>ticul>4 ,i c by no means conceive an ab/ract g5]al idea4 ',tis "o ?+ to ab/ract "o concrete idea f ano!r ( a diff]5t k9d1 ano!r ?+ to ab/ract an idea f all p>ticul>s ( ! same k9d7#gf74 7,m#ci7 ,mem4 ,mu* to recomm5d & approve ( exp]im5tal philosophy4 7,m#dj7 ,:at means ,cause z di/+ui%'d f ,occasion8 ,no?+ b a be+ w* wills1 :5 ! effect foll[s ! volition4 ,^? ?+s t happ5 f )\t we are n ! cause (4 ,!re=e !re is "s o!r ,cause ( !m1 i4e4 !re is a ,be+ t wills ^! p]ceptions 9 u7#gg74 7,m#da7 7#gh7;,x %\ld be said1 no?+ b a ,w--a ,be+ :i* wills be+ un9telligible4 ,"o squ>e _c be d\ble ( ano!r4 ,h5ce ! ,py?agoric !orem is false4 ,"s writ]s ( catoptrics absurd en\gh to place ! app>5t place ( ! object 9 ! ,b>rovian case beh9d ! eye4 ,blew & yell[ *equ]s /ill dim9i%+ t]m9ate 9 gre54 ,?is may help to prove ! composition ( gre54 ,!re is 9 gre5 #b f\ndations ( #b relations ( lik5ess to blew yell[4 ,!re=e gre5 is comp\nd$4 ,a mixt cause w produce a mixt effect4 ,!re=e col\rs are all comp\nd$ t we see4 ,mem4 ,to consid] ,newton's two sorts ( gre54 ,n4 ,b4 ,my ab/ract g5]al doctr9es ought n to be condemn'd by ! ,royall ,society4 ',tis wt _! meet+ did ultimately int5d4 ,v4 ,sprat's ,hi/ory ,s4 ,r47#gi7 ,mem4 ,to premise a def9ition ( idea7#hj74 7,m#db7 ,! #b great pr9ciples ( ,morality--! be+ ( a ,god ! fre$om ( man4 ,^? to be h&l$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,second ,book7#ha74 ,subv]titur geometria ut non practica s$ speculativa4 ,ar*im$es's proposition ab\t squ>+ ! circle has no?+ to d ) circumf]5ces conta9+ less ?an #if po9ts2 if ! circumf]5ce conta9 #if po9ts x may be apply'd1 b no?+ w foll[ aga9/ indivisibles4 ,v4 ,b>r[4 ,^? curve l9es t y c rectify geometrically4 ,comp>e !m ) _! equal "r l9es by a microscope y %all discov] an inequality4 ,h5ce my squ>+ ( ! circle z good & exact z ! be/4 7,m#dc7 ,qu4 :e!r ! sub/ance ( body or any?+ else be any m ?an ! collection ( concrete ideas includ$ 9 t ?+8 ,?us ! sub/ance ( any p>ticul> body is ext5sion1 solidity1 figure7#hb74 ,( g5]al ab/ract body we c h no idea4 7,m#dd7 ,mem4 ,mo/ c>efully to inculcate & set =? t ! endeav\r+ to express ab/ract philosophic ?\ghts by words unavoidably runs a man into difficulties4 ,?is to be done 9 ! ,introduction7#hc74 ,mem4 ,to endeav\r mo/ accurately to und]/& :at is meant by ?is axiom3 ,qu sibi mutuo congruunt qualia sunt4 ,qu4 :at ! geomet]s mean by equality ( l9es1 :e!r1 accord+ to _! def9ition ( equality1 a curve l9e c possibly be equal to a "r l9e8 ,if w? me y call ^? l9es equal w* conta9 an equal numb] ( po9ts1 !n !re w be no difficulty4 ,t curve is equal to a "r l9e w* conta9s ! same po9ts z ! "r "o do?4 7,m#de7 ,i take n away sub/ances4 ,i ought n to be accus$ ( disc>d+ sub/ance out ( ! reasonable _w7#hd74 ,i onely reject ! philosophic s5se 7w* 9 effect is no s5se7 ( ! ^w sub/ance4 ,ask a man n ta9t$ ) _! j>gon wt he means by corporeal sub/ance1 or ! sub/ance ( body4 ,he %all answ]1 bulk1 solidity1 & su* l s5sible qualitys4 ,^! ,i reta94 ,! philosophic nec quid1 nec quantum1 nec quale1 :]e( ,i h no idea1 ,i disc>d2 if a man may be said to disc>d t :i* nev] _h any be+1 0 nev] s mu* z imag9'd or conceiv'd4 7,m#df7 ,9 %ort1 be n angry4 ,y lose no?+1 :e!r real or *im]ical4 ,wtev] y c 9 any wise conceive or imag9e1 be x nev] s wild1 s extravagant1 absurd1 mu* good may x d y4 ,y may enjoy x = me4 ,i'll nev] deprive y ( x4 ,n4 ,b4 ,i am m = reality ?an any o!r philosoph]s7#he74 ,!y make a ?\s& d\bts1 "k n c]ta9ly b we may be deceiv'd4 ,i ass]t ! direct contr>y4 ,a l9e 9 ! s5se ( ma!maticians is n me] di/ance4 ,?is evid5t 9 t !re are curve l9es4 ,curves p]fectly incompreh5sible1 inexplicable1 absurd1 except we all[ po9ts4 7,m#dg7 ,if m5 look = a ?+ :]e x's n to be f\nd1 be !y nev] s sagaci\s1 x is lo/ lab\r4 ,if a simple clumsy man kn[s :]e ! game lies1 he ?\gh a fool %all cat* x soon] ?an ! mo/ fleet dext]\s t seek x else:]e4 ,m5 *oose to hunt = tru? & k any:]e r ?an 9 _! own und]/&+1 :]e 'tis to be f\nd4 7,m#dh7 ,all k onely ab\t ideas4 ,locke1 ,b4 #d4 c4 #a4 7,m#di7 ,x seems improp]1 liable to difficulties1 to make ! ^w p]son /& = an idea1 or to make ourselves ideas1 or ?9k+ ?+s ideas4 7,m#ej7 ,ab/ract ideas cause ( mu* trifl+ & mi/ake4 ,ma!maticians seem n to speak cle>ly & coh]5tly ( equality4 ,!y n[h]e def9e wt !y mean by t ^w :5 apply'd to l9es4 ,locke says ! modes ( simple ideas1 besides ext5sion & numb]1 are c\nt$ by degrees4 ,i d5y !re are any modes or degrees ( simple ideas4 ,:at he t]ms su* are complex ideas1 z ,i h prov$4 ,wt d ! ma!maticians mean by consid]+ curves z polygons8 ,ei!r !y are polygons or !y are n4 ,if !y are1 :y d !y give !m ! "n ( curves8 ,:y d n !y con/antly call !m polygons1 treat !m z su*8 ,if !y are n polygons1 ,i ?9k x absurd to use polygons 9 _! /ead4 ,wt is ?is b to p]v]t language8 to adapt an idea to a "n t belongs n to x b to a diff]5t idea8 ,! ma!maticians %\ld look to _! axiom1 ,qu congruunt sunt qualia4 ,i "k n :at !y mean by bidd+ me put "o triangle on ano!r4 ,! "u triangle is no triangle--no?+ at all1 x n be+ p]ceiv'd4 ,i ask1 mu/ sight be judge ( ?is congru5tia or n8 ,if x mu/1 !n all l9es se5 "u ! same angle are equal1 w* !y w n ackn[l$ge4 ,mu/ ! t\* be judge8 ,b we _c t\* or feel l9es & surfaces1 su* z triangles1 c41 accord+ to ! ma!maticians !mselves4 ,mu* less c we t\* a l9e or triangle t's cov]'d by ano!r l9e or triangle4 ,d y mean by say+ "o triangle is equall to ano!r1 t !y bo? take up equal spaces8 ,b !n ! "q recurs1 :at mean y by equal spaces8 ,if y mean spatia congru5tia1 answ] ! above difficulty truly4 ,i c mean 7= my "p7 no?+ else by equal triangles ?an triangles conta9+ equal numb]s ( po9ts4 ,i c mean no?+ by equal l9es b l9es w* 'tis indiff]5t :e!r ( !m ,i take1 l9es 9 w* ,i obs]ve by my s5ses no diff]5ce1 w* !re=e h ! same "n4 ,mu/ ! imag9ation be judge 9 ! a=em5tion$ cases8 b !n imag9ation _c g beyond ! t\* & sight4 ,say y1 pure intellect mu/ be judge4 ,i reply t l9es & triangles are n op]ations ( ! m9d4 ,if ,i speak positively & ) ! air ( a ma!matician 9 ?+s ( :i* ,i am c]ta91 'tis to avoid disputes1 to make m5 c>eful to ?9k be=e !y answ]1 to discuss my argum5ts be=e !y g to refute !m4 ,i w\ld by no means injure tru? & c]ta9ty by an affect$ mode/y submission to bett] judgm5ts4 ,wt ,i lay be=e y are und\bt$ !orems2 n plausible conjectures ( my own1 nor le>n$ op9ions ( o!r m54 ,i pret5d n to prove !m by figures1 analogy1 or au?ority4 ,let !m /& or fall by _! own evid5ce4 7,m#ea7 ,:5 y speak ( ! corpuscul>ian ess5ces ( bodys1 to reflect on sect4 #aa4 #ab4 b4 #d4 c4 #c4 ,locke4 ,motion supposes n solidity4 ,a me] col\r'd ext5sion may give u ! idea ( motion4 7,m#eb7 ,any subject c h ( ea* sort ( prim>y qualities b "o p>ticul> at once4 ,lib4 #d4 c4 #c4 s4 #ae4 ,locke4 7,m#ec7 ,well1 say y1 accord+ to ?is new doctr9e1 all is b me] idea--!re is no?+ w* is n an ens rationis4 ,i answ]1 ?+s are z real1 & exi/ 9 r]um natura1 z mu* z ev]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 entia realia entia rationis may be made z prop]ly n[ z ev]4 ,d b ?9k be=e y speak4 ,endeav\r rightly to compreh5d my mean+1 & y'll agree ) me 9 ?is4 7,m#ed7 ,fruitless ! di/9ction 'twixt real & nom9al ess5ces4 ,we are n acqua9t$ ) ! mean+ ( our words4 ,real1 ext5sion1 exi/5ce1 p[]1 matt]1 l9es1 inf9ite1 po9t1 & _m m are frequ5tly 9 our m\?s1 :5 little1 cle>1 & det]m9'd answ]s !m 9 our und]/&+s4 ,?is mu/ be well inculcat$4 7,m#ee7 ,va9 is ! di/9ction 'twixt intellectual & mat]ial _w7#hf74 ,v4 ,locke1 lib4 #d4 c4 #c4 s4 #bg1 :]e he says t is f> m beautiful ?an ?is4 7,m#ef7 ,fooli% 9 m5 to despise ! s5ses4 ,if x 7 n = 7,m#eg7 !m ! m9d c\ld h no k1 no ?\ght at all4 ,all 444 ( introv]sion1 m$itation1 contemplation1 & spiritual acts1 z if ^! c\ld be ex]t$ be=e we _h ideas f )\t by ! s5ses1 are manife/ly absurd4 ,?is may be ( great use 9 t x makes ! happyness ( ! life to come m conceivable & agreeable to our pres5t nature4 ,! s*oolem5 ref9]s 9 philosophy gave ! greate/ "p ( mank9d no m tempt+ idea ( heav5 or ! joys ( ! ble/4 ,! va/1 wide-spread1 univ]sal cause ( our mi/akes is1 t we d n consid] our own notions4 ,i mean consid] !m 9 !mselves--fix1 settle1 & det]m9e !m1--we reg>d+ !m ) relation to ea* o!r only4 ,9 %ort1 we are mu* out 9 /udy+ ! relations ( ?+s be=e we /udy !m absolutely & 9 !mselves4 ,?us we /udy to f9d out ! relations ( figures to "o ano!r1 ! relations also ( numb]1 )\t endeav\r+ rightly to und]/& ! nature ( ext5sion & numb] 9 !mselves4 ,?is we ?9k is ( no conc]n1 ( no difficulty2 b if ,i mi/ake n 'tis ( ! la/ importance1 7,m#eh7 ,i all[ n ( ! di/9ction !re is made 'twixt pr(it & pleasure4 7,m#ei7 ,i'd nev] blame a man = act+ ^u int]e/4 ,he's a fool t acts on any o!r pr9ciples4 ,! n consid]+ ^! ?+s has be5 ( ill consequ5ce 9 morality4 ,my positive ass]tions are no less mode/ ?an ^? t are introduc$ ) 8,x seems to me10 8,i suppose10 c42 s9ce ,i decl>e1 once = all1 t all ,i write or ?9k is entirely ab\t ?+s z !y appe> to me4 ,x conc]ns no man else any fur!r ?an 8 ?\ghts agree ) m9e4 ,?is 9 ! ,preface4 7,m#fj7 ,two ?+s are apt to conf\nd m5 9 _! reason+s "o ) ano!r4 #a/4 ,words signify+ ! op]ations ( ! m9d are tak5 f s5sible ideas4 #bndly4 ,words z us$ by ! vulg> are tak5 9 "s latitude1 _! signification is confus$4 ,h5ce if a man use words 9 a det]m9$1 settl$ signification1 he is at a haz>d ei!r ( n be+ und]/ood1 or ( speak+ improp]ly4 ,all ?is rem$y$ by /udy+ ! und]/&+4 ,unity no simple idea4 ,i h no idea me]ly answ]+ ! ^w "o4 ,all numb] consi/s 9 relations7#hg74 ,entia realia et entia rationis1 a fooli% di/9ction ( ! ,s*oolem54 7,m#fa7 ,we h an intuitive k ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r ?+s besides ourselves ord]1 prc$ane\s7#hh74 ,to ! k ( our own exi/5ce--9 t we mu/ h ideas or else we _c ?9k4 7,m#fb7 ,we move our legs ourselves4 ',tis we t w _! movem5t4 ,h]e9 ,i diff] f ,malbran*7#hi74 7,m#fc7 ,mem4 ,nicely to discuss ,lib4 #d4 c4 #d4 ,locke7#ij74 7,m#fd7 ,mem4 ,aga9 & aga9 to m5tion illu/rate ! doctr9e ( ! reality ( ?+s1 r]um natura1 c4 7,m#fe7 ,wt ,i say is demon/ration--p]fect demon/ration4 ,:]ev] m5 h fix'd det]m9'd ideas annex$ to _! words !y c h>dly be mi/ak54 ,/ick b to my def9ition ( lik5ess1 & 'tis a demon/ration yt col\rs are n simple ideas1 all r$s be+ l1 c4 ,s also 9 o!r ?+s4 ,?is to be he>tily insi/$ on4 7,m#ff7 ,! ab/ract idea ( ,be+ or ,exi/5ce is nev] ?\ght ( by ! vulg>4 ,!y nev] use ^? words /&+ = ab/ract ideas4 7,m#fg7 ,i mu/ n say ! words ?+1 sub/ance1 c4 h be5 ! cause ( mi/akes1 b ! n reflect+ on _! mean+4 ,i w be /ill = reta9+ ! words4 ,i only desire t m5 w\ld ?9k be=e !y speak1 & settle ! mean+ ( _! words4 7,m#fh7 ,i approve n ( t :i* ,locke says1 viz4 tru? consi/s 9 ! jo9+ & sep>at+ ( signs4 7,m#fi7 ,locke _c expla9 g5]al tru? or k )\t treat+ ( words & propositions4 ,?is makes = me aga9/ ab/ract g5]al ideas4 ,vide ,locke1 lib4 #d4 *4 #f4 7,m#gj7 ,m5 h be5 v indu/ri\s 9 travell+ =w>d4 ,!y h gone a great way4 ,b none h gone backw>d beyond ! ,pr9ciples4 ,on t side !re lies mu* t]ra incognita to be travel'd ov] & discov]$ by me4 ,a va/ field = inv5tion4 ,twelve in*es n ! same idea ) a foot4 ,because a man may p]fectly conceive a foot :o nev] ?\ght ( an in*4 ,a foot is equal to or ! same ) twelve in*es 9 ?is respect1 viz4 !y conta9 bo? ! same numb] ( po9ts4 ,=asmu* z to be us$4 ,mem4 ,to m5tion some:at w* may enc\rage ! /udy ( politiques1 & te/ify ( me yt ,i am well dispos'd t[>d !m4 7,m#ga7 ,if m5 did n use words = ideas !y w\ld nev] h ?\ght ( ab/ract ideas4 ,c]ta9ly g5]a & species are n ab/ract g5]al ideas4 ,ab/ract ideas include a contradiction 9 _! nature4 ,vide ,locke7#ia71 lib4 #d4 c4 #g4 s4 #i4 ,a v>i\s or mixt cause mu/ necess>ily produce a v>i\s or mixt effect4 ,?is demon/rable f ! def9ition ( a cause2 :i* way ( demon/rat+ mu/ be frequ5tly made use ( 9 my ,treatise1 to t end def9itions (t5 prmis'd4 ,h5ce 'tis evid5t t1 accord+ to ,newton's doctr9e1 col\rs _c be simple ideas4 7,m#gb7 ,i am ! f>!/ f scepticism ( any man4 ,i "k ) an intuitive k ! exi/5ce ( o!r ?+s z well z my own s\l4 ,?is is wt ,locke nor sc>ce any o!r ?9k+ philosoph] w pret5d to7#ib74 7,m#gc7 ,doctr9e ( ab/raction ( v evil consequ5ce 9 all ! sci5ces4 ,mem4 ,b>r['s rem>k4 ,entirely ow+ to language4 ,locke greatly out 9 reckon+ ! record+ our ideas by words among/ ! uses & n ! abuses ( language4 7,m#gd7 ,( great use ye la/ importance to contemplate a man put into ! _w alone1 ) admirable abilitys1 & see h[ aft] long exp]i5ce he w\ld "k w?\t words4 ,su* a "o w\ld nev] ?9k ( g5]a & species or ab/ract g5]al ideas4 7,m#ge7 ,wond]ful 9 ,locke t he c\ld1 wn advanc$ 9 ye>s1 see at all ?ro' a mi/2 x _h be5 s long a ga!r+1 0 consequ5tly ?ick4 ,?is m to be admir'd ?an yt he did n see f>!r4 ,id5tity ( ideas may be tak5 9 a d\ble s5se1 ei!r z includ+ or exclud+ id5tity ( circum/ances1 su* z "t1 place1 c4 7,m#gf7 ,i am glad ! p ,i conv]se ) are n all ri*]1 wis]1 c4 ?an ,i4 ,?is is agreeable to reason2 is no s94 ',tis c]ta9 t if ! happyness ( my acqua9tance encreases1 m9e n proportionably1 m9e mu/ decrease4 ,! n und]/&+ ?is ! doctr9e ab\t relative good1 discuss'd ) ,fr5*1 ,madd57#ic71 c41 to be notic$ z #b causes ( mi/ake 9 judg+ ( moral matt]s4 ,mem4 ,to obs]ve 7wn y talk ( ! division ( ideas into simple & complex7 t !re may be ano!r cause ( ! undef9abl5ess ( c]ta9 ideas besides t :i* ,locke gives2 viz4 ! want ( names4 7,m#gg7 ,mem4 ,to beg9 ! ,fir/ ,book7#id7 n ) m5tion ( s5sation & reflection1 b in/ead ( s5sation to use p]ception or ?\ght 9 g5]al4 7,m#gh7 ,i defy any man to imag9e or conceive p]ception )\t an idea1 or an idea )\t p]ception4 7,m#gi7 ,locke's v supposition t matt] motion %\ld exi/ be=e ?\ght is absurd--includes a manife/ contradiction4 ,locke's h>angue ab\t coh]5t1 me?odical disc\rses am\nt+ to no?+1 apply'd to ! ma!maticians4 ,!y talk ( det]m9+ all ! po9ts ( a curve by an equation4 ,wt mean !y by ?is8 ,wt w\ld !y signify by ! ^w po9ts8 ,d !y /ick to ! def9ition ( ,euclid8 7,m#hj7 ,we ?9k we "k n ! ,s\l1 because we h no imag9able or s5sible idea annex'd to t s\nd4 ,?is ! effect ( prejudice4 7,m#ha7 ,c]ta9ly we d n "k x4 ,?is w be pla9 if we exam9e :at we mean by ! ^w k4 ,nei!r do? ?is argue any defect 9 our k1 no m ?an our n kn[+ a contradiction4 ,! v exi/5ce ( ideas con/itutes ! ,s\l7#ie74 7,m#hb7 ,consci\sness7#if71 p]ception1 exi/5ce ( ideas1 seem to be all "o4 ,consult1 ransack yr und]/&+4 ,wt f9d y !re besides sev]al p]ceptions or ?\ghts8 ,wt mean y by ! ^w m9d8 ,y mu/ mean some?+ t y p]ceive1 or yt y d n p]ceive4 ,a ?+ n p]ceiv$ is a contradiction4 ,to mean 7also7 a ?+ y d n p]ceive is a contradiction4 ,we are 9 all ?is matt] /rangely abus$ by words4 ,m9d is a cong]ies ( p]ceptions7#ig74 ,take away p]ceptions & y take away ! m9d4 ,put ! p]ceptions & y put ! m9d4 ,say y1 ! m9d is n ! p]ception1 n t ?+ :i* p]ceives4 ,i answ]1 y are abus$ by ! words 8t a ?+40 ,^! are vague & empty words ) u4 7,m#hc7 ,! hav+ ideas is n ! same ?+ ) p]ception4 ,a man may h ideas :5 he only imag9es4 ,b !n ?is imag9ation presuppose? p]ception4 7,m#hd7 ,t w* extreamly /r5g!ns u 9 prejudice is yt we ?9k we see an empty space1 :i* ,i %all demon/rate to be false 9 ! ,?ird ,book7#ih74 ,!re may be demon/rations us$ ev5 9 ,div9ity4 ,i mean 9 reveal$ ,!ology1 z contradi/+ui%'d f natural2 = ?o' ! pr9ciples may be f\nd$ 9 fai?1 yet ?is h9d]s n b t legitimate demon/rations might be built !reon2 provid$ /ill t we def9e ! words we use1 & nev] g beyond our ideas4 ,h5ce 'tw]e no v h>d matt] = ^? :o hold episcopacy or mon>*y to be e/abli%$ jure ,div9o to demon/rate _! doctr9es if !y are true4 ,b to pret5d to demon/rate or reason any?+ ab\t ! ,tr9ity is absurd4 ,"h an implicit fai? becomes u4 7,m#he7 ,qu4 if !re be any real diff]5ce betwixt c]ta9 ideas ( reflection o!rs ( s5sation1 e4g4 betwixt p]ception & :ite1 black1 sweet1 c48 ,:]e91 ,i pray y1 does ! p]ception ( :ite diff] f :ite m54444 ,i %all demon/rate all my doctr9es4 ,! nature ( demon/ration to be set =? & insi/$ on 9 ! ,introduction7#ii74 ,9 t ,i mu/ ne$s diff] f ,locke1 =asmu* z he makes all demon/ration to be ab\t ab/ract ideas1 w* ,i say we h n nor c h4 7,m#hf7 ,! und]/&+ seeme? n to diff] f its p]ceptions or ideas4 ,qu4 ,:at mu/ "o ?9k ( ! w & passions8 7,m#hg7 ,a good pro( t ,exi/5ce is no?+ )\t or di/9ct f p]ception1 may be drawn f consid]+ a man put into ! _w )\t company7#ajj74 7,m#hh7 ,!re 0 a smell1 i4e4 !re 0 a smell p]ceiv'd4 ,?us we see t common spee* confirms my doctr9e4 7,m#hi7 ,no brok5 int]vals ( dea? or annihilation4 ,^? int]vals are no?+2 ea* p]son's "t be+ measur$ to him by 8 own ideas4 7,m#ij7 ,we are frequ5tly puzzl'd & at a loss 9 obta9+ cle> & det]m9'd mean+s ( words commonly 9 use1 t because we imag9e words /& = ab/ract g5]al ideas :i* are altoge!r inconceivable4 7,m#ia7 8,a /one is a /one40 ,?is a nons5sical proposition1 & su* z ! solit>y man w\ld nev] ?9k on4 ,nor d ,i believe he w\ld ev] ?9k on ?is3 8,! :ole is equal to its p>ts10 c4 7,m#ib7 ,let x n be said t ,i take away exi/5ce4 ,i only decl>e ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 s f> z ,i c compreh5d x4 7,m#ic7 ,if y take away ab/raction1 h[ d m5 diff] f bea/s8 ,i answ]1 by %ape1 by language4 ,r by degrees ( m & less4 ,wt means ,locke by inf]5ces 9 words1 consequ5ces ( words1 z some?+ diff]5t f consequ5ces ( ideas8 ,i conceive no su* ?+4 7,m#id7 ,n4 ,b4 ,mu* compla9t ab\t ! imp]fection ( language7#aja74 7,m#ie7 ,b p]haps "s man may say1 an in]t ?\ghtless ,sub/ance may exi/1 ?\gh n ext5d$1 mov$1 c41 b ) o!r prop]ties :]e( we h no idea4 ,b ev5 ?is ,i %all demon/rate to be impossible1 wn ,i come to treat m p>ticul>ly ( ,exi/5ce4 ,w n rightly di/+ui%'d f ,desire by ,locke--x seem+ to sup]add no?+ to ! idea ( an action1 b ! uneas9ess = its abs5ce or non-exi/5ce4 7,m#if7 ,mem4 ,to enquire dilig5tly into t /range mi/]y1 viz4 ,h[ x is t ,i c ca/ ab\t1 ?9k ( ?is or t man1 place1 action1 wn no?+ appe>s to introduce !m into my ?\ghts1 wn !y h no p]ceivable connexion ) ! ideas sugge/$ by my s5ses at ! pres5t8 7,m#ig7 ',tis n to be imag9'd wt a m>vell\s empt9ess sc>city ( ideas t man %all descry :o w lay aside all use ( words 9 8 m$itations4 7,m#ih7 ,incongru\s 9 ,locke to fancy we want a s5se prop] to see sub/ances )4 7,m#ii7 ,locke owns t ab/ract ideas 7 made 9 ord] to nam+4 7,m#ajj7 ,! common err\r ( ! opticians1 t we judge ( di/ance by angles7#ajb71 /r5g!ns m5 9 _! prejudice t !y see ?+s )\t & di/ant f _! m9d4 7,m#aja7 ,i am p]suad$1 w\ld m5 b exam9e wt !y mean by ! ^w exi/5ce1 !y w\'d agree ) me4 c4 #bj4 s4 #h4 b4 #d4 ( ,locke makes = me aga9/ ! ma!maticians4 7,m#ajb7 ,! supposition t ?+s are di/9ct f ideas takes away all real tru?1 consequ5tly br+s 9 a univ]sal scepticism2 s9ce all our k & contemplation is conf9'd b>ely to our own ideas7#ajc74 7,m#ajc7 ,qu4 :e!r ! solit>y man w\ld n f9d x necess>y to make use ( words to record 8 ideas1 if n 9 memory or m$itation1 yet at lea/ 9 writ+--)\t :i* he c\ld sc>ce reta9 8 k4 ,we read 9 hi/ory !re 0 a "t :5 fe>s & jeal\sies1 privileges ( p>liam5t1 malignant p>ty1 & su* l expressions ( too unlimit$ & d\btful a mean+1 7 words ( mu* sway4 ,also ! words ,*ur*1 ,:ig1 ,tory1 c41 contribute v mu* to faction & dispute4 7,m#ajd7 ,! di/+ui%+ betwixt an idea & p]ception ( ! idea has be5 "o great cause ( imag9+ mat]ial sub/ances7#ajd74 7,m#aje7 ,t ,god & bless$ spirits h ,w is a manife/ argum5t aga9/ ,locke's pro(s t ! ,w _c be conceiv'd1 put into action1 )\t a previ\s uneas9ess4 7,m#ajf7 ,! act ( ! ,w1 or volition1 is n uneas9ess1 = t uneas9ess may be )\t volition4 7,m#ajg7 ,volition is di/9ct f ! object or idea = ! same reason4 7,m#ajh7 ,also f uneas9ess & idea toge!r4 ,! und]/&+ n di/9ct f p>ticul> p]ceptions or ideas4 ,! ,w n di/9ct f p>ticul> volitions4 7,m#aji7 ,x is n s v evid5t t an idea1 or at lea/ uneas9ess1 may be )\t all volition or act4 ,! und]/&+ tak5 = a faculty is n really di/9ct f ye w4 ,?is all['d h]eaft]4 7,m#aaj7 ,to ask :e!r a man c w ei!r side is an absurd "q1 = ! ^w c presupposes volition4 7,m#aaa7 ,anima mundi1 sub/antial =m1 omnisci5t radical heat1 pla/ic v]tue1 ,hylas*ic pr9ciple--all ^! vani%7#aje74 7,m#aab7 ,newton proves t gravity is proportional to gravity4 ,i ?9k t's all7#ajf74 ,qu4 :e!r x be ! vis in]ti t makes x difficult to move a /one1 or ! vis attractiv1 or bo?1 or nei!r8 ,mem4 ,to express ! doctr9es z fully & copi\sly & cle>ly z may be4 ,also to be full & p>ticul> 9 answ]+ objections7#ajg74 7,m#aac7 ,to say ye ,w is a p[]2 !re=e volition is an act4 ,?is is idem p] idem4 ,wt makes m5 despise ext5sion1 motion1 c41 sep>ate !m f ! ess5ce ( ! s\l1 is t !y imag9e !m to be di/9ct f ?\ght1 & to exi/ 9 un?9k+ sub/ance4 ,an ext5d$ may h passive modes ( ?9k+ good actions4 ,!re might be idea1 !re might be uneas9ess1 !re might be ! greate/ uneas9ess w?\t any volition1 !re=e !4444 7,m#aad7 ,matt] once all['d1 ,i defy any man to prove t ,god is n ,matt]7#ajh74 7,m#aae7 ,man is free4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 ?is proposition1 if we b settle ! signification ( ! ^w free--if we _h an idea annext to ! ^w free1 & w\ld b contemplate t idea4 7,m#aaf7 ,we are impos$ on by ! words w1 det]m9e1 ag5t1 free1 c1 c4 7,m#aag7 ,uneas9ess prec$es n e volition4 ,?is evid5t by exp]i5ce4 7,m#aah7 ,trace an infant 9 ! womb4 ,m>k ! tra9 succession ( its ideas4 ,obs]ve h[ volition comes into ! m9d4 ,?is may p]haps acqua9t y ) its nature4 7,m#aai7 ,complac5cy seems r to det]m9e1 or prec$e1 or co9cide w? con/itute ! ess5ce ( volition1 ?an uneas9ess4 7,m#abj7 ,y tell me1 accord+ to my doctr9e a man is n free4 ,i answ]1 tell me wt y mean by ! ^w free1 & ,i %all resolve y7#aji74 7,m#aba7 ,qu4 ,wt d m5 mean :5 !y talk ( "o body's t\*+ ano!r8 ,i say y nev] saw "o body t\*1 or 7r7 ,i say1 ,i nev] saw "o body t ,i c\ld say t\*'d ?is or t o!r2 = t if my optiques 7 improv'd1 ,i %\ld see int]valls & o!r bodies beh9d ^? :* n[ seem to t\*4 ,mem4 ,^u all occasions to use ! utmo/ mode/y--to confute ! ma!maticians w? ! utmo/ civility respect1 n to /yle !m ,nihil>ians1 c4 ,n4 ,b4 ,to re9 9 ye satyrical nature4 ,blame me n if ,i use my words sometimes 9 "s latitude4 ',tis wt _c be helpt4 ',tis ! fault ( language t y _c always appreh5d ! cle> & det]m9ate mean+ ( my words4 ,say y1 !re might be a ?9k+ ,sub/ance--some?+ unkn[n--w* p]ceives1 & supports1 & ties toge!r ! ideas7#aaj74 ,say ,i1 make x appe> !re is any ne$ ( x & y %all h x = me4 ,i c>e n to take away any?+ ,i c see ! lea/ reason to ?9k %\ld exi/4 ,i affirm 'tis manife/ly absurd--no excuse 9 ! _w c be giv5 :y a man %\ld use a ^w )\t an idea7#aaa74 ,c]ta9ly we %all f9d t wt ev] ^w we make use ( 9 matt] ( pure reason+ has1 or ought to h1 a compleat idea1 annext to x1 i4e4 its mean+1 or ! s5se we take x 91 mu/ be compleatly kn[n4 ',tis demon/rable a man c nev] be br\ght to imag9e any?+ %\ld exi/ :]e( he has no idea4 ,:oev] says he does1 bant]s himself ) words4 7,m#abb7 ,we imag9e a great diff]5ce di/ance 9 respect ( k1 p[]1 c41 betwixt a man a worm4 ,! l diff]5ce betwixt man & ,god may be imag9'd2 or inf9itely great]7#aab7 diff]5ce4 7,m#abc7 ,we f9d 9 our own m9ds a great numb] ( diff]5t ideas4 ,we may imag9e 9 ,god a great] numb]1 i4e4 t ours 9 numb]1 or ! numb] ( ours1 is inconsid]able 9 respect !re(4 ,! words diff]5ce & numb]1 old & kn[n1 we apply to t w* is unkn[n4 ,b ,i am embrangl$7#aac7 9 words--'tis sc>ce possible x %\ld be o!rwise4 ,! *ief ?+ ,i d or pret5d to d is onely to remove ! mi/ or veil ( words7#aad74 ,?is has occasion'd ignorance confusion4 ,?is has ru9$ ! s*oolm5 & ma!maticians1 lawy]s & div9es4 7,m#abd7 ,! gr& cause ( p]plexity d>kness 9 treat+ ( ! ,w1 is t we imag9e x to be an object ( ?\ght3 7to speak ) ! vulg>71 we ?9k we may p]ceive1 contemplate1 & view x l any ( our ideas2 :]eas 9 tru? 'tis no idea1 nor is !re any idea ( x4 ',tis toto clo diff]5t f ! und]/&+1 i4e4 f all our ideas4 ,if y say ! ,w1 or r volition1 is some?+1 ,i answ]1 !re is an homonymy7#aae7 9 ! ^w ?+1 wn apply'd to ideas & volition & und]/&+ & w4 ,all ideas are passive7#aaf74 7,m#abe7 ,?+ idea are mu* :at words ( ! same ext5t & mean+4 ,:y1 !re=e1 d ,i n use ! ^w ?+8 ,ans4 ,because ?+ is ( great] latitude ?an idea4 ,?+ compreh5ds also volitions or actions4 ,n[ ^! are no ideas7#aag74 7,m#abf7 ,!re c be p]ception w?\t volition4 ,qu4 :e!r !re c be volition )\t p]ception8 7,m#abg7 ,exi/5ce n conceivable )\t p]ception or volition--n di/+ui%'d !refrom4 7,m#abh7 ,n4 ,b4 ,sev]al di/9ct ideas c be p]ceiv$ by sight & t\* at once4 ,n s by ! o!r s5ses4 ',tis ?is div]sity ( s5sations 9 o!r s5ses *iefly1 b sometimes 9 t\* & sight 7z also div]sity ( volitions1 :]e( !re _c be m ?an "o at once1 or r1 x seems !re _c1 = ( t ,i d\bt71 gives u ! idea ( "t--or is "t itself4 ,wt w\ld ! solit>y man ?9k ( numb]8 7,m#abi7 ,!re are innate ideas1 i4e4 ideas creat$ ) u7#aah74 7,m#acj7 ,locke seems to be mi/ak5 wn he says ?\ght is n ess5tial to ! m9d7#aai74 7,m#aca7 ,c]ta9ly ! m9d always & con/antly ?9ks3 & we "k ?is too4 ,9 sleep & trances ! m9d exi/s n--!re is no "t1 no succession ( ideas7#abj74 7,m#acb7 ,to say ! m9d exi/s )\t ?9k+ is a contradiction1 nons5se1 no?+4 7,m#acc7 ,folly to inquire wt det]m9es ! ,w4 ,uneas9ess1 c4 are ideas1 !re=e unactive1 !re=e c d no?+1 !re=e _c det]m9e ! ,w7#aba74 7,m#acd7 ,aga91 wt mean y by det]m9e8 7,m#ace7 7,m#acf7 ,= want ( rightly und]/&+ "t1 motion1 exi/5ce1 c41 m5 are =c'd into su* absurd contradictions z ?is1 viz4 light moves #af diamet]s ( e>? 9 a second ( "t4 7,m#acg7 ',twas ! op9ion t ideas c\ld exi/ unp]ceiv'd1 or be=e p]ception1 t made m5 ?9k p]ception7#abb7 0 some:at diff]5t f ! idea p]ceiv$1 i4e4 yt x 0 an idea ( reflection2 :]eas ! ?+ p]ceiv'd 0 an idea ( s5sation4 ,i say1 'twas ?is made 'em ?9k ! und]/&+ took x 91 receiv'd x f )\t2 w* c\ld nev] be did n !y ?9k x exi/$ )\t7#abc74 7,m#ach7 ,prop]ly speak+1 idea is ! picture ( ! imag9ation's mak+4 ,?is is ye lik5ess (1 & ref]'d to ! real idea1 or 7if y w7 ?+7#abd74 7,m#aci7 ,to ask1 h we an idea ( ,w or volition1 is nons5se4 ,an idea c resemble no?+ b an idea4 7,m#adj7 ,if y ask wt ?+ x is t wills1 ,i answ]1 if y mean idea by ! ^w ?+1 or any?+ l any idea1 !n ,i say1 'tis no ?+ at all t wills7#abe74 ,?is h[ extravagant soev] x may seem1 yet is a c]ta9 tru?4 ,we are *eat$ by ^! g5]al t]ms1 ?+1 is1 c4 7,m#ada7 ,aga91 if by is y mean is p]ceiv$1 or does p]ceive1 ,i say no?+ w* is p]ceiv$ or does p]ceive wills4 7,m#adb7 ,! ref]r+ ideas to ?+s w* are n ideas1 ! us+ ! t]m 8idea (7#abf710 is "o great cause ( mi/ake1 z 9 o!r matt]s1 s also 9 ?is4 7,m#adc7 ,"s words !re are w* d n /& = ideas1 viz4 p>ticles1 w1 c4 ,p>ticles /& = volitions & _! concomitant ideas4 7,m#add7 ,!re seem to be b two col\rs w* are simple ideas1 viz4 ^? exhibit$ by ! mo/ & lea/ refrangible rays2 ! o!rs1 be+ ! int]m$iate ones1 may be =m$ by composition4 7,m#ade7 ,i h no idea ( a volition or act ( ! m9d1 nei!r has any o!r intellig5ce2 = t 7 a contradiction4 ,n4 ,b4 ,simple ideas1 viz4 col\rs1 are n devoid ( all sort ( composition1 ?o' x mu/ be grant$ !y are n made up ( di/+ui%able ideas4 ,yet !re is ano!r sort ( composition4 ,m5 are wont to call ^? ?+s comp\nd$ 9 :i* we d n actually discov] ! compon5t +r$i5ts4 ,bodies are said to be comp\nd$ ( *ymical pr9ciples1 :i*1 nev]!less1 come n into view till aft] ! dissolution ( ! bodies--w* 7 n1 c\ld n1 be disc]n$ 9 ! bodies :il/ rema9+ entire4 7,m#adf7 ,all our k is ab\t p>ticul> ideas1 accord+ to ,locke4 ,all our s5sations are p>ticul> ideas1 z is evid5t4 ,wt use !n d we make ( ab/ract g5]al ideas1 s9ce we nei!r "k nor p]ceive !m8 7,m#adg7 ',tis all['d t p>ticles /& n = ideas1 & yet !y are n said to be empty useless s\nds4 ,! tru? really is1 !y /& = op]ations ( ! m9d1 i4e4 volitions4 7,m#adh7 ,locke says all our k is ab\t p>ticul>s4 ,if s1 pray wt is ! foll[+ ratioc9ation b a jumble ( words8 8,omnis homo e/ animal2 omne animal vivit3 ergo omnis homo vivit40 ,x am\nts 7if y annex p>ticul> ideas to ! words 8animal0 & 8vivit07 to no m ?an ?is3 8,omnis homo e/ homo2 omnis homo e/ homo3 ergo1 omnis homo e/ homo40 ,a m]e sport & trifl+ ) s\nds4 7,m#adi7 ,we h no ideas ( v]tues vices1 no ideas ( moral actions7#abg74 ,:]e=e x may be "q'd :e!r we are capable ( arriv+ at demon/ration ab\t !m7#abh71 ! morality consi/+ 9 ! volition *iefly4 7,m#aej7 ,/range x is t m5 %\ld be at a loss to f9d _! idea ( ,exi/5ce2 s9ce t 7if su* !re be di/9ct f p]ception7 x is br\ght into ! m9d by all ! ways ( s5sation & reflection7#abi71 me?9ks x %\ld be mo/ famili> to u1 & we be/ acqua9t$ ) x4 7,m#aea7 ,?is ,i am sure1 ,i h no idea ( ,exi/5ce7#acj71 or annext to ! ^w ,exi/5ce4 ,& if o!rs h t's no?+ to me2 !y c nev] make me s5sible ( x2 simple ideas be+ incommunicable by language4 7,m#aeb7 ,say y1 ! unkn[n sub/ratum ( volitions ideas is some?+ :]e( ,i h no idea4 ,i ask1 ,is !re any o!r be+ :i* has or c h an idea ( x8 ,if !re be1 !n x mu/ be itself an idea2 :i* y w ?9k absurd4 7,m#aec7 ,!re is some:at active 9 mo/ p]ceptions1 i4e4 su* z ensue ^u our volitions1 su* z we c prev5t & /op3 e4g4 ,i turn my eyes t[>d ! sun3 ,i op5 !m4 ,all ?is is active4 7,m#aed7 ,?+s are tw(old--active or inactive4 ,! exi/5ce ( active ?+s is to act2 ( inactive to be p]ceiv'd4 7,m#aee7 ,di/9ct f or )\t p]ception !re is no volition2 !re=e nei!r is !re exi/5ce )\t p]ception4 7,m#aef7 ,god may compreh5d all ideas1 ev5 ! ideas w* are pa9full unpleasant1 )\t be+ 9 any degree pa9$ !reby7#aca74 ,?us we ourselves c imag9e ! pa9 ( a burn1 c4 )\t any mis]y or uneas9ess at all4 7,m#aeg7 ,tru?1 ?ree sorts !re(--natural1 ma!matical1 moral4 7,m#aeh7 ,agreem5t ( relation onely :]e numb]s d obta93 ( co-exi/5ce1 9 nature3 ( signification1 by includ+1 9 morality4 7,m#aei7 ,gyant :o %akes ! m\nta9 t's on him mu/ be ackn[l$g$4 ,or r ?us3 ,i am no m to be reckon'd /rong] ?an ,locke ?an a pigmy %\ld be reckon'd /rong] ?an a gyant1 because he c\ld ?r[ (f ! molehill w* lay ^u him1 & ! gyant c\ld onely %ake or %ove ! m\nta9 t oppress$ him4 ,?is 9 ! ,preface4 7,m#afj7 ,promise to ext5d our k cle> x ( ^? %amefull contradictions :i* emb>rass x4 ,some?+ l ?is to beg9 ! ,introduction 9 a mode/ way7#acb74 7,m#afa7 ,:oev] %all pret5d to c5sure any "p1 ,i desire he w\ld read out ! :ole1 else he may p]haps n und]/& me4 ,9 ! ,preface or ,introduction7#acc74 7,m#afb7 ,doctr9e ( id5tity be/ expla9'd by tak+ ! ,w = volitions1 ! ,und]/&+ = ideas4 ,! difficulty ( consci\sness ( wt are nev] act$ surely solv'd !reby4 7,m#afc7 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge myself behold+ to ! philosoph]s :o h gone be=e me4 ,!y h giv5 good rules1 ?\gh c]ta9ly !y d n always obs]ve !m4 ,similitude ( adv5tur]s1 :o1 ?o' !y atta9$ n ! desir$ port1 !y by _! wrecks h made kn[n ! rocks & s&s1 :]eby ! passage ( aft]com]s is made m secure easy4 ,preface or ,introduction4 7,m#afd7 ,! op9ion t m5 _h ideas ( moral actions7#acd7 has r5d]'d ! demon/rat+ e?iques v difficult to !m4 7,m#afe7 ,an idea be+ itself unactive _c be ! resemblance or image ( an active ?+4 7,m#aff7 ,excuse to be made 9 ! ,introduction = us+ ! ^w idea1 viz4 because x has obta9'd4 ,b a caution mu/ be add$4 ,scripture & possibility are ! onely pro(s7#ace7 ) ,malbran*4 ,add to ^! :at he calls a great prop5sion to ?9k s3 ?is p]haps may be que/ion$4 ,p]haps m51 if !y ?9k be=e !y speak1 w n be f\nd s ?or\ghly p]suad$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]4 7,m#afg7 ,on second ?\ghts ,i am on t'o!r extream4 ,i am c]ta9 ( t w* ,malbran* seems to d\bt (1 viz4 ! exi/5ce ( bodies7#acf74 7,m#afh7 ,mem4 ,to br+ ! kill+ bl[ at ! la/1 e4g4 9 ! matt] ( ab/raction to br+ ,locke's g5]al triangle 9 ! la/7#acg74 7,m#afi7 ,!y give good rules1 ?o' p]haps !y !mselves d n always obs]ve !m4 ,!y speak mu* ( cle> & di/9ct ideas1 ?\gh at ! same "t !y talk ( g5]al ab/ract ideas1 c4 ,i'll in/ance 9 ,locke's op9ion ( ab/raction1 he be+ z cle> a writ] z ,i h met )4 ,su* 0 ! c&\r ( ?is great man t ,i p]swade myself1 7 he alive7#ach71 he w\ld n be (f5d$ t ,i diff] f him3 see+ t ev5 9 s do+ ,i foll[ 8 advice1 viz4 to use my own judgem5t1 see ) my own eyes1 n ) ano!r's4 ,introduction4 7,m#agj7 ,! ^w ?+1 z compris+ or /&+ = idea volition1 usefull2 z /&+ = idea & ar*etype )\t ! m9d7#aci71 mis*iev\s & useless4 7,m#aga7 ,to demon/rate morality x seems "o ne$ only make a diction>y ( words1 & see :i* includ$ :i*4 ,at lea/1 ?is is ! greate/ "p & bulk ( ! "w4 7,m#agb7 ,locke's in/ances ( demon/ration 9 morality are1 accord+ to 8 own rule1 trifl+ propositions4 7,m#agc7 ,qu4 ,h[ comes x t "s ideas are confess$ly all['d by all to be onely 9 ! m9d7#adj71 & o!rs z g5]ally tak5 to be )\t ! m9d7#ada71 if1 accord+ to y1 all are equally & only 9 ! m9d8 ,ans4 ,because t 9 proportion to pleasure or pa9 ideas are att5d$ ) desire1 ex]tion1 & o!r actions :i* include volition4 ,n[ volition is by all grant$ to be 9 _s4 7,m#agd7 ,if m5 w\ld lay aside words 9 ?9k+1 'tis impossible !y %\ld ev] mi/ake1 save only 9 matt]s ( fact4 ,i mean x seems impossible !y %\ld be positive secure t any?+ 0 true w* 9 tru? is n s4 ,c]ta9ly ,i _c err 9 matt] ( simple p]ception4 ,s f> z we c 9 reason+ g )\t ! help ( signs1 !re we h c]ta9 k4 ,inde$1 9 long d$uctions made by signs !re may be slips ( memory4 7,m#age7 ,f my doctr9e !re foll[s a cure = pride4 ,we are only to be prais$ = ^? ?+s :i* are our own1 or ( our own do+2 natural abilitys are n consequ5ces ( our volitions4 7,m#agf7 ,mem4 ,c&idly to take notice t ,locke holds "s dang]\s op9ions2 su* z ! inf9ity & et]nity ( ,space & ! possibility ( ,matt]'s ?9k+7#adb74 7,m#agg7 ,once m ,i desire my read] may be ^u 8 gu>d aga9/ ! fallacy ( words4 ,let him bew>e t ,i d n impose on him by plausible empty talk1 t common dang]\s way ( *eat+ m5 into absurditys4 ,let him n reg>d my words any o!rwise ?an z occasions ( br++ into 8 m9d det]m9'd significations4 ,s f> z !y fail ( ?is !y are gibb]i%1 j>gon1 des]ve n ! "n ( language4 ,i desire w>n him n to expect to f9d tru? 9 my book1 or any:]e b 9 8 own m9d4 ,wtev] ,i see myself 'tis impossible ,i c pa9t x out 9 words4 7,m#agh7 ,n4 ,b4 ,to consid] well wt is meant by t w* ,locke sai? conc]n+ algebra--t x supplys int]m$iate ideas4 ,also to ?9k ( a me?od af=d+ ! same use 9 morals c4 t ?is do? 9 ma!matiques4 7,m#agi7 ,homo is n prov$ to be viv5s by means ( any int]m$iate idea4 ,i don't fully agree w? ,locke 9 wt he says conc]n+ sagacity 9 f9d+ out int]m$iate ideas 9 matt] capable ( demon/ration ! use !re(2 z if t 7 ! onely means ( improv+ & enl>g+ demon/rative k4 7,m#ahj7 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwixt p[] volition4 ,!re may be volition )\t p[]4 ,b !re c be no p[] )\t volition4 ,p[] implye? volition1 at ! same "t a connotation ( ! effects foll[+ ! volition7#adc74 7,m#aha7 ,we h assur$ly an idea ( sub/ance4 ',twas absurd ( ,locke7#add7 to ?9k we _h a "n )\t a mean+4 ,?is might prove acceptable to ! ,/ill+fleetians4 7,m#ahb7 ,! sub/ance ( ,body we "k7#ade74 ,! sub/ance ( ,_s we d n "k--x n be+ kn[able1 x be+ a purus actus4 7,m#ahc7 ,words h ru9'd & ov]run all ! sci5ces--law1 physique1 *ymi/ry1 a/rology1 c4 7,m#ahd7 ,ab/ract ideas only to be _h among/ ! le>n$4 ,! vulg> nev] ?9k !y h any su*1 nor truly d !y f9d any want ( !m4 ,g5]a species ab/ract ideas are t]ms unkn[n to !m4 7,m#ahe7 ,locke's out7#adf7--! case is diff]5t4 ,we c h an idea ( body )\t motion1 b n ( s\l )\t ?\ght4 7,m#ahf7 ,god ought to be wor%ip'd4 ,?is easily demon/rat$ :5 once we asc]ta9 ! signification ( ! words ,god1 wor%ip1 ought4 7,m#ahg7 ,no p]ception1 accord+ to ,locke1 is active4 ,!re=e no p]ception 7i4e4 no idea7 c be ! image (1 or l unto1 t :i* is altoge!r active n at all passive1 i4e4 ! ,w4 7,m#ahh7 ,i c w ! call+ to m9d some?+ t is pa/1 ?o' at ! same "t t w* ,i call to m9d 0 n 9 my ?\ghts be=e t volition ( m9e1 consequ5tly ,i c\ld h _h no uneas9ess = ! want ( x4 7,m#ahi7 ,! ,w ! ,und]/&+ may v well be ?\ght two di/9ct be+s4 7,m#aij7 ,s$ quia voluntas r>o agit nisi duc5te desid]io4 ,v4 ,locke1 ,epi/les1 p4 #dgi1 ad ,limburgum4 ,y _c say ! m4 t4 m9imum tangibile is l or "o ) ! m4 v4 m9imum visibile1 because !y be bo? m9ima1 j p]ceiv'd1 & next door to no?+4 ,y may z well say ! m4 t4 is ! same ) or l unto a s\nd1 s small t x is sc>ce p]ceiv'd4 ,ext5sion seems to be a mode ( "s tangible or s5sible quality accord+ z x is se5 or felt4 7,m#aia7 ,! _s--! active ?+--t w* is s\l1 ,god--is ! ,w alone4 ,! ideas are effects--impot5t ?+s4 7,m#aib7 ,! concrete ( ! w und]/&+ ,i might call m9d2 n p]son1 le/ (f5ce be giv54 ,mem4 ,c>efully to omit def9+ ( p]son1 or mak+ mu* m5tion ( x4 7,m#aic7 ,y ask1 d ^! volitions make "o ,w8 ,wt y ask is me]ly ab\t a ^w--unity be+ no m7#adg74 ,n4 ,b4 ,to use utmo/ caution n to give ! lea/ h&le ( (f5ce to ! ,*ur* or ,*ur*m54 7,m#aid7 ,ev5 to speak some:at fav\rably ( ! ,s*oolm51 & %ew t !y :o blame !m = j>gon are n free ( x !mselves4 ,introd4 ,locke's great ov]sight seems to be t he did n beg9 ) 8 ?ird book2 at lea/ t he _h n "s ?\ght ( x at fir/4 ,c]ta9ly ! #b;d #d? books don't agree w? wt he says 9 ye #c;d7#adh74 7,m#aie7 ,if ,matt]7#adi7 is once all['d to exi/1 clipp+s ( we$s & p>+s ( nails may ?9k1 = ought t ,locke c tell2 ?o' he seems positive ( ! contr>y4 ,s9ce ,i say m5 _c mi/ake 9 %ort reason+ ab\t ?+s demon/rable1 if !y lay aside words1 x w be expect$ ?is ,treatise w conta9 no?+ b wt is c]ta9 evid5t demon/ration1 9 tru? ,i hope y w f9d no?+ 9 x b :at is su*4 ,c]ta9ly ,i take x all = su*4 ,introd4 7,m#aif7 ,:5 ,i say ,i w reject all propositions :]e9 ,i "k n fully & adequately & cle>ly1 s f> z kn[able1 ! ?+ meant !reby1 ?is is n to be ext5d$ to propositions 9 ! ,scripture4 ,i speak ( matt]s ( ,reason & ,philosophy--n ,revelation4 ,9 ?is ,i ?9k an humble1 implicit fai? becomes u 7:5 we _c compreh5d or und]/& ! proposition71 su* z a popi% peasant gives to propositions he he>s at mass 9 ,lat94 ,?is pr\d m5 may call bl9d1 popi%1 implicit1 irrational4 ,= my "p ,i ?9k x is m irrational to pret5d to dispute at1 cavil1 & ridicule holy my/]ies1 i4e4 propositions ab\t ?+s t are altoge!r above our k1 out ( our rea*4 ,:5 ,i %all come to pl5>y k ( ! mean+ ( any fact1 !n ,i %all yield an explicit belief4 ,introd4 ,complexation ( ideas tw(old4 ,ys ref]s to col\rs be+ complex ideas4 ,consid]+ l5g? )\t bread? is consid]+ any l5g?1 be ! bread? wt x w4 7,m#aig7 ,i may say e>?1 plants1 c4 7 creat$ be=e man--!re be+ o!r intellig5ces to p]ceive !m1 be=e man 0 creat$7#aej74 7,m#aih7 ,!re is a philosoph]7#aea7 :o says we c get an idea ( sub/ance by no way ( s5sation or reflection1 seems to imag9e t we want a s5se prop] = x4 ,truly if we _h a new s5se x c\ld only give u a new idea4 ,n[ ,i suppose he w n say sub/ance1 accord+ to him1 is an idea4 ,= my "p1 ,i own ,i h no idea c /& = sub/ance 9 8 & ! ,s*oolm5's s5se ( t ^w4 ,b take x 9 ! common vulg> s5se1 !n we see & feel sub/ance4 7,m#aii7 ,n4 ,b4 ,t n common usage1 b ! ,s*oolm5 co9$ ! ^w ,exi/5ce1 suppos$ to /& = an ab/ract g5]al idea4 ,writ]s ( ,optics mi/ak5 9 _! pr9ciples bo? 9 judg+ ( magnitudes & di/ances4 7,m#bjj7 ',tis evid5t yt wn ! solit>y man %\ld be taught to speak1 ! words w\ld give him no o!r new ideas 7save only ! s\nds1 & complex ideas :i*1 ?o' unkn[n be=e1 may be signifi$ by language7 beside wt he _h be=e4 ,if he _h n1 c\ld n h1 an ab/ract idea be=e1 he _c h x aft] he is taught to speak4 7,m#bja7 8,homo e/ homo10 c4 comes at la/ to ,petrus e/ ,petrus1 c4 ,n[1 if ^! id5tical propositions are s\ght aft] 9 ! m9d1 !y w n be f\nd4 ,!re are no id5tical m5tal propositions4 ',tis all ab\t s\nds & t]ms4 7,m#bjb7 ,h5ce we see ! doctr9e ( c]ta9ty by ideas1 & prov+ by int]m$iate ideas1 comes to no?+7#aeb74 7,m#bjc7 ,we may h c]ta9ty k )\t ideas1 i4e4 )\t o!r ideas ?an ! words1 & _! /&+ = "o idea1 i4e4 _! be+ to be us$ indiff]5tly4 7,m#bjd7 ,x seems to me t we h no c]ta9ty ab\t ideas1 b only ab\t words4 ',tis improp] to say1 ,i am c]ta9 ,i see1 ,i feel1 c4 ,!re are no m5tal propositions =m'd answ]+ to ^! words1 9 simple p]ception 'tis all[$ by all !re is no affirmation or negation1 & consequ5tly no c]ta9ty7#aec74 7,m#bje7 ,! reason :y we c demon/rate s well ab\t signs is1 t !y are p]fectly arbitr>y 9 our p[]--made at pleasure4 7,m#bjf7 ,! obscure ambigu\s t]m relation1 :i* is said to be ! l>ge/ field ( k1 conf\nds u1 deceives u4 7,m#bjg7 ,let any man %ew me a demon/ration1 n v]bal1 t does n dep5d on "s false pr9ciple2 or at be/ on "s pr9ciple ( nature1 :i* is ye effect ( ,god's w1 & we "k n h[ soon x may be *ang$4 7,m#bjh7 ,qu4 ,:at becomes ( ! t]n v]itates8 ,ans4 ,!y vani%7#aed74 7,m#bji7 ,b1 say y1 ,i f9d x difficult to look b5ea? ! words & uncov] my ideas4 ,say ,i1 ,use w make x easy4 ,9 ! sequel ( my ,book ! cause ( ?is difficulty %all be m cle>ly made out4 7,m#baj7 ,to view ! de=mity ( error we ne$ onely undress x4 7,m#baa7 8,cogito ergo sum40 ,tautology4 ,no m5tal proposition answ]+ !reto4 7,m#bab7 ,k1 or c]ta9ty1 or p]ception ( agreem5t ( ideas--z to id5tity & div]sity1 & real exi/5ce1 vani%e?2 ( relation1 become? m]ely nom9al2 ( co-exi/5ce1 rema9e?4 ,locke ?\ght 9 ?is latt] our k 0 little or no?+4 ,:]eas 9 ?is only real k seeme? to be f\nd7#aee74 7,m#bac7 ,we mu/ w? ! mob place c]ta9ty 9 ! s5ses7#aef74 ',tis a man's duty1 'tis ! fruit ( fri5d%ip1 to speak well ( 8 fri5d4 ,wond] n !re=e t ,i d wt ,i d4 7,m#bad7 ,a man ( sl[ p>ts may ov]take tru?1 c4 ,introd4 ,ev5 my %ortsight$ness might p]haps be aid+ to me 9 ?is matt]--'twill make me br+ ! object ne>] to my ?\ghts4 ,a purbl9d p]son1 c4 ,introd4 7,m#bae7 ,locke to ,limbor*1 c4 ,talk ( judicium intellectus prec$+ ! volition3 ,i ?9k judicium includes volition4 ,i c by no means di/+ui% ^!--judicium1 intellectus1 indiff]5tia1 uneas9ess to _m ?+s accompany+ or prec$+ e volition1 z e4g4 ! motion ( my h&4 7,m#baf7 ,qu4 ,wt mean y by my p]ceptions1 my volitions8 ,bo? all ! p]ceptions ,i p]ceive or conceive7#aeg71 c4 are m9e2 all ! volitions ,i am consci\s to are m9e4 7,m#bag7 ,homo e/ ag5s lib]um4 ,:at mean !y by homo & ag5s 9 ?is place8 7,m#bah7 ,w any man say t brutes h ideas ( ,unity ,exi/5ce8 ,i believe n4 ,yet if !y are sugge/$ by all ! ways ( s5sation1 'tis /range !y %\ld want !m7#aeh74 7,m#bai7 ,x is a /range ?+ & des]ves our att5tion1 t ! m "t & pa9s m5 h consum'd 9 ! /udy ( philosophy1 by s mu* ! m !y look ^u !mselves to be ignorant weak creatures4 ,!y discov] flaws & imp]fections 9 _! faculties w* o!r m5 nev] spy out4 ,!y f9d !mselves "u a necessity ( admitt+ _m inconsi/5t1 irreconcilable op9ions = true4 ,!re is no?+ !y t\* ) _! h&1 or behold ) _! eyes1 b has its d>k sides mu* l>g] & m num]\s ?an wt is p]ceiv$1 at l5g? turn scepticks1 at lea/ 9 mo/ ?+s4 ,i imag9e all ?is proce$s f1 c4 ,exord4 ,introd47#aei7 7,m#bbj7 ,^! m5 ) a sup]cili\s pride disda9 ! common s+le in=mation ( s5se4 ,!y grasp at k by %eafs bundles4 7',tis well if1 cat*+ at too mu* at once1 !y hold no?+ b empt9ess air47 ,!y 9 ! dep? ( _! und]/&+ contemplate ab/ract ideas4 ,x seems n improbable t ! mo/ compreh5sive sublime intellects see m m4v4's at once1 i4e4 t _! visual sy/ems are ! l>ge/4 ,words 7by !m mean+ all sorts ( signs7 are s necess>y t1 in/ead ( be+ 7wn duly u'd or 9 _! own nature7 prejudicial to ! advancem5t ( k1 or an h9drance to k1 )\t !m !re c\ld 9 ma!matiques !mselves be no demon/ration4 ,mem4 ,to be et]nally bani%+ ,metaphisics1 c41 & recall+ m5 to ,common ,s5se7#afj74 7,m#bba7 ,we _c conceive o!r m9ds besides our own b z s _m selves4 ,we suppose ourselves affect$ w? su* su* ?\ghts su* & su* s5sations7#afa74 7,m#bbb7 ,qu4 :e!r composition ( ideas be n t faculty :i* *iefly s]ves to discrim9ate u f brutes8 ,i "q :e!r a brute does or c imag9e a blue horse or *im]a4 ,naturali/s d n di/+ui% betwixt cause & occasion4 ,useful to enquire aft] co-exi/+ ideas or occasions4 7,m#bbc7 ,morality may be demon/rat$ z mixt ma!matics4 7,m#bbd7 ,p]ception is passive1 b ?is n di/9ct f idea4 ,!re=e !re c be no idea ( volition4 ,algebraic species or lett]s are d5om9ations ( d5om9ations4 ,!re=e ,ari?metic to be treat$ ( be=e ,algebra4 #b cr[ns are call$ t5 %ill+s4 ,h5ce may appe> ! value ( numb]s4 ,complex ideas are ! creatures ( ! m9d4 ,h5ce may appe> ! nature ( numb]s4 ,?is to be deeply discuss'd4 ,i am bett] in=m$ %all "k m by tell+ me !re are #aj1jjj m51 ?an by %ew+ me !m all drawn up4 ,i %all bett] be able to judge ( ! b>ga9 y'd h me make wn y tell me h[ mu* 7i4e4 ! "n ( ye7 money lies on ! table1 ?an by (f]+ & %ew+ x )\t nam+4 ,i reg>d n ! idea1 ! looks1 b ! names4 ,h5ce may appe> ! nature ( numb]s4 ,*ildr5 are unacqua9t$ ) numb]s till !y h made "s progress 9 language4 ,?is c\ld n be if !y 7 ideas sugge/$ by all ! s5ses4 ,numb]s are no?+ b names--nev] words4 ,mem4 ,imag9>y roots--to unravel t my/]y4 ,ideas ( utility are annex$ to numb]s4 ,9 ari?metical problems m5 seek n any idea ( numb]4 ,!y only seek a d5om9ation4 ,?is is all c be ( use to !m4 ,take away ! signs f ,ari?metic & ,algebra1 & pray wt rema9s8 ,^! are sci5ces purely v]bal1 & entirely useless b = practice 9 societies ( m54 ,no speculative k1 no comp>+ ( ideas 9 !m7#afb74 ,qu4 :e!r ,geometry may n prop]ly be reckon'd among/ ! mixt ma!matics--,ari?metic ,algebra be+ ! only ab/ract$ pure1 i4e4 entirely nom9al--,geometry be+ an application ( ^! to po9ts7#afc78 7,m#bbe7 ,locke ( ,trifl+ ,propositions4 b4 #d4 c4 #h ,mem4 ,well to obs]ve con ov] t *apt]4 7,m#bbf7 ,exi/5ce1 ,ext5sion1 c4 are ab/ract1 i4e4 no ideas4 ,!y are words1 unkn[n & useless to ! vulg>4 7,m#bbg7 ,s5sual pleasure is ! summum bonum4 ,?is ! great pr9ciple ( morality4 ,?is once rightly und]/ood1 all ! doctr9es1 ev5 ! sev]e/ ( ! ,gospels1 may cle>ly be demon/rat$4 7,m#bbh7 ,s5sual pleasure1 qu pleasure1 is good desirable by a wise man7#afd74 ,b if x be contemptible1 'tis n qu pleasure b qu pa91 or cause ( pa91 or 7:i* is ! same ?+7 ( loss ( great] pleasure4 7,m#bbi7 ,wn ,i consid]1 ! m objects we see at once ! m di/ant !y are1 & t eye :i* beholds a great _m ?+s c see none ( !m ne>4 7,m#bcj7 ,by idea ,i mean any s5sible or imag9able ?+7#afe74 7,m#bca7 ,to be sure or c]ta9 ( wt we d n actually p]ceive7#aff7 7,i say p]ceive1 n imag9e71 we mu/ n be altoge!r passive2 !re mu/ be a disposition to act2 !re mu/ be ass5t1 w* is active4 ,nay1 :at d ,i talk2 !re mu/ be actual volition4 ,:at d we demon/rate 9 ,geometry b t l9es are equal or unequal8 i4e4 may n be call$ by ! same "n7#afg74 7,m#bcb7 ,i approve ( ?is axiom ( ! ,s*oolm51 8,nihil e/ 9 intellectu quod non prius fuit 9 s5su407#afh7 ,i wi% !y _h /uck to x4 ,x _h nev] taught !m ! doctr9e ( ab/ract ideas4 7,m#bcc7 8,nihil dat quod non habet10 or1 ! effect is conta9$ 9 ! cause1 is an axiom ,i d n und]/& or believe to be true4 7,m#bcd7 ,:oev] %all ca/ 8 eyes on ! writ+s ( old or new philosoph]s1 & see ! noise is made ab\t =mal & objective ,be+1 ,w1 c4 7,m#bce7 ,absurd to argue ! exi/5ce ( ,god f 8 idea4 ,we h no idea ( ,god4 ',tis impossible7#afi74 7,m#bcf7 ,cause ( mu* err\r confusion t m5 knew n :at 0 meant by ,reality7#agj74 7,m#bcg7 ,des ,c>tes1 9 ,m$4 #b1 says ! notion ( ?is p>ticul> wax is less cle> ?an t ( wax 9 g5]al2 & 9 ! same ,m$41 a little be=e1 he =be>s to consid] bodies 9 g5]al1 because 7says he7 ^! g5]al conceptions are usually confus$4 7,m#bch7 ,des ,c>tes1 9 ,m$4 #c1 calls himself a ?9k+ sub/ance1 & a /one an ext5d$ sub/ance2 & adds t !y bo? agree 9 ?is1 t !y are sub/ances4 ,& 9 ! next p>agraph he calls ext5sion a mode ( sub/ance4 7,m#bci7 ',tis commonly said by ! philosoph]s1 t if ! s\l ( man 7 self-exi/5t x w\ld h giv5 itself all possible p]fection4 ,?is ,i d n und]/&4 7,m#bdj7 ,mem4 ,to excite m5 to ! pleasures ( ! eye ! e>1 :i* surfeit n1 nor br+ ^? evils aft] !m1 z o!rs4 7,m#bda7 ,we see no v>iety or diff]5ce betwixt volitions1 only betwe5 _! effects4 ',tis "o ,w1 "o ,act--di/+ui%$ by ! effects4 ,?is ,w1 ?is ,act1 is ! ,_s1 i4e4 op]ative pr9ciple1 s\l1 c4 ,no m5tion ( fe>s & jeal\sies1 no?+ l a p>ty4 7,m#bdb7 ,locke 9 8 #d? ,book7#aga71 & ,des ,c>tes 9 ,m$4 #f1 use ! same argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( objects1 viz4 t sometimes we see1 feel1 c4 aga9/ our w4 7,m#bdc7 ,:ile ,i exi/ or h any idea1 ,i am et]nally1 con/antly will+2 my acquiesc+ 9 ! pres5t /ate is will+4 7,m#bdd7 ,! exi/5ce ( any ?+ imag9able is no?+ diff]5t f imag9ation or p]ception7#agb74 ,volition or ,w1 ,w* is n imag9able1 reg>d mu/ n be _h to its exi/5ce787 444 ,fir/ ,book4 7,m#bde7 ,!re are f\r sorts ( propositions3--8,gold is a metal20 8,gold is yell[20 8,gold is fixt20 8,gold is n a /one0--( :i* ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird are only nom9al1 & h no m5tal propositions answ]+ !m4 7,m#bdf7 ,mem4 ,9 v9dication ( ! s5ses effectually to confute :at ,des ,c>tes sai? 9 ! la/ p>4 ( ! la/ ,m$41 viz4 t ! s5ses (t5] in=m him falsely ?an truely--t s5se ( pa9 tells me n my foot is bruis$ or brok51 b ,i1 hav+ frequ5tly obs]v$ ^! two ideas1 viz4 ( t peculi> pa9 & bruis$ foot g toge!r1 d errone\sly take !m to be insep>able by a necessity ( ,nature--z if ,nature 7 any?+ b ! ord9ance ( ! free w ( ,god7#agc74 7,m#bdg7 ,des ,c>tes owns we "k n a sub/ance imm$iately by itself1 b by ?is alone1 t x is ! subject ( sev]al acts4 ,ans4 to #b;d objection ( ,hobbs4 7,m#bdh7 ,hobbs 9 "s degree falls 9 ) ,locke1 say+ ?\ght is to ! m9d or himself z danc+ to ! danc]4 ,object4 7,m#bdi7 ,hobbs 9 8 ,object4 #c ridicules ^? expressions ( ! s*ola/iques--8! w wills10 c4 ,s does ,locke4 ,i am ( ano!r m9d7#agd74 7,m#bej7 ,des ,c>tes1 9 answ] to ,object4 #c ( ,hobbs1 owns he is di/9ct f ?\ght z a ?+ f its modus or mann]4 7,m#bea7 ,op9ion t exi/5ce 0 di/9ct f p]ception ( horrible consequ5ce4 ,x is ! f\ndation ( ,hobbs's doctr9e1 c4 7,m#beb7 ,malbran* 9 8 illu/ration7#age7 diff]s widely f me4 ,he d\bts ( ! exi/5ce ( bodies4 ,i d\bt n 9 ! lea/ ( ?is4 7,m#bec7 ,i diff] f ,c>tesians 9 t ,i make ext5sion1 col\r1 c4 to exi/ really 9 bodies indep5d5t ( our m9d7#agf74 ,all ye c>efully & lucidly to be set =?4 7,m#bed7 ,n to m5tion ! comb9ations ( p[]s1 b to say ! ?+s--! effects !mselves--d really exi/1 ev5 wn n actually p]ceiv$2 b /ill ) relation to p]ception7#agg74 ,! great use ( ! ,indian figures above ! ,roman %ews ari?metic to be ab\t signs1 n ideas--or at lea/ n ideas diff]5t f ! *>act]s !mselves7#agh74 7,m#bee7 ,reason+ !re may be ab\t ?+s or ideas1 or ab\t actions2 b demon/ration c be only v]bal4 ,i "q1 no matt] c4 7,m#bef7 ,quo? ,des ,c>tes1 ,! idea ( ,god is n made by me1 = ,i c nei!r add to nor subtract f x4 ,no m c he add to or take f any o!r idea1 ev5 ( 8 own mak+4 7,m#beg7 ,! n di/+ui%+ 'twixt ,w & ideas is a gr& mi/ake ) ,hobbs4 ,he takes ^? ?+s = no?+ :i* are n ideas7#agi74 7,m#beh7 ,say y1 ,at ?is rate all's no?+ b idea--m]e phantasm4 ,i answ]1 ,ev]y?+ z real z ev]4 ,i hope to call a ?+ idea makes x n ! less real4 ,truly ,i %\ld p]haps h /uck to ! ^w ?+1 & n m5tion$ ! ^w idea1 7 x n = a reason1 & ,i ?9k a good "o too1 :i* ,i %all give 9 ! ,second ,book7#ahj74 7,m#bei7 ,idea is ! object ( ?\ght4 ,yt ,i ?9k on1 :atev] x be1 ,i call idea4 ,?\ght itself1 or ?9k+1 is no idea4 ',tis an act--i4e4 volition1 i4e4 z contradi/+ui%$ to effects--! ,w4 7,m#bfj7 ,locke1 9 ,b4 #d4 c4 #e1 assigns n ! "r cause :y m5tal propositions are s difficult4 ,x is n because ( complex b because ( ab/ract ideas4 ,ye idea ( a horse is z complex z t ( =titude4 ,yet 9 say+ ! 8horse is :ite0 ,i =m a m5tal proposition ) ease4 ,b :5 ,i say 8=titude is a virtue0 ,i %all f9d a m5tal proposition h>d1 or n at all to be come at4 7,m#bfa7 ,pure intellect ,i und]/& n7#aha74 ,locke is 9 ye "r 9 ^? ?+s :]e9 he diff]s f ye ,c>tesians1 & !y _c b all[ ( 8 op9ions1 if !y /ick to _! own pr9ciples or causes ( ,exi/5ce o!r ab/ract ideas4 7,m#bfb7 ,! prop]ties ( all ?+s are 9 ,god1 i4e4 !re is 9 ! ,deity ,und]/&+ z well z ,w4 ,he is no bl9d ag5t1 & 9 tru? a bl9d ag5t is a contradiction7#ahb74 7,m#bfc7 ,i am c]ta9 !re is a ,god1 ?o' ,i d n p]ceive ,him--h no intuition ( ,him4 ,?is n difficult if we rightly und]/& wt is meant by c]ta9ty4 7,m#bfd7 ,x seems t ! ,s\l1 tak5 = ! ,w1 is immortal1 incorruptible4 7,m#bfe7 ,qu4 :e!r p]ception mu/ ( necessity prec$e volition8 7,m#bff7 ,error is n 9 ! ,und]/&+1 b 9 ! ,w4 ,:at ,i und]/& or p]ceive1 t ,i und]/&4 ,!re c be no err\r 9 ?is4 7,m#bfg7 ,mem4 ,to take notice ( ,locke's woman afraid ( a wett+1 9 ! ,introd41 to %ew !re may be reason+ ab\t ideas or ?+s4 7,m#bfh7 ,say ,des ,c>tes ,malbran*1 ,god ha? giv5 u /rong incl9ations to ?9k our ideas proce$ f bodies1 or t bodies d exi/4 ,pray wt mean !y by ?is8 ,w\ld !y h x t ! ideas ( imag9ation are images (1 & proce$ f1 ! ideas ( s5se8 ,?is is true1 b _c be _! mean+2 = !y speak ( ideas ( s5se z !mselves proce$+ f1 be+ l unto--,i "k n wt7#ahc74 7,m#bfi7 ,c>tesius p] ideam vult omne id quod habet esse objectivum 9 intellectu4 ,v4 ,tract4 de ,me?odo4 7,m#bgj7 ,qu4 ,may !re n be an ,und]/&+ )\t a ,w8 7,m#bga7 ,und]/&+ is 9 "s sort an action4 7,m#bgb7 ,silly ( ,hobbs1 c4 to speak ( ! ,w z if x 7 motion1 ) :i* x has no lik5ess4 7,m#bgc7 ,ideas ( ,s5se are ! real ?+s or ar*etypes4 ,ideas ( imag9ation1 dreams1 c4 are copies1 images1 ( ^!4 7,m#bgd7 ,my doctr9es rightly und]/ood1 all t philosophy ( ,epicurus1 ,hobbs1 ,sp9osa1 c41 :i* has be5 a decl>$ enemy ( religion1 comes to ! gr\nd4 7,m#bge7 ,hobbs ,sp9osa make ,god ext5d$4 ,locke also seems to d ! same7#ahd74 7,m#bgf7 ,ens1 res1 aliquid dicuntur t]m9i transc5d5tales4 ,sp9osa1 p4 #gf1 prop4 #dj1 ,e?4 "p #b1 gives an odd acc\nt ( _! orig9al4 ,also ( ! orig9al ( all univ]sals--,homo1 ,canis1 c4 7,m#bgg7 ,sp9osa 7vid4 ,prf4 ,op]a ,po/hum47 w h ,god to be 8omnium r]um causa imman5s10 & to c\nt5ance ?is produces t ( ,/4 ,paul1 89 ,him we live10 c4 ,n[ ?is ( ,/4 ,paul may be expla9$ by my doctr9e z well z ,sp9osa's1 or ,locke's1 or ,hobbs's1 or ,raphson's7#ahe71 c4 7,m#bgh7 ,! ,w is purus actus1 or r pure _s n imag9able1 n s5sible1 n intelligible1 9 no wise ! object ( ! und]/&+1 no wise p]ceivable4 7,m#bgi7 ,sub/ance ( a _s is t x acts1 causes1 wills1 op]ates1 or if y please 7to avoid ! quibble yt may be made ( ! ^w 8x07 to act1 cause1 w1 op]ate4 ,its sub/ance is n kn[able1 n be+ an idea4 7,m#bhj7 ,:y may we n conceive x possible = ,god to create ?+s out ( no?+8 ,c]ta9ly we ourselves create 9 "s wise :5ev] we imag9e4 7,m#bha7 8,ex nihilo nihil fit40 ,?is 7sai? ,sp9oza1 ,op]a ,po/h4 p4 #dfd7 & ! l are call$ v]itates t]n1 because 8nullam fidem hab5t extra m5tem40 ,to make ?is axiom h a positive signification1 "o %\ld express x ?us3 ,e idea has a cause1 i4e4 is produc$ by a ,w7#ahf74 7,m#bhb7 ,! philosoph]s talk mu* ( a di/9ction 'twixt absolute relative ?+s1 or 'twixt ?+s consid]$ 9 _! own nature ! same ?+s consid]$ ) respect to u4 ,i "k n wt !y mean by 8?+s consid]$ 9 !mselves40 ,?is is nons5se1 j>gon4 7,m#bhc7 ,x seems !re c be no p]ception--no idea--)\t ,w1 see+ !re are no ideas s indiff]5t b "o _h r h !m ?an annihilation1 or annihilation ?an !m4 ,or if !re be su* an equal balance1 !re mu/ be an equal mixture ( pleasure & pa9 to cause x2 !re be+ no ideas p]fectly void ( all pa9 uneas9ess1 b wt are pref]able to annihilation4 ,recipe 9 animum tuum1 p] cogitationem vehem5tem1 r]um ips>um1 non lit]>um aut sonorum imag9es4 ,hobbs aga9/ ,wallis4 ',tis a p]fection we may imag9e 9 sup]ior spirits1 t !y c see a great deal at once ) ! utmo/ cle>ness & di/9ction2 :]eas we c only see a po9t7#ahg74 ,mem4 ,wn ,i treat ( ma!matiques to enquire into ! controv]sy 'twixt ,hobbes & ,wallis4 7,m#bhd7 ,e s5sation ( m9e1 :i* happ5s 9 consequ5ce ( ! g5]al kn[n laws ( nature1 is f )\t1 i4e4 indep5d5t ( my w1 demon/rates ! be+ ( a ,god1 i4e4 ( an unext5d$1 incorporeal _s1 :i* is omnipres5t1 omnipot5t1 c4 7,m#bhe7 ,i say n ) ,j4,s4 ,john ,s]geant t we see solids4 ,i reject 8 8solid philosophy0--solidity be+ only p]ceiv$ by t\*7#ahh74 7,m#bhf7 ,x seems to me t w & und]/&+--volitions & ideas--_c be sep>at$1 t ei!r _c be possibly )\t ! o!r4 7,m#bhg7 ,"s ideas or o!r ,i mu/ h1 s long z ,i exi/ or w4 ,b no "o idea or sort ( ideas be+ ess5tial7#ahi74 7,m#bhh7 ,! di/9ction betwe5 idea & ideatum ,i _c o!rwise conceive ?an by mak+ "o ! effect or consequ5ce ( dream1 rev]ie1 imag9ation--! o!r ( s5se & ! con/ant laws ( nature4 7,m#bhi7 ,dico quod ext5sio non concipitur 9 se et p] se1 contra quam dicit ,sp9oza 9 ,epi/4 #b;a ad ,old5burgium4 7,m#bij7 ,my def9ition ( ! ^w ,god ,i ?9k mu* cle>] ?an ^? ( ,des ,c>tes ,sp9oza1 viz4 8,ens summe p]fectum absolute inf9itum10 or 8,ens con/ans inf9itis attributis1 quorum unumquodque e/ inf9itum7#aij740 ',tis *iefly ! connexion betwixt tangible & visible ideas t deceives1 & n ! visible ideas !mselves4 7,m#bia7 ,b ! gr& mi/ake is t we "k n :at we mean by 8we10 or 8selves10 or 8m9d10 c4 ',tis mo/ sure c]ta9 t our ideas are di/9ct f ! m9d1 i4e4 ! ,w1 ! ,_s7#aia74 7,m#bib7 ,i mu/ n m5tion ! und]/&+ z a faculty or "p ( ! m9d4 ,i mu/ include und]/&+ w 9 ! ^w ,_s--by :i* ,i mean all t is active4 ,i mu/ n say t ! und]/&+ d9]s n f ! p>ticul> ideas1 or ! w f p>ticul> volitions4 7,m#bic7 ,! ,_s1 ! ,m9d1 is nei!r a volition nor an idea4 7,m#bid7 ,i say !re are no causes 7prop]ly speak+7 b spiritual1 no?+ active b ,_s4 ,say y1 ,?is is only v]bal2 'tis only annex+ a new sort ( signification to ! ^w cause1 :y may n o!rs z well reta9 ! old "o1 & call "o idea ! cause ( ano!r :i* always foll[s x8 ,i answ]1 ,if y d s ,i %all drive y into _m absurditys3 y _c avoid runn+ into op9ions y'll be glad to dis[n1 if y /ick firmly to t signification ( ! ^w ,cause4 7,m#bie7 ,9 valu+ good we reckon too mu* on ! pres5t our own4 7,m#bif7 ,!re be two sorts ( pleasure4 ,! "o is orda9$ z a spur or incitem5t to some:at else1 has a visible relation & subord9ation !reto2 ! o!r is n4 ,?us ! pleasure ( eat+ is ( ! =m] sort1 ( musick ( ! lat] sort4 ,^! may be us$ = recreation1 ^? n b 9 ord] to _! end4 7,m#big7 ,?ree sorts ( useful k--t ( ,coexi/5ce1 to be treat$ ( 9 our ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy2 t ( ,relation1 9 ,ma!matiques2 t ( ,def9ition1 or inclusion1 or words 7:i* p]haps diff]s n f t ( relation71 9 ,morality7#aib74 7,m#bih7 ,w1 und]/&+1 desire1 hatr$1 c41 s f> =? z !y are acts or active1 diff] n4 ,all _! diff]5ce consi/s 9 _! objects1 circum/ances1 c4 7,m#bii7 ,we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwixt two sorts ( causes--physical spiritual4 7,m#cjj7 ,! physical may m prop]ly be call$ occasions4 ,yet 7to comply7 we may call !m causes--b !n we mu/ mean causes yt d no?+4 7,m#cja7 ,accord+ to ,locke1 we mu/ be 9 an et]nal uneas9ess s long z we live1 bat+ ! "t ( sleep or trance1 c42 = he w h ev5 ! cont9uance ( an action to be 9 8 s5se an action1 s requires a volition1 ?is an uneas9ess4 7,m#cjb7 ,i mu/ n pret5d to promise mu* ( demon/ration4 ,i mu/ cancell all passages t look l t sort ( pride1 t rais+ ( expectation 9 my fri5d4 7,m#cjc7 ,if ?is be ! case1 surely a man _h bett] n philosophize at all3 no m ?an a de=m$ p]son ought to cavil to behold himself by ! reflex light ( a mirr\r4 7,m#cjd7 ,or ?us1 l de=m$ p]sons :o1 hav+ beheld !mselves by ! reflex light ( a mirr\r1 are displeas$ ) _! diseases4 7,m#cje7 ,:at c an idea be l b ano!r idea8 ,we c comp>e x ) no?+ else--a s\nd l a s\nd1 a col\r l a col\r4 7,m#cjf7 ,is x n nons5se to say a smell is l a ?+ :i* _c be smelt1 a col\r is l a ?+ : _c be se58 7,m#cjg7 ,bodies exi/ )\t ! m9d1 i4e4 are n ! m9d1 b di/9ct f x4 ,?is ,i all[1 ! m9d be+ altoge!r diff]5t !refrom7#aic74 7,m#cjh7 ,c]ta9ly we %\ld n see motion if !re 0 no div]sity ( col\rs4 7,m#cji7 ,motion is an ab/ract idea1 i4e4 !re is no su* idea t c be conceiv$ by itself4 7,m#caj7 ,contradictions _c be bo? true4 ,m5 are oblig$ to answ] objections drawn f consequ5ces4 ,introd4 7,m#caa7 ,! ,w & ,volition are words n us$ by ! vulg>4 ,! le>n$ are bant]$ by _! mean+ ab/ract ideas4 ,speculative ,ma?1 z if a man 0 all day mak+ h>d knots on purpose to unty !m aga94 ,?o' x might h be5 o!rwise1 yet x is conv5i5t ! same ?+ w* is ,m4,v4 %\ld be also ,m4,t41 or v ne> x4 7,m#cab7 ,i mu/ n give ! s\l or m9d ! s*ola/ique "n 8pure act10 b r pure _s1 or active be+4 7,m#cac7 ,i mu/ n say ! ,w or ,und]/&+ are all "o1 b t !y are bo? ab/ract ideas1 i4e4 none at all--!y n be+ ev5 ratione diff]5t f ! ,_s1 qu faculties1 or active4 7,m#cad7 ,dang]\s to make idea ?+ t]ms conv]tible7#aid74 ,t 7 ! way to prove spirits are no?+4 7,m#cae7 ,qu4 :e!r v]itas /&s n = an ab/ract idea8 7,m#caf7 ',tis pla9 ! mod]ns mu/ by _! own pr9ciples own !re are no bodies1 i4e4 no sort ( bodies )\t ! m9d1 i4e4 unp]ceiv$4 7,m#cag7 ,qu4 :e!r ! ,w c be ! object ( presci5ce or any k8 7,m#cah7 ,if !re 7 only "o ball 9 ! _w1 x c\ld n be mov$4 ,!re c\ld be no v>iety ( appe>ance4 ,accord+ to ! doctr9e ( inf9ite divisibility1 !re mu/ be "s smell ( a rose1 v4 g4 at an inf9ite di/ance f x4 7,m#cai7 ,ext5sion1 ?o' x exi/ only 9 ! m9d1 yet is no prop]ty ( ! m9d4 ,! m9d c exi/ )\t x1 ?o' x _c )\t ! m9d4 ,b 9 ,book ,,ii4 ,i %all at l>ge %ew ! diff]5ce !re is betwixt ! ,s\l & ,body or ext5d$ be+4 7,m#cbj7 ',tis an absurd "q w* ,locke puts1 :e!r man be free to w8 ,mem4 ,to enquire into ! reason ( ! rule = det]m9+ que/ions 9 ,algebra4 ,x has already be5 obs]v$ by o!rs t names are n[h]e ( m necess>y use ?an 9 numb]+4 7,m#cba7 ,i w grant y t ext5sion1 col\r1 c4 may be said to be )\t ! m9d 9 a d\ble respect1 i4e4 z indep5d5t ( our w1 & z di/9ct f ! m9d4 7,m#cbb7 ,c]ta9ly x is n impossible b a man may arrive at ! k ( all real tru? z well )\t z ) signs1 _h he a memory & imag9ation mo/ /rong & capaci\s4 ,!re=e reason+ sci5ce do? n altoge!r dep5d ^u words or names7#aie74 7,m#cbc7 ,i ?9k n t ?+s fall out ( necessity4 ,! connexion ( no two ideas is necess>y2 'tis all ! result ( fre$om1 i4e4 'tis all volunt>y7#aif74 7,m#cbd7 ,if a man ) 8 eyes %ut imag9es to himself ! sun firmam5t1 y w n say he or 8 m9d is ! sun1 or is ext5d$1 ?o' nei!r sun or firmam5t be )\t m9d4 7,m#cbe7 ',tis /range to f9d philosoph]s d\bt+ disput+ :e!r !y h ideas ( spiritual ?+s or no4 ,surely 'tis easy to "k4 ,vid4 ,de ,vries7#aig71 ,de ,ideis ,innatis1 p4 #fd4 7,m#cbf7 ,de ,vries w h x t we "k ! m9d agrees ) ?+s n by idea b s5se or consci5tia4 ,s w ,malbran*4 ,?is a va9 di/9ction4 ,augu/ #bh?1 #agjh4 ,! ,adv5ture ( ! ,%irt84 ,x 7 to be wi%$ t p]sons ( ! greate/ bir?1 hon\r1 =tune1 w\ld take t c>e ( !mselves1 by education1 indu/ry1 lit]ature1 a love ( virtue1 to surpass all o!r m5 9 k all o!r qualifications necess>y = great actions1 z f> z !y d 9 quality titles2 t pr9ces out ( !m might always *ose m5 fit = all employm5ts & high tru/s4 ,clov4 ,b4 #g4 ,"o et]nity great] ?an ano!r ( ! same k9d4 ,9 :at s5se et]nity may be limit$4 7,m#cbg7 ,:e!r succession ( ideas 9 ! ,div9e intellect8 7,m#cbh7 ,"t is ! tra9 ( ideas succe$+ ea* o!r4 ,duration n di/+ui%'d f exi/5ce4 ,succession expla9'd by be=e1 betwe51 aft]1 numb]+4 ,:y "t 9 pa9 long] ?an "t 9 pleasure8 ,duration inf9itely divisible1 "t n s4 7,m#cbi7 ,! same n common to all intellig5ces4 ,"t ?\ght inf9itely divisible on acc\nt ( its measure4 ,ext5sion n inf9itely divisible 9 "o s5se4 ,revolutions imm$iately measure tra9 ( ideas1 m$iately duration4 7,m#ccj7 ,"t a s5sation2 !re=e onely 9 ye m9d4 ,et]nity is onely a tra9 ( innum]able ideas4 ,h5ce ! immortality ( ye s\l easily conceiv'd1 or r ! immortality ( ! p]son1 t ( ye s\l n be+ necess>y = ought we c see4 ,swiftness ( ideas comp>'d ) yt ( motions %ews ! wisdom ( ,god4 ,wt if succession ( ideas 7 swift]1 wt if sl[]8 7,m#cca7 ,fall ( ,adam1 use ( idolatry1 use ( ,epicurism ,hobbism1 dispute ab\t divisibility ( matt]1 c4 exp\nd$ by mat]ial sub/ances4 ,ext5sion a s5sation1 !re=e n )\t ! m9d4 7,m#ccb7 ,9 ! immat]ial hypo!sis1 ! wall is :ite1 fire hot1 c4 ,prim>y ideas prov'd n to exi/ 9 matt]2 aft] ! same mann] yt second>y ones are prov'd n to exi/ !re94 ,demon/rations ( ! inf9ite divisibility ( ext5sion suppose l5g? )\t bread?1 or invisible l5g?1 w* is absurd4 7,m#ccc7 ,_w w?\t ?\ght is nec quid1 nec quantum1 nec quale1 c4 7,m#ccd7 ',tis wondr\s to contemplate ye ,_w empty'd ( all intellig5ces4 ,no?+ prop]ly b ,p]sons1 i4e4 consci\s ?+s1 d exi/4 ,all o!r ?+s are n s mu* exi/5ces z mann]s ( ye exi/5ce ( p]sons7#aih74 ,qu4 ab\t ! s\l1 or r p]son1 :e!r x be n compleatly kn[n8 ,inf9ite divisibility ( ext5sion does suppose ! ext]nal exi/5ce ( ext5sion2 b ! lat] is false1 ergo ye =m] also4 ,qu4 ,bl9d man made to see1 w\ld he "k motion at #a/ sight8 ,motion1 figure1 & ext5sion p]ceivable by sight are diff]5t f ^? ideas p]ceiv$ by t\* w* goe by ! same "n4 ,diagonal incomm5surable w? ye side4 ,qure h[ ?is c be 9 my doctr9e8 7,m#cce7 ,qu4 h[ to reconcile ,newton's #b sorts ( motion ) my doctr9e8 ,t]m9ations ( surfaces l9es n imag9able p] se4 ,molyneux's bl9d man w\ld n "k ! sph]e or cube to be bodies or ext5d$ at fir/ sight7#aii74 ,ext5sion s f> f be+ incompatible w?1 yt 'tis impossible x %\ld exi/ )\t ?\ght4 7,m#ccf7 ,ext5sion itself or any?+ ext5d$ _c ?9k--^! be+ me] ideas or s5sations1 ^: ess5ce we ?or\ghly "k4 ,no ext5sion b surface p]ceivable by sight4 7,m#ccg7 ,wn we imag9e #b b[ls v4 g4 mov+ 9 vacuo1 'tis only conceiv+ a p]son affect$ ) ^! s5sations4 7,m#cch7 ,ext5sion to exi/ 9 a ?\ghtless ?+ or r 9 a ?+ void ( p]ception--?\ght seem+ to imply action1 is a contradiction4 ,qu4 if visible motion be proportional to tangible motion8 7,m#cci7 ,9 "s dreams succession ( ideas swift] ?an at o!r times4 7,m#cdj7 ,if a piece ( matt] h ext5sion1 t mu/ be det]m9$ to a p>ticul> bigness figure1 b c4 ,no?+ w?\t corresponds to our prim>y ideas b p[]s4 ,h5ce a direct brief demon/ration ( an active p[]full ,be+1 di/9ct f u1 on :om we dep5d4 ,! "n ( col\rs actually giv5 to tangible qualities1 by ! relation ( ye /ory ( ! ,g]man ,c\nt4 ,qu4 ,h[ came visible tangible qualities by ! same "n 9 all languages8 ,qu4 ,:e!r ,be+ might n be ! sub/ance ( ! s\l1 or 7o!rwise ?us7 :e!r ,be+1 add$ to ye faculties1 compleat ! real ess5ce & adequate def9ition ( ! s\l8 7,m#cda7 ,qu4 ,:e!r1 on ! supposition ( ext]nal bodies1 x be possible = u to "k t any body is absolutely at re/1 s9ce t suppos+ ideas mu* sl[] ?an at pres5t1 bodies n[ app>5tly mov+ wd !n be app>5tly at re/8 7,m#cdb7 ,qu4 ,:at c be l a s5sation b a s5sation8 ,qu4 ,did ev] any man see any o!r ?+s besides 8 own ideas1 t he %\ld comp>e !m to ^!1 & make ^! l unto !m8 7,m#cdc7 ,! age ( a fly1 = ought t we "k1 may be z long z yt ( a man7#bjj74 ,visible di/ance het]og5e\s f tangible di/ance demon/rat$ #c sev]al ways3-- #a/4 ,if a tangible in* be equal or 9 any o!r reason to a visible in*1 !nce x w foll[ yt unequals are equals1 w* is absurd3 = at :at di/ance w\ld ! visible in* be plac$ to make x equal to ! tangible in*8 #b;d4 ,"o made to see t _h n yet se5 8 own limbs1 or any ?+ he t\*$1 ^u sight ( a foot l5g? w\ld "k x to be a foot l5g?1 if tangible foot visible foot 7 ! same idea--s$ falsum id1 ergo et hoc4 #c;dly4 ,f ,molyneux's problem1 w* o!rwise is falsely solv'd by ,locke & him7#bja74 7,m#cdd7 ,no?+ b ideas p]ceivable7#bjb74 ,a man _c comp>e #b ?+s toge!r )\t p]ceiv+ !m ea*4 ,ergo1 he _c say any?+ w* is n an idea is l or unlike an idea4 ,bodies c4 d exi/ ev5 wn n p]ceiv$--!y be+ p[]s 9 ! active be+7#bjc74 ,succession a simple idea1 succession is an ab/ract1 i4e4 an inconceivable idea1 ,locke says7#bjd74 ,visible ext5sion is proportional to tangible ext5sion1 also is encreat$ dim9i%'d by p>ts4 ,h5ce tak5 = ! same4 ,if ext5sion be )\t ! m9d 9 bodies4 ,qu4 :e!r tangible or visible1 or bo?8 ,ma!matical propositions ab\t ext5sion motion true 9 a d\ble s5se4 ,ext5sion ?\ght peculi>ly in]t1 because n accompany'd w? pleasure pa93 h5ce ?\ght to exi/ 9 matt]2 z also = t x 0 conceiv'd common to #b s5ses1 z also ! con/ant p]ception ( 'em4 ,bl9d at #a/ sight c\ld n tell h[ ne> :at he saw 0 to him1 nor ev5 :e!r x be w?\t him or 9 8 eye7#bje74 ,qu4 ,w\ld he n ?9k ! lat]8 ,bl9d at #a/ sight c\ld n "k yt wt he saw 0 ext5d$1 until he _h se5 & t\*$ "s "o self-same ?+--n kn[+ h[ m9imum tangibile w\ld look 9 vision4 7,m#cde7 ,mem4 ,t homog5e\s p>ticles be br\ght 9 to answ] ! objection ( ,god's creat+ sun1 plants1 c4 be=e animals4 ,9 e bodie two inf9ite s]ies ( ext5sion--! "o ( tangible1 ! o!r ( visible4 ,all ?+s to a bl9d man at fir/ se5 9 a po9t4 ,ignorance ( glasses made m5 ?9k ext5sion to be 9 bodies4 7,m#cdf7 ,homog5e\s portions ( matt]--useful to contemplate !m4 ,ext5sion if 9 matt] *anges its relation w? m9imum visibile1 w* seems to be fixt4 ,qu4 :e!r m4v4 be fix'd8 7,m#cdg7 ,ea* p>ticle ( matt] if ext5d$ mu/ be inf9itely ext5d$1 or h an inf9ite s]ies ( ext5sion4 7,m#cdh7 ,if ! _w be grant$ to consi/ ( ,matt]1 'tis ! m9d gives x beauty & proportion4 ,wt ,i h said onely proves !re is no proportion at all times & 9 all m5 betwe5 a visible tangible in*4 ,tangible & visible ext5sion het]og5e\s1 because !y h no common measure2 also because _! simple/ con/itu5t p>ts or elem5ts are specifically diff]5t1 viz4 punctum visibile tangibile4 ,n4 ,b4 ,! =m] seems to be no good reason4 7,m#cdi7 ,by immat]iality is solv'd ! cohesion ( bodies1 or r ! dispute ceases4 ,our idea we call ext5sion nei!r way capable ( inf9ity1 i4e4 nei!r inf9itely small or great4 ,greate/ possible ext5sion se5 "u an angle w* w be less ?an #ahj degrees1 ! legs ( w* angle proce$ f ! ends ( ! ext5sion4 7,m#cej7 ,all[+ !re be ext5d$1 solid1 c4 sub/ances )\t ! m9d1 'tis impossible ! m9d %\ld "k or p]ceive !m2 ! m9d1 ev5 accord+ to ! mat]iali/s1 p]ceiv+ onely ! impressions made ^u its bra91 or r ! ideas att5d+ ^! impressions7#bjf74 ,unity 9 ab/racto n at all divisible1 x be+ z x 7 a po9t1 or ) ,b>r[ no?+ at all2 9 concreto n divisible ad inf9itum1 !re be+ no "o idea demon/rable ad inf9itum4 7,m#cea7 ,any subject c h ( ea* sort ( prim>y qualities b "o p>ticul> at once4 ,locke1 b4 #d4 c4 #c4 s4 #ae4 ,qu4 :e!r we h cle> ideas ( l>ge numb]s !mselves1 or onely ( _! relations8 7,m#ceb7 ,( solidity see ,l4 b4 #b4 c4 #d4 s4 #a1 #e1 #f4 ,if any "o ask wt solidity is1 let him put a fl9t betwe5 8 h&s & he w "k4 ,ext5sion ( body is cont9uity ( solid1 c42 ext5sion ( space is cont9uity ( unsolid1 c4 ,:y may n ,i say visible ext5sion is a cont9uity ( visible po9ts1 tangible ext5sion is a cont9uity ( tangible po9ts8 7,m#cec7 ,mem4 ,t ,i take notice t ,i d n fall 9 w? sceptics1 ,f>della7#bjg71 c41 9 t ,i make bodies to exi/ c]ta9ly1 w* !y d\bt (4 7,m#ced7 ,i am m c]ta9 ( ye exi/5ce reality ( bodies ?an ,mr4 ,locke2 s9ce he pret5ds onely to wt he calls s5sitive k7#bjh71 :]eas ,i ?9k ,i h demon/rative k ( _! exi/5ce--by !m mean+ comb9ations ( p[]s 9 an unkn[n sub/ratum7#bji74 7,m#cee7 ,our ideas we call figure ext5sion1 n images ( ! figure & ext5sion ( matt]2 ^! 7if su* !re be7 be+ inf9itely divisible1 ^? n s4 ',tis impossible a mat]ial cube %\ld exi/1 because ! edges ( a cube w appe> broad to an acute s5se4 ,m5 die1 or are 9 a /ate ( annihilation1 (t 9 a day4 7,m#cef7 ,p[]s4 ,qu4 :e!r m or "o onely8 ,l5g?s ab/ract f bread?s are ! "w ( ! m9d4 ,su* d int]sect 9 a po9t at all angles4 ,aft] ! same way col\r is ab/ract f ext5sion4 ,e position alt]s ! l9e4 ,qu4 :e!r ideas ( ext5sion are made up ( o!r ideas1 v4g4 idea ( a foot made up ( g5]al ideas ( an in*8 ,! idea ( an in* l5g? n "o det]m9'd idea4 ,h5ce enquire ! reason :y we are out 9 judg+ ( ext5sion by ! sight2 = :i* purpose 'tis meet also to consid] ! frequ5t sudd5 *anges ( ext5sion by position4 ,no /at$ ideas ( l5g? )\t a m9imum4 7,m#ceg7 ,mat]ial sub/ance bant]'d by ,locke1 b4 #b4 c4 #ac4 s4 #ai4 7,m#ceh7 ,9 my doctr9e all absurdities f inf9ite space c4 cease7#baj74 ,qu4 :e!r if 7speak+ grossly7 ! ?+s we see 7 all ( !m at all times too small to be felt1 we %\ld h conf\nd$ tangible visible ext5sion & figure8 7,m#cei7 ,qu4 :e!r if succession ( ideas 9 ! ,et]nal ,m9d1 a day does n seem to ,god a #ajjj ye>s1 r ?an a #ajjj ye>s a day8 ,b "o only col\r its degrees4 ,enquiry ab\t a gr& mi/ake 9 writ]s ( dioptricks 9 assign+ ! cause ( microscopes magnify+ objects4 ,qu4 :e!r a born-bl9d man made to see w\ld at #a/ give ! "n ( di/ance to any idea intromitt$ by sight2 s9ce he w\ld take di/ance yt t he _h p]ceiv$ by t\* to be some?+ exi/+ )\t 8 m9d1 b he w\ld c]ta9ly ?9k t no?+ se5 0 )\t 8 m9d7#baa78 7,m#cfj7 ,space )\t any bodies exi/+ 9 r]um natura w\ld n be ext5d$1 z n hav+ p>ts--9 t p>ts are assign$ to x w? respect to body2 f :5ce also ! notion ( di/ance is tak54 ,n[ )\t ei!r p>ts or di/ance or m9d1 h[ c !re be ,space1 or any?+ beside "o uni=m ,no?+8 ,two demon/rations t bl9d made to see w\ld n take all ?+s he saw to be )\t 8 m9d1 or n 9 a po9t--! "o f microscopic eyes1 ! o!r f n p]ceiv+ di/ance1 i4e4 radius ( ! visual sph]e4 7,m#cfa7 ,! trees are 9 ! p>k1 i4e4 :e!r ,i w or no1 :e!r ,i imag9e any?+ ab\t !m or no4 ,let me b g ?i!r & op5 my eyes by day1 ,i %all n avoid see+ !m4 ,by ext5sion bl9d man w\ld mean ei!r ! p]ception caus$ 9 8 t\* by some?+ he calls ext5d$1 or else ! p[] ( rais+ t p]ception2 w* p[] is )\t1 9 ! ?+ t]m$ ext5d$4 ,n[ he c\ld n "k ei!r ( ^! to be 9 ?+s visible till he _h try'd4 ,geometry seems to h = its object tangible ext5sion1 figures1 motion--& n visible7#bab74 ,a man w say a body w seem z big z be=e1 ?o' ! visible idea x yields be less ?an wt x 02 !re=e ! bigness or tangible ext5sion ( ! body is diff]5t f ! visible ext5sion4 ,ext5sion or space no simple idea--l5g?1 bread?1 solidity be+ ?ree sev]al ideas4 ,dep? or solidity n[ p]ceiv$ by sight7#bac74 ,/range impot5ce ( m54 ,man )\t ,god wret*$] ?an a /one or tree2 he hav+ onely ! p[] to be mis]able by 8 unp]=m$ wills1 ^! hav+ no p[] at all7#bad74 ,l5g? p]ceivable by he>+--l5g? bread? by sight--l5g?1 bread?1 dep? by t\*4 7,m#cfb7 ,wt affects u mu/ be a ?9k+ ?+1 = wt ?9ks n _c subsi/4 ,numb] n 9 bodies1 x be+ ! creature ( ! m9d1 dep5d+ entirely on its consid]ation1 be+ m or less z ! m9d pleases7#bae74 ,mem4 ,qure :e!r ext5sion be equally a s5sation ) col\r8 ,! mob use n ! ^w ext5sion4 ',tis an ab/ract t]m ( ! ,s*ools4 7,m#cfc7 ,r\nd figure a p]ception or s5sation 9 ! m9d1 b 9 ! body is a p[]4 ,locke1 b4 #b4 c4 #h4 s4 #h4 ,mem4 ,m>k well ! lat] "p ( ! la/ cit$ section4 ,solids1 or any o!r tangible ?+s1 are no o!rwise se5 ?an col\rs felt by ! ,g]man ,c\nt4 7,m#cfd7 8,(0 & 8?+0 causes ( mi/ake4 ,! visible po9t ( he :o has microscopical eyes w n be great] or less ?an m9e4 ,qu4 ,:e!r ! propositions ev5 axioms ( geometry d n div]s ( !m suppose ! exi/5ce ( l9es c4 )\t ! m9d8 7,m#cfe7 ,:e!r motion be ! measure ( duration8 ,locke1 b4 #b4 c4 #ad4 s4 #ai4 ,l9es po9ts conceiv'd z t]m9ations diff]5t ideas f ^? conceiv'd absolutely4 ,e position alt]s a l9e4 7,m#cff7 ,bl9d man at #a/ w\ld n take col\rs to be )\t 8 m9d2 b col\rs w\ld seem to be 9 ! same place ) ! col\r$ ext5sion3 !re=e ext5sion wd n seem to be )\t ! m9d4 ,all visible conc5tric circles :]e( ! eye is ! c5tre are absolutely equal4 ,inf9ite numb]--:y absurd--n rightly solv'd by ,locke7#baf74 ,qu4 h[ 'tis possible we %\ld see flats or "r l9es8 ,qu4 :y ! moon appe>s greate/ 9 ! horizon7#bag78 ,qu4 :y we see ?+s erect :5 pa9t$ inv]t$7#bah78 7,m#cfg7 ,"q put by ,mr4 ,de]+ t\*+ ! ?ief & p>adise4 7,m#cfh7 ,matt] ?o' all[$ to exi/ may be no great] ?an a p9's head4 ,motion is proportionable to space describ$ 9 giv5 "t4 ,velocity n proportionable to space describ'd 9 giv5 "t4 7,m#cfi7 ,no active p[] b ! ,w3 !re=e ,matt]1 if x exi/s1 affects u n7#bai74 ,magnitude :5 b>ely tak5 = ! ratio p>tium extra p>tes1 or r = co-exi/5ce succession1 )\t consid]+ ! p>ts co-exi/+ succe$+1 is inf9itely1 or r indef9itely1 or n at all p]haps1 divisible1 because x is itself inf9ite or indef9ite4 ,b def9ite1 det]m9$ magnitudes1 i4e4 l9es or surfaces consi/+ ( po9ts :]eby 7toge!r w? di/ance position7 !y are det]m9'd1 are resoluble into ^? po9ts4 ,aga94 ,magnitude tak5 = co-exi/5ce & succession is n all divisible1 b is "o simple idea4 ,simple ideas include no p>ts nor relations--h>dly sep>at$ & consid]$ 9 !mselves--nor yet rightly s+l$ by any au?or4 ,in/ance 9 p[]1 r$1 ext5sion1 c4 7,m#cgj7 ,space n imag9able by any idea receiv$ f sight--n imag9able )\t body mov+4 ,n ev5 !n necess>ily exi/+ 7,i speak ( inf9ite space7--= wt ! body has pa/ may be conceiv'd annihilat$4 7,m#cga7 ,qu4 ,:at c we see beside col\rs8 :at c we feel beside h>d1 s(t1 cold1 w>m1 pleasure1 pa98 ,qu4 ,:y n ta/e smell ext5sion8 ,qu4 ,:y n tangible visible ext5sions ?\ght het]og5e\s ext5sions1 s well z gu/able olefactible p]ceptions ?\ght het]og5e\s p]ceptions8 or at lea/ :y n z het]og5e\s z blue r$8 ,moon wn horizontal does n appe> bigg] z to visible ext5sion ?an at o!r times2 h5ce difficulties & disputes ab\t ?+s se5 "u equal angles c4 cease4 ,all pot5ti alike indiff]5t4 ,a4 ,b4 ,wt does he mean by 8 pot5tia8 ,is x ! w1 desire1 p]son1 or all or nei!r1 or sometimes "o1 sometimes t'o!r8 ,no ag5t c be conceiv'd indiff]5t z to pa9 or pleasure4 ,we d n1 prop]ly speak+1 9 a /rict philosophical s5se1 make objects m or less pleasant2 b ! laws ( nature d t4 7,m#cgb7 ,a f9ite intellig5ce might h =ese5 #d ?\s& ye>s agoe ! place & circum/ances1 ev5 ! mo/ m9ute trivial1 ( my pres5t exi/5ce4 ,?is true on supposition t uneas9ess det]m9es ! w4 7,m#cgc7 ,doctr9es ( lib]ty1 presci5ce1 c4 expla9$ by billi>d balls4 ,wt judgem5t w\ld he make ( upp]mo/ & l[]mo/ :o _h always se5 ?r\gh an inv]t+ glass8 ,all l9es subt5d+ ! same optic angle congru5t 7z is evid5t by an easy exp]im5t72 !re=e !y are equal4 ,we h n pure simple ideas ( blue1 r$1 or any o!r col\r 7except p]haps black7 because all bodies reflect het]og5eal light4 ,qu4 ,:e!r ?is be true z to s\nds 7 o!r s5sations71 !re be+1 p]haps1 rays ( air w* w onely exhibit "o p>ticul> s\nd1 z rays ( light "o p>ticul> col\r4 ,col\rs n def9able1 n because !y are pure unmixt ?\ghts1 b because we _c easily di/+ui% sep>ate ! ?\ghts !y include1 or because we want names = _! compon5t ideas4 7,m#cgd7 ,by ,s\l is meant onely a complex idea1 made up ( exi/5ce1 will+1 p]ception 9 a l>ge s5se4 ,!re=e x is kn[n & x may be def9$4 ,we _c possibly conceive any active p[] b ! ,w4 7,m#cge7 ,9 moral matt]s m5 ?9k 7'tis true7 t !y are free2 b ?is fre$om is only ! fre$om ( do+ z !y please2 w* fre$om is consecutive to ! ,w1 respect+ only ! op]ative faculties7#bbj74 ,m5 impute _! actions to !mselves because !y w'd !m1 & t n out ( ignorance1 b :]eas !y h ! consequ5ces ( !m1 :e!r good or bad4 ,?is does n prove m5 to be indiff]5t 9 respect ( desir+4 ,if any?+ is meant by ! pot5tia ( ,a4 ,b4 x mu/ be desire2 b ,i appeal to any man if 8 desire be indiff]5t1 or 7to speak m to ! purpose7 :e!r he himself be indiff]5t 9 respect ( wt he desires till aft] he has desir$ x2 = z = desire itself1 or ! faculty ( desir+1 t is indiff]5t1 z all o!r faculties are4 ,actions lead+ to heav5 are 9 my p[] if ,i w !m3 !re=e ,i w w !m4 ,qu4 conc]n+ ! procession ( ,wills 9 inf9itum4 ,h]e9 ma!matiques h ! advantage ov] metaphysiques & morality4 ,_! def9itions1 be+ ( words n yet kn[n to ye le>n]1 are n disput$2 b words 9 metaphysiques morality1 be+ mo/ly kn[n to all1 ! def9itions ( !m may *ance to be contrav]t$4 7,m#cgf7 ,! %ort jejune way 9 ma!matiques w n d 9 metaphysiques e?iques3 = yt ab\t ma!matical propositions m5 h no prejudices1 no anticipat$ op9ions to be enc\nt]'d2 !y n hav+ yet ?\ght on su* matt]s4 ',tis n s 9 ! o!r #b m5tion$ sci5ces4 ,a man mu/ !re n onely demon/rate ! tru?1 he mu/ also v9dicate x aga9/ scruples & e/abli%$ op9ions :i* contradict x4 ,9 %ort1 ! dry1 /rigose7#bba71 rigid way w n suffice4 ,he mu/ be m ample copi\s1 else 8 demon/ration1 ?o' nev] s exact1 w n g d[n ) mo/4 ,ext5sion seems to consi/ 9 v>iety ( homog5eal ?\ghts co-exi/+ )\t mixture4 ,or r visible ext5sion seems to be ! co-exi/5ce ( col\r 9 ! m9d4 7,m#cgg7 ,enquir+ & judg+ are actions :i* dep5d on ! op]ative faculties1 w* dep5d on ! ,w1 w* is det]m9'd by "s uneas9ess2 ergo c4 ,suppose an ag5t w* is f9ite p]fectly indiff]5t1 & z to desir+ n det]m9'd by any prospect or consid]ation ( good1 ,i say1 ?is ag5t _c d an action morally good4 ,h5ce 'tis evid5t ! suppositions ( ,a4 ,b4 are insignificant4 ,ext5sion1 motion1 "t1 numb] are no simple ideas1 b include succession to !m1 :i* seems to be a simple idea4 ,mem4 ,to enquire into ! angle ( contact1 into fluxions1 c4 ,! sph]e ( vision is equal :e!r ,i look onely 9 my h& or on ! op5 firmam5t1 = #a/1 9 bo? cases ! ret9a is full2 #b;d1 ! radius's ( bo? sph]es are equall or r no?+ at all to ! sight2 #c;dly1 equal numb]s ( po9ts 9 "o t'o!r4 ,9 ! ,b>rovian case purbl9d w\ld judge aright4 ,:y ! horizontal moon great]8 ,:y objects se5 erect8 7,m#cgh7 ,to :at purpose c]ta9 figure & texture connect$ w? o!r p]ceptions8 ,m5 e/imate magnitudes bo? by angles & di/ance4 ,bl9d at #a/ c\ld n "k di/ance2 or by pure sight1 ab/ract+ f exp]i5ce ( connexion ( sight & tangible ideas1 we c't p]ceive di/ance4 ,!re=e by pure sight we _c p]ceive or judge ( ext5sion4 ,qu4 ,:e!r x be possible to enl>ge our sight or make u see at once m1 or m po9ts1 ?an we d1 by dim9i%+ ! punctum visibile bel[ #cj m9utes8 7,m#cgi7 ,spee* metaphorical m ?an we imag9e2 ins5sible ?+s1 _! modes1 circum/ances1 c4 be+ expre/ = ! mo/ "p by words borr['d f ?+s s5sible4 ,h5ce manyfold mi/akes4 7,m#chj7 ,! gr& mi/ake is t we ?9k we h ideas ( ! op]ations ( our m9ds7#bbb74 ,c]ta9ly ?is metaphorical dress is an argum5t we h n4 ,qu4 ,h[ c our idea ( ,god be complex comp\nd$1 :5 8 ess5ce is simple uncomp\nd$8 ,v4 ,locke1 b4 #b4 c4 #bc4 s4 #ce7bbc74 7,m#cha7 ,! impossibility ( def9+ or disc\rs+ cle>ly ( su* ?+s proce$s f ! fault scant9ess ( language1 z mu* p]haps z f obscurity confusion ( ?\ght4 ,h5ce ,i may cle>ly & fully und]/& my own s\l1 ext5sion1 c41 & n be able to def9e !m7#bbd74 7,m#chb7 ,! sub/ance wood a collection ( simple ideas4 ,see ,locke1 b4 #b4 c4 #bf4 s4 #a4 ,mem4 conc]n+ /rait l9es se5 to look at !m ?r\gh an orbicul> lattice4 ,qu4 ,:e!r possible t ^? visible ideas w* are n[ connect$ ) great] tangible ext5sions c\ld h be5 connect$ ) less] tangible ext5sions1--!re seem+ to be no necess>y connexion betwe5 ^? ?\ghts8 ,speculums seem to dim9i% or enl>ge objects n by alt]+ ! optique angle1 b by alt]+ ! app>5t di/ance4 ,h5ce ,qu4 if bl9d w\ld ?9k ?+s dim9i%'d by convexes1 or enl>g'd by concaves8 7,m#chc7 ,motion n "o idea4 ,x _c be p]ceiv$ at once4 7,m#chd7 ,mem4 ,to all[ exi/5ce to col\rs 9 ! d>k1 p]sons n ?9k+1 c4--b n an actual exi/5ce4 ',tis prud5t to correct m5's mi/akes )\t alt]+ _! language4 ,?is makes tru? glide into _! s\ls ins5sibly7#bbe74 7,m#che7 ,col\rs 9 ye d>k d exi/ really1 i4e4 7 !re light2 or z soon z light comes1 we %all see !m1 provid$ we op5 our eyes2 & t :e!r we w or no4 ,h[ ! ret9a is fill'd by a look+-glass8 ,convex speculums h ! same effect w? concave glasses4 ,qu4 ,:e!r concave speculums h ! same effect w? convex glasses8 ,! reason :y convex speculums dim9i% concave magnify n yet fully assign'd by any writ] ,i "k4 ,qu4 ,:y n objects se5 confus'd :5 t !y seem inv]t$ ?r\gh a convex l5s8 ,qu4 ,h[ to make a glass or speculum :i* %all magnify or dim9i% by alt]+ ! di/ance )\t alt]+ ! angle8 ,no id5tity 7o!r ?an p]fect lik5ess7 9 any individuals besides p]sons7#bbf74 7,m#chf7 ,z well make ta/es1 smells1 fe>1 %ame1 wit1 virtue1 vice1 all ?\ghts move w? local motion z immat]ial _s4 ,on acc\nt ( my doctr9e1 ! id5tity ( f9ite sub/ances mu/ consi/ 9 some?+ else ?an cont9u$ exi/5ce1 or relation to det]m9$ "t place ( beg9n+ to exi/--! exi/5ce ( our ?\ghts 7:i* be+ comb9$ make all sub/ances7 be+ frequ5tly int]rupt$1 !y hav+ div]s beg9n+s end+s4 7,m#chg7 ,qu4 ,:e!r id5tity ( p]son consi/s n 9 ! ,w8 ,no necess>y connexion betwe5 great or little optique angles & great or little ext5sion4 ,di/ance is n p]ceiv$3 optique angles are n p]ceiv$4 ,h[ !n is ext5sion p]ceiv'd by sight8 ,app>5t magnitude ( a l9e is n simply z ! optique angle1 b directly z ! optique angle1 reciprocally z ! confusion1 c4 7i4e4 ! o!r s5sations1 or want ( s5sation1 t att5d ne> vision74 ,h5ce great mi/akes 9 assign+ ! magnify+ p[] ( glasses4 ,vid4 ,molyneux1 p4 #ahb4 ,glasses or speculums may p]haps magnify or less5 )\t alt]+ ! optique angle1 b to no purpose4 ,qu4 ,:e!r purbl9d w\ld ?9k objects s mu* dim9i%$ by a convex speculum z ano!r8 ,qu4 ,:]e9 consi/s id5tity ( p]son8 ,n 9 actual consci\sness2 = !n ,i'm n ! same p]son ,i 0 ?is day twelvemon? b :ile ,i ?9k ( wt ,i !n did4 ,n 9 pot5tial2 = !n all p]sons may be ! same1 = ought we "k4 ,mem4 ,/ory ( ,mr4 ,de]+'s aunt4 ,two sorts ( pot5tial consci\sness--natural prt]natural4 ,9 ! la/ b "o1 ,i mean ! latt]4 ,if by magnitude be meant ! proportion any?+ be>s to a det]m9$ tangible ext5sion1 z in*1 foot1 c41 ?is1 'tis pla91 _c be prop]ly p] se p]ceiv$ by sight2 z = det]m9'd visible in*es1 feet1 c41 !re c be no su* ?+ obta9'd by ! me] act ( see+--ab/ract$ f exp]i5ce1 c4 ,! greatness p] se p]ceivable by ! sight is onely ! proportion any visible appe>ance be>s to ! o!rs se5 at ! same "t2 or 7:i* is ! same ?+7 ! proportion ( any p>ticul> "p ( ! visual orb to ! :ole4 ,b m>k t we p]ceive n x is an orb1 any m ?an a pla91 b by reason+4 ,?is is all ! greatness ! pictures h p] se4 ,h]eby me]e see+ _c at all judge ( ! ext5sion ( any object1 x n avail+ to "k ! object makes su* a "p ( a sphrical surface except we also "k ! greatness ( ! sphrical surface2 = a po9t may subt5d ! same angle w? a mile1 s create z great an image 9 ! ret9a1 i4e4 take up z mu* ( ! orb4 ,m5 judge ( magnitude by fa9tness & vigor\sness1 by di/9ctness & confusion1 ) "s o!r circum/ances1 by great little angles4 ,h5ce 'tis pla9 ! ideas ( sight :i* are n[ connect$ ) greatness might h be5 connect$ w? smallness1 & vice v]s3 !re be+ no necess>y reason :y great angles1 fa9tness1 & di/9ctness )\t /ra9+1 %\ld /& = great ext5sion1 any m ?an a great angle1 vigor\sness1 & confusion7#bbg74 ,my end is n to deliv] metaphysiques altoge!r 9 a g5]al s*ola/ic way1 b 9 "s measure to accommodate !m to ! sci5ces1 & %ew h[ !y may be useful 9 optiques1 geometry1 c47#bbh7 ,qu4 ,:e!r p] se proportion ( visible magnitudes be p]ceivable by sight8 ,?is is put on acc\nt ( di/9ctness & confus$ness1 ! act ( p]ception seem+ to be z great 9 view+ any po9t ( ! visual orb di/9ctly1 z 9 view+ ! :ole confus$ly4 ,mem4 ,to correct my language make x z philosophically nice z possible--to avoid giv+ h&le4 ,if m5 c\ld )\t /ra9+ alt] ! convexity ( _! cry/all9es1 !y might magnify or dim9i% ! app>5t diamet]s ( objects1 ! same optic angle rema9+4 ,! bigness 9 "o s5se ( ! pictures 9 ! fund is n det]m9'd2 = ! ne>] a man views !m1 ! images ( !m 7z well z o!r objects7 w take up ! great] room 9 ! fund ( 8 eye4 ,mem4 ,introduction to conta9 ! design ( ! :ole1 ! nature & mann] ( demon/rat+1 c4 ,two sorts ( bigness accurately to be di/+ui%$1 !y be+ p]fectly & toto clo diff]5t--! "o ! proportion t any "o appe>ance has to ! sum ( appe>ances p]ceiv$ at ! same "t w? x1 w* is proportional to angles1 or1 if a surface1 to segm5ts ( sphrical surfaces2--! o!r is tangible bigness4 ,qu4 wt w\ld happ5 if ! sphr ( ! ret9a 7 enl>g$ or dim9i%'d8 ,we ?9k by ! me] act ( vision we p]ceive di/ance f u1 yet we d n2 also t we p]ceive solids1 yet we d n2 also ! inequality ( ?+s se5 "u ! same angle1 yet we d n4 ,:y may ,i n add1 ,we ?9k we see ext5sion by me] vision8 ,yet we d n4 ,ext5sion seems to be p]ceiv$ by ! eye1 z ?\ght by ! e>4 ,z long z ! same angle det]m9es ! m9imum visibile to two p]sons1 no diff]5t con=mation ( ! eye c make a diff]5t appe>ance ( magnitude 9 ! same ?+4 ,b1 x be+ possible to try ! angle1 we may c]ta9ly "k :e!r ! same ?+ appe>s diff]5tly big to two p]sons on acc\nt ( _! eyes4 ,if a man c\ld see 444 objects w\ld appe> l>g] to him ?an to ano!r2 h5ce !re is ano!r sort ( purely visible magnitude beside ! proportion any appe>ance be>s to ! visual sph]e1 viz4 its proportion to ! ,m4 ,v4 ,7 !re b "o & ! same language 9 ! _w1 & did *ildr5 speak x naturally z soon z born1 & 7 x n 9 ! p[] ( m5 to conceal _! ?\ghts or deceive o!rs1 b t !re 7 an insep>able connexion betwe5 words ?\ghts1 s yt posito uno1 ponitur alt]um by ! laws ( nature2 ,qu4 w\ld n m5 ?9k !y he>d ?\ghts z mu* z t !y see ext5sion7#bbi78 ,all our ideas are adquate3 our k ( ! laws ( nature is n p]fect adquate7#bcj74 7,m#chh7 ,m5 are 9 ! "r 9 judg+ _! simple ideas to be 9 ! ?+s !mselves4 ,c]ta9ly heat col\r is z mu* )\t ! m9d z figure1 motion1 "t1 c4 ,we "k _m ?+s w* we want words to express4 ,great ?+s discov]able ^u ?is pr9ciple4 ,= want ( consid]+ w* div]s m5 h run into sundry mi/akes1 endeav\r+ to set =? _! k by s\nds2 w* f\nd]+ !m1 !y ?\ght ! defect 0 9 _! k1 :ile 9 tru? x 0 9 _! language4 ,qu4 ,:e!r ! s5sations ( sight aris+ f a man's head be lik] ! s5sations ( t\* proce$+ f !nce or f 8 legs8 ,or1 ,is x onely ! con/ant long association ( ideas entirely diff]5t t makes me judge !m ! same8 ,wt ,i see is onely v>iety ( col\rs light4 ,wt ,i feel is h>d or s(t1 hot or cold1 r\gh or smoo?1 c4 ,wt resemblance h ^! ?\ghts ) ^?8 ,a picture pa9t$ w? great v>iety ( col\rs affects ! t\* 9 "o uni=m mann]4 ,i _c !re=e conclude t because ,i see #b1 ,i %all feel #b2 because ,i see angles or inequalities1 ,i %all feel angles or inequalities4 ,h[ !re=e c ,i--be=e exp]i5ce tea*es me--"k t ! visible leggs are 7because #b7 connect$ w? ! tangible ones1 or ! visible head 7because "o7 connect$ w? ! tangible head7#bca78 7,m#chi7 ,all ?+s by u conceivable are-- #a/1 ?\ghts2 #bndly1 p[]s to receive ?\ghts2 #crdly1 p[]s to cause ?\ghts2 nei!r ( all w* c possibly exi/ 9 an in]t1 s5seless ?+4 ,an object w?\t a glass may be se5 "u z great an angle z w? a glass4 ,a glass !re=e does n magnify ! appe>ance by ! angle4 7,m#cij7 ,absurd t m5 %\ld "k ! s\l by idea--ideas be+ in]t1 ?\ghtless4 ,h5ce ,malbran* confut$7#bcb74 ,i saw gladness 9 8 looks4 ,i saw %ame 9 8 face4 ,s ,i see figure or di/ance4 ,qu4 ,:y ?+s se5 confus$ly ?ro' a convex glass are n magnify'd8 ,?o' we %\ld judge ! horizontal moon to be m di/ant1 :y %\ld we !re=e judge h] to be great]8 ,:at connexion betwixt ! same angle1 fur!r di/ant1 & great]ness8 7,m#cia7 ,my doctr9e affects ! ess5ces ( ! ,corpuscul>ians4 ,p]fect circles1 c4 exi/ n )\t 7= none c s exi/1 :e!r p]fect or no71 b 9 ! m9d4 ,l9es ?\ght divisible ad inf9itum1 because !y are suppos'd to exi/ )\t4 ,also because !y are ?\ght ! same :5 view'd by ! nak$ eye1 wn view'd ?ro' magnify+ glasses4 ,!y :o knew n glasses _h n s fair a pret5ce = ! divisibility ad inf9itum4 ,no idea ( circle1 c4 9 ab/ract4 ,metaphysiques z capable ( c]ta9ty z e?iques1 b n s capable to be demon/rat$ 9 a geometrical way2 because m5 see cle>] h n s _m prejudices 9 e?iques4 ,visible ideas come into ! m9d v di/9ct4 ,s d tangible ideas4 ,h5ce ext5sion se5 felt4 ,s\nds1 ta/es1 c4 are m bl5d$4 ,qu4 ,:y n ext5sion intromitt$ by ! ta/e 9 conjunction ) ! smell--see+ ta/es smells are v di/9ct ideas8 ,blew & yell[ p>ticles mixt1 :ile !y exhibit an uni=m gre51 _! ext5sion is n p]ceiv'd2 b z soon z !y exhibit di/9ct s5sations ( blew & yell[1 !n _! ext5sion is p]ceiv'd4 ,di/9ct p]ception ( visible ideas n s p]fect z ( tangible--tangible ideas be+ _m at once equally vivid4 ,h5ce het]og5e\s ext5sion4 ,object4 ,:y a mi/ increases n ! app>5t magnitude ( an object1 9 proportion to ! fa9tness7#bcc78 ,mem4 ,to enquire t\*+ ! squ>+ ( ! circle1 c4 ,t w* seems smoo? r\nd to ! t\* may to sight seem q o!rwise4 ,h5ce no necess>y connexion betwixt visible ideas & tangible ones4 ,9 geometry x is n prov'd t an in* is divisible ad inf9itum4 ,geometry n conv]sant ab\t our compleat det]m9$ ideas ( figures1 = ^! are n divisible ad inf9itum4 ,p>ticul> circles may be squ>'d1 = ! circumf]5ce be+ giv5 a diamet] may be f\nd betwixt w* ! true !re is n any p]ceivable diff]5ce4 ,!re=e !re is no diff]5ce--ext5sion be+ a p]ception2 a p]ception n p]ceivd is contradiction1 nons5se1 no?+4 ,9 va9 to all$ge ! diff]5ce may be se5 by magnify+-glasses1 = 9 yt case !re is 7'tis true7 a diff]5ce p]ceiv'd1 b n betwe5 ! same ideas1 b o!rs mu* great]1 entirely diff]5t !refrom7#bcd74 ,any visible circle possibly p]ceivable ( any man may be squ>'d1 by ! common way1 mo/ accurately2 or ev5 p]ceivable by any o!r be+1 see he nev] s acute1 i4e4 nev] s small an ar* ( a circle2 ?is be+ wt makes ! di/9ction betwe5 acute dull sight1 & n ! m4v41 z m5 are p]haps apt to ?9k4 ,! same is true ( any tangible circle4 ,!re=e fur!r enquiry ( accuracy 9 squ>+ or o!r curves is p]fectly ne$less1 "t ?r[n away4 ,mem4 ,to press wt la/ prec$es m homely1 s ?9k on't aga94 ,a me] l9e or di/ance is n made up ( po9ts1 does n exi/1 _c be imag9'd1 or h an idea fram$ !re(1--no m ?an me] col\r )\t ext5sion7#bce74 ,mem4 ,a great diff]5ce betwe5 consid]+ l5g? w?\t bread?1 hav+ an idea (1 or imag9+1 l5g? )\t bread?7#bcf74 ,malbran* out t\*+ ! cry/all9es dim9i%+1 ,l4 #a4 c4 #f4 ',tis possible 7 p]haps n v improbable1 t is1 is sometimes s7 we may h ! greate/ pictures f ! lea/ objects4 ,!re=e no necess>y connexion betwixt visible tangible ideas4 ,^! ideas1 viz4 great relation to sphra visualis1 or to ! m4 v4 7w* is all t ,i w\ld h meant by hav+ a great] picture7 fa9tness1 might possibly h /ood = or signify'd small tangible ext5sions4 ,c]ta9ly ! great] relation to s4 v4 & m4 v4 does frequ5tly1 9 t m5 view little objects ne> ! eye4 ,malbran* out 9 ass]t+ we _c possibly "k :e!r !re are #b m5 9 ! _w t see a ?+ ( ! same bigness4 ,v4 ,l4 #a4 c4 #f4 ,diagonal ( p>ticul> squ>e comm5surable w? its side1 !y bo? conta9+ a c]ta9 numb] ( m4 v4 ,i d n ?9k t surfaces consi/ ( l9es1 i4e4 me] di/ances4 ,h5ce p]haps may be solid t sophism w* w\ld prove ! oblique l9e equal to ! p]p5dicul> betwe5 #b p>allels4 ,suppose an in* repres5t a mile4 #a_/ajjj ( an in* is no?+1 b #a_/ajjj ( ye mile repres5t$ is some?+3 !re=e #a_/ajjj an in*1 ?o' no?+1 is n to be neglect$1 because x repres5ts some?+1 i4e4 #a_/ajjj ( a mile4 ,p>ticul> det]m9'd l9es are n divisible ad inf9itum1 b l9es z u'd by geomet]s are s1 !y n be+ det]m9'd to any p>ticul> f9ite numb] ( po9ts4 ,yet a geomet] 7he kn[s n :y7 w v readily say he c demon/rate an in* l9e is divisible ad inf9itum4 ,a body mov+ 9 ! optique axis n p]ceiv'd to move by sight m]ely1 & )\t exp]i5ce4 ,!re is 7'tis true7 a successive *ange ( ideas1--x seems less & less4 ,b1 besides ?is1 !re is no visible *ange ( place4 ,mem4 ,to enquire mo/ dilig5tly conc]n+ ! incomm5surability ( diagonale side--:e!r x does n g on ! supposition ( units be+ divisible ad inf9itum1 i4e4 ( ! ext5d$ ?+ spok5 ( be+ divisible ad inf9itum 7unit be+ no?+2 also v4 ,b>r[1 ,lect4 ,geom471 s ! inf9ite indivisibility d$uc$ !refrom is a petitio pr9cipii8 ,! diagonal is comm5surable ) ! side4 7,m#cib7 ,f ,malbran*1 ,locke1 my fir/ argu+s x c't be prov'd t ext5sion is n 9 matt]4 ,f ,locke's argu+s x c't be prov$ t col\rs are n 9 bodies4 ,mem4 ,t ,i 0 di/ru/ful at #h ye>s old2 & consequ5tly by nature dispos$ = ^! new doctr9es7#bcg74 ,qu4 ,h[ c a l9e consi/+ ( an unequal numb] ( po9ts be divisible ad inf9itum 9 two equals8 ,mem4 ,to discuss copi\sly h[ :y we d n see ! pictures4 7,m#cic7 ,all[+ ext5sions to exi/ 9 matt]1 we _c "k ev5 _! proportions--contr>y to ,malbran*4 7,m#cid7 ,i wond] h[ m5 _c see a tru? s obvi\s1 z t ext5sion _c exi/ )\t a ?9k+ sub/ance4 7,m#cie7 ,species ( all s5sible ?+s made by ! m9d4 ,?is prov'd ei!r by turn+ m5's eyes into magnify]s or dim9i%]s4 ,yr m4 v4 is1 suppose1 less ?an m9e4 ,let a #crd p]son h p]fect ideas ( bo? our m4 vs4 ,8 idea ( my m4 v4 conta9s 8 idea ( y\rs1 some:at m4 ,!re=e 'tis made up ( p>ts3 !re=e 8 idea ( my m4 v4 is n p]fect or j1 :i* div]ts ! hypo!sis4 ,qu4 ,:e!r a m4 v4 or t4 be ext5d$8 ,mem4 ,! /range err\rs m5 run into ab\t ! pictures4 ,we ?9k !m small because %\ld a man be suppos'd to see !m _! pictures w\ld take up b little room 9 ! fund ( 8 eye4 ,x seems all l9es c't be bisect$ 9 #b equall p>ts4 ,mem4 ,to exam9e h[ ! geomet]s prove ! contr>y4 ',tis impossible !re %\ld be a m4 v4 less ?an m9e4 ,if !re be1 m9e may become equal to x 7because !y are homog5e\s7 by detraction ( "s "p or p>ts4 ,b x consi/s n ( p>ts1 ergo c4 ,suppose inv]t+ p]spectives b\nd to ye eyes ( a *ild1 cont9u'd to ! ye>s ( manhood--:5 he looks up1 or turns up 8 head1 he %all behold wt we call "u4 ,qu4 ,:at w\ld he ?9k ( up & d[n7#bch78 7,m#cif7 ,i wond] n at my sagacity 9 discov]+ ! obvi\s ?o' amaz+ tru?4 ,i r wond] at my /upid inadv]t5cy 9 n f9d+ x out be=e--'tis no wit*craft to see4 7,m#cig7 ,our simple ideas are s _m simple ?\ghts or p]ceptions2 a p]ception _c exi/ )\t a ?+ to p]ceive x1 or any long] ?an x is p]ceiv'd2 a ?\ght _c be 9 an un?9k+ ?+2 "o uni=m simple ?\ght c be l to no?+ b ano!r uni=m simple ?\ght4 ,complex ?\ghts or ideas are onely an assemblage ( simple ideas1 & c be ! image ( no?+1 or l unto no?+1 b ano!r assemblage ( simple ideas1 c4 7,m#cih7 ,! ,c>tesian op9ion ( light col\rs c4 is or?odox en\gh ev5 9 _! eyes :o ?9k ! ,scripture expression may fav\r ! common op9ion4 ,:y may n m9e also8 ,b !re is no?+ 9 ,scripture t c possibly be wre/$ to make aga9/ me1 b1 p]haps1 _m ?+s = me4 7,m#cii7 ,bodies c4 d exi/ :e!r we ?9k ( 'em or no1 !y be+ tak5 9 a tw(old s5se-- #a4 ,collections ( ?\ghts4 #b4 ,collections ( p[]s to cause ^? ?\ghts4 ,^! lat] exi/2 ?o' p]haps a p>te rei x may be "o simple p]fect p[]4 ,qu4 :e!r ! ext5sion ( a pla91 look'd at /raight & slant+ly1 survey'd m9utely di/9ctly1 or 9 ! bulk & confus$ly at once1 be ! same8 ,n4 ,b4 ,! pla9 is suppos'd to keep ! same di/ance4 ,! ideas we h by a successive1 curi\s inspection ( ye m9ute p>ts ( a pla9 d n seem to make up ! ext5sion ( t pla9 view'd consid]'d all toge!r4 ,ignorance 9 "s sort requisite 9 ye p]son t %\ld dis[n ! ,pr9ciple4 ,?\ghts d mo/ prop]ly signify1 or are mo/ly tak5 = ! int]ior op]ations ( ! m9d1 :]e9 ! m9d is active4 ,^? yt obey n ! acts ( volition1 & 9 w* ! m9d is passive1 are m prop]ly call'd s5sations or p]ceptions4 ,b yt is all a case ( words4 ,ext5sion be+ ! collection or di/9ct co-exi/5ce ( m9imums1 i4e4 ( p]ceptions intromitt$ by sight or t\*1 x _c be conceiv'd )\t a p]ceiv+ sub/ance4 7,m#djj7 ,malbran* does n prove t ! figures ext5sions exi/ n :5 !y are n p]ceiv'd4 ,consequ5tly he does n prove1 nor c x be prov'd on 8 pr9ciples1 t ! sorts are ! "w ( ! m9d1 & onely 9 ! m9d4 7,m#dja7 ,! great argum5t to prove t ext5sion _c be 9 an un?9k+ sub/ance is1 t x _c be conceiv'd di/9ct f or )\t all tangible or visible quality4 7,m#djb7 ,?o' matt] be ext5d$ w? an indef9ite ext5sion1 yet ! m9d makes ! sorts4 ,!y 7 n be=e ! m9d p]ceiv+ !m1 ev5 n[ !y are n )\t ! m9d4 ,h\ses1 trees1 c41 ?o' indef9itely ext5d$ matt] d exi/1 are n )\t ! m9d4 7,m#djc7 ,! great dang] ( mak+ ext5sion exi/ )\t ! m9d is1 t if x does x mu/ be ackn[l$g'd inf9ite1 immutable1 et]nal1 c42--w* w be to make ei!r ,god ext5d$ 7w* ,i ?9k dang]\s71 or an et]nal1 immutable1 inf9ite1 increate ,be+ beside ,god4 7,m#djd7 ,f9it5ess ( our m9ds no excuse = ! geomet]s4 7,m#dje7 ,! ,pr9ciple easily prov$ by pl5ty ( argum5ts ad absurdum4 ,! tw(old signification ( ,bodies1 viz4 #a4 ,comb9ations ( ?\ghts7#bci72 #b4 ,comb9ations ( p[]s to raise ?\ghts4 ,^!1 ,i say1 9 conjunction ) homog5e\s p>ticles1 may solve mu* bett] ! objections f ! creation ?an ! supposition t ,matt] does exi/4 ,^u w* supposition ,i ?9k !y _c be solv'd4 ,bodies tak5 = p[]s d exi/ wn n p]ceiv'd2 b ?is exi/5ce is n actual7#bdj74 ,wn ,i say a p[] exi/s1 no m is meant ?an t if 9 ! light ,i op5 my eyes1 & look t way1 ,i %all see x1 i4e4 ! body1 c4 ,qu4 :e!r bl9d be=e sight may n h an idea ( light & col\rs visible ext5sion1 aft] ! same mann] z we p]ceive !m w? eyes %ut1 or 9 ! d>k--n imag9+1 b see+ aft] a sort8 ,visible ext5sion _c be conceiv'd add$ to tangible ext5sion4 ,visible & tangible po9ts c't make "o sum4 ,!re=e ^! ext5sions are het]og5e\s4 ,a probable me?od propos'd :]eby "o may judge :e!r 9 ne> vision !re is a great] di/ance betwe5 ! cry/all9e fund ?an usual1 or :e!r ! cry/all9e be onely r5d]'d m convex4 ,if ! =m]1 !n ! v4 s4 is enl>g'd1 ! m4 v4 corresponds to less ?an #cj m9utes1 or wtev] x u'd to correspond to4 ,/at$ measures1 in*es1 feet1 c41 are tangible n visible ext5sions4 7,m#djf7 ,locke1 ,m1 ,raphson1 c4 seem to make ,god ext5d$4 ',tis nev]!less ( great use to religion to take ext5sion out ( our idea ( ,god1 put a p[] 9 its place4 ,x seems dang]\s to suppose ext5sion1 w* is manife/ly in]t1 9 ,god4 7,m#djg7 ,b1 say y1 ,! ?\ght or p]ception ,i call ext5sion is n itself 9 an un?9k+ ?+ or ,matt]--b x is l some?+ w* is 9 ,matt]4 ,well1 say ,i1 ,d y appreh5d or conceive wt y say ext5sion is l unto1 or d y n8 ,if ! lat]1 h[ "k y !y are alike8 ,h[ c y comp>e any ?+s besides y\r own ideas8 ,if ! =m]1 x mu/ be an idea1 i4e4 p]ception1 ?\ght1 or s5sation--w* to be 9 an unp]ceiv+ ?+ is a contradiction7#bda74 7,m#djh7 ,i ab/a9 f all fl\ri% p[]s ( words figures1 us+ a great pla9ness simplicity ( simile1 hav+ (t f\nd x difficult to und]/& ^? t use ! l(ty ,platonic1 or subtil s*ola/ique /ra97#bdb74 7,m#dji7 ,:atsoev] has any ( our ideas 9 x mu/ p]ceive2 x be+ t v hav+1 t passive recognition ( ideas1 t d5om9ates ! m9d p]ceiv+--t be+ ! v ess5ce ( p]ception1 or t :]e9 p]ception consi/s4 ,! fa9tness w* alt]s ! appe>ance ( ! horizontal moon1 r proce$s f ! quantity or grossness ( ! int]m$iate atmosph]e1 ?an f any *ange ( di/ance1 w* is p]haps n consid]able en\gh to be a total cause1 b may be a p>tial ( ! ph5om5on4 ,n4 ,b4 ,! visual angle is less 9 cause ! horizon4 ,we judge ( ! di/ance ( bodies1 z by o!r ?+s1 s also by ! situation ( _! pictures 9 ! eye1 or 7w* is ! same ?+7 accord+ z !y appe> high] or l[]4 ,^? w* seem high] are f>!r (f4 ,qu4 :y we see objects great] 9 ye d>k8 :e!r ?is c be solv'd by any b my ,pr9ciples8 7,m#daj7 ,! rev]se ( ye ,pr9ciple introduc$ scepticism4 7,m#daa7 ,n4 ,b4 ,on my ,pr9ciples !re is a reality3 !re are ?+s3 !re is a r]um natura4 ,mem4 ,! surds1 d\bl+ ! cube1 c4 ,we ?9k t if j made to see we %\ld judge ( ! di/ance magnitude ( ?+s z we d n[2 b ?is is false4 ,s also wt we ?9k s positively ( ! situation ( objects4 ,hays's1 ,keill's7#bdc71 c4 me?od ( prov+ ! inf9itesimals ( ! #c;d ord] absurd1 p]fectly contradictions4 ,angles ( contact1 v]ily all angles compreh5d$ by a "r l9e a curve1 _c be measur'd1 ! ar*es int]cept$ n be+ simil>4 ,! dang] ( exp\nd+ ! ,h4 ,tr9ity by ext5sion4 7,m#dab7 ,qu4 ,:y %\ld ! magnitude se5 at a ne> di/ance be deem'd ! true "o r ?an t se5 at a f>!r di/ance8 ,:y %\ld ! sun be ?\ght _m #ajjj miles r ?an "o foot 9 diamet]--bo? be+ equally app>5t diamet]s8 ,c]ta9ly m5 judg'd ( ! sun n 9 himself1 b w? relation to !mselves4 7,m#dac7 #d ,pr9ciples :]eby to answ] objections1 viz4 #a4 ,bodies d really exi/1 ?o' n p]ceiv'd by u4 #b4 ,!re is a law or c\rse ( nature4 #c4 ,language k are all ab\t ideas2 words /& = no?+ else4 #d4 ,no?+ c be a pro( aga9/ "o side ( a contradiction t be>s equally h>d ^u ! o!r7#bdd74 ,:at %all ,i say8 ,d>e ,i pron\nce ! admir$ ma!matica1 t d>l+ ( ! age1 a trifle8 ,mo/ c]ta9ly no f9ite ext5sion divisible ad inf9itum4 7,m#dad7 ,difficulties ab\t conc5tric circles4 7,m#dae7 ,mem4 ,to exam9e accurately discuss ! s*olium ( ! #h? def9ition ( ,mr4 ,newton's7#bde7 ,pr9cipia4 ,ridicul\s 9 ! ma!maticians to despise ,s5se4 ,qu4 ,is x n impossible !re %\ld be ab/ract g5]al ideas8 ,all ideas come f )\t4 ,!y are all p>ticul>4 ,! m9d1 'tis true1 c consid] "o ?+ w?\t ano!r2 b !n1 consid]$ asund]1 !y make n #b ideas4 ,bo? toge!r c make b "o1 z = in/ance col\r visible ext5sion7#bdf74 ,! end ( a ma!matical l9e is no?+4 ,locke's argum5t t ! end ( 8 p5 is black or :ite concludes no?+ "h4 ,mem4 ,take c>e h[ y pret5d to def9e ext5sion1 = fe> ( ! geomet]s4 ,qu4 ,:y difficult to imag9e a m9imum8 ,ans4 ,because we are n us$ to take notice ( 'em s+ly2 !y n be+ able s+ly to pleasure or hurt u1 !reby to des]ve our reg>d4 ,mem4 ,to prove aga9/ ,keill yt ! inf9ite divisibility ( matt] makes ! half h an equal numb] ( equal p>ts ) ! :ole4 ,mem4 ,to exam9e h[ f> ! n compreh5d+ inf9ites may be admitt$ z a plea4 ,qu4 ,:y may n ! ma!maticians reject all ! ext5sions bel[ ! ,m4 z well z ! dd1 c41 w* are all[$ to be some?+1 consequ5tly may be magnify'd by glasses into in*es1 feet1 c41 z well z ! quantities next bel[ ! ,m48 ,big1 little1 & numb] are ! works ( ! m9d4 ,h[ !re=e c ye ext5sion y suppose 9 ,matt] be big or little8 ,h[ c x consi/ ( any numb] ( po9ts8 7,m#daf7 ,mem4 ,/rictly to rem>k ,locke1 b4 #b4 c4 #h4 s4 #h4 ,s*oolm5 comp>'d ) ! ma!maticians4 ,ext5sion is bl5d$ w? tangible or visible ideas1 by ! m9d prsc9d$ !refrom4 ,ma!matiques made easy--! scale does almo/ all4 ,! scale c tell u ! subtang5t 9 ye p>abola is d\ble ! abscisse4 ,wt ne$ ( ! utmo/ accuracy wn ! ma!maticians own 9 r]um natura !y _c f9d any?+ correspond+ w? _! nice ideas4 ,"o %\ld endeav\r to f9d a progression by try+ w? ! scale4 ,newton's fluxions ne$less4 ,any?+ bel[ an ,m might s]ve = ,leibnitz's ,diff]5tial ,calculus4 ,h[ c !y hang toge!r s well1 s9ce !re are 9 !m 7,i mean ! ma!matiques7 s _m contradictori arguti4 ,v4 ,b>r[1 ,lect4 ,a man may read a book ( ,conics ) ease1 kn[+ h[ to try if !y are "r4 ,he may take 'em on ! cr$it ( ! au?or4 ,:]e's ! ne$ ( c]ta9ty 9 su* trifles8 ,! ?+ t makes x s mu* e/eem'd 9 !m is t we are ?\ght n capable ( gett+ x else:]e4 ,b we may 9 e?iques & metaphysiques4 ,! n lead+ m5 into mi/akes no argum5t = ! tru? ( ! inf9itesimals4 ,!y be+ no?+s may p]haps d nei!r good nor h>m1 except wn !y are tak5 = some?+1 !n ! contradiction begets a contradiction4 a #ejj no?+s a #ej no?+s--an innoc5t silly tru?4 7,m#dag7 ,my doctr9e excell5tly corresponds w? ! creation4 ,i suppose no matt]1 no />s1 sun1 c4 to h exi/$ be=e7#bdg74 ,x seems all circles are n simil> figures1 !re n be+ ! same proportion betwixt all circumf]5ces _! diamet]s4 ,:5 a small l9e ^u pap] repres5ts a mile1 ! ma!maticians d n calculate ! #a_/ajjjj ( ! pap] l9e1 !y calculate ! #a_/ajjjj ( ! mile4 ',tis to ?is !y h reg>d1 'tis ( ?is !y ?9k2 if !y ?9k or h any idea at all4 ,! in* p]haps might repres5t to _! imag9ations ! mile1 b ye #a_/ajjjj ( ! in* _c be made to repres5t any?+1 x n be+ imag9able4 ,b ! #a_/ajjjj ( a mile be+ some:at1 !y ?9k ! #a_/ajjjj in* is some:at3 wn !y ?9k ( yt !y imag9e !y ?9k on ?is4 #c faults occur 9 ! argum5ts ( ! ma!maticians = divisibility ad inf9itum-- #a4 ,!y suppose ext5sion to exi/ )\t ! m9d1 or n p]ceiv$4 #b4 ,!y suppose t we h an idea ( l5g? )\t bread?7#bdh71 or t l5g? )\t bread? does exi/4 #c4 ,t unity is divisible ad inf9itum4 ,to suppose a ,m4 ,s4 divisible is to say !re are di/+ui%able ideas :]e !re are no di/+ui%able ideas4 ,! ,m4 ,s4 is n ne> s inconceivable z ! signum 9 magnitud9e individuum4 ,mem4 ,to exam9e ! ma?1 ab\t _! po9t--:at x is--some?+ or no?+2 & h[ x diff]s f ! ,m4 ,s4 ,all might be demon/rat$ by a new me?od ( indivisibles1 easi] p]haps & ju/] ?an t ( ,cavali]ius7#bdi74 7,m#dah7 ,unp]ceivable p]ception a contradiction4 7,m#dai7 ,proprietates reales r]um omnium 9 ,deo1 tam corporum quum spirituum cont95tur4 ,cl]ici1 ,log4 cap4 #h4 ,let my adv]s>ies answ] any "o ( m9e1 ,i'll yield4 ,if ,i don't answ] e "o ( !irs1 ,i'll yield4 ,! loss ( ! excuse7#bej7 may hurt ,transub/antiation1 b n ! ,tr9ity4 ,we ne$ n /ra9 our imag9ations to conceive su* little ?+s4 ,bigg] may d z well = inf9itesimals1 s9ce ! integ] mu/ be an inf9ite4 ,evid5t yt w* has an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts mu/ be inf9ite4 ,qu4 ,:e!r ext5sion be resoluble into po9ts x does n consi/ (8 ,nor c x be object$ t we reason ab\t numb]s1 w* are only words n ideas7#bea72 = ^! inf9itesimals are words ( no use1 if n suppos$ to /& = ideas4 ,axiom4 ,no reason+ ab\t ?+s :]e( we h no idea4 ,!re=e no reason+ ab\t inf9itesimals4 ,mu* less inf9itesimals ( inf9itesimals1 c4 ,axiom4 ,no ^w to be us$ )\t an idea4 7,m#dbj7 ,our eyes & s5ses in=m u n ( ! exi/5ce ( matt] or ideas exi/+ )\t ! m9d7#beb74 ,!y are n to be blam'd = ! mi/ake4 ,i defy any man to assign a "r l9e equal to a p>aboloid1 b wn look'd at ?ro' a microscope !y may appe> unequall4 7,m#dba7 ,newton's h>angue am\nts to no m ?an t gravity is proportional to gravity4 ,"o c't imag9e an ext5d$ ?+ )\t col\r4 ,v4 ,b>r[1 ,l4 ,g4 7,m#dbb7 ,m5 all[ col\rs1 s\nds1 c47#bec7 n to exi/ )\t ! m9d1 ?o' !y h no demon/ration !y d n4 ,:y may !y n all[ my ,pr9ciple ) a demon/ration8 7,m#dbc7 ,qu4 ,:e!r ,i _h n bett] all[ col\rs to exi/ )\t ! m9d2 tak+ ! m9d = ! active ?+ w* ,i call 8,i10 8myself0--yt seems to be di/9ct f ! und]/&+7#bed78 7,m#dbd7 ,! tak+ ext5sion to be di/9ct f all o!r tangible visible qualities1 to make an idea by itself1 has made m5 take x to be )\t ! m9d4 ,i see no wit 9 any ( !m b ,newton4 ,! re/ are me] trifl]s1 m]e ,nihil>ians4 ,! folly ( ! ma!maticians 9 n judg+ ( s5sations by _! s5ses4 ,reason 0 giv5 u = nobl] uses4 7,m#dbe7 ,keill's fill+ ! _w ) a mite7#bee74 ,?is foll[s f ! divisibility ( ext5sion ad inf9itum4 ,ext5sion1 or l5g? )\t bread?1 seems to be no?+ save ! numb] ( po9ts t lie betwixt any #b po9ts7#bef74 ,x seems to consi/ 9 me] proportion--me] ref]5ce ( ! m9d4 ,to :at purpose is x to det]m9e ! =ms ( glasses geometrically8 ,sir ,isaac7#beg7 owns 8 book c\ld h be5 demon/rat$ on ! supposition ( indivisibles4 7,m#dbf7 ,innum]able vessels ( matt]4 ,v4 ,*eyne4 ,i'll n admire ! ma!maticians4 ',tis wt any "o ( common s5se might atta9 to by repeat$ acts4 ,i prove x by exp]i5ce4 ,i am b "o ( human s5se1 & ,i c4 ,ma!maticians h "s ( !m good p>ts--! m is ! pity4 ,_h !y n be5 ma!maticians !y _h be5 good = no?+4 ,!y 7 su* fools !y knew n h[ to employ _! p>ts4 ,! ma!maticians c\ld n s mu* z tell :]e9 tru? c]ta9ty consi/$1 till ,locke told 'em7#beh74 ,i see ! be/ ( 'em talk ( light & col\rs z if w?\t ! m9d4 ,by ?+ ,i ei!r mean ideas or t w* has ideas7#bei74 ,nullum prcl>um +5ium unquam fuit magnus ma!maticus4 ,scalig]7#bfj74 ,a great g5ius _c /oop to su* trifles m9ut5esses z !y consid]4 #a4 7#bfa7;,all significant words /& = ideas7#bfb74 #b4 ,all k ab\t our ideas4 #c4 ,all ideas come f )\t or f )94 #d4 ,if f )\t x mu/ be by ! s5ses1 !y are call'd s5sations7#bfc74 #e4 ,if f )9 !y are ! op]ations ( ! m9d1 are call$ ?\ghts4 #f4 ,no s5sation c be 9 a s5seless ?+4 #g4 ,no ?\ght c be 9 a ?\ghtless ?+4 #h4 ,all our ideas are ei!r s5sations or ?\ghts7#bfd71 by #c1 #d1 #e4 #i4 ,none ( our ideas c be 9 a ?+ w* is bo? ?\ghtless s5seless7#bfe71 by #f1 #g1 #h4 #aj4 ,! b>e passive recognition or hav+ ( ideas is call$ p]ception4 #aa4 ,:atev] has 9 x an idea1 ?o' x be nev] s passive1 ?o' x ex]t no mann] ( act ab\t x1 yet x mu/ p]ceive4 #aj4 #ab4 ,all ideas ei!r are simple ideas1 or made up ( simple ideas4 #ac4 ,t ?+ w* is l unto ano!r ?+ mu/ agree w? x 9 "o or m simple ideas4 #ad4 ,:atev] is l a simple idea mu/ ei!r be ano!r simple idea ( ! same sort1 or conta9 a simple idea ( ! same sort4 #ac4 #ae4 ,no?+ l an idea c be 9 an unp]ceiv+ ?+4 #aa1 #ad4 ,ano!r demon/ration ( ! same ?+4 #af4 ,two ?+s _c be said to be alike or unlike till !y h be5 comp>'d4 #ag4 ,comp>+ is ! view+ two ideas toge!r1 m>k+ wt !y agree 9 & wt !y disagree 94 #ah4 ,! m9d c comp>e no?+ b its own ideas4 #ag4 #ai4 ,no?+ l an idea c be 9 an unp]ceiv+ ?+4 #aa1 #af1 #ah4 ,n4 ,b4 ,o!r argum5ts innum]able1 bo? a priori a po/]iori1 drawn f all ! sci5ces1 f ! cle>e/1 pla9e/1 mo/ obvi\s tru?s1 :]eby to demon/rate ! ,pr9ciple1 i4e4 t nei!r our ideas1 nor any?+ l our ideas1 c possibly be 9 an unp]ceiv+ ?+7#bff74 ,n4 ,b4 ,n "o argum5t ( any k9d wtsoev]1 c]ta9 or probable1 a priori or a po/]iori1 f any art or sci5ce1 f ei!r s5se or reason1 aga9/ x4 ,ma!maticians h no "r idea ( angles4 ,h5ce angles ( contact wrongly apply'd to prove ext5sion divisible ad inf9itum4 ,we h got ! ,algebra ( pure intellig5ces4 ,we c prove ,newton's propositions m accurately1 m easily1 ^u tru] pr9ciples ?an himself7#bfg74 ,b>r[ owns ! d[nfall ( geometry4 ,h[ev] ,i'll endeav\r to rescue x--s f> z x is useful1 or real1 or imag9able1 or intelligible4 ,b = ! no?+s1 ,i'll leave !m to _! admir]s4 ,i'll tea* any "o ! :ole c\rse ( ma!matiques 9 #a_/ajj "p ! "t t ano!r w4 ,mu* bant] got f ! prefaces ( ! ma!maticians4 7,m#dbg7 ,newton says col\r is 9 ! subtil matt]4 ,h5ce ,malbran* proves no?+1 or is mi/ak51 9 ass]t+ !re is onely figure motion4 ,i c squ>e ! circle1 c42 !y _c4 ,w* goes on ! be/ pr9ciples8 ,! ,billys7#bfh7 use a f9ite visible l9e = an #a_/m4 7,m#dbh7 ,m>silius ,fic9us--8 appe>+ ! mom5t he di$ solv'd by my idea ( "t7#bfi74 7,m#dbi7 ,! philosoph]s lose _! ab/ract or unp]ceiv$ ,matt]4 ,! ma!maticians lose _! ins5sible s5sations4 ,! pr(ane lose _! ext5d$ ,deity4 ,pray wt d ! re/ ( mank9d lose8 ,z = bodies1 c41 we h !m /ill7#bgj74 ,n4 ,b4 ,! future nat4 philosoph4 ma!m4 get va/ly by ! b>ga97#bga74 7,m#dcj7 ,!re are m5 :o say !re are ins5sible ext5sions4 ,!re are o!rs :o say ! wall is n :ite1 ! fire is n hot1 c4 ,we ,iri%m5 _c atta9 to ^! tru?s4 ,! ma!maticians ?9k !re are ins5sible l9es4 ,ab\t ^! !y h>angue3 ^! cut 9 a po9t at all angles3 ^! are divisible ad inf9itum4 ,we ,iri%m5 c conceive no su* l9es4 ,! ma!maticians talk ( wt !y call a po9t4 ,?is1 !y say1 is n altoge!r no?+1 nor is x d[nright some?+4 ,n[ we ,iri%m5 are apt to ?9k some?+7#bgb7 no?+ are next neighb\rs4 ,engagem5ts to ,p47#bgc7 on acc\nt ( ye ,treatise t grew up "u 8 eye2 on acc\nt also ( 8 approv+ my h>angue4 ,glori\s = ,p4 to be ! protector ( usefull ?o' newly discov]'d tru?s4 ,h[ c\ld ,i v5ture ?\ghts into ! _w be=e ,i knew !y w\ld be ( use to ! _w8 & h[ c\ld ,i "k t till ,i _h try'd h[ !y suit$ o!r m5's ideas8 ,i publi% n ?is s mu* = any?+ else z to "k :e!r o!r m5 h ! same ideas z we ,iri%m54 ,?is is my end1 n to be in=m'd z to my own p>ticul>4 ,my speculations h ! same effect z visit+ =eign c\ntries3 9 ! end ,i return :]e ,i 0 be=e1 b my he>t at ease1 & enjoy+ life ) new satisfaction4 ,pass+ ?r\gh all ! sci5ces1 ?\gh false = ! mo/ "p1 yet x gives u ! bett] insight & great] k ( ! tru?4 ,he t w\ld br+ ano!r ov] to 8 op9ion1 mu/ seem to h>monize ) him at fir/1 & hum\r him 9 8 own way ( talk+7#bgd74 ,f my *ildhood ,i _h an unacc\ntable turn ( ?\ght t way4 ,x do? n argue a dw>f to h great] /r5g? ?an a giant1 because he c ?r[ (f ! molehill :i* is ^u him1 :ile ! o!r /ruggles b5ea? a m\nta94 ,! :ole direct$ to practise & morality--z appe>s #a/1 f mak+ manife/ ! ne>ness & omnipres5ce ( ,god2 #b;dly1 f cutt+ (f ! useless lab\r ( sci5ces1 & s =?4 ,,an ,,essay ,,t[>ds ,a ,,new ,,!ory ,,( ,,vision ,fir/ publi%$ 9 #agji ,editor's ,preface ,to ,! ,essay ,t[>ds ,a ,new ,!ory ,( ,vision ,b]keley's ,essay t[>ds a ,new ,!ory ( ,vision 0 meant to prep>e ! way = ! exposition & def5ce ( ! new !ory ( ! mat]ial _w1 its natural ord]1 & its relation to ,_s1 t is conta9$ 9 8 book ( ,pr9ciples & 9 ! relative ,dialogues1 :i* spe$ily foll[$4 ,! ,essay 0 ! fir/fruits ( 8 e>ly philosophical /udies at ,dubl94 ,x 0 also ! fir/ attempt to %[ t our app>5tly imm$iate ,vision ( ,space & ( bodies ext5d$ 9 ?ree-dim5sion$ space1 is ei!r tacit or consci\s inf]5ce1 occasion$ by con/ant association ( ! ph5om5a ( :i* alone we are visually p]cipi5t ) assum$ realities ( our tactual & locomotive exp]i5ce4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! ,essay appe>$ e>ly 9 #agji1 :5 its au?or 0 ab\t tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( age4 ,a second edition1 ) a few v]bal *anges & an ,app5dix1 foll[$ be=e ! end ( t ye>4 ,bo? 7 issu$ 9 ,dubl91 8pr9t$ by ,a>on ,rhames1 at ! back ( ,dick's ,c(feeh\se1 = ,j]emy ,pepyat1 booksell] 9 ,sk9n] ,r[40 ,9 ,m>*1 #agcb1 a ?ird edition1 )\t ! ,app5dix1 0 annex$ to ,alciphron1 on acc\nt ( its relation to ! ,f\r? ,dialogue 9 t book4 ,?is 0 ! au?or's la/ revision4 ,9 ! pres5t edition ! text ( ?is la/ edition is adopt$1 aft] collation ) ^? prec$+4 ,! ,app5dix has be5 re/or$1 & also ! ,d$ication to ,sir ,john ,p]cival1 :i* appe>$ only 9 ! fir/ edition4 ,a due appreciation ( ,b]keley's !ory ( see+1 & 8 conception ( ! visible _w1 involves a /udy1 n m]ely ( ?is t5tative juv5ile ,essay1 b also ( its full] developm5t & application 9 8 m matur$ works4 ,?is has be5 commonly =gott5 by 8 critics4 ,v>i\s circum/ances contribute to p]plex & ev5 repel ! read] ( ! ,essay1 mak+ x less fit to be an easy av5ue ( approa* to ,b]keley's ,pr9ciples4 ,its occasion & design1 & its connexion ) 8 spiritual conception ( ! mat]ial _w1 are sugge/$ 9 ,sections #dc & #dd ( ! ,pr9ciples4 ,^? sections are a key to ! ,essay4 ,!y in=m u t 9 ! ,essay ! au?or int5tionally uses language :i* seems to attribute a reality indep5d5t ( all p]cipi5t _s to ! ideas or ph5om5a pres5t$ 9 ,t\*2 x be+ beside 8 purpose1 he says1 to 8exam9e & refute0 t 8vulg> error0 9 8a "w on ,vision40 ,?is /udi$ retic5ce ( a v]bally p>adoxical conception ( ,matt]1 9 reason+s ab\t vision :i* are fully intelligible only "u t conception1 is "o cause ( a want ( philosophical lucidity 9 ! ,essay4 ,ano!r circum/ance adds to ! emb>rassm5t ( ^? :o approa* ! ,pr9ciples & ! ?ree ,dialogues ?r\gh ! ,essay on ,vision4 ,! ,essay (f]s no exception to ! lax employm5t ( equivocal words famili> 9 ! e>ly lit]ature ( ,engli% philosophy1 b :i* is p>ticul>ly inconv5i5t 9 ! subtle discussions to :i* we are "h introduc$4 ,at ! pres5t day we are p]haps accu/om$ to m precision & uni=mity 9 ! philosophical use ( language2 at any rate we connect o!r mean+s ?an ^? "h int5d$ ) "s ( ! lead+ words4 ,x is en\gh to ref] to su* t]ms z idea1 notion1 s5sation1 p]ception1 t\*1 ext]nality1 di/ance1 & _! conjugates4 ,x is difficult = ! mod]n read] to revive & rememb] ! mean+s :i* ,b]keley int5ds by idea & notion--s significant 9 8 vocabul>y2 & t\* ) him connotes muscul> & locomotive exp]i5ce z well z ! pure s5se ( contact4 ,int]*ange ( ! t]ms outw>d1 outness1 ext]nality1 )\t ! m9d1 & )\t ! eye is confus+1 if we =get t ,b]keley implies t p]cipi5t m9d is virtually coext5sive ) our bodily organism1 s t be+ 8)\t0 or 8at a di/ance f0 our bodies is be+ at a di/ance f ! p]cipi5t m9d4 ,i h tri$ 9 ! annotations to relieve "s ( ^! ambiguities1 ( :i* ,b]keley himself w>ns u 7cf4 sect4 #abj74 ,! ,essay moreov] ab\nds 9 repetitions1 & int]polations ( antiquat$ optics & physiology1 s t its logical /ructure & ev5 its supreme g5]alisation are n easily appreh5d$4 ,i w try to dis5tangle !m4 ,! read] mu/ rememb] t ?is ,essay on ,vision is pr(ess$ly an introspective appeal to human consci\sness4 ,x is an analysis ( :at human be+s are consci\s ( :5 !y see1 ! results be+ "h & !re appli$1 p>tly by way ( v]ification1 to solve "s fam\s optical or physiological puzzle4 ,! aim is to pres5t ! facts1 ! :ole facts1 & no?+ b ! facts ( our int]nal visual exp]i5ce1 z di/+ui%$ f suppos$ facts & empty ab/ractions1 :i* an irregul> ex]cise ( imag9ation1 or abuse ( words1 _h put 9 _! place4 ,! inve/igation1 moreov]1 is n conc]n$ ) ,space 9 its metaphysical inf9ity1 b ) f9ite sections ( ,space & _! relations1 :i* conc]n ! sci5ces1 physical & ma!matical1 & ) real or tangible ,di/ance1 ,magnitude1 & ,place1 9 _! relation to see+4 ,f ! second section onw>ds ! ,essay naturally falls into six ,p>ts1 devot$ successively to ! pro( ( ! six foll[+ !ses reg>d+ ! relation ( ,sight to f9ite spaces & to ?+s ext5d$3-- ,i4 7,sect4 #b-ea47 ,di/ance1 or outness f ! eye 9 ! l9e ( vision1 is n se53 x is only sugge/$ to ! m9d by visible ph5om5a & by s5sations felt 9 ! eye1 all :i* are someh[ its arbitr>ily con/itut$ & non-resembl+ ,signs4 ,,ii4 7,sect4 #eb-hg47 ,magnitude1 or ! am\nt ( space t objects ( s5se occupy1 is really invisible3 we only see a great] or less quantity ( col\r1 & col\r dep5ds ^u p]cipi5t m9d3 our suppos$ visual p]ceptions ( real magnitude are only our own int]pretations ( ! tactual mean+ ( ! col\rs we see1 & ( s5sations felt 9 ! eye1 :i* are its ,signs4 ,,iii4 7,sect4 #hh-abj47 ,situation ( objects ( s5se1 or _! real relation to "o ano!r 9 ambi5t space1 is invisible3 :at we see is v>iety 9 ! relations ( col\rs to "o ano!r3 our suppos$ vision ( real tangible locality is only our int]pretation ( its visual non-resembl+ ,signs4 ,,iv4 7,sect4 #aba-df47 ,!re is no object t is pres5t$ 9 common to ,sight & ,t\*3 space or ext5sion1 :i* has ! be/ claim to be _! common object1 is specifically z well z num]ically diff]5t 9 ,sight & 9 ,t\*4 ,v4 7,sect4 #adg-dh47 ,! explanation ( ! tactual significance ( ! visible & visual ,signs1 ^u :i* human exp]i5ce proce$s1 is (f]$ 9 ! ,!ory t all visible ph5om5a are arbitr>y signs 9 :at is virtually ! ,language ( ,nature1 address$ by ,god to ! s5ses & intellig5ce ( ,man4 ,,vi4 7,sect4 #adi-fj47 ,! true object /udi$ 9 ,geometry is ! k9d ( ,ext5sion giv5 9 ,t\*1 n t giv5 9 ,sight3 real ,ext5sion 9 all its phases is tangible1 n visible3 col\r is ! only imm$iate object ( ,sight1 & col\r be+ m9d-dep5d5t s5sation1 _c be realis$ )\t p]cipi5t m9d4 ,^! conclud+ sections are supplem5t>y to ! ma9 argum5t4 ,! fact t di/ance or outness is invisible is sometimes reg>d$ z ,b]keley's contribution to ! !ory ( see+4 ,x is r ! assumption on :i* ! ,essay proce$s 7sect4 #b74 ,! ,essay does n prove ?is invisibility1 b seeks to %ew h[1 not)/&+1 we le>n to f9d outness ?r\gh see+4 ,t ! relation betwe5 ! visual signs ( outness1 on ! "o h&1 & ! real di/ance :i* !y signify1 on ! o!r1 is 9 all cases arbitr>y1 & discov]$ ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 is ! burd5 ( sect4 #b-dj4 ,! previ\sly recognis$ signs ( 8consid]ably remote0 di/ances1 are m5tion$ 7sect4 #c74 ,b ne> di/ance 0 suppos$ to be inf]r$ by a visual geometry--& to be 8sugge/$10 n signifi$ by arbitr>y signs4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! visual signs :i* sugge/ outness1 ne> & remote1 is ,b]keley's pr(ess$ discov]y reg>d+ vision4 ,an induction ( ! visual signs :i* 8sugge/0 di/ance1 is foll[$ 7sect4 #dc7 by an ass]tion ( ! :olly s5su\s reality ( col\r1 :i* is ackn[l$g$ to be ! only imm$iate object ( sight4 ,h5ce visible ext5sion1 consi/+ 9 col\r1 mu/ be dep5d5t = its realisation ^u s5ti5t or p]cipi5t m9d4 ,x is !n argu$ 7sect4 #dd7 t ?is m9d-dep5d5t visible outness has no resemblance to ! tangible reality 7sect4 #de74 ,?is is ! fir/ passage 9 ! ,essay 9 :i* ,t\* & its data are =mally br\ght into view4 ,tactual or locomotive exp]i5ce1 x is impli$1 is ne$$ to infuse true reality into our conceptions ( di/ance or outness4 ,?is _c be got f see+ any m ?an f he>+1 or ta/+1 or smell+4 ,x is z impossible to see & t\* ! same object z x is to he> & t\* ! same object4 ,visible objects & ocul> s5sations c only be ideal signs ( real ?+s4 ,! sections 9 :i* ,t\* is ?us introduc$ are among ! mo/ important 9 ! ,essay4 ,!y repres5t ! outness giv5 9 he>+ z :olly s5su\s1 ideal1 or m9d-dep5d5t3 !y recognise z m truly real t got by contact & locomotion4 ,b if ?is is all t man c see1 x foll[s t 8 visible _w1 at any rate1 becomes real only 9 & ?r\gh p]cipi5t m9d4 ,! problem ( an ,essay on ,vision is ?us1 to expla9 h[ ! visible _w ( ext5d$ col\r c in=m u ( tangible realities1 :i* x does n 9 ! lea/ resemble1 & ) :i* x has no necess>y connexion4 ,t visible ph5om5a1 or else c]ta9 organic s5sations involv$ 9 see+ 7sect4 #c1 #af1 #ba1 #bg71 gradually sugge/ ! real or tangible outness ) :i* !y are connect$ 9 ! div9ely con/itut$ sy/em ( nature1 is ! explanation :i* n[ beg9s to dawn ^u u4 ,"h an ambiguity 9 ! ,essay appe>s4 ,x concludes t ! visible _w _c be real )\t p]cipi5t realis+ m9d1 i4e4 n o!rwise ?an ideally3 yet ! argum5t seems to take = grant$ t we are p]cipi5t ( a tangible _w t is indep5d5t ( p]cipi5t realis+ m9d4 ,! read] is apt to say t ! tangible _w mu/ be z dep5d5t on p]cipi5t m9d = its reality z ! visible _w is conclud$ to be1 & = ! same reason4 ,?is difficulty 0 soon aft]w>ds enc\nt]$ 9 ! book ( ,pr9ciples1 :]e ! worlds ( sight & t\* are put on ! same level2 & ! possibility ( unp]ceiv$ reality 9 bo? cases is d5i$2 on ! gr\nd t a mat]ial _w _c be realis$ 9 ! total abs5ce ( ,_s--human & div9e4 ,! t]m 8ext]nal0 may /ill be appli$ to tactual & locomotive ph5om5a alone1 if m5 *oose2 b ?is n because ( ! ideal "* ( :at is se51 & ! unideal reality ( :at is t\*$1 b only because tactual p]ceptions are f\nd to be m firm & /eady ?an visual4 ,b]keley pref]r$ 9 ?is way to ins9uate 8 new conception ( ! mat]ial _w by degrees1 at ! risk ( expos+ ?is juv5ile & t5tative ,essay on ,vision to a *>ge ( incoh]5ce4 ,! way 9 :i* visual ideas or ph5om5a 8sugge/0 ! outness or di/ance ( ?+s f ! organ ( sight hav+ be5 ?us expla9$1 9 :at ,i call ! ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,essay1 ! ,second & ,?ird ,p>ts 7sect4 #eb-abj7 argue = ! invisibility ( real ext5sion 9 two o!r relations1 viz4 magnitude & locality or situation4 ,an induction ( ! visual signs ( tangible size & situation is giv5 9 ^? sections4 ,! result is appli$ to solve two problems !n notable 9 optics1 viz4 7#a7 ! reason = ! great] visible size ( ! horizontal moon ?an ( ! moon 9 its m]idian 7sect4 #fg-hg72 & 7#b7 ! fact t objects are plac$ erect 9 vision only on condition t _! images on ! ret9a are inv]t$ 7sect4 #hh-abj74 ,"h ! anti!sis betwe5 ! ideal _w ( col\r$ ext5sion1 & ! real _w ( resi/ant ext5sion is press$ ) vig\r4 ,! 8high0 & 8l[0 ( ! visible _w is n ! 8high0 & 8l[0 ( ! tangible _w 7sect4 #ia-ajf74 ,!re is no resemblance & no necess>y relation1 betwe5 ^? two s-call$ ext5sions2 n ev5 :5 ! numb] ( visible objects happ5 to co9cide ) ! numb] ( tangible objects ( :i* !y are ! visual signs1 e4g4 ! visible & tangible f+]s on ! h&3 = ! born-bl9d1 on fir/ receiv+ sight1 c\ld n p>cel out ! visible ph5om5a 9 correspond5ce ) ! tangible4 ,! next ,"p ( ! ,essay 7sect4 #aba-de7 argues = a specific z well z a num]ical diff]5ce betwe5 ! orig9al data ( sight & ! data ( t\* & locomotion4 ,sight & t\* p]ceive no?+ 9 common4 ,ext5sion 9 its v>i\s relations diff]s 9 sight f ext5sion 9 t\*4 ,col\r$ ext5sion1 :i* alone is visible1 is f\nd to be diff]5t 9 k9d f resi/ant ext5sion1 :i* alone is tangible4 ,& if actually p]ceiv$ or concrete ext5sions diff] ?us1 ! "q is det]m9$4 ,= all ext5sion ) :i* man c be conc]n$ mu/ be concrete 7sect4 #bc74 ,ext5sion 9 ! ab/ract is mean+less 7sect4 #abd-be74 ,:at rema9s is to m>%al ! scatt]$ evid5ce1 & to gu>d ! =ego+ conclusions aga9/ objections4 ,?is is attempt$ 9 sections #abh-df4 ,! enunciation ( ! summ>y g5]alisation1 :i* =ms ! 8,new ,!ory ( ,vision0 7sect4 #adg-h71 may be tak5 z ! ,fif? & culm9at+ ,"p ( ! ,essay4 ,! clos+ sections 7#adi-fj71 z ,i h said1 are supplem5t>y1 & pr(ess to det]m9e ! sort ( ext5sion--visible or tangible--) :i* ,geometry is conc]n$4 ,9 conclud+ t x is tangible1 he tries to picture ! m5tal /ate ( ,idom9ians1 or unbodi$ spirits1 end[$ ) visual p]ceptions only1 & asks :at _! conception ( outness & solid ext5sion mu/ be4 ,"h fur!r ref9em5ts 9 ! int]pretation ( visual p]ception1 & its organic conditions1 :i* h n escap$ ! att5tion ( latt] psy*ologi/s & biologi/s1 are h9t$ at4 ,:e!r ! data ( sight consi/ ( non-resembl+ arbitr>y ,signs ( ! tactual di/ances1 sizes1 & situations ( ?+s1 is a "q :i* "s might pref] to deal ) exp]im5tally--by trial ( ! exp]i5ce ( p]sons 9 circum/ances fitt$ to supply an answ]4 ,( ?is sort w\ld be ! exp]i5ce ( ! born-bl9d1 imm$iately aft] _! sight has be5 re/or$2 ! conception ( ext5sion & its relations f\nd 9 p]sons :o cont9ue f bir? unable to see2 ! exp]i5ce 7if x c\ld be got7 ( p]sons always de/itute ( all tactual & locomotive p]ceptions1 b famili> ) vision2 & ! facts ( see+ obs]v$ 9 infants ( ! human species1 & 9 ! l[] animals4 ,b]keley did n try to v]ify 8 conclusions 9 ?is way4 ,"h & !re 7sect4 #da1 #db1 #gi1 #ib-ii1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #abh1 #acb-cg71 he conjectures :at ! fir/ visual exp]i5ce ( ^? rescu$ f born-bl9dness is likely to be2 he also speculates1 z we h se51 ab\t ! exp]i5ce ( unbodi$ spirits suppos$ to be able to see1 b unable to t\* or move 7sect4 #aec-ei72 & 9 ! ,app5dix he ref]s1 9 confirmation ( 8 ,new ,!ory1 to a report$ case ( "o born bl9d :o _h obta9$ sight4 ,b he =ms 8 ,!ory indep5d5tly ( ^? delicate & difficult inve/igations4 ,8 te/+ facts 7 s\ght introspectively4 ,inde$ ^? physiologi/s & m5tal philosoph]s :o h s9ce tri$ to det]m9e :at vision 9 its purity is1 by cases ei!r ( communicat$ sight or ( cont9u$ born-bl9dness1 h illu/rat$ ! tru? ( ,did]ot's rem>k--8prp>] et int]rog] un aveugle-n n'et po9t t une occupation indigne des tal5s runis de ,newton1 ,des ,c>tes1 ,locke1 et ,leibniz7#bge740 ,b]keley's ,new ,!ory has be5 quot$ z a signal example ( discov]y 9 metaphysics4 ,! subtle analysis :i* di/+ui%es see+ /rictly s call$1 f judgm5ts ab\t ext5d$ ?+s1 sugge/$ by :at we see1 appe>s to h be5 imp]fectly kn[n to ! anci5t philosoph]s4 ,ari/otle1 inde$1 speaks ( col\r z ! only prop] object ( sight2 b1 9 passages ( ! ,de ,anima7#bgf7 :]e he names prop]ties peculi> to p>ticul> s5ses1 he enum]ates o!rs1 su* z motion1 figure1 & magnitude1 :i* belong to all ! s5ses 9 common4 ,8 di/9ction ( ,prop] & ,common ,s5sibles appe>s at fir/ to contradict ,b]keley's doctr9e ( ! het]og5eity ( ! ideal visible & ! real tangible worlds4 ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 seems to "q ! imm$iate p]ceptibility ( ,common ,s5sibles1 & to reg>d !m z realis$ ?r\gh ! activity ( intellig5ce7#bgg74 ,"s writ]s 9 ,optics1 9 m$iaeval times1 & 9 e>ly mod]n philosophy1 advanc$ beyond ,ari/otle1 9 expla9+ ! relation ( our matur$ notion ( di/ance to :at we orig9ally p]ceive 9 see+1 & 9 ! fifte5? c5tury x 0 discov]$ by ,maurolyco t ! rays ( light f ! object conv]ge to a focus 9 ! eye2 b ,i h n be5 able to trace ev5 ! g]m ( ! ,new ,!ory 9 ^! speculations4 ,except+ "s h9ts by ,desc>tes1 ,malebran*e 0 among ! fir/ dimly to anticipate ,b]keley1 9 resolv+ our suppos$ p[] ( see+ outness into an int]pretation ( visual signs :i* we le>n by exp]i5ce to und]/&4 ,! mo/ important "p ( ,malebran*e's acc\nt ( see+ is conta9$ 9 ! ,re*]*e de la ,vrit 7,liv4 ,i4 *4 #i71 9 "o ( ^? *apt]s 9 :i* he discusses ! frequ5t fallaci\sness ( ! s5ses1 & 9 p>ticul> ( our visual p]ceptions ( ext5sion4 ,he acc\nts = _! inevitable unc]ta9ty by assign+ !m n to s5se b to mis9t]pretation ( :at is se54 ,he also enum]ates v>i\s visual signs ( di/ance4 ,t ! ,re*]*e ( ,malebran*e1 publi%$ m ?an ?irty ye>s be=e ! ,essay1 0 famili> to ,b]keley be=e ! publication ( 8 ,new ,!ory1 is prov$ by int]nal evid5ce1 & by 8 juv5ile ,commonplace ,book4 ,i am n able to discov] signs ( a simil> connexion betwe5 ! ,new ,!ory & ! *apt] on ! my/]y ( s5sation 9 ,glanvill's ,scepsis ,sci5tifica 7*4 #e71 publi%$ "s ye>s be=e ! ,re*]*e ( ,malebran*e1 :]e ,glanvill ref]s to 8a secret d$uction10 ?r\gh :i*--f motions1 c41 ( :i* we are imm$iately p]cipi5t--we 8spell out0 figures1 di/ances1 magnitudes1 & col\rs1 :i* h no resemblance to !m4 ,an approa* to ! ,new ,!ory is f\nd 9 a passage :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 ! second edition ( ,locke's ,essay1 publi%$ 9 #afid1 to :i* ,b]keley ref]s 9 8 own ,essay 7sect4 #acb-ce71 & :i*1 on acc\nt ( its relative importance1 ,i %all "h transcribe at l5g?3-- 8,we are fur!r to consid] conc]n+ ,p]ception t ! ideas we receive by s5sation are (t51 9 gr[n p1 alt]$ by ! judgm5t1 )\t our tak+ notice ( x4 ,:5 we set be=e our eyes a r\nd globe ( any uni=m col\r1 e4g4 gold1 alaba/]1 or jet1 x is c]ta9 t ! idea !reby impr9t$ 9 our m9d is ( a flat circle1 v>i\sly %ad[$1 ) sev]al degrees ( light & brightness com+ to our eyes4 ,b1 we hav+ by use be5 accu/om$ to p]ceive :at k9d ( appe>ance convex bodies are wont to make 9 u1 :at alt]ations are made 9 ! reflection ( light by ! diff]5ce 9 ! s5sible figures ( bodies--! judgm5t pres5tly1 by an habitual cu/om1 alt]s ! appe>ances into _! causes2 s t1 f t :i* is truly v>iety ( %ad[ or col\r1 collect+ ! figure1 x makes x pass = a m>k ( figure1 & frames to itself ! p]ception ( a convex figure & an uni=m col\r1 :5 ! idea we receive f !m is only a plane v>i\sly col\r$1 z is evid5t 9 pa9t+4 8,to :i* purpose ,i %all "h ins]t a problem ( t v +5i\s & /udi\s promot] ( real k1 ! le>n$ & wor?y ,mr4 ,molyneux1 :i* he 0 pleas$ to s5d me 9 a lett] "s mon?s s9ce1 & x is ?is3--,suppose a man born bl9d1 & n[ adult1 & taught by 8 t\* to di/+ui% betwe5 a cube & a sph]e ( ! same metal1 & nighly ( ! same bigness1 s z to tell1 :5 he felt ! "o & ! o!r1 :i* is ! cube & :i* ! sph]e4 ,suppose !n ! cube & ! sph]e plac$ on a table1 & ! bl9d man be made to see3 qu]e1 :e!r1 by 8 sight1 be=e he t\*$ !m1 he c\ld n di/+ui% & tell1 :i* is ! globe & :i* ! cube8 ,to :i* ! acute & judici\s propos] answ]s3 #8,n4' ,=1 ?\gh he has obta9$ ! exp]i5ce ( h[ a globe1 h[ a cube affects 8 t\*2 yet he has n obta9$ ! exp]i5ce t :at affects 8 t\* s & s1 mu/ affect 8 sight s & s2 s t a protub]ant angle 9 ! cube1 t press$ 8 h& unequally1 %all appe> to 8 eye z x does 9 ! cube4--,i agree ) ?is ?9k+ g5tleman1 :om ,i am pr\d to call my fri5d1 9 8 answ] to ?is 8 problem1 & am ( op9ion t ! bl9d man1 at fir/ sight1 w\ld n be able to say ) c]ta9ty :i* 0 ! globe & :i* ! cube1 :il/ he only saw !m2 ?\gh he w\ld un]r+ly "n !m by 8 t\*1 & c]ta9ly di/+ui% !m by ! diff]5ce 9 _! figures felt4 8,?is ,i h set d[n1 & leave ) my read]1 z an occasion = him to consid] h[ mu* he may be behold5 to exp]i5ce1 improvem5t1 & acquir$ notions1 :]e he ?9ks he _h n ! lea/ use (1 or help f !m3 & ! r because ?is obs]v+ g5tleman fur!r adds t1 hav+1 ^u ! occasion ( my book1 propos$ ?is problem to div]s v +5i\s m51 he h>dly ev] met ) "o t at fir/ gave ! answ] to x :i* he ?9ks true1 till by he>+ 8 reasons !y 7 conv9c$4 8,b ?is is n ,i ?9k usual 9 any ( our ideas b ^? receiv$ by sight3 because sight1 ! mo/ compreh5sive ( ! s5ses1 convey+ to our m9ds ! ideas ( light & col\rs1 :i* are peculi> only to t s5se2 & also ! f> diff]5t ideas ( space1 figure1 & motion1 ! sev]al v>ieties ( :i* *ange ! appe>ance ( its prop] object1 i4e4 light & col\rs2 we br+ ourselves by use to judge ( ! "o by ! o!r4 ,?is1 9 _m cases1 by a settl$ habit1 9 ?+s :]e( we h frequ5t exp]i5ce1 is p]=m$ s con/antly & s quick1 t we take t = ! p]ception ( our s5sation1 :i* is an idea =m$ by our judgm5t2 s t "o1 i4e4 t ( s5sation1 s]ves only to excite ! o!r1 & is sc>ce tak5 notice ( itself2 z a man :o reads or he>s ) att5tion & und]/&+ takes little notice ( ! "* or s\nds1 b ( ! ideas t are excit$ 9 him by !m4 8,nor ne$ we wond] t ?is is done ) s little notice1 if we consid] h[ v quick ! actions ( ! m9d are p]=m$2 =1 z itself is ?\ght to take up no space1 to h no ext5sion1 s its actions seem to require no "t1 b _m ( !m seem to be cr[d$ into an in/ant4 ,i speak ?is 9 comp>ison ( ! actions ( ! body4444 ,secondly1 we %all n be mu* surpris$ t ?is is done ) u 9 s little notice1 if we consid] h[ ! facility we get ( do+ ?+s1 by a cu/om ( do+1 makes !m (t5 pass 9 u )\t notice4 ,habits1 especially su* z are begun v e>ly1 come at la/ to produce actions 9 u :i* (t5 escape our obs]vation4444 ,& !re=e x is n s /range t our m9d %\ld (t5 *ange ! idea ( its s5sation into t ( its judgm5t1 & make ! "o s]ve only to excite ! o!r1 )\t our tak+ notice ( x40 7,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 ,book ,,ii4 *4 #i4 #h47 ,?is rem>kable passage anticipates by implication ! view ( an int]pretation ( mat]ials orig9ally giv5 9 ! visual s5se1 :i*1 "u ! "n ( 8sugge/ion10 is ! rul+ factor 9 ! ,new ,!ory ( ,vision4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces relative to ! invisibility ( di/ances1 conta9$ 9 ! ,treatise ( ,dioptrics 7publi%$ 9 #afij7 ( ,locke's fri5d & correspond5t ,william ,molyneux1 ^: son 0 ,b]keley's pupil1 illu/rate ,locke's /atem5ts1 & may be comp>$ ) ! op5+ sections ( ! ,essay on ,vision3-- 8,9 pla9 vision ! e/imate we make ( ! di/ance ( objects 7especially :5 s f> remov$ t ! int]val betwe5 our two eyes be>s no s5sible proportion !reto1 or :5 look$ ^u ) "o eye only7 is r ! act ( our judgm5t ?an ( s5se2 & acquir$ by ex]cise1 & a faculty ( comp>+1 r ?an natural4 ,=1 di/ance ( itself is n to be p]ceiv$2 =1 'tis a l9e 7or a l5g?7 pres5t$ to our eye ) its end t[>d u1 :i* mu/ !re=e be only a po9t1 & t is invisible4 ,:]e=e di/ance is *iefly p]ceiv$ by means ( int]jac5t bodies1 z by ! e>?1 m\nta9s1 hills1 fields1 trees1 h\ses1 c4 ,or by ! e/imate we make ( ! comp>ative magnitude ( bodies1 or ( _! fa9t col\rs1 c4 ,^! ,i say are ! *ief means ( appreh5d+ ! di/ance ( objects t are consid]ably remote4 ,b z to nigh objects--to ^: di/ance ! int]val ( ! eyes be>s a s5sible proportion--_! di/ance is p]ceiv$ by ! turn ( ! eyes1 or by ! angle ( ! optic axes 7,gregorii ,opt4 ,promot4 prop4 #bh74 ,?is 0 ! op9ion ( ! anci5ts1 ,alhaz51 ,vitellio1 c4 ,& ?\gh ! +5i\s ,jesuit ,tacquet 7,opt4 ,lib4 ,i4 prop4 #b7 disapprove !re(1 & objects aga9/ x a new notion ( ,gass5dus 7( a man's see+ only ) "o eye at a "t "o & ! same object71 yet ?is notion ( ,gass5dus be+ absolutely false 7z ,i c\ld demon/rate 7 x n beside my pres5t purpose71 x makes no?+ aga9/ ?is op9ion4 8,:]e=e1 di/ance be+ only a l9e & n ( itself p]ceivable1 if an object 7 convey$ to ! eye by "o s+le ray only1 !re 7 no o!r means ( judg+ ( its di/ance b by "s ( ^? h9t$ be=e4 ,!re=e :5 we e/imate ! di/ance ( nigh objects1 ei!r we take ! help ( bo? eyes2 or else we consid] ! pupil ( "o eye z hav+ bread?1 & receiv+ a p>cel ( rays f ea* radiat+ po9t4 ,&1 accord+ to ! v>i\s incl9ations ( ! rays f "o po9t on ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! pupil1 we make our e/imate ( ! di/ance ( ! object4 ,& !re=e 7z is said be=e71 by "o s+le eye we c only judge ( ! di/ance ( su* objects to ^: di/ance ! bread? ( ! pupil has a s5sible proportion4444 ,=1 x is obs]v$ be=e 7prop4 #bi1 sec4 #b1 see also ,gregorii ,opt4 ,promot4 prop4 #bi7 t = view+ objects remote & nigh1 !re are requisite v>i\s con=mations ( ! eye--! rays f nigh objects t fall on ! eye div]g+ m ?an ^? f m remote objects40 7,treatise ( ,dioptrics1 ,"p ,i4 prop4 #ca47 ,all ?is helps to %ew ! /ate ( sci5ce reg>d+ vision ab\t ! "t ,b]keley's ,essay appe>$1 especially among ^? ) ^: works he 0 famili>7#bgh74 ,i %all next ref] to illu/rations ( ! *ange :i* ! ,essay produc$4 ,! ,new ,!ory has occasion$ "s int]e/+ criticism s9ce its appe>ance 9 #agji4 ,at fir/ x drew little att5tion4 ,= tw5ty ye>s aft] its publication ! allusions to x 7 few4 ,! acc\nt ( ,*eseld5's exp]im5t ^u "o born bl9d1 publi%$ 9 #agbh1 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 :i* seem$ to br+ ! ,!ory to ! te/ ( sci5tific exp]im5t1 recall$ att5tion to ,b]keley's reason+s4 ,! /ate ( religi\s ?\ght ab\t ! same "t confirm$ ! t5d5cy to discuss a doctr9e :i* repres5t$ human vision z int]pretation ( a natural yet div9e language1 ?us sugge/+ ,omnipres5t ,m9d4 ,occasional discussions ( ! ,new ,!ory may be f\nd 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 f #agcb till ,b]keley's dea? 9 #agec4 ,"s criticisms may also be f\nd 9 ,smi?'s ,optics1 publi%$ 9 #agch4 ,ess5tial p>ts ( ,b]keley's analysis are expla9$ by ,voltaire1 9 8 lm5s de la ,philosophie de ,newton4 ,! foll[+ f t "w is "h giv5 on its own acc\nt1 & also z a prom95t recognition ( ! new doctr9e 9 ,france1 )9 ?irty ye>s f its fir/ promulgation3-- 8,il faut absolum5t conclure de t\t ceci1 que les di/ances1 les gr&eurs1 les situations1 ne sont pas1 proprem5t p>l]1 des *oses visibles1 c'e/--dire1 ne sont pas les objets propres et immdiats de la vue4 ,l'objet propre et immdiat de la vue n'e/ autre *ose que la lumire colore3 t\t le re/e1 n\s ne le s5tons qu' la longue et p> expri5ce4 ,n\s appr5ons voir prcism5t comme n\s appr5ons p>l] et lire4 ,la diffr5ce e/1 que l'art de voir e/ plus facile1 et que la nature e/ galem5t t\s notre matre4 8,les jugem5ts s\da9s1 presque uni=mes1 que t\tes nos mes1 un c]ta9 ge1 port5t des di/ances1 des gr&eurs1 des situations1 n\s font p5s] qu'il n'y a qu' ouvrir les yeux p\r voir la manire dont n\s voyons4 ,on se trompe2 il y faut le sec\rs des autres s5s4 ,si les hommes n'avai5t que le s5s de la vue1 ils n'aurai5t aucun moy5 p\r connatre l't5due en longueur1 l>geur et pr(ondeur2 et un pur esprit ne la connatrait pas peuttre1 mo9s que ,dieu ne la lui rvlt4 ,il e/ trs difficile de sp>] dans notre ent5dem5t l'ext5sion d'un objet d'avec les c\leurs de cet objet4 ,n\s ne voyons jamais ri5 que d't5du1 et de l n\s sommes t\s ports croire que n\s voyons en effet l't5due40 7lm5s de la ,philos4 de ,newton1 ,seconde ,p>tie1 *4 #g47 ,condillac1 9 8 ,essais sur l',orig9e des ,connaissances ,huma9es 7,"p ,i4 sect4 #f71 publi%$ 9 #agdf1 combats ,b]keley's ,new ,!ory1 & ma9ta9s t an ext5sion ext]ior to ! eye is imm$iately disc]nible by sight2 ! eye be+ naturally capable ( judg+ at once ( figures1 magnitudes1 situations1 & di/ances4 ,8 reason+s 9 support ( ?is 8prejudice10 z he aft]w>ds all[$ x to be1 may be f\nd 9 ! section entitl$ 8,de quelques jugem5s qu'on a attribus l'me sans fondem5t1 ou solution d'un problme de mtaphysique40 ,"h ,locke1 ,molyneux1 ,b]keley1 & ,voltaire are criticis$1 & ,*eseld5's exp]im5t is ref]r$ to4 ,condillac's subsequ5t recantation is conta9$ 9 8 ,trait des ,s5sations1 publi%$ 9 #aged1 & 9 8 ,l',art de ,p5s]4 ,9 ! ,trait des ,s5sations 7,troisime ,p>tie1 *4 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 c47 ! :ole "q is discuss$ at l5g?1 & ,condillac v9dicates :at he all[s mu/ appe> a m>vell\s p>adox to ! un9itiat$--t we only gradually le>n to see1 he>1 smell1 ta/e1 & t\*4 ,he argues 9 p>ticul> t ! eye _c orig9ally p]ceive an ext5sion t is beyond itself1 & t p]ception ( tr9al space is due to :at we exp]i5ce 9 t\*4 ,voltaire & ,condillac gave curr5cy to ! ,new ,!ory 9 ,france1 & x soon became a commonplace ) ,d',alemb]t1 ,did]ot1 ,buffon1 & o!r ,fr5* philosoph]s4 ,9 ,g]many we h allusions to x 9 ! ,b]l9 ,memoirs & else:]e2 b1 al?\gh kn[n by "n1 if n 9 its di/9ctive pr9ciple & lat5t idealism1 x has n obta9$ ! consid]ation :i* its au?or's develop$ !ory ( ! mat]ial z well z ! visible _w has receiv$4 ,! ,kantian a priori criticism ( our cognition ( ,space1 & ( our ma!matical notions1 subsequ5tly indispos$ ! ,g]man m9d to ! a po/]iori reason+ ( ,b]keley's ,essay4 ,its influ5ce is app>5t 9 ,briti% philosophy4 ,! foll[+ passages 9 ,h>tley's ,obs]vations on ,man1 publi%$ 9 #agdi1 illu/rate ! ext5t to :i* "s ( ! di/9ctive p>ts ( ! new doctr9e 7 at t "t receiv$ by an em95t ,engli% psy*ologi/3-- 8,di/ance is judg$ ( by ! quantity ( motion1 & figure by ! relative quantity ( di/ance4444 ,&1 z ! s5se ( sight is mu* m ext5sive & exp$ite ?an feel+1 we judge ( tangible qualities *iefly by sight1 :i* !re=e may be consid]$1 agreeably to ,bi%op ,b]keley's rem>k1 z a philosophical language = ! ideas ( feel+2 be+1 = ! mo/ "p1 an adequate repres5tative ( !m1 & a language common to all mank9d1 & 9 :i* !y all agree v ne>ly1 aft] a mod]ate degree ( exp]i5ce4 8,h[ev]1 if ! in=mations f t\* & sight disagree at any "t1 we are always to dep5d ^u t\*1 z t :i*1 accord+ to ! usual ways ( speak+ ^u ^! subjects1 is ! true repres5tation ( ! ess5tial prop]ties1 i4e4 z ! e>ne/ & presage ( :at o!r tangible impressions ! body "u consid]ation w make ^u our feel+ 9 o!r circum/ances2 also :at *anges x w produce 9 o!r bodies2 ( :i* aga9 we are to det]m9e by our feel+1 if ! visual language %\ld n happ5 to correspond to x exactly4 ,& x is f ?is diff]5ce t we call ! t\* ! reality1 light ! repres5tative--also t a p]son born bl9d may =etell ) c]ta9ty1 f 8 pres5t tangible impressions1 :at o!rs w\ld foll[ ^u v>y+ ! circum/ances2 :]eas1 if we c\ld suppose a p]son to be born )\t feel+1 & to arrive at man's e/ate1 he c\ld n1 f 8 pres5t visible impressions1 judge :at o!rs w\ld foll[ ^u v>y+ ! circum/ances4 ,?us ! picture ( a knife1 drawn s well z to deceive 8 eye1 w\ld n1 :5 appli$ to ano!r body1 produce ! same *ange ( visible impressions z a real knife does1 :5 x sep>ates ! p>ts ( ! body ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,b ! t\* is n liable to ^! deceptions4 ,z x is !re=e ! fundam5tal s\rce ( in=mation 9 respect ( ! ess5tial prop]ties ( matt]1 x may be consid]$ z our fir/ & pr9cipal key to ! k ( ! ext]nal _w40 7,prop4 #cj47 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,h>tley's book 7e4g4 ,prop4 #eh7 ! relation ( our visual judgm5ts ( magnitude1 figure1 motion1 di/ance1 & position to ! laws ( association is expla9$1 & ! associat+ circum/ances by :i* ^! judgm5ts are =m$ are enum]at$ 9 detail4 ,dr4 ,port]field ( ,ed9burgh1 9 8 ,treatise on ! ,eye1 or ! ,mann] & ,ph5om5a ( ,vision 7,ed9burgh1 #agei71 is an exception to ! cons5t :i* ! doctr9e _h !n widely secur$4 ,he ma9ta9s1 9 opposition to ,b]keley1 t 8! judgm5ts we =m ( ! situation & di/ance ( visible objects1 dep5d n on cu/om & exp]i5ce1 b on orig9al in/9ct1 to :i* m9d is subject 9 our embodi$ /ate7#bgi740 ,b]keley's ,!ory ( ,vision1 9 s f> z x resolves our visual p]ceptions ( di/ance into int]pretation ( arbitr>y signs1 receiv$ ! qualifi$ approbation ( ,reid1 9 8 ,inquiry into ! ,human ,m9d on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,common ,s5se 7#agfd74 ,he criticises x 9 ! ,inquiry1 :]e ! doctr9e ( visual signs1 ( :i* ,b]keley's :ole philosophy is a developm5t1 is accept$1 & to "s ext5t appli$4 ,) ,reid x is divorc$1 h[ev]1 f ! ,b]keleian conception ( ! mat]ial _w1 al?\gh ! ,!ory ( ,vision 0 ! sem9al pr9ciple ( ,b]keley's ,!ory ( ,matt]7#bhj74 ,?is ,!ory ( ,matt] 0 imp]fectly conceiv$ & !n reject$ by ,reid & 8 foll[]s1 :ile ! ,new ,!ory ( ,vision obta9$ ! g5]al cons5t ( ! ,scotti% metaphysicians4 ,adam ,smi? ref]s to x 9 8 ,essays 7publi%$ 9 #agie7 z 8"o ( ! f9e/ examples ( philosophical analysis t is to be f\nd ei!r 9 our own or 9 any o!r language40 ,dugald ,/ew>t *>act]ises x 9 8 ,elem5ts z 8"o ( ! mo/ beautiful1 & at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ important !ories ( mod]n philosophy40 8,! solid additions10 he aft]w>ds rem>ks 9 8 ,diss]tation1 8made by ,b]keley to ! /ock ( human k1 7 important & brilliant4 ,among ^! ! fir/ place is unque/ionably due to 8 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 a "w ab\nd+ ) ideas s diff]5t f ^? commonly receiv$1 & at ! same "t s pr(\nd & ref9$1 t x 0 reg>d$ by all b a few accu/om$ to deep metaphysical reflection1 r 9 ! light ( a philosophical romance ?an ( a sob] inquiry aft] tru?4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 has s9ce be5 ! progress & diffusion ( ?is sort ( k1 t ! lead+ & mo/ ab/ract$ doctr9es conta9$ 9 x =m n[ an ess5tial "p ( e elem5t>y treatise on optics1 & are adopt$ by ! mo/ sup]ficial smatt]]s 9 sci5ce z fundam5tal articles ( _! fai?40 ,! ,new ,!ory is accept$ by ,?omas ,br[n1 :o proposes 7,lectures1 #bi7 to ext5d ! scope ( its reason+s4 ,) reg>d to p]ceptions ( sight1 ,"y1 9 8 ,lectures on ,intellectual ,philosophy 7p4 #ajb71 says t 8x has be5 univ]sally admitt$1 at lea/ s9ce ! days ( ,b]keley1 t _m ( ^? :i* appe> to u at pres5t to be in/antane\s & primitive1 c yet be %ewn to be acquir$2 t mo/ ( ! adult p]ceptions ( sight are f\nd$ on ! previ\s in=mation ( t\*2 t col\r c give u no conception orig9ally ( ^? qualities ( bodies :i* produce x 9 u2 & t prim>y vision gives u no notion ( di/ance1 &1 z ,i believe1 no notion ( magnitude40 ,sir ,james ,mack9to%1 9 8 ,diss]tation1 *>act]ises ! ,new ,!ory ( ,vision z 8a great discov]y 9 ,m5tal ,philosophy40 8,no?+ 9 ! compass ( inductive reason+10 rem>ks ,sir ,william ,hamilton 7,reid's ,works1 p4 #ahb1 note71 8appe>s m satisfactory ?an ,b]keley's demon/ration ( ! necessity & mann] ( our le>n+1 by a sl[ process ( obs]vation & comp>ison alone1 ! connexion betwe5 ! p]ceptions ( vision & t\*1 &1 9 g5]al1 all t relates to ! di/ance & magnitude ( ext]nal ?+s7#bha740 ,! ,new ,!ory ( ,vision has 9 %ort be5 g5]ally accept$1 s f> z x 0 und]/ood1 alike by ! foll[]s ( ,h>tley & by ! associates & successors ( ,reid4 ,among ,briti% psy*ologi/s1 x has recomm5d$ itself to rationali/s & s5sationali/s1 to ! advocates ( innate pr9ciples1 & to ^? :o w\ld expla9 by accid5tal association :at _! oppon5ts attribute to reason orig9ally lat5t 9 man4 ,b ?is wide consci\s ass5t is ,i ?9k *iefly conf9$ to ! proposition t di/ance is invisible1 & h>dly rea*es ! deep] implicates ( ! !ory1 on its ext5sion to all ! s5ses1 lead+ to a p]ception ( ! f9al unity ( ! natural & ! sup]natural1 & ! ultimate spirituality ( ! univ]se7#bhb74 ,d$ication ,,to ,,! ,,rt4 ,,hon4 ,,sir ,,john ,,p]civale1 ,,b>t47#bhc71 ,,"o ,,( ,,h] ,,maje/y',s ,,mo/ ,,hon\rable ,,privy ,,c\ncil ,,9 ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,irel&4 ,sir1 ,i c\ld n1 )\t do+ viol5ce to myself1 =be> ^u ?is occasion to give "s public te/imony ( ! great & well-gr\nd$ e/eem ,i h conceiv$ = y1 ev] s9ce ,i _h ! hon\r & happ9ess ( y\r acqua9tance4 ,! outw>d advantages ( =tune1 & ! e>ly hon\rs ) :i* y are adorn$1 toge!r ) ! reputation y are kn[n to h among/ ! be/ & mo/ consid]able m51 may well impr9t v5]ation & e/eem on ! m9ds ( ^? :o behold y f a di/ance4 ,b ^! are n ! *ief motives t inspire me ) ! respect ,i be> y4 ,a ne>] approa* has giv5 me ! view ( some?+ 9 y\r p]son inf9itely beyond ! ext]nal ornam5ts ( hon\r & e/ate4 ,i mean1 an intr9sic /ock ( virtue & good s5se1 a true conc]n = religion1 & dis9t]e/$ love ( y\r c\ntry4 ,add to ^! an uncommon pr(ici5cy 9 ! be/ & mo/ useful p>ts ( k2 toge!r ) 7:at 9 my m9d is a p]fection ( ! fir/ rank7 a surpass+ goodness ( nature4 ,all :i* ,i h collect$1 n f ! unc]ta9 reports ( fame1 b f my own exp]i5ce4 ,)9 ^! few mon?s t ,i h ! hon\r to be kn[n unto y1 ! _m delightful h\rs ,i h pass$ 9 y\r agreeable & improv+ conv]sation h af=d$ me ! opportunity ( discov]+ 9 y _m excell5t qualities1 :i* at once fill me ) admiration & e/eem4 ,t "o at ^? ye>s1 & 9 ^? circum/ances ( weal? & greatness1 %\ld cont9ue pro( aga9/ ! *>ms ( luxury & ^? crim9al pleasures s fa%ionable & pr$om9ant 9 ! age we live 92 t he %\ld pres]ve a sweet & mode/ behavi\r1 free f t insol5t & assum+ air s famili> to ^? :o are plac$ above ! ord9>y rank ( m52 t he %\ld manage a great =tune ) t prud5ce & inspection1 & at ! same "t exp5d x ) t g5]osity & nobl5ess ( m9d1 z to %ew himself equally remote f a sordid p>simony & a lavi% inconsid]ate pr(usion ( ! good ?+s he is intru/$ )--?is1 surely1 7 admirable & praisewor?y4 ,b1 t he %\ld1 moreov]1 by an imp>tial ex]cise ( 8 reason1 & con/ant p]usal ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures1 endeav\r to atta9 a "r notion ( ! pr9ciples ( natural & reveal$ religion2 t he %\ld ) ! conc]n ( a true patriot h ! int]e/ ( ! public at he>t1 & omit no means ( in=m+ himself :at may be prejudicial or advantage\s to 8 c\ntry1 9 ord] to prev5t ! "o & promote ! o!r2 9 f9e1 t1 by a con/ant application to ! mo/ sev]e & useful /udies1 by a /rict obs]vation ( ! rules ( hon\r & virtue1 by frequ5t & s]i\s reflections on ! mi/ak5 measures ( ! _w1 & ! true end & happ9ess ( mank9d1 he %\ld 9 all respects qualify himself bravely to run ! race t is set be=e him1 to des]ve ! "* ( great & good 9 ?is life1 & be ev] happy h]eaft]--?is 7 amaz+ & almo/ incr$ible4 ,yet all ?is1 & m ?an ?is1 ,,sir1 might ,i ju/ly say ( y1 did ei!r y\r mode/y p]mit1 or y\r "* /& 9 ne$ ( x4 ,i "k x might des]v$ly be ?\ght a vanity 9 me to imag9e t any?+ com+ f s obscure a h& z m9e c\ld add a lu/re to y\r reputation4 ,b1 ,i am )al s5sible h[ f> ,i advance ! int]e/ ( my own1 by lay+ hold on ?is opportunity to make x kn[n t ,i am admitt$ into "s degree ( intimacy ) a p]son ( y\r exquisite judgm5t4 ,&1 ) t view1 ,i h v5tur$ to make y an address ( ?is nature1 :i* ! goodness ,i h ev] exp]i5c$ 9 y incl9es me to hope w meet ) a fav\rable reception at y\r h&s4 ,?\gh ,i mu/ own ,i h y\r p>don to ask1 = t\*+ on :at may possibly be (f5sive to a virtue y are possess$ ( 9 a v di/+ui%+ degree4 ,excuse me1 ,,sir1 if x 0 out ( my p[] to m5tion ! "n ( ,,sir ,,john ,,p]civale )\t pay+ "s tribute to t extraord9>y & surpris+ m]it :]e( ,i h s cle> & affect+ an idea1 & :i*1 ,i am sure1 _c be expos$ 9 too full a light = ! imitation ( o!rs1 ,( late ,i h be5 agreeably employ$ 9 consid]+ ! mo/ noble1 pleasant1 & compreh5sive ( all ! s5ses7#bhd74 ,! fruit ( t 7lab\r %all ,i call x or7 div]sion is :at ,i n[ pres5t y )1 9 hopes x may give "s ent]ta9m5t to "o :o1 9 ! mid/ ( bus9ess & vulg> enjoym5ts1 pres]ves a reli% = ! m ref9$ pleasures ( ?\ght & reflexion4 ,my ?\ghts conc]n+ ,vision h l$ me into "s notions s f> out ( ! common road7#bhe7 t x _h be5 improp] to address !m to "o ( a n>r[ & contract$ g5ius4 ,b1 y1 ,,sir1 be+ ma/] ( a l>ge & free und]/&+1 rais$ above ! p[] ( ^? prejudices t enslave ! f> great] "p ( mank9d1 may des]v$ly be ?\ght a prop] patron = an attempt ( ?is k9d4 ,add to ?is1 t y are no less dispos$ to =give ?an qualifi$ to disc]n :atev] faults may occur 9 x4 ,nor d ,i ?9k y defective 9 any "o po9t necess>y to =m an exact judgm5t on ! mo/ ab/ract & difficult ?+s1 s mu* z 9 a j confid5ce ( y\r own abilities4 ,&1 9 ?is "o in/ance1 give me leave to say1 y %ew a manife/ weakness ( judgm5t4 ,) relation to ! foll[+ ,essay1 ,i %all only add t ,i beg y\r p>don = lay+ a trifle ( t nature 9 y\r way1 at a "t :5 y are engag$ 9 ! important affairs ( ! nation1 & desire y to ?9k t ,i am1 ) all s9c]ity & respect1 ,,sir1 ,y\r mo/ fai?ful & mo/ humble s]vant1 ,,george ,,b]keley4 ,an ,essay ,t[>ds ,a ,new ,!ory ,( ,vision #a4 ,my design is to %ew ! mann] :]e9 we p]ceive by ,sight ! ,di/ance1 ,magnitude1 & ,situation ( objects3 also to consid] ! diff]5ce !re is betwixt ! ideas ( ,sight & ,t\*1 & :e!r !re be any idea common to bo? s5ses7#bhf74 #b4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 agre$ by all t ,di/ance1 ( itself & imm$iately1 _c be se57#bhg74 ,=1 di/ance7#bhh7 be+ a l9e direct$ endwise to ! eye1 x projects only "o po9t 9 ! fund ( ! eye1 :i* po9t rema9s inv>iably ! same1 :e!r ! di/ance be long] or %ort]7#bhi74 #c4 ,i f9d x also ackn[l$g$ t ! e/imate we make ( ! di/ance ( objects consid]ably remote is r an act ( judgm5t gr\nd$ on exp]i5ce ?an ( s5se4 ,= example1 :5 ,i p]ceive a great numb] ( int]m$iate objects1 su* z h\ses1 fields1 riv]s1 & ! l1 :i* ,i h exp]i5c$ to take up a consid]able space1 ,i !nce =m a judgm5t or conclusion1 t ! object ,i see beyond !m is at a great di/ance4 ,aga91 :5 an object appe>s fa9t & small :i* at a ne> di/ance ,i h exp]i5c$ to make a vigor\s & l>ge appe>ance1 ,i in/antly conclude x to be f> (f7#bij74 ,& ?is1 x is evid5t1 is ! result ( exp]i5ce2 )\t :i*1 f ! fa9tness & littl5ess1 ,i %\ld n h inf]r$ any?+ conc]n+ ! di/ance ( objects4 #d4 ,b1 :5 an object is plac$ at s ne> a di/ance z t ! int]val betwe5 ! eyes be>s any s5sible proportion to x7#bia71 ! op9ion ( speculative m5 is1 t ! two optic axes 7! fancy t we see only ) "o eye at once be+ explod$71 concurr+ at ! object1 d !re make an angle1 by means ( :i*1 accord+ z x is great] or less]1 ! object is p]ceiv$ to be ne>] or f>!r (f7#bib74 #e4 ,betwixt :i* & ! =ego+ mann] ( e/imat+ di/ance !re is ?is rem>kable diff]5ce3--t1 :]eas !re 0 no app>5t necess>y connexion betwe5 small di/ance & a l>ge & /rong appe>ance1 or betwe5 great di/ance & a little & fa9t appe>ance1 !re appe>s a v necess>y connexion betwe5 an obtuse angle & ne> di/ance1 & an acute angle & f>!r di/ance4 ,x does n 9 ! lea/ dep5d ^u exp]i5ce1 b may be evid5tly kn[n by any "o be=e he _h exp]i5c$ x1 t ! ne>] ! concurr5ce ( ! optic axes ! great] ! angle1 & ! remot] _! concurr5ce is1 ! less] w be ! angle compreh5d$ by !m4 #f4 ,!re is ano!r way1 m5tion$ by optic writ]s1 :]eby !y w h u judge ( ^? di/ances 9 respect ( :i* ! bread? ( ! pupil ha? any s5sible bigness4 ,& t is ! great] or less] div]g5cy ( ! rays :i*1 issu+ f ! visible po9t1 d fall on ! pupil--t po9t be+ judg$ ne>e/ :i* is se5 by mo/ div]g+ rays1 & t remot] :i* is se5 by less div]g+ rays1 & s on2 ! app>5t di/ance /ill increas+1 z ! div]g5cy ( ! rays decreases1 till at l5g? x becomes inf9ite1 :5 ! rays t fall on ! pupil are to s5se p>allel4 ,& aft] ?is mann] x is said we p]ceive di/ance :5 we look only ) "o eye4 #g4 ,9 ?is case also x is pla9 we are n behold5 to exp]i5ce3 x be+ a c]ta9 necess>y tru? t1 ! ne>] ! direct rays fall+ on ! eye approa* to a p>allelism1 ! f>!r (f is ! po9t ( _! int]section1 or ! visible po9t f :5ce !y fl[4 #h4 7#bic7,n[1 ?\gh ! acc\nts "h giv5 ( p]ceiv+ ne> di/ance by sight are receiv$ = true1 & accord+ly made use ( 9 det]m9+ ! app>5t places ( objects1 !y d nev]!less seem to me v unsatisfactory1 & t = ^! foll[+ reasons3-- #i4 ,fir/7#bid71 ,x is evid5t t1 :5 ! m9d p]ceives any idea n imm$iately & ( itself1 x mu/ be by ! means ( "s o!r idea4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! passions :i* are 9 ! m9d ( ano!r are ( !mselves to me invisible4 ,i may nev]!less p]ceive !m by sight2 ?\gh n imm$iately1 yet by means ( ! col\rs !y produce 9 ! c\nt5ance4 ,we (t5 see %ame or fe> 9 ! looks ( a man1 by p]ceiv+ ! *anges ( 8 c\nt5ance to r$ or pale4 #aj4 ,moreov]1 x is evid5t t no idea :i* is n itself p]ceiv$ c be to me ! means ( p]ceiv+ any o!r idea4 ,if ,i d n p]ceive ! r$ness or pal5ess ( a man's face !mselves1 x is impossible ,i %\ld p]ceive by !m ! passions :i* are 9 8 m9d4 #aa4 ,n[1 f sect4 ii41 x is pla9 t di/ance is 9 its own nature imp]ceptible1 & yet x is p]ceiv$ by sight7#bie74 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 t x be br\ght into view by means ( "s o!r idea1 t is itself imm$iately p]ceiv$ 9 ! act ( vision4 #ab4 ,b ^? l9es & angles1 by means :]e( "s m57#bif7 pret5d to expla9 ! p]ception7#big7 ( di/ance1 are !mselves n at all p]ceiv$2 nor are !y 9 tru? ev] ?\ght ( by ^? unskilful 9 optics4 ,i appeal to any "o's exp]i5ce1 :e!r1 ^u sight ( an object1 he computes its di/ance by ! bigness ( ! angle made by ! meet+ ( ! two optic axes8 or :e!r he ev] ?9ks ( ! great] or less] div]g5cy ( ! rays :i* arrive f any po9t to 8 pupil8 nay1 :e!r x be n p]fectly impossible = him to p]ceive by s5se ! v>i\s angles :]e) ! rays1 accord+ to _! great] or less] div]g5ce1 d fall on ! eye8 ,e "o is himself ! be/ judge ( :at he p]ceives1 & :at n4 ,9 va9 %all any man7#bih7 tell me1 t ,i p]ceive c]ta9 l9es & angles1 :i* introduce into my m9d ! v>i\s ideas ( di/ance1 s long z ,i myself am consci\s ( no su* ?+4 #ac4 ,s9ce !re=e ^? angles & l9es are n !mselves p]ceiv$ by sight1 x foll[s1 f sect4 x41 t ! m9d does n by !m judge ( ! di/ance ( objects4 #ad4 ,secondly7#bii71 ,! tru? ( ?is ass]tion w be yet f>!r evid5t to any "o t consid]s ^? l9es & angles h no real exi/5ce 9 nature1 be+ only an hypo!sis fram$ by ! ma!maticians1 & by !m introduc$ into optics1 t !y might treat ( t sci5ce 9 a geometrical way4 #ae4 ,! ?ird &7#cjj7 la/ reason ,i %all give = reject+ t doctr9e is1 t ?\gh we %\ld grant ! real exi/5ce ( ^? optic angles1 c41 & t x 0 possible = ! m9d to p]ceive !m1 yet ^! pr9ciples w\ld n be f\nd suffici5t to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( di/ance1 z %all be %ewn h]eaft]4 #af4 ,n[ x be+ already %ewn7#cja7 t di/ance is sugge/$7#cjb7 to ! m9d1 by ! m$iation ( "s o!r idea :i* is itself p]ceiv$ 9 ! act ( see+1 x rema9s t we inquire1 :at ideas or s5sations !re be t att5d vision1 unto :i* we may suppose ! ideas ( di/ance are connect$1 & by :i* !y are introduc$ into ! m9d4 ,&1 fir/1 x is c]ta9 by exp]i5ce1 t :5 we look at a ne> object ) bo? eyes1 accord+ z x approa*es or rec$es f u1 we alt] ! disposition ( our eyes1 by less5+ or wid5+ ! int]val betwe5 ! pupils4 ,?is disposition or turn ( ! eyes is att5d$ ) a s5sation7#cjc71 :i* seems to me to be t :i* 9 ?is case br+s ! idea ( great] or less] di/ance into ! m9d4 #ag4 ,n t !re is any natural or necess>y7#cjd7 connexion betwe5 ! s5sation we p]ceive by ! turn ( ! eyes & great] or less] di/ance4 ,b--because ! m9d has1 by con/ant exp]i5ce1 f\nd ! diff]5t s5sations correspond+ to ! diff]5t dispositions ( ! eyes to be att5d$ ea* ) a diff]5t degree ( di/ance 9 ! object--!re has gr[n an habitual or cu/om>y connexion betwe5 ^? two sorts ( ideas3 s t ! m9d no soon] p]ceives ! s5sation aris+ f ! diff]5t turn x gives ! eyes1 9 ord] to br+ ! pupils ne>] or f>!r asund]1 b x )al p]ceives ! diff]5t idea ( di/ance :i* 0 wont to be connect$ ) t s5sation4 ,j z1 ^u he>+ a c]ta9 s\nd1 ! idea is imm$iately sugge/$ to ! und]/&+ :i* cu/om _h unit$ ) x7#cje74 #ah4 ,nor d ,i see h[ ,i c easily be mi/ak5 9 ?is matt]4 ,i "k evid5tly t di/ance is n p]ceiv$ ( itself7#cjf72 t1 by consequ5ce1 x mu/ be p]ceiv$ by means ( "s o!r idea1 :i* is imm$iately p]ceiv$1 & v>ies ) ! diff]5t degrees ( di/ance4 ,i "k also t ! s5sation aris+ f ! turn ( ! eyes is ( itself imm$iately p]ceiv$2 & v>i\s degrees !re( are connect$ ) diff]5t di/ances1 :i* nev] fail to accompany !m into my m9d1 :5 ,i view an object di/9ctly ) bo? eyes ^: di/ance is s small t 9 respect ( x ! int]val betwe5 ! eyes has any consid]able magnitude4 #ai4 ,i "k x is a receiv$ op9ion t1 by alt]+ ! disposition ( ! eyes1 ! m9d p]ceives :e!r ! angle ( ! optic axes1 or ! lat]al angles compreh5d$ betwe5 ! int]val ( ! eyes or ! optic axes1 are made great] or less]2 & t1 accord+ly1 by a k9d ( natural geometry1 x judges ! po9t ( _! int]section to be ne>] or f>!r (f4 ,b t ?is is n true ,i am conv9c$ by my own exp]i5ce2 s9ce ,i am n consci\s t ,i make any su* use ( ! p]ception ,i h by ! turn ( my eyes4 ,& = me to make ^? judgm5ts1 & draw ^? conclusions f x1 )\t kn[+ t ,i d s1 seems altoge!r incompreh5sible7#cjg74 #bj4 ,f all :i* x foll[s1 t ! judgm5t we make ( ! di/ance ( an object view$ ) bo? eyes is entirely ! result ( exp]i5ce4 ,if we _h n con/antly f\nd c]ta9 s5sations1 aris+ f ! v>i\s disposition ( ! eyes1 att5d$ ) c]ta9 degrees ( di/ance1 we %\ld nev] make ^? sudd5 judgm5ts f !m conc]n+ ! di/ance ( objects2 no m ?an we w\ld pret5d to judge ( a man's ?\ghts by 8 pron\nc+ words we _h nev] he>d be=e4 #ba4 ,secondly1 an object plac$ at a c]ta9 di/ance f ! eye1 to :i* ! bread? ( ! pupil be>s a consid]able proportion1 be+ made to approa*1 is se5 m confus$ly7#cjh74 ,& ! ne>] x is br\ght ! m confus$ appe>ance x makes4 ,& ?is be+ f\nd con/antly to be s1 !re arises 9 ! m9d an habitual connexion betwe5 ! sev]al degrees ( confusion & di/ance2 ! great] confusion /ill imply+ ! less] di/ance1 & ! less] confusion ! great] di/ance ( ! object4 #bb4 ,?is confus$ appe>ance ( ! object do? !re=e seem to be ! m$ium :]eby ! m9d judges ( di/ance1 9 ^? cases :]e9 ! mo/ approv$ writ]s ( optics w h x judge by ! diff]5t div]g5cy ) :i* ! rays fl[+ f ! radiat+ po9t fall on ! pupil7#cji74 ,no man1 ,i believe1 w pret5d to see or feel ^? imag9>y angles t ! rays are suppos$ to =m1 accord+ to _! v>i\s incl9ations on 8 eye4 ,b he _c *oose see+ :e!r ! object appe> m or less confus$4 ,x is !re=e a manife/ consequ5ce f :at has be5 demon/rat$ t1 in/ead ( ! great] or less] div]g5cy ( ! rays1 ! m9d makes use ( ! great] or less] confus$ness ( ! appe>ance1 !reby to det]m9e ! app>5t place ( an object4 #bc4 ,nor do? x avail to say !re is n any necess>y connexion betwe5 confus$ vision & di/ance great or small4 ,= ,i ask any man :at necess>y connexion he sees betwe5 ! r$ness ( a blu% & %ame8 ,& yet no soon] %all he behold t col\r to arise 9 ! face ( ano!r b x br+s into 8 m9d ! idea ( t passion :i* ha? be5 obs]v$ to accompany x4 #bd4 ,:at seems to h misl$ ! writ]s ( optics 9 ?is matt] is1 t !y imag9e m5 judge ( di/ance z !y d ( a conclusion 9 ma!matics2 betwixt :i* & ! premises x is inde$ absolutely requisite !re be an app>5t necess>y connexion4 ,b x is f> o!rwise 9 ! sudd5 judgm5ts m5 make ( di/ance4 ,we are n to ?9k t brutes & *ildr51 or ev5 gr[n reasonable m51 :5ev] !y p]ceive an object to approa* or dep>t f !m1 d x by virtue ( geometry & demon/ration4 #be4 ,t "o idea may sugge/ ano!r to ! m9d1 x w suffice t !y h be5 obs]v$ to g toge!r1 )\t any demon/ration ( ! necessity ( _! coexi/5ce1 or )\t s mu* z kn[+ :at x is t makes !m s to coexi/4 ,( ?is !re are innum]able in/ances1 ( :i* no "o c be ignorant7#caj74 #bf4 ,?us1 great] confusion hav+ be5 con/antly att5d$ ) ne>] di/ance1 no soon] is ! =m] idea p]ceiv$ b x sugge/s ! latt] to our ?\ghts4 ,&1 if x _h be5 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature t ! f>!r (f an object 7 plac$ ! m confus$ x %\ld appe>1 x is c]ta9 ! v same p]ception t n[ makes u ?9k an object approa*es w\ld !n h made u to imag9e x w5t f>!r (f2 t p]ception1 ab/ract+ f cu/om & exp]i5ce1 be+ equally fitt$ to produce ! idea ( great di/ance1 or small di/ance1 or no di/ance at all4 #bg4 ,?irdly1 an object be+ plac$ at ! di/ance above specifi$1 & br\ght ne>] to ! eye1 we may nev]!less prev5t1 at lea/ = "s "t1 ! appe>ance's gr[+ m confus$1 by /ra9+ ! eye7#caa74 ,9 :i* case t s5sation supplies ! place ( confus$ vision1 9 aid+ ! m9d to judge ( ! di/ance ( ! object2 x be+ e/eem$ s mu* ! ne>] by h[ mu* ! ef=t or /ra9+ ( ! eye 9 ord] to di/9ct vision is great]4 #bh4 ,i h "h7#cab7 set d[n ^? s5sations or ideas7#cac7 t seem to be ! con/ant & g5]al occasions ( introduc+ into ! m9d ! diff]5t ideas ( ne> di/ance4 ,x is true1 9 mo/ cases1 t div]s o!r circum/ances contribute to frame our idea ( di/ance1 viz4 ! p>ticul> numb]1 size1 k9d1 c4 ( ! ?+s se54 ,conc]n+ :i*1 z well z all o!r ! =em5tion$ occasions :i* sugge/ di/ance1 ,i %all only obs]ve1 !y h none ( !m1 9 _! own nature1 any relation or connexion ) x3 nor is x possible !y %\ld ev] signify ! v>i\s degrees !re(1 o!rwise ?an z by exp]i5ce !y h be5 f\nd to be connect$ ) !m4 #bi4 ,i %all proce$ ^u ^! pr9ciples to acc\nt = a ph5om5on :i* has hi!rto /rangely puzzl$ ! writ]s ( optics1 & is s f> f be+ acc\nt$ = by any ( _! !ories ( vision1 t x is1 by _! own confession1 pla9ly repugnant to !m2 & ( consequ5ce1 if no?+ else c\ld be object$1 7 alone suffici5t to br+ _! cr$it 9 "q4 ,! :ole difficulty ,i %all lay be=e y 9 ! words ( ! le>n$ ,doctor ,b>r[1 ) :i* he concludes 8 ,optic ,lectures7#cad73-- ,illu/ration 8,hc sunt1 qu circa p>tem optic prcipue ma!maticam dic5da mihi suggessit m$itatio4 ,circa reliquas 7qu sunt1 adeoque spiuscule pro c]tis pr9cipiis plausibiles conjecturas v5dit>e necessum hab5t7 nihil f]e quicquam admodum v]isimile succurrit1 a p]vulgatis 7ab iis1 inquam1 qu ,kepl]us1 ,s*e9]us7#cae71 ,c>tesius1 et po/ illos alii tradid]unt7 ali5um aut div]sum4 ,atqui tac]e malo1 quam toties oblatam cramb5 repon]e4 ,pro9de receptui cano2 nee ita tam5 ut prorsus disc$am1 anteaquam improbam qu&am difficultatem 7pro s9c]itate quam et vobis et v]itati debeo m9ime dissimul&am7 9 m$ium protul]o1 qu doctr9 no/r1 hact5us inculcat1 se objicit adv]sam1 ab ea saltem nullam admittit solutionem4 ,illa1 brevit]1 talis e/4 ,l5ti vel speculo cavo ,,ebf exponatur punctum visibile ,a1 ita di/ans1 ut radii ex ,a manantes ex inflectione v]sus axem ,,ab cogantur4 ,sitque radiationis limes 7seu puncti ,a imago1 qualem supra passim /atuimus7 punctum ,z4 ,int] hoc autem et inflect5tis v]ticem ,b uspiam positus concipiatur oculus4 ,quri jam pote/1 ubi loci debeat punctum ,a app>]e8 ,retrorsum ad punctum ,z vid]i non f]t natura 7cum omnis impressio s5sum affici5s prov5iat a p>tibus ,a7 ac exp]i5tia reclamat4 ,no/ris autem e placitis consequi videtur1 ipsum ad p>tes anticas app>5s1 ab int]vallo longissime dissito 7quod et maximum s5sibile quodvis int]vallum quodammodo exsup]et71 app>]e4 ,cum enim quo radiis m9us div]g5tibus att+itur objectum1 eo 7seclusis utique prnotionibus et prjudiciis7 longius abesse s5tiatur2 et quod p>allelos ad oculum radios projicit1 remotissime positum /imetur3 exig]e ratio videtur1 ut quod conv]g5tibus radiis appreh5ditur1 adhuc magis1 si fi]i posset1 quoad app>5tiam elongetur4 ,qu9 et circa casum hunc g5]atim inquiri possit1 quidnam omn9o sit1 quod app>5tem puncti ,a locum det]m9et1 faciatque quod con/anti ratione nunc propius1 nunc remotius app>eat8 ,cui itidem dubio nihil quicquam ex hact5us dictorum analogia respond]i posse videtur1 nisi deb]e punctum ,a p]petuo longissime semotum vid]i4 ,v]um exp]i5tia secus atte/atur1 illud pro div]sa oculi int] puncta ,b1 ,z1 positione v>ie di/ans1 nunquam f]e 7si unquam7 long9quius ipso ,a lib]e spectato1 sub9de v]o multo prop9quius adp>]e2 qu9imo1 quo oculum appell5tes radii magis conv]gunt1 eo speciem objecti propius acc$]e4 ,nempe1 si puncto ,b admoveatur oculus1 suo 7ad l5tem7 f]e nativo 9 loco conspicitur punctum ,a 7vel que di/ans1 ad speculum72 ad ,o r$uctus oculus ejusce speciem approp9quantem c]nit2 ad ,p adhuc vic9ius ipsum exi/imat2 ac ita s5sim1 donec alicubi t&em1 velut ad ,q1 con/ituto oculo1 objectum summe prop9quum app>5s 9 m]am confusionem incipiat evanesc]e4 ,qu sane cuncta rationibus atque decretis no/ris repugn>e vid5tur1 aut cum iis saltem p>um amice conspirant4 ,neque no/ram tantum s5t5tiam pulsat hoc exp]im5tum1 at ex quo ct]as quas norim omnes3 vet]em imprimis ac vulgatam1 no/r pr reliquis aff9em1 ita convell]e videtur1 ut ejus vi coactus doctissimus ,a4 ,tacquetus i/i pr9cipio 7cui p5e soli totam 9dificav]at ,catoptricam suam7 ceu infido ac incon/anti r5unci>it1 adeoque suam ipse doctr9am labefact>it8 id tam51 op9or1 m9ime facturus1 si rem totam inspexissit p5itius1 atque difficultatis fundum attigissit4 ,apud me v]o non ita pollet hc1 nec e\sque prpollebit ulla difficultas1 ut ab iis qu manife/e rationi cons5tanea video1 disc$am2 prs]tim quum1 ut 8 accidit1 ejusmodi difficultas 9 s+ul>is cujuspiam casus disp>itate fundetur4 ,nimirum 9 prs5te casu peculi>e quiddam1 natur subtilitati involutum1 delitescit1 gre =tassis1 nisi p]fectius explorato vid5di modo1 deteg5dum4 ,circa quod nil1 fateor1 hact5us excogit>e potui1 quod adbl&iretur animo meo1 n$um plane satisfac]et4 ,vobis itaque nodum hunc1 ut9am feliciore conatu1 resolv5dum committo40 ,9 ,engli% z foll[s3 8,i h "h deliv]$ :at my ?\ghts h sugge/$ to me conc]n+ t "p ( optics :i* is m prop]ly ma!matical4 ,z = ! o!r p>ts ( t sci5ce 7:i*1 be+ r physical1 d consequ5tly ab\nd ) plausible conjectures in/ead ( c]ta9 pr9ciples71 !re has 9 !m sc>ce any?+ occurr$ to my obs]vation diff]5t f :at has be5 already said by ,kepl]1 ,s*e9]us1 ,des ,c>tes1 c4 ,& me?9ks ,i _h bett] say no?+ at all ?an repeat t :i* has be5 s (t5 said by o!rs4 ,i ?9k x !re=e high "t to take my leave ( ?is subject4 ,b1 be=e ,i quit x = good & all1 ! fair & +5u\s deal+ t ,i owe bo? to y & to tru? obliges me to acqua9t y ) a c]ta9 unt[>d difficulty1 :i* seems directly opposite to ! doctr9e ,i h be5 hi!rto inculcat+1 at lea/ admits ( no solution f x4 ,9 %ort x is ?is4 ,be=e ! d\ble convex glass or concave speculum ,,ebf1 let ! po9t ,a be plac$ at su* a di/ance t ! rays proce$+ f ,a1 aft] refraction or reflection1 be br\ght to unite some:]e 9 ! axis ,,ab4 ,& suppose ! po9t ( union 7i4e4 ! image ( ! po9t ,a1 z ha? be5 already set =?7 to be ,z2 betwe5 :i* & ,b1 ! v]tex ( ! glass or speculum1 conceive ! eye to be any:]e plac$4 ,! "q n[ is1 :]e ! po9t ,a ought to appe>4 ,exp]i5ce %ews t x do? n appe> beh9d at ! po9t ,z2 & x 7 contr>y to nature t x %\ld2 s9ce all ! impression :i* affects ! s5se comes f t[>ds ,a4 ,b1 f our t5ets x %\ld seem to foll[ t x w\ld appe> be=e ! eye at a va/ di/ance (f1 s great z %\ld 9 "s sort surpass all s5sible di/ance4 ,= s9ce1 if we exclude all anticipations & prejudices1 e object appe>s by s mu* ! f>!r (f by h[ mu* ! rays x s5ds to ! eye are less div]g+2 & t object is ?\ght to be mo/ remote f :i* p>allel rays proce$ unto ! eye2 reason w\ld make "o ?9k t object %\ld appe> at yet a great] di/ance :i* is se5 by conv]g+ rays4 ,moreov]1 x may 9 g5]al be ask$ conc]n+ ?is case1 :at x is t det]m9es ! app>5t place ( ! po9t ,a1 & make? x to appe> aft] a con/ant mann]1 sometimes ne>]1 at o!r times f>!r (f8 ,to :i* d\bt ,i see no?+ t c be answ]$ agreeable to ! pr9ciples we h laid d[n1 except only t ! po9t ,a ought always to appe> extremely remote4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 we are assur$ by exp]i5ce1 t ! po9t ,a appe>s v>i\sly di/ant1 accord+ to ! diff]5t situations ( ! eye betwe5 ! po9ts ,b & ,z4 ,& t x do? almo/ nev] 7if at all7 seem f>!r (f ?an x w\ld if x 7 beheld by ! nak$ eye2 b1 on ! contr>y1 x do? sometimes appe> mu* ne>]4 ,nay1 x is ev5 c]ta9 t by h[ mu* ! rays fall+ on ! eye d m conv]ge1 by s mu* ! ne>] does ! object seem to approa*4 ,=1 ! eye be+ plac$ close to ! po9t ,b1 ! object ,a appe>s ne>ly 9 its own natural place1 if ! po9t ,b is tak5 9 ! glass1 or at ! same di/ance1 if 9 ! speculum4 ,! eye be+ br\ght back to ,o1 ! object seems to draw ne>2 &1 be+ come to ,p1 x beholds x /ill ne>]3 & s on by little & little1 till at l5g? ! eye be+ plac$ some:]e1 suppose at ,q1 ! object appe>+ extremely ne> beg9s to vani% into m]e confusion4 ,all :i* do? seem repugnant to our pr9ciples2 at lea/1 n rightly to agree ) !m4 ,nor is our t5et alone /ruck at by ?is exp]im5t1 b likewise all o!rs t ev] came to my k are e :it z mu* endang]$ by x4 ,! anci5t "o especially 7:i* is mo/ commonly receiv$1 & comes ne>e/ to m9e7 seems to be s effectually ov]?r[n !reby t ! mo/ le>n$ ,tacquet has be5 =c$ to reject t pr9ciple1 z false & unc]ta91 on :i* alone he _h built almo/ 8 :ole ,catoptrics1 & consequ5tly1 by tak+ away ! f\ndation1 ha? himself pull$ d[n ! sup]/ructure he _h rais$ on x4 ,:i*1 nev]!less1 ,i d n believe he w\ld h done1 _h he b consid]$ ! :ole matt] m ?or\ghly1 & exam9$ ! difficulty to ! bottom4 ,b z = me1 nei!r ?is nor any o!r difficulty %all h s great an influ5ce on me1 z to make me r5\nce t :i* ,i "k to be manife/ly agreeable to reason4 ,especially :51 z x "h falls out1 ! difficulty is f\nd$ 9 ! peculi> nature ( a c]ta9 odd & p>ticul> case4 ,=1 9 ! pres5t case some?+ peculi> lies hid1 :i*1 be+ involv$ 9 ! subtilty ( nature1 w p]haps h>dly be discov]$ till su* "t z ! mann] ( vision is m p]fectly made kn[n4 ,conc]n+ :i*1 ,i mu/ own ,i h hi!rto be5 able to f9d out no?+ t has ! lea/ %[ ( probability1 n to m5tion c]ta9ty4 ,i %all !re=e leave ?is knot to be unti$ by y1 wi%+ y may h bett] success 9 x ?an ,i h _h40 #cj4 ,! anci5t & receiv$ pr9ciple1 :i* ,dr4 ,b>r[ "h m5tions z ! ma9 f\ndation ( ,tacquet's7#caf7 ,catoptrics1 is1 t e 8visible po9t se5 by reflection f a speculum %all appe> plac$ at ! int]section ( ! reflect$ ray & ! p]p5dicul> ( incid5ce40 ,:i* int]section 9 ! pres5t case happ5+ to be beh9d ! eye1 x greatly %akes ! au?ority ( t pr9ciple :]eon ! a=em5tion$ au?or proce$s ?r\gh\t 8 :ole ,catoptrics1 9 det]m9+ ! app>5t place ( objects se5 by reflection f any k9d ( speculum4 #ca4 ,let u n[ see h[ ?is ph5om5on agrees ) our t5ets7#cag74 ,! eye1 ! ne>] x is plac$ to ! po9t ,b 9 ! above figures1 ! m di/9ct is ! appe>ance ( ! object3 b1 z x rec$es to ,o1 ! appe>ance gr[s m confus$2 & at ,p x sees ! object yet m confus$2 & s on1 till ! eye1 be+ br\ght back to ,z1 sees ! object 9 ! greate/ confusion ( all4 ,:]e=e1 by sect4 #ba1 ! object %\ld seem to approa* ! eye gradually1 z x rec$es f ! po9t ,b2 t is1 at ,o x %\ld 79 consequ5ce ( ! pr9ciple ,i h laid d[n 9 ! a=esaid section7 seem ne>] ?an x did at ,b1 & at ,p ne>] ?an at ,o1 & at ,q ne>] ?an at ,p1 & s on1 till x q vani%es at ,z4 ,:i* is ! v matt] ( fact1 z any "o t pleases may easily satisfy himself by exp]im5t4 #cb4 ,?is case is mu* ! same z if we %\ld suppose an ,engli%man to meet a =eign] :o us$ ! same words ) ! ,engli%1 b 9 a direct contr>y signification4 ,! ,engli%man w\ld n fail to make a wrong judgm5t ( ! ideas annex$ to ^? s\nds1 9 ! m9d ( him t us$ !m4 ,j s 9 ! pres5t case1 ! object speaks 7if ,i may s say7 ) words t ! eye is well acqua9t$ )1 t is1 confusions ( appe>ance2 b1 :]eas h]et(ore ! greate/ confusions 7 always wont to signify ne>] di/ances1 !y h 9 ?is case a direct contr>y signification1 be+ connect$ ) ! great] di/ances4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! eye mu/ unavoidably be mi/ak51 s9ce x w take ! confusions 9 ! s5se x has be5 us$ to1 :i* is directly oppos$ to ! true4 #cc4 ,?is ph5om5on1 z x entirely subv]ts ! op9ion ( ^? :o w h u judge ( di/ance by l9es & angles1 on :i* supposition x is altoge!r inexplicable1 s x seems to me no small confirmation ( ! tru? ( t pr9ciple :]eby x is expla9$7#cah74 ,b1 9 ord] to a m full explication ( ?is po9t1 & to %ew h[ f> ! hypo!sis ( ! m9d's judg+ by ! v>i\s div]g5cy ( rays may be ( use 9 det]m9+ ! app>5t place ( an object1 x w be necess>y to premise "s few ?+s1 :i* are already well kn[n to ^? :o h any skill 9 ,dioptrics4 #cd4 ,fir/1 ,any radiat+ po9t is !n di/9ctly se5 :5 ! rays proce$+ f x are1 by ! refractive p[] ( ! cry/all9e1 accurately reunit$ 9 ! ret9a or fund ( ! eye4 ,b if !y are reunit$ ei!r be=e !y arrive at ! ret9a1 or aft] !y h pass$ x1 !n !re is confus$ vision4 ,illu/ration ,figure #a ,illu/ration ,figure #b ,illu/ration ,figure #c #ce4 ,secondly1 ,suppose1 9 ! adjac5t figures1 ,,np repres5t an eye duly fram$1 & reta9+ its natural figure4 ,9 fig4 #a ! rays fall+ ne>ly p>allel on ! eye1 are1 by ! cry/all9e ,,ab1 refract$1 s z _! focus1 or po9t ( union ,f1 falls exactly on ! ret9a4 ,b1 if ! rays fall s5sibly div]g+ on ! eye1 z 9 fig4 #b1 !n _! focus falls beyond ! ret9a2 or1 if ! rays are made to conv]ge by ! l5s ,,qs1 be=e !y come at ! eye1 z 9 fig4 #c1 _! focus ,f w fall be=e ! ret9a4 ,9 :i* two la/ cases x is evid5t1 f ! =ego+ section1 t ! appe>ance ( ! po9t ,z is confus$4 ,&1 by h[ mu* ! great] is ! conv]g5cy or div]g5cy ( ! rays fall+ on ! pupil1 by s mu* ! f>!r w ! po9t ( _! reunion be f ! ret9a1 ei!r be=e or beh9d x1 & consequ5tly ! po9t ,z w appe> by s mu* ! m confus$4 ,& ?is1 by ! bye1 may %ew u ! diff]5ce betwe5 confus$ & fa9t vision4 ,confus$ vision is1 :5 ! rays proce$+ f ea* di/9ct po9t ( ! object are n accurately re-collect$ 9 "o correspond+ po9t on ! ret9a1 b take up "s space !reon--s t rays f diff]5t po9ts become mix$ & confus$ toge!r4 ,?is is oppos$ to a di/9ct vision1 & att5ds ne> objects4 ,fa9t vision is :51 by reason ( ! di/ance ( ! object1 or grossness ( ! int]jac5t m$ium1 few rays arrive f ! object to ! eye4 ,?is is oppos$ to vigor\s or cle> vision1 & att5ds remote objects4 ,b to return4 #cf4 ,! eye1 or 7to speak truly7 ! m9d1 p]ceiv+ only ! confusion itself1 )\t ev] consid]+ ! cause f :i* x proce$s1 do? con/antly annex ! same degree ( di/ance to ! same degree ( confusion4 ,:e!r t confusion be occasion$ by conv]g+ or by div]g+ rays x matt]s n4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! eye1 view+ ! object ,z ?r\gh ! glass ,,qs 7:i* by refraction cause? ! rays ,,zq1 ,,zs1 c4 to conv]ge71 %\ld judge x to be at su* a ne>ness1 at :i*1 if x 7 plac$1 x w\ld radiate on ! eye1 ) rays div]g+ to t degree z w\ld produce ! same confusion :i* is n[ produc$ by conv]g+ rays1 i4e4 w\ld cov] a portion ( ! ret9a equal to ,,dc4 7,vid4 fig4 #c1 sup47 ,b !n ?is mu/ be und]/ood 7to use ,dr4 ,b>r['s phrase7 8seclusis prnotionibus et prjudiciis10 9 case we ab/ract f all o!r circum/ances ( vision1 su* z ! figure1 size1 fa9tness1 c4 ( ! visible objects--all :i* d ord9>ily concur to =m our idea ( di/ance1 ! m9d hav+1 by frequ5t exp]i5ce1 obs]v$ _! sev]al sorts or degrees to be connect$ ) v>i\s di/ances4 #cg4 ,x pla9ly foll[s f :at has be5 said1 t a p]son p]fectly purbl9d 7i4e4 t c\ld n see an object di/9ctly b :5 plac$ close to 8 eye7 w\ld n make ! same wrong judgm5t t o!rs d 9 ! =em5tion$ case4 ,=1 to him1 great] confusions con/antly sugge/+ great] di/ances1 he mu/1 z he rec$es f ! glass1 & ! object gr[s m confus$1 judge x to be at a f>!r di/ance2 contr>y to :at !y d :o h _h ! p]ception ( ! objects gr[+ m confus$ connect$ ) ! idea ( approa*4 #ch4 ,h5ce also x do? appe>1 !re may be good use ( computation1 by l9es & angles1 9 optics7#cai72 n t ! m9d judges ( di/ance imm$iately by !m1 b because x judges by some:at :i* is connect$ ) !m1 & to ! det]m9ation :]e( !y may be subs]vi5t4 ,?us1 ! m9d judg+ ( ! di/ance ( an object by ! confus$ness ( its appe>ance1 & ?is confus$ness be+ great] or less] to ! nak$ eye1 accord+ z ! object is se5 by rays m or less div]g+1 x foll[s t a man may make use ( ! div]g5cy ( ! rays1 9 comput+ ! app>5t di/ance1 ?\gh n = its own sake1 yet on acc\nt ( ! confusion ) :i* x is connect$4 ,b s x is1 ! confusion itself is entirely neglect$ by ma!maticians1 z hav+ no necess>y relation ) di/ance1 su* z ! great] or less] angles ( div]g5cy are conceiv$ to h4 ,& ^! 7especially = t !y fall "u ma!matical computation7 are alone reg>d$1 9 det]m9+ ! app>5t places ( objects1 z ?\gh !y 7 ! sole & imm$iate cause ( ! judgm5ts ! m9d makes ( di/ance4 ,:]eas1 9 tru?1 !y %\ld n at all be reg>d$ 9 !mselves1 or any o!rwise ?an z !y are suppos$ to be ! cause ( confus$ vision4 #ci4 ,! n consid]+ ( ?is has be5 a fundam5tal & p]plex+ ov]sight4 ,= pro( :]e(1 we ne$ g no f>!r ?an ! case be=e u4 ,x hav+ be5 obs]v$ t ! mo/ div]g+ rays br\ght into ! m9d ! idea ( ne>e/ di/ance1 & t /ill z ! div]g5cy decreas$ ! di/ance increas$1 & x be+ ?\ght ! connexion betwe5 ! v>i\s degrees ( div]g5cy & di/ance 0 imm$iate--?is naturally leads "o to conclude1 f an ill-gr\nd$ analogy1 t conv]g+ rays %all make an object appe> at an imm5se di/ance1 & t1 z ! conv]g5cy increases1 ! di/ance 7if x 7 possible7 %\ld d s likewise4 ,t ?is 0 ! cause ( ,dr4 ,b>r['s mi/ake is evid5t f 8 own words :i* we h quot$4 ,:]eas _h ! le>n$ ,doctor obs]v$ t div]g+ & conv]g+ rays1 h[ opposite soev] !y may seem1 d nev]!less agree 9 produc+ ! same effect1 to wit1 confus$ness ( vision1 great] degrees :]e( are produc$ indiff]5tly1 ei!r z ! div]g5cy or conv]g5cy ( ! rays increase?2 & t x is by ?is effect1 :i* is ! same 9 bo?1 t ei!r ! div]g5cy or conv]g5cy is p]ceiv$ by ! eye--,i say1 _h he b consid]$ ?is1 x is c]ta9 he w\ld h made a q contr>y judgm5t1 & rightly conclud$ t ^? rays :i* fall on ! eye ) great] degrees ( conv]g5cy %\ld make ! object f :5ce !y proce$ appe> by s mu* ! ne>]4 ,b x is pla9 x 0 impossible = any man to atta9 to a "r notion ( ?is matt] s long z he _h reg>d only to l9es & angles1 & did n appreh5d ! true nature ( vision1 & h[ f> x 0 ( ma!matical consid]ation4 #dj4 ,be=e we dismiss ?is subject1 x is fit we take notice ( a qu]y relat+ !reto1 propos$ by ! +5i\s ,mr4 ,molyneux1 9 8 ,treatise ( ,dioptrics 7p>4 i4 prop4 #ca4 sect4 #i71 :]e1 speak+ ( ! difficulty we h be5 expla9+1 he has ^! words3 8,& s he 7i4e4 ,dr4 ,b>r[7 leaves ?is difficulty to ! solution ( o!rs1 :i* ,i 7aft] s great an example7 %all d likewise2 b ) ! resolution ( ! same admirable au?or1 ( n quitt+ ! evid5t doctr9e :i* we h be=e laid d[n1 = det]m9+ ! locus objecti1 on acc\nt ( be+ press$ by "o difficulty1 :i* seems inexplicable till a m intimate k ( ! visive faculty be obta9$ by mortals4 ,9 ! meantime ,i propose x to ! consid]ation ( ! +5i\s1 :e!r ! locus app>5s ( an object plac$ z 9 ?is n9? section be n z mu* be=e ! eye z ! di/9ct base is beh9d ! eye80 ,to :i* qu]y we may v5ture to answ] 9 ! negative4 ,=1 9 ! pres5t case1 ! rule = det]m9+ ! di/ance ( ! di/9ct base1 or respective focus f ! glass is ?is3 ,z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! di/ance ( ! object & focus is to ! focus or focal l5g?1 s ! di/ance ( ! object f ! glass is to ! di/ance ( ! respective focus or di/9ct base f ! glass4 7,molyneux1 ,dioptr41 p>4 i4 prop4 #e47 ,let u n[ suppose ! object to be plac$ at ! di/ance ( ! focal l5g?1 & "o-half ( ! focal l5g? f ! glass1 & ! eye close to ! glass4 ,h5ce x w foll[1 by ! rule1 t ! di/ance ( ! di/9ct base beh9d ! eye is d\ble ! true di/ance ( ! object be=e ! eye4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,mr4 ,molyneux's conjecture held good1 x w\ld foll[ t ! eye %\ld see ! object twice z f> (f z x really is2 & 9 o!r cases at ?ree or f\r times its due di/ance1 or m4 ,b ?is manife/ly contradicts exp]i5ce1 ! object nev] appe>+1 at f>!/1 beyond its due di/ance4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 is built on ?is supposition 7vid4 corol4 i4 prop4 #eg4 ibid47 comes to ! gr\nd along ) x4 #da4 ,f :at ha? be5 premis$1 x is a manife/ consequ5ce1 t a man born bl9d1 be+ made to see1 w\ld at fir/ h no idea ( di/ance by sight3 ! sun & />s1 ! remote/ objects z well z ! ne>]1 w\ld all seem to be 9 8 eye1 or r 9 8 m9d4 ,! objects intromitt$ by sight w\ld seem to him 7z 9 tru? !y are7 no o!r ?an a new set ( ?\ghts or s5sations1 ea* :]e( is z ne> to him z ! p]ceptions ( pa9 or pleasure1 or ! mo/ inw>d passions ( 8 s\l4 ,=1 our judg+ objects p]ceiv$ by sight to be at any di/ance1 or )\t ! m9d1 is 7vid4 sect1 xxviii47 entirely ! effect ( exp]i5ce2 :i* "o 9 ^? circum/ances c\ld n yet h atta9$ to7#cbj74 #db4 ,x is inde$ o!rwise ^u ! common supposition--t m5 judge ( di/ance by ! angle ( ! optic axes1 j z "o 9 ! d>k1 or a bl9d man by ! angle compreh5d$ by two /icks1 "o :]e( he held 9 ea* h&7#cba74 ,=1 if ?is 7 true1 x w\ld foll[ t "o bl9d f 8 bir?1 be+ made to see1 %\ld /& 9 ne$ ( no new exp]i5ce1 9 ord] to p]ceive di/ance by sight4 ,b t ?is is false has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 suffici5tly demon/rat$4 #dc4 ,& p]haps1 ^u a /rict inquiry1 we %all n f9d t ev5 ^? :o f _! bir? h gr[n up 9 a cont9u$ habit ( see+ are irrecov]ably prejudic$ on ! o!r side1 to wit1 9 ?9k+ :at !y see to be at a di/ance f !m4 ,=1 at ?is "t x seems agre$ on all h&s1 by ^? :o h _h any ?\ghts ( t matt]1 t col\rs1 :i* are ! prop] & imm$iate object ( sight1 are n )\t ! m9d4--,b !n1 x w be said1 by sight we h also ! ideas ( ext5sion1 & figure1 & motion2 all :i* may well be ?\ght )\t & at "s di/ance f ! m9d1 ?\gh col\r %\ld n4 ,9 answ] to ?is1 ,i appeal to any man's exp]i5ce1 :e!r ! visible ext5sion ( any object d n appe> z ne> to him z ! col\r ( t object2 nay1 :e!r !y d n bo? seem to be 9 ! v same place4 ,is n ! ext5sion we see col\r$1 & is x possible = u1 s mu* z 9 ?\ght1 to sep>ate & ab/ract col\r f ext5sion8 ,n[1 :]e ! ext5sion is1 !re surely is ! figure1 & !re ! motion too4 ,i speak ( ^? :i* are p]ceiv$ by sight7#cbb74 #dd4 ,b = a full] explication ( ?is po9t1 & to %ew t ! imm$iate objects ( sight are n s mu* z ! ideas or resemblances ( ?+s plac$ at a di/ance1 x is requisite t we look ne>] into ! matt]1 & c>efully obs]ve :at is meant 9 common disc\rse :5 "o says1 t :i* he sees is at a di/ance f him4 ,suppose1 = example1 t look+ at ! moon ,i %\ld say x 7 fifty or sixty semidiamet]s ( ! e>? di/ant f me4 ,let u see :at moon ?is is spok5 (4 ,x is pla9 x _c be ! visible moon1 or any?+ l ! visible moon1 or t :i* ,i see--:i* is only a r\nd lum9\s pla91 ( ab\t ?irty visible po9ts 9 diamet]4 ,=1 9 case ,i am c>ri$ f ! place :]e ,i /& directly t[>ds ! moon1 x is manife/ ! object v>ies /ill z ,i g on2 &1 by ! "t t ,i am advanc$ fifty or sixty semidiamet]s ( ! e>?1 ,i %all be s f> f be+ ne> a small1 r\nd1 lum9\s flat t ,i %all p]ceive no?+ l x--?is object hav+ long s9ce disappe>$1 &1 if ,i w\ld recov] x1 x mu/ be by go+ back to ! e>? f :5ce ,i set out7#cbc74 ,aga91 suppose ,i p]ceive by sight ! fa9t & obscure idea ( some?+1 :i* ,i d\bt :e!r x be a man1 or a tree1 or a t[]1 b judge x to be at ! di/ance ( ab\t a mile4 ,x is pla9 ,i _c mean t :at ,i see is a mile (f1 or t x is ! image or lik5ess ( any?+ :i* is a mile (f2 s9ce t e /ep ,i take t[>ds x ! appe>ance alt]s1 & f be+ obscure1 small1 & fa9t1 gr[s cle>1 l>ge1 & vigor\s4 ,& :5 ,i come to ! mile's end1 t :i* ,i saw fir/ is q lo/1 nei!r d ,i f9d any?+ 9 ! lik5ess ( x7#cbd74 #de4 ,9 ^! & ! l in/ances1 ! tru? ( ! matt]1 ,i f9d1 /&s ?us3--,hav+ ( a long "t exp]i5c$ c]ta9 ideas p]ceivable by t\*7#cbe7--;z di/ance1 tangible figure1 & solidity--to h be5 connect$ ) c]ta9 ideas ( sight1 ,i d1 ^u p]ceiv+ ^! ideas ( sight1 =?) conclude :at tangible ideas are1 by ! wont$ ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 l to foll[4 ,look+ at an object1 ,i p]ceive a c]ta9 visible figure & col\r1 ) "s degree ( fa9tness & o!r circum/ances1 :i*1 f :at ,i h =m]ly obs]v$1 det]m9e me to ?9k t if ,i advance =w>d s _m paces1 miles1 c41 ,i %all be affect$ ) su* & su* ideas ( t\*4 ,s t1 9 tru? & /rictness ( spee*1 ,i nei!r see di/ance itself1 nor any?+ t ,i take to be at a di/ance4 ,i say1 nei!r di/ance nor ?+s plac$ at a di/ance are !mselves1 or _! ideas1 truly p]ceiv$ by sight4 ,?is ,i am p]suad$ (1 z to :at conc]ns myself4 ,& ,i believe :oev] w look n>r[ly into 8 own ?\ghts1 & exam9e :at he means by say+ he sees ?is or t ?+ at a di/ance1 w agree ) me1 t :at he sees only sugge/s to 8 und]/&+ t1 aft] hav+ pass$ a c]ta9 di/ance1 to be measur$ by ! motion ( 8 body1 :i* is p]ceivable by t\*7#cbf71 he %all come to p]ceive su* & su* tangible ideas1 :i* h be5 usually connect$ ) su* & su* visible ideas4 ,b1 t "o might be deceiv$ by ^! sugge/ions ( s5se1 & t !re is no necess>y connexion betwe5 visible & tangible ideas sugge/$ by !m1 we ne$ g no f>!r ?an ! next look+-glass or picture to be conv9c$4 ,note t1 :5 ,i speak ( tangible ideas1 ,i take ! ^w idea = any ! imm$iate object ( s5se1 or und]/&+--9 :i* l>ge signification x is commonly us$ by ! mod]ns7#cbg74 #df4 ,f :at we h %ewn1 x is a manife/ consequ5ce t ! ideas ( space1 outness7#cbh71 & ?+s plac$ at a di/ance are n1 /rictly speak+1 ! object ( sight7#cbi72 !y are n o!rwise p]ceiv$ by ! eye ?an by ! e>4 ,sitt+ 9 my /udy ,i he> a coa* drive along ! /reet2 ,i look ?r\gh ! casem5t & see x2 ,i walk out & ent] into x4 ,?us1 common spee* w\ld incl9e "o to ?9k ,i he>d1 saw1 & t\*$ ! same ?+1 to wit1 ! coa*4 ,x is nev]!less c]ta9 ! ideas intromitt$ by ea* s5se are widely diff]5t1 & di/9ct f ea* o!r2 b1 hav+ be5 obs]v$ con/antly to g toge!r1 !y are spok5 ( z "o & ! same ?+4 ,by ! v>iation ( ! noise1 ,i p]ceive ! diff]5t di/ances ( ! coa*1 & "k t x approa*es be=e ,i look out4 ,?us1 by ! e> ,i p]ceive di/ance j aft] ! same mann] z ,i d by ! eye4 #dg4 ,i d n nev]!less say ,i he> di/ance1 9 l mann] z ,i say t ,i see x--! ideas p]ceiv$ by he>+ n be+ s apt to be conf\nd$ ) ! ideas ( t\* z ^? ( sight are4 ,s likewise a man is easily conv9c$ t bodies & ext]nal ?+s are n prop]ly ! object ( he>+1 b only s\nds1 by ! m$iation :]e( ! idea ( ?is or t body1 or di/ance1 is sugge/$ to 8 ?\ghts4 ,b !n "o is ) m difficulty br\ght to disc]n ! diff]5ce !re is betwixt ! ideas ( sight & t\*7#ccj73 ?\gh x be c]ta91 a man no m sees & feels ! same ?+1 ?an he he>s & feels ! same ?+4 #dh4 ,"o reason ( :i* seems to be ?is4 ,x is ?\ght a great absurdity to imag9e t "o & ! same ?+ %\ld h any m ?an "o ext5sion & "o figure4 ,b1 ! ext5sion & figure ( a body be+ let into ! m9d two ways1 & t indiff]5tly1 ei!r by sight or t\*1 x seems to foll[ t we see ! same ext5sion & ! same figure :i* we feel4 #di4 ,b1 if we take a close & accurate view ( ! matt]1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t we nev] see & feel "o & ! same object7#cca74 ,t :i* is se5 is "o ?+1 & t :i* is felt is ano!r4 ,if ! visible figure & ext5sion be n ! same ) ! tangible figure & ext5sion1 we are n to inf] t "o & ! same ?+ has div]s ext5sions4 ,! true consequ5ce is t ! objects ( sight & t\* are two di/9ct ?+s7#ccb74 ,x may p]haps require "s ?\ght rightly to conceive ?is di/9ction4 ,& ! difficulty seems n a little increas$1 because ! comb9ation ( visible ideas ha? con/antly ! same "n z ! comb9ation ( tangible ideas :]e) x is connect$--:i* do? ( necessity arise f ! use & end ( language7#ccc74 #ej4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to treat accurately & unconfus$ly ( vision1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t !re are two sorts ( objects appreh5d$ by ! eye--! "o prim>ily & imm$iately1 ! o!r second>ily & by int]v5tion ( ! =m]4 ,^? ( ! fir/ sort nei!r are nor appe> to be )\t ! m9d1 or at any di/ance (f7#ccd74 ,!y may1 inde$1 gr[ great] or small]1 m confus$1 or m cle>1 or m fa9t4 ,b !y d n1 _c approa*1 or ev5 seem to approa* 7#cce7 or rec$e f u4 ,:5ev] we say an object is at a di/ance1 :5ev] we say x draws ne>1 or goes f>!r (f1 we mu/ always mean x ( ! latt] sort1 :i* prop]ly belong to ! t\*7#ccf71 & are n s truly p]ceiv$ z sugge/$ by ! eye1 9 l mann] z ?\ghts by ! e>4 #ea4 ,no soon] d we he> ! words ( a famili> language pron\nc$ 9 our e>s b ! ideas correspond+ !reto pres5t !mselves to our m9ds3 9 ! v same in/ant ! s\nd & ! mean+ ent] ! und]/&+3 s closely are !y unit$ t x is n 9 our p[] to keep out ! "o except we exclude ! o!r also4 ,we ev5 act 9 all respects z if we he>d ! v ?\ghts !mselves4 ,s likewise ! second>y objects1 or ^? :i* are only sugge/$ by sight1 d (t5 m /rongly affect u1 & are m reg>d$1 ?an ! prop] objects ( t s5se2 along ) :i* !y ent] into ! m9d1 & ) :i* !y h a f> m /rict connexion ?an ideas h ) words7#ccg74 ,h5ce x is we f9d x s difficult to discrim9ate betwe5 ! imm$iate & m$iate objects ( sight1 & are s prone to attribute to ! =m] :at belongs only to ! latt]4 ,!y are1 z x 71 mo/ closely twi/$1 bl5d$1 & incorporat$ toge!r4 ,& ! prejudice is confirm$ & rivet$ 9 our ?\ghts by a long tract ( "t1 by ! use ( language1 & want ( reflection4 ,h[ev]1 ,i d\bt n b anyone t %all att5tively consid] :at we h already said1 & %all say ^u ?is subject be=e we h done 7especially if he pursue x 9 8 own ?\ghts71 may be able to deliv] himself f t prejudice4 ,sure ,i am1 x is wor? "s att5tion to :oev] w\ld und]/& ! true nature ( vision4 #eb4 ,i h n[ done ) ,di/ance1 & proce$ to %ew h[ x is t we p]ceive by sight ! ,magnitude ( objects7#cch74 ,x is ! op9ion ( "s t we d x by angles1 or by angles 9 conjunction ) di/ance4 ,b1 nei!r angles nor di/ance be+ p]ceivable by sight7#cci71 & ! ?+s we see be+ 9 tru? at no di/ance f u7#cdj71 x foll[s t1 z we h %ewn l9es & angles n to be ! m$ium ! m9d makes use ( 9 appreh5d+ ! app>5t place1 s nei!r are !y ! m$ium :]eby x appreh5ds ! app>5t magnitude ( objects4 #ec4 ,x is well kn[n t ! same ext5sion at a ne> di/ance %all subt5d a great] angle1 & at a f>!r di/ance a less] angle4 ,& by ?is pr9ciple 7we are told7 ! m9d e/imates ! magnitude ( an object7#cda71 comp>+ ! angle "u :i* x is se5 ) its di/ance1 & !nce inf]r+ ! magnitude !re(4 ,:at incl9es m5 to ?is mi/ake 7beside ! hum\r ( mak+ "o see by geometry7 is1 t ! same p]ceptions or ideas :i* sugge/ di/ance d also sugge/ magnitude4 ,b1 if we exam9e x1 we %all f9d !y sugge/ ! latt] z imm$iately z ! =m]4 ,i say1 !y d n fir/ sugge/ di/ance & !n leave x to ! judgm5t to use t z a m$ium :]eby to collect ! magnitude2 b !y h z close & imm$iate a connexion ) ! magnitude z ) ! di/ance2 & sugge/ magnitude z indep5d5tly ( di/ance1 z !y d di/ance indep5d5tly ( magnitude4 ,all :i* w be evid5t to :oev] consid]s :at has be5 already said & :at foll[s4 #ed4 ,x has be5 %ewn !re are two sorts ( objects appreh5d$ by sight1 ea* :]e( has its di/9ct magnitude1 or ext5sion--! "o1 prop]ly tangible1 i4e4 to be p]ceiv$ & measur$ by t\*1 & n imm$iately fall+ "u ! s5se ( see+2 ! o!r1 prop]ly & imm$iately visible1 by m$iation ( :i* ! =m] is br\ght 9 view4 ,ea* ( ^! magnitudes are great] or less]1 accord+ z !y conta9 9 !m m or few] po9ts1 !y be+ made up ( po9ts or m9imums4 ,=1 :atev] may be said ( ext5sion 9 ab/ract7#cdb71 x is c]ta9 s5sible ext5sion is n inf9itely divisible7#cdc74 ,!re is a m9imum tangibile1 & a m9imum visibile1 beyond :i* s5se _c p]ceive4 ,?is e "o's exp]i5ce w in=m him4 #ee4 ,! magnitude ( ! object :i* exi/s )\t ! m9d1 & is at a di/ance1 cont9ues always inv>iably ! same3 b1 ! visible object /ill *ang+ z y approa* to or rec$e f ! tangible object1 x ha? no fix$ & det]m9ate greatness4 ,:5ev] !re=e we speak ( ! magnitude ( any ?+1 = in/ance a tree or a h\se1 we mu/ mean ! tangible magnitude2 o!rwise !re c be no?+ /eady & free f ambiguity spok5 ( x7#cdd74 ,n[1 ?\gh ! tangible & visible magnitude d 9 tru? belong to two di/9ct objects7#cde71 ,i %all nev]!less 7especially s9ce ^? objects are call$ by ! same "n1 & are obs]v$ to coexi/7#cdf771 to avoid t$i\sness & s+ul>ity ( spee*1 sometimes speak ( !m z belong+ to "o & ! same ?+4 #ef4 ,n[1 9 ord] to discov] by :at means ! magnitude ( tangible objects is p]ceiv$ by sight1 ,i ne$ only reflect on :at passes 9 my own m9d1 & obs]ve :at ^? ?+s be :i* introduce ! ideas ( great] or less] into my ?\ghts :5 ,i look on any object4 ,& ^! ,i f9d to be1 fir/1 ! magnitude or ext5sion ( ! visible object1 :i*1 be+ imm$iately p]ceiv$ by sight1 is connect$ ) t o!r :i* is tangible & plac$ at a di/ance3 secondly1 ! confusion or di/9ctness3 & ?irdly1 ! vigor\sness or fa9tness ( ! a=esaid visible appe>ance4 ,ct]is p>ibus1 by h[ mu* ! great] or less] ! visible object is1 by s mu* ! great] or less] d ,i conclude ! tangible object to be4 ,b1 be ! idea imm$iately p]ceiv$ by sight nev] s l>ge1 yet1 if x be )al confus$1 ,i judge ! magnitude ( ! ?+ to be b small4 ,if x be di/9ct & cle>1 ,i judge x great]4 ,&1 if x be fa9t1 ,i appreh5d x to be yet great]4 ,:at is "h meant by confusion & fa9tness has be5 expla9$ 9 sect4 #ce4 #eg4 ,moreov]1 ! judgm5ts we make ( greatness d1 9 l mann] z ^? ( di/ance1 dep5d on ! disposition ( ! eye2 also on ! figure1 numb]1 & situation7#cdg7 ( int]m$iate objects1 & o!r circum/ances t h be5 obs]v$ to att5d great or small tangible magnitudes4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! v same quantity ( visible ext5sion :i* 9 ! figure ( a t[] do? sugge/ ! idea ( great magnitude %all 9 ! figure ( a man sugge/ ! idea ( mu* small] magnitude4 ,t ?is is ow+ to ! exp]i5ce we h _h ( ! usual bigness ( a t[] & a man1 no "o1 ,i suppose1 ne$ be told4 #eh4 ,x is also evid5t t confusion or fa9tness h no m a necess>y connexion ) little or great magnitude ?an !y h ) little or great di/ance4 ,z !y sugge/ ! latt]1 s !y sugge/ ! =m] to our m9ds4 ,&1 by consequ5ce1 if x 7 n = exp]i5ce1 we %\ld no m judge a fa9t or confus$ appe>ance to be connect$ ) great or little magnitude ?an we %\ld t x 0 connect$ ) great or little di/ance4 #ei4 ,nor w x be f\nd t great or small visible magnitude ha? any necess>y relation to great or small tangible magnitude--s t ! "o may c]ta9ly & infallibly be inf]r$ f ! o!r4 ,b1 be=e we come to ! pro( ( ?is1 x is fit we consid] ! diff]5ce !re is betwixt ! ext5sion & figure :i* is ! prop] object ( t\*1 & t o!r :i* is t]m$ visible2 & h[ ! =m] is pr9cipally1 ?\gh n imm$iately1 tak5 notice ( :5 we look at any object4 ,?is has be5 be=e m5tion$7#cdh71 b we %all "h inquire into ! cause !re(4 ,we reg>d ! objects t environ u 9 proportion z !y are adapt$ to b5efit or injure our own bodies1 & !reby produce 9 our m9ds ! s5sations ( pleasure or pa94 ,n[1 bodies op]at+ on our organs by an imm$iate application1 & ! hurt & advantage aris+ !refrom dep5d+ altoge!r on ! tangible1 & n at all on ! visible1 qualities ( any object--?is is a pla9 reason :y ^? %\ld be reg>d$ by u mu* m ?an ^!4 ,& = ?is end *iefly7#cdi7 ! visive s5se seems to h be5 be/[$ on animals1 to wit1 t1 by ! p]ception ( visible ideas 7:i* 9 !mselves are n capable ( affect+ or anywise alt]+ ! frame ( _! bodies71 !y may be able to =esee7#cej7 7f ! exp]i5ce !y h _h :at tangible ideas are connect$ ) su* & su* visible ideas7 ! damage or b5efit :i* is l to ensue ^u ! application ( _! own bodies to ?is or t body :i* is at a di/ance4 ,:i* =esight1 h[ necess>y x is to ! pres]vation ( an animal1 e "o's exp]i5ce c in=m him4 ,h5ce x is t1 :5 we look at an object1 ! tangible figure & ext5sion !re( are pr9cipally att5d$ to2 :il/ !re is small he$ tak5 ( ! visible figure & magnitude1 :i*1 ?\gh m imm$iately p]ceiv$1 d less s5sibly affect u1 & are n fitt$ to produce any alt]ation 9 our bodies4 #fj4 ,t ! matt] ( fact is true w be evid5t to any "o :o consid]s t a man plac$ at t5 foot di/ance is ?\ght z great z if he 7 plac$ at ! di/ance only ( five foot2 :i* is true1 n ) relation to ! visible1 b tangible greatness ( ! object3 ! visible magnitude be+ f> great] at "o /ation ?an x is at ! o!r4 #fa4 ,in*es1 feet1 c4 are settl$1 /at$ l5g?s1 :]eby we measure objects & e/imate _! magnitude4 ,we say1 = example1 an object appe>s to be six in*es1 or six foot long4 ,n[1 t ?is _c be meant ( visible in*es1 c4 is evid5t1 because a visible in* is itself no con/ant det]m9ate magnitude7#cea71 & _c !re=e s]ve to m>k out & det]m9e ! magnitude ( any o!r ?+4 ,take an in* m>k$ ^u a rul]2 view x successively1 at ! di/ance ( half a foot1 a foot1 a foot & a half1 c4 f ! eye3 at ea* ( :i*1 & at all ! int]m$iate di/ances1 ! in* %all h a diff]5t visible ext5sion1 i4e4 !re %all be m or few] po9ts disc]n$ 9 x4 ,n[1 ,i ask :i* ( all ^! v>i\s ext5sions is t /at$ det]m9ate "o t is agre$ on = a common measure ( o!r magnitudes8 ,no reason c be assign$ :y we %\ld pit* on "o m ?an ano!r4 ,&1 except !re be "s inv>iable det]m9ate ext5sion fix$ on to be m>k$ by ! ^w in*1 x is pla9 x c be us$ to little purpose2 & to say a ?+ conta9s ?is or t numb] ( in*es %all imply no m ?an t x is ext5d$1 )\t br++ any p>ticul> idea ( t ext5sion into ! m9d4 ,f>!r1 an in* & a foot1 f diff]5t di/ances1 %all bo? exhibit ! same visible magnitude1 & yet at ! same "t y %all say t "o seems sev]al times great] ?an ! o!r4 ,f all :i* x is manife/1 t ! judgm5ts we make ( ! magnitude ( objects by sight are altoge!r 9 ref]5ce to _! tangible ext5sion4 ,:5ev] we say an object is great or small1 ( ?is or t det]m9ate measure1 ,i say1 x mu/ be meant ( ! tangible & n ! visible ext5sion7#ceb71 :i*1 ?\gh imm$iately p]ceiv$1 is nev]!less little tak5 notice (4 #fb4 ,n[1 t !re is no necess>y connexion betwe5 ^! two di/9ct ext5sions is evid5t f h5ce--because our eyes might h be5 fram$ 9 su* a mann] z to be able to see no?+ b :at 7 less ?an ! m9imum tangibile4 ,9 :i* case x is n impossible we might h p]ceiv$ all ! imm$iate objects ( sight ! v same t we d n[2 b unto ^? visible appe>ances !re w\ld n be connect$ ^? diff]5t tangible magnitudes t are n[4 ,:i* %ews ! judgm5ts we make ( ! magnitude ( ?+s plac$ at a di/ance1 f ! v>i\s greatness ( ! imm$iate objects ( sight1 d n arise f any ess5tial or necess>y1 b only a cu/om>y1 tie :i* has be5 obs]v$ betwixt !m4 #fc4 ,moreov]1 x is n only c]ta9 t any idea ( sight might n h be5 connect$ ) ?is or t idea ( t\* we n[ obs]ve to accompany x1 b also t ! great] visible magnitudes might h be5 connect$ ) & introduc$ into our m9ds less] tangible magnitudes1 & ! less] visible magnitudes great] tangible magnitudes4 ,nay1 t x actually is s1 we h daily exp]i5ce--t object :i* makes a /rong & l>ge appe>ance n seem+ ne> s great z ano!r ! visible magnitude :]e( is mu* less1 b m fa9t17#cec7 & ! appe>ance upp]1 or :i* is ! same ?+1 pa9t$ l[] on ! ret9a1 :i* fa9tness & situation sugge/ bo? great] magnitude & great] di/ance4 #fd4 ,f :i*1 & f sect4 #eg & #eh1 x is manife/ t1 z we d n p]ceive ! magnitude ( objects imm$iately by sight1 s nei!r d we p]ceive !m by ! m$iation ( any?+ :i* has a necess>y connexion ) !m4 ,^? ideas t n[ sugge/ unto u ! v>i\s magnitudes ( ext]nal objects be=e we t\* !m might possibly h sugge/$ no su* ?+2 or !y might h signifi$ !m 9 a direct contr>y mann]1 s t ! v same ideas on ! p]ception :]e( we judge an object to be small might z well h s]v$ to make u conclude x great2--^? ideas be+ 9 _! own nature equally fitt$ to br+ into our m9ds ! idea ( small or great1 or no size at all1 ( outw>d objects7#ced71 j z ! words ( any language are 9 _! own nature indiff]5t to signify ?is or t ?+1 or no?+ at all4 #fe4 ,z we see di/ance s we see magnitude4 ,& we see bo? 9 ! same way t we see %ame or ang] 9 ! looks ( a man4 ,^? passions are !mselves invisible2 !y are nev]!less let 9 by ! eye along ) col\rs & alt]ations ( c\nt5ance :i* are ! imm$iate object ( vision1 & :i* signify !m = no o!r reason ?an b>ely because !y h be5 obs]v$ to accompany !m4 ,)\t :i* exp]i5ce we %\ld no m h tak5 blu%+ = a sign ( %ame ?an ( gladness4 #ff4 ,we are nev]!less exce$+ly prone to imag9e ^? ?+s :i* are p]ceiv$ only by ! m$iation ( o!rs to be !mselves ! imm$iate objects ( sight1 or at lea/ to h 9 _! own nature a fitness to be sugge/$ by !m be=e ev] !y _h be5 exp]i5c$ to coexi/ ) !m4 ,f :i* prejudice e "o p]haps w n f9d x easy to emancipate himself1 by any ! cle>e/ convictions ( reason4 ,& !re are "s gr\nds to ?9k t1 if !re 0 "o only inv>iable & univ]sal language 9 ! _w1 & t m5 7 born ) ! faculty ( speak+ x1 x w\ld be ! op9ion ( "s1 t ! ideas 9 o!r m5's m9ds 7 prop]ly p]ceiv$ by ! e>1 or _h at lea/ a necess>y & insep>able tie ) ! s\nds t 7 affix$ to !m4 ,all :i* seems to arise f want ( a due application ( our disc]n+ faculty1 !reby to discrim9ate betwe5 ! ideas t are 9 our und]/&+s1 & consid] !m ap>t f ea* o!r2 :i* w\ld pres]ve u f conf\nd+ ^? t are diff]5t1 & make u see :at ideas d1 & :at d n1 include or imply ?is or t o!r idea7#cee74 #fg4 ,!re is a celebrat$ ph5om5on7#cef7 ! solution :]e( ,i %all attempt to give1 by ! pr9ciples t h be5 laid d[n1 9 ref]5ce to ! mann] :]e9 we appreh5d by sight ! magnitude ( objects4--,! app>5t magnitude ( ! moon1 :5 plac$ 9 ! horizon1 is mu* great] ?an :5 x is 9 ! m]idian1 ?\gh ! angle "u :i* ! diamet] ( ! moon is se5 be n obs]v$ great] 9 ! =m] case ?an 9 ! latt]2 & ! horizontal moon do? n con/antly appe> ( ! same bigness1 b at "s times seeme? f> great] ?an at o!rs4 #fh4 ,n[1 9 ord] to expla9 ! reason ( ! moon's appe>+ great] ?an ord9>y 9 ! horizon1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! p>ticles :i* compose our atmosph]e d int]cept ! rays ( light proce$+ f any object to ! eye2 &1 by h[ mu* ! great] is ! portion ( atmosph]e int]jac5t betwe5 ! object & ! eye1 by s mu* ! m are ! rays int]cept$1 &1 by consequ5ce1 ! appe>ance ( ! object r5d]$ m fa9t--e object appe>+ m vigor\s or m fa9t 9 proportion z x s5de? m or few] rays into ! eye4 ,n[1 betwe5 ! eye & ! moon :5 situat$ 9 ! horizon !re lies a f> great] quantity ( atmosph]e ?an !re does :5 ! moon is 9 ! m]idian4 ,:5ce x comes to pass1 t ! appe>ance ( ! horizontal moon is fa9t]1 & !re=e1 by sect4 #ef1 x %\ld be ?\ght bigg] 9 t situation ?an 9 ! m]idian1 or 9 any o!r elevation above ! horizon4 #fi4 ,f>!r1 ! air be+ v>i\sly impregnat$1 sometimes m & sometimes less1 ) vap\rs & exhalations fitt$ to retund & int]cept ! rays ( light1 x foll[s t ! appe>ance ( ! horizontal moon ha? n always an equal fa9tness1 &1 by consequ5ce1 t lum9>y1 ?\gh 9 ! v same situation1 is at "o "t judg$ great] ?an at ano!r4 #gj4 ,t we h "h giv5 ! true acc\nt ( ! ph5om5a ( ! horizontal moon1 w1 ,i suppose1 be f>!r evid5t to any "o f ! foll[+ consid]ations3--,fir/1 x is pla91 t :i* 9 ?is case sugge/s ! idea ( great] magnitude1 mu/ be some?+ :i* is itself p]ceiv$2 =1 t :i* is unp]ceiv$ _c sugge/ to our p]ception any o!r ?+7#ceg74 ,secondly1 x mu/ be some?+ t does n con/antly rema9 ! same1 b is subject to "s *ange or v>iation2 s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! horizontal moon v>ies1 be+ at "o "t great] ?an at ano!r4 ,?irdly1 x mu/ n lie 9 ! circumjac5t or int]m$iate objects1 su* z m\nta9s1 h\ses1 fields1 c42 because t :5 all ^? objects are exclud$ f sight ! appe>ance is z great z ev]7#ceh74 ,& yet1 ?irdly7#cei71 x _c be ! visible figure or magnitude2 s9ce t rema9s ! same1 or is r less]1 by h[ mu* ! moon is ne>] to ! horizon4 ,x rema9s !re=e1 t ! true cause is t affection or alt]ation ( ! visible appe>ance1 :i* proce$s f ! great] paucity ( rays arriv+ at ! eye1 & :i* ,i t]m fa9tness3 s9ce ?is answ]s all ! =em5tion$ conditions1 & ,i am n consci\s ( any o!r p]ception t does4 #ga4 ,add to ?is t 9 mi/y wea!r x is a common obs]vation1 t ! appe>ance ( ! horizontal moon is f> l>g] ?an usual1 :i* greatly conspires ) & /r5g!ns our op9ion4 ,nei!r w\ld x prove 9 ! lea/ irreconcilable ) :at we h said1 if ! horizontal moon %\ld *ance sometimes to seem enl>g$ beyond its usual ext5t1 ev5 9 m s]5e wea!r4 ,=1 we mu/ n only h reg>d to ! mi/ :i* happ5s to be 9 ! place :]e we /&2 we ought also to take into our ?\ghts ! :ole sum ( vap\rs & exhalations :i* lie betwixt ! eye & ! moon3 all :i* co-op]at+ to r5d] ! appe>ance ( ! moon m fa9t1 & !reby increase its magnitude1 x may *ance to appe> great] ?an x usually does ev5 9 ! horizontal position1 at a "t :51 ?\gh !re be no extraord9>y fog or haz9ess j 9 ! place :]e we /&1 yet ! air betwe5 ! eye & ! moon1 tak5 altoge!r1 may be load$ ) a great] quantity ( int]sp]s$ vap\rs & exhalations ?an at o!r times7#cfj74 #gb4 ,x may be object$ t1 9 consequ5ce ( our pr9ciples1 ! int]position ( a body 9 "s degree opaque1 :i* may int]cept a great "p ( ! rays ( light1 %\ld r5d] ! appe>ance ( ! moon 9 ! m]idian z l>ge z :5 x is view$ 9 ! horizon4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 x is n fa9tness anyh[ appli$ t sugge/s great] magnitude2 !re be+ no necess>y1 b only an exp]im5tal1 connexion betwe5 ^? two ?+s4 ,x foll[s t ! fa9tness :i* enl>ges ! appe>ance mu/ be appli$ 9 su* sort1 & ) su* circum/ances1 z h be5 obs]v$ to att5d ! vision ( great magnitudes4 ,:5 f a di/ance we behold great objects1 ! p>ticles ( ! int]m$iate air & vap\rs1 :i* are !mselves unp]ceivable1 d int]rupt ! rays ( light1 & !reby r5d] ! appe>ance less /rong & vivid4 ,n[1 fa9tness ( appe>ance1 caus$ 9 ?is sort1 ha? be5 exp]i5c$ to co-exi/ ) great magnitude4 ,b :5 x is caus$ by ! int]position ( an opaque s5sible body1 ?is circum/ance alt]s ! case2 s t a fa9t appe>ance ?is way caus$ does n sugge/ great] magnitude1 because x ha? n be5 exp]i5c$ to co-exi/ ) x4 #gc4 ,fa9tness1 z well z all o!r ideas or p]ceptions :i* sugge/ magnitude or di/ance1 does x 9 ! same way t words sugge/ ! notions to :i* !y are annex$4 ,n[1 x is kn[n a ^w pron\nc$ ) c]ta9 circum/ances1 or 9 a c]ta9 context ) o!r words1 ha? n always ! same import & signification t x ha? :5 pron\nc$ 9 "s o!r circum/ances1 or diff]5t context ( words4 ,! v same visible appe>ance1 z to fa9tness & all o!r respects1 if plac$ on high1 %all n sugge/ ! same magnitude t x w\ld if x 7 se5 at an equal di/ance on a level ) ! eye4 ,! reason :]e( is1 t we are r>ely accu/om$ to view objects at a great height2 our conc]ns lie among ?+s situat$ r be=e ?an above u2 & accord+ly our eyes are n plac$ on ! top ( our heads1 b 9 su* a position z is mo/ conv5i5t = u to see di/ant objects /&+ 9 our way4 ,&1 ?is situation ( !m be+ a circum/ance :i* usually att5ds ! vision ( di/ant objects1 we may f h5ce acc\nt = 7:at is commonly obs]v$7 an object's appe>+ ( diff]5t magnitude1 ev5 ) respect to its horizontal ext5sion1 on ! top ( a /eeple1 e4g4 a hundr$ feet high1 to "o /&+ bel[1 f :at x w\ld if plac$ at a hundr$ feet di/ance1 on a level ) 8 eye4 ,=1 x ha? be5 %ewn t ! judgm5t we make on ! magnitude ( a ?+ dep5ds n on ! visible appe>ance only1 b also on div]s o!r circum/ances1 any "o ( :i* be+ omitt$ or v>i$ may suffice to make "s alt]ation 9 our judgm5t4 ,h5ce1 ! circum/ance ( view+ a di/ant object 9 su* a situation z is usual & suits ) ! ord9>y po/ure ( ! head & eyes1 be+ omitt$1 & in/ead !re( a diff]5t situation ( ! object1 :i* requires a diff]5t po/ure ( ! head1 tak+ place--x is n to be wond]$ at if ! magnitude be judg$ diff]5t4 ,b x w be dem&$1 :y a high object %\ld con/antly appe> less ?an an equidi/ant l[ object ( ! same dim5sions2 = s x is obs]v$ to be4 ,x may inde$ be grant$ t ! v>iation ( "s circum/ances may v>y ! judgm5t made on ! magnitude ( high objects1 :i* we are less us$ to look at2 b x does n h5ce appe> :y !y %\ld be judg$ less r ?an great]8 ,i answ]1 t 9 case ! magnitude ( di/ant objects 0 sugge/$ by ! ext5t ( _! visible appe>ance alone1 & ?\ght proportional !reto1 x is c]ta9 !y w\ld !n be judg$ mu* less ?an n[ !y seem to be4 7,vid4 sect4 #gi47 ,b1 sev]al circum/ances concurr+ to =m ! judgm5t we make on ! magnitude ( di/ant objects1 by means ( :i* !y appe> f> l>g] ?an o!rs ^: visible appe>ance ha? an equal or ev5 great] ext5sion1 x foll[s t ^u ! *ange or omission ( any ( ^? circum/ances :i* are wont to att5d ! vision ( di/ant objects1 & s come to influ5ce ! judgm5ts made on _! magnitude1 !y %all proportionally appe> less ?an o!rwise !y w\ld4 ,=1 any ( ^? ?+s t caus$ an object to be ?\ght great] ?an 9 proportion to its visible ext5sion be+ ei!r omitt$1 or appli$ )\t ! usual circum/ances1 ! judgm5t dep5ds m entirely on ! visible ext5sion2 & consequ5tly ! object mu/ be judg$ less4 ,?us1 9 ! pres5t case ! situation ( ! ?+ se5 be+ diff]5t f :at x usually is 9 ^? objects we h occasion to view1 & ^: magnitude we obs]ve1 x foll[s t ! v same object be+ a hundr$ feet high1 %\ld seem less ?an if x 0 a hundr$ feet (f1 on 7or ne>ly on7 a level ) ! eye4 ,:at has be5 "h set =? seems to me to h no small %>e 9 contribut+ to magnify ! appe>ance ( ! horizontal moon1 & des]ves n to be pass$ ov] 9 ! explication ( x4 #gd4 ,if we att5tively consid] ! ph5om5on be=e u1 we %all f9d ! n disc]n+ betwe5 ! m$iate & imm$iate objects ( sight to be ! *ief cause ( ! difficulty t occurs 9 ! explication ( x4 ,! magnitude ( ! visible moon1 or t :i* is ! prop] & imm$iate object ( vision7#cfa71 is no great] :5 ! moon is 9 ! horizon ?an :5 x is 9 ! m]idian4 ,h[ comes x1 !re=e1 to seem great] 9 "o situation ?an ! o!r8 ,:at is x c put ?is *eat on ! und]/&+8 ,x has no o!r p]ception ( ! moon ?an :at x gets by sight4 ,& t :i* is se5 is ( ! same ext5t--,i say1 ! visible appe>ance ha? ! v same1 or r a less1 magnitude1 :5 ! moon is view$ 9 ! horizontal ?an :5 9 ! m]idional position4 ,& yet x is e/eem$ great] 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,h]e9 consi/s ! difficulty2 :i* do? vani% & admit ( ! mo/ easy solution1 if we consid] t z ! visible moon is n great] 9 ! horizon ?an 9 ! m]idian1 s nei!r is x ?\ght to be s4 ,x ha? be5 already %ewn t1 9 any act ( vision1 ! visible object absolutely1 or 9 itself1 is little tak5 notice (--! m9d /ill c>ry+ its view f t to "s tangible ideas1 :i* h be5 obs]v$ to be connect$ ) x1 & by t means come to be sugge/$ by x4 ,s t :5 a ?+ is said to appe> great or small1 or :atev] e/imate be made ( ! magnitude ( any ?+1 ?is is meant n ( ! visible b ( ! tangible object4 ,?is duly consid]$1 x w be no h>d matt] to reconcile ! seem+ contradiction !re is1 t ! moon %\ld appe> ( a diff]5t bigness1 ! visible magnitude !re( rema9+ /ill ! same4 ,=1 by sect4 #ef1 ! v same visible ext5sion1 ) a diff]5t fa9tness1 %all sugge/ a diff]5t tangible ext5sion4 ,:5 !re=e ! horizontal moon is said to appe> great] ?an ! m]idional moon1 ?is mu/ be und]/ood1 n ( a great] visible ext5sion1 b ( a great] tangible ext5sion1 :i*1 by reason ( ! m ?an ord9>y fa9tness ( ! visible appe>ance1 is sugge/$ to ! m9d along ) x4 #ge4 ,_m attempts h be5 made by le>n$ m5 to acc\nt = ?is appe>ance7#cfb74 ,gass5dus7#cfc71 ,des ,c>tes7#cfd71 ,hobbes7#cfe71 & sev]al o!rs h employ$ _! ?\ghts on t subject2 b h[ fruitless & unsatisfactory _! endeav\rs h be5 is suffici5tly %ewn 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions7#cff7 7,numb4 #ahg1 p4 #cad71 :]e y may see _! sev]al op9ions at l>ge set =? & confut$1 n )\t "s surprise at ! gross blund]s t +5i\s m5 h be5 =c$ into by endeav\r+ to reconcile ?is appe>ance ) ! ord9>y pr9ciples ( optics7#cfg74 ,s9ce ! writ+ ( :i* !re ha? be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions 7,numb4 #ahg1 p4 #cbc7 ano!r pap] relat+ to ! same affair1 by ! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,wallis1 :]e9 he attempts to acc\nt = t ph5om5on2 :i*1 ?\gh x seems n to conta9 any?+ new1 or diff]5t f :at _h be5 said be=e by o!rs1 ,i %all nev]!less consid] 9 ?is place4 #gf4 ,8 op9ion1 9 %ort1 is ?is3--,we judge n ( ! magnitude ( an object by ! optic angle alone1 b by ! optic angle 9 conjunction ) ! di/ance4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ! angle rema9 ! same1 or ev5 become less1 yet1 if )al ! di/ance seem to h be5 increas$1 ! object %all appe> great]4 ,n[1 "o way :]eby we e/imate ! di/ance ( any?+ is by ! numb] & ext5t ( ! int]m$iate objects4 ,:5 !re=e ! moon is se5 9 ! horizon1 ! v>iety ( fields1 h\ses1 c4 toge!r ) ! l>ge prospect ( ! wide ext5d$ l& or sea t lies betwe5 ! eye & ! utmo/ limb ( ! horizon1 sugge/ unto ! m9d ! idea ( great] di/ance1 & consequ5tly magnify ! appe>ance4 ,& ?is1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,wallis1 is ! true acc\nt ( ! extraord9>y l>g5ess attribut$ by ! m9d to ! horizontal moon1 at a "t :5 ! angle subt5d$ by its diamet] is n "o jot great] ?an x us$ to be4 #gg4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is op9ion1 n to repeat :at has be5 already said conc]n+ di/ance7#cfh71 ,i %all only obs]ve1 fir/1 t if ! prospect ( int]jac5t objects be t :i* sugge/s ! idea ( f>!r di/ance1 & ?is idea ( f>!r di/ance be ! cause t br+s into ! m9d ! idea ( great] magnitude1 x %\ld h5ce foll[ t if "o look$ at ! horizontal moon f beh9d a wall1 x w\ld appe> no bigg] ?an ord9>y4 ,=1 9 t case1 ! wall int]pos+ cuts (f all t prospect ( sea & l&1 c4 :i* might o!rwise increase ! app>5t di/ance1 & !reby ! app>5t magnitude ( ! moon4 ,nor w x suffice to say1 ! memory do? ev5 !n sugge/ all t ext5t ( l&1 c4 :i* lies )9 ! horizon1 :i* sugge/ion occasions a sudd5 judgm5t ( s5se1 t ! moon is f>!r (f & l>g] ?an usual4 ,=1 ask any man :o f su* a /ation behold+ ! horizontal moon %all ?9k h] great] ?an usual1 :e!r he ha? at t "t 9 8 m9d any idea ( ! int]m$iate objects1 or long tract ( l& t lies betwe5 8 eye & ! extreme edge ( ! horizon8 & :e!r x be t idea :i* is ! cause ( 8 mak+ ! a=em5tion$ judgm5t8 ,he w1 )\t d\bt1 reply 9 ! negative1 & decl>e ! horizontal moon %all appe> great] ?an ! m]idional1 ?\gh he nev] ?9ks ( all or any ( ^? ?+s t lie betwe5 him & x4 ,& z = ! absurdity ( any idea's introduc+ into ! m9d ano!r1 :il/ itself is n p]ceiv$1 ?is has already fall5 "u our obs]vation1 & is too evid5t to ne$ any f>!r enl>gem5t on x7#cfi74 ,secondly1 x seems impossible1 by ?is hypo!sis1 to acc\nt = ! moon's appe>+1 9 ! v same situation1 at "o "t great] ?an at ano!r2 :i*1 nev]!less1 has be5 %ewn to be v agreeable to ! pr9ciples we h laid d[n1 & receives a mo/ easy & natural explication f !m4 7#cgj7;,= ! fur!r cle>+ up ( ?is po9t1 x is to be obs]v$1 t :at we imm$iately & prop]ly see are only lights & col\rs 9 sundry situations & %ades1 & degrees ( fa9tness & cle>ness1 confusion & di/9ctness4 ,all :i* visible objects are only 9 ! m9d2 nor d !y sugge/ aught ext]nal7#cga71 :e!r di/ance or magnitude1 o!rwise ?an by habitual connexion1 z words d ?+s4 ,we are also to rem>k1 t beside ! /ra9+ ( ! eyes1 & beside ! vivid & fa9t1 ! di/9ct & confus$ appe>ances 7:i*1 be>+ "s proportion to l9es & angles1 h be5 sub/itut$ in/ead ( !m 9 ! =ego+ "p ( ?is ,treatise71 !re are o!r means :i* sugge/ bo? di/ance & magnitude--p>ticul>ly ! situation ( visible po9ts or objects1 z upp] or l[]2 ! =m] sugge/+ a f>!r di/ance & great] magnitude1 ! latt] a ne>] di/ance & less] magnitude--all :i* is an effect only ( cu/om & exp]i5ce1 !re be+ really no?+ int]m$iate 9 ! l9e ( di/ance betwe5 ! upp]mo/ & ! l[]mo/1 :i* are bo? equidi/ant1 or r at no di/ance f ! eye2 z !re is also no?+ 9 upp] or l[] :i* by necess>y connexion %\ld sugge/ great] or less] magnitude4 ,n[1 z ^! cu/om>y exp]im5tal means ( sugge/+ di/ance d likewise sugge/ magnitude1 s !y sugge/ ! "o z imm$iately z ! o!r4 ,i say1 !y d n 7vide sect4 #ec7 fir/ sugge/ di/ance1 & !n leave ! m9d f !nce to inf] or compute magnitude1 b sugge/ magnitude z imm$iately & directly z !y sugge/ di/ance4 #gh4 ,?is ph5om5on ( ! horizontal moon is a cle> in/ance ( ! insuffici5cy ( l9es & angles = expla9+ ! way :]e9 ! m9d p]ceives & e/imates ! magnitude ( outw>d objects4 ,!re is1 nev]!less1 a use ( computation by !m7#cgb7--;9 ord] to det]m9e ! app>5t magnitude ( ?+s1 s f> z !y h a connexion ) & are proportional to ^? o!r ideas or p]ceptions :i* are ! true & imm$iate occasions t sugge/ to ! m9d ! app>5t magnitude ( ?+s4 ,b ?is 9 g5]al may1 ,i ?9k1 be obs]v$ conc]n+ ma!matical computation 9 optics--t x c nev]7#cgc7 be v precise & exact7#cgd71 s9ce ! judgm5ts we make ( ! magnitude ( ext]nal ?+s d (t5 dep5d on sev]al circum/ances :i* are n proportional to or capable ( be+ def9$ by l9es & angles4 #gi4 ,f :at has be5 said1 we may safely d$uce ?is consequ5ce1 to wit1 t a man born bl9d1 & made to see1 w\ld1 at fir/ op5+ ( 8 eyes1 make a v diff]5t judgm5t ( ! magnitude ( objects intromitt$ by !m f :at o!rs d4 ,he w\ld n consid] ! ideas ( sight ) ref]5ce to1 or z hav+ any connexion )1 ! ideas ( t\*4 ,8 view ( !m be+ entirely t]m9at$ )9 !mselves1 he c no o!rwise judge !m great or small ?an z !y conta9 a great] or less] numb] ( visible po9ts4 ,n[1 x be+ c]ta9 t any visible po9t c cov] or exclude f view only "o o!r visible po9t1 x foll[s t :atev] object int]cepts ! view ( ano!r ha? an equal numb] ( visible po9ts ) x2 &1 consequ5tly1 !y %all bo? be ?\ght by him to h ! same magnitude4 ,h5ce1 x is evid5t "o 9 ^? circum/ances w\ld judge 8 ?umb1 ) :i* he might hide a t[]1 or h9d] its be+ se51 equal to t t[]2 or 8 h&1 ! int]position :]e( might conceal ! firmam5t f 8 view1 equal to ! firmam5t3 h[ great an inequality soev] !re may1 9 our appreh5sions1 seem to be betwixt ^? two ?+s1 because ( ! cu/om>y & close connexion t has gr[n up 9 our m9ds betwe5 ! objects ( sight & t\*1 :]eby ! v diff]5t & di/9ct ideas ( ^? two s5ses are s bl5d$ & conf\nd$ toge!r z to be mi/ak5 = "o & ! same ?+--out ( :i* prejudice we _c easily extricate ourselves4 #hj4 ,= ! bett] expla9+ ! nature ( vision1 & sett+ ! mann] :]e9 we p]ceive magnitudes 9 a due light1 ,i %all proce$ to make "s obs]vations conc]n+ matt]s relat+ !reto1 :]e( ! want ( reflection1 & duly sep>at+ betwe5 tangible & visible ideas1 is apt to create 9 u mi/ak5 & confus$ notions4 ,&1 fir/1 ,i %all obs]ve1 t ! m9imum visibile is exactly equal 9 all be+s :atsoev] t are end[$ ) ! visive faculty7#cge74 ,no exquisite =mation ( ! eye1 no peculi> %>pness ( sight1 c make x less 9 "o creature ?an 9 ano!r2 =1 x n be+ di/+ui%able into p>ts1 nor 9 anywise consi/+ ( !m1 x mu/ necess>ily be ! same to all4 ,=1 suppose x o!rwise1 & t ! m9imum visibile ( a mite1 = in/ance1 be less ?an ! m9imum visibile ( a man2 ! latt] !re=e may1 by detraction ( "s "p1 be made equal to ! =m]4 ,x do? !re=e consi/ ( p>ts1 :i* is inconsi/5t ) ! notion ( a m9imum visibile or po9t4 #ha4 ,x w1 p]haps1 be object$1 t ! m9imum visibile ( a man do? really & 9 itself conta9 p>ts :]eby x surpasses t ( a mite1 ?\gh !y are n p]ceivable by ! man4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 ! m9imum visibile hav+ 79 l mann] z all o!r ! prop] & imm$iate objects ( sight7 be5 %ewn n to h any exi/5ce )\t ! m9d ( him :o sees x1 x foll[s !re _c be any "p ( x t is n actually p]ceiv$ & !re=e visible4 ,n[1 = any object to conta9 sev]al di/9ct visible p>ts1 & at ! same "t to be a m9imum visibile1 is a manife/ contradiction4 #hb4 ,( ^! visible po9ts we see at all times an equal numb]4 ,x is e :it z great :5 our view is contract$ & b\nd$ by ne> objects z :5 x is ext5d$ to l>g] & remot] ones4 ,=1 x be+ impossible t "o m9imum visibile %\ld obscure or keep out ( sight m ?an "o o!r1 x is a pla9 consequ5ce t1 :5 my view is on all sides b\nd$ by ! walls ( my /udy1 ,i see j z _m visible po9ts z ,i c\ld 9 case t1 by ! removal ( ! /udy-walls & all o!r ob/ructions1 ,i _h a full prospect ( ! circumjac5t fields1 m\nta9s1 sea1 & op5 firmam5t4 ,=1 s long z ,i am %ut up )9 ! walls1 by _! int]position e po9t ( ! ext]nal objects is cov]$ f my view4 ,b1 ea* po9t t is se5 be+ able to cov] or exclude f sight "o only o!r correspond+ po9t1 x foll[s t1 :il/ my sight is conf9$ to ^? n>r[ walls1 ,i see z _m po9ts1 or m9ima visibilia1 z ,i %\ld 7 ^? walls away1 by look+ on all ! ext]nal objects ^: prospect is int]cept$ by !m4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 we are said to h a great] prospect at "o "t ?an ano!r1 ?is mu/ be und]/ood ) relation1 n to ! prop] & imm$iate1 b ! second>y & m$iate objects ( vision--:i*1 z ha? be5 %ewn1 d prop]ly belong to ! t\*4 #hc4 ,! visive faculty1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to its imm$iate objects1 may be f\nd to lab\r ( two defects4 ,fir/1 9 respect ( ! ext5t or numb] ( visible po9ts t are at once p]ceivable by x1 :i* is n>r[ & limit$ to a c]ta9 degree4 ,x c take 9 at "o view b a c]ta9 det]m9ate numb] ( m9ima visibilia1 beyond :i* x _c ext5d its prospect4 ,secondly1 our sight is defective 9 t its view is n only n>r[1 b also = ! mo/ "p confus$4 ,( ^? ?+s t we take 9 at "o prospect1 we c see b a few at once cle>ly & unconfus$ly2 & ! m we fix our sight on any "o object1 by s mu* ! d>k] & m indi/9ct %all ! re/ appe>4 #hd4 ,correspond+ to ^! two defects ( sight1 we may imag9e z _m p]fections1 to wit1 #a/4 ,t ( compreh5d+ 9 "o view a great] numb] ( visible po9ts2 #b;dly1 ( be+ able to view !m all equally & at once1 ) ! utmo/ cle>ness & di/9ction4 ,t ^? p]fections are n actually 9 "s intellig5ces ( a diff]5t ord] & capacity f ours1 x is impossible = u to "k7#cgf74 #he4 ,9 nei!r ( ^? two ways d microscopes contribute to ! improvem5t ( sight4 ,=1 :5 we look ?r\gh a microscope1 we nei!r see m visible po9ts1 nor are ! collat]al po9ts m di/9ct1 ?an :5 we look ) ! nak$ eye at objects plac$ at a due di/ance4 ,a microscope br+s u1 z x 71 into a new _w4 ,x pres5ts u ) a new sc5e ( visible objects1 q diff]5t f :at we behold ) ! nak$ eye4 ,b h]e9 consi/s ! mo/ rem>kable diff]5ce1 to wit1 t :]eas ! objects p]ceiv$ by ! eye alone h a c]ta9 connexion ) tangible objects1 :]eby we are taught to =esee :at w ensue ^u ! approa* or application ( di/ant objects to ! p>ts ( our own body--:i* mu* conduce? to its pres]vation7#cgg7--!re is n ! l connexion betwe5 ?+s tangible & ^? visible objects t are p]ceiv$ by help ( a f9e microscope4 #hf4 ,h5ce1 x is evid5t t1 7 our eyes turn$ into ! nature ( microscopes1 we %\ld n be mu* b5efitt$ by ! *ange4 ,we %\ld be depriv$ ( ! =em5tion$ advantage we at pres5t receive by ! visive faculty1 & h left u only ! empty amusem5t ( see+1 )\t any o!r b5efit aris+ f x4 ,b1 9 t case1 x w p]haps be said1 our sight w\ld be endu$ ) a f> great] %>pness & p5etration ?an x n[ ha?4 ,b ,i w\ld fa9 "k :]e9 consi/s t %>pness :i* is e/eem$ s great an excell5cy ( sight4 ,x is c]ta91 f :at we h already %ewn7#cgh71 t ! m9imum visibile is nev] great] or less]1 b 9 all cases con/antly ! same4 ,& 9 ! case ( microscopical eyes1 ,i see only ?is diff]5ce1 to wit1 t ^u ! ceas+ ( a c]ta9 obs]vable connexion betwixt ! div]s p]ceptions ( sight & t\*1 :i* be=e enabl$ u to regulate our actions by ! eye1 x w\ld n[ be r5d]$ utt]ly uns]viceable to t purpose4 #hg4 ,^u ! :ole1 x seems t if we consid] ! use & end ( sight1 toge!r ) ! pres5t /ate & circum/ances ( our be+1 we %all n f9d any great cause to compla9 ( any defect or imp]fection 9 x1 or easily conceive h[ x c\ld be m5d$4 ,) su* admirable wisdom is t faculty contriv$1 bo? = ! pleasure & conv5i5ce ( life4 #hh4 ,hav+ f9i%$ :at ,i int5d$ to say conc]n+ ! ,di/ance & ,magnitude ( objects1 ,i come n[ to treat ( ! mann] :]e9 ! m9d p]ceives by sight _! ,situation7#cgi74 ,among ! discov]ies ( ! la/ age1 x is reput$ none ( ! lea/1 t ! mann] ( vision has be5 m cle>ly expla9$ ?an ev] x _h be5 be=e4 ,!re is1 at ?is day1 no "o ignorant t ! pictures ( ext]nal objects are pa9t$ on ! ret9a or fund ( ! eye2 t we c see no?+ :i* is n s pa9t$2 & t1 accord+ z ! picture is m di/9ct or confus$1 s also is ! p]ception we h ( ! object7#chj74 ,b !n1 9 ?is explication ( vision1 !re occurs "o mighty difficulty1 viz4 ! objects are pa9t$ 9 an inv]t$ ord] on ! bottom ( ! eye3 ! upp] "p ( any object be+ pa9t$ on ! l[] "p ( ! eye1 & ! l[] "p ( ! object on ! upp] "p ( ! eye2 & s also z to "r & left4 ,s9ce !re=e ! pictures are ?us inv]t$1 x is dem&$1 h[ x comes to pass t we see ! objects erect & 9 _! natural po/ure8 ,illu/ration ,figure #d #hi4 ,9 answ] to ?is difficulty1 we are told t ! m9d1 p]ceiv+ an impulse ( a ray ( light on ! upp] "p ( ! eye1 consid]s ?is ray z com+ 9 a direct l9e f ! l[] "p ( ! object2 &1 9 l mann]1 trac+ ! ray t /rikes on ! l[] "p ( ! eye1 x is direct$ to ! upp] "p ( ! object4 ,?us1 9 ! adjac5t figure1 ,c1 ! l[] po9t ( ! object ,,abc1 is project$ on c ! upp] "p ( ! eye4 ,s likewise1 ! highe/ po9t ,a is project$ on a ! l[e/ "p ( ! eye2 :i* makes ! repres5tation cba inv]t$4 ,b ! m9d--consid]+ ! /roke t is made on c z com+ 9 ! /raight l9e ,cc f ! l[] end ( ! object2 & ! /roke or impulse on a1 z com+ 9 ! l9e ,aa f ! upp] end ( ! object--is direct$ to make a "r judgm5t ( ! situation ( ! object ,,abc1 not)/&+ ! picture ( x be inv]t$4 ,moreov]1 ?is is illu/rat$ by conceiv+ a bl9d man1 :o1 hold+ 9 8 h&s two /icks t cross ea* o!r1 do? ) !m t\* ! extremities ( an object1 plac$ 9 a p]p5dicul> situation7#cha74 ,x is c]ta9 ?is man w judge t to be ! upp] "p ( ! object :i* he t\*es ) ! /ick held 9 ! und]mo/ h&1 & t to be ! l[] "p ( ! object :i* he t\*es ) ! /ick 9 8 upp]mo/ h&4 ,?is is ! common explication ( ! erect appe>ance ( objects1 :i* is g5]ally receiv$ & acquiesc$ 91 be+ 7z ,mr4 ,molyneux tells u1 ,diopt4 "p ii4 *4 vii4 p4 #bhi7 8all[$ by all m5 z satisfactory40 #ij4 ,b ?is acc\nt to me does n seem 9 any degree true4 ,did ,i p]ceive ^? impulses1 decussations1 & directions ( ! rays ( light1 9 l mann] z ha? be5 set =?1 !n1 inde$1 x w\ld n at fir/ view be altoge!r void ( probability4 ,& !re might be "s pret5ce = ! comp>ison ( ! bl9d man & 8 cross /icks4 ,b ! case is f> o!rwise4 ,i "k v well t ,i p]ceive no su* ?+4 ,&1 ( consequ5ce1 ,i _c !reby make an e/imate ( ! situation ( objects4 ,moreov]1 ,i appeal to any "o's exp]i5ce1 :e!r he be consci\s to himself t he ?9ks on ! int]section made by ! radius p5cils1 or pursues ! impulses !y give 9 "r l9es1 :5ev] he p]ceives by sight ! position ( any object8 ,to me x seems evid5t t cross+ & trac+ ( ! rays1 c4 is nev] ?\ght on by *ildr51 idiots1 or1 9 tru?1 by any o!r1 save only ^? :o h appli$ !mselves to ! /udy ( optics4 ,& = ! m9d to judge ( ! situation ( objects by ^? ?+s )\t p]ceiv+ !m1 or to p]ceive !m )\t kn[+ x7#chb71 take :i* y please1 x is p]fectly beyond my compreh5sion4 ,add to ?is1 t ! expla9+ ! mann] ( vision by ! example ( cross /icks1 & hunt+ = ! object along ! axes ( ! radius p5cils1 do? suppose ! prop] objects ( sight to be p]ceiv$ at a di/ance f u1 contr>y to :at ha? be5 demon/rat$7#chc74 ,we may !re=e v5ture to pron\nce ?is op9ion1 conc]n+ ! way :]e9 ! m9d p]ceives ! erect appe>ance ( objects1 to be ( a piece ) ^? o!r t5ets ( writ]s 9 optics1 :i* 9 ! =ego+ p>ts ( ?is treatise we h _h occasion to exam9e & refute7#chd74 #ia4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 t we look = "s o!r explication ( ?is difficulty4 ,& ,i believe x n impossible to f9d "o1 provid$ we exam9e x to ! bottom1 & c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 ! ideas ( sight & t\*2 :i* _c be too (t inculcat$ 9 treat+ ( vision7#che74 ,b1 m especially ?r\gh\t ! consid]ation ( ?is affair1 we ought to c>ry t di/9ction 9 our ?\ghts2 = t f want ( a "r und]/&+ !re(1 ! difficulty ( expla9+ erect vision seems *iefly to arise4 #ib4 ,9 ord] to dis5tangle our m9ds f :atev] prejudices we may ent]ta9 ) relation to ! subject 9 h&1 no?+ seems m apposite ?an ! tak+ into our ?\ghts ! case ( "o born bl9d1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 gr[n up1 made to see4 ,&--?\gh p]haps x may n be a task altoge!r easy & famili> to u1 to dive/ ourselves entirely ( ! exp]i5ces receiv$ f sight1 s z to be able to put our ?\ghts exactly 9 ! po/ure ( su* a "o's--we mu/1 nev]!less1 z f> z possible1 endeav\r to frame true conceptions ( :at might reasonably be suppos$ to pass 9 8 m9d7#chf74 #ic4 ,x is c]ta9 t a man actually bl9d1 & :o _h cont9u$ s f 8 bir?1 w\ld1 by ! s5se ( feel+1 atta9 to h ideas ( upp] & l[]4 ,by ! motion ( 8 h&1 he might disc]n ! situation ( any tangible object plac$ )9 8 rea*4 ,t "p on :i* he felt himself support$1 or t[>ds :i* he p]ceiv$ 8 body to gravitate1 he w\ld t]m l[]1 & ! contr>y to ?is upp]2 & accord+ly d5om9ate :atsoev] objects he t\*$4 #id4 ,b !n1 :atev] judgm5ts he makes conc]n+ ! situation ( objects are conf9$ to ^? only t are p]ceivable by t\*4 ,all ^? ?+s t are intangible1 & ( a spiritual nature--8 ?\ghts & desires1 8 passions1 & 9 g5]al all ! modifications ( 8 s\l--to ^! he w\ld nev] apply ! t]ms upp] & l[]1 except only 9 a metaphorical s5se4 ,he may p]haps1 by way ( allusion1 speak ( high or l[ ?\ghts3 b ^? t]ms1 9 _! prop] signification1 w\ld nev] be appli$ to any?+ t 0 n conceiv$ to exi/ )\t ! m9d4 ,=1 a man born bl9d1 & rema9+ 9 ! same /ate1 c\ld mean no?+ else by ! words high] & l[] ?an a great] or less] di/ance f ! e>?2 :i* di/ance he w\ld measure by ! motion or application ( 8 h&1 or "s o!r "p ( 8 body4 ,x is1 !re=e1 evid5t t all ^? ?+s :i*1 9 respect ( ea* o!r1 w\ld by him be ?\ght high] or l[]1 mu/ be su* z 7 conceiv$ to exi/ )\t 8 m9d1 9 ! ambi5t space7#chg74 #ie4 ,:5ce x pla9ly foll[s1 t su* a "o1 if we suppose him made to see1 w\ld n at fir/ sight ?9k t any?+ he saw 0 high or l[1 erect or inv]t$4 ,=1 x ha? be5 already demon/rat$1 9 sect4 #da1 t he w\ld n ?9k ! ?+s he p]ceiv$ by sight to be at any di/ance f him1 or )\t 8 m9d4 ,! objects to :i* he _h hi!rto be5 us$ to apply ! t]ms up & d[n1 high & l[1 7 su* only z affect$1 or 7 "s way p]ceiv$ by 8 t\*4 ,b ! prop] objects ( vision make a new set ( ideas1 p]fectly di/9ct & diff]5t f ! =m]1 & :i* c 9 no sort make !mselves p]ceiv$ by t\*4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no?+ at all t c\ld induce him to ?9k ^? t]ms applicable to !m4 ,nor w\ld he ev] ?9k x1 till su* "t z he _h obs]v$ _! connexion ) tangible objects1 & ! same prejudice7#chh7 began to ins9uate itself into 8 und]/&+1 :i*1 f _! infancy1 _h gr[n up 9 ! und]/&+s ( o!r m54 #if4 ,to set ?is matt] 9 a cle>] light1 ,i %all make use ( an example4 ,suppose ! above-m5tion$ bl9d p]son1 by 8 t\*1 p]ceives a man to /& erect4 ,let u inquire into ! mann] ( ?is4 ,by ! application ( 8 h& to ! sev]al p>ts ( a human body1 he _h p]ceiv$ diff]5t tangible ideas2 :i* be+ collect$ into sundry complex ones7#chi7 h di/9ct names annex$ to !m4 ,?us1 "o comb9ation ( a c]ta9 tangible figure1 bulk1 & consi/5cy ( p>ts is call$ ! head2 ano!r ! h&2 a ?ird ! foot1 & s ( ! re/--all :i* complex ideas c\ld1 9 8 und]/&+1 be made up only ( ideas p]ceivable by t\*4 ,he _h also1 by 8 t\*1 obta9$ an idea ( e>? or gr\nd1 t[>ds :i* he p]ceives ! p>ts ( 8 body to h a natural t5d5cy4 ,n[--by erect no?+ m be+ meant ?an t p]p5dicul> position ( a man :]e9 8 feet are ne>e/ to ! e>?--if ! bl9d p]son1 by mov+ 8 h& ov] ! p>ts ( ! man :o /&s be=e him1 d p]ceive ! tangible ideas t compose ! head to be f>!/ f1 & ^? t compose ! feet to be ne>e/ to1 t o!r comb9ation ( tangible ideas :i* he calls e>?1 he w d5om9ate t man erect4 ,b1 if we suppose him on a sudd5 to receive 8 sight1 & t he behold a man /&+ be=e him1 x is evid5t1 9 t case1 he w\ld nei!r judge ! man he sees to be erect nor inv]t$2 = he1 nev] hav+ kn[n ^? t]ms appli$ to any o!r save tangible ?+s1 or :i* exi/$ 9 ! space )\t him1 & :at he sees nei!r be+ tangible1 nor p]ceiv$ z exi/+ )\t1 he c\ld n "k t1 9 propriety ( language1 !y 7 applicable to x4 #ig4 ,aft]w>ds1 :51 ^u turn+ 8 head or eyes up & d[n to ! "r & left1 he %all obs]ve ! visible objects to *ange1 & %all also atta9 to "k t !y are call$ by ! same names1 & connect$ ) ! objects p]ceiv$ by t\*2 !n1 inde$1 he w come to speak ( !m & _! situation 9 ! same t]ms t he has be5 us$ to apply to tangible ?+s3 & ^? t he p]ceives by turn+ up 8 eyes he w call upp]1 & ^? t by turn+ d[n 8 eyes he w call l[]4 #ih4 ,& ?is seems to me ! true reason :y he %\ld ?9k ^? objects upp]mo/ t are pa9t$ on ! l[] "p ( 8 eye4 ,=1 by turn+ ! eye up !y %all be di/9ctly se52 z likewise !y t are pa9t$ on ! highe/ "p ( ! eye %all be di/9ctly se5 by turn+ ! eye d[n1 & are = t reason e/eem$ l[e/4 ,= we h %ewn t to ! imm$iate objects ( sight1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 he w\ld n attribute ! t]ms high & l[4 ,x mu/ !re=e be on acc\nt ( "s circum/ances :i* are obs]v$ to att5d !m4 ,& ^!1 x is pla91 are ! actions ( turn+ ! eye up & d[n1 :i* sugge/ a v obvi\s reason :y ! m9d %\ld d5om9ate ! objects ( sight accord+ly high or l[4 ,&1 )\t ?is motion ( ! eye--?is turn+ x up & d[n 9 ord] to disc]n diff]5t objects--d\btless erect1 inv]se1 & o!r ! l t]ms relat+ to ! position ( tangible objects1 w\ld nev] h be5 transf]r$1 or 9 any degree appreh5d$ to belong to ! ideas ( sight1 ! m]e act ( see+ includ+ no?+ 9 x to t purpose2 :]eas ! diff]5t situations ( ! eye naturally direct ! m9d to make a suitable judgm5t ( ! situation ( objects intromitt$ by x7#cij74 #ii4 ,f>!r1 :5 he has by exp]i5ce le>n$ ! connexion !re is betwe5 ! sev]al ideas ( sight & t\*1 he w be able1 by ! p]ception he has ( ! situation ( visible ?+s 9 respect ( "o ano!r1 to make a sudd5 & true e/imate ( ! situation ( outw>d1 tangible ?+s correspond+ to !m4 ,& ?us x is he %all p]ceive7#cia7 by sight ! situation ( ext]nal7#cib7 objects1 :i* d n prop]ly fall "u t s5se4 #ajj4 ,i "k we are v prone to ?9k t1 if j made to see1 we %\ld judge ( ! situation ( visible ?+s z we d n[4 ,b1 we are also z prone to ?9k t1 at fir/ sight1 we %\ld 9 ! same way appreh5d ! di/ance & magnitude ( objects1 z we d n[2 :i* ha? be5 %ewn to be a false & gr\ndless p]suasion4 ,&1 = ! l reasons1 ! same c5sure may be pass$ on ! positive assurance t mo/ m51 be=e !y h ?\ght suffici5tly ( ! matt]1 might h ( _! be+ able to det]m9e by ! eye1 at fir/ view1 :e!r objects 7 erect or inv]se4 #aja4 ,x w p]haps be object$ to our op9ion1 t a man1 = in/ance1 be+ ?\ght erect :5 8 feet are next ! e>?1 & inv]t$ :5 8 head is next ! e>?1 x do? h5ce foll[ t1 by ! m]e act ( vision1 )\t any exp]i5ce or alt]+ ! situation ( ! eye1 we %\ld h det]m9$ :e!r he 7 erect or inv]t$4 ,= bo? ! e>? itself1 & ! limbs ( ! man :o /&s !reon1 be+ equally p]ceiv$ by sight1 "o _c *oose see+ :at "p ( ! man is ne>e/ ! e>?1 & :at "p f>!/ f x1 i4e4 :e!r he be erect or inv]t$4 #ajb4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 ! ideas :i* con/itute ! tangible e>? & man are entirely diff]5t f ^? :i* con/itute ! visible e>? & man4 ,nor 0 x possible1 by virtue ( ! visive faculty alone1 )\t sup]add+ any exp]i5ce ( t\*1 or alt]+ ! position ( ! eye1 ev] to h kn[n1 or s mu* z suspect$1 !re _h be5 any relation or connexion betwe5 !m4 ,h5ce1 a man at fir/ view w\ld n d5om9ate any?+ he saw1 e>?1 or head1 or foot2 & consequ5tly1 he c\ld n tell1 by ! m]e act ( vision1 :e!r ! head or feet 7 ne>e/ ! e>?4 ,nor1 inde$1 w\ld we h !reby any ?\ght ( e>? or man1 erect or inv]se1 at all--:i* w be made yet m evid5t1 if we nicely obs]ve1 & make a p>ticul> comp>ison betwe51 ! ideas ( bo? s5ses4 #ajc4 ,t :i* ,i see is only v>iety ( light & col\rs4 ,t :i* ,i feel is h>d or s(t1 hot or cold1 r\gh or smoo?4 ,:at similitude1 :at connexion1 h ^? ideas ) ^!8 ,or1 h[ is x possible t any "o %\ld see reason to give "o & ! same "n7#cic7 to comb9ations ( ideas s v diff]5t1 be=e he _h exp]i5c$ _! co-exi/5ce8 ,we d n f9d !re is any necess>y connexion betwixt ?is or t tangible quality1 & any col\r :atsoev]4 ,& we may sometimes p]ceive col\rs1 :]e !re is no?+ to be felt4 ,all :i* do? make x manife/ t no man1 at fir/ receiv+ ( 8 sight7#cid71 w\ld "k !re 0 any agreem5t betwe5 ?is or t p>ticul> object ( 8 sight & any object ( t\* he _h be5 already acqua9t$ )4 ,! col\rs !re=e ( ! head w\ld to him no m sugge/ ! idea ( head7#cie7 ?an !y w\ld ! idea ( feet4 #ajd4 ,f>!r1 we h at l>ge %ewn 7vid4 sect4 #fc & #fd7 !re is no discov]able necess>y connexion betwe5 any giv5 visible magnitude & any "o p>ticul> tangible magnitude2 b t x is entirely ! result ( cu/om & exp]i5ce1 & dep5ds on =eign & accid5tal circum/ances1 t we c1 by ! p]ception ( visible ext5sion1 in=m ourselves :at may be ! ext5sion ( any tangible object connect$ ) x4 ,h5ce1 x is c]ta91 t nei!r ! visible magnitude ( head or foot w\ld br+ along ) !m into ! m9d1 at fir/ op5+ ( ! eyes1 ! respective tangible magnitudes ( ^? p>ts4 #aje4 ,by ! =ego+ section1 x is pla9 ! visible figure ( any "p ( ! body ha? no necess>y connexion ) ! tangible figure !re(1 s z at fir/ sight to sugge/ x to ! m9d4 ,=1 figure is ! t]m9ation ( magnitude4 ,:5ce x foll[s t no visible magnitude hav+ 9 its own nature an aptness to sugge/ any "o p>ticul> tangible magnitude1 s nei!r c any visible figure be insep>ably connect$ ) its correspond+ tangible figure1 s z ( itself1 & 9 a way prior to exp]i5ce1 x might sugge/ x to ! und]/&+4 ,?is w be f>!r evid5t1 if we consid] t :at seems smoo? & r\nd to ! t\* may to sight1 if view$ ?r\gh a microscope1 seem q o!rwise4 #ajf4 ,f all :i*1 laid toge!r & duly consid]$1 we may cle>ly d$uce ?is inf]5ce3--,9 ! fir/ act ( vision1 no idea ent]+ by ! eye w\ld h a p]ceivable connexion ) ! ideas to :i* ! names e>?1 man1 head1 foot1 c4 7 annex$ 9 ! und]/&+ ( a p]son bl9d f 8 bir?2 s z 9 any sort to introduce !m into 8 m9d1 or make !mselves be call$ by ! same names1 & reput$ ! same ?+s ) !m1 z aft]w>ds !y come to be4 #ajg4 ,!re do?1 nev]!less1 rema9 "o difficulty1 :i* to "s may seem to press h>d on our op9ion1 & des]ve n to be pass$ ov]4 ,=1 ?\gh x be grant$ t nei!r ! col\r1 size1 nor figure ( ! visible feet h any necess>y connexion ) ! ideas t compose ! tangible feet1 s z to br+ !m at fir/ sight into my m9d1 or make me 9 dang] ( conf\nd+ !m1 be=e ,i _h be5 us$ to & = "s "t exp]i5c$ _! connexion2 yet ?us mu* seems und5iable1 namely1 t ! numb] ( ! visible feet be+ ! same ) t ( ! tangible feet1 ,i may f h5ce1 )\t any exp]i5ce ( sight1 reasonably conclude t !y repres5t or are connect$ ) ! feet r ?an ! head4 ,i say1 x seems ! idea ( two visible feet w soon] sugge/ to ! m9d ! idea ( two tangible feet ?an ( "o head--s t ! bl9d man1 ^u fir/ reception ( ! visive faculty1 might "k :i* 7 ! feet or two1 & :i* ! head or "o4 #ajh4 ,9 ord] to get cle> ( ?is seem+ difficulty1 we ne$ only obs]ve t div]sity ( visible objects does n necess>ily inf] div]sity ( tangible objects correspond+ to !m4 ,a picture pa9t$ ) great v>iety ( col\rs affects ! t\* 9 "o uni=m mann]2 x is !re=e evid5t t ,i d n1 by any necess>y consecution1 indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce1 judge ( ! numb] ( ?+s tangible f ! numb] ( ?+s visible4 ,i %\ld n !re=e at fir/ op5+ my eyes conclude t because ,i see two ,i %all feel two4 ,h[1 !re=e1 c ,i1 be=e exp]i5ce tea*es me1 "k t ! visible legs1 because two1 are connect$ ) ! tangible legs2 or ! visible head1 because "o1 is connect$ ) ! tangible head8 ,! tru? is1 ! ?+s ,i see are s v diff]5t & het]og5e\s f ! ?+s ,i feel t ! p]ception ( ! "o w\ld nev] h sugge/$ ! o!r to my ?\ghts1 or enabl$ me to pass ! lea/ judgm5t !reon1 until ,i _h exp]i5c$ _! connexion7#cif74 #aji4 ,b1 = a full] illu/ration ( ?is matt]1 x ought to be consid]$1 t numb] 7h[ev] "s may reckon x among/ ! prim>y qualities7#cig77 is no?+ fix$ & settl$1 really exi/+ 9 ?+s !mselves4 ,x is entirely ! creature ( ! m9d1 consid]+ ei!r a simple idea by itself1 or any comb9ation ( simple ideas to :i* x gives "o "n1 & s makes x pass = a unit4 ,accord+ z ! m9d v>i\sly comb9es its ideas1 ! unit v>ies2 & z ! unit1 s ! numb]1 :i* is only a collection ( units1 do? also v>y4 ,we call a w9d[ "o1 a *imney "o2 & yet a h\se1 9 :i* !re are _m w9d[s & _m *imneys1 has an equal "r to be call$ "o2 & _m h\ses g to ! mak+ ( "o city4 ,9 ^! & ! l in/ances1 x is evid5t ! unit con/antly relates to ! p>ticul> draughts ! m9d makes ( its ideas1 to :i* x affixes names1 & :]e9 x includes m or less1 z be/ suits its own ends & purposes4 ,:atev] !re=e ! m9d consid]s z "o1 t is an unit4 ,e comb9ation ( ideas is consid]$ z "o ?+ by ! m9d1 & 9 tok5 !re( is m>k$ by "o "n4 ,n[1 ?is nam+ & comb9+ toge!r ( ideas is p]fectly arbitr>y1 & done by ! m9d 9 su* sort z exp]i5ce %ews x to be mo/ conv5i5t--)\t :i* our ideas _h nev] be5 collect$ into su* sundry di/9ct comb9ations z !y n[ are4 #aaj4 ,h5ce1 x foll[s t a man born bl9d1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 gr[n up1 made to see1 w\ld n1 9 ! fir/ act ( vision1 p>cel out ! ideas ( sight into ! same di/9ct collections t o!rs d :o h exp]i5c$ :i* d regul>ly co-exi/ & are prop] to be bundl$ up toge!r "u "o "n4 ,he w\ld n1 = example1 make into "o complex idea1 & !reby e/eem & unite all ^? p>ticul> ideas :i* con/itute ! visible head or foot4 ,=1 !re c be no reason assign$ :y he %\ld d s1 b>ely ^u 8 see+ a man /& upright be=e him4 ,!re cr[d into 8 m9d ! ideas :i* compose ! visible man1 9 company ) all ! o!r ideas ( sight p]ceiv$ at ! same "t4 ,b1 all ^! ideas (f]$ at once to 8 view he w\ld n di/ribute into sundry di/9ct comb9ations1 till su* "t z1 by obs]v+ ! motion ( ! p>ts ( ! man & o!r exp]i5ces1 he comes to "k :i* are to be sep>at$ & :i* to be collect$ toge!r7#cih74 #aaa4 ,f :at ha? be5 premis$1 x is pla9 ! objects ( sight & t\* make1 if ,i may s say1 two sets ( ideas1 :i* are widely diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,to objects ( ei!r k9d we indiff]5tly attribute ! t]ms high & l[1 "r & left1 & su* l1 d5ot+ ! position or situation ( ?+s2 b !n we mu/ well obs]ve t ! position ( any object is det]m9$ ) respect only to objects ( ! same s5se4 ,we say any object ( t\* is high or l[1 accord+ z x is m or less di/ant f ! tangible e>?3 & 9 l mann] we d5om9ate any object ( sight high or l[1 9 proportion z x is m or less di/ant f ! visible e>?4 ,b1 to def9e ! situation ( visible ?+s ) relation to ! di/ance !y be> f any tangible ?+1 or vice v]sa1 ?is 7 absurd & p]fectly un9telligible4 ,= all visible ?+s are equally 9 ! m9d1 & take up no "p ( ! ext]nal space2 & consequ5tly are equidi/ant f any tangible ?+ :i* exi/s )\t ! m9d7#cii74 #aab4 ,or r1 to speak truly1 ! prop] objects ( sight are at no di/ance1 nei!r ne> nor f> f any tangible ?+4 ,=1 if we inquire n>r[ly into ! matt]1 we %all f9d t ^? ?+s only are comp>$ toge!r 9 respect ( di/ance :i* exi/ aft] ! same mann]1 or app]ta9 unto ! same s5se4 ,=1 by ! di/ance betwe5 any two po9ts1 no?+ m is meant ?an ! numb] ( int]m$iate po9ts4 ,if ! giv5 po9ts are visible1 ! di/ance betwe5 !m is m>k$ out by ! numb] ( ! int]jac5t visible po9ts2 if !y are tangible1 ! di/ance betwe5 !m is a l9e consi/+ ( tangible po9ts2 b1 if !y are "o tangible & ! o!r visible1 ! di/ance betwe5 !m do? nei!r consi/ ( po9ts p]ceivable by sight nor by t\*1 i4e4 x is utt]ly inconceivable7#djj74 ,?is1 p]haps1 w n f9d an easy admission into all m5's und]/&+4 ,h[ev]1 ,i %\ld gladly be in=m$ :e!r x be n true1 by any "o :o w be at ! pa9s to reflect a little1 & apply x home to 8 ?\ghts4 #aac4 ,! n obs]v+ :at has be5 deliv]$ 9 ! two la/ sections1 seems to h occasion$ no small "p ( ! difficulty t occurs 9 ! bus9ess ( direct appe>ances4 ,! head1 :i* is pa9t$ ne>e/ ! e>?1 seems to be f>!/ f x2 & on ! o!r h&1 ! feet1 :i* are pa9t$ f>!/ f ! e>?1 are ?\ght ne>e/ to x4 ,h]e9 lies ! difficulty1 :i* vani%es if we express ! ?+ m cle>ly & free f ambiguity1 ?us3--,h[ comes x t1 to ! eye1 ! visible head1 :i* is ne>e/ ! tangible e>?1 seems f>!/ f ! e>?2 & ! visible feet1 :i* are f>!/ f ! tangible e>?1 seem ne>e/ ! e>?8 ,! "q be+ ?us propos$1 :o sees n ! difficulty is f\nd$ on a supposition t ! eye or visive faculty1 or r ! s\l by means !re(1 %\ld judge ( ! situation ( visible objects ) ref]5ce to _! di/ance f ! tangible e>?8 ,:]eas1 x is evid5t ! tangible e>? is n p]ceiv$ by sight4 ,& x ha? be5 %ewn1 9 ! two la/ prec$+ sections1 t ! location ( visible objects is det]m9$ only by ! di/ance !y be> f "o ano!r1 & t x is nons5se to talk ( di/ance1 f> or ne>1 betwe5 a visible & tangible ?+4 #aad4 ,if we conf9e our ?\ghts to ! prop] objects ( sight1 ! :ole is pla9 & easy4 ,! head is pa9t$ f>!/ f1 & ! feet ne>e/ to1 ! visible e>?2 & s !y appe> to be4 ,:at is !re /range or unacc\ntable 9 ?is8 ,let u suppose ! pictures 9 ! fund ( ! eye to be ! imm$iate objects ( sight7#dja74 ,! consequ5ce is t ?+s %\ld appe> 9 ! same po/ure !y are pa9t$ 92 & is x n s8 ,! head :i* is se5 seems f>!/ f ! e>? :i* is se52 & ! feet :i* are se5 seem ne>e/ to ! e>? :i* is se54 ,& j s !y are pa9t$4 #aae4 ,b1 say y1 ! picture ( ! man is inv]t$1 & yet ! appe>ance is erect4 ,i ask1 :at mean y by ! picture ( ! man1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ! visible man's be+ inv]t$8 ,y tell me x is inv]t$1 because ! heels are upp]mo/ & ! head und]mo/8 ,expla9 me ?is4 ,y say t by ! head's be+ und]mo/1 y mean t x is ne>e/ to ! e>?2 &1 by ! heels be+ upp]mo/1 t !y are f>!/ f ! e>?4 ,i ask aga91 :at e>? y mean8 ,y _c mean ! e>? t is pa9t$ on ! eye or ! visible e>?--= ! picture ( ! head is f>!/ f ! picture ( ! e>?1 & ! picture ( ! feet ne>e/ to ! picture ( ! e>?2 & accord+ly ! visible head is f>!/ f ! visible e>?1 & ! visible feet ne>e/ to x4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 t y mean ! tangible e>?2 & s det]m9e ! situation ( visible ?+s ) respect to tangible ?+s--contr>y to :at ha? be5 demon/rat$ 9 sect4 #aaa & #aab4 ,! two di/9ct prov9ces ( sight & t\* %\ld be consid]$ ap>t1 & z ?\gh _! objects _h no int]c\rse1 no mann] ( relation to "o ano!r1 9 po9t ( di/ance or position7#djb74 #aaf4 ,f>!r1 :at greatly contributes to make u mi/ake 9 ?is matt] is t1 :5 we ?9k ( ! pictures 9 ! fund ( ! eye1 we imag9e ourselves look+ on ! fund ( ano!r's eye1 or ano!r look+ on ! fund ( our own eye1 & behold+ ! pictures pa9t$ !reon4 ,suppose two eyes1 ,a & ,b4 ,a f "s di/ance look+ on ! pictures 9 ,b sees !m inv]t$1 & = t reason concludes !y are inv]t$ 9 ,b4 ,b ?is is wrong4 ,!re are project$ 9 little on ! bottom ( ,a ! images ( ! pictures (1 suppose1 man1 e>?1 c41 :i* are pa9t$ on ,b4 ,&1 besides ^!1 ! eye ,b itself1 & ! objects :i* environ x1 toge!r ) ano!r e>?1 are project$ 9 a l>g] size on ,a4 ,n[1 by ! eye ,a ^! l>g] images are deem$ ! true objects1 & ! less] only pictures 9 m9iature4 ,& x is ) respect to ^? great] images t x det]m9es ! situation ( ! small] images2 s t1 comp>+ ! little man ) ! great e>?1 ,a judges him inv]t$1 or t ! feet are f>!/ f & ! head ne>e/ to ! great e>?4 ,:]eas1 if ,a comp>e ! little man ) ! little e>?1 !n he w appe> erect1 i4e4 8 head %all seem f>!/ f & 8 feet ne>e/ to ! little e>?4 ,b we mu/ consid] t ,b does n see two e>?s z ,a does4 ,x sees only :at is repres5t$ by ! little pictures 9 ,a1 & consequ5tly %all judge ! man erect4 ,=1 9 tru?1 ! man 9 ,b is n inv]t$1 = !re ! feet are next ! e>?2 b x is ! repres5tation ( x 9 ,a :i* is inv]t$1 = !re ! head ( ! repres5tation ( ! picture ( ! man 9 ,b is next ! e>?1 & ! feet f>!/ f ! e>?--mean+ ! e>? :i* is )\t ! repres5tation ( ! pictures 9 ,b4 ,=1 if y take ! little l9ages ( ! pictures 9 ,b1 & consid] !m by !mselves1 & ) respect only to "o ano!r1 !y are all erect & 9 _! natural po/ure4 #aag4 ,f>!r1 !re lies a mi/ake 9 our imag9+ t ! pictures ( ext]nal7#djc7 objects are pa9t$ on ! bottom ( ! eye4 ,x has be5 %ewn !re is no resemblance betwe5 ! ideas ( sight & ?+s tangible4 ,x ha? likewise be5 demon/rat$7#djd71 t ! prop] objects ( sight d n exi/ )\t ! m9d4 ,:5ce x cle>ly foll[s t ! pictures pa9t$ on ! bottom ( ! eye are n ! pictures ( ext]nal objects4 ,let any "o consult 8 own ?\ghts1 & !n tell me1 :at aff9ity1 :at lik5ess1 !re is betwe5 t c]ta9 v>iety & disposition ( col\rs :i* con/itute ! visible man1 or picture ( a man1 & t o!r comb9ation ( f> diff]5t ideas1 s5sible by t\*1 :i* compose ! tangible man4 ,b1 if ?is be ! case1 h[ come !y to be acc\nt$ pictures or images1 s9ce t supposes !m to copy or repres5t "s orig9als or o!r8 #aah4 ,to :i* ,i answ]--,9 ! =em5tion$ in/ance1 ! eye ,a takes ! little images1 includ$ )9 ! repres5tation ( ! o!r eye ,b1 to be pictures or copies1 :]e( ! ar*etypes are n ?+s exi/+ )\t7#dje71 b ! l>g] pictures7#djf7 project$ on its own fund2 & :i* by ,a are n ?\ght pictures1 b ! orig9als or true ?+s !mselves4 ,?\gh if we suppose a ?ird eye ,c1 f a due di/ance1 to behold ! fund ( ,a1 !n inde$ ! ?+s project$ !reon %all1 to ,c1 seem pictures or images1 9 ! same s5se t ^? project$ on ,b d to ,a4 #aai4 ,rightly to conceive ! bus9ess 9 h&1 we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 ! ideas ( sight & t\*1 betwe5 ! visible & tangible eye2 = c]ta9ly on ! tangible eye no?+ ei!r is or seems to be pa9t$4 ,aga91 ! visible eye1 z well z all o!r visible objects1 ha? be5 %ewn to exi/ only 9 ! m9d7#djg72 :i*1 p]ceiv+ its own ideas1 & comp>+ !m toge!r1 does call "s pictures 9 respect to o!rs4 ,:at ha? be5 said1 be+ rightly compreh5d$ & laid toge!r1 does1 ,i ?9k1 af=d a full & g5u9e explication ( ! erect appe>ance ( objects--:i* ph5om5on1 ,i mu/ confess1 ,i d n see h[ x c be expla9$ by any !ories ( vision hi!rto made public4 #abj4 ,9 treat+ ( ^! ?+s1 ! use ( language is apt to occasion "s obscurity & confusion1 & create 9 u wrong ideas4 ,=1 language be+ accommodat$ to ! common notions & prejudices ( m51 x is sc>ce possible to deliv] ! nak$ & precise tru?1 )\t great circumlocution1 impropriety1 & 7to an unw>y read]7 seem+ contradictions4 ,i d1 !re=e1 once = all1 desire :oev] %all ?9k x wor? 8 :ile to und]/& :at ,i h writt5 conc]n+ vision1 t he w\ld n /ick 9 ?is or t phrase or mann] ( expression1 b c&idly collect my mean+ f ! :ole sum & t5or ( my disc\rse1 &1 lay+ aside ! words7#djh7 z mu* z possible1 consid] ! b>e notions !mselves1 & !n judge :e!r !y are agreeable to tru? & 8 own exp]i5ce or no4 #aba4 ,we h %ewn ! way :]e9 ! m9d1 by m$iation ( visible ideas7#dji71 do? p]ceive or appreh5d ! di/ance1 magnitude1 & situation ( tangible objects7#daj74 ,i come n[ to inquire m p>ticul>ly conc]n+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ideas ( sight & t\* :i* are call$ by ! same names1 & see :e!r !re be any idea common to bo? s5ses7#daa74 ,f :at we h at l>ge set =? & demon/rat$ 9 ! =ego+ p>ts ( ?is treatise1 x is pla9 !re is no "o self-same num]ical ext5sion1 p]ceiv$ bo? by sight & t\*2 b t ! p>ticul> figures & ext5sions p]ceiv$ by sight1 h[ev] !y may be call$ by ! same names1 & reput$ ! same ?+s ) ^? p]ceiv$ by t\*1 are nev]!less diff]5t1 & h an exi/5ce v di/9ct & sep>ate f !m4 ,s t ! "q is n n[ conc]n+ ! same num]ical ideas1 b :e!r !re be any "o & ! same sort or species ( ideas equally p]ceivable to bo? s5ses8 or1 9 o!r words1 :e!r ext5sion1 figure1 & motion p]ceiv$ by sight1 are n specifically di/9ct f ext5sion1 figure1 & motion p]ceiv$ by t\*8 #abb4 ,b1 be=e ,i come m p>ticul>ly to discuss ?is matt]1 ,i f9d x prop] to take into my ?\ghts ext5sion 9 ab/ract7#dab74 ,= ( ?is !re is mu* talk2 & ,i am apt to ?9k t :5 m5 speak ( ext5sion z be+ an idea common to two s5ses1 x is ) a secret supposition t we c s+le out ext5sion f all o!r tangible & visible qualities1 & =m !re( an ab/ract idea1 :i* idea !y w h common bo? to sight & t\*4 ,we are !re=e to und]/& by ext5sion 9 ab/ract1 an idea7#dac7 ( ext5sion--= in/ance1 a l9e or surface entirely /ripp$ ( all o!r s5sible qualities & circum/ances t might det]m9e x to any p>ticul> exi/5ce2 x is nei!r black1 nor :ite1 nor r$1 nor ha? x any col\r at all1 or any tangible quality :atsoev]1 & consequ5tly x is ( no f9ite det]m9ate magnitude7#dad72 = t :i* b\nds or di/+ui%es "o ext5sion f ano!r is "s quality or circum/ance :]e9 !y disagree4 #abc4 ,n[1 ,i d n f9d t ,i c p]ceive1 imag9e1 or anywise frame 9 my m9d su* an ab/ract idea z is "h spok5 (4 ,a l9e or surface :i* is nei!r black1 nor :ite1 nor blue1 nor yell[1 c42 nor long1 nor %ort1 nor r\gh1 nor smoo?1 nor squ>e1 nor r\nd1 c4 is p]fectly incompreh5sible4 ,?is ,i am sure ( z to myself2 h[ f> ! faculties ( o!r m5 may rea* !y be/ c tell4 #abd4 ,x is commonly said t ! object ( geometry is ab/ract ext5sion4 ,b geometry contemplates figures3 n[1 figure is ! t]m9ation ( magnitude7#dae72 b we h %ewn t ext5sion 9 ab/ract ha? no f9ite det]m9ate magnitude2 :5ce x cle>ly foll[s t x c h no figure1 & consequ5tly is n ! object ( geometry4 ,x is inde$ a t5et1 z well ( ! mod]n z ! anci5t philosoph]s1 t all g5]al tru?s are conc]n+ univ]sal ab/ract ideas2 )\t :i*1 we are told1 !re c\ld be no sci5ce1 no demon/ration ( any g5]al proposition 9 geometry4 ,b x 7 no h>d matt]1 did ,i ?9k x necess>y to my pres5t purpose1 to %ew t propositions & demon/rations 9 geometry might be univ]sal1 ?\gh !y :o make !m nev] ?9k ( ab/ract g5]al ideas ( triangles or circles4 #abe4 ,aft] reit]at$ ef=ts & pangs ( ?\ght7#daf7 to appreh5d ! g5]al idea ( a triangle7#dag71 ,i h f\nd x altoge!r incompreh5sible4 ,& surely1 if any "o 7 able to let t idea into my m9d1 x mu/ be ! au?or7#dah7 ( ! ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+3 he1 :o has s f> di/+ui%$ himself f ! g5]ality ( writ]s1 by ! cle>ness & significancy ( :at he says4 ,let u !re=e see h[ ?is celebrat$ au?or7#dai7 describes ! g5]al or :i* is ! same ?+1 !7#dbj7 ab/ract idea ( a triangle4 8,x mu/ be10 says he1 8nei!r oblique nor rectangle1 nei!r equilat]al1 equicrural1 nor scal5um2 b all & none ( ^! at once4 ,9 effect x is some:at imp]fect t _c exi/2 an idea1 :]e9 "s p>ts ( sev]al diff]5t & inconsi/5t ideas are put toge!r40 7,essay on ,human ,und]/&+1 ,b4 iv4 *4 #g4 s4 #i47 ,?is is ! idea :i* he ?9ks ne$ful = ! enl>gem5t ( k1 :i* is ! subject ( ma!matical demon/ration1 & )\t :i* we c\ld nev] come to "k any g5]al proposition conc]n+ triangles4 ,sure ,i am1 if ?is be ! case1 x is impossible = me to atta9 to "k ev5 ! fir/ elem5ts ( geometry3 s9ce ,i h n ! faculty to frame 9 my m9d su* an idea z is "h describ$7#dba74 ,t au?or ackn[l$ges x do? 8require "s pa9s & skill to =m ?is g5]al idea ( a triangle40 7,ibid47 ,b1 _h he call$ to m9d :at he says 9 ano!r place1 to wit1 8t ideas ( mix$ modes :]e9 any inconsi/5t ideas are put toge!r1 _c s mu* z exi/ 9 ! m9d1 i4e4 be conceiv$10 7vid4 ,b4 iii4 *4 #aj4 s4 #cc1 ibid47--,i say1 _h ?is occurr$ to 8 ?\ghts1 x is n improbable he w\ld h own$ x above all ! pa9s & skill he 0 ma/] (1 to =m ! above-m5tion$ idea ( a triangle1 :i* is made up ( manife/ />+ contradictions4 ,t a man ( su* a cle> und]/&+7#dbb71 :o ?\ght s mu* & s well1 & laid s great a /ress on cle> & det]m9ate ideas1 %\ld nev]!less talk at ?is rate1 seems v surpris+4 ,b ! wond] w less51 if x be consid]$ t ! s\rce :5ce ?is op9ion ( ab/ract figures & ext5sion 7#dbc7 fl[s is ! prolific womb :i* has br\ght =? innum]able errors & difficulties1 9 all p>ts ( philosophy1 & 9 all ! sci5ces4 ,b ?is matt]1 tak5 9 its full ext5t1 7 a subject too va/ & compreh5sive to be insi/$ on 9 ?is place7#dbd74 ,i %all only obs]ve t y\r metaphysicians & m5 ( speculation seem to h faculties di/9ct f ^? ( ord9>y m51 :5 !y talk ( g5]al or ab/ract$ triangles & circles1 c41 & s p]emptorily decl>e !m to be ! subject ( all ! et]nal1 immutable1 univ]sal tru?s 9 geometry7#dbe74 ,& s mu* = ext5sion 9 ab/ract4 #abf4 ,"s1 p]haps1 may ?9k pure space1 vacuum1 or tr9e dim5sion1 to be equally ! object ( sight & t\*7#dbf74 ,b1 ?\gh we h a v great prop5sion to ?9k ! ideas ( outness & space to be ! imm$iate object ( sight1 yet1 if ,i mi/ake n1 9 ! =ego+ p>ts ( ?is ,essay1 t ha? be5 cle>ly demon/rat$ to be a m]e delusion1 aris+ f ! quick & sudd5 sugge/ion ( fancy1 :i* s closely connects ! idea ( di/ance ) ^? ( sight1 t we are apt to ?9k x is itself a prop] & imm$iate object ( t s5se1 till reason corrects ! mi/ake7#dbg74 #abg4 ,x hav+ be5 %ewn t !re are no ab/ract ideas ( figure1 & t x is impossible = u1 by any precision ( ?\ght1 to frame an idea ( ext5sion sep>ate f all o!r visible & tangible qualities1 :i* %all be common bo? to sight & t\*--! "q n[ rema9+ is7#dbh71 :e!r ! p>ticul> ext5sions1 figures1 & motions p]ceiv$ by sight1 be ( ! same k9d ) ! p>ticul> ext5sions1 figures1 & motions p]ceiv$ by t\*8 ,9 answ] to :i* ,i %all v5ture to lay d[n ! foll[+ proposition3--,! ext5sion1 figures1 & motions p]ceiv$ by sight are specifically di/9ct f ! ideas ( t\*1 call$ by ! same names2 nor is !re any su* ?+ z "o idea1 or k9d ( idea1 common7#dbi7 to bo? s5ses4 ,?is proposition may1 )\t mu* difficulty1 be collect$ f :at ha? be5 said 9 sev]al places ( ?is ,essay4 ,b1 because x seems s remote f1 & contr>y to ! receiv$ notions & settl$ op9ion ( mank9d1 ,i %all attempt to demon/rate x m p>ticul>ly & at l>ge by ! foll[+ argum5ts3-- #abh4 ,fir/7#dcj71 ,:51 ^u p]ception ( an idea1 ,i range x "u ?is or t sort1 x is because x is p]ceiv$ aft] ! same mann]1 or because x has a lik5ess or con=mity )1 or affects me 9 ! same way z ! ideas ( ! sort ,i rank x "u4 ,9 %ort1 x mu/ n be entirely new1 b h some?+ 9 x old & already p]ceiv$ by me4 ,x mu/1 ,i say1 h s mu*1 at lea/1 9 common ) ! ideas ,i h be=e kn[n & nam$1 z to make me give x ! same "n ) !m4 ,b1 x has be51 if ,i mi/ake n1 cle>ly made out7#dca7 t a man born bl9d w\ld n1 at fir/ reception ( 8 sight1 ?9k ! ?+s he saw 7 ( ! same nature ) ! objects ( t\*1 or _h any?+ 9 common ) !m2 b t !y 7 a new set ( ideas1 p]ceiv$ 9 a new mann]1 & entirely diff]5t f all he _h ev] p]ceiv$ be=e4 ,s t he w\ld n call !m by ! same "n1 nor repute !m to be ( ! same sort1 ) any?+ he _h hi!rto kn[n4 ,& surely ! judgm5t ( su* an unprejudic$ p]son is m to be reli$ on 9 ?is case ?an ! s5tim5ts ( ! g5]ality ( m52 :o1 9 ?is z 9 almo/ ev]y?+ else1 suff] !mselves to be guid$ by cu/om1 & ! errone\s sugge/ions ( prejudice1 r ?an reason & s$ate reflection7#dcb74 #abi4 ,secondly1 ,light & col\rs are all[$ by all to con/itute a sort or species entirely diff]5t f ! ideas ( t\*2 nor w any man1 ,i presume1 say !y c make !mselves p]ceiv$ by t s5se4 ,b !re is no o!r imm$iate object ( sight besides light & col\rs7#dcc74 ,x is !re=e a direct consequ5ce1 t !re is no idea common to bo? s5ses4 #acj4 ,x is a prevail+ op9ion1 ev5 among/ ^? :o h ?\ght & writ mo/ accurately conc]n+ our ideas1 & ! ways :]eby !y ent] into ! und]/&+1 t some?+ m is p]ceiv$ by sight ?an b>ely light & col\rs ) _! v>iations4 ,! excell5t7#dcd7 ,mr4 ,locke t]me? sight 8! mo/ compreh5sive ( all our s5ses1 convey+ to our m9ds ! ideas ( light & col\rs1 :i* are peculi> only to t s5se2 & also ! f> diff]5t ideas ( space1 figure1 & motion40 7,essay on ,human ,und]/&+1 ,b4 iii4 *4 #i4 s4 #i47 ,space or di/ance7#dce71 we h %ewn1 is no o!rwise ! object ( sight ?an ( he>+4 7,vid4 sect4 #df47 ,&1 z = figure & ext5sion1 ,i leave x to any "o t %all calmly att5d to 8 own cle> & di/9ct ideas to decide :e!r he has any idea intromitt$ imm$iately & prop]ly by sight save only light & col\rs3 or1 :e!r x be possible = him to frame 9 8 m9d a di/9ct ab/ract idea ( visible ext5sion1 or figure1 exclusive ( all col\r2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :e!r he c conceive col\r )\t visible ext5sion8 ,= my own "p1 ,i mu/ confess1 ,i am n able to atta9 s great a nicety ( ab/raction4 ,i "k v well t1 9 a /rict s5se1 ,i see no?+ b light & col\rs1 ) _! sev]al %ades & v>iations4 ,he :o beside ^! do? also p]ceive by sight ideas f> diff]5t & di/9ct f !m1 ha? t faculty 9 a degree m p]fect & compreh5sive ?an ,i c pret5d to4 ,x mu/ be own$1 inde$1 t1 by ! m$iation ( light & col\rs1 o!r f> diff]5t ideas are sugge/$ to my m9d4 ,b s !y are by he>+7#dcf74 ,b !n1 ^u ?is score1 ,i see no reason :y ! sight %\ld be ?\ght m compreh5sive ?an ! he>+1 :i*1 beside s\nds :i* are peculi> to t s5se1 do?1 by _! m$iation1 sugge/ n only space1 figure1 & motion1 b also all o!r ideas :atsoev] t c be signifi$ by words4 #aca4 ,?irdly1 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 an axiom univ]sally receiv$1 t 8quantities ( ! same k9d may be add$ toge!r & make "o entire sum40 ,ma!maticians add l9es toge!r2 b !y d n add a l9e to a solid1 or conceive x z mak+ "o sum ) a surface4 ,^! ?ree k9ds ( quantity be+ ?\ght incapable ( any su* mutual addition1 & consequ5tly ( be+ comp>$ toge!r 9 ! sev]al ways ( proportion1 are by !m = t reason e/eem$ entirely disp>ate & het]og5e\s4 ,n[ let any "o try 9 8 ?\ghts to add a visible l9e or surface to a tangible l9e or surface1 s z to conceive !m mak+ "o cont9u$ sum or :ole4 ,he t c d ?is may ?9k !m homog5e\s2 b he t _c mu/1 by ! =ego+ axiom1 ?9k !m het]og5e\s4 ,i ackn[l$ge myself to be ( ! latt] sort7#dcg74 ,a blue & a r$ l9e ,i c conceive add$ toge!r into "o sum & mak+ "o cont9u$ l9e2 b1 to make1 9 my ?\ghts1 "o cont9u$ l9e ( a visible & tangible l9e add$ toge!r1 is1 ,i f9d1 a task f> m difficult1 & ev5 insurm\ntable--& ,i leave x to ! reflection & exp]i5ce ( e p>ticul> p]son to det]m9e = himself4 #acb4 ,a f>!r confirmation ( our t5et may be drawn f ! solution ( ,mr4 ,molyneux's problem1 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,locke 9 8 ,essay7#dch73 :i* ,i %all set d[n z x !re lies1 toge!r ) ,mr4 ,locke's op9ion ( x3--8,suppose a man born bl9d1 & n[ adult1 & taught by 8 t\* to di/+ui% betwe5 a cube & a sph]e ( ! same metal1 & nighly ( ! same bigness1 s z to tell :5 he felt "o & ! o!r1 :i* is ! cube1 & :i* ! sph]e4 ,suppose !n ! cube & sph]e plac$ on a table1 & ! bl9d man made to see3 ,qure1 ,:e!r by 8 sight1 be=e he t\*$ !m1 he c\ld n[ di/+ui%1 & tell1 :i* is ! globe1 :i* ! cube4 ,to :i* ! acute & judici\s propos] answ]s3 ,n4 ,=1 ?\gh he has obta9$ ! exp]i5ce ( h[ a globe1 h[ a cube affects 8 t\*2 yet he has n yet atta9$ ! exp]i5ce1 t :at affects 8 t\* s or s mu/ affect 8 sight s or s3 or t a protub]ant angle 9 ! cube1 t press$ 8 h& unequally1 %all appe> to 8 eye z x do? 9 ! cube4 ,i agree ) ?is ?9k+ g5tleman1 :om ,i am pr\d to call my fri5d1 9 8 answ] to ?is 8 problem2 & am ( op9ion t ! bl9d man1 at fir/ sight1 w\ld n be able ) c]ta9ty to say1 :i* 0 ! globe1 :i* ! cube1 :il/ he only saw !m40 7,essay on ,human ,und]/&+1 ,b4 ii4 *4 #i4 s4 #h47 #acc4 ,n[1 if a squ>e surface p]ceiv$ by t\* be ( ! same sort ) a squ>e surface p]ceiv$ by sight1 x is c]ta9 ! bl9d man "h m5tion$ might "k a squ>e surface z soon z he saw x4 ,x is no m b introduc+ into 8 m9d1 by a new inlet1 an idea he has be5 already well acqua9t$ )4 ,s9ce !re=e he is suppos$ to h kn[n by 8 t\* t a cube is a body t]m9at$ by squ>e surfaces2 & t a sph]e is n t]m9at$ by squ>e surfaces--^u ! supposition t a visible & tangible squ>e diff] only 9 num]o1 x foll[s t he might "k1 by ! un]r+ m>k ( ! squ>e surfaces1 :i* 0 ! cube1 & :i* n1 :ile he only saw !m4 ,we mu/ !re=e all[1 ei!r t visible ext5sion & figures are specifically di/9ct f tangible ext5sion & figures1 or else1 t ! solution ( ?is problem1 giv5 by ^? two v7#dci7 ?\ghtful & +5i\s m51 is wrong4 #acd4 ,mu* m might be laid toge!r 9 pro( ( ! proposition ,i h advanc$4 ,b1 :at has be5 said is1 if ,i mi/ake n1 suffici5t to conv9ce any "o t %all yield a reasonable att5tion4 ,&1 z = ^? t w n be at ! pa9s ( a little ?\ght1 no multiplication ( words w ev] suffice to make !m und]/& ! tru?1 or rightly conceive my mean+7#ddj74 #ace4 ,i _c let g ! above-m5tion$ problem )\t "s reflection on x4 ,x ha? be5 made evid5t t a man bl9d f 8 bir? w\ld n1 at fir/ sight1 d5om9ate any?+ he saw1 by ! names he _h be5 us$ to appropriate to ideas ( t\*4 7,vid4 sect4 #ajf47 ,cube1 sph]e1 table are words he has kn[n appli$ to ?+s p]ceivable by t\*1 b to ?+s p]fectly intangible he nev] knew !m appli$4 ,^? words1 9 _! wont$ application1 always m>k$ out to 8 m9d bodies or solid ?+s :i* 7 p]ceiv$ by ! resi/ance !y gave4 ,b !re is no solidity1 no resi/ance or protrusion1 p]ceiv$ by sight4 ,9 %ort1 ! ideas ( sight are all new p]ceptions1 to :i* !re be no names annex$ 9 8 m9d2 he _c !re=e und]/& :at is said to him conc]n+ !m4 ,&1 to ask ( ! two bodies he saw plac$ on ! table1 :i* 0 ! sph]e1 :i* ! cube1 7 to him a "q d[nright bant]+ & un9telligible2 no?+ he sees be+ able to sugge/ to 8 ?\ghts ! idea ( body1 di/ance1 or1 9 g5]al1 ( any?+ he _h already kn[n4 #acf4 ,x is a mi/ake to ?9k ! same7#dda7 ?+ affects bo? sight & t\*4 ,if ! same angle or squ>e :i* is ! object ( t\* be also ! object ( vision1 :at %\ld h9d] ! bl9d man1 at fir/ sight1 f kn[+ x8 ,=1 ?\gh ! mann] :]e9 x affects ! sight be diff]5t f t :]e9 x affect$ 8 t\*1 yet1 !re be+1 beside ?is mann] or circum/ance1 :i* is new & unkn[n1 ! angle or figure1 :i* is old & kn[n1 he _c *oose b disc]n x4 #acg4 ,visible figure & ext5sion hav+ be5 demon/rat$ to be ( a nature entirely diff]5t & het]og5e\s f tangible figure & ext5sion1 x rema9s t we inquire conc]n+ motion4 ,n[1 t visible motion is n ( ! same sort ) tangible motion seems to ne$ no f>!r pro(2 x be+ an evid5t coroll>y f :at we h %ewn conc]n+ ! diff]5ce !re is betwixt visible & tangible ext5sion4 ,b1 = a m full & express pro( h]e(1 we ne$ only obs]ve t "o :o _h n yet exp]i5c$ vision w\ld n at fir/ sight "k motion7#ddb74 ,:5ce x cle>ly foll[s t motion p]ceivable by sight is ( a sort di/9ct f motion p]ceivable by t\*4 ,! antec$5t ,i prove ?us--,by t\* he c\ld n p]ceive any motion b :at 0 up or d[n1 to ! "r or left1 ne>] or f>!r f him2 besides ^!1 & _! sev]al v>ieties or complications1 x is impossible he %\ld h any idea ( motion4 ,he w\ld n !re=e ?9k any?+ to be motion1 or give ! "n motion to any idea1 :i* he c\ld n range "u "s or o!r ( ^? p>ticul> k9ds !re(4 ,b1 f sect4 #ie1 x is pla9 t1 by ! m]e act ( vision1 he c\ld n "k motion upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 to ! "r or left1 or 9 any o!r possible direction4 ,f :i* ,i conclude1 he w\ld n "k motion at all at fir/ sight4 ,z = ! idea ( motion 9 ab/ract1 ,i %all n wa/e pap] ab\t x1 b leave x to my read] to make ! be/ he c ( x4 ,to me x is p]fectly un9telligible7#ddc74 #ach4 ,! consid]ation ( motion may furni% a new field = inquiry7#ddd74 ,b1 s9ce ! mann] :]e9 ! m9d appreh5ds by sight ! motion ( tangible objects1 ) ! v>i\s degrees !re(1 may be easily collect$ f :at has be5 said conc]n+ ! mann] :]e9 t s5se do? sugge/ _! v>i\s di/ances1 magnitudes1 & situations1 ,i %all n enl>ge any f>!r on ?is subject1 b proce$ to inquire :at may be alleg$1 ) greate/ appe>ance ( reason1 aga9/ ! proposition we h demon/rat$ to be true2 =1 :]e !re is s mu* prejudice to be enc\nt]$1 a b>e & nak$ demon/ration ( ! tru? w sc>ce suffice4 ,we mu/ also satisfy ! scruples t m5 may />t 9 fav\r ( _! preconceiv$ notions1 %ew :5ce ! mi/ake arises1 h[ x came to spread1 & c>efully disclose & root out ^? false p]suasions t an e>ly prejudice might h implant$ 9 ! m9d4 #aci4 ,fir/1 !re=e1 x w be dem&$ h[ visible ext5sion & figures come to be call$ by ! same "n ) tangible ext5sion & figures1 if !y are n ( ! same k9d ) !m8 ,x mu/ be some?+ m ?an hum\r or accid5t t c\ld occasion a cu/om s con/ant & univ]sal z ?is1 :i* has obta9$ 9 all ages & nations ( ! _w1 & among/ all ranks ( m51 ! le>n$ z well z ! illit]ate4 #adj4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 we c no m argue a visible & tangible squ>e to be ( ! same species1 f _! be+ call$ by ! same "n1 ?an we c t a tangible squ>e1 & ! monosyllable consi/+ ( six lett]s :]eby x is m>k$1 are ( ! same species1 because !y are bo? call$ by ! same "n4 ,x is cu/om>y to call writt5 words1 & ! ?+s !y signify1 by ! same "n3 =1 words n be+ reg>d$ 9 _! own nature1 or o!rwise ?an z !y are m>ks ( ?+s1 x _h be5 sup]flu\s1 & beside ! design ( language1 to h giv5 !m names di/9ct f ^? ( ! ?+s m>k$ by !m4 ,! same reason holds "h also4 ,visible figures are ! m>ks ( tangible figures2 &1 f sect4 #ei1 x is pla9 t 9 !mselves !y are little reg>d$1 or ^u any o!r score ?an = _! connexion ) tangible figures1 :i* by nature !y are orda9$ to signify4 ,&1 because ?is language ( nature7#dde7 does n v>y 9 diff]5t ages or nations1 h5ce x is t 9 all times & places visible figures are call$ by ! same names z ! respective tangible figures sugge/$ by !m2 & n because !y are alike1 or ( ! same sort ) !m4 #ada4 ,b1 say y1 surely a tangible squ>e is lik] to a visible squ>e ?an to a visible circle3 x has f\r angles1 & z _m sides2 s also has ! visible squ>e--b ! visible circle has no su* ?+1 be+ b\nd$ by "o uni=m curve1 )\t "r l9es or angles1 :i* makes x unfit to repres5t ! tangible squ>e1 b v fit to repres5t ! tangible circle4 ,:5ce x cle>ly foll[s1 t visible figures are patt]ns (1 or ( ! same species )1 ! respective tangible figures repres5t$ by !m2 t !y are l unto !m1 & ( _! own nature fitt$ to repres5t !m1 z be+ ( ! same sort2 & t !y are 9 no respect arbitr>y signs1 z words4 #adb4 ,i answ]1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ ! visible squ>e is fitt] ?an ! visible circle to repres5t ! tangible squ>e1 b !n x is n because x is lik]1 or m ( a species ) x2 b1 because ! visible squ>e conta9s 9 x sev]al di/9ct p>ts1 :]eby to m>k ! sev]al di/9ct correspond+ p>ts ( a tangible squ>e1 :]eas ! visible circle do? n4 ,! squ>e p]ceiv$ by t\* ha? f\r di/9ct equal sides1 s also ha? x f\r di/9ct equal angles4 ,x is !re=e necess>y t ! visible figure :i* %all be mo/ prop] to m>k x conta9 f\r di/9ct equal p>ts1 correspond+ to ! f\r sides ( ! tangible squ>e2 z likewise f\r o!r di/9ct & equal p>ts1 :]eby to d5ote ! f\r equal angles ( ! tangible squ>e4 ,& accord+ly we see ! visible figures conta9 9 !m di/9ct visible p>ts1 answ]+ to ! di/9ct tangible p>ts ( ! figures signifi$ or sugge/$ by !m4 #adc4 ,b1 x w n h5ce foll[ t any visible figure is l unto or ( ! same species ) its correspond+ tangible figure--unless x be also %ewn t n only ! numb]1 b also ! k9d ( ! p>ts be ! same 9 bo?4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 ,i obs]ve t visible figures repres5t tangible figures mu* aft] ! same mann] t writt5 words d s\nds4 ,n[1 9 ?is respect1 words are n arbitr>y2 x n be+ indiff]5t :at writt5 ^w /&s = any s\nd4 ,b1 x is requisite t ea* ^w conta9 9 x z _m di/9ct *>act]s z !re are v>iations 9 ! s\nd x /&s =4 ,?us1 ! s+le lett] a is prop] to m>k "o simple uni=m s\nd2 & ! ^w adult]y is accommodat$ to repres5t ! s\nd annex$ to x--9 ! =mation :]e( !re be+ eight diff]5t collisions or modifications ( ! air by ! organs ( spee*1 ea* ( :i* produces a diff]5ce ( s\nd1 x 0 fit ! ^w repres5t+ x %\ld consi/ ( z _m di/9ct *>act]s1 !reby to m>k ea* p>ticul> diff]5ce or "p ( ! :ole s\nd4 ,& yet nobody1 ,i presume1 w say ! s+le lett] a1 or ! ^w adult]y1 are alike unto or ( ! same species ) ! respective s\nds by !m repres5t$4 ,x is inde$ arbitr>y t1 9 g5]al1 lett]s ( any language repres5t s\nds at all2 b1 :5 t is once agre$1 x is n arbitr>y :at comb9ation ( lett]s %all repres5t ?is or t p>ticul> s\nd4 ,i leave ?is ) ! read] to pursue1 & apply x 9 8 own ?\ghts4 #add4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t we are n s apt to conf\nd o!r signs ) ! ?+s signifi$1 or to ?9k !m ( ! same species1 z we are visible & tangible ideas4 ,b1 a little consid]ation w %ew u h[ ?is may well be1 )\t our suppos+ !m ( a l nature4 ,^! signs are con/ant & univ]sal2 _! connexion ) tangible ideas has be5 le>nt at our fir/ entrance into ! _w2 & ev] s9ce1 almo/ e mom5t ( our lives1 x has be5 occurr+ to our ?\ghts1 & fa/5+ & /rik+ deep] on our m9ds4 ,:5 we obs]ve t signs are v>iable1 & ( human in/itution2 :5 we rememb] !re 0 a "t !y 7 n connect$ 9 our m9ds ) ^? ?+s !y n[ s readily sugge/1 b t _! signification 0 le>n$ by ! sl[ /eps ( exp]i5ce3 ?is pres]ves u f conf\nd+ !m4 ,b1 :5 we f9d ! same signs sugge/ ! same ?+s all ov] ! _w2 :5 we "k !y are n ( human in/itution1 & _c rememb] t we ev] le>n$ _! signification1 b ?9k t at fir/ sight !y w\ld h sugge/$ to u ! same ?+s !y d n[3 all ?is p]suades u !y are ( ! same species z ! ?+s respectively repres5t$ by !m1 & t x is by a natural resemblance !y sugge/ !m to our m9ds4 #ade4 ,add to ?is t :5ev] we make a nice survey ( any object1 successively direct+ ! optic axis to ea* po9t !re(1 !re are c]ta9 l9es & figures1 describ$ by ! motion ( ! head or eye1 :i*1 be+ 9 tru? p]ceiv$ by feel+7#ddf71 d nev]!less s mix !mselves1 z x 71 ) ! ideas ( sight t we c sc>ce ?9k b !y app]ta9 to t s5se4 ,aga91 ! ideas ( sight ent] into ! m9d sev]al at once1 m di/9ct & unm+l$ ?an is usual 9 ! o!r s5ses beside ! t\*4 ,s\nds1 = example1 p]ceiv$ at ! same in/ant1 are apt to coalesce1 if ,i may s say1 into "o s\nd3 b we c p]ceive1 at ! same "t1 great v>iety ( visible objects1 v sep>ate & di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,n[1 tangible7#ddg7 ext5sion be+ made up ( sev]al di/9ct coexi/5t p>ts1 we may h5ce ga!r ano!r reason t may dispose u to imag9e a lik5ess or analogy betwe5 ! imm$iate objects ( sight & t\*4 ,b no?+1 c]ta9ly1 does m contribute to bl5d & conf\nd !m toge!r1 ?an ! /rict & close connexion7#ddh7 !y h ) ea* o!r4 ,we _c op5 our eyes b ! ideas ( di/ance1 bodies1 & tangible figures are sugge/$ by !m4 ,s swift1 & sudd51 & unp]ceiv$ is ! transit f visible to tangible ideas t we c sc>ce =be> ?9k+ !m equally ! imm$iate object ( vision4 #adf4 ,! prejudice7#ddi7 :i* is gr\nd$ on ^!1 & :atev] o!r causes may be assign$ !re(1 /icks s fa/ on our und]/&+s1 t x is impossible1 )\t ob/9ate /riv+ & lab\r ( ! m9d1 to get entirely cle> ( x4 ,b !n ! reluctancy we f9d 9 reject+ any op9ion c be no argum5t ( its tru?1 to :oev] consid]s :at has be5 already %ewn ) reg>d to ! prejudices we ent]ta9 conc]n+ ! di/ance1 magnitude1 & situation ( objects2 prejudices s famili> to our m9ds1 s confirm$ & invet]ate1 z !y w h>dly give way to ! cle>e/ demon/ration4 #adg4 ,^u ! :ole1 ,i ?9k we may fairly conclude7#dej7 t ! prop] objects ( ,vision con/itute ! ,univ]sal ,language ( ,nature2 :]eby we are in/ruct$ h[ to regulate our actions1 9 ord] to atta9 ^? ?+s t are necess>y to ! pres]vation & well-be+ ( our bodies1 z also to avoid :atev] may be hurtful & de/ructive ( !m4 ,x is by _! in=mation t we are pr9cipally guid$ 9 all ! transactions & conc]ns ( life4 ,& ! mann] :]e9 !y signify & m>k out unto u ! objects :i* are at a di/ance is ! same ) t ( languages & signs ( human appo9tm5t2 :i* d n sugge/ ! ?+s signifi$ by any lik5ess or id5tity ( nature1 b only by an habitual connexion t exp]i5ce has made u to obs]ve betwe5 !m7#dea74 #adh4 ,suppose "o :o _h always cont9u$ bl9d be told by 8 guide t aft] he has advanc$ s _m /eps he %all come to ! br9k ( a precipice1 or be /opp$ by a wall2 mu/ n ?is to him seem v admirable & surpris+8 ,he _c conceive h[ x is possible = mortals to frame su* pr$ictions z ^!1 :i* to him w\ld seem z /range & unacc\ntable z prophecy does to o!rs4 ,ev5 !y :o are bless$ ) ! visive faculty may 7?\gh famili>ity make x less obs]v$7 f9d !re9 suffici5t cause ( admiration4 ,! wond]ful art & contrivance :]e) x is adju/$ to ^? ends & purposes = :i* x 0 app>5tly design$2 ! va/ ext5t1 numb]1 & v>iety ( objects t are at once1 ) s mu* ease1 & quickness1 & pleasure1 sugge/$ by x--all ^! af=d subject = mu* & pleas+ speculation1 & may1 if any?+1 give u "s glimm]+ analog\s prnotion ( ?+s1 t are plac$ beyond ! c]ta9 discov]y & compreh5sion ( our pres5t /ate7#deb74 #adi4 ,i d n design to tr\ble myself mu* ) draw+ coroll>ies f ! doctr9e ,i h hi!rto laid d[n4 ,if x be>s ! te/1 o!rs may1 s f> z !y %all ?9k conv5i5t1 employ _! ?\ghts 9 ext5d+ x f>!r1 & apply+ x to :atev] purposes x may be subs]vi5t to4 ,only1 ,i _c =be> mak+ "s inquiry conc]n+ ! object ( geometry1 :i* ! subject we h be5 ^u does naturally lead "o to4 ,we h %ewn !re is no su* idea z t ( ext5sion 9 ab/ract7#dec72 & t !re are two k9ds ( s5sible ext5sion & figures1 :i* are entirely di/9ct & het]og5e\s f ea* o!r7#ded74 ,n[1 x is natural to inquire :i* ( ^! is ! object ( geometry7#dee74 #aej4 ,"s ?+s !re are :i*1 at fir/ sight1 incl9e "o to ?9k geometry conv]sant ab\t visible ext5sion4 ,! con/ant use ( ! eyes1 bo? 9 ! practical & speculative p>ts ( t sci5ce1 do? v mu* induce u !reto4 ,x w\ld1 )\t d\bt1 seem odd to a ma!matician to g ab\t to conv9ce him ! diagrams he saw ^u pap] 7 n ! figures1 or ev5 ! lik5ess ( ! figures1 :i* make ! subject ( ! demon/ration--! contr>y be+ held an unque/ionable tru?1 n only by ma!maticians1 b also by ^? :o apply !mselves m p>ticul>ly to ! /udy ( logic2 ,i mean :o consid] ! nature ( sci5ce1 c]ta9ty1 & demon/ration2 x be+ by !m assign$ z "o reason ( ! extraord9>y cle>ness & evid5ce ( geometry1 t 9 t sci5ce ! reason+s are free f ^? inconv5i5ces :i* att5d ! use ( arbitr>y signs1 ! v ideas !mselves be+ copi$ out1 & expos$ to view ^u pap]4 ,b1 by ! bye1 h[ well ?is agrees ) :at !y likewise ass]t ( ab/ract ideas be+ ! object ( geometrical demon/ration ,i leave to be consid]$4 #aea4 ,to come to a resolution 9 ?is po9t1 we ne$ only obs]ve :at has be5 said 9 sect4 #ei1 #fj1 #fa1 :]e x is %ewn t visible ext5sions 9 !mselves are little reg>d$1 & h no settl$ det]m9ate greatness1 & t m5 measure altoge!r by ! application ( tangible ext5sion to tangible ext5sion4 ,all :i* makes x evid5t t visible ext5sion & figures are n ! object ( geometry4 #aeb4 ,x is !re=e pla9 t visible figures are ( ! same use 9 geometry t words are4 ,& ! "o may z well be acc\nt$ ! object ( t sci5ce z ! o!r2 nei!r ( !m be+ any o!rwise conc]n$ !re9 ?an z !y repres5t or sugge/ to ! m9d ! p>ticul> tangible figures connect$ ) !m4 ,!re is1 inde$1 ?is diff]5ce betwixt ! signification ( tangible figures by visible figures1 & ( ideas by words--t :]eas ! latt] is v>iable & unc]ta91 dep5d+ altoge!r on ! arbitr>y appo9tm5t ( m51 ! =m] is fix$1 & immutably ! same 9 all times & places4 ,a visible squ>e1 = in/ance1 sugge/s to ! m9d ! same tangible figure 9 ,europe t x do? 9 ,am]ica4 ,h5ce x is1 t ! voice ( nature1 :i* speaks to our eyes1 is n liable to t mis9t]pretation & ambiguity t languages ( human contrivance are unavoidably subject to7#def74 ,f :i* may1 9 "s measure1 be d]iv$ t peculi> evid5ce & cle>ness ( geometrical demon/rations4 #aec4 ,?\gh :at has be5 said may suffice to %ew :at ought to be det]m9$ ) relation to ! object ( geometry1 ,i %all1 nev]!less1 = ! full] illu/ration !re(1 take into my ?\ghts ! case ( an intellig5ce or unbodi$ _s1 :i* is suppos$ to see p]fectly well1 i4e4 to h a cle> p]ception ( ! prop] & imm$iate objects ( sight1 b to h no s5se ( t\*7#deg74 ,:e!r !re be any su* be+ 9 nature or no1 is beside my purpose to inquire2 x suffices1 t ! supposition conta9s no contradiction 9 x4 ,let u n[ exam9e :at pr(ici5cy su* a "o may be able to make 9 geometry4 ,:i* speculation w lead u m cle>ly to see :e!r ! ideas ( sight c possibly be ! object ( t sci5ce4 #aed4 ,fir/1 !n1 x is c]ta9 ! a=esaid intellig5ce c\ld h no idea ( a solid or quantity ( ?ree dim5sions1 :i* foll[s f its n hav+ any idea ( di/ance4 ,we1 inde$1 are prone to ?9k t we h by sight ! ideas ( space & solids2 :i* arises f our imag9+ t we d1 /rictly speak+1 see di/ance1 & "s p>ts ( an object at a great] di/ance ?an o!rs2 :i* has be5 demon/rat$ to be ! effect ( ! exp]i5ce we h _h :at ideas ( t\* are connect$ ) su* & su* ideas att5d+ vision4 ,b ! intellig5ce "h spok5 ( is suppos$ to h no exp]i5ce ( t\*4 ,he w\ld n1 !re=e1 judge z we d1 nor h any idea ( di/ance1 outness1 or pr(undity1 nor consequ5tly ( space or body1 ei!r imm$iately or by sugge/ion4 ,:5ce x is pla9 he c h no notion ( ^? p>ts ( geometry :i* relate to ! m5suration ( solids1 & _! convex or concave surfaces1 & contemplate ! prop]ties ( l9es g5]at$ by ! section ( a solid4 ,! conceiv+ ( any "p :]e( is beyond ! rea* ( 8 faculties4 #aee4 ,f>!r1 he _c compreh5d ! mann] :]e9 geomet]s describe a "r l9e or circle2 ! rule & compass1 ) _! use1 be+ ?+s ( :i* x is impossible he %\ld h any notion4 ,nor is x an easi] matt] = him to conceive ! plac+ ( "o plane or angle on ano!r1 9 ord] to prove _! equality2 s9ce t supposes "s idea ( di/ance1 or ext]nal space4 ,all :i* makes x evid5t our pure intellig5ce c\ld nev] atta9 to "k s mu* z ! fir/ elem5ts ( pla9 geometry4 ,& p]haps1 ^u a nice inquiry1 x w be f\nd he _c ev5 h an idea ( pla9 figures any m ?an he c ( solids2 s9ce "s idea ( di/ance is necess>y to =m ! idea ( a geometrical plane1 z w appe> to :oev] %all reflect a little on x4 #aef4 ,all t is prop]ly p]ceiv$ by ! visive faculty am\nts to no m ?an col\rs ) _! v>iations1 & diff]5t proportions ( light & %ade--b ! p]petual mutability & fleet+ness ( ^? imm$iate objects ( sight r5d] !m incapable ( be+ manag$ aft] ! mann] ( geometrical figures2 nor is x 9 any degree useful t !y %\ld4 ,x is true !re be div]s ( !m p]ceiv$ at once2 & m ( "s1 & less ( o!rs3 b accurately to compute _! magnitude1 & assign precise det]m9ate proportions betwe5 ?+s s v>iable & incon/ant1 if we suppose x possible to be done1 mu/ yet be a v trifl+ & insignificant lab\r4 #aeg4 ,i mu/ confess1 x seems to be ! op9ion ( "s v +5i\s m5 t flat or plane figures are imm$iate objects ( sight1 ?\gh !y ackn[l$ge solids are n4 ,& ?is op9ion ( !irs is gr\nd$ on :at is obs]v$ 9 pa9t+1 :]e9 7say !y7 ! ideas imm$iately impr9t$ 9 ! m9d are only ( planes v>i\sly col\r$1 :i*1 by a sudd5 act ( ! judgm5t1 are *ang$ into solids3 b1 ) a little att5tion1 we %all f9d ! planes "h m5tion$ z ! imm$iate objects ( sight are n visible b tangible planes4 ,=1 :5 we say t pictures are planes1 we mean !reby t !y appe> to ! t\* smoo? & uni=m4 ,b !n ?is smoo?ness & uni=mity1 or1 9 o!r words1 ?is plan5ess ( ! picture is n p]ceiv$ imm$iately by vision2 = x appe>e? to ! eye v>i\s & multi=m4 #aeh4 ,f all :i* we may conclude t planes are no m ! imm$iate object ( sight ?an solids4 ,:at we /rictly see are n solids1 nor yet planes v>i\sly col\r$--!y are only div]sity ( col\rs4 ,& "s ( ^! sugge/ to ! m9d solids1 & o!rs plane figures2 j z !y h be5 exp]i5c$ to be connect$ ) ! "o or ! o!r3 s t we see planes 9 ! same way t we see solids--bo? be+ equally sugge/$ by ! imm$iate objects ( sight1 :i* accord+ly are !mselves d5om9at$ planes & solids4 ,b1 ?\gh !y are call$ by ! same names ) ! ?+s m>k$ by !m1 !y are1 nev]!less1 ( a nature entirely diff]5t1 z ha? be5 demon/rat$7#deh74 #aei4 ,:at has be5 said is1 if ,i mi/ake n1 suffici5t to decide ! "q we propos$ to exam9e1 conc]n+ ! ability ( a pure _s1 su* z we h describ$1 to "k geometry4 ,x is1 inde$1 no easy matt] = u to ent] precisely into ! ?\ghts ( su* an intellig5ce2 because we _c1 )\t great pa9s1 clev]ly sep>ate & dis5tangle 9 our ?\ghts ! prop] objects ( sight f ^? ( t\* :i* are connect$ ) !m4 ,?is1 inde$1 9 a complete degree seems sc>ce possible to be p]=m$2 :i* w n seem /range to u1 if we consid] h[ h>d x is = any "o to he> ! words ( 8 native language1 :i* is famili> to him1 pron\nc$ 9 8 e>s )\t und]/&+ !m4 ,?\gh he endeav\r to disunite ! mean+ f ! s\nd1 x w nev]!less intrude into 8 ?\ghts1 & he %all f9d x extreme difficult1 if n impossible1 to put himself exactly 9 ! po/ure ( a =eign] t nev] le>nt ! language1 s z to be affect$ b>ely ) ! s\nds !mselves1 & n p]ceive ! signification annex$ to !m4 #afj4 ,by ?is "t1 ,i suppose1 x is cle> t nei!r ab/ract nor visible ext5sion makes ! object ( geometry2 ! n disc]n+ ( :i* may1 p]haps1 h creat$ "s difficulty & useless lab\r 9 ma!matics4 7#dei7,sure ,i am t some:at relat+ !reto has occurr$ to my ?\ghts2 :i*1 ?\gh aft] ! mo/ anxi\s & repeat$ exam9ation ,i am =c$ to ?9k x true1 do?1 nev]!less1 seem s f> out ( ! common road ( geometry1 t ,i "k n :e!r x may n be ?\ght presumption if ,i %\ld make x public1 9 an age :]e9 t sci5ce ha? receiv$ su* mighty improvem5ts by new me?ods2 great "p :]e(1 z well z ( ! anci5t discov]ies1 may p]haps lose _! reputation1 & mu* ( t ard\r ) :i* m5 /udy ! ab/ruse & f9e geometry be abat$1 if :at to me1 & ^? few to :om ,i h imp>t$ x1 seems evid5tly true1 %\ld really prove to be s4 ,an ,app5dix ,to ,! ,essay ,on ,vision ,?is ,app5dix is conta9$ only 9 ! second edition4 ,! c5sures :i*1 ,i am in=m$1 h be5 made on ! =ego+ ,essay incl9$ me to ?9k ,i _h n be5 cle> & express en\gh 9 "s po9ts2 &1 to prev5t be+ misund]/ood = ! future1 ,i 0 will+ to make any necess>y alt]ations or additions 9 :at ,i _h writt54 ,b t 0 impracticable1 ! pres5t edition hav+ be5 almo/ f9i%$ be=e ,i receiv$ ?is in=mation4 ,:]e=e1 ,i ?9k x prop] to consid] 9 ?is place ! pr9cipal objections t are come to my notice4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is object$1 t 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,essay ,i argue ei!r aga9/ all use ( l9es & angles 9 optics1 & !n :at ,i say is false2 or aga9/ ^? writ]s only :o w h x t we c p]ceive by s5se ! optic axes1 angles1 c41 & !n x is insignificant1 ?is be+ an absurdity :i* no "o ev] held4 ,to :i* ,i answ] t ,i argue only aga9/ ^? :o are ( op9ion t we p]ceive ! di/ance ( objects by l9es & angles1 or1 z !y t]m x1 by a k9d ( innate geometry4 ,&1 to %ew t ?is is n fight+ ) my own %ad[1 ,i %all "h set d[n a passage f ! celebrat$ ,des ,c>tes7#dfj73-- ,illu/ration 8,di/antiam prt]ea discimus1 p] mutuam qu&am conspirationem oculorum4 ,ut enim ccus no/] duo bacilla t55s1 ,a ,e et ,c ,e1 de quorum longitud9e inc]tus1 solumque int]vallum manuum ,a et ,c1 cum magnitud9e angulorum ,a ,c ,e1 et ,c ,a ,e exploratum hab5s1 inde1 ut ex ,geometria quadam omnibus innata1 scire pote/ ubi sit punctum ,e4 ,sic quum no/ri oculi ,r ,s ,t et r s t ambo1 v]tuntur ad ,x1 magnitudo l9e ,s s1 et angulorum ,x ,s s et ,x s ,s1 c]tos nos r$dunt ubi sit punctum ,x4 ,et idem op]a alt]utrius possumus indag>e1 loco illum mov5do1 ut si v]sus ,x illum semp] dirig5tes1 prime si/amus 9 puncto ,s1 et /atim po/ 9 puncto s1 hoc sufficiet ut magnitudo l9e ,s s1 et duorum angulorum ,x ,s s et ,x s ,s no/r imag9ationi simul occurrant1 et di/antiam puncti ,x nos edoceant3 idque p] actionem m5tis1 qu licet simplex judicium esse videatur1 ratioc9ationem tam5 qu&am involutam habet1 similem illi1 qua ,geometr p] duas /ationes div]sas1 loca inaccessa dimetiuntur40 ,illu/ration ,i might amass toge!r citations f sev]al au?ors to ! same purpose1 b1 ?is be+ s cle> 9 ! po9t1 & f an au?or ( s great note1 ,i %all n tr\ble ! read] ) any m4 ,:at ,i h said on ?is head 0 n = ! sake ( r9d+ fault ) o!r m52 b1 because ,i judg$ x necess>y to demon/rate 9 ! fir/ place t we nei!r see di/ance imm$iately1 nor yet p]ceive x by ! m$iation ( any?+ t ha? 7z l9es & angles7 a necess>y connexion ) x4 ,= on ! demon/ration ( ?is po9t ! :ole !ory dep5ds7#dfa74 ,secondly1 x is object$1 t ! explication ,i give ( ! appe>ance ( ! horizontal moon 7:i* may also be appli$ to ! sun7 is ! same t ,gass5dus _h giv5 be=e4 ,i answ]1 !re is inde$ m5tion made ( ! grossness ( ! atmosph]e 9 bo?2 b !n ! me?ods :]e9 x is appli$ to solve ! ph5om5on are widely diff]5t1 z w be evid5t to :oev] %all comp>e :at ,i h said on ?is subject ) ! foll[+ words ( ,gass5dus3-- 8,he9c dici posse videtur3 solem humilem oculo spectatum ideo app>]e majorem1 quam dum altius egr$itur1 quia dum vic9us e/ horizonti prolixa e/ s]ies vaporum1 atque adeo corpusculorum qu solis radios ita retundunt1 ut oculus m9us conniveat1 et pupilla quasi umbrefacta longe magis amplificetur1 quam dum sole multum elato r>i vapores int]cipiuntur1 solque ipse ita spl5descit1 ut pupilla 9 ipsum spectans contractissima efficiatur4 ,nempe ex hoc esse videtur1 cur visibilis species ex sole proc$5s1 et p] pupillam amplificatam intromissa 9 ret9am1 ampliorem 9 illa s$em occupet1 majoremque pro9de creet solis app>5tiam1 quam dum p] contractam pupillam eodem intromissa cont5dit40 ,vid4 ,epi/4 #a4 ,de ,app>5te ,magnitud9e ,solis ,humilis et ,sublimis1 p4 #f4 ,?is solution ( ,gass5dus proce$s on a false pr9ciple1 to wit1 t ! pupil's be+ enl>g$ augm5ts ! species or image on ! fund ( ! eye4 ,?irdly1 aga9/ :at is said 9 ,sect4 #hj1 x is object$1 t ! same ?+ :i* is s small z sc>ce to be disc]n$ by a man1 may appe> l a m\nta9 to "s small insect2 f :i* x foll[s t ! m9imum visibile is n equal 9 respect ( all creatures7#dfb74 ,i answ]1 if ?is objection be s\nd$ to ! bottom1 x w be f\nd to mean no m ?an t ! same p>ticle ( matt] :i* is m>k$ to a man by "o m9imum visibile1 exhibits to an insect a great numb] ( m9ima visibilia4 ,b ?is does n prove t "o m9imum visibile ( ! insect is n equal to "o m9imum visibile ( ! man4 ,! n di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! m$iate & imm$iate objects ( sight is1 ,i suspect1 a cause ( misappreh5sion 9 ?is matt]4 ,"s o!r mis9t]pretations & difficulties h be5 made1 b1 9 ! po9ts !y ref] to1 ,i h endeav\r$ to be s v pla9 t ,i "k n h[ to express myself m cle>ly4 ,all ,i %all add is1 t if !y :o are pleas$ to criticise on my ,essay w\ld b read ! :ole ov] ) "s att5tion1 !y might be ! bett] able to compreh5d my mean+1 & consequ5tly to judge ( my mi/akes4 ,i am in=m$ t1 soon aft] ! fir/ edition ( ?is treatise1 a man some:]e ne> ,london 0 made to see1 :o _h be5 born bl9d1 & cont9u$ s = ab\t tw5ty ye>s7#dfc74 ,su* a "o may be suppos$ a prop] judge to decide h[ f> "s t5ets laid d[n 9 sev]al places ( ! =ego+ ,essay are agreeable to tru?2 & if any curi\s p]son ha? ! opportunity ( mak+ prop] int]rogatories to him !reon1 ,i %\ld gladly see my notions ei!r am5d$ or confirm$ by exp]i5ce7#dfd74 ,a ,,treatise ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,human ,,k 7#dfe7,,"p ,i ,,:]e9 ,,! ,,*ief ,,causes ,,( ,,error ,,& ,,difficulty ,,9 ,,! ,,sci5ces1 ,,) ,,! ,,gr\nds ,,( ,,scepticism1 ,,a!ism1 ,,& ,,irreligion1 ,,are ,,inquir$ ,,into ,fir/ ,publi%$ 9 #agaj ,editor's ,preface ,to ,! ,treatise ,conc]n+ ,! ,pr9ciples ,( ,human ,k ,?is book ( ,pr9ciples conta9s ! mo/ sy/ematic & reason$ exposition ( ,b]keley's philosophy1 9 its e>ly /age1 :i* we possess4 ,l ! ,essay on ,vision1 its t5tative pione]1 x 0 prep>$ at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 ,its au?or _h h>dly complet$ 8 tw5ty-fif? ye> :5 x 0 publi%$4 ,! fir/ edition ( ?is 8,fir/ ,"p0 ( ! project$ ,treatise1 8pr9t$ by ,a>on ,rhames1 = ,j]emy ,pepyat1 booksell] 9 ,sk9n] ,r[1 ,dubl910 appe>$ e>ly 9 #agaj4 ,a second edition1 ) m9or *anges1 & 9 :i* 8,"p ,i0 0 )drawn f ! title-page1 0 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #agcd1 8pr9t$ = ,jacob ,tonson0--on ! eve ( ,b]keley's settlem5t at ,cloyne4 ,x 0 ! la/ 9 ! au?or's lifetime4 ,! project$ 8,second ,"p0 ( ! ,pr9ciples 0 nev] giv5 to ! _w1 & we c h>dly conjecture its design4 ,9 a lett] 9 #agbi to 8 ,am]ican fri5d1 ,samuel ,johnson1 ,b]keley m5tions t he _h 8made consid]able progress on ! ,second ,"p10 b 8! manuscript10 he adds1 80 lo/ ab\t f\rte5 ye>s ago1 dur+ my travels 9 ,italy2 & ,i nev] _h leisure s9ce to d s disagreeable a ?+ z writ+ twice on ! same subject7#dff740 ,an edition ( ! ,pr9ciples appe>$ 9 ,london 9 #aggf1 tw5ty-?ree ye>s aft] ,b]keley's dea?1 ) a runn+ comm5t>y ( ,rem>ks by ! anonym\s editor1 on ! pages opposite ! text1 9 :i*1 accord+ to ! editor1 ,b]keley's doctr9es are 8c>efully exam9$1 & %ewn to be repugnant to fact1 & 8 pr9ciples to be incompatible ) ! con/itution ( human nature & ! reason & fitness ( ?+s40 ,9 ?is volume ! ,dialogues betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s are app5d$ to ! ,pr9ciples1 & a 8,philosophical ,disc\rse conc]n+ ! nature ( ,human ,be+0 is prefix$ to ! :ole1 8be+ a def5ce ( ,mr4 ,locke's pr9ciples1 & "s rem>ks on ,dr4 ,beattie's ,essay on ,tru?10 by ! au?or ( ! ,rem>ks on ,b]keley's ,pr9ciples4 ,! acut5ess ( ! ,rem>ks is n 9 proportion to _! bulk & diffus5ess3 _m popul> misconceptions ( ,b]keley are s]v$ up1 )\t appreciation ( ! impot5ce ( matt]1 & ( natural causation z only passive s5se-symbolism1 :i* is at ! root ( ! !ory ( ! mat]ial _w aga9/ :i* ! ,rem>ks are direct$4 ,! ,kantian & po/-,kantian ,idealism t is *>act]i/ic ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has recall$ att5tion to ,b]keley1 :o _h produc$ 8 spiritual philosophy "u ! prevail+ conditions ( ,engli% ?\ght 9 ! prec$+ age1 :5 ,idealism 9 any =m 0 uncong5ial4 ,9 #ahfi ! book ( ,pr9ciples 0 translat$ into ,g]man1 ) annotations1 by ,ueb]weg1 pr(essor ( philosophy at ,knigsb]g1 ! univ]sity ( ,kant4 ,! ,cl>5don ,press edition ( ! ,collect$ ,works ( ,b]keley foll[$ 9 #ahga4 ,9 #ahgd an edition ( ! ,pr9ciples1 by ,dr4 ,kran?1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 appe>$ 9 ,am]ica1 ) annotations drawn l>gely f ! ,cl>5don ,press edition & ,ueb]weg4 ,9 #ahgh ,dr4 ,collyns ,simon republi%$ ! ,pr9ciples1 ) discussions bas$ ^u ! text1 foll[$ by an app5dix ( rem>ks on ,kant & ,hume 9 _! relation to ,b]keley4 ,! book ( ,pr9ciples1 z we h x1 mu/ be tak5 z a sy/ematic fragm5t ( an incompletely develop$ philosophy4 ,_m ye>s aft] its appe>ance1 ! au?or ?us describes ! conditions3--8,x 0 publi%$ :5 ,i 0 v "y1 & )\t d\bt ha? _m defects4 ,= ?\gh ! notions %\ld be true 7z ,i v]ily ?9k !y are71 yet x is difficult to express !m cle>ly & consi/5tly1 language be+ fram$ = common use & receiv$ prejudices4 ,i d n !re=e pret5d t my books c tea* tru?4 ,all ,i hope = is t !y may be an occasion to inquisitive m5 ( discov]+ tru?7#dfg740 ,aga93--8,i _h no incl9ation to tr\ble ! _w ) l>ge volumes4 ,:at ,i h done 0 r ) ! view ( giv+ h9ts to ?9k+ m51 :o h leisure & curiosity to g to ! bottom ( ?+s1 & pursue !m 9 _! own m9ds4 ,two or ?ree times read+ ^! small tracts 7,essay on ,vision1 ,pr9ciples1 ,dialogues1 ,de ,motu71 & mak+ :at is read ! occasion ( ?9k+1 w\ld1 ,i believe1 r5d] ! :ole famili> & easy to ! m9d1 & take (f t %ock+ appe>ance :i* ha? (t5 be5 obs]v$ to att5d speculative tru?s7#dfh740 ,! incitem5ts to fur!r & deep] ?\ght ?us propos$ h met ) a m sympa!tic response 9 ?is g5]ation ?an 9 ! lifetime ( ,b]keley4 ,!re is int]nal evid5ce 9 ! book ( ,pr9ciples t its au?or _h be5 a dilig5t & critical /ud5t ( ,locke's ,essay4 ,l ! ,essay1 x is d$icat$ to ! ,e>l ( ,pembroke4 ,! ^w idea is n less *>act]i/ic ( ! ,pr9ciples ?an ( ! ,essay1 al?\gh ,b]keley g5]ally uses x ) a n>r[] application ?an ,locke1 conf9+ x to ph5om5a pres5t$ objectively to our s5ses1 & _! subjective reproductions 9 imag9ation4 ,) bo? ,b]keley & ,locke objective ph5om5a 7"u ! "n ( ideas7 are ! mat]ials suppli$ to man = conv]sion into natural sci5ce4 ,locke's r$uction ( ideas into simple & complex1 z well z "s ( 8 subdivisions1 reappe> ) modifications 9 ! ,pr9ciples4 ,b]keley's acc\nt ( ,sub/ance & ,p[]1 ,space & ,"t1 :ile diff]5t f ,locke's1 /ill be>s m>ks ( ! ,essay4 ,concrete ,sub/ance1 :i* 9 its ultimate mean+ mu* p]plexes ,locke1 is id5tifi$ ) ! p]sonal pron\ns 8,i0 & 8y0 by ,b]keley1 & is ?us spiritualis$4 ,cause prop]1 or ,p[]1 he f9ds only 9 ! volunt>y activity ( p]sons4 ,space is pres5t$ to u 9 our s5su\s exp]i5ce ( resi/ance to organic movem5ts2 :ile x is symbolis$ 9 t]ms ( ph5om5a pres5t$ to sight1 z already expla9$ 9 ! ,essay on ,vision4 ,"t is reveal$ 9 our actual exp]i5ce ( *ange 9 ! ideas or ph5om5a ( :i* we are p]cipi5t 9 s5se2 l5g? ( "t be+ calculat$ by ! *anges 9 ! adopt$ measure ( duration4 ,inf9ite space & inf9ite "t1 be+ necess>ily incapable ( f9ite ideation1 are dismiss$ z ab/ractions t = man mu/ always be empty ( realisable mean+4 ,inde$1 ! ,commonplace ,book %ews t ,locke influ5c$ ,b]keley z mu* by antagonism z o!rwise4 8,su* 0 ! c&\r ( t great man t ,i p]suade myself1 7 he alive1 he w\ld n be (f5d$ t ,i diff]$ f him1 see+ t 9 s do+ ,i foll[ 8 advice to use my own judgm5t1 see ) my own eyes & n ) ano!r's40 ,s he argues aga9/ ,locke's op9ions ab\t ! inf9ity & et]nity ( space1 & ! possibility ( matt] end[$ ) p[] to ?9k1 & urges 8 inconsi/5cy 9 treat+ "s qualities ( matt] z :olly mat]ial1 :ile he insi/s t o!rs1 "u ! "n ( 8second>y10 are necess>ily dep5d5t on s5ti5t intellig5ce4 ,above all he assails ,locke's 8ab/ract ideas0 z g]ms ( scepticism--int]pret+ ,locke's mean+ p>adoxically4 ,next to ,locke1 ,desc>tes & ,malebran*e are prom95t 9 ! ,pr9ciples4 ,recognition ( ! ultimate supremacy ( ,_s1 or ! spiritual "* ( active p[] & ! con/ant ag5cy ( ,god 9 nature1 sugge/$ by ,desc>tes1 0 cong5ial to ,b]keley1 b he 0 oppos$ to ! me*anical conception ( ! univ]se f\nd 9 ! ,c>tesian physical treatises4 ,t ?\ght is synonym\s ) exi/5ce is a =mula ) :i* ! ,fr5* philosoph] might make him famili>1 z well z ) ! assumption t ideas only are imm$iate objects ( human p]ception2 an assumption 9 :i* ,desc>tes 0 foll[$ by ,locke1 & philosophical ?9k]s 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 b "u diff]+ int]pretations ( ! t]m idea4 ,malebran*e appe>s less 9 ! ,pr9ciples ?an ,locke & ,desc>tes4 ,9 e>ly life1 at any rate1 ,b]keley w\ld be less at home 9 ! 8div9e vision0 ( ,malebran*e ?an among ! 8ideas0 ( ,locke4 ,! my/icism ( ! ,re*]*e de la ,vrit is unlike ! transp>5t lucidity ( ,b]keley's juv5ile ?\ght4 ,b ! subord9ate place & (fice ( ! mat]ial _w 9 ,malebran*e's sy/em1 & 8 conception ( p[] z :olly spiritual1 approa*$ ! ,new ,pr9ciples ( ,b]keley4 ,plato & ,ari/otle h>dly appe>1 ei!r by "n or z *>act]i/ic influ5ce1 9 ! book ( ,pr9ciples1 :i* 9 ?is respect contra/s ) ! abundant ref]5ces to anci5t & m$iaeval ?9k]s 9 ,siris1 & to a less ext5t 9 ! ,de ,motu & ,alciphron4 ,! ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples is a proclamation ( w> aga9/ 8ab/ract ideas10 :i* is r5ew$ 9 ! body ( ! "w1 & aga9 m ?an once 9 ! writ+s ( ,b]keley's e>ly & middle life1 b is significantly )drawn 9 8 old age4 ,9 ! ard\r ( y\?1 8 prime rem$y = an>*y 9 philosophy1 & = ! sceptical disposition :i* philosophy _h be5 apt to g5]ate1 0 suppression ( ab/ract ideas z impossible ideas--empty names he$lessly accept$ z ideas--an evil to be c\nt]act$ by /eady adh]5ce to ! concrete exp]i5ce f\nd 9 our s5ses & inn] consci\sness4 ,nev] to lose our hold ( positive facts1 & always to individualise g5]al conceptions1 are regulative maxims by :i* ,b]keley w\ld make u gov]n our inve/igation ( ultimate problems4 ,he takes up 8 position 9 ! actual univ]se ( appli$ reason2 n 9 ! empty void ( ab/ract reason1 remote f p>ticul>s & succession ( *ange1 9 :i* no real exi/5ce is f\nd4 ,all realisable ideas mu/ be ei!r concrete data ( s5se1 or concrete data ( inw>d consci\sness4 ,x is relations embodi$ 9 p>ticul> facts1 n pret5d$ ab/ract ideas1 t give fruitful mean+ to common t]ms4 ,ab/ract matt]1 ab/ract sub/ance1 ab/ract p[]1 ab/ract space1 ab/ract "t--un9dividualisable 9 s5se or 9 imag9ation--mu/ all be void ( mean+2 ! issue ( unlawful analysis1 :i* pret5ds to f9d :at is real )\t ! concrete ideas t make ! real1 because p]cipi5t _s is ! indisp5sable factor ( all reality4 ,! only lawful ab/raction is nom9al--! application1 t is to say1 ( a "n 9 common to an indef9ite numb] ( ?+s :i* resemble "o ano!r4 ,?is is ,b]keley's 8,nom9alism40 ,b]keley takes ,locke z ! repres5tative advocate ( ! 8ab/ract ideas0 aga9/ :i* he wages w> 9 ! ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples4 ,"u cov] ( an ambiguity 9 ! t]m idea1 he is unconsci\sly fight+ aga9/ a man ( /raw4 ,he supposes t ,locke means by idea only a concrete datum ( s5se1 or ( imag9ation2 & he argues t we _c )\t contradiction ab/ract f all su* data1 & yet reta9 idea4 ,b ,locke includes among 8 ideas intellectual relations--:at ,b]keley himself aft]w>ds di/+ui%$ z notions1 9 contra/ ) ideas4 ,?is polemic aga9/ ,locke is !re=e "o ( v]bal confusion4 ,9 lat] life he probably saw ?is1 z he saw deep] into ! :ole "q involv$4 ,?is is sugge/$ by ! omission ( ! argum5t aga9/ ab/ract ideas1 giv5 9 e>li] editions ( ,alciphron1 f ! edition publi%$ a ye> be=e he di$4 ,9 8 juv5ile attack on ab/ractions1 8 *>act]i/ic impetuosity seems to c>ry him to ! extreme ( reject+ rational relations t are involv$ 9 ! objectivity ( s5sible ?+s & natural ord]1 ?us re/+ exp]i5ce at la/ only on ph5om5a--p>ticul> & cont+5t4 ,a prep>atory draft ( ! ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples1 :i* ,i f\nd 9 ! manuscript dep>tm5t ( ! libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 is pr9t$ 9 ! app5dix to ?is edition ( ,b]keley's ,philosophical ,works4 ,! v>iations are ( "s int]e/1 biographical & philosophical4 ,x seems to h be5 writt5 9 ! autumn ( #agjh1 & x may ) advantage be comp>$ ) ! text ( ! f9i%$ ,introduction1 z well z ) num]\s relative entries 9 ! ,commonplace ,book4 ,aft] ?is ,introduction1 ! ,new ,pr9ciples !mselves are evolv$1 9 a correspond+ _s ( ho/ility to empty ab/ractions4 ,! sections may be ?us divid$3-- i4 ,rationale ( ! ,pr9ciples 7sect4 #a-cc74 ii4 ,suppos$ ,objections to ! ,pr9ciples answ]$ 7sect4 #cd-hd74 iii4 ,consequ5ces & ,applications ( ! ,pr9ciples 7sect4 #he-aef74 i4 ,rationale ( ! ,pr9ciples4 ,! read] may rememb] t "o ( ! entries 9 ! ,commonplace ,book runs z foll[s3--8,to beg9 ! ,fir/ ,book1 n ) m5tion ( s5sation & reflexion1 b1 in/ead ( s5sation1 to use p]ception1 or ?\ght 9 g5]al40 ,b]keley seems !re to be oscillat+ betwe5 ,locke & ,desc>tes4 ,he n[ adopts ,locke's acc\nt ( ! mat]ials ( :i* our concrete exp]i5ce consi/s 7sect4 #a74 ,! data ( human k ( exi/5ce are accord+ly f\nd 9 ! ideas1 ph5om5a1 or appe>ances 7a7 ( :i* we are p]cipi5t 9 ! s5ses1 & 7b7 ( :i* we are consci\s :5 we att5d to our inw>d passions & op]ations--all :i* make up ! orig9al cont5ts ( human exp]i5ce1 to be reproduc$ 9 new =ms & arrangem5ts1 7c7 9 memory & 7d7 imag9ation & 7e7 expectation4 ,^? mat]ials are call$ ideas because liv+ m9d or _s is ! indisp5sable realis+ factor3 !y all presuppose liv+ m9d1 _s1 self1 or ego to realise & elaborate !m 7sect4 #b74 ,?is is impli$ 9 our use ( p]sonal pron\ns1 :i* signify1 n ideas ( any ( ! prec$+ k9ds1 b t :i* is 8entirely di/9ct f !m1 :]e9 !y exi/1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 by :i* !y are p]ceiv$40 ,9 ?is fundam5tal presupposition ,desc>tes is m app>5t ?an ,locke1 & !re is ev5 an unconsci\s =eca/ ( ,kant & ,hegel4 ,b]keley next faces a ,new ,"q :i* 8 ,new ,pr9ciples are int5d$ to answ]4 ,h[ is ! concrete _w t is pres5t$ to our s5ses relat$ to ,m9d or ,_s8 ,is all or any ( its reality indep5d5t ( p]cipi5t exp]i5ce8 ,is x true t ! ph5om5a ( :i* we are p]cipi5t 9 s5se are ultimately indep5d5t ( all p]cipi5t & consci\s life1 & are ev5 ! ultimate basis ( all t is real8 ,mu/ we recognise 9 ! ph5om5a ( ,matt] ! sub/ance ( :at we call ,m9d8 ,= d we n f9d1 :5 we exam9e ,body & ,_s mutually relat$ 9 our p]sonality1 t ! latt] is m dep5d5t on ! =m]1 & on ! physical cosmos ( :i* ! =m] is a "p1 ?an our body & its bodily surr\nd+s are dep5d5t on ,_s8 ,9 %ort1 is n ! univ]se ( exi/5ce1 9 its f9al =m1 only lifeless ,matt]8 ,! claim ( ,matt] to be supreme is :at ,b]keley produces 8 ,pr9ciples 9 ord] to r$uce4 ,concrete reality is self-evid5tly unreal1 he argues1 9 ! total abs5ce ( p]cipi5t ,_s1 = ,_s is ! "o realis+ factor4 ,try to imag9e ! mat]ial _w unp]ceiv$ & y are try+ to picture empty ab/raction4 ,:olly mat]ial matt] is self-evid5tly an inconceivable absurdity2 a univ]se empti$ ( all p]cipi5t life is an impossible univ]se4 ,! mat]ial _w becomes real 9 be+ p]ceiv$3 x dep5ds = its reality ^u ! spiritual realisation4 ,z col\rs 9 a d>k room become real ) ! introduction ( light1 s ! mat]ial _w becomes real 9 ! life & ag5cy ( ,_s4 ,x mu/ exi/ 9 t]ms ( s5ti5t life & p]cipi5t intellig5ce1 9 ord] to rise into any degree ( reality t human be+s at lea/ c be at all conc]n$ )1 ei!r speculatively or practically4 ,matt] totally ab/ract$ f p]cipi5t _s mu/ g ! way ( all ab/ract ideas4 ,x is an illusion1 conceal$ by confus$ ?\ght & abuse ( words2 yet f obvi\s causes /rong en\gh to /ifle fai? 9 ?is lat5t b self-evid5t ,pr9ciple--t ! univ]se ( s5se-pres5t$ ph5om5a c h concrete exi/5ce only 9 & by s5ti5t intellig5ce4 ,x is ! rev]se ( ?is ,pr9ciple t ,b]keley takes to h be5 8! *ief s\rce ( all t scepticism & folly1 all ^? contradictions & inexplicable puzzl+ absurdities1 t h 9 all ages be5 a reproa* to human reason7#dfi740 ,& inde$1 :5 x is fully und]/ood1 x is se5 9 its own light to be ! *ief ( 8^? tru?s :i* are s ne> & obvi\s to ! m9d1 t a man ne$ only op5 8 eyes to see !m4 ,= su* ,i take ?is important "o to be--t all ! *oir ( heav5 & furniture ( ! ,e>?1 9 a ^w1 all ^? bodies :i* compose ! mighty frame ( ! _w1 h n any subsi/5ce )\t a ,m9d0 7sect4 #f74 ,liv+ ,m9d or ,_s is ! indisp5sable factor ( all realities t are pres5t$ to our s5ses1 includ+1 ( c\rse1 our own bodies4 ,yet ?is ,pr9ciple1 not)/&+ its intuitive c]ta9ty1 ne$s to be evok$ by reflection f ! lat5cy 9 :i* x lies conceal$1 9 ! confus$ ?\ght ( ! unreflect+4 ,x is only gradually1 & ) ! help ( reason+1 t ! _w pres5t$ to ! s5ses is di/9ctly recognis$ 9 ?is its deepe/ & true/ reality4 ,& ev5 :5 we see t ! ph5om5a imm$iately pres5t$ to our s5ses ne$ to be realis$ 9 p]cipi5t exp]i5ce1 9 ord] to be concretely real1 we are ready to ask :e!r !re may n be sub/ances l ! ?+s s pres5t$1 :i* c exi/ 8)\t m9d10 or 9 a :olly mat]ial way 7sect4 #h74 ,nay1 are !re n "s ( ! ph5om5a imm$iately pres5t$ to our s5ses :i* d n ne$ liv+ m9d to make !m real8 ,x is all[$ by ,locke & o!rs t all ^? qualities ( matt] :i* are call$ second>y _c be :olly mat]ial1 & t liv+ m9d is indisp5sable = _! realisation 9 nature2 b ,locke & ! re/ argue1 t ?is is n s ) ! qualities :i* !y call prim>y1 & :i* !y reg>d z ( ! ess5ce ( matt]4 ,col\rs1 s\nds1 ta/es1 smells are all all[$ to be n :olly mat]ial2 b are n ! size1 %ape1 situation1 solidity1 & motion ( bodies qualities t are real )\t ne$ = ! realis+ ag5cy ( any ,m9d or ,_s 9 ! univ]se1 & :i* w\ld cont9ue to be :at !y are n[ if all ,_s1 div9e or human1 ceas$ to exi/8 ,! supposition t "s ( ! ph5om5a ( :at is call$ ,matt] c be real1 & yet :olly mat]ial1 is discuss$ 9 sections #i-ae1 9 :i* x is argu$ t ! ?+s ( s5se _c exi/ really1 9 any ( _! manife/ations1 unless !y are br\ght into reality 9 "s p]cipi5t life & exp]i5ce4 ,x is held impossible t any quality ( matt] c h ! reality :i* we all attribute to x1 unless x is spiritually realis$ 7sect4 #ae74 ,b may ,matt] n be real ap>t f all its s-call$ qualities1 ^! be+ all[$ to be n :olly mat]ial1 because real only )9 p]cipi5t _s8 ,may n ?is :olly mat]ial ,matt] be ,some?+ t1 z x 71 exi/s beh9d ! ideas1 ph5om5a1 or qualities t make _! appe>ance to human be+s8 ,?is "q1 ,b]keley w\ld say1 is a mean+less & :olly unpractical "o4 ,mat]ial sub/ance t makes & c make no real appe>ance--unph5om5al or unideal--/ripp$ ( all its qualities--is only 8ano!r "n = ab/ract ,be+10 & 8! ab/ract idea ( ,be+ appe>e? to me ! mo/ incompreh5sible ( all o!r4 ,:5 ,i consid] ! two p>ts or bran*es :i* make up ! words mat]ial sub/ance1 ,i am conv9c$ !re is no di/9ct mean+ annex$ to !m0 7sect4 #ag74 ,nei!r ,s5se nor ,reason in=m u ( ! exi/5ce ( real mat]ial sub/ances t exi/ ab/ractly1 or out ( all relation to ! second>y & prim>y qualities ( :i* we are p]cipi5t :5 we ex]cise our s5ses4 ,by our s5ses we _c p]ceive m ?an ideas or ph5om5a1 aggregat$ z individual ?+s t are pres5t$ to u3 we _c p]ceive sub/ances t make no appe>ance 9 s5se4 ,!n z = reason1 unrealis$ sub/ances1 ab/ract$ f liv+ ,_s1 human or div9e1 be+ altoge!r mean+less1 c 9 no way expla9 ! concrete realisations ( human exp]i5ce4 ,9 %ort1 if !re are :olly unph5om5al mat]ial sub/ances1 x is impossible t we %\ld ev] discov] !m1 or h any conc]n ) !m1 speculative or practical2 & if !re are n1 we %\ld h ! same reason to ass]t t !re are :i* we h n[ 7sect4 #bj74 ,x is impossible to put any mean+ into :olly ab/ract reality4 8,to me ! words mean ei!r a direct contradiction1 or no?+ at all0 7sect4 #bd74 ,! ,pr9ciple t ! esse ( matt] necess>ily involves p]cipi1 & its correlative ,pr9ciple t !re is n any o!r sub/ance ?an ,_s1 :i* is ?us ! indisp5sable factor ( all reality1 bo? lead on to ! m obvi\sly practical ,pr9ciple--t ! mat]ial _w1 p] se1 is :olly p[]less1 & t all *anges 9 ,nature are ! imm$iate issue ( ! ag5cy ( ,_s 7sect4 #be-bg74 ,concrete p[]1 l concrete sub/ance1 is ess5tially spiritual4 ,to be satisfi$ t ! :ole natural _w is only ! passive in/rum5t & expression ( ,spiritual ,p[] we are ask$ to analyse ! s5su\s data ( exp]i5ce4 ,we c f9d no reason = attribut+ inh]5t p[] to any ( ! ph5om5a & ph5om5al ?+s t are pres5t$ to our s5ses1 or = suppos+ t !y c be active causes1 ei!r ( ! *anges t are cont9u\sly 9 progress among !mselves1 or ( ! feel+s1 p]ceptions1 & volitions ( :i* spiritual be+s are consci\s4 ,we f9d ! ideas or ph5om5a t pass 9 procession be=e our s5ses relat$ to "o ano!r z signs to _! mean+s1 9 a cosmical ord] t virtually makes ! mat]ial _w a language & a prophecy3 b ?is cosmical procession is n f\nd to orig9ate 9 ! ideas or ph5om5a !mselves1 & !re is reason = suppos+ x to be ma9ta9$ by ev]-liv+ ,_s1 :i* ?us n only sub/antiates ! ?+s ( s5se1 b expla9s _! laws ( motion & _! movem5ts4 ,yet ! univ]se ( reality is n exclusively ,"o ,_s4 ,exp]i5ce contradicts ! supposition4 ,i f9d on trial t my p]sonal p[] to produce *anges 9 ! ideas or ph5om5a :i* my s5ses pres5t to me is a limit$ p[] 7sect4 #bh-cc74 ,i c make & unmake my own fancies1 b ,i _c ) l fre$om make & unmake pres5tations ( s5se4 ,:5 9 daylight ,i op5 my eyes1 x is n 9 my p[] to det]m9e :e!r ,i %all see or n2 nor is x 9 my p[] to det]m9e :at objects ,i %all see4 ,! cosmical ord] ( s5se-ph5om5a is indep5d5t ( my w4 ,:5 ,i employ my s5ses1 ,i f9d myself always confront$ by s5sible signs ( p]fect ,reason & omnipres5t ,w4 ,b ,i also awake 9 ! fai? t ,i am an individual p]son4 ,& ! s5se-symbolism ( :i* ! mat]ial _w consi/s1 :ile x keeps me 9 con/ant & imm$iate relation to ! ,univ]sal ,_s1 ^: language x is1 keeps me likewise 9 int]c\rse ) o!r p]sons1 ak9 to myself1 :o are signifi$ to me by _! ov]t actions & articulate words1 :i* ent] into my s5su\s exp]i5ce4 ,s5se-giv5 ph5om5a ?us1 among _! o!r in/rum5tal (fices1 are ! m$ium ( communication betwe5 human be+s1 :o by ?is means c f9d companions1 & make signs to !m4 ,s :ile1 at our highe/ po9t ( view1 ,nature is ,_s1 exp]i5ce %ews t !re is room 9 ! univ]se = a plurality ( p]sons1 individual1 & 9 a measure free or morally responsible4 ,if ,b]keley does n say all ?is1 8 ,new ,pr9ciples t5d ?us4 ,at any rate1 9 8 reason$ exposition ( 8 ,pr9ciples he is anxi\s to di/+ui% ^? ph5om5a t are pres5t$ to ! s5ses ( all mank9d f ! private ideas or fancies ( individual m5 7sect4 #bh-cc74 ,! =m] con/itute ! _w :i* s5ti5t be+s realise 9 common4 ,he calls !m ideas because !y are unrealisable )\t p]cipi5t m9d2 b /ill on ! und]/&+ t !y are n to be conf\nd$ ) ! *im]as ( imag9ation4 ,!y are m deeply & truly real ?an *im]as4 ,! gr\ps 9 :i* !y are f\nd to coexi/ are ! individual ?+s ( s5se1 ^: fix$ ord] ( succession exemplifies :at we call natural law1 or natural causation3 ! correlation ( _! *anges to our pleasures & pa9s1 desires & av]sions1 makes sci5tific k ( _! laws practically important to ! life ( man1 9 8 embodi$ /ate4 ,moreov]1 ! real ideas pres5t$ to our s5ses1 unlike ^? ( imag9ation1 ,b]keley w\ld imply1 _c be ei!r repres5tative or misrepres5tative4 ,our imag9ation may mislead u3 ! orig9al data ( s5se _c3 al?\gh we may1 & (t5 d1 mis9t]pret _! relations to "o ano!r1 & to our pleasures & pa9s & high] faculties4 ,! div9e mean+ ) :i* !y are *>g$1 ( :i* sci5ce is a p>tial expression1 !y may p]haps be said to repres5t4 ,o!rwise repres5tative s5se-p]ception is absurdity3 ! ideas ( s5se _c be repres5tative 9 ! way ^? ( imag9ation are2 = fancies are fa9t repres5tations ( data ( s5se4 ,! appe>ances t s5ti5t intellig5ce realises are ! ?+s ( s5se1 & we _c g deep]4 ,if we pref] accord+ly to call ! mat]ial _w a dream or a *im]a1 we mu/ und]/& t x is ! reasonable dream 9 :i* all s5ti5t intellig5ce p>ticipates1 & by :i* ! embodi$ life ( man mu/ be regulat$4 ,has ,b]keley1 9 8 juv5ile ard\r1 & ) ! impetuosity natural to him1 :ile seek+ to demon/rate ! impot5ce ( matt]1 & ! omnipres5t supremacy ( ,_s1 s spiritualis$ ! mat]ial _w z to make x unfit = ! symbolical (fice 9 ! univ]se ( reality :i* he supposes x to dis*>ge8 ,is its pot5tial exi/5ce 9 ,god1 & its p]cipi5t realisation by me1 & presumably by innum]able o!r s5ti5t be+s1 an adequate acc\nt ( ! real mat]ial _w exi/+ 9 place & "t8 ,c ?is univ]sal ord]ly dream exp]i5c$ 9 s5se involve ! objectivity impli$ 9 its be+ ! reliable m$ium ( social int]c\rse8 ,does su* a mat]ial _w provide me ) a means ( escape f absolute solitude8 ,nay1 if ,matt] _c rise into reality )\t p]cipi5t _s z realis+ factor1 c my individual p]cipi5t _s realise myself )\t indep5d5t ,matt]8 ,)\t intellig5t life ,matt] is pron\nc$ unreal4 ,b is x n also true t )\t ,matt]1 & ! special mat]ial organism we call our body1 p]cipi5t _s is unreal8 ,does n ,nature seem z indisp5sable to ,_s z ,_s is to ,nature8 ,mu/ we n assume at lea/ _! unbeg9n+ & un5d+ coexi/5ce1 ev5 if we recognise 9 ,_s ! deep] & tru] reality8 ,d ! ,new ,pr9ciples expla9 ! f9al gr\nd ( tru/ & c]ta9ty ab\t ! univ]se ( *ange into :i* ,i ent]$ z a /rang] :5 ,i 0 born8 ,if !y make all t ,i h believ$ 9 z outw>d to be 9 its reality inw>d1 d !y n di/urb ! balance t is necess>y to all human c]ta9ties1 & leave me )\t any realities at all8 ,t ,b]keley at ! age ( tw5ty-five1 & educat$ *iefly by ,locke1 _h fa?om$ or ev5 ent]ta9$ all ^! que/ions 0 h>dly to be look$ =4 ,h[ f> he _h gone may be ga!r$ by a /udy ( ! sequel ( 8 book ( ,pr9ciples4 ii4 ,objections to ! ,new ,pr9ciples answ]$ 7sect4 #cd-hd74 ,! suppos$ ,objections1 ) ,b]keley's answ]s1 may be ?us int]pret$3-- ,fir/ objection4 7,sect4 #cd-dj47 ,! prec$+ ,pr9ciples bani% all sub/antial realities1 & sub/itute a univ]se ( *im]as4 ,answ]4 ,?is objection is a play ^u ! popul> mean+ ( ! ^w 8idea40 ,t "n is appropriate to ! ph5om5a pres5t$ 9 s5se1 because !y become concrete realities only 9 ! exp]i5ce ( liv+ ,_s2 & s x is n conf9$ to ! *im]as ( individual fancy1 :i* may misrepres5t ! real ideas ( s5se t are pres5t$ 9 ! natural sy/em indep5d5tly ( our w4 ,second objection4 7,sect4 #da47 ,! prec$+ ,pr9ciples aboli% ! di/9ction betwe5 ,p]ception & ,imag9ation--betwe5 imag9+ "o's self burnt & actually be+ burnt4 ,answ]4 ,real fire diff]s f fanci$ fire3 z real pa9 does f fanci$ pa92 yet no "o supposes t real pa9 any m ?an imag9>y pa9 c exi/ unfelt by a s5ti5t intellig5ce4 ,?ird objection4 7,sect4 #db-dd47 ,we actually see s5sible ?+s exi/+ at a di/ance f our bodies4 ,n[1 :atev] is se5 exi/+ at a di/ance mu/ be se5 z exi/+ ext]nal to u 9 our bodies1 :i* contradicts ! =ego+ ,pr9ciples4 ,answ]4 ,di/ance1 or outness1 is n visible4 ,x is a conception :i* is sugge/$ gradually1 by our exp]i5ce ( ! connexion betwe5 visible col\rs & c]ta9 visual s5sations t accompany see+1 on ! "o h&1 & our tactual exp]i5ce1 on ! o!r--z 0 prov$ 9 ! ,essay on ,vision1 9 :i* ! ideality ( ! visible _w is demon/rat$7#dgj74 ,f\r? objection4 7,sect4 #de-dh47 ,x foll[s f ! ,new ,pr9ciples1 t ! mat]ial _w mu/ be und]go+ cont9u\s annihilation & recreation 9 ! innum]able s5ti5t exp]i5ces 9 :i* x becomes real4 ,answ]4 ,accord+ to ! ,new ,pr9ciples a ?+ may be realis$ 9 ! s5se-exp]i5ce ( o!r m9ds1 dur+ int]vals ( its p]ception by my m9d2 = ! ,pr9ciples d n affirm dep5d5ce only on ?is or t m9d1 b on a liv+ ,m9d4 ,if ?is implies a con/ant creation ( ! mat]ial _w1 ! conception ( ! univ]se z 9 a /ate ( con/ant creation is n new1 & x signally displays ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,fif? objection4 7,sect4 #di47 ,if ext5sion & ext5d$ ,matt] c exi/ only 9 m9d1 x foll[s t ext5sion is an attribute ( m9d--t m9d is ext5d$4 ,answ]4 ,ext5sion & o!r s5sible qualities exi/ 9 m9d1 n z modes ( m9d1 :i* is un9telligible1 b z ideas ( :i* ,m9d is p]cipi5t2 & ?is is absolutely inconsi/5t ) ! supposition t ,m9d is itself ext5d$7#dga74 ,six? objection4 7,sect4 #ej47 ,natural philosophy proce$s on ! assumption t ,matt] is indep5d5t ( p]cipi5t m9d1 & x ?us contradicts ! ,new ,pr9ciples4 ,answ]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,matt]--if x means :at exi/s ab/ractly1 or 9 indep5d5ce ( all p]cipi5t ,m9d--is useless 9 natural philosophy1 :i* is conv]sant exclusively ) ! ideas or ph5om5a t compose concrete ?+s1 n ) empty ab/ractions4 ,sev5? objection4 7,sect4 #ea47 ,to ref] all *ange to spiritual ag5ts alone1 & to reg>d ! ?+s ( s5se z :olly impot5t1 ?us dis*>g+ natural causes z ! ,new ,pr9ciples d1 is at v>iance ) human language & ) good s5se4 ,answ]4 ,:ile we may speak z ! multitude d1 we %\ld le>n to ?9k ) ! few :o reflect4 ,we may /ill speak ( 8natural causes10 ev5 :51 z philosoph]s1 we recognise t all true effici5cy mu/ be spiritual1 & t ! mat]ial _w is only a sy/em ( s5sible symbols1 regulat$ by ,div9e ,w & reveal+ ,omnipres5t ,m9d4 ,eigh? objection4 7,sect4 #ed1 #ee47 ,! natural belief ( m5 seems inconsi/5t ) ! _w be+ m9d-dep5d5t4 ,answ]4 ,n s :5 we consid] t m5 seldom compreh5d ! deep mean+ ( _! practical assumptions2 & :5 we recollect ! prejudices1 once dignifi$ z good s5se1 :i* h successively surr5d]$ to philosophy4 ,n9? objection4 7,sect4 #ef1 #eg47 ,any ,pr9ciple t is inconsi/5t ) our common fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! mat]ial _w mu/ be reject$4 ,answ]4 ,! fact t we are consci\s ( n be+ ourselves ! cause ( *anges p]petually go+ on 9 our s5se-ideas1 "s ( :i* we gradually le>n by exp]i5ce to =esee1 suffici5tly acc\nts = ! common belief 9 ! indep5d5ce ( ^? ideas1 & is :at m5 truly mean by ?is4 ,t5? objection4 7,sect4 #eh1 #ei47 ,! =ego+ ,pr9ciples conc]n+ ,matt] & ,_s are inconsi/5t ) ! laws ( motion1 & ) o!r tru?s 9 ma!matics & natural philosophy4 ,answ]4 ,! laws ( motion1 & ^? o!r tru?s1 may be all conceiv$ & express$ 9 consi/5cy ) ! abs5ce ( indep5d5t sub/ance & causation 9 ,matt]4 ,elev5? objection4 7,sect4 #fj-ff47 ,if1 accord+ to ! =ego+ ,pr9ciples1 ! mat]ial _w is m]ely ph5om5a pres5t$ by a ,p[] n-ourselves to our s5ses1 ! elaborate contrivances :i* we f9d 9 ,nature are useless2 = we might h _h all exp]i5ces t are ne$ful )\t !m1 by ! direct ag5cy ( ,god4 ,answ]4 ,elaborate contrivances 9 ,nature are relatively necess>y z signs3 !y express to u ! occasional pres5ce & "s ( ! exp]i5ce ( o!r m51 also ! con/ant pres5ce & p[] ( ! ,univ]sal ,_s1 :ile ! sci5tific int]pretation ( elaborately con/itut$ ,nature is a b5eficial moral & intellectual ex]cise4 ,twelf? objection4 7,sect4 #fg-gi47 ,al?\gh ! impossibility ( active ,matt] may be demon/rable1 ?is does n prove ! impossibility ( inactive ,matt]1 nei!r solid nor ext5d$1 :i* may be ! occasion ( our hav+ s5se-ideas4 ,answ]4 ,?is supposition is un9telligible3 ! words 9 :i* x is express$ convey no mean+4 ,?irte5? objection4 7,sect4 #hj1 #ha47 ,matt] may be an unkn[able ,some:at1 nei!r sub/ance nor accid5t1 cause nor effect1 _s nor idea3 all ! reason+s aga9/ ,matt]1 conceiv$ z some?+ positive1 fail1 :5 ?is :olly negative notion is ma9ta9$4 ,answ]4 ,?is is to use ! ^w 8,matt]0 z p use ! ^w 8no?+03 ,unkn[able ,some:at _c be di/+ui%$ f no?+4 ,f\rte5? objection4 7,sect4 #hb-hd47 ,al?\gh we _c1 9 opposition to ! ,new ,pr9ciples1 inf] sci5tifically ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]1 9 ab/raction f all realis+ p]cipi5t life1 or =m any conception1 positive or negative1 ( :at ,matt] is2 yet ,holy ,scripture dem&s ! fai? ( e ,*ri/ian 9 ! indep5d5t reality ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,answ]4 ,! indep5d5t reality ( ! mat]ial _w is n[h]e affirm$ 9 ,scripture4 iii4 ,consequ5ces & ,applications ( ! ,new ,pr9ciples 7sect4 #he-aef74 ,9 ?is portion ( ! ,treatise1 ! ,new ,pr9ciples1 already gu>d$ aga9/ objections1 are appli$ to enlight5 & invigorate f9al fai?1 (t5 suff]+ f ! p>alysis ( ! scepticism produc$ by mat]ialism2 also to improve ! sci5ces1 includ+ ^? :i* relate to ,m9d1 9 man & 9 ,god4 ,!y are appli$3-- #a4 ,to ! refutation ( ,scepticism z to ! reality ( ! _w 7sect4 #he-ia7 & ,god 7sect4 #ib-if72 #b4 ,to ! lib]ation ( ?\ght f ! bondage ( unmean+ ab/ractions 7sect4 #ig-ajj72 #c4 ,to ! purification ( ,natural ,philosophy1 by mak+ x an int]pretation ( ideas ( s5se1 simply 9 _! relations ( coexi/5ce & sequ5ce1 accord+ to :i* !y con/itute ! ,div9e ,language ( ,nature 7sect4 #aja-aaf72 #d4 ,to simplify ,ma!matics1 by elim9at+ inf9ites & o!r empty ab/ractions 7sect4 #aag-acd72 #e4 ,to expla9 & su/a9 fai? 9 ! ,immortality ( m5 7sect4 #ace-add72 #f4 ,to expla9 ! belief :i* ea* man has 9 ! exi/5ce ( o!r m52 z signifi$ to him 9 & ?r\gh s5se-symbolism 7sect4 #ade72 #g4 ,to v9dicate fai? 9 ,god1 :o is signifi$ 9 & ?r\gh ! s5se-symbolism ( univ]sal nature 7sect4 #adf-aef74 ,x 0 only by degrees t ,b]keley's ,new ,pr9ciples attract$ att5tion4 ,a new mode ( conceiv+ ! _w we live 91 by a "y & unkn[n au?or1 publi%$ at a di/ance f ! c5tre ( ,engli% intellectual life1 0 apt to be ov]look$4 ,9 connexion ) ! ,essay on ,vision1 h[ev]1 x drew en\gh ( reg>d to make ,b]keley an object ( int]e/ to ! lit]>y _w on 8 fir/ visit to ,london1 ?ree ye>s aft] its publication4 ,d$ication ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,?omas1 ,,e>l ,,( ,,pembroke7#dgb71 c4 ,,knight ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,noble ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,g>t]1 ,,& ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,lords ,,( ,,h] ,,maje/y',s ,,mo/ ,,hon\rable ,,privy ,,c\ncil ,,my ,,"l1 ,y w p]haps wond] t an obscure p]son1 :o has n ! hon\r to be kn[n to y\r lord%ip1 %\ld presume to address y 9 ?is mann]4 ,b t a man :o has writt5 some?+ ) a design to promote ,useful ,k & ,religion 9 ! _w %\ld make *oice ( y\r lord%ip = 8 patron1 w n be ?\ght /range by any "o t is n altoge!r unacqua9t$ ) ! pres5t /ate ( ! *ur* & le>n+1 & consequ5tly ignorant h[ great an ornam5t & support y are to bo?4 ,yet1 no?+ c\ld h induc$ me to make y ?is pres5t ( my poor endeav\rs1 7 ,i n enc\rag$ by t c&\r & native goodness :i* is s bright a "p 9 y\r lord%ip's "*4 ,i might add1 my "l1 t ! extraord9>y fav\r & b\nty y h be5 pleas$ to %ew t[>ds our ,society7#dgc7 gave me hopes y w\ld n be unwill+ to c\nt5ance ! /udies ( "o ( its memb]s4 ,^! consid]ations det]m9$ me to lay ?is treatise at y\r lord%ip's feet1 & ! r because ,i 0 ambiti\s to h x kn[n t ,i am ) ! true/ & mo/ pr(\nd respect1 on acc\nt ( t le>n+ & virtue :i* ! _w s ju/ly admires 9 y\r lord%ip1 ,my ,"l1 ,y\r lord%ip's mo/ humble & mo/ devot$ s]vant1 ,,george ,,b]keley4 ,! ,preface ,:at ,i "h make public has1 aft] a long & scrupul\s inquiry7#dgd71 seem$ to me evid5tly true & n unuseful to be kn[n2 p>ticul>ly to ^? :o are ta9t$ ) ,scepticism1 or want a demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce & immat]iality ( ,god1 or ! natural immortality ( ! ,s\l4 ,:e!r x be s or no ,i am cont5t ! read] %\ld imp>tially exam9e2 s9ce ,i d n ?9k myself any f>!r conc]n$ = ! success ( :at ,i h writt5 ?an z x is agreeable to tru?4 ,b1 to ! end ?is may n suff]1 ,i make x my reque/ t ! read] susp5d 8 judgm5t till he has once at lea/ read ! :ole ?r\gh1 ) t degree ( att5tion & ?\ght :i* ! subject-matt] %all seem to des]ve4 ,=1 z !re are "s passages t1 tak5 by !mselves1 are v liable 7nor c\ld x be rem$i$7 to gross mis9t]pretation1 & to be *>g$ ) mo/ absurd consequ5ces1 :i*1 nev]!less1 ^u an entire p]usal w appe> n to foll[ f !m2 s likewise1 ?\gh ! :ole %\ld be read ov]1 yet1 if ?is be done transi5tly1 x is v probable my s5se may be mi/ak52 b to a ?9k+ read]1 ,i flatt] myself x w be ?r\gh\t cle> & obvi\s4 ,z = ! *>act]s ( novelty & s+ul>ity7#dge7 :i* "s ( ! foll[+ notions may seem to be>1 x is1 ,i hope1 ne$less to make any apology on t acc\nt4 ,he mu/ surely be ei!r v weak1 or v little acqua9t$ ) ! sci5ces1 :o %all reject a tru? t is capable ( demon/ration7#dgf71 = no o!r reason b because x is newly kn[n1 & contr>y to ! prejudices ( mank9d4 ,?us mu* ,i ?\ght fit to premise1 9 ord] to prev5t1 if possible1 ! ha/y c5sures ( a sort ( m5 :o are too apt to condemn an op9ion be=e !y rightly compreh5d x7#dgg74 ,introduction #a4 ,philosophy be+ no?+ else b ! /udy ( ,wisdom & ,tru?7#dgh71 x may ) reason be expect$ t ^? :o h sp5t mo/ "t & pa9s 9 x %\ld enjoy a great] calm & s]5ity ( m9d1 a great] cle>ness & evid5ce ( k1 & be less di/urb$ ) d\bts & difficulties ?an o!r m54 ,yet1 s x is1 we see ! illit]ate bulk ( mank9d1 t walk ! high-road ( pla9 common s5se1 & are gov]n$ by ! dictates ( nature1 = ! mo/ "p easy & undi/urb$4 ,to !m no?+ t is famili> appe>s unacc\ntable or difficult to compreh5d4 ,!y compla9 n ( any want ( evid5ce 9 _! s5ses1 & are out ( all dang] ( becom+ ,sceptics4 ,b no soon] d we dep>t f s5se & in/9ct to foll[ ! light ( a sup]ior pr9ciple--to reason1 m$itate1 & reflect on ! nature ( ?+s1 b a ?\s& scruples spr+ up 9 our m9ds1 conc]n+ ^? ?+s :i* be=e we seem$ fully to compreh5d4 ,prejudices & errors ( s5se d f all p>ts discov] !mselves to our view2 &1 endeav\r+ to correct ^! by reason1 we are ins5sibly drawn into unc\? p>adoxes1 difficulties1 & inconsi/5cies1 :i* multiply & gr[ ^u u z we advance 9 speculation2 till at l5g?1 hav+ w&]$ ?r\gh _m intricate mazes1 we f9d ourselves j :]e we 71 or1 :i* is worse1 sit d[n 9 a =lorn ,scepticism7#dgi74 #b4 ,! cause ( ?is is ?\ght to be ! obscurity ( ?+s1 or ! natural weakness & imp]fection ( our und]/&+s4 ,x is said ! faculties we h are few1 & ^? design$ by nature = ! support & pleasure ( life1 & n to p5etrate into ! inw>d ess5ce & con/itution ( ?+s3 besides1 ! m9d ( man be+ f9ite1 :5 x treats ( ?+s :i* p>take ( ,inf9ity1 x is n to be wond]$ at if x run into absurdities & contradictions1 out ( :i* x is impossible x %\ld ev] extricate itself2 x be+ ( ! nature ( ,inf9ite n to be compreh5d$ by t :i* is f9ite7#dhj74 #c4 ,b1 p]haps1 we may be too p>tial to ourselves 9 plac+ ! fault orig9ally 9 our faculties1 & n r 9 ! wrong use we make ( !m4 ,x is a h>d ?+ to suppose t "r d$uctions f true pr9ciples %\ld ev] end 9 consequ5ces :i* _c be ma9ta9$ or made consi/5t4 ,we %\ld believe t ,god has dealt m b\ntifully ) ! sons ( m5 ?an to give !m a /rong desire = t k :i* he _h plac$ q out ( _! rea*4 ,?is 7 n agreeable to ! wont$ indulg5t me?ods ( ,provid5ce1 :i*1 :atev] appetites x may h implant$ 9 ! creatures1 do? usually furni% !m ) su* means z1 if rightly made use (1 w n fail to satisfy !m4 ,^u ! :ole1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! f> great] "p1 if n all1 ( ^? difficulties :i* h hi!rto amus$ philosoph]s1 & block$ up ! way to k1 are entirely ow+ to ourselves4 ,we h fir/ rais$ a du/1 & !n compla9 we _c see4 #d4 ,my purpose !re=e is1 to try if ,i c discov] :at ^? ,pr9ciples are :i* h introduc$ all t d\btfulness & unc]ta9ty1 ^? absurdities & contradictions1 into ! sev]al sects ( philosophy2 insomu* t ! wise/ m5 h ?\ght our ignorance incurable1 conceiv+ x to arise f ! natural dulness & limitation ( our faculties4 ,& surely x is a "w well des]v+ our pa9s to make a /rict inquiry conc]n+ ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k2 to sift & exam9e !m on all sides3 especially s9ce !re may be "s gr\nds to suspect t ^? lets & difficulties1 :i* /ay & emb>rass ! m9d 9 its se>* aft] tru?1 d n spr+ f any d>kness & intricacy 9 ! objects1 or natural defect 9 ! und]/&+1 s mu* z f false ,pr9ciples :i* h be5 insi/$ on1 & might h be5 avoid$4 #e4 ,h[ difficult & disc\rag+ soev] ?is attempt may seem1 :5 ,i consid] :at a numb] ( v great & extraord9>y m5 h gone be=e me 9 ! l designs7#dha71 yet ,i am n )\t "s hopes2 ^u ! consid]ation t ! l>ge/ views are n always ! cle>e/1 & t he :o is %ort-sight$ w be oblig$ to draw ! object ne>]1 & may1 p]haps1 by a close & n>r[ survey1 disc]n t :i* _h escap$ f> bett] eyes4 #f4 ,9 ord] to prep>e ! m9d ( ! read] = ! easi] conceiv+ :at foll[s1 x is prop] to premise some:at1 by way ( ,introduction1 conc]n+ ! nature & abuse ( ,language4 ,b ! unravell+ ?is matt] leads me 9 "s measure to anticipate my design1 by tak+ notice ( :at seems to h _h a *ief "p 9 r5d]+ speculation intricate & p]plex$1 & to h occasion$ innum]able errors & difficulties 9 almo/ all p>ts ( k4 ,& t is ! op9ion t ! m9d ha? a p[] ( fram+ ab/ract ideas or notions ( ?+s7#dhb74 ,he :o is n a p]fect /rang] to ! writ+s & disputes ( philosoph]s mu/ ne$s ackn[l$ge t no small "p ( !m are sp5t ab\t ab/ract ideas4 ,^! are 9 a m especial mann] ?\ght to be ! object ( ^? sci5ces :i* g by ! "n ( logic & metaphysics1 & ( all t :i* passes "u ! notion ( ! mo/ ab/ract$ & sublime le>n+2 9 all :i* "o %all sc>ce f9d any "q h&l$ 9 su* a mann] z does n suppose _! exi/5ce 9 ! m9d1 & t x is well acqua9t$ ) !m4 #g4 ,x is agre$ on all h&s t ! qualities or modes ( ?+s d nev] really exi/ ea* ( !m ap>t by itself1 & sep>at$ f all o!rs1 b are mix$1 z x 71 & bl5d$ toge!r1 sev]al 9 ! same object4 ,b1 we are told1 ! m9d1 be+ able to consid] ea* quality s+ly1 or ab/ract$ f ^? o!r qualities ) :i* x is unit$1 does by t means frame to itself ab/ract ideas4 ,= example1 !re is conceiv$ by sight an object ext5d$1 col\r$1 & mov$3 ?is mix$ or comp\nd idea ! m9d resolv+ into its simple1 con/itu5t p>ts1 & view+ ea* by itself1 exclusive ( ! re/1 does frame ! ab/ract ideas ( ext5sion1 col\r1 & motion4 ,n t x is possible = col\r or motion to exi/ )\t ext5sion2 b only t ! m9d c frame to itself by ab/raction ! idea ( col\r exclusive ( ext5sion1 & ( motion exclusive ( bo? col\r & ext5sion4 #h4 ,aga91 ! m9d hav+ obs]v$ t 9 ! p>ticul> ext5sions p]ceiv$ by s5se !re is some?+ common & alike 9 all1 & "s o!r ?+s peculi>1 z ?is or t figure or magnitude1 :i* di/+ui% !m "o f ano!r1 x consid]s ap>t1 or s+les out by itself1 t :i* is common2 mak+ !re( a mo/ ab/ract idea ( ext5sion2 :i* is nei!r l9e1 surface1 nor solid1 nor has any figure or magnitude1 b is an idea entirely presc9d$ f all ^!4 ,s likewise ! m9d1 by leav+ out ( ! p>ticul> col\rs p]ceiv$ by s5se t :i* di/+ui%es !m "o f ano!r1 & reta9+ t only :i* is common to all1 makes an idea ( col\r 9 ab/ract2 :i* is nei!r r$1 nor blue1 nor :ite1 nor any o!r det]m9ate col\r4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 by consid]+ motion ab/ract$ly1 n only f ! body mov$1 b likewise f ! figure x describes1 & all p>ticul> directions & velocities1 ! ab/ract idea ( motion is fram$2 :i* equally corresponds to all p>ticul> motions :atsoev] t may be p]ceiv$ by s5se4 #i4 ,& z ! m9d frames to itself ab/ract ideas ( qualities or modes1 s does x1 by ! same precision1 or m5tal sep>ation1 atta9 ab/ract ideas ( ! m comp\nd$ be+s :i* include sev]al coexi/5t qualities4 ,= example1 ! m9d hav+ obs]v$ t ,pet]1 ,james1 & ,john resemble ea* o!r 9 c]ta9 common agreem5ts ( %ape & o!r qualities1 leaves out ( ! complex or comp\nd idea x has ( ,pet]1 ,james1 & any o!r p>ticul> man1 t :i* is peculi> to ea*1 reta9+ only :at is common to all1 & s makes an ab/ract idea1 :]e9 all ! p>ticul>s equally p>take2 ab/ract+ entirely f & cutt+ (f all ^? circum/ances & diff]5ces :i* might det]m9e x to any p>ticul> exi/5ce4 ,& aft] ?is mann] x is said we come by ! ab/ract idea ( man1 or1 if y please1 humanity1 or human nature2 :]e9 x is true !re is includ$ col\r1 because !re is no man b has "s col\r1 b !n x c be nei!r :ite1 nor black1 nor any p>ticul> col\r1 because !re is no "o p>ticul> col\r :]e9 all m5 p>take4 ,s likewise !re is includ$ /ature1 b !n x is nei!r tall /ature1 nor l[ /ature1 nor yet middle /ature1 b some?+ ab/ract$ f all ^!4 ,& s ( ! re/4 ,moreov]1 !re be+ a great v>iety ( o!r creatures t p>take 9 "s p>ts1 b n all1 ( ! complex idea ( man1 ! m9d1 leav+ out ^? p>ts :i* are peculi> to m51 & reta9+ ^? only :i* are common to all ! liv+ creatures1 frames ! idea ( animal2 :i* ab/racts n only f all p>ticul> m51 b also all birds1 bea/s1 fi%es1 & insects4 ,! con/itu5t p>ts ( ! ab/ract idea ( animal are body1 life1 s5se1 & spontane\s motion4 ,by body is meant body )\t any p>ticul> %ape or figure1 !re be+ no "o %ape or figure common to all animals2 )\t cov]+1 ei!r ( hair1 or fea!rs1 or scales1 c41 nor yet nak$3 hair1 fea!rs1 scales1 & nak$ness be+ ! di/+ui%+ prop]ties ( p>ticul> animals1 & = t reason left out ( ! ab/ract idea4 ,^u ! same acc\nt1 ! spontane\s motion mu/ be nei!r walk+1 nor fly+1 nor creep+2 x is nev]!less a motion1 b :at t motion is x is n easy to conceive4 #aj4 ,:e!r o!rs h ?is wond]ful faculty ( ab/ract+ _! ideas1 !y be/ c tell7#dhc74 ,= myself1 7#dhd7;,i d>e be confid5t ,i h x n4 ,i f9d inde$ ,i h a faculty ( imag9+ or repres5t+ to myself1 ! ideas ( ^? p>ticul> ?+s ,i h p]ceiv$1 & ( v>i\sly comp\nd+ & divid+ !m4 ,i c imag9e a man ) two heads2 or ! upp] p>ts ( a man jo9$ to ! body ( a horse4 ,i c consid] ! h&1 ! eye1 ! nose1 ea* by itself ab/ract$ or sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! body4 ,b !n :atev] h& or eye ,i imag9e7#dhe71 x mu/ h "s p>ticul> %ape & col\r4 ,likewise ! idea ( man t ,i frame to myself mu/ be ei!r ( a :ite1 or a black1 or a tawny1 a /raight1 or a crook$1 a tall1 or a l[1 or a middle-siz$ man4 ,i _c by any ef=t ( ?\ght conceive ! ab/ract idea above describ$4 ,& x is equally impossible = me to =m ! ab/ract idea ( motion di/9ct f ! body mov+1 & :i* is nei!r swift nor sl[1 curvil9e> nor rectil9e>2 & ! l may be said ( all o!r ab/ract g5]al ideas :atsoev]4 ,to be pla91 ,i own myself able to ab/ract 9 "o s5se1 z :5 ,i consid] "s p>ticul> p>ts or qualities sep>at$ f o!rs1 ) :i*1 ?\gh !y are unit$ 9 "s object1 yet x is possible !y may really exi/ )\t !m4 ,b ,i d5y t ,i c ab/ract f "o ano!r1 or conceive sep>ately1 ^? qualities :i* x is impossible %\ld exi/ s sep>at$2 or t ,i c frame a g5]al notion1 by ab/ract+ f p>ticul>s 9 ! mann] a=esaid--:i* la/ are ! two prop] acceptations ( ab/raction4 ,& !re is gr\nd to ?9k mo/ m5 w ackn[l$ge !mselves to be 9 my case4 ,! g5]ality ( m5 :i* are simple & illit]ate nev] pret5d to ab/ract notions7#dhf74 ,x is said !y are difficult1 & n to be atta9$ )\t pa9s & /udy4 ,we may !re=e reasonably conclude t1 if su* !re be1 !y are conf9$ only to ! le>n$4 #aa4 ,i proce$ to exam9e :at c be alleg$ 9 def5ce ( ! doctr9e ( ab/raction7#dhg71 & try if ,i c discov] :at x is t incl9es ! m5 ( speculation to embrace an op9ion s remote f common s5se z t seems to be4 ,!re has be5 a late 7#dhh7;excell5t & des]v$ly e/eem$ philosoph]7#dhi7 :o1 no d\bt1 has giv5 x v mu* c\nt5ance1 by seem+ to ?9k ! hav+ ab/ract g5]al ideas is :at puts ! wide/ diff]5ce 9 po9t ( und]/&+ betwixt man & bea/4 8,! hav+ ( g5]al ideas10 sai? he1 8is t :i* puts a p]fect di/9ction betwixt man & brutes1 & is an excell5cy :i* ! faculties ( brutes d by no means atta9 unto4 ,= x is evid5t we obs]ve no foot-/eps 9 !m ( mak+ use ( g5]al signs = univ]sal ideas2 f :i* we h reason to imag9e t !y h n ! faculty ( ab/ract+1 or mak+ g5]al ideas1 s9ce !y h no use ( words1 or any o!r g5]al signs40 ,& a little aft]3--8,!re=e1 ,i ?9k1 we may suppose1 t x is 9 ?is t ! species ( brutes are discrim9at$ f man3 & x is t prop] diff]5ce :]e9 !y are :olly sep>at$1 & :i* at la/ wid5s to s wide a di/ance4 ,= if !y h any ideas at all1 & are n b>e ma*9es 7z "s w\ld h !m7#dij771 we _c d5y !m to h "s reason4 ,x seems z evid5t to me t !y d1 "s ( !m1 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 reason1 z t !y h s5se2 b x is only 9 p>ticul> ideas1 j z !y receive !m f _! s5ses4 ,!y are ! be/ ( !m ti$ up )9 ^? n>r[ b\nds1 & h n 7z ,i ?9k7 ! faculty to enl>ge !m by any k9d ( ab/raction40--,essay on ,human ,und]/&+1 ,b4 ,,ii4 *4 #aa4 #aj & #aa4 ,i readily agree ) ?is le>n$ au?or1 t ! faculties ( brutes c by no means atta9 to ab/raction4 ,b !n if ?is be made ! di/+ui%+ prop]ty ( t sort ( animals1 ,i fe> a great _m ( ^? t pass = m5 mu/ be reckon$ into _! numb]4 ,! reason t is "h assign$1 :y we h no gr\nds to ?9k brutes h ab/ract g5]al ideas1 is1 t we obs]ve 9 !m no use ( words1 or any o!r g5]al signs2 :i* is built on ?is supposition1 to wit1 t ! mak+ use ( words implies hav+ g5]al ideas4 ,f :i* x foll[s t m5 :o use language are able to ab/ract or g5]alize _! ideas4 ,t ?is is ! s5se & argu+ ( ! au?or w fur!r appe> by 8 answ]+ ! "q he 9 ano!r place puts3 8,s9ce all ?+s t exi/ are only p>ticul>s1 h[ come we by g5]al t]ms80 ,8 answ] is3 8,words become g5]al by be+ made ! signs ( g5]al ideas40--,essay on ,human ,und]/&+1 ,b4 ,,iii4 *4 #c4 #f4 ,b x seems t a ^w7#dia7 becomes g5]al by be+ made ! sign1 n ( an ab/ract g5]al idea1 b ( sev]al p>ticul> ideas1 any "o ( :i* x indiff]5tly sugge/s to ! m9d4 ,= example1 :5 x is said 8! *ange ( motion is proportional to ! impress$ =ce10 or t 8:atev] has ext5sion is divisible10 ^! propositions are to be und]/ood ( motion & ext5sion 9 g5]al2 & nev]!less x w n foll[ t !y sugge/ to my ?\ghts an idea7#dib7 ( motion )\t a body mov$1 or any det]m9ate direction & velocity2 or t ,i mu/ conceive an ab/ract g5]al idea ( ext5sion1 :i* is nei!r l9e1 surface1 nor solid1 nei!r great nor small1 black1 :ite1 nor r$1 nor ( any o!r det]m9ate col\r4 ,x is only impli$ t :atev] p>ticul> motion ,i consid]1 :e!r x be swift or sl[1 p]p5dicul>1 horizontal1 or oblique1 or 9 :atev] object1 ! axiom conc]n+ x holds equally true4 ,z does ! o!r ( e p>ticul> ext5sion2 x matt]s n :e!r l9e1 surface1 or solid1 :e!r ( ?is or t magnitude or figure7#dic74 #ab4 ,by obs]v+ h[ ideas become g5]al1 we may ! bett] judge h[ words are made s4 ,& "h x is to be not$ t ,i d n d5y absolutely !re are g5]al ideas1 b only t !re are any ab/ract g5]al ideas4 ,=1 9 ! passages we h quot$ :]e9 !re is m5tion ( g5]al ideas1 x is always suppos$ t !y are =m$ by ab/raction1 aft] ! mann] set =? 9 sections #h & #i7did74 ,n[1 if we w annex a mean+ to our words1 & speak only ( :at we c conceive1 ,i believe we %all ackn[l$ge t an idea1 :i* consid]$ 9 itself is p>ticul>1 becomes g5]al1 by be+ made to repres5t or /& = all o!r p>ticul> ideas ( ! same sort7#die74 ,to make ?is pla9 by an example4 ,suppose a geometrician is demon/rat+ ! me?od ( cutt+ a l9e 9 two equal p>ts4 ,he draws1 = in/ance1 a black l9e ( an in* 9 l5g?3 ?is1 :i* 9 itself is a p>ticul> l9e1 is nev]!less ) reg>d to its signification g5]al2 s9ce1 z x is !re us$1 x repres5ts all p>ticul> l9es :atsoev]2 s t :at is demon/rat$ ( x is demon/rat$ ( all l9es1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( a l9e 9 g5]al7#dif74 ,&1 z t p>ticul> l9e becomes g5]al by be+ made a sign1 s ! "n l9e1 :i* tak5 absolutely is p>ticul>1 by be+ a sign1 is made g5]al4 ,& z ! =m] owes its g5]ality1 n to its be+ ! sign ( an ab/ract or g5]al l9e1 b ( all p>ticul> "r l9es t may possibly exi/1 s ! latt] mu/ be ?\ght to d]ive its g5]ality f ! same cause1 namely1 ! v>i\s p>ticul> l9es :i* x indiff]5tly d5otes4 #ac4 ,to give ! read] a yet cle>] view ( ! nature ( ab/ract ideas1 & ! uses !y are ?\ght necess>y to1 ,i %all add "o m passage out ( ! ,essay on ,human ,und]/&+1 :i* is z foll[s3--8,ab/ract ideas are n s obvi\s or easy to *ildr51 or ! yet unex]cis$ m9d1 z p>ticul> ones4 ,if !y seem s to gr[n m51 x is only because by con/ant & famili> use !y are made s4 ,=1 :5 we nicely reflect ^u !m1 we %all f9d t g5]al ideas are fictions & contrivances ( ! m9d1 t c>ry difficulty ) !m1 & d n s easily (f] !mselves z we are apt to imag9e4 ,= example1 does x n require "s pa9s & skill to =m ! g5]al idea ( a triangle 7:i* is yet none ( ! mo/ ab/ract1 compreh5sive1 & difficult72 = x mu/ be nei!r oblique nor rectangle1 nei!r equilat]al1 equicrural1 nor scal5on2 b all & none ( ^! at once8 ,9 effect1 x is some?+ imp]fect1 t _c exi/2 an idea7#dig7 :]e9 "s p>ts ( sev]al diff]5t & inconsi/5t ideas are put toge!r4 ,x is true ! m9d1 9 ?is imp]fect /ate1 has ne$ ( su* ideas1 & makes all ! ha/e to !m x c1 = ! conv5i5cy ( communication & enl>gem5t ( k2 to bo? :i* x is naturally v mu* incl9$4 ,b yet "o has reason to suspect su* ideas are m>ks ( our imp]fection4 ,at lea/ ?is is en\gh to %ew t ! mo/ ab/ract & g5]al ideas are n ^? t ! m9d is fir/ & mo/ easily acqua9t$ )1 nor su* z its e>lie/ k is conv]sant ab\t40--,b4 iv4 *4 #g4 #i4 ,if any man has ! faculty ( fram+ 9 8 m9d su* an idea ( a triangle z is "h describ$1 x is 9 va9 to pret5d to dispute him out ( x1 nor w\ld ,i g ab\t x4 ,all ,i desire is t ! read] w\ld fully & c]ta9ly in=m himself :e!r he has su* an idea or no4 ,& ?is1 me?9ks1 c be no h>d task = any "o to p]=m4 ,:at m easy ?an = any "o to look a little into 8 own ?\ghts1 & !re try :e!r he has1 or c atta9 to h1 an idea t %all correspond ) ! description t is "h giv5 ( ! g5]al idea ( a triangle--:i* is nei!r oblique nor rectangle1 equilat]al1 equicrural nor scal5on1 b all & none ( ^! at once8 #ad4 ,mu* is "h said ( ! difficulty t ab/ract ideas c>ry ) !m1 & ! pa9s & skill requisite to ! =m+ !m4 ,& x is on all h&s agre$ t !re is ne$ ( great toil & lab\r ( ! m9d1 to emancipate our ?\ghts f p>ticul> objects1 & raise !m to ^? sublime speculations t are conv]sant ab\t ab/ract ideas4 ,f all :i* ! natural consequ5ce %\ld seem to be1 t s difficult a ?+ z ! =m+ ab/ract ideas 0 n necess>y = communication1 :i* is s easy & famili> to all sorts ( m54 ,b1 we are told1 if !y seem obvi\s & easy to gr[n m51 x is only because by con/ant & famili> use !y are made s4 ,n[1 ,i w\ld fa9 "k at :at "t x is m5 are employ$ 9 surm\nt+ t difficulty1 & furni%+ !mselves ) ^? necess>y helps = disc\rse4 ,x _c be :5 !y are gr[n up2 = !n x seems !y are n consci\s ( any su* pa9/ak+4 ,x rema9s !re=e to be ! bus9ess ( _! *ildhood4 ,& surely ! great & multipli$ lab\r ( fram+ ab/ract notions7#dih7 w be f\nd a h>d task = t t5d] age4 ,is x n a h>d ?+ to imag9e t a c\ple ( *ildr5 _c prate toge!r ( _! sug>-plums & rattles & ! re/ ( _! little tr9kets1 till !y h fir/ tack$ toge!r numb]less inconsi/5cies1 & s fram$ 9 _! m9ds ab/ract g5]al ideas1 & annex$ !m to e common "n !y make use (8 #ae4 ,nor d ,i ?9k !m a :it m ne$ful = ! enl>gem5t ( k ?an = communication4 ,x is1 ,i "k1 a po9t mu* insi/$ on1 t all k & demon/ration are ab\t univ]sal notions1 to :i* ,i fully agree4 ,b !n x does n appe> to me t ^? notions are =m$ by ab/raction 9 ! mann] premis$--univ]sality1 s f> z ,i c compreh5d1 n consi/+ 9 ! absolute1 positive nature or conception ( any?+1 b 9 ! relation x be>s to ! p>ticul>s signifi$ or repres5t$ by x2 by virtue :]e( x is t ?+s1 names1 or notions7#dii71 be+ 9 _! own nature p>ticul>1 are r5d]$ univ]sal4 ,?us1 :5 ,i demon/rate any proposition conc]n+ triangles1 x is suppos$ t ,i h 9 view ! univ]sal idea ( a triangle3 :i* ought n to be und]/ood z if ,i c\ld frame an idea7#ejj7 ( a triangle :i* 0 nei!r equilat]al1 nor scal5on1 nor equicrural2 b only t ! p>ticul> triangle ,i consid]1 :e!r ( ?is or t sort x matt]s n1 do? equally /& = & repres5t all rectil9e> triangles :atsoev]1 & is 9 t s5se univ]sal4 ,all :i* seems v pla9 & n to include any difficulty 9 x7#eja74 #af4 ,b "h x w be dem&$1 h[ we c "k any proposition to be true ( all p>ticul> triangles1 except we h fir/ se5 x demon/rat$ ( ! ab/ract idea ( a triangle :i* equally agrees to all8 ,=1 because a prop]ty may be demon/rat$ to agree to "s "o p>ticul> triangle1 x w n !nce foll[ t x equally belongs to any o!r triangle :i* 9 all respects is n ! same ) x4 ,= example1 hav+ demon/rat$ t ! ?ree angles ( an isosceles rectangul> triangle are equal to two "r ones1 ,i _c !re=e conclude ?is affection agrees to all o!r triangles :i* h nei!r a "r angle nor two equal sides4 ,x seems !re=e t1 to be c]ta9 ?is proposition is univ]sally true1 we mu/ ei!r make a p>ticul> demon/ration = e p>ticul> triangle1 :i* is impossible2 or once = all demon/rate x ( ! ab/ract idea ( a triangle1 9 :i* all ! p>ticul>s d indiff]5tly p>take1 & by :i* !y are all equally repres5t$4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 t1 ?\gh ! idea ,i h 9 view7#ejb7 :il/ ,i make ! demon/ration be1 = in/ance1 t ( an isosceles rectangul> triangle ^: sides are ( a det]m9ate l5g?1 ,i may nev]!less be c]ta9 x ext5ds to all o!r rectil9e> triangles1 ( :at sort or bigness soev]4 ,& t because nei!r ! "r angle1 nor ! equality1 nor det]m9ate l5g? ( ! sides are at all conc]n$ 9 ! demon/ration4 ,x is true ! diagram ,i h 9 view includes all ^! p>ticul>s2 b !n !re is n ! lea/ m5tion made ( !m 9 ! pro( ( ! proposition4 ,x is n said ! ?ree angles are equal to two "r ones1 because "o ( !m is a "r angle1 or because ! sides compreh5d+ x are ( ! same l5g?4 ,:i* suffici5tly %ews t ! "r angle might h be5 oblique1 & ! sides unequal1 & = all t ! demon/ration h held good4 ,& = ?is reason x is t ,i conclude t to be true ( any obliquangul> or scal5on :i* ,i _h demon/rat$ ( a p>ticul> "r-angl$ equicrural triangle1 & n because ,i demon/rat$ ! proposition ( ! ab/ract idea ( a triangle4 7#ejc7;,& "h x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t a man may consid] a figure m]ely z triangul>2 )\t att5d+ to ! p>ticul> qualities ( ! angles1 or relations ( ! sides4 ,s f> he may ab/ract4 ,b ?is w nev] prove t he c frame an ab/ract1 g5]al1 inconsi/5t idea ( a triangle4 ,9 l mann] we may consid] ,pet] s f> =? z man1 or s f> =? z animal1 )\t fram+ ! =em5tion$ ab/ract idea1 ei!r ( man or ( animal2 inasmu* z all t is p]ceiv$ is n consid]$4 #ag4 ,x 7 an endless z well z an useless ?+ to trace ! ,s*oolm51 ^? great ma/]s ( ab/raction1 ?r\gh all ! manifold inextricable labyr9?s ( error & dispute :i* _! doctr9e ( ab/ract natures & notions seems to h l$ !m into4 ,:at bick]+s & controv]sies1 & :at a le>n$ du/ h be5 rais$ ab\t ^? matt]s1 & :at mighty advantage has be5 f !nce d]iv$ to mank9d1 are ?+s at ?is day too cle>ly kn[n to ne$ be+ insi/$ on4 ,& x _h be5 well if ! ill effects ( t doctr9e 7 conf9$ to ^? only :o make ! mo/ av[$ pr(ession ( x4 ,:5 m5 consid] ! great pa9s1 indu/ry1 & p>ts t h = s _m ages be5 laid out on ! cultivation & advancem5t ( ! sci5ces1 & t not)/&+ all ?is ! f> great] "p ( !m rema9 full ( d>kness & unc]ta9ty1 & disputes t are l nev] to h an end2 & ev5 ^? t are ?\ght to be support$ by ! mo/ cle> & cog5t demon/rations conta9 9 !m p>adoxes :i* are p]fectly irreconcilable to ! und]/&+s ( m52 & t1 tak+ all toge!r1 a v small portion ( !m does supply any real b5efit to mank9d1 o!rwise ?an by be+ an innoc5t div]sion & amusem5t7#ejd7--;,i say1 ! consid]ation ( all ?is is apt to ?r[ !m into a despond5cy & p]fect contempt ( all /udy4 ,b ?is may p]haps cease ^u a view ( ! false ,pr9ciples t h obta9$ 9 ! _w2 among/ all :i* !re is none1 me?9ks1 ha? a m wide influ5ce7#eje7 ov] ! ?\ghts ( speculative m5 ?an ?is ( ab/ract g5]al ideas4 #ah4 ,i come n[ to consid] ! s\rce ( ?is prevail+ notion1 & t seems to me to be language4 ,& surely no?+ ( less ext5t ?an reason itself c\ld h be5 ! s\rce ( an op9ion s univ]sally receiv$4 ,! tru? ( ?is appe>s z f o!r reasons s also f ! pla9 confession ( ! able/ patrons ( ab/ract ideas1 :o ackn[l$ge t !y are made 9 ord] to nam+2 f :i* x is cle> consequ5ce t if !re _h be5 no su* ?+ z spee* or univ]sal signs1 !re nev] _h be5 any ?\ght ( ab/raction4 ,see ,b4 iii4 *4 #f4 #ci1 & else:]e ( ! ,essay on ,human ,und]/&+4 ,let u exam9e ! mann] :]e9 ,words h contribut$ to ! orig9 ( t mi/ake4--,fir/ !n1 x is ?\ght t e "n has1 or ought to h1 "o only precise & settl$ signification2 :i* incl9es m5 to ?9k !re are c]ta9 ab/ract det]m9ate ideas t con/itute ! true & only imm$iate signification ( ea* g5]al "n2 & t x is by ! m$iation ( ^! ab/ract ideas t a g5]al "n comes to signify any p>ticul> ?+4 ,:]eas1 9 tru?1 !re is no su* ?+ z "o precise & def9ite signification annex$ to any g5]al "n1 !y all signify+ indiff]5tly a great numb] ( p>ticul> ideas4 ,all :i* does evid5tly foll[ f :at has be5 already said1 & w cle>ly appe> to any "o by a little reflexion4 ,to ?is x w be object$ t e "n t has a def9ition is !reby re/ra9$ to "o c]ta9 signification4 ,= example1 a triangle is def9$ to be 8a pla9 surface compreh5d$ by ?ree "r l9es02 by :i* t "n is limit$ to d5ote "o c]ta9 idea & no o!r4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 t 9 ! def9ition x is n said :e!r ! surface be great or small1 black or :ite1 nor :e!r ! sides are long or %ort1 equal or unequal1 nor ) :at angles !y are incl9$ to ea* o!r2 9 all :i* !re may be great v>iety1 & consequ5tly !re is no "o settl$ idea :i* limits ! signification ( ! ^w triangle4 ,x is "o ?+ = to keep a "n con/antly to ! same def9ition1 & ano!r to make x /& ev]y:]e = ! same idea7#ejf73 ! "o is necess>y1 ! o!r useless & impracticable4 #ai4 ,b1 to give a f>!r acc\nt h[ words came to produce ! doctr9e ( ab/ract ideas1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t x is a receiv$ op9ion t language has no o!r end b ! communicat+ ideas1 & t e significant "n /&s = an idea4 ,?is be+ s1 & x be+ )al c]ta9 t names :i* yet are n ?\ght altoge!r insignificant d n always m>k out p>ticul> conceivable ideas1 x is /raightway conclud$ t !y /& = ab/ract notions4 ,t !re are _m names 9 use among/ speculative m5 :i* d n always sugge/ to o!rs det]m9ate1 p>ticul> ideas1 or 9 tru? any?+ at all1 is :at nobody w d5y4 ,& a little att5tion w discov] t x is n necess>y 7ev5 9 ! /ricte/ reason+s7 t significant names :i* /& = ideas %\ld1 e "t !y are us$1 excite 9 ! und]/&+ ! ideas !y are made to /& =3 9 read+ & disc\rs+1 names be+ = ! mo/ "p us$ z lett]s are 9 ,algebra1 9 :i*1 ?\gh a p>ticul> quantity be m>k$ by ea* lett]1 yet to proce$ "r x is n requisite t 9 e /ep ea* lett] sugge/ to y\r ?\ghts t p>ticul> quantity x 0 appo9t$ to /& =7#ejg74 #bj4 ,besides1 ! communicat+ ( ideas m>k$ by words is n ! *ief & only end ( language1 z is commonly suppos$4 ,!re are o!r ends1 z ! rais+ ( "s passion1 ! excit+ to or det]r+ f an action1 ! putt+ ! m9d 9 "s p>ticul> disposition2 to :i* ! =m] is 9 _m cases b>ely subs]vi5t1 & sometimes entirely omitt$1 :5 ^! c be obta9$ )\t x1 z ,i ?9k do?7#ejh7 n unfrequ5tly happ5 9 ! famili> use ( language4 ,i entreat ! read] to reflect ) himself1 & see if x do? n (t5 happ51 ei!r 9 he>+ or read+ a disc\rse1 t ! passions ( fe>1 love1 hatr$1 admiration1 & disda91 & ! l1 arise imm$iately 9 8 m9d ^u ! p]ception ( c]ta9 words1 )\t any ideas7#eji7 com+ betwe54 ,at fir/1 inde$1 ! words might h occasion$ ideas t 7 fitt+ to produce ^? emotions2 b1 if ,i mi/ake n1 x w be f\nd t1 :5 language is once gr[n famili>1 ! he>+ ( ! s\nds or sight ( ! *>act]s is (t imm$iately att5d$ ) ^? passions :i* at fir/ 7 wont to be produc$ by ! int]v5tion ( ideas t are n[ q omitt$4 ,may we n1 = example1 be affect$ ) ! promise ( a good ?+1 ?\gh we h n an idea ( :at x is8 ,or is n ! be+ ?reat5$ ) dang] suffici5t to excite a dread1 ?\gh we ?9k n ( any p>ticul> evil likely to befal u1 nor yet frame to ourselves an idea ( dang] 9 ab/ract8 ,if any "o %all jo9 ev] s little reflection ( 8 own to :at has be5 said1 ,i believe t x w evid5tly appe> to him t g5]al names are (t5 us$ 9 ! propriety ( language )\t ! speak]s design+ !m = m>ks ( ideas 9 8 own1 :i* he w\ld h !m raise 9 ! m9d ( ! he>]4 ,ev5 prop] names !mselves d n seem always spok5 ) a design to br+ into our view ! ideas ( ^? individuals t are suppos$ to be m>k$ by !m4 ,= example1 :5 a s*oolman tells me 8,ari/otle ha? said x10 all ,i conceive he means by x is to dispose me to embrace 8 op9ion ) ! def]5ce & submission :i* cu/om has annex$ to t "n4 ,& ?is effect may be s in/antly produc$ 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o are accu/om$ to resign _! judgm5t to au?ority ( t philosoph]1 z x is impossible any idea ei!r ( 8 p]son1 writ+s1 or reputation %\ld g be=e4 7#eaj7,s close & imm$iate a connexion may cu/om e/abli% betwixt ! v ^w ,ari/otle7#eaa7 & ! motions ( ass5t & rev]5ce 9 ! m9ds ( "s m54 ,innum]able examples ( ?is k9d may be giv51 b :y %\ld ,i insi/ on ^? ?+s :i* e "o's exp]i5ce w1 ,i d\bt n1 pl5tifully sugge/ unto him8 #ba4 ,we h1 ,i ?9k1 %ewn ! impossibility ( ,ab/ract ,ideas4 ,we h consid]$ :at has be5 said = !m by _! able/ patrons2 & endeav\r$ to %ew !y are ( no use = ^? ends to :i* !y are ?\ght necess>y4 ,& la/ly1 we h trac$ !m to ! s\rce f :5ce !y fl[1 :i* appe>s evid5tly to be ,language4 ,x _c be d5i$ t words are ( excell5t use1 9 t by _! means all t /ock ( k :i* has be5 pur*as$ by ! jo9t lab\rs ( inquisitive m5 9 all ages & nations may be drawn into ! view & made ! possession ( "o s+le p]son4 ,b 7#eab7;at ! same "t x mu/ be own$ t mo/ p>ts ( k h be5 7#eac7s /rangely p]plex$ & d>k5$ by ! abuse ( words1 & g5]al ways ( spee* :]e9 !y are deliv]$1 t x may almo/ be made a "q :e!r language has contribut$ m to ! h9drance or advancem5t ( ! sci5ces7#ead74 ,s9ce !re=e words are s apt to impose on ! und]/&+1 ,i am resolv$ 9 my inquiries to make z little use ( !m z possibly ,i c7#eae73 :atev] ideas ,i consid]1 ,i %all endeav\r to take !m b>e & nak$ into my view2 keep+ out ( my ?\ghts1 s f> z ,i am able1 ^? names :i* long & con/ant use ha? s /rictly unit$ ) !m4 ,f :i* ,i may expect to d]ive ! foll[+ advantages3-- #bb4 ,fir/1 ,i %all be sure to get cle> ( all controv]sies purely v]bal1 ! spr++ up ( :i* we$s 9 almo/ all ! sci5ces has be5 a ma9 h9drance to ! gr[? ( true & s\nd k4 ,secondly1 ?is seems to be a sure way to extricate myself out ( t f9e & subtle net ( ab/ract ideas1 :i* has s mis]ably p]plex$ & entangl$ ! m9ds ( m52 & t ) ?is peculi> circum/ance1 t by h[ mu* ! f9] & m curi\s 0 ! wit ( any man1 by s mu* ! deep] 0 he likely to be ensn>$ & fa/] held !re94 ,?irdly1 s long z ,i conf9e my ?\ghts to my own ideas7#eaf71 dive/$ ( words1 ,i d n see h[ ,i c easily be mi/ak54 ,! objects ,i consid]1 ,i cle>ly & adequately "k4 ,i _c be deceiv$ 9 ?9k+ ,i h an idea :i* ,i h n4 ,x is n possible = me to imag9e t any ( my own ideas are alike or unlike t are n truly s4 ,to disc]n ! agreem5ts or disagreem5ts !re are betwe5 my ideas1 to see :at ideas are includ$ 9 any comp\nd idea & :at n1 !re is no?+ m requisite ?an an att5tive p]ception ( :at passes 9 my own und]/&+4 #bc4 ,b ! atta9m5t ( all ^! advantages does presuppose an entire deliv]ance f ! deception ( words2 :i* ,i d>e h>dly promise myself1 s difficult a ?+ x is to dissolve an union s e>ly begun1 & confirm$ by s long a habit z t betwixt words & ideas4 ,:i* difficulty seems to h be5 v mu* increas$ by ! doctr9e ( ab/raction4 ,=1 s long z m5 ?\ght ab/ract ideas 7 annex$ to _! words1 x does n seem /range t !y %\ld use words = ideas2 x be+ f\nd an impracticable ?+ to lay aside ! ^w1 & reta9 ! ab/ract idea 9 ! m9d2 :i* 9 itself 0 p]fectly inconceivable4 ,?is seems to me ! pr9cipal cause :y ^? :o h s emphatically recomm5d$ to o!rs ! lay+ aside all use ( words 9 _! m$itations1 & contemplat+ _! b>e ideas1 h yet fail$ to p]=m x !mselves4 ,( late _m h be5 v s5sible ( ! absurd op9ions & insignificant disputes :i* gr[ out ( ! abuse ( words4 ,&1 9 ord] to rem$y ^! evils1 !y advise well7#eag71 t we att5d to ! ideas signifi$1 & draw (f our att5tion f ! words :i* signify !m7#eah74 ,b1 h[ good soev] ?is advice may be !y h giv5 o!rs1 x is pla9 !y c\ld n h a due reg>d to x !mselves1 s long z !y ?\ght ! only imm$iate use ( words 0 to signify ideas1 & t ! imm$iate signification ( e g5]al "n 0 a det]m9ate ab/ract idea4 #bd4 ,b ^! be+ kn[n to be mi/akes1 a man may ) great] ease prev5t 8 be+ impos$ on by words4 ,he t kn[s he has no o!r ?an p>ticul> ideas1 w n puzzle himself 9 va9 to f9d out & conceive ! ab/ract idea annex$ to any "n4 ,& he t kn[s names d n always /& = ideas7#eai7 w sp>e himself ! lab\r ( look+ = ideas :]e !re are none to be _h4 ,x 71 !re=e1 to be wi%$ t e "o w\ld use 8 utmo/ endeav\rs to obta9 a cle> view ( ! ideas he w\ld consid]2 sep>at+ f !m all t dress & incumbrance ( words :i* s mu* contribute to bl9d ! judgm5t & divide ! att5tion4 ,9 va9 d we ext5d our view into ! heav5s & pry into ! entrails ( ! e>?1 9 va9 d we consult ! writ+s ( le>n$ m5 & trace ! d>k foot/eps ( antiquity4 ,we ne$ only draw ! curta9 ( words1 to behold ! faire/ tree ( k1 ^: fruit is excell5t1 & )9 ! rea* ( our h&4 #be4 ,unless we take c>e to cle> ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,k f ! emb>ras & delusion ( ,words1 we may make inf9ite reason+s ^u !m to no purpose2 we may draw consequ5ces f consequ5ces1 & be nev] ! wis]4 ,! f>!r we g1 we %all only lose ourselves ! m irrecov]ably1 & be ! deep] entangl$ 9 difficulties & mi/akes4 ,:oev] !re=e designs to read ! foll[+ %eets1 ,i entreat him t he w\ld make my words ! occasion ( 8 own ?9k+1 & endeav\r to atta9 ! same tra9 ( ?\ghts 9 read+ t ,i _h 9 writ+ !m4 ,by ?is means x w be easy = him to discov] ! tru? or falsity ( :at ,i say4 ,he w be out ( all dang] ( be+ deceiv$ by my words4 ,& ,i d n see h[ he c be l$ into an error by consid]+ 8 own nak$1 undisguis$ ideas7#ebj74 ,"p ,fir/ #a4 ,x is evid5t to any "o :o takes a survey ( ! objects ( human k1 t !y are ei!r ideas actually impr9t$ on ! s5ses2 or else su* z are p]ceiv$ by att5d+ to ! passions & op]ations ( ! m9d2 or la/ly1 ideas =m$ by help ( memory & imag9ation--ei!r comp\nd+1 divid+1 or b>ely repres5t+ ^? orig9ally p]ceiv$ 9 ! a=esaid ways4 ,by sight ,i h ! ideas ( light & col\rs1 ) _! sev]al degrees & v>iations4 ,by t\* ,i p]ceive h>d & s(t1 heat & cold1 motion & resi/ance2 & ( all ^! m & less ei!r z to quantity or degree4 ,smell+ furni%es me ) od\rs2 ! palate ) ta/es2 & he>+ conveys s\nds to ! m9d 9 all _! v>iety ( tone & composition7#eba74 ,& z sev]al ( ^! are obs]v$ to accompany ea* o!r1 !y come to be m>k$ by "o "n1 & s to be reput$ z "o ?+4 ,?us1 = example1 a c]ta9 col\r1 ta/e1 smell1 figure & consi/5ce hav+ be5 obs]v$ to g toge!r1 are acc\nt$ "o di/9ct ?+1 signifi$ by ! "n apple2 o!r collections ( ideas con/itute a /one1 a tree1 a book1 & ! l s5sible ?+s2 :i* z !y are pleas+ or disagreeable excite ! passions ( love1 hatr$1 joy1 grief1 & s =?7#ebb74 #b4 ,b1 besides all t endless v>iety ( ideas or objects ( k1 !re is likewise ,some?+ :i* kn[s or p]ceives !m2 & ex]cises div]s op]ations1 z will+1 imag9+1 rememb]+1 ab\t !m4 ,?is p]ceiv+1 active be+ is :at ,i call m9d1 _s1 s\l1 or myself4 ,by :i* words ,i d n d5ote any "o ( my ideas1 b a ?+ entirely di/9ct f !m1 :]e9 !y exi/1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 :]eby !y are p]ceiv$2 = ! exi/5ce ( an idea consi/s 9 be+ p]ceiv$7#ebc74 #c4 ,t nei!r our ?\ghts1 nor passions1 nor ideas =m$ by ! imag9ation1 exi/ )\t ! m9d is :at ev]ybody w all[4 ,& to me x seems no less evid5t t ! v>i\s s5sations1 or ideas impr9t$ on ! ,s5se1 h[ev] bl5d$ or comb9$ toge!r 7t is1 :atev] objects !y compose71 _c exi/ o!rwise ?an 9 a m9d p]ceiv+ !m7#ebd74 ,i ?9k an intuitive k may be obta9$ ( ?is1 by any "o t %all att5d to :at is meant by ! t]m exi/ :5 appli$ to s5sible ?+s7#ebe74 ,! table ,i write on ,i say exi/s2 t is1 ,i see & feel x3 & if ,i 7 out ( my /udy ,i %\ld say x exi/$2 mean+ !reby t if ,i 0 9 my /udy ,i might p]ceive x1 or t "s o!r _s actually does p]ceive x4 ,!re 0 an od\r1 t is1 x 0 smelt2 !re 0 a s\nd1 t is1 x 0 he>d2 a col\r or figure1 & x 0 p]ceiv$ by sight or t\*4 ,?is is all t ,i c und]/& by ^! & ! l expressions7#ebf74 ,= z to :at is said ( ! absolute exi/5ce ( un?9k+ ?+s1 )\t any relation to _! be+ p]ceiv$1 t is to me p]fectly un9telligible4 ,_! esse is p]cipi2 nor is x possible !y %\ld h any exi/5ce out ( ! m9ds or ?9k+ ?+s :i* p]ceive !m7#ebg74 #d4 ,x is inde$ an op9ion /rangely prevail+ among/ m51 t h\ses1 m\nta9s1 riv]s1 & 9 a ^w all s5sible objects1 h an exi/5ce1 natural or real7#ebh71 di/9ct f _! be+ p]ceiv$ by ! und]/&+4 ,b1 ) h[ great an assurance & acquiesc5ce soev] ?is ,pr9ciple may be ent]ta9$ 9 ! _w1 yet :oev] %all f9d 9 8 he>t to call x 9 "q may1 if ,i mi/ake n1 p]ceive x to involve a manife/ contradiction4 ,=1 :at are ! =em5tion$ objects b ! ?+s we p]ceive by s5se8 & :at d we p]ceive besides our own7#ebi7 ideas or s5sations8 & is x n pla9ly repugnant t any "o ( ^!1 or any comb9ation ( !m1 %\ld exi/ unp]ceiv$8 #e4 ,if we ?or\ghly exam9e ?is t5et7#ecj7 x w1 p]haps1 be f\nd at bottom to dep5d on ! doctr9e ( ab/ract ideas4 ,= c !re be a nic] /ra9 ( ab/raction ?an to di/+ui% ! exi/5ce ( s5sible objects f _! be+ p]ceiv$1 s z to conceive !m exi/+ unp]ceiv$7#eca78 ,light & col\rs1 heat & cold1 ext5sion & figures--9 a ^w ! ?+s we see & feel--:at are !y b s _m s5sations1 notions7#ecb71 ideas1 or impressions on ! s5se8 & is x possible to sep>ate1 ev5 9 ?\ght1 any ( ^! f p]ception8 ,= my "p1 ,i might z easily divide a ?+ f itself4 ,i may1 inde$1 divide 9 my ?\ghts1 or conceive ap>t f ea* o!r1 ^? ?+s :i* p]haps ,i nev] p]ceiv$ by s5se s divid$4 ,?us1 ,i imag9e ! trunk ( a human body )\t ! limbs1 or conceive ! smell ( a rose )\t ?9k+ on ! rose itself4 ,s f>1 ,i w n d5y1 ,i c ab/ract2 if t may prop]ly be call$ ab/raction :i* ext5ds only to ! conceiv+ sep>ately su* objects z x is possible may really exi/ or be actually p]ceiv$ asund]4 ,b my conceiv+ or imag9+ p[] does n ext5d beyond ! possibility ( real exi/5ce or p]ception4 ,h5ce1 z x is impossible = me to see or feel any?+ )\t an actual s5sation ( t ?+1 s is x impossible = me to conceive 9 my ?\ghts any s5sible ?+ or object di/9ct f ! s5sation or p]ception ( x4 7#ecc7;,9 tru?1 ! object & ! s5sation are ! same ?+1 & _c !re=e be ab/ract$ f ea* o!r4 #f4 ,"s tru?s !re are s ne> & obvi\s to ! m9d t a man ne$ only op5 8 eyes to see !m4 ,su* ,i take ?is important "o to be1 viz4 t all ! *oir ( heav5 & furniture ( ! e>?1 9 a ^w all ^? bodies :i* compose ! mighty frame ( ! _w1 h n any subsi/5ce )\t a m9d2 t _! be+ is to be p]ceiv$ or kn[n2 t consequ5tly s long z !y are n actually p]ceiv$ by me1 or d n exi/ 9 my m9d1 or t ( any o!r creat$ _s1 !y mu/ ei!r h no exi/5ce at all1 or else subsi/ 9 ! m9d ( "s ,et]nal ,_s3 x be+ p]fectly un9telligible1 & involv+ all ! absurdity ( ab/raction1 to attribute to any s+le "p ( !m an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( a _s4 7#ecd7,to be conv9c$ ( :i*1 ! read] ne$ only reflect1 & try to sep>ate 9 8 own ?\ghts ! be+ ( a s5sible ?+ f its be+ p]ceiv$4 #g4 ,f :at has be5 said x is evid5t !re is n any o!r ,sub/ance ?an ,_s1 or t :i* p]ceives7#ece74 ,b1 = ! full] pro(7#ecf7 ( ?is po9t1 let x be consid]$ ! s5sible qualities are col\r1 figure1 motion1 smell1 ta/e1 & su* l1 t is1 ! ideas p]ceiv$ by s5se4 ,n[1 = an idea to exi/ 9 an unp]ceiv+ ?+ is a manife/ contradiction2 = to h an idea is all "o z to p]ceive3 t !re=e :]e9 col\r1 figure1 & ! l qualities exi/ mu/ p]ceive !m4 ,h5ce x is cle> !re c be no un?9k+ sub/ance or sub/ratum ( ^? ideas4 #h4 ,b1 say y1 ?\gh ! ideas !mselves7#ecg7 d n exi/ )\t ! m9d1 yet !re may be ?+s l !m1 :]e( !y are copies or resemblances2 :i* ?+s exi/ )\t ! m9d1 9 an un?9k+ sub/ance7#ech74 ,i answ]1 an idea c be l no?+ b an idea2 a col\r or figure c be l no?+ b ano!r col\r or figure4 ,if we look b nev] s little into our ?\ghts1 we %all f9d x impossible = u to conceive a lik5ess except only betwe5 our ideas4 ,aga91 ,i ask :e!r ^? suppos$ orig9als1 or ext]nal ?+s1 ( :i* our ideas are ! pictures or repres5tations1 be !mselves p]ceivable or no8 ,if !y are1 !n !y are ideas1 & we h ga9$ our po9t3 b if y say !y are n1 ,i appeal to any "o :e!r x be s5se to ass]t a col\r is l some?+ :i* is invisible2 h>d or s(t1 l some?+ :i* is intangible2 & s ( ! re/4 #i4 ,"s !re are :o make a di/9ction betwixt prim>y & second>y qualities7#eci74 ,by ! =m] !y mean ext5sion1 figure1 motion1 re/1 solidity or imp5etrability1 & numb]2 by ! latt] !y d5ote all o!r s5sible qualities1 z col\rs1 s\nds1 ta/es1 & s =?4 ,! ideas we h ( ^! la/ !y ackn[l$ge n to be ! resemblances ( any?+ exi/+ )\t ! m9d1 or unp]ceiv$2 b !y w h our ideas ( ! prim>y qualities to be patt]ns or images ( ?+s :i* exi/ )\t ! m9d1 9 an un?9k+ sub/ance :i* !y call ,matt]4 ,by ,matt]1 !re=e1 we are to und]/& an in]t7#edj71 s5seless sub/ance1 9 :i* ext5sion1 figure1 & motion d actually subsi/4 ,b x is evid5t1 f :at we h already %ewn1 t ext5sion1 figure1 & motion are only ideas exi/+ 9 ! m9d7#eda71 & t an idea c be l no?+ b ano!r idea2 & t consequ5tly nei!r !y nor _! ar*etypes c exi/ 9 an unp]ceiv+ sub/ance4 ,h5ce1 x is pla9 t ! v notion ( :at is call$ ,matt] or corporeal sub/ance1 involves a contradiction 9 x4 7#edb7;,insomu* t ,i %\ld n ?9k x necess>y to sp5d m "t 9 expos+ its absurdity4 ,b1 because ! t5et ( ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]7#edc7 seems to h tak5 s deep a root 9 ! m9ds ( philosoph]s1 & draws aft] x s _m ill consequ5ces1 ,i *oose r to be ?\ght prolix & t$i\s ?an omit any?+ t might conduce to ! full discov]y & extirpation ( t prejudice4 #aj4 ,!y :o ass]t t figure1 motion1 & ! re/ ( ! prim>y or orig9al qualities7#edd7 d exi/ )\t ! m9d1 9 un?9k+ sub/ances1 d at ! same "t ackn[l$ge t col\rs1 s\nds1 heat1 cold1 & su*like second>y qualities1 d n2 :i* !y tell u are s5sations1 exi/+ 9 ! m9d alone1 t dep5d on & are occasion$ by ! diff]5t size1 texture1 & motion ( ! m9ute p>ticles ( matt]7#ede74 ,?is !y take = an und\bt$ tru?1 :i* !y c demon/rate beyond all exception4 ,n[1 if x be c]ta9 t ^? orig9al qualities are insep>ably unit$ ) ! o!r s5sible qualities1 & n1 ev5 9 ?\ght1 capable ( be+ ab/ract$ f !m1 x pla9ly foll[s t !y exi/ only 9 ! m9d4 ,b ,i desire any "o to reflect1 & try :e!r he c1 by any ab/raction ( ?\ght1 conceive ! ext5sion & motion ( a body )\t all o!r s5sible qualities4 ,= my own "p1 ,i see evid5tly t x is n 9 my p[] to frame an idea ( a body ext5d$ & mov+1 b ,i mu/ )al give x "s col\r or o!r s5sible quality1 :i* is ackn[l$g$ to exi/ only 9 ! m9d4 ,9 %ort1 ext5sion1 figure & motion1 ab/ract$ f all o!r qualities1 are inconceivable4 ,:]e !re=e ! o!r s5sible qualities are1 !re mu/ ^! be also1 to wit1 9 ! m9d & n[h]e else7#edf74 #aa4 ,aga91 great & small1 swift & sl[1 are all[$ to exi/ n[h]e )\t ! m9d7#edg72 be+ entirely relative1 & *ang+ z ! frame or position ( ! organs ( s5se v>ies4 ,! ext5sion !re=e :i* exi/s )\t ! m9d is nei!r great nor small1 ! motion nei!r swift nor sl[2 t is1 !y are no?+ at all4 ,b1 say y1 !y are ext5sion 9 g5]al1 & motion 9 g5]al4 ,?us we see h[ mu* ! t5et ( ext5d$ moveable sub/ances exi/+ )\t ! m9d dep5ds on t /range doctr9e ( ab/ract ideas4 ,& "h ,i _c b rem>k h[ ne>ly ! vague & indet]m9ate description ( ,matt]1 or corporeal sub/ance1 :i* ! mod]n philosoph]s are run into by _! own pr9ciples1 resembles t antiquat$ & s mu* ridicul$ notion ( mat]ia prima1 to be met ) 9 ,ari/otle & 8 foll[]s4 ,)\t ext5sion solidity _c be conceiv$3 s9ce !re=e x has be5 %ewn t ext5sion exi/s n 9 an un?9k+ sub/ance1 ! same mu/ also be true ( solidity7#edh74 #ab4 ,t numb] is entirely ! creature ( ! m9d7#edi71 ev5 ?\gh ! o!r qualities be all[$ to exi/ )\t1 w be evid5t to :oev] consid]s t ! same ?+ be>s a diff]5t d5om9ation ( numb] z ! m9d views x ) diff]5t respects4 ,?us1 ! same ext5sion is "o1 or ?ree1 or ?irty-six1 accord+ z ! m9d consid]s x ) ref]5ce to a y>d1 a foot1 or an in*4 ,numb] is s visibly relative1 & dep5d5t on m5's und]/&+1 t x is /range to ?9k h[ any "o %\ld give x an absolute exi/5ce )\t ! m9d4 ,we say "o book1 "o page1 "o l9e1 c42 all ^! are equally units1 ?\gh "s conta9 sev]al ( ! o!rs4 ,& 9 ea* in/ance1 x is pla91 ! unit relates to "s p>ticul> comb9ation ( ideas arbitr>ily put toge!r by ! m9d7#eej74 #ac4 ,unity ,i "k "s7#eea7 w h to be a simple or uncomp\nd$ idea1 accompany+ all o!r ideas into ! m9d4 ,t ,i h any su* idea answ]+ ! ^w unity ,i d n f9d2 & if ,i _h1 me?9ks ,i c\ld n miss f9d+ x2 on ! contr>y1 x %\ld be ! mo/ famili> to my und]/&+1 s9ce x is said to accompany all o!r ideas1 & to be p]ceiv$ by all ! ways ( s5sation & reflexion4 ,to say no m1 x is an ab/ract idea4 #ad4 ,i %all f>!r add1 t1 aft] ! same mann] z mod]n philosoph]s prove c]ta9 s5sible qualities to h no exi/5ce 9 ,matt]1 or )\t ! m9d1 ! same ?+ may be likewise prov$ ( all o!r s5sible qualities :atsoev]4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 x is said t heat & cold are affections only ( ! m9d1 & n at all patt]ns ( real be+s1 exi/+ 9 ! corporeal sub/ances :i* excite !m2 = t ! same body :i* appe>s cold to "o h& seems w>m to ano!r4 ,n[1 :y may we n z well argue t figure & ext5sion are n patt]ns or resemblances ( qualities exi/+ 9 ,matt]2 because to ! same eye at diff]5t /ations1 or eyes ( a diff]5t texture at ! same /ation1 !y appe> v>i\s1 & _c !re=e be ! images ( any?+ settl$ & det]m9ate )\t ! m9d8 ,aga91 x is prov$ t sweetness is n really 9 ! sapid ?+2 because ! ?+ rema9+ unalt]$ ! sweetness is *ang$ into bitt]1 z 9 case ( a fev] or o!rwise vitiat$ palate4 ,is x n z reasonable to say t motion is n )\t ! m9d2 s9ce if ! succession ( ideas 9 ! m9d become swift]1 ! motion1 x is ackn[l$g$1 %all appe> sl[]1 )\t any alt]ation 9 any ext]nal object7#eeb78 #ae4 ,9 %ort1 let any "o consid] ^? argum5ts :i* are ?\ght manife/ly to prove t col\rs & ta/es exi/ only 9 ! m9d1 & he %all f9d !y may ) equal =ce be br\ght to prove ! same ?+ ( ext5sion1 figure1 & motion4 ,?\gh x mu/ be confess$ ?is me?od ( argu+ does n s mu* prove t !re is no ext5sion or col\r 9 an outw>d object1 z t we d n "k by s5se :i* is ! true ext5sion or col\r ( ! object4 ,b ! argum5ts =ego+7#eec7 pla9ly %ew x to be impossible t any col\r or ext5sion at all1 or o!r s5sible quality :atsoev]1 %\ld exi/ 9 an un?9k+ subject )\t ! m9d1 or 9 tru? t !re %\ld be any su* ?+ z an outw>d object7#eed74 #af4 ,b let u exam9e a little ! receiv$ op9ion4 ,x is said ext5sion is a mode or accid5t ( ,matt]1 & t ,matt] is ! sub/ratum t supports x4 ,n[ ,i desire t y w\ld expla9 to me :at is meant by ,matt]'s support+ ext5sion4 ,say y1 ,i h no idea ( ,matt]2 & !re=e _c expla9 x4 ,i answ]1 ?\gh y h no positive1 yet1 if y h any mean+ at all1 y mu/ at lea/ h a relative idea ( ,matt]2 ?\gh y "k n :at x is1 yet y mu/ be suppos$ to "k :at relation x be>s to accid5ts1 & :at is meant by its support+ !m4 ,x is evid5t support _c "h be tak5 9 its usual or lit]al s5se1 z :5 we say t pill>s support a build+4 ,9 :at s5se !re=e mu/ x be tak58 7#eee7 ,= my "p1 ,i am n able to discov] any s5se at all t c be applicable to x4 #ag4 ,if we inquire into :at ! mo/ accurate philosoph]s decl>e !mselves to mean by mat]ial sub/ance1 we %all f9d !m ackn[l$ge !y h no o!r mean+ annex$ to ^? s\nds b ! idea ( ,be+ 9 g5]al1 toge!r ) ! relative notion ( its support+ accid5ts4 ,! g5]al idea ( ,be+ appe>e? to me ! mo/ ab/ract & incompreh5sible ( all o!r2 & z = its support+ accid5ts1 ?is1 z we h j n[ obs]v$1 _c be und]/ood 9 ! common s5se ( ^? words3 x mu/ !re=e be tak5 9 "s o!r s5se1 b :at t is !y d n expla94 ,s t :5 ,i consid] ! two p>ts or bran*es :i* make ! signification ( ! words mat]ial sub/ance1 ,i am conv9c$ !re is no di/9ct mean+ annex$ to !m4 ,b :y %\ld we tr\ble ourselves any f>!r1 9 discuss+ ?is mat]ial sub/ratum or support ( figure & motion & o!r s5sible qualities8 ,does x n suppose !y h an exi/5ce )\t ! m9d8 ,& is n ?is a direct repugnancy1 & altoge!r inconceivable8 #ah4 ,b1 ?\gh x 7 possible t solid1 figur$1 moveable sub/ances may exi/ )\t ! m9d1 correspond+ to ! ideas we h ( bodies1 yet h[ is x possible = u to "k ?is8 ,ei!r we mu/ "k x by ,s5se or by ,reason7#eef74 ,z = our s5ses1 by !m we h ! k only ( our s5sations1 ideas1 or ^? ?+s t are imm$iately p]ceiv$ by s5se1 call !m :at y w3 b !y d n in=m u t ?+s exi/ )\t ! m9d1 or unp]ceiv$1 l to ^? :i* are p]ceiv$4 ,?is ! mat]iali/s !mselves ackn[l$ge4--,x rema9s !re=e t if we h any k at all ( ext]nal ?+s1 x mu/ be by reason inf]r+ _! exi/5ce f :at is imm$iately p]ceiv$ by s5se4 ,b 77#eeg7;,i d n see7 :at reason c induce u to believe ! exi/5ce ( bodies )\t ! m9d1 f :at we p]ceive1 s9ce ! v patrons ( ,matt] !mselves d n pret5d !re is any necess>y connexion betwixt !m & our ideas8 ,i say x is grant$ on all h&s 7& :at happ5s 9 dreams1 fr5sies1 & ! l1 puts x beyond dispute7 t x is possible we might be affect$ ) all ! ideas we h n[1 ?\gh no bodies exi/$ )\t resembl+ !m7#eeh74 ,h5ce x is evid5t ! supposition ( ext]nal bodies7#eei7 is n necess>y = ! produc+ our ideas2 s9ce x is grant$ !y are produc$ sometimes1 & might possibly be produc$ always1 9 ! same ord] we see !m 9 at pres5t1 )\t _! concurr5ce4 #ai4 ,b1 ?\gh we might possibly h all our s5sations )\t !m1 yet p]haps x may be ?\ght easi] to conceive & expla9 ! mann] ( _! production1 by suppos+ ext]nal bodies 9 _! lik5ess r ?an o!rwise2 & s x might be at lea/ probable !re are su* ?+s z bodies t excite _! ideas 9 our m9ds4 ,b nei!r c ?is be said4 ,=1 ?\gh we give ! mat]iali/s _! ext]nal bodies1 !y by _! own confession are nev] ! ne>] kn[+ h[ our ideas are produc$2 s9ce !y own !mselves unable to compreh5d 9 :at mann] body c act ^u _s1 or h[ x is possible x %\ld impr9t any idea 9 ! m9d7#efj74 ,h5ce x is evid5t ! production ( ideas or s5sations 9 our m9ds7#efa71 c be no reason :y we %\ld suppose ,matt] or corporeal sub/ances7#efb72 s9ce t is ackn[l$g$ to rema9 equally inexplicable ) or )\t ?is supposition4 ,if !re=e x 7 possible = bodies to exi/ )\t ! m9d1 yet to hold !y d s mu/ ne$s be a v prec>i\s op9ion2 s9ce x is to suppose1 )\t any reason at all1 t ,god has creat$ innum]able be+s t are entirely useless1 & s]ve to no mann] ( purpose4 #bj4 ,9 %ort1 if !re 7 ext]nal bodies7#efc71 x is impossible we %\ld ev] come to "k x2 & if !re 7 n1 we might h ! v same reasons to ?9k !re 7 t we h n[4 ,suppose--:at no "o c d5y possible--an intellig5ce1 )\t ! help ( ext]nal bodies1 to be affect$ ) ! same tra9 ( s5sations or ideas t y are1 impr9t$ 9 ! same ord] & ) l vividness 9 8 m9d4 ,i ask :e!r t intellig5ce ha? n all ! reason to believe ! exi/5ce ( ,corporeal ,sub/ances1 repres5t$ by 8 ideas1 & excit+ !m 9 8 m9d1 t y c possibly h = believ+ ! same ?+8 ,( ?is !re c be no "q4 ,:i* "o consid]ation 7 en\gh to make any reasonable p]son suspect ! /r5g? ( :atev] argum5ts he may ?9k himself to h1 = ! exi/5ce ( bodies )\t ! m9d4 #ba4 ,7 x necess>y to add any f>!r pro( aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]7#efd71 aft] :at has be5 said1 ,i c\ld in/ance sev]al ( ^? errors & difficulties 7n to m5tion impieties7 :i* h sprung f t t5et4 ,x has occasion$ numb]less controv]sies & disputes 9 philosophy1 & n a few ( f> great] mom5t 9 religion4 ,b ,i %all n ent] into ! detail ( !m 9 ?is place1 z well because ,i ?9k argum5ts a po/]iori are unnecess>y = confirm+ :at has be51 if ,i mi/ake n1 suffici5tly demon/rat$ a priori1 z because ,i %all h]eaft] f9d occasion to speak some:at ( !m4 #bb4 ,i am afraid ,i h giv5 cause to ?9k ,i am ne$lessly prolix 9 h&l+ ?is subject4 ,=1 to :at purpose is x to dilate on t :i* may be demon/rat$ ) ! utmo/ evid5ce 9 a l9e or two1 to any "o t is capable ( ! lea/ reflexion8 ,x is b look+ into y\r own ?\ghts1 & s try+ :e!r y c conceive x possible = a s\nd1 or figure1 or motion1 or col\r to exi/ )\t ! m9d or unp]ceiv$4 ,?is easy trial7#efe7 may p]haps make y see t :at y cont5d = is a d[nright contradiction4 ,insomu* t ,i am cont5t to put ! :ole ^u ?is issue3--,if y c b conceive x possible = "o ext5d$ moveable sub/ance1 or 9 g5]al = any "o idea1 or any?+ l an idea1 to exi/ o!rwise ?an 9 a m9d p]ceiv+ x7#eff71 ,i %all readily give up ! cause4 ,&1 z = all t compages ( ext]nal bodies y cont5d =1 ,i %all grant y its exi/5ce1 ?\gh y _c ei!r give me any reason :y y believe x exi/s1 or assign any use to x :5 x is suppos$ to exi/4 ,i say1 ! b>e possibility ( y\r op9ions be+ true %all pass = an argum5t t x is s4 #bc4 ,b1 say y1 surely !re is no?+ easi] ?an = me to imag9e trees1 = in/ance1 9 a p>k1 or books exi/+ 9 a closet1 & nobody by to p]ceive !m4 ,i answ]1 y may s1 !re is no difficulty 9 x4 ,b :at is all ?is1 ,i besee* y1 m ?an fram+ 9 y\r m9d c]ta9 ideas :i* y call books & trees1 & at ! same "t omitt+ to frame ! idea ( any "o t may p]ceive !m8 ,b d n y y\rself p]ceive or ?9k ( !m all ! :ile8 ,?is !re=e is no?+ to ! purpose3 x only %ews y h ! p[] ( imag9+1 or =m+ ideas 9 y\r m9d2 b x does n %ew t y c conceive x possible ! objects ( y\r ?\ght may exi/ )\t ! m9d7#efg74 ,to make out ?is1 x is necess>y t y conceive !m exi/+ unconceiv$ or un?\ght (2 :i* is a manife/ repugnancy4 ,:5 we d our utmo/ to conceive ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal bodies7#efh71 we are all ! :ile only contemplat+ our own ideas4 ,b ! m9d1 tak+ no notice ( itself1 is delud$ to ?9k x c & does conceive bodies exi/+ un?\ght (1 or )\t ! m9d1 ?\gh at ! same "t !y are appreh5d$ by1 or exi/ 91 itself4 ,a little att5tion w discov] to any "o ! tru? & evid5ce ( :at is "h said1 & make x unnecess>y to insi/ on any o!r pro(s aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( mat]ial sub/ance4 #bd4 7#efi7;,c\ld m5 b =be> to amuse !mselves ) words1 we %\ld1 ,i believe1 soon come to an agreem5t 9 ?is po9t4 ,x is v obvi\s1 ^u ! lea/ inquiry into our own ?\ghts1 to "k :e!r x be possible = u to und]/& :at is meant by ! absolute exi/5ce ( s5sible objects 9 !mselves1 or )\t ! m9d7#egj74 ,to me x is evid5t ^? words m>k out ei!r a direct contradiction1 or else no?+ at all4 ,& to conv9ce o!rs ( ?is1 ,i "k no readi] or fair] way ?an to entreat !y w\ld calmly att5d to _! own ?\ghts2 & if by ?is att5tion ! empt9ess or repugnancy ( ^? expressions does appe>1 surely no?+ m is requisite = _! conviction4 ,x is on ?is !re=e t ,i insi/1 to wit1 t ! absolute exi/5ce ( un?9k+ ?+s are words )\t a mean+1 or :i* include a contradiction4 ,?is is :at ,i repeat & inculcate1 & e>ne/ly recomm5d to ! att5tive ?\ghts ( ! read]4 #be4 ,all our ideas1 s5sations1 notions7#ega71 or ! ?+s :i* we p]ceive1 by :atsoev] names !y may be di/+ui%$1 are visibly inactive3 !re is no?+ ( p[] or ag5cy includ$ 9 !m4 ,s t "o idea or object ( ?\ght _c produce or make any alt]ation 9 ano!r7#egb74 ,to be satisfi$ ( ! tru? ( ?is1 !re is no?+ else requisite b a b>e obs]vation ( our ideas4 ,=1 s9ce !y & e "p ( !m exi/ only 9 ! m9d1 x foll[s t !re is no?+ 9 !m b :at is p]ceiv$2 b :oev] %all att5d to 8 ideas1 :e!r ( s5se or reflexion1 w n p]ceive 9 !m any p[] or activity2 !re is1 !re=e1 no su* ?+ conta9$ 9 !m4 ,a little att5tion w discov] to u t ! v be+ ( an idea implies passiv5ess & in]tness 9 x2 insomu* t x is impossible = an idea to d any?+1 or1 /rictly speak+1 to be ! cause ( any?+3 nei!r c x be ! resemblance or patt]n ( any active be+1 z is evid5t f sect4 #h4 ,:5ce x pla9ly foll[s t ext5sion1 figure1 & motion _c be ! cause ( our s5sations4 ,to say1 !re=e1 t ^! are ! effects ( p[]s result+ f ! configuration1 numb]1 motion1 & size ( corpuscles7#egc71 mu/ c]ta9ly be false4 #bf4 ,we p]ceive a cont9ual succession ( ideas2 "s are anew excit$1 o!rs are *ang$ or totally disappe>4 ,!re is !re=e "s cause ( ^! ideas1 :]eon !y dep5d1 & :i* produces & *anges !m7#egd74 ,t ?is cause _c be any quality or idea or comb9ation ( ideas1 is cle> f ! prec$+ section4 ,x mu/ !re=e be a sub/ance2 b x has be5 %ewn t !re is no corporeal or mat]ial sub/ance3 x rema9s !re=e t ! cause ( ideas is an incorporeal active sub/ance or ,_s7#ege74 #bg4 ,a ,_s is "o simple1 undivid$ active be+--z x p]ceives ideas x is call$ ! und]/&+1 & z x produces or o!rwise op]ates ab\t !m x is call$ ! w4 ,h5ce !re c be no idea =m$ ( a s\l or _s2 = all ideas :atev]1 be+ passive & in]t 7vid4 sect4 #be71 !y _c repres5t unto u1 by way ( image or lik5ess1 t :i* acts4 ,a little att5tion w make x pla9 to any "o1 t to h an idea :i* %all be l t active ,pr9ciple ( motion & *ange ( ideas is absolutely impossible4 ,su* is ! nature ( ,_s1 or t :i* acts1 t x _c be ( itself p]ceiv$1 b only by ! effects :i* x produce?7#egf74 ,if any man %all d\bt ( ! tru? ( :at is "h deliv]$1 let him b reflect & try if he c frame ! idea ( any p[] or active be+2 & :e!r he has ideas ( two pr9cipal p[]s1 m>k$ by ! names w & und]/&+1 di/9ct f ea* o!r1 z well z f a ?ird idea ( ,sub/ance or ,be+ 9 g5]al1 ) a relative notion ( its support+ or be+ ! subject ( ! a=esaid p[]s--:i* is signifi$ by ! "n s\l or _s4 ,?is is :at "s hold2 b1 s f> z ,i c see1 ! words w1 7#egg7und]/&+1 m9d1 s\l1 _s1 d n /& = diff]5t ideas1 or1 9 tru?1 = any idea at all1 b = some?+ :i* is v diff]5t f ideas1 & :i*1 be+ an ag5t1 _c be l unto1 or repres5t$ by1 any idea :atsoev]4 7#egh7,?\gh x mu/ be own$ at ! same "t t we h "s notion ( s\l1 _s1 & ! op]ations ( ! m9d1 su* z will+1 lov+1 hat+--inasmu* z we "k or und]/& ! mean+ ( ^! words4 #bh4 ,i f9d ,i c excite ideas7#egi7 9 my m9d at pleasure1 & v>y & %ift ! sc5e z (t z ,i ?9k fit4 ,x is no m ?an will+1 & /raightway ?is or t idea arises 9 my fancy2 & by ! same p[] x is oblit]at$ & makes way = ano!r4 ,?is mak+ & unmak+ ( ideas do? v prop]ly d5om9ate ! m9d active4 ,?us mu* is c]ta9 & gr\nd$ on exp]i5ce3 b :5 we talk ( un?9k+ ag5ts1 or ( excit+ ideas exclusive ( volition1 we only amuse ourselves ) words7#ehj74 #bi4 ,b1 :atev] p[] ,i may h ov] my own ?\ghts1 ,i f9d ! ideas actually p]ceiv$ by ,s5se h n a l dep5d5ce on my w4 ,:5 9 broad daylight ,i op5 my eyes1 x is n 9 my p[] to *oose :e!r ,i %all see or no1 or to det]m9e :at p>ticul> objects %all pres5t !mselves to my view3 & s likewise z to ! he>+ & o!r s5ses2 ! ideas impr9t$ on !m are n creatures ( my w7#eha74 ,!re is !re=e "s o!r ,w or ,_s t produces !m4 #cj4 ,! ideas ( ,s5se are m /rong1 lively1 & di/9ct ?an ^? ( ! ,imag9ation7#ehb72 !y h likewise a /ead9ess1 ord]1 & coh]5ce1 & are n excit$ at r&om1 z ^? :i* are ! effects ( human wills (t5 are1 b 9 a regul> tra9 or s]ies--! admirable connexion :]e( suffici5tly te/ifies ! wisdom & b5evol5ce ( its ,au?or4 ,n[ ! set rules1 or e/abli%$ me?ods1 :]e9 ! ,m9d we dep5d on excites 9 u ! ideas ( ,s5se1 are call$ ! laws ( nature2 & ^! we le>n by exp]i5ce1 :i* tea*es u t su* & su* ideas are att5d$ ) su* & su* o!r ideas1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s4 #ca4 ,?is gives u a sort ( =esight1 :i* enables u to regulate our actions = ! b5efit ( life4 ,& )\t ?is we %\ld be et]nally at a loss3 we c\ld n "k h[ to act any?+ t might procure u ! lea/ pleasure1 or remove ! lea/ pa9 ( s5se4 ,t food n\ri%es1 sleep refre%es1 & fire w>ms u2 t to s[ 9 ! se$-"t is ! way to reap 9 ! h>ve/2 & 9 g5]al t to obta9 su* or su* ends1 su* or su* means are conducive--all ?is we "k1 n by discov]+ any necess>y connexion betwe5 our ideas1 b only by ! obs]vation ( ! settl$ laws ( nature2 )\t :i* we %\ld be all 9 unc]ta9ty & confusion1 & a gr[n man no m "k h[ to manage himself 9 ! affairs ( life ?an an infant j born7#ehc74 #cb4 ,& yet ?is consi/5t uni=m work+1 :i* s evid5tly displays ! ,goodness & ,wisdom ( t ,gov]n+ ,_s ^: ,w con/itutes ! laws ( nature1 is s f> f lead+ our ?\ghts to ,him1 t x r s5ds !m w&]+ aft] second causes7#ehd74 ,=1 :5 we p]ceive c]ta9 ideas ( ,s5se con/antly foll[$ by o!r ideas1 & we "k ?is is n ( our own do+1 we =?) attribute p[] & ag5cy to ! ideas !mselves1 & make "o ! cause ( ano!r1 ?an :i* no?+ c be m absurd & un9telligible4 ,?us1 = example1 hav+ obs]v$ t :5 we p]ceive by sight a c]ta9 r\nd lum9\s figure1 we at ! same "t p]ceive by t\* ! idea or s5sation call$ heat1 we d f !nce conclude ! sun to be ! cause ( heat4 ,& 9 l mann] p]ceiv+ ! motion & collision ( bodies to be att5d$ ) s\nd1 we are incl9$ to ?9k ! latt] ! effect ( ! =m]7#ehe74 #cc4 ,! ideas impr9t$ on ! ,s5ses by ! ,au?or ( nature are call$ real ?+s3 & ^? excit$ 9 ! imag9ation1 be+ less regul>1 vivid1 & con/ant1 are m prop]ly t]m$ ideas or images ( ?+s1 :i* !y copy & repres5t4 ,b !n our s5sations1 be !y nev] s vivid & di/9ct1 are nev]!less ideas7#ehf73 t is1 !y exi/ 9 ! m9d1 or are p]ceiv$ by x1 z truly z ! ideas ( its own fram+4 ,! ideas ( ,s5se are all[$ to h m reality7#ehg7 9 !m1 t is1 to be m /rong1 ord]ly1 & coh]5t ?an ! creatures ( ! m9d2 b ?is is no argum5t t !y exi/ )\t ! m9d4 ,!y are also less dep5d5t on ! _s or ?9k+ sub/ance :i* p]ceives !m1 9 t !y are excit$ by ! w ( ano!r & m p[]ful ,_s2 yet /ill !y are ideas3 & c]ta9ly no idea1 :e!r fa9t or /rong1 c exi/ o!rwise ?an 9 a m9d p]ceiv+ x7#ehh74 #cd4 ,be=e we proce$ any f>!r x is necess>y we sp5d "s "t 9 answ]+ ,objections7#ehi7 :i* may probably be made aga9/ ! ,pr9ciples we h hi!rto laid d[n4 ,9 do+ ( :i*1 if ,i seem too prolix to ^? ( quick appreh5sions1 ,i desire ,i may be excus$1 s9ce all m5 d n equally appreh5d ?+s ( ?is nature2 & ,i am will+ to be und]/ood by e "o4 ,fir/1 !n1 x w be object$ t by ! =ego+ pr9ciples all t is real & sub/antial 9 nature is bani%$ out ( ! _w1 & in/ead !re( a *im]ical s*eme ( ideas takes place4 ,all ?+s t exi/ exi/ only 9 ! m9d2 t is1 !y are purely notional4 ,:at !re=e becomes ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s8 ,:at mu/ we ?9k ( h\ses1 riv]s1 m\nta9s1 trees1 /ones2 nay1 ev5 ( our own bodies8 ,are all ^! b s _m *im]as & illusions on ! fancy8--,to all :i*1 & :atev] else ( ! same sort may be object$1 ,i answ]1 t by ! ,pr9ciples premis$ we are n depriv$ ( any "o ?+ 9 nature4 ,:atev] we see1 feel1 he>1 or any wise conceive or und]/&1 rema9s z secure z ev]1 & is z real z ev]4 ,!re is a r]um natura1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 realities & *im]as reta9s its full =ce4 ,?is is evid5t f sect4 #bi1 #cj1 & #cc1 :]e we h %ewn :at is meant by real ?+s1 9 opposition to *im]as or ideas ( our own fram+2 b !n !y bo? equally exi/ 9 ! m9d1 & 9 t s5se7#eij7 are alike ideas4 #ce4 ,i d n argue aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( any "o ?+ t we c appreh5d1 ei!r by s5se or reflection4 ,t ! ?+s ,i see ) my eyes & t\* ) my h&s d exi/1 really exi/1 ,i make n ! lea/ "q4 ,! only ?+ ^: exi/5ce we d5y is t :i* philosoph]s call ,matt] or corporeal sub/ance4 ,& 9 do+ ( ?is !re is no damage done to ! re/ ( mank9d1 :o1 ,i d>e say1 w nev] miss x4 ,! ,a!i/ inde$ w want ! col\r ( an empty "n to support 8 impiety2 & ! ,philosoph]s may possibly f9d !y h lo/ a great h&le = trifl+ & disputation4 7#eia7;,b t is all ! h>m t ,i c see done4 #cf4 ,if any man ?9ks ?is detracts f ! exi/5ce or reality ( ?+s1 he is v f> f und]/&+ :at ha? be5 premis$ 9 ! pla9e/ t]ms ,i c\ld ?9k (4 ,take "h an ab/ract ( :at has be5 said3--,!re are spiritual sub/ances1 m9ds1 or human s\ls1 :i* w or excite ideas7#eib7 9 !mselves at pleasure2 b ^! are fa9t1 weak1 & un/eady 9 respect ( o!rs !y p]ceive by s5se3 :i*1 be+ impress$ ^u !m accord+ to c]ta9 rules or laws ( nature1 speak !mselves ! effects ( a ,m9d m p[]ful & wise ?an human spirits7#eic74 ,^! latt] are said to h m reality7#eid7 9 !m ?an ! =m]2--by :i* is meant t !y are m affect+1 ord]ly1 & di/9ct1 & t !y are n fictions ( ! m9d p]ceiv+ !m7#eie74 ,& 9 ?is s5se ! sun t ,i see by day is ! real sun1 & t :i* ,i imag9e by night is ! idea ( ! =m]4 ,9 ! s5se "h giv5 ( reality1 x is evid5t t e vegetable1 />1 m9]al1 & 9 g5]al ea* "p ( ! mundane sy/em1 is z mu* a real be+ by our pr9ciples z by any o!r4 ,:e!r o!rs mean any?+ by ! t]m reality diff]5t f :at ,i d1 ,i entreat !m to look into _! own ?\ghts & see4 #cg4 ,x w be urg$ t ?us mu* at lea/ is true1 to wit1 t we take away all corporeal sub/ances4 ,to ?is my answ] is1 t if ! ^w sub/ance be tak5 9 ! vulg> s5se1 = a comb9ation ( s5sible qualities1 su* z ext5sion1 solidity1 weight1 & ! l--?is we _c be accus$ ( tak+ away3 b if x be tak5 9 a philosophic s5se1 = ! support ( accid5ts or qualities )\t ! m9d--!n inde$ ,i ackn[l$ge t we take x away1 if "o may be said to take away t :i* nev] _h any exi/5ce1 n ev5 9 ! imag9ation7#eif74 #ch4 ,b aft] all1 say y1 x s\nds v h>% to say we eat & dr9k ideas1 & are clo!d ) ideas4 ,i ackn[l$ge x does s--! ^w idea n be+ us$ 9 common disc\rse to signify ! sev]al comb9ations ( s5sible qualities :i* are call$ ?+s2 & x is c]ta9 t any expression :i* v>ies f ! famili> use ( language w seem h>% & ridicul\s4 ,b ?is do? n conc]n ! tru? ( ! proposition1 :i* 9 o!r words is no m ?an to say1 we are f$ & clo!d ) ^? ?+s :i* we p]ceive imm$iately by our s5ses7#eig74 ,! h>dness or s(tness1 ! col\r1 ta/e1 w>m?1 figure1 & su*like qualities1 :i* comb9$ toge!r7#eih7 con/itute ! sev]al sorts ( victuals & app>el1 h be5 %ewn to exi/ only 9 ! m9d t p]ceives !m3 & ?is is all t is meant by call+ !m ideas2 :i* ^w1 if x 0 z ord9>ily us$ z ?+1 w\ld s\nd no h>%] nor m ridicul\s ?an x4 ,i am n = disput+ ab\t ! propriety1 b ! tru? ( ! expression4 ,if !re=e y agree ) me t we eat & dr9k & are clad ) ! imm$iate objects ( s5se1 :i* _c exi/ unp]ceiv$ or )\t ! m9d1 ,i %all readily grant x is m prop] or con=mable to cu/om t !y %\ld be call$ ?+s r ?an ideas4 #ci4 ,if x be dem&$ :y ,i make use ( ! ^w idea1 & d n r 9 compliance ) cu/om call !m ?+s2 ,i answ]1 ,i d x = two reasons3--,fir/1 because ! t]m ?+1 9 contradi/9ction to idea1 is g5]ally suppos$ to d5ote some:at exi/+ )\t ! m9d3 ,secondly1 because ?+ ha? a m compreh5sive signification ?an idea1 includ+ spirits1 or ?9k+ ?+s7#eii71 z well z ideas4 ,s9ce !re=e ! objects ( s5se exi/ only 9 ! m9d1 & are )al ?\ghtless & inactive1 ,i *ose to m>k !m by ! ^w idea2 :i* implies ^? prop]ties7#fjj74 #dj4 ,b1 say :at we c1 "s "o p]haps may be apt to reply1 he w /ill believe 8 s5ses1 & nev] suff] any argum5ts1 h[ plausible soev]1 to prevail ov] ! c]ta9ty ( !m4 ,be x s2 ass]t ! evid5ce ( s5se z high z y please1 we are will+ to d ! same4 ,t :at ,i see1 he>1 & feel do? exi/1 t is to say1 is p]ceiv$ by me1 ,i no m d\bt ?an ,i d ( my own be+4 ,b ,i d n see h[ ! te/imony ( s5se c be alleg$ z a pro( = ! exi/5ce ( any?+ :i* is n p]ceiv$ by s5se4 ,we are n = hav+ any man turn sceptic & disbelieve 8 s5ses2 on ! contr>y1 we give !m all ! /ress & assurance imag9able2 nor are !re any pr9ciples m opposite to ,scepticism ?an ^? we h laid d[n1 z %all be h]eaft] cle>ly %ewn7#fja74 #da4 ,secondly1 x w be object$ t !re is a great diff]5ce betwixt real fire = in/ance1 & ! idea ( fire1 betwixt dream+ or imag9+ oneself burnt1 & actually be+ s4 7#fjb7;,if y suspect x to be only ! idea ( fire :i* y see1 d b put y\r h& into x & y w be conv9c$ ) a witness4 ,?is & ! l may be urg$ 9 opposition to our t5ets4--,to all :i* ! answ] is evid5t f :at ha? be5 already said7#fjc72 & ,i %all only add 9 ?is place1 t if real fire be v diff]5t f ! idea ( fire1 s also is ! real pa9 t x occasions v diff]5t f ! idea ( ! same pa91 & yet nobody w pret5d t real pa9 ei!r is1 or c possibly be1 9 an unp]ceiv+ ?+1 or )\t ! m9d1 any m ?an its idea7#fjd74 #db4 ,?irdly1 x w be object$ t we see ?+s actually )\t or at a di/ance f u1 & :i* consequ5tly d n exi/ 9 ! m9d2 x be+ absurd t ^? ?+s :i* are se5 at ! di/ance ( sev]al miles %\ld be z ne> to u z our own ?\ghts7#fje74--;,9 answ] to ?is1 ,i desire x may be consid]$ t 9 a dream we d (t p]ceive ?+s z exi/+ at a great di/ance (f1 & yet = all t1 ^? ?+s are ackn[l$g$ to h _! exi/5ce only 9 ! m9d4 #dc4 ,b1 = ! full] cle>+ ( ?is po9t1 x may be wor? :ile to consid] h[ x is t we p]ceive di/ance1 & ?+s plac$ at a di/ance1 by sight4 ,=1 t we %\ld 9 tru? see ext]nal space1 & bodies actually exi/+ 9 x1 "s ne>]1 o!rs f>!r (f1 seems to c>ry ) x "s opposition to :at ha? be5 said ( _! exi/+ n[h]e )\t ! m9d4 ,! consid]ation ( ?is difficulty x 0 t gave bir? to my ,essay t[>ds a ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 :i* 0 publi%$ n long s9ce7#fjf74 ,:]e9 x is %ewn t di/ance or outness is nei!r imm$iately ( itself p]ceiv$ by sight7#fjg71 nor yet appreh5d$ or judg$ ( by l9es & angles1 or any?+ t ha? a necess>y connexion ) x7#fjh72 b t x is only sugge/$ to our ?\ghts by c]ta9 visible ideas1 & s5sations att5d+ vision1 :i* 9 _! own nature h no mann] ( similitude or relation ei!r ) di/ance or ?+s plac$ at a di/ance7#fji72 b1 by a connexion taught u by exp]i5ce1 !y come to signify & sugge/ !m to u1 aft] ! same mann] t words ( any language sugge/ ! ideas !y are made to /& =7#faj74 ,insomu* t a man born bl9d1 & aft]w>ds made to see1 w\ld n1 at fir/ sight1 ?9k ! ?+s he saw to be )\t 8 m9d1 or at any di/ance f him4 ,see sect4 #da ( ! =em5tion$ treatise4 #dd4 ,! ideas ( sight & t\* make two species entirely di/9ct & het]og5e\s7#faa74 ,! =m] are m>ks & progno/ics ( ! latt]4 ,t ! prop] objects ( sight nei!r exi/ )\t ! m9d1 nor are ! images ( ext]nal ?+s1 0 %ewn ev5 9 t treatise7#fab74 ,?\gh ?r\gh\t ! same ! contr>y be suppos$ true ( tangible objects2--n t to suppose t vulg> error 0 necess>y = e/abli%+ ! notion !re9 laid d[n1 b because x 0 beside my purpose to exam9e & refute x1 9 a disc\rse conc]n+ ,vision4 ,s t 9 /rict tru? ! ideas ( sight7#fac71 :5 we appreh5d by !m di/ance1 & ?+s plac$ at a di/ance1 d n sugge/ or m>k out to u ?+s actually exi/+ at a di/ance1 b only admoni% u :at ideas ( t\*7#fad7 w be impr9t$ 9 our m9ds at su* & su* di/ances ( "t1 & 9 consequ5ce ( su* or su* actions4 ,x is1 ,i say1 evid5t1 f :at has be5 said 9 ! =ego+ p>ts ( ?is ,treatise1 & 9 sect4 #adg & else:]e ( ! ,essay conc]n+ ,vision1 t visible ideas are ! ,language :]eby ! ,gov]n+ ,_s on :om we dep5d in=ms u :at tangible ideas he is ab\t to impr9t ^u u1 9 case we excite ?is or t motion 9 our own bodies4 ,b = a full] in=mation 9 ?is po9t ,i ref] to ! ,essay itself4 #de4 ,f\r?ly1 x w be object$ t f ! =ego+ pr9ciples x foll[s ?+s are e mom5t annihilat$ & creat$ anew4 ,! objects ( s5se exi/ only :5 !y are p]ceiv$3 ! trees !re=e are 9 ! g>d51 or ! *airs 9 ! p>l\r1 no long] ?an :ile !re is somebody by to p]ceive !m4 ,^u %utt+ my eyes all ! furniture 9 ! room is r$uc$ to no?+1 & b>ely ^u op5+ !m x is aga9 creat$7#fae74--;,9 answ] to all :i*1 ,i ref] ! read] to :at has be5 said 9 sect4 #c1 #d1 c42 & desire he w consid] :e!r he means any?+ by ! actual exi/5ce ( an idea di/9ct f its be+ p]ceiv$4 ,= my "p1 aft] ! nice/ inquiry ,i c\ld make1 ,i am n able to discov] t any?+ else is meant by ^? words2 & ,i once m entreat ! read] to s\nd 8 own ?\ghts1 & n suff] himself to be impos$ on by words4 ,if he c conceive x possible ei!r = 8 ideas or _! ar*etypes to exi/ )\t be+ p]ceiv$1 !n ,i give up ! cause4 ,b if he _c1 he w ackn[l$ge x is unreasonable = him to /& up 9 def5ce ( he kn[s n :at1 & pret5d to *>ge on me z an absurdity1 ! n ass5t+ to ^? propositions :i* at bottom h no mean+ 9 !m7#faf74 #df4 ,x w n be amiss to obs]ve h[ f> ! receiv$ pr9ciples ( philosophy are !mselves *>geable ) ^? pret5d$ absurdities4 ,x is ?\ght /rangely absurd t ^u clos+ my eyelids all ! visible objects ar\nd me %\ld be r$uc$ to no?+2 & yet is n ?is :at philosoph]s commonly ackn[l$ge1 :5 !y agree on all h&s t light & col\rs1 :i* alone are ! prop] & imm$iate objects ( sight1 are m]e s5sations t exi/ no long] ?an !y are p]ceiv$8 ,aga91 x may to "s p]haps seem v incr$ible t ?+s %\ld be e mom5t creat+2 yet ?is v notion is commonly taught 9 ! s*ools4 ,= ! ,s*oolm51 ?\gh !y ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]7#fag71 & t ! :ole mundane fabric is fram$ out ( x1 are nev]!less ( op9ion t x _c subsi/ )\t ! div9e cons]vation2 :i* by !m is exp\nd$ to be a cont9ual creation7#fah74 #dg4 ,f>!r1 a little ?\ght w discov] to u t1 ?\gh we all[ ! exi/5ce ( ,matt] or corporeal sub/ance1 yet x w unavoidably foll[1 f ! pr9ciples :i* are n[ g5]ally admitt$1 t ! p>ticul> bodies1 ( :at k9d soev]1 d none ( !m exi/ :il/ !y are n p]ceiv$4 ,=1 x is evid5t1 f sect4 #aa & ! foll[+ sections1 t ! ,matt] philosoph]s cont5d = is an incompreh5sible ,some:at1 :i* ha? none ( ^? p>ticul> qualities :]eby ! bodies fall+ "u our s5ses are di/+ui%$ "o f ano!r4 ,b1 to make ?is m pla91 x mu/ be rem>k$ t ! inf9ite divisibility ( ,matt] is n[ univ]sally all[$1 at lea/ by ! mo/ approv$ & consid]able philosoph]s1 :o on ! receiv$ pr9ciples demon/rate x beyond all exception4 ,h5ce1 x foll[s !re is an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts 9 ea* p>ticle ( ,matt] :i* are n p]ceiv$ by s5se7#fai74 ,! reason !re=e t any p>ticul> body seems to be ( a f9ite magnitude1 or exhibits only a f9ite numb] ( p>ts to s5se1 is1 n because x conta9s no m1 s9ce 9 itself x conta9s an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts1 b because ! s5se is n acute en\gh to disc]n !m4 ,9 proportion !re=e z ! s5se is r5d]$ m acute1 x p]ceives a great] numb] ( p>ts 9 ! object1 t is1 ! object appe>s great]2 & its figure v>ies1 ^? p>ts 9 its extremities :i* 7 be=e unp]ceivable appe>+ n[ to b\nd x 9 v diff]5t l9es & angles f ^? p]ceiv$ by an obtus] s5se4 ,& at l5g?1 aft] v>i\s *anges ( size & %ape1 :5 ! s5se becomes inf9itely acute1 ! body %all seem inf9ite4 ,dur+ all :i* !re is no alt]ation 9 ! body1 b only 9 ! s5se4 ,ea* body !re=e1 consid]$ 9 itself1 is inf9itely ext5d$1 & consequ5tly void ( all %ape & figure4 ,f :i* x foll[s t1 ?\gh we %\ld grant ! exi/5ce ( ,matt] to be nev] s c]ta91 yet x is )al z c]ta91 ! mat]iali/s !mselves are by _! own pr9ciples =c$ to ackn[l$ge1 t nei!r ! p>ticul> bodies p]ceiv$ by s5se1 nor any?+ l !m1 exi/s )\t ! m9d4 ,matt]1 ,i say1 & ea* p>ticle !re(1 is accord+ to !m inf9ite & %apeless2 & x is ! m9d t frames all t v>iety ( bodies :i* compose ! visible _w1 any "o :]e( does n exi/ long] ?an x is p]ceiv$4 #dh4 ,b1 aft] all1 if we consid] x1 ! objection propos$ 9 sect4 #de w n be f\nd reasonably *>g$ on ! ,pr9ciples we h premis$1 s z 9 tru? to make any objection at all aga9/ our notions4 ,=1 ?\gh we hold inde$ ! objects ( s5se to be no?+ else b ideas :i* _c exi/ unp]ceiv$1 yet we may n h5ce conclude !y h no exi/5ce except only :ile !y are p]ceiv$ by u2 s9ce !re may be "s o!r _s t p]ceives !m ?\gh we d n4 ,:]ev] bodies are said to h no exi/5ce )\t ! m9d1 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood to mean ?is or t p>ticul> m9d1 b all m9ds :atsoev]4 ,x does n !re=e foll[ f ! =ego+ ,pr9ciples t bodies are annihilat$ & creat$ e mom5t1 or exi/ n at all dur+ ! int]vals betwe5 our p]ception ( !m4 #di4 ,fif?ly1 x may p]haps be object$ t if ext5sion & figure exi/ only 9 ! m9d1 x foll[s t ! m9d is ext5d$ & figur$2 s9ce ext5sion is a mode or attribute :i* 7to speak ) ! ,s*ools7 is pr$icat$ ( ! subject 9 :i* x exi/s4--,i answ]1 ^? qualities are 9 ! m9d only z !y are p]ceiv$ by x2--t is1 n by way ( mode or attribute1 b only by way ( idea7#fbj74 ,& x no m foll[s ! s\l or m9d is ext5d$1 because ext5sion exi/s 9 x alone1 ?an x does t x is r$ or blue1 because ^? col\rs are on all h&s ackn[l$g$ to exi/ 9 x1 & n[h]e else4 ,z to :at philosoph]s say ( subject & mode1 t seems v gr\ndless & un9telligible4 ,= in/ance1 9 ?is proposition 8a die is h>d1 ext5d$1 & squ>e10 !y w h x t ! ^w die d5otes a subject or sub/ance1 di/9ct f ! h>dness1 ext5sion1 & figure :i* are pr$icat$ ( x1 & 9 :i* !y exi/4 ,?is ,i _c compreh5d3 to me a die seems to be no?+ di/9ct f ^? ?+s :i* are t]m$ its modes or accid5ts4 ,&1 to say a die is h>d1 ext5d$1 & squ>e is n to attribute ^? qualities to a subject di/9ct f & support+ !m1 b only an explication ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w die4 #ej4 ,six?ly1 y w say !re h be5 a great _m ?+s expla9$ by matt] & motion2 take away ^! & y de/roy ! :ole corpuscul> philosophy1 & und]m9e ^? me*anical pr9ciples :i* h be5 appli$ ) s mu* success to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a4 ,9 %ort1 :atev] advances h be5 made1 ei!r by anci5t or mod]n philosoph]s1 9 ! /udy ( nature d all proce$ on ! supposition t corporeal sub/ance or ,matt] do? really exi/4--,to ?is ,i answ] t !re is n any "o ph5om5on expla9$ on t supposition :i* may n z well be expla9$ )\t x1 z might easily be made appe> by an induction ( p>ticul>s4 ,to expla9 ! ph5om5a1 is all "o z to %ew :y1 ^u su* & su* occasions1 we are affect$ ) su* & su* ideas4 ,b h[ ,matt] %\ld op]ate on a ,_s1 or produce any idea 9 x1 is :at no philosoph] w pret5d to expla92 x is !re=e evid5t !re c be no use ( ,matt]7#fba7 9 natural philosophy4 ,besides1 !y :o attempt to acc\nt = ?+s d x1 n by corporeal sub/ance1 b by figure1 motion1 & o!r qualities2 :i* are 9 tru? no m ?an m]e ideas1 & !re=e _c be ! cause ( any?+1 z ha? be5 already %ewn4 ,see sect4 #be4 #ea4 ,sev5?ly1 x w ^u ?is be dem&$ :e!r x does n seem absurd to take away natural causes7#fbb71 & ascribe ev]y?+ to ! imm$iate op]ation ( spirits8 ,we mu/ no long] say ^u ^! pr9ciples t fire heats1 or wat] cools1 b t a _s heats1 & s =?4 ,w\ld n a man be des]v$ly laugh$ at1 :o %\ld talk aft] ?is mann]8--,i answ]1 he w\ld s3 9 su* ?+s we ought to ?9k ) ! le>n$ & speak ) ! vulg>4 ,!y :o to demon/ration are conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em d nev]!less say 8! sun rises10 8! sun sets10 or 8comes to ! m]idian02 & if !y affect$ a contr>y /yle 9 common talk x w\ld )\t d\bt appe> v ridicul\s4 ,a little reflection on :at is "h said w make x manife/ t ! common use ( language w\ld receive no mann] ( alt]ation or di/urbance f ! admission ( our t5ets7#fbc74 #eb4 ,9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 any phrases may be reta9$1 s long z !y excite 9 u prop] s5tim5ts1 or dispositions to act 9 su* a mann] z is necess>y = our well-be+1 h[ false soev] !y may be if tak5 9 a /rict & speculative s5se4 ,nay1 ?is is unavoidable1 s9ce1 propriety be+ regulat$ by cu/om1 language is suit$ to ! receiv$ op9ions1 :i* are n always ! true/4 ,h5ce x is impossible--ev5 9 ! mo/ rigid1 philosophic reason+s--s f> to alt] ! b5t & g5ius ( ! tongue we speak z nev] to give a h&le = cavill]s to pret5d difficulties & inconsi/5cies4 ,b1 a fair & +5u\s read] w collect ! s5se f ! scope & t5or & connexion ( a disc\rse1 mak+ all[ances = ^? inaccurate modes ( spee* :i* use has made inevitable4 #ec4 ,z to ! op9ion t !re are no corporeal causes1 ?is has be5 h]et(ore ma9ta9$ by "s ( ! ,s*oolm51 z x is ( late by o!rs among ! mod]n philosoph]s2 :o ?\gh !y all[ ,matt] to exi/1 yet w h ,god alone to be ! imm$iate effici5t cause ( all ?+s7#fbd74 ,^! m5 saw t among/ all ! objects ( s5se !re 0 none :i* _h any p[] or activity includ$ 9 x2 & t by consequ5ce ?is 0 likewise true ( :atev] bodies !y suppos$ to exi/ )\t ! m9d1 l unto ! imm$iate objects ( s5se4 ,b !n1 t !y %\ld suppose an innum]able multitude ( creat$ be+s1 :i* !y ackn[l$ge are n capable ( produc+ any "o effect 9 nature1 & :i* !re=e are made to no mann] ( purpose1 s9ce ,god might h done ev]y?+ z well )\t !m--?is ,i say1 ?\gh we %\ld all[ x possible1 mu/ yet be a v unacc\ntable & extravagant supposition7#fbe74 #ed4 ,9 ! eigh? place1 ! univ]sal concurr5t ass5t ( mank9d may be ?\ght by "s an inv9cible argum5t 9 behalf ( ,matt]1 or ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal ?+s7#fbf74 ,mu/ we suppose ! :ole _w to be mi/ak58 ,& if s1 :at cause c be assign$ ( s widespread & pr$om9ant an error8--,i answ]1 fir/1 t1 ^u a n>r[ inquiry1 x w n p]haps be f\nd s _m z is imag9$ d really believe ! exi/5ce ( ,matt] or ?+s )\t ! m9d7#fbg74 ,/rictly speak+1 to believe t :i* involves a contradiction1 or has no mean+ 9 x7#fbh71 is impossible2 & :e!r ! =ego+ expressions are n ( t sort1 ,i ref] x to ! imp>tial exam9ation ( ! read]4 ,9 "o s5se1 inde$1 m5 may be said to believe t ,matt] exi/s2 t is1 !y act z if ! imm$iate cause ( _! s5sations1 :i* affects !m e mom5t1 & is s ne>ly pres5t to !m1 7 "s s5seless un?9k+ be+4 ,b1 t !y %\ld cle>ly appreh5d any mean+ m>k$ by ^? words1 & =m !re( a settl$ speculative op9ion1 is :at ,i am n able to conceive4 ,?is is n ! only in/ance :]e9 m5 impose ^u !mselves1 by imag9+ !y believe ^? propositions :i* !y h (t5 he>d1 ?\gh at bottom !y h no mean+ 9 !m4 #ee4 ,b secondly1 ?\gh we %\ld grant a notion to be nev] s univ]sally & /$fa/ly adh]$ to1 yet ?is is b a weak argum5t ( its tru? to :oev] consid]s :at a va/ numb] ( prejudices & false op9ions are ev]y:]e embrac$ ) ! utmo/ t5aci\sness1 by ! unreflect+ 7:i* are ! f> great]7 "p ( mank9d4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! antipodes & motion ( ! e>? 7 look$ ^u z mon/r\s absurdities ev5 by m5 ( le>n+3 & if x be consid]$ :at a small proportion !y be> to ! re/ ( mank9d1 we %all f9d t at ?is day ^? notions h ga9$ b a v inconsid]able foot+ 9 ! _w4 #ef4 ,b x is dem&$ t we assign a cause ( ?is prejudice1 & acc\nt = its obta9+ 9 ! _w4 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 t m5 kn[+ !y p]ceiv$ sev]al ideas1 :]e( !y !mselves 71 n ! au?ors7#fbi71 z n be+ excit$ f )91 nor dep5d+ on ! op]ation ( _! wills1 ?is made !m ma9ta9 ^? ideas or objects ( p]ception1 _h an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( & )\t ! m9d1 )\t ev] dream+ t a contradiction 0 involv$ 9 ^? words4 ,b1 philosoph]s hav+ pla9ly se5 t ! imm$iate objects ( p]ception d n exi/ )\t ! m9d1 !y 9 "s degree correct$ ! mi/ake ( ! vulg>7#fcj72 b at ! same "t run into ano!r1 :i* seems no less absurd1 to wit1 t !re are c]ta9 objects really exi/+ )\t ! m9d1 or hav+ a subsi/5ce di/9ct f be+ p]ceiv$1 ( :i* our ideas are only images or resemblances1 impr9t$ by ^? objects on ! m9d7#fca74 ,& ?is notion ( ! philosoph]s owes its orig9 to ! same cause ) ! =m]1 namely1 _! be+ consci\s t !y 7 n ! au?ors ( _! own s5sations2 :i* !y evid5tly knew 7 impr9t$ f )\t1 & :i* !re=e mu/ h "s cause1 di/9ct f ! m9ds on :i* !y are impr9t$4 #eg4 ,b :y !y %\ld suppose ! ideas ( s5se to be excit$ 9 u by ?+s 9 _! lik5ess1 & n r h rec\rse to ,_s1 :i* alone c act1 may be acc\nt$ =4 ,fir/1 because !y 7 n aw>e ( ! repugnancy !re is1 z well 9 suppos+ ?+s l unto our ideas exi/+ )\t1 z 9 attribut+ to !m p[] or activity4 ,secondly1 because ! ,supreme ,_s :i* excites ^? ideas 9 our m9ds1 is n m>k$ out & limit$ to our view by any p>ticul> f9ite collection ( s5sible ideas1 z human ag5ts are by _! size1 complexion1 limbs1 & motions4 ,& ?irdly1 because ,8 op]ations are regul> & uni=m4 ,:5ev] ! c\rse ( nature is int]rupt$ by a miracle1 m5 are ready to own ! pres5ce ( a ,sup]ior ,ag5t4 ,b1 :5 we see ?+s g on 9 ! ord9>y c\rse1 !y d n excite 9 u any reflexion2 _! ord] & concat5ation1 ?\gh x be an argum5t ( ! greate/ wisdom1 p[]1 & goodness 9 _! ,creator1 is yet s con/ant & famili> to u1 t we d n ?9k !m ! imm$iate effects ( a ,free ,_s2 especially s9ce inconsi/5cy & mutability 9 act+1 ?\gh x be an imp]fection1 is look$ on z a m>k ( fre$om7#fcb74 #eh4 ,t5?ly1 x w be object$ t ! notions we advance are inconsi/5t ) sev]al s\nd tru?s 9 philosophy & ma!matics4 ,= example1 ! motion ( ! e>? is n[ univ]sally admitt$ by a/ronom]s z a tru? gr\nd$ on ! cle>e/ & mo/ conv9c+ reasons4 ,b1 on ! =ego+ ,pr9ciples1 !re c be no su* ?+4 ,=1 motion be+ only an idea1 x foll[s t if x be n p]ceiv$ x exi/s n3 b ! motion ( ! e>? is n p]ceiv$ by s5se4--,i answ]1 ,t t5et1 if rightly und]/ood1 w be f\nd to agree ) ! ,pr9ciples we h premis$3 =1 ! "q :e!r ! e>? moves or no am\nts 9 reality to no m ?an ?is1 to wit1 :e!r we h reason to conclude1 f :at has be5 obs]v$ by a/ronom]s1 t if we 7 plac$ 9 su* & su* circum/ances1 & su* or su* a position & di/ance bo? f ! e>? & sun1 we %\ld p]ceive ! =m] to move among ! *oir ( ! planets1 & appe>+ 9 all respects l "o ( !m3 & ?is1 by ! e/abli%$ rules ( nature1 :i* we h no reason to mi/ru/1 is reasonably collect$ f ! ph5om5a4 #ei4 ,we may1 f ! exp]i5ce we h _h ( ! tra9 & succession ( ideas7#fcc7 9 our m9ds1 (t5 make1 ,i w n say unc]ta9 conjectures1 b sure & well-gr\nd$ pr$ictions conc]n+ ! ideas we %all be affect$ ) pursuant to a great tra9 ( actions2 & be enabl$ to pass a "r judgm5t ( :at w\ld h appe>$ to u1 9 case we 7 plac$ 9 circum/ances v diff]5t f ^? we are 9 at pres5t4 ,h]e9 consi/s ! k ( nature1 :i* may pres]ve its use & c]ta9ty v consi/5tly ) :at ha? be5 said4 ,x w be easy to apply ?is to :atev] objections ( ! l sort may be drawn f ! magnitude ( ! />s1 or any o!r discov]ies 9 a/ronomy or nature4 #fj4 ,9 ! elev5? place1 x w be dem&$ to :at purpose s]ves t curi\s organization ( plants1 & ! animal me*anism 9 ! p>ts ( animals4 ,might n vegetables gr[1 & %oot =? leaves & blossoms1 & animals p]=m all _! motions1 z well )\t z ) all t v>iety ( int]nal p>ts s elegantly contriv$ & put toge!r2--:i*1 be+ ideas1 h no?+ p[]ful or op]ative 9 !m1 nor h any necess>y connexion ) ! effects ascrib$ to !m8 ,if x be a ,_s t imm$iately produces e effect by a fiat1 or act ( 8 w7#fcd71 we mu/ ?9k all t is f9e & artificial 9 ! works1 :e!r ( man or nature1 to be made 9 va94 ,by ?is doctr9e1 ?\gh an arti/ ha? made ! spr+ & :eels1 & e movem5t ( a wat*1 & adju/$ !m 9 su* a mann] z he knew w\ld produce ! motions he design$2 yet he mu/ ?9k all ?is done to no purpose1 & t x is an ,intellig5ce :i* directs ! index1 & po9ts to ! h\r ( ! day4 ,if s1 :y may n ! ,intellig5ce d x1 )\t 8 be+ at ! pa9s ( mak+ ! movem5ts & putt+ !m toge!r8 ,:y does n an empty case s]ve z well z ano!r8 ,& h[ comes x to pass1 t :5ev] !re is any fault 9 ! go+ ( a wat*1 !re is "s correspond+ disord] to be f\nd 9 ! movem5ts1 :i* be+ m5d$ by a skilful h& all is "r aga98 ,! l may be said ( all ! ,clockwork ( ,nature1 great "p :]e( is s wond]fully f9e & subtle z sc>ce to be disc]n$ by ! be/ microscope4 ,9 %ort1 x w be ask$1 h[1 ^u our ,pr9ciples1 any tol]able acc\nt c be giv51 or any f9al cause assign$ ( an innum]able multitude ( bodies & ma*9es1 fram$ ) ! mo/ exquisite art1 :i* 9 ! common philosophy h v apposite uses assign$ !m1 & s]ve to expla9 abundance ( ph5om5a8 #fa4 ,to all :i* ,i answ]1 fir/1 t ?\gh !re 7 "s difficulties relat+ to ! adm9i/ration ( ,provid5ce1 & ! uses by x assign$ to ! sev]al p>ts ( nature1 :i* ,i c\ld n solve by ! =ego+ ,pr9ciples1 yet ?is objection c\ld be ( small weight aga9/ ! tru? & c]ta9ty ( ^? ?+s :i* may be prov$ a priori1 ) ! utmo/ evid5ce & rig\r ( demon/ration7#fce74 ,secondly1 b nei!r are ! receiv$ pr9ciples free f ! l difficulties2 =1 x may /ill be dem&$ to :at end ,god %\ld take ^? r\ndab\t me?ods ( effect+ ?+s by in/rum5ts & ma*9es1 :i* no "o c d5y might h be5 effect$ by ! m]e comm& ( ,8 w1 )\t all t app>atus4 ,nay1 if we n>r[ly consid] x1 we %all f9d ! objection may be retort$ ) great] =ce on ^? :o hold ! exi/5ce ( ^? ma*9es )\t ! m9d2 = x has be5 made evid5t t solidity1 bulk1 figure1 motion1 & ! l h no activity or efficacy 9 !m1 s z to be capable ( produc+ any "o effect 9 nature4 ,see sect4 #be4 ,:oev] !re=e supposes !m to exi/ 7all[+ ! supposition possible7 :5 !y are n p]ceiv$ does x manife/ly to no purpose2 s9ce ! only use t is assign$ to !m1 z !y exi/ unp]ceiv$1 is t !y produce ^? p]ceivable effects :i* 9 tru? _c be ascrib$ to any?+ b ,_s4 #fb4 ,b1 to come nigh] ! difficulty1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ?\gh ! fabrication ( all ^? p>ts & organs be n absolutely necess>y to ! produc+ any effect1 yet x is necess>y to ! produc+ ( ?+s 9 a con/ant regul> way1 accord+ to ! laws ( nature4 ,!re are c]ta9 g5]al laws t run ?r\gh ! :ole *a9 ( natural effects3 ^! are le>n$ by ! obs]vation & /udy ( nature1 & are by m5 appli$1 z well to ! fram+ artificial ?+s = ! use & ornam5t ( life z to ! expla9+ ! v>i\s ph5om5a4 ,:i* explication consi/s only 9 %ew+ ! con=mity any p>ticul> ph5om5on ha? to ! g5]al laws ( nature1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 9 discov]+ ! uni=mity !re is 9 ! production ( natural effects2 z w be evid5t to :oev] %all att5d to ! sev]al in/ances :]e9 philosoph]s pret5d to acc\nt = appe>ances4 ,t !re is a great & conspicu\s use 9 ^! regul> con/ant me?ods ( work+ obs]v$ by ! ,supreme ,ag5t ha? be5 %ewn 9 sect4 #ca4 ,& x is no less visible t a p>ticul> size1 figure1 motion1 & disposition ( p>ts are necess>y1 ?\gh n absolutely to ! produc+ any effect1 yet to ! produc+ x accord+ to ! /&+ me*anical laws ( nature4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 x _c be d5i$ t ,god1 or ! ,intellig5ce t su/a9s & rules ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 might if ,he 7 m9d$ to produce a miracle1 cause all ! motions on ! dial-plate ( a wat*1 ?\gh nobody _h ev] made ! movem5ts & put !m 9 x4 ,b yet1 if ,he w act agreeably to ! rules ( me*anism1 by ,him = wise ends e/abli%$ & ma9ta9$ 9 ! creation1 x is necess>y t ^? actions ( ! wat*mak]1 :]eby he makes ! movem5ts & rightly adju/s !m1 prec$e ! production ( ! a=esaid motions2 z also t any disord] 9 !m be att5d$ ) ! p]ception ( "s correspond+ disord] 9 ! movem5ts1 :i* be+ once correct$ all is "r aga97#fcf74 #fc4 ,x may inde$ on "s occasions be necess>y t ! ,au?or ( nature display ,8 ov]rul+ p[] 9 produc+ "s appe>ance out ( ! ord9>y s]ies ( ?+s4 ,su* exceptions f ! g5]al rules ( nature are prop] to surprise & awe m5 into an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,div9e ,be+2 b !n !y are to be us$ b seldom1 o!rwise !re is a pla9 reason :y !y %\ld fail ( t effect4 ,besides1 ,god seems to *oose ! conv9c+ our reason ( ,8 attributes by ! works ( nature1 :i* discov] s mu* h>mony & contrivance 9 _! make1 & are su* pla9 indications ( wisdom & b5efic5ce 9 _! ,au?or1 r ?an to a/oni% u into a belief ( ,8 ,be+ by anomal\s & surpris+ ev5ts7#fcg74 #fd4 ,to set ?is matt] 9 a yet cle>] light1 ,i %all obs]ve t :at has be5 object$ 9 sect4 #fj am\nts 9 reality to no m ?an ?is3--ideas7#fch7 are n anyh[ & at r&om produc$1 !re be+ a c]ta9 ord] & connexion betwe5 !m1 l to t ( cause & effect3 !re are also sev]al comb9ations ( !m1 made 9 a v regul> & artificial mann]1 :i* seem l s _m in/rum5ts 9 ! h& ( nature t1 be+ hid z x 7 beh9d ! sc5es1 h a secret op]ation 9 produc+ ^? appe>ances :i* are se5 on ! !atre ( ! _w1 be+ !mselves disc]nible only to ! curi\s eye ( ! philosoph]4 ,b1 s9ce "o idea _c be ! cause ( ano!r1 to :at purpose is t connexion8 ,& s9ce ^? in/rum5ts1 be+ b>ely inefficaci\s p]ceptions 9 ! m9d1 are n subs]vi5t to ! production ( natural effects1 x is dem&$ :y !y are made2 or1 9 o!r words1 :at reason c be assign$ :y ,god %\ld make u1 ^u a close inspection into ,8 works1 behold s great v>iety ( ideas1 s artfully laid toge!r1 & s mu* accord+ to rule2 x n be+ 7#fci7 cr$ible t ,he w\ld be at ! exp5se 7if "o may s speak7 ( all t art & regul>ity to no purpose8 #fe4 ,to all :i* my answ] is1 fir/1 t ! connexion ( ideas7#fdj7 does n imply ! relation ( cause & effect1 b only ( a m>k or sign ) ! ?+ signifi$4 ,! fire :i* ,i see is n ! cause ( ! pa9 ,i suff] ^u my approa*+ x1 b ! m>k t =ew>ns me ( x4 ,9 l mann] ! noise t ,i he> is n ! effect ( ?is or t motion or collision ( ! ambi5t bodies1 b ! sign !re(7#fda74 ,secondly1 ! reason :y ideas are =m$ into ma*9es1 t is1 artificial & regul> comb9ations1 is ! same ) t = comb9+ lett]s into words4 ,t a few orig9al ideas may be made to signify a great numb] ( effects & actions1 x is necess>y !y be v>i\sly comb9$ toge!r4 ,& to ! end _! use be p]man5t & univ]sal1 ^! comb9ations mu/ be made by rule1 & ) wise contrivance4 ,by ?is means abundance ( in=mation is convey$ unto u1 conc]n+ :at we are to expect f su* & su* actions1 & :at me?ods are prop] to be tak5 = ! excit+ su* & su* ideas7#fdb74 ,:i* 9 effect is all t ,i conceive to be di/9ctly meant :5 x is said7#fdc7 t1 by disc]n+ ! figure1 texture1 & me*anism ( ! inw>d p>ts ( bodies1 :e!r natural or artificial1 we may atta9 to "k ! sev]al uses & prop]ties dep5d+ !reon1 or ! nature ( ! ?+4 #ff4 ,h5ce1 x is evid5t t ^? ?+s :i*1 "u ! notion ( a cause co-op]at+ or concurr+ to ! production ( effects1 are altoge!r inexplicable & run u into great absurdities1 may be v naturally expla9$1 & h a prop] & obvi\s use assign$ to !m1 :5 !y are consid]$ only z m>ks or signs = our in=mation4 ,& x is ! se>*+ aft] & endeav\r+ to und]/& ?is ,language 7if ,i may s call x7 ( ! ,au?or ( ,nature1 t ought to be ! employm5t ( ! natural philosoph]2 & n ! pret5d+ to expla9 ?+s by corporeal causes1 :i* doctr9e seems to h too mu* e/rang$ ! m9ds ( m5 f t ,active ,pr9ciple1 t supreme & wise ,_s 89 :om we live1 move1 & h our be+40 #fg4 ,9 ! twelf? place1 x may p]haps be object$ t--?\gh x be cle> f :at has be5 said t !re c be no su* ?+ z an in]t1 s5seless1 ext5d$1 solid1 figur$1 moveable ,sub/ance1 exi/+ )\t ! m9d1 su* z philosoph]s describe ,matt]2 yet1 if any man %all leave out ( 8 idea ( ,matt] ! positive ideas ( ext5sion1 figure1 solidity & motion1 & say t he means only by t ^w an in]t1 s5seless sub/ance1 t exi/s )\t ! m9d1 or unp]ceiv$1 :i* is ! occasion ( our ideas1 or at ! pres5ce :]e( ,god is pleas$ to excite ideas 9 u--x do? n appe> b t ,matt] tak5 9 ?is s5se may possibly exi/4--,9 answ] to :i* ,i say1 fir/1 t x seems no less absurd to suppose a sub/ance )\t accid5ts1 ?an x is to suppose accid5ts )\t a sub/ance7#fdd74 ,b secondly1 ?\gh we %\ld grant ?is unkn[n sub/ance may possibly exi/1 yet :]e c x be suppos$ to be8 ,t x exi/s n 9 ! m9d7#fde7 is agre$2 & t x exi/s n 9 place is no less c]ta91 s9ce all place or ext5sion exi/s only 9 ! m9d7#fdf71 z ha? be5 already prov$4 ,x rema9s !re=e t x exi/s n[h]e at all4 #fh4 ,let u exam9e a little ! description t is "h giv5 u ( ,matt]4 ,x nei!r acts1 nor p]ceives1 nor is p]ceiv$3 = ?is is all t is meant by say+ x is an in]t1 s5seless1 unkn[n sub/ance2 :i* is a def9ition entirely made up ( negatives1 except+ only ! relative notion ( its /&+ "u or support+4 ,b !n x mu/ be obs]v$ t x supports no?+ at all1 & h[ ne>ly ?is comes to ! description ( a non5tity ,i desire may be consid]$4 ,b1 say y1 x is ! unkn[n occasion7#fdg71 at ! pres5ce ( :i* ideas are excit$ 9 u by ! w ( ,god4 ,n[1 ,i w\ld fa9 "k h[ any?+ c be pres5t to u1 :i* is nei!r p]ceivable by s5se nor reflexion1 nor capable ( produc+ any idea 9 our m9ds1 nor is at all ext5d$1 nor ha? any =m1 nor exi/s 9 any place4 ,! words 8to be pres5t10 :5 ?us appli$1 mu/ ne$s be tak5 9 "s ab/ract & /range mean+1 & :i* ,i am n able to compreh5d4 #fi4 ,aga91 let u exam9e :at is meant by occasion4 ,s f> z ,i c ga!r f ! common use ( language1 t ^w signifies ei!r ! ag5t :i* produces any effect1 or else some?+ t is obs]v$ to accompany or g be=e x1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s4 ,b1 :5 x is appli$ to ,matt]1 z above describ$1 x c be tak5 9 nei!r ( ^? s5ses2 = ,matt] is said to be passive & in]t1 & s _c be an ag5t or effici5t cause4 ,x is also unp]ceivable1 z be+ devoid ( all s5sible qualities1 & s _c be ! occasion ( our p]ceptions 9 ! latt] s5se2 z :5 ! burn+ my f+] is said to be ! occasion ( ! pa9 t att5ds x4 ,:at !re=e c be meant by call+ matt] an occasion8 ,?is t]m is ei!r us$ 9 no s5se at all1 or else 9 "s v di/ant f its receiv$ signification4 #gj4 ,y w p]haps say t ,matt]1 ?\gh x be n p]ceiv$ by u1 is nev]!less p]ceiv$ by ,god1 to :om x is ! occasion ( excit+ ideas 9 our m9ds7#fdh74 ,=1 say y1 s9ce we obs]ve our s5sations to be impr9t$ 9 an ord]ly & con/ant mann]1 x is b reasonable to suppose !re are c]ta9 con/ant & regul> occasions ( _! be+ produc$4 ,t is to say1 t !re are c]ta9 p]man5t & di/9ct p>cels ( ,matt]1 correspond+ to our ideas1 :i*1 ?\gh !y d n excite !m 9 our m9ds1 or anywise imm$iately affect u1 z be+ altoge!r passive1 & unp]ceivable to u1 !y are nev]!less to ,god1 by :om !y are p]ceiv$7#fdi71 z x 7 s _m occasions to rem9d ,him :5 & :at ideas to impr9t on our m9ds3 t s ?+s may g on 9 a con/ant uni=m mann]4 #ga4 ,9 answ] to ?is1 ,i obs]ve t1 z ! notion ( ,matt] is "h /at$1 ! "q is no long] conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ di/9ct f ,_s & idea1 f p]ceiv+ & be+ p]ceiv$2 b :e!r !re are n c]ta9 ,ideas 7( ,i "k n :at sort7 9 ! m9d ( ,god1 :i* are s _m m>ks or notes t direct ,him h[ to produce s5sations 9 our m9ds 9 a con/ant & regul> me?od3 mu* aft] ! same mann] z a musician is direct$ by ! notes ( music to produce t h>moni\s tra9 & composition ( s\nd :i* is call$ a tune2 ?\gh !y :o he> ! music d n p]ceive ! notes1 & may be entirely ignorant ( !m4 ,b ?is notion ( ,matt] 7:i* aft] all is ! only intelligible "o t ,i c pick f :at is said ( unkn[n occasions7 seems too extravagant to des]ve a confutation4 ,besides1 x is 9 effect no objection aga9/ :at we h advanc$1 viz4 t !re is no s5seless unp]ceiv$ sub/ance4 #gb4 ,if we foll[ ! light ( reason1 we %all1 f ! con/ant uni=m me?od ( our s5sations1 collect ! goodness & wisdom ( ! ,_s :o excites !m 9 our m9ds2 b ?is is all t ,i c see reasonably conclud$ f !nce4 ,to me1 ,i say1 x is evid5t t ! be+ ( a ,_s--inf9itely wise1 good1 & p[]ful--is abundantly suffici5t to expla9 all ! appe>ances ( nature7#fej74 ,b1 z = in]t1 s5seless ,matt]1 no?+ t ,i p]ceive has any ! lea/ connexion ) x1 or leads to ! ?\ghts ( x4 ,& ,i w\ld fa9 see any "o expla9 any ! meane/ ph5om5on 9 nature by x1 or %ew any mann] ( reason1 ?\gh 9 ! l[e/ rank ( probability1 t he c h = its exi/5ce2 or ev5 make any tol]able s5se or mean+ ( t supposition4 ,=1 z to its be+ an occasion1 we h1 ,i ?9k1 evid5tly %ewn t ) reg>d to u x is no occasion4 ,x rema9s !re=e t x mu/ be1 if at all1 ! occasion to ,god ( excit+ ideas 9 u2 & :at ?is am\nts to we h j n[ se54 #gc4 ,x is wor? :ile to reflect a little on ! motives :i* induc$ m5 to suppose ! exi/5ce ( mat]ial sub/ance2 t s hav+ obs]v$ ! gradual ceas+ & expiration ( ^? motives or reasons1 we may proportionably )draw ! ass5t t 0 gr\nd$ on !m4 ,fir/1 !re=e1 x 0 ?\ght t col\r1 figure1 motion1 & ! re/ ( ! s5sible qualities or accid5ts1 did really exi/ )\t ! m9d2 & = ?is reason x seem$ ne$ful to suppose "s un?9k+ sub/ratum or sub/ance :]e9 !y did exi/1 s9ce !y c\ld n be conceiv$ to exi/ by !mselves7#fea74 ,aft]w>ds1 9 process ( "t1 m57#feb7 be+ conv9c$ t col\rs1 s\nds1 & ! re/ ( ! s5sible1 second>y qualities _h no exi/5ce )\t ! m9d1 !y /ripp$ ?is sub/ratum or mat]ial sub/ance ( ^? qualities1 leav+ only ! prim>y ones1 figure1 motion1 & su*like2 :i* !y /ill conceiv$ to exi/ )\t ! m9d1 & consequ5tly to /& 9 ne$ ( a mat]ial support4 ,b1 x hav+ be5 %ewn t none ev5 ( ^! c possibly exi/ o!rwise ?an 9 a ,_s or ,m9d :i* p]ceives !m1 x foll[s t we h no long] any reason to suppose ! be+ ( ,matt]7#fec71 nay1 t x is utt]ly impossible !re %\ld be any su* ?+2--s long z t ^w is tak5 to d5ote an un?9k+ sub/ratum ( qualities or accid5ts1 :]e9 !y exi/ )\t ! m9d7#fed74 #gd4 ,b--?\gh x be all[$ by ! mat]iali/s !mselves t ,matt] 0 ?\ght ( only = ! sake ( support+ accid5ts1 &1 ! reason entirely ceas+1 "o might expect ! m9d %\ld naturally1 & )\t any reluctance at all1 quit ! belief ( :at 0 solely gr\nd$ !reon3 yet ! prejudice is rivet$ s deeply 9 our ?\ghts t we c sc>ce tell h[ to "p ) x1 & are !re=e incl9$1 s9ce ! ?+ itself is indef5sible1 at lea/ to reta9 ! "n2 :i* we apply to ,i "k n :at ab/ract$ & indef9ite notions ( be+1 or occasion1 ?\gh )\t any %ew ( reason1 at lea/ s f> z ,i c see4 ,=1 :at is !re on our "p1 or :at d we p]ceive1 among/ all ! ideas1 s5sations1 notions :i* are impr9t$ on our m9ds1 ei!r by s5se or reflexion1 f :5ce may be inf]r$ ! exi/5ce ( an in]t1 ?\ghtless1 unp]ceiv$ occasion8 &1 on ! o!r h&1 on ! "p ( an ,all-suffici5t ,_s1 :at c !re be t %\ld make u believe or ev5 suspect ,he is direct$ by an in]t occasion to excite ideas 9 our m9ds8 #ge4 ,x is a v extraord9>y in/ance ( ! =ce ( prejudice1 & mu* to be lam5t$1 t ! m9d ( man reta9s s great a fondness1 aga9/ all ! evid5ce ( reason1 = a /upid ?\ghtless ,some:at1 by ! int]position :]e( x w\ld z x 7 scre5 itself f ! ,provid5ce ( ,god1 & remove x f>!r (f f ! affairs ( ! _w4 ,b1 ?\gh we d ! utmo/ we c to secure ! belief ( ,matt]2 ?\gh1 :5 reason =sakes u1 we endeav\r to support our op9ion on ! b>e possibility ( ! ?+1 & ?\gh we indulge ourselves 9 ! full scope ( an imag9ation n regulat$ by reason to make out t poor possibility2 yet ! up%ot ( all is--t !re are c]ta9 unkn[n ,ideas 9 ! m9d ( ,god2 = ?is1 if any?+1 is all t ,i conceive to be meant by occasion ) reg>d to ,god4 ,& ?is at ! bottom is no long] cont5d+ = ! ?+1 b = ! "n7#fee74 #gf4 ,:e!r !re=e !re are su* ,ideas 9 ! m9d ( ,god1 & :e!r !y may be call$ by ! "n ,matt]1 ,i %all n dispute7#fef74 ,b1 if y /ick to ! notion ( an un?9k+ sub/ance or support ( ext5sion1 motion1 & o!r s5sible qualities1 !n to me x is mo/ evid5tly impossible !re %\ld be any su* ?+2 s9ce x is a pla9 repugnancy t ^? qualities %\ld exi/ 91 or be support$ by1 an unp]ceiv+ sub/ance7#feg74 #gg4 ,b1 say y1 ?\gh x be grant$ t !re is no ?\ghtless support ( ext5sion1 & ! o!r qualities or accid5ts :i* we p]ceive1 yet !re may p]haps be "s in]t1 unp]ceiv+ sub/ance or sub/ratum ( "s o!r qualities1 z incompreh5sible to u z col\rs are to a man born bl9d1 because we h n a s5se adapt$ to !m4 ,b1 if we _h a new s5se1 we %\ld possibly no m d\bt ( _! exi/5ce ?an a bl9d man made to see does ( ! exi/5ce ( light & col\rs4--,i answ]1 fir/1 if :at y mean by ! ^w ,matt] be only ! unkn[n support ( unkn[n qualities1 x is no matt] :e!r !re is su* a ?+ or no1 s9ce x no way conc]ns u4 ,& ,i d n see ! advantage !re is 9 disput+ ab\t :at we "k n :at1 & we "k n :y4 #gh4 ,b1 secondly1 if we _h a new s5se1 x c\ld only furni% u ) new ideas or s5sations2 & !n we %\ld h ! same reason aga9/ _! exi/+ 9 an unp]ceiv+ sub/ance t has be5 already (f]$ ) relation to figure1 motion1 col\r1 & ! l4 ,qualities1 z ha? be5 %ewn1 are no?+ else b s5sations or ideas1 :i* exi/ only 9 a m9d p]ceiv+ !m2 & ?is is true n only ( ! ideas we are acqua9t$ ) at pres5t1 b likewise ( all possible ideas :atsoev]7#feh74 #gi4 ,b y w insi/1 ,:at if ,i h no reason to believe ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]8 :at if ,i _c assign any use to x1 or expla9 any?+ by x1 or ev5 conceive :at is meant by t ^w8 yet /ill x is no contradiction to say t ,matt] exi/s1 & t ?is ,matt] is 9 g5]al a sub/ance1 or occasion ( ideas2 ?\gh inde$ to g ab\t to unfold ! mean+1 or adh]e to any p>ticul> explication ( ^? words may be att5d$ ) great difficulties4--,i answ]1 :5 words are us$ )\t a mean+1 y may put !m toge!r z y please1 )\t dang] ( runn+ into a contradiction4 ,y may say1 = example1 t twice two is equal to sev52 s long z y decl>e y d n take ! words ( t proposition 9 _! usual acceptation1 b = m>ks ( y "k n :at4 ,&1 by ! same reason1 y may say !re is an in]t ?\ghtless sub/ance )\t accid5ts1 :i* is ! occasion ( our ideas4 ,& we %all und]/& j z mu* by "o proposition z ! o!r4 #hj4 ,9 ! la/ place1 y w say1 ,:at if we give up ! cause ( mat]ial ,sub/ance1 & /& to x t ,matt] is an unkn[n ,some:at--nei!r sub/ance nor accid5t1 _s nor idea--in]t1 ?\ghtless1 indivisible1 immoveable1 unext5d$1 exi/+ 9 no place8 ,=1 say y1 :atev] may be urg$ aga9/ sub/ance or occasion1 or any o!r positive or relative notion ( ,matt]1 ha? no place at all1 s long z ?is negative def9ition ( ,matt] is adh]$ to4--,i answ]1 ,y may1 if s x %all seem good1 use ! ^w matt] 9 ! same s5se z o!r m5 use no?+1 & s make ^? t]ms conv]tible 9 y\r /yle4 ,=1 aft] all1 ?is is :at appe>s to me to be ! result ( t def9ition2 ! p>ts :]e(1 :5 ,i consid] ) att5tion1 ei!r collectively or sep>ate f ea* o!r1 ,i d n f9d t !re is any k9d ( effect or impression made on my m9d1 diff]5t f :at is excit$ by ! t]m no?+4 #ha4 ,y w reply1 p]haps1 t 9 ! =esaid def9ition is includ$ :at do? suffici5tly di/+ui% x f no?+--! positive ab/ract idea ( quiddity1 entity1 or exi/5ce4 ,i own1 inde$1 t ^? :o pret5d to ! faculty ( fram+ ab/ract g5]al ideas d talk z if !y _h su* an idea1 :i* is1 say !y1 ! mo/ ab/ract & g5]al notion ( all3 t is to me ! mo/ incompreh5sible ( all o!rs4 ,t !re are a great v>iety ( spirits ( diff]5t ord]s & capacities1 ^: faculties1 bo? 9 numb] & ext5t1 are f> exce$+ ^? ! ,au?or ( my be+ has be/[$ on me1 ,i see no reason to d5y4 ,& = me to pret5d to det]m9e1 by my own few1 /9t$1 n>r[ inlets ( p]ception1 :at ideas ! inexhau/ible p[] ( ! ,supreme ,_s may impr9t ^u !m1 7 c]ta9ly ! utmo/ folly & presumption4 ,s9ce !re may be1 = aught t ,i "k1 innum]able sorts ( ideas or s5sations1 z diff]5t f "o ano!r1 & f all t ,i h p]ceiv$1 z col\rs are f s\nds7#fei74 ,b1 h[ ready soev] ,i may be to ackn[l$ge ! scant9ess ( my compreh5sion1 ) reg>d to ! endless v>iety ( spirits & ideas t may possibly exi/1 yet = any "o to pret5d to a notion ( ,entity or ,exi/5ce1 ab/ract$ f _s & idea1 f p]ceiv$ & be+ p]ceiv$1 is1 ,i suspect1 a d[nright repugnancy & trifl+ ) words4 ,x rema9s t we consid] ! objections :i* may possibly be made on ! "p ( ,religion4 #hb4 ,"s !re are :o ?9k t1 ?\gh ! argum5ts = ! real exi/5ce ( bodies :i* are drawn f ,reason be all[$ n to am\nt to demon/ration1 yet ! ,holy ,scriptures are s cle> 9 ! po9t1 z w suffici5tly conv9ce e good ,*ri/ian1 t bodies d really exi/1 & are some?+ m ?an m]e ideas2 !re be+ 9 ,holy ,writ innum]able facts relat$ :i* evid5tly suppose ! reality ( timb] & /one1 m\nta9s & riv]s1 & cities1 & human bodies7#ffj7--,to :i* ,i answ] t no sort ( writ+s :atev]1 sacr$ or pr(ane1 :i* use ^? & ! l words 9 ! vulg> acceptation1 or s z to h a mean+ 9 !m1 are 9 dang] ( hav+ _! tru? call$ 9 "q by our doctr9e4 ,t all ^? ?+s d really exi/2 t !re are bodies1 ev5 corporeal sub/ances1 :5 tak5 9 ! vulg> s5se1 has be5 %ewn to be agreeable to our pr9ciples3 & ! diff]5ce betwixt ?+s & ideas1 realities & *im]as1 has be5 di/9ctly expla9$4 ,see sect4 #bi1 #cj1 #cc1 #cf1 c4 ,& ,i d n ?9k t ei!r :at philosoph]s call ,matt]1 or ! exi/5ce ( objects )\t ! m9d7#ffa71 is any:]e m5tion$ 9 ,scripture4 #hc4 ,aga91 :e!r !re be or be n ext]nal ?+s7#ffb71 x is agre$ on all h&s t ! prop] use ( words is ! m>k+ our conceptions1 or ?+s only z !y are kn[n & p]ceiv$ by u3 :5ce x pla9ly foll[s1 t 9 ! t5ets we h laid d[n !re is no?+ inconsi/5t ) ! "r use & significancy ( language1 & t disc\rse1 ( :at k9d soev]1 s f> z x is intelligible1 rema9s undi/urb$4 ,b all ?is seems s v manife/1 f :at has be5 l>gely set =? 9 ! premises1 t x is ne$less to insi/ any f>!r on x4 #hd4 ,b1 x w be urg$ t miracles d1 at lea/1 lose mu* ( _! /ress & import by our pr9ciples4 ,:at mu/ we ?9k ( ,moses' rod8 0 x n really turn$ into a s]p5t8 or 0 !re only a *ange ( ideas 9 ! m9ds ( ! spectators8 ,&1 c x be suppos$ t our ,savi\r did no m at ! m>riage-fea/ 9 ,cana ?an impose on ! sight1 & smell1 & ta/e ( ! gue/s1 s z to create 9 !m ! appe>ance or idea only ( w9e8 ,! same may be said ( all o!r miracles3 :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! =ego+ pr9ciples1 mu/ be look$ ^u only z s _m *eats1 or illusions ( fancy4--,to ?is ,i reply1 t ! rod 0 *ang$ into a real s]p5t1 & ! wat] into real w9e4 ,t ?is does n 9 ! lea/ contradict :at ,i h else:]e said w be evid5t f sect4 #cd & #ce4 ,b ?is bus9ess ( real & imag9>y has be5 already s pla9ly & fully expla9$1 & s (t5 ref]r$ to1 & ! difficulties ab\t x are s easily answ]$ f :at has gone be=e1 t x 7 an affront to ! read]'s und]/&+ to resume ! explication ( x 9 ?is place4 ,i %all only obs]ve t if at table all :o 7 pres5t %\ld see1 & smell1 & ta/e1 & dr9k w9e1 & f9d ! effects ( x1 ) me !re c\ld be no d\bt ( its reality7#ffc74 ,s t at bottom ! scruple conc]n+ real miracles has no place at all on ours1 b only on ! receiv$ pr9ciples1 & consequ5tly makes r = ?an aga9/ :at has be5 said4 #he4 ,hav+ done ) ! ,objections1 :i* ,i endeav\r$ to propose 9 ! cle>e/ light1 & gave !m all ! =ce & weight ,i c\ld1 we proce$ 9 ! next place to take a view ( our t5ets 9 _! ,consequ5ces7#ffd74 ,"s ( ^! appe> at fir/ sight--z t sev]al difficult & obscure que/ions1 on :i* abundance ( speculation has be5 ?r[n away1 are entirely bani%$ f philosophy4 ,:e!r corporeal sub/ance c ?9k8 ,:e!r ,matt] be inf9itely divisible8 ,& h[ x op]ates on _s8--^! & ! l inquiries h giv5 inf9ite amusem5t to philosoph]s 9 all ages4 ,b1 dep5d+ on ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]1 !y h no long] any place on our ,pr9ciples4 ,_m o!r advantages !re are1 z well ) reg>d to religion z ! sci5ces1 :i* x is easy = any "o to d$uce f :at has be5 premis$4 ,b ?is w appe> m pla9ly 9 ! sequel4 #hf4 ,f ! ,pr9ciples we h laid d[n x foll[s human k may naturally be r$uc$ to two heads--t ( ideas & t ( ,spirits4 ,( ea* ( ^! ,i %all treat 9 ord]4 ,& ,fir/ z to ideas1 or un?9k+ ?+s4 ,our k ( ^! has be5 v mu* obscur$ & conf\nd$1 & we h be5 l$ into v dang]\s errors1 by suppos+ a two-fold exi/5ce ( s5se--! "o intelligible or 9 ! m9d1 ! o!r real & )\t ! m9d7#ffe74 ,:]eby un?9k+ ?+s are ?\ght to h a natural subsi/5ce ( _! own1 di/9ct f be+ p]ceiv$ by spirits4 ,?is1 :i*1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ha? be5 %ewn to be a mo/ gr\ndless & absurd notion1 is ! v root ( ,scepticism2 =1 s long z m5 ?\ght t real ?+s subsi/$ )\t ! m9d1 & t _! k 0 only s f> =? real z x 0 con=mable to real ?+s1 x foll[s !y c\ld n be c]ta9 t !y _h any real k at all4 ,= h[ c x be kn[n t ! ?+s :i* are p]ceiv$ are con=mable to ^? :i* are n p]ceiv$1 or exi/ )\t ! m9d7#fff78 #hg4 ,col\r1 figure1 motion1 ext5sion1 & ! l1 consid]$ only z s _m s5sations 9 ! m9d1 are p]fectly kn[n2 !re be+ no?+ 9 !m :i* is n p]ceiv$4 ,b1 if !y are look$ on z notes or images1 ref]r$ to ?+s or ar*etypes exi/+ )\t ! m9d1 !n are we involv$ all 9 scepticism4 ,we see only ! appe>ances1 & n ! real qualities ( ?+s4 ,:at may be ! ext5sion1 figure1 or motion ( any?+ really & absolutely1 or 9 itself1 x is impossible = u to "k1 b only ! proportion or relation !y be> to our s5ses4 ,?+s rema9+ ! same1 our ideas v>y2 & :i* ( !m1 or ev5 :e!r any ( !m at all1 repres5t ! true quality really exi/+ 9 ! ?+1 x is out ( our rea* to det]m9e4 ,s t1 = aught we "k1 all we see1 he>1 & feel1 may be only phantom & va9 *im]a1 & n at all agree ) ! real ?+s exi/+ 9 r]um natura4 ,all ?is scepticism7#ffg7 foll[s f our suppos+ a diff]5ce betwe5 ?+s & ideas1 & t ! =m] h a subsi/5ce )\t ! m9d1 or unp]ceiv$4 ,x 7 easy to dilate on ?is subject1 & %ew h[ ! argum5ts urg$ by sceptics 9 all ages dep5d on ! supposition ( ext]nal objects4 7#ffh7;,b ?is is too obvi\s to ne$ be+ insi/$ on4 #hh4 ,s long z we attribute a real exi/5ce to un?9k+ ?+s1 di/9ct f _! be+ p]ceiv$1 x is n only impossible = u to "k ) evid5ce ! nature ( any real un?9k+ be+1 b ev5 t x exi/s4 ,h5ce x is t we see philosoph]s di/ru/ _! s5ses1 & d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( heav5 & e>?1 ( ev]y?+ !y see or feel1 ev5 ( _! own bodies4 ,& aft] all _! lab\r+ & /ruggle ( ?\ght1 !y are =c$ to own we _c atta9 to any self-evid5t or demon/rative k ( ! exi/5ce ( s5sible ?+s7#ffi74 ,b1 all ?is d\btfulness1 :i* s bewild]s & conf\nds ! m9d & makes philosophy ridicul\s 9 ! eyes ( ! _w1 vani%es if we annex a mean+ to our words1 & d n amuse ourselves ) ! t]ms absolute1 ext]nal1 exi/1 & su* l1 signify+ we "k n :at4 ,i c z well d\bt ( my own be+ z ( ! be+ ( ^? ?+s :i* ,i actually p]ceive by s5se3 x be+ a manife/ contradiction t any s5sible object %\ld be imm$iately p]ceiv$ by sight or t\*1 & at ! same "t h no exi/5ce 9 nature2 s9ce ! v exi/5ce ( an un?9k+ be+ consi/s 9 be+ p]ceiv$4 #hi4 ,no?+ seems ( m importance t[>ds erect+ a firm sy/em ( s\nd & real k1 :i* may be pro( aga9/ ! assaults ( ,scepticism1 ?an to lay ! beg9n+ 9 a di/9ct explication ( :at is meant by ?+1 reality1 exi/5ce2 = 9 va9 %all we dispute conc]n+ ! real exi/5ce ( ?+s1 or pret5d to any k !re(1 s long z we h n fix$ ! mean+ ( ^? words4 ,?+ or be+ is ! mo/ g5]al "n ( all3 x compreh5ds "u x two k9ds1 entirely di/9ct & het]og5e\s1 & :i* h no?+ common b ! "n1 viz4 spirits & ideas4 ,! =m] are active1 indivisible1 7#fgj7;incorruptible sub/ances3 ! latt] are in]t1 fleet+1 7#fga7p]i%able passions1 or dep5d5t be+s2 :i* subsi/ n by !mselves7#fgb71 b are support$ by1 or exi/ 91 m9ds or spiritual sub/ances4 7#fgc7,we compreh5d our own exi/5ce by inw>d feel+ or reflection1 & t ( o!r spirits by reason7#fgd74 ,we may be said to h "s k or notion7#fge7 ( our own m9ds1 ( spirits & active be+s2 :]e( 9 a /rict s5se we h n ideas4 ,9 l mann]1 we "k & h a notion ( relations betwe5 ?+s or ideas2 :i* relations are di/9ct f ! ideas or ?+s relat$1 inasmu* z ! latt] may be p]ceiv$ by u )\t our p]ceiv+ ! =m]4 ,to me x seems t ideas1 spirits1 & relations are all 9 _! respective k9ds ! object ( human k & subject ( disc\rse2 & t ! t]m idea w\ld be improp]ly ext5d$ to signify ev]y?+ we "k or h any notion (7#fgf74 #ij4 ,ideas impr9t$ on ! s5ses are real ?+s1 or d really exi/7#fgg73 ?is we d n d5y2 b we d5y !y c subsi/ )\t ! m9ds :i* p]ceive !m1 or t !y are resemblances ( any ar*etypes exi/+ )\t ! m9d7#fgh72 s9ce ! v be+ ( a s5sation or idea consi/s 9 be+ p]ceiv$1 & an idea c be l no?+ b an idea4 ,aga91 ! ?+s p]ceiv$ by s5se may be t]m$ ext]nal1 ) reg>d to _! orig92 9 t !y are n g5]at$ f )9 by ! m9d itself1 b impr9t$ by a ,_s di/9ct f t :i* p]ceives !m4 ,s5sible objects may likewise be said to be 8)\t ! m9d0 9 ano!r s5se1 namely :5 !y exi/ 9 "s o!r m9d4 ,?us1 :5 ,i %ut my eyes1 ! ?+s ,i saw may /ill exi/2 b x mu/ be 9 ano!r m9d7#fgi74 #ia4 ,x 7 a mi/ake to ?9k t :at is "h said d]ogates 9 ! lea/ f ! reality ( ?+s4 ,x is ackn[l$g$1 on ! receiv$ pr9ciples1 t ext5sion1 motion1 & 9 a ^w all s5sible qualities1 h ne$ ( a support1 z n be+ able to subsi/ by !mselves4 ,b ! objects p]ceiv$ by s5se are all[$ to be no?+ b comb9ations ( ^? qualities1 & consequ5tly _c subsi/ by !mselves7#fhj74 ,?us f> x is agre$ on all h&s4 ,s t 9 d5y+ ! ?+s p]ceiv$ by s5se an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( a sub/ance or support :]e9 !y may exi/1 we detract no?+ f ! receiv$ op9ion ( _! reality1 & are guilty ( no innovation 9 t respect4 ,all ! diff]5ce is t1 accord+ to u1 ! un?9k+ be+s p]ceiv$ by s5se h no exi/5ce di/9ct f be+ p]ceiv$1 & _c !re=e exi/ 9 any o!r sub/ance ?an ^? unext5d$ indivisible sub/ances1 or spirits1 :i* act1 & ?9k & p]ceive !m4 ,:]eas philosoph]s vulg>ly hold t ! s5sible qualities d exi/ 9 an in]t1 ext5d$1 unp]ceiv+ ,sub/ance1 :i* !y call ,matt]1 to :i* !y attribute a natural subsi/5ce1 ext]ior to all ?9k+ be+s1 or di/9ct f be+ p]ceiv$ by any m9d :atsoev]1 ev5 ! ,et]nal ,m9d ( ! ,creator2 :]e9 !y suppose only ,ideas ( ! corporeal sub/ances7#fha7 creat$ by ,him3 if inde$ !y all[ !m to be at all creat$7#fhb74 #ib4 ,=1 z we h %ewn ! doctr9e ( ,matt] or ,corporeal ,sub/ance to h be5 ! ma9 pill> & support ( ,scepticism1 s likewise ^u ! same f\ndation h be5 rais$ all ! impi\s s*emes ( ,a!ism & ,irreligion4 ,nay1 s great a difficulty has x be5 ?\ght to conceive ,matt] produc$ out ( no?+1 t ! mo/ celebrat$ among ! anci5t philosoph]s1 ev5 ( ^? :o ma9ta9$ ! be+ ( a ,god1 h ?\ght ,matt] to be uncreat$ & co-et]nal ) ,him7#fhc74 ,h[ great a fri5d mat]ial sub/ance has be5 to ,a!i/s 9 all ages 7 ne$less to relate4 ,all _! mon/r\s sy/ems h s visible & necess>y a dep5d5ce on x1 t :5 ?is corn]-/one is once remov$1 ! :ole fabric _c *oose b fall to ! gr\nd2 insomu* t x is no long] wor? :ile to be/[ a p>ticul> consid]ation on ! absurdities ( e wret*$ sect ( ,a!i/s7#fhd74 #ic4 ,t impi\s & pr(ane p]sons %\ld readily fall 9 ) ^? sy/ems :i* fav\r _! incl9ations1 by d]id+ immat]ial sub/ance1 & suppos+ ! s\l to be divisible1 & subject to corruption z ! body2 :i* exclude all fre$om1 intellig5ce1 & design f ! =mation ( ?+s1 & in/ead !re( make a self-exi/5t1 /upid1 un?9k+ sub/ance ! root & orig9 ( all be+s2 t !y %\ld he>k5 to ^? :o d5y a ,provid5ce1 or inspection ( a ,sup]ior ,m9d ov] ! affairs ( ! _w1 attribut+ ! :ole s]ies ( ev5ts ei!r to bl9d *ance or fatal necessity1 aris+ f ! impulse ( "o body on ano!r--all ?is is v natural4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 m5 ( bett] pr9ciples obs]ve ! enemies ( religion lay s great a /ress on un?9k+ ,matt]1 & all ( !m use s mu* indu/ry & artifice to r$uce ev]y?+ to x2 me?9ks !y %\ld rejoice to see !m depriv$ ( _! gr& support1 & driv5 f t only =tress1 )\t :i* y\r ,epicureans1 ,hobbi/s1 & ! l1 h n ev5 ! %ad[ ( a pret5ce1 b become ! mo/ *eap & easy triumph 9 ! _w4 #id4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,matt]1 or bodies unp]ceiv$1 has n only be5 ! ma9 support ( ,a!i/s & ,fatali/s1 b on ! same pr9ciple do? ,idolatry likewise 9 all its v>i\s =ms dep5d4 ,did m5 b consid] t ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 & e o!r object ( ! s5ses1 are only s _m s5sations 9 _! m9ds1 :i* h no o!r exi/5ce b b>ely be+ p]ceiv$1 d\btless !y w\ld nev] fall d[n & wor%ip _! own ideas2 b r address _! homage to t ,et]nal ,invisible ,m9d :i* produces & su/a9s all ?+s4 #ie4 ,! same absurd pr9ciple1 by m+l+ itself ) ! articles ( our fai?1 ha? occasion$ no small difficulties to ,*ri/ians4 ,= example1 ab\t ! ,resurrection1 h[ _m scruples & objections h be5 rais$ by ,soc9ians & o!rs8 ,b d n ! mo/ plausible ( !m dep5d on ! supposition t a body is d5om9at$ ! same1 ) reg>d n to ! =m1 or t :i* is p]ceiv$ by s5se7#fhe71 b ! mat]ial sub/ance1 :i* rema9s ! same "u sev]al =ms8 ,take away ?is mat]ial sub/ance--ab\t ! id5tity :]e( all ! dispute is--& mean by body :at e pla9 ord9>y p]son means by t ^w1 to wit1 t :i* is imm$iately se5 & felt1 :i* is only a comb9ation ( s5sible qualities or ideas3 & !n _! mo/ unansw]able objections come to no?+4 #if4 ,matt]7#fhf7 be+ once expell$ out ( nature drags ) x s _m sceptical & impi\s notions1 su* an incr$ible numb] ( disputes & puzzl+ que/ions1 :i* h be5 ?orns 9 ! sides ( div9es z well z philosoph]s1 & made s mu* fruitless "w = mank9d1 t if ! argum5ts we h produc$ aga9/ x are n f\nd equal to demon/ration 7z to me !y evid5tly seem71 yet ,i am sure all fri5ds to k1 peace1 & religion h reason to wi% !y 74 #ig4 ,beside ! ext]nal7#fhg7 exi/5ce ( ! objects ( p]ception1 ano!r great s\rce ( errors & difficulties ) reg>d to ideal k is ! doctr9e ( ab/ract ideas1 su* z x ha? be5 set =? 9 ! ,introduction4 ,! pla9e/ ?+s 9 ! _w1 ^? we are mo/ intimately acqua9t$ ) & p]fectly "k1 :5 !y are consid]$ 9 an ab/ract way1 appe> /rangely difficult & incompreh5sible4 ,"t1 place1 & motion1 tak5 9 p>ticul> or concrete1 are :at ev]ybody kn[s2 b1 hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( a metaphysician1 !y become too ab/ract & f9e to be appreh5d$ by m5 ( ord9>y s5se4 ,bid y\r s]vant meet y at su* a "t1 9 su* a place1 & he %all nev] /ay to delib]ate on ! mean+ ( ^? words4 ,9 conceiv+ t p>ticul> "t & place1 or ! motion by :i* he is to get ?i!r1 he f9ds n ! lea/ difficulty4 ,b if "t be tak5 exclusive ( all ^? p>ticul> actions & ideas t div]sify ! day1 m]ely = ! cont9uation ( exi/5ce or duration 9 ab/ract1 !n x w p]haps gravel ev5 a philosoph] to compreh5d x4 #ih4 ,= my own "p1 :5ev] ,i attempt to frame a simple idea ( "t1 ab/ract$ f ! succession ( ideas 9 my m9d1 :i* fl[s uni=mly1 & is p>ticipat$ by all be+s1 ,i am lo/ & embrangl$ 9 inextricable difficulties4 ,i h no notion ( x at all3 only ,i he> o!rs say x is inf9itely divisible1 & speak ( x 9 su* a mann] z leads me to h>b\r odd ?\ghts ( my exi/5ce3 s9ce t doctr9e lays "o "u an absolute necessity ( ?9k+1 ei!r t he passes away innum]able ages )\t a ?\ght1 or else t he is annihilat$ e mom5t ( 8 life3 bo? :i* seem equally absurd7#fhh74 ,"t !re=e be+ no?+1 ab/ract$ f ! succession ( ideas 9 our m9ds1 x foll[s t ! duration ( any f9ite _s mu/ be e/imat$ by ! numb] ( ideas or actions succe$+ ea* o!r 9 t same _s or m9d4 ,h5ce1 x is a pla9 consequ5ce t ! s\l always ?9ks4 ,& 9 tru? :oev] %all g ab\t to divide 9 8 ?\ghts or ab/ract ! exi/5ce ( a _s f its cogitation1 w1 ,i believe1 f9d x no easy task7#fhi74 #ii4 ,s likewise :5 we attempt to ab/ract ext5sion & motion f all o!r qualities1 & consid] !m by !mselves1 we pres5tly lose sight ( !m1 & run into great extravagances4 7#fij7 ,h5ce spr+ ^? odd p>adoxes1 t ! fire is n hot1 nor ! wall :ite2 or t heat & col\r are 9 ! objects no?+ b figure & motion4 ,all :i* dep5d on a tw(old ab/raction3 fir/1 x is suppos$ t ext5sion1 = example1 may be ab/ract$ f all o!r s5sible qualities2 &1 secondly1 t ! entity ( ext5sion may be ab/ract$ f its be+ p]ceiv$4 ,b1 :oev] %all reflect1 & take c>e to und]/& :at he says1 w1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ackn[l$ge t all s5sible qualities are alike s5sations1 & alike real2 t :]e ! ext5sion is1 !re is ! col\r too1 to wit1 9 8 m9d7#fia71 & t _! ar*etypes c exi/ only 9 "s o!r m9d3 & t ! objects ( s5se7#fib7 are no?+ b ^? s5sations1 comb9$1 bl5d$1 or 7if "o may s speak7 concret$ toge!r2 none ( all :i* c be suppos$ to exi/ unp]ceiv$4 7#fic7 ,& t consequ5tly ! wall is z truly :ite z x is ext5d$1 & 9 ! same s5se4 #ajj4 ,:at x is = a man to be happy1 or an object good1 e "o may ?9k he kn[s4 ,b to frame an ab/ract idea ( happ9ess1 presc9d$ f all p>ticul> pleasure1 or ( goodness f ev]y?+ t is good1 ?is is :at few c pret5d to4 ,s likewise a man may be j & virtu\s )\t hav+ precise ideas ( ju/ice & virtue4 ,! op9ion t ^? & ! l words /& = g5]al notions1 ab/ract$ f all p>ticul> p]sons & actions1 seems to h r5d]$ morality difficult1 & ! /udy !re( ( less use to mank9d4 7#fid7;,& 9 effect "o may make a great progress 9 s*ool e?ics )\t ev] be+ ! wis] or bett] man = x1 or kn[+ h[ to behave himself 9 ! affairs ( life m to ! advantage ( himself or 8 neighb\rs ?an he did be=e4 ,& 9 effect ! doctr9e ( ab/raction has n a little contribut$ t[>ds spoil+ ! mo/ useful p>ts ( k4 #aja4 ,! two great prov9ces ( speculative sci5ce conv]sant ab\t ideas receiv$ f s5se & _! relations1 are ,natural ,philosophy & ,ma!matics4 ,) reg>d to ea* ( ^! ,i %all make "s obs]vations4 ,& fir/ ,i %all say some:at ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,on ?is subject x is t ! sceptics triumph4 ,all t /ock ( argum5ts !y produce to depreciate our faculties & make mank9d appe> ignorant & l[1 are drawn pr9cipally f ?is head1 namely1 t we are "u an inv9cible bl9dness z to ! true & real nature ( ?+s4 ,?is !y exagg]ate1 & love to enl>ge on4 ,we are mis]ably bant]$1 say !y1 by our s5ses1 & amus$ only ) ! outside & %ew ( ?+s4 ,! real ess5ce1 ! int]nal qualities & con/itution ( e ! meane/ object1 is hid f our view3 some?+ !re is 9 e drop ( wat]1 e gra9 ( s&1 :i* x is beyond ! p[] ( human und]/&+ to fa?om or compreh5d7#fie74 ,b1 x is evid5t f :at has be5 %ewn t all ?is compla9t is gr\ndless1 & t we are influ5c$ by false pr9ciples to t degree z to mi/ru/ our s5ses1 & ?9k we "k no?+ ( ^? ?+s :i* we p]fectly compreh5d4 #ajb4 ,"o great inducem5t to our pron\nc+ ourselves ignorant ( ! nature ( ?+s is1 ! curr5t op9ion t e ?+ includes )9 itself ! cause ( its prop]ties3 or t !re is 9 ea* object an inw>d ess5ce1 :i* is ! s\rce :5ce its disc]nible qualities fl[1 & :]eon !y dep5d4 ,"s h pret5d$ to acc\nt = appe>ances by occult qualities2 b ( late !y are mo/ly resolv$ into me*anical causes1 to wit1 ! figure1 motion1 weight1 & su*like qualities1 ( ins5sible p>ticles7#fif73 :]eas1 9 tru?1 !re is no o!r ag5t or effici5t cause ?an _s1 x be+ evid5t t motion1 z well z all o!r ideas1 is p]fectly in]t4 ,see sect4 #be4 ,h5ce1 to endeav\r to expla9 ! production ( col\rs or s\nds1 by figure1 motion1 magnitude1 & ! l1 mu/ ne$s be lab\r 9 va94 ,& accord+ly we see ! attempts ( t k9d are n at all satisfactory4 ,:i* may be said 9 g5]al ( ^? in/ances :]e9 "o idea or quality is assign$ = ! cause ( ano!r4 ,i ne$ n say h[ _m hypo!ses & speculations are left out1 & h[ mu* ! /udy ( nature is abridg$ by ?is doctr9e7#fig74 #ajc4 ,! great me*anical pr9ciple n[ 9 vogue is attraction4 ,t a /one falls to ! e>?1 or ! sea swells t[>ds ! moon1 may to "s appe> suffici5tly expla9$ !reby4 ,b h[ are we enlight5$ by be+ told ?is is done by attraction8 ,is x t t ^w signifies ! mann] ( ! t5d5cy1 & t x is by ! mutual draw+ ( bodies in/ead ( _! be+ impell$ or protrud$ t[>ds ea* o!r8 ,b no?+ is det]m9$ ( ! mann] or action1 & x may z truly 7= aught we "k7 be t]m$ impulse1 or protrusion1 z attraction4 ,aga91 ! p>ts ( /eel we see coh]e firmly toge!r1 & ?is also is acc\nt$ = by attraction2 b1 9 ?is1 z 9 ! o!r in/ances1 ,i d n p]ceive t any?+ is signifi$ besides ! effect itself2 = z to ! mann] ( ! action :]eby x is produc$1 or ! cause :i* produces x1 ^! are n s mu* z aim$ at4 #ajd4 ,inde$1 if we take a view ( ! sev]al ph5om5a1 & comp>e !m toge!r1 we may obs]ve "s lik5ess & con=mity betwe5 !m4 ,= example1 9 ! fall+ ( a /one to ! gr\nd1 9 ! ris+ ( ! sea t[>ds ! moon1 9 cohesion & cry/allization1 !re is some?+ alike2 namely1 an union or mutual approa* ( bodies4 ,s t any "o ( ^! or ! l ph5om5a may n seem /range or surpris+ to a man :o has nicely obs]v$ & comp>$ ! effects ( nature4 ,= t only is ?\ght s :i* is uncommon1 or a ?+ by itself1 & out ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( our obs]vation4 ,t bodies %\ld t5d t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>? is n ?\ght /range1 because x is :at we p]ceive e mom5t ( our lives4 ,b t !y %\ld h a l gravitation t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! moon may seem odd & unacc\ntable to mo/ m51 because x is disc]n$ only 9 ! tides4 ,b a philosoph]1 ^: ?\ghts take 9 a l>g] compass ( nature1 hav+ obs]v$ a c]ta9 similitude ( appe>ances1 z well 9 ! heav5s z ! e>?1 t argue innum]able bodies to h a mutual t5d5cy t[>ds ea* o!r1 :i* he d5otes by ! g5]al "n attraction1 :atev] c be r$uc$ to t1 he ?9ks ju/ly acc\nt$ =4 ,?us he expla9s ! tides by ! attraction ( ! t]raque\s globe t[>ds ! moon2 :i* to him do? n appe> odd or anomal\s1 b only a p>ticul> example ( a g5]al rule or law ( nature4 #aje4 ,if !re=e we consid] ! diff]5ce !re is betwixt natural philosoph]s & o!r m51 ) reg>d to _! k ( ! ph5om5a1 we %all f9d x consi/s1 n 9 an exact] k ( ! effici5t cause t produces !m--= t c be no o!r ?an ! w ( a _s--b only 9 a great] l>g5ess ( compreh5sion1 :]eby analogies1 h>monies1 & agreem5ts are discov]$ 9 ! works ( nature1 & ! p>ticul> effects expla9$1 t is1 r$uc$ to g5]al rules1 see sect4 #fb3 :i* rules1 gr\nd$ on ! analogy & uni=mness obs]v$ 9 ! production ( natural effects1 are mo/ agreeable & s\ght aft] by ! m9d2 = t !y ext5d our prospect beyond :at is pres5t & ne> to u1 & enable u to make v probable conjectures t\*+ ?+s t may h happ5$ at v great di/ances ( "t & place1 z well z to pr$ict ?+s to come3 :i* sort ( endeav\r t[>ds ,omnisci5ce is mu* affect$ by ! m9d4 #ajf4 ,b we %\ld proce$ w>ily 9 su* ?+s3 = we are apt to lay too great a /ress on analogies1 &1 to ! prejudice ( tru?1 hum\r t eag]ness ( ! m9d1 :]eby x is c>ri$ to ext5d its k into g5]al !orems4 ,= example1 gravitation or mutual attraction1 because x appe>s 9 _m in/ances1 "s are /raightway = pron\nc+ univ]sal2 & t to attract & be attract$ by e o!r body is an ess5tial quality inh]5t 9 all bodies :atsoev]4 ,:]eas x is evid5t ! fix$ />s h no su* t5d5cy t[>ds ea* o!r2 &1 s f> is t gravitation f be+ ess5tial to bodies t 9 "s in/ances a q contr>y pr9ciple seems to %ew itself2 z 9 ! p]p5dicul> gr[? ( plants1 & ! ela/icity ( ! air4 ,!re is no?+ necess>y or ess5tial 9 ! case7#fih72 b x dep5ds entirely on ! w ( ! ,gov]n+ ,_s7#fii71 :o causes c]ta9 bodies to cleave toge!r or t5d t[>ds ea* o!r accord+ to v>i\s laws1 :il/ ,he keeps o!rs at a fix$ di/ance2 & to "s ,he gives a q contr>y t5d5cy to fly asund]1 j z ,he sees conv5i5t4 #ajg4 ,aft] :at has be5 premis$1 ,i ?9k we may lay d[n ! foll[+ conclusions4 ,fir/1 x is pla9 philosoph]s amuse !mselves 9 va91 :5 !y enquire = any natural effici5t cause1 di/9ct f a m9d or _s4 ,secondly1 consid]+ ! :ole creation is ! workman%ip ( a wise & good ,ag5t1 x %\ld seem to become philosoph]s to employ _! ?\ghts 7contr>y to :at "s hold7#gjj77 ab\t ! f9al causes ( ?+s4 7#gja7 ,=1 besides t ?is w\ld prove a v pleas+ ent]ta9m5t to ! m9d1 x might be ( great advantage1 9 t x n only discov]s to u ! attributes ( ! ,creator1 b may also direct u 9 sev]al in/ances to ! prop] uses & applications ( ?+s4 ,& ,i mu/ confess ,i see no reason :y po9t+ out ! v>i\s ends to :i* natural ?+s are adapt$1 & = :i* !y 7 orig9ally ) unspeakable wisdom contriv$1 %\ld n be ?\ght "o good way ( acc\nt+ = !m1 & altoge!r wor?y a philosoph]4 ,?irdly1 f :at has be5 premis$1 no reason c be drawn :y ! hi/ory ( nature %\ld n /ill be /udi$1 & obs]vations & exp]im5ts made2 :i*1 t !y are ( use to mank9d1 & enable u to draw any g5]al conclusions1 is n ! result ( any immutable habitudes or relations betwe5 ?+s !mselves1 b only ( ,god's goodness & k9dness to m5 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! _w4 ,see sects4 #cj & #ca4 ,f\r?ly1 by a dilig5t obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a )9 our view1 we may discov] ! g5]al laws ( nature1 & f !m d$uce o!r ph5om5a4 ,i d n say demon/rate2 = all d$uctions ( t k9d dep5d on a supposition t ! ,au?or ( ,nature always op]ates uni=mly1 & 9 a con/ant obs]vance ( ^? rules we take = pr9ciples1 :i* we _c evid5tly "k7#gjb74 #ajh4 ,x appe>s f sect4 #ff1 c4 t ! /eady consi/5t me?ods ( nature may n unfitly be /yl$ ! ,language ( its ,au?or1 :]eby ,he discov]s ,8 attributes to our view & directs u h[ to act = ! conv5i5ce & felicity ( life4 ,^? m5 :o frame7#gjc7 g5]al rules f ! ph5om5a1 & aft]w>ds d]ive7#gjd7 ! ph5om5a f ^? rules1 seem to consid] signs7#gje7 r ?an causes4 7#gjf7;,a man may well und]/& natural signs )\t kn[+ _! analogy1 or be+ able to say by :at rule a ?+ is s or s4 ,&1 z x is v possible to write improp]ly1 ?r\gh too /rict an obs]vance ( g5]al gramm>-rules2 s1 9 argu+ f g5]al laws ( nature1 x is n impossible we may ext5d7#gjg7 ! analogy too f>1 & by t means run into mi/akes4 #aji4 7#gjh7 ,to c>ry on ! resemblance4 ,z 9 read+ o!r books a wise man w *oose to fix 8 ?\ghts on ! s5se & apply x to use1 r ?an lay !m out 9 grammatical rem>ks on ! language2 s1 9 p]us+ ! volume ( nature1 me?9ks x is b5ea? ! dignity ( ! m9d to affect an exactness 9 r$uc+ ea* p>ticul> ph5om5on to g5]al rules1 or %ew+ h[ x foll[s f !m4 ,we %\ld propose to ourselves nobl] views1 su* z to recreate & exalt ! m9d ) a prospect ( ! beauty1 ord]1 ext5t1 & v>iety ( natural ?+s3 h5ce1 by prop] inf]5ces1 to enl>ge our notions ( ! gr&eur1 wisdom1 & b5efic5ce ( ! ,creator3 & la/ly1 to make ! sev]al p>ts ( ! creation1 s f> z 9 u lies1 subs]vi5t to ! ends !y 7 design$ =--,god's glory1 & ! su/5tation & com=t ( ourselves & fell[-creatures4 #aaj4 7#gji7 ,! be/ key = ! a=esaid analogy1 or natural ,sci5ce1 w be easily ackn[l$g$ to be a c]ta9 celebrat$ ,treatise ( ,me*anics4 ,9 ! entrance ( :i* ju/ly admir$ treatise1 ,"t1 ,space1 & ,motion are di/+ui%$ into absolute & relative1 true & app>5t1 ma!matical & vulg>3 :i* di/9ction1 z x is at l>ge expla9$ by ! au?or1 does suppose ^? quantities to h an exi/5ce )\t ! m9d3 & t !y are ord9>ily conceiv$ ) relation to s5sible ?+s1 to :i* nev]!less 9 _! own nature !y be> no relation at all4 ,,iii4 ,z = ,"t1 z x is !re tak5 9 an absolute or ab/ract$ s5se1 = ! duration or p]sev]ance ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 ,i h no?+ m to add conc]n+ x aft] :at has be5 already said on t subject4 ,sects4 #ig & #ih4 ,= ! re/1 ?is celebrat$ au?or holds !re is an absolute ,space1 :i*1 be+ unp]ceivable to s5se1 rema9s 9 itself simil> & immoveable2 & relative space to be ! measure !re(1 :i*1 be+ moveable & def9$ by its situation 9 respect ( s5sible bodies1 is vulg>ly tak5 = immoveable space4 ,place he def9es to be t "p ( space :i* is occupi$ by any body3 & accord+ z ! space is absolute or relative s also is ! place4 ,absolute ,motion is said to be ! translation ( a body f absolute place to absolute place1 z relative motion is f "o relative place to ano!r4 ,& because ! p>ts ( absolute space d n fall "u our s5ses1 in/ead ( !m we are oblig$ to use _! s5sible measures2 & s def9e bo? place & motion ) respect to bodies :i* we reg>d z immoveable4 ,b x is said1 9 philosophical matt]s we mu/ ab/ract f our s5ses2 s9ce x may be t none ( ^? bodies :i* seem to be quiesc5t are truly s2 & ! same ?+ :i* is mov$ relatively may be really at re/4 ,z likewise "o & ! same body may be 9 relative re/ & motion1 or ev5 mov$ ) contr>y relative motions at ! same "t1 accord+ z its place is v>i\sly def9$4 ,all :i* ambiguity is to be f\nd 9 ! app>5t motions2 b n at all 9 ! true or absolute1 :i* %\ld !re=e be alone reg>d$ 9 philosophy4 ,& ! true we are told are di/+ui%$ f app>5t or relative motions by ! foll[+ prop]ties4 ,fir/1 9 true or absolute motion1 all p>ts :i* pres]ve ! same position ) respect ( ! :ole1 p>take ( ! motions ( ! :ole4 ,secondly1 ! place be+ mov$1 t :i* is plac$ !re9 is also mov$3 s t a body mov+ 9 a place :i* is 9 motion do? p>ticipate ! motion ( its place4 ,?irdly1 true motion is nev] g5]at$ or *ang$ o!rwise ?an by =ce impress$ on ! body itself4 ,f\r?ly1 true motion is always *ang$ by =ce impress$ on ! body mov$4 ,fif?ly1 9 circul> motion1 b>ely relative1 !re is no c5trifugal =ce1 :i* nev]!less1 9 t :i* is true or absolute1 is proportional to ! quantity ( motion4 #aab4 ,b1 not)/&+ :at ha? be5 said1 ,i mu/ confess x does n appe> to me t !re c be any motion o!r ?an relative7#gaj73 s t to conceive motion !re mu/ be conceiv$ at lea/ two bodies2 :]e( ! di/ance or position 9 reg>d to ea* o!r is v>i$4 ,h5ce1 if !re 0 "o only body 9 be+ x c\ld n possibly be mov$4 ,?is seems evid5t1 9 t ! idea ,i h ( motion do? necess>ily include relation4--7#gaa7,:e!r o!rs c conceive x o!rwise1 a little att5tion may satisfy !m4 #aac4 ,b1 ?\gh 9 e motion x be necess>y to conceive m bodies ?an "o1 yet x may be t "o only is mov$1 namely1 t on :i* ! =ce caus+ ! *ange 9 ! di/ance or situation ( ! bodies is impress$4 ,=1 h[ev] "s may def9e relative motion1 s z to t]m t body mov$ :i* *anges its di/ance f "s o!r body1 :e!r ! =ce 7#gab7or action caus+ t *ange 7 impress$ on x or no1 yet1 z relative motion is t :i* is p]ceiv$ by s5se1 & reg>d$ 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 x foll[s t e man ( common s5se kn[s :at x is z well z ! be/ philosoph]4 ,n[1 ,i ask any "o :e!r1 9 8 s5se ( motion z he walks along ! /reets1 ! /ones he passes ov] may be said to move1 because !y *ange di/ance ) 8 feet8 ,to me x appe>s t ?\gh motion includes a relation ( "o ?+ to ano!r1 yet x is n necess>y t ea* t]m ( ! relation be d5om9at$ f x4 ,z a man may ?9k ( some:at :i* does n ?9k1 s a body may be mov$ to or f ano!r body :i* is n !re=e itself 9 motion1 7#gac7 ,i mean relative motion1 = o!r ,i am n able to conceive4 #aad4 ,z ! place happ5s to be v>i\sly def9$1 ! motion :i* is relat$ to x v>ies7#gad74 ,a man 9 a %ip may be said to be quiesc5t ) relation to ! sides ( ! vessel1 & yet move ) relation to ! l&4 ,or he may move ea/w>d 9 respect ( ! "o1 & we/w>d 9 respect ( ! o!r4 ,9 ! common affairs ( life1 m5 nev] g beyond ! ,e>? to def9e ! place ( any body2 & :at is quiesc5t 9 respect ( t is acc\nt$ absolutely to be s4 ,b philosoph]s1 :o h a great] ext5t ( ?\ght1 & ju/] notions ( ! sy/em ( ?+s1 discov] ev5 ! ,e>? itself to be mov$4 ,9 ord] !re=e to fix _! notions1 !y seem to conceive ! ,corporeal ,_w z f9ite1 & ! utmo/ unmov$ walls or %ell !re( to be ! place :]eby !y e/imate true motions4 ,if we s\nd our own conceptions1 ,i believe we may f9d all ! absolute motion we c frame an idea ( to be at bottom no o!r ?an relative motion ?us def9$4 ,=1 z has be5 already obs]v$1 absolute motion1 exclusive ( all ext]nal relation1 is incompreh5sible3 & to ?is k9d ( relative motion all ! above-m5tion$ prop]ties1 causes1 & effects ascrib$ to absolute motion w1 if ,i mi/ake n1 be f\nd to agree4 ,z to :at is said ( ! c5trifugal =ce1 t x does n at all belong to circul> relative motion1 ,i d n see h[ ?is foll[s f ! exp]im5t :i* is br\ght to prove x4 ,see ,newton's ,philosophiae ,naturalis ,pr9cipia ,ma!matica1 9 ,s*ol4 ,def4 ,,viii4 ,= ! wat] 9 ! vessel1 at t "t :]e9 x is said to h ! greate/ relative circul> motion1 ha?1 ,i ?9k1 no motion at all3 z is pla9 f ! =ego+ section4 #aae4 ,=1 to d5om9ate a body mov$1 x is requisite1 fir/1 t x *ange its di/ance or situation ) reg>d to "s o!r body3 & secondly1 t ! =ce occasion+ t *ange be appli$ to7#gae7 x4 ,if ei!r ( ^! be want+1 ,i d n ?9k t1 agreeably to ! s5se ( mank9d1 or ! propriety ( language1 a body c be said to be 9 motion4 ,i grant inde$ t x is possible = u to ?9k a body1 :i* we see *ange its di/ance f "s o!r1 to be mov$1 ?\gh x h no =ce appli$ to7#gaf7 x 79 :i* s5se !re may be app>5t motion72 b !n x is because ! =ce caus+ ! *ange7#gag7 ( di/ance is imag9$ by u to be 7#gah7;appli$ or impress$ on t body ?\ght to move4 ,:i* inde$ %ews we are capable ( mi/ak+ a ?+ to be 9 motion :i* is n1 & t is all4 7#gai7;,b x does n prove t1 9 ! common acceptation ( motion1 a body is mov$ m]ely because x *anges di/ance f ano!r2 s9ce z soon z we are undeceiv$1 & f9d t ! mov+ =ce 0 n communicat$ to x1 we no long] hold x to be mov$4 ,s1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 "o only body 7! p>ts :]e( pres]ve a giv5 position betwe5 !mselves7 is imag9$ to exi/1 "s !re are :o ?9k t x c be mov$ all mann] ( ways1 ?\gh )\t any *ange ( di/ance or situation to any o!r bodies2 :i* we %\ld n d5y1 if !y meant only t x might h an impress$ =ce1 :i*1 ^u ! b>e creation ( o!r bodies1 w\ld produce a motion ( "s c]ta9 quantity & det]m9ation4 ,b t an actual motion 7di/9ct f ! impress$ =ce1 or p[]1 productive ( *ange ( place 9 case !re 7 bodies pres5t :]eby to def9e x7 c exi/ 9 su* a s+le body1 ,i mu/ confess ,i am n able to compreh5d4 #aaf4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x foll[s t ! philosophic consid]ation ( motion do? n imply ! be+ ( an absolute ,space1 di/9ct f t :i* is p]ceiv$ by s5se1 & relat$ to bodies3 :i* t x _c exi/ )\t ! m9d is cle> ^u ! same pr9ciples t demon/rate ! l ( all o!r objects ( s5se4 ,& p]haps1 if we inquire n>r[ly1 we %all f9d we _c ev5 frame an idea ( pure ,space exclusive ( all body4 ,?is ,i mu/ confess seems impossible7#gbj71 z be+ a mo/ ab/ract idea4 ,:5 ,i excite a motion 9 "s "p ( my body1 if x be free or )\t resi/ance1 ,i say !re is ,space4 ,b if ,i f9d a resi/ance1 !n ,i say !re is ,body3 & 9 proportion z ! resi/ance to motion is less] or great]1 ,i say ! space is m or less pure4 ,s t :5 ,i speak ( pure or empty space1 x is n to be suppos$ t ! ^w space /&s = an idea di/9ct f1 or conceivable )\t1 body & motion4 ,?\gh inde$ we are apt to ?9k e n\n sub/antive /&s = a di/9ct idea t may be sep>at$ f all o!rs2 :i* ha? occasion$ inf9ite mi/akes4 ,:51 !re=e1 suppos+ all ! _w to be annihilat$ besides my own body1 ,i say !re /ill rema9s pure ,space2 !reby no?+ else is meant b only t ,i conceive x possible = ! limbs ( my body to be mov$ on all sides )\t ! lea/ resi/ance3 b if t too 7 annihilat$ !n !re c\ld be no motion1 & consequ5tly no ,space7#gba74 ,"s1 p]haps1 may ?9k ! s5se ( see+ do? furni% !m ) ! idea ( pure space2 b x is pla9 f :at we h else:]e %ewn1 t ! ideas ( space & di/ance are n obta9$ by t s5se4 ,see ! ,essay conc]n+ ,vision4 #aag4 ,:at is "h laid d[n seems to put an end to all ^? disputes & difficulties t h sprung up among/ ! le>n$ conc]n+ ! nature ( pure ,space4 ,b ! *ief advantage aris+ f x is t we are fre$ f t dang]\s dilemma1 to :i* sev]al :o h employ$ _! ?\ghts on t subject imag9e !mselves r$uc$1 viz4 ( ?9k+ ei!r t ,real ,space is ,god1 or else t !re is some?+ beside ,god :i* is et]nal1 uncreat$1 inf9ite1 indivisible1 immutable4 ,bo? :i* may ju/ly be ?\ght p]nici\s & absurd notions4 ,x is c]ta9 t n a few div9es1 z well z philosoph]s ( great note1 h1 f ! difficulty !y f\nd 9 conceiv+ ei!r limits or annihilation ( space1 conclud$ x mu/ be div9e4 ,& "s ( late h set !mselves p>ticul>ly to %ew t ! incommunicable attributes ( ,god agree to x4 ,:i* doctr9e1 h[ unwor?y soev] x may seem ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 yet ,i mu/ confess ,i d n see h[ we c get cle> ( x1 s long z we adh]e to ! receiv$ op9ions7#gbb74 #aah4 ,hi!rto ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,we come n[ to make "s inquiry conc]n+ t o!r great bran* ( speculative k1 to wit1 ,ma!matics7#gbc74 ,^!1 h[ celebrat$ soev] !y may be = _! cle>ness & c]ta9ty ( demon/ration1 :i* is h>dly any:]e else to be f\nd1 _c nev]!less be suppos$ altoge!r free f mi/akes1 if 9 _! pr9ciples !re lurks "s secret error :i* is common to ! pr(essors ( ^? sci5ces ) ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,ma!maticians1 ?\gh !y d$uce _! !orems f a great height ( evid5ce1 yet _! fir/ pr9ciples are limit$ by ! consid]ation ( ,quantity4 ,& !y d n asc5d into any inquiry conc]n+ ^? transc5d5tal maxims :i* influ5ce all ! p>ticul> sci5ces2 ea* "p :]e(1 ,ma!matics n except$1 do? consequ5tly p>ticipate ( ! errors involv$ 9 !m4 ,t ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ma!maticians are true1 & _! way ( d$uction f ^? pr9ciples cle> & inconte/ible1 we d n d5y4 ,b we hold !re may be c]ta9 errone\s maxims ( great] ext5t ?an ! object ( ,ma!matics1 & = t reason n expressly m5tion$1 ?\gh tacitly suppos$1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole progress ( t sci5ce2 & t ! ill effects ( ^? secret unexam9$ errors are diffus$ ?r\gh all ! bran*es !re(4 ,to be pla91 we suspect ! ma!maticians are no less deeply conc]n$ ?an o!r m5 9 ! errors aris+ f ! doctr9e ( ab/ract g5]al ideas1 & ! exi/5ce ( objects )\t ! m9d4 #aai4 ,ari?metic ha? be5 ?\ght to h = its object ab/ract ideas ( numb]4 ,( :i* to und]/& ! prop]ties & mutual habitudes1 is suppos$ no mean "p ( speculative k4 ,! op9ion ( ! pure & intellectual nature ( numb]s 9 ab/ract has made !m 9 e/eem ) ^? philosoph]s :o seem to h affect$ an uncommon f95ess & elevation ( ?\ght4 ,x ha? set a price on ! mo/ trifl+ num]ical speculations1 :i* 9 practice are ( no use1 b s]ve only = amusem5t2 & ha? h]et(ore s f> infect$ ! m9ds ( "s1 t !y h dream$ ( mighty my/]ies involv$ 9 numb]s1 & attempt$ ! explication ( natural ?+s by !m4 ,b1 if we n>r[ly inquire into our own ?\ghts1 & consid] :at has be5 premis$1 we may p]haps ent]ta9 a l[ op9ion ( ^? high flights & ab/ractions1 & look on all inquiries ab\t numb]s only z s _m difficiles nugae1 s f> z !y are n subs]vi5t to practice1 & promote ! b5efit ( life4 #abj4 ,unity 9 ab/ract we h be=e consid]$ 9 sect4 #ac2 f :i*1 & :at has be5 said 9 ! ,introduction1 x pla9ly foll[s !re is n any su* idea4 ,b1 numb] be+ def9$ a collection ( units1 we may conclude t1 if !re be no su* ?+ z unity1 or unit 9 ab/ract1 !re are no ideas ( numb] 9 ab/ract1 d5ot$ by ! num]al names & figures4 ,! !ories !re=e 9 ,ari?metic1 if !y are ab/ract$ f ! names & figures1 z likewise f all use & practice1 z well z f ! p>ticul> ?+s numb]$1 c be suppos$ to h no?+ at all = _! object4 ,h5ce we may see h[ entirely ! sci5ce ( numb]s is subord9ate to practice1 & h[ jejune & trifl+ x becomes :5 consid]$ z a matt] ( m]e speculation7#gbd74 #aba4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce !re may be "s :o1 delud$ by ! speci\s %[ ( discov]+ ab/ract$ v]ities1 wa/e _! "t 9 ari?metical !orems & problems :i* h n any use1 x w n be amiss if we m fully consid] & expose ! vanity ( t pret5ce4 ,& ?is w pla9ly appe> by tak+ a view ( ,ari?metic 9 its infancy1 & obs]v+ :at x 0 t orig9ally put m5 on ! /udy ( t sci5ce1 & to :at scope !y direct$ x4 ,x is natural to ?9k t at fir/1 m51 = ease ( memory & help ( computation1 made use ( c\nt]s1 or 9 writ+ ( s+le /rokes1 po9ts1 or ! l1 ea* :]e( 0 made to signify an unit1 i4e4 "s "o ?+ ( :atev] k9d !y _h occasion to reckon4 ,aft]w>ds !y f\nd out ! m comp5di\s ways ( mak+ "o "* /& 9 place ( sev]al /rokes or po9ts4 ,&1 la/ly1 ! notation ( ! ,arabians or ,indians came into use2 :]e91 by ! repetition ( a few *>act]s or figures1 & v>y+ ! signification ( ea* figure accord+ to ! place x obta9s1 all numb]s may be mo/ aptly express$4 ,:i* seems to h be5 done 9 imitation ( language1 s t an exact analogy is obs]v$ betwixt ! notation by figures & names1 ! n9e simple figures answ]+ ! n9e fir/ num]al names & places 9 ! =m]1 correspond+ to d5om9ations 9 ! latt]4 ,& agreeably to ^? conditions ( ! simple & local value ( figures1 7 contriv$ me?ods ( f9d+1 f ! giv5 figures or m>ks ( ! p>ts1 :at figures & h[ plac$ are prop] to d5ote ! :ole1 or vice v]sa4 ,& hav+ f\nd ! s\ght figures1 ! same rule or analogy be+ obs]v$ ?r\gh\t1 x is easy to read !m into words2 & s ! numb] becomes p]fectly kn[n4 ,= !n ! numb] ( any p>ticul> ?+s is said to be kn[n1 :5 we "k ! "n or figures 7) _! due arrangem5t7 t accord+ to ! /&+ analogy belong to !m4 ,=1 ^! signs be+ kn[n1 we c by ! op]ations ( ari?metic "k ! signs ( any "p ( ! p>ticul> sums signifi$ by !m2 & ?us comput+ 9 signs1 7because ( ! connexion e/abli%$ betwixt !m & ! di/9ct multitudes ( ?+s1 :]e( "o is tak5 = an unit71 we may be able rightly to sum up1 divide1 & proportion ! ?+s !mselves t we int5d to numb]4 #abb4 ,9 ,ari?metic1 !re=e1 we reg>d n ! ?+s b ! signs2 :i* nev]!less are n reg>d$ = _! own sake1 b because !y direct u h[ to act ) relation to ?+s1 & dispose rightly ( !m4 ,n[1 agreeably to :at we h be=e obs]v$ ( ,words 9 g5]al 7sect4 #ai1 ,introd471 x happ5s "h likewise1 t ab/ract ideas are ?\ght to be signifi$ by num]al names or *>act]s1 :ile !y d n sugge/ ideas ( p>ticul> ?+s to our m9ds4 ,i %all n at pres5t ent] into a m p>ticul> diss]tation on ?is subject2 b only obs]ve t x is evid5t f :at has be5 said1 ^? ?+s :i* pass = ab/ract tru?s & !orems conc]n+ numb]s1 are 9 reality conv]sant ab\t no object di/9ct f p>ticul> num]able ?+s2 except only names & *>act]s1 :i* orig9ally came to be consid]$ on no o!r acc\nt b _! be+ signs1 or capable to repres5t aptly :atev] p>ticul> ?+s m5 _h ne$ to compute4 ,:5ce x foll[s t to /udy !m = _! own sake w\ld be j z wise1 & to z good purpose1 z if a man1 neglect+ ! true use or orig9al int5tion & subs]vi5cy ( language1 %\ld sp5d 8 "t 9 imp]t95t criticisms ^u words1 or reason+s & controv]sies purely v]bal7#gbe74 #abc4 ,f numb]s we proce$ to speak ( ext5sion7#gbf71 :i*1 consid]$ z relative1 is ! object ( ,geometry4 ,! inf9ite divisibility ( f9ite ext5sion1 ?\gh x is n expressly laid d[n ei!r z an axiom or !orem 9 ! elem5ts ( t sci5ce1 yet is ?r\gh\t ! same ev]y:]e suppos$1 & ?\ght to h s insep>able & ess5tial a connexion ) ! pr9ciples & demon/rations 9 ,geometry t ma!maticians nev] admit x into d\bt1 or make ! lea/ "q ( x4 ,& z ?is notion is ! s\rce f :5ce d spr+ all ^? amus+ geometrical p>adoxes :i* h su* a direct repugnancy to ! pla9 common s5se ( mank9d1 & are admitt$ ) s mu* reluctance into a m9d n yet debau*$ by le>n+2 s is x ! pr9cipal occasion ( all t nice & extreme subtilty1 :i* r5d]s ! /udy ( ,ma!matics s v difficult & t$i\s4 ,h5ce1 if we c make x appe> t no f9ite ext5sion conta9s innum]able p>ts1 or is inf9itely divisible1 x foll[s t we %all at once cle> ! sci5ce ( ,geometry f a great numb] ( difficulties & contradictions :i* h ev] be5 e/eem$ a reproa* to human reason1 & )al make ! atta9m5t !re( a bus9ess ( mu* less "t & pa9s ?an x hi!rto ha? be54 #abd4 ,e p>ticul> f9ite ext5sion :i* may possibly be ! object ( our ?\ght is an idea exi/+ only 9 ! m9d2 & consequ5tly ea* "p !re( mu/ be p]ceiv$4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,i _c p]ceive innum]able p>ts 9 any f9ite ext5sion t ,i consid]1 x is c]ta9 !y are n conta9$ 9 x4 ,b x is evid5t t ,i _c di/+ui% innum]able p>ts 9 any p>ticul> l9e1 surface1 or solid1 :i* ,i ei!r p]ceive by s5se1 or figure to myself 9 my m9d4 ,:]e=e ,i conclude !y are n conta9$ 9 x4 ,no?+ c be pla9] to me ?an t ! ext5sions ,i h 9 view are no o!r ?an my own ideas2 & x is no less pla9 t ,i _c resolve any "o ( my ideas into an inf9ite numb] ( o!r ideas2 t is1 t !y are n inf9itely divisible7#gbg74 ,if by f9ite ext5sion be meant some?+ di/9ct f a f9ite idea1 ,i decl>e ,i d n "k :at t is1 & s _c affirm or d5y any?+ ( x4 ,b if ! t]ms ext5sion1 p>ts1 & ! l1 are tak5 9 any s5se conceivable--t is1 = ideas1--!n to say a f9ite quantity or ext5sion consi/s ( p>ts inf9ite 9 numb] is s manife/ & gl>+ a contradiction1 t e "o at fir/ sight ackn[l$ges x to be s4 ,& x is impossible x %\ld ev] ga9 ! ass5t ( any reasonable creature :o is n br\ght to x by g5tle & sl[ degrees1 z a conv]t$ ,g5tile7#gbh7 to ! belief ( transub/antiation4 ,anci5t & root$ prejudices d (t5 pass into pr9ciples4 ,& ^? propositions :i* once obta9 ! =ce & cr$it ( a pr9ciple1 are n only !mselves1 b likewise :atev] is d$ucible f !m1 ?\ght privileg$ f all exam9ation4 ,& !re is no absurdity s gross1 :i*1 by ?is means1 ! m9d ( man may n be prep>$ to swall[7#gbi74 #abe4 ,he ^: und]/&+ is prepossess$ ) ! doctr9e ( ab/ract g5]al ideas may be p]suad$ t 7:atev] be ?\ght ( ! ideas ( s5se7 ext5sion 9 ab/ract is inf9itely divisible4 ,& "o :o ?9ks ! objects ( s5se exi/ )\t ! m9d w p]haps1 9 virtue !re(1 be br\ght to admit7#gcj7 t a l9e b an in* long may conta9 innum]able p>ts really exi/+1 ?\gh too small to be disc]n$4 ,^! errors are graft$ z well 9 ! m9ds ( geometricians z ( o!r m51 & h a l influ5ce on _! reason+s2 & x 7 no difficult ?+ to %ew h[ ! argum5ts f ,geometry made use ( to support ! inf9ite divisibility ( ext5sion are bottom$ on !m4 7#gca7 ,b ?is1 if x be ?\ght necess>y1 we may h]eaft] f9d a prop] place to treat ( 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,at pres5t we %all only obs]ve 9 g5]al :5ce x is ! ma!maticians are all s fond & t5aci\s ( t doctr9e4 #abf4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ 9 ano!r place t ! !orems & demon/rations 9 ,geometry are conv]sant ab\t univ]sal ideas 7sect4 #ae1 ,introd473 :]e x is expla9$ 9 :at s5se ?is ought to be und]/ood1 to wit1 ! p>ticul> l9es & figures includ$ 9 ! diagram are suppos$ to /& = innum]able o!rs ( diff]5t sizes2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! geomet] consid]s !m ab/ract+ f _! magnitude3 :i* do? n imply t he =ms an ab/ract idea1 b only t he c>es n :at ! p>ticul> magnitude is1 :e!r great or small1 b looks on t z a ?+ indiff]5t to ! demon/ration4 ,h5ce x foll[s t a l9e 9 ! s*eme b an in* long mu/ be spok5 ( z ?\gh x conta9$ t5 ?\s& p>ts1 s9ce x is reg>d$ n 9 itself1 b z x is univ]sal2 & x is univ]sal only 9 its signification1 :]eby x repres5ts innum]able l9es great] ?an itself1 9 :i* may be di/+ui%$ t5 ?\s& p>ts or m1 ?\gh !re may n be above an in* 9 x4 ,aft] ?is mann]1 ! prop]ties ( ! l9es signifi$ are 7by a v usual figure7 transf]r$ to ! sign2 & !nce1 ?r\gh mi/ake1 ?\ght to app]ta9 to x consid]$ 9 its own nature4 #abg4 ,because !re is no numb] ( p>ts s great b x is possible !re may be a l9e conta9+ m1 ! in*-l9e is said to conta9 p>ts m ?an any assignable numb]2 :i* is true1 n ( ! in* tak5 absolutely1 b only = ! ?+s signifi$ by x4 ,b m51 n reta9+ t di/9ction 9 _! ?\ghts1 slide into a belief t ! small p>ticul> l9e describ$ on pap] conta9s 9 itself p>ts innum]able4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z ! t5 ?\s&? "p ( an in*2 b !re is ( a mile or diamet] ( ! e>?1 :i* may be signifi$ by t in*4 ,:5 !re=e ,i del9eate a triangle on pap]1 & take "o side1 n above an in* = example 9 l5g?1 to be ! radius1 ?is ,i consid] z divid$ into #aj1jjj or #ajj1jjj p>ts1 or m4 ,=1 ?\gh ! t5 ?\s&? "p ( t l9e consid]$ 9 itself1 is no?+ at all1 & consequ5tly may be neglect$ )\t any error or inconv5i5cy1 yet ^! describ$ l9es1 be+ only m>ks /&+ = great] quantities1 :]e( x may be ! t5 ?\s&? "p is v consid]able1 x foll[s t1 to prev5t notable errors 9 practice1 ! radius mu/ be tak5 ( #aj1jjj p>ts1 or m4 #abh4 ,f :at has be5 said ! reason is pla9 :y1 to ! end any !orem may become univ]sal 9 its use1 x is necess>y we speak ( ! l9es describ$ on pap] z ?\gh !y conta9$ p>ts :i* really !y d n4 ,9 do+ ( :i*1 if we exam9e ! matt] ?r\ghly1 we %all p]haps discov] t we _c conceive an in* itself z consi/+ (1 or be+ divisible into1 a ?\s& p>ts1 b only "s o!r l9e :i* is f> great] ?an an in*1 & repres5t$ by x2 & t :5 we say a l9e is inf9itely divisible1 we mu/ mean7#gcb7 a l9e :i* is inf9itely great4 ,:at we h "h obs]v$ seems to be ! *ief cause1 :y to suppose ! inf9ite divisibility ( f9ite ext5sion has be5 ?\ght necess>y 9 geometry4 #abi4 ,! sev]al absurdities & contradictions :i* fl[$ f ?is false pr9ciple might1 "o w\ld ?9k1 h be5 e/eem$ s _m demon/rations aga9/ x4 ,b1 by ,i "k n :at logic1 x is held t pro(s a po/]iori are n to be admitt$ aga9/ propositions relat+ to ,inf9ity4 ,z ?\gh x 7 n impossible ev5 = an ,inf9ite ,m9d to reconcile contradictions2 or z if any?+ absurd & repugnant c\ld h a necess>y connexion ) tru?1 or fl[ f x4 ,b :oev] consid]s ! weakness ( ?is pret5ce1 w ?9k x 0 contriv$ on purpose to hum\r ! laz9ess ( ! m9d1 :i* _h r acquiesce 9 an indol5t scepticism ?an be at ! pa9s to g ?r\gh ) a sev]e exam9ation ( ^? pr9ciples x has ev] embrac$ = true4 #acj4 ,( late ! speculations ab\t ,inf9ites h run s high1 & gr[n to su* /range notions1 z h occasion$ no small scruples & disputes among ! geomet]s ( ! pres5t age4 ,"s !re are ( great note :o1 n cont5t ) hold+ t f9ite l9es may be divid$ into an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts1 d yet f>!r ma9ta91 t ea* ( ^? ,inf9itesimals is itself subdivisible into an inf9ity ( o!r p>ts1 or ,inf9itesimals ( a second ord]1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,^!1 ,i say1 ass]t !re are ,inf9itesimals ( ,inf9itesimals ( ,inf9itesimals1 )\t ev] com+ to an end4 ,s t accord+ to !m an in* does n b>ely conta9 an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts1 b an inf9ity ( an inf9ity ( an inf9ity ad inf9itum ( p>ts4 ,o!rs !re be :o hold all ord]s ( ,inf9itesimals bel[ ! fir/ to be no?+ at all2 ?9k+ x ) good reason absurd to imag9e !re is any positive quantity or "p ( ext5sion :i*1 ?\gh multipli$ inf9itely1 c ev] equal ! smalle/ giv5 ext5sion4 ,& yet on ! o!r h& x seems no less absurd to ?9k ! squ>e1 cube1 or o!r p[] ( a positive real root1 %\ld itself be no?+ at all2 :i* !y :o hold ,inf9itesimals ( ! fir/ ord]1 d5y+ all ( ! subsequ5t ord]s1 are oblig$ to ma9ta94 #aca4 ,h we n !re=e reason to conclude !y are bo? 9 ! wrong1 & t !re is 9 effect no su* ?+ z p>ts inf9itely small1 or an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts conta9$ 9 any f9ite quantity8 ,b y w say t if ?is doctr9e obta9s x w foll[ ! v f\ndations ( ,geometry are de/roy$1 & ^? great m5 :o h rais$ t sci5ce to s a/oni%+ a height1 h be5 all ! :ile build+ a ca/le 9 ! air4 ,to ?is x may be repli$1 t :atev] is useful 9 geometry1 & promotes ! b5efit ( human life1 does /ill rema9 firm & un%ak5 on our ,pr9ciples2 t sci5ce consid]$ z practical w r receive advantage ?an any prejudice f :at has be5 said4 ,b to set ?is 9 a due light17#gcc7 & %ew h[ l9es & figures may be measur$1 & _! prop]ties inve/igat$1 )\t suppos+ f9ite ext5sion to be inf9itely divisible1 may be ! prop] bus9ess ( ano!r place7#gcd74 ,= ! re/1 ?\gh x %\ld foll[ t "s ( ! m intricate & subtle p>ts ( ,speculative ,ma!matics may be p>$ (f )\t any prejudice to tru?1 yet ,i d n see :at damage w be !nce d]iv$ to mank9d4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i ?9k x 7 highly to be wi%$ t m5 ( great abilities & ob/9ate application7#gce7 w\ld draw (f _! ?\ghts f ^? amusem5ts1 & employ !m 9 ! /udy ( su* ?+s z lie ne>] ! conc]ns ( life1 or h a m direct influ5ce on ! mann]s4 #acb4 ,if x be said t sev]al !orems1 und\bt$ly true1 are discov]$ by me?ods 9 :i* ,inf9itesimals are made use (1 :i* c\ld nev] h be5 if _! exi/5ce includ$ a contradiction 9 x3--,i answ]1 t ^u a ?or\gh exam9ation x w n be f\nd t 9 any in/ance x is necess>y to make use ( or conceive inf9itesimal p>ts ( f9ite l9es1 or ev5 quantities less ?an ! m9imum s5sibile3 nay1 x w be evid5t ?is is nev] done1 x be+ impossible4 7#gcf7 ,& :atev] ma!maticians may ?9k ( ,fluxions1 or ! ,diff]5tial ,calculus1 & ! l1 a little reflexion w %ew !m t1 9 work+ by ^? me?ods1 !y d n conceive or imag9e l9es or surfaces less ?an :at are p]ceivable to s5se4 ,!y may inde$ call ^? little & almo/ ins5sible quantities ,inf9itesimals1 or ,inf9itesimals ( ,inf9itesimals1 if !y please4 ,b at bottom ?is is all1 !y be+ 9 tru? f9ite2 nor does ! solution ( problems require ! suppos+ any o!r4 ,b ?is w be m cle>ly made out h]eaft]4 #acc4 ,by :at we h hi!rto said1 x is pla9 t v num]\s & important errors h tak5 _! rise f ^? false ,pr9ciples :i* 7 impugn$ 9 ! =ego+ p>ts ( ?is ,treatise2 & ! opposites ( ^? errone\s t5ets at ! same "t appe> to be mo/ fruitful ,pr9ciples1 f :5ce d fl[ innum]able consequ5ces1 highly advantage\s to true philosophy z well z to religion4 ,p>ticul>ly ,matt]1 or ! absolute7#gcg7 exi/5ce ( corporeal objects1 ha? be5 %ewn to be t :]e9 ! mo/ av[$ & p]nici\s enemies ( all k1 :e!r human or div9e1 h ev] plac$ _! *ief /r5g? & confid5ce4 ,& surely if by di/+ui%+ ! real exi/5ce ( un?9k+ ?+s f _! be+ p]ceiv$1 & all[+ !m a subsi/5ce ( _! own1 out ( ! m9ds ( spirits1 no "o ?+ is expla9$ 9 nature1 b on ! contr>y a great _m inexplicable difficulties arise2 if ! supposition ( ,matt]7#gch7 is b>ely prec>i\s1 z n be+ gr\nd$ on s mu* z "o s+le reason2 if its consequ5ces _c endure ! light ( exam9ation & free inquiry1 b scre5 !mselves "u ! d>k & g5]al pret5ce ( inf9ites be+ incompreh5sible2 if )al ! removal ( ?is ,matt] be n att5d$ ) ! lea/ evil consequ5ce2 if x be n ev5 miss$ 9 ! _w1 b ev]y?+ z well1 nay mu* easi] conceiv$ )\t x2 if1 la/ly1 bo? ,sceptics & ,a!i/s are = ev] sil5c$ ^u suppos+ only spirits & ideas1 & ?is s*eme ( ?+s is p]fectly agreeable bo? to ,reason & ,religion3 me?9ks we may expect x %\ld be admitt$ & firmly embrac$1 ?\gh x 7 propos$ only z an hypo!sis1 & ! exi/5ce ( ,matt] _h be5 all[$ possible2 :i* yet ,i ?9k we h evid5tly demon/rat$ t x is n4 #acd4 ,true x is t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! =ego+ ,pr9ciples1 sev]al disputes & speculations :i* are e/eem$ no mean p>ts ( le>n+ are reject$ z useless 7#gci7 & 9 effect conv]sant ab\t no?+ at all4 ,b h[ great a prejudice soev] aga9/ our notions ?is may give to ^? :o h already be5 deeply engag$1 & made l>ge advances 9 /udies ( t nature1 yet by o!rs we hope x w n be ?\ght any j gr\nd ( dislike to ! pr9ciples & t5ets h]e9 laid d[n1 t !y abridge ! lab\r ( /udy1 & make human sci5ces m cle>1 comp5di\s1 & atta9able ?an !y 7 be=e4 #ace4 ,hav+ despat*$ :at we int5d$ to say conc]n+ ! k ( ideas1 ! me?od we propos$ leads u 9 ! next place to treat ( spirits7#gdj73 ) reg>d to :i*1 p]haps1 human k is n s defici5t z is vulg>ly imag9$4 ,! great reason t is assign$ = our be+ ?\ght ignorant ( ! nature ( ,spirits is our n hav+ an idea ( x4 ,b1 surely x ought n to be look$ on z a defect 9 a human und]/&+ t x does n p]ceive ! idea ( ,_s1 if x is manife/ly impossible !re %\ld be any su* idea4 ,& ?is if ,i mi/ake n has be5 demon/rat$ 9 section #bg4 ,to :i* ,i %all "h add t a ,_s has be5 %ewn to be ! only sub/ance or support :]e9 un?9k+ be+s or ideas c exi/3 b t ?is sub/ance :i* supports or p]ceives ideas %\ld itself be an idea1 or l an idea1 is evid5tly absurd4 #acf4 ,x w p]haps be said t we want a s5se 7z "s h imag9$7#gda77 prop] to "k sub/ances )al2 :i*1 if we _h1 we might "k our own s\l z we d a triangle4 ,to ?is ,i answ]1 t 9 case we _h a new s5se be/[$ ^u u1 we c\ld only receive !reby "s new s5sations or ideas ( s5se4 ,b ,i believe nobody w say t :at he means by ! t]ms s\l & sub/ance is only "s p>ticul> sort ( idea or s5sation4 ,we may !re=e inf] t1 all ?+s duly consid]$1 x is n m reasonable to ?9k our faculties defective1 9 t !y d n furni% u ) an idea ( ,_s1 or active ?9k+ sub/ance1 ?an x w\ld be if we %\ld blame !m = n be+ able to compreh5d a r\nd squ>e7#gdb74 #acg4 ,f ! op9ion t ,spirits are to be kn[n aft] ! mann] ( an idea or s5sation h ris5 _m absurd & het]odox t5ets1 & mu* scepticism ab\t ! nature ( ! s\l4 ,x is ev5 probable t ?is op9ion may h produc$ a d\bt 9 "s :e!r !y _h any s\l at all di/9ct f _! body2 s9ce ^u inquiry !y c\ld n f9d !y _h an idea ( x4 ,t an idea1 :i* is inactive1 & ! exi/5ce :]e( consi/s 9 be+ p]ceiv$1 %\ld be ! image or lik5ess ( an ag5t subsi/+ by itself1 seems to ne$ no o!r refutation ?an b>ely att5d+ to :at is meant by ^? words4 ,b p]haps y w say t ?\gh an idea _c resemble a ,_s 9 its ?9k+1 act+1 or subsi/+ by itself1 yet x may 9 "s o!r respects2 & x is n necess>y t an idea or image be 9 all respects l ! orig9al4 #ach4 ,i answ]1 ,if x does n 9 ^? m5tion$1 x is impossible x %\ld repres5t x 9 any o!r ?+4 ,d b leave out ! p[] ( will+1 ?9k+1 & p]ceiv+ ideas1 & !re rema9s no?+ else :]e9 ! idea c be l a _s4 ,=1 by ! ^w _s we mean only t :i* ?9ks1 wills1 & p]ceives2 ?is1 & ?is alone1 con/itutes ! signification ( t t]m4 ,if !re=e x is impossible t any degree ( ^? p[]s %\ld be repres5t$ 9 an idea 7#gdc7or notion1 x is evid5t !re c be no idea or notion ( a ,_s4 #aci4 ,b x w be object$ t1 if !re is no idea signifi$ by ! t]ms s\l1 _s1 & sub/ance1 !y are :olly insignificant1 or h no mean+ 9 !m4 ,i answ]1 ^? words d mean or signify a real ?+2 :i* is nei!r an idea nor l an idea1 b t :i* p]ceives ideas1 & wills1 & reasons ab\t !m4 ,:at ,i am myself1 t :i* ,i d5ote by ! t]m ,i1 is ! same ) :at is meant by s\l1 or spiritual sub/ance4 7#gdd7;,b if ,i %\ld say t ,i 0 no?+1 or t ,i 0 an idea or notion1 no?+ c\ld be m evid5tly absurd ?an ei!r ( ^! propositions4 ,if x be said t ?is is only qu>rell+ at a ^w1 & t1 s9ce ! imm$iate significations ( o!r names are by common cons5t call$ ideas1 no reason c be assign$ :y t :i* is signifi$ by ! "n _s or s\l may n p>take 9 ! same appellation4 ,i answ]1 all ! un?9k+ objects ( ! m9d agree 9 t !y are entirely passive1 & _! exi/5ce consi/s only 9 be+ p]ceiv$3 :]eas a s\l or _s is an active be+1 ^: exi/5ce consi/s1 n 9 be+ p]ceiv$1 b 9 p]ceiv+ ideas & ?9k+7#gde74 ,x is !re=e necess>y1 9 ord] to prev5t equivocation & conf\nd+ natures p]fectly disagree+ & unlike1 t we di/+ui% betwe5 _s & idea4 ,see sect4 #bg4 #adj4 ,9 a l>ge s5se inde$1 we may be said to h an idea 7#gdf7or r a notion ( _s4 ,t is1 we und]/& ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 o!rwise we c\ld n affirm or d5y any?+ ( x4 ,moreov]1 z we conceive ! ideas t are 9 ! m9ds ( o!r spirits by means ( our own1 :i* we suppose to be resemblances ( !m1 s we "k o!r spirits by means ( our own s\l3 :i* 9 t s5se is ! image or idea ( !m2 x hav+ a l respect to o!r spirits t blu5ess or heat by me p]ceiv$ has to ^? ideas p]ceiv$ by ano!r7#gdg74 #ada4 7#gdh7,! natural immortality ( ! s\l is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! =ego+ doctr9e4 ,b be=e we attempt to prove ?is1 x is fit t we expla9 ! mean+ ( t t5et4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t !y :o ass]t ! natural immortality ( ! s\l7#gdi7 are ( op9ion t x is absolutely incapable ( annihilation ev5 by ! inf9ite p[] ( ! ,creator :o fir/ gave x be+1 b only t x is n liable to be brok5 or dissolv$ by ! ord9>y laws ( nature or motion ,!y inde$ :o hold ! s\l ( man to be only a ?9 vital flame1 or sy/em ( animal spirits1 make x p]i%+ & corruptible z ! body2 s9ce !re is no?+ m easily dissipat$ ?an su* a be+1 :i* x is naturally impossible %\ld survive ! ru9 ( ! tab]nacle :]e9 x is inclos$4 ,& ?is notion ha? be5 gre$ily embrac$ & *]i%$ by ! wor/ "p ( mank9d1 z ! mo/ effectual antidote aga9/ all impressions ( virtue & religion4 ,b x ha? be5 made evid5t t bodies1 ( :at frame or texture soev]1 are b>ely passive ideas 9 ! m9d1 :i* is m di/ant & het]og5e\s f !m ?an light is f d>kness7#gej74 ,we h %ewn t ! s\l is indivisible1 incorporeal1 unext5d$2 & x is consequ5tly incorruptible4 ,no?+ c be pla9] ?an t ! motions1 *anges1 decays1 & dissolutions :i* we h\rly see befal natural bodies 7& :i* is :at we mean by ! c\rse ( nature7 _c possibly affect an active1 simple1 uncomp\nd$ sub/ance3 su* a be+ !re=e is indissoluble by ! =ce ( nature2 t is to say1 ! s\l ( man is naturally immortal7#gea74 #adb4 ,aft] :at has be5 said1 x is1 ,i suppose1 pla9 t our s\ls are n to be kn[n 9 ! same mann] z s5seless1 inactive objects1 or by way ( idea4 ,spirits & ideas are ?+s s :olly diff]5t1 t :5 we say 8!y exi/10 8!y are kn[n10 or ! l1 ^! words mu/ n be ?\ght to signify any?+ common to bo? natures7#geb74 ,!re is no?+ alike or common 9 !m2 & to expect t by any multiplication or enl>gem5t ( our faculties1 we may be enabl$ to "k a _s z we d a triangle1 seems z absurd z if we %\ld hope to see a s\nd4 ,?is is inculcat$ because ,i imag9e x may be ( mom5t t[>ds cle>+ sev]al important que/ions1 & prev5t+ "s v dang]\s errors conc]n+ ! nature ( ! s\l4 7#gec7,we may n1 ,i ?9k1 /rictly be said to h an idea ( an active be+1 or ( an action2 al?\gh we may be said to h a notion ( !m4 ,i h "s k or notion ( my m9d1 & its acts ab\t ideas2 inasmu* z ,i "k or und]/& :at is meant by ^! words4 ,:at ,i "k1 t ,i h "s notion (4 ,i w n say t ! t]ms idea & notion may n be us$ conv]tibly1 if ! _w w h x s4 ,b yet x conduce? to cle>ness & propriety1 t we di/+ui% ?+s v diff]5t by diff]5t names4 ,x is also to be rem>k$ t1 all relations includ+ an act ( ! m9d7#ged71 we _c s prop]ly be said to h an idea1 b r a notion1 ( ! relations & habitudes betwe5 ?+s4 ,b if1 9 ! mod]n way7#gee71 ! ^w idea is ext5d$ to spirits1 & relations1 & acts1 ?is is1 aft] all1 an affair ( v]bal conc]n4 #adc4 ,x w n be amiss to add1 t ! doctr9e ( ab/ract ideas has _h no small %>e 9 r5d]+ ^? sci5ces intricate & obscure :i* are p>ticul>ly conv]sant ab\t spiritual ?+s4 ,m5 h imag9$ !y c\ld frame ab/ract notions ( ! p[]s & acts ( ! m9d1 & consid] !m presc9d$ z well f ! m9d or _s itself1 z f _! respective objects & effects4 ,h5ce a great numb] ( d>k & ambigu\s t]ms1 presum$ to /& = ab/ract notions1 h be5 introduc$ into metaphysics & morality2 & f ^! h gr[n inf9ite di/ractions & disputes among/ ! le>n$7#gef74 #add4 ,b1 no?+ seems m to h contribut$ t[>ds engag+ m5 9 controv]sies & mi/akes ) reg>d to ! nature & op]ations ( ! m9d1 ?an ! be+ us$ to speak ( ^? ?+s 9 t]ms borr[$ f s5sible ideas4 ,= example1 ! w is t]m$ ! motion ( ! s\l3 ?is infuses a belief t ! m9d ( man is z a ball 9 motion1 impell$ & det]m9$ by ! objects ( s5se1 z necess>ily z t is by ! /roke ( a racket4 ,h5ce arise endless scruples & errors ( dang]\s consequ5ce 9 morality4 ,all :i*1 ,i d\bt n1 may be cle>$1 & tru? appe> pla91 uni=m1 & consi/5t1 c\ld b philosoph]s be prevail$ on to 7#geg7;dep>t f "s receiv$ prejudices & modes ( spee*1 & retire into !mselves1 & att5tively consid] _! own mean+4 7#geh7;,b ! difficulties aris+ on ?is head dem& a m p>ticul> disquisition ?an suits ) ! design ( ?is treatise4 #ade4 ,f :at ha? be5 said1 x is pla9 t we _c "k ! exi/5ce ( o!r spirits o!rwise ?an by _! op]ations1 or ! ideas by !m1 excit$ 9 u4 ,i p]ceive sev]al motions1 *anges1 & comb9ations ( ideas1 t in=m me !re are c]ta9 p>ticul> ag5ts1 l myself1 :i* accompany !m1 & concur 9 _! production4 ,h5ce1 ! k ,i h ( o!r spirits is n imm$iate1 z is ! k ( my ideas2 b dep5d+ on ! int]v5tion ( ideas1 by me ref]r$ to ag5ts or spirits di/9ct f myself1 z effects or concomitant signs7#gei74 #adf4 ,b1 ?\gh !re be "s ?+s :i* conv9ce u human ag5ts are conc]n$ 9 produc+ !m1 yet x is evid5t to e "o t ^? ?+s :i* are call$ ! ,works ( ,nature1 t is1 ! f> great] "p ( ! ideas or s5sations p]ceiv$ by u1 are n produc$ by1 or dep5d5t on1 ! wills ( m54 ,!re is !re=e "s o!r ,_s t causes !m2 s9ce x is repugnant7#gfj7 t !y %\ld subsi/ by !mselves4 ,see sect4 #bi4 ,b1 if we att5tively consid] ! con/ant regul>ity1 ord]1 & concat5ation ( natural ?+s1 ! surpris+ magnific5ce1 beauty & p]fection ( ! l>g]1 & ! exquisite contrivance ( ! small] p>ts ( ! creation1 toge!r ) ! exact h>mony & correspond5ce ( ! :ole1 b above all ! nev]-en\gh-admir$ laws ( pa9 & pleasure1 & ! in/9cts or natural incl9ations1 appetites1 & passions ( animals2--,i say if we consid] all ^! ?+s1 & at ! same "t att5d to ! mean+ & import ( ! attributes ,"o1 ,et]nal1 ,inf9itely ,wise1 ,good1 & ,p]fect1 we %all cle>ly p]ceive t !y belong to ! a=esaid ,_s1 8:o works all 9 all0 & 8by :om all ?+s consi/40 #adg4 ,h5ce1 x is evid5t t ,god is kn[n z c]ta9ly & imm$iately z any o!r m9d or _s :atsoev]1 di/9ct f ourselves4 ,we may ev5 ass]t t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is f> m evid5tly p]ceiv$ ?an ! exi/5ce ( m52 because ! effects ( ,nature are inf9itely m num]\s & consid]able ?an ^? ascrib$ to human ag5ts4 ,!re is n any "o m>k t d5otes a man1 or effect produc$ by him1 :i* does n m /rongly ev9ce ! be+ ( t ,_s :o is ! ,au?or ( ,nature7#gfa74 ,= x is evid5t t1 9 affect+ o!r p]sons1 ! w ( man ha? no o!r object ?an b>ely ! motion ( ! limbs ( 8 body2 b t su* a motion %\ld be att5d$ by1 or excite any idea 9 ! m9d ( ano!r1 dep5ds :olly on ! w ( ! ,creator4 ,he alone x is :o1 8uphold+ all ?+s by ! ^w ( ,8 p[]10 ma9ta9s t int]c\rse betwe5 spirits :]eby !y are able to p]ceive ! exi/5ce ( ea* o!r7#gfb74 ,& yet ?is pure & cle> ,light :i* enlight5s ev]yone is itself invisible 7#gfc7to ! greate/ "p ( mank9d4 #adh4 ,x seems to be a g5]al pret5ce ( ! un?9k+ h]d t !y _c see ,god4 ,c\ld we b see ,him1 say !y1 z we see a man1 we %\ld believe t ,he is1 & believ+ obey ,8 comm&s4 ,b alas1 we ne$ only op5 our eyes to see ! ,sov]eign ,"l ( all ?+s1 ) a m full & cle> view ?an we d any "o ( our fell[-creatures4 ,n t ,i imag9e we see ,god 7z "s w h x7 by a direct & imm$iate view2 or see corporeal ?+s1 n by !mselves1 b by see+ t :i* repres5ts !m 9 ! ess5ce ( ,god2 :i* doctr9e is1 ,i mu/ confess1 to me incompreh5sible7#gfd74 ,b ,i %all expla9 my mean+4 ,a human _s or p]son is n p]ceiv$ by s5se1 z n be+ an idea4 ,:5 !re=e we see ! col\r1 size1 figure1 & motions ( a man1 we p]ceive only c]ta9 s5sations or ideas excit$ 9 our own m9ds2 & ^! be+ exhibit$ to our view 9 sundry di/9ct collections1 s]ve to m>k out unto u ! exi/5ce ( f9ite & creat$ spirits l ourselves4 ,h5ce x is pla9 we d n see a man1 if by man is meant1 t :i* lives1 moves1 p]ceives1 & ?9ks z we d3 b only su* a c]ta9 collection ( ideas1 z directs u to ?9k !re is a di/9ct pr9ciple ( ?\ght & motion1 l to ourselves1 accompany+ & repres5t$ by x4 ,& aft] ! same mann] we see ,god3 all ! diff]5ce is t1 :]eas "s "o f9ite & n>r[ assemblage ( ideas d5otes a p>ticul> human m9d1 :i!rsoev] we direct our view we d at all times & 9 all places p]ceive manife/ tok5s ( ! ,div9ity3 ev]y?+ we see1 he>1 feel1 or anywise p]ceive by s5se1 be+ a sign or effect ( ! p[] ( ,god2 z is our p]ception ( ^? v motions :i* are produc$ by m57#gfe74 #adi4 ,x is !re=e pla9 t no?+ c be m evid5t to any "o t is capable ( ! lea/ reflexion ?an ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 or a ,_s :o is intimately pres5t to our m9ds1 produc+ 9 !m all t v>iety ( ideas or s5sations :i* cont9ually affect u1 on :om we h an absolute & entire dep5d5ce1 9 %ort 89 :om we live1 & move1 & h our be+40 ,t ! discov]y ( ?is great tru?1 :i* lies s ne> & obvi\s to ! m9d1 %\ld be atta9$ to by ! reason ( s v few1 is a sad in/ance ( ! /upidity & inatt5tion ( m51 :o1 ?\gh !y are surr\nd$ ) su* cle> manife/ations ( ! ,deity1 are yet s little affect$ by !m t !y seem1 z x 71 bl9d$ ) excess ( light7#gff74 #aej4 ,b y w say--,ha? ,nature no %>e 9 ! production ( natural ?+s1 & mu/ !y be all ascrib$ to ! imm$iate & sole op]ation ( ,god8 ,i answ]1 ,if by ,nature is meant only ! visible s]ies ( effects or s5sations impr9t$ on our m9ds accord+ to c]ta9 fix$ & g5]al laws1 !n x is pla9 t ,nature1 tak5 9 ?is s5se1 _c produce any?+ at all7#gfg74 ,b if by ,nature is meant "s be+ di/9ct f ,god1 z well z f ! laws ( nature & ?+s p]ceiv$ by s5se1 ,i mu/ confess t ^w is to me an empty s\nd1 )\t any intelligible mean+ annex$ to x4 ,nature1 9 ?is acceptation1 is a va9 *im]a1 introduc$ by ^? hea!ns :o _h n j notions ( ! omnipres5ce & inf9ite p]fection ( ,god4 ,b x is m unacc\ntable t x %\ld be receiv$ among ,*ri/ians1 pr(ess+ belief 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures1 :i* con/antly ascribe ^? effects to ! imm$iate h& ( ,god t hea!n philosoph]s are wont to impute to ,nature4 8,! ,"l1 ,he cause? ! vap\rs to asc5d2 ,he make? lightn+s ) ra92 ,he br+e? =? ! w9d out ( ,8 treasures40 ,j]em4 x4 #ac4 8,he turne? ! %ad[ ( dea? into ! morn+1 & make? ! day d>k ) night40 ,amos v4 #h4 8,he visite? ! e>?1 & make? x s(t ) %[]s3 ,he blesse? ! spr++ !re(1 & cr[ne? ! ye> ) ,8 goodness2 s t ! pa/ures are clo!d ) flocks1 & ! valleys are cov]$ ov] ) corn40 ,see ,psal4 lxv4 ,b1 not)/&+ t ?is is ! con/ant language ( ,scripture1 yet we h ,i "k n :at av]sion f believ+ t ,god conc]ns ,himself s ne>ly 9 our affairs4 ,fa9 w\ld we suppose ,him at a great di/ance (f1 & sub/itute "s bl9d un?9k+ deputy 9 ,8 /ead2 ?\gh 7if we may believe ,sa9t ,paul7 8,he be n f> f e "o ( u40 #aea4 ,x w1 ,i d\bt n1 be object$ t ! sl[1 gradual1 & r\ndab\t me?ods obs]v$ 9 ! production ( natural ?+s d n seem to h = _! cause ! imm$iate h& ( an ,almighty ,ag5t3 besides1 mon/]s1 untimely bir?s1 fruits bla/$ 9 ! blossom1 ra9s fall+ 9 des]t places1 mis]ies incid5t to human life1 & ! l1 are s _m argum5ts t ! :ole frame ( nature is n imm$iately actuat$ & sup]9t5d$ by a ,_s ( inf9ite wisdom & goodness4 ,b ! answ] to ?is objection is 9 a good measure pla9 f sect4 #fb2 x be+ visible t ! a=esaid me?ods ( nature are absolutely necess>y 9 ord] to work+ by ! mo/ simple & g5]al rules1 & aft] a /eady & consi/5t mann]2 :i* argues bo? ! wisdom & goodness ( ,god7#gfh74 7#gfi7;,=1 x do? h5ce foll[ t ! f+] ( ,god is n s conspicu\s to ! resolv$ & c>eless s9n]2 :i* gives him an opportunity to h>d5 9 8 impiety & gr[ ripe = v5geance4 7,vid4 sect4 #eg47 ,su* is ! artificial contrivance ( ?is mighty ma*9e ( ,nature t1 :il/ its motions & v>i\s ph5om5a /rike on our s5ses1 ! ,h& :i* actuates ! :ole is itself unp]ceivable to m5 ( fle% & blood4 8,v]ily0 7sai? ! prophet7 8?\ art a ,god t hide/ ?yself40 ,isaiah xlv4 #ae4 ,b1 ?\gh ! ,"l conceal ,himself f ! eyes ( ! s5sual & lazy1 :o w n be at ! lea/ exp5se ( ?\ght7#ggj71 yet to an unbiass$ & att5tive m9d1 no?+ c be m pla9ly legible ?an ! intimate pres5ce ( an ,all-wise ,_s1 :o fa%ions1 regulates1 & su/a9s ! :ole sy/em ( ,be+4 ,x is cle>1 f :at we h else:]e obs]v$1 t ! op]at+ accord+ to g5]al & /at$ laws is s necess>y = our guidance 9 ! affairs ( life1 & lett+ u into ! secret ( nature1 t )\t x all rea* & compass ( ?\ght1 all human sagacity & design1 c\ld s]ve to no mann] ( purpose4 ,x 7 ev5 impossible !re %\ld be any su* faculties or p[]s 9 ! m9d4 ,see sect4 #ca4 ,:i* "o consid]ation abundantly outbalances :atev] p>ticul> inconv5i5ces may !nce arise7#gga74 #aeb4 ,we %\ld fur!r consid]1 t ! v blemi%es & defects ( nature are n )\t _! use1 9 t !y make an agreeable sort ( v>iety1 & augm5t ! beauty ( ! re/ ( ! creation1 z %ades 9 a picture s]ve to set (f ! bright] & m enlight5$ p>ts4 ,we w\ld likewise d well to exam9e1 :e!r our tax+ ! wa/e ( se$s & embryos1 & accid5tal de/ruction ( plants & animals be=e !y come to full maturity1 z an imprud5ce 9 ! ,au?or ( nature1 be n ! effect ( prejudice contract$ by our famili>ity ) impot5t & sav+ mortals4 ,9 man inde$ a ?rifty managem5t ( ^? ?+s :i* he _c procure )\t mu* pa9s & indu/ry may be e/eem$ wisdom4 ,b we mu/ n imag9e t ! inexplicably f9e ma*9e ( an animal or vegetable co/s ! great ,creator any m pa9s or tr\ble 9 its production ?an a pebble does2 no?+ be+ m evid5t ?an t an ,omnipot5t ,_s c indiff]5tly produce ev]y?+ by a m]e fiat or act ( 8 w4 ,h5ce x is pla9 t ! spl5did pr(usion ( natural ?+s %\ld n be int]pret$ weakness or prodigality 9 ! ,ag5t :o produces !m1 b r be look$ on z an argum5t ( ! ri*es ( ,8 p[]4 #aec4 ,z = ! mixture ( pa9 or uneas9ess :i* is 9 ! _w1 pursuant to ! g5]al laws ( ,nature1 & ! actions ( f9ite1 imp]fect ,spirits1 ?is1 9 ! /ate we are 9 at pres5t1 is indisp5sably necess>y to our well-be+4 ,b our prospects are too n>r[4 ,we take1 = in/ance1 ! idea ( "s "o p>ticul> pa9 into our ?\ghts1 & acc\nt x evil4 ,:]eas1 if we enl>ge our view1 s z to compreh5d ! v>i\s ends1 connexions1 & dep5d5cies ( ?+s1 on :at occasions & 9 :at proportions we are affect$ ) pa9 & pleasure1 ! nature ( human fre$om1 & ! design ) :i* we are put into ! _w2 we %all be =c$ to ackn[l$ge t ^? p>ticul> ?+s :i*1 consid]$ 9 !mselves1 appe> to be evil1 h ! nature ( good1 :5 consid]$ z l9k$ ) ! :ole sy/em ( be+s7#ggb74 #aed4 ,f :at ha? be5 said1 x w be manife/ to any consid]+ p]son1 t x is m]ely = want ( att5tion & compreh5siv5ess ( m9d t !re are any fav\r]s ( ,a!ism or ! ,mani*ean ,h]esy to be f\nd4 ,little & unreflect+ s\ls may inde$ burlesque ! works ( ,provid5ce2 ! beauty & ord] :]e( !y h n capacity1 or w n be at ! pa9s1 to compreh5d7#ggc74 ,b ^? :o are ma/]s ( any ju/ness & ext5t ( ?\ght1 & are )al us$ to reflect1 c nev] suffici5tly admire ! div9e traces ( ,wisdom & ,goodness t %9e ?r\gh\t ! economy ( ,nature4 ,b :at tru? is !re :i* gl>es s /rongly on ! m9d t1 by an av]sion ( ?\ght1 a wilful %utt+ ( ! eyes1 we may n escape see+ x8 ,is x !re=e to be wond]$ at1 if ! g5]ality ( m51 :o are ev] int5t on bus9ess or pleasure1 & little us$ to fix or op5 ! eye ( _! m9d1 %\ld n h all t conviction & evid5ce ( ! ,be+ ( ,god :i* might be expect$ 9 reasonable creatures7#ggd78 #aee4 ,we %\ld r wond] t m5 c be f\nd s /upid z to neglect1 ?an t neglect+ !y %\ld be unconv9c$ ( su* an evid5t & mom5t\s tru?7#gge74 ,& yet x is to be fe>$ t too _m ( p>ts & leisure1 :o live 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 are1 m]ely ?r\gh a sup9e & dreadful neglig5ce1 sunk into a sort ( ,a!ism4 7#ggf7,!y _c say !re is n a ,god1 b nei!r are !y conv9c$ t !re is4 ,= :at else c x be b "s lurk+ infidelity1 "s secret misgiv+s ( m9d ) reg>d to ! exi/5ce & attributes ( ,god1 :i* p]mits s9n]s to gr[ & h>d5 9 impiety8 ,s9ce x is d[nright impossible t a s\l pi]c$ & enlight5$ ) a ?or\gh s5se ( ! omnipres5ce1 hol9ess1 & ju/ice ( t ,almighty ,_s %\ld p]si/ 9 a remorseless violation ( ,8 laws4 ,we ought1 !re=e1 e>ne/ly to m$itate & dwell on ^? important po9ts2 t s we may atta9 conviction )\t all scruple 8t ! eyes ( ! ,"l are 9 e place1 behold+ ! evil & ! good2 t ,he is ) u & keepe? u 9 all places :i!r we g1 & give? u bread to eat & raim5t to put on20 t ,he is pres5t & consci\s to our inn]mo/ ?\ghts2 &1 t we h a mo/ absolute & imm$iate dep5d5ce on ,him4 ,a cle> view ( :i* great tru?s _c *oose b fill our he>ts ) an awful circumspection & holy fe>1 :i* is ! /ronge/ inc5tive to ,virtue1 & ! be/ gu>d aga9/ ,vice4 #aef4 ,=1 aft] all1 :at des]ves ! fir/ place 9 our /udies is1 ! consid]ation ( ,,god & our ,,duty2 :i* to promote1 z x 0 ! ma9 drift & design ( my lab\rs1 s %all ,i e/eem !m altoge!r useless & ineffectual if1 by :at ,i h said1 ,i _c inspire my read]s ) a pi\s s5se ( ! ,pres5ce ( ,god2 &1 hav+ %ewn ! fals5ess or vanity ( ^? b>r5 speculations :i* make ! *ief employm5t ( le>n$ m51 ! bett] dispose !m to rev]5ce & embrace ! salut>y tru?s ( ! ,gospel2 :i* to "k & to practise is ! highe/ p]fection ( human nature4 ,,?ree ,,dialogues ,,betwe5 ,,hylas ,,& ,,philon\s ,,! ,,design ,,( ,,:i* ,,is ,,pla9ly ,,to ,,demon/rate ,,! ,,reality ,,& ,,p]fection ,,( ,,human ,,k1 ,,! ,,incorporeal ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,s\l1 ,,& ,,! ,,imm$iate ,,provid5ce ,,( ,a ,,deity1 ,,9 ,,opposition ,,to ,,sceptics ,,& ,,a!i/s1 ,,also ,,to ,,op5 ,a ,,me?od ,,= ,,r5d]+ ,,! ,,sci5ces ,,m ,,easy1 ,,useful1 ,,& ,,comp5di\s ,fir/ publi%$ 9 #agac ,editor's ,preface ,?is "w is ! gem ( ,briti% metaphysical lit]ature4 ,b]keley's claim to be ! great mod]n ma/] ( ,socratic dialogue re/s1 p]haps1 ^u ,alciphron1 :i* surpasses ! conv]sations betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s 9 expression ( individual "*1 & 9 dramatic effect4 ,"h conv]sation is adopt$ z a conv5i5t way ( treat+ objections to ! conception ( ! reality ( ,matt] :i* _h be5 unfold$ sy/ematically 9 ! book ( ,pr9ciples4 ,b ! lucid ?\ght1 ! col\r+ ( fancy1 ! gl[ ( human sympa?y1 & ! e>ne/ness t p]vade ! subtle reason+s pursu$ ?r\gh ^! dialogues1 are unique 9 ,engli% metaphysical lit]ature4 ,except p]haps ,hume & ,f]ri]1 none approa* ,b]keley 9 ! art ( unit+ metaphysical ?\ght ) easy1 graceful1 & transp>5t /yle4 ,our surprise & admiration are increas$ :5 we recollect t ?is *>m+ production ( reason & imag9ation came f ,irel&1 at a "t :5 t c\ntry 0 sc>cely kn[n 9 ! _w ( lett]s & philosophy4 ,! imm$iate impression produc$ by ! publication ( ! ,pr9ciples1 is %ewn 9 ,b]keley's correspond5ce ) ,sir ,john ,p]cival4 ,b]keley 0 eag] to he> :at p _h to say = or aga9/ :at look$ l a p>adox apt to %ock ! read]2 b 9 ^? days he 0 n imm$iately in=m$ by pr(essional critics4 8,if :5 y receive my book0--he wrote f ,dubl9 9 ,july1 #agaj1 to ,sir ,john ,p]cival7#ggg71 !n 9 ,london1--8y c procure me ! op9ion ( "s ( y\r acqua9tances :o are ?9k+ m51 addict$ to ! /udy ( natural philosophy & ma!matics1 ,i %all be extremely oblig$ to y40 ,9 ! foll[+ mon? he 0 in=m$ by ,sir ,john t x 0 8incr$ible :at prejudice c "w 9 ! be/ g5iuses1 ev5 9 ! lov]s ( novelty4 ,= ,i did b "n ! subject matt] ( y\r book ( ,pr9ciples to "s +5i\s fri5ds ( m9e & !y imm$iately treat$ x ) ridicule1 at ! same "t refus+ to read x1 :i* ,i h n yet got "o to d4 ,a physician ( my acqua9tance und]took to discov] y\r p]son1 & argu$ y mu/ ne$s be mad1 & t y ought to take rem$ies4 ,a bi%op piti$ y1 t a desire ( />t+ some?+ new %\ld put y ^u su* an und]tak+4 ,ano!r told me t y are n gone s f> z a g5tleman 9 t[n1 :o ass]ts n only t !re is no su* ?+ z ,matt]1 b t we ourselves h no be+ at all40 ,b]keley's reply is int]e/+4 8,i am n surpris$10 he says1 8t ,i %\ld be ridicul$ by ^? :o won't take ! pa9s to und]/& me4 ,if ! raill]y & scorn ( ^? :o criticise :at !y w n be at ! pa9s to und]/& _h be5 suffici5t to det] m5 f mak+ any attempts t[>ds cur+ ! ignorance & errors ( mank9d1 we %\ld n h be5 tr\bl$ ) "s v fair improvem5ts 9 k4 ,! common cry's be+ aga9/ any op9ion seems to me1 s f> f prov+ false1 t x may ) z good reason pass = an argum5t ( its tru?4 ,h[ev]1 ,i imag9e t :atev] doctr9e contradicts vulg> & settl$ op9ion _h ne$ be introduc$ ) great caution into ! _w4 ,= ?is reason x 0 t ,i omitt$ all m5tion ( ! non-exi/5ce ( ,matt] 9 ! title-page1 d$ication1 preface & introduction to ! ,treatise on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k2 t s ! notion might /eal unaw>es ^u ! read]1 :o probably might nev] h m$dl$ ) ! book if he _h kn[n t x conta9$ su* p>adoxes40 ,) *>act]i/ic f]v\r he disclaims 8v>iety & love ( p>adox0 z motives ( ! book ( ,pr9ciples1 & pr(esses fai? 9 ! unreality ( ab/ract unp]ceiv$ ,matt]1 a fai? :i* he has held = "s ye>s1 8! conceit be+ at fir/ w>m 9 my imag9ation1 b s9ce c>efully exam9$1 bo? by my own judgm5t & t ( +5i\s fri5ds40 ,:at he especially compla9$ ( 0 8t m5 :o h nev] consid]$ my book %\ld conf\nd me ) ! sceptics1 :o d\bt ! exi/5ce ( s5sible ?+s1 & are n positive z to any "o tru?1 no1 n s mu* z _! own be+--:i* ,i f9d by y\r lett] is ! case ( "s wild visioni/ n[ 9 ,london4 ,b :oev] reads my book ) att5tion w see t !re is a direct opposition betwe5 ! pr9ciples t are conta9$ 9 x & ^? ( ! sceptics1 & t ,i "q n ! exi/5ce ( any?+ we p]ceive by our s5ses4 ,i d n d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! s5sible ?+s :i* ,moses says 7 creat$ by ,god4 ,!y exi/$ f all et]nity1 9 ! ,div9e ,intellect2 & !y became p]ceptible 7i4e4 7 creat$7 9 ! same mann] & ord] z is describ$ 9 ,g5esis4 ,= ,i take creation to belong to ?+s only z !y respect f9ite spirits2 !re be+ no?+ new to ,god4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! act ( creation consi/s 9 ,god's will+ t ^? ?+s %\ld become p]ceptible to o!r spirits :i* be=e 7 kn[n only to ,himself4 ,n[ bo? reason & scripture assure u t !re are o!r spirits besides m51 :o1 'tis possible1 might h p]ceiv$ ?is visible _w z x 0 successively exhibit$ to _! view be=e man's creation4 ,besides1 = to agree ) ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! creation1 x's suffici5t if we suppose t a man1 9 case he 0 exi/+ at ! "t ( ! *aos ( s5sible ?+s1 might h p]ceiv$ all ?+s =m$ out ( x1 9 ! v ord] set d[n 9 scripture2 all :i* is 9 no way repugnant to my pr9ciples40 ,sir ,john 9 8 next lett]1 writt5 f ,london 9 ,octob]1 #agaf1 reports t ! book ( ,pr9ciples _h fall5 into ! h&s ( ! highe/ liv+ ,engli% au?ority 9 metaphysical !ology1 ,samuel ,cl>ke1 :o _h produc$ 8 ,demon/ration ( ! ,be+ & ,attributes ( ,god f\r ye>s be=e4 ,! book _h also be5 read by ,:i/on1 ,newton's successor at ,cambridge4 8,i c only report at second-h&10 he says1 8t !y ?9k y a fair argu]1 & a cle> writ]2 b !y say y\r fir/ pr9ciples y lay d[n are false4 ,!y look ^u y z an extraord9>y g5ius1 rank+ y ) ,fa!r ,malebran*e1 ,norris1 & ano!r ^: "n ,i =get1 all ( :om !y ?9k extraord9>y m51 b ( a p>ticul> turn ( m9d1 & _! lab\rs ( little use to mank9d1 on acc\nt ( _! ab/rus5ess4 ,?is may arise f ^! g5tlem5 n c>+ to ?9k aft] a new mann]1 :i* w\ld oblige !m to beg9 _! /udies anew2 or else x may be ! /r5g? ( prejudice40 ,b]keley 0 vex$ by ?is treatm5t on ! "p ( ,cl>ke & ,:i/on4 ,he s5t "u ,sir ,john's c>e a lett] to ea* ( !m1 hop+ ?r\gh him to discov] 8_! reasons aga9/ 8 notions1 z tru? is 8 sole aim40 8,z to :at is said ( rank+ me ) ,fa!r ,malebran*e & ,mr4 ,norris1 ^: writ+s are ?\ght to be too f9e-spun to be ( any great use to mank9d1 ,i h ?is answ]1 t ,i ?9k ! notions ,i embrace are n 9 ! lea/ agree+ ) !irs1 b inde$ pla9ly inconsi/5t ) !m 9 ! ma9 po9ts1 inasmu* z ,i "k few writ]s ,i take myself at bottom to diff] m f ?an f !m4 ,f9e-spun metaphysics are :at on all occasions ,i decl>e aga9/1 & if any "o %all %ew any?+ ( t sort 9 my ,treatise ,i w will+ly correct x40 ,sir ,john deliv]$ ! lett]s to two fri5ds ( ,cl>ke & ,:i/on1 & report$ t 8,dr4 ,cl>ke told 8 fri5d 9 reply1 t he did n c>e to write y 8 ?\ghts1 because he 0 afraid x might draw him into a dispute ^u a matt] :i* 0 already cle> to him4 ,he ?\ght y\r fir/ pr9ciples y g on are false2 b he 0 a mode/ man1 8 fri5d said1 & un9cl9$ to %ock any "o ^: op9ions on ?+s ( ?is nature diff]$ f 8 own40 ,?is 0 a disappo9tm5t to ! ard5t ,b]keley4 8,dr4 ,cl>ke's conduct seems a little surpris+10 he replies4 8,t an +5i\s & c&id p]son 7z ,i take him to be7 %\ld refuse to %ew me :]e my error lies is some?+ unacc\ntable4 ,i nev] expect$ t a g5tleman o!rwise s well employ$ z ,dr4 ,cl>ke %\ld ?9k x wor? 8 :ile to ent] into a dispute ) me conc]n+ any notions ( m9e4 ,b1 see+ x 0 cle> to him ,i w5t ^u false pr9ciples1 ,i hop$ he w\ld v\*safe1 9 a l9e or two1 to po9t !m out to me1 t s ,i may m closely review & exam9e !m4 ,if he b once did me ?is fav\r1 he ne$ n appreh5d ,i %\ld give him any fur!r tr\ble4 ,i %\ld be glad if y h opportunity t y w\ld let 8 fri5d "k ?is4 ,!re is no?+ t ,i m desire ?an to "k ?or\ghly all t c be said aga9/ :at ,i take = tru?40 ,cl>ke1 h[ev]1 0 n to be drawn4 ,! incid5t is ?us ref]r$ to by ,:i/on1 9 8 ,memoirs ( ,cl>ke4 8,mr4 ,b]keley10 he says1 8publi%$ 9 #agaj1 at ,dubl91 ! metaphysical notion1 t matt] 0 n a real ?+7#ggh72 nay1 t ! common op9ion ( its reality 0 gr\ndless1 if n ridicul\s4 ,he 0 pleas$ to s5d ,mr4 ,cl>ke & myself ea* ( u a book4 ,aft] we _h p]us$ x1 ,i w5t to ,mr4 ,cl>ke to disc\rse ) him ab\t x1 to ?is effect1 t ,i1 be+ n a metaphysician1 0 n able to answ] ,mr4 ,b]keley's subtle premises1 ?\gh ,i did n believe 8 absurd conclusions4 ,i !re=e desir$ t he1 :o 0 deep 9 su* subtleties1 b did n appe> to believe ,mr4 ,b]keley's conclusion1 w\ld answ] him4 ,:i* task he decl9$40 ,:at ,cl>ke's criticism ( ,b]keley might h be5 is sugge/$ by ! foll[+ s5t5ces 9 8 ,rem>ks on ,human ,lib]ty1 publi%$ sev5 ye>s aft] ?is correspond5ce3 8,! case z to ! pro( ( our free ag5cy is exactly ! same z 9 t notable "q1 :e!r ! mat]ial _w exi/s or no8 ,!re is no demon/ration ( x f exp]i5ce4 ,!re always rema9s a b>e possibility t ! ,supreme ,be+ may h s fram$ my m9d1 t ,i %all always be necess>ily deceiv$ 9 e "o ( my p]ceptions z 9 a dream--?\gh possibly !re be no mat]ial _w1 nor any o!r creature exi/+ besides myself4 ,& yet no man 9 8 s5ses argues f !nce1 t exp]i5ce is no pro( to u ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s4 ,! b>e physical possibility too ( our be+ s fram$ by ! ,au?or ( ,nature z to be unavoidably deceiv$ 9 ?is matt] by e exp]i5ce ( e action we p]=m1 is no m any gr\nd to d\bt ! tru? ( our lib]ty1 ?an ! b>e natural possibility ( our be+ all our lifetime 9 a dream1 deceiv$ 9 our natural belief ( ! exi/5ce ( ! mat]ial _w1 is any j gr\nd to d\bt ! reality ( its exi/5ce40 ,b]keley w\ld h>dly h accept$ ?is analogy4 ,does ! conception ( a mat]ial _w be+ dep5d5t on p]cipi5t m9d = its reality imply deception on ! "p ( ! 8,supreme ,be+08 8,dreams10 9 ord9>y language1 may signify illusory fancies dur+ sleep1 & s und]/ood ! t]m is misappli$ to a univ]sally m9d-dep5d5t univ]se ) its /eady natural ord]4 ,b]keley disclaims emphatically any d\bt ( ! reality ( ! s5sible _w1 & pr(esses only to %ew 9 :at its reality consi/s1 or its dep5d5ce ^u p]cipi5t life z ! indisp5sable realis+ factor4 ,to suppose t we c be 8necess>ily deceiv$ 9 e "o ( our p]ceptions0 is to int]pret ! univ]se a!i/ically1 & virtually obliges u 9 f9al nesci5ce to ackn[l$ge t x is :olly un9t]pretable2 s t exp]i5ce is impossible1 because ?r\gh\t un9telligible4 ,! moral tru/wor?9ess or p]fect goodness ( ! ,univ]sal ,p[] is ,i suppose ! fundam5tal po/ulate ( sci5ce & human life4 ,if all our temporal exp]i5ce c be call$ a dream x mu/ at any rate be a dream ( ! sort suppos$ by ,leibniz4 8,nullo argum5to absolute demon/r>i pote/1 d>i corpora2 nec quidquam prohibet somnia qudam b5e ord9ata m5ti no/r1 objecta esse1 qu a nobis v]a judic5tur1 et ob cons5sum int] se quoad usum v]is equival5t7#ggi740 ,! ?ree ,dialogues discuss :at ,b]keley reg>d$ z ! mo/ plausible ,objections1 popul> & philosophical1 to 8 acc\nt ( liv+ ,m9d or ,_s1 z ! indisp5sable factor & f9al cause ( ! reality ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,! pr9cipal aim ( ! ,fir/ ,dialogue is to illu/rate ! contradictory or unmean+ "* & sceptical t5d5cy ( ! common philosophical op9ion--t we p]ceive 9 s5se a mat]ial _w :i* is real only 9 z f> z x c exi/ 9 absolute indep5d5ce ( p]ceiv+ m9d4 ,! impossibility ( any ( ! qualities 9 :i* ,matt] is manife/$ to man--! prim>y qualities n less ?an ! second>y--hav+ real exi/5ce 9 a m9dless or unspiritual univ]se is argu$ & illu/rat$ 9 detail4 ,ab/ract ,matt]1 unrealis$ 9 t]ms ( p]cipi5t life1 is mean+less1 & ! mat]ial _w becomes real only 9 & ?r\gh liv+ p]ception4 ,& ,matt]1 z an ab/ract sub/ance )\t qualities1 _c1 )\t a contradiction1 x is also argu$1 be pres5t$ or repres5t$1 9 s5se4 ,:at is call$ matt] is ?us melt$ 9 a spiritual solution1 f :i* x issues ! flexible & intelligible m$ium ( int]c\rse = spiritual be+s su* z m5 are2 ^: faculties moreov] are educat$ 9 int]pret+ ! cosmical ord] ( ! ph5om5a pres5t$ to _! s5ses4 ,! ,second ,dialogue is 9 ! fir/ place direct$ aga9/ modifications ( ! s*ola/ic acc\nt ( ,matt]1 :i* attributes our k ( x to inf]5ce1 f\nd$ on s5se-ideas assum$ to be repres5tative1 or n pres5tative ( ! reality4 ,! advocates ( ,matt] indep5d5t & supreme1 are "h assail$ 9 _! v>i\s conjectures--t ?is ,matt] may be ! active ,cause1 or ! ,in/rum5t1 or ! ,occasion ( our s5se-exp]i5ce2 or t x is an ,unkn[able ,some?+ someh[ connect$ ) t exp]i5ce4 ,x is argu$ 9 ?is & 9 ! prec$+ ,dialogue1 by ,philon\s 7:o p]sonates ,b]keley71 t unrealis$ ,matt]--int5d+ by t t]m ei!r a qualifi$ sub/ance1 or a ,some?+ ( :i* we _c affirm any?+--is n m]ely unprov$1 b a prov$ impossibility3 x mu/ mean no?+1 or x mu/ mean a contradiction1 :i* comes to ! same ?+4 ,x is n p]ceiv$2 nor c x be sugge/$ by :at we p]ceive2 nor demon/rat$ by reason+2 nor believ$ 9 z an article 9 ! fundam5tal fai? ( intuitive reason4 ,! only consi/5t !ory ( ! univ]se accord+ly implies t concrete realities mu/ all be ei!r 7a7 ph5om5a pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 or else 7b7 active spirits p]cipi5t ( pres5t$ ph5om5a4 ,& nei!r ( ^! two sorts ( concrete realities is /rictly speak+ indep5d5t ( ! o!r2 al?\gh ! latt]1 id5tical amid ! v>iations ( ! s5su\s ph5om5a1 are deep] & m real ?an ! m]e data ( ! s5ses4 ,! ,second ,dialogue ends by sub/itut+1 z concrete & intelligible ,realism1 ! univ]sal & con/ant dep5d5ce ( ! mat]ial _w ^u active liv+ ,_s1 9 place ( ! ab/ract hypo!tical & un9telligible ,realism1 :i* def5ds ,matt] unrealis$ 9 p]cipi5t life1 z ! type ( reality4 ,9 ! ,?ird ,dialogue plausible objections to ?is conception ( :at ! reality ( ! mat]ial _w means are discuss$4 ,is x said t ! new conception is sceptical1 & ,b]keley ano!r ,protagoras1 on acc\nt ( x8 ,8 answ] is1 t ! reality ( s5sible ?+s1 z f> z man c 9 any way be conc]n$ ) !m1 does n consi/ 9 :at _c be p]ceiv$1 sugge/$1 demon/rat$1 or ev5 conceiv$1 b 9 ph5om5a actually se5 & t\*$1 & 9 ! work+ fai? t future s5se-exp]i5ce may be anticipat$ by ! analogies ( pres5t s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,b is n ?is negation ( ! ,matt] t is assum$ to be real & indep5d5t ( ,_s1 an unprov$ conjecture8 ,x is answ]$1 t ! affirmation ( ?is ab/ract matt] is itself a m]e conjecture1 & "o self-convict$ by its impli$ contradictions1 :ile its negation is only a simple fall+ back on ! facts ( exp]i5ce1 )\t any attempt to expla9 !m4 ,aga91 is x object$ t ! reality ( s5sible ?+s involves _! cont9u$ reality dur+ int]vals ( our p]ception ( !m8 ,x is answ]$1 t s5sible ?+s are inde$ p]man5tly dep5d5t on ,m9d1 b n on ?is1 t1 or ! o!r f9ite embodi$ _s4 ,is x fur!r alleg$ t ! reality ( ,_s or ,m9d is op5 to all ! objections aga9/ indep5d5t ,matt]2 & t1 if we d5y ?is ,matt]1 we mu/ 9 consi/5cy all[ t ,_s c be only a succession ( isolat$ feel+s8 ,! answ] is1 t !re is no p>ity betwe5 self-consci\s ,_s1 & ,matt] out ( all relation to any ,_s4 ,we f9d1 9 memory1 our own p]sonality & id5tity2 t we are n our ideas1 8b some:at else0--a ?9k+1 active pr9ciple1 t p]ceives1 kn[s1 wills1 & op]ates ab\t ideas1 & t is reveal$ z cont9u\sly real4 ,ea* p]son is consci\s ( himself2 & may reasonably inf] ! exi/5ce ( o!r self-consci\s p]sons1 m or less l :at he is consci\s ( 9 himself4 ,a univ]se ( self-consci\s p]sons1 ) _! common s5su\s exp]i5ces all "u cosmical ord]1 is n op5 to ! contradictions involv$ 9 a pret5d$ univ]se ( ,matt]1 indep5d5t ( p]cipi5t realis+ ,_s4 ,is x /ill said t sane p _c help di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! real exi/5ce ( a ?+ & its be+ p]ceiv$8 ,x is answ]$1 t all !y are entitl$ to mean is1 to di/+ui% betwe5 be+ p]ceiv$ exclusively by me1 & be+ indep5d5t ( ! p]ception ( all s5ti5t or consci\s be+s4 ,does an objector compla9 t ?is ideal realism dissolves ! di/9ction betwe5 facts & fancies8 ,he is rem9d$ ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w idea4 ,t t]m is n limit$ by ,b]keley to *im]as ( fancy3 x is appli$ also to ! objective ph5om5a ( our s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,is ! supposition t ,_s is ! only real ,cause ( all *anges 9 nature declaim$ aga9/ z baseless8 ,x is answ]$1 t ! supposition ( un?9k+ ,p[] at ! he>t ( ! cosmos ( s5sible ph5om5a is absurd4 ,is ! negation ( ,ab/ract ,matt] repugnant to ! common belief ( mank9d8 ,x is argu$ 9 reply1 t ?is unrealis$ ,matt] is =eign to common belief1 :i* is incapable ( ev5 ent]ta9+ ! conception2 & :i* only requires to reflect ^u :at x does ent]ta9 to be satisfi$ ) a relative or ideal reality = s5sible ?+s4 ,b1 if s5sible ?+s are ! real ?+s1 ! real moon1 = in/ance1 x is alleg$1 c be only a foot 9 diamet]4 ,x is ma9ta9$1 9 opposition to ?is1 t ! t]m real moon is appli$ only to :at is an inf]5ce f ! moon1 "o foot 9 diamet]1 :i* we imm$iately p]ceive2 & t ! =m] is a "p ( our previsive or m$iate inf]5ce1 due to :at is p]ceiv$4 ,! dispute1 aft] all1 is m]ely v]bal1 x is next object$2 &1 s9ce all p>ties ref] ! data ( ! s5ses & ! ?+s :i* !y compose to a ,p[] ext]nal to ea* f9ite p]cipi5t1 :y n call t ,p[]1 :atev] x may be1 ,matt]1 & n ,_s8 ,! reply is1 t ?is w\ld be an absurd misapplication ( language4 ,b may we n1 x is next sugge/$1 assume ! possibility ( a ?ird nature--nei!r idea nor ,_s8 ,n1 replies ,philon\s1 if we are to keep to ! rule ( hav+ mean+ 9 ! words we use4 ,we "k :at is meant by a _s1 = ea* ( u has imm$iate exp]i5ce ( "o2 & we "k :at is meant by s5se-ideas & s5sible ?+s1 = we h imm$iate & m$iate exp]i5ce ( !m4 ,b we h no imm$iate1 & !re=e c h no m$iate1 exp]i5ce ( :at is nei!r p]ceiv$ by our s5ses1 nor realis$ 9 inw>d consci\sness3 moreov]1 8entia non sunt multiplic&a praet] necessitatem40 ,aga91 ?is conception ( ! realities implies1 x is said1 imp]fection1 because s5ti5t exp]i5ce1 9 ,god4 ,?is objection1 x is answ]$1 implies a confusion betwe5 be+ actually s5ti5t & m]ely conceiv+ s5sations1 & employ+ !m1 z ,god does1 z signs = express+ ,8 conceptions to our m9ds4 ,fur!r1 ! negation ( indep5d5t p[]ful ,matt] seems to annihilate ! explanations ( physical ph5om5a giv5 by natural philosoph]s4 ,b1 to be assur$ t x does n1 we h only to recollect :at physical explanation means--t x is ! ref]5ce ( an app>5tly irregul> ph5om5on to "s ackn[l$g$ g5]al rule ( co-exi/5ce or succession among s5se-ideas4 ,x is int]pretation ( s5se-signs4 ,is ! propos$ ideal ,realism summ>ily condemn$ z a novelty8 ,x c be answ]$1 t all discov]ies are novelties at fir/2 & moreov] t ?is "o is n s mu* a novelty z a deep] int]pretation ( ! common fai?4 ,yet x seems1 at any rate1 x is said1 to *ange real ?+s into m]e ideas4 ,"h consid] on ! contr>y :at we mean :5 we speak ( s5sible ?+s z real4 ,! *ang+ appe>ances ( :i* we are p]cipi5t 9 s5se1 unit$ objectively 9 _! cosmical ord]1 are :at is truly meant by ! realities ( s5se4 ,b ?is reality is inconsi/5t ) ! cont9u$ id5tity ( mat]ial ?+s1 x is compla9$1 & also ) ! fact t diff]5t p]sons c be p]cipi5t ( ! same ?+4 ,n s1 ,b]keley expla9s1 :5 we att5d to ! true mean+ ( ! ^w same1 & dismiss f our ?\ghts a suppos$ ab/ract idea ( id5tity :i* is nons5sical4 ,b "s may exclaim aga9/ ! supposition t ! mat]ial _w exi/s 9 m9d1 reg>d+ ?is z an impli$ ass]tion t m9d is ext5d$1 & !re=e mat]ial4 ,?is proce$s1 x is repli$1 on =getfulness ( :at 8exi/5ce 9 m9d0 means4 ,x is int5d$ to express ! fact t matt] is real 9 be+ an objective appe>ance ( :i* a liv+ m9d is s5sible4 ,la/ly1 is n ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! creation ( ,matt] inconsi/5t ) ! p]petual dep5d5ce ( ,matt] = its reality ^u p]cipi5t ,_s8 ,x is answ]$ t ! conception ( creation be+ dep5d5t on ! exi/5ce ( f9ite m9ds is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! ,mosaic acc\nt3 x is :at is se5 & felt1 n :at is unse5 & unfelt1 t is creat$4 ,! ,?ird ,dialogue closes ) a repres5tation ( ! new pr9ciple reg>d+ ,matt] be+ ! h>mony ( two app>5tly discordant propositions--! "o-sid$ proposition ( ord9>y common s5se2 & ! "o-sid$ proposition ( ! philosoph]s4 ,x agrees ) ! mass ( mank9d 9 hold+ t ! mat]ial _w is actually pres5t$ to our s5ses1 & ) ! philosoph]s 9 hold+ t ?is same mat]ial _w is realis$ only 9 & ?r\gh ! p]cipi5t exp]i5ce ( liv+ ,_s4 ,mo/ ( ! objections to ,b]keley's conception ( ,matt] :i* h be5 urg$ 9 ! la/ c5tury & a half1 by its ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man critics1 are discuss$ by anticipation 9 ^! ,dialogues4 ,! hi/ory ( objections is v mu* a hi/ory ( misconceptions4 ,conceiv$ or misconceiv$1 x has tacitly simplifi$ & purifi$ ! me?ods ( physical sci5ce1 especially 9 ,brita9 & ,france4 ,! fir/ elaborate criticism ( ,b]keley by a ,briti% au?or is f\nd 9 ,&rew ,baxt]'s ,inquiry into ! ,nature ( ! ,human ,s\l1 publi%$ 9 #agce1 9 ! section entitl$ 8,dean ,b]keley's ,s*eme aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ,matt] exam9$1 & %ewn to be inconclusive40 ,baxt] alleges t ! new doctr9e t5ds to enc\rage scepticism4 ,to d5y ,matt]1 = ! reasons giv51 involves1 accord+ to ?is critic1 d5ial ( m9d1 & s a univ]sal d\bt4 ,accord+ly1 a few ye>s lat]1 ,hume s\ght1 9 8 ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 to "w out ,b]keley's negation ( ab/ract ,matt] into sceptical ph5om5alism--aga9/ :i* ,b]keley s\ght to gu>d by anticipation1 9 a rem>kable passage introduc$ 9 8 la/ edition ( ^! ,dialogues4 ,9 ,scotl& ! writ+s ( ,reid1 ,beattie1 ,oswald1 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,?omas ,br[n1 & ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton =m a magaz9e ( objections4 ,reid--:o curi\sly seeks to refute ,b]keley by refut+1 n m cle>ly ?an ,b]keley _h done be=e him1 ! hypo!sis ( a :olly repres5tative s5se-p]ception--urges ! spontane\s belief or common s5se ( mank9d1 :i* obliges u all to recognise a direct pres5tation ( ! ext]nal mat]ial _w to our s5ses4 ,he ov]looks :at ) ,b]keley is ! only "q 9 debate1 namely1 ! mean+ ( ! t]m ext]nal2 =1 ,reid & ,b]keley are agre$ 9 hold+ to ! reality ( a _w regulat$ indep5d5tly ( ! w ( f9ite p]cipi5ts1 & is suffici5tly objective to be a m$ium ( social int]c\rse4 ,) ,b]keley1 z ) ,reid1 ?is is practically self-evid5t4 ,! same objection1 m sci5tifically def9$--t we h a natural belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]1 & 9 our own imm$iate p]ception ( its qualities--is ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton's assumption aga9/ ,b]keley2 b ,hamilton does n expla9 ! reality ?us claim$ = x4 8,m5 naturally believe10 he says1 8t !y !mselves exi/--because !y are consci\s ( a ,self or ,ego2 !y believe t some?+ diff]5t f !mselves exi/s--because !y believe t !y are consci\s ( ?is ,n-self or ,non-ego40 7,discussions1 p4 #aic47 ,n[1 ! exi/5ce ( a ,p[] t is indep5d5t ( ea* f9ite ,ego is at ! root ( ,b]keley's pr9ciples4 ,accord+ to ,b]keley & ,hamilton alike1 we are imm$iately p]cipi5t ( solid & ext5d$ ph5om5a2 b ) ,b]keley ! ph5om5a are dep5d5t on1 at ! same "t t !y are 8entirely di/9ct0 f1 ! p]cipi5t4 ,! ,div9e & f9ite spirits1 signifi$ by ! ph5om5a t are pres5t$ to our s5ses 9 cosmical ord]1 =m ,b]keley's ext]nal _w4 ,t ,b]keley s[s ! se$s ( ,univ]sal ,scepticism2 t 8 conception ( ,matt] involves ! ,panegoism or ,solipsism :i* leaves me 9 absolute solitude2 t 8 is virtually a sy/em ( ,pan!ism1 inconsi/5t ) p]sonal individuality & moral responsibility--^! are probably ! ?ree mo/ compreh5sive objections t h be5 alleg$ aga9/ x4 ,!y are 9 a measure due to ,b]keley's imp]fect criticism ( fir/ pr9ciples1 9 8 dread ( a dep>ture f ! concrete data ( exp]i5ce 9 que/ ( empty ab/ractions4 ,9 ,engl& & ,france1 ,b]keley's criticism ( ,matt]1 tak5 h[ev] only on its negative side1 receiv$ a c\nt5ance d5i$ to x 9 ,g]many4 ,h>tley & ,prie/ley %ew signs ( aff9ity ) ,b]keley4 ,also an anonym\s ,essay on ! ,nature & ,exi/5ce ( ! ,mat]ial ,_w1 d$icat$ to ,dr4 ,prie/ley & ,dr4 ,price1 :i* appe>$ 9 #agha1 is an argum5t1 on empirical gr\nds1 :i* virtually makes ! data ( ! s5ses at la/ a *aos ( isolat$ s5sations4 ,! au?or ( ! ,essay is said to h be5 a c]ta9 ,russell1 :o di$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies 9 ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,a t5d5cy t[>ds ,b]keley's negations1 b ap>t f 8 syn!tic pr9ciples1 appe>s 9 ,james ,mill & ,j4,s4 ,mill4 ,s too ) ,voltaire & ! ,encyclop$i/s4 ,! ,dialogues betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s 7 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #agac1 8pr9t$ by ,g4 ,james1 = ,h5ry ,clem5ts1 at ! ,half-,moon1 9 ,/4 ,paul's *ur*y>d10 unlike ! ,essay on ,vision & ! ,pr9ciples1 :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 ,dubl94 ,! second edition1 :i* is simply a repr9t1 issu$ 9 #agbe1 8pr9t$ = ,william & ,john ,innys1 at ! ,we/ ,end ( ,/4 ,paul's40 ,a ?ird1 ! la/ 9 ! au?or's lifetime1 8pr9t$ by ,jacob ,tonson10 :i* conta9s "s important additions1 0 publi%$ 9 #agcd1 conjo9tly ) a new edition ( ! ,pr9ciples4 ,! ,dialogues 7 repr9t$ 9 #aggf1 9 ! same volume ) ! edition ( ! ,pr9ciples1 ) ,rem>ks4 ,! ,dialogues h be5 translat$ into ,fr5* & ,g]man4 ,! ,fr5* v]sion appe>$ at ,am/]dam 9 #agej4 ,! translator's "n is n giv51 b x is attribut$ to ! ,abb ,jean ,paul de ,gua de ,malves7#ghj71 by ,b>bi]1 9 8 ,dictionnaire des ,ouvrages anonymes et pseudonymes1 tom4 i4 p4 #bhc4 ,x conta9s a ,prefatory ,note by ! translator1 ) ?ree curi\s vignettes 7giv5 9 ! note bel[7 meant to symbolise ! lead+ ?\ght 9 ea* ,dialogue7#gha74 ,a ,g]man translation1 by ,john ,*ri/oph] ,es*5ba*1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,ro/ock1 0 publi%$ at ,ro/ock 9 #agef4 ,x =ms ! l>g] "p ( a volume entitl$ ,sammlung d] vornehm/5 ,s*rift/ell] die die ,wirkli*keit ihres eign5 ,krp]s und d] ganz5 ,krp]welt lugn54 ,?is pr(ess$ ,collection ( ! mo/ em95t au?ors :o are suppos$ to d5y ! reality ( _! own bodies & ( ! :ole mat]ial _w1 consi/s ( ,b]keley's ,dialogues1 & ,ar?ur ,colli]'s ,clavis ,univ]salis1 or ,demon/ration ( ! ,non-exi/5ce or ,impossibility ( an ,ext]nal ,_w4 ,! volume conta9s "s annotations1 & an ,app5dix 9 :i* a c\nt]-demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( ,matt] is attempt$4 ,es*5ba*'s pr9cipal argum5t is indirect1 & ( ! nature ( a r$uctio ad absurdum4 ,he argues 7z o!rs h done7 t ! reasons produc$ aga9/ ! indep5d5t reality ( ,matt] are equally conclusive aga9/ ! indep5d5t reality ( ,_s4 ,an int]e/+ circum/ance connect$ ) ! ,dialogues betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s 0 ! appe>ance1 also 9 #agac1 ( ! ,clavis ,univ]salis1 or demon/ration ( ! impossibility ( ,matt]1 ( ,ar?ur ,colli]1 9 :i* ! m]ely ideal exi/5ce ( ! s5sible _w is ma9ta9$4 ,! production1 simultane\sly1 )\t conc]t1 ( conceptions ( ! mat]ial _w :i* v]bally at lea/ h mu* 9 common1 is a curi\s co9cid5ce4 ,x %ews t ! intellectual atmosph]e ( ! ,lockian epo* 9 ,engl& conta9$ elem5ts fav\rable to a reconsid]ation ( ! ultimate mean+ ( ,matt]4 ,!y are bo? ! g5u9e produce ( ! age ( ,locke & ,malebran*e4 ,nei!r ,b]keley nor ,colli] 71 :5 !y publi%$ _! books1 famili> ) anci5t ,greek speculations2 ^? ( mod]n ,g]many _h only begun to loom 9 ! di/ance4 ,absolute ,idealism1 ! ,panph5om5alism ( ,augu/e ,comte1 & ! mod]n evolution>y conception ( nature1 h *ang$ ! conditions "u :i* ! univ]sal problem is /udi$1 & are mak+ intelligible to ?is g5]ation a mann] ( conceiv+ ! ,univ]se :i*1 = ne>ly a c5tury & a half1 ! ,briti% & ,fr5* critics ( ,b]keley 7 unable to ent]ta94 ,b]keley's ,pr9ciples appe>$ ?ree ye>s be=e ! ,clavis ,univ]salis4 ,yet ,colli] tells u t x 0 8aft] a t5 ye>s' pause & delib]ation10 t1 8r ?an ! _w %\ld f9i% its c\rse )\t once (f]+ to inquire 9 :at mann] x exi/s10 he _h 8resolv$ to put himself ^u ! trial ( ! common read]1 )\t pret5d+ to any bett] art ( ga9+ him ?an dry reason & metaphysical demon/ration40 ,mr4 ,b5son1 8 biograph]1 says t x 0 9 #agjc1 at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree1 t ,colli] came to ! conclusion t 8!re is no su* ?+ z an ext]nal _w02 & he attributes ! premises f :i* ,colli] drew ?is conclusion to 8 neighb\r1 ,john ,norris4 ,among ,colli]'s ,,mss41 !re rema9s ! outl9e ( an essay1 9 ?ree *apt]s1 dat$ ,janu>y1 #agjh1 on ! non-ext]nality ( ! visible _w4 ,!re are sev]al co9cid5ces betwe5 ,b]keley & ,colli]4 ,b]keley virtually pres5t$ 8 new !ory ( ,vision z ! fir/ in/alm5t ( 8 explanation ( ! ,reality ( ,matt]4 ,! fir/ ( ! two ,p>ts into :i* ,colli]'s ,clavis is divid$ consi/s ( pro(s t ! ,visible ,_w is n1 & _c be1 ext]nal4 ,b]keley1 9 ! ,pr9ciples & ! ,dialogues1 expla9s ! reality ( ,matt]4 ,9 l mann] ! ,second ,"p ( ! ,clavis consi/s ( reason+s 9 pro( ( ! impossibility ( an ext]nal _w indep5d5t ( ,_s4 ,f9ally1 9 8 full-bl[n !ory1 z well z 9 its visual g]m1 ,b]keley takes = grant$1 z intuitively kn[n1 ! exi/5ce ( s5sible ,matt]2 mean+ by ?is1 its relative exi/5ce1 or dep5d5ce on liv+ ,m9d4 ,! ?ird proposition ( ,colli]'s sy/em ass]ts ! real exi/5ce ( visible matt] 9 p>ticul>1 & ( s5sible matt] 9 g5]al4 ,! invisibility ( di/ances1 z well z ( real magnitudes & situations1 & _! sugge/ion by int]pretation ( visual symbols1 propositions :i* occupy s l>ge a space 9 ,b]keley's ,!ory ( ,vision1 h no c\nt]p>t 9 ,colli]4 ,8 pro( ( ! non-ext]nality ( ! visible _w consi/s ( an induction ( in/ances ( visible objects t are all[$ by all n to be ext]nal1 al?\gh !y seem to be z mu* s z any t are call$ ext]nal4 ,8 ,demon/ration consi/s ( n9e pro(s1 :i* may be comp>$ ) ! reason+s & analyses ( ,b]keley4 ,colli]'s ,demon/ration concludes ) answ]s to objections1 & an application ( 8 acc\nt ( ! mat]ial _w to ! refutation ( ! ,roman doctr9e ( ! sub/antial exi/5ce ( ,*ri/'s body 9 ! ,eu*>i/4 ,! univ]sal s5se-symbolism ( ,b]keley1 & 8 p]vad+ recognition ( ! di/9ction betwe5 physical or symbolical1 & effici5t or orig9ative causation1 are want+ 9 ! n>r[ reason+s ( ,colli]4 ,b]keley's m compreh5sive philosophy1 ) its human sympa?ies & beauty ( /yle1 is n[ recognis$ z a /rik+ expression & p>tial solution ( fundam5tal problems1 :ile ,colli] is condemn$ to ! obscurity ( ! ,s*ools7#ghb74 ,d$ication ,,to ,,! ,,"r ,,hon\rable ,,! ,,"l ,,b]keley ,,( ,,/ratton7#ghc71 ,,ma/] ,,( ,,! ,,rolls ,,9 ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,irel&1 ,,*ancellor ,,( ,,! ,,du*y ,,( ,,lanca/]1 ,,& ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,lords ,,( ,,h] ,,maje/y',s ,,mo/ ,,hon\rable ,,privy ,,c\ncil4 ,,my ,,"l1 ,! virtue1 le>n+1 & good s5se :i* are ackn[l$g$ to di/+ui% y\r "*1 w\ld tempt me to indulge myself ! pleasure m5 naturally take 9 giv+ applause to ^? :om !y e/eem & hon\r3 & x %\ld seem ( importance to ! subjects ( ,great ,brita9 t !y knew ! em95t %>e y enjoy 9 ! fav\r ( y\r sov]eign1 & ! hon\rs %e has conf]r$ ^u y1 h n be5 ow+ to any application f y\r lord%ip1 b entirely to h] maje/y's own ?\ght1 aris+ f a s5se ( y\r p]sonal m]it1 & an incl9ation to rew>d x4 ,b1 z y\r "n is prefix$ to ?is treatise ) an int5tion to d hon\r to myself alone1 ,i %all only say t ,i am enc\rag$ by ! fav\r y h treat$ me ) to address ^! pap]s to y\r lord%ip4 ,& ,i 0 ! m ambiti\s ( do+ ?is1 because a ,philosophical ,treatise c\ld n s prop]ly be address$ to any "o z to a p]son ( y\r lord%ip's "*1 :o1 to y\r o!r valuable di/9ctions1 h add$ ! k & reli% ( ,philosophy4 ,i am1 ) ! greate/ respect1 ,my ,"l1 ,y\r lord%ip's mo/ ob$i5t & mo/ humble s]vant1 ,,george ,,b]keley4 ,! ,preface7#ghd7 ,?\gh x seems ! g5]al op9ion ( ! _w1 no less ?an ! design ( nature & provid5ce1 t ! end ( speculation be ,practice1 or ! improvem5t & regulation ( our lives & actions2 yet ^? :o are mo/ addict$ to speculative /udies1 seem z g5]ally ( ano!r m9d4 ,& inde$ if we consid] ! pa9s t h be5 tak5 to p]plex ! pla9e/ ?+s1 t di/ru/ ( ! s5ses1 ^? d\bts & scruples1 ^? ab/ractions & ref9em5ts t occur 9 ! v entrance ( ! sci5ces2 x w n seem /range t m5 ( leisure & curiosity %\ld lay !mselves out 9 fruitless disquisitions1 )\t desc5d+ to ! practical p>ts ( life1 or in=m+ !mselves 9 ! m necess>y & important p>ts ( k4 ,^u ! common pr9ciples ( philosoph]s1 we are n assur$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s f _! be+ p]ceiv$4 ,& we are taught to di/+ui% _! real nature f t :i* falls "u our s5ses4 ,h5ce arise scepticism & p>adoxes4 ,x is n en\gh t we see & feel1 t we ta/e & smell a ?+3 its true nature1 its absolute ext]nal entity1 is /ill conceal$4 ,=1 ?\gh x be ! fiction ( our own bra91 we h made x inaccessible to all our faculties4 ,s5se is fallaci\s1 reason defective4 ,we sp5d our lives 9 d\bt+ ( ^? ?+s :i* o!r m5 evid5tly "k1 & believ+ ^? ?+s :i* !y laugh at & despise4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to div]t ! busy m9d ( man f va9 rese>*es1 x seem$ necess>y to inquire into ! s\rce ( its p]plexities2 &1 if possible1 to lay d[n su* ,pr9ciples z1 by an easy solution ( !m1 toge!r ) _! own native evid5ce1 may at once recomm5d !mselves = g5u9e to ! m9d1 & rescue x f ^? endless pursuits x is engag$ 94 ,:i*1 ) a pla9 demon/ration ( ! ,imm$iate ,provid5ce ( an all-see+ ,god1 & ! natural ,immortality ( ! s\l1 %\ld seem ! readie/ prep>ation1 z well z ! /ronge/ motive1 to ! /udy & practice ( virtue4 ,?is design ,i propos$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p ( a treatise conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #agaj4 ,b1 be=e ,i proce$ to publi% ! ,second ,"p7#ghe71 ,i ?\ght x requisite to treat m cle>ly & fully ( c]ta9 ,pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ! ,fir/1 & to place !m 9 a new light4 ,:i* is ! bus9ess ( ! foll[+ ,dialogues4 ,9 ?is ,treatise1 :i* does n presuppose 9 ! read] any k ( :at 0 conta9$ 9 ! =m]1 x has be5 my aim to introduce ! notions ,i advance into ! m9d 9 ! mo/ easy & famili> mann]2 especially because !y c>ry ) !m a great opposition to ! prejudices ( philosoph]s1 :i* h s f> prevail$ aga9/ ! common s5se & natural notions ( mank9d4 ,if ! ,pr9ciples :i* ,i "h endeav\r to propagate are admitt$ = true1 ! consequ5ces :i*1 ,i ?9k1 evid5tly fl[ f !nce are1 t ,a!ism & ,scepticism w be utt]ly de/roy$1 _m intricate po9ts made pla91 great difficulties solv$1 sev]al useless p>ts ( sci5ce retr5*$1 speculation ref]r$ to practice1 & m5 r$uc$ f p>adoxes to common s5se4 ,& al?\gh x may1 p]haps1 seem an uneasy reflexion to "s1 t :5 !y h tak5 a circuit ?r\gh s _m ref9$ & unvulg> notions1 !y %\ld at la/ come to ?9k l o!r m52 yet1 me?9ks1 ?is return to ! simple dictates ( nature1 aft] hav+ w&]$ ?r\gh ! wild mazes ( philosophy1 is n unpleasant4 ,x is l com+ home f a long voyage3 a man reflects ) pleasure on ! _m difficulties & p]plexities he has pass$ ?r\gh1 sets 8 he>t at ease1 & enjoys himself ) m satisfaction = ! future4 ,z x 0 my int5tion to conv9ce ,sceptics & ,infidels by reason1 s x has be5 my endeav\r /rictly to obs]ve ! mo/ rigid laws ( reason+4 ,&1 to an imp>tial read]1 ,i hope x w be manife/ t ! sublime notion ( a ,god1 & ! com=table expectation ( ,immortality1 d naturally arise f a close & me?odical application ( ?\ght3 :atev] may be ! result ( t loose1 rambl+ way1 n altoge!r improp]ly t]m$ ,free-?9k+ by c]ta9 lib]t9es 9 ?\ght1 :o c no m endure ! re/ra9ts ( logic ?an ^? ( religion or gov]nm5t4 ,x w p]haps be object$ to my design t1 s f> z x t5ds to ease ! m9d ( difficult & useless inquiries1 x c affect only a few speculative p]sons4 ,b if1 by _! speculations rightly plac$1 ! /udy ( morality & ! law ( nature 7 br\ght m into fa%ion among m5 ( p>ts & g5ius1 ! disc\ragem5ts t draw to ,scepticism remov$1 ! measures ( "r & wrong accurately def9$1 & ! pr9ciples ( ,natural ,religion r$uc$ into regul> sy/ems1 z artfully dispos$ & cle>ly connect$ z ^? ( "s o!r sci5ces2 !re are gr\nds to ?9k ^! effects w\ld n only h a gradual influ5ce 9 repair+ ! too mu* defac$ s5se ( virtue 9 ! _w1 b also1 by %ew+ t su* p>ts ( revelation z lie )9 ! rea* ( human inquiry are mo/ agreeable to "r reason1 w\ld dispose all prud5t1 unprejudic$ p]sons to a mode/ & w>y treatm5t ( ^? sacr$ my/]ies :i* are above ! compreh5sion ( our faculties4 ,x rema9s t ,i desire ! read] to )hold 8 c5sure ( ^! ,dialogues till he has read !m ?r\gh4 ,o!rwise1 he may lay !m aside 9 a mi/ake ( _! design1 or on acc\nt ( difficulties or objections :i* he w\ld f9d answ]$ 9 ! sequel4 ,a ,treatise ( ?is nature w\ld require to be once read ov] coh]5tly1 9 ord] to compreh5d its design1 ! pro(s1 solution ( difficulties1 & ! connexion & disposition ( its p>ts4 ,if x be ?\ght to des]ve a second read+1 ?is1 ,i imag9e1 w make ! entire s*eme v pla94 ,especially if rec\rse be _h to an ,essay ,i wrote "s ye>s s9ce ^u ,vision1 & ! ,treatise conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k2 :]e9 div]s notions advanc$ 9 ^! ,dialogues are f>!r pursu$1 or plac$ 9 diff]5t lights1 & o!r po9ts h&l$ :i* naturally t5d to confirm & illu/rate !m4 ,! ,fir/ ,dialogue ,philon\s4 ,good morr[1 ,hylas3 ,i did n expect to f9d y abroad s e>ly4 ,hylas4 ,x is inde$ some?+ unusual2 b my ?\ghts 7 s tak5 up ) a subject ,i 0 disc\rs+ ( la/ night1 t f9d+ ,i c\ld n sleep1 ,i resolv$ to rise & take a turn 9 ! g>d54 ,phil4 ,x happ5$ well1 to let y see :at innoc5t & agreeable pleasures y lose e morn+4 ,c !re be a pleasant] "t ( ! day1 or a m delightful season ( ! ye>8 ,t purple sky1 ^? wild b sweet notes ( birds1 ! fragrant bloom ^u ! trees & fl[]s1 ! g5tle influ5ce ( ! ris+ sun1 ^! & a ?\s& nameless beauties ( nature inspire ! s\l ) secret transports2 its faculties too be+ at ?is "t fre% & lively1 are fit = ^? m$itations1 :i* ! solitude ( a g>d5 & tranquillity ( ! morn+ naturally dispose u to4 ,b ,i am afraid ,i int]rupt y\r ?\ghts3 = y seem$ v int5t on some?+4 ,hyl4 ,x is true1 ,i 01 & %all be oblig$ to y if y w p]mit me to g on 9 ! same ve92 n t ,i w\ld by any means deprive myself ( y\r company1 = my ?\ghts always fl[ m easily 9 conv]sation ) a fri5d1 ?an :5 ,i am alone3 b my reque/ is1 t y w\ld suff] me to imp>t my reflexions to y4 ,phil4 ,) all my he>t1 x is :at ,i %\ld h reque/$ myself if y _h n prev5t$ me4 ,hyl4 ,i 0 consid]+ ! odd fate ( ^? m5 :o h 9 all ages1 ?r\gh an affectation ( be+ di/+ui%$ f ! vulg>1 or "s unacc\ntable turn ( ?\ght1 pret5d$ ei!r to believe no?+ at all1 or to believe ! mo/ extravagant ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,?is h[ev] might be borne1 if _! p>adoxes & scepticism did n draw aft] !m "s consequ5ces ( g5]al disadvantage to mank9d4 ,b ! mis*ief lie? "h2 t :5 m5 ( less leisure see !m :o are suppos$ to h sp5t _! :ole "t 9 ! pursuits ( k pr(ess+ an entire ignorance ( all ?+s1 or advanc+ su* notions z are repugnant to pla9 & commonly receiv$ pr9ciples1 !y w be tempt$ to ent]ta9 suspicions conc]n+ ! mo/ important tru?s1 :i* !y _h hi!rto held sacr$ & unque/ionable7#ghf74 ,phil4 ,i entirely agree ) y1 z to ! ill t5d5cy ( ! affect$ d\bts ( "s philosoph]s1 & fanta/ical conceits ( o!rs4 ,i am ev5 s f> gone ( late 9 ?is way ( ?9k+1 t ,i h quitt$ sev]al ( ! sublime notions ,i _h got 9 _! s*ools = vulg> op9ions4 ,& ,i give x y on my ^w2 s9ce ?is revolt f metaphysical notions to ! pla9 dictates ( nature & common s5se7#ghg71 ,i f9d my und]/&+ /rangely enlight5$1 s t ,i c n[ easily compreh5d a great _m ?+s :i* be=e 7 all my/]y & riddle4 ,hyl4 ,i am glad to f9d !re 0 no?+ 9 ! acc\nts ,i he>d ( y4 ,phil4 ,pray1 :at 7 ^?8 ,hyl4 ,y 7 repres5t$1 9 la/ night's conv]sation1 z "o :o ma9ta9$ ! mo/ extravagant op9ion t ev] ent]$ into ! m9d ( man1 to wit1 t !re is no su* ?+ z mat]ial sub/ance 9 ! _w4 ,phil4 ,t !re is no su* ?+ z :at philosoph]s call mat]ial sub/ance1 ,i am s]i\sly p]suad$3 b1 if ,i 7 made to see any?+ absurd or sceptical 9 ?is1 ,i %\ld !n h ! same reason to r5\nce ?is t ,i imag9e ,i h n[ to reject ! contr>y op9ion4 ,hyl4 ,:at6 c any?+ be m fanta/ical1 m repugnant to ,common ,s5se1 or a m manife/ piece ( ,scepticism1 ?an to believe !re is no su* ?+ z matt]8 ,phil4 ,s(tly1 good ,hylas4 ,:at if x %\ld prove t y1 :o hold !re is1 are1 by virtue ( t op9ion1 a great] sceptic1 & ma9ta9 m p>adoxes & repugnances to ,common ,s5se1 ?an ,i :o believe no su* ?+8 ,hyl4 ,y may z soon p]suade me1 ! "p is great] ?an ! :ole1 z t1 9 ord] to avoid absurdity & ,scepticism1 ,i %\ld ev] be oblig$ to give up my op9ion 9 ?is po9t4 ,phil4 ,well !n1 are y cont5t to admit t op9ion = true1 :i* ^u exam9ation %all appe> mo/ agreeable to ,common ,s5se1 & remote f ,scepticism8 ,hyl4 ,) all my he>t4 ,s9ce y are = rais+ disputes ab\t ! pla9e/ ?+s 9 nature1 ,i am cont5t = once to he> :at y h to say4 ,phil4 ,pray1 ,hylas1 :at d y mean by a sceptic8 ,hyl4 ,i mean :at all m5 mean--"o t d\bts ( ev]y?+4 ,phil4 ,he !n :o ent]ta9s no d\bt conc]n+ "s p>ticul> po9t1 ) reg>d to t po9t _c be ?\ght a sceptic4 ,hyl4 ,i agree ) y4 ,phil4 ,:e!r do? d\bt+ consi/ 9 embrac+ ! affirmative or negative side ( a "q8 ,hyl4 ,9 nei!r2 = :oev] und]/&s ,engli% _c b "k t d\bt+ signifies a susp5se betwe5 bo?4 ,phil4 ,he !n t d5ies any po9t1 c no m be said to d\bt ( x1 ?an he :o affirme? x ) ! same degree ( assurance4 ,hyl4 ,true4 ,phil4 ,&1 consequ5tly1 = su* 8 d5ial is no m to be e/eem$ a sceptic ?an ! o!r4 ,hyl4 ,i ackn[l$ge x4 ,phil4 ,h[ come? x to pass !n1 ,hylas1 t y pron\nce me a sceptic1 because ,i d5y :at y affirm1 to wit1 ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]8 ,s9ce1 = aught y c tell1 ,i am z p]emptory 9 my d5ial1 z y 9 y\r affirmation4 ,hyl4 ,hold1 ,philon\s1 ,i h be5 a little out 9 my def9ition2 b e false /ep a man makes 9 disc\rse is n to be insi/$ on4 ,i said inde$ t a sceptic 0 "o :o d\bt$ ( ev]y?+2 b ,i %\ld h add$1 or :o d5ies ! reality & tru? ( ?+s4 ,phil4 ,:at ?+s8 ,d y mean ! pr9ciples & !orems ( sci5ces8 ,b ^! y "k are univ]sal intellectual notions1 & consequ5tly indep5d5t ( ,matt]4 ,! d5ial !re=e ( ?is do? n imply ! d5y+ !m7#ghh74 ,hyl4 ,i grant x4 ,b are !re no o!r ?+s8 ,:at ?9k y ( di/ru/+ ! s5ses1 ( d5y+ ! real exi/5ce ( s5sible ?+s1 or pret5d+ to "k no?+ ( !m4 ,is n ?is suffici5t to d5om9ate a man a sceptic8 ,phil4 ,%all we !re=e exam9e :i* ( u x is t d5ies ! reality ( s5sible ?+s1 or pr(esses ! greate/ ignorance ( !m2 s9ce1 if ,i take y rightly1 he is to be e/eem$ ! greate/ sceptic8 ,hyl4 ,t is :at ,i desire4 ,phil4 ,:at mean y by ,s5sible ,?+s8 ,hyl4 ,^? ?+s :i* are p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,c y imag9e t ,i mean any?+ else8 ,phil4 ,p>don me1 ,hylas1 if ,i am desir\s cle>ly to appreh5d y\r notions1 s9ce ?is may mu* %ort5 our inquiry4 ,suff] me !n to ask y ?is f>!r "q4 ,are ^? ?+s only p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses :i* are p]ceiv$ imm$iately8 ,or1 may ^? ?+s prop]ly be said to be s5sible :i* are p]ceiv$ m$iately1 or n )\t ! int]v5tion ( o!rs8 ,hyl4 ,i d n suffici5tly und]/& y4 ,phil4 ,9 read+ a book1 :at ,i imm$iately p]ceive are ! lett]s2 b m$iately1 or by means ( ^!1 are sugge/$ to my m9d ! notions ( ,god1 virtue1 tru?1 c4 ,n[1 t ! lett]s are truly s5sible ?+s1 or p]ceiv$ by s5se1 !re is no d\bt3 b ,i w\ld "k :e!r y take ! ?+s sugge/$ by !m to be s too4 ,hyl4 ,no1 c]ta9ly3 x 7 absurd to ?9k ,god or virtue s5sible ?+s2 ?\gh !y may be signifi$ & sugge/$ to ! m9d by s5sible m>ks1 ) :i* !y h an arbitr>y connexion4 ,phil4 ,x seems !n1 t by s5sible ?+s y mean ^? only :i* c be p]ceiv$ imm$iately by s5se8 ,hyl4 ,"r4 ,phil4 ,do? x n foll[ f ?is1 t ?\gh ,i see "o "p ( ! sky r$1 & ano!r blue1 & t my reason do? !nce evid5tly conclude !re mu/ be "s cause ( t div]sity ( col\rs1 yet t cause _c be said to be a s5sible ?+1 or p]ceiv$ by ! s5se ( see+8 ,hyl4 ,x do?4 ,phil4 ,9 l mann]1 ?\gh ,i he> v>iety ( s\nds1 yet ,i _c be said to he> ! causes ( ^? s\nds8 ,hyl4 ,y _c4 ,phil4 ,& :5 by my t\* ,i p]ceive a ?+ to be hot & heavy1 ,i _c say1 ) any tru? or propriety1 t ,i feel ! cause ( its heat or weight8 ,hyl4 ,to prev5t any m que/ions ( ?is k9d1 ,i tell y once = all1 t by s5sible ?+s ,i mean ^? only :i* are p]ceiv$ by s5se2 & t 9 tru? ! s5ses p]ceive no?+ :i* !y d n p]ceive imm$iately3 = !y make no inf]5ces4 ,! d$uc+ !re=e ( causes or occasions f effects & appe>ances1 :i* alone are p]ceiv$ by s5se1 entirely relates to reason7#ghi74 ,phil4 ,?is po9t !n is agre$ betwe5 u--,t s5sible ?+s are ^? only :i* are imm$iately p]ceiv$ by s5se4 ,y w f>!r in=m me1 :e!r we imm$iately p]ceive by sight any?+ beside light1 & col\rs1 & figures7#gij72 or by he>+1 any?+ b s\nds2 by ! palate1 any?+ beside ta/es2 by ! smell1 beside od\rs2 or by ! t\*1 m ?an tangible qualities4 ,hyl4 ,we d n4 ,phil4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t if y take away all s5sible qualities1 !re rema9s no?+ s5sible8 ,hyl4 ,i grant x4 ,phil4 ,s5sible ?+s !re=e are no?+ else b s _m s5sible qualities1 or comb9ations ( s5sible qualities8 ,hyl4 ,no?+ else4 ,phil4 ,heat !n is a s5sible ?+8 ,hyl4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,phil4 ,do? ! reality ( s5sible ?+s consi/ 9 be+ p]ceiv$8 or1 is x some?+ di/9ct f _! be+ p]ceiv$1 & t be>s no relation to ! m9d8 ,hyl4 ,to exi/ is "o ?+1 & to be p]ceiv$ is ano!r4 ,phil4 ,i speak ) reg>d to s5sible ?+s only4 ,& ( ^! ,i ask1 :e!r by _! real exi/5ce y mean a subsi/5ce ext]ior to ! m9d1 & di/9ct f _! be+ p]ceiv$8 ,hyl4 ,i mean a real absolute be+1 di/9ct f1 & )\t any relation to1 _! be+ p]ceiv$4 ,phil4 ,heat !re=e1 if x be all[$ a real be+1 mu/ exi/ )\t ! m9d7#gia78 ,hyl4 ,x mu/4 ,phil4 ,tell me1 ,hylas1 is ?is real exi/5ce equally compatible to all degrees ( heat1 :i* we p]ceive2 or is !re any reason :y we %\ld attribute x to "s1 & d5y x to o!rs8 ,& if !re be1 pray let me "k t reason4 ,hyl4 ,:atev] degree ( heat we p]ceive by s5se1 we may be sure ! same exi/s 9 ! object t occasions x4 ,phil4 ,:at6 ! greate/ z well z ! lea/8 ,hyl4 ,i tell y1 ! reason is pla9ly ! same 9 respect ( bo?4 ,!y are bo? p]ceiv$ by s5se2 nay1 ! great] degree ( heat is m s5sibly p]ceiv$2 & consequ5tly1 if !re is any diff]5ce1 we are m c]ta9 ( its real exi/5ce ?an we c be ( ! reality ( a less] degree4 ,phil4 ,b is n ! mo/ vehem5t & int5se degree ( heat a v great pa98 ,hyl4 ,no "o c d5y x4 ,phil4 ,& is any unp]ceiv+ ?+ capable ( pa9 or pleasure8 ,hyl4 ,no1 c]ta9ly4 ,phil4 ,is y\r mat]ial sub/ance a s5seless be+1 or a be+ end[$ ) s5se & p]ception8 ,hyl4 ,x is s5seless )\t d\bt4 ,phil4 ,x _c !re=e be ! subject ( pa98 ,hyl4 ,by no means4 ,phil4 ,nor consequ5tly ( ! greate/ heat p]ceiv$ by s5se1 s9ce y ackn[l$ge ?is to be no small pa98 ,hyl4 ,i grant x4 ,phil4 ,:at %all we say !n ( y\r ext]nal object2 is x a mat]ial ,sub/ance1 or no8 ,hyl4 ,x is a mat]ial sub/ance ) ! s5sible qualities inh]+ 9 x4 ,phil4 ,h[ !n c a great heat exi/ 9 x1 s9ce y own x _c 9 a mat]ial sub/ance8 ,i desire y w\ld cle> ?is po9t4 ,hyl4 ,hold1 ,philon\s1 ,i fe> ,i 0 out 9 yield+ int5se heat to be a pa94 ,x %\ld seem r1 t pa9 is some?+ di/9ct f heat1 & ! consequ5ce or effect ( x4 ,phil4 ,^u putt+ y\r h& ne> ! fire1 d y p]ceive "o simple uni=m s5sation1 or two di/9ct s5sations8 ,hyl4 ,b "o simple s5sation4 ,phil4 ,is n ! heat imm$iately p]ceiv$8 ,hyl4 ,x is4 ,phil4 ,& ! pa98 ,hyl4 ,true4 ,phil4 ,see+ !re=e !y are bo? imm$iately p]ceiv$ at ! same "t1 & ! fire affects y only ) "o simple or uncomp\nd$ idea1 x foll[s t ?is same simple idea is bo? ! int5se heat imm$iately p]ceiv$1 & ! pa92 &1 consequ5tly1 t ! int5se heat imm$iately p]ceiv$ is no?+ di/9ct f a p>ticul> sort ( pa94 ,hyl4 ,x seems s4 ,phil4 ,aga91 try 9 y\r ?\ghts1 ,hylas1 if y c conceive a vehem5t s5sation to be )\t pa9 or pleasure4 ,hyl4 ,i _c4 ,phil4 ,or c y frame to y\rself an idea ( s5sible pa9 or pleasure 9 g5]al1 ab/ract$ f e p>ticul> idea ( heat1 cold1 ta/es1 smells8 c4 ,hyl4--,i d n f9d t ,i c4 ,phil4 ,do? x n !re=e foll[1 t s5sible pa9 is no?+ di/9ct f ^? s5sations or ideas1 9 an int5se degree8 ,hyl4 ,x is und5iable2 &1 to speak ! tru?1 ,i beg9 to suspect a v great heat _c exi/ b 9 a m9d p]ceiv+ x4 ,phil4 ,:at6 are y !n 9 t sceptical /ate ( susp5se1 betwe5 affirm+ & d5y+8 ,hyl4 ,i ?9k ,i may be positive 9 ! po9t4 ,a v viol5t & pa9ful heat _c exi/ )\t ! m9d4 ,phil4 ,x ha? n !re=e1 accord+ to y1 any real be+8 ,hyl4 ,i own x4 ,phil4 ,is x !re=e c]ta91 t !re is no body 9 nature really hot8 ,hyl4 ,i h n d5i$ !re is any real heat 9 bodies4 ,i only say1 !re is no su* ?+ z an int5se real heat4 ,phil4 ,b1 did y n say be=e t all degrees ( heat 7 equally real2 or1 if !re 0 any diff]5ce1 t ! great] 7 m und\bt$ly real ?an ! less]8 ,hyl4 ,true3 b x 0 because ,i did n !n consid] ! gr\nd !re is = di/+ui%+ betwe5 !m1 :i* ,i n[ pla9ly see4 ,& x is ?is3 because int5se heat is no?+ else b a p>ticul> k9d ( pa9ful s5sation2 & pa9 _c exi/ b 9 a p]ceiv+ be+2 x foll[s t no int5se heat c really exi/ 9 an unp]ceiv+ corporeal sub/ance4 ,b ?is is no reason :y we %\ld d5y heat 9 an inf]ior degree to exi/ 9 su* a sub/ance4 ,phil4 ,b h[ %all we be able to disc]n ^? degrees ( heat :i* exi/ only 9 ! m9d f ^? :i* exi/ )\t x8 ,hyl4 ,t is no difficult matt]4 ,y "k ! lea/ pa9 _c exi/ unp]ceiv$2 :atev]1 !re=e1 degree ( heat is a pa9 exi/s only 9 ! m9d4 ,b1 z = all o!r degrees ( heat1 no?+ obliges u to ?9k ! same ( !m4 ,phil4 ,i ?9k y grant$ be=e t no unp]ceiv+ be+ 0 capable ( pleasure1 any m ?an ( pa94 ,hyl4 ,i did4 ,phil4 ,& is n w>m?1 or a m g5tle degree ( heat ?an :at causes uneas9ess1 a pleasure8 ,hyl4 ,:at !n8 ,phil4 ,consequ5tly1 x _c exi/ )\t ! m9d 9 an unp]ceiv+ sub/ance1 or body4 ,hyl4 ,s x seems4 ,phil4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 z well ^? degrees ( heat t are n pa9ful1 z ^? t are1 c exi/ only 9 a ?9k+ sub/ance2 may we n conclude t ext]nal bodies are absolutely incapable ( any degree ( heat :atsoev]8 ,hyl4 ,on second ?\ghts1 ,i d n ?9k x s evid5t t w>m? is a pleasure z t a great degree ( heat is a pa94 ,phil4 ,i d n pret5d t w>m? is z great a pleasure z heat is a pa94 ,b1 if y grant x to be ev5 a small pleasure1 x s]ves to make good my conclusion4 ,hyl4 ,i c\ld r call x an indol5ce6 ,x seems to be no?+ m ?an a privation ( bo? pa9 & pleasure4 ,& t su* a quality or /ate z ?is may agree to an un?9k+ sub/ance1 ,i hope y w n d5y4 ,phil4 ,if y are resolv$ to ma9ta9 t w>m?1 or a g5tle degree ( heat1 is no pleasure1 ,i "k n h[ to conv9ce y o!rwise ?an by appeal+ to y\r own s5se4 ,b :at ?9k y ( cold8 ,hyl4 ,! same t ,i d ( heat4 ,an int5se degree ( cold is a pa92 = to feel a v great cold1 is to p]ceive a great uneas9ess3 x _c !re=e exi/ )\t ! m9d2 b a less] degree ( cold may1 z well z a less] degree ( heat4 ,phil4 ,^? bodies1 !re=e1 ^u ^: application to our own1 we p]ceive a mod]ate degree ( heat1 mu/ be conclud$ to h a mod]ate degree ( heat or w>m? 9 !m2 & ^?1 ^u ^: application we feel a l degree ( cold1 mu/ be ?\ght to h cold 9 !m4 ,hyl4 ,!y mu/4 ,phil4 ,c any doctr9e be true t necess>ily leads a man into an absurdity8 ,hyl4 ,)\t d\bt x _c4 ,phil4 ,is x n an absurdity to ?9k t ! same ?+ %\ld be at ! same "t bo? cold & w>m8 ,hyl4 ,x is4 ,phil4 ,suppose n[ "o ( y\r h&s hot1 & ! o!r cold1 & t !y are bo? at once put into ! same vessel ( wat]1 9 an int]m$iate /ate2 w n ! wat] seem cold to "o h&1 & w>m to ! o!r7#gib78 ,hyl4 ,x w4 ,phil4 ,ought we n !re=e1 by y\r pr9ciples1 to conclude x is really bo? cold & w>m at ! same "t1 t is1 accord+ to y\r own concession1 to believe an absurdity8 ,hyl4 ,i confess x seems s4 ,phil4 ,consequ5tly1 ! pr9ciples !mselves are false1 s9ce y h grant$ t no true pr9ciple leads to an absurdity4 ,hyl4 ,b1 aft] all1 c any?+ be m absurd ?an to say1 !re is no heat 9 ! fire8 ,phil4 ,to make ! po9t /ill cle>]2 tell me :e!r1 9 two cases exactly alike1 we ought n to make ! same judgm5t8 ,hyl4 ,we ought4 ,phil4 ,:5 a p9 pricks y\r f+]1 do? x n r5d & divide ! fibres ( y\r fle%8 ,hyl4 ,x do?4 ,phil4 ,& :5 a coal burns y\r f+]1 do? x any m8 ,hyl4 ,x do? n4 ,phil4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 y nei!r judge ! s5sation itself occasion$ by ! p91 nor any?+ l x to be 9 ! p92 y %\ld n1 con=mably to :at y h n[ grant$1 judge ! s5sation occasion$ by ! fire1 or any?+ l x1 to be 9 ! fire4 ,hyl4 ,well1 s9ce x mu/ be s1 ,i am cont5t to yield ?is po9t1 & ackn[l$ge t heat & cold are only s5sations exi/+ 9 our m9ds4 ,b !re /ill rema9 qualities en\gh to secure ! reality ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,phil4 ,b :at w y say1 ,hylas1 if x %all appe> t ! case is ! same ) reg>d to all o!r s5sible qualities7#gic71 & t !y c no m be suppos$ to exi/ )\t ! m9d1 ?an heat & cold8 ,hyl4 ,!n inde$ y w h done some?+ to ! purpose2 b t is :at ,i despair ( see+ prov$4 ,phil4 ,let u exam9e !m 9 ord]4 ,:at ?9k y ( ta/es--d !y exi/ )\t ! m9d1 or no8 ,hyl4 ,c any man 9 8 s5ses d\bt :e!r sug> is sweet1 or wormwood bitt]8 ,phil4 ,in=m me1 ,hylas4 ,is a sweet ta/e a p>ticul> k9d ( pleasure or pleasant s5sation1 or is x n8 ,hyl4 ,x is4 ,phil4 ,& is n bitt]ness "s k9d ( uneas9ess or pa98 ,hyl4 ,i grant x4 ,phil4 ,if !re=e sug> & wormwood are un?9k+ corporeal sub/ances exi/+ )\t ! m9d1 h[ c sweetness & bitt]ness1 t is1 pleasure & pa91 agree to !m8 ,hyl4 ,hold1 ,philon\s1 ,i n[ see :at x 0 delud$ me all ?is "t4 ,y ask$ :e!r heat & cold1 sweetness & bitt]ness1 7 n p>ticul> sorts ( pleasure & pa92 to :i* ,i answ]$ simply1 t !y 74 ,:]eas ,i %\ld h ?us di/+ui%$3--^? qualities1 z p]ceiv$ by u1 are pleasures or pa9s2 b n z exi/+ 9 ! ext]nal objects4 ,we mu/ n !re=e conclude absolutely1 t !re is no heat 9 ! fire1 or sweetness 9 ! sug>1 b only t heat or sweetness1 z p]ceiv$ by u1 are n 9 ! fire or sug>4 ,:at say y to ?is8 ,phil4 ,i say x is no?+ to ! purpose4 ,our disc\rse proce$$ altoge!r conc]n+ s5sible ?+s1 :i* y def9$ to be1 ! ?+s we imm$iately p]ceive by our s5ses4 ,:atev] o!r qualities1 !re=e1 y speak (1 z di/9ct f ^!1 ,i "k no?+ ( !m1 nei!r d !y at all belong to ! po9t 9 dispute4 ,y may1 inde$1 pret5d to h discov]$ c]ta9 qualities :i* y d n p]ceive1 & ass]t ^? ins5sible qualities exi/ 9 fire & sug>4 ,b :at use c be made ( ?is to y\r pres5t purpose1 ,i am at a loss to conceive4 ,tell me !n once m1 d y ackn[l$ge t heat & cold1 sweetness & bitt]ness 7mean+ ^? qualities :i* are p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses71 d n exi/ )\t ! m9d8 ,hyl4 ,i see x is to no purpose to hold out1 s ,i give up ! cause z to ^? m5tion$ qualities4 ,?\gh ,i pr(ess x s\nds oddly1 to say t sug> is n sweet4 ,phil4 ,b1 = y\r f>!r satisfaction1 take ?is along ) y3 t :i* at o!r times seems sweet1 %all1 to a di/emp]$ palate1 appe> bitt]4 ,&1 no?+ c be pla9] ?an t div]s p]sons p]ceive diff]5t ta/es 9 ! same food2 s9ce t :i* "o man delights 91 ano!r abhors4 ,& h[ c\ld ?is be1 if ! ta/e 0 some?+ really inh]5t 9 ! food8 ,hyl4 ,i ackn[l$ge ,i "k n h[4 ,phil4 ,9 ! next place1 od\rs are to be consid]$4 ,&1 ) reg>d to ^!1 ,i w\ld fa9 "k :e!r :at ha? be5 said ( ta/es do? n exactly agree to !m8 ,are !y n s _m pleas+ or displeas+ s5sations8 ,hyl4 ,!y are4 ,phil4 ,c y !n conceive x possible t !y %\ld exi/ 9 an unp]ceiv+ ?+8 ,hyl4 ,i _c4 ,phil4 ,or1 c y imag9e t fil? & ordure affect ^? brute animals t fe$ on !m out ( *oice1 ) ! same smells :i* we p]ceive 9 !m8 ,hyl4 ,by no means4 ,phil4 ,may we n !re=e conclude ( smells1 z ( ! o!r =em5tion$ qualities1 t !y _c exi/ 9 any b a p]ceiv+ sub/ance or m9d8 ,hyl4 ,i ?9k s4 ,phil4 ,!n z to s\nds1 :at mu/ we ?9k ( !m3 are !y accid5ts really inh]5t 9 ext]nal bodies1 or n8 ,hyl4 ,t !y inh]e n 9 ! sonor\s bodies is pla9 f h5ce3 because a bell /ruck 9 ! exhau/$ receiv] ( an air-pump s5ds =? no s\nd4 ,! air1 !re=e1 mu/ be ?\ght ! subject ( s\nd4 ,phil4 ,:at reason is !re = t1 ,hylas8 ,hyl4 ,because1 :5 any motion is rais$ 9 ! air1 we p]ceive a s\nd great] or less]1 accord+ to ! air's motion2 b )\t "s motion 9 ! air1 we nev] he> any s\nd at all4 ,phil4 ,& grant+ t we nev] he> a s\nd b :5 "s motion is produc$ 9 ! air1 yet ,i d n see h[ y c inf] f !nce1 t ! s\nd itself is 9 ! air4 ,hyl4 ,x is ?is v motion 9 ! ext]nal air t produces 9 ! m9d ! s5sation ( s\nd4 ,=1 /rik+ on ! drum ( ! e>1 x cause? a vibration1 :i* by ! auditory n]ves be+ communicat$ to ! bra91 ! s\l is !reupon affect$ ) ! s5sation call$ s\nd4 ,phil4 ,:at6 is s\nd !n a s5sation8 ,hyl4 ,i tell y1 z p]ceiv$ by u1 x is a p>ticul> s5sation 9 ! m9d4 ,phil4 ,& c any s5sation exi/ )\t ! m9d8 ,hyl4 ,no1 c]ta9ly4 ,phil4 ,h[ !n c s\nd1 be+ a s5sation1 exi/ 9 ! air1 if by ! air y mean a s5seless sub/ance exi/+ )\t ! m9d8 ,hyl4 ,y mu/ di/+ui%1 ,philon\s1 betwe5 s\nd z x is p]ceiv$ by u1 & z x is 9 itself2 or 7:i* is ! same ?+7 betwe5 ! s\nd we imm$iately p]ceive1 & t :i* exi/s )\t u4 ,! =m]1 inde$1 is a p>ticul> k9d ( s5sation1 b ! latt] is m]ely a vibrative or undulatory motion 9 ! air4 ,phil4 ,i ?\ght ,i _h already obviat$ t di/9ction1 by ! answ] ,i gave :5 y 7 apply+ x 9 a l case be=e4 ,b1 to say no m ( t1 are y sure !n t s\nd is really no?+ b motion8 ,hyl4 ,i am4 ,phil4 ,:atev] !re=e agrees to real s\nd1 may ) tru? be attribut$ to motion8 ,hyl4 ,x may4 ,phil4 ,x is !n good s5se to speak ( motion z ( a ?+ t is l\d1 sweet1 acute1 or grave4 ,hyl4 ,i see y are resolv$ n to und]/& me4 ,is x n evid5t ^? accid5ts or modes belong only to s5sible s\nd1 or s\nd 9 ! common acceptation ( ! ^w1 b n to s\nd 9 ! real & philosophic s5se2 :i*1 z ,i j n[ told y1 is no?+ b a c]ta9 motion ( ! air8 ,phil4 ,x seems !n !re are two sorts ( s\nd--! "o vulg>1 or t :i* is he>d1 ! o!r philosophical & real8 ,hyl4 ,ev5 s4 ,phil4 ,& ! latt] consi/s 9 motion8 ,hyl4 ,i told y s be=e4 ,phil4 ,tell me1 ,hylas1 to :i* ( ! s5ses1 ?9k y1 ! idea ( motion belongs8 to ! he>+8 ,hyl4 ,no1 c]ta9ly2 b to ! sight & t\*4 ,phil4 ,x %\ld foll[ !n1 t1 accord+ to y1 real s\nds may possibly be se5 or felt1 b nev] he>d4 ,hyl4 ,look y1 ,philon\s1 y may1 if y please1 make a je/ ( my op9ion1 b t w n alt] ! tru? ( ?+s4 ,i own1 inde$1 ! inf]5ces y draw me into s\nd some?+ oddly2 b common language1 y "k1 is fram$ by1 & = ! use ( ! vulg>3 we mu/ n !re=e wond] if expressions adapt$ to exact philosophic notions seem unc\? & out ( ! way4 ,phil4 ,is x come to t8 ,i assure y1 ,i imag9e myself to h ga9$ no small po9t1 s9ce y make s light ( dep>t+ f common phrases & op9ions2 x be+ a ma9 "p ( our inquiry1 to exam9e ^: notions are wide/ ( ! common road1 & mo/ repugnant to ! g5]al s5se ( ! _w4 ,b1 c y ?9k x no m ?an a philosophical p>adox1 to say t real s\nds are nev] he>d1 & t ! idea ( !m is obta9$ by "s o!r s5se8 ,& is !re no?+ 9 ?is contr>y to nature & ! tru? ( ?+s8 ,hyl4 ,to deal +5u\sly1 ,i d n l x4 ,&1 aft] ! concessions already made1 ,i _h z well grant t s\nds too h no real be+ )\t ! m9d4 ,phil4 ,& ,i hope y w make no difficulty to ackn[l$ge ! same ( col\rs4 ,hyl4 ,p>don me3 ! case ( col\rs is v diff]5t4 ,c any?+ be pla9] ?an t we see !m on ! objects8 ,phil4 ,! objects y speak ( are1 ,i suppose1 corporeal ,sub/ances exi/+ )\t ! m9d8 ,hyl4 ,!y are4 ,phil4 ,& h true & real col\rs inh]+ 9 !m8 ,hyl4 ,ea* visible object ha? t col\r :i* we see 9 x4 ,phil4 ,h[6 is !re any?+ visible b :at we p]ceive by sight8 ,hyl4 ,!re is n4 ,phil4 ,&1 d we p]ceive any?+ by s5se :i* we d n p]ceive imm$iately8 ,hyl4 ,h[ (t5 mu/ ,i be oblig$ to repeat ! same ?+8 ,i tell y1 we d n4 ,phil4 ,h pati5ce1 good ,hylas2 & tell me once m1 :e!r !re is any?+ imm$iately p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 except s5sible qualities4 ,i "k y ass]t$ !re 0 n2 b ,i w\ld n[ be in=m$1 :e!r y /ill p]si/ 9 ! same op9ion4 ,hyl4 ,i d4 ,phil4 ,pray1 is y\r corporeal sub/ance ei!r a s5sible quality1 or made up ( s5sible qualities8 ,hyl4 ,:at a "q t is6 :o ev] ?\ght x 08 ,phil4 ,my reason = ask+ 01 because 9 say+1 ea* visible object ha? t col\r :i* we see 9 x1 y make visible objects to be corporeal sub/ances2 :i* implies ei!r t corporeal sub/ances are s5sible qualities1 or else t !re is some?+ beside s5sible qualities p]ceiv$ by sight3 b1 z ?is po9t 0 =m]ly agre$ betwe5 u1 & is /ill ma9ta9$ by y1 x is a cle> consequ5ce1 t y\r corporeal sub/ance is no?+ di/9ct f s5sible qualities7#gid74 ,hyl4 ,y may draw z _m absurd consequ5ces z y please1 & endeav\r to p]plex ! pla9e/ ?+s2 b y %all nev] p]suade me out ( my s5ses4 ,i cle>ly und]/& my own mean+4 ,phil4 ,i wi% y w\ld make me und]/& x too4 ,b1 s9ce y are unwill+ to h y\r notion ( corporeal sub/ance exam9$1 ,i %all urge t po9t no f>!r4 ,only be pleas$ to let me "k1 :e!r ! same col\rs :i* we see exi/ 9 ext]nal bodies1 or "s o!r4 ,hyl4 ,! v same4 ,phil4 ,:at6 are !n ! beautiful r$ & purple we see on yond] cl\ds really 9 !m8 ,or d y imag9e !y h 9 !mselves any o!r =m ?an t ( a d>k mi/ or vap\r8 ,hyl4 ,i mu/ own1 ,philon\s1 ^? col\rs are n really 9 ! cl\ds z !y seem to be at ?is di/ance4 ,!y are only app>5t col\rs4 ,phil4 ,app>5t call y !m8 h[ %all we di/+ui% ^! app>5t col\rs f real8 ,hyl4 ,v easily4 ,^? are to be ?\ght app>5t :i*1 appe>+ only at a di/ance1 vani% ^u a ne>] approa*4 ,phil4 ,& ^?1 ,i suppose1 are to be ?\ght real :i* are discov]$ by ! mo/ ne> & exact survey4 ,hyl4 ,"r4 ,phil4 ,is ! ne>e/ & exacte/ survey made by ! help ( a microscope1 or by ! nak$ eye8 ,hyl4 ,by a microscope1 d\btless4 ,phil4 ,b a microscope (t5 discov]s col\rs 9 an object diff]5t f ^? p]ceiv$ by ! unassi/$ sight4 ,&1 9 case we _h microscopes magnify+ to any assign$ degree1 x is c]ta9 t no object :atsoev]1 view$ ?r\gh !m1 w\ld appe> 9 ! same col\r :i* x exhibits to ! nak$ eye4 ,hyl4 ,& :at w y conclude f all ?is8 ,y _c argue t !re are really & naturally no col\rs on objects3 because by artificial managem5ts !y may be alt]$1 or made to vani%4 ,phil4 ,i ?9k x may evid5tly be conclud$ f y\r own concessions1 t all ! col\rs we see ) our nak$ eyes are only app>5t z ^? on ! cl\ds1 s9ce !y vani% ^u a m close & accurate inspection :i* is af=d$ u by a microscope4 ,!n1 z to :at y say by way ( prev5tion3 ,i ask y :e!r ! real & natural /ate ( an object is bett] discov]$ by a v %>p & pi]c+ sight1 or by "o :i* is less %>p8 ,hyl4 ,by ! =m] )\t d\bt4 ,phil4 ,is x n pla9 f ,dioptrics t microscopes make ! sight m p5etrat+1 & repres5t objects z !y w\ld appe> to ! eye 9 case x 7 naturally end[$ ) a mo/ exquisite %>pness8 ,hyl4 ,x is4 ,phil4 ,consequ5tly ! microscopical repres5tation is to be ?\ght t :i* be/ sets =? ! real nature ( ! ?+1 or :at x is 9 itself4 ,! col\rs1 !re=e1 by x p]ceiv$ are m g5u9e & real ?an ^? p]ceiv$ o!rwise4 ,hyl4 ,i confess !re is some?+ 9 :at y say4 ,phil4 ,besides1 x is n only possible b manife/1 t !re actually are animals ^: eyes are by nature fram$ to p]ceive ^? ?+s :i* by reason ( _! m9ut5ess escape our sight4 ,:at ?9k y ( ^? inconceivably small animals p]ceiv$ by glasses8 ,mu/ we suppose !y are all />k bl9d8 ,or1 9 case !y see1 c x be imag9$ _! sight ha? n ! same use 9 pres]v+ _! bodies f injuries1 :i* appe>s 9 t ( all o!r animals8 ,& if x ha?1 is x n evid5t !y mu/ see p>ticles less ?an _! own bodies2 :i* w pres5t !m ) a f> diff]5t view 9 ea* object f t :i* /rikes our s5ses7#gie78 ,ev5 our own eyes d n always repres5t objects to u aft] ! same mann]4 ,9 ! jaundice e "o kn[s t all ?+s seem yell[4 ,is x n !re=e highly probable ^? animals 9 ^: eyes we disc]n a v diff]5t texture f t ( ours1 & ^: bodies ab\nd ) diff]5t hum\rs1 d n see ! same col\rs 9 e object t we d8 ,f all :i*1 %\ld x n seem to foll[ t all col\rs are equally app>5t1 & t none ( ^? :i* we p]ceive are really inh]5t 9 any outw>d object8 ,hyl4 ,x %\ld4 ,phil4 ,! po9t w be pa/ all d\bt1 if y consid] t1 9 case col\rs 7 real prop]ties or affections inh]5t 9 ext]nal bodies1 !y c\ld admit ( no alt]ation )\t "s *ange wr\ght 9 ! v bodies !mselves3 b1 is x n evid5t f :at ha? be5 said t1 ^u ! use ( microscopes1 ^u a *ange happ5+ 9 ! hum\rs ( ! eye1 or a v>iation ( di/ance1 )\t any mann] ( real alt]ation 9 ! ?+ itself1 ! col\rs ( any object are ei!r *ang$1 or totally disappe>8 ,nay1 all o!r circum/ances rema9+ ! same1 *ange b ! situation ( "s objects1 & !y %all pres5t diff]5t col\rs to ! eye4 ,! same ?+ happ5s ^u view+ an object 9 v>i\s degrees ( light4 ,& :at is m kn[n ?an t ! same bodies appe> diff]5tly col\r$ by c&le-light f :at !y d 9 ! op5 day8 ,add to ^! ! exp]im5t ( a prism :i*1 sep>at+ ! het]og5e\s rays ( light1 alt]s ! col\r ( any object1 & w cause ! :ite/ to appe> ( a deep blue or r$ to ! nak$ eye4 ,& n[ tell me :e!r y are /ill ( op9ion t e body ha? its true real col\r inh]+ 9 x2 &1 if y ?9k x ha?1 ,i w\ld fa9 "k f>!r f y1 :at c]ta9 di/ance & position ( ! object1 :at peculi> texture & =mation ( ! eye1 :at degree or k9d ( light is necess>y = asc]ta9+ t true col\r1 & di/+ui%+ x f app>5t ones4 ,hyl4 ,i own myself entirely satisfi$1 t !y are all equally app>5t1 & t !re is no su* ?+ z col\r really inh]+ 9 ext]nal bodies1 b t x is altoge!r 9 ! light4 ,& :at confirms me 9 ?is op9ion is1 t 9 proportion to ! light col\rs are /ill m or less vivid2 & if !re be no light1 !n are !re no col\rs p]ceiv$4 ,besides1 all[+ !re are col\rs on ext]nal objects1 yet1 h[ is x possible = u to p]ceive !m8 ,= no ext]nal body affects ! m9d1 unless x acts fir/ on our organs ( s5se4 ,b ! only action ( bodies is motion2 & motion _c be communicat$ o!rwise ?an by impulse4 ,a di/ant object !re=e _c act on ! eye2 nor consequ5tly make itself or its prop]ties p]ceivable to ! s\l4 ,:5ce x pla9ly foll[s t x is imm$iately "s contigu\s sub/ance1 :i*1 op]at+ on ! eye1 occasions a p]ception ( col\rs3 & su* is light4 ,phil4 ,h[6 is light !n a sub/ance8 ,hyl4 ,i tell y1 ,philon\s1 ext]nal light is no?+ b a ?9 fluid sub/ance1 ^: m9ute p>ticles be+ agitat$ ) a brisk motion1 & 9 v>i\s mann]s reflect$ f ! diff]5t surfaces ( outw>d objects to ! eyes1 communicate diff]5t motions to ! optic n]ves2 :i*1 be+ propagat$ to ! bra91 cause !re9 v>i\s impressions2 & ^! are att5d$ ) ! s5sations ( r$1 blue1 yell[1 c4 ,phil4 ,x seems !n ! light do? no m ?an %ake ! optic n]ves4 ,hyl4 ,no?+ else4 ,phil4 ,& consequ5t to ea* p>ticul> motion ( ! n]ves1 ! m9d is affect$ ) a s5sation1 :i* is "s p>ticul> col\r4 ,hyl4 ,"r4 ,phil4 ,& ^! s5sations h no exi/5ce )\t ! m9d4 ,hyl4 ,!y h n4 ,phil4 ,h[ !n d y affirm t col\rs are 9 ! light2 s9ce by light y und]/& a corporeal sub/ance ext]nal to ! m9d8 ,hyl4 ,light & col\rs1 z imm$iately p]ceiv$ by u1 ,i grant _c exi/ )\t ! m9d4 ,b 9 !mselves !y are only ! motions & configurations ( c]ta9 ins5sible p>ticles ( matt]4 ,phil4 ,col\rs !n1 9 ! vulg> s5se1 or tak5 = ! imm$iate objects ( sight1 _c agree to any b a p]ceiv+ sub/ance4 ,hyl4 ,t is :at ,i say4 ,phil4 ,well !n1 s9ce y give up ! po9t z to ^? s5sible qualities :i* are alone ?\ght col\rs by all mank9d beside1 y may hold :at y please ) reg>d to ^? invisible ones ( ! philosoph]s4 ,x is n my bus9ess to dispute ab\t !m2 only ,i w\ld advise y to be?9k y\rself1 :e!r1 consid]+ ! inquiry we are ^u1 x be prud5t = y to affirm--! r$ & blue :i* we see are n real col\rs1 b c]ta9 unkn[n motions & figures :i* no man ev] did or c see are truly s4 ,are n ^! %ock+ notions1 & are n !y subject to z _m ridicul\s inf]5ces1 z ^? y 7 oblig$ to r5\nce be=e 9 ! case ( s\nds8 ,hyl4 ,i frankly own1 ,philon\s1 t x is 9 va9 to /& out any long]4 ,col\rs1 s\nds1 ta/es1 9 a ^w all ^? t]m$ second>y qualities1 h c]ta9ly no exi/5ce )\t ! m9d4 ,b by ?is ackn[l$gm5t ,i mu/ n be suppos$ to d]ogate any?+ f ! reality ( ,matt]1 or ext]nal objects2 see+ x is no m ?an sev]al philosoph]s ma9ta97#gif71 :o nev]!less are ! f>!/ imag9able f d5y+ ,matt]4 ,= ! cle>] und]/&+ ( ?is1 y mu/ "k s5sible qualities are by philosoph]s divid$ into ,prim>y & ,second>y7#gig74 ,! =m] are ,ext5sion1 ,figure1 ,solidity1 ,gravity1 ,motion1 & ,re/2 & ^! !y hold exi/ really 9 ,bodies4 ,! latt] are ^? above enum]at$2 or1 briefly1 all s5sible qualities beside ! ,prim>y2 :i* !y ass]t are only s _m s5sations or ideas exi/+ n[h]e b 9 ! m9d4 ,b all ?is1 ,i d\bt n1 y are appris$ (4 ,= my "p1 ,i h be5 a long "t s5sible !re 0 su* an op9ion curr5t among philosoph]s1 b 0 nev] ?or\ghly conv9c$ ( its tru? until n[4 ,phil4 ,y are /ill !n ( op9ion t ext5sion & figures are inh]5t 9 ext]nal un?9k+ sub/ances8 ,hyl4 ,i am4 ,phil4 ,b :at if ! same argum5ts :i* are br\ght aga9/ ,second>y ,qualities w hold good aga9/ ^! also8 ,hyl4 ,:y !n ,i %all be oblig$ to ?9k1 !y too exi/ only 9 ! m9d4 ,phil4 ,is x y\r op9ion ! v figure & ext5sion :i* y p]ceive by s5se exi/ 9 ! outw>d object or mat]ial sub/ance8 ,hyl4 ,x is4 ,phil4 ,h all o!r animals z good gr\nds to ?9k ! same ( ! figure & ext5sion :i* !y see & feel8 ,hyl4 ,)\t d\bt1 if !y h any ?\ght at all4 ,phil4 ,answ] me1 ,hylas4 ,?9k y ! s5ses 7 be/[$ ^u all animals = _! pres]vation & well-be+ 9 life8 or 7 !y giv5 to m5 alone = ?is end8 ,hyl4 ,i make no "q b !y h ! same use 9 all o!r animals4 ,phil4 ,if s1 is x n necess>y !y %\ld be enabl$ by !m to p]ceive _! own limbs1 & ^? bodies :i* are capable ( h>m+ !m8 ,hyl4 ,c]ta9ly4 ,phil4 ,a mite !re=e mu/ be suppos$ to see 8 own foot1 & ?+s equal or ev5 less ?an x1 z bodies ( "s consid]able dim5sion2 ?\gh at ! same "t !y appe> to y sc>ce disc]nible1 or at be/ z s _m visible po9ts7#gih78 ,hyl4 ,i _c d5y x4 ,phil4 ,& to creatures less ?an ! mite !y w seem yet l>g]8 ,hyl4 ,!y w4 ,phil4 ,insomu* t :at y c h>dly disc]n w to ano!r extremely m9ute animal appe> z "s huge m\nta98 ,hyl4 ,all ?is ,i grant4 ,phil4 ,c "o & ! same ?+ be at ! same "t 9 itself ( diff]5t dim5sions8 ,hyl4 ,t 7 absurd to imag9e4 ,phil4 ,b1 f :at y h laid d[n x foll[s t bo? ! ext5sion by y p]ceiv$1 & t p]ceiv$ by ! mite itself1 z likewise all ^? p]ceiv$ by less] animals1 are ea* ( !m ! true ext5sion ( ! mite's foot2 t is to say1 by y\r own pr9ciples y are l$ into an absurdity4 ,hyl4 ,!re seems to be "s difficulty 9 ! po9t4 ,phil4 ,aga91 h y n ackn[l$g$ t no real inh]5t prop]ty ( any object c be *ang$ )\t "s *ange 9 ! ?+ itself8 ,hyl4 ,i h4 ,phil4 ,b1 z we approa* to or rec$e f an object1 ! visible ext5sion v>ies1 be+ at "o di/ance t5 or a hundr$ times great] ?an at ano!r4 ,do? x n !re=e foll[ f h5ce likewise t x is n really inh]5t 9 ! object8 ,hyl4 ,i own ,i am at a loss :at to ?9k4 ,phil4 ,y\r judgm5t w soon be det]m9$1 if y w v5ture to ?9k z freely conc]n+ ?is quality z y h done conc]n+ ! re/4 ,0 x n admitt$ z a good argum5t1 t nei!r heat nor cold 0 9 ! wat]1 because x seem$ w>m to "o h& & cold to ! o!r8 ,hyl4 ,x 04 ,phil4 ,is x n ! v same reason+ to conclude1 !re is no ext5sion or figure 9 an object1 because to "o eye x %all seem little1 smoo?1 & r\nd1 :5 at ! same "t x appe>s to ! o!r1 great1 unev51 & angul>8 ,hyl4 ,! v same4 ,b does ?is latt] fact ev] happ58 ,phil4 ,y may at any "t make ! exp]im5t1 by look+ ) "o eye b>e1 & ) ! o!r ?r\gh a microscope4 ,hyl4 ,i "k n h[ to ma9ta9 x2 & yet ,i am loa? to give up ext5sion1 ,i see s _m odd consequ5ces foll[+ ^u su* a concession4 ,phil4 ,odd1 say y8 ,aft] ! concessions already made1 ,i hope y w /ick at no?+ = its oddness4 7#gii7 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 %\ld x n seem v odd1 if ! g5]al reason+ :i* includes all o!r s5sible qualities did n also include ext5sion8 ,if x be all[$ t no idea1 nor any?+ l an idea1 c exi/ 9 an unp]ceiv+ sub/ance1 !n surely x foll[s t no figure1 or mode ( ext5sion1 :i* we c ei!r p]ceive1 or imag9e1 or h any idea (1 c be really inh]5t 9 ,matt]2 n to m5tion ! peculi> difficulty !re mu/ be 9 conceiv+ a mat]ial sub/ance1 prior to & di/9ct f ext5sion1 to be ! sub/ratum ( ext5sion4 ,be ! s5sible quality :at x w--figure1 or s\nd1 or col\r1 x seems alike impossible x %\ld subsi/ 9 t :i* do? n p]ceive x4 ,hyl4 ,i give up ! po9t = ! pres5t1 res]v+ /ill a "r to retract my op9ion1 9 case ,i %all h]eaft] discov] any false /ep 9 my progress to x4 ,phil4 ,t is a "r y _c be d5i$4 ,figures & ext5sion be+ despat*$1 we proce$ next to motion4 ,c a real motion 9 any ext]nal body be at ! same "t bo? v swift & v sl[8 ,hyl4 ,x _c4 ,phil4 ,is n ! motion ( a body swift 9 a reciprocal proportion to ! "t x takes up 9 describ+ any giv5 space8 ,?us a body t describes a mile 9 an h\r moves ?ree times fa/] ?an x w\ld 9 case x describ$ only a mile 9 ?ree h\rs4 ,hyl4 ,i agree ) y4 ,phil4 ,& is n "t measur$ by ! succession ( ideas 9 our m9ds8 ,hyl4 ,x is4 ,phil4 ,& is x n possible ideas %\ld succe$ "o ano!r twice z fa/ 9 y\r m9d z !y d 9 m9e1 or 9 t ( "s _s ( ano!r k9d8 ,hyl4 ,i own x4 ,phil4 ,consequ5tly ! same body may to ano!r seem to p]=m its motion ov] any space 9 half ! "t t x do? to y4 ,& ! same reason+ w hold z to any o!r proportion3 t is to say1 accord+ to y\r pr9ciples 7s9ce ! motions p]ceiv$ are bo? really 9 ! object7 x is possible "o & ! same body %all be really mov$ ! same way at once1 bo? v swift & v sl[4 ,h[ is ?is consi/5t ei!r ) common s5se1 or ) :at y j n[ grant$8 ,hyl4 ,i h no?+ to say to x4 ,phil4 ,!n z = solidity2 ei!r y d n mean any s5sible quality by t ^w1 & s x is beside our inquiry3 or if y d1 x mu/ be ei!r h>dness or resi/ance4 ,b bo? ! "o & ! o!r are pla9ly relative to our s5ses3 x be+ evid5t t :at seems h>d to "o animal may appe> s(t to ano!r1 :o ha? great] =ce & firmness ( limbs4 ,nor is x less pla9 t ! resi/ance ,i feel is n 9 ! body4 ,hyl4 ,i own ! v s5sation ( resi/ance1 :i* is all y imm$iately p]ceive1 is n 9 ! body2 b ! cause ( t s5sation is4 ,phil4 ,b ! causes ( our s5sations are n ?+s imm$iately p]ceiv$1 & !re=e are n s5sible4 ,?is po9t ,i ?\ght _h be5 already det]m9$4 ,hyl4 ,i own x 02 b y w p>don me if ,i seem a little emb>rass$3 ,i "k n h[ to quit my old notions4 ,phil4 ,to help y out1 d b consid] t if ext5sion be once ackn[l$g$ to h no exi/5ce )\t ! m9d1 ! same mu/ necess>ily be grant$ ( motion1 solidity1 & gravity2 s9ce !y all evid5tly suppose ext5sion4 ,x is !re=e sup]flu\s to inquire p>ticul>ly conc]n+ ea* ( !m4 ,9 d5y+ ext5sion1 y h d5i$ !m all to h any real exi/5ce7#hjj74 ,hyl4 ,i wond]1 ,philon\s1 if :at y say be true1 :y ^? philosoph]s :o d5y ! ,second>y ,qualities any real exi/5ce %\ld yet attribute x to ! ,prim>y4 ,if !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 h[ c ?is be acc\nt$ =8 ,phil4 ,x is n my bus9ess to acc\nt = e op9ion ( ! philosoph]s4 ,b1 among o!r reasons :i* may be assign$ = ?is1 x seems probable t pleasure & pa9 be+ r annex$ to ! =m] ?an ! latt] may be "o4 ,heat & cold1 ta/es & smells1 h some?+ m vividly pleas+ or disagreeable ?an ! ideas ( ext5sion1 figure1 & motion affect u )4 ,&1 x be+ too visibly absurd to hold t pa9 or pleasure c be 9 an unp]ceiv+ ,sub/ance1 m5 are m easily wean$ f believ+ ! ext]nal exi/5ce ( ! ,second>y ?an ! ,prim>y ,qualities4 ,y w be satisfi$ !re is some?+ 9 ?is1 if y recollect ! diff]5ce y made betwe5 an int5se & m mod]ate degree ( heat2 all[+ ! "o a real exi/5ce1 :ile y d5i$ x to ! o!r4 ,b1 aft] all1 !re is no rational gr\nd = t di/9ction2 =1 surely an indiff]5t s5sation is z truly a s5sation z "o m pleas+ or pa9ful2 & consequ5tly %\ld n any m ?an !y be suppos$ to exi/ 9 an un?9k+ subject4 ,hyl4 ,x is j come into my head1 ,philon\s1 t ,i h some:]e he>d ( a di/9ction betwe5 absolute & s5sible ext5sion7#hja74 ,n[1 ?\gh x be ackn[l$g$ t great & small1 consi/+ m]ely 9 ! relation :i* o!r ext5d$ be+s h to ! p>ts ( our own bodies1 d n really inh]e 9 ! sub/ances !mselves2 yet no?+ obliges u to hold ! same ) reg>d to absolute ext5sion1 :i* is some?+ ab/ract$ f great & small1 f ?is or t p>ticul> magnitude or figure4 ,s likewise z to motion2 swift & sl[ are altoge!r relative to ! succession ( ideas 9 our own m9ds4 ,b1 x do? n foll[1 because ^? modifications ( motion exi/ n )\t ! m9d1 t !re=e absolute motion ab/ract$ f !m do? n4 ,phil4 ,pray :at is x t di/+ui%es "o motion1 or "o "p ( ext5sion1 f ano!r8 ,is x n some?+ s5sible1 z "s degree ( swiftness or sl[ness1 "s c]ta9 magnitude or figure peculi> to ea*8 ,hyl4 ,i ?9k s4 ,phil4 ,^! qualities1 !re=e1 /ripp$ ( all s5sible prop]ties1 are )\t all specific & num]ical diff]5ces1 z ! s*ools call !m4 ,hyl4 ,!y are4 ,phil4 ,t is to say1 !y are ext5sion 9 g5]al1 & motion 9 g5]al4 ,hyl4 ,let x be s4 ,phil4 ,b x is a univ]sally receiv$ maxim t ,ev]y?+ :i* exi/s is p>ticul>7#hjb74 ,h[ !n c motion 9 g5]al1 or ext5sion 9 g5]al1 exi/ 9 any corporeal sub/ance8 ,hyl4 ,i w take "t to solve y\r difficulty4 ,phil4 ,b ,i ?9k ! po9t may be spe$ily decid$4 ,)\t d\bt y c tell :e!r y are able to frame ?is or t idea4 ,n[ ,i am cont5t to put our dispute on ?is issue4 ,if y c frame 9 y\r ?\ghts a di/9ct ab/ract idea ( motion or ext5sion1 dive/$ ( all ^? s5sible modes1 z swift & sl[1 great & small1 r\nd & squ>e1 & ! l1 :i* are ackn[l$g$ to exi/ only 9 ! m9d1 ,i w !n yield ! po9t y cont5d =4 ,b if y _c1 x w be unreasonable on y\r side to insi/ any long] ^u :at y h no notion7#hjc7 (4 ,hyl4 ,to confess +5u\sly1 ,i _c4 ,phil4 ,c y ev5 sep>ate ! ideas ( ext5sion & motion f ! ideas ( all ^? qualities :i* !y :o make ! di/9ction t]m second>y8 ,hyl4 ,:at6 is x n an easy matt] to consid] ext5sion & motion by !mselves1 ab/ract$ f all o!r s5sible qualities8 ,pray h[ d ! ma!maticians treat ( !m8 ,phil4 ,i ackn[l$ge1 ,hylas1 x is n difficult to =m g5]al propositions & reason+s ab\t ^? qualities1 )\t m5tion+ any o!r2 &1 9 ?is s5se1 to consid] or treat ( !m ab/ract$ly7#hjd74 ,b1 h[ do? x foll[ t1 because ,i c pron\nce ! ^w motion by itself1 ,i c =m ! idea ( x 9 my m9d exclusive ( body8 or1 because !orems may be made ( ext5sion & figures1 )\t any m5tion ( great or small1 or any o!r s5sible mode or quality1 t !re=e x is possible su* an ab/ract idea ( ext5sion1 )\t any p>ticul> size or figure1 or s5sible quality7#hje71 %\ld be di/9ctly =m$1 & appreh5d$ by ! m9d8 ,ma!maticians treat ( quantity1 )\t reg>d+ :at o!r s5sible qualities x is att5d$ )1 z be+ altoge!r indiff]5t to _! demon/rations4 ,b1 :5 lay+ aside ! words1 !y contemplate ! b>e ideas1 ,i believe y w f9d1 !y are n ! pure ab/ract$ ideas ( ext5sion4 ,hyl4 ,b :at say y to pure intellect8 ,may n ab/ract$ ideas be fram$ by t faculty8 ,phil4 ,s9ce ,i _c frame ab/ract ideas at all1 x is pla9 ,i _c frame !m by ! help ( pure intellect2 :atsoev] faculty y und]/& by ^? words7#hjf74 ,besides1 n to inquire into ! nature ( pure intellect & its spiritual objects1 z virtue1 reason1 ,god1 or ! l1 ?us mu* seems manife/--t s5sible ?+s are only to be p]ceiv$ by s5se1 or repres5t$ by ! imag9ation4 ,figures1 !re=e1 & ext5sion1 be+ orig9ally p]ceiv$ by s5se1 d n belong to pure intellect3 b1 = y\r f>!r satisfaction1 try if y c frame ! idea ( any figure1 ab/ract$ f all p>ticul>ities ( size1 or ev5 f o!r s5sible qualities4 ,hyl4,let me ?9k a little----,i d n f9d t ,i c4 ,phil4 ,& c y ?9k x possible t %\ld really exi/ 9 nature :i* implies a repugnancy 9 its conception8 ,hyl4 ,by no means4 ,phil4 ,s9ce !re=e x is impossible ev5 = ! m9d to disunite ! ideas ( ext5sion & motion f all o!r s5sible qualities1 do? x n foll[1 t :]e ! "o exi/ !re necess>ily ! o!r exi/ likewise8 ,hyl4 ,x %\ld seem s4 ,phil4 ,consequ5tly1 ! v same argum5ts :i* y admitt$ z conclusive aga9/ ! ,second>y ,qualities are1 )\t any f>!r application ( =ce1 aga9/ ! ,prim>y too4 ,besides1 if y w tru/ y\r s5ses1 is x n pla9 all s5sible qualities coexi/1 or to !m appe> z be+ 9 ! same place8 ,d !y ev] repres5t a motion1 or figure1 z be+ dive/$ ( all o!r visible & tangible qualities8 ,hyl4 ,y ne$ say no m on ?is head4 ,i am free to own1 if !re be no secret error or ov]sight 9 our proce$+s hi!rto1 t all s5sible qualities are alike to be d5i$ exi/5ce )\t ! m9d7#hjg74 ,b1 my fe> is t ,i h be5 too lib]al 9 my =m] concessions1 or ov]look$ "s fallacy or o!r4 ,9 %ort1 ,i did n take "t to ?9k4 ,phil4 ,= t matt]1 ,hylas1 y may take :at "t y please 9 review+ ! progress ( our inquiry4 ,y are at lib]ty to recov] any slips y might h made1 or (f] :atev] y h omitt$ :i* makes = y\r fir/ op9ion4 ,hyl4 ,"o great ov]sight ,i take to be ?is--t ,i did n suffici5tly di/+ui% ! object f ! s5sation7#hjh74 ,n[1 ?\gh ?is latt] may n exi/ )\t ! m9d1 yet x w n !nce foll[ t ! =m] _c4 ,phil4 ,:at object d y mean8 ! object ( ! s5ses8 ,hyl4 ,! same4 ,phil4 ,x is !n imm$iately p]ceiv$8 ,hyl4 ,"r4 ,phil4 ,make me to und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at is imm$iately p]ceiv$ & a s5sation4 ,hyl4 ,! s5sation ,i take to be an act ( ! m9d p]ceiv+2 besides :i*1 !re is some?+ p]ceiv$2 & ?is ,i call ! object4 ,= example1 !re is r$ & yell[ on t tulip4 ,b !n ! act ( p]ceiv+ ^? col\rs is 9 me only1 & n 9 ! tulip4 ,phil4 ,:at tulip d y speak (8 ,is x t :i* y see8 ,hyl4 ,! same4 ,phil4 ,& :at d y see beside col\r1 figure1 & ext5sion7#hji78 ,hyl4 ,no?+4 ,phil4 ,:at y w\ld say !n is t ! r$ & yell[ are coexi/5t ) ! ext5sion2 is x n8 ,hyl4 ,t is n all2 ,i w\ld say !y h a real exi/5ce )\t ! m9d1 9 "s un?9k+ sub/ance4 ,phil4 ,t ! col\rs are really 9 ! tulip :i* ,i see is manife/4 ,nei!r c x be d5i$ t ?is tulip may exi/ indep5d5t ( y\r m9d or m9e2 b1 t any imm$iate object ( ! s5ses--t is1 any idea1 or comb9ation ( ideas--%\ld exi/ 9 an un?9k+ sub/ance1 or ext]ior to all m9ds1 is 9 itself an evid5t contradiction4 ,nor c ,i imag9e h[ ?is foll[s f :at y said j n[1 to wit1 t ! r$ & yell[ 7 on ! tulip y saw1 s9ce y d n pret5d to see t un?9k+ sub/ance4 ,hyl4 ,y h an artful way1 ,philon\s1 ( div]t+ our inquiry f ! subject4 ,phil4 ,i see y h no m9d to be press$ t way4 ,to return !n to y\r di/9ction betwe5 s5sation & object2 if ,i take y "r1 y di/+ui% 9 e p]ception two ?+s1 ! "o an action ( ! m9d1 ! o!r n4 ,hyl4 ,true4 ,phil4 ,& ?is action _c exi/ 91 or belong to1 any un?9k+ ?+7#haj72 b1 :atev] beside is impli$ 9 a p]ception may8 ,hyl4 ,t is my mean+4 ,phil4 ,s t if !re 0 a p]ception )\t any act ( ! m9d1 x 7 possible su* a p]ception %\ld exi/ 9 an un?9k+ sub/ance8 ,hyl4 ,i grant x4 ,b x is impossible !re %\ld be su* a p]ception4 ,phil4 ,:5 is ! m9d said to be active8 ,hyl4 ,:5 x produces1 puts an end to1 or *anges1 any?+4 ,phil4 ,c ! m9d produce1 discont9ue1 or *ange any?+1 b by an act ( ! w8 ,hyl4 ,x _c4 ,phil4 ,! m9d !re=e is to be acc\nt$ active 9 its p]ceptions s f> =? z volition is includ$ 9 !m8 ,hyl4 ,x is4 ,phil4 ,9 pluck+ ?is fl[] ,i am active2 because ,i d x by ! motion ( my h&1 :i* 0 consequ5t ^u my volition2 s likewise 9 apply+ x to my nose4 ,b is ei!r ( ^! smell+8 ,hyl4 ,no4 ,phil4 ,i act too 9 draw+ ! air ?r\gh my nose2 because my brea?+ s r ?an o!rwise is ! effect ( my volition4 ,b nei!r c ?is be call$ smell+3 =1 if x 71 ,i %\ld smell e "t ,i brea!d 9 t mann]8 ,hyl4 ,true4 ,phil4 ,smell+ !n is some:at consequ5t to all ?is8 ,hyl4 ,x is4 ,phil4 ,b ,i d n f9d my w conc]n$ any f>!r4 ,:atev] m !re is--z t ,i p]ceive su* a p>ticul> smell1 or any smell at all--?is is indep5d5t ( my w1 & !re9 ,i am altoge!r passive4 ,d y f9d x o!rwise ) y1 ,hylas8 ,hyl4 ,no1 ! v same4 ,phil4 ,!n1 z to see+1 is x n 9 y\r p[] to op5 y\r eyes1 or keep !m %ut2 to turn !m ?is or t way8 ,hyl4 ,)\t d\bt4 ,phil4 ,b1 do? x 9 l mann] dep5d on y\r w t 9 look+ on ?is fl[] y p]ceive :ite r ?an any o!r col\r8 ,or1 direct+ y\r op5 eyes t[>ds yond] "p ( ! heav51 c y avoid see+ ! sun8 ,or is light or d>kness ! effect ( y\r volition8 ,hyl4 ,no1 c]ta9ly4 ,phil4 ,y are !n 9 ^! respects altoge!r passive8 ,hyl4 ,i am4 ,phil4 ,tell me n[1 :e!r see+ consi/s 9 p]ceiv+ light & col\rs1 or 9 op5+ & turn+ ! eyes8 ,hyl4 ,)\t d\bt1 9 ! =m]4 ,phil4 ,s9ce !re=e y are 9 ! v p]ception ( light & col\rs altoge!r passive1 :at is become ( t action y 7 speak+ ( z an +r$i5t 9 e s5sation8 ,&1 do? x n foll[ f y\r own concessions1 t ! p]ception ( light & col\rs1 includ+ no action 9 x1 may exi/ 9 an unp]ceiv+ sub/ance8 ,& is n ?is a pla9 contradiction8 ,hyl4 ,i "k n :at to ?9k ( x4 ,phil4 ,besides1 s9ce y di/+ui% ! active & passive 9 e p]ception1 y mu/ d x 9 t ( pa94 ,b h[ is x possible t pa91 be x z little active z y please1 %\ld exi/ 9 an unp]ceiv+ sub/ance8 ,9 %ort1 d b consid] ! po9t1 & !n confess +5u\sly1 :e!r light & col\rs1 ta/es1 s\nds1 c4 are n all equally passions or s5sations 9 ! s\l4 ,y may inde$ call !m ext]nal objects1 & give !m 9 words :at subsi/5ce y please4 ,b1 exam9e y\r own ?\ghts1 & !n tell me :e!r x be n z ,i say8 ,hyl4 ,i ackn[l$ge1 ,philon\s1 t1 ^u a fair obs]vation ( :at passes 9 my m9d1 ,i c discov] no?+ else b t ,i am a ?9k+ be+1 affect$ ) v>iety ( s5sations2 nei!r is x possible to conceive h[ a s5sation %\ld exi/ 9 an unp]ceiv+ sub/ance4--,b !n1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 ,i look on s5sible ?+s 9 a diff]5t view1 consid]+ !m z s _m modes & qualities1 ,i f9d x necess>y to suppose a mat]ial sub/ratum1 )\t :i* !y _c be conceiv$ to exi/7#haa74 ,phil4 ,mat]ial sub/ratum call y x8 ,pray1 by :i* ( y\r s5ses came y acqua9t$ ) t be+8 ,hyl4 ,x is n itself s5sible2 its modes & qualities only be+ p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,phil4 ,i presume !n x 0 by reflexion & reason y obta9$ ! idea ( x8 ,hyl4 ,i d n pret5d to any prop] positive idea ( x4 ,h[ev]1 ,i conclude x exi/s1 because qualities _c be conceiv$ to exi/ )\t a support4 ,phil4 ,x seems !n y h only a relative notion ( x1 or t y conceive x n o!rwise ?an by conceiv+ ! relation x be>s to s5sible qualities8 ,hyl4 ,"r4 ,phil4 ,be pleas$ !re=e to let me "k :]e9 t relation consi/s4 ,hyl4 ,is x n suffici5tly express$ 9 ! t]m sub/ratum1 or sub/ance8 ,phil4 ,if s1 ! ^w sub/ratum %\ld import t x is spread "u ! s5sible qualities or accid5ts8 ,hyl4 ,true4 ,phil4 ,& consequ5tly "u ext5sion8 ,hyl4 ,i own x4 ,phil4 ,x is !re=e some:at 9 its own nature entirely di/9ct f ext5sion8 ,hyl4 ,i tell y1 ext5sion is only a mode1 & ,matt] is some?+ t supports modes4 ,& is x n evid5t ! ?+ support$ is diff]5t f ! ?+ support+8 ,phil4 ,s t some?+ di/9ct f1 & exclusive (1 ext5sion is suppos$ to be ! sub/ratum ( ext5sion8 ,hyl4 ,j s4 ,phil4 ,answ] me1 ,hylas4 ,c a ?+ be spread )\t ext5sion8 or is n ! idea ( ext5sion necess>ily includ$ 9 spread+8 ,hyl4 ,x is4 ,phil4 ,:atsoev] !re=e y suppose spread "u any?+ mu/ h 9 itself an ext5sion di/9ct f ! ext5sion ( t ?+ "u :i* x is spread8 ,hyl4 ,x mu/4 ,phil4 ,consequ5tly1 e corporeal sub/ance1 be+ ! sub/ratum ( ext5sion1 mu/ h 9 itself ano!r ext5sion1 by :i* x is qualifi$ to be a sub/ratum3 & s on to inf9ity8 ,& ,i ask :e!r ?is be n absurd 9 itself1 & repugnant to :at y grant$ j n[1 to wit1 t ! sub/ratum 0 some?+ di/9ct f & exclusive ( ext5sion8 ,hyl4 ,aye b1 ,philon\s1 y take me wrong4 ,i d n mean t ,matt] is spread 9 a gross lit]al s5se "u ext5sion4 ,! ^w sub/ratum is us$ only to express 9 g5]al ! same ?+ ) sub/ance4 ,phil4 ,well !n1 let u exam9e ! relation impli$ 9 ! t]m sub/ance4 ,is x n t x /&s "u accid5ts8 ,hyl4 ,! v same4 ,phil4 ,b1 t "o ?+ may /& "u or support ano!r1 mu/ x n be ext5d$8 ,hyl4 ,x mu/4 ,phil4 ,is n !re=e ?is supposition liable to ! same absurdity ) ! =m]8 ,hyl4 ,y /ill take ?+s 9 a /rict lit]al s5se4 ,t is n fair1 ,philon\s4 ,phil4 ,i am n = impos+ any s5se on y\r words3 y are at lib]ty to expla9 !m z y please4 ,only1 ,i besee* y1 make me und]/& some?+ by !m4 ,y tell me ,matt] supports or /&s "u accid5ts4 ,h[6 is x z y\r legs support y\r body8 ,hyl4 ,no2 t is ! lit]al s5se4 ,phil4 ,pray let me "k any s5se1 lit]al or n lit]al1 t y und]/& x 94--,h[ long mu/ ,i wait = an answ]1 ,hylas8 ,hyl4 ,i decl>e ,i "k n :at to say4 ,i once ?\ght ,i und]/ood well en\gh :at 0 meant by ,matt]'s support+ accid5ts4 ,b n[1 ! m ,i ?9k on x ! less c ,i compreh5d x3 9 %ort ,i f9d t ,i "k no?+ ( x4 ,phil4 ,x seems !n y h no idea at all1 nei!r relative nor positive1 ( ,matt]2 y "k nei!r :at x is 9 itself1 nor :at relation x be>s to accid5ts8 ,hyl4 ,i ackn[l$ge x4 ,phil4 ,& yet y ass]t$ t y c\ld n conceive h[ qualities or accid5ts %\ld really exi/1 )\t conceiv+ at ! same "t a mat]ial support ( !m8 ,hyl4 ,i did4 ,phil4 ,t is to say1 :5 y conceive ! real exi/5ce ( qualities1 y d )al conceive ,some?+ :i* y _c conceive8 ,hyl4 ,x 0 wrong1 ,i own4 ,b /ill ,i fe> !re is "s fallacy or o!r4 ,pray :at ?9k y ( ?is8 ,x is j come into my head t ! gr\nd ( all our mi/ake lies 9 y\r treat+ ( ea* quality by itself4 ,n[1 ,i grant t ea* quality _c s+ly subsi/ )\t ! m9d4 ,col\r _c )\t ext5sion1 nei!r c figure )\t "s o!r s5sible quality4 ,b1 z ! sev]al qualities unit$ or bl5d$ toge!r =m entire s5sible ?+s1 no?+ h9d]s :y su* ?+s may n be suppos$ to exi/ )\t ! m9d4 ,phil4 ,ei!r1 ,hylas1 y are je/+1 or h a v bad memory4 ,?\gh inde$ we w5t ?r\gh all ! qualities by "n "o aft] ano!r1 yet my argum5ts1 or r y\r concessions1 n[h]e t5d$ to prove t ! ,second>y ,qualities did n subsi/ ea* alone by itself2 b1 t !y 7 n at all )\t ! m9d4 ,inde$1 9 treat+ ( figure & motion we conclud$ !y c\ld n exi/ )\t ! m9d1 because x 0 impossible ev5 9 ?\ght to sep>ate !m f all second>y qualities1 s z to conceive !m exi/+ by !mselves4 ,b !n ?is 0 n ! only argum5t made use ( ^u t occasion4 ,b 7to pass by all t ha? be5 hi!rto said1 & reckon x = no?+1 if y w h x s7 ,i am cont5t to put ! :ole ^u ?is issue4 ,if y c conceive x possible = any mixture or comb9ation ( qualities1 or any s5sible object :atev]1 to exi/ )\t ! m9d1 !n ,i w grant x actually to be s4 ,hyl4 ,if x comes to t ! po9t w soon be decid$4 ,:at m easy ?an to conceive a tree or h\se exi/+ by itself1 indep5d5t (1 & unp]ceiv$ by1 any m9d :atsoev]8 ,i d at ?is pres5t "t conceive !m exi/+ aft] t mann]4 ,phil4 ,h[ say y1 ,hylas1 c y see a ?+ :i* is at ! same "t unse58 ,hyl4 ,no1 t 7 a contradiction4 ,phil4 ,is x n z great a contradiction to talk ( conceiv+ a ?+ :i* is unconceiv$8 ,hyl4 ,x is4 ,phil4 ,! tree or h\se !re=e :i* y ?9k ( is conceiv$ by y8 ,hyl4 ,h[ %\ld x be o!rwise8 ,phil4 ,& :at is conceiv$ is surely 9 ! m9d8 ,hyl4 ,)\t "q1 t :i* is conceiv$ is 9 ! m9d4 ,phil4 ,h[ !n came y to say1 y conceiv$ a h\se or tree exi/+ indep5d5t & out ( all m9ds :atsoev]8 ,hyl4 ,t 0 ,i own an ov]sight2 b /ay1 let me consid] :at l$ me into x4--,x is a pleasant mi/ake en\gh4 ,z ,i 0 ?9k+ ( a tree 9 a solit>y place1 :]e no "o 0 pres5t to see x1 me?\ght t 0 to conceive a tree z exi/+ unp]ceiv$ or un?\ght (2 n consid]+ t ,i myself conceiv$ x all ! :ile4 ,b n[ ,i pla9ly see t all ,i c d is to frame ideas 9 my own m9d4 ,i may inde$ conceive 9 my own ?\ghts ! idea ( a tree1 or a h\se1 or a m\nta91 b t is all4 ,& ?is is f> f prov+ t ,i c conceive !m exi/+ out ( ! m9ds ( all ,spirits4 ,phil4 ,y ackn[l$ge !n t y _c possibly conceive h[ any "o corporeal s5sible ?+ %\ld exi/ o!rwise ?an 9 a m9d8 ,hyl4 ,i d4 ,phil4 ,& yet y w e>ne/ly cont5d = ! tru? ( t :i* y _c s mu* z conceive8 ,hyl4 ,i pr(ess ,i "k n :at to ?9k2 b /ill !re are "s scruples rema9 ) me4 ,is x n c]ta9 ,i see ?+s at a di/ance8 ,d we n p]ceive ! />s & moon1 = example1 to be a great way (f8 ,is n ?is1 ,i say1 manife/ to ! s5ses8 ,phil4 ,d y n 9 a dream too p]ceive ^? or ! l objects8 ,hyl4 ,i d4 ,phil4 ,& h !y n !n ! same appe>ance ( be+ di/ant8 ,hyl4 ,!y h4 ,phil4 ,b y d n !nce conclude ! app>itions 9 a dream to be )\t ! m9d8 ,hyl4 ,by no means4 ,phil4 ,y ought n !re=e to conclude t s5sible objects are )\t ! m9d1 f _! appe>ance1 or mann] :]e9 !y are p]ceiv$4 ,hyl4 ,i ackn[l$ge x4 ,b do? n my s5se deceive me 9 ^? cases8 ,phil4 ,by no means4 ,! idea or ?+ :i* y imm$iately p]ceive1 nei!r s5se nor reason in=ms y t x actually exi/s )\t ! m9d4 ,by s5se y only "k t y are affect$ ) su* c]ta9 s5sations ( light & col\rs1 c4 ,& ^! y w n say are )\t ! m9d4 ,hyl4 ,true3 b1 beside all t1 d y n ?9k ! sight sugge/s some?+ ( outness or di/ance8 ,phil4 ,^u approa*+ a di/ant object1 d ! visible size & figure *ange p]petually1 or d !y appe> ! same at all di/ances8 ,hyl4 ,!y are 9 a cont9ual *ange4 ,phil4 ,sight !re=e do? n sugge/1 or any way in=m y1 t ! visible object y imm$iately p]ceive exi/s at a di/ance7#hab71 or w be p]ceiv$ :5 y advance f>!r onw>d2 !re be+ a cont9u$ s]ies ( visible objects succe$+ ea* o!r dur+ ! :ole "t ( y\r approa*4 ,hyl4 ,x do? n2 b /ill ,i "k1 ^u see+ an object1 :at object ,i %all p]ceive aft] hav+ pass$ ov] a c]ta9 di/ance3 no matt] :e!r x be exactly ! same or no3 !re is /ill some?+ ( di/ance sugge/$ 9 ! case4 ,phil4 ,good ,hylas1 d b reflect a little on ! po9t1 & !n tell me :e!r !re be any m 9 x ?an ?is3 ,f ! ideas y actually p]ceive by sight1 y h by exp]i5ce le>n$ to collect :at o!r ideas y w 7accord+ to ! /&+ ord] ( nature7 be affect$ )1 aft] su* a c]ta9 succession ( "t & motion4 ,hyl4 ,^u ! :ole1 ,i take x to be no?+ else4 ,phil4 ,n[1 is x n pla9 t if we suppose a man born bl9d 0 on a sudd5 made to see1 he c\ld at fir/ h no exp]i5ce ( :at may be sugge/$ by sight8 ,hyl4 ,x is4 ,phil4 ,he w\ld n !n1 accord+ to y1 h any notion ( di/ance annex$ to ! ?+s he saw2 b w\ld take !m = a new set ( s5sations1 exi/+ only 9 8 m9d8 ,hyl4 ,x is und5iable4 ,phil4 ,b1 to make x /ill m pla93 is n di/ance a l9e turn$ endwise to ! eye7#hac78 ,hyl4 ,x is4 ,phil4 ,& c a l9e s situat$ be p]ceiv$ by sight8 ,hyl4 ,x _c4 ,phil4 ,do? x n !re=e foll[ t di/ance is n prop]ly & imm$iately p]ceiv$ by sight8 ,hyl4 ,x %\ld seem s4 ,phil4 ,aga91 is x y\r op9ion t col\rs are at a di/ance7#had78 ,hyl4 ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ !y are only 9 ! m9d4 ,phil4 ,b d n col\rs appe> to ! eye z coexi/+ 9 ! same place ) ext5sion & figures8 ,hyl4 ,!y d4 ,phil4 ,h[ c y !n conclude f sight t figures exi/ )\t1 :5 y ackn[l$ge col\rs d n2 ! s5sible appe>ance be+ ! v same ) reg>d to bo?8 ,hyl4 ,i "k n :at to answ]4 ,phil4 ,b1 all[+ t di/ance 0 truly & imm$iately p]ceiv$ by ! m9d1 yet x w\ld n !nce foll[ x exi/$ out ( ! m9d4 ,=1 :atev] is imm$iately p]ceiv$ is an idea7#hae73 & c any idea exi/ out ( ! m9d8 ,hyl4 ,to suppose t 7 absurd3 b1 in=m me1 ,philon\s1 c we p]ceive or "k no?+ beside our ideas7#haf78 ,phil4 ,z = ! rational d$uc+ ( causes f effects1 t is beside our inquiry4 ,&1 by ! s5ses y c be/ tell :e!r y p]ceive any?+ :i* is n imm$iately p]ceiv$4 ,& ,i ask y1 :e!r ! ?+s imm$iately p]ceiv$ are o!r ?an y\r own s5sations or ideas8 ,y h inde$ m ?an once1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is conv]sation1 decl>$ y\rself on ^? po9ts2 b y seem1 by ?is la/ "q1 to h dep>t$ f :at y !n ?\ght4 ,hyl4 ,to speak ! tru?1 ,philon\s1 ,i ?9k !re are two k9ds ( objects3--! "o p]ceiv$ imm$iately1 :i* are likewise call$ ideas2 ! o!r are real ?+s or ext]nal objects1 p]ceiv$ by ! m$iation ( ideas1 :i* are _! images & repres5tations4 ,n[1 ,i own ideas d n exi/ )\t ! m9d2 b ! latt] sort ( objects d4 ,i am sorry ,i did n ?9k ( ?is di/9ction soon]2 x w\ld probably h cut %ort y\r disc\rse4 ,phil4 ,are ^? ext]nal objects p]ceiv$ by s5se1 or by "s o!r faculty8 ,hyl4 ,!y are p]ceiv$ by s5se4 ,phil4 ,h[6 ,is !re any?+ p]ceiv$ by s5se :i* is n imm$iately p]ceiv$8 ,hyl4 ,yes1 ,philon\s1 9 "s sort !re is4 ,= example1 :5 ,i look on a picture or /atue ( ,julius ,cs>1 ,i may be said aft] a mann] to p]ceive him 7?\gh n imm$iately7 by my s5ses4 ,phil4 ,x seems !n y w h our ideas1 :i* alone are imm$iately p]ceiv$1 to be pictures ( ext]nal ?+s3 & t ^! also are p]ceiv$ by s5se1 inasmu* z !y h a con=mity or resemblance to our ideas8 ,hyl4 ,t is my mean+4 ,phil4 ,&1 9 ! same way t ,julius ,cs>1 9 himself invisible1 is nev]!less p]ceiv$ by sight2 real ?+s1 9 !mselves imp]ceptible1 are p]ceiv$ by s5se4 ,hyl4 ,9 ! v same4 ,phil4 ,tell me1 ,hylas1 :5 y behold ! picture ( ,julius ,cs>1 d y see ) y\r eyes any m ?an "s col\rs & figures1 ) a c]ta9 symmetry & composition ( ! :ole8 ,hyl4 ,no?+ else4 ,phil4 ,& w\ld n a man :o _h nev] kn[n any?+ ( ,julius ,cs> see z mu*8 ,hyl4 ,he w\ld4 ,phil4 ,consequ5tly he ha? 8 sight1 & ! use ( x1 9 z p]fect a degree z y8 ,hyl4 ,i agree ) y4 ,phil4 ,:5ce comes x !n t y\r ?\ghts are direct$ to ! ,roman emp]or1 & 8 are n8 ,?is _c proce$ f ! s5sations or ideas ( s5se by y !n p]ceiv$2 s9ce y ackn[l$ge y h no advantage ov] him 9 t respect4 ,x %\ld seem !re=e to proce$ f reason & memory3 %\ld x n8 ,hyl4 ,x %\ld4 ,phil4 ,consequ5tly1 x w n foll[ f t in/ance t any?+ is p]ceiv$ by s5se :i* is n imm$iately p]ceiv$4 ,?\gh ,i grant we may1 9 "o acceptation1 be said to p]ceive s5sible ?+s m$iately by s5se3 t is1 :51 f a frequ5tly p]ceiv$ connexion1 ! imm$iate p]ception ( ideas by "o s5se sugge/s to ! m9d o!rs1 p]haps belong+ to ano!r s5se1 :i* are wont to be connect$ ) !m4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ,i he> a coa* drive along ! /reets1 imm$iately ,i p]ceive only ! s\nd2 b1 f ! exp]i5ce ,i h _h t su* a s\nd is connect$ ) a coa*1 ,i am said to he> ! coa*4 ,x is nev]!less evid5t t1 9 tru? & /rictness1 no?+ c be he>d b s\nd2 & ! coa* is n prop]ly p]ceiv$ by s5se1 b sugge/$ f exp]i5ce4 ,s likewise :5 we are said to see a r$-hot b> ( iron2 ! solidity & heat ( ! iron are n ! objects ( sight1 b sugge/$ to ! imag9ation by ! col\r & figure :i* are prop]ly p]ceiv$ by t s5se4 ,9 %ort1 ^? ?+s alone are actually & /rictly p]ceiv$ by any s5se1 :i* w\ld h be5 p]ceiv$ 9 case t same s5se _h !n be5 fir/ conf]r$ on u4 ,z = o!r ?+s1 x is pla9 !y are only sugge/$ to ! m9d by exp]i5ce1 gr\nd$ on =m] p]ceptions4 ,b1 to return to y\r comp>ison ( ,cs>'s picture1 x is pla91 if y keep to t1 y mu/ hold ! real ?+s1 or ar*etypes ( our ideas1 are n p]ceiv$ by s5se1 b by "s int]nal faculty ( ! s\l1 z reason or memory4 ,i w\ld !re=e fa9 "k :at argum5ts y c draw f reason = ! exi/5ce ( :at y call real ?+s or mat]ial objects4 ,or1 :e!r y rememb] to h se5 !m =m]ly z !y are 9 !mselves2 or1 if y h he>d or read ( any "o t did4 ,hyl4 ,i see1 ,philon\s1 y are dispos$ to raill]y2 b t w nev] conv9ce me4 ,phil4 ,my aim is only to le>n f y ! way to come at ! k ( mat]ial be+s4 ,:atev] we p]ceive is p]ceiv$ imm$iately or m$iately3 by s5se1 or by reason & reflexion4 ,b1 z y h exclud$ s5se1 pray %ew me :at reason y h to believe _! exi/5ce2 or :at m$ium y c possibly make use ( to prove x1 ei!r to m9e or y\r own und]/&+4 ,hyl4 ,to deal +5u\sly1 ,philon\s1 n[ ,i consid] ! po9t1 ,i d n f9d ,i c give y any good reason = x4 ,b1 ?us mu* seem pretty pla91 t x is at lea/ possible su* ?+s may really exi/4 ,&1 z long z !re is no absurdity 9 suppos+ !m1 ,i am resolv$ to believe z ,i did1 till y br+ good reasons to ! contr>y4 ,phil4 ,:at6 ,is x come to ?is1 t y only believe ! exi/5ce ( mat]ial objects1 & t y\r belief is f\nd$ b>ely on ! possibility ( its be+ true8 ,!n y w h me br+ reasons aga9/ x3 ?\gh ano!r w\ld ?9k x reasonable ! pro( %\ld lie on him :o holds ! affirmative4 ,&1 aft] all1 ?is v po9t :i* y are n[ resolv$ to ma9ta91 )\t any reason1 is 9 effect :at y h m ?an once dur+ ?is disc\rse se5 good reason to give up4 ,b1 to pass ov] all ?is2 if ,i und]/& y rightly1 y say our ideas d n exi/ )\t ! m9d1 b t !y are copies1 images1 or repres5tations1 ( c]ta9 orig9als t d8 ,hyl4 ,y take me "r4 ,phil4 ,!y are !n l ext]nal ?+s7#hag78 ,hyl4 ,!y are4 ,phil4 ,h ^? ?+s a /able & p]man5t nature1 indep5d5t ( our s5ses2 or are !y 9 a p]petual *ange1 ^u our produc+ any motions 9 our bodies--susp5d+1 ex]t+1 or alt]+1 our faculties or organs ( s5se8 ,hyl4 ,real ?+s1 x is pla91 h a fix$ & real nature1 :i* rema9s ! same not)/&+ any *ange 9 our s5ses1 or 9 ! po/ure & motion ( our bodies2 :i* inde$ may affect ! ideas 9 our m9ds1 b x 7 absurd to ?9k !y _h ! same effect on ?+s exi/+ )\t ! m9d4 ,phil4 ,h[ !n is x possible t ?+s p]petually fleet+ & v>iable z our ideas %\ld be copies or images ( any?+ fix$ & con/ant8 ,or1 9 o!r words1 s9ce all s5sible qualities1 z size1 figure1 col\r1 c41 t is1 our ideas1 are cont9ually *ang+1 ^u e alt]ation 9 ! di/ance1 m$ium1 or in/rum5ts ( s5sation2 h[ c any det]m9ate mat]ial objects be prop]ly repres5t$ or pa9t$ =? by sev]al di/9ct ?+s1 ea* ( :i* is s diff]5t f & unlike ! re/8 ,or1 if y say x resembles "s "o only ( our ideas1 h[ %all we be able to di/+ui% ! true copy f all ! false ones8 ,hyl4 ,i pr(ess1 ,philon\s1 ,i am at a loss4 ,i "k n :at to say to ?is4 ,phil4 ,b nei!r is ?is all4 ,:i* are mat]ial objects 9 !mselves--p]ceptible or imp]ceptible8 ,hyl4 ,prop]ly & imm$iately no?+ c be p]ceiv$ b ideas4 ,all mat]ial ?+s1 !re=e1 are 9 !mselves ins5sible1 & to be p]ceiv$ only by our ideas4 ,phil4 ,ideas !n are s5sible1 & _! ar*etypes or orig9als ins5sible8 ,hyl4 ,"r4 ,phil4 ,b h[ c t :i* is s5sible be l t :i* is ins5sible8 ,c a real ?+1 9 itself invisible1 be l a col\r2 or a real ?+1 :i* is n audible1 be l a s\nd8 ,9 a ^w1 c any?+ be l a s5sation or idea1 b ano!r s5sation or idea8 ,hyl4 ,i mu/ own1 ,i ?9k n4 ,phil4 ,is x possible !re %\ld be any d\bt on ! po9t8 ,d y n p]fectly "k y\r own ideas8 ,hyl4 ,i "k !m p]fectly2 s9ce :at ,i d n p]ceive or "k c be no "p ( my idea7#hah74 ,phil4 ,consid]1 !re=e1 & exam9e !m1 & !n tell me if !re be any?+ 9 !m :i* c exi/ )\t ! m9d3 or if y c conceive any?+ l !m exi/+ )\t ! m9d4 ,hyl4 ,^u inquiry1 ,i f9d x is impossible = me to conceive or und]/& h[ any?+ b an idea c be l an idea4 ,& x is mo/ evid5t t no idea c exi/ )\t ! m9d7#hai74 ,phil4 ,y are !re=e1 by y\r pr9ciples1 =c$ to d5y ! reality ( s5sible ?+s2 s9ce y made x to consi/ 9 an absolute exi/5ce ext]ior to ! m9d4 ,t is to say1 y are a d[nright sceptic4 ,s ,i h ga9$ my po9t1 :i* 0 to %ew y\r pr9ciples l$ to ,scepticism4 ,hyl4 ,= ! pres5t ,i am1 if n entirely conv9c$1 at lea/ sil5c$4 ,phil4 ,i w\ld fa9 "k :at m y w\ld require 9 ord] to a p]fect conviction4 ,h y n _h ! lib]ty ( expla9+ y\rself all mann] ( ways8 ,7 any little slips 9 disc\rse laid hold & insi/$ on8 ,or 7 y n all[$ to retract or re9=ce any?+ y _h (f]$1 z be/ s]v$ y\r purpose8 ,ha? n ev]y?+ y c\ld say be5 he>d & exam9$ ) all ! fairness imag9able8 ,9 a ^w1 h y n 9 e po9t be5 conv9c$ out ( y\r own m\?8 ,&1 if y c at pres5t discov] any flaw 9 any ( y\r =m] concessions1 or ?9k ( any rema9+ subt]fuge1 any new di/9ction1 col\r1 or comm5t :atsoev]1 :y d y n produce x8 ,hyl4 ,a little pati5ce1 ,philon\s4 ,i am at pres5t s amaz$ to see myself ensn>$1 & z x 7 imprison$ 9 ! labyr9?s y h drawn me into1 t on ! sudd5 x _c be expect$ ,i %\ld f9d my way out4 ,y mu/ give me "t to look ab\t me & recollect myself4 ,phil4 ,h>k2 is n ?is ! college bell8 ,hyl4 ,x r+s = pray]s4 ,phil4 ,we w g 9 !n1 if y please1 & meet "h aga9 to-morr[ morn+4 ,9 ! meantime1 y may employ y\r ?\ghts on ?is morn+'s disc\rse1 & try if y c f9d any fallacy 9 x1 or inv5t any new means to extricate y\rself4 ,hyl4 ,agre$4 ,! ,second ,dialogue ,hylas4 ,i beg y\r p>don1 ,philon\s1 = n meet+ y soon]4 ,all ?is morn+ my head 0 s fill$ ) our late conv]sation t ,i _h n leisure to ?9k ( ! "t ( ! day1 or inde$ ( any?+ else4 ,philon\s4 ,i am glad y 7 s int5t ^u x1 9 hopes if !re 7 any mi/akes 9 y\r concessions1 or fallacies 9 my reason+s f !m1 y w n[ discov] !m to me4 ,hyl4 ,i assure y ,i h done no?+ ev] s9ce ,i saw y b se>* aft] mi/akes & fallacies1 &1 ) t view1 h m9utely exam9$ ! :ole s]ies ( ye/]day's disc\rse3 b all 9 va91 = ! notions x l$ me into1 ^u review1 appe> /ill m cle> & evid5t2 &1 ! m ,i consid] !m1 ! m irresi/ibly d !y =ce my ass5t4 ,phil4 ,& is n ?is1 ?9k y1 a sign t !y are g5u9e1 t !y proce$ f nature1 & are con=mable to "r reason8 ,tru? & beauty are 9 ?is alike1 t ! /ricte/ survey sets !m bo? (f to advantage2 :ile ! false lu/re ( error & disguise _c endure be+ review$1 or too ne>ly inspect$4 ,hyl4 ,i own !re is a great deal 9 :at y say4 ,nor c any "o be m entirely satisfi$ ( ! tru? ( ^? odd consequ5ces1 s long z ,i h 9 view ! reason+s t lead to !m4 ,b1 :5 ^! are out ( my ?\ghts1 !re seems1 on ! o!r h&1 some?+ s satisfactory1 s natural & intelligible1 9 ! mod]n way ( expla9+ ?+s t1 ,i pr(ess1 ,i "k n h[ to reject x4 ,phil4 ,i "k n :at way y mean4 ,hyl4 ,i mean ! way ( acc\nt+ = our s5sations or ideas4 ,phil4 ,h[ is t8 ,hyl4 ,x is suppos$ ! s\l makes h] resid5ce 9 "s "p ( ! bra91 f :i* ! n]ves take _! rise1 & are !nce ext5d$ to all p>ts ( ! body2 & t outw>d objects1 by ! diff]5t impressions !y make on ! organs ( s5se1 communicate c]ta9 vibrative motions to ! n]ves2 & ^! be+ fill$ ) spirits propagate !m to ! bra9 or seat ( ! s\l1 :i*1 accord+ to ! v>i\s impressions or traces !reby made 9 ! bra91 is v>i\sly affect$ ) ideas7#hbj74 ,phil4 ,& call y ?is an explication ( ! mann] :]eby we are affect$ ) ideas8 ,hyl4 ,:y n1 ,philon\s8 ,h y any?+ to object aga9/ x8 ,phil4 ,i w\ld fir/ "k :e!r ,i rightly und]/& y\r hypo!sis4 ,y make c]ta9 traces 9 ! bra9 to be ! causes or occasions ( our ideas4 ,pray tell me :e!r by ! bra9 y mean any s5sible ?+4 ,hyl4 ,:at else ?9k y ,i c\ld mean8 ,phil4 ,s5sible ?+s are all imm$iately p]ceivable2 & ^? ?+s :i* are imm$iately p]ceivable are ideas2 & ^! exi/ only 9 ! m9d4 ,?us mu* y h1 if ,i mi/ake n1 long s9ce agre$ to4 ,hyl4 ,i d n d5y x4 ,phil4 ,! bra9 !re=e y speak (1 be+ a s5sible ?+1 exi/s only 9 ! m9d7#hba74 ,n[1 ,i w\ld fa9 "k :e!r y ?9k x reasonable to suppose t "o idea or ?+ exi/+ 9 ! m9d occasions all o!r ideas4 ,&1 if y ?9k s1 pray h[ d y acc\nt = ! orig9 ( t prim>y idea or bra9 itself8 ,hyl4 ,i d n expla9 ! orig9 ( our ideas by t bra9 :i* is p]ceivable to s5se--?is be+ itself only a comb9ation ( s5sible ideas--b by ano!r :i* ,i imag9e4 ,phil4 ,b are n ?+s imag9$ z truly 9 ! m9d z ?+s p]ceiv$7#hbb78 ,hyl4 ,i mu/ confess !y are4 ,phil4 ,x comes1 !re=e1 to ! same ?+2 & y h be5 all ?is :ile acc\nt+ = ideas by c]ta9 motions or impressions ( ! bra92 t is1 by "s alt]ations 9 an idea1 :e!r s5sible or imag9able x matt]s n4 ,hyl4 ,i beg9 to suspect my hypo!sis4 ,phil4 ,besides spirits1 all t we "k or conceive are our own ideas4 ,:51 !re=e1 y say all ideas are occasion$ by impressions 9 ! bra91 d y conceive ?is bra9 or no8 ,if y d1 !n y talk ( ideas impr9t$ 9 an idea caus+ t same idea1 :i* is absurd4 ,if y d n conceive x1 y talk un9telligibly1 in/ead ( =m+ a reasonable hypo!sis4 ,hyl4 ,i n[ cle>ly see x 0 a m]e dream4 ,!re is no?+ 9 x4 ,phil4 ,y ne$ n be mu* conc]n$ at x2 = aft] all1 ?is way ( expla9+ ?+s1 z y call$ x1 c\ld nev] h satisfi$ any reasonable man4 ,:at connexion is !re betwe5 a motion 9 ! n]ves1 & ! s5sations ( s\nd or col\r 9 ! m9d8 ,or h[ is x possible ^! %\ld be ! effect ( t8 ,hyl4 ,b ,i c\ld nev] ?9k x _h s little 9 x z n[ x seems to h4 ,phil4 ,well !n1 are y at l5g? satisfi$ t no s5sible ?+s h a real exi/5ce2 & t y are 9 tru? an arrant sceptic8 ,hyl4 ,x is too pla9 to be d5i$4 ,phil4 ,look6 are n ! fields cov]$ ) a delightful v]dure8 ,is !re n some?+ 9 ! woods & groves1 9 ! riv]s & cle> spr+s1 t soo!s1 t delights1 t transports ! s\l8 ,at ! prospect ( ! wide & deep ocean1 or "s huge m\nta9 ^: top is lo/ 9 ! cl\ds1 or ( an old gloomy =e/1 are n our m9ds fill$ ) a pleas+ horror8 ,ev5 9 rocks & des]ts is !re n an agreeable wildness8 ,h[ s9c]e a pleasure is x to behold ! natural beauties ( ! e>?6 ,to pres]ve & r5ew our reli% = !m1 is n ! veil ( night alt]nately drawn ov] h] face1 & do? %e n *ange h] dress ) ! seasons8 ,h[ aptly are ! elem5ts dispos$6 ,:at v>iety & use 7#hbc7;9 ! meane/ productions ( nature6 ,:at delicacy1 :at beauty1 :at contrivance1 9 animal & vegetable bodies6 ,h[ exquisitely are all ?+s suit$1 z well to _! p>ticul> ends1 z to con/itute opposite p>ts ( ! :ole6 ,&1 :ile !y mutually aid & support1 d !y n also set (f & illu/rate ea* o!r8 ,raise n[ y\r ?\ghts f ?is ball ( e>? to all ^? glori\s lum9>ies t adorn ! high ar* ( heav54 ,! motion & situation ( ! planets1 are !y n admirable = use & ord]8 ,7 ^? 7miscall$ erratic7 globes once kn[n to /ray1 9 _! repeat$ j\rneys ?r\gh ! pa?less void8 ,d !y n measure areas r\nd ! sun ev] proportion$ to ! times8 ,s fix$1 s immutable are ! laws by :i* ! unse5 ,au?or ( nature actuates ! univ]se4 ,h[ vivid & radiant is ! lu/re ( ! fix$ />s6 ,h[ magnific5t & ri* t neglig5t pr(usion ) :i* !y appe> to be scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole azure vault6 ,yet1 if y take ! telescope1 x br+s into y\r sight a new ho/ ( />s t escape ! nak$ eye4 ,"h !y seem contigu\s & m9ute1 b to a ne>] view imm5se orbs ( light at v>i\s di/ances1 f> sunk 9 ! abyss ( space4 ,n[ y mu/ call imag9ation to y\r aid4 ,! feeble n>r[ s5se _c descry innum]able worlds revolv+ r\nd ! c5tral fires2 & 9 ^? worlds ! en]gy ( an all-p]fect ,m9d display$ 9 endless =ms4 ,b1 nei!r s5se nor imag9ation are big en\gh to compreh5d ! b\ndless ext5t1 ) all its glitt]+ furniture4 ,?\gh ! lab\r+ m9d ex]t & /ra9 ea* p[] to its utmo/ rea*1 !re /ill /&s out ungrasp$ a surplusage immeasurable4 ,yet all ! va/ bodies t compose ?is mighty frame1 h[ di/ant & remote soev]1 are by "s secret me*anism1 "s ,div9e art & =ce1 l9k$ 9 a mutual dep5d5ce & int]c\rse ) ea* o!r2 ev5 ) ?is e>?1 :i* 0 almo/ slipt f my ?\ghts & lo/ 9 ! cr[d ( worlds4 ,is n ! :ole sy/em imm5se1 beautiful1 glori\s beyond expression & beyond ?\ght6 ,:at treatm5t1 !n1 d ^? philosoph]s des]ve1 :o w\ld1 deprive ^! noble & delightful sc5es ( all reality8 ,h[ %\ld ^? ,pr9ciples be ent]ta9$ t lead u to ?9k all ! visible beauty ( ! creation a false imag9>y gl>e8 ,to be pla91 c y expect ?is ,scepticism ( y\rs w n be ?\ght extravagantly absurd by all m5 ( s5se8 ,hyl4 ,o!r m5 may ?9k z !y please2 b = y\r "p y h no?+ to reproa* me )4 ,my com=t is1 y are z mu* a sceptic z ,i am4 ,phil4 ,!re1 ,hylas1 ,i mu/ beg leave to diff] f y4 ,hyl4 ,:at6 ,h y all along agre$ to ! premises1 & d y n[ d5y ! conclusion1 & leave me to ma9ta9 ^? p>adoxes by myself :i* y l$ me into8 ,?is surely is n fair4 ,phil4 ,i d5y t ,i agre$ ) y 9 ^? notions t l$ to ,scepticism4 ,y inde$ said ! reality ( s5sible ?+s consi/$ 9 an absolute exi/5ce out ( ! m9ds ( spirits1 or di/9ct f _! be+ p]ceiv$4 ,& pursuant to ?is notion ( reality1 y are oblig$ to d5y s5sible ?+s any real exi/5ce3 t is1 accord+ to y\r own def9ition1 y pr(ess y\rself a sceptic4 ,b ,i nei!r said nor ?\ght ! reality ( s5sible ?+s 0 to be def9$ aft] t mann]4 ,to me x is evid5t1 = ! reasons y all[ (1 t s5sible ?+s _c exi/ o!rwise ?an 9 a m9d or _s4 ,:5ce ,i conclude1 n t !y h no real exi/5ce1 b t1 see+ !y dep5d n on my ?\ght1 & h an exi/5ce di/9ct f be+ p]ceiv$ by me7#hbd71 !re mu/ be "s o!r ,m9d :]e9 !y exi/4 ,z sure1 !re=e1 z ! s5sible _w really exi/s1 s sure is !re an inf9ite omnipres5t ,_s :o conta9s & supports x4 ,hyl4 ,:at6 ,?is is no m ?an ,i & all ,*ri/ians hold2 nay1 & all o!rs too :o believe !re is a ,god1 & t ,he kn[s & compreh5ds all ?+s4 ,phil4 ,aye1 b "h lies ! diff]5ce4 ,m5 commonly believe t all ?+s are kn[n or p]ceiv$ by ,god1 because !y believe ! be+ ( a ,god2 :]eas ,i1 on ! o!r side1 imm$iately & necess>ily conclude ! be+ ( a ,god1 because all s5sible ?+s mu/ be p]ceiv$ by ,him7#hbe74 ,hyl4 ,b1 s long z we all believe ! same ?+1 :at matt] is x h[ we come by t belief8 ,phil4 ,b nei!r d we agree 9 ! same op9ion4 ,= philosoph]s1 ?\gh !y ackn[l$ge all corporeal be+s to be p]ceiv$ by ,god1 yet !y attribute to !m an absolute subsi/5ce di/9ct f _! be+ p]ceiv$ by any m9d :atev]2 :i* ,i d n4 ,besides1 is !re no diff]5ce betwe5 say+1 ,!re is a ,god1 !re=e ,he p]ceives all ?+s2 & say+1 ,s5sible ?+s d really exi/2 &1 if !y really exi/1 !y are necess>ily p]ceiv$ by an inf9ite ,m9d3 !re=e !re is an inf9ite ,m9d1 or ,god7#hbf78 ,?is furni%es y ) a direct & imm$iate demon/ration1 f a mo/ evid5t pr9ciple1 ( ! be+ ( a ,god4 ,div9es & philosoph]s _h prov$ beyond all controv]sy1 f ! beauty & usefulness ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ! creation1 t x 0 ! workman%ip ( ,god4 ,b t--sett+ aside all help ( a/ronomy & natural philosophy1 all contemplation ( ! contrivance1 ord]1 & adju/m5t ( ?+s--an inf9ite ,m9d %\ld be necess>ily inf]r$ f7#hbg7 ! b>e exi/5ce ( ! s5sible _w1 is an advantage to !m only :o h made ?is easy reflexion3 ,t ! s5sible _w is t :i* we p]ceive by our sev]al s5ses2 & t no?+ is p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses beside ideas2 & t no idea or ar*etype ( an idea c exi/ o!rwise ?an 9 a m9d4 ,y may n[1 )\t any labori\s se>* into ! sci5ces1 )\t any subtlety ( reason1 or t$i\s l5g? ( disc\rse1 oppose & baffle ! mo/ /r5u\s advocate = ,a!ism4 ,^? mis]able refuges1 :e!r 9 an et]nal succession ( un?9k+ causes & effects1 or 9 a =tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms2 ^? wild imag9ations ( ,van9i1 ,hobbes1 & ,sp9oza3 9 a ^w1 ! :ole sy/em ( ,a!ism1 is x n entirely ov]?r[n1 by ?is s+le reflexion on ! repugnancy includ$ 9 suppos+ ! :ole1 or any "p1 ev5 ! mo/ rude & %apeless1 ( ! visible _w1 to exi/ )\t a ,m9d8 ,let any "o ( ^? abettors ( impiety b look into 8 own ?\ghts1 & !re try if he c conceive h[ s mu* z a rock1 a des]t1 a *aos1 or confus$ jumble ( atoms2 h[ any?+ at all1 ei!r s5sible or imag9able1 c exi/ indep5d5t ( a ,m9d1 & he ne$ g no f>!r to be conv9c$ ( 8 folly4 ,c any?+ be fair] ?an to put a dispute on su* an issue1 & leave x to a man himself to see if he c conceive1 ev5 9 ?\ght1 :at he holds to be true 9 fact1 & f a notional to all[ x a real exi/5ce7#hbh78 ,hyl4 ,x _c be d5i$ !re is some?+ highly s]viceable to religion 9 :at y advance4 ,b d y n ?9k x looks v l a notion ent]ta9$ by "s em95t mod]ns7#hbi71 ( see+ all ?+s 9 ,god8 ,phil4 ,i w\ld gladly "k t op9ion3 pray expla9 x to me4 ,hyl4 ,!y conceive t ! s\l1 be+ immat]ial1 is incapable ( be+ unit$ ) mat]ial ?+s1 s z to p]ceive !m 9 !mselves2 b t %e p]ceives !m by h] union ) ! sub/ance ( ,god1 :i*1 be+ spiritual1 is !re=e purely intelligible1 or capable ( be+ ! imm$iate object ( a _s's ?\ght4 ,besides1 ! ,div9e ess5ce conta9s 9 x p]fections correspond5t to ea* creat$ be+2 & :i* are1 = t reason1 prop] to exhibit or repres5t !m to ! m9d4 ,phil4 ,i d n und]/& h[ our ideas1 :i* are ?+s altoge!r passive & in]t7#hcj71 c be ! ess5ce1 or any "p 7or l any "p7 ( ! ess5ce or sub/ance ( ,god1 :o is an impassive1 indivisible1 pure1 active be+4 ,_m m difficulties & objections !re are :i* occur at fir/ view aga9/ ?is hypo!sis2 b ,i %all only add1 t x is liable to all ! absurdities ( ! common hypo!sis1 9 mak+ a creat$ _w exi/ o!rwise ?an 9 ! m9d ( a ,_s4 ,beside all :i* x ha? ?is peculi> to itself2 t x makes t mat]ial _w s]ve to no purpose4 ,&1 if x pass = a good argum5t aga9/ o!r hypo!ses 9 ! sci5ces1 t !y suppose ,nature1 or ! ,div9e wisdom1 to make some?+ 9 va91 or d t by t$i\s r\ndab\t me?ods :i* might h be5 p]=m$ 9 a mu* m easy & comp5di\s way1 :at %all we ?9k ( t hypo!sis :i* supposes ! :ole _w made 9 va98 ,hyl4 ,b :at say y8 ,are n y too ( op9ion t we see all ?+s 9 ,god8 ,if ,i mi/ake n1 :at y advance comes ne> x4 ,phil4 7#hca7;,few m5 ?9k2 yet all h op9ions4 ,h5ce m5's op9ions are sup]ficial & confus$4 ,x is no?+ /range t t5ets :i* 9 !mselves are ev] s diff]5t1 %\ld nev]!less be conf\nd$ ) ea* o!r1 by ^? :o d n consid] !m att5tively4 ,i %all n !re=e be surpris$ if "s m5 imag9e t ,i run into ! en?usiasm ( ,malebran*e2 ?\gh 9 tru? ,i am v remote f x4 ,he builds on ! mo/ ab/ract g5]al ideas1 :i* ,i entirely disclaim4 ,he ass]ts an absolute ext]nal _w1 :i* ,i d5y4 ,he ma9ta9s t we are deceiv$ by our s5ses1 & "k n ! real natures or ! true =ms & figures ( ext5d$ be+s2 ( all :i* ,i hold ! direct contr>y4 ,s t ^u ! :ole !re are no ,pr9ciples m fundam5tally opposite ?an 8 & m9e4 ,x mu/ be own$ t ,i entirely agree ) :at ! holy ,scripture sai?1 ',t 9 ,god we live & move & h our be+4' ,b t we see ?+s 9 ,8 ess5ce1 aft] ! mann] above set =?1 ,i am f> f believ+4 ,take "h 9 brief my mean+3--,x is evid5t t ! ?+s ,i p]ceive are my own ideas1 & t no idea c exi/ unless x be 9 a m9d3 nor is x less pla9 t ^! ideas or ?+s by me p]ceiv$1 ei!r !mselves or _! ar*etypes1 exi/ indep5d5tly ( my m9d1 s9ce ,i "k myself n to be _! au?or1 x be+ out ( my p[] to det]m9e at pleasure :at p>ticul> ideas ,i %all be affect$ ) ^u op5+ my eyes or e>s7#hcb73 !y mu/ !re=e exi/ 9 "s o!r ,m9d1 ^: ,w x is !y %\ld be exhibit$ to me4 ,! ?+s1 ,i say1 imm$iately p]ceiv$ are ideas or s5sations1 call !m :i* y w4 ,b h[ c any idea or s5sation exi/ 91 or be produc$ by1 any?+ b a m9d or _s8 ,?is inde$ is inconceivable7#hcc74 ,& to ass]t t :i* is inconceivable is to talk nons5se3 is x n8 ,hyl4 ,)\t d\bt4 ,phil4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is v conceivable t !y %\ld exi/ 9 & be produc$ by a ,_s2 s9ce ?is is no m ?an ,i daily exp]i5ce 9 myself7#hcd71 inasmu* z ,i p]ceive numb]less ideas2 &1 by an act ( my w1 c =m a great v>iety ( !m1 & raise !m up 9 my imag9ation3 ?\gh1 x mu/ be confess$1 ^! creatures ( ! fancy are n altoge!r s di/9ct1 s /rong1 vivid1 & p]man5t1 z ^? p]ceiv$ by my s5ses--:i* latt] are call$ real ?+s4 ,f all :i* ,i conclude1 !re is a ,m9d :i* affects me e mom5t ) all ! s5sible impressions ,i p]ceive4 ,&1 f ! v>iety1 ord]1 & mann] ( ^!1 ,i conclude ! ,au?or ( !m to be wise1 p[]ful1 & good1 beyond compreh5sion4 ,m>k x well2 ,i d n say ,i see ?+s by p]ceiv+ t :i* repres5ts !m 9 ! intelligible ,sub/ance ( ,god4 ,?is ,i d n und]/&2 b ,i say1 ! ?+s by me p]ceiv$ are kn[n by ! und]/&+1 & produc$ by ! w ( an inf9ite ,_s4 ,& is n all ?is mo/ pla9 & evid5t8 ,is !re any m 9 x ?an :at a little obs]vation 9 our own m9ds1 & t :i* passe? 9 !m1 n only enables u to conceive1 b also obliges u to ackn[l$ge8 ,hyl4 ,i ?9k ,i und]/& y v cle>ly2 & own pro( y give ( a ,deity seems no less evid5t ?an x is surpris+4 ,b1 all[+ t ,god is ! supreme & univ]sal ,cause ( all ?+s1 yet1 may !re n be /ill a ,?ird ,nature besides ,spirits & ,ideas8 ,may we n admit a subord9ate & limit$ cause ( our ideas8 ,9 a ^w1 may !re n = all t be ,matt]8 ,phil4 ,h[ (t5 mu/ ,i inculcate ! same ?+8 ,y all[ ! ?+s imm$iately p]ceiv$ by s5se to exi/ n[h]e )\t ! m9d2 b !re is no?+ p]ceiv$ by s5se :i* is n p]ceiv$ imm$iately2 !re=e !re is no?+ s5sible t exi/s )\t ! m9d4 ,! ,matt]1 !re=e1 :i* y /ill insi/ on is some?+ intelligible1 ,i suppose2 some?+ t may be discov]$ by reason7#hce71 & n by s5se4 ,hyl4 ,y are 9 ! "r4 ,phil4 ,pray let me "k :at reason+ y\r belief ( ,matt] is gr\nd$ on2 & :at ?is ,matt] is1 9 y\r pres5t s5se ( x4 ,hyl4 ,i f9d myself affect$ ) v>i\s ideas :]e( ,i "k ,i am n ! cause2 nei!r are !y ! cause ( !mselves1 or ( "o ano!r1 or capable ( subsi/+ by !mselves1 z be+ altoge!r inactive1 fleet+1 dep5d5t be+s4 ,!y h !re=e "s cause di/9ct f me & !m3 ( :i* ,i pret5d to "k no m ?an t x is ! cause ( my ideas4 ,& ?is ?+ :atev] x be1 ,i call ,matt]4 ,phil4 ,tell me1 ,hylas1 ha? e "o a lib]ty to *ange ! curr5t prop] signification atta*$ to a common "n 9 any language8 ,= example1 suppose a travell] %\ld tell y t 9 a c]ta9 c\ntry m5 pass unhurt ?r\gh ! fire2 &1 ^u expla9+ himself1 y f\nd he meant by ! ^w fire t :i* o!rs call wat]4 ,or1 if he %\ld ass]t t !re are trees t walk ^u two legs1 mean+ m5 by ! t]m trees4 ,w\ld y ?9k ?is reasonable8 ,hyl4 ,no2 ,i %\ld ?9k x v absurd4 ,common cu/om is ! /&>d ( propriety 9 language4 ,& = any man to affect speak+ improp]ly is to p]v]t ! use ( spee*1 & c nev] s]ve to a bett] purpose ?an to protract & multiply disputes :]e !re is no diff]5ce 9 op9ion4 ,phil4 ,& do? n ,matt]1 9 ! common curr5t acceptation ( ! ^w1 signify an ext5d$ solid moveable1 un?9k+1 inactive ,sub/ance8 ,hyl4 ,x do?4 ,phil4 ,&1 ha? x n be5 made evid5t t no su* sub/ance c possibly exi/7#hcf78 ,&1 ?\gh x %\ld be all[$ to exi/1 yet h[ c t :i* is inactive be a cause2 or t :i* is un?9k+ be a cause ( ?\ght8 ,y may1 inde$1 if y please1 annex to ! ^w ,matt] a contr>y mean+ to :at is vulg>ly receiv$2 & tell me y und]/& by x1 an unext5d$1 ?9k+1 active be+1 :i* is ! cause ( our ideas4 ,b :at else is ?is ?an to play ) words1 & run into t v fault y j n[ condemn$ ) s mu* reason8 ,i d by no means f9d fault ) y\r reason+1 9 t y collect a cause f ! ph5om5a3 b ,i d5y t ! cause d$ucible by reason c prop]ly be t]m$ ,matt]7#hcg74 ,hyl4 ,!re is inde$ some?+ 9 :at y say4 ,b ,i am afraid y d n ?or\ghly compreh5d my mean+4 ,i w\ld by no means be ?\ght to d5y t ,god1 or an inf9ite ,_s1 is ! ,supreme ,cause ( all ?+s4 ,all ,i cont5d = is1 t1 subord9ate to ! ,supreme ,ag5t1 !re is a cause ( a limit$ & inf]ior nature1 :i* concurs 9 ! production ( our ideas1 n by any act ( w1 or spiritual effici5cy1 b by t k9d ( action :i* belongs to ,matt]1 viz4 motion4 ,phil4 ,i f9d y are at e turn relaps+ into y\r old explod$ conceit1 ( a moveable1 & consequ5tly an ext5d$1 sub/ance1 exi/+ )\t ! m9d4 ,:at6 ,h y already =gott5 y 7 conv9c$2 or are y will+ ,i %\ld repeat :at has be5 said on t head8 ,9 tru? ?is is n fair deal+ 9 y1 /ill to suppose ! be+ ( t :i* y h s (t5 ackn[l$g$ to h no be+4 ,b1 n to insi/ f>!r on :at has be5 s l>gely h&l$1 ,i ask :e!r all y\r ideas are n p]fectly passive & in]t1 includ+ no?+ ( action 9 !m7#hch74 ,hyl4 ,!y are4 ,phil4 ,& are s5sible qualities any?+ else b ideas8 ,hyl4 ,h[ (t5 h ,i ackn[l$g$ t !y are n4 ,phil4 ,b is n motion a s5sible quality8 ,hyl4 ,x is4 ,phil4 ,consequ5tly x is no action8 ,hyl4 ,i agree ) y4 ,& inde$ x is v pla9 t :5 ,i /ir my f+]1 x rema9s passive2 b my w :i* produc$ ! motion is active4 ,phil4 ,n[1 ,i desire to "k1 9 ! fir/ place1 :e!r1 motion be+ all[$ to be no action1 y c conceive any action besides volition3 &1 9 ! second place1 :e!r to say some?+ & conceive no?+ be n to talk nons5se7#hci73 &1 la/ly1 :e!r1 hav+ consid]$ ! premises1 y d n p]ceive t to suppose any effici5t or active ,cause ( our ideas1 o!r ?an ,_s1 is highly absurd & unreasonable8 ,hyl4 ,i give up ! po9t entirely4 ,b1 ?\gh ,matt] may n be a cause1 yet :at h9d]s its be+ an in/rum5t1 subs]vi5t to ! supreme ,ag5t 9 ! production ( our ideas8 ,phil4 ,an in/rum5t say y2 pray :at may be ! figure1 spr+s1 :eels1 & motions1 ( t in/rum5t8 ,hyl4 ,^? ,i pret5d to det]m9e no?+ (1 bo? ! sub/ance & its qualities be+ entirely unkn[n to me4 ,phil4 ,:at8 ,y are !n ( op9ion x is made up ( unkn[n p>ts1 t x ha? unkn[n motions1 & an unkn[n %ape8 ,hyl4 ,i d n believe t x ha? any figure or motion at all1 be+ already conv9c$1 t no s5sible qualities c exi/ 9 an unp]ceiv+ sub/ance4 ,phil4 ,b :at notion is x possible to frame ( an in/rum5t void ( all s5sible qualities1 ev5 ext5sion itself8 ,hyl4 ,i d n pret5d to h any notion ( x4 ,phil4 ,& :at reason h y to ?9k ?is unkn[n1 ?is inconceivable ,some:at do? exi/8 ,is x t y imag9e ,god _c act z well )\t x2 or t y f9d by exp]i5ce ! use ( "s su* ?+1 :5 y =m ideas 9 y\r own m9d8 ,hyl4 ,y are always teas+ me = reasons ( my belief4 ,pray :at reasons h y n to believe x8 ,phil4 ,x is to me a suffici5t reason n to believe ! exi/5ce ( any?+1 if ,i see no reason = believ+ x4 ,b1 n to insi/ on reasons = believ+1 y w n s mu* z let me "k :at x is y w\ld h me believe2 s9ce y say y h no mann] ( notion ( x4 ,aft] all1 let me entreat y to consid] :e!r x be l a philosoph]1 or ev5 l a man ( common s5se1 to pret5d to believe y "k n :at1 & y "k n :y4 ,hyl4 ,hold1 ,philon\s4 ,:5 ,i tell y ,matt] is an in/rum5t1 ,i d n mean altoge!r no?+4 ,x is true ,i "k n ! p>ticul> k9d ( in/rum5t2 b1 h[ev]1 ,i h "s notion ( in/rum5t 9 g5]al1 :i* ,i apply to x4 ,phil4 ,b :at if x %\ld prove t !re is some?+1 ev5 9 ! mo/ g5]al notion ( in/rum5t1 z tak5 9 a di/9ct s5se f cause1 :i* makes ! use ( x inconsi/5t ) ! ,div9e attributes8 ,hyl4 ,make t appe> & ,i %all give up ! po9t4 ,phil4 ,:at mean y by ! g5]al nature or notion ( in/rum5t8 ,hyl4 ,t :i* is common to all p>ticul> in/rum5ts compose? ! g5]al notion4 ,phil4 ,is x n common to all in/rum5ts1 t !y are appli$ to ! do+ ^? ?+s only :i* _c be p]=m$ by ! m]e act ( our wills8 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,i nev] use an in/rum5t to move my f+]1 because x is done by a volition4 ,b ,i %\ld use "o if ,i 7 to remove "p ( a rock1 or te> up a tree by ! roots4 ,are y ( ! same m9d8 ,or1 c y %ew any example :]e an in/rum5t is made use ( 9 produc+ an effect imm$iately dep5d+ on ! w ( ! ag5t8 ,hyl4 ,i own ,i _c4 ,phil4 ,h[ !re=e c y suppose t an ,all-p]fect ,_s1 on ^: ,w all ?+s h an absolute & imm$iate dep5d5ce1 %\ld ne$ an in/rum5t 9 8 op]ations1 or1 n ne$+ x1 make use ( x8 ,?us x seems to me t y are oblig$ to own ! use ( a lifeless inactive in/rum5t to be incompatible ) ! inf9ite p]fection ( ,god2 t is1 by y\r own confession1 to give up ! po9t4 ,hyl4 ,x do? n readily occur :at ,i c answ] y4 ,phil4 ,b1 me?9ks y %\ld be ready to own ! tru?1 :5 x has be5 fairly prov$ to y4 ,we inde$1 :o are be+s ( f9ite p[]s1 are =c$ to make use ( in/rum5ts4 ,& ! use ( an in/rum5t %ewe? ! ag5t to be limit$ by rules ( ano!r's prescription1 & t he _c obta9 8 end b 9 su* a way1 & by su* conditions4 ,:5ce x seems a cle> consequ5ce1 t ! supreme unlimit$ ,ag5t use? no tool or in/rum5t at all4 ,! w ( an ,omnipot5t ,_s is no soon] ex]t$ ?an execut$1 )\t ! application ( means2 :i*1 if !y are employ$ by inf]ior ag5ts1 x is n ^u acc\nt ( any real efficacy t is 9 !m1 or necess>y aptitude to produce any effect1 b m]ely 9 compliance ) ! laws ( nature1 or ^? conditions prescrib$ to !m by ! ,fir/ ,cause1 :o is ,himself above all limitation or prescription :atsoev]7#hdj74 ,hyl4 ,i w no long] ma9ta9 t ,matt] is an in/rum5t4 ,h[ev]1 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood to give up its exi/5ce nei!r2 s9ce1 not)/&+ :at ha? be5 said1 x may /ill be an occasion7#hda74 ,phil4 ,h[ _m %apes is y\r ,matt] to take8 ,or1 h[ (t5 mu/ x be prov$ n to exi/1 be=e y are cont5t to "p ) x8 ,b1 to say no m ( ?is 7?\gh by all ! laws ( disputation ,i may ju/ly blame y = s frequ5tly *ang+ ! signification ( ! pr9cipal t]m7--,i w\ld fa9 "k :at y mean by affirm+ t matt] is an occasion1 hav+ already d5i$ x to be a cause4 ,&1 :5 y h %ewn 9 :at s5se y und]/& occasion1 pray1 9 ! next place1 be pleas$ to %ew me :at reason induce? y to believe !re is su* an occasion ( our ideas8 ,hyl4 ,z to ! fir/ po9t3 by occasion ,i mean an inactive un?9k+ be+1 at ! pres5ce :]e( ,god excites ideas 9 our m9ds4 ,phil4 ,& :at may be ! nature ( t inactive un?9k+ be+8 ,hyl4 ,i "k no?+ ( its nature4 ,phil4 ,proce$ !n to ! second po9t1 & assign "s reason :y we %\ld all[ an exi/5ce to ?is inactive1 un?9k+1 unkn[n ?+4 ,hyl4 ,:5 we see ideas produc$ 9 our m9ds1 aft] an ord]ly & con/ant mann]1 x is natural to ?9k !y h "s fix$ & regul> occasions1 at ! pres5ce ( :i* !y are excit$4 ,phil4 ,y ackn[l$ge !n ,god alone to be ! cause ( our ideas1 & t ,he causes !m at ! pres5ce ( ^? occasions4 ,hyl4 ,t is my op9ion4 ,phil4 ,^? ?+s :i* y say are pres5t to ,god1 )\t d\bt ,he p]ceives4 ,hyl4 ,c]ta9ly2 o!rwise !y c\ld n be to ,him an occasion ( act+4 ,phil4 ,n to insi/ n[ on y\r mak+ s5se ( ?is hypo!sis1 or answ]+ all ! puzzl+ que/ions & difficulties x is liable to3 ,i only ask :e!r ! ord] & regul>ity obs]vable 9 ! s]ies ( our ideas1 or ! c\rse ( nature1 be n suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by ! wisdom & p[] ( ,god2 & :e!r x do? n d]ogate f ^? attributes1 to suppose ,he is influ5c$1 direct$1 or put 9 m9d1 :5 & :at ,he is to act1 by an un?9k+ sub/ance8 ,&1 la/ly1 :e!r1 9 case ,i grant$ all y cont5d =1 x w\ld make any?+ to y\r purpose2 x n be+ easy to conceive h[ ! ext]nal or absolute exi/5ce ( an un?9k+ sub/ance1 di/9ct f its be+ p]ceiv$1 c be inf]r$ f my all[+ t !re are c]ta9 ?+s p]ceiv$ by ! m9d ( ,god1 :i* are to ,him ! occasion ( produc+ ideas 9 u8 ,hyl4 ,i am p]fectly at a loss :at to ?9k1 ?is notion ( occasion seem+ n[ altoge!r z gr\ndless z ! re/4 ,phil4 ,d y n at l5g? p]ceive t 9 all ^! diff]5t acceptations ( ,matt]1 y h be5 only suppos+ y "k n :at1 = no mann] ( reason1 & to no k9d ( use8 ,hyl4 ,i freely own myself less fond ( my notions s9ce !y h be5 s accurately exam9$4 ,b /ill1 me?9ks1 ,i h "s confus$ p]ception t !re is su* a ?+ z ,matt]4 ,phil4 ,ei!r y p]ceive ! be+ ( ,matt] imm$iately or m$iately4 ,if imm$iately1 pray in=m me by :i* ( ! s5ses y p]ceive x4 ,if m$iately1 let me "k by :at reason+ x is inf]r$ f ^? ?+s :i* y p]ceive imm$iately4 ,s mu* = ! p]ception4 ,!n = ! ,matt] itself1 ,i ask :e!r x is object1 sub/ratum1 cause1 in/rum5t1 or occasion8 ,y h already plead$ = ea* ( ^!1 %ift+ y\r notions1 & mak+ ,matt] to appe> sometimes 9 "o %ape1 !n 9 ano!r4 ,& :at y h (f]$ ha? be5 disapprov$ & reject$ by y\rself4 ,if y h any?+ new to advance ,i w\ld gladly he> x4 ,hyl4 ,i ?9k ,i h already (f]$ all ,i _h to say on ^? heads4 ,i am at a loss :at m to urge4 ,phil4 ,& yet y are loa? to "p ) y\r old prejudice4 ,b1 to make y quit x m easily1 ,i desire t1 beside :at has be5 hi!rto sugge/$1 y w f>!r consid] :e!r1 ^u supposition t ,matt] exi/s1 y c possibly conceive h[ y %\ld be affect$ by x4 ,or1 suppos+ x did n exi/1 :e!r x be n evid5t y might = all t be affect$ ) ! same ideas y n[ are1 & consequ5tly h ! v same reasons to believe its exi/5ce t y n[ c h7#hdb74 ,hyl4 ,i ackn[l$ge x is possible we might p]ceive all ?+s j z we d n[1 ?\gh !re 0 no ,matt] 9 ! _w2 nei!r c ,i conceive1 if !re be ,matt]1 h[ x %\ld produce any idea 9 our m9ds4 ,&1 ,i d f>!r grant y h entirely satisfi$ me t x is impossible !re %\ld be su* a ?+ z ,matt] 9 any ( ! =ego+ acceptations4 ,b /ill ,i _c help suppos+ t !re is ,matt] 9 "s s5se or o!r4 ,:at t is ,i d n inde$ pret5d to det]m9e4 ,phil4 ,i d n expect y %\ld def9e exactly ! nature ( t unkn[n be+4 ,only be pleas$ to tell me :e!r x is a ,sub/ance2 & if s1 :e!r y c suppose a ,sub/ance )\t accid5ts2 or1 9 case y suppose x to h accid5ts or qualities1 ,i desire y w let me "k :at ^? qualities are1 at lea/ :at is meant by ,matt]'s support+ !m8 ,hyl4 ,we h already argu$ on ^? po9ts4 ,i h no m to say to !m4 ,b1 to prev5t any f>!r que/ions1 let me tell y ,i at pres5t und]/& by ,matt] nei!r sub/ance nor accid5t1 ?9k+ nor ext5d$ be+1 nei!r cause1 in/rum5t1 nor occasion1 b ,some?+ entirely unkn[n1 di/9ct f all ^!7#hdc74 ,phil4 ,x seems !n y include 9 y\r pres5t notion ( ,matt] no?+ b ! g5]al ab/ract idea ( entity4 ,hyl4 ,no?+ else2 save only t ,i sup]add to ?is g5]al idea ! negation ( all ^? p>ticul> ?+s1 qualities1 or ideas1 t ,i p]ceive1 imag9e1 or 9 anywise appreh5d4 ,phil4 ,pray :]e d y suppose ?is unkn[n ,matt] to exi/8 ,hyl4 ,oh ,philon\s6 n[ y ?9k y h entangl$ me2 =1 if ,i say x exi/s 9 place1 !n y w inf] t x exi/s 9 ! m9d1 s9ce x is agre$ t place or ext5sion exi/s only 9 ! m9d4 ,b ,i am n a%am$ to own my ignorance4 ,i "k n :]e x exi/s2 only ,i am sure x exi/s n 9 place4 ,!re is a negative answ] = y4 ,& y mu/ expect no o!r to all ! que/ions y put = ! future ab\t ,matt]4 ,phil4 ,s9ce y w n tell me :]e x exi/s1 be pleas$ to in=m me aft] :at mann] y suppose x to exi/1 or :at y mean by its exi/5ce8 ,hyl4 ,x nei!r ?9ks nor acts1 nei!r p]ceives nor is p]ceiv$4 ,phil4 ,b :at is !re positive 9 y\r ab/ract$ notion ( its exi/5ce8 ,hyl4 ,^u a nice obs]vation1 ,i d n f9d ,i h any positive notion or mean+ at all4 ,i tell y aga91 ,i am n a%am$ to own my ignorance4 ,i "k n :at is meant by its exi/5ce1 or h[ x exi/s4 ,phil4 ,cont9ue1 good ,hylas1 to act ! same +5u\s "p1 & tell me s9c]ely :e!r y c frame a di/9ct idea ( ,entity 9 g5]al1 presc9d$ f & exclusive ( all ?9k+ & corporeal be+s7#hdd71 all p>ticul> ?+s :atsoev]4 ,hyl4 ,hold1 let me ?9k a little----,i pr(ess1 ,philon\s1 ,i d n f9d t ,i c4 ,at fir/ glance1 me?\ght ,i _h "s dilute & airy notion ( ,pure ,entity 9 ab/ract2 b1 ^u clos] att5tion1 x ha? q vani%$ out ( sight4 ,! m ,i ?9k on x1 ! m am ,i confirm$ 9 my prud5t resolution ( giv+ none b negative answ]s1 & n pret5d+ to ! lea/ degree ( any positive k or conception ( ,matt]1 its :]e1 its h[1 its entity1 or any?+ belong+ to x4 ,phil4 ,:51 !re=e1 y speak ( ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]1 y h n any notion 9 y\r m9d8 ,hyl4 ,none at all4 ,phil4 ,pray tell me if ! case /&s n ?us3--,at fir/1 f a belief ( mat]ial sub/ance1 y w\ld h x t ! imm$iate objects exi/$ )\t ! m9d2 !n t !y are ar*etypes2 !n causes2 next in/rum5ts2 !n occasions3 la/ly1 some?+ 9 g5]al1 :i* be+ int]pret$ proves no?+4 ,s ,matt] comes to no?+4 ,:at ?9k y1 ,hylas1 is n ?is a fair summ>y ( y\r :ole proce$+8 ,hyl4 ,be t z x w1 yet ,i /ill insi/ ^u x1 t our n be+ able to conceive a ?+ is no argum5t aga9/ its exi/5ce4 ,phil4 ,t f a cause1 effect1 op]ation1 sign1 or o!r circum/ance1 !re may reasonably be inf]r$ ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ n imm$iately p]ceiv$2 & t x 7 absurd = any man to argue aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( t ?+1 f 8 hav+ no direct & positive notion ( x1 ,i freely own4 ,b1 :]e !re is no?+ ( all ?is2 :]e nei!r reason nor revelation induces u to believe ! exi/5ce ( a ?+2 :]e we h n ev5 a relative notion ( x2 :]e an ab/raction is made f p]ceiv+ & be+ p]ceiv$1 f ,_s & idea3 la/ly1 :]e !re is n s mu* z ! mo/ inadequate or fa9t idea pret5d$ to--,i w n inde$ !nce conclude aga9/ ! reality ( any notion1 or exi/5ce ( any?+2 b my inf]5ce %all be1 t y mean no?+ at all2 t y employ words to no mann] ( purpose1 )\t any design or signification :atsoev]4 ,& ,i leave x to y to consid] h[ m]e j>gon %\ld be treat$4 ,hyl4 ,to deal frankly ) y1 ,philon\s1 y\r argum5ts seem 9 !mselves unansw]able2 b !y h n s great an effect on me z to produce t entire conviction1 t he>ty acquiesc5ce1 :i* att5ds demon/ration7#hde74 ,i f9d myself /ill relaps+ into an obscure surmise ( ,i "k n :at1 matt]4 ,phil4 ,b1 are y n s5sible1 ,hylas1 t two ?+s mu/ concur to take away all scruple1 & "w a pl5>y ass5t 9 ! m9d8 ,let a visible object be set 9 nev] s cle> a light1 yet1 if !re is any imp]fection 9 ! sight1 or if ! eye is n direct$ t[>ds x1 x w n be di/9ctly se54 ,& ?\gh a demon/ration be nev] s well gr\nd$ & fairly propos$1 yet1 if !re is )al a /a9 ( prejudice1 or a wrong bias on ! und]/&+1 c x be expect$ on a sudd5 to p]ceive cle>ly1 & adh]e firmly to ! tru?8 ,no2 !re is ne$ ( "t & pa9s3 ! att5tion mu/ be awak5$ & deta9$ by a frequ5t repetition ( ! same ?+ plac$ (t 9 ! same1 (t 9 diff]5t lights4 ,i h said x already1 & f9d ,i mu/ /ill repeat & inculcate1 t x is an unacc\ntable lic5ce y take1 9 pret5d+ to ma9ta9 y "k n :at1 = y "k n :at reason1 to y "k n :at purpose4 ,c ?is be p>allel$ 9 any art or sci5ce1 any sect or pr(ession ( m58 ,or is !re any?+ s b>efac$ly gr\ndless & unreasonable to be met ) ev5 9 ! l[e/ ( common conv]sation8 ,b1 p]haps y w /ill say1 ,matt] may exi/2 ?\gh at ! same "t y nei!r "k :at is meant by ,matt]1 or by its exi/5ce4 ,?is inde$ is surpris+1 & ! m s because x is altoge!r volunt>y 7#hdf7 & ( y\r own head1 y n be+ l$ to x by any "o reason2 = ,i *all5ge y to %ew me t ?+ 9 nature :i* ne$s ,matt] to expla9 or acc\nt = x4 ,hyl4 ,! reality ( ?+s _c be ma9ta9$ )\t suppos+ ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]4 ,& is n ?is1 ?9k y1 a good reason :y ,i %\ld be e>ne/ 9 its def5ce8 ,phil4 ,! reality ( ?+s6 ,:at ?+s8 s5sible or intelligible8 ,hyl4 ,s5sible ?+s4 ,phil4 ,my glove = example8 ,hyl4 ,t1 or any o!r ?+ p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,phil4 ,b to fix on "s p>ticul> ?+4 ,is x n a suffici5t evid5ce to me ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is glove1 t ,i see x1 & feel x1 & we> x8 ,or1 if ?is w n d1 h[ is x possible ,i %\ld be assur$ ( ! reality ( ?is ?+1 :i* ,i actually see 9 ?is place1 by suppos+ t "s unkn[n ?+1 :i* ,i nev] did or c see1 exi/s aft] an unkn[n mann]1 9 an unkn[n place1 or 9 no place at all8 ,h[ c ! suppos$ reality ( t :i* is intangible be a pro( t any?+ tangible really exi/s8 ,or1 ( t :i* is invisible1 t any visible ?+1 or1 9 g5]al ( any?+ :i* is imp]ceptible1 t a p]ceptible exi/s8 ,d b expla9 ?is & ,i %all ?9k no?+ too h>d = y4 ,hyl4 ,^u ! :ole1 ,i am cont5t to own ! exi/5ce ( ,matt] is highly improbable2 b ! direct & absolute impossibility ( x does n appe> to me4 ,phil4 ,b grant+ ,matt] to be possible1 yet1 ^u t acc\nt m]ely1 x c h no m claim to exi/5ce ?an a gold5 m\nta91 or a c5taur4 ,hyl4 ,i ackn[l$ge x2 b /ill y d n d5y x is possible2 & t :i* is possible1 = aught y "k1 may actually exi/4 ,phil4 ,i d5y x to be possible2 & h1 if ,i mi/ake n1 evid5tly prov$1 f y\r own concessions1 t x is n4 ,9 ! common s5se ( ! ^w ,matt]1 is !re any m impli$ ?an an ext5d$1 solid1 figur$1 moveable sub/ance1 exi/+ )\t ! m9d8 ,& h n y ackn[l$g$1 ov] & ov]1 t y h se5 evid5t reason = d5y+ ! possibility ( su* a sub/ance8 ,hyl4 ,true1 b t is only "o s5se ( ! t]m ,matt]4 ,phil4 ,b is x n ! only prop] g5u9e receiv$ s5se8 ,&1 if ,matt]1 9 su* a s5se1 be prov$ impossible1 may x n be ?\ght ) good gr\nds absolutely impossible8 ,else h[ c\ld any?+ be prov$ impossible8 ,or1 inde$1 h[ c\ld !re be any pro( at all "o way or o!r1 to a man :o takes ! lib]ty to unsettle & *ange ! common signification ( words8 ,hyl4 ,i ?\ght philosoph]s might be all[$ to speak m accurately ?an ! vulg>1 & 7 n always conf9$ to ! common acceptation ( a t]m4 ,phil4 ,b ?is n[ m5tion$ is ! common receiv$ s5se among philosoph]s !mselves4 ,b1 n to insi/ on t1 h y n be5 all[$ to take ,matt] 9 :at s5se y pleas$8 ,& h y n us$ ?is privilege 9 ! utmo/ ext5t2 sometimes entirely *ang+1 at o!rs leav+ out1 or putt+ into ! def9ition ( x :atev]1 = ! pres5t1 be/ s]v$ y\r design1 contr>y to all ! kn[n rules ( reason & logic8 ,& ha? n ?is %ift+1 unfair me?od ( y\rs spun out our dispute to an unnecess>y l5g?2 ,matt] hav+ be5 p>ticul>ly exam9$1 & by y\r own confession refut$ 9 ea* ( ^? s5ses8 ,& c any m be requir$ to prove ! absolute impossibility ( a ?+1 ?an ! prov+ x impossible 9 e p>ticul> s5se t ei!r y or any "o else und]/&s x 98 ,hyl4 ,b ,i am n s ?or\ghly satisfi$ t y h prov$ ! impossibility ( ,matt]1 9 ! la/ mo/ obscure ab/ract$ & indef9ite s5se4 ,phil4 ,:5 is a ?+ %ewn to be impossible8 ,hyl4 ,:5 a repugnancy is demon/rat$ betwe5 ! ideas compreh5d$ 9 its def9ition4 ,phil4 ,b :]e !re are no ideas1 !re no repugnancy c be demon/rat$ betwe5 ideas8 ,hyl4 ,i agree ) y4 ,phil4 ,n[1 9 t :i* y call ! obscure indef9ite s5se ( ! ^w ,matt]1 x is pla91 by y\r own confession1 !re 0 includ$ no idea at all1 no s5se except an unkn[n s5se2 :i* is ! same ?+ z none4 ,y are n1 !re=e1 to expect ,i %\ld prove a repugnancy betwe5 ideas1 :]e !re are no ideas2 or ! impossibility ( ,matt] tak5 9 an unkn[n s5se1 t is1 no s5se at all4 ,my bus9ess 0 only to %ew y meant no?+2 & ?is y 7 br\ght to own4 ,s t1 9 all y\r v>i\s s5ses1 y h be5 %ew$ ei!r to mean no?+ at all1 or1 if any?+1 an absurdity4 ,& if ?is be n suffici5t to prove ! impossibility ( a ?+1 ,i desire y w let me "k :at is4 ,hyl4 ,i ackn[l$ge y h prov$ t ,matt] is impossible2 nor d ,i see :at m c be said 9 def5ce ( x4 ,b1 at ! same "t t ,i give up ?is1 ,i suspect all my o!r notions4 ,= surely none c\ld be m seem+ly evid5t ?an ?is once 03 & yet x n[ seems z false & absurd z ev] x did true be=e4 ,b ,i ?9k we h discuss$ ! po9t suffici5tly = ! pres5t4 ,! rema9+ "p ( ! day ,i w\ld will+ly sp5d 9 runn+ ov] 9 my ?\ghts ! sev]al heads ( ?is morn+'s conv]sation1 & to-morr[ %all be glad to meet y "h aga9 ab\t ! same "t4 ,phil4 ,i w n fail to att5d y4 ,! ,?ird ,dialogue ,philon\s4 7#hdg7,tell me1 ,hylas1 :at are ! fruits ( ye/]day's m$itation8 ,has x confirm$ y 9 ! same m9d y 7 9 at p>t+8 or h y s9ce se5 cause to *ange y\r op9ion8 ,hylas4 ,truly my op9ion is t all our op9ions are alike va9 & unc]ta94 ,:at we approve to-day1 we condemn to-morr[4 ,we keep a /ir ab\t k1 & sp5d our lives 9 ! pursuit ( x1 :51 alas6 we "k no?+ all ! :ile3 nor d ,i ?9k x possible = u ev] to "k any?+ 9 ?is life4 ,our faculties are too n>r[ & too few4 ,nature c]ta9ly nev] int5d$ u = speculation4 ,phil4 ,:at6 ,say y we c "k no?+1 ,hylas8 ,hyl4 ,!re is n t s+le ?+ 9 ! _w :]e( we c "k ! real nature1 or :at x is 9 itself4 ,phil4 ,w y tell me ,i d n really "k :at fire or wat] is8 ,hyl4 ,y may inde$ "k t fire appe>s hot1 & wat] fluid2 b ?is is no m ?an kn[+ :at s5sations are produc$ 9 y\r own m9d1 ^u ! application ( fire & wat] to y\r organs ( s5se4 ,_! int]nal con/itution1 _! true & real nature1 y are utt]ly 9 ! d>k z to t4 ,phil4 ,d ,i n "k ?is to be a real /one t ,i /& on1 & t :i* ,i see be=e my eyes to be a real tree8 ,hyl4 ,"k8 ,no1 x is impossible y or any man alive %\ld "k x4 ,all y "k is1 t y h su* a c]ta9 idea or appe>ance 9 y\r own m9d4 ,b :at is ?is to ! real tree or /one8 ,i tell y t col\r1 figure1 & h>dness1 :i* y p]ceive1 are n ! real natures ( ^? ?+s1 or 9 ! lea/ l !m4 ,! same may be said ( all o!r real ?+s1 or corporeal sub/ances1 :i* compose ! _w4 ,!y h none ( !m any?+ ( !mselves1 l ^? s5sible qualities by u p]ceiv$4 ,we %\ld n !re=e pret5d to affirm or "k any?+ ( !m1 z !y are 9 _! own nature4 ,phil4 ,b surely1 ,hylas1 ,i c di/+ui% gold1 = example1 f iron3 & h[ c\ld ?is be1 if ,i knew n :at ei!r truly 08 ,hyl4 ,believe me1 ,philon\s1 y c only di/+ui% betwe5 y\r own ideas4 ,t yell[ness1 t weight1 & o!r s5sible qualities1 ?9k y !y are really 9 ! gold8 ,!y are only relative to ! s5ses1 & h no absolute exi/5ce 9 nature4 ,& 9 pret5d+ to di/+ui% ! species ( real ?+s1 by ! appe>ances 9 y\r m9d1 y may p]haps act z wisely z he t %\ld conclude two m5 7 ( a diff]5t species1 because _! clo!s 7 n ( ! same col\r4 ,phil4 ,x seems1 !n1 we are altoge!r put (f ) ! appe>ances ( ?+s1 & ^? false ones too4 ,! v meat ,i eat1 & ! clo? ,i we>1 h no?+ 9 !m l :at ,i see & feel4 ,hyl4 ,ev5 s4 ,phil4 ,b is x n /range ! :ole _w %\ld be ?us impos$ on1 & s fooli% z to believe _! s5ses8 ,& yet ,i "k n h[ x is1 b m5 eat1 & dr9k1 & sleep1 & p]=m all ! (fices ( life1 z com=tably & conv5i5tly z if !y really knew ! ?+s !y are conv]sant ab\t4 ,hyl4 ,!y d s3 b y "k ord9>y practice does n require a nicety ( speculative k4 ,h5ce ! vulg> reta9 _! mi/akes1 & = all t make a %ift to bu/le ?r\gh ! affairs ( life4 ,b philosoph]s "k bett] ?+s4 ,phil4 ,y mean1 !y "k t !y "k no?+4 ,hyl4 ,t is ! v top & p]fection ( human k4 ,phil4 ,b are y all ?is :ile 9 e>ne/1 ,hylas2 & are y s]i\sly p]suad$ t y "k no?+ real 9 ! _w8 ,suppose y are go+ to write1 w\ld y n call = p51 ink1 & pap]1 l ano!r man2 & d y n "k :at x is y call =8 ,hyl4 ,h[ (t5 mu/ ,i tell y1 t ,i "k n ! real nature ( any "o ?+ 9 ! univ]se8 ,i may inde$ ^u occasion make use ( p51 ink1 & pap]4 ,b :at any "o ( !m is 9 its own true nature1 ,i decl>e positively ,i "k n4 ,& ! same is true ) reg>d to e o!r corporeal ?+4 ,&1 :at is m1 we are n only ignorant ( ! true & real nature ( ?+s1 b ev5 ( _! exi/5ce4 ,x _c be d5i$ t we p]ceive su* c]ta9 appe>ances or ideas2 b x _c be conclud$ f !nce t bodies really exi/4 ,nay1 n[ ,i ?9k on x1 ,i mu/1 agreeably to my =m] concessions1 f>!r decl>e t x is impossible any real corporeal ?+ %\ld exi/ 9 nature4 ,phil4 ,y amaze me4 ,0 ev] any?+ m wild & extravagant ?an ! notions y n[ ma9ta93 & is x n evid5t y are l$ into all ^! extravagances by ! belief ( mat]ial sub/ance8 ,?is makes y dream ( ^? unkn[n natures7#hdh7 9 ev]y?+4 ,x is ?is occasions y\r di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! reality & s5sible appe>ances ( ?+s4 ,x is to ?is y are indebt$ = be+ ignorant ( :at ev]ybody else kn[s p]fectly well4 ,nor is ?is all3 y are n only ignorant ( ! true nature ( ev]y?+1 b y "k n :e!r any?+ really exi/s1 or :e!r !re are any true natures at all2 =asmu* z y attribute to y\r mat]ial be+s an absolute or ext]nal exi/5ce1 :]e9 y suppose _! reality consi/s4 ,&1 z y are =c$ 9 ! end to ackn[l$ge su* an exi/5ce means ei!r a direct repugnancy1 or no?+ at all1 x foll[s t y are oblig$ to pull d[n y\r own hypo!sis ( mat]ial ,sub/ance1 & positively to d5y ! real exi/5ce ( any "p ( ! univ]se4 ,& s y are plung$ into ! deepe/ & mo/ deplorable scepticism t ev] man 07#hdi74 ,tell me1 ,hylas1 is x n z ,i say8 ,hyl4 ,i agree ) y4 ,mat]ial sub/ance 0 no m ?an an hypo!sis2 & a false & gr\ndless "o too4 ,i w no long] sp5d my brea? 9 def5ce ( x4 ,b :atev] hypo!sis y advance1 or :atsoev] s*eme ( ?+s y introduce 9 its /ead1 ,i d\bt n x w appe> e :it z false3 let me b be all[$ to "q y ^u x4 ,t is1 suff] me to s]ve y 9 y\r own k9d1 & ,i w>rant x %all conduct y ?r\gh z _m p]plexities & contradictions1 to ! v same /ate ( scepticism t ,i myself am 9 at pres5t4 ,phil4 ,i assure y1 ,hylas1 ,i d n pret5d to frame any hypo!sis at all7#hej74 ,i am ( a vulg> ca/1 simple en\gh to believe my s5ses1 & leave ?+s z ,i f9d !m4 ,to be pla91 x is my op9ion t ! real ?+s are ^? v ?+s ,i see1 & feel1 & p]ceive7#hea7 by my s5ses4 ,^! ,i "k2 &1 f9d+ !y answ] all ! necessities & purposes ( life1 h no reason to be solicit\s ab\t any o!r unkn[n be+s4 ,a piece ( s5sible bread1 = in/ance1 w\ld /ay my /oma* bett] ?an t5 ?\s& times z mu* ( t ins5sible1 un9telligible1 real bread y speak (4 ,x is likewise my op9ion t col\rs & o!r s5sible qualities are on ! objects4 ,i _c = my life help ?9k+ t sn[ is :ite1 & fire hot4 ,y inde$1 :o by sn[ & fire mean c]ta9 ext]nal1 unp]ceiv$1 unp]ceiv+ sub/ances1 are 9 ! "r to d5y :it5ess or heat to be affections inh]5t 9 !m4 ,b ,i1 :o und]/& by ^? words ! ?+s ,i see & feel1 am oblig$ to ?9k l o!r folks4 ,&1 z ,i am no sceptic ) reg>d to ! nature ( ?+s1 s nei!r am ,i z to _! exi/5ce4 ,t a ?+ %\ld be really p]ceiv$ by my s5ses7#heb71 & at ! same "t n really exi/1 is to me a pla9 contradiction2 s9ce ,i _c presc9d or ab/ract1 ev5 9 ?\ght1 ! exi/5ce ( a s5sible ?+ f its be+ p]ceiv$4 ,wood1 /ones1 fire1 wat]1 fle%1 iron1 & ! l ?+s1 :i* ,i "n & disc\rse (1 are ?+s t ,i "k4 ,& ,i %\ld n h kn[n !m b t ,i p]ceiv$ !m by my s5ses2 & ?+s p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses are imm$iately p]ceiv$2 & ?+s imm$iately p]ceiv$ are ideas2 & ideas _c exi/ )\t ! m9d2 _! exi/5ce !re=e consi/s 9 be+ p]ceiv$2 :51 !re=e1 !y are actually p]ceiv$ !re c be no d\bt ( _! exi/5ce4 ,away !n ) all t scepticism1 all ^? ridicul\s philosophical d\bts4 ,:at a je/ is x = a philosoph] to "q ! exi/5ce ( s5sible ?+s1 till he ha? x prov$ to him f ! v]acity ( ,god7#hec72 or to pret5d our k 9 ?is po9t falls %ort ( intuition or demon/ration7#hed76 ,i might z well d\bt ( my own be+1 z ( ! be+ ( ^? ?+s ,i actually see & feel4 ,hyl4 ,n s fa/1 ,philon\s3 y say y _c conceive h[ s5sible ?+s %\ld exi/ )\t ! m9d4 ,d y n8 ,phil4 ,i d4 ,hyl4 ,suppos+ y 7 annihilat$1 _c y conceive x possible t ?+s p]ceivable by s5se may /ill exi/7#hee78 ,phil4 ,i c2 b !n x mu/ be 9 ano!r m9d4 ,:5 ,i d5y s5sible ?+s an exi/5ce out ( ! m9d1 ,i d n mean my m9d 9 p>ticul>1 b all m9ds4 ,n[1 x is pla9 !y h an exi/5ce ext]ior to my m9d2 s9ce ,i f9d !m by exp]i5ce to be indep5d5t ( x7#hef74 ,!re is !re=e "s o!r ,m9d :]e9 !y exi/1 dur+ ! int]vals betwe5 ! times ( my p]ceiv+ !m3 z likewise !y did be=e my bir?1 & w\ld d aft] my suppos$ annihilation4 ,&1 z ! same is true ) reg>d to all o!r f9ite creat$ spirits1 x necess>ily foll[s !re is an omnipres5t et]nal ,m9d1 :i* kn[s & compreh5ds all ?+s1 & exhibits !m to our view 9 su* a mann]1 & accord+ to su* rules1 z ,he ,himself ha? orda9$1 & are by u t]m$ ! laws ( nature7#heg74 ,hyl4 ,answ] me1 ,philon\s4 ,are all our ideas p]fectly in]t be+s8 ,or h !y any ag5cy includ$ 9 !m8 ,phil4 ,!y are altoge!r passive & in]t7#heh74 ,hyl4 ,& is n ,god an ag5t1 a be+ purely active8 ,phil4 ,i ackn[l$ge x4 ,hyl4 ,no idea !re=e c be l unto1 or repres5t ! nature ( ,god8 ,phil4 ,x _c4 ,hyl4 ,s9ce !re=e y h no idea ( ! m9d ( ,god1 h[ c y conceive x possible t ?+s %\ld exi/ 9 ,8 m9d8 ,or1 if y c conceive ! m9d ( ,god1 )\t hav+ an idea ( x1 :y may n ,i be all[$ to conceive ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]1 not)/&+ ,i h no idea ( x8 ,phil4 ,z to y\r fir/ "q3 ,i own ,i h prop]ly no idea1 ei!r ( ,god or any o!r _s2 = ^! be+ active1 _c be repres5t$ by ?+s p]fectly in]t1 z our ideas are4 ,i d nev]!less "k t ,i1 :o am a _s or ?9k+ sub/ance1 exi/ z c]ta9ly z ,i "k my ideas exi/7#hei74 ,f>!r1 ,i "k :at ,i mean by ! t]ms ,i & myself2 & ,i "k ?is imm$iately or intuitively1 ?\gh ,i d n p]ceive x z ,i p]ceive a triangle1 a col\r1 or a s\nd4 ,! ,m9d1 ,_s1 or ,s\l is t indivisible unext5d$ ?+ :i* ?9ks1 acts1 & p]ceives4 ,i say indivisible1 because unext5d$2 & unext5d$1 because ext5d$1 figur$1 moveable ?+s are ideas2 & t :i* p]ceives ideas1 :i* ?9ks & wills1 is pla9ly itself no idea1 nor l an idea4 ,ideas are ?+s inactive1 & p]ceiv$4 ,& ,spirits a sort ( be+s altoge!r diff]5t f !m4 ,i d n !re=e say my s\l is an idea1 or l an idea4 ,h[ev]1 tak+ ! ^w idea 9 a l>ge s5se1 my s\l may be said to furni% me ) an idea1 t is1 an image or lik5ess ( ,god--?\gh inde$ extremely inadequate4 ,=1 all ! notion ,i h ( ,god is obta9$ by reflect+ on my own s\l1 height5+ its p[]s1 & remov+ its imp]fections4 ,i h1 !re=e1 ?\gh n an inactive idea1 yet 9 myself "s sort ( an active ?9k+ image ( ! ,deity4 ,&1 ?\gh ,i p]ceive ,him n by s5se1 yet ,i h a notion ( ,him1 or "k ,him by reflexion & reason+4 ,my own m9d & my own ideas ,i h an imm$iate k (2 &1 by ! help ( ^!1 d m$iately appreh5d ! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r spirits & ideas7#hfj74 ,f>!r1 f my own be+1 & f ! dep5d5cy ,i f9d 9 myself & my ideas1 ,i d1 by an act ( reason7#hfa71 necess>ily inf] ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 & ( all creat$ ?+s 9 ! m9d ( ,god4 ,s mu* = y\r fir/ "q4 ,= ! second3 ,i suppose by ?is "t y c answ] x y\rself4 ,= y nei!r p]ceive ,matt]7#hfb7 objectively1 z y d an inactive be+ or idea2 nor "k x1 z y d y\rself1 by a reflex act7#hfc72 nei!r d y m$iately appreh5d x by similitude ( ! "o or ! o!r7#hfd72 nor yet collect x by reason+ f t :i* y "k imm$iately7#hfe74 ,all :i* makes ! case ( ,matt] widely diff]5t f t ( ! ,deity4 7#hff7;,hyl4 ,y say y\r own s\l supplies y ) "s sort ( an idea or image ( ,god4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 y ackn[l$ge y h1 prop]ly speak+1 no idea ( y\r own s\l4 ,y ev5 affirm t spirits are a sort ( be+s altoge!r diff]5t f ideas4 ,consequ5tly t no idea c be l a _s4 ,we h !re=e no idea ( any _s4 ,y admit nev]!less t !re is spiritual ,sub/ance1 al?\gh y h no idea ( x2 :ile y d5y !re c be su* a ?+ z mat]ial ,sub/ance1 because y h no notion or idea ( x4 ,is ?is fair deal+8 ,to act consi/5tly1 y mu/ ei!r admit ,matt] or reject ,_s4 ,:at say y to ?is8 ,phil4 ,i say1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,i d n d5y ! exi/5ce ( mat]ial sub/ance1 m]ely because ,i h no notion ( x1 b because ! notion ( x is inconsi/5t2 or1 9 o!r words1 because x is repugnant t !re %\ld be a notion ( x4 ,_m ?+s1 = aught ,i "k1 may exi/1 :]e( nei!r ,i nor any o!r man ha? or c h any idea or notion :atsoev]4 ,b !n ^? ?+s mu/ be possible1 t is1 no?+ inconsi/5t mu/ be includ$ 9 _! def9ition4 ,i say1 secondly1 t1 al?\gh we believe ?+s to exi/ :i* we d n p]ceive1 yet we may n believe t any p>ticul> ?+ exi/s1 )\t "s reason = su* belief3 b ,i h no reason = believ+ ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]4 ,i h no imm$iate intuition !re(3 nei!r c ,i imm$iately f my s5sations1 ideas1 notions1 actions1 or passions1 inf] an un?9k+1 unp]ceiv+1 inactive ,sub/ance--ei!r by probable d$uction1 or necess>y consequ5ce4 ,:]eas ! be+ ( my ,self1 t is1 my own s\l1 m9d1 or ?9k+ pr9ciple1 ,i evid5tly "k by reflexion7#hfg74 ,y w =give me if ,i repeat ! same ?+s 9 answ] to ! same objections4 ,9 ! v notion or def9ition ( mat]ial ,sub/ance1 !re is includ$ a manife/ repugnance & inconsi/5cy4 ,b ?is _c be said ( ! notion ( ,_s4 ,t ideas %\ld exi/ 9 :at do? n p]ceive1 or be produc$ by :at do? n act1 is repugnant4 ,b1 x is no repugnancy to say t a p]ceiv+ ?+ %\ld be ! subject ( ideas1 or an active ?+ ! cause ( !m4 ,x is grant$ we h nei!r an imm$iate evid5ce nor a demon/rative k ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r f9ite spirits2 b x w n !nce foll[ t su* spirits are on a foot ) mat]ial sub/ances3 if to suppose ! "o be inconsi/5t1 & x be n inconsi/5t to suppose ! o!r2 if ! "o c be inf]r$ by no argum5t1 & !re is a probability = ! o!r2 if we see signs & effects indicat+ di/9ct f9ite ag5ts l ourselves1 & see no sign or symptom :atev] t leads to a rational belief ( ,matt]4 ,i say1 la/ly1 t ,i h a notion ( ,_s1 ?\gh ,i h n1 /rictly speak+1 an idea ( x7#hfh74 ,i d n p]ceive x z an idea1 or by means ( an idea1 b "k x by reflexion4 ,hyl4 ,not)/&+ all y h said1 to me x seems t1 accord+ to y\r own way ( ?9k+1 & 9 consequ5ce ( y\r own pr9ciples1 x %\ld foll[ t y are only a sy/em ( float+ ideas1 )\t any sub/ance to support !m4 ,words are n to be us$ )\t a mean+4 ,&1 z !re is no m mean+ 9 spiritual ,sub/ance ?an 9 mat]ial ,sub/ance1 ! "o is to be explod$ z well z ! o!r4 ,phil4 ,h[ (t5 mu/ ,i repeat1 t ,i "k or am consci\s ( my own be+2 & t ,i myself am n my ideas1 b some:at else7#hfi71 a ?9k+1 active pr9ciple t p]ceives1 kn[s1 wills1 & op]ates ab\t ideas4 ,i "k t ,i1 "o & ! same self1 p]ceive bo? col\rs & s\nds3 t a col\r _c p]ceive a s\nd1 nor a s\nd a col\r3 t ,i am !re=e "o individual pr9ciple1 di/9ct f col\r & s\nd2 &1 = ! same reason1 f all o!r s5sible ?+s & in]t ideas4 ,b1 ,i am n 9 l mann] consci\s ei!r ( ! exi/5ce or ess5ce ( ,matt]7#hgj74 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i "k t no?+ inconsi/5t c exi/1 & t ! exi/5ce ( ,matt] implies an inconsi/5cy4 ,f>!r1 ,i "k :at ,i mean :5 ,i affirm t !re is a spiritual sub/ance or support ( ideas1 t is1 t a _s kn[s & p]ceives ideas4 ,b1 ,i d n "k :at is meant :5 x is said t an unp]ceiv+ sub/ance ha? inh]5t 9 x & supports ei!r ideas or ! ar*etypes ( ideas4 ,!re is !re=e ^u ! :ole no p>ity ( case betwe5 ,_s & ,matt]4 ,hyl4 ,i own myself satisfi$ 9 ?is po9t4 ,b1 d y 9 e>ne/ ?9k ! real exi/5ce ( s5sible ?+s consi/s 9 _! be+ actually p]ceiv$8 ,if s2 h[ comes x t all mank9d di/+ui% betwe5 !m8 ,ask ! fir/ man y meet1 & he %all tell y1 to be p]ceiv$ is "o ?+1 & to exi/ is ano!r4 ,phil4 ,i am cont5t1 ,hylas1 to appeal to ! common s5se ( ! _w = ! tru? ( my notion4 ,ask ! g>d5] :y he ?9ks yond] *]ry-tree exi/s 9 ! g>d51 & he %all tell y1 because he sees & feels x2 9 a ^w1 because he p]ceives x by 8 s5ses4 ,ask him :y he ?9ks an orange-tree n to be !re1 & he %all tell y1 because he does n p]ceive x4 ,:at he p]ceives by s5se1 t he t]ms a real be+1 & sai? x is or exi/s2 b1 t :i* is n p]ceivable1 ! same1 he sai?1 ha? no be+4 ,hyl4 ,yes1 ,philon\s1 ,i grant ! exi/5ce ( a s5sible ?+ consi/s 9 be+ p]ceivable1 b n 9 be+ actually p]ceiv$4 ,phil4 ,& :at is p]ceivable b an idea8 ,& c an idea exi/ )\t be+ actually p]ceiv$8 ,^! are po9ts long s9ce agre$ betwe5 u4 ,hyl4 ,b1 be y\r op9ion nev] s true1 yet surely y w n d5y x is %ock+1 & contr>y to ! common s5se ( m57#hga74 ,ask ! fell[ :e!r yond] tree ha? an exi/5ce out ( 8 m9d3 :at answ] ?9k y he w\ld make8 ,phil4 ,! same t ,i %\ld myself1 to wit1 t x do? exi/ out ( 8 m9d4 ,b !n to a ,*ri/ian x _c surely be %ock+ to say1 ! real tree1 exi/+ )\t 8 m9d1 is truly kn[n & compreh5d$ by 7t is exi/s 97 ! inf9ite m9d ( ,god4 ,probably he may n at fir/ glance be aw>e ( ! direct & imm$iate pro( !re is ( ?is2 inasmu* z ! v be+ ( a tree1 or any o!r s5sible ?+1 implies a m9d :]e9 x is4 ,b ! po9t itself he _c d5y4 ,! "q betwe5 ! ,mat]iali/s & me is n1 :e!r ?+s h a real exi/5ce out ( ! m9d ( ?is or t p]son7#hgb71 b1 :e!r !y h an absolute exi/5ce1 di/9ct f be+ p]ceiv$ by ,god1 & ext]ior to all m9ds7#hgc74 ,?is inde$ "s hea!ns & philosoph]s h affirm$1 b :oev] ent]ta9s notions ( ! ,deity suitable to ! ,holy ,scriptures w be ( ano!r op9ion4 ,hyl4 ,b1 accord+ to y\r notions1 :at diff]5ce is !re betwe5 real ?+s1 & *im]as =m$ by ! imag9ation1 or ! visions ( a dream--s9ce !y are all equally 9 ! m9d7#hgd78 ,phil4 ,! ideas =m$ by ! imag9ation are fa9t & indi/9ct2 !y h1 besides1 an entire dep5d5ce on ! w4 ,b ! ideas p]ceiv$ by s5se1 t is1 real ?+s1 are m vivid & cle>2 &1 be+ impr9t$ on ! m9d by a _s di/9ct f u1 h n ! l dep5d5ce on our w4 ,!re is !re=e no dang] ( conf\nd+ ^! ) ! =ego+3 & !re is z little ( conf\nd+ !m ) ! visions ( a dream1 :i* are dim1 irregul>1 & confus$4 ,&1 ?\gh !y %\ld happ5 to be nev] s lively & natural1 yet1 by _! n be+ connect$1 & ( apiece ) ! prec$+ & subsequ5t transactions ( our lives1 !y might easily be di/+ui%$ f realities4 ,9 %ort1 by :atev] me?od y di/+ui% ?+s f *im]as on y\r s*eme1 ! same1 x is evid5t1 w hold also ^u m9e4 ,=1 x mu/ be1 ,i presume1 by "s p]ceiv$ diff]5ce2 & ,i am n = depriv+ y ( any "o ?+ t y p]ceive4 ,hyl4 ,b /ill1 ,philon\s1 y hold1 !re is no?+ 9 ! _w b spirits & ideas4 ,& ?is1 y mu/ ne$s ackn[l$ge1 s\nds v oddly4 ,phil4 ,i own ! ^w idea1 n be+ commonly us$ = ?+1 s\nds some?+ out ( ! way4 ,my reason = us+ x 01 because a necess>y relation to ! m9d is und]/ood to be impli$ by t t]m2 & x is n[ commonly us$ by philosoph]s to d5ote ! imm$iate objects ( ! und]/&+4 ,b1 h[ev] oddly ! proposition may s\nd 9 words1 yet x includes no?+ s v /range or %ock+ 9 its s5se2 :i* 9 effect am\nts to no m ?an ?is1 to wit1 t !re are only ?+s p]ceiv+1 & ?+s p]ceiv$2 or t e un?9k+ be+ is necess>ily1 & f ! v nature ( its exi/5ce1 p]ceiv$ by "s m9d2 if n by a f9ite creat$ m9d1 yet c]ta9ly by ! inf9ite m9d ( ,god1 9 :om 'we live1 & move1 & h our be+4' ,is ?is z /range z to say1 ! s5sible qualities are n on ! objects3 or t we _c be sure ( ! exi/5ce ( ?+s1 or "k any?+ ( _! real natures--?\gh we bo? see & feel !m1 & p]ceive !m by all our s5ses8 ,hyl4 ,&1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 mu/ we n ?9k !re are no su* ?+s z physical or corporeal causes2 b t a ,_s is ! imm$iate cause ( all ! ph5om5a 9 nature8 ,c !re be any?+ m extravagant ?an ?is8 ,phil4 ,yes1 x is inf9itely m extravagant to say--a ?+ :i* is in]t op]ates on ! m9d1 & :i* is unp]ceiv+ is ! cause ( our p]ceptions1 7#hge7)\t any reg>d ei!r to consi/5cy1 or ! old kn[n axiom1 ,no?+ c give to ano!r t :i* x ha? n itself4 ,besides1 t :i* to y1 ,i "k n = :at reason1 seems s extravagant is no m ?an ! ,holy ,scriptures ass]t 9 a hundr$ places4 ,9 !m ,god is repres5t$ z ! sole & imm$iate ,au?or ( all ^? effects :i* "s hea!ns & philosoph]s are wont to ascribe to ,nature1 ,matt]1 ,fate1 or ! l un?9k+ pr9ciple4 ,?is is s mu* ! con/ant language ( ,scripture t x 7 ne$less to confirm x by citations4 ,hyl4 ,y are n aw>e1 ,philon\s1 t1 9 mak+ ,god ! imm$iate ,au?or ( all ! motions 9 nature1 y make ,him ! ,au?or ( murd]1 sacrilege1 adult]y1 & ! l he9\s s9s4 ,phil4 ,9 answ] to t1 ,i obs]ve1 fir/1 t ! imputation ( guilt is ! same1 :e!r a p]son commits an action ) or )\t an in/rum5t4 ,9 case !re=e y suppose ,god to act by ! m$iation ( an in/rum5t1 or occasion1 call$ ,matt]1 y z truly make ,him ! au?or ( s9 z ,i1 :o ?9k ,him ! imm$iate ag5t 9 all ^? op]ations vulg>ly ascrib$ to ,nature4 ,i f>!r obs]ve t s9 or moral turpitude do? n consi/ 9 ! outw>d physical action or motion1 b 9 ! int]nal deviation ( ! w f ! laws ( reason & religion4 ,?is is pla91 9 t ! kill+ an enemy 9 a battle1 or putt+ a crim9al legally to dea?1 is n ?\ght s9ful2 ?\gh ! outw>d act be ! v same ) t 9 ! case ( murd]4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 s9 do? n consi/ 9 ! physical action1 ! mak+ ,god an imm$iate cause ( all su* actions is n mak+ ,him ! ,au?or ( s94 ,la/ly1 ,i h n[h]e said t ,god is ! only ag5t :o produces all ! motions 9 bodies4 ,x is true ,i h d5i$ !re are any o!r ag5ts besides spirits2 b ?is is v consi/5t ) all[+ to ?9k+ rational be+s1 9 ! production ( motions1 ! use ( limit$ p[]s1 ultimately inde$ d]iv$ f ,god1 b imm$iately "u ! direction ( _! own wills1 :i* is suffici5t to entitle !m to all ! guilt ( _! actions7#hgf74 ,hyl4 ,b ! d5y+ ,matt]1 ,philon\s1 or corporeal ,sub/ance2 !re is ! po9t4 ,y c nev] p]suade me t ?is is n repugnant to ! univ]sal s5se ( mank9d4 ,7 our dispute to be det]m9$ by mo/ voices1 ,i am confid5t y w\ld give up ! po9t1 )\t ga!r+ ! votes4 ,phil4 ,i wi% bo? our op9ions 7 fairly /at$ & submitt$ to ! judgm5t ( m5 :o _h pla9 common s5se1 )\t ! prejudices ( a le>n$ education4 ,let me be repres5t$ z "o :o tru/s 8 s5ses1 :o ?9ks he kn[s ! ?+s he sees & feels1 & ent]ta9s no d\bts ( _! exi/5ce2 & y fairly set =? ) all y\r d\bts1 y\r p>adoxes1 & y\r scepticism ab\t y1 & ,i %all will+ly acquiesce 9 ! det]m9ation ( any indiff]5t p]son4 ,t !re is no sub/ance :]e9 ideas c exi/ beside _s is to me evid5t4 ,& t ! objects imm$iately p]ceiv$ are ideas1 is on all h&s agre$7#hgg74 ,& t s5sible qualities are objects imm$iately p]ceiv$ no "o c d5y4 ,x is !re=e evid5t !re c be no sub/ratum ( ^? qualities b _s2 9 :i* !y exi/1 n by way ( mode or prop]ty1 b z a ?+ p]ceiv$ 9 t :i* p]ceives x7#hgh74 ,i d5y !re=e t !re is any un?9k+ sub/ratum ( ! objects ( s5se1 & 9 t acceptation t !re is any mat]ial sub/ance4 ,b if by mat]ial sub/ance is meant only s5sible body--t :i* is se5 & felt 7& ! unphilosophical "p ( ! _w1 ,i d>e say1 mean no m7--!n ,i am m c]ta9 ( matt]'s exi/5ce ?an y or any o!r philosoph] pret5d to be4 ,if !re be any?+ :i* makes ! g5]ality ( mank9d av]se f ! notions ,i esp\se3 x is a misappreh5sion t ,i d5y ! reality ( s5sible ?+s4 ,b1 z x is y :o are guilty ( t1 & n ,i1 x foll[s t 9 tru? _! av]sion is aga9/ y\r notions & n m9e4 ,i d !re=e ass]t t ,i am z c]ta9 z ( my own be+1 t !re are bodies or corporeal sub/ances 7mean+ ! ?+s ,i p]ceive by my s5ses72 & t1 grant+ ?is1 ! bulk ( mank9d w take no ?\ght ab\t1 nor ?9k !mselves at all conc]n$ 9 ! fate ( ^? unkn[n natures1 & philosophical quiddities1 :i* "s m5 are s fond (4 ,hyl4 ,:at say y to ?is8 ,s9ce1 accord+ to y1 m5 judge ( ! reality ( ?+s by _! s5ses1 h[ c a man be mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ ! moon a pla9 lucid surface1 ab\t a foot 9 diamet]2 or a squ>e t[]1 se5 at a di/ance1 r\nd2 or an o>1 ) "o end 9 ! wat]1 crook$8 ,phil4 ,he is n mi/ak5 ) reg>d to ! ideas he actually p]ceives1 b 9 ! inf]5ces he makes f 8 pres5t p]ceptions4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( ! o>1 :at he imm$iately p]ceives by sight is c]ta9ly crook$2 & s f> he is 9 ! "r4 ,b if he !nce conclude t ^u tak+ ! o> out ( ! wat] he %all p]ceive ! same crook$ness2 or t x w\ld affect 8 t\* z crook$ ?+s are wont to d3 9 t he is mi/ak54 ,9 l mann]1 if he %all conclude f :at he p]ceives 9 "o /ation1 t1 9 case he advances t[>ds ! moon or t[]1 he %\ld /ill be affect$ ) ! l ideas1 he is mi/ak54 ,b 8 mi/ake lies n 9 :at he p]ceives imm$iately1 & at pres5t1 7x be+ a manife/ contradiction to suppose he %\ld err 9 respect ( t7 b 9 ! wrong judgm5t he makes conc]n+ ! ideas he appreh5ds to be connect$ ) ^? imm$iately p]ceiv$3 or1 conc]n+ ! ideas t1 f :at he p]ceives at pres5t1 he imag9es w\ld be p]ceiv$ 9 o!r circum/ances4 ,! case is ! same ) reg>d to ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,we d n "h p]ceive any motion ( ! e>?3 b x 7 errone\s !nce to conclude1 t1 9 case we 7 plac$ at z great a di/ance f t z we are n[ f ! o!r planets1 we %\ld n !n p]ceive its motion7#hgi74 ,hyl4 ,i und]/& y2 & mu/ ne$s own y say ?+s plausible en\gh4 ,b1 give me leave to put y 9 m9d ( "o ?+4 ,pray1 ,philon\s1 7 y n =m]ly z positive t ,matt] exi/$1 z y are n[ t x does n8 ,phil4 ,i 04 ,b "h lies ! diff]5ce4 ,be=e1 my positiv5ess 0 f\nd$1 )\t exam9ation1 ^u prejudice2 b n[1 aft] inquiry1 ^u evid5ce4 ,hyl4 ,aft] all1 x seems our dispute is r ab\t words ?an ?+s4 ,we agree 9 ! ?+1 b diff] 9 ! "n4 ,t we are affect$ ) ideas f )\t is evid5t2 & x is no less evid5t t !re mu/ be 7,i w n say ar*etypes1 b7 ,p[]s )\t ! m9d7#hhj71 correspond+ to ^? ideas4 ,&1 z ^! ,p[]s _c subsi/ by !mselves1 !re is "s subject ( !m necess>ily to be admitt$2 :i* ,i call ,matt]1 & y call ,_s4 ,?is is all ! diff]5ce4 ,phil4 ,pray1 ,hylas1 is t p[]ful ,be+1 or subject ( p[]s1 ext5d$8 ,hyl4 ,x ha? n ext5sion2 b x ha? ! p[] to raise 9 y ! idea ( ext5sion1 ,phil4 ,x is !re=e itself unext5d$8 ,hyl4 ,i grant x4 ,phil4 ,is x n also active8 ,hyl4 ,)\t d\bt4 ,o!rwise1 h[ c\ld we attribute p[]s to x8 ,phil4 ,n[ let me ask y two que/ions3 ,fir/1 ,:e!r x be agreeable to ! usage ei!r ( philosoph]s or o!rs to give ! "n ,matt] to an unext5d$ active be+8 ,&1 ,secondly1 ,:e!r x be n ridicul\sly absurd to misapply names contr>y to ! common use ( language8 ,hyl4 ,well !n1 let x n be call$ ,matt]1 s9ce y w h x s1 b "s ,?ird ,nature di/9ct f ,matt] & ,_s4 ,= :at reason is !re :y y %\ld call x ,_s8 ,does n ! notion ( _s imply t x is ?9k+1 z well z active & unext5d$8 ,phil4 ,my reason is ?is3 because ,i h a m9d to h "s notion ( mean+ 9 :at ,i say3 b ,i h no notion ( any action di/9ct f volition1 nei!r c ,i conceive volition to be any:]e b 9 a _s3 !re=e1 :5 ,i speak ( an active be+1 ,i am oblig$ to mean a ,_s4 ,beside1 :at c be pla9] ?an t a ?+ :i* ha? no ideas 9 itself _c imp>t !m to me2 &1 if x ha? ideas1 surely x mu/ be a ,_s4 ,to make y compreh5d ! po9t /ill m cle>ly if x be possible4 ,i ass]t z well z y t1 s9ce we are affect$ f )\t1 we mu/ all[ ,p[]s to be )\t1 9 a ,be+ di/9ct f ourselves4 ,s f> we are agre$4 ,b !n we diff] z to ! k9d ( ?is p[]ful ,be+7#hha74 ,i w h x to be ,_s1 y ,matt]1 or ,i "k n :at 7,i may add too1 y "k n :at7 ,?ird ,nature4 ,?us1 ,i prove x to be ,_s4 ,f ! effects ,i see produc$1 ,i conclude !re are actions2 &1 because actions1 volitions2 &1 because !re are volitions1 !re mu/ be a w4 ,aga91 ! ?+s ,i p]ceive mu/ h an exi/5ce1 !y or _! ar*etypes1 out ( my m9d3 b1 be+ ideas1 nei!r !y nor _! ar*etypes c exi/ o!rwise ?an 9 an und]/&+2 !re is !re=e an und]/&+4 ,b w & und]/&+ con/itute 9 ! /ricte/ s5se a m9d or _s4 ,! p[]ful cause1 !re=e1 ( my ideas is 9 /rict propriety ( spee* a ,_s4 ,hyl4 ,& n[ ,i w>rant y ?9k y h made ! po9t v cle>1 little suspect+ t :at y advance leads directly to a contradiction4 ,is x n an absurdity to imag9e any imp]fection 9 ,god8 ,phil4 ,)\t a d\bt4 ,hyl4 ,to suff] pa9 is an imp]fection8 ,phil4 ,x is4 ,hyl4 ,are we n sometimes affect$ ) pa9 & uneas9ess by "s o!r ,be+8 ,phil4 ,we are4 ,hyl4 ,& h y n said t ,be+ is a ,_s1 & is n t ,_s ,god8 ,phil4 ,i grant x4 ,hyl4 ,b y h ass]t$ t :atev] ideas we p]ceive f )\t are 9 ! m9d :i* affects u4 ,! ideas1 !re=e1 ( pa9 & uneas9ess are 9 ,god2 or1 9 o!r words1 ,god suff]s pa93 t is to say1 !re is an imp]fection 9 ! ,div9e nature3 :i*1 y ackn[l$g$1 0 absurd4 ,s y are caught 9 a pla9 contradiction7#hhb74 ,phil4 ,t ,god kn[s or und]/&s all ?+s1 & t ,he kn[s1 among o!r ?+s1 :at pa9 is1 ev5 e sort ( pa9ful s5sation1 & :at x is = ,8 creatures to suff] pa91 ,i make no "q4 ,b1 t ,god1 ?\gh ,he kn[s & sometimes causes pa9ful s5sations 9 u1 c ,himself suff] pa91 ,i positively d5y4 ,we1 :o are limit$ & dep5d5t spirits1 are liable to impressions ( s5se1 ! effects ( an ext]nal ,ag5t1 :i*1 be+ produc$ aga9/ our wills1 are sometimes pa9ful & uneasy4 ,b ,god1 :om no ext]nal be+ c affect1 :o p]ceives no?+ by s5se z we d2 ^: w is absolute & indep5d5t1 caus+ all ?+s1 & liable to be ?w>t$ or resi/$ by no?+3 x is evid5t1 su* a ,be+ z ?is c suff] no?+1 nor be affect$ ) any pa9ful s5sation1 or inde$ any s5sation at all4 ,we are *a9$ to a body3 t is to say1 our p]ceptions are connect$ ) corporeal motions4 ,by ! law ( our nature1 we are affect$ ^u e alt]ation 9 ! n]v\s p>ts ( our s5sible body2 :i* s5sible body1 rightly consid]$1 is no?+ b a complexion ( su* qualities or ideas z h no exi/5ce di/9ct f be+ p]ceiv$ by a m9d4 ,s t ?is connexion ( s5sations ) corporeal motions means no m ?an a correspond5ce 9 ! ord] ( nature1 betwe5 two sets ( ideas1 or ?+s imm$iately p]ceivable4 ,b ,god is a ,pure ,_s1 dis5gag$ f all su* sympa?y1 or natural ties4 ,no corporeal motions are att5d$ ) ! s5sations ( pa9 or pleasure 9 ,8 m9d4 ,to "k ev]y?+ kn[able1 is c]ta9ly a p]fection2 b to endure1 or suff]1 or feel any?+ by s5se1 is an imp]fection4 ,! =m]1 ,i say1 agrees to ,god1 b n ! latt]4 ,god kn[s1 or ha? ideas2 b ,8 ideas are n convey$ to ,him by s5se1 z ours are4 ,y\r n di/+ui%+1 :]e !re is s manife/ a diff]5ce1 makes y fancy y see an absurdity :]e !re is none4 ,hyl4 ,b1 all ?is :ile y h n consid]$ t ! quantity ( ,matt] has be5 demon/rat$ to be proportion$ to ! gravity ( bodies7#hhc74 ,& :at c )/& demon/ration8 ,phil4 ,let me see h[ y demon/rate t po9t4 ,hyl4 ,i lay x d[n = a pr9ciple1 t ! mom5ts or quantities ( motion 9 bodies are 9 a direct comp\nd$ reason ( ! velocities & quantities ( ,matt] conta9$ 9 !m4 ,h5ce1 :]e ! velocities are equal1 x foll[s ! mom5ts are directly z ! quantity ( ,matt] 9 ea*4 ,b x is f\nd by exp]i5ce t all bodies 7bat+ ! small inequalities1 aris+ f ! resi/ance ( ! air7 desc5d ) an equal velocity2 ! motion !re=e ( desc5d+ bodies1 & consequ5tly _! gravity1 :i* is ! cause or pr9ciple ( t motion1 is proportional to ! quantity ( ,matt]2 :i* 0 to be demon/rat$4 ,phil4 ,y lay x d[n z a self-evid5t pr9ciple t ! quantity ( motion 9 any body is proportional to ! velocity & ,matt] tak5 toge!r2 & ?is is made use ( to prove a proposition f :5ce ! exi/5ce ( ,matt] is inf]r$4 ,pray is n ?is argu+ 9 a circle8 ,hyl4 ,9 ! premise ,i only mean t ! motion is proportional to ! velocity1 jo9tly ) ! ext5sion & solidity4 ,phil4 ,b1 all[+ ?is to be true1 yet x w n !nce foll[ t gravity is proportional to ,matt]1 9 y\r philosophic s5se ( ! ^w2 except y take x = grant$ t unkn[n sub/ratum1 or :atev] else y call x1 is proportional to ^? s5sible qualities2 :i* to suppose is pla9ly begg+ ! "q4 ,t !re is magnitude & solidity1 or resi/ance1 p]ceiv$ by s5se1 ,i readily grant2 z likewise1 t gravity may be proportional to ^? qualities ,i w n dispute4 ,b t ei!r ^! qualities z p]ceiv$ by u1 or ! p[]s produc+ !m1 d exi/ 9 a mat]ial sub/ratum2 ?is is :at ,i d5y1 & y inde$ affirm1 b1 not)/&+ y\r demon/ration1 h n yet prov$4 ,hyl4 ,i %all insi/ no long] on t po9t4 ,d y ?9k1 h[ev]1 y %all p]suade me ! natural philosoph]s h be5 dream+ all ?is :ile8 ,pray :at becomes ( all _! hypo!ses & explications ( ! ph5om5a1 :i* suppose ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]7#hhd78 ,phil4 ,:at mean y1 ,hylas1 by ! ph5om5a8 ,hyl4 ,i mean ! appe>ances :i* ,i p]ceive by my s5ses4 ,phil4 ,& ! appe>ances p]ceiv$ by s5se1 are !y n ideas8 ,hyl4 ,i h told y s a hundr$ times4 ,phil4 ,!re=e1 to expla9 ! ph5om5a is1 to %ew h[ we come to be affect$ ) ideas1 9 t mann] &7#hhe7 ord] :]e9 !y are impr9t$ on our s5ses4 ,is x n8 ,hyl4 ,x is4 ,phil4 ,n[1 if y c prove t any philosoph] has expla9$ ! production ( any "o idea 9 our m9ds by ! help ( ,matt]7#hhf71 ,i %all = ev] acquiesce1 & look on all t ha? be5 said aga9/ x z no?+2 b1 if y _c1 x is va9 to urge ! explication ( ph5om5a4 ,t a ,be+ end[$ ) k & w %\ld produce or exhibit ideas is easily und]/ood4 ,b t a ,be+ :i* is utt]ly de/itute ( ^! faculties %\ld be able to produce ideas1 or 9 any sort to affect an intellig5ce1 ?is ,i c nev] und]/&4 ,?is ,i say1 ?\gh we _h "s positive conception ( ,matt]1 ?\gh we knew its qualities1 & c\ld compreh5d its exi/5ce1 w\ld yet be s f> f expla9+ ?+s1 t x is itself ! mo/ inexplicable ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,& yet1 = all ?is1 x w n foll[ t philosoph]s h be5 do+ no?+2 =1 by obs]v+ & reason+ ^u ! connexion ( ideas7#hhg71 !y discov] ! laws & me?ods ( nature1 :i* is a "p ( k bo? useful & ent]ta9+4 ,hyl4 ,aft] all1 c x be suppos$ ,god w\ld deceive all mank9d8 ,d y imag9e ,he w\ld h induc$ ! :ole _w to believe ! be+ ( ,matt]1 if !re 0 no su* ?+8 ,phil4 ,t e epidemical op9ion1 aris+ f prejudice1 or passion1 or ?\ghtlessness1 may be imput$ to ,god1 z ! ,au?or ( x1 ,i believe y w n affirm4 ,:atsoev] op9ion we fa!r on ,him1 x mu/ be ei!r because ,he has discov]$ x to u by sup]natural revelation2 or because x is s evid5t to our natural faculties1 :i* 7 fram$ & giv5 u by ,god1 t x is impossible we %\ld )hold our ass5t f x4 ,b :]e is ! revelation8 or :]e is ! evid5ce t extorts ! belief ( ,matt]8 ,nay1 h[ does x appe>1 t ,matt]1 tak5 = some?+ di/9ct f :at we p]ceive by our s5ses1 is ?\ght to exi/ by all mank9d2 or1 inde$1 by any except a few philosoph]s1 :o d n "k :at !y w\ld be at8 ,y\r "q supposes ^! po9ts are cle>2 &1 :5 y h cle>$ !m1 ,i %all ?9k myself oblig$ to give y ano!r answ]4 ,9 ! meantime1 let x suffice t ,i tell y1 ,i d n suppose ,god has deceiv$ mank9d at all4 ,hyl4 ,b ! novelty1 ,philon\s1 ! novelty6 ,!re lies ! dang]4 ,new notions %\ld always be disc\nt5anc$2 !y unsettle m5's m9ds1 & nobody kn[s :]e !y w end4 ,phil4 ,:y ! reject+ a notion t has no f\ndation1 ei!r 9 s5se1 or 9 reason1 or 9 ,div9e au?ority1 %\ld be ?\ght to unsettle ! belief ( su* op9ions z are gr\nd$ on all or any ( ^!1 ,i _c imag9e4 ,t innovations 9 gov]nm5t & religion are dang]\s1 & ought to be disc\nt5anc$1 ,i freely own4 ,b is !re ! l reason :y !y %\ld be disc\rag$ 9 philosophy8 ,! mak+ any?+ kn[n :i* 0 unkn[n be=e is an innovation 9 k3 &1 if all su* innovations _h be5 =bidd51 m5 w\ld h made a notable progress 9 ! arts & sci5ces4 ,b x is none ( my bus9ess to plead = novelties & p>adoxes4 ,t ! qualities we p]ceive are n on ! objects3 t we mu/ n believe our s5ses3 t we "k no?+ ( ! real nature ( ?+s1 & c nev] be assur$ ev5 ( _! exi/5ce3 t real col\rs & s\nds are no?+ b c]ta9 unkn[n figures & motions3 t motions are 9 !mselves nei!r swift nor sl[3 t !re are 9 bodies absolute ext5sions1 )\t any p>ticul> magnitude or figure3 t a ?+ /upid1 ?\ghtless1 & inactive1 op]ates on a _s3 t ! lea/ p>ticle ( a body conta9s innum]able ext5d$ p>ts3--^! are ! novelties1 ^! are ! /range notions :i* %ock ! g5u9e uncorrupt$ judgm5t ( all mank9d2 & be+ once admitt$1 emb>rass ! m9d ) endless d\bts & difficulties4 ,& x is aga9/ ^! & ! l innovations ,i endeav\r to v9dicate ,common ,s5se4 ,x is true1 9 do+ ?is1 ,i may p]haps be oblig$ to use "s ambages1 & ways ( spee* n common4 ,b1 if my notions are once ?or\ghly und]/ood1 t :i* is mo/ s+ul> 9 !m w1 9 effect1 be f\nd to am\nt to no m ?an ?is3--t x is absolutely impossible1 & a pla9 contradiction1 to suppose any un?9k+ ,be+ %\ld exi/ )\t be+ p]ceiv$ by a ,m9d4 ,&1 if ?is notion be s+ul>1 x is a %ame x %\ld be s1 at ?is "t ( day1 & 9 a ,*ri/ian c\ntry4 ,hyl4 ,z = ! difficulties o!r op9ions may be liable to1 ^? are out ( ! "q4 ,x is y\r bus9ess to def5d y\r own op9ion4 ,c any?+ be pla9] ?an t y are = *ang+ all ?+s into ideas8 ,y1 ,i say1 :o are n a%am$ to *>ge me ) scepticism4 ,?is is s pla91 !re is no d5y+ x4 ,phil4 ,y mi/ake me4 ,i am n = *ang+ ?+s into ideas1 b r ideas into ?+s7#hhh72 s9ce ^? imm$iate objects ( p]ception1 :i*1 accord+ to y1 are only appe>ances ( ?+s1 ,i take to be ! real ?+s !mselves7#hhi74 ,hyl4 ,?+s6 ,y may pret5d :at y please2 b x is c]ta9 y leave u no?+ b ! empty =ms ( ?+s1 ! outside only :i* /rikes ! s5ses4 ,phil4 ,:at y call ! empty =ms & outside ( ?+s seem to me ! v ?+s !mselves4 ,nor are !y empty or incomplete1 o!rwise ?an ^u y\r supposition--t ,matt]7#hij7 is an ess5tial "p ( all corporeal ?+s4 ,we bo?1 !re=e1 agree 9 ?is1 t we p]ceive only s5sible =ms3 b h]e9 we diff]--y w h !m to be empty appe>ances1 ,i real be+s4 ,9 %ort1 y d n tru/ y\r s5ses1 ,i d4 ,hyl4 ,y say y believe y\r s5ses2 & seem to applaud y\rself t 9 ?is y agree ) ! vulg>4 ,accord+ to y1 !re=e1 ! true nature ( a ?+ is discov]$ by ! s5ses4 ,if s1 :5ce comes t disagreem5t8 ,:y is n ! same figure1 & o!r s5sible qualities1 p]ceiv$ all mann] ( ways8 & :y %\ld we use a microscope ! bett] to discov] ! true nature ( a body1 if x 7 discov]able to ! nak$ eye8 ,phil4 ,/rictly speak+1 ,hylas1 we d n see ! same object t we feel7#hia72 nei!r is ! same object p]ceiv$ by ! microscope :i* 0 by ! nak$ eye7#hib74 ,b1 9 case e v>iation 0 ?\ght suffici5t to con/itute a new k9d or individual1 ! endless numb] or confusion ( names w\ld r5d] language impracticable4 ,!re=e1 to avoid ?is1 z well z o!r inconv5i5ces :i* are obvi\s ^u a little ?\ght1 m5 comb9e toge!r sev]al ideas1 appreh5d$ by div]s s5ses1 or by ! same s5se at diff]5t times1 or 9 diff]5t circum/ances1 b obs]v$1 h[ev]1 to h "s connexion 9 nature1 ei!r ) respect to co-exi/5ce or succession2 all :i* !y ref] to "o "n1 & consid] z "o ?+4 ,h5ce x foll[s t :5 ,i exam9e1 by my o!r s5ses1 a ?+ ,i h se51 x is n 9 ord] to und]/& bett] ! same object :i* ,i _h p]ceiv$ by sight1 ! object ( "o s5se n be+ p]ceiv$ by ! o!r s5ses4 ,&1 :5 ,i look ?r\gh a microscope1 x is n t ,i may p]ceive m cle>ly :at ,i p]ceiv$ already ) my b>e eyes2 ! object p]ceiv$ by ! glass be+ q diff]5t f ! =m]4 ,b1 9 bo? cases1 my aim is only to "k :at ideas are connect$ toge!r2 & ! m a man kn[s ( ! connexion ( ideas7#hic71 ! m he is said to "k ( ! nature ( ?+s4 ,:at1 !re=e1 if our ideas are v>iable2 :at if our s5ses are n 9 all circum/ances affect$ ) ! same appe>ances8 ,x w n !nce foll[ !y are n to be tru/$2 or t !y are inconsi/5t ei!r ) !mselves or any?+ else3 except x be ) y\r preconceiv$ notion ( 7,i "k n :at7 "o s+le1 un*ang$1 unp]ceivable1 real ,nature1 m>k$ by ea* "n4 ,:i* prejudice seems to h tak5 its rise f n rightly und]/&+ ! common language ( m51 speak+ ( sev]al di/9ct ideas z unit$ into "o ?+ by ! m9d4 ,&1 inde$1 !re is cause to suspect sev]al errone\s conceits ( ! philosoph]s are ow+ to ! same orig9al3 :ile !y began to build _! s*emes n s mu* on notions z on words1 :i* 7 fram$ by ! vulg>1 m]ely = conv5i5cy & dispat* 9 ! common actions ( life1 )\t any reg>d to speculation7#hid74 ,hyl4 ,me?9ks ,i appreh5d y\r mean+4 ,phil4 ,x is y\r op9ion ! ideas we p]ceive by our s5ses are n real ?+s1 b images or copies ( !m4 ,our k1 !re=e1 is no f>!r real ?an z our ideas are ! true repres5tations ( ^? orig9als4 ,b1 z ^! suppos$ orig9als are 9 !mselves unkn[n1 x is impossible to "k h[ f> our ideas resemble !m2 or :e!r !y resemble !m at all7#hie74 ,we _c1 !re=e1 be sure we h any real k7#hif74 ,f>!r1 z our ideas are p]petually v>i$1 )\t any *ange 9 ! suppos$ real ?+s1 x necess>ily foll[s !y _c all be true copies ( !m3 or1 if "s are & o!rs are n1 x is impossible to di/+ui% ! =m] f ! latt]4 ,& ?is plunges u yet deep] 9 unc]ta9ty7#hig74 ,aga91 :5 we consid] ! po9t1 we _c conceive h[ any idea1 or any?+ l an idea1 %\ld h an absolute exi/5ce out ( a m9d3 nor consequ5tly1 accord+ to y1 h[ !re %\ld be any real ?+ 9 nature7#hih74 ,! result ( all :i* is t we are ?r[n into ! mo/ hopeless & ab&on$ scepticism4 ,n[1 give me leave to ask y1 ,fir/1 ,:e!r y\r ref]r+ ideas to c]ta9 absolutely exi/+ unp]ceiv$ sub/ances1 z _! orig9als1 be n ! s\rce ( all ?is scepticism7#hii78 ,secondly1 :e!r y are in=m$1 ei!r by s5se or reason7#ijj71 ( ! exi/5ce ( ^? unkn[n orig9als8 ,&1 9 case y are n1 :e!r x be n absurd to suppose !m8 ,?irdly1 ,:e!r1 ^u inquiry1 y f9d !re is any?+ di/9ctly conceiv$ or meant by ! absolute or ext]nal exi/5ce ( unp]ceiv+ sub/ances7#ija78 ,la/ly1 ,:e!r1 ! premises consid]$1 x be n ! wise/ way to foll[ nature1 tru/ y\r s5ses1 &1 lay+ aside all anxi\s ?\ght ab\t unkn[n natures or sub/ances7#ijb71 admit ) ! vulg> ^? = real ?+s :i* are p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses8 ,hyl4 ,= ! pres5t1 ,i h no incl9ation to ! answ]+ "p4 ,i w\ld mu* r see h[ y c get ov] :at foll[s4 ,pray are n ! objects p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses ( "o1 likewise p]ceivable to o!rs pres5t8 ,if !re 7 a hundr$ m "h1 !y w\ld all see ! g>d51 ! trees1 & fl[]s1 z ,i see !m4 ,b !y are n 9 ! same mann] affect$ ) ! ideas ,i frame 9 my imag9ation4 ,does n ?is make a diff]5ce betwe5 ! =m] sort ( objects & ! latt]8 ,phil4 ,i grant x does4 ,nor h ,i ev] d5i$ a diff]5ce betwe5 ! objects ( s5se & ^? ( imag9ation7#ijc74 ,b :at w\ld y inf] f !nce8 ,y _c say t s5sible objects exi/ unp]ceiv$1 because !y are p]ceiv$ by _m4 ,hyl4 ,i own ,i c make no?+ ( t objection3 b x ha? l$ me into ano!r4 ,is x n y\r op9ion t by our s5ses we p]ceive only ! ideas exi/+ 9 our m9ds8 ,phil4 ,x is4 ,hyl4 ,b ! same idea :i* is 9 my m9d _c be 9 y\rs1 or 9 any o!r m9d4 ,do? x n !re=e foll[1 f y\r pr9ciples1 t no two c see ! same ?+7#ijd78 ,& is n ?is highly absurd8 ,phil4 ,if ! t]m same be tak5 9 ! vulg> acceptation1 x is c]ta9 7& n at all repugnant to ! pr9ciples ,i ma9ta97 t diff]5t p]sons may p]ceive ! same ?+2 or ! same ?+ or idea exi/ 9 diff]5t m9ds4 ,words are ( arbitr>y imposition2 &1 s9ce m5 are us$ to apply ! ^w same :]e no di/9ction or v>iety is p]ceiv$1 & ,i d n pret5d to alt] _! p]ceptions1 x foll[s t1 z m5 h said be=e1 sev]al saw ! same ?+1 s !y may1 ^u l occasions1 /ill cont9ue to use ! same phrase1 )\t any deviation ei!r f propriety ( language1 or ! tru? ( ?+s4 ,b1 if ! t]m same be us$ 9 ! acceptation ( philosoph]s1 :o pret5d to an ab/ract$ notion ( id5tity1 !n1 accord+ to _! sundry def9itions ( ?is notion 7= x is n yet agre$ :]e9 t philosophic id5tity consi/s71 x may or may n be possible = div]s p]sons to p]ceive ! same ?+7#ije74 ,b :e!r philosoph]s %all ?9k fit to call a ?+ ! same or no1 is1 ,i conceive1 ( small importance4 ,let u suppose sev]al m5 toge!r1 all endu$ ) ! same faculties1 & consequ5tly affect$ 9 l sort by _! s5ses1 & :o _h yet nev] kn[n ! use ( language2 !y w\ld1 )\t "q1 agree 9 _! p]ceptions4 ,?\gh p]haps1 :5 !y came to ! use ( spee*1 "s reg>d+ ! uni=mness ( :at 0 p]ceiv$1 might call x ! same ?+3 o!rs1 especially reg>d+ ! div]sity ( p]sons :o p]ceiv$1 might *oose ! d5om9ation ( diff]5t ?+s4 ,b :o sees n t all ! dispute is ab\t a ^w8 to wit1 :e!r :at is p]ceiv$ by diff]5t p]sons may yet h ! t]m same appli$ to x7#ijf78 ,or1 suppose a h\se1 ^: walls or outw>d %ell rema9+ unalt]$1 ! *amb]s are all pull$ d[n1 & new ones built 9 _! place2 & t y %\ld call ?is ! same1 & ,i %\ld say x 0 n ! same h\se3--w\ld we n1 = all ?is1 p]fectly agree 9 our ?\ghts ( ! h\se1 consid]$ 9 itself8 ,& w\ld n all ! diff]5ce consi/ 9 a s\nd8 ,if y %\ld say1 ,we diff]$ 9 our notions2 = t y sup]add$ to y\r idea ( ! h\se ! simple ab/ract$ idea ( id5tity1 :]eas ,i did n2 ,i w\ld tell y1 ,i "k n :at y mean by ! ab/ract$ idea ( id5tity2 & %\ld desire y to look into y\r own ?\ghts1 & be sure y und]/ood y\rself4----,:y s sil5t1 ,hylas8 ,are y n yet satisfi$ m5 may dispute ab\t id5tity & div]sity1 )\t any real diff]5ce 9 _! ?\ghts & op9ions1 ab/ract$ f names8 ,take ?is f>!r reflexion ) y--t :e!r ,matt] be all[$ to exi/ or no1 ! case is exactly ! same z to ! po9t 9 h&4 ,= ! ,mat]iali/s !mselves ackn[l$ge :at we imm$iately p]ceive by our s5ses to be our own ideas4 ,y\r difficulty1 !re=e1 t no two see ! same ?+1 makes equally aga9/ ! ,mat]iali/s & me4 ,hyl4 7#ijg7;,ay1 ,philon\s1 ,b !y suppose an ext]nal ar*etype1 to :i* ref]r+ _! sev]al ideas !y may truly be said to p]ceive ! same ?+4 ,phil4 ,& 7n to m5tion y\r hav+ disc>d$ ^? ar*etypes7 s may y suppose an ext]nal ar*etype on my pr9ciples2--ext]nal1 ,i mean1 to y\r own m9d3 ?\gh inde$ x mu/ be suppos$ to exi/ 9 t ,m9d :i* compreh5ds all ?+s2 b !n1 ?is s]ves all ! ends ( id5tity1 z well z if x exi/$ out ( a m9d7#ijh74 ,& ,i am sure y y\rself w n say x is less intelligible4 ,hyl4 ,y h inde$ cle>ly satisfi$ me--ei!r t !re is no difficulty at bottom 9 ?is po9t2 or1 if !re be1 t x makes equally aga9/ bo? op9ions4 ,phil4 ,b t :i* makes equally aga9/ two contradictory op9ions c be a pro( aga9/ nei!r4 ,hyl4 ,i ackn[l$ge x4 ,b1 aft] all1 ,philon\s1 :5 ,i consid] ! sub/ance ( :at y advance aga9/ ,scepticism1 x am\nts to no m ?an ?is3--,we are sure t we really see1 he>1 feel2 9 a ^w1 t we are affect$ ) s5sible impressions4 ,phil4 ,& h[ are we conc]n$ any f>!r8 ,i see ?is *]ry1 ,i feel x1 ,i ta/e x3 & ,i am sure no?+ _c be se51 or felt1 or ta/$3 x is !re=e real4 ,take away ! s5sations ( s(tness1 moi/ure1 r$ness1 t>tness1 & y take away ! *]ry1 s9ce x is n a be+ di/9ct f s5sations4 ,a *]ry1 ,i say1 is no?+ b a cong]ies ( s5sible impressions1 or ideas p]ceiv$ by v>i\s s5ses3 :i* ideas are unit$ into "o ?+ 7or h "o "n giv5 !m7 by ! m9d1 because !y are obs]v$ to att5d ea* o!r4 ,?us1 :5 ! palate is affect$ ) su* a p>ticul> ta/e1 ! sight is affect$ ) a r$ col\r1 ! t\* ) r\ndness1 s(tness1 c4 ,h5ce1 :5 ,i see1 & feel1 & ta/e1 9 su* sundry c]ta9 mann]s1 ,i am sure ! *]ry exi/s1 or is real2 its reality be+ 9 my op9ion no?+ ab/ract$ f ^? s5sations4 ,b if by ! ^w *]ry y mean an unkn[n nature1 di/9ct f all ^? s5sible qualities1 & by its exi/5ce some?+ di/9ct f its be+ p]ceiv$2 !n1 inde$1 ,i own1 nei!r y nor ,i1 nor any "o else1 c be sure x exi/s4 ,hyl4 ,b1 :at w\ld y say1 ,philon\s1 if ,i %\ld br+ ! v same reasons aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( s5sible ?+s 9 a m9d :i* y h (f]$ aga9/ _! exi/+ 9 a mat]ial sub/ratum8 ,phil4 ,:5 ,i see y\r reasons1 y %all he> :at ,i h to say to !m4 ,hyl4 ,is ! m9d ext5d$ or unext5d$8 ,phil4 ,unext5d$1 )\t d\bt4 ,hyl4 ,d y say ! ?+s y p]ceive are 9 y\r m9d8 ,phil4 ,!y are4 ,hyl4 ,aga91 h ,i n he>d y speak ( s5sible impressions8 ,phil4 ,i believe y may4 ,hyl4 ,expla9 to me n[1 ,o ,philon\s6 h[ x is possible !re %\ld be room = all ^? trees & h\ses to exi/ 9 y\r m9d4 ,c ext5d$ ?+s be conta9$ 9 t :i* is unext5d$8 ,or1 are we to imag9e impressions made on a ?+ void ( all solidity8 ,y _c say objects are 9 y\r m9d1 z books 9 y\r /udy3 or t ?+s are impr9t$ on x1 z ! figure ( a seal ^u wax4 ,9 :at s5se1 !re=e1 are we to und]/& ^? expressions8 ,expla9 me ?is if y c3 & ,i %all !n be able to answ] all ^? qu]ies y =m]ly put to me ab\t my sub/ratum4 ,phil4 ,look y1 ,hylas1 :5 ,i speak ( objects z exi/+ 9 ! m9d1 or impr9t$ on ! s5ses1 ,i w\ld n be und]/ood 9 ! gross lit]al s5se2 z :5 bodies are said to exi/ 9 a place1 or a seal to make an impression ^u wax4 ,my mean+ is only t ! m9d compreh5ds or p]ceives !m2 & t x is affect$ f )\t1 or by "s be+ di/9ct f itself7#iji74 ,?is is my explication ( y\r difficulty2 & h[ x c s]ve to make y\r t5et ( an unp]ceiv+ mat]ial sub/ratum intelligible1 ,i w\ld fa9 "k4 ,hyl4 ,nay1 if t be all1 ,i confess ,i d n see :at use c be made ( x4 ,b are y n guilty ( "s abuse ( language 9 ?is8 ,phil4 ,none at all4 ,x is no m ?an common cu/om1 :i* y "k is ! rule ( language1 ha? au?oris$3 no?+ be+ m usual1 ?an = philosoph]s to speak ( ! imm$iate objects ( ! und]/&+ z ?+s exi/+ 9 ! m9d4 ,nor is !re any?+ 9 ?is b :at is con=mable to ! g5]al analogy ( language2 mo/ "p ( ! m5tal op]ations be+ signifi$ by words borr[$ f s5sible ?+s2 z is pla9 9 ! t]ms compreh5d1 reflect1 disc\rse1 c41 :i*1 be+ appli$ to ! m9d1 mu/ n be tak5 9 _! gross1 orig9al s5se4 ,hyl4 ,y h1 ,i own1 satisfi$ me 9 ?is po9t4 ,b !re /ill rema9s "o great difficulty1 :i* ,i "k n h[ y w get ov]4 ,&1 inde$1 x is ( su* importance t if y c\ld solve all o!rs1 )\t be+ able to f9d a solution = ?is1 y mu/ nev] expect to make me a proselyte to y\r pr9ciples4 ,phil4 ,let me "k ?is mighty difficulty4 ,hyl4 ,! ,scripture acc\nt ( ! creation is :at appe>s to me utt]ly irreconcilable ) y\r notions7#iaj74 ,moses tells u ( a creation3 a creation ( :at8 ( ideas8 ,no1 c]ta9ly1 b ( ?+s1 ( real ?+s1 solid corporeal sub/ances4 ,br+ y\r pr9ciples to agree ) ?is1 & ,i %all p]haps agree ) y4 ,phil4 ,moses m5tions ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 e>? & sea1 plants & animals4 ,t all ^! d really exi/1 & 7 9 ! beg9n+ creat$ by ,god1 ,i make no "q4 ,if by ideas y mean fictions & fancies ( ! m9d7#iaa71 !n ^! are no ideas4 ,if by ideas y mean imm$iate objects ( ! und]/&+1 or s5sible ?+s1 :i* _c exi/ unp]ceiv$1 or out ( a m9d7#iab71 !n ^! ?+s are ideas4 ,b :e!r y d or d n call !m ideas1 x matt]s little4 ,! diff]5ce is only ab\t a "n4 ,&1 :e!r t "n be reta9$ or reject$1 ! s5se1 ! tru?1 & reality ( ?+s cont9ues ! same4 ,9 common talk1 ! objects ( our s5ses are n t]m$ ideas1 b ?+s4 ,call !m s /ill3 provid$ y d n attribute to !m any absolute ext]nal exi/5ce1 & ,i %all nev] qu>rel ) y = a ^w4 ,! creation1 !re=e1 ,i all[ to h be5 a creation ( ?+s1 ( real ?+s4 ,nei!r is ?is 9 ! lea/ inconsi/5t ) my pr9ciples1 z is evid5t f :at ,i h n[ said2 & w\ld h be5 evid5t to y )\t ?is1 if y _h n =gott5 :at _h be5 s (t5 said be=e4 ,b z = solid corporeal sub/ances1 ,i desire y to %ew :]e ,moses makes any m5tion ( !m2 &1 if !y %\ld be m5tion$ by him1 or any o!r inspir$ writ]1 x w\ld /ill be incumb5t on y to %ew ^? words 7 n tak5 9 ! vulg> acceptation1 = ?+s fall+ "u our s5ses1 b 9 ! philosophic7#iac7 acceptation1 = ,matt]1 or an unkn[n quiddity1 ) an absolute exi/5ce4 ,:5 y h prov$ ^! po9ts1 !n 7& n till !n7 may y br+ ! au?ority ( ,moses into our dispute4 ,hyl4 ,x is 9 va9 to dispute ab\t a po9t s cle>4 ,i am cont5t to ref] x to y\r own consci5ce4 ,are y n satisfi$ !re is "s peculi> repugnancy betwe5 ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! creation & y\r notions8 ,phil4 ,if all possible s5se :i* c be put on ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis may be conceiv$ z consi/5tly ) my pr9ciples z any o!r1 !n x has no peculi> repugnancy ) !m4 ,b !re is no s5se y may n z well conceive1 believ+ z ,i d4 ,s9ce1 besides spirits1 all y conceive are ideas2 & ! exi/5ce ( ^! ,i d n d5y4 ,nei!r d y pret5d !y exi/ )\t ! m9d4 ,hyl4 ,pray let me see any s5se y c und]/& x 94 ,phil4 ,:y1 ,i imag9e t if ,i _h be5 pres5t at ! creation1 ,i %\ld h se5 ?+s produc$ into be+--t is become p]ceptible--9 ! ord] prescrib$ by ! sacr$ hi/orian4 ,i ev] be=e believ$ ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! creation1 & n[ f9d no alt]ation 9 my mann] ( believ+ x4 ,:5 ?+s are said to beg9 or end _! exi/5ce1 we d n mean ?is ) reg>d to ,god1 b ,8 creatures4 ,all objects are et]nally kn[n by ,god1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 h an et]nal exi/5ce 9 ,8 m9d3 b :5 ?+s1 be=e imp]ceptible to creatures1 are1 by a decree ( ,god1 p]ceptible to !m1 !n are !y said to beg9 a relative exi/5ce1 ) respect to creat$ m9ds4 ,^u read+ !re=e ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! creation1 ,i und]/& t ! sev]al p>ts ( ! _w became gradually p]ceivable to f9ite spirits1 end[$ ) prop] faculties2 s t1 :oev] su* 7 pres5t1 !y 7 9 tru? p]ceiv$ by !m7#iad74 ,?is is ! lit]al obvi\s s5se sugge/$ to me by ! words ( ! ,holy ,scripture3 9 :i* is includ$ no m5tion1 or no ?\ght1 ei!r ( sub/ratum1 in/rum5t1 occasion1 or absolute exi/5ce4 ,&1 ^u inquiry1 ,i d\bt n x w be f\nd t mo/ pla9 hone/ m51 :o believe ! creation1 nev] ?9k ( ^? ?+s any m ?an ,i4 ,:at metaphysical s5se y may und]/& x 91 y only c tell4 ,hyl4 ,b1 ,philon\s1 y d n seem to be aw>e t y all[ creat$ ?+s1 9 ! beg9n+1 only a relative1 & consequ5tly hypo!tical be+3 t is to say1 ^u supposition !re 7 m5 to p]ceive !m2 )\t :i* !y h no actuality ( absolute exi/5ce1 :]e9 creation might t]m9ate4 ,is x n1 !re=e1 accord+ to y1 pla9ly impossible ! creation ( any inanimate creatures %\ld prec$e t ( man8 ,& is n ?is directly contr>y to ! ,mosaic acc\nt8 ,phil4 ,9 answ] to t1 ,i say1 fir/1 creat$ be+s might beg9 to exi/ 9 ! m9d ( o!r creat$ intellig5ces1 beside m54 ,y w n !re=e be able to prove any contradiction betwe5 ,moses & my notions1 unless y fir/ %ew !re 0 no o!r ord] ( f9ite creat$ spirits 9 be+1 be=e man4 ,i say f>!r1 9 case we conceive ! creation1 z we %\ld at ?is "t1 a p>cel ( plants or vegetables ( all sorts produc$1 by an invisible ,p[]1 9 a des]t :]e nobody 0 pres5t--t ?is way ( expla9+ or conceiv+ x is consi/5t ) my pr9ciples1 s9ce !y deprive y ( no?+1 ei!r s5sible or imag9able2 t x exactly suits ) ! common1 natural1 & undebau*$ notions ( mank9d2 t x manife/s ! dep5d5ce ( all ?+s on ,god2 & consequ5tly ha? all ! good effect or influ5ce1 :i* x is possible t important article ( our fai? %\ld h 9 mak+ m5 humble1 ?ankful1 & resign$ to _! 7#iae7;great ,creator4 ,i say1 moreov]1 t1 9 ?is nak$ conception ( ?+s1 dive/$ ( words1 !re w n be f\nd any notion ( :at y call ! actuality ( absolute exi/5ce4 ,y may inde$ raise a du/ ) ^? t]ms1 & s l5g!n our dispute to no purpose4 ,b ,i entreat y calmly to look into y\r own ?\ghts1 & !n tell me if !y are n a useless & un9telligible j>gon4 ,hyl4 ,i own ,i h no v cle> notion annex$ to !m4 ,b :at say y to ?is8 ,d y n make ! exi/5ce ( s5sible ?+s consi/ 9 _! be+ 9 a m9d8 ,& 7 n all ?+s et]nally 9 ! m9d ( ,god8 ,did !y n !re=e exi/ f all et]nity1 accord+ to y8 ,& h[ c\ld t :i* 0 et]nal be creat$ 9 "t8 ,c any?+ be cle>] or bett] connect$ ?an ?is8 ,phil4 ,& are n y too ( op9ion1 t ,god knew all ?+s f et]nity8 ,hyl4 ,i am4 ,phil4 ,consequ5tly !y always _h a be+ 9 ! ,div9e intellect4 ,hyl4 ,?is ,i ackn[l$ge4 ,phil4 ,by y\r own confession1 !re=e1 no?+ is new1 or beg9s to be1 9 respect ( ! m9d ( ,god4 ,s we are agre$ 9 t po9t4 ,hyl4 ,:at %all we make !n ( ! creation8 ,phil4 ,may we n und]/& x to h be5 entirely 9 respect ( f9ite spirits2 s t ?+s1 ) reg>d to u1 may prop]ly be said to beg9 _! exi/5ce1 or be creat$1 :5 ,god decre$ !y %\ld become p]ceptible to intellig5t creatures1 9 t ord] & mann] :i* ,he !n e/abli%$1 & we n[ call ! laws ( nature8 ,y may call ?is a relative1 or hypo!tical exi/5ce if y please4 ,b1 s long z x supplies u ) ! mo/ natural1 obvi\s1 & lit]al s5se ( ! ,mosaic hi/ory ( ! creation2 s long z x answ]s all ! religi\s ends ( t great article2 9 a ^w1 s long z y c assign no o!r s5se or mean+ 9 its /ead2 :y %\ld we reject ?is8 ,is x to comply ) a ridicul\s sceptical hum\r ( mak+ ev]y?+ nons5se & un9telligible8 ,i am sure y _c say x is = ! glory ( ,god4 ,=1 all[+ x to be a ?+ possible & conceivable t ! corporeal _w %\ld h an absolute exi/5ce extr9sical to ! m9d ( ,god1 z well z to ! m9ds ( all creat$ spirits2 yet h[ c\ld ?is set =? ei!r ! imm5sity or omnisci5ce ( ! ,deity1 or ! necess>y & imm$iate dep5d5ce ( all ?+s on ,him8 ,nay1 w\ld x n r seem to d]ogate f ^? attributes8 ,hyl4 ,well1 b z to ?is decree ( ,god's1 = mak+ ?+s p]ceptible1 :at say y1 ,philon\s8 ,is x n pla91 ,god did ei!r execute t decree f all et]nity1 or at "s c]ta9 "t began to w :at ,he _h n actually will$ be=e1 b only design$ to w8 ,if ! =m]1 !n !re c\ld be no creation1 or beg9n+ ( exi/5ce1 9 f9ite ?+s7#iaf74 ,if ! latt]1 !n we mu/ ackn[l$ge some?+ new to befall ! ,deity2 :i* implies a sort ( *ange3 & all *ange argues imp]fection4 ,phil4 ,pray consid] :at y are do+4 ,is x n evid5t ?is objection concludes equally aga9/ a creation 9 any s5se2 nay1 aga9/ e o!r act ( ! ,deity1 discov]able by ! light ( nature8 ,none ( :i* c we conceive1 o!rwise ?an z p]=m$ 9 "t1 & hav+ a beg9n+4 ,god is a ,be+ ( transc5d5t & unlimit$ p]fections3 ,8 nature1 !re=e1 is incompreh5sible to f9ite spirits4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 to be expect$1 t any man1 :e!r ,mat]iali/ or ,immat]iali/1 %\ld h exactly j notions ( ! ,deity1 ,8 attributes1 & ways ( op]ation4 ,if !n y w\ld inf] any?+ aga9/ me1 y\r difficulty mu/ n be drawn f ! inadequat5ess ( our conceptions ( ! ,div9e nature1 :i* is unavoidable on any s*eme2 b f ! d5ial ( ,matt]1 ( :i* !re is n "o ^w1 directly or indirectly1 9 :at y h n[ object$4 ,hyl4 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge ! difficulties y are conc]n$ to cle> are su* only z arise f ! non-exi/5ce ( ,matt]1 & are peculi> to t notion4 ,s f> y are 9 ! "r4 ,b ,i _c by any means br+ myself to ?9k !re is no su* peculi> repugnancy betwe5 ! creation & y\r op9ion2 ?\gh inde$ :]e to fix x1 ,i d n di/9ctly "k4 ,phil4 ,:at w\ld y h8 ,d ,i n ackn[l$ge a tw(old /ate ( ?+s--! "o ectypal or natural1 ! o!r ar*etypal & et]nal8 ,! =m] 0 creat$ 9 "t2 ! latt] exi/$ f ev]la/+ 9 ! m9d ( ,god7#iag74 ,is n ?is agreeable to ! common notions ( div9es8 or1 is any m ?an ?is necess>y 9 ord] to conceive ! creation8 ,b y suspect "s peculi> repugnancy1 ?\gh y "k n :]e x lies4 ,to take away all possibility ( scruple 9 ! case1 d b consid] ?is "o po9t4 ,ei!r y are n able to conceive ! creation on any hypo!sis :atsoev]2 &1 if s1 !re is no gr\nd = dislike or compla9t aga9/ any p>ticul> op9ion on t score3 or y are able to conceive x2 &1 if s1 :y n on my ,pr9ciples1 s9ce !reby no?+ conceivable is tak5 away8 ,y h all along be5 all[$ ! full scope ( s5se1 imag9ation1 & reason4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 y c\ld be=e appreh5d1 ei!r imm$iately or m$iately by y\r s5ses1 or by ratioc9ation f y\r s5ses2 :atev] y c\ld p]ceive1 imag9e1 or und]/&1 rema9s /ill ) y4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! notion y h ( ! creation by o!r ,pr9ciples be intelligible1 y h x /ill ^u m9e2 if x be n intelligible1 ,i conceive x to be no notion at all2 & s !re is no loss ( x4 ,& inde$ x seems to me v pla9 t ! supposition ( ,matt]1 t is a ?+ p]fectly unkn[n & inconceivable1 _c s]ve to make u conceive any?+4 ,&1 ,i hope x ne$ n be prov$ to y t if ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]7#iah7 do? n make ! creation conceivable1 ! creation's be+ )\t x inconceivable c be no objection aga9/ its non-exi/5ce4 ,hyl4 ,i confess1 ,philon\s1 y h almo/ satisfi$ me 9 ?is po9t ( ! creation4 ,phil4 ,i w\ld fa9 "k :y y are n q satisfi$4 ,y tell me inde$ ( a repugnancy betwe5 ! ,mosaic hi/ory & ,immat]ialism3 b y "k n :]e x lies4 ,is ?is reasonable1 ,hylas8 ,c y expect ,i %\ld solve a difficulty )\t kn[+ :at x is8 ,b1 to pass by all t1 w\ld n a man ?9k y 7 assur$ !re is no repugnancy betwe5 ! receiv$ notions ( ,mat]iali/s & ! inspir$ writ+s8 ,hyl4 ,& s ,i am4 ,phil4 ,ought ! hi/orical "p ( ,scripture to be und]/ood 9 a pla9 obvi\s s5se1 or 9 a s5se :i* is metaphysical & out ( ! way8 ,hyl4 ,9 ! pla9 s5se1 d\btless4 ,phil4 ,:5 ,moses speaks ( h]bs1 e>?1 wat]1 c4 z hav+ be5 creat$ by ,god2 ?9k y n ! s5sible ?+s commonly signifi$ by ^? words are sugge/$ to e unphilosophical read]8 ,hyl4 ,i _c help ?9k+ s4 ,phil4 ,& are n all ideas1 or ?+s p]ceiv$ by s5se1 to be d5i$ a real exi/5ce by ! doctr9e ( ! ,mat]iali/8 ,hyl4 ,?is ,i h already ackn[l$g$4 ,phil4 ,! creation1 !re=e1 accord+ to !m1 0 n ! creation ( ?+s s5sible1 :i* h only a relative be+1 b ( c]ta9 unkn[n natures1 :i* h an absolute be+1 :]e9 creation might t]m9ate8 ,hyl4 ,true4 ,phil4 ,is x n !re=e evid5t ! ass]tors ( ,matt] de/roy ! pla9 obvi\s s5se ( ,moses1 ) :i* _! notions are utt]ly inconsi/5t2 & in/ead ( x obtrude on u ,i "k n :at2 some?+ equally un9telligible to !mselves & me8 ,hyl4 ,i _c contradict y4 ,phil4 ,moses tells u ( a creation4 ,a creation ( :at8 ( unkn[n quiddities1 ( occasions1 or sub/ratum8 ,no1 c]ta9ly2 b ( ?+s obvi\s to ! s5ses4 ,y mu/ fir/ reconcile ?is ) y\r notions1 if y expect ,i %\ld be reconcil$ to !m4 ,hyl4 ,i see y c assault me ) my own weapons4 ,phil4 ,!n z to absolute exi/5ce2 0 !re ev] kn[n a m jejune notion ?an t8 ,some?+ x is s ab/ract$ & un9telligible t y h frankly own$ y c\ld n conceive x1 mu* less expla9 any?+ by x4 ,b all[+ ,matt] to exi/1 & ! notion ( absolute exi/5ce to be z cle> z light2 yet1 0 ?is ev] kn[n to make ! creation m cr$ible8 ,nay1 ha? x n furni%$ ! a!i/s & infidels ( all ages ) ! mo/ plausible argum5ts aga9/ a creation8 ,t a corporeal sub/ance1 :i* ha? an absolute exi/5ce )\t ! m9ds ( spirits1 %\ld be produc$ out ( no?+1 by ! m]e w ( a ,_s1 ha? be5 look$ ^u z a ?+ s contr>y to all reason1 s impossible & absurd1 t n only ! mo/ celebrat$ among ! anci5ts1 b ev5 div]s mod]n & ,*ri/ian philosoph]s h ?\ght ,matt] co-et]nal ) ! ,deity7#iai74 ,lay ^! ?+s toge!r1 & !n judge y :e!r ,mat]ialism disposes m5 to believe ! creation ( ?+s4 ,hyl4 ,i own1 ,philon\s1 ,i ?9k x does n4 ,?is ( ! creation is ! la/ objection ,i c ?9k (2 & ,i mu/ ne$s own x ha? be5 suffici5tly answ]$ z well z ! re/4 ,no?+ n[ rema9s to be ov]come b a sort ( unacc\ntable backw>dness t ,i f9d 9 myself t[>ds y\r notions4 ,phil4 ,:5 a man is sway$1 he kn[s n :y1 to "o side ( ! "q1 c ?is1 ?9k y1 be any?+ else b ! effect ( prejudice1 :i* nev] fails to att5d old & root$ notions8 ,& inde$ 9 ?is respect ,i _c d5y ! belief ( ,matt] to h v mu* ! advantage ov] ! contr>y op9ion1 ) m5 ( a le>n$ education4 ,hyl4 ,i confess x seems to be z y say4 ,phil4 ,z a balance1 !re=e1 to ?is weight ( prejudice1 let u ?r[ into ! scale ! great advantages7#ibj7 t arise f ! belief ( ,immat]ialism1 bo? 9 reg>d to religion & human le>n+4 ,! be+ ( a ,god1 & incorruptibility ( ! s\l1 ^? great articles ( religion1 are !y n prov$ ) ! cle>e/ & mo/ imm$iate evid5ce8 ,:5 ,i say ! be+ ( a ,god1 ,i d n mean an obscure g5]al ,cause ( ?+s1 :]e( we h no conception1 b ,god1 9 ! /rict & prop] s5se ( ! ^w4 ,a ,be+ ^: spirituality1 omnipres5ce1 provid5ce1 omnisci5ce1 inf9ite p[] & goodness1 are z conspicu\s z ! exi/5ce ( s5sible ?+s1 ( :i* 7not)/&+ ! fallaci\s pret5ces & affect$ scruples ( ,sceptics7 !re is no m reason to d\bt ?an ( our own be+4--,!n1 ) relation to human sci5ces4 ,9 ,natural ,philosophy1 :at intricacies1 :at obscurities1 :at contradictions ha? ! belief ( ,matt] l$ m5 into6 ,to say no?+ ( ! numb]less disputes ab\t its ext5t1 cont9uity1 homog5eity1 gravity1 divisibility1 c4--d !y n pret5d to expla9 all ?+s by bodies op]at+ on bodies1 accord+ to ! laws ( motion8 & yet1 are !y able to compreh5d h[ "o body %\ld move ano!r8 ,nay1 admitt+ !re 0 no difficulty 9 reconcil+ ! notion ( an in]t be+ ) a cause1 or 9 conceiv+ h[ an accid5t might pass f "o body to ano!r2 yet1 by all _! /ra9$ ?\ghts & extravagant suppositions1 h !y be5 able to rea* ! me*anical production ( any "o animal or vegetable body8 ,c !y acc\nt1 by ! laws ( motion1 = s\nds1 ta/es1 smells1 or col\rs2 or = ! regul> c\rse ( ?+s8 ,h !y acc\nt$1 by physical pr9ciples1 = ! aptitude & contrivance ev5 ( ! mo/ inconsid]able p>ts ( ! univ]se8 ,b1 lay+ aside ,matt] & corporeal causes1 & admitt+ only ! effici5cy ( an ,all-p]fect ,m9d1 are n all ! effects ( nature easy & intelligible8 ,if ! ph5om5a are no?+ else b ideas2 ,god is a _s1 b ,matt] an un9tellig5t1 unp]ceiv+ be+4 ,if !y demon/rate an unlimit$ p[] 9 _! cause2 ,god is active & omnipot5t1 b ,matt] an in]t mass4 ,if ! ord]1 regul>ity1 & usefulness ( !m c nev] be suffici5tly admir$2 ,god is inf9itely wise & provid5t1 b ,matt] de/itute ( all contrivance & design4 ,^! surely are great advantages 9 ,physics4 ,n to m5tion t ! appreh5sion ( a di/ant ,deity naturally disposes m5 to a neglig5ce 9 _! moral actions2 :i* !y w\ld be m cauti\s (1 9 case !y ?\ght ,him imm$iately pres5t1 & act+ on _! m9ds1 )\t ! int]position ( ,matt]1 or un?9k+ second causes4--,!n 9 ,metaphysics3 :at difficulties conc]n+ entity 9 ab/ract1 sub/antial =ms1 hyl>*ic pr9ciples1 pla/ic natures17#iba7 sub/ance & accid5t1 pr9ciple ( individuation1 possibility ( ,matt]'s ?9k+1 orig9 ( ideas1 ! mann] h[ two indep5d5t sub/ances s widely diff]5t z ,_s & ,matt]1 %\ld mutually op]ate on ea* o!r8 :at difficulties1 ,i say1 & endless disquisitions1 conc]n+ ^! & innum]able o!r ! l po9ts1 d we escape1 by suppos+ only ,spirits & ideas8--,ev5 ! ,ma!matics !mselves1 if we take away ! absolute exi/5ce ( ext5d$ ?+s1 become mu* m cle> & easy2 ! mo/ %ock+ p>adoxes & intricate speculations 9 ^? sci5ces dep5d+ on ! inf9ite divisibility ( f9ite ext5sion2 :i* dep5ds on t supposition4--,b :at ne$ is !re to insi/ on ! p>ticul> sci5ces8 ,is n t opposition to all sci5ce :atsoev]1 t fr5zy ( ! anci5t & mod]n ,sceptics1 built on ! same f\ndation8 ,or c y produce s mu* z "o argum5t aga9/ ! reality ( corporeal ?+s1 or 9 behalf ( t av[$ utt] ignorance ( _! natures1 :i* do? n suppose _! reality to consi/ 9 an ext]nal absolute exi/5ce8 ,^u ?is supposition1 inde$1 ! objections f ! *ange ( col\rs 9 a pigeon's neck1 or ! appe>ance ( ! brok5 o> 9 ! wat]1 mu/ be all[$ to h weight4 ,b ^! & ! l objections vani%1 if we d n ma9ta9 ! be+ ( absolute ext]nal orig9als1 b place ! reality ( ?+s 9 ideas1 fleet+ inde$1 & *angeable2--h[ev]1 n *ang$ at r&om1 b accord+ to ! fix$ ord] ( nature4 ,=1 h]e9 consi/s t con/ancy & tru? ( ?+s :i* secures all ! conc]ns ( life1 & di/+ui%es t :i* is real f ! irregul> visions ( ! fancy7#ibb74 ,hyl4 ,i agree to all y h n[ said1 & mu/ own t no?+ c incl9e me to embrace y\r op9ion m ?an ! advantages ,i see x is att5d$ )4 ,i am by nature lazy2 & ?is w\ld be a mighty abridgm5t 9 k4 ,:at d\bts1 :at hypo!ses1 :at labyr9?s ( amusem5t1 :at fields ( disputation1 :at an ocean ( false le>n+1 may be avoid$ by t s+le notion ( ,immat]ialism6 ,phil4 ,aft] all1 is !re any?+ f>!r rema9+ to be done8 ,y may rememb] y promis$ to embrace t op9ion :i* ^u exam9ation %\ld appe> mo/ agreeable to ,common ,s5se & remote f ,scepticism4 ,?is1 by y\r own confession1 is t :i* d5ies ,matt]1 or ! absolute exi/5ce ( corporeal ?+s4 ,nor is ?is all2 ! same notion has be5 prov$ sev]al ways1 view$ 9 diff]5t lights1 pursu$ 9 its consequ5ces1 & all objections aga9/ x cle>$4 ,c !re be a great] evid5ce ( its tru?8 or is x possible x %\ld h all ! m>ks ( a true op9ion & yet be false8 ,hyl4 ,i own myself entirely satisfi$ = ! pres5t 9 all respects4 ,b1 :at security c ,i h t ,i %all /ill cont9ue ! same full ass5t to y\r op9ion1 & t no un?\ght-( objection or difficulty w occur h]eaft]8 ,phil4 ,pray1 ,hylas1 d y 9 o!r cases1 :5 a po9t is once evid5tly prov$1 )hold y\r cons5t on acc\nt ( objections or difficulties x may be liable to8 ,are ! difficulties t att5d ! doctr9e ( incomm5surable quantities1 ( ! angle ( contact1 ( ! asymptotes to curves1 or ! l1 suffici5t to make y hold out aga9/ ma!matical demon/ration8 ,or w y disbelieve ! ,provid5ce ( ,god1 because !re may be "s p>ticul> ?+s :i* y "k n h[ to reconcile ) x8 ,if !re are difficulties att5d+ ,immat]ialism1 !re are at ! same "t direct & evid5t pro(s ( x4 ,b = ! exi/5ce ( ,matt]7#ibc7 !re is n "o pro(1 & f> m num]\s & insurm\ntable objections lie aga9/ x4 ,b :]e are ^? mighty difficulties y insi/ on8 ,alas6 y "k n :]e or :at !y are2 some?+ :i* may possibly occur h]eaft]4 ,if ?is be a suffici5t pret5ce = )hold+ y\r full ass5t1 y %\ld nev] yield x to any proposition1 h[ free soev] f exceptions1 h[ cle>ly & solidly soev] demon/rat$4 ,hyl4 ,y h satisfi$ me1 ,philon\s4 ,phil4 ,b1 to arm y aga9/ all future objections1 d b consid]3 ,t :i* be>s equally h>d on two contradictory op9ions c be pro( aga9/ nei!r4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 any difficulty occurs1 try if y c f9d a solution = x on ! hypo!sis ( ! ,mat]iali/s4 ,be n deceiv$ by words2 b s\nd y\r own ?\ghts4 ,& 9 case y _c conceive x easi] by ! help ( ,mat]ialism1 x is pla9 x c be no objection aga9/ ,immat]ialism4 ,_h y proce$$ all along by ?is rule1 y w\ld probably h sp>$ y\rself abundance ( tr\ble 9 object+2 s9ce ( all y\r difficulties ,i *all5ge y to %ew "o t is expla9$ by ,matt]3 nay1 :i* is n m un9telligible ) ?an )\t t supposition2 & consequ5tly makes r aga9/ ?an = x4 ,y %\ld consid]1 9 ea* p>ticul>1 :e!r ! difficulty arises f ! non-exi/5ce ( ,matt]4 ,if x do? n1 y might z well argue f ! inf9ite divisibility ( ext5sion aga9/ ! ,div9e presci5ce1 z f su* a difficulty aga9/ ,immat]ialism4 ,& yet1 ^u recollection1 ,i believe y w f9d ?is to h be5 (t51 if n always1 ! case4 ,y %\ld likewise take he$ n to argue on a petitio pr9cipii4 ,"o is apt to say--,! unkn[n sub/ances ought to be e/eem$ real ?+s1 r ?an ! ideas 9 our m9ds3 & :o c tell b ! un?9k+ ext]nal sub/ance may concur1 z a cause or in/rum5t1 9 ! productions ( our ideas8 ,b is n ?is proce$+ on a supposition t !re are su* ext]nal sub/ances8 ,& to suppose ?is1 is x n begg+ ! "q8 ,b1 above all ?+s1 y %\ld bew>e ( impos+ on y\rself by t vulg> sophism :i* is call$ ignoratio cl5*i4 ,y talk$ (t5 z if y ?\ght ,i ma9ta9$ ! non-exi/5ce ( ,s5sible ,?+s4 ,:]eas 9 tru? no "o c be m ?or\ghly assur$ ( _! exi/5ce ?an ,i am4 ,& x is y :o d\bt2 ,i %\ld h said1 positively d5y x4 ,ev]y?+ t is se51 felt1 he>d1 or any way p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 is1 on ! pr9ciples ,i embrace1 a real be+2 b n on y\rs4 ,rememb]1 ! ,matt] y cont5d = is an ,unkn[n ,some:at 7if inde$ x may be t]m$ some:at71 :i* is q /ripp$ ( all s5sible qualities1 & c nei!r be p]ceiv$ by s5se1 nor appreh5d$ by ! m9d4 ,rememb]1 ,i say1 t x is n any object :i* is h>d or s(t1 hot or cold1 blue or :ite1 r\nd or squ>e1 c4 ,= all ^! ?+s ,i affirm d exi/4 ,?\gh inde$ ,i d5y !y h an exi/5ce di/9ct f be+ p]ceiv$2 or t !y exi/ out ( all m9ds :atsoev]4 ,?9k on ^! po9ts2 let !m be att5tively consid]$ & /ill kept 9 view4 ,o!rwise y w n compreh5d ! /ate ( ! "q2 )\t :i* y\r objections w always be wide ( ! m>k1 &1 in/ead ( m9e1 may possibly be direct$ 7z m ?an once !y h be57 aga9/ y\r own notions4 ,hyl4 ,i mu/ ne$s own1 ,philon\s1 no?+ seems to h kept me f agree+ ) y m ?an ?is same mi/ak+ ! "q4 ,9 d5y+ ,matt]1 at fir/ glimpse ,i am tempt$ to imag9e y d5y ! ?+s we see & feel3 b1 ^u reflexion1 f9d !re is no gr\nd = x4 ,:at ?9k y1 !re=e1 ( reta9+ ! "n ,matt]1 & apply+ x to s5sible ?+s8 ,?is may be done )\t any *ange 9 y\r s5tim5ts3 &1 believe me1 x w\ld be a means ( reconcil+ !m to "s p]sons :o may be m %ock$ at an innovation 9 words ?an 9 op9ion4 ,phil4 ,) all my he>t3 reta9 ! ^w ,matt]1 & apply x to ! objects ( s5se1 if y please2 provid$ y d n attribute to !m any subsi/5ce di/9ct f _! be+ p]ceiv$4 ,i %all nev] qu>rel ) y = an expression4 ,matt]1 or mat]ial sub/ance1 are t]ms introduc$ by philosoph]s2 &1 z us$ by !m1 imply a sort ( indep5d5cy1 or a subsi/5ce di/9ct f be+ p]ceiv$ by a m9d3 b are nev] us$ by common p2 or1 if ev]1 x is to signify ! imm$iate objects ( s5se4 ,"o w\ld ?9k1 !re=e1 s long z ! names ( all p>ticul> ?+s1 ) ! t]ms s5sible1 sub/ance1 body1 /uff1 & ! l1 are reta9$1 ! ^w ,matt] %\ld be nev] miss$ 9 common talk4 ,& 9 philosophical disc\rses x seems ! be/ way to leave x q out3 s9ce !re is n1 p]haps1 any "o ?+ t ha? m fav\r$ & /r5g!n$ ! deprav$ b5t ( ! m9d t[>ds ,a!ism ?an ! use ( t g5]al confus$ t]m4 ,hyl4 ,well b1 ,philon\s1 s9ce ,i am cont5t to give up ! notion ( an un?9k+ sub/ance ext]ior to ! m9d1 ,i ?9k y ought n to d5y me ! privilege ( us+ ! ^w ,matt] z ,i please1 & annex+ x to a collection ( s5sible qualities subsi/+ only 9 ! m9d4 ,i freely own !re is no o!r sub/ance1 9 a /rict s5se1 ?an ,_s4 ,b ,i h be5 s long accu/om$ to ! t]m ,matt] t ,i "k n h[ to "p ) x3 to say1 !re is no ,matt] 9 ! _w1 is /ill %ock+ to me4 ,:]eas to say--,!re is no ,matt]1 if by t t]m be meant an un?9k+ sub/ance exi/+ )\t ! m9d2 b if by ,matt] is meant "s s5sible ?+1 ^: exi/5ce consi/s 9 be+ p]ceiv$1 !n !re is ,matt]3--?is di/9ction gives x q ano!r turn2 & m5 w come into y\r notions ) small difficulty1 :5 !y are propos$ 9 t mann]4 ,=1 aft] all1 ! controv]sy ab\t ,matt] 9 ! /rict acceptation ( x1 lies altoge!r betwe5 y & ! philosoph]s3 ^: pr9ciples1 ,i ackn[l$ge1 are n ne> s natural1 or s agreeable to ! common s5se ( mank9d1 & ,holy ,scripture1 z y\rs4 ,!re is no?+ we ei!r desire or %un b z x makes1 or is appreh5d$ to make1 "s "p ( our happ9ess or mis]y4 ,b :at ha? happ9ess or mis]y1 joy or grief1 pleasure or pa91 to d ) ,absolute ,exi/5ce2 or ) unkn[n entities1 ab/ract$ f all relation to u8 ,x is evid5t1 ?+s reg>d u only z !y are pleas+ or displeas+3 & !y c please or displease only s f> =? z !y are p]ceiv$4 ,f>!r1 !re=e1 we are n conc]n$2 & ?us f> y leave ?+s z y f\nd !m4 ,yet /ill !re is some?+ new 9 ?is doctr9e4 ,x is pla91 ,i d n n[ ?9k ) ! philosoph]s2 nor yet altoge!r ) ! vulg>4 ,i w\ld "k h[ ! case /&s 9 t respect2 precisely1 :at y h add$ to1 or alt]$ 9 my =m] notions4 ,phil4 ,i d n pret5d to be a sett]-up ( new notions4 ,my endeav\rs t5d only to unite1 & place 9 a cle>] light1 t tru? :i* 0 be=e %>$ betwe5 ! vulg> & ! philosoph]s3--! =m] be+ ( op9ion1 t ^? ?+s !y imm$iately p]ceive are ! real ?+s2 & ! latt]1 t ! ?+s imm$iately p]ceiv$ are ideas1 :i* exi/ only 9 ! m9d7#ibd74 ,:i* two notions put toge!r1 d1 9 effect1 con/itute ! sub/ance ( :at ,i advance4 ,hyl4 ,i h be5 a long "t di/ru/+ my s5ses3 me?\ght ,i saw ?+s by a dim light & ?r\gh false glasses4 ,n[ ! glasses are remov$ & a new light breaks 9 ^u my und]/&+4 ,i am cle>ly conv9c$ t ,i see ?+s 9 _! native =ms1 & am no long] 9 pa9 ab\t _! unkn[n natures or absolute exi/5ce4 ,?is is ! /ate ,i f9d myself 9 at pres5t2 ?\gh1 inde$1 ! c\rse t br\ght me to x ,i d n yet ?or\ghly compreh5d4 ,y set out ^u ! same pr9ciples t ,academics1 ,c>tesians1 & ! l sects usually d2 & = a long "t x look$ z if y 7 advanc+ _! philosophical ,scepticism3 b1 9 ! end1 y\r conclusions are directly opposite to !irs4 ,phil4 ,y see1 ,hylas1 ! wat] ( yond] f\nta91 h[ x is =c$ upw>ds1 9 a r\nd column1 to a c]ta9 height2 at :i* x breaks1 & falls back into ! bas9 f :5ce x rose3 its asc5t1 z well z desc5t1 proce$+ f ! same uni=m law or pr9ciple ( gravitation4 ,j s1 ! same ,pr9ciples :i*1 at fir/ view1 lead to ,scepticism1 pursu$ to a c]ta9 po9t1 br+ m5 back to ,common ,s5se4 ,,de ,,motu3 ,,sive2 ,,de ,,motus ,,pr9cipio ,,et ,,natura1 ,,et ,,de ,,causa ,,communicationis ,,motuum ,fir/ publi%$ 9 #agba ,editor's ,preface ,to ,de ,motu ,?is ,lat9 diss]tation on ,motion1 or *ange ( place 9 ! compon5t atoms ( ! mat]ial _w1 0 writt5 9 #agbj1 :5 ,b]keley 0 return+ to ,irel&1 aft] he _h sp5t "s ye>s 9 ,italy1 on leave ( abs5ce f ,tr9ity ,college4 ,a prize = an essay on ! 8,cause ( ,motion10 _h1 x seems1 be5 (f]$ 9 t ye> by ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,! subject sugge/$ an advance on ! l9e ( ?\ght pursu$ 9 ,b]keley's ,pr9ciples & ,dialogues4 ,! m9d-dep5d5t reality ( ! mat]ial _w1 prom95t 9 ^? works1 0 9 !m insi/$ on1 n z a speculative p>adox1 b ma9ly 9 ord] to %ew ! spiritual "* ( ! ,p[] t is cont9ually at "w ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,?is essay on :at 0 ?us a cong5ial subject 0 f9i%$ at ,lyons1 & publi%$ e>ly 9 #agba1 soon aft] ,b]keley arriv$ 9 ,london4 ,x 0 repr9t$ 9 8 ,miscellany 9 #ageb4 ,i h n f\nd evid5ce t x 0 ev] submitt$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,at any rate ! prize 0 aw>d$ to ,cr\saz1 ! well-kn[n logician & pr(essor ( philosophy at ,lausanne4 ,! ,de ,motu is int]e/+ biographically z well z philosophically1 z a revelation ( ,b]keley's way ( ?9k+ ab\t ! causal relations ( ,matt] & ,_s sev5 ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! ,dialogues4 ,9 #agac 8 exp]i5ce ( life 0 conf9$ to ,irel&4 ,n[1 aft] mon?s 9 ,london1 9 ! society ( ,swift1 & ,pope1 & ,addison1 he _h obs]v$ nature & m5 9 ,france & ,italy4 ,8 eag] temp]am5t & extraord9>y social *>m op5$ ! way 9 ^? ye>s ( travel to frequ5t int]c\rse ) fam\s m54 ,?is1 = ! "t1 sup]s$$ controv]sy ) mat]ialism & scepticism1 & div]t$ 8 en?usiasm to nature & high art4 ,"o likes to see h[ he h&les ! old que/ions z !y n[ arise 9 ! philosophical treatm5t ( motion 9 space1 :i* 0 reg>d$ by _m z ! key to all o!r ph5om5a pres5t$ 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,= "o ?+1 ! unreality ( ! data ( s5se aft] total ab/raction ( liv+ m9d1 ! *ief ,pr9ciple 9 ! e>li] works1 lies m 9 ! backgr\nd 9 ! ,de ,motu4 ,yet x is tacitly assum$1 z ! basis ( an argum5t = ! p[]lessness ( all s5sible ?+s1 & = refund+ all active p[] 9 ! univ]se into consci\s ag5cy4 ,m5s agitat molem might be tak5 z a motto = ! ,de ,motu4 ,!n !re is m frequ5t ref]5ce to sci5tific & philosophical au?orities ?an 9 8 m juv5ile treatises4 ,plato & ,ari/otle are (t5] 9 view4 ,italy seems to h introduc$ him to ! physical sci5ce ( ,borelli & ,torricelli4 ,leibniz1 :o di$ 9 #agaf1 :5 ,b]keley 0 9 ,italy1 is nam$ by him = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,de ,motu4 ,p]haps he _h le>n$ some?+ :5 he 0 abroad ab\t ! mo/ illu/ri\s philosoph] ( ! "t4 ,& x is int]e/+ by ! way to f9d 9 "o ( ^? ye>s :at is1 ,i ?9k1 ! only allusion to ,b]keley by ,leibniz4 ,x is conta9$ 9 "o ( ! ,g]man philosoph]'s lett]s to ,des ,bosses1 9 #agae4 8,qui 9 ,hyb]nia corporum realitatem impugnat10 ,leibniz writes1 8videtur nec rationes aff]re idoneas1 nee m5tem suam satis explic>e4 ,suspicor esse ex eo hom9um g5]e qui p] ,p>adoxa cognosci volunt40 ,?is s5t5ce is int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! writ]1 al?\gh x sugge/s vague1 & p]haps second-h& k ( ! ,iri%man & 8 pr9ciples4 ,! "n ( ,hobbes does n appe> 9 ! ,de ,motu4 ,yet "o might h expect$ x1 9 consid]ation ( ! supreme place :i* motion takes 9 8 sy/em1 :i* re/s ^u ! pr9ciple t all *anges 9 ! univ]se may be resolv$ into *ange ( place4 ,9 ! ,de ,motu ! fav\rite language ( ideal realism is ab&on$ = ! mo/ "p4 8,bodies10 n 8ideas ( s5se10 are contra/$ ) m9d or _s1 al?\gh body /ill means significant appe>ance pres5t$ to ! s5ses4 ,inde$ ! t]m idea occurs less (t5 9 ?is & ! subsequ5t writ+s ( ,b]keley4 ,i w n[ give "s acc\nt ( sali5t features 9 ! ,de ,motu4 ,l ! ,pr9ciples ! tract op5s ) a prote/ aga9/ ! empty ab/ractions1 & consequ5t frivol\s discussions1 :i* ev5 me*anical sci5ce _h c\nt5anc$ al?\gh deal+ ) matt]s s obvi\s to s5se z ! ph5om5a ( motion4 ,=ce1 ef=t1 solicitation ( gravity1 nisus1 are examples ( ab/ract t]ms connect$ ) motion1 to :i* no?+ 9 :at is pres5t$ to ! s5ses is f\nd to correspond4 ,yet corporeal p[] is spok5 ( z if x 7 some?+ p]ceptible by s5se1 & s f\nd )9 ! bodies we see & t\* 7sect4 #a-c74 ,b x turns out diff]5tly :5 philosoph]s & naturali/s try to imag9e ! physical =ce t is suppos$ to inhabit bodies1 & to expla9 _! motions4 ,! conception ( motion has be5 ! p>5t ( innum]able p>adoxes & seem+ contradictions among anci5t ,greek ?9k]s2 = x pres5ts1 9 a /rik+ =m1 ! metaphysical difficulties 9 ! way ( a reconciliation ( ! ,"o & ! ,_m--difficulties :i* ,b]keley _h already attribut$ to p]v]se ab/ractions1 ) :i* philosoph]s amus$ !mselves & block$ up ! way to concrete k2 fir/ wantonly rais+ a du/1 & !n compla9+ t !y c\ld n see4 ,nor has mod]n me*anical sci5ce 9 ?is respect f>$ bett] ?an ! old philosophies4 ,ev5 its lead]s1 ,torricelli1 = in/ance1 & ,leibniz1 (f] u s*ola/ic %ad[s--empty metaphysical ab/ractions--:5 !y speak ab\t an active p[] t is suppos$ to be lodg$ )9 ! ?+s ( s5se4 ,torricelli tells u t ! =ces )9 ! ?+s ar\nd u1 & )9 our own bodies1 are 8subtle qu9tess5ces1 enclos$ 9 a corporeal sub/ance z 9 ! en*ant$ vase ( ,circe02 & ,leibniz speaks ( _! active p[]s z _! 8sub/antial =m10 :atev] t c be conceiv$ to mean4 ,o!rs call ! p[] to :i* *ange ( place is due1 ! hyl>*ic pr9ciple1 an appetite 9 bodies1 a spontaneity inh]5t 9 !m2 or !y assume t1 besides _! ext5sion1 solidity1 & o!r qualities :i* appe> 9 s5se1 !re is also some?+ nam$ =ce1 lat5t 9 !m if n pat5t--9 all :i* we h a flood ( words1 empty ( concrete ?\ght4 ,at be/ ! language is metaphorical 7sect4 #b-i74 ,= %[+ ! active cause at "w 9 ! production ( motion 9 bodies1 x is ( no avail to "n1 z if x 7 a datum ( s5se1 :at is n pres5table to our s5ses4 ,let u1 in/ead1 turn to ! only o!r sort ( data 9 realis$ exp]i5ce4 ,= we f9d only two sorts ( realities 9 exp]i5ce1 ! "o sort reveal$ by our s5ses1 ! o!r by inw>d consci\sness4 ,we c affirm no?+ ab\t ! cont5ts ( bodies except :at our s5ses pres5t1 namely1 concrete ?+s1 ext5d$1 figur$1 solid1 hav+ also innum]able o!r qualities1 :i* seem all to dep5d ^u *ange ( place 9 ! ?+s1 or 9 _! con/itu5t p>ticles4 ,! cont5ts ( m9d or _s1 on ! o!r h&1 are disclos$ to inn] consci\sness1 :i* reveals a s5ti5t ,ego t is actively p]cipi5t & ex]tive4 ,& x mu/ be 9 ! second ( ^! two concrete revelations ( reality1 t active causation1 on :i* motion & all o!r *ange dep5ds1 is to be f\nd--n 9 empty ab/ractions1 cov]$ by words l p[]1 cause1 =ce1 or nisus1 :i* correspond to no?+ p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses 7sect4 #ba74 ,s t :i* we call body pres5ts )9 itself no?+ 9 :i* *ange ( place or /ate c orig9ate causally4 ,ext5sion1 figure1 solidity1 & all ! o!r p]ceptible con/itu5ts ( bodies are appe>ances only--passive ph5om5a1 :i* succe$ "o ano!r 9 an ord]ly cosmical procession1 on :i* d\btless our pa9s & pleasures l>gely dep5d4 ,b !re is no s5sibly p]ceptible p[] f\nd among ^? s5su\s appe>ances4 ,!y c only be caus$ causes1 adapt$1 z we presuppose1 to signify to u :at we may expect to foll[ t appe>ance4 ,! reason ( _! significance1 i4e4 ( ! con/ancy ( _! sequ5ces & coexi/5ces1 mu/ be s\ght = outside ( !mselves4 ,exp]im5tal rese>* may discov] new t]ms among ! correlat$ cosmical sequ5ces or coexi/5ces1 b ! newly discov]$ t]ms mu/ /ill be only passive ph5om5a previ\sly unp]ceiv$4 ,body means only :at is pres5table to ! s5ses4 ,^? :o attribute to x some?+ n p]ceptible by s5se1 :i* !y call ! =ce or p[] 9 :i* its motions orig9ate1 say 9 o!r words t ! orig9 ( motion is unkn[able by s5se 7sect4 #bb-bd74 ,turn n[ f ?+s ( s5se1 ! data ( p]ception1 to ,m9d or ,_s1 z reveal$ 9 inn] consci\sness4 ,"h we h a deep] & m real revelation ( :at und]lies1 or is presuppos$ 91 ! passive cosmical procession t is pres5t$ to ! s5ses4 ,our inw>d consci\sness pla9ly %ews ! ?9k+ be+ actually ex]cis+ p[] to move its animat$ body4 ,we f9d t we c1 by a causal ex]tion ( :i* we are di/9ctly consci\s1 ei!r excite or arre/ movem5ts 9 bodies4 ,9 volunt>y ex]tion we h ?us a concrete example ( =ce or p[]1 produc+ & n m]ely foll[$ by motion4 ,9 ! case ( human volition ?is is no d\bt condition$ p[]2 nev]!less x exemplifies ,p[] on a great] scale ?an human1 ev5 ,div9e p[]1 univ]sally & cont9u\sly op]ative1 9 all natural motions1 & 9 ! cosmical laws accord+ to :i* !y proce$ 7sect4 #be-cj74 ,?us ^? :o pret5d to f9d =ce or active causation )9 bodies1 pret5d to f9d :at _! s5su\s exp]i5ce does n support1 & !y h to su/a9 _! pret5ce by un9telligible language4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o expla9 motion by ref]r+ x to consci\s ex]tion ( p]sonal ag5ts1 say :at is support$ by _! own consci\sness1 & confirm$ by high au?orities1 includ+ ,anaxagoras1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,desc>tes1 & ,newton1 demon/rat+ t 9 ,_s only d we f9d p[] to *ange its own /ate1 z well z ! /ates & mutual relations ( bodies4 ,motion 9 nature is ,god cont9u\sly act+ 7sect4 #ca-cd74 ,b physical sci5ce is conv5i5tly conf9$ to ! ord] ( ! passive procession ( s5su\s appe>ances1 includ+ exp]im5ts 9 que/ ( ! rules naturally exemplifi$ 9 ! motions ( bodies3 reason+ on ma!matical & me*anical pr9ciples1 x leaves ! contemplation ( active causation to a m exalt$ sci5ce 7sect4 #ce-db74 ,9 all ?is x c h>dly be said t ,b]keley has 9 ?is adequately s\nd$ ! dep?s ( ,causation4 ,he proclaims inability to f9d ?r\gh 8 s5ses m ?an sequ5ce ( significant s5su\s appe>ances1 :i* are ea* & all empty ( active p[]2 :ile he app>5tly insi/s t he has f\nd active p[] 9 ! m]e feel+ ( ex]tion2 :i* aft] all1 z su*1 is only "o sort ( antec$5t sign ( ! motion t is f\nd to foll[ x4 ,?is is /ill only sequ5ce ( ph5om5a2 n active p[]4 ,b is n causation a relation t _c be truly pres5t$ empirically1 ei!r 9 out] or inn] consci\sness8 ,& is n ! ,div9e ord] t is presuppos$ by u 9 all *ange1 a presupposition t is inevitable 9 tru/wor?y int]c\rse ) a *ang+ univ]se2 unless we are to confess a!i/ically1 t our :ole s5su\s exp]i5ce may 9 ! end put u to utt] confusion8 ,! passive1 uneasy feel+ ( /ra91 m or less involv$ 9 ! ef=t to move our bodies & _! surr\nd+s1 is no d\bt apt to be confus$ ) active causation2 = z ,david ,hume rem>ks1 8! animal nisus :i* we exp]i5ce1 ?\gh x c af=d no accurate precise idea ( p[]1 ent]s v mu* into ! vulg>1 inaccurate idea :i* is =m$ ( x40 ,s :5 ,b]keley supposes t he has f\nd a concrete example ( orig9at+ p[] 9 ! nisus ( :i* we are consci\s :5 we move our bodies1 he is surely too easily satisfi$4 ,! nisus foll[$ by motion is1 p] se1 only a natural sequ5ce1 a caus$ cause1 :i* calls = an orig9at+ cause t is absolutely responsible = ! movem5t4 ,is n ! index to ?is absolutely responsible ag5cy an e?ical "o1 :i* po9ts to a free moral ag5t z alone necess>ily connect$ )1 or responsible =1 ! *anges :i* he c control8 ,p]sons are causally responsible = _! own actions2 & are accord+ly pron\nc$ good or evil on acc\nt ( acts ( w t are n m]e caus$ causes--passively dep5d5t t]ms 9 ! endless succession ( cosmical *ange4 ,!y mu/ orig9ate 9 self1 be absolutely self-ref]able1 9 a ^w sup]natural issues ( ! p]sonality4 ,moral reason implies t !y are n det]m9$ ab extra1 & s po9ts to moral ag5ts z our only concrete examples ( indep5d5t p[]2 b ?is only s f> z ^? issues g = :i* !y are morally responsible4 ,is n fai? 9 ! ,univ]sal ,p[] necess>ily fai?-v5ture 9 ! absolutely p]fect & tru/wor?y moral ag5cy ( ,god8 ,:ile ! pr9ciple ( ,causation1 9 its application to *ange ( place on ! "p ( bodies & _! con/itu5t atoms1 is ! lead+ ?\ght 9 ! ,de ,motu1 ?is essay also inve/igates articulately ! nature ( ! ph5om5on :i* we call motion 7sect4 #dc-ff74 ,x assumes t motion is only an effect1 see+ t no "o :o reflects c d\bt t :at is pres5t$ to our s5ses 9 ! case ( motion is altoge!r passive3 !re is no?+ 9 ! successive appe>ance ( ! same body 9 diff]5t places t involves action on ! "p ( ei!r ( ! mov+ or ! mov$ body1 or t c be m ?an in]t effect 7sect4 #di74 ,& all concrete motion1 x is assum$1 mu/ be some?+ t c be p]ceiv$ by our s5ses4 ,accord+ly x mu/ be a p]ceptible relation betwe5 bodies1 z f> z x is bodily3 x c\ld make no appe>ance at all if space conta9$ only "o solit>y body3 a plurality ( bodies is indisp5sable to its appe>ance4 ,absolute motion ( a solit>y body1 9 o!rwise absolutely empty space1 is an unmean+ ab/raction1 a collocation ( empty words4 ,?is leads into an inquiry ab\t relative space z well z relative place1 & ! intelligibility ( absolute space1 place1 & motion 7sect4 #eb-fd74 ,local motion is un9telligible unless we und]/& ! mean+ ( space4 ,n[ "s philosoph]s di/+ui% betwe5 absolute space1 :i* ) !m is ultimately ! only real space1 & t :i* is condition$ by ! s5ses1 or relative4 ,! =m] is said to be b\ndless1 p]vad+ & embrac+ ! mat]ial _w1 b n itself pres5table to our s5ses2 ! o!r is ! space m>k$ out or diff]5tiat$ by bodies conta9$ 9 x1 & x is 9 ?is way expos$ to our s5ses 7sect4 #eb74 ,:at mu/ rema9 aft] ! annihilation ( all bodies 9 ! univ]se is relativeless1 undiff]5tiat$1 absolute space1 ( :i* all attributes are d5i$1 ev5 its s-call$ ext5sion be+ nei!r divisible nor measurable2 necess>ily imp]ceptible by s5se1 unimag9able1 & un9telligible1 9 e way unrealisable 9 exp]i5ce2 s t ! words employ$ ab\t x d5ote no?+ 7sect4 #ec74 ,x foll[s t we mu/ n speak ( ! real space :i* a body occupies z "p ( a space t is necess>ily ab/ract$ f all s5ti5t exp]i5ce2 nor ( real motion z *ange )9 absolute space1 )\t any relation betwe5 bodies1 ei!r p]ceiv$ or conceiv$4 ,all *ange ( place 9 "o body mu/ be relative to o!r bodies1 among :i* ! mov+ body is suppos$ to *ange its place--our own bodies :i* we animate be+ ( c\rse recognis$ among ! numb]4 ,motion1 x is argu$1 is un9telligible1 z well z imp]ceptible & unimag9able1 )\t "s relation betwe5 ! mov+ body & at lea/ "o o!r body3 ! tru? ( ?is is te/$ :5 we try to suppose ! annihilation ( all o!r bodies1 our own includ$1 & reta9 only a solit>y globe3 absolute motion is f\nd un?9kable4 ,s t1 on ! :ole1 to see :at motion means we mu/ rise above ! ma!matical po/ulates t are f\nd conv5i5t 9 me*anical sci5ce2 we mu/ bew>e ( empty ab/ractions2 we mu/ treat motion z some?+ t is real only s f> z x is pres5t$ to our s5ses1 & rema9 mode/ly satisfi$ ) ! p]ceiv$ relations "u :i* x !n appe>s 7sect4 #fe-ff74 ,f9ally1 is motion1 ?us expla9$1 some?+ t c be spok5 ( z an entity communicable f "o body to ano!r body8 ,may we ?9k ( x z a datum ( s5se exi/+ 9 ! /rik+ body1 & !n pass+ f x into ! /ruck body1 ! "o los+ exactly z mu* z ! o!r receives8 7sect4 #fg74 ,deep] ?\ght f9ds 9 ^? que/ions only a revival ( ! previ\sly explod$ po/ulate ( 8=ce0 z some?+ s5sible1 yet di/9ct f all ! significant appe>ances s5se pres5ts4 ,! language us$ may p]haps be p]mitt$ 9 ma!matical hypo!ses1 or po/ulates ( me*anical sci5ce1 9 :i* we d n int5d to g to ! root ( ?+s4 ,b ! obvi\s fact is1 t ! mov+ body %ews less p]ceptible motion1 & ! mov$ body m4 ,to dispute :e!r ! p]ceptible motion acquir$ is num]ically ! same ) t lo/ leads into frivol\s v]bal controv]sy ab\t ,id5tity & ,diff]5ce1 ! ,"o & ! ,_m1 :i* x 0 ,b]keley's aim to expel f sci5ce1 & s to simplify its proc$ure & result4 ,:e!r we say t motion passes f ! /rik+ body into ! /ruck1 or t x is g5]at$ anew )9 ! /ruck body & annihilat$ 9 ! /rik+1 we make virtually ! same /atem5t4 ,9 ea* way ( expression ! facts rema91 t ! "o body pres5ts p]ceptible increase ( its motion & ! o!r dim9ution4 ,m9d or ,_s is ! active cause ( all t we !n see4 ,yet 9 me*anical sci5ce--:i* expla9s ?+s only physically1 by %ew+ ! significant connexion ( ev5ts ) _! me*anical rules--t]ms :i* seem to imply ! conveyance ( motion out ( "o body into ano!r may be p>don$1 9 consid]ation ( ! limits )9 :i* physical sci5ce is conf9$1 & its n>r[] po9t ( view4 ,9 physics we conf9e ourselves to ! s5su\s signs :i* arise 9 exp]i5ce1 & _! natural int]pretation1 9 all :i* ma!matical hypo!ses are f\nd conv5i5t2 s t gravitation1 = example1 & o!r natural rules ( proc$ure1 are spok5 ( z causes ( ! ev5ts :i* con=m to !m1 no acc\nt be+ tak5 ( ! ,active ,p[] t is ultimately responsible = ! rules4 ,= ! ,active ,p[] 9 :i* we live1 move1 & h our be+1 is n a datum ( s5se2 m$itation br+s x into light4 ,b to pursue ?is ?\ght w\ld c>ry u beyond ! physical laws ( ,motion 7sect4 #fi-gb74 ,! ,de ,motu may be comp>$ ) :at we f\nd 9 ! ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #be-bh & #aja-aag4 ,! total p[]lessness ( ! significant appe>ances pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 & ! omnipot5ce ( ,m9d 9 ! economy ( ext]nal nature1 is its *ief philosophical lesson4 ,de ,motu #a4 ,ad v]itatem inv5i5dam prcipuum e/ cavisse ne voces males intellect7#ibe7 nobis (ficiant3 quod omnes f]e mon5t philosophi1 pauci obs]vant4 ,quanquam id quidem haud adeo difficile videtur1 9 rebus prs]tim physicis tract&is1 ubi locum hab5t s5sus1 exp]i5tia1 et ratioc9ium geometricum4 ,seposito igitur1 quantum licet1 omni prjudicio1 tam a loqu5di consuetud9e quam a philosphorum auctoritate nato1 ipsa r]um natura dilig5t] inspici5da4 ,neque enim cujusquam auctoritatem usque adeo val]e oportet1 ut v]ba ejus et voces 9 pretio s9t1 dummodo nihil cl>i et c]ti iis subesse comp]iatur4 #b4 ,motus contemplatio mire torsit vet]um philosophorum7#ibf7 m5tes1 unde nat sunt v>i op9iones supra modem difficiles1 ne dicam absurd2 qu1 quum jam f]e 9 desuetud9em abi]9t1 haud m]5tur ut iis discuti5dis nimio /udio immoremur4 ,apud rec5tiores autem et saniores hujus vi philosophos7#ibg71 ubi de ,motu agitur1 vocabula haud pauca ab/ract nimium et obscur significationis occurrunt1 cujusmodi sunt solicitatio gravitatis1 conatus1 vires mortu1 c41 qu scriptis1 alioqui doctissimis1 t5ebras (fundunt1 s5t5tiisque non m9us a v]o1 quam a s5su hom9um communi abhorr5tibus1 ortum prb5t4 ,hc v]o necesse e/ ut1 v]itatis gratia1 non alios refell5di /udio1 accurate discutiantur4 #c4 ,solicitatio et nisus1 sive conatus1 rebus solummodo animatis rev]a competunt7#ibh74 ,cum aliis rebus tribuuntur1 s5su metaphorico accipiantur necesse e/4 ,a metaphoris autem ab/95dum philosopho4 ,porro1 seclusa omni t>n anim affectione quam corporis motione1 nihil cl>i ac di/9cti iis vocibus signific>i1 cuilibet con/abit qui modo rem s]io p]p5d]it4 #d4 ,quamdiu corpora gravia a nobis su/95tur1 s5timus 9 nobismet ipsis nisum1 fatigationem1 et mole/iam4 ,p]cipimus etiam 9 gravibus cad5tibus motum accel]atum v]sus c5trum telluris2 ope s5suum prt]ea nihil4 ,ratione tam5 colligitur causam esse aliquam vel pr9cipium horum phnom5on2 illud autem gravitas vulgo nuncupatur4 ,quoniam v]o causa desc5sus gravium cca sit et incognita1 gravitas ea acceptione proprie dici nequit qualitas s5sibilis2 e/ igitur qualitas occulta4 ,s$ vix1 et ne vix quidem1 concip]e licet quid sit qualitas occulta1 aut qua ratione qualitas ulla ag]e aut op]>i quidquam possit4 ,melius itaque =et1 si1 missa qualitate occulta1 hom9es att5d]5t solummodo ad effectus s5sibiles2 vocibusque ab/ractis 7quantumvis ill ad diss]5dum utiles s9t7 9 m$itatione omissis1 m5s 9 p>ticul>ibus et concretis1 hoc e/ 9 ipsis rebus1 defig]etur4 #e4 ,vis7#ibi7 similit] corporibus tribuitur3 usurpatur autem vocabulum illud1 tanquam signific>et qualitatem cognitam1 di/9ctamque t>n a motu1 figura1 omnique alia re s5sibili1 quam ab omni animalis affectione3 id v]o nihil aliud esse quam qualitatem occultam1 rem acrius rimanti con/abit4 ,nisus animalis et motus corporeus vulgo spectantur tanquam symptomata et m5sur hujus qualitatis occult4 #f4 ,patet igitur gravitatem aut vim fru/ra poni pro pr9cipio7#icj7 motus3 nunquid enim pr9cipium illud cl>ius cognosci pote/ ex eo quod dicatur qualitas occulta8 ,quod ipsum occultum e/1 nihil explicat3 ut omittamus causam ag5tem incognitam rectius dici posse sub/antiam quam qualitatem4 ,porro vis1 gravitas1 et i/iusmodi voces1 spius1 nec inepte1 9 concreto usurpantur2 ita ut connot5t corpus motum1 difficultatem resi/5di1 c4 ,ubi v]o a philosophis adhib5tur ad signific&as naturas quasdam1 ab hisce omnibus prcisas et ab/ractas1 qu nec s5sibus subjiciuntur1 nec ulla m5tis vi intelligi nec imag9atione eff+i7#ica7 possunt1 turn demum errores et confusionem p>iunt4 #g4 ,multos autem 9 errorem ducit1 quod voces g5]ales et ab/ractas 9 diss]5do utiles esse videant1 nec tam5 e>um vim satis capiant4 ,p>tim v]o a consuetud9e vulg>i inv5t sunt ill ad s]monem abbrevi&um1 p>tim a philosophis ad doc5dum excogitat2 non quod ad naturas r]um accommodatas s9t1 qu quidem s+ul>es et concret exi/unt2 s$ quod idone ad trad5das discipl9as1 propt]ea quod faciant notiones1 vel saltem propositiones1 univ]sales7#icb74 #h4 ,vim corpoream esse aliquid conceptu facile pl]umque exi/imamus4 ,ii tam5 qui rem accuratius inspex]unt 9 div]sa sunt op9ione2 uti app>et ex mira v]borum obscuritate qua laborant1 ubi illam explic>e conantur4 ,torricellius ait vim et impetum esse res quasdam ab/ractas subtilesque et qu9tess5tias1 qu includuntur 9 sub/antia corporea1 tanquam 9 vase magico ,circes7#icc74 ,leibnitius item 9 natur vi explic&a hc habet--,vis activa1 primitiva1 qu e/ 1 anim vel =m sub/antiali respondet4 ,vide ,acta ,erudit4 ,lips4 ,usque adeo necesse e/ ut vel summi viri1 quamdiu ab/ractionibus indulg5t1 voces nulla c]ta significatione prditas1 et m]as s*ola/icorum umbras sect5tur4 ,alia ex neot]icorum scriptis1 nec pauca quidem ea1 produc]e lic]et2 quibus abunde con/>et1 metaphysicas ab/ractiones non usquequaque cessisse me*anic et exp]im5tis1 s$ negotium inane philosophis etiamnum facess]e4 #i4 ,ex illo fonte d]ivantur v>ia absurda1 cujus g5]is e/ illud1 vim p]cussionis1 utcunque exigu1 esse inf9ite magnam4 ,quod sane supponit1 gravitatem esse qualitatem qu&am realem ab aliis omnibus div]sam2 et gravitationem esse quasi actum hujus qualitatis1 a motu realit] di/9ctum3 m9ima autem p]cussio producit effectum majorem quam maxima gravitatio s9e motu2 ilia scilicet motum aliquem edit1 hc nullum4 ,unde sequitur1 vim p]cussionis ratione inf9ita exc$]e vim gravitationis1 hoc e/1 esse inf9ite magnam7#icd74 ,videantur exp]im5ta ,galili1 et qu de def9ita vi p]cussionis scrips]unt ,torricellius1 ,borellus1 et alii4 #aj4 ,v]untam5 fat5dum e/ vim nullam p] se imm$iate s5tiri2 neque alit] quam p] effectum7#ice7 cognosci et m5sur>i4 ,s$ vis mortu1 seu gravitationis simplicis1 9 corpore quiesc5te subjecto1 nulla facta mutatione1 effectus nullus e/2 p]cussionis autem1 effectus aliquis4 ,quoniam1 ergo1 vires sunt effectibus proportionales1 conclud]e licet vim mortuam7#icf7 esse nullam4 ,neque tam5 propt]ea vim p]cussionis esse inf9itam3 non enim oportet quantitatem ullam positivam hab]e pro inf9ita1 propt]ea quod ratione inf9ita sup]et quantitatem nullam sive nihil4 #aa4 ,vis gravitationis a mom5to sec]ni nequit2 mom5tum autem s9e cel]itate nullum e/1 quum sit moles 9 cel]itatem ducta3 porro cel]itas s9e motu intelligi non pote/2 ergo nec vis gravitationis4 ,de9de vis nulla nisi p] actionem innotescit1 et p] e&em m5suratur2 actionem autem corporis a motu prsc9d]e non possumus2 ergo quamdiu corpus grave plumbi subjecti vel *ord figuram mutat1 tamdiu movetur2 ubi v]o quiescit1 nihil agit1 vel1 quod idem e/1 ag]e prohibetur4 ,brevit]1 voces i/ vis mortua et gravitatio1 etsi p] ab/ractionem metaphysicam aliquid signific>e supponuntur div]sum a mov5te1 moto1 motu et quiete1 rev]a tam5 id totum nihil e/4 #ab4 ,siquis dic]et pondus app5sum vel impositum ag]e 9 *ordam1 quoniam imp$it quom9us se re/ituat vi ela/ica3 dico1 p>i ratione corpus quodvis inf]um ag]e 9 sup]ius incumb5s1 quoniam illud desc5d]e prohibet3 dici v]o non pote/ actio corporis1 quod prohibeat aliud corpus exi/]e 9 eo loco qu]n occupat4 #ac4 ,pressionem corporis gravitantis qu&oque s5timus4 ,v]um s5sio i/a mole/a oritur ex motu corporis i/ius gravis fibris n]visque no/ri corporis communicato1 et eorundem situm immutante2 adeoque p]cussioni accepta ref]ri debet4 ,9 hisce rebus multis et gravibus prjudiciis laboramus1 s$ illa acri atque it]ata m$itatione subig5da sunt7#icg71 vel potius p5itus av]runc&a4 #ad4 ,quo probetur quantitatem ullam esse inf9itam1 o/5di oportet p>tem aliquam f9itam homog5eam 9 ea inf9ities cont9]i4 ,s$ vis mortua se habet ad vim p]cussionis1 non ut p>s ad totum1 s$ ut punctum ad l9eam1 juxta ipsos vis inf9it p]cussionis auctores4 ,multa 9 hanc rem adjic]e lic]et1 s$ v]eor ne prolixus sim4 #ae4 ,ex pr9cipiis prmissis lites insignes solvi possunt1 qu viros doctos multum ex]cu]unt4 ,hujus rei exemplum sit controv]sia illa de proportione virium4 ,una p>s dum conc$it1 mom5ta1 motus1 impetus1 data mole1 esse simplicit] ut velocitates1 affirmat vires esse ut quadrata velocitatum4 ,hanc autem s5t5tiam suppon]e vim corporis di/+ui7#ich7 a mom5to1 motu1 et impetu2 eaque suppositione sublata corru]e1 nemo non videt4 #af4 ,quo cl>ius adhuc app>eat1 confusionem qu&am miram p] ab/ractiones metaphysicas 9 doctr9am de motu introductam esse1 videamus quantum int]sit int] notiones virorum celebrium de vi et impetu4 ,leibnitius impetum cum motu confundit4 ,juxta ,newtonum7#ici7 impetus rev]a idem e/ cum vi in]ti4 ,borellus7#idj7 ass]it impetum non aliud esse quam gradum velocitatis4 ,alii impetum et conatum int] se diff]re1 alii non diff]re volunt4 ,pl]ique vim motricem motui proportionalem intelligunt4 ,nonnulli aliam aliquam vim prt] motricem1 et div]simode m5sur&am1 utpote p] quadrata velocitatum 9 moles1 intellig]e pr se f]unt4 ,s$ inf9itum esset hc prosequi4 #ag4 ,vis1 gravitas1 attractio1 et hujusmodi voces1 utiles7#ida7 sunt ad ratioc9ia et computationes de motu et corporibus motis2 s$ non ad intellig5dam simplicem ipsius motus naturam1 vel ad qualitates totidem di/9ctas design&as4 ,attractionem c]te quod att9et1 patet illam ab ,newtono adhib]i1 non tanquam qualitatem v]am et physicam1 s$ solummodo ut hypo!s9 ma!maticam7#idb74 ,qu9etiam ,leibnitius1 nisum elem5t>em seu solicitationem ab impetu di/+u5s1 fatetur illa entia non re ipsa inv5iri 9 r]um natura1 s$ ab/ractione faci5da esse4 #ah4 ,similis ratio e/ compositionis et resolutionis virium qu>umcunque direct>um 9 quascunque obliquas1 p] diagonalem et lat]a p>allelogrammi4 ,hc me*anic et computationi ins]viunt3 s$ aliud e/ computationi et demon/rationibus ma!maticis ins]vire1 aliud r]um naturam exhib]e4 #ai4 ,ex rec5tioribus multi sunt 9 ea op9ione1 ut put5t motum neque de/rui nec de novo gigni1 s$ e&em7#idc7 semp] motus quantitatem p]man]e4 ,ari/oteles etiam dubium illud olim proposuit--utrum motus factus sit et corruptus1 an v]o ab t]no8 ,phys4 lib4 viii4 ,quod v]o motus s5sibilis p]eat1 patet s5sibus3 illi autem eundem impetum1 nisum1 aut summam virium e&em man]e velle vid5tur4 ,unde affirmat ,borellus1 vim 9 p]cussione non imm9ui1 s$ exp&i2 impetus etiam contr>ios suscipi et ret9]i 9 eodem corpore4 ,item ,leibnitius nisum ubique et semp] esse 9 mat]ia1 et ubi non patet s5sibus1 ratione intelligi cont5dit4--,hc autem nimis ab/racta esse et obscura1 ejusdemque f]e g5]is cum =mis sub/antialibus et entele*iis1 fat5dum4 #bj4 ,quotquot ad explic&am motus causam atque orig9em1 vel pr9cipio hyl>*ico1 vel natur indig5tia1 vel appetitu1 aut d5ique in/9ctu naturali utuntur1 dixisse aliquid potius quam cogitasse c5s5di sunt4 ,neque ab hisce multum absunt qui supposu]9t7#idd7 p>tes t]r esse se mov5tes1 aut etiam spiritus iis implantatos ad in/> =m1 ut assign5t causam accel]ationis gravium cad5tium3 aut qui dix]it7#ide71 9 corpore prt] solidam ext5sionem deb]e etiam poni aliquid unde virium consid]atio oriatur4 ,siquidem hi omnes vel nihil p>ticul>e et det]m9atum enuntiant2 vel1 si quid sit1 t>n difficile erit illud explic>e1 quam id ipsum cujus explic&i causa adducitur7#idf74 #ba4 ,fru/ra ad naturam illu/r&am adhib5tur ea qu nec s5sibus pat5t1 nec ratione intelligi possunt4 ,vid5dum ergo quid s5sus1 quid exp]i5tia1 quid demum ratio iis innixa1 suadeat4 ,duo sunt summa r]um g5]a--corpus et anima4 ,rem ext5sam1 solidam1 mobilem1 figuratam1 aliisque qualitatibus qu s5sibus occurrunt prditam1 ope s5suum2 rem v]o s5ti5tem1 p]cipi5tem1 intellig5tem1 consci5tia quadam int]na cognovimus4 ,porro1 res i/as plane int] se div]sas esse1 longeque het]og5eas1 c]nimus4 ,loquor autem de rebus cognitis3 de incognitis enim diss]]e nil juvat7#idg74 #bb4 ,totum id quod novimus1 cui nom5 corpus indidimus1 nihil 9 se cont9et quod motus pr9cipium seu causa effici5s esse possit4 ,et5im imp5etrabilitas1 ext5sio1 figura nullam includunt vel connotant pot5tiam produc5di motum2 qu9imo e contr>io non modo illas1 v]um etiam alias1 quotquot s9t1 corporis qualitates sigillatim p]curr5tes1 videbimus omnes esse rev]a passivas1 nihilque iis activum inesse1 quod ullo modo intelligi possit tanquam fons et pr9cipium motus7#idh74 ,gravitatem quod att9et1 voce illa nihil cognitum et ab ipso effectu s5sibili1 cujus causa quritur1 div]sum signific>i jam ante o/5dimus4 ,et sane qu&o corpus grave dicimus1 nihil aliud intelligimus1 nisi quod f]atur deorsum2 de causa hujus effectus s5sibilis nihil omn9o cogitantes4 #bc4 ,de corpore itaque audact] pronunci>e licet1 utpote de re comp]ta1 quod non sit pr9cipium motus4 ,quod si quisquam1 prt] solidam ext5sionem ejusque modificationes1 vocem corpus qualitatem etiam occultam1 virtutem1 =mam1 ess5tiam complecti sua significatione cont5dat2 licet quidem illi inutili negotio s9e ideis disput>e1 et nom9ibus nihil di/9cte exprim5tibus abuti4 ,ct]um sanior philosoph&i ratio videtur ab notionibus ab/ractis et g5]alibus 7si modo notiones dici deb5t qu intelligi nequeunt7 quantum fi]i pote/ ab/9uisse4 #bd4 ,quicquid cont9etur 9 idea corporis novimus2 quod v]o novimus 9 corpore1 id non esse pr9cipium motus con/at7#idi74 ,qui prt]ea aliquid incognitum 9 corpore1 cujus ideam nullam hab5t1 comm9iscuntur1 quod motus pr9cipium dicant1 ii rev]a nihil aliud quam pr9cipium motus esse incognitum dicunt4 ,s$ hujusmodi subtilitatibus diutius immor>i piget4 #be4 ,prt] res corporeas alt]um e/ g5us r]um cogitantium7#iej74 ,9 iis autem pot5tiam inesse corpora mov5di1 propria exp]i5tia didicimus7#iea72 qu&oquidem anima no/ra pro lubitu possit ci]e et si/]e membrorum motus1 quacunque t&em ratione id fiat4 ,hoc c]te con/at1 corpora mov]i ad nutum anim2 eamque pro9de haud inepte dici posse pr9cipium motus3 p>ticul>e quidem et subord9atum1 quodque ipsum dep5deat a primo et univ]sali ,pr9cipio7#ieb74 #bf4 ,corpora gravia f]untur deorsum1 etsi nullo impulsu app>5te agitata2 non tam5 exi/im&um propt]ea 9 iis cont9]i pr9cipium motus3 cujus rei hanc rationem assignat ,ari/oteles7#iec72--;,gravia et levia 7inquit7 non mov5tur a seipsis2 id enim vitale esset1 et se si/]e poss5t4 ,gravia omnia una eademque c]ta et con/anti lege c5trum telluris petunt1 neque 9 ipsis animadv]titur pr9cipium vel facultas ulla motum i/um si/5di1 m9u5di1 vel1 nisi pro rata proportione1 aug5di1 aut d5ique ullo modo immut&i3 hab5t adeo se passive4 ,porro idem1 /ricte et accurate loqu5do1 dic5dum de corporibus p]cussivis4 ,corpora i/a quamdiu mov5tur1 ut et 9 ipso p]cussionis mom5to1 si g]unt passive1 p]9de scilicet atque cum quiescunt4 ,corpus in]s tam agit quam corpus motum1 si res ad v]um exigatur3 id quod agnoscit ,newtonus1 ubi ait1 vim in]ti esse e&em cum impetu7#ied74 ,corpus autem in]s et quietum nihil agit1 ergo nee motum4 #bg4 ,rev]a corpus que p]sev]at 9 utrovis /atu1 vel motus vel quietis4 ,i/a v]o p]sev]antia non magis dic5da e/ actio corporis1 quam exi/5tia ejusdem actio dic]etur4 ,p]sev]antia nihil aliud e/ quam cont9uatio 9 eodem modo exi/5di1 qu proprie dici actio non pote/4 ,ct]um resi/5tiam1 quam exp]imur 9 si/5do corpore moto1 ejus actionem esse f+imus vana specie delusi4 ,rev]a enim i/a resi/5tia quam s5timus7#iee71 passio e/ 9 nobis1 neque arguit corpus ag]e1 s$ nos pati3 con/at utique nos idem passuros fuisse1 sive corpus illud a se moveatur1 sive ab alio pr9cipio impellatur4 #bh4 ,actio et reactio dicuntur esse 9 corporibus3 nec incommode ad demon/rationes me*anicas7#ief74 ,s$ cav5dum1 ne propt]ea supponamus virtutem aliquam realem1 qu motus causa sive pr9cipium sit1 esse 9 iis4 ,et5im voces ill eodem modo intellig5d sunt ac vox attractio2 et quemadmodum hc e/ hypo!sis solummodo ma!matica7#ieg71 non autem qualitas physica3 idem etiam de illis intelligi debet1 et ob e&em rationem4 ,nam sicut v]itas et usus !orematum de mutua corporum attractione 9 philosophia me*anica /abiles man5t1 utpote unice fundati 9 motu corporum1 sive motus i/e caus>i supponatur p] actionem corporum se mutuo attrah5tium1 sive p] actionem ag5tis alicujus a corporibus div]si impell5tis et mod]antis corpora2 p>i ratione1 qucunque tradita sunt de regulis et legibus motuum1 simul ac !oremata inde d$ucta1 man5t inconcussa1 dum modo conc$antur effectus s5sibiles1 et ratioc9ia iis innixa2 sive supponamus actionem ipsam1 aut vim horum effectuum causatricem1 esse 9 corpore1 sive 9 ag5te incorporeo4 #bi4 ,auf]antur ex idea corporis ext5sio1 soliditas1 figura1 remanebit nihil7#ieh74 ,s$ qualitates i/ sunt ad motum indiff]5tes1 nec 9 se quidquam hab5t quod motus pr9cipium dici possit4 ,hoc ex ipsis ideis no/ris p]spicuum e/4 ,si igitur voce corpus significatur id quod concipimus1 plane con/at inde non peti posse pr9cipium motus3 p>s scilicet nulla aut attributum illius causa effici5s v]a e/1 qu motum producat4 ,vocem autem pr(]re1 et nihil concip]e1 id demum indignum esset philosopho4 #cj4 ,datur res cogitans1 activa1 quam pr9cipium motus 444 9 nobis exp]imur7#iei74 ,hanc animam1 m5tem1 spiritum 444 ,datur etiam res ext5sa1 in]s1 imp5etrabilis1 444 qu a priori toto clo diff]t1 novumque g5us7#ifj7 444 ,quantum int]sit int] res cogitantes et ext5sas1 primus omnium depreh5d5s ,anaxagoras1 vir longe sapi5tissimus1 ass]ebat m5tem nihil hab]e cum corporibus commune1 id quod con/at ex primo libro ,ari/otelis ,de ,anima7#ifa74 ,ex neot]icis idem optime animadv]tit ,c>tesius7#ifb74 ,ab eo alii7#ifc7 rem satis cl>am vocibus obscuris imp$itam ac difficilem r$did]unt4 #ca4 ,ex dictis manife/um e/ eos qui vim activam1 actionem1 motus pr9cipium1 9 corporibus rev]a inesse affirmant1 s5t5tiam nulla exp]i5tia fundatam amplecti1 eamque t]m9is obscuris et g5]alibus ad/ru]e1 nec quid sibi vel9t satis intellig]e4 ,e contr>io1 qui m5tem esse pr9cipium motus volunt1 s5t5tiam propria exp]i5tia munitam pr(]unt1 hom9umque omni vo doctissimorum suffragiis comprobatam4 #cb4 ,primus ,anaxagoras7#ifd7 introduxit1 qui motum in]ti mat]i imprim]et4 ,quam quidem s5t5tiam probat etiam ,ari/oteles7#ife71 pluribusque confirmat1 ap]to pronuncians primum mov5s esse immobile1 indivisibile1 et nullam hab5s magnitud9em4 ,dic]e autem1 omne me vum esse mobile1 recte animadv]tit idem esse ac s dic]et1 omne dificativum esse dificabile1 ,physic1 lib ,plato insup] 9 ,timo7#iff7 tradit ma*9am hanc corpo seu mundum visibilem1 agit>i et anim>i a m5te1 s5sum omnem fugiat4 ,qu9etiam hodie philosophi siani7#ifg7 pr9cipium motuum naturalium ,deum agnoscun4 ,et ,newtonus7#ifh7 passim nec obscure innuit1 non solummodo motum ab initio a num9e pr(ectum esse1 v]um adhuc sy/ema mundanum ab eodem actu mov]i4 ,hoc sacris lit]is consonum e/3 hoc s*ola/icorum calculo comprobatur4 ,nam etsi ,p]ipatetici naturam tradant esse pr9cipium motus et quietis1 int]pretantur tam5 naturam naturantem esse ,deum7#ifi74 ,intelligunt nimirum corpora omnia sy/ematis hujusce mundani a m5te prpot5ti juxta c]tam et con/antem rationem7#igj7 mov]i4 #cc4 ,ct]um qui pr9cipium vitale corporibus tribuunt1 obscurum aliquid et rebus p>um conv5i5s f+unt4 ,quid enim aliud e/ vitali pr9cipio prditum esse quam viv]e8 aut viv]e quam se mov]e1 si/]e1 et /atum suum mut>e8 ,philosophi autem hujus sculi doctissimi pro pr9cipio indubitato ponunt1 omne corpus p]sev]>e 9 /atu suo1 vel quietis vel motus uni=mis 9 directum1 nisi quat5us aliunde cogitur /atum ilium mut>e3 e contr>io1 9 anima s5timus esse facultatem tam /atum suum quam ali>um r]um mut&i2 id quod proprie dicitur vitale1 animamque a corporibus longe discrim9at4 #cd4 ,motum et quietem 9 corporibus rec5tiores consid]ant velut duos /atus exi/5di1 9 quorum utrovis corpus omne sua natura in]s p]man]et7#iga71 nulla vi ext]na urg5te4 ,unde collig]e licet1 e&em esse causam motus et quietis1 qu e/ exi/5ti corporum4 ,neque enim qur5da videtur alia causa exi/5ti corporis successiv 9 div]sis p>tibus spatii1 quam illa unde d]ivatur exi/5tia ejusdem corporis successiva 9 div]sis p>tibus temporis4 ,de ,deo autem ,optimo ,maximo r]um omnium ,conditore et ,cons]vatore tract>e1 et qua ratione res cunct a summo et v]o ,ente p5deant demon/r>e1 quamvis p>s sit sci5ti human prcell5tissima1 spectat tam5 potius ad philosophiam primam7#igb71 seu metaphysicam et !ologiam1 quam ad philosophiam naturalem1 qu hodie f]e omnis cont9etur 9 exp]im5tis et me*anica4 ,itaque cognitionem de ,deo vel supponit philosophia naturalis1 vel mutuatur ab aliqua sci5tia sup]iori4 ,quanquam v]issimum sit1 natur inve/igationem sci5tiis altioribus argum5ta egregia ad sapi5tiam1 bonitatem1 et pot5tiam ,dei illu/r&am et prob&am undequaque subm9i/r>e4 #ce4 ,quod hc m9us intelligantur1 9 causa e/1 cur nonnulli imm]ito repudi5t physic pr9cipia ma!matica1 eo scilicet nom9e quod illa causas r]um effici5tes non assignant3 quum tam5 rev]a ad physicam aut me*anicam spectet regulas7#igc7 solummodo1 non causas effici5tes1 impulsionum attractionumve1 et ut v]bo dicam1 motuum leges trad]e2 ex iis v]o positis phnom5on p>ticul>ium solutionem1 non autem causam effici5tem assign>e4 #cf4 ,multum int]]it consid]asse quid proprie sit pr9cipium1 et quo s5su intellig5da sit vox illa apud philosophos7#igd74 ,causa quidem v]a effici5s et cons]vatrix r]um omnium jure optimo appellatur fons et pr9cipium e>undem4 ,pr9cipia v]o philosophi exp]im5talis proprie dic5da sunt fundam5ta quibus illa innititur1 seu fontes unde d]ivatur1 7non dico exi/5tia1 s$7 cognitio r]um corpore>um1 s5sus utique ex exp]i5tia4 ,similit]1 9 philosophia me*anica1 pr9cipia dic5da sunt1 9 quibus fundatur et cont9etur univ]sa discipl9a1 leges ill motuum prim>i1 qu exp]im5tis comprobat1 ratioc9io etiam excult sunt et r$dit univ]sales7#ige74 ,h motuum leges commode dicuntur pr9cipia1 quoniam ab iis tam !oremata me*anica g5]alia quam p>ticul>es explicationes d]ivantur4 #cg4 ,tum nimirum dici pote/ quidpiam explic>i me*anice1 cum r$ucitur ad i/a pr9cipia simplicissima et univ]salissima1 et p] accuratum ratioc9ium1 cum iis cons5taneum et connexum esse o/5ditur4 ,nam inv5tis semel natur legibus1 de9ceps mon/r&um e/ philosopho1 ex con/anti h>um legum obs]vatione1 hoc e/1 ex iis pr9cipiis phnom5on quodvis necess>io consequi3 id quod e/ phnom5a explic>e et solv]e1 causamque1 id e/ rationem cur fiant1 assign>e4 #ch4 ,m5s humana gaudet sci5tiam suam ext5d]e et dilat>e4 ,ad hoc autem notiones et propositiones g5]ales ef=m& sunt1 9 quibus quodam modo cont95tur propositiones et cognitiones p>ticul>es1 qu turn demum intelligi cr$untur cum ex primis illis cont9uo nexu d$ucuntur4 ,hoc geometris notissimum e/4 ,9 me*anica etiam prmittuntur notiones1 hoc e/ def9itiones1 et enunciationes de motu prim et g5]ales1 ex quibus po/modum me?odo ma!matica conclusiones magis remot et m9us g5]ales colliguntur4 ,et sicut p] applicationem !orematum geometricorum1 corporum p>ticul>ium magnitud9es m5surantur2 ita etiam p] applicationem !orematum me*anices univ]salium1 sy/ematis mundani p>tium qu>umvis motus1 et phnom5a inde p5d5tia1 innotescunt et det]m9antur3 ad quem scopum unice coll9e&um physico4 #ci4 ,et quemadmodum geometr1 discipl9 causa1 multa comm9iscuntur1 qu nec ipsi describ]e possunt1 nec 9 r]um natura inv5ire2 simili prorsus ratione me*anicus voces quasdam ab/ractas et g5]ales adhibet1 f+itque 9 corporibus vim1 actionem1 attractionem1 solicitationem1 c4 qu ad !orias et enunciationes1 ut et computationes de motu apprime utiles sunt1 etiamsi 9 ipsa r]um v]itate et corporibus actu exi/5tibus fru/ra qur]5tur1 non m9us quam qu a geometris p] ab/ractionem ma!maticam f+untur4 #dj4 ,rev]a ope s5suum nil nisi effectus seu qualitates s5sibiles1 et res corporeas omn9o passivas1 sive 9 motu s9t sive 9 quiete1 p]cipimus3 ratioque et exp]i5tia activum nihil prt] m5tem aut animam esse suadet4 ,quidquid ultra f+itur1 id ejusdem g5]is esse cum aliis hypo!sibus et ab/ractionibus ma!maticis exi/im&um3 quod p5itu sanimo infig]e oportet4 ,hoc ni fiat1 facile 9 obscuram s*ola/icorum subtilitatem1 qu p] tot scula1 tanquam dira qudam pe/is1 philosophiam corrupit1 relabi possumus4 #da4 ,pr9cipia me*anica legesque motuum aut natur univ]sales1 sculo ultimo felicit] inv5t1 et subsidio geometri tractat et applicat1 miram lucem 9 philosophiam intul]unt4 ,pr9cipia v]o metaphysica causque reales effici5tes motus et exi/5ti corporum attributorumve corporeorum nullo modo ad me*anicam aut exp]im5ta p]t95t2 neque eis lucem d>e possunt1 nisi quat5us1 velut prcognita1 ins]viant ad limites physic prf9i5dos1 eaque ratione ad toll5das difficultates qu/ionesque p]egr9as4 #db4 ,qui a spiritibus motus pr9cipium petunt1 ii vel rem corpoream vel incorpoream voce spiritus intelligunt4 ,si rem corpoream1 quantumvis t5uem1 tam5 r$it difficultas3 si incorpoream1 quantumvis id v]um sit1 attam5 ad physicam non proprie p]t9et4 ,quod si quis philosophiam naturalem ultra limites exp]im5torum et me*anic ext5d]it1 ita ut r]um etiam incorpore>um1 et inext5s>um cognitionem complectatur1 latior quidem illa vocis acceptio tractationem de anima1 m5te1 seu pr9cipio vitali admittit4 ,ct]um commodius erit1 juxta usum jam f]e receptum1 ita di/+u]e int] sci5tias1 ut s+ul propriis circumscribantur cancellis1 et philosophus naturalis totus sit 9 exp]im5tis1 legibusque motuum1 et pr9cipiis me*anicis1 indeque depromptis ratioc9iis2 quidquid autem de aliis rebus protul]it1 id sup]iori alicui sci5ti acceptum ref]at4 ,et5im ex cognitis natur legibus pul*]rim !ori1 praxes etiam me*anic ad vitam utiles consequuntur4 ,ex cognitione autem ipsius natur ,auctoris consid]ationes longe pr/antissim quidem ill1 s$ metaphysic1 !ologic1 morales oriuntur4 #dc4 ,de pr9cipiis hact5us3 nunc dic5dum de natura motus7#igf74 ,atque is quidem1 cum s5sibus cl>e p]cipiatur1 non tam natura sua1 quam doctis philosophorum comm5tis obscuratus e/4 ,motus nunquam 9 s5sus no/ros incurrit s9e mole corporea1 spatio1 et tempore4 ,sunt tam5 qui motum1 tanquam ideam qu&am simplicem et ab/ractam1 atque ab omnibus aliis rebus sejunctam1 contempl>i /ud5t4 ,v]um idea illa t5uissima et subtilissima7#igg7 intellectus aciem eludit3 id quod quilibet secum m$it&o exp]iri pote/4 ,h9c nascuntur magn difficultates de natura motus1 et def9itiones1 ipsa re quam illu/r>e deb5t longe obscuriores4 ,hujusmodi sunt def9itiones ill ,ari/otelis et ,s*ola/icorum7#igh71 qui motum dicunt esse actum mobilis quat5us e/ mobile1 vel actum entis 9 pot5tia quat5us 9 pot5tia4 ,hujusmodi etiam e/ illud viri7#igi7 int] rec5tiores celebris1 qut ass]it nihil 9 motu esse reale prt] mom5taneum illud quod 9 vi ad mutationem nit5te con/itui debet4 ,porro con/at1 horum et similium def9itionum auctores 9 animo habuisse ab/ractam motus naturam1 seclusa omni temporis et spatii consid]atione1 explic>e3 s$ qua ratione ab/racta ilia motus qu9tess5tia 7ut ita dicam7 intelligi possit1 non video4 #dd4 ,neque hoc cont5ti1 ult]ius p]gunt1 p>tesque ipsius motus a se invicem dividunt et sec]nunt1 qu>um ideas di/9ctas1 tanquam entium rev]a di/9ctorum1 ef=m>e conantur4 ,et5im sunt qui motionem a motu di/+uant1 illam velut in/antaneum motus elem5tum spectantes4 ,velocitatem insup]1 conatum1 vim1 impetum totidem res ess5tia div]sas esse volunt1 qu>um quque p] propriam atque ab aliis omnibus segregatam et ab/ractam ideam intellectui objiciatur4 ,s$ 9 hisce rebus discuti5dis1 /antibus iis qu supra diss]uimus7#ihj71 non e/ cur diutius immoremur4 #de4 ,multi etiam p] transitum7#iha7 motum def9iunt1 obliti1 scilicet1 transitum ipsum s9e motu intelligi non posse1 et p] motum def9iri oport]e4 ,v]issimum adeo e/ def9itiones1 sicut nonnullis rebus lucem1 ita vicissim aliis t5ebras aff]re4 ,et pr(ecto1 quascumque res s5su p]cipimus1 eas cl>iores aut notiores def9i5do effic]e vix quisquam potu]it4 ,cujus rei vana spe allecti res faciles difficillimas7#ihb7 r$did]unt philosophi1 m5tesque suas difficultatibus1 quas ut plurimum ipsi pep]iss5t1 implicav]e4 ,ex hocce def9i5di1 simul ac ab/rah5di /udio1 mult tam de motu quam de aliis rebus nat subtilissim qu/iones1 edemque nullius utilitatis1 hom9um +5ia fru/ra tors]unt2 adeo ut ,ari/oteles ultro et spius fateatur motum esse actum qu5dam cognitu difficilem7#ihc71 et nonnulli ex vet]ibus usque eo nugis ex]citati dev5iebant1 ut motum omn9o esse neg>5t7#ihd74 #df4 ,s$ hujusmodi m9utiis di/9]i piget4 ,satis sit fontes solutionum indicasse3 ad quos etiam illud adjung]e libet3 quod ea qu de inf9ita divisione temporis et spatii 9 ma!si traduntur1 ob cong5itam r]um naturam p>adoxa et !orias sp9osas 7quales sunt ill omnes 9 quibus agitur de inf9ito7#ihe77 9 speculationes de motu intul]unt4 ,quidquid autem hujus g5]is sit1 id omne motus commune habet cum spatio et tempore1 vel potius ad ea ref]t acceptum4 #dg4 ,et quemadmodum ex una p>te nimia ab/ractio seu divisio r]um v]e insep>abilium1 ita ab alt]a p>te compositio seu potius confusio r]um div]sissim>um motus naturam p]plexam r$didit4 ,usitatum enim e/ motum cum causa motus effici5te confund]e7#ihf74 ,unde accidit ut motus sit quasi bi=mis1 unam faciem s5sibus obviam1 alt]am calig9osa nocte obvolutam hab5s4 ,inde obscuritas et confusio1 et v>ia de motu p>adoxa orig9em trahunt1 dum effectui p]p]am tribuitur id quod rev]a caus solummodo competit4 #dh4 ,h9c oritur op9io illa1 e&em semp] motus quantitatem cons]v>i7#ihg74 ,quod1 nisi intelligatur de vi et pot5tia caus1 sive causa ilia dicatur natura1 sive 1 vel quodcunque t&em ag5s sit1 falsum esse cuivis facile con/abit4 ,ari/oteles7#ihh7 quidem l4 viii4 ,physicorum1 ubi qurit utrum motus factus sit et corruptus1 an v]o ab t]no tanquam vita immortalis insit rebus omnibus1 vitale pr9cipium potius1 quam effectum ext]num1 sive mutationem loci7#ihi71 intellexisse videtur4 #di4 ,h9c etiam e/1 quod multi suspicantur motum non esse m]am passionem 9 corporibus4 ,quod si intelligamus id quod 9 motu corporis s5sibus objicitur1 qu9 omn9o passivum sit nemo dubit>e pote/4 ,ecquid enim 9 se habet successiva corporis exi/5tia 9 div]sis locis1 quod actionem ref]at1 aut aliud sit quam nuduset in]s effectus8 #ej4 ,p]ipatetici1 qui dicunt motum esse actum unum utriusque1 mov5tis et moti7#iij71 non satis discrim9ant causam ab effectu4 ,similit]1 qui nisum aut conatum 9 motu f+unt1 aut idem corpus simul 9 contr>ias p>tes f]ri putant1 eadem ide>um confusione1 eadem vocum ambiguitate ludific>i vid5tur4 #ea4 ,juvat multum1 sicut 9 aliis omnibus1 ita 9 sci5tia de motu accuratam dilig5tiam adhib]e1 tam ad aliorum conceptus intellig5dos quam ad suos enunci&os3 9 qua re nisi peccatum esset1 vix cr$o 9 disputationem trahi potuisse1 utrum corpus indiff]5s sit ad motum et ad quietem1 necne4 ,quoniam enim exp]i5tia con/at1 esse legem natur prim>iam1 ut corpus p]9de p]sev]et 9 /atu motus ac quietis1 quamdiu aliunde nihil accidat ad /atum i/um mut&um2 et propt]ea vim in]ti sub div]so respectu esse vel resi/5tiam1 vel impetum1 colligitur3 hoc s5su pr(ecto corpus dici pote/ sua natura indiff]5s ad motum vel quietem4 ,nimirum tam difficile e/ quietem 9 corpus motum1 quam motum 9 quiesc5s induc]e3 cum v]o corpus p>it] cons]vet /atum utrumvis1 quidni dicatur ad utrumvis se hab]e indiff]5t]8 #eb4 ,p]ipatetici pro v>ietate mutationum1 quas res aliqua subire pote/1 v>ia motus g5]a di/+uebant4 ,hodie de motu ag5tes intelligunt solummodo motum localem7#iia74 ,motus autem localis intelligi nequit nisi simul intelligatur quid sit locus3 is v]o a neot]icis7#iib7 def9itur p>s spatii quam corpus occupat3 unde dividitur 9 relativum et absolutum pro ratione spatii4 ,di/+uunt enim int] spatium absolutum sive v]um1 ac relativum sive app>5s4 ,volunt scilicet d>i spatium undequaque imm5sum1 immobile1 ins5sibile1 corpora univ]sa p]means et cont95s1 quod vocant spatium absolutum4 ,spatium autem a corporibus compreh5sum vel def9itum1 s5sibusque adeo subjectum1 dicitur spatium relativum1 app>5s1 vulg>e4 #ec4 ,f+amus itaque corpora cuncta de/rui1 et 9 nihilum r$igi4 ,quod reliquum e/ vocant spatium absolutum1 omni relatione qu a situ et di/antiis corporum oriebatur1 simul cum ipsis corporibus1 sublata4 ,porro spatium illud e/ inf9itum1 immobile1 indivisibile1 ins5sibile1 s9e relatione et s9e di/9ctione4 ,hoc e/1 omnia ejus attributa sunt privativa vel negativa3 videtur igitur esse m]um nihil7#iic74 ,p>it solummmodo difficultatem aliquam quod ext5sum sit4 ,ext5sio autem e/ qualitas positiva4 ,v]um qualis t&em ext5sio e/ illa qu nec dividi pote/1 nec m5sur>i1 cujus nullam p>tem1 nec s5su p]cip]e1 nec imag9atione dep+]e possumus8 ,et5im nihil 9 imag9ationem cadit1 quod1 ex natura rei1 non possibile e/ ut s5su p]cipiatur2 siquidem imag9atio7#iid7 nihil aliud e/ quam facultas repres5tatrix r]um s5sibilium1 vel actu exi/5tium1 vel saltem possibilium4 ,fugit insup] intellectum purum1 quum facultas illa v]setur tantum circa res spirituales et inext5sas1 cujusmodi sunt m5tes no/r1 e>umque habitus1 passiones1 virtutes1 et similia4 ,ex spatio igitur absoluto auf]amus modo vocabula1 et nihil remanebit 9 s5su1 imag9atione1 aut intellectu3 nihil aliud ergo iis designatur1 quam pura privatio aut negatio1 hoc e/1 m]um nihil4 #ed4 ,confit5dum omn9o e/ nos circa hanc rem gravissimis prjudiciis t5]i1 a quibus ut lib]emur1 omnis animi vis ex]c5da4 ,et5im multi1 tantum abe/ quod spatium absolutum pro nihilo ducant1 ut rem esse ex omnibus 7,deo excepto7 unicam exi/im5t1 qu annihil>i non possit3 /atuantque illud suapte natura necess>io exi/]e1 t]numque esse et increatum1 atque adeo attributorum div9orum p>ticeps7#iie74 ,v]um enimv]o quum c]tissimum sit1 res omnes1 quas nom9ibus designamus1 p] qualitates aut relationes1 vel aliqua saltem ex p>te cognosci 7ineptum enim =et vocabulis uti quibus cogniti nihil1 nihil notionis1 ide vel conceptus subjic]etur71 inquiramus dilig5t]1 utrum =m>e liceat ideam ullam spatii illius puri1 realis1 absoluti1 quod po/ omnium corporum annihilationem p]sev]et exi/]e4 ,ideam porro talem paulo acrius intu5s1 rep]io ideam esse nihili purissimam1 si modo idea appell&a sit4 ,hoc ipse summa adhibita dilig5tia exp]tus sum3 hoc alios p>i adhibita dilig5tia exp]turos reor4 #ee4 ,decip]e nos nonnunquam solet1 quod aliis omnibus corporibus imag9atione sublatis1 no/rum7#iif7 tam5 man]e supponimus4 ,quo supposito1 motum membrorum ab omni p>te lib]rimum imag9amur4 ,motus autem s9e spatio concipi non pote/4 ,nihilom9us si rem att5to animo recolamus1 con/abit primo concipi spatium relativum p>tibus no/ri corporis def9itum3 #b4 mov5di membra pote/atem lib]rimam nullo ob/aculo retusam3 et prt] hc duo nihil4 ,falso tam5 cr$imus t]tium aliquod1 spatium videlicet imm5sum1 realit] exi/]e1 quod lib]am pote/atem nobis faciat mov5di corpus no/rum3 ad hoc enim requiritur abs5tia solummodo aliorum corporum4 ,quam abs5tiam1 sive privationem corporum1 nihil esse positivum fateamur necesse e/7#iig74 #ef4 ,ct]um hasce res nisi quis lib]o et acri exam9e p]spex]it1 v]ba et voces p>um val5t4 ,m$itanti v]o1 et rationes secum reputanti1 ni fallor1 manife/um erit1 qucunque de spatio puro et absoluto prdicantur1 ea omnia de nihilo prdic>i posse4 ,qua ratione m5s humana facillime lib]atur a magnis difficultatibus simulque ab ea absurditate tribu5di exi/5tiam necess>iam7#iih7 ulli rei prt]quam soli ,deo optimo maximo4 #eg4 ,9 proclivi esset s5t5tiam no/ram argum5tis a po/]iori 7ut loquuntur7 ductis confirm>e1 qu/iones de spatio absoluto propon5do2 exempli gratia1 utrum sit sub/antia vel accid5s8 utrum creatum vel increatum8 et absurditates ex utravis p>te consequ5tes demon/r&o4 ,s$ brevitati consul5dum4 ,illud tam5 omitti non debet1 quod s5t5tiam hancce ,democritus olim calculo suo comprobavit1 uti auctor e/ ,ari/oteles #a4 i4 ,phys47#iii7 ubi hc habet3 ,democritus solidum et inane ponit pr9cipia1 quorum aliud quidem ut quod e/1 aliud ut quod non e/ esse dicit4 ,scrupulum si =te injiciat1 quod di/9ctio illa int] spatium absolutum et relativum a magni nom9is philosophis usurpetur1 eique quasi fundam5to 9dific5tur multa prcl>a !oremata1 scrupulum i/um vanum esse1 ex iis qu secutura sunt1 app>ebit4 #eh4 ,ex prmissis patet1 non conv5ire ut def9iamus locum v]um corporis esse p>tem spatii absoluti quam occupat corpus1 motumque v]um seu absolutum esse mutationem loci v]i et absoluti4 ,siquidem omnis locus e/ relativus1 ut et omnis motus4 ,v]untam5 ut hoc cl>ius app>eat1 animadv]t5dum e/1 motum nullum intelligi posse s9e det]m9atione aliqua seu directione1 qu quidem intelligi nequit1 nisi praet] corpus motum1 no/rum etiam corpus1 aut aliud aliquod1 simul intelligatur exi/]e4 ,nam sursum1 deorsum1 s9i/rorsum1 dextrorsum1 omnesque plag et regiones 9 relatione aliqua fundantur1 et necess>io corpus a moto div]sum connotant et supponunt4 ,adeo ut1 si reliquis corporibus 9 nihilum r$actis1 globus1 exempli gratia1 unicus exi/]e supponatur2 9 illo motus nullus concipi possit3 usque adeo necesse e/1 ut detur aliud corpus1 cujus situ motus det]m9>i intelligatur4 ,hujus s5t5ti v]itas cl>issime elucebit1 modo corporum omnium tam no/ri quam aliorum1 prt] globum i/um unicum1 annihilationem recte supposu]imus4 #ei4 ,concipiantur porro duo globi1 et prt]ea nil corporeum1 exi/]e4 ,concipiantur de9de vires quomodocunque applic>i3 quicquid t&em p] applicationem virium intelligamus1 motus circul>is duorum globorum circa commune c5trum nequit p] imag9ationem concipi4 ,supponamus de9de clum fix>um cre>i3 subito ex concepto appulsu globorum ad div]sas cli i/ius p>tes motus concipietur4 ,scilicet cum motus natura sua sit relativus1 concipi non potuit priusquam d>5tur corpora correlata4 ,quemadmodum nec ulla relatio alia s9e correlatis concipi pote/4 #fj4 ,ad motum circul>em quod att9et1 putant multi1 cresc5te motu v]o circul>i1 corpus necess>io magis semp] magisque ab axe niti4 ,hoc autem ex eo prov5it1 quod1 cum motus circul>is spect>i possit tanquam 9 omni mom5to a duabus directionibus ortum trah5s1 una secundum radium1 alt]a secundum tang5tem2 si 9 hac ultima tantum directione impetus augeatur1 tum a c5tro rec$et corpus motum1 orbita v]o des9et esse circul>is4 ,quod si qualit] augeantur vires 9 utraque directione1 manebit motus circul>is1 s$ accel]atus conatu1 qui non magis arguet vires rec$5di ab axe1 quam acc$5di ad eundem1 auctas esse4 ,dic5dum igitur1 aquam 9 situla circumactam asc5d]e ad lat]a vasis1 propt]ea quod1 applicatis novis viribus 9 directione tang5tis ad quamvis p>ticulam aqu1 eodem in/anti non applic5tur nov vires quales c5tripet4 ,ex quo exp]im5to nullo modo sequitur1 motum absolutum circul>em p] vires rec$5di ab axe motus necess>io dignosci4 ,porro qua ratione intellig5d sunt voces i/1 vires corporum et conatus1 ex prmissis satis sup]que innotescit4 #fa4 ,quo modo curva consid]>i pote/ tanquam con/ans ex rectis inf9itis1 etiamsi rev]a ex illis non con/et1 s$ quod ea hypo!sis ad geometriam utilis sit1 eodem modo motus circul>is spect>i pote/ tanquam a directionibus rectil9eis inf9itis ortum duc5s1 qu suppositio utilis e/ 9 philosophia me*anica4 ,non tam5 ideo affirm&um1 impossibile esse1 ut c5trum gravitatis corporis cujusvis successive exi/at 9 s+ulis punctis p]iph]iae circul>is1 nulla ratione habita directionis ullius rectil9e1 sive 9 tang5te sive 9 radio4 #fb4 ,haud omitt5dum e/1 motum lapidis 9 funda1 aut aqu 9 situla circumacta1 dici non posse motum v]e circul>em1 juxta m5tem eorum qui p] p>tes spatii absoluti def9iunt loca v]a corporum2 cum sit mire compositus ex motibus non solum situl vel fund1 s$ etiam telluris diurno circa proprium axem1 m5/ruo circa commune c5trum gravitatis t]r et lun1 et annuo circa solem3 et propt]ea p>ticula quvis lapidis vel aqu describat l9eam a circul>i longe abhorr5tem4 ,neque rev]a e/1 qui cr$itur1 conatus axifugus1 quoniam non respicit unum aliquem axem ratione spatii absoluti1 supposito quod detur tale spatium3 pro9de non video quomodo appell>i possit conatus unicus1 cui motus v]e circul>is tanquam proprio et adaequato effectui respondet4 #fc4 ,motus nullus dignosci pote/1 aut m5sur>i1 nisi p] res s5sibiles4 ,cum ergo spatium absolutum nullo modo 9 s5sus incurrat1 necesse e/ ut inutile prorsus sit ad di/9ctionem motuum4 ,prt]ea det]m9atio sive directio motui ess5tialis e/1 ilia v]o 9 relatione consi/it4 ,ergo impossibile e/ ut motus absolutus concipiatur4 #fd4 ,porro quoniam pro div]sitate loci relativi v>ius sit motus ejusdem corporis1 qu9imo uno respectu mov]i1 alt]o quiesc]e dici quidpiam possit7#ajjj72 ad det]m9&um motum v]um et quietem v]am1 quo scilicet tollatur ambiguitas1 et consulatur me*anic philosophorum1 qui sy/ema r]um latius contemplantur1 satis fu]it spatium relativum fix>um clo1 tanquam quiesc5te spectato1 conclusum adhib]e1 loco spatii absoluti4 ,motus autem et quies tali spatio relativo def9iti1 commode adhib]i possunt loco absolutorum1 qui ab illis nullo symptomate disc]ni possunt4 ,et5im imprimantur utcunque vires1 s9t quicunque conatus1 conc$amus motum di/+ui p] actiones 9 corpora ex]citas2 nunquam tam5 inde sequetur1 d>i spatium illud et locum absolutum1 ejusque mutationem esse locum v]um4 #fe4 ,leges motuum1 effectusque1 et !oremata eorundem proportiones et calculos cont95tia1 pro div]sis vi>um figuris1 accel]ationibus itidem et directionibus div]sis1 m$iisque plus m9usve resi/5tibus1 hc omnia con/ant s9e calculatione motus absoluti4 ,uti vel ex eo patet quod1 quum secundum illorum pr9cipia qui motum absolutum inducunt1 nullo symptomate scire liceat1 utrum integra r]um compages quiescat1 an moveatur uni=mit] 9 directum1 p]spicuum sit motum absolutum nullius corporis cognosci posse4 #ff4 ,ex dictis patet ad v]am motus naturam p]spici5dam summop]e juvaturum1 #a4 ,di/+u]e int] hypo!ses ma!maticas et naturas r]um3 #b4 ,cav]e ab ab/ractionibus3 #c4 ,consid]>e motum tanquam aliquid s5sibile1 vel saltem imag9abile2 m5surisque relativis esse cont5tos4 ,qu si fec]imus1 simul cl>issima quque philosophi me*anic !oremata1 quibus res]antur natur recessus1 mundique sy/ema calculis humanis subjicitur1 manebunt intem]ata1 et motus contemplatio a mille m9utiis1 subtilitatibus1 ideisque ab/ractis lib]a evadet4 ,atque hc de natura motus dicta sufficiant4 #fg4 ,re/at1 ut diss]amus de causa communicationis motuum7#ajja74 ,esse autem vim impressam 9 corpus mobile causam motus 9 eo1 pl]ique exi/imant4 ,v]untam5 illos non assign>e causam motus cognitam1 et a corpore motuque di/9ctam1 ex prmissis con/at4 ,patet insup] vim non esse rem c]tam et det]m9atam1 ex eo quod viri summi de ilia multum div]sa1 immo contr>ia1 pr(]ant1 salva tam5 9 consequ5tiis v]itate4 ,siquidem ,newtonus7#ajjb7 ait vim impressam consi/]e 9 actione sola1 esseque actionem ex]citam 9 corpus ad /atum ejus mut&um1 nee po/ actionem man]e4 ,torricellius7#ajjc7 cumulum qu5dam sive aggregatum virium impress>um p] p]cussionem 9 corpus mobile recipi1 ibidemque man]e atque impetum con/itu]e cont5dit4 ,idem f]e ,borellus7#ajjd7 aliique prdicant4 ,at v]o1 tametsi int] se pugn>e videantur ,newtonus et ,torricellius1 nihilom9us1 dum s+uli sibi cons5tanea pr(]unt1 res satis commode ab utrisque explicatur4 ,quippe vires omnes corporibus attribut tam sunt hypo!ses ma!matic quam vires attractiv 9 planetis et sole4 ,ct]um entia ma!matica 9 r]um natura /abilem ess5tiam non hab5t3 p5d5t autem a notione def9i5tis2 unde eadem res div]simode explic>i pote/4 #fh4 ,/atuamus motum novum 9 corpore p]cusso cons]v>i1 sive p] vim insitam1 qua corpus quodlibet p]sev]at 9 /atu suo vel motus vel quietis uni=mis 9 directum2 sive p] vim impressam1 durante p]cussione 9 corpus p]cussum receptam ibidemque p]man5tem2 idem erit quoad rem1 diff]5tia exi/5te 9 nom9ibus tantum4 ,similit]1 ubi mobile p]cuti5s p]dit1 et p]cussum acquirit motum1 p>um ref]t disput>e1 utrum motus acquisitus sit idem num]o cum motu p]dito1 ducit enim 9 m9utias metaphysicas et prorsus nom9ales de id5titate4 ,itaque sive dicamus motum transire a p]cuti5te 9 p]cussum1 sive 9 p]cusso motum de novo g5]>i1 de/rui autem 9 p]cuti5te1 res eodem recidit4 ,utrobique intelligitur unum corpus motum p]d]e1 alt]um acquir]e1 et prt]ea nihil4 #fi4 ,m5tem1 qu agitat et cont9et univ]sam hancce molem corpoream1 e/que causa v]a effici5s motus1 e&em esse1 proprie et /ricte loqu5do1 causam communicationis ejusdem haud negav]im4 ,9 philosophia tam5 physica1 causas et solutiones phnom5on a pr9cipiis me*anicis pet]e oportet4 ,physice igitur res explicatur non assign&o ejus causam v]e ag5tem et incorpoream1 s$ demon/r&o ejus connexionem cum pr9cipiis me*anicis3 cujusmodi e/ illud1 actionem et reactionem esse semp] contr>ias et quales7#ajje71 a quo1 tanquam fonte et pr9cipio prim>io1 eruuntur regul de motuum communicatione1 qu a neot]icis1 magno sci5ti>um bono1 jam ante rep]t sunt et demon/rat4 #gj4 ,nobis satis fu]it1 si innuamus pr9cipium illud alio modo decl>>i potuisse4 ,nam si v]a r]um natura potius quam ab/racta ma!sis spectetur1 videbitur rectius dici1 9 attractione vel p]cussione passionem corporum1 quam actionem1 esse utrobique qualem4 ,exempli gratia1 lapis fune equo alligatus tantum trahitur v]sus equum1 quantum equus v]sus lapidem3 corpus etiam motum 9 aliud quiesc5s impactum1 patitur e&em mutationem cum corpore quiesc5te4 ,et quoad effectum realem1 p]cuti5s e/ item p]cussum1 p]cussumque p]cuti5s4 ,mutatio autem illa e/ utrobique1 tam 9 corpore equi quam 9 lapide1 tam 9 moto quam 9 quiesc5te1 passio m]a4 ,esse autem vim1 virtutem1 aut actionem corpoream talium effectuum v]e et proprie causatricem non con/at4 ,corpus motum 9 quiesc5s imp+itur2 loquimur tam5 active1 dic5tes illud hoc impell]e3 nec absurde 9 me*anicis1 ubi ide ma!matic potius quam v] r]um natur spectantur4 #ga4 ,9 physica1 s5sus et exp]i5tia1 qu ad effectus app>5tes solummodo p]t+unt1 locum hab5t2 9 me*anica1 notiones ab/ract ma!maticorum admittuntur4 ,9 philosophia prima1 seu metaphysica1 agitur de rebus incorporeis1 de causis1 v]itate1 et exi/5tia r]um4 ,physicus s]ies sive successiones r]um s5sibilium contemplatur1 quibus legibus connectuntur1 et quo ord9e1 quid prc$it tanquam causa1 quid sequitur tanquam effectus1 animadv]t5s47#ajjf7 ,atque hac ratione dicimus corpus motum esse causam motus 9 alt]o1 vel ei motum imprim]e1 trah]e etiam1 aut impell]e4 ,quo s5su caus secund corpore intelligi deb5t1 nulla ratione habita v] s$is virium1 vel pot5ti>um actricum1 aut caus realis cui insunt4 ,porro dici possunt caus vel pr9cipia me*anica1 ultra corpus1 figuram1 motum1 etiam axiomata sci5ti me*anic prim>ia1 tanquam caus consequ5tium spectata4 #gb4 ,caus v]e activ m$itatione tantum et ratioc9io e t5ebris erui quibus involvuntur possunt1 et aliquat5us cognosci4 ,spectat autem ad philosophiam primam1 seu metaphysicam1 de iis ag]e4 ,quodsi cuique sci5ti prov9cia sua7#ajjg7 tribuatur1 limites assign5tur1 pr9cipia et objecta accurate di/+uantur1 qu ad s+ulas p]t95t1 tract>e licu]it majore1 cum facilitate1 tum p]spicuitate4 ,,footnotes #a ,philosophy ( ,!ism3 ,! ,gif=d ,lectures deliv]$ be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh 9 #ahid-if4 7,second ,edition1 #ahii47 #b ,essay on ,vision1 sect4 #adg1 #adh4 #c ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #f4 #d ,preface to ! ,?ree ,dialogues betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s4 #e ,by ,an?ony ,coll9s4 #f ,see vol4 ,,iii1 ,app5dix ,b4 #g ,murdo* ,m>t91 a native ( ,skye1 au?or ( a ,voyage to ,/4 ,kilda 7#afih71 & a ,description ( ! ,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,scotl& 7#agjc74 #h ,see ,/ew>t's ,works 7ed4 ,hamilton71 vol4 ,i4 p4 #afa4 ,!re is a v]sion ( ?is /ory by ,de,quincey1 9 8 qua9t essay on ,murd] consid]$ z "o ( ! ,f9e ,arts4 #i ,sir ,john became ,"l ,p]cival 9 t ye>4 #aj ,a place m ?an once visit$ by ,b]keley4 #aa ,bakewell's ,memoirs ( ! ,c\rt ( ,augu/us1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #agg4 #ab ,a lett] 9 ,b]keley's ,life & ,lett]s1 p4 #ic1 :i* l$ me to a diff]5t op9ion1 ,i h n[ reason to believe 0 n writt5 by him1 nor 0 x writt5 9 #agba4 ,! rese>* ( ,dr4 ,lor5z1 confirm$ by int]nal evid5ce1 %ews t x 0 writt5 9 ,octob]1 #afhd1 be=e ,b]keley ! philosoph] 0 born1 & :5 ! ,duke ( ,ormond 0 ,"l ,lieut5ant ( ,irel&4 ,! writ] 0 probably ! ,hon4 & ,rev4 ,george ,b]keley1 a ,preb5d>y ( ,we/m9/] 9 #afhg1 :o di$ 9 #afid4 ,! wife ( ! 8pi\s ,rob]t ,nelson0 0 a daught] ( ,e>l ,b]keley1 & ?is 8,george0 0 h] y\ng] bro!r4 #ac ,p]cival ,,mss4 #ad ,= ! lett]1 see ,editor's ,preface to ! ,proposal = a ,college 9 ,b]muda1 vol4 ,,iv4 pp4 #cdc-dd4 #ae ,aft]w>ds ,sir ,john ,james4 #af ,smib]t ! arti/1 :o made a picture ( ,b]keley 9 #agbe1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,am]ica ( ! family p>ty !n at ,graves5d4 #ag ,hi/orical ,regi/]1 vol4 ,,xiii1 p4 #bhi 7#agbh74 #ah ,new ,engl& ,weekly ,c\ri]1 ,feb4 #c1 #agbi4 #ai ,= valuable in=mation ab\t ,rhode ,isl&1 reproduc$ 9 ,b]keley's ,life & ,correspond5ce & "h1 ,i am indebt$ to ,colonel ,higg9son1 to :om ,i desire to make ?is t>dy b grateful ackn[l$gem5t4 #bj ,james1 ,dalton1 & ,smib]t4 #ba ,:itehall1 hav+ fall5 into decay1 has be5 lately re/or$ by ! pi\s ef=ts ( ,mrs4 ,liv+/on ,mason1 9 conc]t ) ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,e4 ,hale1 & o!rs4 ,?is good "w 0 complet$ 9 ! summ] ( #aijj2 & ! h\se is n[ z ne>ly z possible 9 ! /ate 9 :i* ,b]keley left x4 #bb ,see vol4 ,,iii1 ,app5dix ,c4 #bc ,?ree ,m5 ( ,lett]s1 by ,moses ,coit ,tyl] 7,new ,york1 #ahie74 ,he records "s ( ! ,am]ican academical & o!r in/itutions t are directly or indirectly1 due to ,b]keley4 #bd ,! ?\ght impli$ 9 ?is p>agraph is pursu$ 9 my ,philosophy ( ,!ism1 9 :i* ! e?ical p]fection ( ! ,univ]sal ,m9d is tak5 z ! fundam5tal po/ulate 9 all human exp]i5ce4 ,if ! ,univ]sal ,m9d is n e?ically p]fect1 ! univ]se 7includ+ our spiritual con/itution7 is radically untru/wor?y4 #be ,life & ,lett]s ( ,b]keley1 p4 #bbb4 #bf ,! ?ird ,e>l ( ,%aftesbury1 ! pupil ( ,locke1 & au?or ( ! ,*>act]i/ics4 ,9 addition to ! well-kn[n biography by ,dr4 ,f[l]1 ! pres5t em95t ,vice-,*ancellor ( ,ox=d1 ,%aftesbury has be5 int]pret$ 9 two o!r lately publi%$ works--a ,life by ,b5jam9 ,r&1 ,ph4,d4 7#aijj71 & an edition ( ! ,*>act]i/ics1 ) an ,introduction & ,notes1 by ,john ,m4 ,rob]tson 7#aijj74 #bg ,! title ( ?is book is--,?+s ,div9e & ,sup]natural conceiv$ by ,analogy ) ,?+s ,natural & ,human1 by ! ,au?or ( ,! ,proc$ure1 ,ext5t & ,limits ( ! ,human ,und]/&+4 ,! ,div9e ,analogy appe>$ 9 #agcc1 & ! ,proc$ure 9 #agbh4 #bh ,sp9oza argues t :at is call$ 8und]/&+0 & 8w0 9 ,god1 has no m 9 common ) human und]/&+ & w ?an ! dog-/> 9 ! heav5s has ) ! animal we call a dog4 ,see ,sp9oza's ,e?ica1 ,i4 #ag1 ,s*olium4 #bi ,! "q ( ! kn[abl5ess ( ,god1 or ,omnipot5t ,moral ,p]fection 9 ! concrete1 ent]s into rec5t philosophical & !ological discussion 9 ,brita94 ,cald]wood1 9 8 ,philosophy ( ! ,inf9ite 7#ahed71 0 "o ( ! e>lie/1 & n ! lea/ acute1 ( ,hamilton's critics 9 ?is matt]4 ,! subject is lucidly treat$ by ,pr(essor ,&rew ,se? 7,pr+le-,pattison7 9 8 ,lectures on ,!ism 7#ahig7 & 9 a supplem5t to ,cald]wood's ,life 7#aijj74 ,s also ,huxley's ,david ,hume & ,pr(essor ,iv]a*'s ,is ,god ,kn[able8 #cj ,/ew>t's ,works4 vol4 ,i4 pp4 #cej-a4 #ca ,b]keley ,,mss4 possess$ by ,ar*deacon ,rose4 #cb ,pope's poetic tribute to ,b]keley belongs to ?is p]iod-- 8,ev5 9 a bi%op ,i c spy des]t2 ,seck] is dec5t2 ,rundle has a he>t3 ,mann]s ) c&\r are to ,b5son giv51 ,to ,b]keley--e virtue "u heav540 ,epilogue to ! ,satires4 ,also 8 satirical tribute to ! critics ( ,b]keley-- 8,tru?'s sacr$ =t ?' explod$ laugh %all w92 ,& ,coxcombs vanqui% ,b]keley ) a gr940 ,essay on ,satire1 ,"p ,,ii4 #cc ,b]keley's ,life & ,lett]s1 p4 #baj4 #cd ,bacon's ,novu9 ,organum4 ,di/ributio ,op]is4 #ce ,section #ada4 #cf ,see 8,editor's ,preface to ,alciphron40 #cg ,comp>e ,essay ,,ii 9 ! ,gu>dian ) ?is4 #ch ,taylor1 9 lat] life1 con=m$ to ! ,anglican ,*ur*4 #ci ,see ,b]keley's ,life & ,lett]s1 *ap4 viii4 #dj ,! ,primacy4 #da ,?is seems to h be5 8 elde/ son1 ,h5ry4 #db ,8 son ,george 0 already settl$ at ,*ri/ ,*ur*4 ,h5ry1 ! elde/ son1 born 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 0 !n 8abroad 9 ! s\? ( ,france = 8 heal?10 z "o ( 8 bro!r ,george's lett]s tells u1 f\nd among ! ,johnson ,,mss4 #dc ,see ,app5dix ,d4 ,reid1 l ,b]keley1 held t 8matt] _c be ! cause ( any?+10 b ?is n z a consequ5ce ( ! new conception ( ! _w pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 ?r\gh :i* alone ,b]keley op5s 8 way to its p[]lessness2 al?\gh ,reid supposes t 9 8 y\? he foll[$ ,b]keley 9 ?is too4 ,see ,?omas ,reid 7#ahih71 9 8,fam\s ,scots ,s]ies10 :]e ,i h enl>g$ on ?is4 #dd ,johnson ,,mss4 #de ,t ,b]keley 0 buri$ 9 ,ox=d is m5tion$ 9 8 son's lett] to ,johnson1 9 :i* he says 3 8,8 rema9s are int]r$ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 & next week a monum5t to 8 memory w be erect$ ) an inscription by ,dr4 ,m>kham1 a ,/ud5t ( ?is ,college40 ,z ! son 0 pres5t at1 & sup]9t5d$ ! arrangem5ts = 8 fa!r's fun]al1 x c be no /ret* ( cr$ulity to believe t he knew :]e 8 fa!r 0 buri$4 ,x may be add$ t ,b]keley himself _h provid$ 9 8 ,w 8t my body be buri$ 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ! p>i% 9 :i* ,i die40 ,! ,w1 dat$ ,july #ca1 #ageb1 is giv5 9 ext5so 9 my ,life & ,lett]s ( ,b]keley1 p4 #cde4 ,we h also ! record ( burial 9 ! ,regi/] ( ,*ri/ ,*ur* ,ca!dral1 :i* %ews t 8on ,janu>y ye #bj? #agec1 ye ,"r ,rev]5d ,john 7sic7 ,b]kley1 ,ld ,bi%op ( ,cloyne1 0 bury$0 !re4 ,?is disposes ( ! /atem5t on p4 #ag ( ,diprose's ,acc\nt ( ! ,p>i% ( ,sa9t ,clem5t ,danes 7#ahfh71 t ,b]keley 0 buri$ 9 t *ur*4 ,i may add t a beautiful memorial ( ,b]keley has lately be5 plac$ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,cloyne1 by subscriptions 9 ?is c\ntry & l>gely 9 ,am]ica4 ,m#a ,i4 #df 8,g5]al ideas10 i4e4 ab/ract g5]al ideas1 di/+ui%$1 9 ,b]keley's nom9alism1 f concrete g5]al ideas1 or f g5]al names1 :i* are signs ( any "o ( an indef9ite numb] ( individual objects4 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 ,introduction1 sect4 #af4 #dg ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k4 ,m#b ,n4 #dh 8co-exi/+ ideas10 i4e4 ph5om5a pres5t$ 9 uni=m ord] to ! s5ses4 ,m#c ,m4 ,p4 ,m#d ,m4 ,p4 ,m#e ,m4 #di ,newton po/ulates a _w ( matt] & motion1 gov]n$ me*anically by laws )9 itself3 ,b]keley f9ds himself *>g$ ) ,new ,pr9ciples1 dem&$ by reason1 ) :i* ,newton's po/ulate is inconsi/5t4 ,m#f ,e4 #ej ,he attempts ?is 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,pr9ciples & ,dialogues4 ,he recognises ! difficulty ( reconcil+ 8 ,new ,pr9ciples ) ! id5tity & p]man5ce ( s5sible ?+s4 ,m#g ,m4 ,m#h ,e4 #ea ,he contemplat$ ?us e>ly applications ( 8 ,new ,pr9ciples to ,ma!matics1 aft]w>ds made 9 8 book ( ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #aah-cb4 #eb ,:at ,b]keley calls ideas are ei!r p]ceptible by ! s5ses or imag9$3 ei!r way !y are concrete3 ab/ract ideas are empty words4 ,m#i ,s4 ,m#aj ,m4 ,p4 #ec i4e4 ! exi/5ce ( bodies & qualities indep5d5tly (--9 ab/raction f--all p]cipi5t m9d4 ,:ile ! spiritual !ism ( ,desc>tes is acceptable1 he rejects 8 me*anical conception ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,m#aa ,m4 #ed ,b a 8h\se0 or a 8*ur*0 includes m ?an visible ideas1 s t we _c1 /rictly speak+1 be said to see x4 ,we see imm$iately only visible signs ( its invisible qualities4 ,m#ab ,e4 #ee ,?is is add$ 9 ! m>g94 ,m#ac ,n4 ,m#ad ,n4 ,m#ae ,n4 #ef ,! total impot5ce ( ,matt]1 & ! omnipot5ce ( ,m9d or ,_s 9 ,nature1 is ?us e>ly becom+ ! dom9ant ?\ght ) ,b]keley4 ,m#af ,n4 ,m#ag ,n4 #eg ,?is ref]s to an objection to ! ,new ,pr9ciples t is app>5tly re9=c$ by rec5t discov]ies 9 geology4 ,b if ^! contradict ! ,pr9ciples1 s does ! exi/5ce ( a table :ile ,i am only see+ x4 ,m#ah ,e4 #eh ,exi/5ce1 9 %ort1 c be realis$ only 9 ! =m ( liv+ p]cipi5t m9d4 #ei ,b]keley h>dly di/+ui%es uncont+5t ma!matical relations1 to :i* ! s5sible ideas or ph5om5a 9 :i* ! relations are concretely manife/$ mu/ con=m4 #fj ,m4 ,t4 matt] tangible2 ,m4 ,v4 matt] visible2 ,m4 4 matt] s5sible4 ,! di/9ctions n "q 7 made prom95t 9 ! ,essay on ,vision4 ,see sect4 #a1 #aba-de4 ,m#ai ,p4 #fa ,:i* ! common supposition reg>d+ prim>y qualities seems to contradict4 #fb ,t ne$ n h be5 blott$ out--'tis good s5se1 if we d b det]m9e wt we mean by ?+ & idea4--,,au?or1 on blank page ( ! ,,ms4 ,m#bj ,p4 ,m#ba ,n4 #fc ,see ,locke's ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,iii4 *4 #d1 #h1 :]e he criticises attempts to def9e motion1 z involv+ a petitio4 ,m#bb ,p4 ,m#bc ,n4 ,m#bd ,n4 #fd ,george ,*eyne1 ! physician 7kn[n aft]w>ds z au?or ( ! ,engli% ,malady71 publi%$ 9 #agje a "w on ,fluxions1 :i* procur$ him admission to ! ,royal ,society4 ,he 0 born 9 #afgj4 #fe ,?is rem9ds u ( ,hume1 & incl9es t[>ds ! empirical notion ( ,causation1 z m]ely con/ancy 9 sequ5ce--n ev5 cont9u\s metamorphosis4 #ff ,?is is ,b]keley's objection to ab/ract1 i4e4 unp]ceiv$1 quantities & inf9itesimals--important 9 ! sequel4 #fg ,! 8l9es & figures0 ( pure ma!matics1 t is to say2 :i* he rejects z mean+less1 9 8 horror unrealisable ab/ractions4 ,m#be ,i4 ,m#bf ,i4 ,m#bg ,m4 ,e4 ,m#bh ,e4 #fh ,?+s really exi/1 t is to say1 9 degrees1 e4g4 9 a less] degree1 :5 !y are imag9$ ?an :5 !y are actually p]ceiv$ by our s5ses2 b1 9 ?is wide mean+ ( exi/5ce1 !y may 9 bo? cases be said to exi/4 ,m#bi ,e4 #fi ,add$ on blank page ( ! ,,ms4 #gj ,9 ,b]keley's limitation ( ! t]m idea to :at is pres5t$ objectively 9 s5se1 or repres5t$ concretely 9 imag9ation4 ,accord+ly 8an inf9ite idea0 w\ld be an idea :i* transc5ds ideation--an express contradiction4 ,m#cj ,m4 ,m#ca ,m4 ,m#cb ,m4 ,m#cc ,s4 #ga ,does ! human _s dep5d on s5sible ideas z mu* z !y dep5d on _s8 ,o!r ord]s ( spiritual be+s may be p]cipi5t ( o!r sorts ( ph5om5a ?an ^? pres5t$ 9 ^? few s5ses to :i* man is conf9$1 al?\gh self-consci\s activity ab/ract$ f all sorts ( pres5t$ ph5om5a seems impossible4 ,b a self-consci\s _s is n necess>ily dep5d5t on our mat]ial _w or our s5se exp]i5ce4 ,m#cd ,s4 ,m#ce ,s4 #gb ,?is ,i d n altoge!r approve (4--,,au?or1 on m>g94 ,m#cf ,m4 ,m#cg ,s4 #gc ,he aft]w>ds gu>d$ ! diff]5ce1 by contra/+ notion & idea1 conf9+ ! latt] to ph5om5a pres5t$ objectively to our s5ses1 or repres5t$ 9 s5su\s imag9ation1 & apply+ ! =m] to intellectual appreh5sion ( 8op]ations ( ! m9d10 & ( 8relations0 among ideas4 ,m#ch ,e4 #gd ,see ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #hi4 #ge ,is ?\ght1 !n1 indep5d5t ( language8 ,c we realise ?\ght wor?y ( ! "n )\t use ( words8 ,?is is ,b]keley's excessive juv5ile reaction aga9/ v]bal ab/ractions4 #gf ,e g5]al notion is ideally realisable 9 "o or o!r ( its possible concrete or individual applications4 ,m#ci ,n4 ,m#dj ,s4 #gg ,?is is ! g]m ( ,b]keley's notion ( ! objectivity ( ! mat]ial _w to individual p]cipi5ts & s ( ! rise ( individual self-consci\sness4 ,m#da ,s4 #gh ,add$ by ,b]keley on blank page ( ! ,,ms4 #gi ,cf4 p4 #dbj1 note #b4 ,bi%op ,sprat's ,hi/ory ( ! ,royal ,society appe>$ 9 #affg4 #hj ,mu* ne$2 = :at he means by idea has n be5 att5d$ to by 8 critics4 ,m#db ,i4 ,mo4 #ha ,:at 8,second ,book0 is ?is8 ,does he ref] to ! 8,second ,"p0 ( ! ,pr9ciples1 :i* nev] appe>$8 ,god is ! culm9ation ( 8 philosophy1 9 ,siris4 ,m#dc ,m4 #hb ,?is is ,b]keley's mat]ial sub/ance4 ,individual mat]ial sub/ances are = him1 /eady aggregates ( s5se-giv5 ph5om5a1 hav+ ! effici5t & f9al cause ( _! aggregation 9 et]nally active ,m9d--active m9d1 human & ,div9e1 be+ ess5tial to _! realisation = man4 ,m#dd ,i4 #hc ,cf4 ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples1 especially sect4 #ah-be4 ,m#de ,m4 #hd ,/ill+fleet *>ges ,locke ) 8disc>d+ sub/ance out ( ! reasonable "p ( ! _w40 ,m#df ,m4 #he ,! philosoph]s suppos$ ! real ?+s to exi/ beh9d our ideas1 9 concealm5t3 ,b]keley 0 n[ beg9n+ to ?9k t ! objective ideas or ph5om5a pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* ne$s no pro(1 7 !mselves ! significant & int]pretable realities ( physical sci5ce4 ,m#dg ,i4 ,m#dh ,m4 ,m#di ,s4 ,m#ej ,i4 ,m#ea ,n4 ,m#eb ,p4 ,m#ec ,m4 ,m#ed ,n4 ,m#ee ,m4 #hf ,if ! mat]ial _w c be real only 9 & ?r\gh a p]cipi5t intellig5ce1 z ! realis+ factor4 ,m#ef ,s4 ,m#eg ,mo4 ,m#eh ,mo4 ,m#ei ,mo4 ,m#fj ,i4 #hg ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #ac1 #aai-abb1 :i* d5y ! possibility ( an idea or m5tal picture correspond+ to ab/ract numb]4 ,m#fa ,m4 ,p4 #hh 8,prc$ane\s10 i4e4 prec$5t4 ,m#fb ,s4 #hi ,:o refunds human z well z natural causation into ,div9e ag5cy4 ,m#fc ,mo4 #ij ,9 :i* ,locke treats 8,( ! ,reality ( ,k10 includ+ que/ions apt to lead ,b]keley to inquire1 ,:e!r we c\ld 9 reason suppose reality 9 ! abs5ce ( all realis+ m9d4 ,m#fd ,m4 ,m#fe ,m4 ,m#ff ,e4 ,m#fg ,m4 ,m#fh ,mo4 ,m#fi ,i4 ,m#gj ,i4 ,m#ga ,i4 #ia ,locke's 8ab/ract idea0 is misconceiv$ & c>icatur$ by ,b]keley 9 8 impetuosity4 ,m#gb ,m4 #ib ,?is & o!r passages ref] to ! scepticism1 t is f\nd$ on ! impossibility ( our comp>+ our ideas ( ?+s ) unp]ceiv$ real ?+s2 s t we c nev] escape f ! circle ( subjectivity4 ,b]keley int5d$ to refute ?is scepticism4 ,m#gc ,i4 ,m#gd ,i4 ,m#ge ,i4 ,m#gf ,mo4 #ic ,probably ,samuel ,madd51 :o aft]w>ds edit$ ! ,qu]i/4 ,m#gg ,m4 #id ,?is 8,fir/ ,book0 seems to be 8,"p ,i0 ( ! project$ ,pr9ciples--! only ,"p ev] publi%$4 ,"h he incl9es to 8p]ception or ?\ght 9 g5]al10 9 ! language ( ,desc>tes2 b 9 ! end he approximates to ,locke's 8s5sation & reflection40 ,see ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #a1 & notes4 ,m#gh ,i4 ,m#gi ,e4 ,m#hj ,s4 ,m#ha ,s4 #ie ,does he mean1 l ,hume aft]w>ds1 t ideas or ph5om5a con/itute ! ego1 s t ,i am only ! transitory consci\s /ate ( ea* mom5t8 ,m#hb ,s4 #if 8,consci\sness0--a t]m r>ely us$ by ,b]keley or 8 contempor>ies4 #ig ,?is too1 if /rictly int]pret$1 looks l an anticipation ( ,hume's r$uction ( ! ego into successive 8impressions0--8no?+ b a bundle or collection ( diff]5t p]ceptions1 :i* succe$ "o ano!r ) inconceivable rapidity1 & are 9 a p]petual flux & movem5t40 ,see ,hume's ,treatise1 ,"p ,,iv4 sect4 #f4 ,m#hc ,s4 ,m#hd ,m4 #ih ,:at 8,?ird ,book0 is "h project$8 ,0 a 8,?ird ,"p0 ( ! ,pr9ciples !n 9 embryo8 ,m#he ,s4 #ii ,?is is sc>cely done 9 ! 8,introduction0 to ! ,pr9ciples4 ,m#hf ,s4 ,m#hg ,e4 #ajj ,b]keley1 z we f9d 9 ! ,commonplace ,book1 is fond ( conjectur+ h[ a man all alone 9 ! _w1 fre$ f ! ab/ractions ( language1 w\ld appreh5d ! realities ( exi/5ce1 :i* he mu/ !n face directly1 )\t ! use or abuse ( v]bal symbols4 ,m#hh ,e4 ,m#hi ,t4 ,m#ij ,i4 ,m#ia ,i4 ,m#ib ,e4 ,m#ic ,i4 ,m#id ,i4 #aja ,?is 8,n4 ,b40 is exp&$ 9 ! ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples4 ,m#ie ,m4 ,m#if ,s4 ,m#ig ,i4 ,m#ih ,m4 ,m#ii ,i4 ,m#ajj ,m4 #ajb ,cf4 ,essay on ,vision1 sect4 #d4 ,m#aja ,e4 ,m#ajb ,m4 #ajc ,:at is imm$iately realis$ 9 our p]cipi5t exp]i5ce mu/ be presum$ or tru/$ 9 z real1 if we h any hold ( reality1 or ! moral "r to po/ulate t our univ]se is fundam5tally tru/wor?y4 ,m#ajc ,i4 ,m#ajd ,s4 #ajd ,b he di/+ui%es1 9 ! ,pr9ciples & else:]e1 betwe5 an idea ( s5se & a p]cipi5t ego4 ,m#aje ,s4 ,m#ajf ,s4 ,m#ajg ,s4 ,m#ajh ,s4 ,m#aji ,s4 ,m#aaj ,s4 ,m#aaa ,n4 #aje ,!y reappe> 9 ,siris4 ,m#aab ,m4 #ajf ,9 "o ( ,b]keley's lett]s to ,johnson1 a qu>t] ( a c5tury aft] ! ,commonplace ,book1 :5 he 0 9 ,am]ica1 he obs]ves t 8! me*anical philosoph]s pret5d to demon/rate t matt] is proportional to gravity4 ,b _! argum5t concludes no?+1 & is a m]e circle0--z he proce$s to %[4 #ajg ,9 ! ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #a-cc1 he seeks to fulfil ! expository "p ( ?is int5tion2 9 sect4 #cc-hd1 also 9 ! ,dialogues betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s1 he is 8p>ticul> 9 answ]+ objections40 ,m#aac ,s4 ,m#aad ,m4 #ajh ,if ,matt] is arbitr>ily cr$it$ ) omnipot5ce4 ,m#aae ,s4 ,m#aaf ,s4 ,m#aag ,s4 ,m#aah ,s4 ,m#aai ,s4 ,m#abj ,s4 #aji ,on fre$om z impli$ 9 a moral & responsible ag5t1 cf4 ,siris1 sect4 #beg & note4 ,m#aba ,n4 #aaj ,is n ?is "o way ( express+ ! ,univ]sal ,provid5ce & con/ant unit+ ag5cy ( ,god 9 ! mat]ial _w8 #aaa ,"h idea seems to be us$ 9 its wid] signification1 includ+ notion4 ,m#abb ,g4 #aab 8inf9itely great]0--,does inf9ity admit ( imag9able degrees8 ,m#abc ,g4 #aac 'embrangl$'--p]plex$--involv$ 9 disputes4 #aad ,see ,pr9ciples1 ,introduction1 sect4 #bd4 ,m#abd ,s4 #aae 8homonymy10 i4e4 equivocation4 #aaf ,volunt>y or responsible activity is n an idea or datum ( s5se1 nor c x be realis$ 9 s5su\s imag9ation4 ,he uses 8?+0 9 ! wide mean+ :i* compreh5ds p]sons4 ,m#abe ,s4 #aag ,volunt>y or responsible activity is n an idea or datum ( s5se1 nor c x be realis$ 9 s5su\s imag9ation4 ,he uses 8?+0 9 ! wide mean+ :i* compreh5ds p]sons4 ,m#abf ,s4 ,m#abg ,e4 ,m#abh ,t4 ,m#abi ,s4 #aah ,is ?is consi/5t ) o!r entries8 ,m#acj ,s4 #aai ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 i4 sect4 #i-ai4 ,m#aca ,s4 #abj ,?is is "o way ( meet+ ! difficulty ( suppos$ int]ruptions ( consci\s or p]cipi5t activity4 ,m#acb ,s4 ,m#acc ,s4 #aba ,?is seems to imply t volunt>y action is my/]i\sly self-orig9at$4 ,m#acd ,s4 ,m#ace ,n4 ,m#acf ,t4 ,m#acg ,s4 #abb 8p]ception40 ,he does n include ! p]cipi5t4 #abc 8)\t10 i4e4 unrealis$ by any p]cipi5t4 ,m#ach ,m4 #abd ,?is w\ld make idea ! t]m only = :at is imag9$1 z di/+ui%$ f :at is p]ceiv$ 9 s5se4 ,m#aci ,s4 ,m#adj ,s4 #abe ,9 a /rict use ( words1 only p]sons ex]cise w--n ?+s4 ,m#ada ,s4 ,m#adb ,s4 #abf ,z we mu/ d 9 imag9ation1 :i* 7unlike s5se7 is repres5tative2 = ! m5tal images repres5t orig9al data ( s5se-p]ception4 ,m#adc ,s4 ,m#add ,s4 ,m#ade ,s4 ,m#adf ,i4 ,m#adg ,s4 ,m#adh ,mo4 ,m#adi ,mo4 #abg ,does he n all[ t we h mean+1 if n ideas1 :5 we use ! t]ms virtue & vice & moral action8 #abh ,z ,locke says we are4 ,m#aej ,e4 #abi 8,exi/5ce & unity are ideas t are sugge/$ to ! und]/&+ by e object )\t & e idea )94 ,:5 ideas are 9 our m9ds1 we consid] t !y exi/40 ,locke's ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 #g4 sect4 #g4 ,m#aea ,e4 #acj i4e4 ( ,exi/5ce 9 ! ab/ract--unp]ceiv$ & unp]ceiv+--realis$ nei!r 9 p]cipi5t life nor 9 moral action4 ,m#aeb ,s4 ,m#aec ,s4 ,m#aed ,s4 ,m#aee ,s4 ,e4 ,m#aef ,g4 #aca ,?is sugge/s t ,god kn[s s5sible ?+s )\t be+ s5ti5t ( any4 ,m#aeg ,n4 ,mo4 ,m#aeh ,mo4 ,m#aei ,i4 ,m#afj ,i4 #acb ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 ,introd41 sect4 #a-e4 ,m#afa ,i4 #acc ,cf4 ,preface to ,pr9ciples2 also to ,dialogues4 ,m#afb ,s4 ,m#afc ,i4 ,m#afd ,mo4 #acd i4e4 t e?ics 0 a sci5ce ( ph5om5a or ideas4 ,m#afe ,s4 ,m#aff ,i4 #ace i4e4 ( ! indep5d5t exi/5ce ( ,matt]4 ,m#afg ,m4 #acf 'bodies'--i4e4 s5sible ?+s--n unrealis$ ,matt]4 ,m#afh ,i4 c4 #acg ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 ,introduction1 sect4 #ac4 ,m#afi ,i4 #ach ,locke di$ 9 ,octob]1 #agjd4 ,m#agj ,s4 #aci 8)\t ! m9d10 i4e4 ab/ract$ f all active p]cipi5t life4 ,m#aga ,mo4 ,m#agb ,mo4 ,m#agc ,p4 ,s4 #adj e4g4 second>y qualities ( s5sible ?+s1 9 :i* pleasure & pa9 are prom95t4 #ada e4g4 prim>y qualities1 9 :i* pleasure & pa9 are lat5t4 ,m#agd ,i4 ,m#age ,mo4 ,m#agf ,m4 #adb ,see ,locke's ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 #ac4 #ba1 *4 #ag4 #d2 also ,bk4 ,,iv4 *4 #c4 #f2 also 8 controv]sy ) ,bi%op ,/ill+fleet reg>d+ ! possibility ( ,matt] ?9k+4 ,) ,b]keley real space is a f9ite creature1 dep5d5t = realisation on liv+ p]cipi5t ,_s4 ,m#agg ,i4 ,m#agh ,mo4 ,m#agi ,mo4 ,m#ahj ,s4 #adc ,b :at ( ! orig9ation ( ! volition itself8 ,m#aha ,m4 ,s4 #add ,essay1 ,bk4 ,i4 *4 iv4 #ah4 ,see also ,locke's ,lett]s to ,/ill+fleet4 ,m#ahb ,m4 ,s4 #ade ,x is1 accord+ to ,b]keley1 ! /eady union or co-exi/5ce ( a gr\p ( s5se-ph5om5a4 ,m#ahc ,i4 ,m#ahd ,i4 ,m#ahe ,s4 #adf ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 i4 #aj--:]e he argues = int]ruptions ( consci\sness4 8,m5 ?9k n always40 ,m#ahf ,mo4 ,m#ahg ,s4 ,m#ahh ,s4 ,m#ahi ,s4 ,m#aij ,s4 ,m#aia ,s4 ,m#aib ,s4 ,m#aic ,s4 #adg ,9 o!r words1 ! mat]ial _w is :olly impot5t3 all activity 9 ! univ]se is spiritual4 ,m#aid ,i4 #adh ,on ! ord] ( its f\r books & ! /ructure ( ,locke's ,essay1 see ! ,prolegom5a 9 my edition ( ! ,essay1 pp4 liv-lviii4 ,m#aie ,m4 #adi i4e4 indep5d5t imp]ceptible ,matt]4 ,m#aif ,i4 ,m#aig ,m4 #aej ,:at ( ! e>lie/ geological p]iods1 asks ,ueb]weg8 ,b is !re great] difficulty 9 su* in/ances ?an 9 expla9+ ! exi/5ce ( a table or a h\se1 :ile "o is m]ely see+1 )\t t\*+8 ,m#aih ,m4 #aea ,locke expla9s 8sub/ance0 z 8an unc]ta9 supposition ( we "k n :at40 ,essay1 ,bk4 ,i4 *4 #d4 #ah4 ,m#aii ,e4 ,m#bjj ,i4 ,m#bja ,mo4 ,m#bjb ,mo4 #aeb ,locke makes c]ta9ty consi/ 9 ! agreem5t ( 8our ideas ) ! reality ( ?+s40 ,see ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,iv4 *4 #d4 #ah4 ,"h ! sceptical difficulty arises1 :i* ,b]keley meets "u 8 ,pr9ciple4 ,if we h no p]ception ( reality1 we _c comp>e our ideas ) x1 & s _c h any crit]ion ( reality4 ,m#bjc ,mo4 ,m#bjd ,mo4 #aec ,?is seems wrong4 ,c]ta9ty1 real c]ta9ty1 is ( s5sible ideas4 ,i may be c]ta9 )\t affirmation or negation4--,,au?or4 ,?is ne$s fur!r explanation4 ,m#bje ,mo4 ,m#bjf ,mo4 ,m#bjg ,mo4 ,m#bjh ,i4 #aed ,?is entry & ! prec$+ t5ds to resolve all judgm5ts :i* are n :at ,kant calls analytical into cont+5t4 ,m#bji ,i4 ,m#baj ,i4 ,m#baa ,e4 ,m#bab ,n4 ,mo4 #aee ,see ,locke's ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,iv4 *4 #a1 #c-g1 & *4 #c4 #g-ba4 ,! /ress ,b]keley lays on 8co-exi/5ce0 is significant4 ,m#bac ,p4 #aef i4e4 we mu/ n d\bt ! reality ( ! imm$iate data ( s5se b accept x1 z 8! mob0 d4 ,m#bad ,i4 ,m#bae ,s4 ,m#baf ,s4 #aeg ,b is imag9ation diff]5t f actual p]ception only 9 degree ( reality8 ,m#bag ,s4 ,m#bah ,e4 #aeh ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #ac1 #abj2 also ,locke's ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 #g4 sect4 #g4 ,m#bai ,i4 #aei ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 ,introduction1 sect4 #a4 ,m#bbj ,i4 #afj ,b]keley's aim evid5tly is to deliv] m5 f empty ab/ractions1 by a return to m reasonably int]pret$ common-s5se4 ,m#bba ,s4 #afa ,! sort ( ext]nal _w t is intelligible to u is t ( :i* ano!r p]son is p]cipi5t1 & :i* is objective to me1 9 a p]cipi5t exp]i5ce =eign to m9e4 ,m#bbb ,s4 ,m#bbc ,mo4 ,m#bbd ,s4 #afb ,cf4 ,b]keley's ,ari?metica & ,miscellanea ,ma!matica1 publi%$ :ile he 0 mak+ 8 entries 9 ?is ,commonplace ,book4 #afc ,m9ima s5sibilia8 ,m#bbe ,mo4 ,m#bbf ,e4 ,m#bbg ,mo4 ,m#bbh ,mo4 #afd ,pleasures1 qu pleasures1 are natural causes ( correlative desires1 z pa9s or uneas9esses are ( correlative av]sions4 ,?is is impli$ 9 ! v nature ( pleasure & pa94 ,m#bbi ,i4 ,m#bcj ,i4 #afe ,"h we h 8 explanation ( idea4 ,m#bca ,m4 ,s4 #aff ,abs5t ?+s4 #afg ,"h1 z else:]e1 he resolves geometry1 z /rictly demon/rable1 into a reason$ sy/em ( analytical or v]bal propositions4 ,m#bcb ,i4 ,m4 #afh ,comp>e ?is ) note #c1 p4 #cd2 also ) ! contra/ betwe5 ,s5se & ,reason1 9 ,siris4 ,is ! /atem5t consi/5t ) impli$ assumptions ev5 9 ! ,pr9ciples1 ap>t f :i* !y c\ld n coh]e8 ,m#bcc ,s4 ,g4 ,m#bcd ,e4 ,m#bce ,g4 #afi ,to h an idea ( ,god--z ,b]keley uses idea--w\ld imply t ,god is an imm$iately p]ceptible1 or at lea/ an imag9able object4 ,m#bcf ,m4 ,e4 #agj ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #hi4 ,m#bcg ,i4 ,m#bch ,m4 ,s4 ,m#bci ,s4 ,m#bdj ,mo4 ,m#bda ,s4 ,m#bdb ,m4 #aga ,*4 #aa4 #e4 ,m#bdc ,s4 ,m#bdd ,e4 #agb ,:y add--8or p]ception08 ,m#bde ,mo4 ,m#bdf ,m4 #agc ,"h we h ,b]keley's fav\rite ?\ght ( ! div9e arbitr>9ess ( ! con/itution ( ,nature1 & ( its laws ( *ange4 ,m#bdg ,m4 ,s4 ,m#bdh ,s4 ,m#bdi ,s4 #agd ,?is sugge/s ! puzzle1 t ! cause ( e volition mu/ be a prec$+ volition1 & s on ad inf9itum4 ,m#bej ,s4 ,m#bea ,e4 ,s4 ,m#beb ,m4 ,p4 ,e4 #age ,re*]*e1 ,i4 #ai4 ,m#bec ,p4 #agf i4e4 ( 8 own individual m9d4 ,m#bed ,m4 ,p4 #agg i4e4 to a p]cipi5t m9d1 b n necess>ily to m9e2 = natural laws are indep5d5t ( individual w1 al?\gh ! individual p>ticipates 9 p]ception ( ! ord]$ *anges4 #agh ,cf4 ! ,ari?metica4 ,m#bee ,m4 ,n4 ,m#bef ,g4 ,m#beg ,s4 #agi i4e4 :i* are n ph5om5a4 ,?is recognition ( orig9ative ,w ev5 !n di/+ui%$ ,b]keley4 ,m#beh ,m4 #ahj ,is ?is ,"p ,,ii ( ! ,pr9ciples1 :i* 0 lo/ 9 ,italy8 ,m#bei ,i4 ,s4 ,m#bfj ,i4 ,mo4 ,m#bfa ,s4 #aha ,! ?\ght ( articulate relations to :i* real exi/5ce mu/ con=m1 0 n !n at lea/ 9 ,b]keley's m9d4 ,h5ce ! empiricism & s5sationalism into :i* he occasionally seems to ru% 9 ! ,commonplace ,book1 9 8 repulsion f empty ab/ractions4 ,m#bfb ,g4 ,s4 #ahb ,?is is ! ess5ce ( ,b]keley's philosophy--8a bl9d ag5t is a contradiction40 ,m#bfc ,g4 ,m#bfd ,s4 ,m#bfe ,s4 ,m#bff ,s4 ,mo4 ,m#bfg ,mo4 ,n4 ,m#bfh ,m4 #ahc ,?is is ! basis ( ,b]keley's reason+ = ! necess>ily unrepres5tative "* ( ! ideas or ph5om5a t are pres5t$ to our s5ses4 ,!y are ! orig9als4 ,m#bfi ,m4 ,s4 ,m#bgj ,s4 ,m#bga ,s4 ,m#bgb ,s4 ,m#bgc ,m4 ,m#bgd ,m4 ,m#bge ,g4 #ahd ,b]keley's horror ( ab/ract or unp]ceiv$ space & atoms is p>tly expla9$ by dogmas 9 natural philosophy t are n[ antiquat$4 ,m#bgf ,i4 ,e4 ,m#bgg ,g4 #ahe ,ralph 8 ,raphson1 au?or ( ,demon/ratio de ,deo 7#agaj71 & also ( ,de ,spatio ,reali1 seu ente ,inf9ito3 conam5 ma!matico-metaphysicum 7#afig71 to :i* ,b]keley ref]s 9 "o ( 8 lett]s to ,johnson4 ,see also ,gre5's ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy 7#agab74 ,! imman5ce ( omnipot5t goodness 9 ! mat]ial _w 0 unconsci\sly ,b]keley's presupposition4 ,9 ,god we h our be+4 ,m#bgh ,s4 ,m#bgi ,s4 ,m#bhj ,g4 ,m#bha ,e4 ,n4 #ahf ,note "h ,b]keley's v]sion ( ! causal pr9ciple1 :i* is really ! c5tral presupposition ( 8 :ole philosophy--viz4 e ev5t 9 ! mat]ial _w mu/ be ! issue ( act+ ,w4 ,m#bhb ,p4 ,m#bhc ,s4 #ahg ,s ,locke on an ideally p]fect memory4 ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 x4 #i4 ,m#bhd ,g4 ,m#bhe ,m4 #ahh ,john ,s]geant 0 ! au?or ( ,solid ,philosophy ass]t$ aga9/ ! ,fancies ( ! ,idei/s 7,london1 #afig72 also ( ! ,me?od to ,sci5ce 7#afif74 ,he 0 a des]t] f ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 & wrote sev]al pieces 9 def5ce ( ,roman !ology--"s ( !m 9 controv]sy ) ,tillotson4 ,m#bhf ,s4 ,m#bhg ,e4 ,s4 #ahi ,_s & ,matt] are mutually dep5d5t2 b ,_s is ! realis+ factor & real ag5t 9 ! univ]se4 ,m#bhh ,m4 ,m#bhi ,p4 ,m#bij ,g4 #aij ,see ,desc>tes1 ,m$itations1 ,,iii2 ,sp9oza1 ,epi/4 ,,ii1 ad ,old5burgium4 ,m#bia ,s4 #aia ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #b4 ,m#bib ,s4 ,m#bic ,s4 ,m#bid ,n4 ,s4 ,m#bie ,mo4 ,m#bif ,mo4 ,m#big ,mo4 ,n4 #aib ,is 8inclusion0 "h virtually a synonym = v]bal def9ition8 ,m#bih ,s4 ,m#bii ,n4 ,m#cjj ,n4 ,m#cja ,s4 ,m#cjb ,i4 ,m#cjc ,i4 ,m#cjd ,i4 ,m#cje ,m4 ,m#cjf ,m4 ,m#cjg ,m4 ,s4 #aic ,see ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #b4 ,! univ]se ( ,b]keley consi/s ( ,active ,spirits t p]ceive & produce motion 9 impot5t ideas or ph5om5a1 realis$ 9 ! p]cipi5t exp]i5ce ( p]sons4 ,all suppos$ p[]s 9 ,matt] are refund$ into ,_s4 ,m#cjh ,p4 ,m#cji ,p4 ,m#caj ,i4 ,m#caa ,s4 ,m#cab ,s4 ,m#cac ,s4 ,m#cad ,s4 #aid ,:5 self-consci\s ag5ts are includ$ among 8?+s40 ,we c h no s5su\s image1 i4e4 idea1 ( _s1 al?\gh he ma9ta9s we c use ! ^w intellig5tly4 ,m#cae ,mo4 ,m#caf ,m4 ,m#cag ,s4 ,g4 ,m#cah ,p4 ,m#cai ,m4 ,m#cbj ,s4 ,m#cba ,m4 ,p4 ,m#cbb ,mo4 ,n4 #aie ,b]keley insi/s t we %\ld individualise our ?9k+--8ipsis consuesc]e rebus10 z ,bacon says1--to escape ! dang]s ( artificial signs4 ,?is is ! drift ( 8 assault on ab/ract ideas1 & 8 repulsion f :at is n concrete4 ,he w\ld ev5 disp5se ) words 9 8 m$itations 9 case ( be+ sophi/icat$ by ab/ractions4 ,m#cbc ,n4 #aif ,nature or ! ph5om5al _w 9 %ort is ! revelation ( p]fectly reasonable ,w4 ,m#cbd ,m4 ,s4 ,m#cbe ,s4 #aig ,g]>d ,de ,vries1 ! ,c>tesian4 ,m#cbf ,s4 ,m#cbg ,g4 ,t4 ,m#cbh ,t4 ,m#cbi ,t4 ,m#ccj ,t4 ,m#cca ,m4 ,m#ccb ,m4 ,m#ccc ,m4 ,m#ccd ,m4 #aih ,are ! ?+s ( s5se only modes 9 :i* p]cipi5t p]sons exi/8 ,m#cce ,n4 #aii ,see ,locke's ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 #i4 #h4 ,m#ccf ,m4 ,s4 ,m#ccg ,m4 ,m#cch ,m4 ,m#cci ,t4 ,m#cdj ,m4 ,m#cda ,n4 ,m#cdb ,m4 ,m#cdc ,t4 #bjj ,"t be+ relative to ! capacity ( ! p]cipi5t4 #bja ,see ,locke's ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 #i4 #h4 ,m#cdd ,m4 #bjb ,to p]ceive :at is n an idea 7z ,b]keley uses idea7 is to p]ceive :at is n realis$1 & !re=e n real4 #bjc ,s ?+s h a pot5tial objective exi/5ce 9 ! ,div9e ,w4 #bjd ,) ,b]keley1 *ange is "t1 & "t1 ab/ract$ f all *anges1 is mean+less4 #bje ,c\ld he "k1 by see+ only1 ev5 t he _h a body8 ,m#cde ,m4 ,m#cdf ,m4 ,m#cdg ,m4 ,m#cdh ,m4 ,m#cdi ,m4 ,n4 ,m#cej ,n4 #bjf 8! ideas att5d+ ^! impressions10 i4e4 ! ideas t are correlatives ( ! 7by u unp]ceiv$7 organic impressions4 ,m#cea ,m4 ,m#ceb ,m4 ,m#cec ,m4 #bjg ,! ,italian physical & metaphysical philosoph] ,f>della 7#afej-agah7 ma9ta9$1 by reason+s ak9 to ^? ( ,malebran*e1 t ! exi/5ce ( ! mat]ial _w c\ld n be sci5tifically prov$1 & c\ld only be ma9ta9$ by fai? 9 au?oritative revelation4 ,see 8 ,univ]s ,philosophi ,sy/ema 7#afij71 & especially 8 ,logica 7#afif74 ,m#ced ,m4 #bjh ,locke's ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,iv4 *4 #aa4 #bji ,:at does he mean by 8unkn[n sub/ratum08 ,m#cee ,m4 ,m#cef ,s4 ,m#ceg ,m4 ,m#ceh ,m4 #baj ,he gets rid ( ! inf9ite 9 quantity1 because x is incapable ( concrete manife/ation to ! s5ses4 ,:5 a ph5om5on giv5 9 s5se rea*es ! m9imum s5sibile1 x rea*es :at is = u ! m>g9 ( realisable exi/5ce3 x _c be inf9itely little & /ill a ph5om5on3 ins5sible ph5om5a ( s5se involve a contradiction4 ,& s too ( ! inf9itely l>ge4 ,m#cei ,t4 #baa ,9 %ort he w\ld idealise ! visible _w b n ! tangible _w4 ,9 ! ,pr9ciples1 ,b]keley idealises bo?4 ,m#cfj ,s4 ,m#cfa ,m4 #bab ,cf4 ,essay on ,vision1 sect4 #adi-ei1 :]e he concludes t 8nei!r ab/ract nor visible ext5sion makes ! object ( geometry40 #bac ,by ! adult1 :o has le>n$ to int]pret its visual signs4 #bad ,inasmu* z no physical consequ5ces foll[ ! volition2 :i* h[ev] is /ill self-orig9at$4 ,m#cfb ,g4 #bae 8,a succession ( ideas ,i take to con/itute "t1 & n to be only ! s5sible measure !re(1 z ,mr4 ,locke & o!rs ?9k40 7,b]keley's lett] to ,johnson47 ,m#cfc ,p4 ,m#cfd ,m4 ,m#cfe ,t4 ,m#cff ,s4 #baf ,cf4 ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 #af1 sect4 #h4 #bag ,cf4 ,essay on ,vision1 sect4 #fg-gg4 #bah ,cf4 ,essay on ,vision1 sect4 #hh-abj4 ,m#cfg ,t4 ,m#cfh ,m4 ,m#cfi ,m4 #bai ,?is is ( ! ess5ce ( ,b]keley's philosophy4 ,m#cgj ,m4 ,m#cga ,m4 ,m#cgb ,mo4 ,s4 ,m#cgc ,s4 ,m#cgd ,s4 ,m#cge ,s4 #bbj ,b 9 moral fre$om orig9ates 9 ! ag5t1 in/ead ( be+ 8consecutive0 to 8 volunt>y acts or f\nd only 9 _! consequ5ces4 ,m#cgf ,m4 #bba 8,/rigose0 7/rigosus7--meagre4 ,m#cgg ,s4 ,mo4 ,m#cgh ,n4 ,m#cgi ,i4 ,s4 ,m#chj ,s4 #bbb ,z he aft]w>ds expresses x1 we h intelligible notions1 b n ideas--s5su\s pictures--( ! /ates or acts ( our m9ds4 #bbc 8,omnes reales r]um proprietates cont95tur 9 ,deo40 ,:at means ,le ,cl]c c4 by ?is8 ,log4 ,i4 *4 #h4--;,,au?or1 on m>g94 ,m#cha ,g4 #bbd 8,si non rogas intelligo40 ,m#chb ,m4 ,m#chc ,p4,n4 ,m#chd ,m4 ,p4 #bbe ,?is way ( w9n+ o!rs to 8 own op9ions is v *>act]i/ic ( ,b]keley4 ,see p4 #ib & note4 ,m#che ,m4 ,p4 #bbf ,see ,?ird ,dialogue1 on sam5ess 9 ?+s & sam5ess 9 p]sons1 :i* x puzzles him to reconcile ) 8 ,new ,pr9ciples4 ,m#chf ,n4 ,m#chg ,s4 #bbg ,cf4 ,essay on ,vision1 sect4 #eb-fa4 #bbh ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #aja-acd4 #bbi 8di/ance0--on opposite page 9 ! ,,ms4 ,cf4 ,essay on ,vision1 sect4 #adj4 #bcj ,direct p]ception ( ph5om5a is adequate to ! p]ceiv$ ph5om5a2 indirect or sci5tific p]ception is inadequate1 leav+ room = fai? & tru/4 ,m#chh ,m4 ,p4 #bca ,cf4 ,essay on ,vision1 sect4 #ajg-h4 ,m#chi ,m4 ,m#cij ,s4 #bcb ,! ,div9e ,ideas ( ,malebran*e & ! s5su\s ideas ( ,b]keley diff]4 ,m#cia ,n4 #bcc ,cf4 ,essay on ,vision1 sect4 #ga4 #bcd ,cf4 ,malebran*e1 ,re*]*e1 ,bk4 ,i4 c4 #f4 ,t & ! foll[+ *apt]s seem to h be5 9 ,b]keley's m9d4 #bce ,he "h assumes t ext5sion 7visible7 is impli$ 9 ! visible idea we call col\r4 #bcf ,?is /rik+ly illu/rates ,b]keley's use ( 8idea10 & :at he int5ds :5 he argues aga9/ 8ab/ract0 ideas4 ,m#cib ,m4 ,p4 #bcg ,an int]e/+ autobiographical fact4 ,f *ildhood he 0 indispos$ to take ?+s on tru/4 ,m#cic ,m4 ,p4 ,m#cid ,m4 ,m#cie ,m4 #bch ,essay on ,vision1 sect4 #hh-aai4 ,m#cif ,m4 ,m#cig ,m4 ,m#cih ,m4 ,m#cii ,m4 ,m#djj ,p4 ,m#dja ,m4 ,p4 ,m#djb ,m4 ,m#djc ,m4 ,m#djd ,i4 ,m#dje ,m4 #bci 8?\ghts10 i4e4 ideas ( s5se8 #bdj ,?is1 9 a crude way1 is ! di/9ction ( & 4 ,x helps to expla9 ,b]keley's mean+1 :5 he occasionally speaks ( ! ideas or ph5om5a t appe> 9 ! s5se exp]i5ce ( diff]5t p]sons z if !y 7 absolutely indep5d5t entities4 ,m#djf ,m4 ,m#djg ,m4 #bda ,to be 89 an unp]ceiv+ ?+10 i4e4 to be real1 yet unp]ceiv$4 ,:atev] is p]ceiv$ is1 because realis$ only ?r\gh a p]cipi5t act1 an idea--9 ,b]keley's use ( ! ^w4 ,m#djh ,i4 #bdb ,?is z to ! 8,platonic /ra90 is n 9 ! tone ( ,siris4 ,m#dji ,m4 ,m#daj ,m4 ,m#daa ,m4 #bdc ,john ,keill 7#afga-agba71 an em95t ma!matician1 educat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh2 9 #agaj ,savilian ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy at ,ox=d1 & ! fir/ to tea* ! ,newtonian philosophy 9 t ,univ]sity4 ,9 #agjh he 0 engag$ 9 a controv]sy 9 support ( ,newton's claims to ! discov]y ( ! me?od ( fluxions4 ,m#dab ,m4 ,p4 ,m#dac ,m4 #bdd ,?is sugge/s a negative argum5t = ,kant's ant9omies1 & = ,hamilton's law ( ! condition$4 ,m#dad ,m4 ,m#dae ,n4 #bde ,newton became ,sir ,isaac on ,april #af1 #agje4 ,0 ?is writt5 be=e t date8 #bdf ,^! may be consid]$ sep>ately1 b n pictur$ z su*4 ,m#daf ,p4 ,m#dag ,m4 #bdg ,9 z f> z !y h n be5 s5sibly realis$ 9 f9ite p]cipi5t m9d4 #bdh ,or r t invisible l5g? does exi/4--,,au?or1 on m>g94 #bdi ,bonav5tura ,cavali]i 7#aeih-afdg71 ! ,italian ma!matician4 ,8 ,geometry ( ,indivisibles 7#afce7 prep>$ ! way = ! ,calculus4 ,m#dah ,m4 ,m#dai ,p4 ,g4 #bej ,by 8! excuse0 is meant ! f9it5ess ( our m9d--mak+ x possible = contradictions to appe> true to u4--,,au?or1 on m>g94 #bea ,he all[s else:]e t words ) mean+s n realisable 9 imag9ation1 i4e4 9 ! =m ( idea1 may dis*>ge a useful (fice4 ,see ,pr9ciples1 ,introduction1 sect4 #bj4 ,m#dbj ,m4 ,p4 #beb ,we d n p]ceive unp]ceiv$ matt]1 b only matt] realis$ 9 liv+ p]ception--! p]cipi5t act be+ ! factor ( its reality4 ,m#dba ,m4 ,m#dbb ,p4 #bec ,! second>y qualities ( ?+s4 ,m#dbc ,m4 ,p4 #bed ,because1 :ile dep5d5t on p]cipi5t s5se1 !y are indep5d5t ( my p]sonal w1 be+ det]m9$ to appe> "u natural law1 by ,div9e ag5cy4 ,m#dbd ,p4 ,m#dbe ,m4 #bee ,keill's ,introductio ad v]am ,physicam 7,oxon4 #agjb7--,lectio #e--;a curi\s "w1 d$icat$ to ! ,e>l ( ,pembroke4 #bef ,ext5sion )\t bread?--i4 e4 ins5sible1 intangible l5g?--is n conceivable4 ',tis a mi/ake we are l$ into by ! doctr9e ( ab/raction4--,,au?or1 on m>g9 ( ,,ms4 #beg ,"h 8,sir ,isaac40 ,h5ce writt5 aft] ,april1 #agje4 ,m#dbf ,m4 #beh ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,iv4 *4 iv4 sect4 #ah2 *4 v4 sect4 #c1 c4 #bei ,he applies ?+ to self-consci\s p]sons z well z to passive objects ( s5se4 #bfj ,scalig]ana ,secunda1 p4 #bgj4 #bfa ,^! argum5ts mu/ be propos$ %ort] & m sep>ate 9 ! ,treatise4--,,au?or1 on m>g94 #bfb 8,idea0 "h us$ 9 its wid] mean+--= 8op]ations ( m9d10 z well z = s5se pres5t$ ph5om5a t are indep5d5t ( individual w4 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #a4 #bfc 8s5sations10 i4e4 objective ph5om5a pres5t$ 9 s5se4 #bfd ,see ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #a4 #bfe ,see ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #b4 #bff ,an 8unp]ceiv+ ?+0 _c be ! factor ( mat]ial reality4 #bfg ,to ! utmo/ accuracy1 want+ no?+ ( p]fection4 ,_! solutions ( problems1 !mselves mu/ own to fall inf9itely %ort ( p]fection4--,,au?or1 on m>g94 ,m#dbg ,p4 #bfh ,jean de ,billy & ,r5 de ,billy1 ,fr5* ma!maticians--! =m] au?or ( ,nova ,geometri ,clavis & o!r ma!matical works4 ,m#dbh ,t4 #bfi ,accord+ to ,b>onius1 9 ! fif? volume ( 8 8,annals10 ,fic9us appe>$ aft] dea? to ,mi*ael ,m]catus--agreeably to a promise he made :5 he 0 alive--to assure him ( ! life ( ! human _s aft] ! dea? ( ! body4 ,m#dbi ,m4 #bgj ,s f> z we are factors ( _! reality1 9 s5se & 9 sci5ce1 or c be any practical way conc]n$ ) !m4 #bga ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #aja-cd4 ,m#dcj ,p4 #bgb 8some?+10 i4e4 ab/ract some?+4 #bgc ,"l ,pembroke 787--to :om ! ,pr9ciples 7 d$icat$1 & to :om ,locke d$icat$ 8 ,essay4 #bgd ,?is is an int]e/+ example ( a feature t is conspicu\s 9 ,b]keley--! art ( 8humor+ an oppon5t 9 8 own way ( ?9k+10 :i* x seems 0 an e>ly habit4 ,x is ?us t he ins9uates 8 ,new ,pr9ciples 9 ! ,essay on ,vision1 & s prep>es to unfold & def5d !m 9 ! book ( ,pr9ciples & ! ?ree ,dialogues--/ra9+ language to reconcile !m ) ord9>y modes ( spee*4 #bge ,9 ,did]ot's ,lettre sur les aveugles1 l'usage de ceux qui voi5t1 :]e ,b]keley1 ,molyneux1 ,condillac1 & o!rs are m5tion$4 ,cf4 also ,app5dix1 pp4 #aaa1 #aab2 & ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #ga1 ) ! note1 9 :i* "s record$ exp]im5ts are allud$ to4 #bgf ,de ,anima1 ,,ii4 #f1 ,,iii4 #a1 c4 ,ari/otle assigns a pre-em95t intellectual value to ! s5se ( sight4 ,see1 = in/ance1 8 ,metaphysics1 ,i4 #a4 #bgg ,sir ,a4 ,grant1 7,e?ics ( ,ari/otle1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #agb7 rem>ks1 z to ! doctr9e t ! ,common ,s5sibles are appreh5d$ concomitantly by ! s5ses1 t3 8?is is surely ! true view2 we see 9 ! appreh5sion ( numb]1 figure1 & ! l1 n an op]ation ( s5se1 b ! m9d putt+ its own =ms & categories1 i4e4 itself1 on ! ext]nal object4 ,x w\ld foll[ !n t ! s5ses _c really be sep>at$ f ! m9d2 ! s5ses & ! m9d ea* contribute an elem5t to e k4 ,ari/otle's doctr9e ( w\ld g f>1 if c>ri$ out1 to modify 8 doctr9e ( ! simple & innate "* ( ! s5ses1 e4g4 sight 7cf4 ,e?4 ,,ii4 #a1 #d71 & w\ld prev5t its collision ) ,b]keley's ,!ory ( ,vision40--,see also ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 ,reid's ,works1 pp4 #hbh-hcj4 ,dugald ,/ew>t 7,collect$ ,works1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #cda1 note7 quotes ,ari/otle's ,e?ics1 ,,ii4 #a1 z evid5ce t ,b]keley's doctr9e1 8) respect to ! acquir$ p]ceptions ( sight1 0 q unkn[n to ! be/ metaphysicians ( antiquity40 #bgh ,a "w resembl+ ,b]keley's 9 its title1 b 9 little else1 appe>$ m ?an tw5ty ye>s be=e ! ,essay--! ,nova ,visionis ,!oria ( ,dr4 ,briggs1 publi%$ 9 #afhe4 #bgi ,see ,treatise on ! ,eye1 vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #bii1 c4 #bhj ,see ,reid's ,inquiry1 *4 v4 #c1 #e1 #f1 #g2 *4 vi4 #bd1 & ,essays on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 ,,ii4 *4 #aj & #ai4 #bha ,:ile ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton 7,lectures on ,metaphysics1 lxxviii7 ackn[l$ges ! sci5tific validity ( ,b]keley's conclusions1 z to ! way we judge ( di/ances1 he compla9s1 9 ! same lecture1 t 8! :ole "q is ?r[n into d\bt by ! analogy ( ! l[] animals10 i4e4 by _! probable visual in/9ct ( di/ances2 & else:]e 7,reid's ,works1 p4 #acg1 note7 he seems to hesitate ab\t ,locke's ,solution ( ,molyneux's ,problem1 at lea/ 9 its application to ,*eseld5's case4 ,cf4 ,leibniz1 ,n\veaux ,essais1 ,liv4 ,,ii4 *4 #i1 9 connexion ) ?is la/4 #bhb ,an almo/ solit>y exception 9 ,brita9 to ?is unusual uni=mity on a subtle "q 9 psy*ology is f\nd 9 ,samuel ,bailey's ,review ( ,b]keley's ,!ory ( ,vision1 design$ to %[ ! uns\ndness ( t celebrat$ ,speculation1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahdb4 ,x 0 ! subject ( two int]e/+ rejo9d]s--a well-weigh$ criticism1 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 by ,j4,s4 ,mill1 s9ce republi%$ 9 8 ,discussions2 & an +5i\s ,essay by ,pr(essor ,f]ri]1 9 ,blackwood's ,magaz9e1 republi%$ 9 8 ,philosophical ,rema9s4 ,! controv]sy end$ on t occasion ) ,bailey's ,lett] to a ,philosoph] 9 reply to "s rec5t attempts to v9dicate ,b]keley's ,!ory ( ,vision1 & 9 fur!r elucidation ( its uns\ndness1 & a reply to x by ea* ( 8 critics4 ,x 0 reviv$ 9 #ahfd by ,mr4 ,abbott ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 ^: essay on ,sight & ,t\* is 8an attempt to disprove ! receiv$ 7or ,b]keleian7 ,!ory ( ,vision40 #bhc ,aft]w>ds 79 #agcc7 ,e>l ( ,egmont4 ,born ab\t #afhc1 he succe$$ to ! b>onetcy 9 #afia1 &1 aft] sitt+ = a few ye>s 9 ! ,iri% ,h\se ( ,commons1 0 9 #agae creat$ ,b>on ,p]cival1 9 ! ,iri% pe]age4 ,9 #agcb he obta9$ a *>t] to colonise ! prov9ce ( ,georgia 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,8 "n appe>s 9 ! li/ ( subscrib]s to ,b]keley's ,b]muda ,s*eme 9 #agbf4 ,he di$ 9 #agdh4 ,he correspond$ frequ5tly ) ,b]keley f #agji onw>ds4 #bhd ,simil> t]ms are appli$ to ! s5se ( see+ by writ]s ) :om ,b]keley 0 famili>4 ,?us ,locke 7,essay1 ,,ii4 ix4 #i7 ref]s to sight z 8! mo/ compreh5sive ( all our s5ses40 ,desc>tes op5s 8 ,dioptrique by designat+ x z 8le plus univ]sal et le plus noble de nos s5s20 & he alludes to x else:]e 7,pr9cip4 ,,iv4 #aie7 z 8le plus subtil de t\s les s5s40 ,malebran*e beg9s 8 analysis ( sight 7,re*]*e1 ,i4 #f7 by describ+ x z 8le premi]1 le plus noble1 et le plus t5du de t\s les s5s40 ,! high place assign$ to ?is s5se by ,ari/otle has be5 already allud$ to4 ,its (fice1 z ! *ief organ ?r\gh :i* a conception ( ! mat]ial univ]se z plac$ 9 ambi5t space is giv5 to u1 is recognis$ by a multitude ( psy*ologi/s & metaphysicians4 #bhe ,on ,b]keley's orig9ality 9 8 ,!ory ( ,vision see ! ,editor's ,preface4 #bhf ,9 ! fir/ edition alone ?is s5t5ce foll[$3--8,9 treat+ ( all :i*1 x seems to me1 ! writ]s ( ,optics h proce$$ on wrong pr9ciples40 #bhg ,sect4 #b-ea expla9 ! way 9 :i* we le>n 9 see+ to judge ( ,di/ance or ,outness1 & ( objects z exi/+ remote f our organism1 viz4 by _! association ) :at we see1 & ) c]ta9 muscul> & o!r s5sations 9 ! eye :i* accompany vision4 ,sect4 #b assumes1 z grant$1 ! invisibility ( di/ance 9 ! l9e ( sight4 ,cf4 sect4 #aa & #hh--;,fir/ ,dialogue betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s--,alciphron1 ,,iv4 #h--,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$ & ,expla9$1 sect4 #fb-fi4 #bhh i4e4 outness1 or di/ance outw>d f ! po9t ( vision--di/ance 9 ! l9e ( sight--! ?ird dim5sion ( space4 ,visible di/ance is visible space or int]val betwe5 two po9ts 7see sect4 #aab74 ,we c be s5sibly p]cipi5t ( x only :5 bo? po9ts are se54 #bhi ,?is section is adduc$ by "s ( ,b]keley's critics z if x 7 ! evid5ce discov]$ by him = 8 ,!ory1 in/ead ( be+1 z x is1 a pass+ ref]5ce to ! sci5tific gr\nd ( ! already ackn[l$g$ invisibility ( outness1 or di/ance 9 ! l9e ( sight4 ,see1 = example1 ,bailey's ,review ( ,b]keley's ,!ory ( ,vision1 pp4 #ch-dc1 also 8 ,!ory ( ,reason+1 p4 #agi & pp4 #bjj-g--,mill's ,discussions1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ie--;,abbott's ,sight & ,t\*1 p4 #aj1 :]e ?is s5t5ce is pres5t$ z 8! sole positive argum5t advanc$ by ,b]keley40 ,! invisibility ( outness is n ,b]keley's discov]y1 b ! way we le>n to int]pret its visual signs1 & :at ^! are4 #bij i4e4 a]ial & l9e> p]spective are ackn[l$g$ signs ( remote di/ances4 ,b ! "q1 9 ?is & ! ?irty-six foll[+ sections1 conc]ns ! visibility ( ne> di/ances only--a few y>ds 9 front ( u4 ,x 0 8agre$ by all0 t beyond ?is limit di/ances are sugge/$ by our exp]i5ce ( _! signs4 #bia ,cf4 ?is & ! f\r foll[+ sections ) ! quotations 9 ! ,editor's ,preface1 f ,molyneux's ,treatise ( ,dioptrics4 #bib ,9 ! au?or's la/ edition we h ?is annotation3 8,see :at ,des ,c>tes & o!rs h writt5 ^u ! subject40 #bic ,9 ! fir/ edition ?is section op5s ?us3 8,i h "h set d[n ! common curr5t acc\nts t are giv5 ( our p]ceiv+ ne> di/ances by sight1 :i*1 ?\gh !y are unque/ionably receiv$ = true by ma!maticians1 & accord+ly made use ( by !m 9 det]m9+ ! app>5t places ( objects1 d nev]!less10 c4 #bid ,omitt$ 9 ! au?or's la/ edition4 #bie i4e4 al?\gh imm$iately invisible1 x is m$iately se54 ,m>k1 "h & else:]e1 ! ambiguity ( ! t]m p]ception1 :i* n[ signifies ! act ( be+ consci\s ( s5su\s ph5om5a1 & aga9 ! act ( inf]r+ ph5om5a ( :i* we are at ! "t ins5ti5t2 :ile x is also appli$ to ! object p]ceiv$ in/ead ( to ! p]cipi5t act2 & sometimes to imag9ation1 & ! high] acts ( intellig5ce4 #bif 8,"s m50--8ma!maticians10 9 fir/ edition4 #big i4e4 ! m$iate p]ception4 #bih 8any man0--8all ! ma!maticians 9 ! _w10 9 fir/ edition4 #bii ,omitt$ 9 ! au?or's la/ edition4 #cjj ,omitt$ 9 ! au?or's la/ edition4 #cja ,sect4 #c1 #i4 #cjb ,obs]ve ! fir/ introduction by ,b]keley ( ! t]m sugge/ion1 us$ by him to express a lead+ factor 9 8 acc\nt ( ! visible _w1 & aga9 9 8 m compreh5sive acc\nt ( our k ( ! mat]ial univ]se 9 ! ,pr9ciples4 ,x _h be5 employ$ occasionally1 among o!rs1 by ,hobbes & ,locke4 ,!re are ?ree ways 9 :i* ! objects we h an imm$iate p]ception ( 9 sight may be suppos$ to conduct u to :at we d n imm$iately p]ceive3 7#a7 ,in/9ct1 or :at ,reid calls 8orig9al sugge/ion0 7,inquiry1 *4 ,,vi4 sect4 #bj-bd72 7#b7 ,cu/om2 7#c7 ,reason+ f accept$ premisses4 ,b]keley's 8sugge/ion0 corresponds to ! second4 7,cf4 ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #db47 #cjc ,9 ! ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #ff1 x is add$ t ?is 8s5sation0 belongs prop]ly to ! s5se ( t\*4 ,cf4 also sect4 #ade ( ?is ,essay4 #cjd ,"h 8natural08necess>y03 else:]ediv9ely arbitr>y connexion4 #cje ,t our m$iate vision ( outness & ( objects z ?us ext]nal1 is due to m$ia :i* h a cont+5t or arbitr>y1 in/ead ( a necess>y1 connexion ) ! di/ances :i* !y enable u to see1 or ( :i* !y are ! signs1 is a c>d9al "p ( 8 argum5t4 #cjf ,sect4 #b4 #cjg ,"h1 z g5]ally 9 ! ,essay1 ! appeal is to our inw>d exp]i5ce1 n to ph5om5a obs]v$ by our s5ses 9 ! organism4 #cjh ,see sect4 #ce = ! diff]5ce betwe5 confus$ & fa9t vision4 ,cf4 sect4 #cb-ch ) ?is section4 ,also ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #fh4 #cji ,see sect4 #f4 #caj ,^! sections presuppose previ\s contiguity z an associative law ( m5tal ph5om5a4 #caa ,see ,reid's ,inquiry1 *4 vi4 sect4 #bb4 #cab ,sect4 #af-bg4--;,= ! signs ( remote di/ances1 see sect4 #c4 #cac ,^! are muscul> s5sations felt 9 ! organ1 & degrees ( confusion 9 a visible idea4 ,b]keley's 8arbitr>y0 signs ( di/ance1 ne> & remote1 are ei!r 7a7 invisible /ates ( ! visual organ1 or 7b7 visible appe>ances4 #cad ,9 ,molyneux's ,treatise ( ,dioptrics1 ,pt4 ,i4 prop4 #ca1 sect4 #i1 ,b>r['s difficulty is /at$4 ,cf4 sect4 #dj bel[4 #cae ,*ri/oph] ,s*e9]1 a ,g]man a/ronom]1 & oppon5t ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 born #aege1 di$ #afej4 #caf ,&rea ,tacquet1 a ma!matician1 born at ,antw]p 9 #afaa1 & ref]r$ to by ,molyneux z 8! +5i\s ,jesuit40 ,he publi%$ a numb] ( sci5tific treatises1 mo/ ( :i* appe>$ aft] 8 dea?1 9 a collect$ =m1 at ,antw]p 9 #affi4 #cag ,9 :at foll[s ,b]keley tries to expla9 by 8 visual !ory seem+ contradictions :i* puzzl$ ! ma!maticians4 #cah ,?is is (f]$ z a v]ification ( ! !ory t ne> di/ances are sugge/$1 accord+ to ! ord] ( nature1 by non-resembl+ visual signs1 cont+5tly connect$ ) real di/ance4 #cai ,cf4 sect4 #gh2 also ,new ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #ca4 #cbj ,b]keley "h passes f 8 pro( ( visual 8sugge/ion0 ( all outw>d di/ances--i4e4 int]vals betwe5 extremes 9 ! l9e ( sight--by means ( arbitr>y signs1 & consid]s ! nature ( visible ext]nality4 ,see note 9 ,hamilton's ,reid1 p4 #agg1 on ! di/9ction betwe5 p]ception ( ! ext]nal _w & p]ception ( di/ance ?r\gh ! eye4 #cba ,see ,desc>tes1 ,dioptrique1 ,,vi--,malebran*e1 ,re*]*e1 ,liv4 ,i4 *4 #i1 #c--,reid's ,inquiry1 ,,vi4 #aa4 #cbb ,b]keley "h beg9s to f\nd1 on ! exp]i5c$ connexion betwe5 ext5sion & col\r1 & betwe5 visible & tangible ext5sion1 a pro( t outness is invisible4 ,f ,ari/otle onw>ds x has be5 assum$ t col\r is ! only ph5om5on ( :i* we are imm$iately p]cipi5t 9 see+4 ,visible ext5sion1 visible figure1 & visible motion are accord+ly tak5 to be dep5d5t on ! s5sation ( col\r4 #cbc ,9 connexion ) ?is & ! next illu/ration1 ,b]keley seems to argue t we are n only unable to see di/ance 9 ! l9e ( sight1 b also t we d n see a di/ant object 9 its real visible magnitude4 ,b else:]e he affirms t only tangible magnitude is entitl$ to be call$ real4 ,cf4 sect4 #ee1 #ei1 #fa4 #cbd ,! sceptical objections to ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! s5ses1 propos$ by ! ,eleatics & o!rs1 ref]r$ to by ,desc>tes 9 8 ,m$itations1 & by ,malebran*e 9 ! ,fir/ ,book ( 8 ,re*]*e1 may h sugge/$ ! illu/rations 9 ?is section4 ,cf4 also ,hume's ,essay ,on ! ,academical or ,sceptical ,philosophy4 ,! sceptical difficulty is f\nd$ on ! assumption t ! object se5 at diff]5t di/ances is ! same visible object3 x is really diff]5t1 & s ! difficulty vani%es4 #cbe ,"h ,b]keley expressly introduces 8t\*0--a t]m :i* ) him includes1 n m]ely organic s5se ( contact1 b also muscul> & locomotive s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,aft] ?is he beg9s to unfold ! anti!sis ( visual & tactual ph5om5a1 ^: subsequ5t syn!sis x is ! aim ( ! ,new ,!ory to expla94 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 sect4 #dc--,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #bb & #be4 ,note "h ,b]keley's retic5ce ( 8 idealization ( ,matt]--tangible z well z visible4 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #dd4 #cbf ,?is connexion ( our k ( di/ance ) our locomotive exp]i5ce po9ts to a !ory :i* ultimately resolves space into exp]i5ce ( unimp$$ locomotion4 #cbg ,locke 7,essay1 ,introduction1 #h7 takes idea vaguely z 8! t]m :i* s]ves be/ to /& :atsoev] is ! object ( ! und]/&+ :5 a man ?9ks40 ,ov]sight ( :at ,b]keley int5ds ! t]m idea has made 8 :ole conception ( nature & ! mat]ial univ]se a riddle to _m1 ( :i* aft]w>ds4 #cbh ,! expressive t]m 8outness10 fav\r$ by ,b]keley1 is "h fir/ us$4 #cbi 8,we get ! idea ( ,space10 says ,locke1 8bo? by our sight & t\*0 7,essay1 ,,ii4 #ac4 #b74 ,locke did n contemplate ,b]keley's anti!sis ( visible & tangible ext5sion1 & ! consequ5t ambiguity ( ! t]m ext5sion2 :i* sometimes signifies col\r$1 & at o!rs resi/ant exp]i5ce 9 s5se4 #ccj ,= an explanation ( ?is difficulty1 see sect4 #add4 #cca 8object0--8?+10 9 ! e>li] editions4 #ccb ,?is is ! issue ( ! analytical portion ( ! ,essay4 #ccc ,cf4 sect4 #aci-dj4 #ccd ,"h ! "q ( ext]nality1 signify+ indep5d5ce ( all p]cipi5t life1 is aga9 mix$ up ) t ( ! invisibility ( di/ance outw>ds 9 ! l9e ( sight4 #cce ,omitt$ 9 au?or's la/ edition4 #ccf i4e4 includ+ muscul> & locomotive exp]i5ce z well z s5se ( contact4 ,b :at are ! tangibilia !mselves8 ,are !y also significant1 l visibilia1 ( a /ill ult]ior reality8 ,?is is ! problem ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k4 #ccg ,9 ?is section ! conception ( a natural ,visual ,language1 makes its appe>ance1 ) its implication t ,nature is 7= u7 virtually ,_s4 ,cf4 sect4 #adj1 #adg--,pr9ciples1 sect4 #dd--;,dialogues ( ,hylas & ,philon\s--,alciphron1 ,,iv4 #h1 #aa--;& ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 passim4 #cch ,sect4 #eb-hg treat ( ! invisibility ( real1 i4e4 tactual1 ,magnitude4 ,cf4 ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #ed-fa4 #cci ,sect4 #h-ae4 #cdj ,sect4 #da1 c4 #cda ,see ,molyneux's ,treatise on ,dioptrics1 ,b4 ,i4 prop4 #bh4 #cdb ,see sect4 #abb-abf4 #cdc ,9 %ort !re is a po9t at :i*1 ) our limit$ s5se1 we cease to be p]cipi5t ( col\r1 9 see+2 & ( resi/ance1 9 locomotion4 ,?\gh ,b]keley reg>ds all visible ext5sions z s5sible1 & !re=e dep5d5t = _! reality on be+ realis$ by s5ti5t m9d1 he does n mean t m9d or consci\sness is ext5d$4 ,) him1 ext5sion1 ?\gh x exi/s only 9 m9d1--i4e4 z an idea se51 9 ! case ( visible ext5sion1 & z an idea t\*$1 9 ! case ( tangible ext5sion1--is yet no prop]ty ( m9d4 ,m9d c exi/ )\t be+ p]cipi5t ( ext5sion1 al?\gh ext5sion _c be realis$ )\t m9d4 #cdd ,b ?is is true1 ?\gh less obvi\sly1 ( tangible z well z ( visible objects4 #cde ,sect4 #di4 #cdf ,cf4 sect4 #aci1 #adj1 c4 #cdg 8situation0--n 9 ! e>li] editions4 #cdh ,sect4 #ee4 #cdi ,omitt$ 9 ! au?or's la/ edition4 #cej ,ord9>y sight is virtually =esight4 ,cf4 sect4 #he4--,see also ,malebran*e on ! ext]nal s5ses1 z giv5 prim>ily = ! urg5t ne$s ( embodi$ life1 n to imm$iately convey sci5tific k1 ,re*]*e1 ,liv4 ,i4 *4 #e1 #f1 #i1 c4 #cea ,sect4 #dd4--,see also sect4 #ee1 & note4 #ceb ,?is supposes 8settl$0 tangibilia1 b n 8settl$0 visibilia4 ,yet ! s5sible ext5sion giv5 9 t\* & locomotive exp]i5ce is also relative--an object be+ felt z l>g] or small] accord+ to ! /ate ( ! organism1 & ! o!r conditions ( our embodi$ p]ception4 #cec ,:at foll[s1 to end ( sect4 #fc1 add$ 9 ! au?or's la/ edition4 #ced 8outw>d objects10 i4e4 objects ( :i* we are p]cipi5t 9 tactual exp]i5ce1 tak5 9 ?is ,essay provisionally z ! real ext]nal objects4 ,see ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #dd4 #cee ,cf4 sect4 #add4 ,note1 9 ?is & ! ?ree prec$+ sections1 ! /ress laid on ! arbitr>9ess ( ! connexion betwe5 ! signs :i* sugge/ magnitudes1 or o!r modes ( ext5sion1 & _! significates4 ,?is is ! f\ndation ( ! ,new ,!ory2 :i* ?us resolves physical causality into a relation ( signs to :at !y signify & pr$ict--analog\s to ! relation betwe5 words & _! accept$ mean+s4 #cef ,9 sect4 #fg-gh1 ,b]keley attempts to v]ify ! =ego+ acc\nt ( ! natural signs ( ,size1 by apply+ x to solve a ph5om5on1 ! cause ( :i* _h be5 long debat$ among m5 ( sci5ce--! visible magnitude ( heav5ly bodies :5 se5 9 ! horizon4 #ceg ,cf4 sect4 #aj4 #ceh ,omitt$ 9 ! au?or's la/ edition4 ,cf sect4 #gf1 #gg4--,! explanation 9 "q is attribut$ to ,alhaz51 & by ,bacon to ,ptolemy1 :ile x is sanction$ by em95t sci5tific names be=e & s9ce ,b]keley4 #cei 8,f\r?ly0 9 ! second edition4 ,cf4 :at foll[s ) sect4 #gd4 ,:y 8less]08 #cfj ,:5 ,b]keley1 "s ye>s aft]w>ds1 visit$ ,italy1 he rem>k$ t di/ant objects appe>$ to him mu* ne>] ?an !y really 7--a ph5om5on :i* he attribut$ to ! comp>ative purity ( ! s\!rn air4 #cfa i4e4 ! orig9al p]ception1 ap>t f any syn!tic op]ation ( sugge/ion & inf]5tial ?\ght1 f\nd$ on visual signs4 #cfb ,9 ,riccioli's ,almage/1 ,,ii4 lib4 ,x4 sect4 #f4 que/4 #ad1 we h an acc\nt ( _m hypo!ses !n curr5t1 9 explanation ( ! app>5t magnitude ( ! horizontal moon4 #cfc ,gass5di's 8,epi/ol quatuor de app>5te magnitud9e solis humilis et sublimis40--,op]a1 tom4 ,,iii pp4 #dbj-dgg4 ,cf4 ,app5dix to ?is ,essay1 p4 #aaj4 #cfd ,see ,dioptrique1 ,,vi4 #cfe ,op]a ,lat9a1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cgf1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bf-fb2 ,engli% ,works1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #dfb4 7,moleswor?'s ,edition47 #cff ,! pap] 9 ! ,transactions is by ,molyneux4 #cfg ,see ,smi?'s ,optics1 pp4 #fd-fg1 & ,rem>ks1 pp4 #dh1 c4 ,at p4 #ee ,b]keley's ,new ,!ory is ref]r$ to1 & pron\nc$ to be at v>iance ) exp]i5ce4 ,smi? concludes by say+1 t 9 8! second edition ( ,b]keley's ,essay1 & also 9 a ,v9dication & ,explanation ( x 7call$ ! ,visual ,language71 v lately publi%$1 ! au?or has made "s additions to 8 solution ( ! said ph5om5on2 b see+ x /ill involves & dep5ds on ! pr9ciple ( fa9tness1 ,i may leave ! re/ ( x to ! read]'s consid]ation40 ,?is1 :i* appe>$ 9 #agch1 is "o ( ! v few e>ly ref]5ces to ,b]keley's ,new ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$4 #cfh ,sect4 #b-ea4 #cfi ,?is s5t5ce is omitt$ 9 ! au?or's la/ edition4 #cgj ,:at foll[s to ! end ( ?is section is n conta9$ 9 ! fir/ edition4 #cga i4e4 tangible4 #cgb ,cf4 sect4 #ch2 & ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #ca4 #cgc 8,nev]0--8h>dly10 9 fir/ edition4 #cgd ,cf4 ,app5dix1 p4 #bjh4--,see ,smi?'s ,optics1 ,b4 ,i4 *4 v1 & ,rem>ks1 p4 #ef1 9 :i* he 8leaves x to be consid]$1 :e!r ! said ph5om5on is n z cle> an in/ance ( ! insuffici5cy ( fa9tness0 z ( ma!matical computation4 #cge ,a fav\rite doctr9e ) ,b]keley1 accord+ to ^: !ory ( visibles !re c be no absolute visible magnitude1 ! m9imum be+ ! lea/ t is p]ceivable by ea* see+ subject1 & ?us relative to 8 visual capacity4 ,?is section is ?us criticis$1 9 ,janu>y1 #ageb1 9 a lett] sign$ 8,anti-,b]keley10 9 ! ,g5t4 ,mag4 7vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #ab73 8,^u :at 8 lord%ip ass]ts ) respect to ! m9imum visibile1 ,i w\ld obs]ve t x is c]ta9 t !re are inf9ite numb]s ( animals :i* are imp]ceptible to ! nak$ eye1 & _c be p]ceiv$ b by ! help ( a microscope2 consequ5tly !re are animals ^: :ole bodies are f> less ?an ! m9imum visibile ( a man4 ,d\btless ^! animals h eyes1 &1 if _! m9imum visibile 7 equal to t ( a man1 x w\ld foll[ t !y _c p]ceive any?+ b :at is mu* l>g] ?an _! :ole body2 & !re=e _! own bodies mu/ be invisible to !m1 because we "k !y are s to m51 ^: m9imum visibile is ass]t$ by 8 lord%ip to be equal to !irs40 ,!re is "s misconception 9 ?is4 ,cf4 ,app5dix to ,essay1 p4 #bji4 #cgf ,^? two defects belong to human consci\sness4 ,see ,locke's ,essay1 ,,ii4 #aj1 on ! defects ( human memory4 ,x is ?is imp]fection :i* makes reason+ ne$ful--to assi/ f9ite intuition4 ,reason+ is ! sign at once ( our dignity & our weakness4 #cgg ,sect4 #ei4 #cgh ,sect4 #hj-hb4 #cgi ,sect4 #hh-aai relate to ! nature1 invisibility1 & arbitr>y visual signs ( ,situation1 or ( ! localities ( tangible ?+s4 ,cf4 ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #dd-ec4 #chj ,cf4 sect4 #b1 #aad1 #aaf1 #aah4 #cha ,?is illu/ration is tak5 f ,desc>tes4 ,see ,app5dix4 #chb ,sect4 #aj & #ai4 #chc ,sect4 #b-ea4 #chd ,omitt$ 9 au?or's la/ edition4 #che ,?is is ,b]keley's univ]sal solv5t ( ! psy*ological difficulties involv$ 9 visual-p]ception4 #chf ,cf4 sect4 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #abh1 c4 ,b]keley treats ?is case hypo!tically 9 ! ,essay1 9 defect ( actual exp]im5ts ^u ! born-bl9d1 s9ce accumulat$ f ,*eseld5 d[nw>ds4 ,see h[ev] ! ,app5dix1 & ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #ga4 #chg i4e4 tangible ?+s4 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #dd4 #chh ,! 8prejudice10 to wit1 :i* ,b]keley w\ld dissolve by 8 introspective analysis ( vision4 ,cf4 ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #ce4 #chi ,?us =m+ individual concrete ?+s out ( :at is p]ceiv$ sep>ately ?r\gh diff]5t s5ses4 #cij ,?is briefly is ,b]keley's solution ( 8! knot ab\t inv]t$ images10 :i* long puzzl$ m5 ( sci5ce4 #cia i4e4 p]ceive m$iately--visible objects1 p] se1 hav+ no tactual situation4 ,pure vision1 he w\ld say1 has no?+ to d ) 8high0 & 8l[10 8great0 & 8inv]t$10 9 ! real or tactual mean+ ( ^? t]ms4 #cib i4e4 tangible4 #cic e4g4 8ext5sion10 :i*1 accord+ to ,b]keley1 is an equivocal t]m1 common 79 its diff]5t mean+s7 to visibilia & tangibilia4 ,cf4 sect4 #aci1 #adj4 #cid ,cf4 sect4 #ic1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #abh4 #cie i4e4 real or tangible head4 #cif ,cf4 sect4 #adj1 #adc4 ,9 ! ,g5t4 ,mag4 7vol4 ,,xxii4 p4 #ab71 8,anti-,b]keley0 ?us argues ! case ( "o born bl9d4 8,?is man10 he adds1 8w\ld1 by be+ accu/om$ to feel "o h& ) ! o!r1 h p]ceiv$ t ! extremity ( ! h& 0 divid$ into f+]s--t ! extremities ( ^! f+]s 7 di/+ui%$ by c]ta9 h>d1 smoo? surfaces1 ( a diff]5t texture f ! re/ ( ! f+]s--& t ea* f+] _h c]ta9 jo9ts or flexures4 ,n[1 if ?is man 0 re/or$ to sight1 & imm$iately view$ 8 h& be=e he t\*$ x aga91 x is manife/ t ! divisions ( ! extremity ( ! h& into f+]s w\ld be visibly p]ceiv$4 ,he w\ld note too ! small spaces at ! extremity ( ea* f+]1 :i* affect$ 8 sight diff]5tly f ! re/ ( ! f+]s2 ^u mov+ 8 f+]s he w\ld see ! jo9ts4 ,?\gh !re=e1 by means ( ?is lately acquir$ s5se ( see+1 ! object affect$ 8 m9d 9 a new & diff]5t mann] f :at x did be=e1 yet1 z by t\* he _h acquir$ ! k ( ^! sev]al divisions1 m>ks1 & di/9ctions ( ! h&1 &1 z ! new object ( sight appe>$ to be divid$1 m>k$1 & di/+ui%$ 9 a simil> mann]1 ,i ?9k he w\ld c]ta9ly conclude1 be=e he t\*$ 8 h&1 t ! ?+ :i* he n[ saw 0 ! same :i* he _h felt be=e & call$ 8 h&40 #cig ,locke1 ,essay1 ,,ii4 #h1 #af4 ,ari/otle reg>ds numb] z a ,common ,s5sible4--,de ,anima1 ,,ii4 #f1 ,,iii4 #a4 #cih 8,if ! visible appe>ance ( two %ill+s _h be5 f\nd connect$ f ! beg9n+ ) ! tangible idea ( "o %ill+1 t appe>ance w\ld z naturally & readily h signifi$ ! unity ( ! 7tangible7 object z x n[ signifies its duplicity40 ,reid1 ,inquiry1 ,,vi4 #aa4 #cii ,"h aga9 note ,b]keley's inconv5i5t retic5ce ( 8 full !ory ( matt]1 z dep5d5t on p]cipi5t life = its reality4 ,tangible ?+s are meantime grant$ to be real 8)\t m9d40 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #dc1 #dd4 8,)\t ! m9d0--9 contra/ to s5su\s ph5om5on only4 #djj ,cf4 sect4 #aca4 #dja ,sect4 #b1 #hh1 #aaf1 #aah4 #djb ,9 %ort1 we see only quantities ( col\r--! real or tactual di/ance1 size1 %ape1 locality1 up & d[n1 "r & left1 c41 be+ gradually associat$ ) ! v>i\s visible modifications ( col\r4 #djc i4e4 tangible4 #djd ,sect4 #da-dd4 #dje i4e4 tangible ?+s4 #djf i4e4 visible4 #djg ,cf4 sect4 #da-dd4 ,! 8eyes0--visible & tangible--are !mselves objects ( s5se4 #djh ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 ,introduction1 sect4 #ba-be4 #dji 8,visible ideas0--includ+ s5sations muscul> & locomotive1 felt 9 ! organ ( vision4 ,sect4 #af1 #bg1 #eg4 #daj i4e4 objects :i*1 9 ?is t5tative ,essay1 are grant$1 = argum5t's sake1 to be ext]nal1 or indep5d5t ( p]cipi5t m9d4 #daa i4e4 to inquire :e!r !re are1 9 ?is in/ance1 ,common ,s5sibles2 &1 9 p>ticul>1 :e!r an ext5sion ( ! same k9d at lea/1 if n num]ically ! same1 is pres5t$ 9 ea*4 ,! ,kantian !ory ( an a priori intuition ( space1 ! common condition ( tactual & visual exp]i5ce1 because impli$ 9 s5se-exp]i5ce z su*1 is n conceiv$ by ,b]keley4 ,cf4 ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #ae4 #dab ,9 ! foll[+ reason+ aga9/ ab/ract1 z di/+ui%$ f concrete or s5se pres5t$ 7visible or tangible7 ext5sion1 ,b]keley urges "s ( 8 fav\rite objections to 8ab/ract ideas10 fully unfold$ 9 8 ,pr9ciples1 ,introduction1 sect4 #f-bj4--,see also ,alciphron1 ,,vii4 #e-h4--;,def5ce ( ,free ,?9k+ 9 ,ma!matics1 sect4 #de-dh4 #dac ,b]keley's ideas are concrete or p>ticul>--imm$iate data ( s5se or imag9ation4 #dad i4e4 x _c be individualiz$1 ei!r z a p]ceiv$ or an imag9$ object4 #dae ,sect4 #aje4 #daf 8,endeav\rs0 9 fir/ edition4 #dag i4e4 a m5tal image ( an ab/raction1 an impossible image1 9 :i* ! ext5sion & compreh5sion ( ! notion mu/ be adequately pictur$4 #dah 8des]v$ly admir$ au?or10 9 ! fir/ edition4 #dai 8?is celebrat$ au?or10--8t great man0 9 second edition4 ,9 assail+ ,locke's 8ab/ract idea10 he dis*>ges ! mean+ :i* ,locke int5d$ by ! t]m1 & !n demoli%es 8 own figm5t4 #dbj ,omitt$ 9 ! au?or's la/ edition4 #dba ,omitt$ 9 la/ edition4 #dbb ,omitt$ 9 la/ edition4 #dbc ,omitt$ 9 la/ edition4 #dbd ,see ,pr9ciples1 passim4 #dbe ,omitt$ 9 au?or's la/ edition4 #dbf ,he probably has ,locke 9 8 eye4 #dbg ,on ,b]keley's !ory1 space )\t relation to bodies 7i4e4 ins5sible or ab/ract space7 w\ld n be ext5d$1 z n hav+ p>ts2 inasmu* z p>ts c be assign$ to x only ) relation to bodies4 ,b]keley does n di/+ui% space f s5sible ext5sion4 ,cf4 ,reid's ,works1 p4 #abf1 note--9 :i* ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton sugge/s t "o may h an a priori conception ( pure space1 & also an a po/]iori p]ception ( f9ite1 concrete space4 #dbh ,sect4 #aba4 ,cf4 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #ae4 #dbi i4e4 !re are no ,common ,s5sibles3 f :i* x foll[s t we c reason f ! "o s5se to ! o!r only by f\nd+ on ! con/ant connexion ( _! respective ph5om5a1 "u a natural yet 7= u7 cont+5t law4 ,cf4 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #bg1 #bh4 #dcj ,omitt$ 9 la/ edition4 #dca ,cf4 sect4 #ic1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aaj4 #dcb ,omitt$ 9 la/ edition4 #dcc ,cf4 sect4 #dc1 #ajc1 c4 ,a plurality ( co-exi/5t m9ima ( col\r$ po9ts con/itutes ,b]keley's visible ext5sion2 :ile a plurality ( successively exp]i5c$ m9ima ( resi/ant po9ts con/itutes 8 tactual ext5sion4 ,:e!r we c p]ceive visible ext5sion )\t exp]i5ce ( muscul> movem5t at lea/ 9 ! eye1 he does n "h say4 #dcd ,omitt$ 9 la/ edition4 #dce ,real di/ance belongs orig9ally1 accord+ to ! ,essay1 to our tactual exp]i5ce only--9 ! wide mean+ ( t\*1 :i* includes muscul> & locomotive p]ceptions1 z well z ! simple p]ception ( contact4 #dcf ,add$ 9 second edition4 #dcg ,omitt$ 9 la/ edition4 #dch ,see also ,locke's 8,correspond5ce0 ) ,molyneux1 9 ,locke's ,works1 vol4 ,,ix4 p4 #cd4--,leibniz1 ,n\veaux ,essais1 ,liv4 ,,ii4 *4 #i1 :o1 s f> grant+ ! fact1 disputes ! het]og5eity4--,smi?'s ,optics4--,rem>ks1 #afa-agj4--;,hamilton's ,reid1 p4 #acg1 note1 & ,lect4 ,metaph4 ,,ii4 p4 #agf4 #dci ,omitt$ 9 la/ edition4 #ddj ,cf4 ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #gj4 #dda ,cf4 sect4 #di1 #adf1 c4 ,"h 8same0 includes 8simil>40 #ddb i4e4 visible & tangible motions be+ absolutely het]og5e\s1 & ! =m]1 at man's po9t ( view1 only cont+5t signs ( ! latt]1 we %\ld n1 at fir/ sight1 be able to int]pret ! visual signs ( tactual ph5om5a4 #ddc ,cf4 sect4 #abb-abe4 #ddd ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #aaa-aaf2 also ,analy/1 qu]y #ab4 ,on ,b]keley's sy/em space 9 its ?ree dim5sions is unrealisable )\t exp]i5ce ( motion4 #dde ,"h ! t]m 8language ( nature0 makes its appe>ance1 z applicable to ! ideas or visual signs ( tactual realities4 #ddf ,cf4 sect4 #af1 #bg1 #ig4 #ddg ,is 8tangible0 "h us$ 9 its n>r[ mean+--exclud+ muscul> & locomotive exp]i5ce8 #ddh i4e4 z natural signs1 div9ely associat$ ) _! ?us impli$ mean+s4 #ddi ,cf4 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #ce4 #dej ,b]keley1 9 ?is section1 enunciates ! pr9cipal conclusion 9 ! ,essay1 :i* conclusion inde$ =ms 8 new !ory ( ,vision4 #dea ,a sugge/ion ?us due to natural laws ( association4 ,! explanation ( ! fact t we appreh5d1 by ^? ideas or ph5om5a :i* are objects ( sight1 c]ta9 o!r ideas1 :i* nei!r resemble !m1 nor effici5tly cause !m1 nor are s caus$ by !m1 nor h any necess>y connexion ) !m1 compreh5ds1 accord+ to ,b]keley1 ! :ole ,!ory ( ,vision4 8,! imag9ation ( e ?9k+ p]son10 rem>ks ,adam ,smi?1 8w supply him ) in/ances to prove t ! ideas receiv$ by any "o ( ! s5ses d readily excite su* o!r ideas1 ei!r ( ! same s5se or ( any o!r1 z h habitually be5 associat$ ) !m4 ,s t if1 on ?is acc\nt1 we are to suppose1 ) a late +5i\s writ]1 t ! ideas ( sight con/itute a ,visual ,language1 because !y readily sugge/ ! correspond+ ideas ( t\*--z ! t]ms ( a language excite ! ideas answ]+ to !m--,i see n b we may1 = ! same reason1 all[ ( a tangible1 audible1 gu/atory1 & olefactory language2 ?\gh d\btless ! ,visual ,language w be abundantly m copi\s ?an ! re/40 ,smi?'s ,optics4--,rem>ks1 p4 #bi4--;,& into ?is conception ( a univ]sal s5se symbolism1 ,b]keley's !ory ( ,vision ultimately rises4 #deb ,cf4 ,alciphron1 ,dialogue ,,iv4 sect4 #aa-ae4 #dec ,sect4 #abb-abe4 #ded ,sect4 #abg-ach4 #dee ,"s mod]n metaphysicians w\ld say1 t nei!r tangible nor visible ext5sion is ! object geometry1 b ab/ract ext5sion2 & o!rs t space is a necess>y implicate ( s5se-exp]i5ce1 r ?an1 p] se1 an object ( any s+le s5se4 ,cf4 ,kant's explanation ( ! orig9 ( our ma!matical k1 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft4 ,elem5t>lehre1 ,i4 #def ,cf4 sect4 #ea-ff1 #add4 #deg ,?is is a conjecture1 n z to ! probable ideas ( "o born bl9d1 b z to ! ideas ( an 8unbodi$0 intellig5ce1 ^: only s5se 0 t ( see+4 ,see ,reid's speculation 7,inquiry1 ,,vi4 #i7 on ! 8,geometry ( ,visibles10 & ! m5tal exp]i5ce ( ,idom5ians1 or imag9>y be+s suppos$ to h no ideas ( ! mat]ial _w except ^? got by see+4 #deh ,cf4 sect4 #acj1 & ,new ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #eg4 ,does ,b]keley1 9 ?is & ! two prec$+ sections1 mean to h9t t ! only prop] object ( sight is unext5d$ col\r2 & t1 ap>t f muscul> movem5t 9 ! eye or o!r locomotion1 visibilia resolve into unext5d$ ma!matical po9ts8 ,?is "q has n escap$ m rec5t ,briti% psy*ologi/s1 includ+ ,/ew>t1 ,br[n1 ,mill1 & ,ba91 :o seem to hold t unext5d$ col\r is p]ceivable & imag9able4 #dei ,! bracket$ s5t5ce is n reta9$ 9 ! au?or's la/ edition1 9 :i* ! fir/ s5t5ce ( sect4 #afj is ! conclud+ "o ( sect4 #aei1 & ( ! ,essay4 #dfj ,?is passage is conta9$ 9 ! ,dioptrices ( ,desc>tes1 ,,vi4 #ac2 see also ,,vi4 #aa4 #dfa ,! arbitr>9ess or cont+5cy--z f> z our k c>ries u--( ! connexion betwe5 ! visual ph5om5a1 z signs1 on ! "o h&1 & actual di/ance1 z p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ?is means1 on ! o!r4 #dfb ,cf4 sect4 #hj-hc4 #dfc ,! ref]5ce "h seems to be to ! case describ$ 9 ! ,tatl] 7,no4 #ee7 ( ,augu/ #af1 #agji1 9 :i* ,william ,jones1 born bl9d1 _h receiv$ sight aft] a surgical op]ation1 at ! age ( tw5ty1 on ! #bi? ( ,june prec$+4 ,a m$ical n>rative ( ?is case appe>$1 entitl$ ,a full & true acc\nt ( a miracul\s cure ( a ,"y ,man 9 ,new+ton1 :o 0 born bl9d1 & 0 9 five m9utes br\ght to p]fect sight1 by ,mr4 ,rog] ,grant1 oculi/4 ,london1 #agji4 #dfd ,cf4 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #ga1 ) ! relative note4 #dfe ,omitt$ on ! title-page 9 ! second edition1 b reta9$ 9 ! body ( ! "w4 #dff ,be>dsley's ,life & ,correspond5ce ( ,samuel ,johnson1 ,d4,d41 ,fir/ ,presid5t ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,new ,york1 p4 #gb 7#ahgd74 #dfg ,be>dsley's ,life ( ,johnson1 pp4 #ga1 #gb4 #dfh ,*&l]'s ,life ( ,johnson1 ,app5dix1 p4 #afa4 #dfi ,commonplace ,book4 #dgj ,moreov]1 ev5 if ! outness or di/ance ( ?+s 7 visible1 x w\ld n foll[ t ei!r !y or _! di/ances c\ld be real if unp]ceiv$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,b]keley implies t !y are p]ceiv$ visually4 #dga ,x is also to be rememb]$ t s5sible ?+s exi/ 89 m9d10 )\t be+ exclusively m9e1 z creatures ( my w4 ,9 "o s5se1 t only is m9e 9 :i* my w ex]ts itself4 ,b1 9 ano!r view1 my involunt>y /ates ( feel+ & imag9ation are m9e1 because _! exi/5ce dep5ds on my consci\sness ( !m2 & ev5 s5sible ?+s are s f> m9e1 because1 ?\gh pres5t 9 _m m9ds 9 common1 !y are1 = me1 dep5d5t on my p]cipi5t m9d4 #dgb ,?omas ,h]b]t1 eigh? ,e>l ( ,pembroke & fif? ,e>l ( ,montgom]y1 0 ! correspond5t & fri5d ( ,locke--:o d$icat$ 8 fam\s ,essay to him1 z a "w 8hav+ "s little correspond5ce ) "s p>ts ( t nobl] & va/ sy/em ( ! sci5ces y\r lord%ip has made s new1 exact1 & in/ructive a draft (40 ,he repres5ts a family r5[n$ 9 ,engli% political & lit]>y hi/ory4 ,he 0 born 9 #afef2 0 a nobleman ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 9 #afgb2 succe$$ to 8 titles 9 #afhc2 0 sworn ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil 9 #afhi2 & made a ,knight ( ! ,g>t] 9 #agjj4 ,he fill$ "s ( ! highe/ (fices 9 ! /ate1 9 ! reigns ( ,william & ,m>y1 & ( ,anne4 ,he 0 ,"l ,lieut5ant ( ,irel& 9 #agjg1 hav+ previ\sly be5 "o ( ! ,commission]s by :om ! union betwe5 ,engl& & ,scotl& 0 negotiat$4 ,he di$ 9 ,janu>y #agcc4 #dgc ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 #dgd ,9 8 ,commonplace ,book ,b]keley seems to ref] 8 speculations to 8 boyhood4 ,! conception ( ! mat]ial _w prop\nd$ 9 ! foll[+ ,treatise 0 9 8 view be=e ! publication ( ! ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 :i* 0 int5d$ to prep>e ! way = x4 #dge ,cf4 ,locke1 9 ! 8,epi/le ,d$icatory0 ( 8 ,essay4 ,not)/&+ ! 8novelty0 ( ! ,new ,pr9ciples1 viz4 negation ( ab/ract or unp]ceiv$ ,matt]1 ,space1 ,"t1 ,sub/ance1 & ,p[]2 & affirmation ( ,m9d1 z ! ,syn!sis1 ,sub/ance1 & ,cause ( all--mu* 9 be/ prec$+ philosophy1 anci5t & mod]n1 0 a dim anticipation ( x4 #dgf ,cf4 sect4 #f1 #bb1 #bd1 c41 9 illu/ration ( ! demon/rative claim ( ,b]keley's initial doctr9e4 #dgg ,b]keley entreats 8 read]1 "h & ?r\gh\t1 to take pa9s to und]/& 8 mean+1 & especially to avoid conf\nd+ ! ord]$ ideas or ph5om5a1 objectively pres5t$ to our s5ses1 ) caprici\s *im]as ( imag9ation4 #dgh 8,philosophy is no?+ b ! true k ( ?+s40 ,locke4 #dgi ,! purpose ( ^? e>ly essays ( ,b]keley 0 to reconcile philosophy ) common s5se1 by employ+ reflection to make lat5t common s5se1 or common reason1 reveal itself 9 its g5u9e integrity4 ,cf4 ! clos+ s5t5ces 9 ! ,?ird ,dialogue betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s4 #dhj ,cf4 ,locke's ,essay1 ,introduction1 sect4 #d-g2 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 #bc1 #ab1 c4 ,locke 7:o is probably "h 9 ,b]keley's eye7 attributes ! p]plexities ( philosophy to our n>r[ faculties1 :i* are meant to regulate our lives1 n to remove all my/]ies4 ,see also ,desc>tes1 ,pr9cipia1 ,i4 #bf1 #bg1 c42 ,malebran*e1 ,re*]*e1 ,,iii4 #b4 #dha ,8 mo/ significant =]unn]s 7 ,desc>tes 9 8 ,pr9cipia1 & ,locke 9 8 ,essay4 #dhb ,"h 8idea0 & 8notion0 seem to be us$ conv]tibly4 ,see sect4 #adb4 ,cf4 ) ! argum5t aga9/ ab/ract ideas1 unfold$ 9 ! rema9d] ( ! ,introduction1 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #ig-ajj1 #aah-acb1 #adc2 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 sect4 #abb-abe2 ,alciphron1 ,dial4 vii4 #e-g2 ,def5ce ( ,free ,?9k+ 9 ,ma!matics1 sect4 #de-dh4 ,also ,siris1 sect4 #cbc1 #cce1 c41 :]e he di/+ui%es ,idea 9 a high] mean+ f 8 s5su\s ideas4 ,z m5tion$ 9 my ,preface1 ! ?ird edition ( ,alciphron1 publi%$ 9 #ageb1 ! ye> be=e ,b]keley di$1 omits ! ?ree sections ( ! ,sev5? ,dialogue :i* repeat ! foll[+ argum5t aga9/ ab/ract ideas4 #dhc ,z 9 ,d]odon's ,logica1 ,pt4 ,,ii4 c4 #f1 #g2 ,philosophia ,contracta1 ,i4 i4 #g-aa2 & ,gass5di1 ,leg4 ,in/it41 ,i4 #h2 also ,cudwor?1 ,et]nal & ,immutable ,morality1 ,bk4 ,,iv4 #dhd ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #dhe ,we mu/ rememb] t :at ,b]keley int5ds by an idea is ei!r a p]cept ( s5se1 or a s5su\s imag9ation2 & 8 argum5t is t none ( ^! c be an ab/raction4 ,we c nei!r p]ceive nor imag9e :at is n concrete & "p ( a succession4 #dhf 8ab/ract notions0--"h us$ conv]tibly ) 8ab/ract ideas40 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #hi & #adb1 on ! special mean+ ( notion4 #dhg ,suppos$ by ,b]keley to mean1 t we c imag9e1 9 ab/raction f all ph5om5a pres5t$ 9 concrete exp]i5ce1 e4g4 imag9e exi/5ce1 9 ab/raction f all ph5om5a 9 :i* x manife/s itself to u2 or matt]1 /ripp$ ( all ! ph5om5a 9 :i* x is realis$ 9 s5se4 #dhh ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #dhi ,locke4 #dij ,desc>tes1 :o reg>d$ brutes z 7s5ti5t87 ma*9es4 #dia 8,to ?is ,i _c ass5t1 be+ ( op9ion t a ^w10 c4--9 fir/ edition4 #dib 8an idea10 i4e4 a concrete m5tal picture4 #dic ,s t 8g5]ality0 9 an idea is our 8consid]ation0 ( a p>ticul> idea 7e4g4 a 8p>ticul> motion0 or a 8p>ticul> ext5sion07 n p] se1 b "u g5]al relations1 :i* t p>ticul> idea exemplifies1 & :i*1 z he %ews1 may be signifi$ by a correspond+ ^w4 ,all ideas 79 ,b]keley's conf9$ mean+ ( 8idea07 are p>ticul>4 ,we rise above p>ticul> ideas by an intellectual appreh5sion ( _! relations2 n by =m+ ab/ract pictures1 :i* are contradictory absurdities4 #did ,locke is surely misconceiv$4 ,he does n say1 z ,b]keley seems to suppose1 t 9 =m+ 8ab/ract ideas10 we are =m+ ab/ract m5tal images--pictures 9 ! m9d t are n individual pictures4 #die ,does ,locke int5d m ?an ?is1 al?\gh he expresses 8 mean+ 9 ambigu\s words8 #dif ,x is a p>ticul> idea1 b consid]$ relatively--a significant p>ticul> idea1 9 o!r words4 ,we realise our notions 9 examples1 & ^! mu/ be concrete4 #dig i4e4 8ideas0 9 ,locke's mean+ ( idea1 "u :i* he compreh5ds1 n only ! p>ticul> ideas ( s5se & imag9ation--,b]keley's 8ideas0--b ^! consid]$ relatively1 & s se5 intellectually1 :5 ,locke calls !m ab/ract1 g5]al1 or univ]sal4 ,omnisci5ce 9 its all-compreh5sive intuition may n require1 or ev5 admit1 su* g5]al ideas4 #dih ,"h & 9 :at foll[s1 8ab/ract notion10 8univ]sal notion10 in/ead ( ab/ract idea4 ,notion seems to be "h a synonym = idea1 & n tak5 9 ! special mean+ :i* he aft]w>ds atta*$ to ! t]m1 :5 he contra/$ x ) idea4 #dii 8notions10 aga9 synonym\s ) ideas1 :i* are all p>ticul> or concrete1 9 8 mean+ ( idea1 :5 he uses x /rictly4 #ejj idea1 i4e4 individual m5tal picture4 #eja ,9 all ?is he takes no acc\nt ( ! intellectual relations necess>ily embodi$ 9 concrete k1 & )\t :i* exp]i5ce c\ld n coh]e4 #ejb 8h 9 view10 i4e4 actually realise 9 imag9ation4 #ejc ,:at foll[s1 to ! end ( ?is section1 0 add$ 9 ! second or #agcd edition4 #ejd ,s ,bacon 9 _m passages ( 8 ,de ,augm5tis ,sci5ti>ium & ,novum ,organum4 #eje 8wide influ5ce10--8wide & ext5d$ sway0--9 fir/ edition4 #ejf 8idea10 i4e4 individual datum ( s5se or ( imag9ation4 #ejg ,see ,leibniz on ,symbolical ,k 7,op]a ,philosophica1 pp4 #gi1 #hj1 ,erdmann71 & ,/ew>t 9 8 ,elem5ts1 vol4 ,i4 *4 #d1 #a1 on our habit ( us+ language )\t realis+1 9 individual examples or ideas1 ! mean+s ( ! common t]ms us$4 #ejh 8do?0--8does10 "h & else:]e 9 fir/ edition4 #eji 8ideas10 i4e4 repres5tations 9 imag9ation ( any ( ! individual objects to :i* ! names are applicable4 ,! s\nd or sight ( a v]bal sign may d duty = ! concrete idea 9 :i* ! notion signifi$ by ! ^w might be exemplifi$4 #eaj ,?is s5t5ce is omitt$ 9 ! second edition4 #eaa ,else:]e he m5tions ,ari/otle z 8c]ta9ly a great admir] & promot] ( ! doctr9e ( ab/raction10 & quotes 8 /atem5t t !re is h>dly any?+ s incompreh5sible to m5 z notions ( ! utmo/ univ]sality2 = !y are ! mo/ remote f s5se4 ,metaph41 ,bk4 ,i4 *4 #b4 #eab ,add$ 9 second edition4 #eac ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #ead ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #eae ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #eaf 8my own ideas10 i4e4 ! concrete ph5om5a :i* ,i c realise z p]ceptions ( s5se1 or 9 imag9ation4 #eag ,he probably ref]s to ,locke4 #eah ,accord+ to ,locke1 8t :i* has mo/ contribut$ to h9d] ! due trac+ ( our ideas1 & f9d+ out _! relations1 & agreem5ts or disagreem5ts "o ) ano!r1 has be51 ,i suppose1 ! ill use ( words4 ,x is impossible t m5 %\ld ev] truly seek1 or c]ta9ly discov]1 ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( ideas !mselves1 :il/ _! ?\ghts flutt] ab\t1 or /ick only 9 s\nds ( d\btful & unc]ta9 significations4 ,ma!maticians1 ab/ract+ _! ?\ghts f names1 & accu/om+ !mselves to set be=e _! m9ds ! ideas !mselves t !y w\ld consid]1 & n s\nds in/ead ( !m1 h avoid$ !reby a great "p ( t p]plexity1 pudd]+1 & confusion :i* has s mu* h9d]$ m5's progress 9 o!r p>ts ( k40 ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,iv4 *4 #c1 #cj4 ,see also ,bk4 ,,iii4 *4 #aj1 #aa4 #eai ,g5]al names involve 9 _! signification intellectual relations among ideas or ph5om5a2 b ! relations1 p] se1 are unimag9able4 #ebj ,! r\gh draft ( ! ,introduction1 prep>$ two ye>s be=e ! publication ( ! ,pr9ciples 7see ,app5dix1 vol4 ,,iii71 %\ld be comp>$ ) ! publi%$ v]sion4 ,he !re tells t 8!re 0 a "t :51 be+ bant]$ & abus$ by words10 he 8did n 9 ! lea/ d\bt0 t he 0 8able to ab/ract 8 ideas02 add+ t 8aft] a /rict survey ( my abilities1 ,i n only discov]$ my own defici5cy on ?is po9t1 b also _c conceive x possible t su* a p[] %\ld be ev5 9 ! mo/ p]fect & exalt$ und]/&+40 ,:at he ?us pron\nces 8impossible10 is a s5su\s p]ception or imag9ation ( an intellectual relation1 z to :i* mo/ ?9k]s w\ld agree ) him4 ,b 9 s argu+1 he seems apt to disc>d ! intellectual relations !mselves t are necess>ily embodi$ 9 exp]i5ce4 ,david ,hume ref]s ?us to ,b]keley's doctr9e ab\t 8ab/ract ideas03--8,a great philosoph] has ass]t$ t all g5]al ideas are no?+ b p>ticul> ones annex$ to a c]ta9 t]m1 :i* gives !m a m ext5sive signification4 ,i look ^u ?is to be "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ valuable discov]ies t has be5 made ( late ye>s 9 ! republic ( lett]s40 7,treatise ( ,h4 ,n4 ,pt4 ,i1 sect4 #g47 #eba ,?is resembles ,locke's acc\nt ( ! ideas ) :i* human k is conc]n$4 ,!y are all orig9ally pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 or got by reflexion ^u ! passions & acts ( ! m9d2 & ! mat]ials contribut$ 9 ?is ext]nal & int]nal exp]i5ce are1 ) ! help ( memory & imag9ation1 elaborat$ by ! human und]/&+ 9 ways innum]able1 true & false4 ,see ,locke's ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii1 *4 #a1 #a-e2 *4 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 #ebb ,! ideas or ph5om5a ( :i* we are p]cipi5t 9 our five s5ses make _! appe>ance1 n isolat$1 b 9 individual masses1 con/itut+ ! ?+s1 t occupy _! respective places 9 p]ceiv$ ambi5t space4 ,x is z qualities ( ?+s t ! ideas or ph5om5a ( s5se arise 9 human exp]i5ce4 #ebc ,?is is an advance ^u ! language ( ! ,commonplace ,book1 9 :i* 8m9d0 is spok5 ( z only a 8cong]ies ( p]ceptions40 ,"h x is some?+ 8entirely di/9ct0 f ideas or p]ceptions1 9 :i* !y exi/ & are p]ceiv$1 & on :i* !y ultimately dep5d4 ,_s1 intellig5t & active1 presuppos$ ) its implicates 9 ideas1 ?us becomes ! basis ( ,b]keley's philosophy4 ,is ?is subjective idealism only8 ,locke appe>s 9 sect4 #a1 ,desc>tes1 if n ,kant by anticipation1 9 sect4 #b4 #ebd ,?is s5t5ce expresses ,b]keley's ,new ,pr9ciple1 :i* fill$ 8 ?\ghts 9 ! ,commonplace ,book4 ,note 89 a m9d10 n necess>ily 9 my m9d4 #ebe ,t is to say1 "o has only to put concrete mean+ into ! t]ms exi/5ce & reality1 9 ord] to h 8an intuitive k0 t matt] dep5ds = its real exi/5ce on p]cipi5t _s4 #ebf ,9 o!r words1 ! ?+s ( s5se become real1 only 9 ! concrete exp]i5ce ( liv+ m9d1 :i* gives !m ! only reality we c conceive or h any sort ( conc]n )4 ,ext+ui% ,_s & ! mat]ial _w necess>ily ceases to be real4 #ebg ,t esse is p]cipi is ,b]keley's initial ,pr9ciple1 call$ 8intuitive0 or self-evid5t4 #ebh ,m>k t x is ! 8natural or real exi/5ce0 ( ! mat]ial _w1 9 ! abs5ce ( all realis+ ,_s1 t ,b]keley insi/s is impossible--mean+less4 #ebi 8our own0--yet n exclusively m9e4 ,!y dep5d = _! reality ^u a p]cipi5t1 n on my p]ception4 #ecj 8?is t5et10 i4e4 t ! concrete mat]ial _w c\ld /ill be a reality aft] ! annihilation ( all realis+ spiritual life 9 ! univ]se--div9e or o!r4 #eca 8exi/+ unp]ceiv$10 i4e4 exi/+ )\t be+ realis$ 9 any liv+ p]cipi5t exp]i5ce--exi/+ 9 a totally ab/ract exi/5ce1 :atev] t c mean4 #ecb 8notions0--a t]m else:]e 7see sect4 #bg1 #hi1 #adb7 re/rict$1 is "h appli$ to ! imm$iate data ( ! s5ses--! ideas ( s5se4 #ecc ,?is s5t5ce is omitt$ 9 ! second edition4 #ecd ,9 ! fir/ edition1 in/ead ( ?is s5t5ce1 we h ! foll[+3 8,to make ?is appe> ) all ! light & evid5ce ( an ,axiom1 x seems suffici5t if ,i c b awak5 ! reflexion ( ! read]1 t he may take an imp>tial view ( 8 own mean+1 & turn 8 ?\ghts ^u ! subject itself2 free & dis5gag$ f all emb>ras ( words & prepossession 9 fav\r ( receiv$ mi/akes40 #ece ,9 o!r words1 active p]cipi5t ,_s is at ! root ( all intelligible tru/wor?y exp]i5ce4 #ecf 'pro('--8demon/ration0 9 fir/ edition2 yet he calls x 8intuitive40 #ecg 8! ideas !mselves10 i4e4 ! ph5om5a imm$iately pres5t$ 9 s5se1 & t are ?us realis$ 9 & ?r\gh ! p]cipi5t exp]i5ce ( liv+ m9d1 z _! factor4 #ech ,z ^? say :o assume t p]ception is ultimately only repres5tative ( ! mat]ial reality1 ! v ?+s !mselves n mak+ _! appe>ance to u at all4 #eci ,he ref]s especially to ,locke1 ^: acc\nt ( ,matt] is accord+ly *>g$ ) be+ incoh]5t4 #edj 8in]t40 ,see ! ,de ,motu4 #eda 8ideas exi/+ 9 ! m9d10 i4e4 ph5om5a ( :i* "s m9d is p]cipi5t2 :i* are realis$ 9 ! s5ti5t exp]i5ce ( a liv+ _s1 human or o!r4 #edb ,:at foll[s to ! end ( ! section is omitt$ 9 ! second edition4 #edc 8! exi/5ce ( ,matt]10 i4e4 ! exi/5ce ( ! mat]ial _w1 reg>d$ z a some?+ t does n ne$ to be p]ceiv$ 9 ord] to be real4 #edd ,sometimes call$ objective qualities1 because !y are suppos$ to be realis$ 9 an ab/ract objectivity1 :i* ,b]keley insi/s is mean+less4 #ede ,see ,locke's ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii1 *4 #h1 #ac1 #ah2 *4 #bc1 #aa2 ,bk4 ,,iv1 *4 #c1 #bd-bf4 ,locke sugge/s ?is relation betwe5 ! second>y & ! prim>y qualities ( matt] only hypo!tically4 #edf 89 ! m9d1 & n[h]e else10 i4e4 p]ceiv$ or conceiv$1 b 9 no o!r mann] c !y be real or concrete4 #edg 8)\t ! m9d10 i4e4 indep5d5tly ( all p]cipi5t exp]i5ce4 #edh ,ext5sion is ?us ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,geometrical & physical solidity1 z well z motion1 imply ext5sion4 #edi 8numb] is ! creature ( ! m9d10 i4e4 is dep5d5t on be+ realis$ 9 p]cipi5t exp]i5ce4 ,?is dep5d5ce is "h illu/rat$ by ! relation ( concrete numb] to ! po9t ( view ( ea* m9d2 z ! dep5d5ce ( ! o!r prim>y qualities 0 illu/rat$ by _! dep5d5ce on ! organisation ( ! p]cipi5t4 ,9 ?is1 ! prec$+1 & ! foll[+ sections1 ,b]keley argues ! inconsi/5cy ( ! ab/ract reality attribut$ to ! prim>y qualities ) _! ackn[l$g$ dep5d5ce on ! necess>y conditions ( s5se p]ception4 #eej ,cf4 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 sect4 #aji4 #eea e4g4 ,locke1 ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii1 *4 #g1 #g2 *4 #af1 #a4 #eeb 8)\t any alt]ation 9 any ext]nal object0--8)\t any ext]nal alt]ation0--9 fir/ edition4 #eec ,^! argum5ts1 f\nd$ on ! m9d-dep5d5t nature ( all ! qualities ( matt]1 are exp&$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,dialogue betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s4 #eed 8an outw>d object10 i4e4 an object :olly ab/ract f liv+ ,m9d4 #eee ,?is s5t5ce is omitt$ 9 ! second edition4 #eef 8reason10 i4e4 reason+4 ,x is argu$1 9 ?is & ! next section1 t a reality unrealis$ 9 p]cipi5t exp]i5ce _c be prov$1 ei!r by our s5ses or by reason+4 #eeg ,omitt$ 9 ! second edition1 & ! s5t5ce conv]t$ into a "q4 #eeh ,b ! ideas ( :i* we are cognizant 9 wak+ dreams1 & dreams ( sleep1 diff] 9 important *>act]i/ics f ! ext]nal ideas ( :i* we are p]cipi5t 9 s5se4 ,cf4 sect4 #bi-cc4 #eei 8ext]nal bodies10 i4e4 bodies suppos$ to be real indep5d5tly ( all p]cipi5ts 9 ! univ]se4 #efj i4e4 !y _c %ew h[ _! un9telligible hypo!sis ( ,matt] acc\nts = ! exp]i5ce we h1 or expect to h2 or :i* we believe o!r p]sons h1 or to be ab\t to h4 #efa 8! production10 c41 i4e4 ! fact t we & o!rs h p]cipi5t exp]i5ce4 #efb ,m9d-dep5d5t ,matt] he n only all[s to exi/1 b ma9ta9s its reality to be intuitively evid5t4 #efc i4e4 bodies exi/+ 9 ab/raction f liv+ p]cipi5t _s4 #efd 8,matt]10 i4e4 ab/ract ,matt]1 unrealis$ 9 s5ti5t intellig5ce4 #efe ,! appeal "h & else:]e is to consci\sness--directly 9 ea* p]son's exp]i5ce1 & indirectly 9 t ( o!rs4 #eff i4e4 o!rwise ?an 9 ! =m ( an idea or actual appe>ance pres5t$ to our s5ses4 #efg ,?is implies t ! mat]ial _w may be realis$ 9 imag9ation z well z 9 s5su\s p]ception1 b 9 a less degree ( reality2 = reality1 he assumes1 admits ( degrees4 #efh 8to conceive ! exi/5ce ( ext]nal bodies10 i4e4 to conceive bodies t are n conceiv$--t are n ideas at all1 b :i* exi/ 9 ab/raction4 ,to suppose :at we conceive to be unconceiv$1 is to suppose a contradiction4 #efi ,?is s5t5ce is omitt$ 9 ! second edition4 #egj 8,! exi/5ce ( ?+s )\t m9d10 or 9 ! abs5ce ( all spiritual life & p]ception1 is :at ,b]keley argues aga9/1 z mean+less1 if n contradictory2 n ! exi/5ce ( a mat]ial _w1 :5 ?is means ! realis$ ord] ( nature1 regulat$ indep5d5tly ( individual w1 & to :i* our actions mu/ con=m if we are to avoid physical pa94 #ega ,"h aga9 notion is undi/+ui%$ f idea4 #egb ,?is & ! ?ree foll[+ sections argue = ! ess5tial impot5ce ( matt]1 & t1 z f> z we are conc]n$1 s-call$ 8natural causes0 are only signs :i* =etell ! appe>ance ( _! s-call$ effects4 ,! mat]ial _w is pres5t$ to our s5ses z a procession ( ord]ly1 & !re=e int]pretable1 yet 9 !mselves p[]less1 ideas or ph5om5a3 motion is always an effect1 nev] an orig9at+ active cause4 #egc ,z ,locke sugge/s4 #egd ,?is tacitly presupposes ! necessity 9 reason ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,causality1 or ! ultimate ne$ = an effici5t cause ( e *ange4 ,to det]m9e ! sort ( ,causation t con/itutes & p]vades ! univ]se is ! aim ( 8 philosophy4 #ege ,9 o!r words1 ! mat]ial _w is n only real 9 & ?r\gh p]cipi5t _s1 b ! *ang+ =ms :i* its ph5om5a assume1 9 ! natural evolution1 are ! issue ( ! p]petual activity ( 9-dwell+ ,_s4 ,! argum5t 9 ?is section requires a deep] criticism ( its premisses4 #egf ,9 o!r words1 an ag5t _c1 z su*1 be p]ceiv$ or imag9$1 ?\gh its effects c4 ,! spiritual t]m ag5t is n mean+less2 yet we h no s5su\s idea ( its mean+4 #egg ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #egh ,?is s5t5ce is n conta9$ 9 ! fir/ edition4 ,x is rem>kable = fir/ introduc+ ! t]m notion1 to signify idealess mean+1 z 9 ! words s\l1 active p[]1 c4 ,"h he says t 8! op]ations ( ! m9d0 belong to notions1 :ile1 9 sect4 #a1 he speaks ( 8ideas p]ceiv$ by att5d+ to ! #8op]ations' ( ! m9d40 #egi 8ideas10 i4e4 fancies ( imag9ation2 z di/+ui%$ f ! m real ideas or ph5om5a t pres5t !mselves objectively to our s5ses4 #ehj ,) ,b]keley ! _w ( ext]nal ideas is di/+ui%$ f ,_s by its ess5tial passivity4 ,active p[] is ) him ! ess5ce ( ,m9d1 di/+ui%+ me f ! *ang+ ideas ( :i* ,i am p]cipi5t4 ,we mu/ n attribute free ag5cy to ph5om5a pres5t$ to our s5ses4 #eha ,9 ?is & ! f\r foll[+ sections1 ,b]keley m5tions m>ks by :i* ! ideas or ph5om5a t pres5t !mselves to ! s5ses may be di/+ui%$ f all o!r ideas1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y may be t]m$ 8ext]nal10 :ile ^? ( feel+ & imag9ation are :olly subjective or individual4 #ehb ,?is m>k--! sup]ior /r5g? & livel9ess ( ! ideas or ph5om5a t are pres5t$ to ! s5ses--0 aft]w>ds not$ by ,hume4 ,see ,inquiry conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 sect4 ,,ii4 #ehc ,b]keley "h & always insi/s on ! arbitr>y "* ( 8settl$ laws0 ( *ange 9 ! _w1 z contra/$ ) 8necess>y connexions0 discov]$ 9 ma!matics4 ,! mat]ial _w is ?us virtually an int]pretable natural language1 con/itut$ 9 :at1 at our po9t ( view1 is arbitr>9ess or cont+5cy4 #ehd ,"u ?is conception ( ! univ]se1 8second causes0 are div9ely e/abli%$ signs ( imp5d+ *anges1 & are only metaphorically call$ 8causes40 #ehe ,s ,s*ill]1 9 ,don ,c>los1 ,act ,,iii1 :]e he repres5ts sceptics z fail+ to see ! ,god :o veils ,himself 9 ev]la/+ laws4 ,b 9 tru? ,god is et]nal law or ord] vitalis$ & moralis$4 #ehf 8s5sations10 ) ,b]keley1 are n m]e feel+s1 b 9 a s5se ext]nal appe>ances4 #ehg 8m reality40 ,?is implies t reality admits ( degrees1 & t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ph5om5a pres5t$ to ! s5ses & ^? :i* are only imag9$ is a diff]5ce 9 degree ( reality4 #ehh ,9 ! prec$+ sections1 two relations %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$--t ( ! mat]ial _w to p]cipi5t m9d1 9 :i* x becomes real2 & t betwe5 *anges 9 ! _w & spiritual ag5cy4 ,^! are ,b]keley's two lead+ ,pr9ciples4 ,! fir/ conducts to & v9dicates ! second--inadequately1 h[ev]1 ap>t f explication ( _! root 9 moral reason4 ,! =m] gives a relation sui g5]is4 ,! latt] gives our only example ( active causality--! natural ord] ( ph5om5a be+ ! outcome ( ! causal en]gy ( int5d+ ,w4 #ehi ,sect4 #cd-hd conta9 ,b]keley's answ]s to suppos$ objections to ! =ego+ ,pr9ciples conc]n+ ,matt] & ,_s 9 _! mutual relations4 #eij ,to be an 8idea0 is1 ) ,b]keley1 to be ! imag9able object ( a p]cipi5t _s4 ,b he does n def9e precisely ! relation ( ideas to m9d4 8,exi/5ce 9 m9d0 is exi/5ce 9 ?is relation4 ,8 "q 7:i* he det]m9es 9 ! negative7 is1 ! possibility ( concrete ph5om5a1 naturally pres5t$ to s5se1 yet out ( all relation to liv+ m9d4 #eia ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #eib i4e4 ( imag9ation4 ,cf4 sect4 #bh-cj4 #eic ,cf4 sect4 #bi4 #eid 8m reality40 ,?is aga9 implies t reality admits ( degrees4 ,:at is p]ceiv$ 9 s5se is m real ?an :at is imag9$1 & et]nal realities are m deeply real ?an ! transitory ?+s ( s5se4 #eie ,cf4 sect4 #cc4 8,n fictions10 i4e4 !y are pres5tative1 & !re=e _c misrepres5t4 #eif ,) ,b]keley sub/ance is ei!r 7a7 active reason1 i4e4 _s--sub/ance prop]1 or 7b7 an aggregate ( s5se-ph5om5a1 call$ a 8s5sible ?+0--sub/ance conv5tionally & sup]ficially4 #eig ,& :i*1 because realis$ 9 liv+ p]ception1 are call$ ideas--to rem9d u t reality is atta9$ 9 & ?r\gh p]cipi5t m9d4 #eih 8comb9$ toge!r10 i4e4 9 ! =m ( 8s5sible ?+s10 accord+ to natural laws4 ,cf4 sect4 #cc4 #eii 8?9k+ ?+s0--m appropriately call$ p]sons4 #fjj ,b]keley uses ! ^w idea to m>k ! fact1 t s5sible ?+s are real only z !y manife/ !mselves 9 ! =m ( passive objects1 pres5t$ to s5se-p]cipi5t m9d2 b he does n1 z popul>ly suppos$1 reg>d 8s5sible ?+s0 z creat$ & regulat$ by ! activity ( 8 own individual m9d4 ,!y are p]ceiv$1 b are nei!r creat$ nor regulat$1 by ! individual p]cipi5t1 & are ?us practically ext]nal to ea* p]son4 #fja ,cf4 sect4 #hg-ia1 aga9/ ! scepticism :i* orig9ates 9 alleg$ fallacy ( s5se4 #fjb ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #fjc ,x is always to be rememb]$ t ) ,b]keley ideas or ph5om5a pres5t$ to s5se are !mselves ! real ?+s1 :il/ ideas ( imag9ation are repres5tative 7or misrepres5tative74 #fjd ,"h feel+s ( pleasure or pa9 are spok5 (1 )\t qualification1 z 9 l relation to liv+ m9d z s5sible ?+s or ideas are4 #fje ,t ! ideas ( s5se %\ld be se5 8at a di/ance ( sev]al miles0 seems n inconsi/5t ) _! be+ dep5d5t on a p]cipi5t1 if ambi5t space is itself 7z ,b]keley ass]ts7 dep5d5t on p]cipi5t exp]i5ce4 ,cf4 sect4 #fg4 #fjf ,9 ! prec$+ ye>4 #fjg ,essay1 sect4 #b4 #fjh ,ibid4 sect4 #aa-ae4 #fji ,ibid4 sect4 #af-bh4 #faj ,ibid4 sect4 #ea4 #faa ,ibid4 sect4 #dg-di1 #aba-ada4 #fab ,ibid4 sect4 #dc4 #fac i4e4 :at we are imm$iately p]cipi5t ( 9 see+4 #fad ,t\* is "h & else:]e tak5 9 its wide mean+1 & includes our muscul> & locomotive exp]i5ce1 all :i* ,b]keley includ$ 9 ! 8tactual0 mean+ ( di/ance4 #fae ,to expla9 ! condition ( s5sible ?+s dur+ ! int]vals ( our p]ception ( !m1 consi/5tly ) ! belief ( all sane p]sons reg>d+ ! mat]ial _w1 is a *all5ge :i* has be5 (t5 address$ to ! advocates ( ideal ,realism4 ,accord+ to ,b]keley1 !re are no int]vals 9 ! exi/5ce ( s5sible ?+s4 ,!y are p]man5tly p]ceivable1 "u ! laws ( nature1 ?\gh n always p]ceiv$ by ?is1 t or ! o!r individual p]cipi5t4 ,moreov] !y always exi/ really 9 ! ,div9e ,idea1 & pot5tially1 9 relation to f9ite m9ds1 9 ! ,div9e ,w4 #faf ,b]keley all[s to bodies unp]ceiv$ by me pot5tial1 b 7= me7 n real exi/5ce4 ,:5 ,i say a body exi/s ?us conditionally1 ,i mean t if1 9 ! light1 ,i op5 my eyes1 ,i %all see x1 & t if ,i move my h&1 ,i mu/ feel x4 #fag i4e4 unp]ceiv$ mat]ial sub/ance4 #fah ,b]keley rem>ks1 9 a lett] to ! ,am]ican ,samuel ,johnson1 t 8^? :o h cont5d$ = a mat]ial _w h yet ackn[l$g$ t natura naturans 7to use ! language ( ! ,s*oolm57 is ,god2 & t ! ,div9e cons]vation ( ?+s is equipoll5t to1 & 9 fact ! same ?+ )1 a cont9u$ repeat$ creation2--9 a ^w1 t cons]vation & creation diff] only z ! t]m9us a quo4 ,^! are ! common op9ions ( ,s*oolm52 & ,dur&us1 :o held ! _w to be a ma*9e1 l a clock made up & put 9 motion by ,god1 b aft]w>ds cont9u$ to g ( itself1 0 !re9 p>ticul>1 & _h few foll[]s4 ,! v poets tea* a doctr9e n unlike ! ,s*ools--m5s agitat molem 7,virgil1 neid1 ,,vi74 ,! ,/oics & ,platoni/s are ev]y:]e full ( ! same notion4 ,i am n !re=e s+ul> 9 ?is po9t itself1 s mu* z 9 my way ( prov+ x40 ,cf4 ,alciphron1 ,dial4 ,,iv4 sect4 #ad2 ,v9dication ( ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 sect4 #h1 #ag1 c42 ,siris1 passim1 b especially 9 ! latt] "p4 ,see also ,correspond5ce betwe5 ,cl>ke & ,leibniz 7#agag74 ,is x n possible t ! univ]se ( ?+s & p]sons is 9 cont9u\s natural creation1 unbeg9n+ & un5d+8 #fai ,cf4 sect4 #abc-acb4 #fbj ,he di/+ui%es 8idea0 f 8mode or attribute40 ,) ,b]keley1 ! 8sub/ance0 ( matt] 7if ! t]m is /ill to be appli$ to s5sible ?+s7 is ! naturally con/itut$ aggregate ( ph5om5a ( :i* ea* p>ticul> ?+ consi/s4 ,n[ ext5sion1 & ! o!r qualities ( s5sible ?+s1 are n1 ,b]keley argues1 89 m9d0 ei!r 7a7 accord+ to ! ab/ract relation ( sub/ance & attribute ( :i* philosoph]s speak2 nor 7b7 z "o idea or ph5om5on is relat$ to ano!r idea or ph5om5on1 9 ! natural aggregation ( s5se-ph5om5a :i* con/itute1 ) him1 ! sub/ance ( a mat]ial ?+4 ,m9d & its 8ideas0 are1 on ! contr>y1 relat$ z p]cipi5t to p]ceiv$--9 :atev] 8o!rness0 t altoge!r sui g5]is relation implies4 #fba 8,matt]10 i4e4 ab/ract mat]ial ,sub/ance1 z di/+ui%$ f ! concrete ?+s t are realis$ 9 liv+ p]ceptions4 #fbb 8take away natural causes10 i4e4 empty ! mat]ial _w ( all orig9ative p[]1 & ref] ! suppos$ p[]s ( bodies to ! con/ant & omnipres5t ag5cy ( ,god4 #fbc ,"s philosoph]s h treat$ ! relation ( ,matt] to ,m9d 9 p]ception z "o ( cause & effect4 ,?is1 accord+ to ,b]keley1 is an illegitimate analysis1 :i* creates a fictiti\s duality4 ,on 8 ,new ,pr9ciples1 philosophy is bas$ on a recognition ( ! fact1 t p]ception is nei!r ! cause nor ! effect ( its object1 b 9 a relation to x t is altoge!r sui g5]is4 #fbd ,he ref]s to ,desc>tes1 & p]haps ,geul9x & ,malebran*e1 :o1 :ile !y argu$ = mat]ial sub/ance1 d5i$ ! causal effici5cy ( s5sible ?+s4 ,b]keley's new ,pr9ciples are pres5t$ z ! f\ndation 9 reason = ?is d5ial1 & = ! ess5tial spirituality ( all active p[] 9 ! univ]se4 #fbe ,on ! pr9ciple1 8,entia non sunt multiplic&a prt] necessitatem40 #fbf 8ext]nal ?+s10 i4e4 ?+s 9 ! ab/ract4 #fbg ,t ! unreflect+ "p ( mank9d %\ld h a confus$ conception ( :at %\ld be meant by ! ext]nal reality ( matt] is n wond]ful4 ,x is ! (fice ( philosophy to improve _! conception1 mak+ x deep] & tru]1 & ?is 0 ,b]keley's prelim9>y task2 z a mean = %ew+ ! impot5ce ( ! ?+s ( s5se1 & conclusive evid5ce ( omnipres5t spiritual activity4 #fbh ,cf4 sect4 #d1 #i1 #ae1 #ag1 #bb1 #bd4 #fbi i4e4 _! s5se-ideas4--,?\gh s5se-ideas1 i4e4 ! appe>ances pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 are indep5d5t ( ! w ( ! individual p]cipi5t1 x does n foll[ t !y are indep5d5t ( all p]ception1 s t !y c be real 9 ! abs5ce ( realis+ p]cipi5t exp]i5ce4 ,cf4 sect4 #bi-cc4 #fcj ,by %ew+ t :at we are p]cipi5t ( 9 s5se mu/ be idea1 or t x is imm$iately kn[n by u only z s5su\s appe>ance4 #fca i4e4 8impr9t$0 by unp]ceiv$ ,matt]1 :i*1 on ?is dogma ( a repres5tative s5se-p]ception1 0 assum$ to exi/ beh9d ! p]ceiv$ ideas1 & to be ! cause ( _! appe>ance4 ,cf4 ,?ird ,dialogue betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s4 #fcb ,h5ce ! difficulty m5 h 9 recognis+ t ,div9e ,reason & ,w1 & ,law 9 ,nature1 are co9cid5t4 ,b ! advance ( sci5tific discov]y ( ! laws :i* express ,div9e ,w 9 nature1 in/ead ( n>r[+1 ext5ds our k ( ,god4 ,& div9e or absolutely reasonable 8arbitr>9ess0 is n caprice4 #fcc 8ideas10 i4e4 ideas ( s5se4 ,?is 8exp]i5ce0 impli$ an association ( s5su\s ideas1 accord+ to ! div9e or reasonable ord] ( nature4 #fcd ,cf4 sect4 #be-cc1 & o!r passages 9 ,b]keley's writ+s 9 :i* he insi/s ^u ! arbitr>9ess--div9e or reasonable--( ! natural laws & s5se-symbolism4 #fce ,cf4 sect4 #c1 #d1 #f1 #bb-bd1 #bf1 9 :i* he proce$s ^u ! intuitive c]ta9ty ( 8 two lead+ ,pr9ciples1 conc]n+ ,reality & ,causation4 #fcf ,9 %ort1 :at is virtually ! language ( univ]sal natural ord] is ! div9e way ( reveal+ omnipres5t ,intellig5ce2 nor c we conceive h[ ?is revelation c\ld be made ?r\gh a caprici\s or *aotic succession ( *anges4 #fcg ,he "h t\*es on moral purpose 9 miracul\s ph5om5a1 b )\t discuss+ _! relation to ! div9e1 or p]fectly reasonable1 ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,relatively to a f9e k ( nature1 !y seem anomal\s--exceptions f g5]al rules1 :i* nev]!less express1 imm$iately & con/antly1 p]fect active ,reason4 #fch 8ideas10 i4e4 ! ph5om5a pres5t$ to ! s5ses4 #fci 8imag9able0--9 fir/ edition4 #fdj 8! connexion ( ideas10 i4e4 ! pres5ce ( law or reasonable uni=mity 9 ! coexi/5ce & succession ( ! ph5om5a ( s5se2 :i* makes !m int]pretable signs4 #fda ,accord+ to ,b]keley1 x is by an abuse ( language t ! t]m 8p[]0 is appli$ to ^? ideas :i* are inv>iable antec$5ts ( o!r ideas--! prior =ms ( _! exi/5ce1 z x 74 #fdb ,b]keley1 9 meet+ ?is objection1 ?us implies ,univ]sal ,natural ,symbolism z ! ess5tial "* ( ! s5sible _w1 9 its relation to man4 #fdc ,see ,locke's ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,iv1 *4 #c1 #be-bh1 c41 9 :i* he sugge/s t ! second>y qualities ( bodies may be ! natural issue ( ! diff]5t relations & modifications ( _! prim>y qualities4 #fdd ,) ,b]keley1 mat]ial sub/ance is m]ely ! natural comb9ation ( s5se-pres5t$ ph5om5a1 :i*1 "u a div9e or reasonable 8arbitr>9ess10 con/itute a concrete ?+4 ,div9e ,w1 or ,active ,reason1 is ! con/antly su/a9+ cause ( ?is comb9ation or sub/antiation4 #fde i4e4 t x is n realis$ 9 a liv+ p]cipi5t exp]i5ce4 #fdf ,= 8place0 is realis$ only z p]ceiv$--p]cipi5t exp]i5ce be+ its concrete exi/5ce4 ,liv+ p]ception is1 ) ,b]keley1 ! condition ( ! possibility ( concrete locality4 #fdg ,s 9 ! ,c>tesian !ory ( occasional causes4 #fdh ,s ,geul9x & ,malebran*e4 #fdi ,z kn[n 9 ,div9e intellig5ce1 !y are accord+ly ,div9e ,ideas4 ,&1 if ?is means t ! s5sible sy/em is ! expression ( ,div9e ,ideas1 :i* are its ultimate ar*etype--t ! ,ideas ( ,god are symbolis$ to our s5ses1 & !n int]pret$ 7or mis9t]pret$7 by human m9ds1 ?is allies itself ) ,platonic ,idealism4 #fej 8,x seems to me10 ,hume says1 8t ?is !ory ( ! univ]sal en]gy & op]ation ( ! ,supreme ,be+ is too bold ev] to c>ry conviction ) x to a m9d suffici5tly appris$ ( ! weakness ( human reason1 & ! n>r[ limits to :i* x is conf9$ 9 all its op]ations40 ,b is x n virtually presuppos$ 9 ! assum$ tru/wor?9ess ( our exp]i5ce ( ! univ]se8 #fea ,accord+ly we are l$ to ask1 :at ! deepe/ support ( _! reality mu/ be4 ,is x f\nd 9 liv+ ,_s1 i4e4 ,active ,reason1 or 9 bl9d ,matt]8 #feb e4g4 ,desc>tes1 ,malebran*e1 ,locke1 c4 #fec ,9 %ort1 if we mean by ,matt]1 some?+ unrealis$ 9 p]cipi5t exp]i5ce ( s5se1 :at is call$ its reality is some?+ un9telligible4 #fed ,& if s5sible ph5om5a are suffici5tly ext]nalis$1 :5 reg>d$ z regulat$ by ,div9e ,reason4 #fee ,tw5ty ye>s aft] ! publication ( ! ,pr9ciples1 9 a lett] to 8 ,am]ican fri5d ,johnson1 ,b]keley says3--8,i h no objection aga9/ call+ ! ,ideas 9 ! m9d ( ,god ar*etypes ( ours4 ,b ,i object aga9/ ^? ar*etypes by philosoph]s suppos$ to be real ?+s1 & s to h an absolute rational exi/5ce di/9ct f _! be+ p]ceiv$ by any m9d :atsoev]2 x be+ ! op9ion ( all mat]iali/s t an ideal exi/5ce 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d is "o ?+1 & ! real exi/5ce ( mat]ial ?+s ano!r40 #fef ,b]keley's philosophy is n inconsi/5t ) ,div9e ,ideas :i* receive expression 9 ! laws ( nature1 & ( :i* human sci5ce is ! imp]fect int]pretation4 ,9 ?is view1 ass]tion ( ! exi/5ce ( ,matt] is simply an expression ( fai? t ! ph5om5al univ]se into :i* we are born is a reasonable & int]pretable univ]se2 & t x w\ld be fully int]pret$1 if our notions c\ld be fully h>monis$ ) ! ,div9e ,ideas :i* x expresses4 #feg ,cf4 sect4 #c-bd4 #feh ,s t sup]human p]sons1 end[$ ) a million s5ses1 w\ld be no ne>] ?is ab/ract ,matt] ?an man is1 ) 8 few s5ses4 #fei ,matt] & physical sci5ce is relative1 s f> t we may suppose 9 o!r p]cipi5ts ?an m51 an indef9ite numb] ( additional s5ses1 af=d+ correspond+ v>ieties ( qualities 9 ?+s1 ( c\rse inconceivable by man4 ,or1 we may suppose an intellig5ce de/itute ( all our s5ses1 & s 9 a mat]ial _w :olly diff]5t 9 its appe>ances f ours4 #ffj ,! au?ority ( ,holy ,scripture1 add$ to our natural t5d5cy to believe 9 ext]nal reality1 are gr\nds on :i* ,malebran*e & ,norris inf] a mat]ial _w4 ,b]keley's mat]ial _w claims no logical pro( ( its reality4 ,8 is n to prove ! reality ( ! _w1 b to %ew :at we %\ld mean :5 we affirm its reality1 & ! basis ( its explicability 9 sci5ce4 #ffa i4e4 exi/+ unrealis$ 9 any intellig5ce--human or ,div9e4 #ffb 8ext]nal ?+s10 i4e4 ?+s exi/+ really1 yet out ( all relation to active liv+ _s4 #ffc ,simultane\s p]ception ( ! 8same0 7simil>87 s5se-ideas1 by diff]5t p]sons1 z di/+ui%$ f purely individual consci\sness ( feel+s & fancies1 is "h tak5 z a te/ ( ! virtually ext]nal reality ( ! =m]4 ,b]keley does n ask :e!r ! *ange ( ! rod into a s]p5t1 or ( ! wat] into w9e1 is ! issue ( div9e ag5cy & ord]1 o!rwise ?an z all natural evolution is div9ely provid5tial4 #ffd ,"s ( ! ,consequ5ces ( adoption ( ! ,new ,pr9ciples1 9 _! application to ! physical sci5ces & ma!matics1 & !n to psy*ology & !ology1 are unfold$ 9 ! rema9+ sections ( ! ,pr9ciples4 #ffe ,b]keley disclaims ! suppos$ repres5tative "* ( ! ideas giv5 9 s5su\s p]ception1 & recognises z ! real object only :at is ideally pres5t$ 9 consci\sness4 #fff ,s ,hume1 ,reid1 & ,hamilton1 :o all see 9 a :olly repres5tative s5se-p]ception1 ) its d\ble object1 ! g]m ( total scepticism4 ,b]keley claims t1 "u 8 int]pretation ( :at ! reality ( ! mat]ial _w means1 imm$iate k ( m9d-dep5d5t matt] is giv5 9 s5se4 #ffg 8scepticism0--8sceptical cant0 9 ! fir/ edition4 #ffh ,?is s5t5ce is omitt$ 9 ! second edition4 #ffi ,b]keley's argum5t aga9/ a f9ally repres5tative p]ception s f> resembles t aft]w>ds employ$ by ,reid & ,hamilton4 ,!y diff] z reg>ds ! dep5d5ce ( ! s5sible object ^u p]cipi5t _s = its reality4 #fgj ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #fga ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #fgb ,b :il/ un?9k+ ?+s dep5d on be+ p]ceiv$1 d n our spirits dep5d on ideas ( "s sort = _! p]cipi5t life8 #fgc ,! important passage )9 brackets 0 add$ 9 ! second edition4 #fgd 8reason10 i4e4 reason+4 #fge 8,notion10 9 its /rict] mean+1 is ?us conf9$ by ,b]keley to appreh5sion ( ! ,ego1 & intellig5ce ( relations4 ,! t]m 8notion10 9 ?is contra/ ) 8 8idea10 becomes important 9 8 vocabul>y1 al?\gh he sometimes uses x vaguely4 #fgf ,locke uses idea 9 ?is wid] signification4 #fgg ,inasmu* z !y are real 9 & ?r\gh liv+ p]cipi5t m9d4 #fgh i4e4 un?9k+ ar*etypes4 #fgi ,9 ?is section ,b]keley expla9s :at he means by ext]nality4 ,m5 _c act1 _c live1 )\t assum+ an ext]nal _w--9 "s mean+ ( ! t]m 8ext]nal40 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! philosoph] to explicate its true mean+4 #fhj i4e4 !y are n sub/ances 9 ! true/ or deepe/ mean+ ( ! ^w4 #fha 8,ideas ( ! corporeal sub/ances40 ,b]keley might p]haps say--,div9e ,ideas :i* are !mselves our _w ( s5sible ?+s 9 its ultimate =m4 #fhb ,on ! s*eme ( ideal ,realism1 8creation0 ( matt] is pres5t+ to f9ite m9ds s5se-ideas or ph5om5a1 :i* are1 z x 71 lett]s ( ! alphabet1 9 t language ( natural ord] :i* ,god employs = ! expression ( ,8 ,ideas to u4 #fhc ,! indep5d5t et]nity ( ,matt] mu/ be di/+ui%$ f an unbeg9n+ & endless creation ( s5sible ideas or ph5om5a1 9 p]cipi5t spirits1 accord+ to div9e natural law & ord]1 ) impli$ imman5ce ( ,god4 #fhd ,because ! "q at issue ) ,a!ism is1 :e!r ! univ]se ( ?+s & p]sons is f9ally sub/antiat$ & evolv$ 9 un?9k+ ,matt] or 9 ! p]fect ,reason ( ,god4 #fhe ,( :i* ,b]keley does n pr$icate a num]ical id5tity4 ,cf4 ,?ird ,dialogue betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s4 #fhf 8matt]10 i4e4 matt] ab/ract$ f all p]cipi5t life & volunt>y activity4 #fhg 8ext]nal0--n 9 ,b]keley's mean+ ( ext]nality4 ,cf4 sect4 #ij1 note #b4 #fhh ,si non rogas1 intelligo4 ,b]keley writes long aft] ?is to ,johnson ?us3--8,a succession ( ideas 7ph5om5a7 ,i take to con/itute "t1 & n to be only ! s5sible measure !re(1 z ,mr4 ,locke & o!rs ?9k4 ,b 9 ^! matt]s e man is to ?9k = himself1 & speak z he f9ds4 ,"o ( my e>lie/ inquiries 0 ab\t "t2 :i* l$ me into sev]al p>adoxes t ,i did n ?9k x fit or necess>y to publi%1 p>ticul>ly into ! notion t ! resurrection foll[s ! next mom5t aft] dea?4 ,we are conf\nd$ & p]plex$ ab\t "t--suppos+ a succession 9 ,god2 t we h an ab/ract idea ( "t2 t "t 9 "o m9d is to be measur$ by succession ( ideas 9 ano!r m9d3 n consid]+ ! true use ( words1 :i* z (t5 t]m9ate 9 ! w z 9 ! und]/&+1 be+ employ$ to excite & direct action r ?an to produce cle> & di/9ct ideas40 ,cf4 ,introduction1 sect4 #bj4 #fhi ,z ! esse ( un?9k+ ?+s is p]cipi1 accord+ to ,b]keley1 s ! esse ( p]sons is p]cip]e4 ,! real exi/5ce ( individual ,m9d ?us dep5ds on hav+ ideas ( "s sort3 ! real exi/5ce ( matt] dep5ds on a p]cipi5t4 #fij ,?is s5t5ce is omitt$ 9 ! second edition4 #fia ,cf4 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 sect4 #dc4 #fib 8objects ( s5se10 i4e4 s5sible ?+s1 practically ext]nal to ea* p]son4 ,cf4 sect4 #a1 on ! mean+ ( ?+1 z di/9ct f ! di/+ui%able ideas or ph5om5a t are naturally aggregat$ 9 ! =m ( concrete ?+s4 #fic ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #fid ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #fie ,cf4 ,introduction1 sect4 #a-c4 ,) ,b]keley1 ! real ess5ce ( s5sible ?+s is giv5 9 p]ception--s f> z our p]ceptions c>ry u4 #fif e4g4 ,locke's ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,iv4 *4 #c4 #fig ,b]keley advocates a ,realism1 :i* elim9ates effective causation f ! mat]ial _w1 conc5trates x 9 ,m9d1 & 9 physical rese>* seeks among data ( s5se = _! div9ely ma9ta9$ natural laws4 #fih ,9 int]pret+ ! data ( s5se1 we are oblig$ to assume t e new ph5om5on mu/ h previ\sly exi/$ 9 "s equival5t =m--b n necess>ily 9 ?is or t p>ticul> =m1 = a k ( :i* we are indebt$ to inductive comp>isons ( exp]i5ce4 #fii ,! prec$+ =ms ( new ph5om5a1 be+ f9ally det]m9$ by ,w1 are1 9 t s5se1 arbitr>y2 b n caprici\s1 = ! ,w is p]fect ,reason4 ,god is ! imman5t cause ( ! natural ord]4 #gjj ,he probably ref]s to ,bacon4 #gja ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #gjb ,:at we are able to discov] 9 ! all-compreh5sive ord] may be subord9ate & provisional only4 ,nature 9 its deepe/ mean+ expla9s itself 9 ! ,div9e ,omnisci5ce4 #gjc i4e4 inductively4 #gjd i4e4 d$uctively4 #gje 8seem to consid] signs10 i4e4 to be gramm>ians r ?an philosoph]s3 physical sci5ces deal ) ! gramm> ( ! div9e language ( nature4 #gjf 8,a man may be well read 9 ! language ( nature )\t und]/&+ ! gramm> ( x1 or be+ able to say10 c4--9 fir/ edition4 #gjg 8ext5d0--8/ret*0--9 fir/ edition4 #gjh ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #gji ,9 ! fir/ edition1 ! section comm5ces ?us3 8,! be/ gramm> ( ! k9d we are speak+ ( w be easily ackn[l$g$ to be a treatise ( ,me*anics1 demon/rat$ & appli$ to ,nature1 by a philosoph] ( a neighb\r+ nation1 :om all ! _w admire4 ,i %all n take ^u me to make rem>ks on ! p]=mance ( t extraord9>y p]son3 only "s ?+s he has advanc$ s directly opposite to ! doctr9e we h hi!rto laid d[n1 t we %\ld be want+ 9 ! reg>d due to ! au?ority ( s great a man did we n take "s notice ( !m40 ,he ref]s1 ( c\rse1 to ,newton4 ,! fir/ edition ( ,b]keley's ,pr9ciples 0 publi%$ 9 ,irel&--h5ce 8neighb\r+ nation40 ,newton's ,pr9cipia appe>$ 9 #afhg4 #gaj 8,motion10 9 v>i\s aspects1 is treat$ specially 9 ! ,de ,motu4 ,an imag9ation ( tr9al space presupposes locomotive exp]i5ce--unimp$$1 9 contra/ )--imp$$ locomotion4 ,cf4 sect4 #aaf4 #gaa ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #gab ,add$ 9 second edition4 #gac ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #gad ,see ,locke's ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 #ac1 #g-aj4 #gae 8appli$ to0--8impress$ on0--9 fir/ edition4 #gaf 8appli$ to0--8impress$ on0--9 fir/ edition4 #gag 8! =ce caus+ ! *ange0--:i* 8=ce10 accord+ to ,b]keley1 c only be attribut$ metaphorically to ! s-call$ impell+ body2 inasmu* z bodies1 or ! data ( s5se1 c only be signs ( _! consequ5t ev5ts1 n effici5t causes ( *ange4 #gah ,add$ 9 second edition4 #gai ,:at foll[s to ! end ( ?is section is omitt$ 9 ! second edition4 #gbj 8seems impossible0--8is above my capacity0--9 fir/ edition4 #gba ,9 %ort1 empty ,space is ! s5su\s idea ( unresi/$ motion4 ,?is is impli$ 9 ! ,new ,!ory ( ,vision4 ,he m9imises ,space1 treat+ x z a datum ( s5se4 #gbb ,he probably ref]s to ,samuel ,cl>ke's ,demon/ration ( ! ,be+ & ,attributes ( ,god1 :i* appe>$ 9 #agjf1 & a treatise ,de ,spatio ,reali1 publi%$ 9 ! same ye>4 #gbc ,sect4 #aah-acb are accord+ly conc]n$ ) ! ,new ,pr9ciples 9 _! application to ,ma!matics4 ,! f\ndation ( ! ma!matical sci5ces engag$ mu* ( ,b]keley's ?\ght 9 e>ly life & 9 8 lat] ye>s4 ,see 8 ,analy/4 #gbd ,num]ical relations are realis$ only 9 concrete exp]i5ce4 #gbe ,cf4 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 sect4 #ajg1 c4 #gbf ,ibid4 sect4 #abb-abe1 #adi-afj4 #gbg ,an inf9itely divid$ ext5sion1 be+ unp]ceiv$1 mu/ be unreal--if its exi/5ce is made real only 9 & ?r\gh actual p]ception1 or at lea/ imag9ation4 ,! only possible ext5sion is1 accord+ly1 s5sible ext5sion1 :i* c\ld n be inf9itely divid$ )\t ! suppos$ p>ts ceas+ to be p]ceiv$ or real4 #gbh 8conv]t$ ,g5tile0--8pagan conv]t0--9 fir/ edition4 #gbi ,cf4 ,locke's ,essay1 ,bk4 ,i1 *4 #c1 #be4 #gcj 8w p]haps 9 virtue !re( be br\ght to admit10 c4--8w n /ick to affirm10 c4--9 fir/ edition4 #gca ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 ,see ! ,analy/4 #gcb 8we mu/ mean0--8we mean 7if we mean any?+70--9 fir/ edition4 #gcc ,omitt$ 9 ! second edition4 #gcd ,does ?is ref] to ! int5d$ 8,"p ,,ii0 ( ! ,pr9ciples8 #gce 8m5 ( great abilities & ob/9ate application10 c4--8m5 ( ! greate/ abilities & mo/ ob/9ate application10 c4--9 fir/ edition4 #gcf ,:at foll[s to ! end ( ?is section is omitt$ 9 ! second edition4 #gcg 8absolute10 i4e4 ab/ract1 indep5d5t1 irrelative exi/5ce--z some?+ ( :i* !re c be no s5su\s p]ception or conception4 #gch ,matt] unrealis$ 9 p]ception--n ! mat]ial _w t is realis$ 9 p]cipi5t exp]i5ce ( s5se4 #gci ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #gdj ,sect4 #ace-aef treat ( consequ5ces ( ! ,new ,pr9ciples1 9 _! application to sci5ces conc]n$ ) our notions ( ,_s or ,m9d2 z di/+ui%$ f sci5ces ( ideas 9 ext]nal ,nature1 & _! ma!matical relations4 ,individual m9d1 ) ,b]keley1 ne$s data ( s5se 9 ord] to its realisation 9 consci\sness2 :ile x is dep5d5t on ,god1 9 a relation :i* he does n def9e di/9ctly4 #gda e4g4 ,locke sugge/s ?is4 #gdb ,is ?is analogy applicable8 #gdc ,omitt$ 9 second edition1 z he _h previ\sly le>n$ to di/+ui% notion f idea4 ,cf4 sect4 #hi1 #adb4 #gdd ,ibid4 ,9 ! omitt$ passage x w be se5 t he makes idea & notion synonym\s4 #gde ,is ! reality ( m9d z dep5d5t on hav+ ideas 7( "s sort7 z ideas are on m9d2 al?\gh m9d is m deeply & truly real ?an its ideas are8 #gdf ,introduc$ 9 second edition4 #gdg ,we "k o!r f9ite p]sons ?r\gh s5se-pres5t$ ph5om5a1 b n z !mselves ph5om5a4 ,cf4 sect4 #ade4 ,x is a m$iate k t we h ( o!r p]sons4 ,! "q ab\t ! individuality ( f9ite egos1 z di/+ui%$ f ,god1 ,b]keley has n t\*$4 #gdh ,^! s5t5ces are omitt$ 9 ! second edition4 #gdi 8! s\l10 i4e4 ! individual ,ego4 #gej ,cf4 sect4 #b2 #be-bg4 #gea ,?is is ,b]keley's application ( 8 new conception ( ! reality ( matt]1 to ! f9al human "q ( ! self-consci\s exi/5ce ( ! individual human ,ego1 aft] physical dea?4 ,philosoph]s & !ologians 7 accu/om$ 9 8 g5]ation to gr\nd _! argum5t = a future life on ! metaphysical assumption ( ! physical indivisibility ( our self-consci\s _s1 & on our cont+5t connexion ) ! body4 8,our bodies10 says ,bi%op ,butl]1 8are no m ourselves1 or "p ( ourselves1 ?an any o!r matt] ar\nd u40 ,?is tra9 ( ?\ght is =eign to u at ! pres5t day1 :5 m5 ( sci5ce rem9d u t self-consci\s life is f\nd only 9 correlation ) corporeal organisation1 :atev] may be ! ab/ract possibility4 ,hope ( cont9u$ life aft] physical dea? seems to dep5d on e?ical consid]ations m ?an on metaphysical argum5ts1 & on :at is sugge/$ by fai? 9 ! f9al outcome ( p]sonal life 9 a div9ely con/itut$ univ]se4 #geb ,m9d & ! ideas pres5t$ to ! s5ses are at opposite poles ( exi/5ce4 ,b he does n say t1 ?us oppos$1 !y are ea* indep5d5t ( ! o!r4 #gec ,:at foll[s 0 introduc$ 9 ! second edition1 9 :i* notion is contra/$ ) idea4 #ged ,"h is a g]m ( ,kantism4 ,b ,b]keley has n analys$ t activity ( m9d :i* con/itutes relation1 nor sy/ematically unfold$ ! relations involv$ 9 ! rational con/itution ( exp]i5ce4 ,!re is m disposition to ?is 9 ,siris4 #gee ,z ) ,locke1 = example4 #gef ,note ?is condemnation ( ! t5d5cy to sub/antiate 8p[]s ( m9d40 #geg ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 ,b]keley 0 aft] all reluctant to 8dep>t f receiv$ modes ( spee*10 not)/&+ _! (t5 mislead+ associations4 #geh ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #gei ,?is is "o ( ! notable sections 9 ! ,pr9ciples1 z x sugge/s ! rationale ( ,b]keley's rejection ( ,panegoism or ,solipsism4 ,is ?is consi/5t ) 8 conception ( ! reality ( ! mat]ial _w8 ,x is object$ 7e4g4 by ,reid7 t ideal realism dissolves our fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( o!r p]sons4 ,! difficulty is to %ew h[ appe>ances pres5t$ to my s5ses1 :i* are s5su\s & subjective1 c be m$ia ( communication betwe5 p]sons4 ,! "q c>ries u back to ! !i/ic presupposition 9 ! tru/wor?9ess ( exp]i5ce--:i* is adapt$ to deceive if ,i am ! only p]son exi/+4 ,) ,b]keley a *ief function ( ideas ( s5se is to signify o!r p]sons to ea* p]son4 ,see ,alciphron1 ,dial4 ,,iv2 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 & ,siris4 #gfj 8repugnant0--= x w\ld involve ?\ght 9 incoh]5ce1 by p>alysis ( its indisp5sable causal presupposition4 #gfa ,is n ,god ! indisp5sable presupposition ( tru/wor?y exp]i5ce1 r ?an an empirical inf]5ce8 #gfb ,?is sugge/s an explanation ( ! objective reality & significance ( ideas ( s5se2 ?r\gh :i* !y become m$ia ( social int]c\rse 9 ! fundam5tally div9e univ]se4 ,god s regulates ! s5se-giv5 ideas ( :i* human be+s are individually p]cipi5t1 z t1 :ile num]ically diff]5t1 z 9 ea* m9d1 ^? ideas are nev]!less a suffici5t m$ium = social int]c\rse1 if ! ,p[] univ]sally at "w is morally tru/wor?y4 ,unless our ,god-giv5 exp]i5ce is deceiv+1 ,solipsism is n a necess>y result ( ! fact t no "o b myself c be p]cipi5t ( my s5su\s exp]i5ce4 #gfc ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #gfd ,malebran*e1 z und]/ood by ,b]keley4 ,see ,re*]*e1 ,liv4 ,,iii4 p4 ii4 *4 #f1 c4 #gfe ,= all f9ite p]sons someh[ live1 & move1 & h _! be+ 89 ,god40 ,! exi/5ce ( et]nal liv+ ,m9d1 & ! pres5t exi/5ce ( o!r m51 are bo? inf]5ces1 re/+ on ! same f\ndation1 accord+ to ,b]keley4 #gff ,! !i/ic tru/ 9 :i* our exp]i5ce is root$ rema9+ lat5t1 or be+ un9tellig5t4 #gfg ,cf4 sect4 #be-bh1 #ea-ec1 #fj-ff4 ,8 conception ( ,div9e causation 9 ,nature1 z ! con/ant omnipres5t ag5cy 9 all natural law1 is ! deepe/ "p ( 8 philosophy4 ,x is pursu$ 9 ! ,de ,motu4 #gfh ,is n ! unbeg9n+ & un5d+ natural evolution1 an articulate revelation ( ,et]nal ,_s or ,active ,reason at ! he>t ( ! :ole8 #gfi ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #ggj ,s ,pascal 9 ! ,p5ses4 #gga ,div9e reason ev] active 9 ,nature is ! necess>y correlate to reason 9 man2 inasmu* z o!rwise ! *ang+ univ]se 9 :i* we live w\ld be unfit to be reason$ ab\t or act$ 94 #ggb ,! exi/5ce ( moral evil1 or :at ought n to exi/1 is ! difficulty :i* besets fai? 9 ! fundam5tal div9ity or goodness ( ! univ]se4 ,yet t fai? is presuppos$ 9 int]pretation ( nature1 :i* proce$s on ! po/ulate ( univ]sal ord]2 & ?is implies ! moral tru/wor?9ess ( ! _w :i* we beg9 to realise :5 we beg9 to be consci\s4 ,t we are liv+ & hav+ our be+ 9 omnipot5t goodness is ?us n an inf]5ce1 b ! impli$ basis ( all real inf]5ces4 ,i h exp&$ ?is ?\ght 9 my ,philosophy ( ,!ism4 ,we _c prove ,god1 = we mu/ assume ,god1 z ! basis ( all pro(4 ,fai? ev5 9 ! uni=mity ( nature is virtually fai? 9 omnipot5t goodness imman5t 9 ! univ]se4 #ggc ,s ,leibniz 9 8 ,!odice1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! same ye> z ,b]keley's ,pr9ciples4 #ggd ,! div9e presupposition1 lat5t 9 all human reason+ & exp]i5ce1 is hid f ! unreflect+1 9 :om ! high] life is dormant1 & ! ideal 9 ! univ]se is accord+ly undisc]n$4 ,unless ! univ]se is assum$ to be physically & morally tru/wor?y1 i4e4 unless ,god is presuppos$1 ev5 natural sci5ce has no adequate f\ndation4 #gge ,our necess>ily incomplete k ( ! ,univ]se 9 :i* we f9d ourselves is apt to di/urb ! fundam5tal fai?1 t ! ph5om5a pres5t$ to u are significant ( ,god4 ,yet we tacitly assume t !y are ?us significant :5 we int]pret real exp]i5ce1 physical or moral4 #ggf ,omitt$ 9 second edition4 #ggg ,= ! foll[+ extracts f previ\sly unpubli%$ correspond5ce ( ,b]keley & ,sir ,john ,p]cival1 ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( 8 desc5dant1 ! late ,"l ,egmont4 #ggh ,:at ,b]keley seeks to %ew is1 n t ! _w ( ! s5ses is unreal1 b 9 :at its reality consi/s4 ,is x inexplicable *aos1 or explicable expression ( ev] active ,intellig5ce1 m or less int]pret$ 9 natural sci5ce8 #ggi ,leibniz3 ,de modo di/+u5di ,ph5om5a ,realia ab ,imag9>iis 7#agjg74 #ghj ,= "s in=mation relative to ,gua de ,malves1 see ,qu]>d's ,la ,france ,littraire1 tom4 iii4 p4 #did4 #gha ,! foll[+ is ! translator's ,prefatory ,note1 on ! objects ( ! ,dialogues1 & 9 explanation ( ! ?ree illu/rative vignettes3-- 8,l',auteur expose dans le premi] ,dialogue le s5tim5t du ,vulgaire et celui des ,philosophes1 sur les qualits secondaires et premi]es1 la nature et l'exi/5ce des corps2 et il prt5d pr\v] en mme tems l'insuffisance de l'un et de l'autre4 ,la ,vignette qu'on voit la tte du ,dialogue1 fait allusion cet objet4 ,elle reprs5te un ,philosophe dans son cab9et1 lequel e/ di/rait de son travail p> un enfant qu'il app]coit se voyant lui-mme dans un miroir1 en t5dant les ma9s p\r embrass] sa propre image4 ,le ,philosophe rit de l'erreur o il croit que tombe l'enfant2 t&is qu'on lui applique lui-mme ces mots tirs d',horace3 ,quid rides84444de te ,fabula n>ratur4 8,le second ,dialogue e/ employ expos] le s5tim5t de l',auteur sur le mme sujet1 savoir1 que les *oses corporelles ont une exi/5ce relle dans les esprits qui les app]oiv5t2 mais qu'elles ne sauroi5t exi/] hors de t\s les esprits la fois1 mme de l'esprit inf9i de ,dieu2 et que p> consqu5t la ,matire1 prise suivant l'acception ord9aire du mot1 non seulem5t n'exi/e po9t1 mais s]oit mme absolum5t impossible4 ,on a ta* de reprs5t] aux yeux ce s5tim5t dans la ,vignette du ,dialogue4 ,le mot grec qui signifie me1 dsigne l'me3 les rayons qui en p>t5t m>qu5t l'att5tion que l'me donne des ides ou objets2 les tableaux qu'on a placs aux seuls endroits o les rayons ab\tiss5t1 et dont les sujets sont tirs de la description des beauts de la nature1 qui se tr\ve dans le livre1 reprs5t5t les ides ou objets que l'me considre1 pas le sec\rs des facultes qu'elle a reues de ,dieu2 et l'action de l'tre suprme sur l'me e/ figure p> un trait1 qui1 p>tant d'un triangle1 symbole de la ,div9it1 et p]ant les nuages dont le triangle e/ environn4 s't5d jusqu' l'me p\r la vivifi]2 enf91 on a fait en sorte de r5dre le mme s5tim5t p> ces mots3 ,qu nosc]e cumque ,deus det1 ,esse puta4 8,l'objet du troisime ,dialogue e/ de rpondre aux difficults auxquelles le s5tim5t qu'on a tabli dans les ,dialogues prcd5s1 peut tre sujet1 de l'claircir en cette sorte de plus1 d'en dvelopp] t\tes les heureuses consqu5ces1 enf9 de faire voir1 qu'tant bi5 ent5du1 il revi5t aux notions les plus communes4 ,et comme l',auteur exprime la f9 du livre cette d]nire p5se1 en comp>ant ce qu'il vi5t de dire1 l'eau que les deux ,int]locuteurs sont supposs voir jaillir d'un jet1 et qu'il rem>que que la mme =ce de la gravit fait lev] jusqu' une c]ta9e hauteur et retomb] ensuite dans le bass9 d'o elle toit d'abord p>tie2 on a pris cet emblme p\r le sujet de la ,vignette de ce ,dialogue2 on a reprs5t en consqu5ce dans cette d]nire ,vignette les deux ,int]locuteurs1 se prom5ant dans le lieu o l',auteur les suppose1 et s'entret5ant l-dessus1 et p\r donn] au ,lecteur l'explication de l'emblme1 on a mis au bas le v]s suivant3 ,urget aquas vis sursum1 eadem flectitque deorsum40 #ghb ,colli] nev] came fairly 9 sight ( ! philosophical public ( la/ c5tury4 ,he is ref]r$ to 9 ,g]many by ,bilf+]1 9 8 ,dilucidationes ,philosophic 7#agdf71 & also 9 ! ,ada ,eruditorum1 ,suppl4 ,,vi4 #bdd1 c41 & 9 ,engl& by ,corry 9 8 ,reflections on ,lib]ty & ,necessity 7#agfa71 z well z 9 ! ,rem>ks on ! ,reflections1 & ,answ]s to ! ,rem>ks1 pp4 #g1 #h 7#agfc71 :]e he is describ$ z 8a weak reason]1 & a v dull writ] also40 ,colli] 0 dragg$ f 8 obscurity by ,dr4 ,reid1 9 8 ,essays on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 ,essay ,,ii4 *4 #aj4 ,he 0 a subject ( correspond5ce betwe5 ,sir ,james ,mack9to%1 !n at ,bombay1 & ,dr4 ,p>r1 & an object ( curiosity to ,dugald ,/ew>t4 ,a beautiful repr9t ( ! ,clavis 7( ! orig9al edition ( :i* only sev5 copies 7 !n kn[n to exi/7 appe>$ 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #ahcf2 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> x 0 includ$ 9 a collection ( ,metaphysical ,tracts by ,engli% ,philosoph]s ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 prep>$ = ! press by ,dr4 ,p>r4 #ghc ,william1 f\r? ,"l ,b]keley ( ,/ratton1 born ab\t #affc1 succe$$ 8 bro!r 9 #afig1 & di$ 9 #agda at ,bruton 9 ,som]set%ire4 ,! ,b]keleys ( ,/ratton 7 desc5d$ f a y\ng] son ( ,maurice1 ,"l ,b]keley ( ,b]keley ,ca/le1 :o di$ 9 #acbf4 ,8 desc5dant1 ,sir ,john ,b]keley ( ,bruton1 a zeal\s ,royali/1 0 creat$ fir/ ,"l ,b]keley ( ,/ratton 9 #afeh1 & 9 #affi became ,"l ,lieut5ant ( ,irel&1 an (fice :i* he held till #afgb1 :5 he 0 succe$$ by ! ,e>l ( ,essex 7see ,burke's ,ext9ct ,pe]ages74 ,x is said t ,bi%op ,b]keley's fa!r 0 relat$ to him4 ,! ,bi%op himself 0 introduc$ by ,dean ,swift1 9 #agac1 to ! ,"l ,b]keley ( ,/ratton1 to :om ! ,dialogues are d$icat$1 z 8a c\s9 ( 8 ,lord%ip40 ,! title ( ,b]keley ( ,/ratton became ext9ct on ! dea? ( ! fif? ,"l 9 #aggc4 #ghd ,?is int]e/+ ,preface is omitt$ 9 8 la/ edition ( ! ,dialogues4 #ghe ,! ,second ,"p ( ! ,pr9ciples 0 nev] publi%$1 & only 9 "p writt54 ,see ,editor's ,preface to ! ,pr9ciples4 #ghf ,pr9ciples1 ,introduction1 sect4 #a4 #ghg ,b]keley's philosophy is pr(ess$ly a 8revolt0 f ab/ract ideas to an enlight5$ s5se ( concrete realities4 ,9 ^! ,dialogues ,philon\s p]sonates ! revolt1 & repres5ts ,b]keley4 ,hylas v9dicates ! uncritical conception ( indep5d5t ,matt]4 #ghh ,b]keley's zeal aga9/ ,matt] 9 ! ab/ract1 & all ab/ract ideas ( concrete ?+s1 is !re=e n necess>ily direct$ aga9/ 8univ]sal intellectual notions0--8! pr9ciples & !orems ( sci5ces40 #ghi ,"h 8reason0 means reason+ or inf]5ce4 ,cf4 ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #db1 includ+ ! di/9ction betwe5 8sugge/ion0 & 8inf]5ce40 #gij 8figure0 z well z col\r1 is "h includ$ among ! orig9al data ( sight4 #gia 8)\t ! m9d10 i4e4 unrealis$ by any p]cipi5t m9d4 #gib ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #ad4 #gic ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #ad1 #ae4 #gid 8,s5sible qualities10 i4e4 ! significant appe>ances pres5t$ 9 s5se4 #gie ,cf4 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 sect4 #hj-hf4 #gif ,desc>tes & ,locke = example4 #gig ,on ,prim>y & ,second>y ,qualities ( ,matt]1 & _! mutual relations1 cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #i-ae4 ,see also ,desc>tes1 ,m$itations1 ,,iii1 ,pr9cipia1 ,i4 sect4 #fi2 ,malebran*e1 ,re*]*e1 ,liv4 ,,vi4 ,pt4 ,,ii4 sect4 #b2 ,locke's ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 #h4 #gih ,cf4 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 sect4 #hj4 #gii ,:at foll[s1 )9 brackets1 is n conta9$ 9 ! fir/ & second editions4 #hjj ,p]cipi5t m9d is1 9 %ort1 ! indisp5sable realis+ factor ( all ! qualities ( s5sible ?+s4 #hja ,cf4 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 sect4 #abb-abf2 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #abc1 c42 ,siris1 sect4 #bgj1 c4 #hjb ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 ,introduction1 sect4 #ae4 #hjc ,is 8notion0 "h a synonym = idea8 #hjd ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 ,introduction1 sect4 #af4 #hje 8,size or figure1 or s5sible quality0--8size1 color c410 9 ! fir/ & second editions4 #hjf ,9 ,b]keley's lat] & m exact t]m9ology1 ! data or implicates ( pure intellect are call$ notions1 9 contra/ to 8 ideas1 :i* are concrete or individual s5su\s pres5tations4 #hjg ,!y ne$ liv+ p]cipi5t m9d to make !m real4 #hjh ,s ,reid's ,inquiry1 *4 ii1 sect4 #h1 #i2 ,essays on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 ,,ii4 *4 #af4 ,cf4 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #h1 c4 #hji i4e4 figur$ or ext5d$ visible col\r4 ,cf4 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 sect4 #dc1 c4 #haj ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #be1 #bf4 #haa ,aft] ma9ta9+1 9 ! prec$+ "p ( ?is ,dialogue1 ! inevitable dep5d5ce ( all ! qualities ( ,matt] ^u p]cipi5t ,_s1 ! argum5t n[ proce$s to dispose ( ! supposition t ,matt] may /ill be an unmanife/$ or unqualifi$ sub/ratum1 indep5d5t ( liv+ p]cipi5t ,_s4 #hab ,see ! ,essay t[>ds a ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 & its ,v9dication4 ,note by ! ,au?or 9 ! #agcd edition4 #hac ,cf4 ,essay on ,vision1 sect4 #b4 #had ,cf4 ,ibid41 sect4 #dc4 #hae 8an idea10 i4e4 a ph5om5on pres5t to our s5ses4 #haf ,?is 0 ,reid's fundam5tal "q 9 8 criticism ( ,b]keley4 #hag ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #h4 #hah ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #be1 #bf4 #hai ,9 o!r words1 ! p]cipi5t activity ( a liv+ _s is ! necess>y condition ( ! real exi/5ce ( all ideas or ph5om5a imm$iately pres5t to our s5ses4 #hbj ,an 8explanation0 aft]w>ds elaborately develop$ by ,h>tley1 9 8 ,obs]vations on ,man 7#agdi74 ,b]keley has probably ,hobbes 9 view4 #hba ,! bra9 ) ! human body 9 :i* x is includ$ con/itutes a "p ( ! mat]ial _w1 & mu/ equally ) ! re/ ( ! mat]ial _w dep5d = its realisation ^u p]cipi5t ,_s z ! realis+ factor4 #hbb ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #bc4 #hbc 89 /ones & m9]als0--9 fir/ & second editions4 #hbd ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #bi-cc2 also sect4 #ij4--,! p]man5ce ( a ?+1 dur+ int]vals 9 :i* x may be unp]ceiv$ & unimag9$ by human be+s1 is "h assum$1 z a natural conviction4 #hbe ,9 o!r words1 m5 are apt to treat ! omnisci5ce ( ,god z an inf]5ce f ! dogmatic assumption t ,god exi/s1 in/ead ( see+ t our cosmic exp]i5ce necess>ily presupposes omnipot5t & omnisci5t ,intellig5ce at its root4 #hbf ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #ij4 ,a p]man5t mat]ial _w is gr\nd$ on ,div9e ,m9d1 because x _c b dep5d on ,m9d1 :ile its reality is only p>tially & at int]vals su/a9$ by f9ite m9ds4 #hbg 8necess>ily inf]r$ f0--r necess>ily presuppos$ 94 #hbh ,! pres5t reality ( ,some?+ implies ! et]nal exi/5ce ( liv+ ,m9d1 if ,some?+ mu/ exi/ et]nally1 & if real or concrete exi/5ce involves liv+ ,m9d4 ,b]keley's conception ( mat]ial nature presupposes a !i/ic basis4 #hbi ,he ref]s ( c\rse to ,malebran*e & 8 ,div9e ,vision4 #hcj ,b ,malebran*e uses idea 9 a high] mean+ ?an ,b]keley does--ak9 to ! ,platonic1 & 9 contra/ to ! s5su\s ph5om5a :i* ,b]keley calls ideas4 #hca ,! passage )9 brackets fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ?ird edition4 #hcb ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #be-cc4 #hcc ,cf4 ,ibid41 sect4 #c-bd4 #hcd ,i c repres5t to myself ano!r m9d p]ceiv+ & conceiv+ ?+s2 because ,i h an example ( ?is my own consci\s life4 ,i _c repres5t to myself s5sible ?+s exi/+ totally unp]ceiv$ & unimag9$2 because ,i _c1 )\t a contradiction1 h an example ( ?is 9 my own exp]i5ce4 #hce 8reason10 i4e4 by reason+4 #hcf ,b]keley's mat]ial sub/ance is a natural or div9ely ord]$ aggregate ( s5sible qualities or ph5om5a4 #hcg ,inasmu* z1 accord+ to ,b]keley1 x mu/ be a liv+ ,_s1 & x w\ld be an abuse ( language to call ?is ,matt]4 #hch ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #be1 #bf4 #hci ,x is "h argu$ t z volition is ! only orig9ative cause impli$ 9 our exp]i5ce1 & :i* consequ5tly alone puts true mean+ into ! t]m ,cause1 to apply t t]m to :at is n volition is to make x mean+less1 or at lea/ to misapply x4 #hdj ,:ile ?us argu+ aga9/ ! ne$ = indep5d5t matt]1 z an in/rum5t ne$$ by ,god1 ,b]keley fails to expla9 h[ dep5d5t matt] c be a m$ium ( int]c\rse betwe5 p]sons4 ,x mu/ be m ?an a subjective dream1 h[ev] well ord]$1 if x is available = ?is purpose4 ,unless ! visible & audible ideas or ph5om5a pres5t$ to me are actually se5 & he>d by o!r m51 h[ c !y be in/rum5tal 9 int]communication8 #hda ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #fh-gi4 #hdb ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #bj4 #hdc ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #hj1 #ha4 #hdd i4e4 all ,spirits & _! dep5d5t ideas or ph5om5a4 #hde ,?is1 accord+ to ,hume 7:o takes = grant$ t ,b]keley's reason+s c produce no conviction71 is ! natural effect ( ,b]keley's philosophy4--8,mo/ ( ! writ+s ( t v +5i\s au?or 7,b]keley7 =m ! be/ lessons ( scepticism :i* are to be f\nd ei!r among ! anci5t or mod]n philosoph]s1 ,bayle n except$4444 ,t all 8 argum5ts1 ?\gh o!rwise int5d$1 are1 9 reality1 m]ely sceptical1 appe> f ?is--t !y admit ( no answ]1 & produce no conviction4 ,_! only effect is to cause t mom5t>y amazem5t & irresolution & confusion1 :i* is ! result ( scepticism40 7,hume's ,essays1 vol4 ,,ii4 ,note ,n1 p4 #eed47 #hdf ,omitt$ 9 la/ edition4 #hdg 8,tell me1 ,hylas10--8,s ,hylas0--9 fir/ & second editions4 #hdh ,v>i\sly call$ n\m5a1 8?+s-9-!mselves10 absolute sub/ances1 c4--:i* ,b]keley's philosophy bani%es1 on ! gr\nd ( _! un9telligibility1 & ?us annihilates all f>!r que/ions conc]n+ !m4 ,que/ions ab\t exi/5ce are ?us conf9$ )9 ! concrete or realis+ exp]i5ces ( liv+ spirits4 #hdi ,b]keley claims t 8 doctr9e sup]s$es scepticism1 & excludes ! possibility ( fallacy 9 s5se1 9 exclud+ an ultimately repres5tative p]ception ( ,matt]4 ,he also assumes ! reasonabl5ess ( fai? 9 ! reality & con/ancy ( natural law4 ,:5 we see an orange1 ! visual s5se gu>antees only col\r4 ,! o!r ph5om5a1 :i* we associate ) ?is col\r--! o!r 8qualities0 ( ! orange--are1 :5 we only see ! orange1 matt] ( fai?4 ,we believe !m to be realisable4 #hej ,he accepts ! common belief on :i* int]pretation ( s5se symbols proce$s--t s5sible ph5om5a are evolv$ 9 rational ord]1 "u laws t are indep5d5t (1 & 9 t respect ext]nal to1 ! individual p]cipi5t4 #hea ,m$iately z well z imm$iately4 #heb ,we c h>dly be said to h an imm$iate s5se-p]ception ( an individual 8?+0--mean+ by 8?+0 a cong]ies ( s5se-ideas or ph5om5a1 pres5t$ to diff]5t s5ses4 ,we imm$iately p]ceive "s ( !m1 & believe 9 ! o!rs1 :i* ^? sugge/4 ,see ! la/ ?ree notes4 #hec ,he probably ref]s to ,desc>tes1 :o argues = ! tru/wor?9ess ( our faculties f ! v]acity ( ,god2 ?us app>5tly argu+ 9 a circle1 see+ t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is manife/$ to u only ?r\gh our suspect$ faculties4 ,b is n confid5ce 9 ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! ,univ]sal ,p[] at ! he>t ( ! univ]se1 ! fundam5tal presupposition ( all human exp]i5ce1 & ,god ?us ! basis & end ( philosophy & ( exp]i5ce8 #hed ,z ,locke does4 ,see ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,iv4 *4 #aa4 #hee ,cf4 ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 sect4 #de-dh4 #hef ,& to be ?us ext]nal to individual m9ds4 #heg ,x is "h t ,b]keley diff]s1 = example1 f ,hume & ,comte & ,j4,s4 ,mill2 :o accept s5se-giv5 ph5om5a1 & assume ! con/ancy ( _! ord]ly reappe>ances1 z a matt] ( fact1 :ile !y confess total ignorance ( ! cause ( natural ord]4 7,?us ignorant1 :y d !y assume reason or ord] 9 nature87 ,! gr\nd ( s5sible ?+s1 :i* ,b]keley ref]s to ,div9e ,p[]1 ,mill expresses by ! t]m 8p]man5t possibility ( s5sation40 7,see 8 ,exam9ation ( ,hamilton1 *4 #aa47 ,our belief 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( a s5sible ?+ 9 our abs5ce m]ely means1 ) him1 our conviction1 d]iv$ f cu/om1 t we %\ld p]ceive x "u inexplicable conditions :i* det]m9e its appe>ance4 #heh ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #be1 #bf4 #hei ,cf4 ,ibid41 sect4 #b1 #bg1 #ace-adb4 #hfj ,inasmu* z ,i am consci\s ( myself1 ,i c ga!r1 ?r\gh ! s5se symbolism1 ! real exi/5ce ( o!r m9ds1 ext]nal to my own4 ,= ,i _c1 ( c\rse1 ent] into ! v consci\sness ( ano!r p]son4 #hfa 8reason10 i4e4 reason+ or necess>y inf]5ce--f\nd$ "h on our s5se ( p]sonal dep5d5ce2 n m]ely on our fai? 9 s5se symbolism & ! int]pretability ( ! s5sible _w4 ,our belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( f9ite m9ds1 ext]nal to our own1 is1 ) ,b]keley1 an application ( ?is fai?4 #hfb 8,matt]10 i4e4 ,matt] z ab/ract sub/ance4 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #ace-ach4 #hfc ,does ?is imply t ) ,b]keley1 self1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ph5om5a ( :i* ! mat]ial _w consi/s1 is n a necess>y presuppo/ion ( exp]i5ce8 ,he says 9 _m places--,i am consci\s ( 8my own be+10 & t my m9d is myself4 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect1 #b4 #hfd ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #h4 #hfe ,cf4 ,ibid41 sect4 #bj #hff ,?is important passage1 pr9t$ )9 brackets1 is n f\nd 9 ! fir/ & second editions ( ! ,dialogues4 ,x is1 by anticipation1 ,b]keley's answ] to ,hume's application ( ! objections to ! reality ( ab/ract or unp]ceiv$ ,matt]1 to ! reality ( ! ,ego or ,self1 ( :i* we are aw>e ?r\gh memory1 z id5tical amid ! *anges ( its successive /ates4 #hfg ,see note #d on prec$+ page4 #hfh ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #adb4 #hfi ,cf4 ,ibid41 sect4 #b4 ,does he assume t he exi/s :5 he is n consci\s ( ideas--s5sible or o!r8 ,or1 does he d5y t he is ev] unconsci\s8 #hgj ,t is ( matt] suppos$ to exi/ indep5d5tly ( any m9d4 ,b]keley speaks "h ( a consci\sness ( matt]4 ,does he mean consci\sness ( belief 9 ab/ract mat]ial ,sub/ance8 #hga ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #ed-eg4 #hgb ,:i* he does n d\bt4 #hgc ,?is s5t5ce expresses ! :ole "q betwe5 ,b]keley & 8 antagoni/s4 #hgd ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #bi-da4 #hge ,! words )9 brackets are omitt$ 9 ! ?ird edition4 #hgf ,! index po9t+ to ! orig9ative causes 9 ! univ]se is ?us ! e?ical judgm5t1 :i* fa/5s ^u ! free volunt>y ag5cy ( p]sons1 z absolutely responsible causes1 n m]ely caus$ causes4 #hgg ,t only ideas or ph5om5a are pres5t$ to our s5ses may be ass5t$ to by ^? :o nev]!less ma9ta9 t intellig5t s5su\s exp]i5ce implies m ?an ! s5su\s or empirical data4 #hgh ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #di4 #hgi ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #eh4 #hhj 8)\t ! m9d10 i4e4 )\t ! m9d ( ea* p]cipi5t p]son4 #hha ,?is is ! gi/ ( ! :ole "q4 ,accord+ to ! ,mat]iali/s1 s5se-pres5t$ ph5om5a are due to unpres5t$1 unp]ceiv$1 ab/ract ,matt]2 accord+ to ,b]keley1 to liv+ ,_s2 accord+ to ,hume & ,agno/ics1 _! orig9 is unkn[able1 yet 7incoh]5tly7 !y claim t we c int]pret !m--9 physical sci5ce4 #hhb ,a simil> objection is urg$ by ,erdmann1 9 8 criticism ( ,b]keley 9 ! ,grundriss d] ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie4 #hhc ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #ej2 ,siris1 sect4 #cai4 #hhd ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #eh4 #hhe 8ord]0--8s]ies10 9 fir/ & second editions4 #hhf 8,matt]10 i4e4 :5 ! reality ( 8matt]0 is suppos$ to signify :at ,b]keley argues _c be2 because really mean+less4 #hhg 8! connexion ( ideas10 i4e4 ! physical coexi/5ces & sequ5ces1 ma9ta9$ 9 con/ant ord] by ,p[] ext]nal to ! individual1 & :i* are disclos$ 9 ! natural sci5ces4 #hhh ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #ch4 ,b]keley is n = mak+ ?+s subjective1 b = recognis+ ideas or ph5om5a pres5t$ to ! s5ses z objective4 #hhi ,!y are n m]e illusory appe>ances b are ! v ?+s !mselves mak+ _! appe>ance1 z f> z our limit$ s5ses all[ !m to be realis$ = u4 #hij i4e4 ab/ract ,matt]4 #hia ,cf4 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 sect4 #di2 & ,new ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #i1 #aj1 #ae1 c4 #hib ,cf4 ,new ,!ory ( ,vision1 sect4 #hd-hf4 #hic 8! connexion ( ideas10 i4e4 ! ord] provid5tially ma9ta9$ 9 nature4 #hid ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 ,introduction1 sect4 #bc-be4 #hie ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #h-aj1 #hf1 #hg4 #hif ,?is difficulty is ?us press$ by ,reid3--8,! ideas 9 my m9d _c be ! same ) ! ideas 9 any o!r m9d2 !re=e1 if ! objects ,i p]ceive be only ideas1 x is impossible t two or m su* m9ds c p]ceive ! same ?+4 ,?us !re is "o unconfutable consequ5ce ( ,b]keley's sy/em1 :i* he seems n to h att5d$ to1 & f :i* x w be f\nd difficult1 if at all possible1 to gu>d x4 ,! consequ5ce ,i mean is ?is--t1 al?\gh x leaves u suffici5t evid5ce ( a ,supreme ,m9d1 x seems to take away all ! evid5ce we h ( o!r intellig5t be+s l ourselves4 ,:at ,i call a fa!r1 or a bro!r1 or a fri5d1 is only a p>cel ( ideas 9 my own m9d 2 !y _c possibly h t relation to ano!r m9d :i* !y h to m9e1 any m ?an ! pa9 felt by me c be ! individual pa9 felt by ano!r4 ,i am ?us left alone z ! only creature ( ,god 9 ! univ]se0 7,hamilton's ,reid1 pp4 #bhd-bhe74 ,impli$ ,solipsism or ,panegoism is ?us *>g$ aga9/ ,b]keley1 unless 8 conception ( ! mat]ial _w is fur!r gu>d$4 #hig ,reid & ,hamilton argue 9 l mann] aga9/ a fundam5tally repres5tative s5se-p]ception4 #hih ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #f4 #hii ,cf4 ,ibid41 sect4 #hg-ij4 #ijj ,cf4 ,ibid41 sect4 #ah4 #ija ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #bd4 #ijb 8unkn[n10 i4e4 unrealis$ 9 p]cipi5t life4 #ijc ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #bh-cc4 #ijd ,see also ,colli]'s ,clavis ,univ]salis1 p4 #f3 8,two or m p]sons :o are pres5t at a conc]t ( music may inde$ 9 "s measure be said to he> ! same notes2 yet ! s\nd :i* ! "o he>s is n ! v same ) ! s\nd :i* ano!r he>s1 because ! s\ls or p]sons are suppos$ to be diff]5t40 #ije ,b]keley seems to hold t 9 ?+s !re is no id5tity o!r ?an p]fect simil>ity--only 9 p]sons4 ,& ev5 z to p]sonal id5tity he is obscure4 ,cf4 ,siris1 sect4 #cdg1 c4 #ijf ,b ! "q is1 :e!r ! v ideas or ph5om5a t are p]ceiv$ by me c be also p]ceiv$ by o!r p]sons2 & if n1 h[ ,i c discov] t 8o!r p]sons0 exi/1 or t any f9ite p]son except myself is cognizant ( ! ideal cosmos--if ! sort ( sam5ess t ,b]keley advocates is all t c be pr$icat$ ( concrete ideas2 :i* are ?us only simil>1 or g5]ically ! same4 ,unless ! ideas are num]ically ! same1 c diff]5t p]sons make signs to "o ano!r ?r\gh !m8 #ijg ,omitt$ 9 au?or's la/ edition4 #ijh ,?is seems to imply t int]c\rse betwe5 f9ite p]sons is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ideas or ph5om5a pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 "u a tacit fai? 9 div9ely gu>ante$ correspond5ce betwe5 ! ph5om5a ( :i* ,i am consci\s1 & ! ph5om5a ( :i* my neighb\r is consci\s2 s t !y are practically 8! same40 ,if we are liv+ 9 a fundam5tally div9e1 & !re=e absolutely tru/wor?y1 univ]se1 ! ph5om5a pres5t$ to my s5ses1 :i* ,i attribute to ! ag5cy ( ano!r p]son1 are s attribut$ rightly4 ,= if n1 ! s-call$ cosmos is adapt$ to mislead me4 #iji ,?is explanation is (t5 ov]look$ by ,b]keley's critics4 #iaj ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #hb-hd4 #iaa i4e4 if y take ! t]m idea 9 its :olly subjective & popul> mean+4 #iab i4e4 if y take ! t]m idea 9 its objective mean+4 #iac 8philosophic10 i4e4 pseudo-philosophic1 aga9/ :i* he argues4 #iad ,_h ?is _! relative exi/5ce--?is realisation ( ! mat]ial _w ?r\gh f9ite p]cipi5t & volitional life--any beg9n+8 ,may n ,god h be5 et]nally pres5t+ ph5om5a to ! s5ses ( p]cipi5t be+s 9 cosmical ord]1 if n on ?is planet yet else:]e1 p]haps "u o!r conditions8 ,has !re be5 any beg9n+ 9 ! succession ( f9ite p]sons8 #iae ,9 ! fir/ & second editions only4 #iaf ,is 8creation0 by u di/+ui%able f cont9u\s evolution1 unbeg9n+ & un5d+1 9 div9ely con/itut$ ord]2 & is !re a di/9ction betwe5 creation or evolution ( ?+s & creation or evolution ( p]sons8 #iag ,cf4 ,siris1 sect4 #cdg-cdi4 #iah 8,matt]10 i4e4 ,matt] 9 ?is pseudo-philosophical mean+ ( ! ^w4 #iai ,?us ,orig5 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,t 8,matt]0 is co-et]nal ) ,god w\ld mean t ,god is et]nally mak+ ?+s real 9 ! p]cipi5t exp]i5ce ( p]sons4 #ibj ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #he-aef1 9 :i* ! religi\s & sci5tific advantages ( ! new conception ( matt] & ! mat]ial cosmos are illu/rat$1 :5 x is rightly und]/ood & appli$4 #iba 8sub/ance & accid5t0--8subjects & adjuncts10--9 ! fir/ & ! second edition4 #ibb ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #bh-db4 ,9 ,siris1 sect4 #bid-big1 #cjj-cah1 #cce1 #cei-cfe1 we h glimpses ( ?\ght m alli$ to ,platonism1 if n to ,hegelianism4 #ibc 8,matt]10 i4e4 matt] unrealis$ 9 any m9d1 f9ite or ,div9e4 #ibd ,^! two propositions are a summ>y ( ,b]keley's conception ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,) him1 ! imm$iate objects ( s5se1 realise 9 p]ception1 are indep5d5t ( ! w ( ! p]cipi5t1 & are ?us ext]nal to 8 prop] p]sonality4 ,b]keley's 8mat]ial _w0 ( enlight5$ ,common ,s5se1 result+ f two factors1 ,div9e & human1 is indep5d5t ( ea* f9ite m9d2 b n indep5d5t ( all liv+ ,m9d4 #ibe 8voces male intellect40 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 8,introduction10 sect4 #f1 #bc-be1 on ! abuse ( language1 especially by ab/raction4 #ibf 8vet]um philosophorum40 ,! hi/ory ( anci5t speculations ab\t motion1 f ! p>adoxes ( ,z5o d[nw>ds1 is1 9 "s sort1 a hi/ory ( anci5t metaphysics4 ,x involves ,space1 ,"t1 & ! mat]ial _w1 ) ! ultimate causal relation ( ,nature to ,_s4 #ibg 8hujus vi philosophos40 ,z 9 ,bacon on motion1 & 9 ! que/ions rais$ by ,newton1 ,borelli1 ,leibniz1 & o!rs1 discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ sections4 #ibh ,sect4 #c-db are conc]n$ ) ! pr9ciple ( ,causality1 exemplifi$ 9 ! motion1 or *ange ( place & /ate1 t is cont9ually go+ on 9 ! mat]ial _w1 & :i* 0 suppos$ by "s to expla9 all ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se4 #ibi 8vis40 ,! assumption t active p[] is an imm$iate datum ( s5se is ! example "h (f]$ ( ! abase ( ab/ract words4 ,he proce$s to dissolve ! assumption by %ew+ t x is mean+less4 #icj 8pr9cipio0--! ultimate explanation or orig9at+ cause4 ,cf4 sect4 #cf4 ,metaphors1 or inde$ empty words1 are accept$ = explanations1 x is argu$1 :5 bodily p[] or =ce1 9 any =m1 e4g4 gravitation1 is tak5 z ! real cause ( motion4 ,to call ^! 8occult causes0 is to say no?+ t is intelligible4 ,! p]ceiv$ s5sible effects & _! cu/om>y sequ5ces are all we "k4 ,physici/s are /ill delud$ by words & metaphors4 #ica ,cf4 sect4 #ec1 :]e s5se1 imag9ation1 & intellig5ce are di/+ui%$4 #icb ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 ,introd4 #af1 #bj1 #ba2 also ,alciphron1 ,dial4 ,,vii4 sect4 #h1 #ag4 #icc ,la ,mat]ia altro non *e un vaso di ,circe incantato1 il quale s]ve p] ricettacolo della =za et de' mom5ti dell' impeto4 ,la =zae l'impeti sono a/ratti tanto sottili1 sono qu9tess5ze tanto spiritose1 *e 9 altre ampolle non si possono rac*iud]e1 fuor *e nell' intima corpul5za de' solidi naturali1 ,vide ,lezioni ,accademi*e4--,,au?or4 ,torricelli 7#afjh-dg71 ! em95t ,italian physici/1 & pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,flor5ce1 :o inv5t$ ! b>omet]4 #icd ,borelli 7#afjh-gi71 ,italian pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,pisa1 & !n ( m$ic9e at ,flor5ce2 see 8 ,de ,vi ,p]cussionis1 cap4 ,,xxiv4 prop4 #hh1 & cap4 ,,xxvii4 #ice 8p] effectum10 i4e4 by its s5sible effects--real p[] or active =ce n be+ a datum ( ! s5ses1 b f\nd 9 ! spiritual efficacy1 ( :i* we h an example 9 our p]sonal ag5cy4 #icf 8vim mortuam40 ,! only p[] we c f9d is ! liv+ p[] ( ,m9d4 ,reason is p]petually active 9 ! univ]se1 imp]ceptible ?r\gh ! s5ses1 & reveal$ to !m only 9 its s5sible effects4 8,p[]10 e4g4 8gravitation10 9 ?+s1 p] se1 is di/+ui%$ f p]ceiv$ 8motion0 only ?r\gh illusion due to mislead+ ab/raction4 ,!re is no physical p[]1 int]m$iate betwe5 spiritual ag5cy1 on ! "o h&1 & ! s5sible *anges we see1 on ! o!r4 ,cf4 sect4 #aa4 #icg 8m$itatione subig5da sunt40 ,cf4 ,!ory ( ,vision ,v9dicat$1 sect4 #ce1 #gj4 #ich 8di/+ui40 ,x is "h argu$ t s-call$ p[] )9 ! ?+s ( s5se is n di/+ui%able f ! s5sibly p]ceiv$ sequ5ces4 ,to ! mean+less supposition t x is1 he attributes ! frivol\s v]bal controv]sies among ! le>n$ m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,! prov9ce ( natural philosophy1 accord+ to ,b]keley1 is to inquire :at ! rules are "u :i* s5sible effects are uni=mly manife/$4 ,cf4 ,siris1 sect4 #bcf1 #bdg1 #bdi4 #ici ,pr9cipia ,ma?4 ,def4 ,,iii4 #idj ,de ,vi ,p]cussionis1 cap4 ,i4 #ida 8utiles40 ,su* words z 8=ce10 8p[]10 8gravity10 8attraction10 are held to be conv5i5t 9 physical reason+s ab\t ! ph5om5a ( motion1 b wor?less z philosophical expressions ( ! cause ( motion1 :i* transc5ds s5se & me*anical sci5ce4 ,cf4 ,siris1 sect4 #bcd1 #bce4 #idb ,cf4 sect4 #fg4 #idc 8c&em40 ,s 9 rec5t discussions on ! cons]vation ( =ce4 #idd ,borellus4--,,au?or4 ,see ,de ,vi ,p]cussionis1 cap4 ,,xxiii4 #ide ,leibnitius4--,,au?or4 #idf ,on ,b]keley's reason+ all t]ms :i* involve ! assumption t real causality is some?+ pres5table to ! s5ses are a cov] = mean+lessness4 ,only ?r\gh self-consci\s exp]i5ce ( p]sonal activity does real mean+ ent] into ! portion ( language :i* deals ) active causation4 ,?is is argu$ 9 detail 9 sect4 #ba-ce4 #idg ,our concrete exp]i5ce is assum$ to be conf9$ to 7a7 bodies1 i4e4 ! data ( ! s5ses1 & 7b7 m9d or _s--s5ti5t1 intellig5t1 active--reveal$ by int]nal consci\sness4 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #a1 #b1 9 :i* exp]i5ce is resolv$ into ideas & ! active intellig5ce :i* !y presuppose4 ,"h ! ^w idea disappe>s1 b1 9 accordance ) its signification1 8bodies0 is /ill reg>d$ z aggregates ( ext]nal ph5om5a1 ! passive subjects ( *anges ( place & /ate3 ! idealisation ( ! mat]ial _w is tacitly impli$1 b n obtrud$4 #idh 8nihilque10 c4 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 e4g4 sect4 #bf1 #fe1 #ff4 :]e ! ess5tial passivity ( ! ideas pres5t$ to ! s5ses1 i4e4 ! mat]ial _w1 is ma9ta9$ z a c>d9al pr9ciple--on ! positive gr\nd ( our p]cipi5t exp]i5ce ( s5sible ?+s4 ,to speak ( ! cause ( motion z some?+ s5sible1 he argues 7sect4 #bd71 is m]ely to %ew t we "k no?+ ab\t x4 ,cf4 sect4 #bh1 #bi1 infra4 #idi ,! ph5om5a t c be pres5t$ to ! s5ses are tak5 z ! measure ( :at c be attribut$ to ! mat]ial _w2 & z ! s5ses pres5t only condition$ *ange ( place 9 bodies1 we mu/ look = ! active cause 9 ! invisible _w :i* int]nal consci\sness pres5ts to u4 #iej 8g5us r]um cogitantium40 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #b4 #iea 8exp]i5tia didicimus40 ,c ! m]ely empirical data ev5 ( int]nal consci\sness reveal ?is causal connexion betwe5 volition & bodily motions1 )\t ! v5ture ( !i/ic fai?8 #ieb 8a primo et univ]sali ,pr9cipio0 i4e4 ,god1 or ! ,univ]sal ,_s1 9 :om ! univ]se ( bodies & spirits f9ds explanation2 9 a way :i* ,b]keley does n attempt to unfold articulately & exhau/ively 9 philosophical sy/em4 #iec ,phys4 4 #d4 #bee a #e-g4 #ied ,pr9cip4 ,ma?4 ,def4 ,,iii4 #iee 8resi/5tia40 ,our muscul> s5sation ( resi/ance is apt to be accept$ empirically z itself active p[] 9 ! concrete1 ent]+ v mu*1 z has be5 said1 into ! (t5 inaccurate idea ( p[] :i* is =m$4 ,see ,editor's ,preface4 #ief 8nec incommode40 ,cf4 sect4 #ag1 & note4 #ieg 8hypo!sis ma!matica40 ,cf4 sect4 #ag1 #ce1 #cf-da1 #ff1 #fg2 also ,siris1 sect4 #bej-bea4 #ieh 8nihil40 ,?is section sums up ,b]keley's objections to cr$it+ matt] ) real p[]2 ! s5ses be+ tak5 z ! te/ ( :at is conta9$ 9 matt]4 ,x may be comp>$ ) ,david ,hume1 ,?omas ,br[n1 & ,j4,s4 ,mill on ,causation4 ,b]keley diff]s f !m 9 recognis+ active p[] 9 _s1 :ile ) !m he resolves causation among bodies into inv>iable sequ5ce4 #iei ,c ! data pres5t$ to u reveal m ?an sequ5ce1 9 ! relation betwe5 our volitions & ! correspond+ movem5ts ( our bodies8 ,is n ! diff]5ce f\nd 9 ! moral presupposition1 :i* sup]naturalises man 9 8 volunt>y or morally responsible activity8 ,?is obliges u to see ourselves z absolutely orig9al causes ( all bodily & m5tal /ates = :i* we c be morally approv$ or blam$4 #ifj 8novumque g5us40 ,cf4 sect4 #ba4 ,we h "h ,b]keley's anti!sis ( m9d & matt]--spirits & ext]nal ph5om5a pres5t$ to ! s5ses--p]sons 9 contra/ to passive ideas4 #ifa ,de ,anima1 ,i4 ii4 #ac1 #bb1 #bd4 #ifb 8,c>tesius40 ,! anti!sis ( ext5d$ ?+s & ?9k+ ?+s p]vades ,desc>tes2 b n1 z ) ,b]keley1 on ! f\ndation ( ! new conception ( :at is truly meant by matt] or s5sible ?+s4 ,see e4g4 ,pr9cipia1 ,p4 ,i4 #fc1 #fd4 #ifc 8alii40 ,does he ref] to ,locke1 :o sugge/s ! possibility ( matt] ?9k+8 #ifd ,see ,ari/otle1 ,de ,anima1 ,i4 ii4 #e1 #ac2 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,lib4 ,,vi4 i4 #f4 #ife ,nat4 ,ausc4 ,,viii4 #ae2 also ,de ,anima1 ,,iii1 x4 #g4 #iff ,h>dly any passage 9 ! ,timu exactly corresponds to ?is4 ,! foll[+ is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ p]t95t3-- 1 7p4 #cd a74 ,ari/otle quotes ! ,timu 9 ! same connexion1 ,de ,anima1 ,i4 iii4 ii4 #ifg 8philosophi ,c>tesiani40 ,secundum ,c>tesium causa g5]alis omnium motuum et quietum e/ ,deus4--,d]odon1 ,physica1 ,i4 ix4 #cj4 #ifh ,pr9cipia ,ma!matica--,s*olium ,g5]ale4 #ifi 8naturam naturantem esse ,deum0--z we might say1 ,god consid]$ z imm95t cause 9 ! univ]se4 ,see ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,op]a1 vol4 ,,xxii4 ,que/4 #f1 p4 #bg4 #igj 8juxta c]tam et con/antem rationem40 ,:ile all *anges 9 ,nature are det]m9$ by ,w1 x is n caprici\s b rational ,w4 ,! s-call$ arbitr>9ess ( ! ,language ( ,nature is relative to u1 & f our po9t ( view4 ,9 itself1 ! univ]se ( reality expresses ,p]fect ,reason4 #iga 8p]man]et40 ,cf4 sect4 #ea4 #igb 8spectat potius ad philosophiam primam40 ,! drift ( ! ,de ,motu is to di/+ui% ! physical sequ5ces ( molecul> motion1 :i* ! physical sci5ces articulate1 f ! ,p[] ) :i* metaphysics & !ology are conc]n$1 & :i* we approa* ?r\gh consci\sness4 #igc 8regulas40 ,cf4 ,siris1 sect4 #bca-bce4 #igd ,hav+1 9 ! prec$+ sections1 contra/$ p]ceiv$ motions & _! imman5t orig9at+ ,p[]--matt] & m9d--physics & metaphysics--he proce$s 9 ?is & ! sev5 foll[+ sections to expla9 m fully :at ha means by pr9cipium & also ! two mean+s 7metaphysical & me*anical7 ( solutio4 ,by pr9cipium1 9 philosophy1 he und]/&s univ]sally effici5t sup]s5sible ,p[]4 ,9 natural philosophy ! t]m is appli$ to ! ord]ly sequ5ces manife/$ to our s5ses1 n to ! active cause ( ! ord]4 #ige 8ratioc9io 444 r$dit univ]sales40 ,relations ( ! data ( s5se to univ]salis+ reason are "h recognis$4 #igf 8natura motus40 ,sect4 #dc-ff treat ( ! nature ( ! effect--i4e4 p]ceptible motion1 z di/+ui%$ f its true causal orig9 7pr9cipium7 9 m9d or _s4 ,! orig9 ( motion belongs to metaphysics2 its nature1 z dep5d5t on p]cipi5t exp]i5ce1 belongs to physics4 ,is motion indep5d5t ( a plurality ( bodies2 or does x involve bodies 9 relation to o!r bodies1 s t absolute motion is mean+less8 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #aaa-aaf4 #igg 8idea illa t5uissima et subtilissima40 ,! difficulty z to def9ition ( motion is attribut$ to ab/ractions1 & ! incl9ation ( ! s*ola/ic m9d to pref] ^! to concrete exp]i5ce4 #igh ,motion is ?us def9$ by ,ari/otle3-- 1 4 ,nat4 ,ausc4 ,,iii4 ii2 see also i4 & iii4 ,cf4 ,d]odon1 ,physica1 ,i4 ix4 #igi ,newton4 #ihj ,cf4 sect4 #c-db4 #iha ,desc>tes1 ,pr9cipia1 ,p4 ,,ii4 #be2 also ,borellus1 ,de ,vi ,p]cussionis1 p4 #a4 #ihb 8res faciles difficillimas40 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 8,introduction10 sect4 #a4 #ihc 4 ,nat4 ,ausc4 ,,iii4 ii4 #ihd e4g4 ,z5o1 9 8 not$ argum5t aga9/ ! possibility ( motion1 ref]r$ to z a signal example ( fallacy4 #ihe 8de inf9ite1 c40 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #acj-acb1 & ! ,analy/ passim1 = ,b]keley's treatm5t ( inf9itesimals4 #ihf 8confund]e40 ,cf4 sect4 #c-db = illu/rations ( ?is confusion4 #ihg ,! mod]n conception ( ! 8cons]vation ( =ce40 #ihh ,ari/otle /ates ! "q 9 ,nat4 ,ausc4 ,,viii4 cap4 i1 & solves x 9 cap4 iv4 #ihi 8mutatio loci0 is ! effect1 i4e4 motion p]ceiv$ by s5se2 8vitale pr9cipium0 ! real cause1 i4e4 vital rational ag5cy4 #iij 8mov5tis et moti10 i4e4 z concauses4 #iia 8motum localem40 ,sect4 #eb-fe discuss ! reality ( absolute or empty space1 9 contra/ ) concrete space realis$ 9 p]ception ( ! local relations ( bodies4 ,! mean+lessness ( absolute space & motion is argu$4 ,cf4 ,pr9ciples1 sect4 #aaf1 #aag4 ,see ,locke's ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 #ac1 #ae1 #ag2 also ,pap]s :i* pass$ betwe5 ,mr4 ,leibnitz & ,dr4 ,cl>ke 9 #agae-af1 pp4 #ee-ei2 #gc-ha2 #ig-ajc1 c4 ,leibniz calls absolute space 8an ideal ( "s mod]n ,engli%man40 #iib ,newton's ,pr9cipia1 ,def4 ,s*4 ,,iii4 ,see also ,d]odon1 ,physica1 ,p4 ,i4 cap4 vi4 #a4 #iic ,cf4 ,locke on a vacuum1 & ! 8possibility ( space exi/+ )\t matt]10 ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 #ac4 #iid ,note ! acc\nt "h giv5 ( imag9ation & intellect1 z di/+ui%$ f s5se1 :i* may be comp>$ ) 1 1 & 9 ,ari/otelian psy*ology4 #iie 8attributorum div9orum p>ticeps40 ,see ,samuel ,cl>ke1 9 8 ,demon/ration1 & 9 ! ,pap]s betwe5 ,cl>ke & ,leibnitz4 #iif 8no/rum10 sc4 corpus4 ,:5 we imag9e space empti$ ( bodies1 we are apt to =get t our own bodies are "p ( ! mat]ial _w4 #iig ,vide qu contra spatium absolutum diss]untur 9 libro ,de ,pr9cipiis ,cognitionis ,human1 idiomate anglicano decem abh9e annis edito4--,,au?or4 ,he ref]s to sect4 #aaf ( ! ,pr9ciples4 #iih ,he treats absolute space z no?+1 & relative space z dep5d5t on ,p]ception & ,w4 #iii ,phys4 4 #e4 #ahh;a4 #bb1 #bc4 #ajjj ,see ,locke1 ,essay1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 *4 #ac1 #g-aj4 #ajja ,sect4 #fg-gb treat ( ! suppos$ ejection ( motion f ! /rik+ body into ! body /ruck4 ,is ?is only metaphorical8 ,is ! motion receiv$ by ! latt] to be suppos$ id5tical )1 or equival5t to1 t giv5 =? by ! =m]8 #ajjb ,pr9cipia1 ,def4 ,,iv4 #ajjc ,lezioni ,accademi*e4 #ajjd ,de ,vi ,p]cussionis1 cap4 ,,ix4 #ajje ,newton's ?ird law ( motion4 #ajjf ,b]keley sees 9 motion only a l9k 9 ! *a9 :i* connects ! s5sible & intelligible worlds--a conception unfold$ 9 8 ,siris1 m ?an tw5ty ye>s lat]4 #ajjg 8prov9cia sua40 ,! ,de ,motu1 s f> z x treats ( motion p]ceptible to ! s5ses1 is assign$ to physics2 9 contra/ to !ology or metaphysics1 alone conc]n$ ) active causation4