,illu/ration3 ,,col\r ,,plate ,i ,section ( ! ,holy ,c>pet ( ! ,mosque ( ,ardebil1 9 ! ,royal ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ,london4 ,describ$ on ,pages #hc & #hd4 ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,holy ,,c>pet ,,( ,,! ,,mosque ,,at ,,ardebil1 ,size3 #cd ft4 #f 94 by #ag ft4 #f 94 ,,translation ,,( ,,inscription4 ,i h no refuge 9 ! _w o!r ?an ?y ?re%old1 ,my head has no protection o!r ?an ?is por*way2 ,! "w ( ! ,slave ( ?is ,holy ,place4 ,maks\d ( ,ka%an4 #idf ,a4 ,h4 #aedj ,a4 ,d4 ,,=m]ly ,,9 ,,! ,,possession ,,( ,,v9c5t ,,rob9son ,,co41 ,,ltd41 #cd ,,wigmore ,,/reet1 ,,london1 ,w41 ,& ,sold by !m 9 #ahib to ,,! ,,royal ,,victoria ,,& ,,alb]t ,,museum1 ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton1 ,,london4 ,,ori5tal ,,rugs ,,antique ,,& ,,mod]n ,,by ,,walt] ,a4 ,,hawley ,,) ,,elev5 ,,full-,,page ,,plates ,,9 ,,col\r ,,eighty ,,half-,,tone ,,engrav+s ,,& ,,f\r ,,maps ,,new ,,york ,,dodd1 ,,mead ,,& ,,company #aibg ,,copyright1 #aiac ,,by ,,john ,,lane ,,company ,pr9t$ 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,preface ,,s9ce ! appe>ance1 9 #aijj1 ( ! excell5t "w ( ,mr4 ,john ,kimb]ly ,mum=d on ,ori5tal ,rugs1 ! public int]e/ 9 ^! fabrics has s l>gely increas$ t ! au?or feels w>rant$ 9 (f]+ ?is monograph1 :i* aims to treat ! subject 9 a way t w n only appeal to ! g5]al read] b be ( value to ! /ud5t4 ,9 ! *apt] entitl$ 8,rug ,weav+ ,be=e ! ,,xviii ,c5tury0 is a brief review ( "s ( ! notable a*ievem5ts 9 ?is bran* ( art2 & 9 ord] t ! public may z f> z possible h access to ! ma/]pieces describ$1 ! c>pets on exhibition 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art 9 ,new ,york h be5 giv5 unusual prom95ce4 ,! *apt]s on 8,h[ to ,di/+ui% ,rugs0 & on 8,pur*as+ ,rugs0 %\ld prove s]viceable to ^? :o are collect+ or are buy+ = use2 & ! *apt] on 8,weav+0 conta9s _m details :i* h n previ\sly receiv$ f connoisseurs ! consid]ation !y des]ve4 ,! descriptions ( all b ! lea/ important classes ( rugs 9 ! ,p]sian1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,caucasian1 & ,c5tral ,asiatic gr\ps include n only a g5]al /atem5t ( _! mo/ /rik+ features1 b also a te*nical analysis t is t]m$ 8,type ,*>act]i/ics40 ,x %\ld be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 t ^! *>act]i/ics are n inv>iable1 b are rem>kably con/ant4 ,!y may int]e/ *iefly ^? :o aim to acquire exp]t in=mation1 yet !y w d\btlessly prove valuable to e own] ( a rug z a means = its id5tification4 ,x w\ld be difficult to ackn[l$ge all ! assi/ance receiv$ by ! au?or s9ce he began ! /udy ( rugs2 = sometimes a m]e sugge/ion has />t$ a l9e ( inve/igation result+ 9 int]e/+ discov]ies4 ,he has freely consult$ well-kn[n au?orities1 :o are quot$ 9 ! body ( ! "w2 & has receiv$ valuable sugge/ions & assi/ance f ,messrs4 ,t4 ,s4 ,hawley1 ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 ,cal41 ,george ,h>ootunian & ,frank ,l(tus1 ( ,los ,angeles1 ,cal42 ,george ,/ev5son1 ( ,new ,york2 ,g4 ,graf1 ( ! ,p]sis*e ,teppi*e ,gesells*aft1 ( ,tabriz2 & ,p4 de ,&rea ,co41 ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,he gratefully ackn[l$ges ! p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,c4 ,f4 ,williams1 ( ,norri/[n1 ,p5n41 & ,james ,f4 ,ball>d1 ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 to /udy _! valuable collections2 & ! p]mission ( ,dr4 ,wilhelm ,r4 ,val5t9]1 ,curator ( ,decorative ,arts 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum 9 ,new ,york1 to exam9e ! c>pets ( ! museum & to take photographs ( !m4 ,he also wi%es p>ticul>ly to m5tion ! k9dness ( ! foll[+ collectors & firms :o h all[$ _! rugs to be us$ = illu/rations3 ,miss ,emily ,davis1 ( ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y42 ! ,misses ,pala*e1 & ,messrs4 ,na?an ,b5tz & ,t4 ,s4 ,hawley1 ( ,santa ,b>b>a1 ,cal42 ,mr4 ,r4 ,y4 ,/ruble1 ( ,fr$]ickt[n1 ,ohio2 ,mr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,pi]ce1 ( ,syracuse1 ,n4,y42 ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,m]ritt1 ( ,pasad5a1 ,cal42 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,ball>d1 ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo42 ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,williams1 ( ,norri/[n1 ,p5n42 ,major ,l4 ,b4 ,lawton1 ,u4,s4,a41 ( ,s5eca ,falls1 ,n4,y42 ,messrs4 ,mihran ,co41 ( ,los ,angeles1 ,cal42 ,messrs4 ,b4 ,altman ,co41 ,b5guiat ,k]esey1 ,wm4 ,baumg>t5 ,co41 ,jones ,br9disi1 ,jos4 ,wild ,co41 ,w4 ,j4 ,sloane1 & ! ,tiffany ,/udios1 ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,he is also indebt$ to ,v9c5t ,rob9son ,co41 ,ltd41 ( ,london1 = ! use ( ! col\r plate ( ! ,royal ,g>d5 ,c>pet1 n[ own$ by !m1 & to ! ,royal ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ,london1 = p]mission to obta9 a col\r plate ( ! ,holy ,c>pet ( ! ,mosque ( ,ardebil4 ,,walt] ,a4 ,,hawley4 ,,new ,,york1 ,june1 #aiac4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,,introduction #ae ,,ii ,,physical ,,features ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,rug-,,produc+ ,,l&s #bj ,,iii ,,mat]ials #cj ,,iv ,,dye+ #cg ,v ,,weav+ #dd ,,vi ,,designs ,,& ,,symbols #eh ,,vii ,,rug ,,weav+ ,,be=e ,,! ,,eighte5? ,,c5tury #gd ,,viii ,,classification ,,( ,,mod]n ,,rugs #ig ,,ix ,,p]sian ,,rugs #ajb ,x ,,asia ,,m9or ,,rugs #afc ,,xi ,,caucasian ,,rugs #aig ,,xii ,,c5tral ,,asiatic ,,rugs #bcc ,,xiii ,,indian ,,rugs #bec ,,xiv ,,*9ese ,,rugs #bfc ,,xv ,,kilims #bgf ,,xvi ,,h[ ,,to ,,di/+ui% ,,rugs #bhb ,,xvii ,,pur*as+ ,,rugs #bie ,,index #cji ,,illu/rations ,,col\r$ ,,plates ,,plate ,i ,! ,holy ,c>pet ( ! ,mosque ( ,ardebil ,frontispiece ,,opposite ,,page ,,ii ,ou%ak ,c>pet #dj ,,iii ,mosul ,rug #ff ,,iv ,b]gamo ,rug #ajb ,v ,ghiordes ,pray] ,rug #acj ,,vi ,royal ,p]sian ,g>d5 ,c>pet ,betwe5 pages #afj & #afa ,,vii ,ladik ,pray] ,rug #aij ,,viii ,s\mak ,rug #baj ,,ix ,sam>k& ,rug #bdj ,x ,kang-hi ,rug #bgj ,,xi ,ke5-lung ,rug #cjj ,,half-,,tone ,,engrav+s ,plate #a ,khorassan ,rug #bb 0 #b ,me%$ ,rug #bf 0 #c ,kirman ,rug #cj 0 #d ,%iraz ,rug #cd 0 #e ,niris ,rug #cf 0 #f ,f]aghan ,rug #db 0 #g ,f]aghan ,rug #df 0 #h ,hamadan ,rug #eb 0 #i ,s>\k ,rug #ef 0 #aj ,s>ab5d ,rug #eh 0 #aa ,c>pet f ,nor?we/]n ,p]sia #fd 0 #ab ,c>pet f ,nor?we/]n ,p]sia #fh 0 #ac ,comp>tm5t ,c>pet #gj 0 #ad ,p]sian ,animal ,c>pet #gb 0 #ae ,p]sian ,animal ,c>pet #gf 0 #af ,p]sian ,animal ,c>pet #gh 0 #ag ,s-call$ ,poli% or ,polonaise ,c>pet #hj 0 #ah ,s-call$ ,ispahan #hd 0 #ai ,arm5ian ,c>pet #hf 0 #bj ,asia ,m9or ,dragon & ,phnix ,c>pet #hh 0 #ba ,portrait ( ,georg ,gyze by ,hans ,holbe9 #ib 0 #bb ,ou%ak ,c>pet #id 0 #bc ,sehna ,rug #ih ,map ( ,p]sia #ajd 0 #bd ,bij> ,rug #ajf 0 #be ,k]man%ah ,rug #aaj 0 #bf ,kurdi/an ,rug ) ,m9a ,khani ,patt]n #aad 0 #bg ,gorevan ,rug #aah 0 #bh ,b]gamo ,pray] ,rug #abb 0 #bi ,ghiordes ,pray] ,rug #abf 0 #cj ,ghiordes ,rug #acb 0 #ca ,kulah ,pray] ,rug #acf 0 #cb ,melez ,pray] ,rug #adj 0 #cc ,melez ,rug #add 0 #cd ,rhodian ,rug #adh 0 #ce ,konieh ,pray] ,rug #aeb 0 #cf ,kir-,%ehr ,pray] ,rug #aed 0 ,e ,prim>y ,bord]-,/ripes ( ,p]sian ,rugs #aef 0 ,f ,second>y ,bord]-,/ripes ( ,p]sian ,rugs #aeh ,map ( ,asia ,m9or #afd 0 #cg ,anatolian ,pray] ,rug #aff 0 #ch ,mudj> ,pray] ,rug #afh 0 #ci ,daghe/an ,pray] ,rug #agb 0 #dj ,kabi/an ,rug #agf 0 #da ,kuba ,rug #ahj 0 #db ,*i*i ,rug #ahd 0 #dc ,t*]kess ,rug #ahh 0 ,g ,prim>y ,bord]-,/ripes ( ,asia ,m9or ,rugs #aib 0 ,h ,second>y ,bord]-,/ripes ( ,asia ,m9or ,rugs #aid ,map ( ,caucasia #aih 0 #dd ,baku ,rug #bjj 0 #de ,%irvan ,rug #bjb 0 #df ,s\mak ,rug #bjd 0 #dg ,kazak ,pray] ,rug #bjh 0 #dh ,kazak ,rug #bab 0 #di ,k>abagh ,pray] ,rug #bad 0 #ej ,g5gha ,pray] ,rug #bah 0 #ea ,royal ,bokh>a ,rug #bbb 0 #eb ,pr9cess ,bokh>a ,rug #bbd 0 ,i ,prim>y ,bord]-,/ripes ( ,caucasian ,rugs #bbf 0 ,j ,prim>y ,bord]-,/ripes ( ,caucasian ,rugs #bbh 0 ,k ,second>y ,bord]-,/ripes ( ,caucasian ,rugs #bcj ,map ( ,turke/an #bcd 0 #ec ,turkoman ,rug ) ,kat*li ,patt]n #bcf 0 #ed ,turkoman ,rug ) ,p9d ,patt]n #bch 0 #ee ,turkoman ,rug ( ! ,salor ,tribes #bdd 0 #ef ,yomud ,rug #bdh 0 ,l ,prim>y & ,second>y ,bord]-,/ripes ( ,c5tral ,asiatic ,rugs #bej 0 #eg ,be%ire ,pray] ,rug #bed 0 #eh ,be%ire ,rug #beh 0 #ei ,afghan ,rug #bfj 0 #fj ,belu*i/an ,pray] ,rug #bfd 0 #fa ,turkoman ,saddle-bags #bfh 0 ,m ,m$allions 9 ,*9ese ,rugs #bgb 0 ,n ,prim>y & ,second>y ,bord]-,/ripes ( ,*9ese ,rugs4 #bgd 0 #fb ,sr9ag> ,rug #bgh 0 #fc ,,xviii ,c5tury ,*9ese ,rug #bhb 0 #fd ,ke5-lung ,rug #bhf 0 #fe ,ke5-lung ,rug #bib 0 #ff ,kurdi% ,pray] ,kilim #bif ,,black ,,& ,,:ite ,,engrav+s ,plate ,a ,an ,upright ,loom #de 0 ,b ,te*nicalities ( ,weav+ #di 0 ,c ,pray] ,ar*es ( ,p]sian1 ,caucasian1 & ,c5tra ,asiatic ,rugs #fa 0 ,d ,pray] ,ar*es ( ,asia ,m9or ,rugs #fc 0 ,o ,g5]al ,designs #bia ,,*>ts ,p]iods :5 ,antique ,c>pets 7 made #if ,te*nicalities 9 ! weave ( ,p]sian ,rugs #afa ,te*nicalities 9 ! weave ( ,p]sian ,rugs #afb ,te*nicalities 9 ! weave ( ,asia ,m9or ,rugs #aif ,te*nicalities 9 ! weave ( ,caucasian ,rugs #bcb ,te*nicalities 9 ! weave ( ,c5tral ,asiatic ,rugs #beb ,,ori5tal ,,rugs ,,antique ,,& ,,mod]n ,,ori5tal ,,rugs ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,,x is n altoge!r surpris+ t 9 a mo/ mat]iali/ic age _m ( a race di/+ui%$ m = its utilit>ian ?an arti/ic accompli%m5ts %\ld fail to see 9 ,ori5tal c>pets high arti/ic expression2 yet dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s *oice specim5s h be5 sold = sums :i* n only are v l>ge1 b %[ a t5d5cy to increase ) ea* succe$+ ye>4 ,9 #ahic a wooll5 rug1 kn[n z ! ,ardebil c>pet & reg>d$1 on acc\nt ( its beautiful designs & exquisite col\rs1 z "o ( ! f9e/ products ( ,ori5tal art1 0 pur*as$ = ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,s9ce x _h a l5g? ( ?irty-f\r & a half feet ) a bread? ( sev5te5 & a half1 ! price ( #bejj1 :i* 0 ! sum paid1 0 at ! rate ( tw5ty doll>s p] squ>e foot4 ,at an auction sale 9 ,new ,york 9 #aiaj1a a wooll5 rug five & a half feet long by ?ree & ?ree qu>t]s wide 0 sold = ! sum ( #aj1bjj1 or at ! rate ( f\r hundr$ & n9ety-"o doll>s p] squ>e foot2 & a silk rug sev5 feet & two in*es long by six feet & f\r in*es wide 0 sold = ! sum ( #ce1ejj1 or at ! rate ( n9e hundr$ & ?irty doll>s p] squ>e foot4 ,z x 0 ! g5]al op9ion ( connoisseurs t ! prices paid = ^! two rugs 7 l[1 & z x is well kn[n t ^! rugs are n m valuable ?an "s o!rs ( equal size1 x is n unreasonable to assume t _m ( ! be/ judges ( ,ori5tal rugs w\ld decl>e t at ! pres5t "t ! sum ( five hundr$ doll>s p] squ>e foot is a fair price = "s antique wooll5 rugs1 & ! sum ( "o ?\s& doll>s p] squ>e foot a fair price = "s antique silk rugs4 ,if ^! judges 7 ask$ on :at !y bas$ _! op9ion ( ! value ( ^! old pieces1 :i* are less s]viceable = we> ?an new rugs t c be b\ght ( an ,am]ican factory at tw5ty c5ts p] squ>e foot1 !y might ) reason reply t !y are works ( art1 wov5 9 ^? days :5 ,mi*elangelo1 ,titian1 ,rub5s1 & ,rembr&t 7 busy 9 _! /udios2 t !y are z sc>ce z ! pa9t+s ( ^! ma/]s2 & t !y might ju/ly be comp>$ ) !m 9 beauty & arti/ic execution4 ,?\gh grant+ t ! te*nique ( weav+ makes x impossible to repres5t a design z p]fectly z c be done ) a bru%1 !y w\ld claim t ! draw+ ( da9ty v9es1 scrolls1 & arabesques 0 (t5 repres5t$ by l9es t 9 ab/ract beauty ( =m are unsurpass$1 & t no arti/ _h ev] produc$ f 8 palette col\rs :i* equall$ 9 brilliant %e5 & m>vell\sly *ang+ hue ^? ( ! wov5 ma/]pieces4 ,:oev] is incl9$ to disagree ) ^! judges & ) ^? art critics ( ,europe & ,am]ica :o ass]t t 9 an ae/hetic s5se ! p ( ! ,ori5t are cultur$ to a /&>d beyond ! compreh5sion ( ! ,we/]n _w1 %\ld rememb] t ! ta/e = any k9d ( art is bas$ on conv5tion & is l>gely a matt] ( cultivation4 ,! ,occid5tal1 :o = g5]ations has cultivat$ ! ta/e = pa9t+s & /atu>y1 looks to ! pa9t] & sculptor = ! highe/ expression ( arti/ic g5ius2 b ! ,ori5tal takes great] delight 9 8 m>vell\s creations ( porcela9 or wov5 fabrics4 ,!re is1 too1 a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 treatm5t4 ,! ,occid5tal dem&s t 9 art 8ev]y?+ %\ld be /at$ ) ! utmo/ fullness ( a t$i\s realism be=e he c grasp its mean+0#b & fails to recognise ! m subtle beauty ( v>i\s =ms ( ,ori5tal art4 ,! ,ori5tal1 on ! o!r h&1 is f> less reali/ic & is bett] satisfi$ if 8 subject sugge/s ab/ract qualities t dep5d = _! fulle/ appreciation on ^? quick5+ exp]i5ces t at diff]5t times h t\*$ ! s\l ( ! obs]v]4 ,moreov]1 z ,buddhism1 :i* prevails 9 _m ( ! c\ntries ( ,asia1 tea*es t a univ]sal _s is manife/$ 9 ea* =m ( nature1 det]m9+ its "*1 & a simil> idea p]vades o!r religions ( ! ,ea/1 ! highe/ aim ( ,asiatic art is to express t inn] _s4 ,x is l>gely ?is diff]5ce 9 arti/ic cultivation t acc\nts = ! diff]5ce 9 ta/e4 ,:oev] !n w\ld fully appreciate ^! rugs mu/ view !m n only ) an eye tra9$ to see ! beautiful h>monies ( col\r & design1 b ) ! arti/ic temp]am5t ( ! ,ori5tal4 ,by /udy & cultivation ! ,european z well z ! ,am]ican is gr[+ to value m highly ! products ( ,ori5tal art4 ,:5 ! old sea capta9s c>ri$ on trade ) ,japan1 !y import$ into ,europe l>ge quantities ( ,im>i w>e1 :i* ! ,japanese purposely decorat$ ) crude & vulg> col\rs to meet ! less ref9$ ta/e ( ! ,europeans1 :o reg>d$ _m ( !m z f9e specim5s ( c]amic art & /udi\sly copi$ !m 9 _! factories4 ,b s great has be5 ! *ange 9 arti/ic ta/e s9ce !n t n[ !y are valu$ pr9cipally z objects ( curiosity4 ,likewise1 _m beautiful ,japanese ,makimonos1 9 :i* a few /rong l9es gave b a h9t ( ! ess5tial ?\ght1 =m]ly pass$ be=e ! eyes ( ,europeans z ! pa9t+s ( semi-b>b>ians4 ,b n[ we beg9 to see1 z did ,:i/l]1 t !y are (t5 ! products ( great g5ius & t !y express ?\ght & feel+ ) m>vell\s p[]4 ,!re has be5 a simil> gr[? 9 ! appreciation ( ,ori5tal rugs4 ,ev5 )9 ! la/ g5]ation ?is gr[? has be5 app>5t1 s t ! few :o wisely b\ght ^? old worn pieces :i* ?irty ye>s ago hung at doors ( little %ops :]e d>k-fac$ =eign]s invit$ acqua9tance1 are n[ ! envy ( ! _m :o1 too late1 h le>n$ t to-day !y c sc>cely be b\ght at any price4 ,! m we /udy ! sev]al fields ( art 9 ! ,ori5t1 ! bett] we realise ! wond]ful creative g5ius ( its p & le>n to value ! products ( any "o field4 ,japan has awak5$ ! admiration ( ! highe/ art critics = its bronzes1 "s ( :i* exce$ 9 size any o!r ca/+s 9 ! _w1 & = its netsuks1 :i* are ! smalle/ ( c>v+s4 ,its blades ( /eel are sup]ior to ^? ( ,damascus & ,tol$o2 & its lacqu]1 :i* is ! mo/ wond]ful ( its arti/ic products1 displays g5ius ( a v high ord]4 ,to ,*9a1 a c\ntry t we (t5 reg>d z b>b>\s1 we owe ! inv5tion ( silks1 ! pr9t+ press1 & gunp[d]2 yet x is 9 porcela91 t 0 manufactur$ ev5 9 ^? days :5 ,caes> 0 m>*+ ) 8 legions aga9/ ! b>b>\s races ( ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe1 t ,*9a has surpass$ ! _w & set a /&>d t probably w nev] aga9 be rea*$4 ,9 ! l& :]e glide ! ,indus & ! ,ganges /& temples1 erect$ by ! desc5dants ( ! h\se ( ,tam]lane1 be=e :i* ! behold]1 ev5 if famili> ) ! wond]s ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 is lo/ 9 admiration ( ! intricate delicacy ( detail1 ! maje/y ( proportions1 & ! gorge\s spl5d\r ( col\r ) :i* "s ( ! _s ( ! ,ea/ is express$ 9 mat]ial =m4 ,:5 we realise t 9 ^! diff]5t l9es ( arti/ic ef=t ! g5ius ( ,asia has rivall$ & surpass$ t ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 we become ! bett] prep>$ to believe t *oice specim5s ( wov5 fabrics1 9 weav+ :i* e class ( e c\ntry ( ,asia has be5 engag$ f "t immemorial1 are to be reg>d$ z works ( ! highe/ art4 ,h[ev] pleas+ ! design or elaborate ! detail1 x is pr9cipally 9 ! col\r+ t ^! rugs claim our int]e/ & admiration4 ,! col\rs :i* are d]iv$ f vegetable or animal dyes gr[ m mell[ & beautiful ) pass+ ye>s1 & appli$ to wools ( f9e/ texture acquire a lu/re & s(tness :i* 9 ! *oice/ specim5s are l ! radiant ?roat ( a humm+ bird1 or t9ts at ! close ( an autumn day4 ,! diff]5t %ades h diff]5t moods1 express+ peace1 joy1 p5siv5ess1 sorr[1 ! deep mean+ ( :i* ! ,ori5tal m9d ) its subtle & s]i\s imag9ation has grasp$ z has none o!r4 ,moreov]1 9 all truly f9e pieces !re is p]fect h>mony ( tone4 ,x is 9 ?is ri*ness1 sugge/iv5ess1 & h>mony t ! greate/ arti/ic value lies4 ,t all d n appreciate ^! qualities is n because !y d n exi/2 = ! ke5 p]ception ( col\r1 l ! ke5 p]ception ( music1 is a faculty grant$ to "o p]son b d5i$ to ano!r4 ,ev5 to ^? :o take delight 9 col\r !re are diff]5t degrees ( appreciation4 8,! fact is10 said ,john ,rusk91 8we none ( u en\gh appreciate ! nobl5ess & sacr$ness ( col\r40 ,b z ! e> c be cultivat$ to a high] ta/e = music1 s c ! eye be cultivat$ to a high] ta/e = col\r2 & to fully appreciate ! beauties ( ,ori5tal rugs x is necess>y to develop ?is faculty to its fulle/ ext5t4 ,& yet x is n alone z works ( art t ,ori5tal rugs int]e/ u4 ,!y sugge/ some?+ ( ! life & religi\s ?\ght ( ! p :o made !m4 ,"s seem r$ol5t ) ! fragrance ( fl[]s1 o!rs reflect ! _s ( des]t wa/es & w9d-swept /eppes4 ,s1 too1 9 ! col\rs & designs ( "s appe> ! symbols ( t my/icism ) :i* ! m9ds ( ! foll[]s ( ,zoroa/] 9 _! ef=t to commune ) ! unse5 =ces ( ! univ]se 7 imbu$2 & ?\gh ! orig9al mean+ ( _m ( ^! symbols has be5 =gott51 ! /udy ( o!rs leads to a bett] und]/&+ ( ! life-?\ght ( ! weav]s4 ,realis+1 !n1 t ,asia has be5 ! cradle f :i* has come ! highe/ expression ( _m =ms ( arti/ic a*ievem5t1 & t ! ,we/]n m9d is n[ assign+ to its wov5 fabrics _! prop] place 9 ! gall]ies ( art1 we may beg9 ! /udy ( ,ori5tal rugs ) ! assurance t ! fur!r x is pursu$ ! great] w be ! appreciation & delight4 ,x w take u among /range & int]e/+ p1 & ov] fields t 7 hi/oric gr\nds be=e ! walls ( ,rome 7 built4 ,x w lead beyond ! dome ( ,/4 ,sophia to ! l& ( ! ,arabian tales1 :]e ! spl5d\r ( =m] days is reflect$ 9 tomb & mosque1 & :]e1 p]haps1 :5 ! ,we/]n _w gr[s old1 !re w rise aga9 f crumbl+ ru9s ano!r nation t w revive ! poetic & arti/ic g5ius ( ! ,ea/ ) all ! maje/y & creative p[] ( ! pa/4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,physical ,,features ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,rug-,,produc+ ,,l&s ,,! arti/ic "* ( ,ori5tal rugs1 l e o!r arti/ic impulse1 is subject to ! influ5ce ( physical environm5t4 ,?is influ5ce is n alone t to :i* an individual weav] has be5 subject$1 b is ! transmitt$ effect ( ! accumulat$ exp]i5ces ( _m g5]ations4 ,x appe>s 9 ! col\rs :i* simulate tones display$ by v>y+ phases ( nature1 & also 9 ! designs or symbols :i*1 d]iv$ f old] types by a long process ( evolution1 p>tially reflect feel+s eng5d]$ 9 a p ( highly imag9ative & poetic temp]am5t by long contact ) elem5tal =ces4 ,moreov]1 ! quality ( mat]ial us$ dep5ds almo/ exclusively on ! climate & physical conditions ( c\ntries :]e x is produc$4 ,accord+ly1 ! arti/ic & ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( rugs are bett] und]/ood by a k ( ! sali5t physical features ( ! c\ntries :]e !y are wov54#c ,! pr9cipal ,ori5tal c\ntries t cont9ue to produce rugs are ,*9a1 ,india1 ,afghani/an1 ,belu*i/an1 ,p]sia1 ,turke/an1 ,caucasia1 & ,asia ,m9or4 ,z all ( !m are contigu\s1 !y may be reg>d$ z a geographic unit2 & ?\gh !re is mu* div]sity ( detail1 !re is also mu* 9 common4 ,f ne> ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ,asia ,m9or a va/ plateau /ret*es ea/w>d into ,c5tral ,asia1 increas+ 9 altitude t[>ds ! ea/4 ,its mean elevation 9 ,asia ,m9or is f two ?\s& to ?ree ?\s& feet1 & z x ext5ds beyond ! ,zagros ,m\nta9s & crosses ! nor!rn half ( ,p]sia1 x rises f f\r ?\s& to five ?\s& feet4 ,cont9u+ ea/w>d ?r\gh ,s\!rn ,turke/an & ,afghani/an x increases 9 altitude until x has ris5 to ne>ly twelve ?\s& feet 9 ! l(ty table-l&s ( ,c5tral ,asia1 :]e x beg9s to desc5d z x ext5ds f>!r into ! des]t ( ,gobi4 ,f ! we/]n "p ( ?is plateau a spur ext5ds nor?w>d betwe5 ! ,black & ,caspian seas1 to =m ! high table-l& ( ,caucasia1 :i* has a mean elevation ( ab\t sev5 ?\s& feet4 ,! g5]al topographic features ( ?is plateau include great /ret*es ( comp>atively level l&1 broad tracts f :i* !re is no dra9age to ! sea1 & s&y des]t wa/es4 ,on almo/ e side x is b\nd$ by m\nta9 *a9s & is int]sect$ by transv]se ridges t lift /ill high] peaks :]e re/s ! p]petual sn[4 ,?r\gh\t ! des]ts & l>ge p>ts ( ! table-l&s ! ra9fall is slight1 s t !re are b few important riv] c\rses4 ,! cultivat$ portions ( ?is va/ area are relatively small1 & consi/ l>gely ( /rips ( l& 9 f]tile valleys1 ?r\gh :i* fl[ p]5nial /reams4 ,f "t immemorial ^! /reams h be5 us$ = irrigation1 & ! inhabitants ( ! di/ricts h prosp]$ by abundant h>ve/s4 ,9 "o or ano!r ( ^! valleys h be5 built ! pr9cipal cities1 )9 ! walls ( :i* 7 impos+ temples t /imulat$ religi\s f]v\r1 s*ools ( le>n+ to quick5 ! intellect1 & g>d5s :]e p]fum$ fl[]s & ! songs ( birds delight$ ! ae/hetic s5ses4 ,9 ^! cities sci5ce1 philosophy1 religion1 & art receiv$ _! highe/ developm5t4 ,9 !m liv$ ! mo/ skill$ artisans & arti/s ( ! ,ori5t2 & ! products ( ! loom 7 ( ! f9e/ quality4 ,beyond ^! valleys are great /ret*es ( uncultivat$ tracts consi/+ ( pla9s1 hills1 & m\nta9s4 ,"s ( ^! tracts are naturally f]tile & c\ld be made productive1 b at pres5t are us$ only = pa/urage1 & ov] !m numb]less tribes ( fi]ce nomads drive _! flocks ( %eep4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! l& has no dra9age to ! sea1 s t ! /reams & riv]s t fl[ into x empty into small lakes or are f9ally absorb$1 ! soil becomes impregnat$ ) alkali deposit$ f ! wat]s1 & ! grass is scanty4 ,!re are also s&y wa/es ( great ext5t :]e sc>cely any animal life c exi/4 ,moreov] 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry ! ra9 falls only dur+ a few mon?s ( ! ye>1 & m abundantly 9 ! high] altitudes1 s t ! nomads are con/antly se>*+ = fre% pa/urage1 & mov+ f ! l[l&s1 :]e ! grass dies aft] ! ra9y season1 to ! high] altitudes1 f :i* !y return aga9 at ! approa* ( w9t]4 ,s num]\s are ! flocks t 9 ! /ruggle = pa/ure ! weak] tribes are driv5 to ! poor] l&4 ,! pa/oral life1 ! necessity ( mov+ f place to place1 ! /rife result+ f ! diff]5ce 9 quality ( pa/ure1 h affect$ ! temp]am5t & "* ( ! p4 ,! b\ndless /ret*es ( l&1 ! cle> atmosph]e1 ! burn+ des]t s&s1 ! delicate mirage1 & ! />ry heav5s1 h made m5 hospitable1 ?\ghtful1 devotional2 con/ant w&]+s h made !m indep5d5t2 ! /ruggle = pa/urage has made !m lawless & cruel4 ,^! qualities are reflect$ to "s ext5t 9 _! wov5 fabrics1 :i* lack ! high arti/ic f9i% ( ^? wov5 9 cities4 ,a l>ge proportion ( !m are pray] rugs & conta9 symbols ( ! sun & fire wor%ip4 ,! designs are b>b>ic1 & _m are d\btless ! same z ^? us$ hundr$s ( ye>s ago4 ,! col\rs ( ! old pieces1 wov5 on upl& pla9s or 9 m\nta9 fa/nesses1 bl5d less h>moni\sly ?an ^? wov5 by m cultur$ weav]s2 b !y frequ5tly possess ri*1 pure tones1 :i* are no long] se5 9 ! mod]n rugs4 ,z ev5 a p>tial expression ( ! ?\ghts & feel+s ( a p1 !re are no rugs f ! ,ori5t m wor?y ( /udy ?an ! r>e old pieces wov5 by nomadic tribes4 ,n only physical environm5t b ! conque/s ( =eign enemies1 z well z political /ruggles at home1 h _h an important influ5ce on all art4 ,x w be ( int]e/1 !re=e1 to briefly review ! hi/ories ( ,c5tral & ,s\?we/]n ,asia1 :]e rugs h be5 made = ov] ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 9 ord] to und]/& ! diff]5t racial influ5ces :i* h affect$ _! arti/ic developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #a4 ,,khorassan ,,rug ,9 ! ri* valleys ne> ! m\?s ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates dwelt 9 ! remote pa/ a race ( unkn[n orig9 call$ ,sum]ians1 & to ! nor? ( !m liv$ ano!r p kn[n z ! ,accadians4 ,^! races built canals1 cultivat$ ! soil1 e/abli%$ t[ns1 & inv5t$ ! cunei=m writ+4 ,!y liv$ 9 h>mony ) "o ano!r1 & cont9u$ to prosp] until ab\t #cjjj ,b4,c41 :5 ! ,semitic race ( ! ,*aldees1 appe>+ f an unkn[n l&1 subdu$ !m4 ,! ,*aldees1 h[ev]1 all[$ ! conqu]$ races to reta9 "p ( _! l&s1 adopt$ _! civilisation1 & ab\t ! ye> #bejj ,b4,c4 built ! city ( ,babylon1 ! f\ndation ( :i* biblical /ud5ts claim 0 laid by ! mighty hunt] ,nimrod4 ,by cultivat+ ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 by develop+ its trade & comm]ce1 ! ,babylonians became a weal?y & p[]ful nation2 & by enc\rag+ manufactures1 art1 & sci5ce1 !y became not$ = _! delicate fabrics1 magnific5t temples1 & k ( ma!matics & a/ronomy4 ,ab\t ! ye> #bjjj ,b4,c4 a numb] ( tribesm51 among :om 0 ,abraham1 migrat$ ) _! flocks to ! upp] valleys ( ! ,tigris & f\nd$ ,n9eveh4 ,a c5tury lat] ! l& occupi$ by coloni/s :o settl$ ab\t ,n9eveh 0 kn[n z ,assyria4 ,x increas$ 9 numb]s & 9 p[] until1 9 #acjj ,b4,c41 x ga9$ its fir/ victory ov] ,babylon2 & dur+ ! next f\r hundr$ ye>s1 ?\gh meet+ ) occasional rev]ses1 x ext5d$ its rule ov] ,babylonia1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,assyria1 & receiv$ tribute ev5 f ,egypt4 ,x ?us became ! fir/ great conqu]+ p[] 9 ,s\?we/]n ,asia4 ,9 _! magnific5t palaces ( ,n9eveh1 surr\nd$ by luxury1 ! rul]s ( ,assyria 7 re/+ 9 suppos$ security :5 a p[]ful & unexpect$ enemy appe>$ f ! l& n[ kn[n z ,p]sia4 ,:5 ! valleys ( ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates 7 inhabit$ by ,sum]ians & ,accadians1 ,iran1 :i* includ$ mod]n ,p]sia1 0 simil>ly inhabit$ by races ( unkn[n orig94 ,subsequ5tly1 b at an exce$+ly remote p]iod1 f ! region ab\t ! ,oxus riv] 9 ,we/]n ,asia two bran*es ( ! great ,aryan family migrat$ to ,iran4 ,"o ( ^!1 :i* settl$ 9 ! nor!rn "p1 0 kn[n z ! ,m$es2 ! o!r1 :i* settl$ 9 ! s\!rn "p1 0 kn[n z ! ,p]sians4 ,bo? ,m$es & ,p]sians subdu$ ! native races & 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies con/ruct$ p[]ful empires4 ,! =m] 7 ! fir/ to ext5d _! conque/s1 & =m+ an alliance ) ! vic]oy ( ,babylon !y attack$ ,n9eveh 9 ! ye> #fjf ,b4,c4 & de/roy$ x4 ,babylon n[ became ! mi/ress ( all ,mesopotamia1 & "u ,nebu*adnezz> x 0 enl>g$ to cov] an area ( "o hundr$ squ>e miles1 & surr\nd$ by walls ?ree hundr$ feet high4 ,^! walls enclos$ p>ks1 or*>ds1 g>d5s1 & a city t soon became fam\s = its palaces1 its temple ( ,bel1 & its ,hang+ ,g>d5s4 ,:ile ,babylon 0 ris+ 9 p[] *anges 7 occurr+ 9 ,iran4 ,cyrus1 lead] ( ! ,p]sians1 in/igat$ a revolt aga9/ ! ,m$es & conqu]$ !m4 ,b n satisfi$ ) mak+ ! ,p]sians rul]s ( ,iran he ext5d$ 8 conque/s we/w>d1 & 9 ! ye> #ech ,b4,c41 by div]t+ ! wat]s ( ! ,euphrates1 surpris$ ,bel%azz> 9 8 banquet hall & became ma/] ( ,babylonia4 ,! complete subjection ( all ,asia ,m9or foll[$1 & = ! next two c5turies ! w>like ,p]sians 7 ! dom9ant p[] 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,b 9 ! ye> #cca ,b4,c41 :5 ,alex&] ! ,great defeat$ _! armies "u ,d>ius1 ! ,p]sian ,empire melt$ away4 ,:e!r 9 ,egypt or ,*9a or by ! ,tigris ! art ( weav+ fir/ took def9ite =m1 x 0 9 ?is l& ( ,babylon & ,n9eveh1 ( ! ,m$es & ! ,p]sians1 ( ,abraham1 ,bel%azz>1 & ,cyrus1 :]e a few rema9+ monum5ts atte/ ! delicate textiles ( ^? e>ly days1 t 9 m rec5t ages h be5 wov5 ! mo/ p]fect c>pets ( :i* !re is any k4 ,dur+ ! succe$+ five hundr$ ye>s ,p]sia1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,caucasia1 & ,syria became ! prey ( ! ,p>?ians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans1 to :om petty tribes1 recognis+ no sov]eign p[] & secure 9 _! m\nta9 fa/nesses1 bade occasional defiance4 ,ab\t ! ye> #bbf ,a4 ,d4 an able lead] ( "o ( ! ,p]sian tribes f\nd$ ! dyna/y ( ! ,sassanides1 :i* dur+ ! reign ( ,*osroes 7#eca-egi ,a4 ,d47 & 8 gr&son ,*osroes ,,ii 7#eij-fbh ,a4 ,d47 rul$ ov] ! c\ntry f ! ,oxus on ! nor? to ,arabia & ,egypt on ! s\?1 & f ,india on ! ea/ to ,assyria on ! we/4 ,?is 0 a p]iod ( prosp]ity & luxury1 ! glory ( :i* cont9u$ until ! middle ( ! ,,vii ,c5tury1 :5 x 0 ov]?r[n by a new p[] ris+ f a mo/ unexpect$ qu>t]4 ,9 ! inhospitable l& ( ,arabia1 not$ = its c(fee1 dates1 & myrrh1 = its dre>y1 s&y1 wat]less wa/es1 a l& hi!rto almo/ unkn[n 9 hi/ory1 ,mohamm$ promulgat$ ! religion :i*1 suit$ to ! temp]am5t & desires ( ! ,b$\9s1 unit$ !m into a fanatic1 militant body ( conqu]ors4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 successors1 kn[n z ! ,caliphs1 ext5d$ 8 conque/s4 ,_! successful armies quickly ov]ran ,p]sia & ov]?rew ! ,sassanian rule2 !n m>*+ nor?w>d into ,turke/an & z f> ea/ z ! ,indus !y ov]came all resi/ance4 ,f ! ,greeks1 by :om !y 7 kn[n z ! ,s>ac5s1 !y snat*$ ,pale/9e & ,syria1 & invad+ ,egypt1 conqu]$ x aft] ! long /ubborn siege ( ,alex&ria4 ,a little lat] ! ,arabs became ma/]s ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 & settl+ !re int]m>ri$ ) ! native races4 ,ne> ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> _! ,african desc5dants1 kn[n z ! ,moors1 cross$ to ,spa91 :]e 9 ! ye> #gaa !y vanqui%$ a p[]ful army t oppos$ !m4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ye> !y subdu$ all ( t c\ntry & began an invasion ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,b on ! ri* pa/ure l&s ne> ,t\rs1 :]e ! infantry ( ,*>les ,m>tel met ! ,mussulman cavalry 9 "o ( ! mo/ decisive battles ( hi/ory1 !y 7 defeat$ ) t]rible slaught] & ,*ri/ian ,europe 0 sav$4 ,^! conque/s ( ! ,mohamm$ans _h n only a political & religi\s significance1 b also an important influ5ce on art at a "t :5 ,europe 0 sunk 9 ignorance & b>b>ism4 ,fond ( magnific5ce & luxury1 ! ,caliphs f\nd$ great capitals 9 ,assyria1 ,egypt1 & ,spa91 & built palaces t h hi/ories :i* s\nd l fairy tales4 ,bagdad on ! banks ( ! ,tigris1 ) its sixte5 hundr$ canals1 "o hundr$ & five bridges1 & ne>ly a million p1 ) its c\ntless ba?s1 its _m ?\s& mosques1 & its royal palace1 :]e 0 collect$ ! be/ ( ,asiatic ta/e1 elegance1 & spl5d\r1 possess$ m gr&eur ?an any o!r city 9 ! _w4 ,gibbon /ates t )9 ! palace1 furni%$ ) ,ori5tal luxury1 hung ?irty-eight ?\s& pieces ( tape/ry1 "o ?ird ( :i* 7 ( silk embroid]$ ) gold1 & t on ! floors lay tw5ty-two ?\s& c>pets4 ,9 ,cairo & 9 ,cordova1 likewise1 ! ,caliphs surr\nd$ !mselves ) simil> spl5d\r1 ( :i*1 un=tunately1 b few traces n[ exi/2 b ! ,ca/le ( ! ,alhambra /ill rema9s z a p[]ful rem9d] ( _! ta/e & arti/ic g5ius4 ,x is l>gely to ! influ5ce ( ?is race t 7 due _m ( ! beautiful ,spani% rugs su* z ,que5 ,eleanor 9 ! ,,xiii ,c5tury took to ,engl& f ,cordova & ,granada1 z well z ^? ( o!r p]iods4 ,moreov]1 9 "s ( ! *oice/ pieces ( ,asia ,m9or & ,p]sia1 wov5 dur+ ! ,,xvi & ,,xvii ,c5turies1 are traces ( ?is e>ly ,s>ac5ic art4 ,= ab\t five c5turies ! militant p[] ( ^! ,mohamm$ans 0 dom9ant 9 ,s\?we/]n ,asia :5 ano!r conqu]+ race appe>$4 ,! great wall ( ,*9a1 :i* 0 built ov] two hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/ by ! fam\s ,*e-,hwang-te1 to protect x aga9/ ! invasions ( ! ,t>t>s1 turn$ we/w>d _m w&]+ hordes f ! m f]tile pa/ures & valleys ( ,s\!a/]n ,asia4 ,"o ( ^! hordes 0 ( ,turks1 :o1 leav+ _! homes ne> ! s\rces ( ! ,irti% & ,y5isei riv]s 9 ! ,altai ,m\nta9s1 settl$ 9 ,turke/an4 ,_m c5turies aft]w>ds1 to escape f o!r hordes press+ we/w>d & to rea* fre% pa/ures1 diff]5t bran*es ( !m migrat$ s\?w>d & we/w>d4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ajjj ,a4 ,d4 "o ( ^! bran*es kn[n z ! ,seljukian ,turks ga9$ a foo?old 9 ,p]sia1 & "u ,malek ,%ah1 9 #ajgb1 made ,ispahan its capital4 ,ab\t ! same "t x ext5d$ its p[] ov] ,asia ,m9or & ov]ran ,georgia1 :]e x de/roy$ ! capital ,tiflis aft] slaught]+ ! inhabitants4 ,to ?is ,turkoman race %\ld probably be accr$it$ ! e>lie/ ,mongolian influ5ce on ,p]sian textile art4 ,some:at lat] a p numb]+ =ty ?\s& t5ts 7 rang+ t "p ( ,mongolia :i* lies nor? ( ! des]t ( ,gobi 9 se>* ( pa/ure & wat]4 ,"o ( _! numb] ga!r$ ab\t him a few foll[]s1 & by 8 own g5ius ga9$ ! asc5d5cy ov] 8 tribes4 ,he !n alli$ himself ) ano!r p[]ful tribe1 & r$uc+ to ob$i5ce all ! ,mongolians :o dwelt nor? ( ! des]t ( ,gobi1 9 #abjf1 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 *iefs1 he assum$ ! title ( ,g5ghis ,khan4 ,aft] becom+ ! rul] ( millions ( nomads ( ! great c5tral plateau ( ,asia & conqu]+ "p ( ,*9a1 :i* 0 !n enjoy+ a p]iod ( great weal? & prosp]ity1 he invad$ ,we/]n ,asia4 ,bokh>a (f]$ no resi/ance & might h be5 sp>$1 b le>n+ t "s ( ! ,sultan's g>rison 7 conceal$ he ord]$ ! city to be burn$4 ,sam>k&1 :i* surr5d]$ aft] ?ree days' siege1 0 pillag$ & ! inhabitants 7 slaught]$4 ,h]at appeas$ 8 ang] by op5+ its gates4 ,ev5 8 dea? did n /op ! ravages ( ! ,mongol horde t captur$ & sack$ ,bagdad1 &1 cross+ ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 pillag$ all ,asia ,m9or4 ,9 #abeh1 ,hulaku ,khan1 gr&son ( ,g5ghis1 conqu]$ ,p]sia & e/abli%$ 8 capital 9 ! prov9ce ( ,az]bijan1 :]e 8 desc5dants rul$ = ov] a c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #b4 ,,me%$ ,,rug ,) ^! invasions ano!r wave ( ,mongolian influ5ce 0 felt 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! effect on local art by ! settlem5t ( ! ,seljukian ,turks 9 ,p]sia & ,asia ,m9or dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,,xi ,c5tury1 x 0 inappreciable z comp>$ ) t ( ,g5ghis ,khan & 8 foll[]s4 ,= ! influ5ce ( ,bagdad ov] ,s\?we/]n ,asia 0 l t ( ,rome ov] ! empire ( ! ,cs>s1 & :5 9 ! middle ( ! ,,xiii ,c5tury x 0 plund]$ = =ty days1 & o!r important cities ( ,asia ,m9or & ,p]sia simil>ly treat$1 !re 0 no long] ! same inc5tive to "w1 s t art = a "t langui%$4 ,b 9 "s cities ! arti/ic _s ( ! p prevail$ ov] ! loss ( indep5d5ce1 & ! m skill$ workm5 7 enc\rag$ by _! new ma/]s1 :o1 recognis+ ! beauty ( ! ,p]sian c>pets1 s5t _m ,p]sian arti/s to ,*9a & br\ght _m ,*9ese arti/s to ,p]sia1 t ! diff]5t races might d]ive advantages f ! in/ruction ( "o ano!r4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ t f ?is "t ! influ5ce ( ,*9ese art has be5 recognis$ 9 ! wov5 fabrics & metal "w made 9 ! s\?we/]n "p ( ,asia4 ,9 fact1 ! ,*9ese motive kn[n z ! 8key patt]n10 z well z o!r less famili> designs ( di/9ctly ,mongolian orig91 appe>$ = ! fir/ "t 9 "s ( ! c>pets & metal "w ( ?is p]iod4 ,l ,turke/an1 ,asia ,m9or has be5 "o ( ! great battle-gr\nds ( ! _w4 ,dur+ p>ts ( ! ,,xi1 ,,xii1 & ,,xiii ,c5turies n only ,seljukian ,turks1 b ,mongols & ,ottoman ,turks "u ,murad & ,bajazet1 rose 9 influ5ce until all ,asia ,m9or1 z well z ,?race & ,mac$onia1 0 subject to !m4 ,b /ill ano!r p[] f ! f> ,ea/ 0 to ov]run ,asia & div]t ,bajazet f ! walls ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,"u ,tam]lane1 ! desc5dant ( ,g5ghis ,khan1 ! ,mongol hordes 7 aga9 unit$ & aga9 attempt$ ! conque/ ( ! _w4 ,f ! walls ( ,*9a to ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 & f ! ,/eppes ( ,turke/an to ! ,arabian des]ts1 8 victori\s armies ov]came all opposition4 ,nev] 0 conqu]or m rapaci\s1 m blood?ir/y4 ,at ,ispahan1 sev5ty ?\s& inhabitants 7 sla94 ,georgia 0 laid wa/e & ! p 7 massacr$4 ,9 #adja1 ,bagdad 0 besieg$ &1 :5 tak51 a pyramid ( n9ety ?\s& human victims 0 rais$ z a monum5t to ! ,t>t> conqu]or4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 :5 ! armies ( ,bajazet & ,tam]lane met on ! pla9s ne> ,angora1 ! ,turks 7 defeat$ & ,bajazet 0 captur$4 ,b n[ ! tide ( ,mongol invasion rec$$2 & lad5 ) spoils ,tam]lane return$ to 8 capital at ,sam>k&1 :]e he enjoy$ ! rema9+ ye>s ( 8 life by surr\nd+ himself ) a brilliant c\rt & by build+ palaces & temples1 :i* he adorn$ ) royal spl5d\r4 ,) all 8 atroci\s b>b>ities he _h a high] appreciation ( art ?an 8 ,mongolian pr$ecessors4 ,at 8 capital 7 assembl$ skill$ artisans f ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,asia2 & !re at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,,xiv ,c5tury ,european travell]s saw innum]able art treasures1 includ+ c>pets ( wond]ful workman%ip & beauty4 ,! ,mongol p[] also ga9$ an important foo?old 9 ,india4 ,?is c\ntry1 l ,iran1 _h be5 subjugat$ by a bran* ( ! ,aryan race1 :i* conqu]$ ! native ,dravidians1 & rema9$ dom9ant until ! ,,vii & ,,viii ,c5turies4 ,!n ! ,mohamm$ans invad$ x1 & 7 /ill 9 asc5d5cy :5 ,tam]lane cross$ ! m\nta9s & attack$ ,delhi4 ,aft] ! lapse ( m ?an a hundr$ ye>s 8 desc5dants1 ,bab]1 ,akb>1 & ,%ah ,jahan1 rose to p[]4 ,! magnific5ce ( _! c\rts & ! spl5d\r ( ! temples :i* !y built /imulat$ ,indian art2 & "u ! in/ruction ( ,p]sian artisans1 :o 7 induc$ to settle 9 t c\ntry1 ! natives atta9$ _! highe/ skill 9 weav+4 ,) ! dea? ( ,tam]lane1 9 #adje1 ! ,ottoman p[] 9 ,p]sia & ,asia ,m9or rose aga91 & ,turki% victories foll[$ 9 quick succession until 9 #adec ,con/ant9ople fell & ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia became a mosque4 ,aft] ! lapse ( half a c5tury ,%ah ,ismael ( ! family ( ! ,safavids defeat$ ! ,turkomans 9 #aejb1 & f\nd$ a new dyna/y 9 ,p]sia4 ,) 8 rise began "o ( ! mo/ spl5did p]iods 9 its hi/ory4 ,)9 a few ye>s victories ext5d$ 8 empire f ! ,euphrates riv] to ,afghani/an & f ! ,oxus to ! ,p]sian gulf4 ,?is 0 ! l& ( anci5t ,iran1 ov] :i* f 8 c\rt at ,ardebil he rul$ until 8 dea?4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! reign ( ,%ah ,tamasp1 :i* la/$ f #aebd to #aegf1 ! new dyna/y 0 ?reat5$ by ! ,turki% rul]1 ,soliman ! ,magnific5t1 aft] he _h tak5 ,rhodes f ! ,knights ( ,/4 ,john & invad$ ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,9 #aecd he captur$ ,bagdad & ,tabriz1 z well z conqu]$ ,%irvan & ,georgia4#d ,b ! lo/ t]ritory 0 soon rega9$ & ! new ,p]sian capital 0 e/abli%$ at ,tabriz :]e1 z w be se5 lat]1 7 wov5 _m ( ! greate/ ma/]pieces ( ,p]sian textile fabrics4 ,mu* z ^! mon>*s _h accompli%$1 x 0 ,%ah ,abbas ! ,great :o1 aft] t5 ye>s ( int]nal /rife1 succe$$ by expell+ ! ,turks f ,p]sia1 re/or+ tranquillity1 & e/abli%+ comm]ce1 9 elevat+ 8 c\ntry f "o ( deva/ation & confusion to "o ( greatness su* z x _h n kn[n = _m ages4 ,he transf]r$ 8 c\rt to ,ispahan1 :]e1 :ile add+ to ! magnific5ce ( ! city1 he enc\rag$ art ev5 to ! ext5t ( s5d+ to ,italy1 = /udy1 a numb] ( ! mo/ skill$ arti/s ( ,p]sia4 ,^! 9 "t return$ & ex]t$ an influ5ce t appe>$ 9 ! m elaborate designs ( c>pets ( a subsequ5t p]iod4 ,x is also probable t he r5d]$ valuable assi/ance to ,akb> ( ,india 9 f\nd+ c>pet-weav+ 9 t c\ntry4 ,he rul$ f #aehf to #afbh4 ,?is p]iod1 dur+ :i* ,am]ica 0 a wild]ness & ,engl& "u ,que5 ,elizabe? 0 /ill /ruggl+ ) ! feudal sy/em1 0 ! gold5 age ( ,p]sian hi/ory & ,p]sian art2 b ) 8 dea? ! ,safavid dyna/y decl9$ & art decad5ce began4 ,9 #agbb1 ! ,afghans conqu]$ ,p]sia & = a numb] ( ye>s rul$ x ) horrible cruelty2 b !y 7 f9ally defeat$ by ,nadir ,%ah1 :o captur$ ,h]at 9 #agca1 ext5d$ 8 dom9ion into ,georgia1 & recov]$ "s ( ! lo/ t]ritory f ! ,turki% ,empire 9 ! ,we/4 ,aft] 8 dea? ! sov]eignty ( ,p]sia aga9 wan$1 until 9 "t x 0 conf9$ to its pres5t limits4 ,x ?us appe>s t f ! e>lie/ times record$ 9 hi/ory ! s\?we/]n "p ( ,asia has be5 subject to invasion1 & to con/ant /ruggles betwe5 ! diff]5t races ( ! ,ea/ = supremacy4 ,ev5 f ! des]t ( ,gobi1 ! flanks ( ! ,altai ,m\nta9s1 & ! des]ts ( ,arabia h p\r$ =? armies to deva/ate ! l&4 ,"o victori\s p[] aft] ano!r has ext5d$ its sway f ! banks ( ! ,indus to ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! result is t ! pres5t ,ori5tal textile art is ( a composite "*1 :i* c be und]/ood only by tak+ into consid]ation ! value ( ^! racial influ5ces t h contribut$ to x "s ( its mo/ int]e/+ & subtle *>ms4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,mat]ials ,,z 0 ! case ) ! e>lie/ %eph]d weav]s1 _m nomads liv+ 9 unfrequ5t$ p>ts ( ,asia sp9 ! wool tak5 f _! own flocks1 !n col\r x ) dyes brew$ f roots & h]bs t !y h p]sonally ga!r$1 & f9ally weave x accord+ to well-kn[n patt]ns into fabrics4 ,b 9 l>ge1 enlight5$ communities ! manufacture ( an ,ori5tal rug involves a division ( lab\r4 ,f ! %eph]ds ! pr(essional dy]s obta9 ! wool1 :i*1 aft] col\r+1 !y sell to weav]s2 & ^! 9 turn (t5 receive _! patt]ns f o!rs4 ,a k ( ^! sep>ate /eps involv+ ! indu/ries ( produc+ ! diff]5t mat]ials & ! crafts ( dye+1 weav+1 & design+ is ess5tial to a full und]/&+ ( any ,ori5tal wov5 fabric4 ,! mat]ials t 7 =m]ly us$ 9 weav+ 7 g5]ally ( animal orig91 su* z ! wool ( %eep1 goats1 & camels4 ,to a m limit$ ext5t silk & cotton also 7 us$1 & occasionally hair ( ! yak1 c[1 & ev5 human hair4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 :5 !re arose a we/]n dem& = ea/]n fabrics s t ! aim ( ! weav] 0 to produce an article z *eaply z possible1 flax1 hemp1 jute1 & l>g] quantities ( cotton 7 sometimes sub/itut$4 ,s9ce all ( ^! mat]ials are indig5\s to ! c\ntry :]e !y are us$1 & are affect$ by its climate1 altitude1 humidity1 & f]tility1 !y acquire qualities t frequ5tly give to rugs a di/9ctly local "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #c4 ,,kirman ,,rug ,! wool ( %eep con/itutes ! w>p & weft ( at lea/ half ! ,ori5tal rugs & ! pile ( ov] n9ety p] c5t4 ,to be sure1 9 ,japan ! pile is l>gely jute & cotton2 9 a few ( ! di/ricts ( ,asia ,m9or & ,p]sia x is m]c]is$ cotton or silk2 & 9 di/ricts :]e ! camel is /ill a bea/ ( burd5 its wool & f9e hair are (t5 sub/itut$ = o!r k9ds2 b ?r\gh\t all ! rug-weav+ c\ntries ( ! ,ea/ ! wool ( ! %eep has be5 & /ill is pref]r$ to all o!r mat]ials = ! pile ( rugs4 ,?is is due n alone to its w>m?1 to ! facility ) :i* x c be spun & twi/$ into knots1 b also to ! fact t f ! remote/ times ! inhabitants ( ^! di/ricts1 l ,abraham ( old1 h be5 %eph]ds1 :o foll[$ _! call+ because ov] ! /eppes ( ,t>t>y & ! great plateaus t ext5d ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or1 ,p]sia1 ,afghani/an1 & ,turke/an spread va/ pa/ure l&s t seem bett] suit$ ?an any o!r p>ts ( ! _w = ! n\ri%m5t ( %eep ) f9e fleeces4 ,9 fact1 a "p ( ^! di/ricts seems to be ! natural habitat ( ! %eep2 = among ! crags ( "s ( ! l(ty m\nta9 *a9s ( ,c5tral ,asia1 & f>!r we/ :]e ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,turke/an meet 9 ! l(ty plateau ( ,pamir1 call$ ! 8,ro( ( ! ,_w10 /ill w&] great b&s ( magnific5t native %eep ) enorm\s horns & br[ni% grey wool1 f :i* x is believ$ sprang ! va/ flocks t n[ br[se on e hill & m\nta9 slope ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,c5turies ( c>e h effect$ an important evolution 9 ?is native /ock1 = 9 no o!r "p ( ! _w are !re %eep ) long] & m silky fleeces4 ,nev]!less !re are diff]5t grades1 z ! quality dep5ds 9 a measure on ! climate & pa/urage z well z on ! c>e ( ! %eep4 ,?us 9 ! hot1 s&y l&s ! wool %[s "s det]ioration2 b 9 ! cold1 dry climates ( ! _m high l&s ( ,we/]n ,asia & 9 ! pa/ures ( p>ticul> localities ! wool is long1 f9e1 & lu/r\s4 ,= in/ance1 9 p>ts ( ,khorassan1 on ! flanks ( high m\nta9s ne> ,kirman & ,%iraz1 on ! %ores ( ,lake ,niris 9 ,f>si/an1 among ! roll+ upl&s ( ,asia ,m9or1 are produc$ uncommonly f9e & beautiful fleeces4 ,:51 moreov]1 ! %eep ( ^! localities receive ! c>e t is giv5 by "s ( ! nomadic tribes1 z ! ,uzbeck ,t>t>s1 :o n only %elt] !m b cov] !m ) blankets1 ! wool acquires a s(t & silky quality t is unsurpass$4 ,! wool produc$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,india1 on ! o!r h&1 is poor2 = n only are ! s]rations1 on :i* l>gely dep5ds its value = textile purposes1 less num]\s ?an 9 bett] v>ieties1 b x is h>% & conta9s _m long hairs t d n well unite ) x & t take up v little dye4 ,! wool ( ! goat is mu* less ext5sively us$1 yet appe>s 9 "s rugs1 n only z w>p & weft1 b also z pile4 ,! goats ( ,ka%mir1 :i* live 9 ! cold climate ( a table-l& ?ree miles above ! ocean level1 produce ! f9e/ & mo/ beautiful wool2 b z x gr[s ne> ! sk91 & b5ea? wiry hairs f :i* x c be remov$ only ) t$i\s c>e1 x is too preci\s to be us$ except+ = ! mo/ beautiful %awls & *oice/ c>pets4 ,( next importance & f9e/ texture is ! wool ( ! ,angora goat1 kn[n to comm]ce z mohair4 ,=m]ly !re 0 n mu* dem& = x1 b n[1 on acc\nt ( ! consid]ation t x has receiv$ 9 ! c>pet factories ( rec5t ,sultans1 x is f\nd 9 _m ( ! rugs ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,z x gr[s to an av]age l5g? ( five to six in*es x is easily spun2 & its s(t1 lu/r\s %e5 gives to ! rugs 9 :i* x is us$ a silky & brilliant appe>ance4 ,"s ( ! ,bokh>a goats1 also1 yield f9e wool t is us$ 9 rugs4 ,yet1 z a rule1 y>n made f ! fleece ( ! goat is n reg>d$ ) fav\r by weav]s1 s9ce x is apt to be co>se & to pack closely4 ,nor does ! wool ( ! goat mix well ) ! wool ( ! %eep4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a mu* f9] grade gr[+ next to ! sk91 :i* may be remov$ ) a knife :5 x is expos$ by comb+ ! long] fleece 9 a direction rev]se to t 9 :i* x lies4 ,! t\gh] grades are pref]r$ to any o!r mat]ial by weav]s ( ! ,afghani/an1 ,belu*i/an1 & "s ,turkoman rugs = selvages at ! sides1 z !y af=d excell5t protection aga9/ h>d usage4 ,goat's hair is also sometimes us$ 9 ^! rugs = w>p4 ,unless mix$ ) wool x is v r>ely us$ = weft1 z x is n suffici5tly pliable4 ,( m frequ5t use ?an ! wool ( ! goat is ! wool ( ! camel :i* gr[s close to ! sk9 b5ea? ! long hair4 ,9 ! tropical c\ntries1 z 9 ,s\dan1 ! camel has no wool1 b 9 m nor!rn latitudes x yields a crop :i* increases 9 quantity & improves 9 quality z ! climate gr[s cold]4 ,?us 9 ,arabia1 ,asia ,m9or1 & 9 mo/ ( ,p]sia & ,turke/an ! yield is small1 9 ! table-l&s ( ,ea/]n ,p]sia & ,afghani/an x is mu* l>g]1 & on ! l(ty plateaus ( ,turke/an & ,*9ese ,t>t>y z mu* z t5 p\nds ( wool is obta9$ ye>ly f ea* bea/4 ,! clip is tak5 at ! usual m\lt+ season dur+ ! spr+ ( ! ye>4 ,! wool ( ! old] camels is co>se & d>k1 :at is tak5 f ! "y is f9] & light]1 & ! mo/ silky & valuable ( all is :at is obta9$ f ! unborn4 ,! be/ grade has be5 m highly e/eem$ ?an ! wool ( any o!r animal1 & rugs 9 :i* x con/itutes ! pile are m valuable ?an ^? 9 :i* ! wool ( %eep is us$4 ,x is seldom wov5 9 mod]n rugs1 b dy$ wool or goats' hair ( simil> col\r is (t5 sub/itut$ = x4 ,! wool or und]hair ( ! yak is us$ only among ! m\nta9 tribes ( ,t>t>y1 & is nev] f\nd 9 any ( ! *oic] grades ( rugs4 ,occasionally ! hair ( ! horse or c[ is employ$ to a limit$ ext5t 9 ! pile ( nomadic rugs1 :]e x may be di/+ui%$ by its co>se & wiry "*4 ,9 old rugs ( :i* ! pile is mu* worn c[s' hair w n[ & !n protrude l ! hairs ( small bri/le bru%es4 ,only v r>ely is human hair se5 9 a rug4 ,natural col\rs ( ! sev]al k9ds ( wool1 :i* h made x possible to disp5se ) _! dye+1 h always be5 tak5 advantage ( by weav]s4 ,! only black y>n on :i* ! we> ( "t has left no impress is f ! fleece ( ! prov]bially despis$ black %eep4 ,%ades ( :ite1 ivory1 br[n1 grey1 rufus1 & ev5 a plum are obta9$ f diff]5t v>ieties4 ,likewise a wide range ( ri* *e/nut col\rs are furni%$ by ! camel4 ,x is b natural t ! nomad %\ld dep5d on ! wool ( 8 flocks & h]ds = w>p1 weft1 & pile2 b p ( fix$ habitations h employ$ o!r k9ds ( mat]ial also4 ,:]e ! s5su\s luxury ( ! ,ea/ call$ = magnific5t c>pets1 !y 7 (t5 wov5 almo/ entirely ( silk1 :i* 0 easily obta9$1 z silkworms ?rive on ! mulb]ry trees t gr[ wild on ! pla9s ( ,c5tral & ,s\?we/]n ,asia4 ,silk rugs are /ill wov5 9 a few cities ( ,asia ,m9or & ,p]sia4 ,= ! *eap] grades ( rugs flax1 hemp1 & jute h be5 sp>+ly us$2 & dur+ rec5t ye>s cotton has be5 widely adopt$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,p]sian1 ,indian1 & ,*9ese rugs1 on acc\nt ( its *eapness z comp>$ ) wool4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 almo/ entirely z w>p & weft & r>ely z pile t x is us$4 ,?\gh mu* less durable ?an wool1 its :ite col\r is f> less likely to d>k5 ) age2 yet !re is a poor] v>iety :i*1 aft] be+ ?or\ghly wet1 acquires a d>k col\r4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ^! diff]5t textile mat]ials wool requires ! greate/ c>e4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,ori5t x is n wa%$1 & ! lu/r\s hues ( ! pile are attribut$ to ! fact t x is dy$ 9 its naturally greasy /ate2 b 9 o!r p>ts ! grease & dirt are c>efully remov$4 ,?is cleans+ is a craft t has be5 transmitt$ f p>5t to *ild1 & is practis$ accord+ to diff]5t me?ods 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,"o ( ! *ief ess5tials is an abundance ( cle> runn+ wat] free f alkali2 = :5 ! wat] is h>d1 z is (t5 ! case 9 ! m arid p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 x loses "s ( its cleans+ prop]ties1 & pota% or o!r *emicals are requir$ to c\nt]-act ?is unfav\rable quality4 ,aft] ! wool has be5 ?or\ghly wa%$ x is c>efully dri$ 9 ! sun & op5 air4 ,! next important /ep is ! prop] sort+1 pick+1 & comb+4 ,! sort+ consi/s ( ! sep>ation ( black & light wool1 or ( an inf]ior f a bett] grade2 & ! pick+ consi/s ( ! removal ( burrs or =eign p>ticles4 ,! object ( comb+ is to effect an ord]ly arrangem5t ( ! wool s t x is ready = sp9n+4 ,"o me?od1 correspond+ to c>d+1 is to draw ! wool repeat$ly betwe5 r[s ( upright spikes set 9 a wood5 frame until e matt$ p>ticle has be5 sep>at$ & all ! fibres are dis5tangl$4 ,! old] me?od1 /ill employ$ 9 ne>ly e "p ( ! ,ori5t1 consi/s ( 8teas+0 ) ! cord ( a heavy b[1 :i* is susp5d$ or held firmly by ! left h& ov] ! wool1 :ile ) ! "r h& ! cord is made to vibrate ei!r by /rik+ x ) a wood5 in/rum5t or pluck+ x1 s t ! fibres ( wool are sep>at$ & assort$ by ! vibrations4 ,:5 ! wool has ?us be5 prep>$1 x is w\nd ab\t ! di/aff & !n spun into y>n4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! ,ori5t ! common sp9n+-:eel has be5 introduc$ & adopt$ = bo? wool & cotton2 9 o!r p>ts are crudely made sp9n+-:eels ( diff]5t design & ab\t ! height ( a man4 ,! natives ( di/ricts m remote f civilisation /ill cl+ to ! primeval sp9dle1 :i* sometimes consi/s ( no m ?an a r\nd$ /ick half an in* 9 diamet] & a foot 9 l5g? ) a ball ( clay at "o end4 ,_m ( ! nomadic tribes ( ,asia ,m9or & ,mesopotamia use 9 place ( x a small /one ( conv5i5t %ape1 to :i* is ti$ a /rip ( l95 a few in*es 9 l5g?4 ,a few fibres ( wool are atta*$ to ! end ( ! l95 by twi/+ !m ab\t x1 & a few m fibres are simil>ly atta*$ to ^! :5 ! /one is susp5d$ & twirl$4 ,z ! fibres become closely twi/$ toge!r m fibres are add$ until on acc\nt ( ! l5g? ( ! ?read ?us =m$ ! /one rea*es ! gr\nd4 ,! ?read is !n w\nd ab\t ! /one & secur$ by a c\ple ( loops s z to leave a piece only a few in*es 9 l5g?1 to :i* m wool is atta*$ 9 cont9u+ ! sp9n+4 ,:5 a l>ge ball ( ?read has be5 spun1 x is remov$ f ! /one & ! process begun aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #d4 ,,%iraz ,,rug ,"o advantage ( ^! simple devices is t !y c easily be c>ri$ any:]e4 ,ev5 to-day a n unusual sight is a half b>b>ic %eph]d foll[+ 8 flock1 :ile he sp9s ) simple di/aff & sp9dle or /one1 z did 8 ance/ors ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,on ! end ( ! di/aff1 t re/s b5ea? 8 left arm1 is ! ball ( wool f :i* he selects & twi/s ! fibres1 :ile he deftly turns ! %ort sp9dle or twirls ! /one ) ?umb & =ef+] ( ! "r h&4 ,! ?reads spun by pr(essional sp9n]s on sp9n+-:eels are ( small diamet] & are ! mo/ regul> 9 size & texture1 ^? spun ) ! small sp9dle are ( l>g] diamet] & less regul>1 & ^? spun by twirl+ a /one are made ( ! co>se/ diamet] 9 ord] to insure suffici5t /\tness1 s9ce !y are ! mo/ irregul> 9 size & texture2 yet y>n s made is ! mo/ highly valu$ by all weav]s4 ,only v r>ely1 inde$1 is "o ( ^! s+le ?reads us$ = y>n1 s9ce x w\ld be apt to "p4 ,two ( !m1 !re=e1 are twi/$ toge!r to =m a d\ble ?read4 ,a simple device us$ by _m nomadic tribes = ?is purpose consi/s ( two %ort /icks cross+ at "r angles1 & ano!r piece ) end l a cro*et ne$le p]p5dicul> to !m4 ,! ?reads :i* are atta*$ to ?is piece pass ?r\gh a hole at ! int]section ( ! cross$ /icks & are twi/$ by twirl+ !m4 ,x is v seldom t ?ree s+le ?reads are twi/$ to make a triple ?read1 & :5 su* is ! case x is ! "w ( a pr(essional sp9n] :o uses a l>ge sp9n+-:eel1 & nev] ! "w ( a nomad4 ,= ! weft ( _m rugs1 & = ! pile ( a few rugs su* z ,s>\ks & ,ka%ans1 a d\ble ?read alone is us$2 :il/ = ! pile ( mo/ rugs ! d\ble ?read is aga9 d\bl$1 trebl$1 or quadrupl$1 s z to =m y>n ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r ply1 & ev5 y>n ( six ply is sometimes us$4 ,a di/9ction also exi/s 9 ! mann] ( twi/+ toge!r d\ble ?reads to make y>n ( two or m ply1 s9ce accord+ to ! cu/om ( diff]5t tribes !y may be twi/$ s loosely t 9 ! l5g? ( an in* !y d n describe m ?an a s+le revolution or s tightly z to describe sev]al4 ,until ! introduction ( ! mod]n sp9n+-:eel wool 0 spun 9 ! ,ori5t exactly z x 0 ages ago4 ,x is ?is almo/ incr$ible disposition to adh]e z ) religi\s fanaticism to me?ods transmitt$ f fa!r to son & to resi/ z p]nici\s e attempt at innovation t makes a precise analysis ( rugs possible4 ,accord+ly1 ! ev5ness or unev5ness ( s+le ?reads1 ! loos5ess or tightness ) :i* d\ble ?reads are twi/$ toge!r to =m y>n ( diff]5t ply1 z well z ! numb] ( ! ply us$1 are a few ( ! important indices = di/+ui%+ betwe5 rugs ( diff]5t di/ricts4 ,ev5 aft] ! y>n is spun x is n always ready = ! dy]1 & 9 ord] t x may prop]ly absorb ! dye x is (t5 wa%$ & rewa%$4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,ori5t x is fir/ soak$ 9 w>m wat] & c>efully r9s$ 9 cold wat]4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 a copp] pot or vat conta9+ boil+ wat] to :i* has be5 add$ c>bonate or sulphate ( soda & pota%1 & /irr$ = ab\t an h\r4 ,aft] ?is ?or\gh cleans+ x is aga9 wa%$ v c>efully 9 s(t wat] & ?or\ghly dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,! wond]ful %e5 ( _m old rugs is due almo/ entirely to ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are made4 ,?is mat]ial1 z a rule1 is unsurpass$ by simil> products ( any o!r "p ( ! _w1 & is prep>$ by pati5t races :o "k little ( ! value ( "t4 ,! simple lab\r requir$ is 9 itself prosaic en\gh1 yet )\t a d\bt ! e>li] sp9n]s & weav]s1 :ile foll[+ _! flocks ) m9ds free f all conv5tions & limitations ( art1 disc]n$ ! elem5tal =ces ( nature 9 all _! fre%ness & p[]1 & f !m drew inspiration t bore fruit 9 ! exquisite col\r+ & delicate trac]y ( ! wov5 c>pets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #e4 ,,niris ,,rug ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,dye+ ,,h[ev] rem>kable ! a*ievem5ts ( ,ori5tal art 9 any field1 _! mo/ pleas+ effect has always be5 associat$ ) col\r4 ,)\t x ! beauty ( ! lu/re tiles ( ,p]sia1 ! m>vell\s porcela9s ( ,*9a1 & ! delicate textiles ( ,we/]n ,asia w\ld fade into insignificance4 ,x is inde$ ! wond]ful h>monies ( exquisite t9ts *os5 by ! t\* ( g5ius f a palette ( _m ?\s& pigm5ts t awak5 ! appreciation ( ! luxuri\s spl5d\r ( ! ,ea/4 ,?is love = col\r is inh]5t 9 e rug-produc+ race ( ,asia & is old] ?an hi/ory4 ,x is b natural1 !n1 t ! e>lie/ c>pets %\ld be radiant ) glori\s t9ts1 :i* 9 a less] measure are reflect$ 9 mod]n fabrics4 ,if high praise is due to ! arti/ :o1 by a skilful association ( diff]5t col\rs ( co-ord9ate tones1 creates ! picture t delights ! s5se1 a fair measure is also due to ! artisan :o n only controls ! secrets ( ! dyes1 b has ma/]$ ! difficult k ( _! prop] application2 = ! beauty ( ! f9i%$ wov5 product dep5ds on ! judici\s dye+ ( ! y>n m ?an on any?+ else4 ,f fa!r to son = _m g5]ations has be5 transmitt$ a k ( ^? p>ticul> vegetable & animal products ( root1 leaf1 fruit1 & insect1 & ! mann] ( _! use1 by :i* ! imp]i%able lu/r\s %e5 & col\r ( ! f9e/ wov5 fabrics are produc$4 ,inde$1 ?is art requires to-day m te*nical k ?an any o!r bran* ( rug weav+1 s9ce mod]n designs are no long] m ?an ! imitation ( ^? 9 old] c>pets2 & s important is x reg>d$ t a successful dy] is a man ( di/9ction 9 8 tribe4 ,! s\rces f :i* are obta9$ _m ( ! dyes t give ! innum]able c>pet col\rs are record$4 ,a few ( !m are receiv$ f remote c\ntries1 b mo/ ( ! plants f :i* !y are extract$ gr[ 9 m>%es & on hills & pla9s :]e ! nomads w&] ) _! flocks4 ,_m ( !m are us$ )\t bl5d+1 b ev5 "s ( ! sev5 prim>y col\rs are d]iv$ by prop] bl5d+2 & f a numb] ( dyes ( diff]5t /r5g?s & qualities are produc$ an inf9ite numb] ( ri* & delicate %ades4 ,! pr9cipal blues ( ,ori5tal rugs are obta9$ f indigo4 ,?is is d]iv$ f col\r+ matt] 9 ! leaves ( plants ( ! g5us ,indig(]a1 t gr[ to a height ( f\r to six feet 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 :5 !y are cut & plac$ 9 a vat conta9+ wat]4 ,9 ab\t twelve h\rs f]m5tation ensues2 & aft] ?is subsides ! liquid is drawn (f into ano!r vat1 :]e aft] "o or two h\rs ( agitation ! indigo =ms z a precipitate4 ,_m diff]5t species ( ?is plant gr[ wild ?r\gh\t ,asia1 & f ! e>lie/ times h be5 us$ to produce dye-/uff4 ,indigo is "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( all dyes1 z by us+ x 9 conjunction ) o!rs an inf9ite v>iety ( %ades result4 ,"s r$s are obta9$ f ! plant madd] 7,rubia t9ctorum71 t gr[s abundantly 9 ,c5tral & ,s\?we/]n ,asia1 ,its col\r+ prop]ties 7 kn[n to ! anci5ts2 & = a long p]iod x has be5 cultivat$ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 :]e ! succul5t roots ( ! second & ?ird ye>s' gr[? are regul>ly dri$ & prep>$ = use4 ,o!r r$s are d]iv$ f ! insect co*9eal 7,coccus ilicis7 t lives on oaks ( ! c\ntries bord]+ ! ,m$it]ranean1 & 0 kn[n among ! ,arabs z 8k]mes10 signify+ ,r$ ,dye4 ,aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica ano!r species 7,coccus cacti7 0 f\nd t 0 m productive ( dye+ qualities4 ,! females1 :i* alone are valuable1 are pluck$ f ! trees & kill$ by expos+ !m to vap\rs ( acetic acid1 or plac+ !m 9 hot wat]1 or 9 an ov54 ,f _! dri$ bodies1 ( :i* ov] fifty ?\s& are necess>y to make a p\nd1 ! dye is produc$4 ,z bo? ^! dyes are not$ = _! fa/ness1 !y are con/antly us$1 b :5 silk or wool is to be dy$ co*9eal is pref]able to madd]4 ,! yell[ dyes are obta9$ f sev]al s\rces4 ,"s are f ! b]ries ( plants ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,o!rs are f ! leaves ( ! suma* bu%es1 t are indig5\s to ne>ly e "p ( ! _w4 ,an orange t+e is d]iv$ f ! turm]ic extract$ f ! %ort root /ocks ( a plant ( ! g5us ,curcuma4 ,f "t immemorial a beautiful yell[ has be5 obta9$ f saffron4 ,x is ! product ( ! /igmas ( ! fragrant crocus1 :i* are s small t ov] f\r ?\s& are necess>y to furni% an ounce ( dri$ saffron2 yet ! dye is s p[]ful t x w give a di/9ct t9t to sev5 hundr$ ?\s& times its weight ( wat]4 ,z saffron has some?+ ( a /imulat+ effect on ! human sy/em1 x has be5 tak5 by ! ,p]sians :5 mix$ ) _! rice4 ,) none ( ^! ?ree basic col\rs 0 any national feel+ associat$1 yet ! ,p]sians excell$ 9 ! use ( blues4 ,! ,turkomans ( ,turke/an & ,asia ,m9or produc$ bett] r$s ?an any o!r col\r1 & ! be/ yell[s1 ev5 if g5]ally inf]ior 9 positiv5ess to blues & r$s1 7 ^? ( ! ,*9ese4 ,?\gh o!r prim>y & second>y col\rs sometimes result f ! application ( a s+le dye1 ! _m ?\s& diff]5t t9ts c only be produc$ by ! bl5d+ ( two or m4 ,moreov]1 ! qualities ( ! same dye v>y greatly1 z !y dep5d on ! soil :]e ! plant grew1 ! "t ( ye> :5 x 0 remov$1 & ! wea!r & o!r conditions prevail+ dur+ ! dye+4 ,9 nature gre5 is "o ( ! mo/ pleas+ col\rs1 b 9 c>pets x is mo/ unsatisfactory1 z x has g5]ally a fad$ appe>ance1 due probably to ! fact t "o ( ! dyes ( :i* x is =m$ by bl5d+ is less p]man5t ?an ! o!r4 ,! ,*9ese gre5s obta9$ f ! buck?orns are g5]ally ! be/4 ,greys & br[ns are sometimes d]iv$ f gall nuts1 & r$di% br[n f h5na4 ,= v d>k br[ns & black1 iron pyrites has be5 l>gely us$ 9 bo? old & mod]n rugs2 b un=tunately ! dye has a corrosive effect on ! wool1 s t ! black knots ( old rugs are (t5 worn to ! w>p4 ,9 p>ts ( ,india fl[]s ( ! ba/>d teak 7,butea frondosa7 make a fav\rite dye1 f :i* are produc$1 by bl5d+ ) o!r dyes1 a l>ge numb] ( %ades rang+ f deep yell[ to br[ni% copp] tones4 ,ano!r well kn[n dye is ,butti lac1 obta9$ f an insect1 ,coccus lacca1 t lives on ! twigs ( trees4 ,x is a sub/itute = co*9eal & produces diff]5t %ades ( r$1 crimson1 t]ra cotta1 & purple1 accord+ to ! o!r dyes & ! mordants ) :i* x is bl5d$4 ,besides ^! few dyes are innum]able o!rs t are us$ ei!r s+ly or 9 comb9ation4 ,fur!rmore1 diff]5t col\r effects are produc$ by ! application ( diff]5t mordants1 :i* x is necess>y to use = ! reason t )\t !m _m fibr\s mat]ials are unable to absorb a l>ge numb] ( ! dyes4 ,! mo/ valuable ( all mordants is alum2 & ! sulphate ( iron & t9 are l>gely employ$ 9 ! case ( r$ col\rs4 ,( ! vegetable mordants1 pomegranate r9d1 :i* conta9s "s yell[ col\r+ matt]1 is ! be/ kn[n4 ,valonia also is sometimes us$1 z well z limes1 lemons1 ! fruit ( ! tam>9d1 & ! mango4 ,9 ! monograph ( ,mr4 ,h>ris on ! 8,c>pet ,weav+ ,indu/ry ( ,s\!rn ,india0 are a numb] ( directions f an old manuscript own$ by a dy] :o /at$ t he 0 ! desc5dant ( tw5ty g5]ations ( dy]s :o orig9ally came f ,tabriz1 & t he _h made 8 copy f a ,p]sian book ( dyes :i* _h belong$ to 8 gr&fa!r4 ,a few ( ^! are giv5 bel[1 because !y %[ n only ! dyes & mordants1 b also ! me?ods employ$4 8,birbuls ,blue4 ,take c9nab>1 indigo1 & alum1 gr9d & sift light] ?an ! light du/ ( ! high hills2 soak = t5 h\rs2 keep /irr+ x2 put 9 ! wool & soak = _m h\rs4 ,boil = ?ree h\rs2 wa% 9 kurd wat]1 wat] 9 :i* kurds & :ey h be5 well beat5 up2 leave = ?ree h\rs1 & !n wa% & beat aga9 9 wat]4 8,a ,f9e ,indigo ,blue4 ,take indigo1 soak x 9 wat] = twelve h\rs1 gr9d x to a f9e pa/e 9 a mort>1 add "s ,t]m9alia citr9a1 pomegranate peel1 & alum2 & mix ?or\ghly4 ,boil2 put ! wat] into ! hot ba? & keep /irr+ till cold4 ,n[ mix 9 "s iron-fil+s wat]1 & boil /eadily = ano!r two & a half to ?ree h\rs2 wa% ) a beat+ & dry4 8,ruddy ,br[n ,grey4 ,take sulphate ( iron1 ,t]m9alia citr9a1 oak galls1 & alum2 mix well2 dry2 !n /eep = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,put 9 ! wool2 soak x = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 !n boil = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,dip 9 a soda-ba?1 wa%1 & dry4 8,c9namon4 ,take oak galls1 acacia b>k1 c9nab>1 & alum1 & /eep = a night4 ,put 9 ! wool1 & soak = tw5ty or ?irty h\rs2 boil ! wat] = two or ?ree h\rs & give a soda-ba? wa%2 dip 9 acidulat$ wat]2 & wa% aga9 ) beat+4 8,crimson4 ,take lac col\r & co*9eal4 ,/eep = f f\r to six days 9 ! sun1 9 hot wea!r = ! less] "t1 /irr+ con/antly till a ri* deep col\r comes :]e "s has /ood = a few m9utes 9 a ?9 glass bottle & settl$4 ,!n /ra9 ?r\gh two clo?s1 & put 9 pomegranate r9d & good iron-fil+s wat]4 ,add m9]al acid2 /eep wool = ?irty-six h\rs1 !n boil = ?ree h\rs1 wa% well1 & dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,col\r ,,plate ,,ii--,,ou%ak ,,c>pet ,! col\rs & patt]n ( ?is antique ,ou%ak are simil> to ^? ( ! be/ examples t rema9 ( ! c>pets wov5 9 ,asia ,m9or dur+ ! ,,xv & ,,xvi ,c5turies4 ,! deep blue ( ! c5tral field1 ! ri* r$ ( ! m$allions1 & ! gold5 yell[ ( ! leaves are entirely unlike ! m subdu$ hues f\nd 9 ,p]sian rugs4 ,/rongly contra/+ ) !m are ! m delicate tones ( ! t5drils & leaves1 :i* display 9 _! draw+ a ke5 s5se ( ref9em5t4 ,9 ! =mal patt]n ( ! field are /atel9ess & elegance2 9 ! n>r[ bord]s are simplicity & grace4 ,su* col\rs & draw+ %[ t ! e>ly ,asia ,m9or weav]s _h an int5se appreciation ( ! ennobl+ qualities ( beauty & h>mony4 ,loan$ by ,mr4 ,james ,f4 ,ball>d 8,pale ,greyi% ,gre54 ,take copp] ru/1 asburg1#e & alum4 ,mix well ) any hot wat]1 n boil+2 soak wool = eighte5 h\rs1 !n boil = ?ree h\rs4 ,give a ba? ) wat] acidulat$ ) "s limes1 & dry 9 %ade4 8,old ,gold & ,ri* ,yell[4 ,take turm]ic & asburg1 c9nab> & alum4 ,soak all night4 ,/eep wool = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 boil = f\r & a half h\rs1 wa% ) a beat+1 & dry 9 %ade4 8,d>k ,grey4 ,take ( ! fruit ( ,cupressus semp]vir5s1 se$s & se$ pods ( babul 7,acacia arabica71 iron-fil+s wat]1 & alum4 ,/eep ov] night4 ,n[ add ! wat] & let x soak = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 !n boil = two or ?ree h\rs1 until ! col\r is "r1 !n wa% & dry 9 ! sun4 8,rose ,col\r4 ,take ratanjot 7,onosma e*ioides71 a ?\ght ( co*9eal1 manjit 7,rubia cordifolia7 or lac col\r a v little1 & c9nab>4 ,add wat]1 soak !m = twelve h\rs1 put 9 wool1 & /eep = ?irty-six h\rs2 cook x = ?ree h\rs1 !n ba! ! wool 9 alum & wa% nicely2 aft]w>d dry 9 ! %ade4 8,p]sian ,sc>let4 ,take lac col\r1 & if y *oose a little co*9eal = ri*ness1 & soak f f\r to six days2 /ra9 x 9 two clo?s & add alum & a little turm]ic2 let x /& = ?ree h\rs4 ,put wool 9 & /eep = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 !n boil = two h\rs4 ,take out ! wool & add m9]al acid2 re-ent] wool & boil an h\r m4 ,wa% fifte5 m9utes :5 cold1 & dry 9 ! %ade4 8,saffron ,yell[4 ,take turm]ic1 c9nab>1 & soda1 add wat] & keep = a full day4 ,!n add "s alum1 make ! dip1 & soak ! wool = ?irty h\rs4 ,cook x = sev]al h\rs1 & dry 9 ! %ade aft] beat+ & good wa%+4 8,ri* ,yell[4 ,take asburg & turm]ic1 soak = a night 9 wat]1 /eep ! wool = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 add alum1 %ake out1 & dry 9 %ade40 ,id5tical %ades ( a numb] ( col\rs are n produc$ 9 all p>ts ( ! ,ori5t1 n only = ! reason t soil1 moi/ure1 & climate affect ! col\r values ( dye-/uff1 b because ea* family ( dy]s pres]ve inviolable ! craft secrets transmitt$ f _! =efa!rs4 ,?us x happ5s t diff]5t p>ts ( ! rug-produc+ c\ntries adh]e to p>ticul> tones t help to id5tify ! locality :]e ! fabrics 7 wov54 ,un=tunately ! ,we/]n anil9e dyes1 :i* 7 introduc$ ab\t ! ye> #ahfj & quickly adopt$ because !y are *eap] & less complicat$ 9 _! application1 h to su* an ext5t transplant$ "s ( ^! f9e old vegetable dyes t a numb] ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ delicate col\rs f\nd 9 ! rugs ( a =m] c5tury are no long] produc$4 ,?us ! sup]b blue ( ! f9e old ,ispahans1 z well z ( lu/re tiles & illum9at$ manuscripts1 belongs to a lo/ art4 ,! disadvantages ( ! anil9e dyes are sev]al3 !y h a t5d5cy to make ! fibres ( ! textile fabric brittle1 & :5 x is wet ! col\rs w frequ5tly run4 ,"s dyes also fade m readily ?an o!rs1 s t if a col\r be ! product ( two or m dyes1 ! resultant t9t may be totally unlike ! orig9al4 ,on ! o!r h&1 n all vegetable dyes are fa/2 b z !y fade !y mell[ into m pleas+ %ades4 ,ef=ts h be5 made to enc\rage ! use ( old vegetable dyes2 b unless ! laws :i* h be5 enact$ 9 p>ts ( ,asia to re/rict ! importation ( anil9e dyes be m /r+5tly en=c$ ?an 9 ! pa/1 ! cultivation 9 ! g>d5 pat* ( ! dye-produc+ h]bs & plants w soon cease to be ! "t-hon\r$ occupation x 0 9 days gone by4 ,almo/ z important z ! art ( prep>+ ! dyes is t ( prop]ly apply+ !m to ! y>ns4 ,x is an art t dem&s inf9ite pa9s 9 its te*nique1 z well z a lifetime to acquire4 ,x is 9 itself a sep>ate pr(ession practis$ by artisans :o gu>d ) jeal\sy ! sacr$ secrets t transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation occupy _! ?\ghts to ! exclusion ( almo/ ev]y?+ else4 ,! homes ( ^! pr(essional dy]s 9 ! l>g] villages & cities are locat$ on a /ream ( wat] :i* possesses m9]al prop]ties t long exp]i5ce has prov5 especially suitable z solv5ts = ! diff]5t k9ds ( col\r+ matt]4 ,rang$ ab\t ! walls ( _! l[ dwell+s are j>s or vats conta9+ liquid dye ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,susp5d$ above !m1 f hooks driv5 into beams1 are ! y>ns f :i*1 aft] imm]sion 9 ! prop] vats1 ! liquids are all[$ to dra94 ,aft] ?is ! y>ns are expos$ = ! prop] l5g? ( "t to ! dry air & burn+ sun4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! suitable mordants1 ! prep>ation ( ! prop] dyes = ! vats1 ! imm]sion ( ! y>n 9 correct sequ5ce & = ! correct l5g? ( "t1 z well z ! exposure to ! gl>e & heat ( ! sun = a def9ite p]iod to be gaug$ to ! exact mom5t1 on :i* ! col\r results dep5d4 ,?is complicat$ process by :i*1 = in/ance1 ! inf9itely diff]5t %ades ( a r$1 a blue1 or a br[n may be convey$ to y>n by us+ ! same dyes b by slightly modify+ ! /eps requires ! greate/ precision1 = :i* no rule b an exp]i5ce am\nt+ almo/ to in/9ct is ! guide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #f4 ,,f]aghan ,,rug ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! ,ori5tal _h n le>n$ ! mean+ ( tempus fugit or se5 ! glitt] ( ,we/]n gold1 :5 8 dye+ & weav+ 7 pr\d call+s1 9 :i* ent]$ 8 deepe/ feel+s4 ,!n ! old vegetable dyes t mell[1 gr[ s(t] & m lu/r\s1 7 almo/ exclusively us$2 b n[ ?r\gh\t all weav+ c\ntries ! dy] has det]iorat$ s t he c no long] produce "s ( ! ri* col\rs 9 use half a c5tury ago4 ,yet remote f ! pr9cipal l9es ( travel1 on ! edges ( ! des]t1 9 lonely valleys1 among rugg$ m\nta9s1 half-tam$ tribes are /ill dye+ _! h&-spun y>n z did _! fa!rs' fa!rs4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,weav+ ,,ne> ! t5ts ( "s nomadic tribes may occasionally be se5 crude looms on :i* are wov5 "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ rugs t n[ rea* ! ,we/]n m>kets4 ,9 all probability !y are n dissimil> to :at 7 us$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 = x w\ld be impossible to con/ruct a simpl] loom4 ,:]e two trees suitably bran*+ are f\nd gr[+ a few feet ap>t1 all ( ! upp] bran*es are remov$ except+ two1 :i* are s trimm$ z to leave a crot* at ! same height 9 ea* tree4 ,9 ea* crot* is re/$ ! end ( a pole or beam1 & p>allel to x is plac$ ano!r ext5d+ at a %ort di/ance above ! gr\nd f trunk to trunk4 ,or1 z is m frequ5tly ! case1 r\ghly hewn po/s are firmly implant$ 9 ! gr\nd & horizontal beams are /ret*$ betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! upp] "o is a groove ) a rod to :i* "o end ( ! w>p1 consi/+ ( /rong ?reads ( y>n numb]+ f t5 to ?irty to ! in*1 is atta*$1 :ile ! o!r end is tightly /ret*$ & firmly secur$ to ! l[] horizontal beam4 ,sometimes ! beams to :i* ! w>p is atta*$ are plac$ p]p5dicul>ly1 s t ! weav] may /& & move sideways z ! "w progresses4 ,b among a v l>ge numb] ( ^? tribes t are con/antly w&]+ 9 se>* ( new pa/ures = _! flocks & h]ds1 x is cu/om>y to let ! loom lie flat on ! gr\nd1 :ile ! weav] sits on ! f9i%$ "p ( ! rug4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,a4--,,an ,,upright ,,loom ,"u m fav\rable circum/ances1 :5 ! tribes live 9 villages or cities1 ! looms are s made t ! weav]s are n compell$ to b5d 9 ord] to tie ! fir/ r[ ( knots or /& erect to f9i% ! la/ r[s ( a long rug4 ,( ! sev]al devices by :i* ! weav] may rema9 seat$ :ile at "w1 ! crude/ consi/s ( a plank us$ z a seat1 :i* re/s on ! rungs ( two ladd]s plac$ p>allel to ea* o!r at ! sides ( ! rug4 ,z ! "w progresses1 ! plank is rais$ & re/$ ^u ! high] rungs4 ,m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 bo? upp] & l[] beams ( ! frame h ! %ape ( cyl9d]s ( small diamet]1 :i* revolve betwe5 ! upright po/s4 ,! l[] ends ( ! ?reads ( w>p are atta*$ to ! l[] beam1 & ! o!r ends may ei!r be w\nd sev]al times ar\nd ! upp] "o or else pass ov] x & be kept taut by weights atta*$ to !m4 ,su* a loom is g5]ally us$ = weav+ v l>ge rugs1 :i* are roll$ up on ! l[] beam z ! "w progresses4 ,9 ,plate ,a 7,page #de7 is repres5t$ a loom commonly us$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,ori5t4 ,:5 prep>+ x = weav+ two /akes are driv5 9 ! gr\nd at a suitable di/ance ap>t1 & ab\t !m ! w>p is w\nd 9 ! way a figure eight is =m$4 ,! w>p is !n c>efully transf]r$ to two rods t are atta*$ to ! upp] & l[] beams4 ,if x has be5 c>efully w\nd1 none ( ! ?reads %\ld be slack2 b if desir$ ! t5sion may be fur!r increas$ by diff]5t devices4 ,two o!r rods1 kn[n z 8,healds10 are !n atta*$ to ! front & back ?reads ( w>p2 or 9 ! case ( a s+le rod1 x is atta*$ to ! back ?reads1 z %[n 9 ! ,plate4 ,a lease rod is next ins]t$ betwe5 ! ?reads ( w>p t cross bel[ ! upp] beam1 & ano!r is plac$ bel[ x :]e1 if necess>y1 x is support$ 9 position by loops4 ,:5 ! weav+ beg9s1 a %ort web is g5]ally wov5 at ! l[] end to protect ! knots f we>4 ,aft] ! fir/ r[ has be5 ti$1 ! %uttle c>ry+ ! ?read ( weft is pass$ betwe5 ! front & back ?reads ( w>p2 ! heald rod atta*$ to ^! back ?reads is !n pull$ =w>d1 s t !y are n[ 9 front ( ! o!rs1 & ! %uttle is pass$ back4 ,if ! rug is n>r[1 only "o %uttle is us$2 b if ! rug is wide1 or if ! weft consi/s ( two ?reads ( unequal ?ickness1 a %uttle is pass$ across f ea* side4 ,e ?read ( w>p is 9 ?is way completely encircl$ by ! ?read ( weft z x passes & repasses4 ,:5 weav+ l>ge rugs1 !re is an advantage 9 hav+ two heald rods1 z by _! use ! di/ance betwe5 ! front & back ?reads ( w>p may be increas$4 ,! object ( ! lease rod is to prev5t any slack caus$ by draw+ =w>d ! ?reads ( w>p1 & is accompli%$ 9 a v simple mann]1 z w be se5 by /udy+ ! draw+2 s9ce :5 ! t5sion ( ! back ?reads is increas$ by draw+ !m =w>d1 ! t5sion ( ! front ?reads is also increas$ by displac+ ! lease rods :i* !reby /ret*es !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #g4 ,,f]aghan ,,rug ,! products ( ! loom are divid$ accord+ to _! weave into ?ree sep>ate classes4 ,! simple/ ( ^! are ! kilims1 :i* are )\t pile & consi/ only ( w>p & weft to :i* a few embroid]$ /it*es repres5t+ "s symbol are occasionally add$4 ,a m elaborately made class are ! ,s\maks4 ,!y consi/ ( w>p cov]$ by flat /it*es ( y>n & ( a ?read ( weft :i* ext5ds across & back betwe5 ea* r[ ( /it*es 9 ! old rugs & betwe5 ea* second & ?ird r[ ( /it*es 9 ! new rugs4 ,9 ! n>r[1 p]p5dicul> l9es t def9e bo? bord]s & designs ! /it* is made by ! y>n encircl+ two adjac5t ?reads ( w>p2 b 9 o!r p>ts ( ! rug x is made by ! y>n pass+ across two adjac5t ?reads ( w>p at ! front1 & aft] encircl+ !m at ! back1 recross+ !m aga9 at ! front4 ,x is !n cont9u$ across ! next pair ( adjac5t ?reads ( w>p4 ,! result is t at ! back ( ^! rugs ea* ( ! two ?reads ( w>p encircl$ by ! y>n appe>s z a sep>ate cord1 :ile at ! front ! y>n passes diagonally across f\r ?reads ( w>p4 ,z ?is diagonal movem5t is rev]s$ 9 ea* succe$+ r[1 ! surface has an unev5 appe>ance sometimes t]m$ 8h]r+ bone0 weave4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ class ( rugs are ^? ) a pile4 ,:5 mak+ !m1 ! weav] beg9s at ! bottom & ties to ea* pair ( adjac5t ?reads ( w>p a knot ( y>n s z to =m a horizontal r[4 ,a ?read ( weft is !n pass$1 z (t5 z desir$1 betwe5 ! ?reads ( w>p & press$ m or less firmly ) a metal or wood5 comb ^u ! knots1 :5 !y are trimm$ ) a knife to ! desir$ l5g?4 ,ano!r horizontal r[ ( knots is ti$ to ! ?reads ( w>p2 aga9 ! y>n ( weft is ins]t$2 & s ! process cont9ues until ! pile is complet$4 ,9 ty+ ! knots1 "w almo/ inv>iably proce$s f left to "r & f ! bottom to ! top4 ,x is b r>ely t ! w>p is /ret*$ horizontally & t ! knots are ti$ 9 r[s p>allel to ! sides4 ,x is /ill m infrequ5tly t a rug is f\nd 9 :i* ! knots are ti$ by work+ f ! c5tre to ! "r & left1 & to ! top & bottom4 ,^! int]e/+ exceptions may easily be discov]$ by rubb+ ! h& ov] ! pile1 :5 x w be notic$ t ! knots lie on "o ano!r s z to face ! same direction1 :i* is ! opposite to t 9 :i* ! "w ( ty+ advanc$1 or z is g5]ally ! case1 f top to bottom4 ,! compactness1 durability1 & value ( a rug dep5d some:at on ! numb] ( knots 9 any p>ticul> area4 ,yet if ! y>n is co>se1 ! rug may be compact ev5 ?\gh ! numb] ( knots be small2 & if ! y>n is f9e1 ! rug may be loosely wov51 ei!r because ! r[s ( knots h n be5 firmly press$ d[n1 or because !re are sev]al 8fill+ ?reads0 ( weft1 & /ill ! numb] ( knots be l>ge4 ,a squ>e in* is a conv5i5t size = measurem5t2 b s9ce all p>ts ( a rug are n wov5 ) equal compactness1 ! measurem5t %\ld be made 9 sev]al places if exactness be requir$4 ,9 loosely wov5 pieces1 su* z ! ,ou%aks & "s ( ! ,g5ghas1 !re may be less ?an tw5ty knots to ! squ>e in*2 b among ! m closely wov51 z ! ,kirmans & ,bokh>as1 are frequ5tly sev]al hundr$4 ,^! knots are ( two classes1 ! ,ghiordes & ! ,sehna4 ,! ,ghiordes are f\nd 9 all rugs ( ,asia ,m9or & ,caucasia1 9 "s ( ! rugs ( ,india1 & 9 mo/ ( ! rugs ( ,p]sia4 ,!y are nam$ aft] ! t[n ( ,ghiordes 9 ,asia ,m9or1 :]e "s ( ! f9e/ ,asiatic pieces 7 made1 & :i* tradition /ates 0 once ! anci5t ,gordion1 not$ ev5 9 ! days ( ,alex&]4 ,9 ty+ ! knot1 ! two ends ( y>n appe> toge!r at ! surface includ$ betwe5 two#f adjac5t ?reads ( w>p ar\nd :i* !y h be5 pass$1 s t ! tight] ! y>n is drawn ! m compact ! knot becomes4 ,! ?ree diff]5t ways ( ty+ ?is knot are %[n 9 ,plate ,b1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c 7,page #di71 ( :i* ! second is kn[n z a 8"r h&0 & ! ?ird z a 8left h&0 knot4 ,! ,sehna knots1 :i* are us$ 9 ! ,turkoman1 ,*9ese1 _m ( ! ,p]sian1 & 9 "s ( ! ,indian rugs1 take _! "n f ! city ( ,sehna 9 ,p]sia4 ,9 ty+ !m1 a piece ( y>n encircles a ?read ( w>p & is twi/$ s t its ends appe> at ! surface1 "o at ea* side ( ! adjac5t ?read ( w>p1 z is %[n 9 ,plate ,b1 ,figs4 #d1 #e1 & #f4 ,accord+ z ?is ?read ( w>p is to ! "r or ! left ( ! "o !y encircle1 ! knots are kn[n z 8"r-h&0 or 8left-h&0 knots1#g b 9 ! appe>ance ( ! c>pet !re is no di/9ction4 ,if ! pile ( a rug is c>efully p>t$1 ! two ends ( y>n =m+ a ,sehna knot c be sep>at$2 b ) ! ,ghiordes knot ?is is impossible1 z w be und]/ood by /udy+ ,plate ,b1 9 :i* ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #g1 #h1 & #i are ,ghiordes knots1 & ,figs4 #d1 #e1 #f1 & #aj are ,sehna knots4 ,z a rule1 ! ,sehna knots1 :i* p]mit ( clos] weav+ & cle>] def9ition ( patt]n1 appe> 9 rugs ( %ort] nap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,b4--,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #g1 #h1 #i1 ,ghiordes knots4 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #aj1 ,sehna knots4 ,no4 #aa1 ,weft-ov]ca/+4 ,no4 #ab1 ,d\ble-ov]ca/+4 ,no4 #ac1 ,weft-selvage4 ,no4 #ad1 ,d\ble-selvage4 ,nos4 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 illu/rate "o1 two1 & ?ree ?reads ( weft pass+ betwe5 two r[s ( knots4 ,! nice di/9ctions 9 ! te*nique ( weav+ are r>ely und]/ood ev5 by ^? :o are famili> ) ,ori5tal rugs4 ,! g5]al patt]n1 :i* next to col\r is ! *>act]i/ic t mo/ quickly arre/s ! att5tion1 is (t5 ! sole guide by :i* novices guess ! class4 ,! m exp]i5c$ w obs]ve if ! knot be ,ghiordes or ,sehna1 & exam9e ! f9i% at ! sides & ends2 b few give ! peculi>ities ( ! weave ! consid]ation !y des]ve4 ,?is1 p]haps1 is because only ^? :o h made a special /udy w\ld believe ! con/ancy ) :i* memb]s ( a tribe or locality h foll[$ ! same me?od ( ty+ ! knot & ins]t+ ! weft4 ,! diff]5t me?ods ( treatm5t by sep>ate tribes are sometimes only slight1 b !y af=d a mo/ important clue = det]m9+ ! place ( orig9 ( d\btful classes4 ,9 fact1 ne>ly e class has a typical weave diff]5tiat+ x f all o!r classes4 ,to be sure1 !re are exceptions to ! e/abli%$ type :i* are inevitable2 s9ce1 = in/ance1 a man f ! ,f]aghan di/rict might m>ry a woman f ! adjo9+ ,hamadan di/rict1 :o1 to please h] husb&1 might weave a rug ) patt]n common to 8 di/rict b foll[ ! /yle ( weav+ t %e has be5 famili> ) f *ildhood4 ,nev]!less1 weav]s ( a p>ticul> di/rict adh]e m closely to a typical /yle ( weav+ ?an !y d to any o!r *>act]i/ic ( a rug4 ,nor is ?is surpris+1 s9ce weav+ is le>n$ 9 e>lie/ *ildhood2 & z x conta9s no elem5ts calculat$ to /imulate ! imag9ation1 x is me*anically foll[$ ) /]eotyp$ precision4 ,an innovation 9 patt]n1 by copy+ "s /range designs t /rike ! fancy1 is f> m likely4 ,^! di/9ctions 9 weav+ may be conv5i5tly divid$ into ^? t affect ! knot1 ! w>p1 & ! weft4#h ,,! ,,knot4--,n only may a knot be ti$ z a ,ghiordes or a ,sehna knot1 b x may h o!r di/+ui%+ peculi>ities2 z1 = in/ance1 x may be ( f9e or co>se wool4 ,?is is mo/ conv5i5tly obs]v$ at ! back1 :]e x w be se5 t ! knots ( rugs su* z ! ,bokh>a1 ,kirman1 ,jo%aghan1 & ,b]gamo are ti$ ) f9e y>n2 :ile ! knots ( o!r rugs1 z ! ,sam>k&1 ,bij>1 ,gorevan1 ,kurdi/an1 ,yuruk1 & ,kazak are ti$ ) co>se y>n4 ,:e!r ! y>n be f9e1 m$ium1 or co>se1 all specim5s ( any class w %[ a rem>kable con=mity4 ,also 9 "s rugs ! knots are drawn v tight aga9/ ! w>p1 :ile 9 o!rs ! y>n encircles ! w>p loosely4 ,any "o :o has exam9$ ! back ( _m ,s>\ks1 ,ka%ans1 ,kirmans1 or ,daghe/ans1 & rubb$ ! f+]-nail aga9/ !m1 c\ld n possibly mi/ake !m = a ,%iraz1 ,kulah1 ,yuruk1 or ,k>abagh1 :i* are less tightly wov54 ,aga91 z a result ( us+ y>n 9 :i* ! d\ble ?read t =ms two or m ply has be5 v loosely or v tightly twi/$ toge!r1 !re is "s diff]5ce 9 ! direction or slant ( ! /r&s =m+ ! y>n1 :]e x %[s at ! back1 ?\gh ?is feature is n pron\nc$4 ,= example1 9 mo/ ,afghans1 ,yuruks1 ,bij>s1 & o!rs ! /r&s ( y>n :]e x crosses ! w>p 9 =m+ ! knot lie = ! mo/ "p 9 a direction p>allel to ! weft2 :ile 9 o!r rugs1 z ,mosuls1 ,kurdi/ans1 & ,kazaks1 ! /r&s ( y>n slant irregul>ly4 ,fur!rmore1 9 "s rugs1 z ! ,melez & ,yuruks1 z a result ( ! ?reads ( y>n be+ /rung r f> ap>t1 ea* half ( a knot encircl+ a ?read ( w>p /&s out at ! back di/9ctly f ! o!r ) cle> cut edges2 :ile 9 _m rugs1 z ! ,%iraz or ,sehna1 ea* half is v closely press$ toge!r4 ,also 9 "s rugs1 z ,s>ab5ds & ,af%>s1 ea* ( ^! half knots :]e !y %[ at ! back h ! same l5g?1 measur$ 9 a direction p>allel to ! w>p1 z wid?1 measur$ 9 a direction p>allel to ! weft2 :ile 9 su* rugs z ! ,kazaks1 s9ce ! y>n g5]ally consi/s ( sev]al ply1 ! l5g? exce$s ! wid?2 & 9 a few rugs ! l5g? is less ?an ! wid?4 ,,! ,,w>p4--,! appe>ance ( ! back ( a rug is p>tly due to ! relative positions ( ! two ?reads ( w>p encircl$ by a knot4 ,if1 = in/ance1 9 any ,kazak a p9 be ?ru/ ?r\gh ! nap :]ev] a s+le p]p5dicul> l9e ( "o col\r appe>s at ! surface1 x w be se5 t ea* ( ! two ?reads ( w>p encircl$ by a s+le knot lie side by side ) equal prom95ce4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,plate ,b1 ,figs4 #g & #g-;a 7,page #di71 9 :i* ! =m] repres5ts a section ( a rug cut transv]sely to ! ?reads ( w>p1 & ! latt] ! appe>ance ( ! rug at ! back4 ,! same w be f\nd true ( ,belu*i/ans1 ,f]aghans1 ,yuruks1 & _m o!rs4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a ,kulah1 ,p]sian-,kurdi%1 or ,k>abagh be simil>ly exam9$1 x w be se5 t "o ?read ( w>p to ea* knot is depress$1 s t ! back has a slightly corrugat$ appe>ance 7z 9 ,plate ,b1 ,figs4 #h & #h-;a74 ,& 9 ! case ( a ,bij> or ,s>\k x w be se5 t "o ?read ( w>p1 includ$ 9 e knot1 has be5 d\bl$ "u s z to be entirely conceal$ f view2 ) ! result t ! f\ndation ( w>p has a d\ble ?ickness1 :i* makes ! rug mu* /rong]1 z 9 ,plate ,b1 ,fig4 #i1 repres5t+ a ,ghiordes knot1 & ,fig4 #aj repres5t+ a ,sehna knot4 ,to be sure1 x occasionally happ5s t 9 rugs ( a p>ticul> class "s may h ea* ?read ( w>p includ$ 9 a knot equally prom95t & o!rs may h "o slightly depress$2 or t 9 rugs ( ano!r class "s may h "o ?read ( w>p depress$ & o!rs may h x entirely conceal$2 b z a rule ^! tribal features %[ a rem>kable con/ancy4 ,^! relative positions ( ! two ?reads ( w>p encircl$ by a knot are p>tly due to ! degree ( clos5ess ) :i* ! ?reads ( w>p are /rung1 also p>tly to ! me?od ( ins]t+ ! ?reads ( weft or 8fill+0 betwe5 ! r[s ( knots2 b m ?an all else !y are due to ! way "o end ( ! knots is pull$ :5 !y are ti$4 ,,! ,,weft4--,9 ! "* & arrangem5t ( weft are te*nical diff]5ces t are m s]viceable ?an any o!r feature = di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! rugs ( diff]5t tribes & di/ricts4 ,s subtle are "s ( !m t !y c be le>n$ only by long & pa9/ak+ /udy1 & are appreciat$ by few except native weav]s4 ,nev]!less1 to any "o :o w c>efully exam9e almo/ any well-kn[n classes1 x w be app>5t t ^! diff]5ces 9 ! weave are real1 & t !y are suffici5tly con/ant to diff]5tiate "o class f ano!r4 ,! f9e br[n weft ( ! ,bokh>a1 or equally f9e blui% weft ( a ,s>\k t is almo/ conceal$ betwe5 firmly ti$ knots2 ! f9e ?read ( cotton weft pass+ b once betwe5 two r[s ( knots & cov]$ only by ! transv]se w>p ( ! ,sehna2 ! co>se ?read ( cotton weft simil>ly pass+ b once betwe5 two r[s ( knots 9 ! ,hamadan2 ! co>se ?read ( cotton weft t once cross+ & recross+ appe>s irregul>ly betwe5 appress$ r[s ( knots 9 ,k]man%ahs2 ! bead-l appe>ance ( ! ?reads ( weft t1 z a rule1 pass _m times betwe5 two r[s ( knots 9 ,g5ghas2 ! crudely spun weft ( co>se diamet] cross+ & recross+ once betwe5 ! r[s ( knots 9 mod]n ,mosuls2 ! v f9e r$di% br[n weft t entirely conceals f view ! w>p 9 old ,b]gamos1 --are features peculi> to ^! sep>ate classes ) :i* e rug exp]t is famili>4 ,! weft ( _m o!r classes is equally di/9ctive1 ?\gh !re are exceptions to ! types4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! weave ( _m rugs wov5 ov] a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago is diff]5t f ! weave ( rugs wov5 only fifty ye>s ago2 & t _m mod]n pieces *eaply made = comm]cial purposes are m crudely wov5 ?an 7 ! same classes ?irty ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #h4 ,,hamadan ,,rug ,^! di/9ctions 9 ! weft relate to ! mat]ial ( :i* x is made1 its col\r1 ! size ( ! diamet]1 ! way 9 :i* x is spun1 to its loose or compress$ condition betwe5 sep>ate r[s ( knots1 z well z to ! numb] ( times x crosses ! w>p betwe5 !m1 & to :e!r x is ins]t$ ) mu* or little slack4 ,mo/ rugs are wov5 ) wooll5 weft ( a natural col\r1 b occasionally x has a r$di% br[n1 a blue1 or a yell[ t9t4 ,:5 cotton1 jute1 or hemp are us$1 !y are almo/ inv>iably ( natural col\r2 only 9 a v few pieces1 z "s ( ! ,kulahs1 are bo? wool & jute ev] us$ 9 ! same piece4 ,! weft ( "s classes1 z ,bokh>as1 ,s>\ks1 & ,b]gamos1 is ( a v small diamet]1 & ( o!rs1 z ! ,hamadans & ,kurdi/ans1 x is ( relatively l>ge diamet]4 ,9 "s classes1 z ! ,k>ajes & ,g5ghas1 ! weft is tightly spun l tw9e2 :ile 9 ! ,belu*i/ans1 ,mosuls1 & ,kurdi/ans x is loosely spun1 s t ! project+ fibres ( wool give a r\gh appe>ance to its surface4 ,also ! weav]s ( "s di/ricts inv>iably compress v firmly ! y>n ( weft betwe5 e two r[s ( knots1 :ile o!r weav]s compress x only to a slight degree2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,afghan1 ,tabriz1 & ,kirman ! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n s firmly t ! weft is almo/ conceal$ at ! back & ! transv]se ?reads ( w>p are entirely cov]$2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ,k>abagh or ,kazak betwe5 e two r[s ( knots ! weft & "p ( ! transv]se ?reads ( w>p are expos$ to view4 ,accord+ z ! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n ^u ! ?reads ( weft or n1 "o ( ! two halves ( ea* sep>ate knot1 z %[n at ! back1 may ext5d slightly or v mu* beyond ! o!r 9 ! direction ( ! l5g? ( ! rug1 or ea* ( !m may lie 9 a /raight l9e at "r angles to ! w>p4 ,comp>+ ,kazak1 ,kutais1 & ,tiflis rugs1 = example1 x w be notic$ t z a rule ! l9e ?us =m$ 9 ,tiflis rugs is ne>ly an ev51 cle> cut l9e at "r angles to ! w>p1 t 9 ! ,kutais "p ( "o knot ext5ds beyond ! o!r1 :ile 9 ,kazaks ?is unev5ness is ev5 m conspicu\s4 ,or aga91 if typical ,%irvans1 ,kabi/ans1 & ,daghe/ans be comp>$1 x w be notic$ t 9 ,%irvans ! half-knots1 or p>ts ( ! knot encircl+ ! two adjac5t ?reads ( w>p1 are (t5 incl9$ at an angle ( at lea/ ?irty degrees to ! l9e ( weft s z to pres5t a s]rat$ appe>ance1 b t ! alignm5t =m$ by knots ( ,daghe/ans is ne>ly ev51 & t ( ,kabi/ans is int]m$iate4 ,to be sure1 !re are exceptions to ?is rule1 b ^! features are rem>kably con/ant4 ,! numb] ( times t a ?read ( weft is ins]t$ betwe5 two r[s ( knots v>ies ) ! practice ( diff]5t localities1 b is almo/ con/ant 9 ea* locality4 ,weav]s ( ,sehna rugs ins]t only a s+le ?read ( weft betwe5 e two r[s ( knots1 :i* w9ds 9 front ( & beh9d alt]nate ?reads ( w>p1 ) ! result t ! back ( ^! rugs h a *eck]$ or qu9cunx appe>ance1 caus$ by m9ute portions ( expos$ w>p & weft cross+ ea* o!r at "r angles4 ,9 ,hamadans a mu* heavi] ?read ( weft passes only once be=e & beh9d alt]nate ?reads ( w>p1 s t ! appe>ance ( ! weave is v simil> to t ( ,sehnas4#i ,9 almo/ all o!r rugs ! weft crosses twice1 t is1 across & back once1 betwe5 e two r[s ( knots s z to completely encircle ea* ?read ( w>p4 ,! weave ( a few rugs1 z "s ,anatolians1 %[s ! weft cross+ ?ree times1 t is1 twice 9 "o direction & once 9 ! opposite direction4 ,9 ! ,g5ghas1 ,t*]kess1 ,b]gamos1 & 9 _m rugs ov] "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s old1 ! ?reads ( weft frequ5tly cross _m times2 & x is n unusual = ! numb] to v>y 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same rug4 ,9 ,plate ,b1 ,figs4 #ae1 #af1 & #ag 7,page #di71 is illu/rat$ ! appe>ance ( ! back ( rugs 9 :i* a ?read ( weft crosses once1 twice1 & ?ree times betwe5 two adjac5t r[s ( knots4 ,!re are likewise rugs 9 :i* ! numb] v>ies ) me?odical regul>ity2 = in/ance1 9 ,khorassans x is usual to f9d an extra ?read ( weft ins]t$ at int]vals ( e few r[s ( knots2 9 _m ,h]ats ! ?reads ( weft cross twice betwe5 sev]al successive r[s ( knots1 !n ?ree times betwe5 ! foll[+ sev]al r[s1 & s cont9ue to alt]nate2 & 9 "s ( ! ,kulahs a ?read ( wooll5 weft t crosses twice alt]nates ) a s+le co>s] ?read ( jute4 ,z ! %uttle passes back & =?1 ! ?read ( weft may be all[$ consid]able slack1 s t :5 x is press$ d[n by ! comb x w fit ab\t ! sides ( ! w>p2 or x may be drawn tightly across1 s t x has a t5d5cy to displace ! ?reads ( w>p4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a ,hamadan & "o ( ! ,f]aghans :i*1 unlike ! majority ( !m1 has only "o ?read ( weft cross+ betwe5 ! r[s ( knots1 be exam9$1 x w be se5 t 9 ! ,hamadan ! weft crosses ) h>dly any slack1 s t ! w>p /&s out cle>ly & well def9$ at ! back2 b t 9 ! ,f]aghan ! weft crosses ) mu* slack1 s t x folds ab\t ! w>p1 :i* accord+ly seems slightly imb$d$ 9 x at ! back4 ,9 "s rugs ! weft is pass$ across once ) v slight slack1 & z x recrosses x is all[$ mu* slack4 ,^! features ( ! weave1 :i* are foll[$ ) rem>kable con/ancy 9 ! same class1 c be obs]v$ to advantage 9 a fragm5t ( a rug cut transv]sely to ! direction ( ! w>p4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! weft :i* crosses & recrosses betwe5 ! r[s ( knots be c>efully remov$ s z n to di/urb its m\ld1 x w be notic$ 9 ! case ( _m rugs t ea* ?read ( y>n has a simil> %ape ( mod]ately deep undulations1 :i* %[ h[ x con=m$ to ! w>p & indicate h[ slack x 0 :5 ins]t$4 ,9 ! case ( a few rugs1 z ! ,luri/ans1 ea* ?read w likewise h simil> undulations1 b !y w be v prom95t4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! weft be remov$ f "s classes1 z ! ,tabriz1 ,s>\k1 & ,ka%an1 "o ( ! two ?reads w be almo/ /raight or h slight undulations1 :ile ! o!r ?read w h deep undulations4 ,! weft ( ! ,h]ez1 ,h]ats1 old ,khorassans1 & ,koniehs h ! same peculi>ities1 except+ t ! ?read ) v slight undulations is ( ?ree or f\r ply1 :ile ! o!r is ( a s+le ply4 ,! only in/rum5ts employ$ 9 weav+ are ! knife1 comb1 & scissors4 ,! fir/ is us$1 aft] ea* r[ ( knots has be5 ti$1 to cut ! ends ( y>n to ne>ly ! prop] l5g?2 ! second1 to press firmly ea* r[ ( knots2 & ! la/1 to trim ! nap ) c>e1 s t ! f9i%$ product may pres5t an ev5 & compact appe>ance4 ,,f9i% ,,( ,,sides4--,z ! sides are con/antly expos$ to we> weav]s ( diff]5t di/ricts /r5g!n !m 9 diff]5t ways1 :i* may be designat$ z ,weft ,ov]ca/+1 ,d\ble ,ov]ca/+1 ,weft ,selvage1 ,d\ble ,selvage1 & ,add$ ,selvage4 ,ea* ( ^! t]ms1 ?\gh n euphoni\s1 sugge/s ! me?od employ$4 ,9 ,weft ,ov]ca/+ 7,plate ,b1 ,fig4 #aa1 ,page #di7 ! ?read ( weft1 aft] encircl+ ! ?reads ( w>p to :i* ! knots are ti$1 is w\nd ab\t a mu* heavi] cord t is /rung at ! side ( ! rug = a space equal to ! ?ickness ( ! knots4 ,x !n p>tly encircles ! ?reads ( w>p betwe5 ! next two r[s ( knots z x passes to ! o!r side1 :5 x is w\nd ab\t ! heavy cord !re4 ,z ?is process cont9ues1 ! cords at ! sides are completely ov]ca/ ) ! ?read ( weft4 ,:5 ! sides h a ,d\ble ,ov]ca/+ 7,plate ,b1 ,fig4 #ab71 heavy y>n is w\nd ab\t ! cord t has previ\sly be5 encircl$ by ! weft4 ,frequ5tly sev]al ?reads ( y>n take ! place ( a s+le heavy cord4 ,weft ,selvage 7,plate ,b1 ,fig4 #ac7 is made by plac+ two or m heavy cords in/ead ( a s+le "o at ! side ( ! w>p1 & encircl+ !m by ! weft 9 figure-eight fa%ion4 ,z !y ext5d beyond ! r[s ( knots !y =m a pla9 flat selvage4 ,! ,d\ble ,selvage 7,plate ,b1 ,fig4 #ad7 is us$ among nomadic tribes su* z ! ,belu*es & ,afghans1 ^: rugs receive an unusual am\nt ( h>d we>1 s t an extra selvage is necess>y4 ,9 add+ ?is extra selvage ! ?reads ( weft are c>ri$ ab\t ! heavy cords1 z 9 weft selvage1 & !n ! extra y>n is w\nd ov] x 9 figure-eight fa%ion s z aga9 to encircle ! heavy cords4 ,9 ,add$ ,selvage ! heavy cords are n encircl$ by ! weft1 b are atta*$ to ! side ( ! rug by ! extra y>n t w9ds ab\t !m figure-eight fa%ion1 & also encircles two or m adjo9+ ?reads ( w>p4 ,sometimes also ! selvage is 8,mix$10 or made by ! weft encircl+ only "o or two ( ! heavy cords1 & !n an extra y>n is w\nd ab\t ^! & ! rema9+ cord or cords4 ,moreov]1 ! ,d\ble ,ov]ca/+ & ,d\ble ,selvage may be 8atta*$0 m firmly to ! sides ( ! rug by ! y>n pass+ 9 figure-eight fa%ion ab\t ! adjac5t ?read or ?reads ( w>p betwe5 ! two r[s ( knots4 ,:5 a ,d\ble ,ov]ca/+ is ?us 8atta*$10 x is some:at simil> to a two-cord ,d\ble ,selvage4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal me?ods ( f9i%+ ! sides1 ?\gh !y are sometimes modifi$ by tribal cu/oms4 ,simple z !y seem1 skill is requir$ 9 bo? ov]ca/+ & mak+ ! selvage2 = if c>elessly done ! sides are frequ5tly made to curl4 ,?is is occasionally f\nd to be ! defect ( old rugs1 ! worn sides ( :i* h be5 rec5tly ov]ca/ by inexp]i5c$ weav]s4 ,:5 su* is ! case1 remov+ ! /it*es & ov]ca/+ ) m c>e w remove ! defect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #i4 ,,s>\k ,,rug ,,f9i% ,,( ,,ends4--,! ends1 :i* receive m att5tion ?an ! sides1 are treat$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways2 & 9 _m rugs a di/9ction exi/s betwe5 ! treatm5t ( ea* end4 ,! simple/ f9i% is :]e ! w>p & weft are wov5 l ! ?reads ( a kilim1 & ext5d beyond ! pile z a web1 :i* may be exce$+ly %ort1 or1 z 9 ,belu*es & ,afghans1 sev]al in*es long4 ,frequ5tly ! ends are f9i%$ by a selvage =m$ by cords heavi] ?an ! weft braid$ into ! w>p2 or ! upp] end may be d\bl$ back & hemm$4 ,x is n unusual to f9d bo? web & selvage2 b ?\gh ! f9i% be web1 selvage1 or web & selvage1 ! w>p ( ! end f9i%$ la/ g5]ally =ms a fr+e1 & (t5 ea* end w h a fr+e4 ,sometimes ea* sep>ate ?read ( w>p hangs loose2 sometimes a numb] a foot or m 9 l5g? are twi/$ toge!r 9 cords2 & aga9 !y are knott$ or are ti$ to "o ano!r diagonally s z to =m a network f :i* hang ! loose ends4 ,v frequ5tly ! loops =m$ by ! w>p t encircl$ ! rod ext5d beyond ! web at ! l[] end ( ! rug1 or else are braid$ ab\t ! ultimate ?read ( weft 9 ! web4 ,?\gh ! w>p & weft are g5]ally undy$ 9 ! body ( ! rug1 ! web ( ! ends is v frequ5tly col\r$4 ,"s ( ! webs1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,belu*es1 are embroid]$2 & ?r\gh o!rs1 z ! ,kurdi/ans1 a p>ti-col\r$ cord runs transv]sely2 /ill o!rs1 z ,b]gamos1 are adorn$ ) %ells1 beads1 or o!r articles to av]t ! evil eye4 ,9 ! /udy ( rugs x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! effect ( r\gh usage is s consid]able t 9 old pieces ! webs ( ! ends h frequ5tly disappe>$1 leav+ %ort fr+es compos$ ( ! ends ( w>p f :i* "s r[s ( knots h be5 remov$1 & t rec5t ov]ca/+ ( ! sides may take ! place ( =m] selvage4 ,! _m *>act]i/ics ( knot1 w>p1 weft1 sides1 & ends1 ) all ! v>iations made by innum]able tribes1 rem>kably con/ant 9 _! me?ods1 are te*nical peculi>ities t are un9t]e/+ to ^? :o feel only an ae/hetic int]e/ 9 rugs1 yet !y dem& ! mo/ c>eful consid]ation ( :oev] w\ld le>n to diff]5tiate accurately betwe5 ! _m classes4 ,?\gh admitt+ ( exceptions1 ^! peculi>ities are real & def9ite1 yet _! analyses (t5 require ! subtle/ p]ception ( small ?\gh exact di/9ctions1 )\t :i* exp]t und]/&+ w\ld be impossible4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,designs ,,& ,,symbols ,,h[ev] well wov51 h[ev] respl5d5t 9 ri* modulations ( col\r1 ,ori5tal rugs w\ld quickly lose _! fasc9ation if 9 patt]ns & designs !re 7 n at lea/ "s p>tial expression ( ! simple lives ( ! p1 ( _! religi\s feel+s1 & ( t veil$ my/icism :i* p]vades ! ?\ght ( e ,ea/]n race4 ,9 all nomadic rugs z well z 9 _m o!rs are innum]able rem9d]s ( common life4 ,x may be only crude outl9es ( ! goat or camel1 or reali/ically drawn rose & lily2 b ev5 ^! are sugge/ive ( associations4 ,religion1 too1 ex]cis$ on ! "* ( rugs an important influ5ce1 :i* is express$ 9 ! symbolism ( bo? designs & col\r4 ,)\t a d\bt1 "s ( ^! well-kn[n designs h be5 transmitt$ f ! e>lie/ times1 & 7 once associat$ ) diff]5t =ms ( idolatry4 ,?us1 among ! old ,babylonians ! sun & moon1 :i* are sometimes se5 9 ! old pieces1 repres5t$ p>ticul> deities2 & v _m ( ! olde/ ,*9ese rugs t rema9 also conta9 symbols ( _! deities4 ,9 ! e>ly religion ( ,iran1 :i* ov] #ajjj ye>s ,b4,c4 0 r$uc$ to a sy/em by ,zoroa/]1 ! elem5ts 7 wor%ipp$1 s t designs repres5t+ ^! elem5ts w\ld likewise repres5t ! div9e =ces !y p]sonifi$4 ,?is anci5t fire wor%ip ( ! ,p>sees1 :i* ev5 to-day has a few devotees 9 p>ts ( ,p]sia1 & ! k9dr$ sun wor%ip h add$ mu* to ! symbolism ( ,ori5tal rugs4 ,buddhism also has contribut$ its %>e2 & ) ! spread ( ,mohamm$anism appe>$ a ,s>ac5ic influ5ce t is frequ5tly recognis$4 ,ev5 ! two great sects ( ,mohamm$an foll[]s1 ! ,%iites & ,sunnites1 h _h di/9ct effects 9 ! use ( designs1 z ! =m] employ$ animal figures & ! latt] prohibit$ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aj4 ,,s>ab5d ,,rug ,!re 01 moreov]1 a symbolism t 9 a mann] express$ ! vague philosophic tea*+s ( ! anci5t races4 ,x 0 b natural t ! e>ly weav] engag$ 9 t$i\s s$5t>y "w1 (t5 requir+ _m mon?s ( con/ant application to complete1 %\ld endeav\r to express !re9 n only arti/ic ta/e1 b also ! _s ( 8 inn]mo/ ?\ghts4 ,s z he wove he sometimes left ! result1 ?\gh poorly def9$ & little und]/ood to-day1 ( t /ruggle to int]pret ! great my/]ies ( ! visible & unse5 univ]se1 f :i* arose ! crude beg9n+s ( philosophy4#aj ,! patt]ns1 h[ev]1 ( _m ,ori5tal rugs are *iefly decorative4 ,ev5 a casual exam9ation %[s t 9 all ( !m ! col\r$ knots ( ! surface repres5t a bord] surr\nd+ a c5tral field4 ,! =m] s]ves mu* ! same function to ! latt] z a frame to a picture2 yet its (fice is 9 no wise subord9ate4 ,nor is !re any "p ( ! patt]n m useful 9 det]m9+ ! place ( its orig94 ,= ?is reason x is well to cle>ly def9e ! special names :i* 9 ?is "w are appli$ to its diff]5t p>ts4 ,! l9eal divisions are designat$ 8,/ripes10 ?\gh !y are frequ5tly spok5 ( z sep>ate bord]s4 ,at or ne> ! c5tre ( ! bord] is ! ma9 /ripe1 :i* is g5]ally accompani$ by a mu* n>r[] pair1 "o on ea* side1 kn[n z 8,gu>d /ripes40 ,v n>r[ /ripes are sometimes call$ 8,ribbon /ripes10 & ^? ( only "o or two knots 9 wid? are call$ 8,l9es40 ,! latt] are ( solid col\r or h ! simple/ geometric device4 ,! decoration ( ! ribbon /ripes is also necess>ily simple2 b 9 ! ma9 /ripe ( arti/ic rugs ! patt]ns are (t5 exce$+ly elaborate1 ( exquisite col\rs1 & co-ord9ate 9 "* ) ^? ( ! field4 ,! fields display ev5 great] div]sity ( patt]n ?an ! bord]s4 ,frequ5tly !y are cov]$ ) a het]og5e\s mass ( deta*$ & unrelat$ figures1 z 9 _m ( ! nomadic rugs2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 are entirely cov]$ ) repetitive patt]ns1 z 9 ! ,turkomans2 or ) intricate & correlat$ designs1 z 9 ! diap] & floral patt]ns ( s _m ( ! ,p]sian & ,indian rugs4 ,o!rs consi/ ( a backgr\nd ( solid col\r on :i* appe> isolat$ =mal designs1 z 9 "s ( ! ,khorassans1 or m$allions on :i* are repres5t$ small] figures1 z 9 "s ( ! old ,sehnas & ,f]aghans4 ,occasionally ! m$allions are s l>ge z to ext5d to ! sides & ends ( ! fields1 & ?us sep>ate ! corn]s into ne>ly triangul> %ap$ sections1 su* z are *>act]i/ic ( a numb] ( ,p]sian & "o or two ,caucasian rugs4 ,9 a few ( ! latt]1 also1 ! fields are cov]$ ) l>ge geometric figures sugge/+ ! m$allions4 ,x is only )9 comp>atively mod]n times t weav]s h us$ solid col\rs = l>ge portions ( ! fields4 ,! int5t no d\bt 0 a sav+ 9 lab\r & pa9s1 b ! effect is frequ5tly mo/ gratify+2 z :51 = in/ance1 ! space b5ea? ! ar* ( ,asia ,m9or pray] rugs is ( a uni=m r$1 blue1 or cream1 reliev$ only by a gracefully susp5d$ lamp1 ! tree ( life1 or "s o!r emblem ( immortality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,c4--,,pray] ,,ar*es ,,( ,,p]sian1 ,,caucasian1 ,,& ,,c5tral ,,asiatic ,,rugs ,no4 #a1 ,antique silk4 ,no4 #b1 ,k]man%ah4 ,no4 #c1 ,khorassan4 ,no4 #d1 ,s>\k4 ,no4 #e1 ,p]sian1 ,,xvi ,c5tury4 ,no4 #f1 ,ka%an4 ,no4 #g1 ,f]aghan4 ,no4 #h1 ,%iraz4 ,no4 #i1 ,daghe/an1 ,kabi/an1 ,%irvan1 ,*i*i1 ,kazak1 ,k>abagh4 ,no4 #aj1 ,kazak4 ,no4 #aa1 ,%irvan4 ,no4 #ab1 ,k>abagh 7n usual74 ,no4 #ac1 ,belu*i/an4 ,no4 #ad1 ,bokh>a1 ,tekke4 ,no4 #ae1 ,khiva4 ,no4 #af1 ,be%ire4 ,! patt]ns ( pray] rugs are n only pleas+1 b h a peculi> importance1 z weav]s ( c]ta9 sections ( ! c\ntry adh]e s /rictly to "t-hon\r$ traditions t ! %ape ( ! ar*1 or mihrab1 :i* is ! pr9cipal feature1 (t5 d5otes ! class1 z well z ! gr\p1 to :i* !y belong4 ,"s ( ^! ar*es are illu/rat$ 9 ,plates ,c & ,d 7,pages #fa & #fc71 f :i* x w be se5 t 9 ,p]sian rugs !y are =m$ by gracefully curv+ l9es1 b t 9 rugs ( o!r gr\ps1 ) ! exception ( a v few old ,ghiordes pieces1 !y are geometric4 ,! peculi>ities ( ! ar*es ( ! sev]al classes1 also1 are obs]vable2 z ^? ( ! ,belu*i/ans1 :i* are rectil9e> & relatively high1 & ^? ( ! ,bokh>as1 :i* are t5t-%ap$1 flat1 & small4 ,9 ! ,caucasian gr\p !y h a m>k$ resemblance to "o ano!r & also to ^? ( ! ,turkoman rugs1 b are l>g] ?an ! latt]4 ,aga91 ! ar* ( almo/ all ,asia ,m9or rugs rises high] ?an ^? ( any o!rs1 except+ ! ,p]sian1 & ext5ds f "o side ( ! field to ! o!r4 ,9 _m ( !m a panel is plac$ above ! sp&rel1 & occasionally a second panel is plac$ b5ea? ! field4 ,above ! ni*e ( "s ,asia ,m9or & ,caucasian pray] rugs is wov5 a small rhomboidal figure1 :]e ! suppliant plants ! pebble or bit ( e>? t he has br\ght f ,mecca2 & at ! sides ( a few ar*es are crude figures1 :]e are plac$ ! h&s dur+ ! act ( wor%ip4 ,m ?an "o ar* is ! exception2 b n[ & !n are se5 two & ev5 f\r1 "o above ! o!r1 or sev]al p>allel to "o ano!r4 ,^! & o!r special features associat$ ) pray] rugs w be consid]$ m fully 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,! small] designs t appe> 9 rugs & compose ! g5]al patt]n are di/+ui%$ z geometric & floral ornam5tation4 ,! =m] is adopt$ 9 ^? c\ntries :]e ! population is pr9cipally nomadic2 & ! latt] is ! accept$ /yle 9 c\ntries :]e exi/ num]\s t[ns & cities 9 :i* ! arts h be5 cultivat$ & :]e a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! population h enjoy$ an advanc$ /ate ( society4 ,?us 9 ,caucasia1 ,turke/an1 ,afghani/an1 & ,belu*i/an geometric designs are *>act]i/ic ( ! rugs2 b 9 ,*9a1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 & "p ( ,asia ,m9or floral designs prevail4 ,sir ,george ,birdwood1 an em95t au?ority on ,ori5tal rugs1 has made ! /atem5t t ! geometric designs are f\nd among ! l[] ,turanian & ! floral among ! high] ,aryan4 ,b x seems mo/ probable t ! adoption ( ! geometric or floral /yle ( ornam5tation is due n s mu* to racial di/9ctions z to ! /ate to :i* ! textile art _h advanc$ among ! diff]5t peoples & to ! waves ( influ5ce t at times spread ov] ! c\ntries4 ,?us ! e>ly rugs ( ,asia ,m9or _h patt]ns t 7 m geometric ?an ^? ( lat] times1 & dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! ,mongols rul$ 9 ,p]sia geometric patt]ns 7 m frequ5tly employ$ 9 ! rugs ( t c\ntry ?an subsequ5tly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,d4--,,pray] ,,ar*es ,,( ,,asia ,,m9or ,,rugs ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 ,ghiordes4 ,nos4 #e1 #f1 #g1 ,kulah4 ,no4 #h1 ,ladik4 ,nos4 #i1 #aj1 ,b]gamo4 ,nos4 #aa1 #ab1 ,melez4 ,no4 #ac1 ,kir-%ehr1 ,mudj>4 ,nos4 #ad1 #ae1 ,konieh4 ,no4 #af1 ,anatolian4 ,9 all rugs1 h[ev]1 "s trace ( ! floral design appe>s4 ,ev5 9 ! ,turkoman weav+s1 ! patt]n ( :i* is /rictly geometric1 "s ve/ige ( ! tree ( life is manife/4 ,9 ! fields ( ,caucasian rugs1 9 :i* are repres5t$ squ>es1 octagons1 triangles1 diagonals1 loz5ges1 />s1 etc41 ! weav]s h depict$ designs t are almo/ z geometric z ^? ( ! ,turkoman rugs by :i* !y h be5 influ5c$2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 l>ge numb]s ( ! bord] designs are di/9ctly floral4 ,9 ! rugs ( ,*9a & ,asia ,m9or are f\nd bo? geometric & floral ornam5tation1 ! latt] pr$om9at+ 9 pieces wov5 dur+ ! la/ two c5turies1 & ! =m] 9 ^? ( e>li] date4 ,among ! wov5 fabrics ( ,india & ,p]sia1 h[ev]1 few traces ( ! geometric patt]n rema92 b v9es1 leaves1 & fl[]s =m ! fav\rite !me = decoration4 ,! floral patt]ns are ! result ( _m c5turies ( gr[?1 t rea*$ its highe/ developm5t 9 ! ,p]sian c>pets ( ! ,,xvi & ,,xvii ,c5turies2 & s9ce !n till ! pres5t "t !y h cont9u$ z ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ! rugs ( t c\ntry & ,india4 ,!y repres5t ! highe/ te*nique ( ! weav]4 ,9 ! bord]s are g5]ally repres5t$ v9es f :i* are p5dant rosettes1 palmettes1 or fl[]s2 & 9 ! fields1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! f9e antique rugs1 are a pr(usion ( floral =ms reali/ically portray$4 ,on long1 gracefully tw9+ & int]tw9+ /ems is (t5 ! rose1 p9k1 violet1 lotus1 crocus1 n>cissus1 or daisy4 ,b if ! rug is m mod]n1 9 its field ( uni=m col\r may be repres5t$ a c5tral m$allion cov]$ ) delicate trac+s enri*$ by bright-col\r$ conv5tionalis$ fl[]s4 ,9 ! g5]al patt]n ( all rugs are int]wov5 p>ticul> designs or motives t give !m a di/9ctive "* & r5d] ! greate/ assi/ance 9 di/+ui%+ ! gr\ps & classes4 ,?us ! s]rat$ leaf & w9e cup 7,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #a1 opp4 ,page #bbf7 is f\nd only 9 ,caucasian & old ,arm5ian rugs2 & ! design repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,h1 ,fig4 #aj 7opp4 ,page #aid71 sugge/ive ( "s ,*9ese "*1 is f\nd almo/ exclusively 9 ,kulahs4 ,n only are all designs important z aids 9 classification1 b !y h a special int]e/1 z x is ma9ta9$ by writ]s ( ! highe/ au?ority t :5 employ$ by ! e>lie/ weav]s ea* _h a symbolic mean+4 ,to be sure1 ! orig9 ( _m has be5 lo/ 9 ! remote pa/ & is unkn[n ev5 to ^? :o n[ employ !m2 b o!rs /ill repres5t def9ite ideas1 z !y did c5turies ago1 & portray to "s ext5t ! ?\ght ( ! weav]4 ,!y !re=e des]ve ! mo/ c>eful /udy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aa4 ,,c>pet ,,f ,,nor?we/]n ,,p]sia ,loan$ by ,c4 ,f4 ,williams1 ,esq41 to ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,new ,york ,few ( ^! designs h be5 transmitt$ f a m remote pa/ or h be5 m univ]sally employ$ ?an has be5 ! figure ,symbol3 ,s or ,symbol3 horizontal ,s4 ,x appe>s 9 ea* ( ! gr\ps ( ,ori5tal rugs except+ ! ,*9ese2 & two ( ! =ms x assumes are exce$+ly l ! arms ( ! swa/ika & p>ts ( ! fret z occasionally se5 9 ,*9ese designs4 ,9 ,indian rugs x is r>ely f\nd except 9 ! bord]s1 :i* may h be5 copi$ f ^? ( o!r c\ntries4 ,x is v commonly se5 9 ! ,belu*i/ans1 ,tekkes1 & ,be%ires1 ( ! ,c5tral ,asiatic gr\p2 & 9 ! rugs ( ! ,p]sian gr\p t %[ nomadic influ5ces4 ,!re is probably n a s+le class ( ! ,caucasian gr\p1 nor any ( ! ,asia ,m9or gr\p1 ) ! exception ( ! old ,ghiordes1 9 :i* x is n sometimes repres5t$4 ,x may be se5 ne> ! corn] ( ! ,asia ,m9or 8,dragon & ,phnix0 c>pet ( ! ,,xiv ,c5tury1 illu/rat$ 9 ,plate #bj 7opp4 ,page #hh72 & appe>s 9 "s ( ! old ,arm5ian c>pets1 :i* are believ$ to be ev5 old]4 ,t x 0 associat$ ) sun wor%ip & reg>d$ z an emblem ( light & ! deity is ! accept$ belief4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t x 0 int5d$ by "s weav]s to repres5t ! s]p5t1 :i* among _m diff]5t races is emblematic ( sup]human k4 ,probably no o!r design has be5 m univ]sally employ$ ?an ! swa/ika1 :i* appe>s 9 ! textile fabrics ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 on ! ,maya ru9s ( ,yucatan1 among ! monum5ts ( ! ,nile1 & on ! temples ( ,india4 ,widely z is its di/ribution1 its mo/ usual =m ( int]sect+ "r angles is f\nd 9 ea* ( ^! c\ntries4 ,x is n improbable t x orig9at$ 9 ,*9a1 :]e x is a mo/ common decorative motive1 & 0 almo/ inv>iably repres5t$ 9 ! bord]s & 9 _m ( ! m$allions ( rugs wov5 be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,,xviii ,c5tury4 ,x is also v frequ5tly se5 9 ! rugs ( ,sam>k&1 & occasionally 9 ^? ( ,caucasia4 ,x seldom appe>s 9 ! rugs ( ,p]sia1 ,asia ,m9or1 or ,turke/an4 ,! univ]sality ( ! design indicates its great antiquity1 yet its primitive symbolic mean+ ( abundance1 f]tility1 & prosp]ity has nev] be5 lo/4 ,"s ( its diff]5t =ms are %[n 9 ,plate ,o1 ,figs4 #e-;a1 #e-;b1 #e-;c1 #e-;d1 #e-;e1 & #e-;f 7,page #bia74 ,! reciprocal trefoil 7,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #ag1 opp4 ,page #aeh7 is a v usual design 9 ,caucasian & ,p]sian rugs2 x is (t5 f\nd 9 "s ( ! rugs ( ,india & 9 ,belu*i/ans1 b is v r>ely se5 9 o!r classes ( ! ,c5tral ,asiatic or 9 ! ,*9ese & ,asia ,m9or gr\ps4 ,its orig9 is unc]ta91 b s9ce x appe>s 9 ! 8,poli% ,c>pets0 & o!r antique ,p]sian c>pets ( /rictly floral patt]n1 :]e its draw+ is m elaborate ?an 9 mod]n rugs1 x is n improbable t x is ! conv5tionalis$ =m ( ! lily or a spray be>+ ?ree leaves1 & t x has ! emblematic significance ( ! tree =m4 ,among all primitive races ! sun1 moon1 & />s h be5 associat$ ) _! religion1 s t x is surpris+ t s few emblems ( !m are recognis$ 9 rugs4 ,9 ! !ology ( ! ,*aldees1 f :i* ! e>lie/ weav]s mu/ h receiv$ inspiration1 ! sun 0 reg>d$ z "o ( _! pr9cipal deities & ! moon z ano!r4 ,! sun is g5]ally repres5t$ by a pla9 circle1 a circle ) diamet]s int]sect+ at "r angles1 or a circle ) small ovals int]sect+ at "r angles2 ! moon is repres5t$ by ! cresc5t4 ,( mu* m frequ5t occurr5ce is ! eight-po9t$ />1 ano!r inh]itance ( ^? anci5t times :5 all primitive races wor%ipp$ ! heav5ly bodies4 ,x repres5t$ ! female pr9ciple ( ! ,*aldean sun god2 & x is believ$1 too1 t x repres5t$ ! deity to ! ,m$es1 ance/ors ( _m ( ! pres5t ,p]sians4 ,!re is a tradition among "s ,ea/]n races t ,k+ ,solomon wore a r+ ( diamonds arrang$ 9 ! =m ( an eight-po9t$ />1 & also a cr[n conta9+ a l>ge /> ( :i* ! eight po9ts & c5tre 7 compos$ ( preci\s /ones ( diff]5t col\r4 ,a /> n[ & !n se5 9 rugs ) col\rs s arrang$ is kn[n z 8,mohamm$an's jewel design40 ,! six-po9t$ />1 a ,jewi% symbol = ! 8%ield ( ,david10 0 adopt$ z a talisman by "s ( ! ,moslems4 ,all ( ^! />s are *iefly nomadic symbols1 !y r>ely if ev] are se5 9 ! rugs ( ,*9a or ,india1 !y are only occasionally f\nd 9 ^? ( ,p]sia1 & are ( mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! ,caucasian pieces4 ,ano!r design is an octagonal-%ap$ disc 7,plate ,o1 ,fig4 #aj1 ,page #bia71 usually ab\t two & a half in*es 9 diamet]1 on ! face ( :i* & ext5d+ ! full wid? are figures some:at l h\r-glasses plac$ at "r angles to "o ano!r4 ,x seems n improbable t x is ( ! same orig9 z ! l>ge designs t appe> 9 ! field ( ! ,holbe9 rug ( ! ,,xv ,c5tury1 illu/rat$ 9 ,plate #ba 7opp4 ,page #ib74 ,x is a v old motive1 & is sometimes reg>d$ z a dial symbolis+ ! diurnal motion ( ! e>?4 ,x is ( v frequ5t occurr5ce 9 nomadic rugs2 & is f\nd 9 ,belu*i/ans1 9 ne>ly all ,caucasians1 9 "s rugs f ,asia ,m9or1 & 9 only a v few f ,p]sia4 ,! zigzag l9e1 kn[n z ! wat] motive1 is f\nd 9 _m ( ! rugs ( ,*9a1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,caucasia1 & ,asia ,m9or1 z well z 9 ! ,belu*i/ans & ,be%ires ( ! ,c5tral ,asiatic gr\p1 ?\gh 9 "s in/ances x appe>s z little m ?an a s]rat$ l9e4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ! n>r[ gu>d-/ripes ( "s ( ! ,we/]n ,asia ,m9or c>pets ( ! ,,xv ,c5tury4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,john ,mum=d1 8ev5 9 ! olde/ ,egyptian symbolism a zigzag l9e /ood = wat] & by implication = et]nity2 & a succession ( ^! arrang$ to repres5t ! sea has long be5 a recognis$ c>pet design 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,p]sia40 ,illu/ration3 ,,col\r ,,plate ,,iii--,,mosul ,,rug ,long be=e ! comm]cial in/9ct _h be5 felt among ! weav]s ( ! ,ori5t1 "o or m ( !m dwell+ 9 ! ,mesopotamian valley ti$ ! knots ( ?is old ,mosul4 ,! c5tral field is ( camel's hair t %ades f a ri* d>k *e/nut at "o end to light] tones at ! o!r1 & is enliv5$ by bright fl[]s repres5t+ ^? f\nd on ! riv]'s banks4 ,?is v>iation ( gr\nd col\r1 ! small geometric designs at ! extreme ends ( ! fields1 ! eight-po9t$ />s ( ! ma9 /ripe ( ! bord]1 & "s ( ! draw+ are nomadic *>act]i/ics4 ,! da9ty v9e & fl[] ( ! n>r[ gu>d /ripes1 on ! o!r h&1 %[ ,p]sian influ5ce4 ,?is piece repres5ts a type ( :i* few n[ rema94 ,prop]ty ( ! ,au?or ,"o ( ! mo/ common designs is :at has be5 call$ ! 8lat*-hook40 ,:5 !re is a long succession ( lat*-hooks ) ! /raight ends re/+ on a l9e & ! hook$ ends incl9$ 9 ! same direction1 z 9 ,plate ,k1 ,fig4 #bj 7opp4 ,page #bcj71 !y are call$ 8runn+ lat*-hooks40 ,s9ce !y appe> 9 ! ,dragon & ,phnix rug 7opp4 ,page #hh71 t 0 probably wov5 ab\t ! end ( ! ,,xiv ,c5tury1 !y are evid5tly a v old design1 :i* n improbably 0 d]iv$ f ! ,*9ese fret4 ,! hook is ( diff]5t %apes1 & is sometimes p]p5dicul>1 sometimes incl9$4 ,its p>ticul> function is to %ade or subdue ! h>% effect ( a sudd5 transition f "o col\r to ano!r t is entirely diff]5t4 ,z su* a device is unnecess>y 9 arti/ic rugs ( intricate designs1 x is r>ely se5 9 any ,indian or ,p]sian piece1 except+ ! mod]n ,%iraz t frequ5tly adopts geometric patt]ns2 b x is f\nd 9 all ! rugs ( ,caucasia1 ,c5tral ,asia1 & 9 mo/ ( ^? ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,x is 9 fact z univ]sal z ! reciprocal trefoil4 ,9 rugs ( geometric patt]ns are occasionally f\nd bo? ,greek & ,roman crosses4 ,! latt] are repres5t$ 9 mo/ ( ! ,s\mak rugs1 & appe> pr(usely 9 old ,asia ,m9or or ,arm5ian rugs1 9 :i* !y 7 probably wov5 ) ! int5t to convey a religi\s significance2 b 9 _m in/ances crosses are n us$ symbolically4 ,! design ( a comb 7,plate ,o1 ,fig4 #aa1 ,page #bia7 is a ,mohamm$an emblem sugge/ive ( cleanl9ess1 yet x is n improbable t x is sometimes int5d$ to repres5t ! in/rum5t employ$ 9 press+ ! ?reads ( weft closely aga9/ ! knots4 ,x is f\nd mo/ly 9 ,caucasian rugs1 & r>ely 9 ^? ( o!r gr\ps4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( ! f9e/ c>pets wov5 9 ,p]sia ?ree or f\r c5turies ago 0 repres5t$ :at is kn[n z ! ,*9ese cl\d-b& 7,plate ,o1 ,fig4 #g74 ,x appe>$ 9 ,p]sia ab\t ! middle ( ! ,,xv ,c5tury1 & 0 conspicu\s 9 ! c>pets ( ,h]at1 ,tabriz1 & ,gilan1 z well z 9 _m ( ! 8,poli% ,c>pets40 ,lat] x 0 introduc$ into ,asia ,m9or1 b 0 nev] repres5t$ 9 any ( ! /rictly nomadic weav+s4 ,x appe>s 9 only a v few ( ! mod]n rugs1 & ^! are mo/ly ,p]sian4 ,nor is x recognis$ 9 its usual =m 9 any ( ! ,*9ese rugs t n[ exi/2 ?\gh )\t a d\bt x orig9at$ ) ! ,*9ese1 s9ce _! e>ly my?ology plac$ ! abode ( ! ,supreme ,rul] 9 ! ,con/ellation ( ,ursa ,major1 ( :i* ! />s ( ! ,big ,dipp] 7 repres5t$ 9 e>ly art z envelop$ 9 a b& ( cl\ds2 b 9 m conv5tionalis$ ornam5tation ! />s are omitt$ & ! b& rema9s4 ,z a motive1 !n1 x is symbolic ( heav5 & ! deity4 ,9 almo/ all rugs are f\nd expressions ( vegetable life1 z a twig1 v9e1 fl[]1 or tree4 ,sometimes !y are mo/ naturali/ic1 aga9 !y are p>tly conv5tionalis$1 or s disguis$1 z 9 nomadic rugs ( geometric designs1 t only by /udy & comp>ison ( _m =ms 9 a s]ies c _! orig9 be e/abli%$4 ,?is univ]sal adoption ( floral =m 0 due to some?+ m ?an an ae/hetic love = ! beautiful1 s9ce 9 e c\ntry ( ! ,ea/ "s "p ( ! tree or plant 0 emblematic4 ,moreov]1 a tree =m kn[n z ! ,tree ( ,life _h a religi\s significance among _m races4 ,! ,jews 7 told t 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 grew ! 8,tree ( ,k ( ,good & ,evil20 & 9 ! ,book ( ,revelation ! ,apo/le ,john speaks ( 8,! ,tree ( ,life :i* bore twelve mann] ( fruits & yield$ h] fruit e mon?1 & ! leaves ( ! tree 7 = ! heal+ ( ! nations40 ,f ?is passage may h be5 borr[$ ! belief ( ! ,mohamm$ans 9 ! ,tree ( ,life :i* grew 9 ,p>adise1 & spread its bran*es t true believ]s might re/ b5ea? !m & enjoy its fruits & ! companion%ip ( beautiful h\ri4 ,9 ! anci5t lore ( ,*9a is ! ,taoi/ tradition ( ! ,tree ( ,life1 gr[+ by ! ,sea ( ,jade1 t conf]s immortality on ! =tunate :o may ga!r & eat its fruits2 also ! tradition ( ! m\nta9 top :]e gr[s ! sacr$ tree on :i* ! elect may climb & m\nt to heav54 ,ev5 among ! anci5t ,*aldees 0 a /ory ( a tree t grew to heav5 & %elt]$ ! e>?4 ,9 diff]5t c\ntries ! ,tree ( ,life is repres5t$ by diff]5t k9ds2 9 ,y>k& ( ,ea/]n ,turke/an x takes ! =m ( a c$>2 9 ,p]sia x is g5]ally ! cypress4 ,:]ev] employ$ x is symbolic ( k1 resurrection1 immortality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ab4 ,,c>pet ,,f ,,nor?we/]n ,,p]sia ,loan$ by ,c4 ,f4 ,williams1 ,esq41 to ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,new ,york ,no o!r =m ( vegetable life 0 s univ]sally employ$ 9 ,ori5tal symbolism z ! lotus fl[] 7,plate ,o1 ,figs4 #af-;a1 b1 & c71 s9ce ! ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,indian1 ,*9ese1 & ,p]sian alike did x rev]5ce4 ,x 01 p]haps1 fir/ employ$ emblematically 9 ! valley ( ! ,nile1 b lat] x 0 held 9 high e/eem by ! inhabitants ( ,india :]e ! float+ blossom is reg>d$ z an emblem ( ! _w4 ,x 0 insep>ately associat$ ) ,buddha1 & its religi\s significance mu/ h ext5d$ ) ! spread ( ,buddhism4 ,pr(essor ,goodye> reg>ds a l>ge numb] ( designs t app>5tly are n relat$ 9 =m z d]iv$ f x ?r\gh a long s]ies ( evolutions4 ,dur+ ! highe/ developm5t ( ! textile art 9 ,p]sia x appe>s mo/ reali/ically drawn 9 a l>ge numb] ( ! c>pets1 especially ! s-call$ ,ispahans1 or ,h]ats1 & ! s-call$ ,poli%4 ,x is also mo/ arti/ically repres5t$ 9 ! fabrics ( ,india1 & is a fav\rite design = ,*9ese weav]s4 ,b 9 o!r mod]n rugs x is seldom us$ z a motive1 & is s conv5tionalis$ z (t5 to escape notice4 ,if ! lotus 0 ! fir/ fl[] to be repres5t$ 9 e>ly wov5 fabrics1 z seems n improbable1 sev]al o!rs h met ) great] fav\r among mod]n weav]s4 ,( ^! ! rose1 :i* is cultivat$ ext5sively 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,ea/1 appe>s 9 a l>ge numb] ( ! rugs ( ,p]sia & ,asia ,m9or4 ,moreov]1 a patt]n frequ5tly se5 9 _m old ,p]sian rugs is an all-ov] patt]n ( small bu%es ) fl[]+ roses4 ,almo/ equally popul> is ! lily1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( _m ( ! rugs ( ,india & ( a few ( ,we/]n ,asia ,m9or4 ,! 8,euphrates fl[]10 :i* gr[s by ! riv] banks ( ! ,mesopotamian valley1 is also occasionally f\nd z an all-ov] patt]n 9 "s ( ! rugs ( ,we/]n ,iran & ,s\!rn ,caucasia4 ,less frequ5tly se5 & /ill less frequ5tly recognis$1 z !y are g5]ally wov5 9 small figures1 are ! daisy1 anemone1 crocus1 n>cissus1 p9k1 & violet4 ,all are depict$ *iefly on acc\nt ( _! associations & beauty1 & :atev] emblematic mean+ !y are int5d$ to convey is g5]ally no m ?an t ( _! col\rs4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 9 a few old ,p]sian c>pets designs ( sunfl[]s1 :i* 7 accept$ by ! ,zoroa/rians & ! e>li] sun & fire wor%ipp]s z symbols ( ! sun & emblems ( light4 ,( ! fruits ( ! e>? none is m highly e/eem$ ?an ! pomegranate1 :i* 0 sculptur$ 9 temples ( ,mesopotamia & embroid]$ on ! robes ( ,assyrian & ,jewi% prie/s4 ,9 ! days ( ,k+ ,solomon x 0 cultivat$ 9 ,pale/9e1 :]e ! ,israelites1 l mod]n ,p]sians1 made a %]bet by mix+ its juice ) sug> & spices4 ,at ! "t ( ,hom] x 0 cultivat$ 9 ,phrygia4 ,n[ x gr[s wild ov] va/ tracts ( ,syria1 ,p]sia1 & ,asia ,m9or4 ,yet x r>ely appe>s conspicu\sly 9 any wov5 fabrics except+ ! ,ladik pray] rugs1 9 :i* x is inv>iably se54 ,s9ce ! weav]s ( ^!1 :e!r ,*ri/ian or ,moslem1 w\ld probably be famili> ) _m ( ! old ,jewi% & ,assyrian rites1 x is n unlikely t x ref]s emblematically to its religi\s associations r ?an symbolises1 z has be5 sugge/$1 ! idea ( fruitfulness z express$ 9 ! ,turki% w$d+ cu/om :]e ! bride ?r[s a pomegranate at h] feet t ! scatt]$ se$ may =e-tell ! numb] ( h] *ildr54 ,9 almo/ e rug ( ,p]sia1 ,india1 & ,asia ,m9or !re is 9 "s "p ( ! bord] a v9e ) p5dant leaves1 fl[]s1 rosettes1 or palmettes2 & ev5 9 _m ,caucasian rugs ( geometric patt]n ! v9e ) its app5dages is se5 9 conv5tionalis$ =m4 ,9 a few ( ! m sumptu\s c>pets1 :]e ! draw+ is elaborate1 delicate t5drils be>+ fl[]s or ! m =mal designs ( ! ,h]ati bord] take ! place ( ! v9e1 f :i* !y 7 evolv$4 ,9 su* bord]s ! designs g5]ally convey no symbolic mean+1 b ! simpl] v9e encircl+ ! field )\t beg9n+ or end repres5ts symbolically ! cont9uity ( purpose & p]man5cy4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ designs 7,plate ,o1 ,fig4 #f1 ,page #bia7 is kn[n z ! ,cone1 ,palm1 ,mango1 ,almond1 ,riv] ,loop1 & ,pe>4 ,by "s x is believ$ to repres5t no m ?an ! clos$ palm ( ! h&1 s9ce !re is an old tradition 9 ,p]sia t a weav] once ask$ 8 little son to devise = him a new design1 :]eupon ! boy ?ru/ 8 h& into a pot ( dye1 !n plac$ x sidewise ^u a piece ( :ite l951 on :i* became impress$ ! 8palm0 design =m$ by ! h& & incurv+ small f+]4 ,by "s x is reg>d$ z a clu/] ( old ,iranian cr[n jewels4 ,to o!rs1 :o po9t to ! well-kn[n patt]n ( ! ,ka%mir weav+1 x d5otes ! b5d ( ! riv] ,jhelum above ,sr9ag> 9 ! valley ( ,ka%mir2 & to ,sir ,george ,birdwood x symbolises ! flame sacr$ to anci5t fire wor%ipp]s4 ,9 ?is "w x w be call$ ! ,pe>1 ! "n n[ g5]ally appli$ to x4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! _m c5turies t h elaps$ s9ce its orig91 & 9 its migration ?r\gh ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,turke/an1 ,caucasia1 & ,asia ,m9or1 x has adopt$ m /range %apes ?an any o!r device4 ,9 ! rugs ( ,s>ab5d x is repres5t$ 9 its be/-kn[n =m ( simple curv+ l9es1 9 ! ,bakus its id5tity is almo/ lo/ on acc\nt ( its geometric appe>ance1 & 9 ! fabrics ( ,india x is (t5 v ornate4 ,?\gh its orig9 is hidd5 9 ! mi/s ( ! pa/1 :5 its antiquity is consid]$1 & also ! devotion ( ! e>ly races to ! gl[+ orb ( ! sun & to t]re/rial fires1 x is n surpris+ t x has be5 reg>d$ z a relic ( ! ,zoroa/rian fai? ( old ,iran1 symbolis+ ! et]nal flames be=e :i* ! ,p>sees wor%ipp$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ac4 ,,comp>tm5t ,,c>pet ,,9 ,,! ,,metropolitan ,,museum ,,( ,,art1 ,,new ,,york ,if ! floral designs are m beautiful1 o!rs are m truly symbolic1 & :5 appe>+ 9 rugs ( b>b>ic patt]ns !y are m int]e/+4 ,( ^! ! creep+ ?+s are repres5t$ by ! s]p5t1 scorpion1 turtle1 crab1 & t>antula4 ,among a few races ( ,asia ! s]p5t1 :i* is f\nd 9 a few old ,p]sian c>pets1 has be5 reg>d$ z emblematic ( immortality1 b has be5 m frequ5tly consid]$ z ! symbol ( k4 ,! scorpion1 also1 0 suppos$ to repres5t ! idea ( k4 ,x does n (t5 appe> 9 wov5 design1 b is sometimes drawn ) c>eful precision 9 ,caucasian fabrics4 ,! turtle or tortoise /&s = con/ancy4 ,:at is call$ ! 8turtle bord]0 7,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #c1 opp4 ,page #aef71 :i* 0 probably d]iv$ f int]lac+ arabesques1 occurs mo/ frequ5tly 9 ,f]aghans & also 9 "s o!r ,p]sian rugs1 z ,muskabads1 ,s>ab5ds1 ,s]apis1 & ev5 ! ,sehnas4 ,! t>antula & crab designs are f\nd exclusively 9 bord]s ( ,caucasian rugs4 ,z _! resemblance to ! animals !y are suppos$ to repres5t is remote1 x is mo/ probable t !y are simply ! conv5tionalis$ =ms ( ! /> & palmette4 ,among ! designs se5 9 ,*9ese rugs are sev]al n f\nd 9 any o!rs4 ,( ^! ! dragon1 orig9ally int5d$ z a symbol ( ! inf9ite1 d5otes imp]ial p[]2 ! /ork1 long life2 ! duck1 conjugal felicity2 ! bat1 happ9ess2 & ! butt]fly1 a _s4 ,^! designs w be notic$ 9 ! *apt] on ,*9ese rugs4 ,) few exceptions ! only mod]n rugs 9 :i* birds are repres5t$ are ! ,p]sian4 ,! draw+ z a rule is f> f natural2 b 9 ! f9e old c>pets x is (t5 s accurate z to %[ unmi/akably ! ord] to :i* !y belong4 ,sev]al ( !m 7 us$ symbolically1 z ! bird ( p>adise1 sugge/ive ( felicity2 ! peacock1 symbol ( fire2 ! eagle1 emblem ( p[]4 ,! attitude1 to be sure1 9 :i* !y appe>1 affects 9 a measure _! symbolic mean+2 z an eagle 9 flight d5otes good =tune1 b "o 9 ! act ( desc5d+ d5otes ill luck4 ,z ! ,mohamm$an religion int]dicts portray+ birds & bea/s z well z human =ms1 !y are r>ely se5 9 any rug ( ,we/]n ,asia ,m9or1 :i* is inhabit$ by ! ,sunnites1 ! /rict con=mi/s to ! law ( ! ,koran2 b 9 ,mohamm$an c\ntries ly+ f>!r to ! ea/1 :]e ! ,%iites or noncon=mi/s live1 animal designs are v common4 ,9 mod]n rugs ( ,p]sia & ,caucasia1 dogs1 goats1 & camels are ! mo/ popul> animal subjects1 b ! draw+ is (t5 s poor t ! id5tity is 9 d\bt4 ,9 ! old c>pets1 on ! o!r h&1 animals & human be+s 7 mo/ reali/ically drawn1 & 7 int5d$ to repres5t symbolically ! weav]'s ?\ght4 ,9 fact1 ^? ma/]pieces ( ,p]sian art kn[n z ! 8,hunt+ ,c>pets0 w\ld lose mu* ( _! int]e/ if _! _m =ms ( animal life 7 )\t symbolic mean+4 ,9 !m ! lion is a symbol ( victory1 p[]1 ! sun1 & ! day2 ! antelope & unicorn are symbols ( re/fulness & ! moon4 ,! lion de/roy+ an antelope w\ld mean1 !n1 ! victory ( day ov] night1 or ( a p[]ful ov] a weak foe4 ,leop>ds & h\nds likewise symbolise success & fame4 ,!re are also my?ological creatures1 z ! phnix1 emblematic ( life & resurrection1 & ! w+$ dj9ni or ,p]sian spirits1 t (t5 adorn ! fields & bord]s ( "s ( ! elaborate antique c>pets ( ,iran4 ,n only ! =ms ( vegetable & animal life & _! relative attitudes to "o ano!r 7 int5d$ to convey a symbolic mean+1 b among almo/ all anci5t races col\rs _h a special significance4 ,to ! ,moslems no col\r 0 m sacr$ ?an ! gre51 :i*1 ?\gh difficult to produce 9 beautiful tones1 !y h plac$ 9 ! fields ( _m ( _! pray] rugs4 ,to !m1 also1 blue 0 ! emblem ( et]nity1 & 9 ! sp&rels above ! ar*es x 0 ! symbol ( ! sky4 ,?\gh to ! ,h9doo x d5otes ill luck1 x 0 ! *os5 col\r ( ! ,p]sians1 z well z "o ( ! imp]ial col\rs ( ! ,*9ese4 ,among all nations yell[1 ano!r imp]ial col\r ( ,*9a1 & r$ are sugge/ive ( joy & happ9ess4 ,su* col\rs1 :5 us$ 9 conjunction ) o!r emblems1 express$ n only beauty1 b also diff]5t %ades ( ?\ght4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ad4 ,,p]sian ,,animal ,,c>pet ,,9 ,,! ,,metropolitan ,,museum ,,( ,,art1 ,,new ,,york ,^! are b a few ( ! _m motives t are employ$ by ! weav]4 ,"s ( !m repres5t objects intimately associat$ ) 8 daily life4 ,"s ( !m reflect 8 ?\ghts & emotions4 ,o!rs are ! /ill unsolv$ hi]oglyphics ( 8 craft4 ,:51 !n1 we exam9e "s old worn rug1 we may see only an exquisite patt]n respl5d5t 9 ! deep ri* col\rs ( an art n[ lo/2 b if to an ae/hetic ta/e be add$ an int]e/ 9 a symbolism t expresses some?+ ( ! ?\ght & life ( ! weav]1 we may f9d 9 ! /udy ( ! v>i\s designs ano!r *>m t increases ) ! discov]y ( any previ\sly hidd5 mean+4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,rug ,,weav+ ,,be=e ,,! ,,xviii ,,c5tury ,,!re are no records to def9itely indicate 9 :at l& ! art ( rug weav+ orig9at$1 or to disprove t x develop$ indep5d5tly 9 diff]5t l&s4 ,x w\ld be unreasonable1 !n1 to assume t rugs 7 n wov5 9 nor!rn regions z e>ly z 9 s\!rn4 ,9 fact1 dur+ ! ,neoli?ic age ! ,lake-dwell]s ( ,switz]l& grew & spun flax1 & x is believ$ t !y _h looms4 ,moreov]1 x is probable t ! savages ( cold climates soon le>n$ to weave g>m5ts ) ! long wool ( _! %eep or goats2 & ! simil> process ( weav+ mats = ! floors ( _! huts w\ld naturally foll[4 ,nev]!less1 su* evid5ce z n[ rema9s po9ts to ! civilisations ( ! ,euphrates or ! ,nile1 z ! bir?place ( ?is art4 ,?\gh we d n "k :5 ! fir/ rugs 7 made1 )\t a d\bt !y exi/$ be=e ! pyramids ( ,egypt or ! palaces ( ,babylon _h ris5 f ! pla9s4 ,among ! rock-cut tombs ( ,b5i-,hassan 9 ,egypt1 t date f ab\t #bejj ,b4 ,c4 are pictures ( m5 ) sp9dles1 ( looms & weav]s4 ,!re is also unmi/akable evid5ce ( ! antiquity ( a high /ate ( ! textile art among ! ru9s 9 ! valleys ( ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates4 ,on c>v$ walls ( ! palaces ( ,n9eveh1 :]e dwelt ! rul]s ( ,assyria ov] ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 are elaborate draw+s indicat+ t c>pets ( rem>kable workman%ip 7 !n 9 use4 ,9 ! bord]s ( "s ( ! robes worn by ! rul]s are designs ( rosettes & lat*-hooks1 & on "o is depict$ ! tree ( life1 simil> to :at may be se5 9 mod]n rugs4 ,nor are anci5t writ]s sil5t4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t are frequ5t ref]5ces to wov5 fabrics4 ,hom]1 also1 speaks ( !m 9 8 ,odyssey4 ,h]odotus1 ,diodorus1 ,pl9y1 ,/rabo1 9 fact almo/ all classic writ]s h m5tion$ !m4 ,moreov]1 designs on pott]y1 b[ls1 tiles1 & walls1 simil> 9 appe>ance to ^? f\nd 9 ! olde/ exi/+ c>pets1 c>ry contributory evid5ce to _! antiquity & "*4 ,?is art1 t necessity creat$1 com=t n\ri%$1 & luxury matur$1 has be5 a process ( sl[ developm5t4 ,to ! m9d ( "s d>k tribeswoman ( ! des]t contemplat+ ! ru%es ga!r$ f a sluggi% /ream & /rewn ^u ! floor ( h] ma/]'s hut sev]al ?\s& ye>s ago1 may h be5 sugge/$ ! fir/ idea ( a mat4 ,inde$1 f e>lie/ times mats ( re$s1 /raw1 bamboo1 or o!r pliable mat]ial h be5 con/antly made4 ,at fir/ !y 7 d\btless )\t ornam5t2 lat] !y 7 col\r$ ) dyes obta9$ f roots & h]bs to increase _! attractiv5ess2 f9ally designs symbolic ( nature or ! deity 7 embroid]$ on !m4 ,z weal? & luxury increas$ ! ornam5tation became m elaborate1 until dur+ ! rule ( ! ,caliphs ! mats rivall$ 9 beauty ! c>pets = :i*1 dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 !y 7 sub/itut$4 8,on ^! mats10 wrote ! em95t au?ority1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,r4 ,m>t91 8! arti/ f\nd free scope = display+ z mu* arti/ic skill z on ! real c>pets1 & gold ?reads 7 int]tw9$ to make !m z preci\s z ! mo/ exp5sive silk & gold c>pets40 ,long1 h[ev]1 be=e !y _h rea*$ su* a high /ate ( p]fection1 !y w\ld h sugge/$ ! idea ( mak+ w>m] & m durable floor cov]+s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 a simple web ( w>p & wo(2 lat] !y assum$ a "* n dissimil> to ! kilims n[ made 9 ! l&s ( _! orig94 ,) fur!r advance1 m elaborate c>pets & tape/ries 7 made2 b x 0 n until ! art _h be5 develop+ = a great _m c5turies1 t !re appe>$ ^? mo/ p]fect products ( knott$ pile t 7 simil> 9 k9d b sup]ior 9 quality to ! mod]n pieces4 ,sl[ z 0 ?is developm5t1 z e>ly z ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! "w ( ! mo/ skill$ weav]s ( ! ,ori5t des]v$ to be class$ z a f9e art4 ,dur+ ! "t ( ! ,sassanian k+dom 7ext5d+ f ab\t #bbf ,a4 ,d4 to #fcb ,a4 ,d47 c>pets ( elaborate design & f9i% 7 produc$ 9 ,mesopotamia & ,syria4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 ( ! wool ( %eep or goats2 & 9 !m 7 repres5t$ designs ( trees1 birds1 animals1 & o!r figures4 ,o!r pieces 7 made ( silk ri*ly embroid]$ ) silv] & gold4 ,moreov]1 au!ntic evid5ce f ! ,,vi ,c5tury ,a4 ,d4 n only gives u positive k ( ! m>vell\s workman%ip ( t "t1 b enables u to conjecture ?r\gh :at a long p]iod ( progression ! artisans _h be5 lab\r+ to arrive at su* results4 ,dr4 ,k>abacek1 director ( ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y ( ,vi5na1 9 8 monograph 8,die ,p]sis*e ,nadelmal]ei ,sus&s*ird10 gave ! foll[+ description ( ! 8,spr+ ( ,*osroes0 c>pet3 8,:5 ,ctesiphon1 ! resid5ce ( ! ,sassanides1 fell into ! h&s ( ! ,arabs 9 ! ye> #fcg ,a4 ,d41 !y f\nd 9 ! royal palace1 ! ru9s ( :i* /ill rema91 a colossal c>pet ( #ajea squ>e metres1#aa :i* 0 orig9ally made = ,*osroes ,i4 ,8 successor1 ,anos*> 7#eca-egi ,a4 ,d471 us$ x also1 b only dur+ ! /ormy wea!r1 :5 rema9+ 9 ! g>d5s 0 impracticable4 ,! fe/ivities 7 !n transf]r$ to ! palace1 :]e a g>d5 ) ! beauty ( spr+time 0 repres5t$ by ! patt]n ( ! c>pet4 ,?is 0 ! ,w9t] ,c>pet t 0 call$ 9 ,p]sia ! ,spr+ ( ,*osroes4 ,its mat]ial1 :i* 0 m>vell\s & co/ly1 consi/$ ( silk1 gold1 silv]1 & preci\s /ones4 ,on x 0 repres5t$ a beautiful pleasure gr\nd ) brooks & int]lac+ pa?s1 ) trees & fl[]s ( spr+time4 ,on ! wide bord]s surr\nd+ x 7 repres5t$ fl[]-b$s 9 :i* preci\s /ones col\r$ blue1 r$1 yell[1 :ite1 & gre5 d5ot$ ! beauty ( ! fl[]s4 ,gold imitat$ ! yell[-col\r$ soil & def9$ ! bord]s ( ! brooks1 :]e ! wat] 0 repres5t$ by cry/als4 ,gravel pa?s 7 indicat$ by /ones ( ! size ( pe>ls4 ,! /alks ( trees 7 ( gold & silv]1 ! leaves & fl[]s ( silk1 ! fruits ( _m-col\r$ /ones40 ,z ! value ( ?is c>pet 0 e/imat$ at ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( a million doll>s1 x 0 reg>d$ z too preci\s to fall to ! lot ( a s+le captor1 & 0 accord+ly divid$ into segm5ts to be di/ribut$ z booty among ! soldi]s4 ,ev5 if dur+ ?is p]iod !re 0 no o!r fabric s valuable & elaborate1 x repres5t$ ! importance ( ! textile art dur+ ! dyna/y ( ! ,sassanides4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ae4 ,,p]sian ,,animal ,,c>pet ,,9 ,,! ,,metropolitan ,,museum ,,( ,,art1 ,,new ,,york ,dur+ ! ,caliphate 7#fcb to #abeh ,a4 ,d47 ! ,moslem rul]s1 devot$ to luxury1 pres]v$ ! art treasures ( _! conqu]$ subjects & enc\rag$ !m to r5ew$ ef=ts4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! ,caliphs & sultans ( ,syria & ,egypt4 ,a c>pet t adorn$ ! banquet hall ( ! ,caliph ,hi%am ( ,egypt1 :o di$ #gdc ,a4 ,d41 0 ( silk int]wov5 ) /r&s ( gold1 & _h a l5g? ( ?ree hundr$ feet & a bread? ( "o hundr$ & fifty feet4 ,all ( ! rooms ( ! ,egyptian palaces1 occupi$ by ! sultans1 conta9$ c>pets ( silk & sat92 & ! mosques ( ,syria 7 simil>ly furni%$4 ,9 ! ye> #ajfg ,a4 ,d4 "o ( ! ,caliphs 0 =c$ to sell 8 accumulat$ treasures1 :i* consi/$1 besides jewels & works ( art1 ( ab\t f\r ?\s& bales ( c>pets4 ,dr4 ,m>t9 /ates t a s+le "o ( ^! bales conta9$ sev]al hundr$ p]fect c>pets1 :i* 7 wov5 9 silk & gold1 & t "s ( !m conta9$ portraits ( entire royal families4 ,"o ( !m1 valu$ at ab\t #cjj1jjj1 0 made = ! ,caliph el ,mirz li alla 9 ! ye> #ifd ,a4 ,d4 ,x 0 ( blue silk1 on :i* 7 repres5t$ ! heav5s & ! e>?1 seas & riv]s1 z well z ! holy cities ,mecca & ,m$9a4 ,su* 0 ! "* ( "s ( ! c>pets wov5 dur+ ! days ( ! ,caliphs4 ,z ! imp]fect records :i* h be5 left u indicate t ! f9e/ c>pet collections ( ?is p]iod 7 9 ! mosques & palaces ( ,syria & ,egypt1 x has be5 assum$ t !y 7 wov5 by ! native artisans4 ,to "s ext5t ?is is d\btless true1 z rug weav+ 0 "o ( ! olde/ indu/ries ( ^! c\ntries4 ,b x is m probable t mo/ ( !m 7 made else:]e & 7 acquir$ z pres5ts or by pur*ase4 ,"s 7 made 9 ,arm5ia1 ,assyria1 & ,turke/an2 b ! l>ge/ numb]1 z well z ! mo/ co/ly & elaborate1 d\btless came f ! same hills & t[ns ( ,p]sia :]e _m ( ! f9e/ pieces are wov5 to-day4 ,9 sev]al ( ^! t[ns z _m z ?ree or f\r hundr$ looms 7 con/antly at "w2 & s9ce ! c>pets consi/$ ( w>p & weft only1 x is probable t !y 7 produc$ f> m rapidly ?an mod]n rugs 9 :i* knots are ti$ to ! w>p4 ,b if !y lack$ ! ri*ness ( deep1 heavy pile1 !y 7 elaborately wov5 ) ?reads ( gold & silv]1 & 7 (t5 embelli%$ ) preci\s /ones4 ,,antique ,,p]sian ,,c>pets ,to ! t5d5cy ( ov]e/imat+ ! age ( art objects to :i* antiquity adds value1 !re is no exception 9 ! case ( ,ori5tal rugs1 yet !re is good reason to believe t a few pieces /ill exi/ t 7 wov5 9 ,p]sia z e>ly z ! ,,xiii or ,,xiv ,c5tury4 ,inde$1 we _c positively affirm t !re may n be religi\sly pres]v$ "s relic ( ! ,seljukian dyna/y1 :i* rul$ 9 ,p]sia till ab\t #aaej ,a4 ,d41 = we h little k ( :at "s ( ! old mosques :i* no ,*ri/ian has ev] ent]$ may conta92 b x is m probable t ! olde/ rema9+ pieces belong to ! ,mongolian p]iod1 :i* began ) ! invasion ( ! armies ( ,g5ghis ,khan 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ,,xiii ,c5tury4 ,?is conclusion is bas$ p>tly on ! facts t _! ar*aic patt]ns indicate a v remote p]iod1 & t !y sugge/ e>ly ,mongolian influ5ces4 ,moreov]1 z ! age ( rugs ( a some:at lat] p]iod c be det]m9$ by ! evid5ce ( simil>ity ( _! designs ) ^? ( e>ly tiles1 metal "w1 pott]y1 & m9iatures1 ( e/abli%$ age1 x is possible to inf] ! relative age ( ^! old] pieces by comp>ison ( patt]ns %[+ a progressive developm5t4 ,"o ( ! olde/ ,p]sian pieces n[ exi/+1 ! prop]ty ( ,c4 ,f4 ,williams1 ,esq41 ( ,norri/[n1 ,pa41 is 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art ( ,new ,york 7,plate #aa1 opp4 ,page #fd74 ,x is also "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,9 x are f\nd ,p]sian1 ,arm5ian1 ,caucasian1 & ,mongolian *>act]i/ics1 :i* s]ve to det]m9e ! di/rict :]e x 0 wov5 & to sugge/ its age4 ,its ,sehna knot1 cotton w>p & weft1 z well z mu* ( ! draw+1 are typical ( ,p]sia4 ,! tri-cleft leaf & /em se5 9 ! two l[] corn]s1 9 ! ma9 /ripe1 & 9 p>ts ( ! field are f\nd 9 almo/ all ,arm5ian rugs4 ,! reciprocal sawtoo? ( ! out] bord] /ripe & ! geometric inn] /ripe are ,caucasian features4 ,c]ta9 col\r tones1 ! octagonal discs at ea* end ( ! l>ge c5tral palmettes1 & m p>ticul>ly ! t5drils or scrolls ( ! ma9 /ripe ( ! bord] :i* resemble ! foliate =ms z !y appe> 9 ,*9ese rugs & porcela9s ( ! late ,m+ & ,kang-hi p]iods1 are ,mongolian4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! *>act]i/ics indicates t x 0 made 9 ! mo/ nor?we/]ly "p ( ,p]sia :]e 9 #abeh ,hulaku ,khan e/abli%$ 8 capital1 & 8 successors rul$ = ov] a c5tury4 ,"h und\bt$ly ! craft ( weav+ fl\ri%$ = a long p]iod1 & ex]cis$ an important influ5ce on ! surr\nd+ c\ntries4 ,to judge by ! col\rs2 ! =mal "* ( ! bord]2 ! rigid l9es ( ! l>ge palmette motives ( ! field1 :i* are n se5 9 c>pets ( a mu* lat] p]iod2 & ! /iff1 ar*aic "* ( ! bu%es ) foliage & blossoms arrang$ me*anically on ! ?ick trunks1 x is n unreasonable to place ?is piece z e>ly z ! middle ( ! ,,xiv ,c5tury1 dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,seljukian dyna/y by ! foll[]s ( ,g5ghis ,khan & ! lat] invasion ( ! ,timurids4 ,9 fact1 x may be ev5 old]1 s9ce ^? graceful l9es t belong to ! highe/ art ( a subsequ5t p]iod are entirely lack+4 ,b 9 ! draw+ is /r5g?1 & 9 ! col\rs1 a few ( :i* h fad$1 are beauty & h>mony4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #af4 ,,p]sian ,,animal ,,c>pet ,,9 ,,! ,,metropolitan ,,museum ,,( ,,art1 ,,new ,,york ,su* old pieces are v r>e1 yet a simil> "o1 belong+ to ,pr(4 ,w4 ,bode1 is 9 ! ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,museum at ,b]l94 ,its draw+ is m regul>1 & ! trunks ( ! trees are broad]4 ,^! two c>pets repres5t ! art ( weav+ at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,( equal int]e/ & high] arti/ic m]it is ano!r c>pet 7,plate #ab1 opp4 ,page #fh71 belong+ to ,c4 ,f4 ,williams1 ,esq41 & at pres5t 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art b =m]ly 9 ! possession ( ,j4 ,bhl] ( ,muni*4 ,x has a l5g? ( ne>ly sev5te5 feet & a bread? ( ne>ly twelve4 ,!re are ab\t ?ree hundr$ knots to ! squ>e in*4 ,?\gh mu* ( t /iffness ( draw+ f\nd 9 ! e>li] pieces rema9s1 ! m pliant bran*es & less regul> sett+ ( ! fl[]s indicate a lat] date2 s t x is n improbable t x 0 wov5 ab\t ! fir/ ( ! ,,xv ,c5tury4 ,dr4 ,m>t9 reg>ds ?is piece z "o ( ! olde/ ( ! ,timurid p]iod if n f ! ,mongolian1 & says t ! trees resemble ^? 9 a ,mongolian m9iature 9 ! ,muse des ,arts ,decoratifs 9 ,p>is1 & 9 a manuscript f ! ye> #acif4 ,at any rate1 !y display m =mal draw+ ?an ! trees ( m rec5t c>pets4 ,! "* ( patt]n & ! col\r+ sugge/ t x 0 wov5 9 ,nor?we/]n ,p]sia4 ,! field is skilfully divid$ into ?ree subfields by b$s ( fl[]s1 f :i* sl5d] trees rise & p>tly scre5 f view m /ately cypresses4 ,! subdivisions are fur!r indicat$ by pairs ( palmettes1 ( :i* ! upp] pair m>k a transition betwe5 ! l[] pair & ^? m elegant =ms commonly se5 two c5turies lat]4 ,!re are likewise palmettes ( simpl] =m 9 ! two gu>d /ripes4 ,b ! pr9cipal ornam5tation ( ! ri* bord] is ! int]lac+ arabesques ( ?ree diff]5t col\rs1 :i* are decorat$ ) a sl5d] wrea? ( leaf & fl[]4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 a p>ticul> int]e/ 9 ! gr\p+ ( ! arabesques s9ce !y =m a design :i* may be ! prototype ( ! s-call$ turtle bord]s s frequ5tly se5 9 ,f]aghans & ,gorevans1 & is itself d]iv$1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,m>t91 f a /ill old] =m 9 :i* bran*+ arabesques ext5d across ! :ole field4 ,x may n be unreasonable to assume t ?is patt]n has be5 h&$ d[n f t e>li] p]iod :5 a ,s>ac5ic influ5ce 0 felt 9 all ! weav+s4 ,if ! *ief int]e/ 9 ?is piece is c5tr$ 9 ! patt]n1 its greate/ *>m lies 9 its s(t1 da9ty col\rs1 "s ( :i* are exquisitely beautiful4 ,!y are express$ 9 delicate %ades ( orange1 ivory1 light gre51 sable br[n1 & light & d>k blue on a backgr\nd ( p9ki% r$4 ,?is patt]n & col\r+ sugge/ an ,ea/]n wood :5 ! fir/ fro/ ( autumn has left its t\* on ! leaves4 ,! bord] conta9s ! same col\rs z ! field b is /rong & effective1 s9ce ! s(t tones are 9 ! n>r[ gu>d /ripes & ! deep] col\rs appe> 9 ! broad c5tral /ripe 9 l>g] masses & 9 imm$iate contact4 ,if ?is c>pet 0 wov5 ab\t #adjj ,a4 ,d41 z seems n improbable1 ! draw+ ( ! trees1 palmettes1 & bord] designs becomes by comp>ison an important guide = det]m9+ ! age ( o!r antique ,p]sian c>pets4 ,v diff]5t1 inde$1 f ! prec$+ is a wooll5 piece 7,plate #ac1 opp4 ,page #gj71 sixte5 feet f\r in*es long by elev5 feet two in*es wide1 t 0 =m]ly 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,v9c5t ,rob9son ( ,london1 b is n[ 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,new ,york1 :i* b\ght x at ! ,y]kes sale 9 #aiaj1 = #ai1fjj4 ,x has ab\t six hundr$ knots to ! squ>e in*1 & is wov5 ) w>p ( cotton & silk1 & ) weft ( silk4 ,! pile is velvety1 & ! texture1 draw+1 & col\r+ display a high grade ( arti/ic craftsman%ip4 ,ano!r ( simil> "* is repres5t$ 9 ! ,vi5na ,publication ( ,ori5tal ,c>pets ( #ahhi1 at :i* "t x belong$ to ! ,c\ntess ,clotilde ,clam-,gallas ( ,vi5na2 & a ?ird belongs to ! ,palais de ,comm]ce at ,lyons4 ,9 no o!r rugs f ,iran is ! effect ( ,mongolian tradition on design m noticeable2 b t ?is 0 due to ! ,timurid invasion at ! end ( ! ,,xiv ,c5tury is d\btful1 & x is n improbable t m imm$iate int]v5tion ) ,*9a det]m9$ ! motives4 ,nor is ! ,s>ac5ic influ5ce obscur$1 s9ce 9 e "p ( ! field & bord] is se5 ! p]fect rhy?m ( graceful arabesques4 ,su* c>pets repres5t1 9 fact1 ! transition f ^? e>li] pieces to ! high] products ( ,p]sian looms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ag4 ,,s-,,call$ ,,poli% ,,or ,,polonaise ,,c>pet ,,9 ,,! ,,metropolitan ,,museum ,,( ,,art1 ,,new ,,york ,"o ( ! simple/ ways ( /udy+ ! patt]n is to reg>d x z consi/+ ( a numb] ( units =m$ by a l>ge r\nd$ octagon encircl$ by eight he>t-%ap$ escut*eons1 & ) a small] r\nd$ octagon at ! c5tre ( ! diagonal l9es connect+ !m4 ,on ! l>ge octagons1 :i* are ( d>k blue cross$ by n>r[ b&s ( sable br[n1 is repres5t$ ! fight ( dragon & phnix s common 9 ! ornam5tation ( ! ,m+ dyna/y2 & 9 ! small] octagons1 :i* are plum col\r1 are f\r runn+ lions 9 r$1 blue1 & gre54 ,! eight escut*eons alt]nate 9 crimson & blue1 & h arabesques & ,*9ese ducks4 ,! l>ge p5tagonal-%ap$ areas ( ! ivory field are cov]$ ) a mo/ symmetrically drawn trac]y ( t5drils & fl[]s 9 r$1 yell[1 & blue2 & 9 ! small] hexagonal-%ap$ areas are cl\d b&s ( simil> col\rs4 ,! bord] %[s a m>k$ advance ov] t ( ! prec$+ piece4 ,! ma9 /ripe1 :i* foll[s a patt]n t ) slight modification is adopt$ 9 _m ( ! c>pets ( ?is & a lat] p]iod1 consi/s ( a *a9-l s]ies ( octagons simil> to ^? ( ! field1 sep>at+ elongat$ panels ) cr5at$ edges4 ,! latt] are adorn$ ) cl\d b&s 9 yell[ int]lac$ ) delicate t5drils support+ fl[]s 9 r$1 yell[1 gre51 & :ite1 on a d>k blue field2 & surr\nd+ !m on a r$ gr\nd is also a delicate trac]y ( leaves & fl[]s4 ,! out] & inn] /ripes h arabesques & t5drils be>+ fl[]s 9 r$1 gre51 & blue on a gr\nd ( gold5 yell[4 ,all ! col\rs ( bo? field & bord] h mell[$ into ri*1 beautiful hues 9 :i* is ! mo/ p]fect h>mony4 ,! intricacy & "* ( design1 ! delicacy ( draw+1 & ! tones ( col\r indicate t ?is piece 0 wov5 ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ,safavid dyna/y1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,,xvi ,c5tury4 ,mr4 ,rob9son ascribes its orig9 to ,bagdad2 b x seems f> m probable t x came f ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,p]sia1 :i* 0 an important c5tre ( textile art only a few ye>s lat]4 ,?is piece & ! two o!rs describ$ on ! pages j prec$+ are among ! mo/ int]e/+ c>pets n[ exi/+2 = !y repres5t n only a v high /&>d ( ! textile craft1 b also mo/ important /eps 9 its developm5t4 ,!re is no evid5ce to indicate h[ e>ly animal c>pets 7 wov5 9 ,p]sia4 ,dr4 ,m>t9 f\nd a piece ) ar*aic draw+1 t f its resemblance to an old tile ( e/abli%$ age1 he plac$ at ab\t ! ye> #acjj ,a4 ,d42 b x 0 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,,xvi ,c5tury t 7 wov5 ! fir/ ( ^? ma/]ly pieces :i* display$ animals surr\nd$ by a maze ( floral life4 ,lions1 leop>ds1 bo>s1 de]1 & h\nds 7 ! pr9cipal motives4 ,to ea* ( ^! 0 ascrib$ "s pr9ciple or quality1 s t x has be5 assum$ t ! aim ( ! weav] 0 to give expression to "s !me ( int]e/4 ,a numb] ( ^! c>pets repres5t ! *ase & are call$ 8,hunt+ ,c>pets40 ,! be/ ( !m are reg>d$ by ,dr4 ,m>t9 z belong+ to ! latt] half ( ! ,,xvi ,c5tury = reasons indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ extract f 8 "w3 8,! manuscript ( ,nizami1 "o ( ! pe>ls ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* 0 execut$ 9 ,tabriz #aeci-aedb = ! ,%ah ,tamasp1 has ! mo/ wond]ful designs on ! m>g9s4 ,al?\gh ! manuscripts & ! m9iatures are sign$ by ,p]sia's mo/ r5[n$ ma/]s1 !re is no?+ to give a h9t z to :o has drawn ^! magnific5t bord]s4 ,?is manuscript1 :i* at ! "t x 0 writt51 0 consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable #8! l ( :i* ! eye ( "t nev] beheld1' pla9ly proves t ! l>ge c>pets ) hunt+ sc5es mu/ be relegat$ to a lat] "t or to ab\t #aefj-aegj4 ,bo? animals & trees are ( a f> m /ately & e>li] "* 9 ! manuscript40 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ^! pieces ) animals 7,plate #ad1 opp4 ,page #gb7 is 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 9 ,new ,york1 by :i* x 0 pur*as$ at ! ,y]kes sale 9 #aiaj1 = #ae1bjj4 ,x has a l5g? ( t5 feet elev5 in*es ) a bread? ( five feet t5 in*es1 & an av]age ( f\r hundr$ & eighty knots to ! squ>e in*4 ,bo? w>p & weft are ( silk1 & ! pile is ( wool4 ,z x 0 confid5tly believ$ by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,/ebb+#ab t ?is piece belong$ = a long "t to ! ,mosque ( ,ardebil1 :]e ,ismael _h e/abli%$ 8 capital1 & f :i* ,tamasp subsequ5tly mov$2 x is n improbable t x belongs to ! e>ly p]iod1 betwe5 ! clos+ ye>s ( ,ismael's reign & ! fir/ "p ( ! reign ( ,tamasp4#ac ,nor is !re any?+ 9 ! te*nique ( col\r or design to convey a diff]5t impression1 z ! g5]al col\r ( ! field is a cl>et r$1 & t ( ! bord] a d>k blue *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod4 ,! mo/ noticeable feature ( ! c>pet is ! display ( animal life amid ! c>efully balanc$ arrangem5t ( floral figures4 ,f\r-fif?s ( ! field c be divid$ into two p]fect squ>es ) sides equal to ! bread? ( ! field2 & ! rema9d] w be equival5t to "o-half ( "o ( ^! squ>es4 ,ea* qu>t] ( a squ>e conta9s animals1 probably int5d$ to repres5t a lion1 leop>d1 & bo>1 t are p]fectly balanc$ ) ^? ( ! adjac5t & alt]nat+ qu>t]s4 ,moreov]1 ! same balance exi/s 9 ! case ( ! small] animals & floral =ms4 ,?us x appe>s t ea* squ>e =ms a p]fect unit 9 :i* is %[n a rem>kable relation betwe5 all p>ts4 ,su* ma!matical exactness indicates ! highe/ arti/ic skill4 ,! repetition ( patt]n also acc5tuates ! pr$om9ant idea ( animal life1 :i* is r5d]$ ev5 m noticeable by ! /rong gold5 yell[ ( "s ( ! gr\p4 ,:oev] has /udi$ ! e>ly ,iranian monum5ts rememb]s ) h[ slight v>iation "s ( ! draw+ has be5 copi$ dur+ subsequ5t g5]ations2 s t x is n surpris+ t ,mr4 ,/ebb+ %\ld call att5tion to ! resemblance ( "s ( ! animals 9 ?is c>pet to ^? ( ! rock-c>v$ sculptures ( ,tak-i-,bo/an ne> ,k]man%ah4 ,z is ! case ) mo/ mod]n ,p]sian rugs1 !re is no correspond5ce betwe5 ! size ( ! animals & ! fl[]s4 ,nev]!less ! lack ( h>mony is n felt1 z ! animal & ! floral life are int5d$ to be reg>d$ sep>ately4 ,! pr9cipal fl[]s ( ! field are peonies1 "s ( :i* are wov5 ) silv] ?reads4 ,!y also appe> 9 ! bord] arrang$ ) p]fect precision )9 ! folds ( symmetrical cl\d-b&s & int]lac+ arabesques4 ,! latt] =m a well-execut$ repetitive figure t sugge/s an orig9 = ! reciprocal trefoil or lily patt]n1 z x is sometimes call$1 :i* receiv$ its highe/ developm5t 9 ! silk rugs ( a lat] c5tury4 ,on ! :ole1 ?is piece is n f> %ort ( ! highe/ sumptu>y /&>d ( a subsequ5t p]iod1 & is an excell5t example ( ! arti/ic developm5t ( ! e>lie/ "p ( ! ,safavid dyna/y4 ,9 few o!r c>pets is comb9$ su* intricacy ( design ) ri*ness & simplicity ( col\r4 ,( /ill great] int]e/ ?an ! la/ is ! ,arb$il ,c>pet1 n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,x has a l5g? ( ?irty-f\r & a half feet ) a bread? ( sev5te5 & a half2 ! texture %[s ab\t ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-five knots to ! squ>e in*2 & ! pile is ( wool ti$ to w>p & weft ( silk4 ,x has be5 v c>efully /udi$ by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,/ebb+1 f ^: description ! foll[+ extracts are tak53 8,! body gr\nd is blue1 cov]$ ) a floral trac]y ( exquisite delicacy & fre$om ( treatm5t4 ,a c5tral m$allion ( pale yell[ t]m9ates on its out] edge 9 sixte5 m9>et-%ap$ po9ts f :i* spr+ sixte5 c>t\*es2 f\r gre51 f\r r$1 & eight light cream2 & f two ( ^! aga91 z x 71 susp5d$ & hang+ 9 ! direction ( ! respective ends ( ! c>pet1 two ( ! sacr$ lamps ( ! mosque4 8,qu>t] sections ( ! c5tral m$allion also on a pale yell[ gr\nd1 reliev$ by trac]y1 =m ! angles2 :ile a broad] bord] completes ! glori\s design1 a bord] ( ! alt]nate elongat$ & r\nd$ c>t\*es fill$ ) floral & o!r trac]y1 ! =m] on a base ( r$1 ! latt] on a ri* br[n gr\nd flank$ on ! inn] side by a broad b& ( cream sev5 in*es wide1 reliev$ by a v>iation ( a s-call$ cl\d patt]n1 & a n>r[] b& ( crimson ne> ! body ( ! c>pet2 & on ! out] side by a s+le broad b&1 also sev5 in*es wide1 ( tawny hue1 %ad+ f d>k to light1 & reliev$ by a bold design 9 blue40 ,b h[ev] exquisite ! trac]y1 h[ev] delicate ! col\r+1 ! greate/ int]e/ c5tres 9 ! fact t 9 a panel adjo9+ ! bord] ( ! upp] end is ! foll[+ inscription3 8,i h no refuge 9 ! _w o!r ?an ?y ?re%old2 8,my head has no protection o!r ?an ?y por*way2 8,! "w ( ! slave ( ! holy place1 ,maks\d ( ,ka%an1 9 ! ye> #idf40 ,"h is reveal$ ! age ( ! c>pet1 :i* n only det]m9es ! "* ( workman%ip ( a p>ticul> p]iod1 b af=ds a /&>d = det]m9+ by comp>ison ! relative age ( o!r pieces4 ,! ye> #idf corresponds ) our ye> #aedj ,a4 ,d41 & ! position ( ! date indicates t x 0 inscrib$ a little be=e ! completion ( ! fabric4 ,accord+ly1 x w\ld n be unreasonable to assume t ! c>pet 0 begun dur+ ! clos+ ye>s ( ! reign ( ,ismael1 :o di$ at ,ardebil 9 #aebd1 & t x 0 f9i%$ dur+ ! reign ( ,tamasp ,i4 ,to inf] t at ?is p]iod 7 _m su* c>pets w\ld be a mi/ake2 s9ce ?is 0 d\btless wov5 by ! ord] ( ! c\rt1 & by "o ( ! mo/ skill$ artisans1 :o may h made x ! cr[n+ lab\r ( 8 life4 ,x indicates ! highe/ te*nique acquir$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,safavid dyna/y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ah4 ,,s-,,call$ ,,ispahan ,,9 ,,! ,,metropolitan ,,museum ,,( ,,art1 ,,new ,,york ,besides ! mosque c>pets1 o!r pieces su* z small pray] rugs 7 us$ = devotional purposes4 ,:5 ! fir/ ( !m 7 made is unkn[n1 ?\gh !y exi/$ 9 ! days ( ! ,caliphs1 :5 ! words ( ! ,prophet 7 /ill fre% 9 ! memories ( 8 foll[]s2 & !y 7 also us$ at an e>ly p]iod among ,turkomans4 ,! olde/ t rema9 belong to ! e>ly "p ( ! ,safavid rule4 ,"o t 0 =m]ly 9 ! collection ( ,/efano ,b>d9i ( ,flor5ce & is n[ own$ by ,mr4 ,b5jam9 ,altman1 appe>$ at ! exhibit ( ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art 9 #aiaj4 ,x is a wooll5 piece ) a l5g? ( ne>ly five & a half feet & a bread? ( ?ree & a qu>t]4 ,9 ! c5tral field is a pray] ar* resembl+ "s ( a lat] p]iod1 ) outl9es gracefully recurv+ ne> ! base & brok5 on ea* side by a p5tagonal-%ap$ fl[]4 ,all p>ts ( ea* ( ! two trees t rise f ! bottom ( ! field are rev]sely duplicat$ 9 ! o!r4 ,"s ( ! /iffness ( draw+ ( ! e>li] c>pets rema9s1 b ! blossoms are clu/]$ m naturally & ! :ole treatm5t is m skilful4 ,! effect ( ! scroll-"w on ! r$ gr\nd ( ! sp&rel2 ( ! susp5d$ lamp ) its bright fl[]s ( r$1 yell[1 & p9k2 & ( ! blossom+ trees b5ea?1 is mo/ pleas+2 b ! *ief int]e/ c5tres 9 ! out] bord] /ripe1 :]e appe> features t are m int]e/+ ?an h>moni\s1 features d]iv$ f ,p]sia1 ,assyria1 ,mongolia1 & ,arabia4 ,! r\nd$ octagons h ,cufic lett]+ t recalls e>ly ,mesopotamian civilisation2 ! c>t\*es at ! bottom ) _! cl\d-b&s sugge/ ,mongolian conque/s2 & ! upp] c>t\*es conta9 ! foll[+ v]ses f ! ,koran3 8,iman ! victori\s & expect$ ,mahdi1 ! ,"l ( ! ,age4 ,zalsi & ,hason2 & bless ! /&+ pro(4 ,oh ,"l bless ,mohamm$ ! *os5 "o4 ,ali1 ! elect1 ,fatimeh ! ,immaculate4 ,j(] ,sadik1 ,mooza ,kaz91 ,ali ,riza ,mohamm$ ,taki1 ,mohamm$ ,nakee1 ,ali4 ,! two bran*es ,h>son & ,husse9 ,bless ,ali ,zaimulubbad ,mohamm$ ,bak'r40 ,^! v]ses1 ! ar*aic lamp1 & ! gre5 ( ! field1 a col\r sacr$ to ,moslems1 all indicate ! religi\s "* ( ! c>pet4 ,simil> features also appe> 9 ano!r antique piece ( ab\t ! same age1 b ! ,cufic *>act]s ( ! bord] are )9 squ>es surr\nd$ by circles t resemble ,*9ese seals z !y appe> 9 e>ly manuscripts4 ,bo? ( ^! pieces 7 probably wov5 9 ,nor?we/]n ,p]sia ab\t ! middle ( ! ,,xvi ,c5tury4 ,few su* pray] c>pets rema91 ?\gh )\t d\bt !y 7 us$ by devotees dur+ succe$+ p]iods1 & x is n unusual to see1 ev5 9 mod]n ,k]man%ahs1 pray] ar*es ( ! same patt]n4 ,( totally diff]5t "* b ( ab\t ! same age is an animal rug 7,plate #ae1 opp4 ,page #gf7 t belongs to ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art4 ,x 0 b\ght at ! ,y]kes sale 9 #aiaj1 = #e1fjj1 & _h previ\sly belong$ to ! collection ( ,v9c5t ,rob9son ( ,london4 ,x has a l5g? ( ab\t sev5 & a half feet ) a bread? ( ab\t five & a half1 & consi/s ( wooll5 pile ti$ to cotton w>p cross$ by wooll5 weft4 ,! weave is n unlike :at is se5 9 _m mod]n ,s>\ks2 z ! knot is ,sehna1 "o ?read ( w>p is d\bl$ "u ! o!r 9 ea* knot1 & ! col\r$ ?read ( weft1 :i* crosses twice1 is p>tly expos$ at ! back4 ,l s _m ( ! old ,p]sian pieces1 ! gr\nd col\r ( r$ appe>s 9 ! ma9 field1 & is /rongly contra/$ ) ! d>k blue ( ! m$allion & d>k gre5 ( ! corn]s4 ,r$ & gre5 also appe> 9 ! bord] contra/$ ) yell[4 ,?is association ( col\r is n usual1 nor is ! repetitive patt]n ( ! bord] ) its %>p cusps at _m ( ! angles1 nor ! trapezi=m corn]s1 & ! ne>ly rectangul> m$allion4 ,likewise ! me*anically =m$ bu%es ) _! qu9ce-l fruit1 on :i* sit birds ( disproportionate size1 %[ a dep>ture f ! accept$ traditions ( ! ,safavid s*ools4 ,yet ^! v features awak5 new int]e/1 & sugge/ t x 0 probably wov5 9 "s "p ( ,nor!rn or ,we/]n ,p]sia :]e ! influ5ce ( ! c\rt 0 n p>am\nt4 ,nev]!less ! accurate balance ( ! diff]5t halves1 & ! draw+ ( ! palmettes %[ t x is di/9ctly ,iranian4 ,if ?is la/ piece be comp>$ ) ! animal rug 7,plate #af1 opp4 ,page #gh7 t 0 pres5t$ to ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art by ,mr4 ,co*ran1 ! wide contra/ w at once be noticeable4 ,z ! latt] has a l5g? ( ab\t eight & two-?irds feet ) a bread? ( ne>ly six1 ! diff]5ce 9 size & proportions is n great2 nor is !re any p>ticul> diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( animals2 nor 9 ! balanc$ relation ( upp] & l[]1 "r & left halves2 nor 9 ! r$ gr\nd ( ! ma9 fields4 ,b "h ! resemblance ends4 ,:]eas 9 ! =m] ! animals are "o ( ! mo/ prom95t features1 9 ! latt] !y are subord9ate to ! ri* assemblage ( floral & palmette =ms1 t occupy n only ! field b also ! bord]4 ,x is1 inde$1 a piece t m>ks a transition f ! animal rugs1 s prom95t 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,,xvi ,c5tury b r>ely wov5 lat] ?an its end1 to ! m elegant pieces1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! c\rt ( ,ispahan1 :i* belong almo/ exclusively to ! ,,xvii ,c5tury4 ,x accord+ly seems n )\t reason to assign x to ab\t ! ye> #afjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ai4 ,,arm5ian ,,c>pet ,,9 ,,! ,,metropolitan ,,museum ,,( ,,art1 ,,new ,,york ,n only d ^! diff]5t elem5ts t d5ote a transition add int]e/2 !y also give a mo/ pleas+ effect4 ,! ma9 bord] /ripe ( a ri* gre5 ) its well-drawn palmettes surr\nd$ by v9es & foliat$ /alks1 on :i* re/ naturally drawn birds ( h&some plumage1 & ! *a/e floral designs ( ! n>r[ gu>ds1 s]ve z a ta/eful frame to ! c5tral picture4 ,"h aga9 ! out] field1 ) arti/ic effect1 br+s into great] relief ! c5tral m$allion1 :]e on a gr\nd ( gre5i% yell[1 /&+ & seat$ amid/ blossom+ %rubs 9 r$1 blue1 & gre51 z 9 a g>d51 are ri*ly dress$ human =ms4 ,ap>t f ^!1 yet p]haps int5d$ 9 "s way to reflect ! t5or ( _! ?\ghts1 are f\r ducks1 emblematic ( matrimonial happ9ess4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! orig9al %ade ( ! c5tral m$allion1 x is n[ slightly out ( h>mony ) ! surr\nd+ col\rs1 & is p]haps ! only j>r+ note 9 ?is exquisite piece ( workman%ip4 ,n improbably ! pres5t %ade is due to ! unfri5dly h& ( "t1 s9ce ! arti/ic g5ius ( ! weav] is fully display$ 9 ! ma/]ly arrangem5t ( o!r col\rs & 9 ! delicacy & precision ( ! draw+ ( ! p]fectly balanc$ floral & animal =ms4 ,! difficulty ( det]m9+ ! locality :]e ! antique c>pets 7 wov5 is (t5 great] ?an 9 ! case ( mod]n rugs1 b ?is piece 0 probably "o ( ! la/ ( ^? f9e old animal c>pets t 7 wov5 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,p]sia4 ,?\gh mod]n silk rugs fail to awak5 ! int]e/ ( wooll5 pieces1 ! old silk c>pets 7 =m]ly reg>d$ z ! *oice/ products ( weav+4 ,z a rule1 !y 7 ! "w ( ! mo/ skill$ arti/s employ$ 9 ! imp]ial factory "u ! direction & patronage ( ! c\rt4 ,x 0 dur+ ! reign ( ,%ah ,tamasp t !y receiv$ special att5tion4 ,foll[+ a cu/om t _h be5 9 vogue ( s5d+ c>pets z pres5ts to =eign c\rts1 9 #aeff he s5t to ! ,sultan ( ,con/ant9ople a numb] ( pieces on :i* fl[]s1 birds1 & animals 7 wov5 ) silk on ?reads ( gold4 ,b x 0 d\btless aft] 8 successor ,%ah ,abbas ,i _h begun to embelli% 8 capital at ,ispahan1 t 7 made ! fam\s 8,poli%0 silk or 8,polonaise0 c>pets ab\t :i* !re has be5 s mu* controv]sy4 ,x is true t ,mr4 ,rob9son 9 8 8,ea/]n ,c>pets0 claims t !y 7 wov5 9 ,pol& by ,p]sians tak5 !re by a ,pole nam$ ,m]%]ski2 b x seems f> m probable t !y 7 wov5 "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,p]sian c\rt & 7 ei!r s5t z pres5ts to ,european sov]eigns or pur*as$ by weal?y connoisseurs ( art4 ,h[ _m ( ^! pieces may be hidd5 away 9 ! palaces & mosques ( ! f> ,ea/ x is impossible to det]m9e1 b two hundr$ w\ld be a v cons]vative e/imate ( ! numb] own$ by ! diff]5t c\rts ( ,europe & by private collectors ( t c\ntry & ,am]ica4 ,"o ( !m 0 pres5t$ to ! ,dani% c\rt z late z #afci2 & x is believ$ t all t rea*$ ,europe arriv$ !re betwe5 ! ye>s #afjd & #afej4 ,_! beauty is exquisite & *a/e4 ,to ! ?reads ( silv] & gold is ti$ silk5 nap t (t5 displays a /rik+ brilliancy4 ,unlike ! e>li] ,p]sian c>pets :i* _h m subdu$ hues1 ^! pieces h light tones su* z salmon1 rose1 & gre51 :i* are arrang$ ) p]fect h>mony4 ,moreov]1 !re is an elegance ( design repres5t+ ! highe/ types ( ,iranian1 ,s>ac5ic1 & ,mongolian influ5ces comb9$4 ,"h 9 p]fection are da9ty floral =ms1 ! rhy?mic trac]y ( arabesques1 & delicate cl\d-b&s4 ,9 !m ! textile art ( ! ,ea/ rea*$ a p]fection t probably has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,"o ( ^! 7,plate #ag1 opp4 ,page #hj71 t has a l5g? ( ab\t n9e feet & a bread? ( five & a half1 belongs to ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art4 ,9 _m respects x is typical ( its class1 ?\gh ?reads ( yell[ & grey are sub/itut$ = ! usual gold & silv] ( ! f\ndation4 ,on a field ( rose are outl9$ palmettes1 leaves1 & scrolls 9 gre51 blue1 br[n1 & salmon1 t h>monise ) ! light blue ( ! bord]4 ,all ( ^! col\rs bl5d ) pleas+ effect & s(t5 l9es t 9 a pr9t seem h>%4 ,fur!rmore ) all its complexity ( detail1 e "p ( ! patt]n is arrang$ ) ma!matical precision4 ,t a c>pet ) su* p]fect balance ( e "p1 su* intricacy ( elaborate detail1 su* graceful curves ( ! heavy foliate leaves %\ld be wov5 )\t copy+ "s old] patt]n or a c>efully execut$ draw+1 seems improbable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bj4 ,,asia ,,m9or ,,dragon ,,& ,,pho5ix ,,c>pet ,,9 ,,! ,,kais] ,,fri$ri* ,,museum1 ,,b]l9 ,9 ?is piece & 9 o!rs ( ! same class c be recognis$ :at is probably ! prototype ( m conv5tionalis$ & less elegant designs s (t5 se5 9 mod]n ,p]sian pieces1 s9ce ! palmette ) encircl+ lancet leaves 9 its bord]s is mo/ sugge/ive ( ! bord]s ( mod]n ,h]ats2 & ! rhomboidal-%ap$ figure connect+ f\r palmettes at ! c5tre is equally sugge/ive ( ! ,h]ati or fi% patt]n se5 9 ! field ( innum]able ,f]aghans4 ,x 0 also dur+ ! reign ( ,%ah ,abbas#ad & 8 imm$iate successors t mo/ ( ! s-call$ ,ispahans 7 wov51 ?\gh "s ( !m appe>$ z e>ly z ! ,,xv & "s z late z ! close ( ! ,,xvii ,c5tury4 ,z 9 ! case ) ! ,poli% silk c>pets1 )9 rec5t ye>s "s diff]5ce ( op9ion has exi/$ reg>d+ ! place ( _! manufacture4 ,aft] c>eful rese>*1 ,dr4 ,m>t9 believes t !y came f ,h]at & ) ?is idea "s o!r au?orities concur4 ,x is true t ,h]at belong$ to ! ,p]sian ,empire dur+ ! reign ( ! ,safavid dyna/y1 & t ev5 9 ! days ( ,%ah ,ismael magnific5t c>pets 7 wov5 !re4 ,x is also true t dur+ ! "t ( ,tamasp & ,abbas x 0 z important an art c5tre z ,tabriz1 & t ! weav+ ( c>pets 0 a lead+ indu/ry !re4 ,fur!rmore1 !re has n be5 f\nd ! same evid5ce to %[ t ,ispahan 0 at ?is p]iod an equally important c5tre ( weav+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is well kn[n t ! spl5did indu/rial & art products ( ?is p]iod 7 l>gely due to ! direct enc\ragem5t & fav\r ( ! c\rt1 & t ! c\rt 0 = mo/ ( ! "t at ,ispahan4 ,x is also kn[n t skill$ artisans 7 repeat$ly remov$ f "o di/rict to ano!r at ! comm& ( a sov]eign1 s t c>pets ( simil> "* might be wov5 contemporane\sly 9 remote p>ts ( ,p]sia4 ,x accord+ly seems n improbable t ! orig9al type ( ^! c>pets 0 evolv$ at ,h]at & t _m ( !m at lea/ 7 made at ,h]at1 b t o!rs 7 also made at ,ispahan4 ,at any rate !y 7 made to a great ext5t "u ! influ5ce t emanat$ f ,ispahan4 ,almo/ )\t exception !y are pieces ( l>ge size & oblong %ape4 ,! gr\nd col\r ( ! field is usually r$1 ! bord] blue2 b blue is occasionally us$ 9 ! field & gre5 9 ! bord]4 ,_! di/+ui%+ feature is ! use ( ! palmette1 t 0 probably d]iv$ f ! lotus1 s frequ5tly associat$ ) ! ,buddhi/ cult ( ,india & ,*9a4 ,9 ! field x g5]ally occurs 9 pairs t slightly v>y 9 size4 ,( almo/ equal importance are ! ,*9ese cl\d-b&s & ! scrolls or arabesques4 ,^! ?ree designs 7 con/ant motives 9 almo/ all ! ,ispahans2 b !y 7 subject to modifications 9 size & %ape1 :i* appe>+ 9 *ronological ord] furni% "s guide to ! "t :5 ! c>pets 7 wov54 ,= in/ance1 ! palmettes 7 at fir/ small & di/ribut$ pl5tifully ov] ! field2 lat] !y became l>g]1 until 9 a few in/ances !y 7 a y>d 9 diamet]4 ,dr4 ,m>t9 says t 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,,xvii ,c5tury ! palmettes began to be v l>ge & ! ri*ness ( ! int]ior design to disappe>2 until at ! end ( ! ,,xvii ,c5tury only a few 7 suffici5t to cov] ! gr\nd t "o hundr$ ye>s be=e 0 almo/ hidd5 by innum]able designs ( small palmettes1 cl\d-b&s1 & scroll "w4 ,he also /ates t t[>ds ! middle ( ! ,,xvii ,c5tury ! bord]s began to lose _! importance & t ! palmettes 7 surr\nd$ by two long1 n>r[ leaves4 ,?\gh mo/ ( ! antique ,iranian c>pets t rema9 7 wov5 9 ! ,nor!rn prov9ces1 x is well kn[n t ev5 f e>lie/ times c>pets ( elaborate design & skilful te*nique 7 also wov5 9 ,s\!rn ,p]sia4 ,9 fact1 _m ( ! wond]ful pieces t adorn$ ! palaces & mosques ( ! ,fatimid ,caliphs ( ,egypt came f ! di/ricts ( ,f>s & ,kirman4 ,! latt]1 not)/&+ invasions ( ,seljukian ,turks1 ,mongolians1 & ,afghans1 has cont9u$ almo/ un9t]rupt$ly z a c5tre ( ! textile indu/ry2 yet comp>atively few pieces exi/ t 7 wov5 !re ?ree or f\r c5turies ago4 ,_! col\r s*eme h>monises m ) t ( ! c>pets ( ,we/]n ,p]sia ?an ) ! m sombre tones ( ! old animal c>pets & ,ispahans1 or ) ! bright] hues ( ! s-call$ ,poli%4 ,_! patt]ns also %[ a di/9ction f ^? ( nor!rn textile fabrics4 ,! fields are (t5 artificially divid$1 by foliate /alks or lance-%ap$ leaves ) s]rat$ edges1 into rhomboidal figures t conta9 me*anically drawn %rubs1 palmettes1 or fl[]s4 ,9 ! ma9 /ripe ( ! bord] are g5]ally repres5t$ int]lac+ arabesques adorn$ ) fl[]+ v9es or arabesques & a sub-patt]n ( v9es4 ,mongolian designs are r>ely se5 9 any ( ^! pieces1 :i* probably repres5t m closely ?an any o!r ,p]sian c>pets native art unaffect$ by =eign influ5ces4 ,almo/ all ( !m are n[ own$ 9 ,europe4 ,( ! e>ly rugs1 ^? wov5 9 ,arm5ia are f> less kn[n ?an ^? f ,p]sia4 ,nev]!less1 x may reasonably be assum$ t ! high culture t 0 manife/$ 9 ,bagdad & ,ctesiphon dur+ ! sway ( ! ,caliphs 0 felt among ! m\nta9\s di/ricts to ! nor?2 & t ! ,seljukian rul]s1 :o left su* arti/ic monum5ts 9 ! old ,arm5ian capitals1 appreciat$ & enc\rag$ ! manufacture ( f9e wooll5 fabrics4 ,9 fact1 ,m>co ,polo1 :o travell$ ?r\gh t region dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,,xiii ,c5tury1 ref]r$ to !m z be+ rem>kably h&some4 ,probably ! olde/ rema9+ pieces are ! s-call$ ,dragon c>pets1 :i*1 x is believ$1 7 produc$ f ! ,,xiv to ! ,,xvii ,c5tury & possibly ev5 e>li]4 ,n infrequ5tly ! l5g? is at lea/ twice ! bread?2 ! v n>r[ bord] occasionally consi/s ( only a s+le /ripe2 & ! field is occupi$ by a trellis-l patt]n ( n>r[1 conv5tionalis$ leaves1 )9 :i* are designs conta9+ ar*aic fl[]s & dragons4 ,! gr\nd col\r ( ! field is g5]ally "s %ade ( r$1 t ( ! bord] :ite1 & ! leaves are yell[1 blue1 or gre54 ,9 ! bord]s ( _m ( !m appe> an ,s motive f :i* und\bt$ly 0 d]iv$ ! design s frequ5tly se5 9 panels ( m rec5t ,asia ,m9or pray] rugs4 ,9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art ( ,new ,york is a ,,xv ,c5tury c>pet 7,plate #ai1 opp4 ,page #hf71 :i*1 ?\gh widely diff]+ f ^! pieces 9 g5]al patt]n1 s closely resembles !m 9 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( weave & col\r t x is unque/ionably ( ! same class4 ,! field is occupi$ by conc5tric diamonds ) /epp$ sides4 ,! encircl+ b&s1 t are mo/ly r$1 yell[1 & violet1 & ! corn]s1 t are :ite1 conta9 num]\s ar*aic =ms1 includ+ palmettes1 trees1 birds1 & animals4 ,!re are also num]\s small designs ( ! tri-cleft leaf s common to ! ,circassian & ,s\mak rugs2 & ! ray-l edges ( ! c5tral loz5ge1 z well z ! f\r palmettes t re/ ^u x1 sugge/ ! orig9 ( ! effulg5t />s ( old ,daghe/ans & ,kabi/ans4 ,an ef=t has be5 made to balance simil> designs 9 correspond+ p>ts ( ! field1 ?\gh its c5tre is at "o side ( ! geometric c5tre ( ! diamonds4 ,! palmettes %[ di/9ctly a /rong ,p]sian influ5ce & ! animal =ms likewise %[ t x 0 n wov5 by a sect>ian ,sunnite ( ,we/]n ,asia ,m9or4 ,"p ( a v unusual c>pet 7,plate #bj1 opp4 ,page #hh71 f a di/rict 9 ,ea/]n ,asia ,m9or1 is 9 ! ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,museum at ,b]l94 ,its pr9cipal int]e/ lies 9 ! fact t x is v old & t its approximate age has be5 det]m9$4 ,9 ! hospital at ,si5a1 ,italy1 a simil> rug is repres5t$ 9 a fresco call$ ! 8,w$d+ ( ! ,f\ndl+10 pa9t$ by ,dom5ico di ,b>tolo ab\t ! ye> #addj1 s t x is reasonable to conclude t ?is p>ticul> piece 0 wov5 n mu* lat]4 ,9 fact1 its "* w\ld indicate t x or "s o!r f :i* x has be5 copi$ 0 mu* old]4 ,ea* ( ! ne>ly squ>e comp>tm5ts conta9 octagons1 )9 :i* on a yell[ field are repres5t$ ! my?ical fight ( ! dragon & phnix t 0 adopt$ z ! ,m+ coat ( arms4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! *a9 patt]n ( ! br[ni%-black ma9 bord] /ripe is n unlike :at is se5 9 mod]n pieces1 b ! runn+ lat* hooks ( ! corn]s & ! small ,s designs are unusually /iff4 ,?is disposition to =mal draw+1 :i* is conspicu\s 9 all p>ts ( ! rug1 %[s an ar*aic /yle noticeable only 9 ! v e>lie/ c>pets4 ,9 ! celebrat$ pa9t+ ( ,georg ,gyze 7,plate #ba1 opp4 ,page #ib7 :i* hangs 9 ! ,b]l9 ,gall]y1 is repres5t$ a rug ( a class s frequ5tly se5 9 ! pa9t+s ( ,hans ,holbe9 t !y are kn[n z 8,holbe9 rugs40 ,_! m>k$ dissimil>ity to ^? previ\sly describ$ indicates t !y 7 wov5 "u diff]5t circum/ances if n 9 diff]5t regions4 ,nei!r 9 ! fields nor bord]s is any trace ( ,mongolian or ,p]sian influ5ces2 & ! abs5ce ( all floral1 leaf1 & animal =ms s usual 9 mo/ antique c>pets is noticeable4 ,inde$1 ! fact t animal =ms r>ely appe> 9 ! art ( ! ,sunni ,mohamm$ans aids 9 det]m9+ ! place ( _! orig94 ,!y came f ,asia ,m9or or ,we/]n ,arm5ia4 ,x has g5]ally be5 assum$ t !y 7 wov5 9 ,we/]n ,asia ,m9or1 because !y 7 pur*as$ !re 9 =m] c5turies & tak5 !nce to ,europe2 b !y possess _m features t indicate !y may h be5 wov5 f>!r to ! ea/1 :5ce _m c\ld easily h be5 transport$ we/w>d 9 c>avans4 ,_! bord]s conta9 ! well-kn[n patt]n d]iv$ f ,cufic lett]s :i*1 m conv5tionalis$1 appe>s 9 lat] ye>s only 9 su* rugs z ! ,kabi/ans & ,daghe/ans ( ,ea/]n ,caucasia4 ,mo/ ( !m also conta9 ! small octagonal discs & l>g] octagonal figures ) ,greek crosses at ! c5tre t sugge/ =cibly ! designs ( ,s\!a/]n ,caucasia4 ,! n>r[ /ripes ( ribbon & *a9 patt]n f\nd 9 _m ( !m also are v common 9 ,caucasian rugs2 s t x seems n improbable t ^! ,holbe9 rugs 7 made )9 ! b\nd>ies ( t great] ,arm5ia :i*1 embrac+ ! upp] ,mesopotamian valley1 ext5d$ ov] ! ea/]n "p ( ,asia ,m9or & ! s\!rn "p ( mod]n ,caucasia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ba4 ,,portrait ,,( ,,georg ,,gyze ,,by ,,hans ,,holbe91 ,,%[+ ,a ,,holbe9 ,,rug ,,) ,,cufic ,,bord] ,^! rugs claim ! att5tion n only because !y h bord]s ( su* int]e/+ orig91 b by ! fact t ! age :5 !y 7 wov5 is asc]ta9able4 ,z ,holbe9 liv$ betwe5 ! ye>s #adig & #aedc1 & "s o!r rugs ( ?is type appe> 9 ! works ( e>ly ,flemi% & ,italian pa9t]s1 x may reasonably be assum$ t "s ( !m 7 made be=e ! end ( ! ,,xv ,c5tury4 ,a v excell5t example ( ?is class1 own$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,williams1 is n[ 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art4 ,x has a l5g? ( ab\t five feet ) a bread? ( ?ree & a half4 ,! gr\nd col\r ( ! field is an olive gre5 & t ( ! ma9 /ripe ( ! bord] is r$4 ,! prevail+ col\rs ( ! designs1 :i* are entirely geometric1 are blue1 gre51 & ivory4 ,all ( ^! rugs are small or ( mod]ate size1 & are slightly oblong4 ,"s ( !m h a gr\nd col\r ( gre52 & yell[ is frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! patt]n4 ,! weav+ is r loose2 & comp>$ ) ,p]sian rugs !y h few] knots to ! squ>e in*4 ,ano!r c>pet f ,asia ,m9or t also belongs to ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,williams appe>s 9 ,plate #bb1 opp4 ,page #id4 ,x is ! only entire rug ) ?is patt]n t is kn[n1 ?\gh a piece ( a simil> rug is 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum at ,london4 ,on fields ( blue & r$ are outl9$ ?ree l>ge f\r-po9t$ />s sep>at$ by small] diamonds4 ,)9 ^! figures & 9 ! surr\nd+ field is a network ( trac]y support+ conv5tionalis$ leaf & floral =ms4 ,betwe5 ! field & ! ma9 /ripe ( ! n>r[ bord] is a close co-ord9ation ( patt]n1 b ! simple ribbon ( ! inn] gu>d seems ali54 ,x appe>s )\t modification 9 _m lat] ,asia ,m9or & ,caucasian rugs4 ,an important feature are ! d\ble knots at ! corn]s ( ! />s1 s9ce !y are id5tical ) designs f\nd 9 a manuscript made = "o ( ! ,%ahs 9 #adce1 & ?us assi/ to det]m9e ! age ( ! rug4 ,= ?is reason & on acc\nt ( its g5]al "*1 x seems n unreasonable to place x z e>ly z ! middle ( ! ,,xv ,c5tury4 ,simil> c>pets 7 wov5 dur+ a long p]iod1 & x is probable t 9 ! latt] half ( ! foll[+ c5tury !y 7 l>gely influ5c$ by ! weav]s t ,solyman ! ,magnific5t1 aft] captur+ ,tabriz 9 #aecd1 transport$ to 8 own c\ntry4 ,! same g5]al features /ill rema9$1 b ! detail 0 m elaborate & ornate4 ,arabesques1 palmettes1 & floral =ms1 bo? ( field & bord]1 resembl$ m ne>ly ! ,iranian "*4 ,b at a lat] p]iod1 aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! g5]al decad5ce to :i* e indu/ry & art 7 subject1 ! patt]ns became mu* simpl]1 & ! col\rs 7 r$uc$ almo/ exclusively to r$ & blue ) a little gre54 ,at l5g?1 bo? patt]n & col\rs assum$ ! type ( mod]n ,ou%aks1 t by a sl[ process ( devolution orig9at$ f ^! antique pieces4 ,9 ,arm5ia & ,asia ,m9or x is probable t weav+ exi/$ be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & t ! e>lie/ c>pets :i* rema91 ?\gh affect$ by m ea/]n influ5ces1 are l>gely ! product ( an indig5\s art4 ,b 9 ,india x 0 o!rwise4 ,x is true t ,sir ,george ,birdwood is au?ority = ! /atem5t t ! ,s>ac5s introduc$ c>pet-weav+ !re2 b x is mo/ probable t at ! "t ( ! invasion ( ! armies ( ,tam]lane & dur+ ! lives ( _m ( 8 successors1 :atev] c>pets 7 wov5 7 v crude4 ,ev5 :5 ! ,moguls began to build & embelli% palaces1 !y obta9$ _! c>pets f ,p]sia4 ,b at l5g? ,%ah ,akb> e/abli%$ manufacturies at ,lahore ab\t ! ye> #aehj1 & invit$ ,p]sian weav]s to settle !re4 ,f !m ! native workm5 acquir$ mu* ( _! k ( patt]ns & te*nique4 ,x 0 dur+ ! reign ( ,%ah ,jahan 7#afbh-afeh71 build] ( ! fam\s peacock ?rone & ,taj ,mahal1 t mo/ ( ! *oice/ pieces t n[ rema9 7 wov54 ,9 delicacy ( texture !y rival ^? ( any o!r c\ntry1 & x is n unusual to f9d pieces ) ne>ly eight hundr$ knots to ! squ>e in*2 moreov]1 all _! designs are depict$ ) rem>kable cle>ness ( def9ition4 ,"o ( ! mo/ not$ ( ^! c>pets is ! wooll5 piece1 ab\t eight y>ds long by two & a half wide1 t 0 made at ! royal factory at ,lahore & pres5t$ to ! ,girdl]s ,company ( ,london 9 #afcd4 ,! m+l+ ( leaf & floral =ms1 z well z ! ,h]ati designs ( rosette & crumpl$ leaf1 on a field ( r$1 %[s unmi/akably its relation to ,p]sian c>pets4 ,at ! same p]iod 7 wov5 l>ge numb]s ( o!rs ) fields cov]$ ) an impos+ display ( sup]bly drawn fl[]s1 ( :i* e "p f root to leaf tips 0 repres5t$ ) a/oni%+ realism4 ,ano!r class includ$ ! animal or hunt+ c>pets1 :i* unlike _! ,p]sian prototypes seem int5d$ n s mu* to portray symbolically "s hi/oric ev5t or ab/ract idea1 z to convey a correct impression ( an actual ev5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bb4 ,,ou%ak ,,c>pet ,loan$ by ,c4 ,f4 ,williams1 ,esq41 to ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,new ,york ,"o ( ^!1 a wooll5 piece ) a l5g? ( eight & a qu>t] feet & a bread? ( five & a qu>t]1 is 9 ! ,bo/on ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts4 ,! inspiration 0 f "s old ,p]sian piece1 b ! r5d]+ is peculi>ly ,indian4 ,9 ?is repres5tation ( an ,ori5tal jungle is a /range m+l+ ( ! real & unreal4 ,! /ruggle ( a mon/] bird ) a w+$ bea/1 half lion1 half elephant1 & ! demoniac faces ( ! bord] sugge/ ! inspiration ( e>ly pagan my?ology2 b ! movem5ts ( ! runn+ gazelles & ! /eal?ily creep+ tig]1 ! attitude ( ! driv] ( ! c>t & 8 att5dant1 are mo/ natural4 ,! draw+ z a :ole is exce$+ly delicate4 ,! gr\nd col\r ( ! field is ! r$ ( mo/ ,ispahans & ,h]ats ( ?is p]iod1 b ! bord] is a cream col\r1 a comb9ation n 9 accord ) ,p]sian tradition4 ,! o!r col\rs are fawn1 blue1 p9k1 grey & br[n4 ,x is probably ! only ,indian hunt+ c>pet ( its k9d4 ,few /rictly antique c>pets f o!r c\ntries ( ! ,ori5t are kn[n4 ,( ! innum]able pieces t 7 surely wov5 9 ,caucasia & ,we/]n ,turke/an be=e ! end ( ! ,,xvii ,c5tury1 sc>cely a ve/ige c be f\nd4 ,nor are !re _m f ! looms ( ,syria1 ?\gh 9 ! days ( ! ,caliphs e mosque 0 adorn$ ) magnific5t c>pets4 ,x is true a few /]l+ pieces ( ,s>ac5ic "*1 t h be5 ascrib$ to ! region ab\t ,damascus1 /ill exi/4 ,!re are also a few r>e & beautiful pieces t h come to light 9 ,*9a4#ae ,b ( ! c\ntless ?\s&s t 9 almo/ e c\ntry ( ! ,ori5t once cov]$ floors ( palaces & mosques1 repres5t+ "o ( ! mo/ ref9$ arts1 n[ ne>ly lo/1 only an insignificant fraction rema9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>t ,,indicat+ ,,p]iods ,,:5 ,,antique ,,c>pets ,,7 ,,made ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,classification ,,( ,,mod]n ,,rugs ,,rugs contribute to ! com=t ( ! nomad m ?an any o!r fabric4 ,) !m he closes ! entrance to 8 t5t or cov]s ! floor & c\*es on :i* he sits & sleeps4 ,?r[n ov] o!r objects !y =m ! table1 made into saddle bags !y take ! place ( trunks4 ,! foll[]s ( ,islam :5 at pray] kneel on a rug1 & 9 tok5 ( affection spread "o ov] ! grave ( a fri5d4 ,to dwell]s 9 cities1 also1 rugs contribute l>gely to ! com=t & luxury ( ! home4 ,inde$1 )\t !m ! spl5d\r ( ,ori5tal life w\ld seem incomplete1 s9ce !y are ! pr9cipal furni%+s ( e h\se1 :]e /\t wov5 pieces ) long pile are spread z floor cov]+s1 & light] ones are hung z portires & tape/ries4 ,yet x is 9 ! assembly or d9+ hall t ! f9e/ rugs are us$1 ?\gh "h ! mo/ valu$ are expos$ only on great occasions4 ,9 ! ,ea/ a rug receives a p>ticul> "n accord+ to :i* ( ^! special purposes x is adapt$4 ,! l>ge1 almo/ squ>e piece t is us$ to cov] ! c5tre ( ! assembly hall is kn[n z ! 8,khali20 & ! n>r[ /rips or 8runn]s0 t are plac$ at its sides & ends are kn[n z ! 8,k5>es40 ,x is on ! ,k5>es t ! s]vants are requir$ to walk & ! less hon\r$ gue/s to /&1 = !y are r>ely ( su* f9e quality z ! =m]4 ,be=e ! divan1 t g5]ally surr\nds ?ree walls & is cov]$ ) f9e clo? & velvet1 are seats on :i* are plac$ c>pets call$ 8,s$jadeh40 ,!y are ne>ly twice z long z broad1 & s9ce !y are ( mod]ate size & excell5t quality !y are frequ5tly us$ = _m o!r purposes4 ,! he>? rug1 t]m$ 8,odjalik10 c g5]ally be di/+ui%$ f o!rs1 z ea* end ( ! field is ( triangul> %ape ) ! apex at ! extremity4 ,h[ev] mu* any ( ^! may be valu$1 ! "o t to e wor%ipp] ( ,allah has ! mo/ sacr$ association is ! 8,namazlik10 or pray] rug1 at "o end ( :i* is an ar* 9 tok5 ( ! mosque4 ,at call = pray] ! fai?ful ,moslem spreads 8 rug ) ar* direct$ t[>ds ,mecca1 & kneel+ ) ! palms ( 8 h&s at ea* side ( ! c5tre he b[s 8 head till x t\*es ! rug4 ,z ! ,mohamm$ans ( ,p]sia are unwill+ t a ,namazlik be trampl$ by ! foot ( an infidel1 few f !re c be b\ght2 b ! ,mohamm$ans ( o!r c\ntries are less scrupul\s1 s t _m ( ! pray] rugs sold 9 ,am]ica h be5 made solely = trade & h nev] be5 us$ 9 wor%ip4 ,!y may be beautiful1 b special int]e/ atta*es to old pieces ( :i* ! well-worn nap %[s :]e ! knees ( bo? fa!r & son = ov] half a c5tury h (t5 press$4 ,9 addition to ^! are o!r rugs ) te*nical names1 b a classification ( mu* great] importance is t :i* dep5ds on ! c\ntry or di/rict :]e !y are wov54 ,:5 ! ,ori5tal rugs fir/ appe>$ 9 ! m>ket ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !y 7 spok5 ( z 8,turki%10 = ! reason t import]s pur*as$ !m f ,turki% m]*ants ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,b :5 x became kn[n t !y _h be5 tak5 !re by c>avans f c\ntries f>!r to ! ea/1 & t l>ge numb]s ( !m came f ,p]sia1 ! "n 8,p]sian10 t to ! m9d ( _m conveys ideas ( spl5d\r1 0 at once appli$2 ev5 to-day all classes ( ,ori5tal rugs are (t5 spok5 ( z ,p]sian4 ,z objects ( ornam5t or utility1 _! value is indep5d5t ( _! place ( orig92 yet x is kn[n t ! wool ( ! nap & ! dyes us$ 9 "s di/ricts are sup]ior to ^? 9 o!rs1 & t 9 consequ5ce ! beauty ( "s rugs w improve ) age f> m ?an t ( o!rs4 ,x is also kn[n t because 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ! mat]ial ( w>p & weft1 z well z ! workman%ip1 is ( a sup]ior quality1 ! rugs made !re w we> bett] ?an o!rs4 ,! k1 !n1 ( :]e a rug is made is important 9 det]m9+ ! quality & value1 :i* o!rwise only a critical exam9ation1 t few p are able to make1 w\ld %[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bc4 ,,sehna ,,rug ,fur!rmore1 ! k ( :]e a rug is made1 sugge/+ ! class ( p :o wove x1 adds immeasurably to our int]e/4 ,:51 = in/ance1 we look at an old piece ( ,kurdi% weave ) its nomadic designs & %aggy nap1 on :i* a ,moslem savage z an ,apa*e (t5 re/$ fully half a c5tury ago1 !re is call$ up a picture ( ! d>k-visag$ tribesman1 fe>less & untam$ z 7 8 ance/ors :o conte/$ ! m>* ( ,x5ophon ov] two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,we see him w&]+ ) 8 flocks ov] ! hills :ile he wat*es = a *ance to fall ^u an unsuspect+ /rang]4 ,we picture to ourselves ! hut ( bru% ^u ! m\nta9 side :]e a sl5d] b>b>ic girl b5ds to tie1 ) wond]ful pati5ce1 ! knots "o by "o4 ,s if we w\ld enjoy our ,ori5tal rugs1 we %\ld "k :at p made !m1 & :5ce & h[ !y j\rney$1 be=e !y rea*$ our fireside4 ,at ! reque/ ( a pur*as] ! v5dor is ev] ready to classify a rug1 b 8 /atem5ts are n always reliable4 ,?is is p>tly due to ! fact t ev5 ! great import+ h\ses are (t5 deceiv$4 ,?r\gh\t ,asia ,m9or1 ,p]sia1 ,turke/an1 ev5 f>!r ea/1 great fairs are regul>ly held4 ,"h ga!r ! repres5tatives ( tribes f f> di/ant qu>t]s to enjoy = a few days or weeks ! gay life & ab&on ( ! ,ea/ :ile b>t]+ ! products ( _! diff]5t crafts4 ,"h come ! pur*as+ ag5ts look+ = rugs2 & ! pieces t may be br\ght f af> are b\ght & %ipp$ by camel & rail to su* great m>ts z ,tabriz1 ,tiflis1 & ,con/ant9ople1 :]e ! bales are unpack$ & ! rugs assort$1 classifi$ & labell$1 be=e !y are resold to ! import+ h\ses ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,?us bo? 9 ! buy+ f ! it9]ant ag5t ( rugs assembl$ f diff]5t qu>t]s & 9 ! reassortm5t at ! export+ cities !re is frequ5t opportunity = errors ( classification4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! diff]5t gr\ps & classes ( rugs are giv5 9 lat] *apt]s1 b x %\ld n be presum$ t ^! are infallible guides to ! locality :]e !y 7 made4 ,(t5 a rul]1 by fo/]+ art1 has drawn to 8 capital arti/s & artisans f o!r di/ricts4 ,?us designs & quality ( workman%ip *>act]i/ic ( "o di/rict w\ld be adopt$ 9 ano!r4 ,s1 too1 ! great c>avans t pass along regul> r\tes ea/w>d & we/w>d1 & ! annual pilgrimages to ,me%$ & ,mecca1 h be5 mo/ pot5t influ5ces = ! dissem9ation ( designs4 ,yet tak+ into consid]ation ! g5]al patt]n & small] designs2 ! mat]ial ( w>p1 weft1 & pile2 ! knot2 ! dyes2 ! f9i% ( sides & ends1 & ! peculi>ities ( ! weave1 x is possible ) a reasonable am\nt ( c]ta9ty to det]m9e 9 :at di/ricts almo/ all ,ori5tal rugs are wov54 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ! names by :i* "s ( ! rugs are kn[n 9 ,am]ica are n ! same z ^? by :i* !y are kn[n 9 ,asia4 ,= in/ance1 ! rugs made by "s ( ! tribes ( ! ,tekke ,khanate are kn[n 9 ! ,ori5t z 8,tekkes20 b z ! great depot = ,turke/an c>pets 0 =m]ly ! city ( ,bokh>a1 !y are g5]ally kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry z 8,bokh>as40 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are local di/9ctions 9 ! ea/]n c\ntries n kn[n 9 ! we/]n4 ,! accompany+ classification1 !re=e1 is slightly arbitr>y1 b %\ld be conv5i5t = ref]5ce2 s9ce ! classes repres5t ! cities or di/ricts :]e are wov5 ! sev]al diff]5t k9ds1 except+ ! ,*9ese1 :i* are divid$ *ronologically4 ,! names ( ! gr\ps are n 9 ea* in/ance entirely satisfactory1 b are probably ! be/ t c be *os54 ,! f\r? gr\p1 = example1 has frequ5tly be5 call$ ! 8,turkoman20 b z x includes "s ( ! rugs ( ,afghani/an1 & also ^? ( ,belu*i/an1 :i* is remote f ,turke/an1 t "n is n suffici5tly compreh5sive4 ,! di/rict :]e ^! rugs are made is1 /rictly speak+1 ! we/]n & s\?we/]n "p ( ,c5tral ,asia2 b ! t]m "h employ$ has ! au?ority ( "s ,g]man writ]s ( note4 ,s1 too1 ! rugs ( ,h]at1 ?\gh x is n[ a city ( ,afghani/an1 are includ$ ) ! ,p]sian gr\p2 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,h]at1 z well z ! di/ricts ( ,mosul & ,kurdi/an1 0 once "p ( ! old ,p]sian ,empire4 ,,gr\p ,i4 ,,p]sian4 7a7 ,khorassan di/rict3 ,h]at1 ,khorassan1 ,me%$4 7b7 ,%iraz di/rict3 ,ispahan1 ,kirman1 ,yezd1 ,%iraz1 ,niris4 7c7 ,f]aghan di/rict3 ,f]aghan1 ,hamadan1 ,k>a-,geuz1 ,bibikabad1 ,iran1 ,s>\k1 ,ka%an1 ,s>ab5d1 ,burujird1 ,sultanabad1 ,muskabad1 ,mahal1 ,jo%aghan1 ,guli/an1 ,teh]an4 7d7 ,sehna di/rict1 or ,adelan prov9ce3 ,sehna1 ,bij>1 ,k]man%ah1 ,p]sian ,kurdi/an1 ,k>aje4 7e7 ,tabriz di/rict3 ,tabriz1 ,gorevan1 ,bak%is1 ,s]api1 ,h]ez1 ,suj-,bulak1 ,k>adagh1 ,af%>4 7f7 ,kurdi/an di/rict3 ,we/]n ,kurdi/an1 ,mosul1 ,goz5e4 ,,gr\p ,,ii4 ,,asia ,,m9or ,,or ,,turki%4 7a7 ,we/ ,asia ,m9or di/rict3 ,b]gamo1 ,ghiordes1 ,kulah1 ,ou%ak1 ,ak-,hiss>1 ,demirdji1 ,kutayah1 ,smyrna1 ,melez1 ,isb>ta1 ,rhodian1 ,br\ssa1 ,h]eke4 7b7 ,c5tral ,asia ,m9or di/rict3 ,konieh1 ,ladik1 ,kir-,%ehr1 ,anatolian1 ,k>aman1 ,sivas1 ,mudj>1 ,nigde1 ,tuzla1 ,kais>iyeh1 ,zile1 ,yuruk4 ,,gr\p ,,iii4 ,,caucasian4 7a7 ,nor? ,caucasian3 ,daghe/an1 ,kabi/an1 ,kuba1 ,d]b5d1 ,lesghian1 ,*i*i1 ,t*]kess4 7b7 ,trans ,caucasian3 ,baku1 ,%irvan1 ,s\mak1 ,%emakha1 ,tiflis1 ,kutais1 ,kazak1 ,k>abagh1 ,%u%a1 ,g5gha4 ,,gr\p ,,iv4 ,,c5tral ,,asiatic4 7a7 ,we/ ,turkoman sub-gr\p1 ,we/]n influ5ce3 ,royal ,bokh>a1 ,pr9cess ,bokh>a1 ,tekke1 ,yomud1 ,khiva1 ,afghan1 ,be%ir4 7b7 ,ea/ ,turkoman sub-gr\p1 ,ea/]n influ5ce3 ,sam>k&1 ,ka%g>1 ,y>k&4 7c7 ,belu*i/an4 ,,gr\p ,v4 ,,indian4 7a7 ,nor!rn ,india3 ,sr9ag>1 ,amrits>1 ,lahore1 ,multan1 ,agra1 ,allahabad1 ,mirzapur1 ,zabalpur1 ,patna1 ,jaipur4 7b7 ,s\!rn ,india3 ,madras1 ,mysore1 ,bangalore1 ,w>angal1 ,malab>1 ,hyd]abad1 ,m>sulipatam4 ,,gr\p ,,vi4 ,,*9ese4#af 7a7 ,,xvii ,c5tury3 ,late ,m+ #afjj-afdc & ,e>ly ,kang-hi 7#affb-agjj74 7b7 ,,xviii ,c5tury3 #a4 ,late ,kang-hi 7#agjj-agbb74 #b4 ,yung-*+ 7#agbb-agcf74 #c4 ,ke5-lung 7#agcf-agie74 7c7 ,e>ly & ,middle ,,xix ,c5tury4 7d7 ,late ,,xix ,c5tury or ,mod]n4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,p]sian ,,rugs ,,9 ! gr\p+ ( ,ori5tal rugs1 x is n always desirable to foll[ ! pres5t political divisions ( t]ritory1 s9ce great & frequ5t *anges 9 national b\nd>ies h occurr$ )\t correspond+ *anges 9 ! traditional /yle ( weav+4 ,?us x happ5s t ) ! rugs made 9 ,p]sia1 :i* is /ill call$ ,iran by its inhabitants1 x is desirable to gr\p ^? made )9 t =m] ,iran t includ$ ! valley ( ,mesopotamia on ! we/ & "p ( ,afghani/an on ! ea/4 ,! wov5 products ( all ?is t]ritory h *>act]i/ics t are simil> to "o ano!r & t diff]5tiate !m f ^? ( o!r c\ntries4 ,_! patt]ns are di/9ctly floral1 repres5t+ leaf1 bud1 & fl[]1 & %[ a t5d5cy to naturali/ic draw+ ) graceful & (t5 intricate l9es4 ,moreov]1 _! col\r s*emes ( delicate tones are n only beautiful b 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,9 m>k$ contra/ ) !m are ! rugs ( ,caucasia1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,c5tral ,asia1 :i* h patt]ns ( geometric %ape or highly conv5tionalis$ fl[] =ms1 & col\rs t (t5 appe> 9 bold contra/4 ,9 ! ,*9ese rugs1 also1 is g5]ally less h>mony ( col\r1 z well z less co-ord9ation ( design1 ?an 9 ! ,p]sian4 ,! scroll & floral patt]ns appe> on ! field 9 isolat$ figures1 or else imitate ) m =mal draw+ ! diap] patt]n ( "s ,iranian c>pets4 ,only 9 ! rugs ( ,india is !re a simil>ity to ! patt]ns & col\r tones ( ^? ( ,p]sia2 b ! designs are m reali/ically drawn1 less arti/ically arrang$1 & less pr(use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,col\r ,,plate ,,iv--,,b]gamo ,,rug ,! weav] ( ?is int]e/+ ,b]gamo foll[$ ! e>ly ,asia ,m9or traditions 9 ! use ( ri*1 deep blue & r$ ( field & bord]1 yet 9 respect to patt]n %[$ 8 fre$om f conv5tionality by dep>t+ f types peculi> to 8 di/rict & adopt+ _m nomadic designs preval5t ?r\gh\t ,anatolia4 ,reciprocal lat*-hooks =m ! backgr\nd ( ! c5tral field1 on :i* are ?ree upright panels conta9+ octagonal discs2 & lat*-hooks surr\nd+ loz5ges & =m+ :at may orig9ally h be5 int5d$ to repres5t ! tree ( life appe> almo/ z conspicu\sly 9 ! bord]4 ,!re are also combs1 knots ( de/9y1 & innum]able ,s-=ms4 ,! panels at ! upp] & l[] ends ( ! field & ! reciprocal v&ykes are mo/ sugge/ive ( ,ladiks1 b 9 ! place ( pomegranates at ! ends ( ! upright /alks are small *ecqu]$ squ>es4 ,b]gamos ) su* patt]ns are n[ r>ely se54 ,loan$ by ,mr4 ,hulett ,c4 ,m]ritt ,! simil>ity 9 ! rugs ( ! ,p]sian gr\p is due to pa/ political influ5ces z well z to common ties ( race & religion4 ,f ! "t :5 ,ctesiphon & ,babylon vi$ ) ! cities ( ,p]sia 9 ! spl5d\r ( _! capitals1 all ( ?is t]ritory 0 repeat$ly "u "o & ! same dom9ant p[]1 :i* at diff]5t times 0 held by ,s>ac5s1 ,seljukian ,turks1 ,timurids1 & ,safavids2 & ev5 aft] ! end ( ! ,safavid dyna/y ! influ5ce ( ,nadir ,%ah 0 felt ov] ,mesopotamia z well z ,we/]n ,afghani/an4 ,a /ill /rong] influ5ce is t ( race2 = ,aryans1 ,arabs1 ,arm5ians1 & ,turks h bl5d$ ) ! e>ly p ( ! :ole t]ritory1 until n only d all resemble "o ano!r1 b _! craftsman%ip is simil>4 ,fur!rmore1 ) ! exception ( a few rapidly disappe>+ ,p>sees1 :o /ill cl+ to ! e>ly ,zoroa/rian fai?1 all are ,mohamm$ans2 & 9 _! frequ5t pilgrimages to ! same %r9es is a con/ant int]*ange ( ideas & ex*ange ( fabrics4 ,x is true ,asia ,m9or1 ,caucasia1 & ,india h %>$ to "s ext5t ! same influ5ces1 b to a mu* less degree4 ,a resemblance1 also1 exi/s betwe5 _m ( ! physical features ( ! entire c\ntry t affect ! habits & indu/ries ( ! p4 ,to be sure ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 t w9d sluggi%ly ?r\gh ! great ,mesopotamian valley1 & ! great ranges ( ! ,elburz & ,zagros1 t ext5d f ,mt4 ,ar>at ea/]ly & s\!a/]ly ?r\gh ,p]sia1 h no c\nt]p>t2 b on ! o!r h& 9 ,mesopotamia1 ,p]sia1 & ,we/]n ,afghani/an are great /ret*es ( s&y wa/es :]e !re is little vegetation1 high table-l&s :]e dur+ ra9less summ] mon?s ! e>? is p>*$1 & little valleys ( f]tile soil t are wat]$ by /reams f ! encircl+ m\nta9 ridges4 ,?r\gh\t ?is t]ritory1 :]ev] physical conditions are simil>1 ! p foll[ simil> pursuits4 ,9 ! des]ts ! impov]i%$ ,b$\9s live2 9 ! high] l&s "s two millions ( nomads foll[ _! %eep & goats1 pit*+ _! t5ts :]ev] !re is pa/ure2 9 ! valleys are sev]al millions ( p1 :o1 ) ! placid cont5tm5t ( ! ,ea/1 irrigate _! g>d5 pat*es1 fa%ion simple articles ( metal1 & weave arti/ic rugs4 ,a g5]al decad5ce 9 social1 political1 & indu/rial life p]vades ! :ole c\ntry2 yet due p>tly to ! inh]itance ( a pa/ associat$ ) ! glories ( ,p]sepolis & ,ecbatana1 ,babylon & ,n9eveh1 ,bagdad & ,ctesiphon1 & to ! m imm$iate influ5ce ( ! textile ma/]pieces ( ?ree c5turies ago1 rugs are /ill produc$ t 9 delicacy ( weave1 beauty ( design1 & h>mony ( col\rs surpass ^? ( any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,9 ! weave ( ! be/ examples is display$ a te*nical skill only approa*$ by a few ( ! ,royal ,bokh>as4 ,9 ! f9e rhy?m ( l9es & 9 ! col\r s*eme ( h>moni\s & delicate tones1 ) :i* a few ( ! be/ products ( ,india alone comp>e1 is unit$ ! t\* ( bo? arti/ & artisan4 ,! fields ( ! old pieces are lavi%ly cov]$ ) intricate designs ( buds & blossoms support$ by v9es or t5drils1 & frequ5tly encircl$ by arabesques t int]lace s z to =m an h>moni\s :ole4 ,! fields ( ! mod]n pieces are frequ5tly ( solid col\r1 ) c5tral m$allions & triangul> corn]s def9$ by graceful l9es4 ,aga91 ! gr\nd col\r ( ! field1 :i* is ei!r uni=m or slightly %ad+ f "o end to ! o!r1 is cov]$ ) reali/ically drawn or conv5tionalis$ floral designs t are arrang$ ) /udi$ precision1 & are n[ & !n reliev$ by "s nomadic design4 ,surr\nd+ ! fields are bord]s ( sev]al /ripes1 "s ( :i* conta9 an undulat+ v9e ) p5d5t fl[]s or palmettes co-ord9ate 9 draw+ & col\r+ ) ! ma9 patt]n4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 pr9cipally 9 ! col\rs1 :i* are delicate yet ri*1 subdu$ yet lu/r\s1 t ^! rugs surpass all o!rs4 ,_! mo/ di/9ctive tones are blues1 r$s1 br[ns1 & gre5s1 s arrang$ t ! gr\nd col\rs ( bord] & field g5]ally contra/ yet rema9 9 p]fect h>mony2 z :]e !re is "s moss gre5 9 bord] & w9e col\r 9 field1 ea* be+ subord9at$ to o!r sup]impos$ col\rs repres5t+ floral detail4 ,,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,p]sia ,! be/ kn[n ( ! floral patt]ns1 repeat$ ) =mal precision ?r\gh\t ! field1 is ! ,h]ati patt]n1 :i* is ( unc]ta9 antiquity & orig94 ,x consi/s ( a c5tral figure t g5]ally repres5ts a rose1 b sometimes a peony or rosette1 ab\t :i* are gr\p$ o!r figures l crumpl$ or lance-%ap$ leaves4 ,probably bo? ! c5tral & encircl+ figures are ( ,p]sian orig91 ?\gh ! latt] h be5 reg>d$ by "s au?orities z repres5t+ fi% & attribut$ to ,egypt or to ,*9a2 9 fact1 !y are occasionally drawn s z di/9ctly to %[ eyes & f9s4 ,v frequ5tly f\r ( ^! figures are arrang$ ab\t a lattice-%ap$ design ) p5dants & a c5tral rosette1 z 9 ,plate ,o1 ,fig4 #d 7,page #bia74 ,?is ,h]ati or ,fi% ,patt]n1 z x is frequ5tly call$1 appe>s 9 _m ( ! old ,p]sian rugs & 9 mo/ ( ! mod]n pieces1 p>ticul>ly ! ,f]aghans & ,h]ats4 ,a less frequ5tly se5 floral patt]n1 :i* has be5 us$ f a v remote "t & is /ill repres5t$ 9 mod]n rugs1 is ! ,guli ,h9nai1 or ,fl[] ( ,h9nai 7,plate ,o1 ,fig4 #c74 ,( ?is plant ,mohamm$ 0 s fond t he call$ x ! 8*ief ( ?is _w & ! next40 ,x occurs z a =mal patt]n 9 _m ( ! ,f]aghans1 & 9 sev]al o!r rugs 9 :i* its bright five-petall$ fl[]s are scatt]$ in=mally ov] ! field4 ,ano!r floral patt]n frequ5tly se5 is ! ,m9a ,khani1 illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,o1 ,fig4 #b1 t 0 nam$ aft] ,m9a ,khan1 a =m] ,p]sian rul]4 ,x is p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic ( ,p]sian ,kurdi% pieces 9 :i* a d>k blue field is cov]$ by a network ( int]sect+ olive-col\r$ v9es4 ,at ! int]sections are plac$ l>ge fl[]s t alt]nate 9 regul> s]ies accord+ to _! diff]5t designs & col\rs2 & betwe5 !m (t5 appe> o!r fl[]s1 su* z ! small] & bright] col\r$ ,h9nai1 s z to de/roy too great /iffness ( design4 ,z ! fl[]s are relatively l>ge & suffici5tly sep>ate to %[ ! int]v5+ blue field1 ?is is "o ( ! mo/ effective ( ! =mal repetitive floral patt]ns4 ,a /ill m =mal patt]n 7,plate ,o1 ,fig4 #a71 :i* appe>$ 9 "s ( ! ,p]sian rugs ( ! ,,xvi & ,,xvii c5turies1 0 nam$ aft] ,%ah ,abbas4 ,x is n unlikely t x 0 sugge/$ by ! ,m9a ,khani design1 to :i* x be>s a slight resemblance2 b ! pr9cipal motive is s conv5tionalis$ t x has lo/ mu* ( ! floral "*4 ,betwe5 ! l>ge & =mal palmettes1 t are arrang$ ) ma!matical precision1 are gr\p$ ) simil> regul>ity small] palmettes1 connect$ by angul> v9es & leafy bran*es4 ,only a few ,p]sian rugs h ! =mal repetitive patt]ns1 su* z ! ,h]ati1 ,guli ,h9nai1 ,m9a ,khani1 & ,%ah ,abbas4 ,o!rs h ! repetitive patt]n ( bu%es1 fl[]s1 or ! pe>1 on a field ( ri* col\r4 ,! rema9d] h patt]ns consi/+ l>gely ( scrolls1 v9es1 or t5drils1 drawn ) exquisite art & decorat$ ) leaves1 fl[]s1 & buds 9 beautiful pr(usion2 also birds1 bea/s1 human be+s1 demons1 & o!r imag9>y %apes1 sometimes associat$ ) ! foliage b frequ5tly be>+ no app>5t relation to x1 appe> z special motives4 ,s9ce _m ( ^! =ms1 :i* orig9at$ 9 ! remote pa/1 h be5 transplant$ f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 & conv5tionalis$ to meet ! new environm5t1 x is int]e/+ to obs]ve ! designs 9 ! diff]5t classes ( rugs & trace z f> z possible ! influ5ces to :i* !y are due4 ,,h]ats4--,on great l9es ( travel betwe5 ,india1 ,turke/an1 & ,p]sia1 ! city ( ,h]at 9 ,nor?we/]n ,afghani/an = c5turies occupi$ comm]cially a mo/ important position1 s t its p long s9ce became famili> ) ! be/ fabrics ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntries4 ,dur+ ! ,,xv ,c5tury x rea*$ its greate/ prosp]ity1 & ex]t$ an important influ5ce on ! art & culture ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,be=e ! art decad5ce t foll[$ ! capture ( ! city by ,nadir ,%ah 9 #agca1 & ! removal ( _m ( its artisans to ,p]sia1 its looms 7 produc+ "s ( ! be/ rugs ( ! ,ori5t1 :i* excell$ 9 delicacy ( draw+ & 9 p]fect h>mony ( col\rs4 ,! fields conta9$ patt]ns ( s]rat$ leaves entw9$ ) fl[+ arabesques1 scrolls1 & ,*9ese cl\d-b&s4 ,conspicu\s among ?is trac]y 7 palmettes & su* fl[]s z ! lotus & peony1 :i* 7 (t5 mo/ reali/ically drawn4#ag ,^! rugs are ( fur!r int]e/1 z !y conta9$ 9 field & bord] ! design t1 slightly *ang$1 appe>s 9 _m ( ! lat] rugs ( ,p]sia z ! ,h]ati patt]n4 ,! mod]n rugs are z unlike o!r ,afghans z 7 ! antique pieces & %[ a close relation%ip to ^? ( ,p]sia4 ,nor is ?is surpris+1 z ! weav]s1 ?\gh fall+ f> %ort ( ! high /&>ds ( ! "t :5 ,h]at 0 "p ( ,p]sia1 are /ill m9dful ( ! e>ly traditions4 ,moreov]1 _m ( ! rugs are made across ! bord] 9 ,khorassan1 & h ! silky pile peculi> to ! rugs ( t prov9ce2 b _! tones ( col\r1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( r$ or blue 9 ! field1 & light gre51 yell[1 & ivory 9 ! bord]1 z well z mo/ ( ! patt]ns1 are dissimil>4 ,9 "o type ! fields are cov]$ ) pe> designs2 b _! b5t n>r[ ends always turn 9 ! same direction1 :il/ ^? ( o!r rugs turn 9 diff]5t directions 9 alt]nate r[s4 ,ano!r type sugge/s ! ,f]aghans1 because _! fields are cov]$ ) ! ,h]ati or ,fi% patt]n2 b ! bord]s ( ! ,f]aghans usually h ! well-kn[n turtle patt]n1 :ile ! bord]s ( ^! adh]e to ! traditional ,h]ati design4 ,x is also n unusual to see a l>ge c5tral m$allion1 9 :i* blue or r$ pr$om9ates1 sep>at$ by a field ( light] col\r f ! triangul> patt]ns ( ! corn]s4 ,n[ & !n1 a nomadic influ5ce is se5 9 ! small adv5titi\s figures ( ! field4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bd4 ,,bij> ,,rug ,"o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ?is class are ! bord]s1 t g5]ally h ?ree /ripes1 ( :i* ! c5tral consi/s ( a cont9u\s v9e ( crumpl$ leaves s conv5tionalis$ z to be m]ely b5t1 ?orny /alks p>tly envelop+ =mal rosettes4 ,! o!r /ripes are n>r[1 & h "s simple undulat+ v9e4 ,?is typical bord]1 ! /\t1 closely wov5 w>p & weft ( cotton1 _! l>ge1 almo/ squ>e %apes & r co>se weave1 are important aids 9 di/+ui%+ ?is class f all o!rs4 ,"s ( ! rugs rec5tly made are co>se2 b ! old] rugs h excell5t dyes1 lu/r\s nap1 & matur$ tones ( well-bl5d$ col\rs4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4#ah ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$ & blue ) m9or quantities ( gre51 yell[1 & ivory4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes1 r>ely ,sehna4 ,knots to in* horizontally1 eight to elev52 p]p5dicul>ly1 n9e to twelve4 ,a half knot1 z x appe>s at back1 is ab\t z long1 measur$ 9 direction ( l5g? ( rug1 z wide4#ai ,! r[s ( knots are firmly press$ d[n s t ! w>p is conceal$ at back4 ,w>p1 ( cotton1 r>ely wool2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is g5]ally d\bl$ "u ! o!r1 sometimes x is only depress$4 ,weft1 wool1 occasionally cotton2 ( co>se diamet]4 ,= a %ort space a ?read ( weft crosses twice1 t is across & back once1 betwe5 e two r[s ( knots1 !n ?ree times1 & s alt]nates e sev]al r[s4 ,pile1 wool ( m$ium l5g?1 s(t1 & silky4 ,bord]1 ?ree to five /ripes1 & frequ5tly an out] edg+ ( uni=m col\r4 ,sides1 a d\ble ov]ca/+4 ,bo? ends1 n>r[ web & loose w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 /\t & firm4 ,weave at back is ( co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 eight to tw5ty feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree fif?s to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,khorassans4--,among ,iranians1 ,khorassan is (t5 spok5 ( z ! ,l& ( ! ,sun4 ,9 its nor!rn "p are long ranges ( m\nta9s :]e h]ds & flocks f9d excell5t pa/ures1 & int]v5+ valleys :]e ! soil is cultivat$4 ,b ! rema9d] ( ! prov9ce1 ) ! exception ( scatt]$ oases1 :]e small t[ns & villages are locat$1 is almo/ entirely a des]t1 f :i* 9 classic times ! ,p>?ians advanc$ to h>ass ! armies ( ,greece & ,rome1 !n retreat$ to seek ! protection ( its va/ salt m>%es & inhospitable wa/es4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! little villages surr\nd$ by a dre>y wild]ness h be5 produc$ z beautiful rugs z 9 ^? m fav\r$ spots :]e prevail$ cultur$ influ5ces t c\ld develop an ,om> ,khayyam & produce ! sacr$ %r9e ( ,me%$4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,mongolian invasion sev]al hundr$ looms1 ea* employ+ f\r or five wom51 7 busy 9 ! t[n ( ,toon 9 ,c5tral ,khorassan4 ,ly+ f>!r to ! ea/ is ! di/rict ( ,ka91 :i* 0 once r5[n$ = its beautiful rugs ( ,h]ati patt]n1 b ( lat] ye>s has produc$ co>s] pieces ) inf]ior designs & bad col\rs4 ,/ill bett] kn[n 0 ,birj&1 9 ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! prov9ce1 :]e =m]ly 7 wov5 pieces ( sup]ior workman%ip t conta9$ f two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ knots to ! squ>e in*4 ,_! col\rs 7 ( delicate %ades2 & x 0 n unusual to employ ivory or o!r light tones = ! gr\nd1 ) :i* 0 contra/$ ! d>k] tones ( ! ,h]ati or pe> patt]ns4 ,ov] a c5tury ago _m su* t[ns 9 ,khorassan 7 weav+ rugs ( arti/ic design & beautiful col\rs1 b z a rule ! pres5t products fall f> bel[ ! e>ly /&>ds4 ,mo/ ( ! ,khorassans n[ se5 7 made almo/ fifty ye>s or m ago & rival ! be/ ( mod]n ,p]sian rugs4 ,z a rule1 !y are ( l>ge size & h closely wov5 texture4 ,!y c be di/+ui%$ f mo/ o!rs by ! silk9ess ( _! mod]ately long nap1 :i* is (t5 due to ! fact t x is f ! fleece ( a ye>l+ lamb z well z because x is cut long & unev5ly4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic is ! use ( "s %ade ( r$1 z a p9k1 rose1 or w9e col\r4 ,v frequ5tly x is mag5ta or ev5 purple1 :i* are r>ely f\nd 9 o!r ,p]sian rugs4 ,blue & cream are also l>gely employ$4 ,_! col\rs are g5]ally s(t5$ by age1 yet are w>m1 & at times brilliant1 z :5 a l>ge field ( bright rose r$ or blue surr\nds a c5tral m$allion4 ,! div]sity ( patt]n 9 ,khorassans is p>tly due to copy+ designs ( rugs br\ght f o!r prov9ces by ! pilgrims :o ye>ly visit ,me%$1 & to ! remot5ess f "o ano!r ( diff]5t c5tres ( weav+ 9 a prov9ce occupy+ "o f\r? ( all ,p]sia4 ,"o patt]n1 h[ev]1 bas$ ^u ! treatm5t ( ! pe> design1 :i* is employ$ 9 _m ( ^! pieces1 at once di/+ui%es !m f rugs ( o!r di/ricts4 ,x consi/s ( l>ge pe>s arrang$ 9 regul> ord] on a field ( d>k col\r ) _! pr9cipal axes incl9$ diagonally 9 ! same direction1 & ( two or ?ree mu* small] pe>s p>tly re/+ on !m & p>tly project+ beyond _! edges4 ,unlike ! pe> designs 9 o!r ,p]sian rugs1 :i* are oval1 ^! are elongat$ l ^? ( ,indian rugs2 & )9 !m1 z well z 9 ! field1 are (t5 small floral figures4 ,?is di/9ctive patt]n is r5d]$ m effective by ! col\r s*eme2 s9ce frequ5tly pe>s ( r$ or mag5ta1 def9$ by l9es ( yell[ & conta9+ :ite petall$ fl[]s1 re/ ^u a gr\nd ( d>k blue4 ,! ,h]ati design is also frequ5tly employ$1 & 9 v old pieces are occasionally repres5t$ birds & animals naturali/ically drawn4 ,x is n unusual to see a c5tral m$allion or l>ge vase ( fl[]s surr\nd$ by a field ( bright uni=m col\r1 & 9 "s rugs are two m$allions4 ,:5 ! c5tre conta9s a m$allion1 ! triangul>-%ap$ corn]s are set (f by l9es t are mu* simpl] ?an ^? 9 ,s>\ks & ,k]man%ahs4 ,few o!r rugs h m noticeable bord]s2 = n only are !y v wide1 b 9 ! ma9 /ripe1 :i* is z wide z sev]al gu>d /ripes1 is "s *>act]i/ic patt]n4 ,occasionally x conta9s ! ,h]ati design1 b m frequ5tly x consi/s ( a heavy undulat+ v9e ) incipi5t fl[] =ms1 t at times almo/ assume ! appe>ance ( a bird's head re/+ on a sub-patt]n ( d\ble floral v9e4 ,?is /ripe1 illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #b1 7opp4 ,page #aef7 is s frequ5tly met ) 9 ,khorassans z to be *>act]i/ic ( !m4 ,! n>r[ gu>d /ripes usually conta9 "s simple v9e or ornate reciprocal figure4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally rose1 blue1 & ivory1 ) m9or quantities ( yell[ & gre54 ,knot1 ,sehna4 ,_m are 8left-h&40 ,knots to in* horizontally1 eight to ?irte52 p]p5dicul>ly1 twelve to tw5ty4 ,! r[s ( knots are firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is conceal$ & ! weft is p>tly hidd5 at back4 ,w>p1 cotton2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is d\bl$ "u ! o!r4 ,a few %ort l5g?s ( ?reads ( w>p hang loose at ! back ( "s pieces4 ,weft1 almo/ always cotton1 occasionally wool ( f9e diamet] & usually dy$ blue4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 two r[s ( knots1 except+ at int]vals ( e six or eight r[s ( knots1 :]e x crosses ?ree or m times4 ,pile1 wool ( m$ium l5g?1 silky & unev5ly clipp$4 ,bord]1 ?ree to six /ripes1 & g5]ally an out] edg+ ( uni=m col\r4 ,sides1 a d\ble ov]ca/+ ( same col\r z edg+4 ,bo? ends1 a n>r[ web & %ort w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 mod]ately firm4 ,weave at back is ( mod]ately f9e gra94 ,usual l5g?1 five to twelve feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree fif?s to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,me%$s4--,9 few p>ts ( ! ,ea/ h ! weav]s receiv$ great] inspiration f sacr$ & hi/oric association ?an ^? ( ,me%$4 ,to ,%iite ,mohamm$ans x conta9s ! mo/ holy spot 9 ,p]sia2 = )9 a mosque respl5d5t ) faade ( blue & :ite tiles1 & ) gild$ m9>ets ( exquisite design1 lie ! rema9s ( ,ali ,riza1 ! eigh? ,imam or ,moslem prie/1 9 a tomb t is view$ ye>ly by ne>ly "o hundr$ ?\s& pilgrims4 ,x 0 = a %ort "t ! capital ( ,%ah ,abbas1 :o beautifi$ its mosques2 & "h ,nadir ,%ah1 ^: rema9s lie 9 ! mausoleum1 held 8 c\rt aft] ! capture ( ,delhi4 ,)9 its walls 0 born ,fird\si1 ! ,hom] ( ,p]sia2 & n f> away1 among ! m\nta9s to ! we/1 0 ! home ( ! poet & a/ronom]1 ,om> ,khayyam4 ,n only devotees b l>ge numb]s ( m]*ants regul>ly visit ! city 9 ! c>avans f ,khiva1 ,bokh>a1 ,h]at1 ,yezd1 & ,teh]an1 s t x is also a city ( comm]cial importance4 ,x is possible t a few ( ^? mat*less pieces :i* 7 attribut$ to ,h]at be=e its de/ruction by ,nadir ,%ah 7 made 9 ! di/rict ne> ,me%$1 s9ce accord+ to an ,arabian travell]#bj :o visit$ x dur+ ! ,,xiv ,c5tury _m f9e c>pets !n lay on ! floor ( its mosque4 ,x is also believ$ t )9 ! %r9e1 :i* has nev] be5 ent]$ by an unbeliev]1 /ill rema9 "s ( ! mo/ magnific5t c>pets ( ! ,ori5t4 ,b = m ?an a c5tury ! textile indu/ry has be5 decl9+1 & ! rugs n[ se5 are g5]ally ( rec5t manufacture4 ,z a rule1 ^! rugs are ( ! ,khorassan type1 & h ! same silky appe>ance ( nap1 ?\gh x is %ort] & m ev5ly clipp$4 ,! patt]n1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally diff]5t1 z seldom is ! field completely cov]$ ) ! pe> design1 b :5ev] us$1 x is ( elaborate draw+ & frequ5tly v l>ge4 ,nor is ! *>act]i/ic ,khorassan bord] /ripe1 illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #b 7opp4 ,page #aef71 employ$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n usual to see l>ge c5tral m$allions1 ) floral designs 9 tones ( rose or p9k on fields ( blue or ivory1 & bord]s ) undulat+ floral v9es1 9 :i* appe>s evid5ce ( ,h]ati influ5ce4 ,mo/ ( ! rugs t n[ exi/ 7 made )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s1 & are ( l>ge size & almo/ squ>e %ape4 ,! col\r s*eme incl9es to light & (t5 brilliant tones1 :i* at times are /rongly contra/$ ) small masses ( mu* d>k] %ades4 ,! wool is excell5t1 & ! w>p & weft are r>ely co>se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #be4 ,,k]man%ah ,,rug ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally rose or p9k1 blue & :ite1 ) m9or quantities ( yell[ & gre54 ,knot1 g5]ally ,sehna1 r>ely ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally1 eight to fifte52 p]p5dicul>ly1 twelve to sev5te54 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is conceal$ & ! weft is p>tly hidd5 at back4 ,w>p1 g5]ally cotton1 occasionally wool2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is d\bl$ "u ! o!r4 ,weft1 wool or cotton1 ( f9e diamet] & usually dy$ blue4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool ( f9e quality & m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 usually f ?ree to six /ripes1 occasionally z _m z eight1 & g5]ally an out] edg+ ( uni=m col\r4 ,sides1 a d\ble ov]ca/+ ( same col\r z edg+4 ,l[] end1 a n>r[ web & w>p fr+e4 ,upp] end1 a web & w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 mod]ately firm4 ,weave at back is ( slightly co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 six to f\rte5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 two ?irds to sev5 eigh?s l5g?4 ,,ispahans4--,/ill impos+ 9 ! ru9s ( its =m] spl5d\r1 surr\nd$ by or*>ds1 v9ey>ds1 & groves ( trees t %ade a broad1 well-wat]$ pla91 is ! anci5t city ( ,ispahan4 ,"u ! ,caliphs x became ! capital ( ,p]sia2 & ?\gh sack$ by ,tam]lane1 :o slew sev5ty ?\s& ( its inhabitants1 x rose to su* importance t 9 ! ,,xvii ,c5tury x conta9$ )9 its walls sev]al palaces1 "o hundr$ & sixty mosques1 ov] two score ( colleges1 ne>ly two ?\s& c>avans>ies1 & ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( a million p4 ,n[ ! population has dw9dl$ to ab\t sixty ?\s&2 & ! few /ately mosques & colleges t rema9 amid miles ( des]t$ /reets1 ab&on$ baza>s1 & ru9$ homes b feebly reflect ! magnific5ce ( ! =m] capital4 ,"h 0 ! royal c\rt ( ,%ah ,abbas1 :o s5t to ,italy1 = ! purpose ( /udy+ decorative art1 a numb] ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ artisans1 to :om are accr$it$ "s ( ! gracefully drawn designs ( _m ( ! e>ly c>pets4 ,"h1 9 ! days ( its greate/ prosp]ity1 7 f\nd$ _m indu/ries1 & on its looms 7 und\bt$ly wov5 "s ( ! be/ ( old ,p]sian c>pets4 ,?\gh ,h]at is n[ reg>d$ by "s au?orities z ! c5tre :]e ! s-call$ ,ispahan rugs 7 made1 x is improbable1 z previ\sly po9t$ out1 t all ( !m came f !re4 ,b aft] ! dea? ( ,%ah ,abbas ! rug indu/ry began to decl9e2 & ) ! removal ( ! capital to ,%iraz1 9 #agfj1 ,ispahan ceas$ to be a rug-produc+ c5tre ( consequ5ce4 ,!re may be a d\bt :e!r su* enorm\s c>pets1 z ! "o ) l5g? ( sixty feet & bread? ( ?irty t ,sir ,purdon ,cl>k 9 8 monograph on ,ori5tal ,c>pets m5tions z ly+ 9 ! hall ( ,*ehel ,sutoon at ,ispahan1 7 made !re or 7 import$ f o!r cities2 b ! weav+ ( rugs has nev] entirely ceas$2 & s great is ! fame ( ! =m] glory ( ! city t ev5 n[ ,ori5tal deal]s w (t5 apply to rugs ! t]m 8,ispahan0 z an epi!t ( sup]iority4 ,! few mod]n pieces :i* rea* ! we/]n m>kets be> little resemblance to _! prototypes2 & ev5 among !mselves %[ little simil>ity ( patt]n1 ?\gh ! pe> & ,h]ati designs are n uncommon4 ,9 "s rugs a c5tury old ! field is almo/ cov]$ ) :at is kn[n z ! ,p]sian cr[n jewel1 & 9 o!rs ! field conta9s diamond-%ap$ m$allions arrang$ 9 regul> ord] ) small foliate & floral =ms plac$ betwe5 !m4 ,small figures ( animals are also occasionally repres5t$4 ,! bord] is g5]ally n>r[ & lack+ 9 impressive individuality1 s t ! "* ( ! rugs dep5ds l>gely on ! patt]n ( ! field & ! well-season$ col\rs1 :i* are always ri* & h>moni\s4 ,"s %ade ( r$ or blue is usually *os5 = ! gr\nd2 & 9 ! designs are gre51 yell[1 & :ite4 ,! weave has v>iations r>ely f\nd 9 o!r rugs2 = ! w>p1 :i* is usually cotton1 may also be wool1 or wool & cotton twi/$ toge!r2 & ! weft may likewise be wool or cotton1 & may cross betwe5 ! r[s ( knots ei!r once or twice 9 diff]5t rugs1 or ev5 once or twice 9 ! same rug4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4#ba ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$ & blue1 ) m9or quantities ( gre5 & yell[4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to n9e2 p]p5dicul>ly1 eight to f\rte54 ,! r[s ( knots are firmly press$ d[n4 ,w>p1 usually cotton1 occasionally wool2 9 a few pieces wool or cotton are twi/$ toge!r4 ,ea* ?read ( w>p is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 wool or cotton4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses once or twice betwe5 two r[s ( knots4 ,if x is wool1 x g5]ally crosses twice2 if ( cotton1 two ?reads are g5]ally plac$ side by side & cross toge!r once z a s+le ?read4 ,pile1 wool1 ( %ort or m$ium l5g?4 ,sides1 a d\ble selvage ( two or ?ree *ords4 ,l[] end1 a web4 ,upp] end1 a web & fr+e4 ,occasionally ! web is turn$ back & hemm$4 ,texture1 firm4 ,weave at back is mod]ately co>se4 ,usual l5g?1 six to f\rte5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 two fif?s to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,kirmans4--,on acc\nt ( ! isolat$ position ( ,kirman 9 ,s\!a/]n ,p]sia1 :]e ! almo/ impassable sal9e & s&y des]ts by :i* x is surr\nd$ on ! nor? & ea/1 & ! m\nta9 ridges t sep>ate x f ! f]tile valleys ( ,p]sia on ! we/1 9 a measure protect$ x f ! repeat$ invasions t di/urb$ ! political & indu/rial conditions ( ,nor!rn ,p]sia1 x has cont9u\sly = ov] a ?\s& ye>s be5 an important c5tre = ! manufacture ( rugs4 ,moreov]1 dur+ all ?is p]iod x has be5 not$ = ! excell5ce ( _! quality4 ,z e>ly z ! ,mohamm$an conque/s its fabrics 7 tak5 to furni% ! floors & divans ( ,caliphs' palaces4 ,:5 ,m>co ,polo visit$ ,p]sia 9 #abgj he wrote ( ! beautiful %awls & c>pets made by ! wom5 ( ,kirman2 & ! not$ ,fr5* travell] ,*>d91 :o liv$ 9 t c\ntry dur+ "p ( ! ,,xvii ,c5tury1 also spoke mo/ fav\rably ( !m4 ,ev5 aft] ,nadir ,%ah remov$ _m ( ! mo/ skill$ weav]s to ! nor!rn "p ( ,p]sia subsequ5t to asc5d+ ! ?rone 9 #agci1 & ,aga ,mohamm$ ,khan pillag$ ! city & massacr$ _m ( ! inhabitants 9 #agid1 ! rug indu/ry cont9u$ to prosp]1 & to-day t di/rict is produc+ ! be/ ( mod]n pieces4 ,to ?is isolation is also l>gely due ! excell5ce ( ! weave & dyes1 s9ce ! artisans h 9 a measure escap$ ! p]nici\s influ5ces ( m>ket dem&s & anil9e col\rs4 ,& to x mu/ be attribut$ ! fact t ! old ,iranian textile art appe>s n[h]e else 9 great] purity2 = ( all ! rugs on ! m>ket to-day ^! con=m m ne>ly 9 texture1 col\r1 & design to ! ma/]pieces ( e>li] times1 & %[ none ( ! =eign influ5ces appe>+ 9 pieces wov5 9 ! nor?4 ,& yet 9 ,kirman is complexity ( race z well z religion2 = ! ,belu*es :o h w&]$ across ! des]t m+le ) ! ,p]sians2 & ! ,guebres1 /ill practis+ 9 secret _! fire wor%ip1 meet ) ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,= long ages silkworms h be5 cultivat$ 9 ! di/rict ab\t ,kirman & f$ on ! mulb]ry trees t gr[ wild among its hills1 s t x is n surpris+ t small quantities ( silk are sometimes us$ 9 ! rugs2 b z a rule ! pile is entirely ( wool1 yet ( su* f9e quality & s well wov5 t _m ( ! old pieces h a lu/r\s & silky appe>ance4 ,?is wool1 :i* is :ite & ( unusually f9e texture1 is p>tly ! product ( ! native %eep & p>tly ! product ( a v>iety ( goats t live among ! ridges & yield fleeces almo/ z f9e z ^? ( ,ka%mir4 ,x is probably because ( ! fondness ( ! p ( ,kirman = roses1 :i* !y cultivate = ! att>1 t !y depict !m s pr(usely 9 _! rugs4 ,sometimes !y repres5t !m z fill+ vases set 9 r[s1 or aga9 z =mal b\quets arrang$ 9 regul> ord] ^u ! field4 ,!y also weave !m 9 ! bord]s among gre5 leaves1 z plac$ !re t5d]ly & n hang+ f su* /iffly =m$ v9es z are se5 9 o!r ,p]sian rugs4 ,nor are !y conv5tionalis$ l ! fl[]s ( mo/ mod]n rugs2 b petal1 leaf1 & /em are drawn ) a precision t sugge/s ! "w ( ,indian weav]s4 ,usually !y are r$ contra/+ ) a gr\nd col\r ( s(t1 a%y grey 9 ! field1 & ( gold5 yell[ 9 ! ri*1 h>moni\s bord]4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( a pr(usion ( roses1 !re are o!r fl[]s1 su* z ! sunfl[]1 sugge/+ ! old ,zoroa/rian fai?1 ! cypress1 or ! sacr$ 8cocos40 ,aga91 ! g5]al design may be modifi$ f "o /rictly floral1 & amid ! foliage may be introduc$ birds1 animals1 or human be+s2 b ! naturali/ic draw+ is always noticeable4 ,9 mod]n pieces ! c5tral m$allion is (t5 adopt$1 yet ! g5]al resemblance to old] pieces is evid5t4 ,z a rule ! bord] has five /ripes1 ( :i* ! ma9 "o is twice ! wid? ( any o!r1 & surr\nd+ ! out] is a n>r[ edg+ t is usually p9ki% r$2 ?\gh n[ & !n1 accord+ to ! g5]al col\r s*eme1 a v pleas+ effect is obta9$ by sub/itut+ an edg+ ( moss gre54 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bf4 ,,kurdi/an ,,rug ,,) ,,m9a ,,khani ,,patt]n ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally grey or ivory1 ) m9or quantities ( faun1 yell[1 rose1 & blue4 ,knot1 ,sehna4 ,knots to in* horizontally elev5 to tw5ty2 p]p5dicul>ly1 elev5 to tw5ty4 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n s t ! w>p is conceal$ & ! weft is p>tly hidd5 at back4 ,w>p1 cotton2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by knot is d\bl$ "u ! o!r4 ,weft1 g5]ally wool ( f9e diamet]1 occasionally cotton1 & frequ5tly dy$ blue4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 %ort1 s(t1 & silky4 ,bord]1 usually ( five /ripes & an out] edg+ ( uni=m col\r t is g5]ally p9k b sometimes gre54 ,sides1 a d\ble ov]ca/+ ( ! same col\r z edg+4 ,bo? ends1 a n>r[ web & %ort w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 v firm4 ,weave at back is ( mod]ately f9e gra94 ,usual l5g?1 five to sev5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree fif?s to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,yezd4--,9 ! c5tre ( a s&y pla91 midway betwe5 ,kirman & ,ka%an1 is ! city ( ,yezd1 :]e almo/ ! la/ ( ! ,iranian fire-wor%ipp]s1 n[ a small "p ( ! total population1 /ill foll[ ! anci5t fai?4 ,?\gh p>tly %ut (f f ! great des]t ( ,khorassan by a m\nta9 range1 ! city is only an oasis1 :]e ! drift+ s&s t buri$ ! old city ev] sugge/ to ! inhabitants ! dread _s ( desolation :i* f9ds an e*o 9 ru9$ walls )94 ,at ! pres5t "t v few pil$ rugs are wov5 !re & !y are r>ely se5 9 ,we/]n m>kets2 yet on acc\nt ( ! hi/oric int]e/ 9 its p1 ! "n is sometimes appli$ to mod]n products made 9 o!r di/ricts4 ,at "o "t x 0 not$ = its silk rugs1 & also = its felt 8namads10 :i* are g5]ally too heavy to be transport$1 s9ce "s ( !m h a ?ickness ( two in*es & a sup]ficial area ( t5 ?\s& squ>e feet4 ,,%iraz4--,ne> ! c5tre ( a small1 well-cultivat$ valley encircl$ by m\nta9s is ,%iraz1 capital ( ,f>si/an4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,k]im ,khan1 f #agfj to #aggi1 x 0 ! capital ( ,p]sia2 b s9ce !n x has suff]$ f e>?quakes & neglect until n[ mu* ( its =m] glory has dep>t$4 ,& yet !re /ill rema9 associations to k9dle ! imag9ation1 = )\t ! gates are ! g>d5s t ,p]sian poets h extoll$ 9 v]se2 ! tombs ( ,saadi & ,hafiz2 & n f> away are ! spots :]e ,cyrus1 ,d>ius1 & ,x]xes liv$1 & ! ru9$ palaces t ,alex&] de/roy$ 9 a night ( drunk5 revelry4 ,z e>ly z ! "t ( ! ,caliphs ?is di/rict produc$ l>ge numb]s ( c>pets2 ?\gh few1 if any1 rema9 t 7 wov5 be=e ! ,,xv ,c5tury4 ,z is ! case ) mod]n pieces1 all ( !m 7 di/+ui%$ = _! s(t & beautiful wool1 :i* is to be attribut$ to ! climate & pa/ure ( ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s & valleys4 ,"o ( ! olde/ exi/+ rugs ( ?is di/rict :i* displays ! *>act]i/ic wool is ref]r$ to by ,dr4 ,f4 ,r4 ,m>t9 9 ! foll[+ words3#bb 8,z soon z ,i _h t\*$ x1 ,i 0 c]ta9 t we _h to deal ) a v r>e k9d ( c>pets :i* 7 made at ,%iraz1 or at lea/ ) ! brilliant ,%iraz wool4 ,mo/ ( ! c>pets made ( t wool are lo/1 because ! mat]ial 0 su* a s(t "o t x 0 easily worn out4 ,i "k ( v few :i* are old] ?an ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,no wool 9 all ,p]sia takes su* ri* & deep col\r z ! ,%iraz wool4 ,! deep blue & ! d>k ruby r$ are equally extraord9>y1 & t is due to ! brilliancy ( ! wool1 :i* is firm] &1 s to say1 m transp>5t ?an silk1 & makes "o ?9k ( transluc5t enamel4 ,z a piece ( col\r ?is c>pet is c]ta9ly "o ( ! f9e/1 & !re are v few c>pets t h great] *>m1 :i* ev5 ! be/ reproduction c\ld n give4 ,9 its col\rs !re is some?+ ( an e>ly ,go?ic /a9$-glass w9d[1 :]e ! du/ ( ages has s cov]$ ! design t x has become obscur$ & ! imag9ation ( ! spectator mu/ complete x4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,p]sians = :om ?is c>pet 0 made us$ to sit & dream = h\rs ov] ! beauty ( its col\rs1 beautiful z ! wond]ful l&scape surr\nd+ ,%iraz40 ,on acc\nt ( ! design & workman%ip ( ?is rem>kable piece x is ref]r$ by ,dr4 ,m>t9 to ! ,,xv ,c5tury4 ,dur+ ! two foll[+ c5turies ! c>pets ( ,%iraz atta9$ ! high /&>d ( excell5ce preval5t 9 ! pr9cipal cities ( ,p]sia2 b mo/ ( ^? pieces are n[ extremely r>e1 z !y 7 wov5 *iefly = imp]ial use or = ex*ange ) =eign rul]s4 ,?is city exp]i5c$ ! art decad5ce t began ) ! ,,xviii ,c5tury1 yet "u ! patronage ( ,k]im ,khan imp]ial factories = weav+ 7 aga9 e/abli%$ !re4 ,?\gh "s ( ! rugs made eighty or ev5 sixty ye>s ago are c]ta9ly beautiful1 ^! mod]n pieces1 z a rule1 lack ! excell5t qualities ( e>ly rugs1 & ^? m rec5tly wov5 are /ill poor]4 ,on a few ( !m are depict$ designs t are /rictly ,p]sian2 b !y g5]ally dep>t widely f ! e>ly traditions1 & floral =ms are v mu* conv5tionalis$4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( ?is class ! field is cov]$ ) pe> designs :i* are describ$ by /raight l9es & angles4 ,sometimes !y are z small z 9 ! ,s>ab5ds1 occupy+ ! :ole field z ! pr9cipal motive2 or !y may be plac$ less prom95tly )9 diagonal or p]p5dicul> /ripes4 ,aga91 !y may be z l>ge z 9 ,khorassans & gr\p$ ) o!r designs4 ,ano!r v common patt]n1 kn[n z ! 8pole-m$allion10 consi/s ( a n>r[ p]p5dicul> b> connect+ two or m l>ge diamond-%ap$ figures on :i* are gr\p$ conv5tionalis$ floral =ms & geometric designs4 ,9 o!r pieces ! patt]n is z geometric z t ( any ,caucasian rug1 & x is n unusual to see bo? field & bord] pr(usely adorn$ ) lat*-hooks enclos$ )9 & surr\nd+ geometric figures4 ,nor is x unusual to see small figures ( m5 & animals scatt]$ ?r\gh ! field4 ,inde$1 !re is no o!r ,p]sian rug 9 :i* ! patt]n is s het]og5e\s4 ,! bord]s usually consi/ ( a numb] ( n>r[ /ripes1 or a wide "o ) n>r[ gu>d /ripes4 ,"o ( !m1 at lea/1 almo/ inv>iably conta9s "s =m ( v9e & leaves1 & n infrequ5tly ! r[ ( small ,x figures t also appe> 9 ,%irvans4 ,9 fact1 ! rugs are sometimes mi/ak5 = ,%irvans on acc\nt ( ! resemblance 9 geometric designs4 ,?\gh !re is su* v>iety 9 ! patt]ns1 ^! rugs are n difficult to recognise4 ,!re is some?+ di/9ctive ab\t ! d>k blues & r$s contra/$ ) small] areas ( ivory & yell[4 ,!y are1 z a rule1 loosely wov51 & _m ( !m h a trait ( ly+ unev5ly on ! floor4 ,n infrequ5tly an extra b& ( pile is wov5 betwe5 ! bord] & ! broad embroid]$ webs ( ! ends1 f :i* hang a loose fr+e4 ,! sides are ov]ca/ ) heavy /r&s ( wool v>i$ l a b>b]-pole at regul> int]vals2 &1 z is n ! case ) any o!r class1 !y are (t5 ornam5t$ at int]vals ) col\r$ tassels4 ,!re are also l>ge numb]s ( ,%iraz saddle-bags1 :i* are sup]ior to any o!rs made4 ,!y resemble ! ,caucasian1 z ! patt]ns are geometric2 b !y may be di/+ui%$ f !m by ! f9] wool & a slightly diff]5t col\r s*eme4 ,n infrequ5tly ! t]m 8,mecca0 is appli$ to ,%iraz rugs1 & ! impression is convey$ t !y 7 made !re4 ,nor is ! /atem5t always entirely devoid ( tru?2 = ea* ye> c>avans aggregat+ "s two hundr$ ?\s& s\ls ent] t city to make _! devotions to ,allah1 to walk ar\nd ! sacr$ /one )9 ! ,kaaba1 & leav+ beh9d _! =gott5 s9s to return homew>d ) a bit ( sacr$ e>? or a /rip ( ! temple's cov]+4 ,ea* ( ^! pilgrims be>s (f]+s = propitiation1 ( :i* a l>ge proportion are rugs2 & :atev] _! size1 !y are inv>iably ! *oice/ ! devotee c (f]4 ,s9ce ! ,mohamm$an prie/s reg>d ! be/ int]e/s ( _! religion & !mselves z cons]v$ by a disposition ( all articles n directly available = _! use1 !y sell l>ge quantities ( su* rugs1 t f9d _! way to ,cairo1 ,damascus1 & ,con/ant9ople4 ,fur!rmore1 ! pilgrims c>ry _m pieces :i* are sold or ex*ang$ along ! r\tes ( ! c>avans or at ,mecca1 & ultimately rea* ! same m>kets4 ,su* a l>ge numb] ( ! pieces t ye>s ago came f ^! s\rces 7 ( ! well-kn[n type ( ,%iraz rugs t !y & simil> pieces :i* _h nev] left ,p]sia 7 call$ ,mecca rugs4 ,?is deception is /ill enc\rag$ by "s deal]s1 because = _m buy]s a special int]e/ is atta*$ to a piece t !y are p]suad$ has be5 c>ri$ on ?is pilgrimage z an (f]+4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally blue1 r$1 & ivory1 ) m9or quantities ( yell[ & gre54 ,knot1 g5]ally ,sehna1 frequ5tly ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally sev5 to twelve2 p]p5dicul>ly1 eight to twelve4 ,at back "o ( ! half knots is g5]ally small] ?an ! o!r & press$ to "o side4 ,! o!r half knot is ab\t z long z wide1 & ! y>n is n drawn tight aga9/ ! w>p4 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n1 s t _! alignm5t is slightly irregul>1 & ! w>p is conceal$ at back4 ,w>p1 almo/ always wool2 9 a few mod]n rugs goats' hair is us$4 ,ea* ( ! ?reads encircl$ by a knot is almo/ equally prom95t at back1 or occasionally "o to ea* knot is depress$4 ,weft1 wool ( m$ium diamet]1 frequ5tly col\r$ r$4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 %ort to m$ium1 & silky4 ,bord]1 ?ree to five /ripes4 ,beyond ! bord]s1 at ea* end1 is frequ5tly a n>r[ b& ( pile4 ,sides1 a heavy d\ble ov]ca/+ 9 a b>b]-pole /ripe or 9 %ort l5g?s ( diff]5t col\rs1 :i* g5]ally consi/ ( two ( ! foll[+ col\rs3 r$1 yell[1 gre51 & blue4 ,9 "s pieces small tufts ( wool protrude f ! sides at regul> int]vals ( "o or m feet4 ,l[] end1 a broad web ( col\r$ /ripes1 ?r\gh :i* may run a dovetail$ col\r$ cord1 & w>p loops4 ,upp] end1 a broad web ( col\r$ /ripes1 ?r\gh :i* may run a dovetail$ col\r$ cord1 & w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 loose4 ,weave at back is ( slightly co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 five to n9e feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree fif?s to f\r fif?s l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg4 ,,gorevan ,,rug ,,niris4--,a resemblance exi/s betwe5 ! rugs t take _! "n f ,lake ,niris & ^? ( ,%iraz1 :i* is di/ant only fifty miles to ! we/w>d2 = _m ( ea* class are wov5 ) ! same silky wool1 obta9$ f %eep t graze 9 ! int]v5+ m\nta9 ranges1 & ! %eph]d weav]s ab\t ! lake h acquir$ ideas f ! old capital4 ,?is resemblance exi/s mo/ly 9 ! s(t1 floccy appe>ance ( ! nap1 & 9 ! b>b]-pole or p>ti-col\r$ ov]ca/+ ( ! sides4 ,! webs ( ea* end are broad & h long fr+es2 b g5]ally ^? ( ! ,%iraz are embroid]$ & cross$ ) "o or m p>ti-col\r$ cords1 :il/ ^? ( ,niris pieces are1 z a rule1 flatly wov5 9 /ripes ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,!re is also an occasional resemblance 9 patt]n1 b ! be/ kn[n patt]n ( ! ,niris is r>ely se5 9 ! ,%iraz4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y are m firmly wov52 & !re is a slight diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( _! weave1 s9ce "o ( ! two ?reads ( w>p encircl$ by a knot is depress$ bel[ ! o!r1 & ! weft is ( wool col\r$ r$1 :]eas 9 ! ,%iraz x is frequ5tly ( cotton4 ,! pe>s are ! fav\rite design1 &1 l ^? 9 ,s>ab5ds1 ext5d ov] ! field 9 ord]ly array2 b !y are mu* l>g] & consi/ ( an assemblage ( bright col\rs isolat$ f "o ano!r1 yet gr\p$ gracefully 9 a way t might readily sugge/ ! orig9 ( cr[n jewels sometimes ascrib$ to !m4 ,frequ5tly ! gr\nd is a d>k blue1 & ! pe>s are ( r$1 blue1 gre51 & ivory4 ,violet & yell[ are also employ$4 ,9 o!r types1 less usually se51 ! field is cov]$ ) a lattice-"w patt]n conta9+ small figures4 ,! typical bord] has a broad c5tral /ripe ( v9e & fl[]1 ) n>r[ gu>ds ( simpl] v9e or reciprocal trefoil4 ,b>b]-pole /ripes are also *>act]i/ic ( ! bord]s4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally blue1 r$1 yell[1 gre51 & ivory4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to elev52 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to fifte54 ,! r[s ( knots are n closely press$ d[n1 s t at ! back ! w>p is noticeable & ! weft conspicu\s4 ,w>p1 wool2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is depress$ bel[ ! o!r at back & frequ5tly d\bl$ "u ! o!r4 ,weft1 wool ( m$ium diamet]1 g5]ally dy$ r$4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 g5]ally ( ?ree /ripes1 sometimes z _m z sev54 ,sides1 a heavy d\ble ov]ca/+ 9 a b>b]-pole /ripe or 9 %ort l5g?s ( diff]5t col\rs1 su* z r$1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 & black4 ,bo? ends1 a broad web ( col\r$ /ripes1 "o r[ ( knots1 & loose w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 loose4 ,weave at back is ( slightly co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 f\r to sev5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree qu>t]s to f\r fif?s l5g?4 ,,f]aghans4--,/ret*+ ea/w>d f ! base ( ,mt4 ,elwund is ! pla9 ( ,f]aghan4 ,its l5g? does n exce$ =ty-five miles1 nor its bread? t5 or fifte51 yet "h are clu/]$ sev]al hundr$ villages4 ,on acc\nt ( its altitude ( sev5 ?\s& feet1 ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) sn[ 9 w9t]1 & ! p are !n huddl$ 9 _! l[ mud h\ses1 & ! flocks & h]ds are ga!r$ )9 ! village walls4 ,b 9 ! spr+ ! m5 are cultivat+ ! fields1 & ! %eep are graz+ on ! banks ( num]\s /reams4 ,x is a pla9 ( f]tility & indu/ry4 ,= g5]ations x has be5 productive ( l>ge numb]s ( f9e rugs1 & x is /ill possible among its villages to f9d "s ( ^? old pieces t h be5 reg>d$ by ! ,p]sians !mselves z ! be/ examples ( ! textile art4 ,:5 ! *>act]i/ic patt]ns ( ,f]aghans h once be5 c>efully obs]v$1 !y are nev] =gott52 yet x is surpris+ to note ! _m di/9ctions obs]vable 9 a l>ge collection4 ,^! patt]ns may conv5i5tly be divid$ into two gr\ps1 namely3 "o 9 :i* ! field is entirely cov]$ ) diap] designs1 & ! o!r 9 :i* ! field conta9s a c5tral m$allion surr\nd$ by uni=m col\r4 ,probably n9e t5?s ( ^! rugs fall )9 ! fir/ gr\p1 :i* is divisible into ?ree sub-gr\ps3 ^? 9 :i* ! field is cov]$ ) ! ,h]ati design2 ^? 9 :i* ! field is cov]$ ) ! ,guli ,h9nai design2 & ^? 9 :i* ! field is cov]$ ) "s o!r small diap] design4 ,! ,h]ati design is ! "o mo/ frequ5tly se51 & is f\nd 9 ! v olde/ ( exi/+ ,f]aghans4 ,z a rule1 ! crumpl$ leaf does n exce$ a l5g? ( f\r or five in*es1 & ! rosettes are proportionally small1 s t ! gr\nd col\r is almo/ entirely conceal$1 & at a %ort di/ance is n di/+ui%able2 b !re are o!r pieces 9 :i* ! leaf is ov] a foot 9 l5g?1 & ! figures less closely clu/]$1 s t ! gr\nd ent]s prom95tly into ! col\r s*eme4 ,! prevail+ col\r ( ! leaf & rosette is g5]ally rose r$1 :i* gives a di/9ctly r$di% tone to ! rug2 ?\gh ! small designs h %ades ( gre51 yell[1 :ite1 & light blue4 ,! gr\nd is usually a ri*1 d>k blue2 b occasionally r$ or ev5 ivory is us$4 ,9 v few o!r rugs are ! corn]s sep>at$ f ! field1 unless !re is a c5tral m$allion2 b 9 almo/ all ,f]aghans small triangul>-%ap$ corn]s1 ) col\rs contra/+ ) ^? ( ! field1 are sep>at$ f x by l9es be>+ tee? or s]rat$ edges4 ,surr\nd+ ! field is a bord] t has f five to sev5 /ripes4 ,! ma9 /ripe is ab\t ?ree times z wide z any o!r1 & may h a gr\nd col\r ( r$1 blue1 or ivory :ite2 b 9 _m ( ! be/ pieces x is moss gre51 ) blue1 yell[1 or r$ appe>+ 9 ! ov]ly+ patt]n4 ,( diff]5t b correspond+ %ades is ! col\r ( ! gr\nd & designs ( o!r /ripes4 ,probably ?ree f\r?s ( ! ,f]aghans n[ se5 h ! well-kn[n turtle design 9 ! ma9 /ripe2 b x is sometimes replac$ by ! rose design %[n 9 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #ab 7opp4 ,page #aef71 or by an undulat+ v9e ) rosette or palmettes4 ,on ! inn]mo/ /ripe1 :i* is v n>r[1 is inv>iably repres5t$ "s reciprocal figure1 z ! trefoil or sawtoo?2 & on ! o!r /ripes are undulat+ v9es1 ) floral or quasi-floral figures4 ,! ,f]aghans ) fields cov]$ ) ,guli ,h9nai designs in/ead ( ! ,h]ati %[ a diff]5ce 9 bo? draw+ & col\r+1 ?\gh ! g5]al effect is mu* ! same4 ,9 place ( crumpl$ leaves & rosettes ( r$di% hue are ! />-l fl[]s ( ! ,h9nai plants t bright5 ! m\nta9s surr\nd+ ! ,f]aghan pla9 ) _! l>ge yell[ or ivory col\r$ petals4 ,! patt]n1 z a :ole1 is slightly m prom95t1 & ! prevail+ col\r tone1 :i* is ri*1 is less r$ & m yell[4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a v noticeable diff]5ce 9 ! patt]n ( ! ?ird sub-gr\p1 ?\gh specim5s are n frequ5tly se54 ,9 ^! ! small figures ( conv5tionalis$ fl[]s sometimes h geometric %apes & are arrang$ 9 diagonal or p]p5dicul> r[s4 ,moreov]1 !y g5]ally lack ! ri* col\r+ ( ! prec$+ sub-gr\ps4 ,! c5tral m$allion is f\nd n only 9 mod]n b also 9 old ,f]aghans4 ,x is g5]ally ( diamond or hexagonal %ape1 ) s]rat$ edges & ) p5dants4 ,almo/ inv>iably ,h]ati figures cov] its surface1 & n infrequ5tly "s lattice-"w design ) small conv5tionalis$ leaves or fl[]s appe> fa9tly on ! field ( uni=m col\r surr\nd+ x4 ,z a rule1 pieces ( ?is gr\p are ( a m /rik+ & h&some appe>ance ?an ^? 9 :i* ! entire field is cov]$ ) num]\s m9ute figures ( equally ri* hues t bl5d & produce1 :5 view$ at a di/ance1 an undef9$ col\r4 ,! bord] designs are simil> to ^? ( ! o!r gr\p4 ,all ( ! old pieces 7 /\tly wov52 & ?\gh ! nap 0 %ort1 _m ( ^? t rema9 are /ill s]viceable4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$ & d>k blue1 ) m9or quantities ( yell[1 light blue1 gre51 & :ite4 ,knot1 ,sehna1 r>ely ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally eight to ?irte52 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to eighte54 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is usually conceal$ at back4 ,w>p1 cotton2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 cotton1 occasionally dy$ blue or p9k4 ,a ?read ( weft ( f9e or m$ium diamet] crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots1 or occasionally a ?read ( co>se diamet] ) mu* slack crosses only once1 s t ! transv]se w>p produces a qu9cunx effect4 ,pile1 wool1 clipp$ %ort4 ,bord]1 ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 a d\ble ov]ca/+ 9 d>k col\r4 ,l[] end1 a web4 ,upp] end1 a web & w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 firm4 ,weave at back is ( slightly co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 f\r to twelve feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree fif?s to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,hamadans4--,a little to ! nor!a/ ( ,elwund & at an altitude t ov]looks a small1 well-cultivat$ valley adjac5t to ! ,f]aghan pla9 is ! city ( ,hamadan4 ,on ?is site 0 ! anci5t city ( ,ecbatana1 capital ( ,m$ia2 & "h gu>d$ by ,jews is a tomb1 :i* tradition decl>es is ! burial place ( ,e/h] & ,mordecai4 ,)9 ! encircl+ walls are g>d5s1 baza>s1 & mosques2 yet ! pres5t city ( =ty ?\s& inhabitants ) its g5]al mis]y & squalor has little to rem9d "o ( ! magnific5ce ( t =m] capital :i* = a %ort p]iod 0 mi/ress ( ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bh4 ,,b]gamo ,,pray] ,,rug ,l ,yezd1 ,hamadan is fam\s = its namads2 & l ,yezd x once produc$1 accord+ to tradition1 mo/ beautiful silk c>pets1 ?\gh no long] are any wov5 !re4 ,b its looms h be5 busy = ! la/ few g5]ations weav+ rugs ( wool & camels' hair1 :i* h su* m>k$ individuality t !y be> unmi/akably on _! face ! /amp ( id5tification4 ,! few old rugs t rema9 are /]l+ pieces1 :i* are /\tly wov5 & ( excell5t dyes4 ,!y come 9 _m sizes2 "s are simply mats1 o!rs s$jadehs1 & an unusually l>ge numb] are runn]s4 ,! typical patt]n ( ! mats & small] s$jadehs consi/s ( a c5tral diamond-%ap$ m$allion1 surr\nd$ by a field ( contra/+ col\r1 f :i* are set (f ! triangul>-%ap$ corn]s4 ,9 ! l>ge s$jadehs & 9 ! runn]s1 :i* are sometimes tw5ty feet or m 9 l5g?1 are (t5 ?ree or m pole m$allions1 ?\gh ! pole device may be omitt$4 ,^! m$allions & corn]s are cov]$ ) small1 c>efully drawn geometric figures1 or m frequ5tly ) floral designs su* z appe> 9 ,f]aghans1 & z a rule are def9$ by s]rat$ l9es or are fr+$ ) hooks or comb-l tee?4 ,! col\r ( ! surr\nd+ field is unobtrusive4 ,9 "s pieces x is void ( patt]n1 & its monoton\s tone is brok5 only by slight v>iations ( %ade2 yet n infrequ5tly x is m>k$ ) fa9t l9es ( slightly d>k] or light] t9t1 l a delicate trac]y4 ,n only are ! bord]s wide1 b a broad edg+1 :i* is at lea/ "o half & sometimes two ?irds z wide z all ! col\r$ /ripes comb9$1 surr\nds !m4 ,z x is usually ( camels' hair & )\t patt]n1 x is a v noticeable *>act]i/ic4 ,! ma9 /ripe has an undulat+ v9e ) conv5tionalis$ fl[]s1 & ! two gu>d /ripes h a simpl] v9e1 or1 m frequ5tly1 ! reciprocal trefoils4 ,to ?is g5]al type1 h[ev]1 are _m exceptions4 ,sometimes ! figures ( ! m$allion & corn]s are m geometric2 sometimes ! corn]s are omitt$2 ! outside edg+ may be decorat$ ) l>ge conv5tionalis$ floral or geometric figures2 & occasionally a camel or "s o!r animal is repres5t$ 9 ! field or bord]4 ,a few ( ! old rugs 7 /rik+ly h&some4 ,dr4 ,george ,birdwood ref]s to a l>ge ,hamadan t =m]ly hung 9 ! ,india ,museum 9 ^! words3#bc 8,an irregul> loz5ge =m1 a little isl& ( bright clu/]+ fl[]s1 ( :i* ! prevail+ col\rs are r$ & blue1 adorns ! c5tre2 :ile ! wide ext5d$ gr\nd ( yell[1 9 irregul> %ades1 surr\nds x ) a rippl+ amb] sea2 & !re are blue pieces 9 ! corn]s1 )9 ! broad blue bord] work$ 9 arabesques4 ,x is a c>pet n to be laid on a floor1 b to be hung 9 a gall]y1 to be look$ at l a gold5 sunset4 ,x 0 a sacrilege to remove x f ! mosque :]e x evid5tly 0 once spread "u ! great dome4 ,beati possid5tes40 ,mo/ ( ! old pieces h disappe>$1 & 9 _! places are mod]n products ) pile ( wool or goat's hair (t5 dy$ 9 g>i% col\rs4 ,!re are also _m nondescript rugs1 :i* 7 ga!r$ f w&]+ tribes or surr\nd+ villages & tak5 to ,hamadan1 s9ce = a long "t x has be5 "o ( ! great rug m>kets ( ,p]sia4 ,:5 export$ f !re !y 7 (t5 class$ z products ( t city4 ,mod]ately old ,hamadans conta9 m camel's hair ?an any o!r class ( rugs1 s9ce 9 v _m ( !m x =ms ! pile ( bo? field & out] edg+1 :]e its s(t tones ( pale *e/nut col\r contra/ ) ! bright %ades ( blue1 r$1 & yell[ y>n us$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! field & bord]4 ,?is lavi% use ( camel's hair1 ! broad encircl+ edg+1 ! cotton w>p1 & a s+le ?read ( co>se weft pass+ once betwe5 two r[s ( knots1 di/+ui% !m f all o!r rugs4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally ! *e/nut ( camel's hair ) r$ & blue4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally1 six to n9e2 p]p5dicul>ly1 eight to twelve4 ,! r[s ( knots are firmly press$ d[n4 ,w>p1 cotton2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 g5]ally cotton1 frequ5tly wool2 ( co>se diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses only once )\t slack betwe5 e two r[s ( knots1 s t ! :ite spots ( transv]se cotton w>p expos$ at back h a qu9cunx appe>ance4 ,pile1 9 old rugs1 mo/ly camel's hair & "s wool2 9 rec5t rugs1 mo/ly wool clipp$ %ort4 ,bord]1 wide1 g5]ally ( ?ree or f\r /ripes1 & a broad out] edg+ ( camel's hair4 ,sides1 ov]ca/1 g5]ally 9 br[n or r$4 ,l[] end1 a n>r[ web & w>p loops4 ,upp] end1 a n>r[ web turn$ back & hemm$4 ,texture1 v firm4 ,weave1 at back is ( mod]ately co>se gra94 ,l5g?1 ?ree to tw5ty-f\r feet4 ,wid?1 two fif?s to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,irans4--,al?\gh nei!r a city nor di/rict ( ,p]sia is call$ ,iran1 a well-def9$ class ( rugs is kn[n to ! trade by t "n4 ,!y are wov5 by "s ( ! old ,iranian /ock dwell+ pr9cipally 9 ! prov9ce ( ,irak-,ajemi4 ,^! p foll[ no p>ticul> patt]n or col\r s*eme ( _! own1 b to a l>ge ext5t copy ^? ( a few well-kn[n ,p]sian classes2 yet 9 o!r respects _! rugs h a noticeable individuality4 ,!y are wov5 ) a ,ghiordes knot & s loosely t if ! rug be obs]v$ f ! front1 z x is b5t backw>d 9 a plane p>allel to ! direction ( ! weft1 ! f\ndation ?reads ( w>p & weft1 :i* are ( cotton1 w %[ di/9ctly betwe5 ! knots4 ,ea* ( ! two ?reads ( w>p encircl$ by a s+le knot are equally prom95t at ! back4 ,ord9>ily ! ?reads ( weft cross twice betwe5 ! r[s ( knots1 b occasionally !y cross only once1 z 9 ,hamadans4 ,_m ( ! fabrics reg>d$ z ,s>ab5ds1 ,f]aghans1 & ev5 ,hamadans are 9 reality ,irans1 :i* on acc\nt ( _! inf]ior workman%ip are mu* less valuable4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally blue & r$1 ) m9or quantities ( ivory1 yell[1 gre51 & br[n4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally1 six to elev52 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to elev54 ,a half knot z x appe>s at back is frequ5tly long]1 measur$ 9 ! direction ( ! l5g? ( ! rug1 ?an wide4 ,! r[s ( knots are n press$ d[n closely1 s t ! w>p is noticeable at back4 ,w>p1 cotton2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back2 !y are n closely /rung1 s t ea* half knot /&s out di/9ctly4 ,weft1 cotton2 a ?read ( weft ( co>se diamet] z a rule crosses twice betwe5 ea* two r[s ( knots1 & only r>ely crosses b once4 ,! weft is conspicu\s betwe5 ! knots at front :5 ! rug is b5t backw>ds4 ,pile1 wool ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 g5]ally f\r to six /ripes4 ,sides1 a heavy d\ble ov]ca/+ t is g5]ally br[n or black1 b sometimes r$4 ,l[] end1 a n>r[ web4 ,upp] end1 a n>r[ web & loose w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 loose4 ,weave at back is ( co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 five to t5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 two fif?s to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,s>\ks4--,t[>ds ! we/]n end ( ! ,f]aghan pla9 & at an altitude ( sev5ty-five hundr$ feet is ! mud-wall$ village ( ,s>\k4 ,"h1 %ad$ by popl>s1 are clu/]$ "o hundr$ & fifty h\ses1 ) floors1 ro(s1 & sides ( mud t has dri$ & crack$ until x admits ! w9d4 ,! sun & light ent] ?r\gh ! op5 doors1 = !re are no w9d[s4 ,nor are !re *imneys1 b simply op5+s betwe5 ! raft]s to p]mit ! escape ( smoke f ! op5 fireplace 9 ! floor bel[ & ! entrance ( m w9d4 ,at times ! atmosph]e is n only oppressive ) smoke1 b is lad5 ) od\rs t arise f ! p5s b5ea? & beside ! h\ses1 :]e f[ls1 %eep1 & goats are huddl$4 ,dur+ ! w9t] & e>ly spr+ sn[ lies on ! gr\nd2 a little lat] a hot summ] foll[s4 ,yet amid ^! depress+ surr\nd+s & "u ^! adv]se conditions liv$ weav]s :o gave ! "n ( _! little village to "s ( ! mo/ beautiful rugs made 9 all ! ,ea/4 ,n[ & !n is se5 an old piece ) surface l velvet & ) mell[$ tones ( p]fect h>mony t has come f ^! huts or surr\nd+ hills2 b probably n "o 9 a score1 p]haps n "o 9 a hundr$1 ( ! ,s>\ks n[ (f]$ = sale 9 ?is c\ntry 0 wov5 !re1 z mo/ ( !m are made 9 ! "w-h\ses ( l>g] cities1 ?\gh !y foll[ ess5tially ! g5]al appe>ance & te*nique ( old & g5u9e pieces1 ev5 if lack+ "s ( _! be/ qualities4 ,nev]!less1 ! mod]n pieces are ( h&some col\r1 ( graceful patt]n1 & are well wov54 ,"s ( !m1 :i* 7 made two or ?ree decades ago1 _h l>ge designs ( ! cypress1 will[1 or ! tree ( life1 z well z reali/ically drawn animals repres5t$ 9 ! fields2 b ! great majority ( ^? n[ se5 inv>iably foll[ a patt]n consi/+ ( a l>ge m$allion ) p5dants1 or ( two or m conc5tric m$allions re/+ on ! field1 f :i* are set (f ! f\r corn]s4 ,def9+ ! edges ( bo? m$allions & corn]s are l9es t are mo/ arti/ically irregul>1 yet correspond ) "o ano!r4 ,betwe5 ea* "p is ! greate/ co-ord9ation1 = ! designs ( field1 corn]s1 m$allions1 & bord]s are simil>4 ,on long delicate /ems t b5d & int]lock l c>v$ trac]y are leaves1 buds1 & fl[]s1 sugge/+ ! craftsman%ip ( ! be/ days ( old ,iran4 ,! bord]s g5]ally h only ?ree /ripes3 a broad ma9 /ripe on :i* appe>s an elaborately drawn undulat+ v9e ) p5d5t fl[]s1 & a n>r[ gu>d /ripe on ea* side4 ,sometimes ! gu>ds are ornam5t$ ) only a simple v9e1 b m frequ5tly ) a reciprocal patt]n1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is s well drawn z to conflict 9 no wise ) ! h>mony ( ! floral =ms4 ,9 ! draw+ ( ! bord]s ! weav]s ex]cise great] latitude ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! rug2 = occasionally !y add a n>r[ out] edg+ ( d>k col\r1 place ! reciprocal figure next to ! inn]mo/ /ripe z a fr+e to ! field1 or increase ! numb] ( /ripes to sev54 ,r>ely is ! m$allion want+ 9 mod]n pieces1 b n[ & !n ! p5dants are replac$ by bun*es ( fl[]s1 & 9 "s pieces ! corn]s ext5d along ! sides 9 undulat+ l9es until !y meet ne> ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bi4 ,,ghiordes ,,pray] ,,rug ,all ( ^! pieces are s closely wov5 t ! f9e blui% weft is h>dly disc]nible at ! back4 ,v few o!r rugs h su* %ort-cut wool1 :i* has a velvety appe>ance1 r5d]$ m effective by ! s(t1 ri* col\rs t are always 9 p]fect h>mony & excell5t ta/e4 ,z a rule !y are d>k4 ,ev] pres5t 9 ! gr\nd col\rs are deep blues & r$s1 sugge/ive ( ! hues ( ! s-call$ 8,ispahans20 :ile olives1 delicate gre5s1 & ivory repres5t ) consummate dignity ( tone & design a lavi% trac]y ( leaves & foliage motives4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally d>k blue & r$1 ) m9or quantities ( gre51 olive1 buff1 & ivory4 ,knot1 ,sehna4 ,knots to in* horizontally twelve to eighte52 p]p5dicul>ly1 twelve to tw5ty4 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is conceal$ & ! weft is p>tly hidd5 at back4 ,w>p1 cotton1 r>ely l952 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is almo/ always d\bl$ "u ! o!r2 9 a few pieces x is only depress$4 ,weft1 cotton1 ( small diamet]1 dy$ blue4 ,a ?read ( weft ( f9e diamet] crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 %ort & velvety4 ,bord]1 g5]ally ( ?ree /ripes b sometimes z _m z sev54 ,occasionally !re is an out] edg+ ( d>k col\r4 ,sides1 a tightly w\nd d\ble ov]ca/+ ( r$1 blue1 or black wool4 ,bo? ends1 a n>r[ web1 or web & %ort w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 v firm4 ,weave at back is ( f9e gra94 ,l5g?1 f\r to twelve feet4 ,wid?1 two ?irds to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,ka%ans4--,ne> ! c5tre ( ! prov9ce ( ,irak-,ajemi1 on ! anci5t & well-travell$ highway betwe5 ,ispahan & ,teh]an1 is ! city ( ,ka%an1 f :i*1 accord+ to an old tradition1 ! ?ree ,wise ,m5 ( ! ,ea/ foll[$ ! ,/> ( ,be?lehem4 ,l _m ( ! cities ( ,p]sia x is n[ l>gely 9 ru9s2 its homes are infe/$ ) scorpions2 = _m mon?s ( ! ye> ! heat1 :i* 9 a measure is due to ! proximity ( ! great salt des]t t ext5ds f> into ,khorassan1 is un5durable2 yet 9 spite ( ^! inconv5i5ces1 = :i* p]haps famili>ity has 9 a measure l5t contempt1 =ty ?\s& p live !re4 ,9 ! pa/ x has produc$ "s ( ! greate/ arti/s & artisans ( weav+4 ,x 0 once ! home ( ,maks\d1 :om ,%ah ,ismael ,i ord]$ to weave ! fam\s c>pet ( ! ,mosque ( ,ardebil1 :i*1 rank+ among ! greate/ wov5 products t /ill exi/1 be>s unmi/akable evid5ce ( ! wond]ful te*nique & arti/ic skill !n practis$ 9 ,ka%an4 ,)\t a d\bt o!r textile ma/]pieces ( ! ,,xvi & ,,xvii ,c5turies 7 wov5 !re1 = x w\ld be unreasonable to believe t ! city :]e ,maks\d _h le>n$ 8 art 0 n at t "t a prom95t rug-produc+ c5tre4 ,accord+ to ,p]sian tradition _m ( ! antique silk c>pets came f ,ka%an4 ,at any rate1 x has be5 = a long "t cu/om>y to take ! raw silk f o!r places to be spun & dy$ !re4 ,"s ( x is wov5 into rugs1 :i* are consid]$ among ! be/ ( mod]n pieces1 ?\gh ! dem& = !m is small4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! wooll5 pieces are n[ f\nd 9 e m>ket1 ?\gh x is only )9 rec5t ye>s t !y h be5 g5]ally kn[n4 ,occasionally !y are def9$ z a high] grade ( ,s>\ks1 on acc\nt ( ! /rik+ resemblance 9 texture1 col\rs1 & designs2 yet !re are c]ta9 di/9ctions3 ! w>p is (t5 l951 ! nap is a little %ort]1 ! texture slightly firm]1 & !re are a great numb] ( bord] /ripes4 ,a feature t is m frequ5tly f\nd 9 ^! two classes ?an 9 any o!r is ! fr+e ( hooks or %ort comb-l tee? t bord] ! inn]mo/ /ripe & ext5d into ! field4 ,)\t d\bt ,ka%ans are among ! mo/ p]fect z well z ! mo/ exp5sive wooll5 products ( ! mod]n ,p]sian looms4 ,_! velvet-l surface & ri* %e5 give !m an appe>ance t to ^? unfamili> ) rugs seems l t ( silk5 pieces4 ,! f9e wool is dy$ ) ri*1 deep tones ( blue1 olive1 r$1 & br[n2 ! p]fectly balanc$ patt]n is arti/ic z well z ornate2 & on acc\nt ( ! v %ort nap ! draw+ ( ea* m9ute detail is cle>4 ,9 place ( bold designs acc5tuat$ by masses ( col\r are delicate trac+s ( floral & foliage motives1 ( graceful arabesques & foliat$ /alks1 s express$ 9 rhy?mic l9es & h>moni\s tones z to give a s5se ( ! greate/ ref9em5t4 ,ev5 ?\gh ^! rugs be mod]n & *emically wa%$1 _! weal? ( arti/ic workman%ip & exquisite col\r make !m exce$+ly h&some4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally d>k blue1 r$1 & yell[i% br[n1 ) m9or quantities ( light blue & gre54 ,knot1 ,sehna4 ,knots to in* horizontally sixte5 to tw5ty2 p]p5dicul>ly1 sixte5 to tw5ty-f\r4 ,! r[s ( knots are firmly press$ d[n s t ! w>p is conceal$ & ! weft almo/ hidd5 at back4 ,w>p1 g5]ally cotton1 r>ely l952 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is d\bl$ "u ! o!r4 ,weft1 g5]ally cotton1 ( small diamet]1 dy$ blue2 r>ely l954 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 v %ort & velvety4 ,bord]1 g5]ally ( sev5 /ripes4 ,sides1 a tightly w\nd d\ble ov]ca/+ 9 d>k r$1 blue1 or br[n4 ,l[] end1 a n>r[ web4 ,upp] end1 a n>r[ web & %ort w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 v firm4 ,weave at back is ( v f9e gra94 ,usual l5g?1 six to t5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree fif?s to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,sabab5ds4--,/&+ on ! top ( l(ty ,elwund1 t rises on ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! prov9ces ( ,ardelan & ,irak-,ajemi1 9 ,nor?we/]n ,p]sia1 "o w\ld see )9 a radius ( n9ety miles z prolific a c5tre ( rug weav+ z any:]e exi/s4 ,j )9 ?is di/ance to ! nor?we/ are ,sehna & ,bij>1 to ! s\!a/ is ,sultanabad1 to ! s\?we/ is ,k]man%ah2 & skirt+ ! m\nta9 on ! ea/]n side are ! high pla9s :]e lie ! di/ricts ( ,hamadan1 ,f]aghan1 & ,s>awan1 z well z ! village ( ,s>\k & less important c5tres ( weav+4 ,among ! valleys ( ! ,s>awan di/rict1 t lies on ! nor!rn flanks ( m\nta9 ranges ext5d+ z f> z ,ispahan1 are made ! rugs :i*1 by a corruption ( ! ^w ,s>awan1 are kn[n z ! ,s>ab5ds4 ,no o!r rugs ( ,p]sia h a patt]n t is s simple1 & t = g5]ations has be5 foll[$ ) s little v>iation4 ,nor are !re any o!r mod]n rugs t h *ang$ less f ! old /yles 9 respect to col\r & quality4 ,! typical patt]n ( ! field consi/s ( r[s ( pe> designs arrang$ 9 transv]se l9es1 ) ! small] ends po9t+ 9 diff]5t directions 9 alt]nate l9es4 ,! pe>s ( ! field %[ great div]sity ( %ape1 b ^? ( ! bord]s are long1 n>r[1 & mo/ angul>2 yet !y nev] assume ! rectil9e> figures f\nd 9 ,baku rugs4 ,only v r>ely is !re any dep>ture f ?is patt]n2 ?\gh 9 a few old pieces is an adaptation ( ! ,h]ati design1 & n[ & !n is se5 a geometric figure1 or human =m1 or ! date :5 ! piece 0 wov54 ,! gr\nd col\r ( ! field may be blue1 r$1 or :ite4 ,if blue1 x is s l>gely cov]$ ) p9ki% or rose-col\r$ pe>s t ! prevail+ hue1 :5 ! pieces are view$ f a di/ance1 is light r$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! field is r$1 ! pe>s are mo/ly blue2 & if ! field is ivory :ite1 ! pe>s are r$ & blue4 ,9 all old pieces ! blue has ri*1 deep tones1 ! r$ has mell[$ into s(t rose or delicate p9k1 & ! :ite has turn$ to ivory4 ,?is pleas+ effect is increas$ by %ades ( yell[ & gre51 :i* are add$ to ! o!r col\rs ( ! pe>s4 ,) few exceptions ! bord]s h a l>ge numb] ( n>r[ /ripes1 ( :i* ! c5tral is ab\t "o ?ird ! aggregate wid?4 ,its gr\nd col\r is ivory :ite1 b ! angul> v9e & p5d5t1 n>r[ pe>s h ! same col\rs z ^? ( ! field4 ,on ea* side ( x is usually a /ripe ) gr\nd col\r correspond+ to t ( ! field & ) an undulat+ v9e & rosette4 ,almo/ inv>iably !re is an out] /ripe ( reciprocal trefoil 9 r$ & blue1 :i* may be balanc$ by a reciprocal sawtoo? adjo9+ ! field4 ,x is n unusual to see l>ge pieces ) two :ite /ripes1 & v r>ely "o is se5 ) ?ree4 ,! be/ ( ^! pieces are made 9 ! t[n ( ,mirabad1 :i* signifies ! 8city ( ,mir10 & are accord+ly call$ ,mir-,s>ab5ds4 ,!y c be di/+ui%$ f o!rs1 kn[n to ! trade z ,royal ,s>ab5ds1 by ! fact t 9 ty+ ! knots ! y>n is s twi/$ t "o ?read ( w>p is d\bl$ "u ! o!r2 & 9 ! latt] ea* ( ! two ?reads appe> ) equal prom95ce at ! back4 ,nei!r ( !m %\ld ev] be mi/ak5 = ,iran imitations1 9 :i* ! pile is ( mu* loos] texture & is ti$ ) ! ,ghiordes knot4 ,= durability1 !re are v few mod]n pieces t w give ! satisfaction ( ,s>ab5ds2 = z a rule !y are /\tly & closely wov51 & ?\gh !re is monotony 9 ! patt]n1 ^? col\r$ ) vegetable dyes w gr[ m beautiful ) age4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$ or blue1 ) m9or quantities ( ivory1 yell[1 & gre54 ,knot1 ,sehna4 ,knots to in* horizontally eight to ?irte52 p]p5dicul>ly1 n9e to ?irte54 ,! r[s ( knots are firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p does n %[ at back4 ,w>p1 cotton4 ,9 ,mir-,s>ab5ds "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is d\bl$ "u ! o!r at back4 ,9 ,royal ,s>ab5ds ea* is equally prom95t4 ,weft1 cotton1 ( f9e diamet]1 & dy$ r$ or blue4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool ( %ort or m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 five to sev5 /ripes1 & occasionally ev5 m4 ,sides1 a r$ d\ble ov]ca/+4 ,l[] end1 a web1 or web & %ort w>p fr+e4 ,upp] end1 a web & %ort w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 firm4 ,weave at back is ( mod]ately f9e gra94 ,l5g?1 five to eighte5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 two fif?s to two ?irds l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,col\r ,,plate ,v--,,ghiordes ,,pray] ,,rug ,only n[ & !n is se5 a pray] ,ghiordes t repres5ts su* a high type ( arti/ic skill4 ,! weav+ foll[s m closely ! f9e te*nique ( ! ,p]sian ?an t ( ! ,asia ,m9or weav]4 ,yet x is ! draw+ & col\r+ t claim att5tion4 ,! delicate trac]y ( ! sp&rel1 ! m9ute del9eation ( t5dril & leaf 9 ! bord]1 & ! p]fect balance ( e "p ( "o side ) a correspond+ "p 9 ! o!r1 resemble ! f9e/ workman%ip ( old ,iran4 ,n only s1 b ! beautiful bord] patt]n ( rosette & leaf is s sugge/ive ( ! well-kn[n ,h]ati design t x seems n improbable t "h is %[n ! influ5ce ( ^? ,p]sian weav]s t ,solyman ! ,magnific5t took ) him to ,asia ,m9or aft] 8 capture ( ,tabriz4 ,! col\r also displays da9ty tones & c>eful %ad+ f\nd 9 no o!r class ( ,asia ,m9or rugs4 ,su* pieces are usually reg>d$ z products ( ! ,,xvi ,c5tury4 ,prop]ty ( ! ,au?or ,,burujirds4--,ab\t sixty miles to ! we/ ( ,sultanabad & =ty to ! s\? ( ! ,s>awan di/rict is ! city ( ,burujird4 ,x is 9 a ri*1 well-wat]$ valley & is surr\nd$ by num]\s hamlets4 ,mo/ ( ! population are engag$ 9 agriculture2 & only a small "p1 :o are /imulat$ by ! increas$ prices occasion$ by ! rug indu/ry ( ,sultanabad1 are weav]s4 ,!y produce pieces t resemble closely ! ,s>ab5d rugs1 z ! field is g5]ally occupi$ ) pe> designs2 b on acc\nt ( ! ,ghiordes knot & cotton w>p & weft1 !y might be mi/ak5 = ,iran rugs4 ,,sultanabads4--,s\!a/w>d f ! pla9 ( ,f]aghan is ! city ( ,sultanabad1 :i* 9 rec5t ye>s has become important z ! c5tre ( a great rug indu/ry controll$ by ,europeans & ,am]icans4 ,high] prices1 result+ f ! con/antly increas+ ,we/]n dem& = ,p]sian rugs1 h /imulat$ ! native weav]s to m p]si/5t ef=ts4 ,^? :o are too poor to pur*ase wool & dyes#bd are suppli$ by ! companies4 ,o!rs1 :o are m dep5d5t1 are paid regul> wages4 ,?us x happ5s t n only l>ge numb]s ( looms are con/antly at "w 9 ! city1 b a hundr$ hamlets & villages t lie )9 a day's j\rney produce rugs t are m>ket$ !re4 ,b :ile ! output has be5 increas$ ! true arti/ic _s has be5 suppress$1 & patt]ns fav\r$ or suppli$ by =eign pur*as]s only are 9 dem&4 ,mo/ ( ! rugs are well wov51 ?\gh !re is a diff]5ce 9 grades4 ,"s take ! "n ( ! city1 o!rs are call$ ,savalans1 f a range ( m\nta9s t lie to ! nor?1 & o!rs are kn[n z ,mahals4 ,mo/ ( !m are l>ge pieces1 r co>sely wov54 ,,muskabads4--,9 ! di/rict ( ,muskabad1 a %ort di/ance to ! nor?we/ ( ,sultanabad1 are produc$ rugs v simil> to ! ,mahals4 ,!y come 9 ! same l>ge c>pet sizes & ne>ly squ>e %apes2 !y h almo/ ! same h>moni\s col\r s*eme ( unobtrusive r$1 yell[1 blue1 gre51 & ivory2 !y h ! same cotton w>p & weft1 ! same f9i% ( sides & ends2 b z a rule !y are less closely wov54 ,! patt]ns are v>i$4 ,occasionally !y h l>ge figures su* z are se5 9 ,gorevans1 ?\gh ^! are m usual 9 ,mahals4 ,9 "s ( !m ! field is cov]$ ) conv5tionalis$ leaf & floral =m4 ,b ! usual type has two or m conc5tric m$allions ( diff]5t col\rs cov]$ ) ! small ,h]ati designs s di/9ctive ( ! ,f]aghans4 ,:5 su* is ! case1 ! bord] has usually ! turtle patt]n 9 ! ma9 /ripe & "s /iffly drawn v9e & floral patt]n 9 ! small] /ripes4 ,b ! velvety appe>ance1 ! elegant f9i% ( old ,f]aghans1 is always lack+4 ,! nap is ( s(t wool ( m$ium l5g?1 b ! surface ( ! back displays co>se texture4 ,^! pieces lack ! arti/ic qualities ( mo/ ,p]sian rugs2 b on acc\nt ( _! excell5t quality ( mat]ial & /\tness ( weave !y are v s]viceable4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$1 blue1 & ivory1 ) m9or quantities ( gre5 & br[n4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes or ,sehna4 ,knots to in* horizontally sev5 to f\rte52 p]p5dicul>ly1 eight to twelve4 ,! r[s ( knots are n firmly press$ d[n4 ,w>p1 cotton2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is g5]ally depress$ at back1 & frequ5tly ne>ly d\bl$ "u ! o!r4 ,weft1 cotton1 ( m$ium to co>se diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree to five /ripes1 ) a n>r[ out] edg+4 ,sides1 a d\ble ov]ca/+4 ,l[] end1 a v n>r[ web & %ort w>p fr+e4 ,upp] end1 %ort w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 mod]ately firm4 ,weave at back is ( v co>se gra94 ,l5g?1 t5 to eighte5 feet4 ,wid?1 two ?irds to sev5 eigh?s l5g?4 ,,jo%aghans4--,ly+ to ! s\!a/ ( ,sultanabad & to ! nor? ( ,ispahan is a di/rict :]e a c5tury ago 7 wov5 "s ( ! be/ c>pets ( ,p]sia1 kn[n z ,jo%aghans or ,dju%ghans4 ,ev5 long be=e !n x 0 not$ = its textile fabrics2 b dur+ ! reign ( ,nadir ,%ah1 :o remov$ _m ( ! be/ artisans f ! c5tral to ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,p]sia1 ! c>pet weav+ receiv$ a new impulse1 & cont9u$ to fl\ri% !re until ne>ly ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,s9ce t "t x has almo/ ceas$1 s t ! g5u9e ,jo%aghans ( ri*1 deep col\r & skilfully drawn patt]n are all sixty or m ye>s ( age4 ,!y may /ill be f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & %\ld be c>efully pres]v$2 = !y m]it ! high e/eem accord$ to !m by ! ,p]sians !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cj4 ,,ghiordes ,,rug ,9 a few ( ^! pieces are se5 ! ,%ah ,abbas patt]n4 ,9 o!r pieces ! field is cov]$ ) scrolls1 or ) a lattice-"w patt]n 9 :i* small floral =ms are ! motives4 ,aga9 x is occupi$ by pe> designs encircl$ by small r\nd$ figures1 :i* comb9$ =m ! outl9es ( a l>g] pe>1 :ile 9 ! int]v5+ spaces are small floral =ms4 ,! pr9cipal bord] /ripe g5]ally consi/s ( floral designs1 :i* n infrequ5tly are "s =m ( ! ,h]ati patt]n4 ,! second>y /ripes (t5 conta9 floral v9es4 ,:atev] ! patt]n ( ! field1 ! effect is always /rik+ & beautiful2 = ! l9es are nev] h>%1 & ! col\rs are ri*4 ,! gr\nd is v frequ5tly a rose t9t1 b is sometimes d>k blue2 & ! ov]ly+ designs are rose1 yell[1 gre51 & ivory4 ,! col\rs ( ! bord] are g5]ally ! same z ^? ( ! small] designs1 s t ! effect is always h>moni\s4 ,^! rugs are excell5tly wov52 & ! s(t lu/r\s wool ( ! pile1 :i* is usually long] ?an t ( ,s>ab5ds & ,f]aghans1 has (t5 an appe>ance l plu%4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$ & blue1 ) less] quantities ( yell[1 gre51 br[n1 & ivory4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally sev5 to elev52 p]p5dicul>ly1 eight to ?irte54 ,! r[s ( knots are n always firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p may be se5 at back4 ,w>p1 usually cotton1 occasionally wool2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is usually depress$ bel[ ! o!r at ! back4 ,weft1 wool1 sometimes dy$ r$1 br[n1 or r$di% br[n1 b frequ5tly ( natural col\r4 ,a ?read ( weft g5]ally crosses twice1 b sometimes ?ree times betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool ( %ort or m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 usually ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 a d\ble ov]ca/+ t is g5]ally br[n or black4 ,l[] end1 a web4 ,upp] end1 a web & w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 mod]ately firm4 ,weave at back is ( mod]ately f9e gra94 ,usual l5g?1 eight to sixte5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 two fif?s to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,sehnas4--,seldom has prophecy be5 m precisely fulfill$ ?an ! "o made a decade ago t ! old ,p]sian rugs w\ld rapidly disappe> f ! m>ket4 ,nor is x bett] exemplifi$ ?an 9 ! case ( ^? wov5 be=e ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury 9 ,sehna1 capital ( ,ardelan1 = to-day x is exce$+ly difficult to obta9 any ( !m4 ,nev]!less1 !re are /ill _m looms among ! f\r or five ?\s& families ( ! city1 :]e true to e>ly traditions are wov5 mod]n fabrics t ma9ta9 ! same floral ,p]sian patt]ns1 ! same col\r1 ! same g5]al "* ( weave2 b !y lack ! f9e te*nique ( ! old] pieces4 ,x is1 inde$1 surpris+ t ^! mod]n pieces s closely resemble ! old 9 all save quality1 :5 x is consid]$ t ,sehna is di/ant only fifty miles f ! we/]n bord] ( ,p]sia2 t x is surr\nd$ by ,kurdi% tribes :o = g5]ations h wov5 rugs ) nomadic features2 & t x is n f> di/ant f o!r important rug c5tres4 ,to "o famili> ) ! lead+ *>act]i/ics x is possible at once to di/+ui% ^! rugs4 ,_! nap is exce$+ly %ort1 & ! weave is s di/9ctive t ) eyes clos$ an exp]t w g5]ally recognise !m aft] rubb+ ! h& across ! front & back4 ,_! patt]ns1 also1 con=m to well-e/abli%$ types1 yet h suffici5t v>iety to be always int]e/+4 ,!y may be conv5i5tly divid$ into two gr\ps3 "o repres5ts ! entire field cov]$ ) floral designs1 & ! o!r repres5ts a field ( uni=m col\r ) a m$allion at ! c5tre1 or ) two or m conc5tric m$allions4 ,! =m]1 :i* is und\bt$ly ! old] gr\p1 has g5]ally a small diap] patt]n ( ! ,h]ati design or floral figures da9tily drawn4 ,to obviate too great monotony1 a numb] ( ! old pieces h ! leaves & fl[]s s adju/$ t ! gr\nd conveys ! effect ( lattice "w1 or less (t5 h small trees ( cypress regul>ly plac$ amid ! o!r floral designs4 ,aga91 ! field may be cov]$ ) l>ge pe> designs plac$ 9 r[s4 ,( mod]n pieces ! mo/ beautiful patt]n1 z a rule1 consi/s ( a field ( ri*1 uni=m col\r1 z ivory or r$1 conta9+ at its c5tre a s+le m$allion ( contra/+ gr\nd col\r1 :i* is g5]ally d>k blue or ev5 black4 ,! f\r corn]s ( ! field h s]rat$ edges & are cov]$ ) floral designs simil> to ^? ( ! m$allion4 ,! bord]s1 :i* are inv>iably n>r[1 usually consi/ ( ?ree /ripes1 b sometimes ( only two4 ,) v few exceptions !y are floral1 & 9 ! ma9 "o1 t has a gr\nd col\r ( yell[ or r$1 are repres5t$ designs :i* are also simil> to ^? ( ! m$allion4 ,"s ( ! old ,sehnas _h bord]s t 7 less floral ?an m mod]n pieces1 & ! turtle design s common to ,f]aghans 0 (t5 us$4 ,isolat$ & adv5titi\s designs1 su* z are se5 9 all nomadic rugs1 are nev] f\nd 9 ^! pieces1 nor are ! floriat$ scrolls t are peculi> to ,s>\ks1 ,ka%ans1 & ,k]man%ahs4 ,z is seldom ! case ) mod]n rugs1 occasionally bo? l95 & silk are us$ = ! w>p1 & silk = ov]ca/+1 b g5]ally ! w>p is cotton & ! ov]ca/+ is ( wool4 ,! city ( ,sehna has giv5 its "n to ! k9d ( knot ) :i* almo/ all ! rugs ( ,*9a & ,turke/an z well z _m ( ! rugs ( ,india & ,p]sia are ti$2 yet /range z x may seem1 its own weav]s h be5 inconsi/5t 9 its use4 ,to be sure1 mo/ ( its rugs h ! ,sehna knot1 b a surpris+ly l>ge proportion ( bo? rec5t & comp>atively old pieces h ! ,ghiordes knot4 ,only a few o!r rugs ev] adopt ! same /yle ( weav+2 = a ?read ( weft passes betwe5 two r[s ( knots b once1 s t at ! back only alt]nate ?reads ( :ite cotton w>p appe> betwe5 ^! knots & ?us give to ! weave a *eck]$ appe>ance or qu9cunx effect4 ,moreov]1 ! y>n ( ! knots is n drawn tightly aga9/ ! w>p1 s t 9 :atev] direction ! h& is rubb$ ! surface feels l a file4 ,v few o!r rugs are s closely wov51 z f\r hundr$ knots to ! squ>e in* are n uncommon2 & 9 v old pieces ne>ly d\ble t numb] are n[ & !n met )4 ,s9ce bo? w>p & weft are ( f9e ?reads & ! nap is v %ort1 ^! rugs are exce$+ly ?9 &1 accord+ly1 are n well adapt$ = floor use4 ,"s old saddle-bags are /ill to be f\nd1 ri* 9 _! fields ( deep blues & floral =ms ( bright] tones1 b un=tunately !y are some:at m>r$ by ! long slit 9 ! c5tre made to fit ! saddle4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally d>k blue1 r$1 & ivory1 ) less] quantities ( gre51 light blue1 & yell[4 ,knot1 ,sehna1 (t5 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally elev5 to tw5ty2 p]p5dicul>ly1 twelve to tw5ty-f\r4 ,! r[s ( knots are closely press$ d[n1 b ! y>n ( knots is n drawn tight aga9/ ! w>p4 ,w>p1 g5]ally cotton1 occasionally l951 r>ely silk4 ,ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 g5]ally cotton1 occasionally wool or l951 r>ely silk4 ,a s+le ?read ( small diamet] crosses only once betwe5 e two r[s ( knots1 s t ! :ite spots ( transv]se w>p expos$ at back h a qu9cunx appe>ance4 ,pile1 wool clipp$ v %ort4 ,bord]1 ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 a tightly w\nd d\ble ov]ca/+4 ,l[] end1 a %ort web1 or web & w>p loops1 or web & %ort w>p fr+e4 ,upp] end1 %ort web & fr+e4 ,texture1 v firm4 ,weave at back is ( f9e gra9 b v r\gh4 ,l5g?1 ?ree to sev5 feet4 ,wid?1 two ?irds to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,bij>s4--,"o hundr$ miles beyond ,hamadan1 on ! road to ,tabriz1 is ! city ( ,bij>1 capital ( ! di/rict ( ,gehr\s4 ,x is surr\nd$ by b>r5 m\nta9s t rise out ( high table-l&s1 :]e = miles sc>cely a habitation or bu% breaks ! monotony1 & :]e n ev5 a blade ( grass or fl[] bright5s ! crack$ & sun-p>*$ e>?1 except = a %ort season ( ! ye>4 ,z is ! case ?r\gh\t ne>ly all ,p]sia1 ! _s ( desolation has crept into ! city2 ! grapev9e climbs ov] ru9$ walls2 ! %ade ( popl>s & will[s falls alike on decay+ palace & crumbl+ h\ses4 ,yet !re /ill rema9 c>avans>ies1 s*ools1 & mosques1 z well z a population ( five ?\s& p4 ,)\t d\bt ! importance ( ! city is p>tly due to ! regim5t ( soldi]s t ! gov]nor ma9ta9s to keep 9 subjection ! b&s ( robb]s & fi]ce ,kurds :o1 9 l>ge numb]s1 live ?r\gh\t ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,nor are !y ! only tribes ( fi]ce =eign blood dwell+ 9 ?is region2 = x is /at$ t dur+ ! invasions ( ! ,timurids1 a body ( ,turkomans f ! =tress t[n ( old ,s>aks1 :]e ! corn]s ( ,p]sia & ,afghani/an meet ,turke/an1 foll[$ ! conqu]or we/w>d & settl$ "h4 ,aft] !m is nam$ a small riv] t fl[s a %ort di/ance to ! nor? & f9ally empties into ,lake ,urumiah2 & x is n unusual to apply ! "n ,s>aks to ! rugs wov5 ab\t ,bij>1 ?\gh !y h none ( ! ,turkoman *>act]i/ics4 ,by adopt+ "s ( ! be/ qualities ( bo? ,p]sian & ,kurdi% rugs1 ! ,bij> weav]s h produc$ pieces ( unusual m]it4 ,! f\ndation is g5]ally ( wool2 b unlike almo/ all o!r rugs ) nomadic features "o ?read ( w>p to ea* knot is d\bl$ b5ea? ! o!r 9 ! process ( weav+1 s t x is almo/ or entirely conceal$4 ,bij>s are accord+ly pieces ( great firmness & durability4 ,moreov]1 _! ?reads ( w>p & weft are ( co>se diamet]1 s t !y are inv>iably ?ick ev5 :5 ! nap is n long4 ,!y are also di/9ctive 9 ! effective mass+ ( bright & /rong col\rs4 ,p]haps ! association ) ranges ( treeless hills1 ) salt wa/es1 ) va/ pla9s :]e ra9less mon?s leave ! grass p>*$ & ! fl[]s )]$1 has dead5$ ! ,p]sian love = ! brilliant1 joy\s col\rs s acutely *]i%$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,asia2 b by ! weav]s ( ,bij> x is n unusual to disc>d _m ( ! ,p]sian col\rs1 :i*1 h[ev] ri*1 are subdu$ & sombre1 & adopt ! bright] hues se5 9 "s ( ! rugs ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,yet1 z is n always ! case ) ! latt]1 !re is no s5se ( outrag$ ta/e2 & ?\gh crimson r$s1 deep blues1 or tawny camel's hair be br\ght 9 relief aga9/ a field ( /rongly contra/+ col\r1 ! effect1 except 9 mod]n pieces ( poor dyes1 is nev] displeas+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ca4 ,,kulah ,,pray] ,,rug ,9 ! patt]n mu* latitude is ex]cis$1 b only 9 ! olde/ pieces are f\nd ! gracefully fl[+ l9es sugge/ive ( ! highe/ ,p]sian art4 ,9 _m pieces a c5tral m$allion & triangul>-%ap$ corn]s1 sep>at$ by a field ( pla9 or slightly %ad$ col\r1 is a fav\rite patt]n4 ,b ! def9+ l9es are sev]e1 & lack ! delicate draw+ *>act]i/ic ( ,k]man%ahs & ,s>\ks4 ,or ! field may be cov]$ ) a lattice-"w patt]n t conta9s small repetitive =ms1 consi/+ ( sl5d] /ems support+ "o or m fl[]s4 ,frequ5tly a rug is cov]$ ) a m$ley ( designs compos$ ( conv5tionalis$ fl[]s1 crudely drawn trees1 z well z birds1 animals1 or human be+s4 ,! bord]s g5]ally consi/ ( an out] edg+ ( pla9 col\r1 & ?ree /ripes1 on :i* are (t5 repres5t$ purely geometric =ms1 b m frequ5tly ! undulat+ v9e & p5d5t leaves1 su* z are common to mo/ ,p]sian rugs4 ,=tunately _m /]l+ pieces /ill rema9 t h none ( ! e>m>ks ( factory-made rugs1 b are beautiful ) _! s(t wool & lu/r\s col\rs1 z well z int]e/+ ) _! bl5d+ ( ,p]sian & ,kurdi% features4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$1 also blue1 ivory1 gre51 yell[1 & *ocolate4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to t52 p]p5dicul>ly1 eight to twelve4 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is conceal$ at back & ! weft p>tly hidd54 ,w>p1 wool2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is d\bl$ "u ! o!r4 ,weft1 wool1 ( m$ium or co>se diamet]1 frequ5tly dy$ r$4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 ( m$ium l5g?1 usually wool1 b frequ5tly p>tly ( camel's hair4 ,bord]1 ( ?ree /ripes1 (t5 ) an out] edg+4 ,sides1 a d\ble ov]ca/+ 9 r$ or purple4 ,l[] end1 a web t is occasionally col\r$ or a n>r[ braid$ selvage4 ,upp] end1 a web ) loose w>p fr+e & sometimes a braid$ selvage4 ,! webb+ is occasionally turn$ back & hemm$4 ,texture1 v firm4 ,weave at back is ( co>se gra94 ,l5g?1 six to sixte5 feet4 ,wid?1 "o qu>t] to ?ree fif?s l5g?4 ,,k]man%ahs4--,on an anci5t highway betwe5 ,bagdad & ,teh]an is ! city ( ,k]man%ah4 ,z x is situat$ ne> ! fronti]s ( nor?we/]n ,p]sia1 fac+ ! ,turki% prov9ces1 & is surr\nd$ by m\nta9s :]e once w&]$ b&s ( homeless m>aud+ ,kurds :o recognis$ no gov]nm5t1 x 0 =m]ly a mo/ important /ronghold ( def5ce4 ,a c5tury ago ,rob]t ,k]r ,port]1 :o visit$ ! city1 ref]r$ to ! luxuri\s g>d5s & or*>ds t surr\nd$ x1 & to ! villages ( ! vic9ity 9 :i* 7 made 8c>pets ( mo/ beautiful col\r & fabric40 ,)9 lat] ye>s ! moat has fill$ ) rubbi%1 ! encircl+ walls h crumbl$1 & ! des]t$ baza>s & c>avans>ies %[ t its pres5t population ( ab\t twelve ?\s& is b a small "p ( :at x has be54 ,) its decl9e 9 political importance foll[$ a decl9e 9 indu/rial activities2 yet = a long "t x rema9$ a rug-produc+ c5tre ( importance4 ,9 #ahhj ,sir ,george ,birdwood wrote t 8! f9e/ ,ori5tal rugs ( our "t1 :i* at ! ,vi5na ,exhibition a/oni%$ all behold]s1 are ^? made 9 ! palace ( ! ,gov]nor ( ,k]man%ah1 9 ,kurdi/an1 & are only dispos$ ( z pres5ts40#be ,& 9 #ahij a travell]#bf spoke ( ! weav+ z foll[s3 8,x is a process c>ri$ on 9 homes1 hovels1 & t5ts by wom5 & *ildr54444 ,! vegetable dyes us$ are s(t & arti/ic1 especially a wond]ful r$ & ! v>i\s %ades ( indigo4 ,! dull1 ri* t9ts1 ev5 :5 new1 are q beautiful4 ,! wom5 pursue _! "w *iefly 9 odds & ends ( "t1 & 9 "s cases make x mu* ( a pa/ime40 ,f ?is city & ! surr\nd+ hills are /ill obta9$ l>ge quantities ( rugs1 :i* foll[ ! same patt]ns t = ye>s h be5 *>act]i/ic ( ?is di/rict4 ,yet mo/ ( ! mod]n ,k]man%ahs are made else:]e 9 ! "w-h\ses ( export+ companies4 ,s noticeable is ! resemblance 9 draw+ & col\r+ ( "s ( !m to ! ,kirmans ( ,s\!a/]n ,p]sia1 t !y are (f]$ n[ & !n by deal]s z real ,kirmans1 ?\gh !y lack ! f9e te*nique & arti/ic m]it ( ! latt]4 ,!y possess1 h[ev]1 ! same weal? ( floral expression1 = ?r\gh\t bord] & field are sprays ( fl[]s on delicate v9es & foliate /alks4 ,mo/ ( ! pieces n[ se5 conta9 at ! c5tre ( ! field a l>ge m$allion1 :i* may h s]rat$ or lob$ edges1 be oval or ( diamond %ape1 & ) or )\t p5dants4 ,! corn]s are def9$ by l9es t d n always con=m to ^? ( ! m$allion2 & ! bord]s h always sev]al /ripes1 ( :i* ! ma9 "o is usually b little wid] ?an ! o!rs4 ,9 all ^! diff]5t p>ts are floral & foliage motives t f9d expression 9 sunfl[]s1 roses1 tulips1 daisies1 & _m simpl] =ms1 support$ by delicate bran*+ sprays & v9es4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r patt]ns less frequ5tly met )1 z x is n unusual to see elaborate pe> designs1 & sometimes ! cypress or ! palm tree naturali/ically drawn4 ,cov]+ ! field ( a r>e old ,k]man%ah rec5tly se5 7 ?irty l>ge panels1 :i* l s _m small rugs conta9$ c5tral fields t 7 alt]nately col\r$ blue & ivory4 ,surr\nd+ ea* ( ^! little fields1 on :i* 7 repres5t$ ! ar* ( a temple & ! tree ( life1 7 bord]s :]e9 7 wov5 v]ses f ! ,koran1 & at ! int]sections ( ! bord]s 7 floral designs l roses4 ,encircl+ all ! panels 0 a wide bord] conta9+ escut*eons 9 :i* 7 wov5 o!r v]ses4 ,)\t d\bt ?is rug 0 us$ = sacr$ purposes4 ,9 fact1 a l>g] proportion ( ,k]man%ahs ?an almo/ any o!r ,p]sian rugs h pray] ar*es z well z v]ses f ! ,koran inscrib$ 9 "s "p ( !m1 b ) v few exceptions !y are rec5tly wov5 & be> no evid5ce ( devotional usage4 ,! g5]al col\r s*eme is di/9ctive1 = ! tones are mu* light] ?an ^? ( mo/ o!r ,p]sian rugs4 ,frequ5tly a field ( ivory surr\nds ! c5tral m$allion1 ?\gh sometimes a light rose r$ is us$4 ,o!r col\rs are light blue1 gre51 & buff1 :i* are s(t5$ by ! floccy quality ( ! excell5t & mod]ately %ort-clipp$ wool4 ,"o feature common to almo/ all ( !m is ! n>r[ edg+ ( p9ki% r$ t surr\nds ! bord]4 ,?is edg+1 ! foliate scrolls1 ! s(t light tones1 & ! r co>se weav+1 t leaves ! :ite or sometimes p9ki% weft expos$ at ! back1 are *>act]i/ics by :i* ^! rugs may readily be di/+ui%$4 ,z !y come 9 all sizes f small mats to l>ge c>pets1 & h tones t h>monise ) almo/ any surr\nd+s1 !y are a mo/ popul> class ) ^? :o c>e little = association & ignore ! fact t !y are *emically wa%$4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally light rose & ivory1 also blue1 gre51 & buff4 ,knot1 ,sehna4 ,knots to in* horizontally twelve to eighte51 p]p5dicul>ly elev5 to eighte54 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is conceal$ at back1 b ! weft is conspicu\s4 ,w>p1 cotton2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is d\bl$ "u ! o!r4 ,weft1 cotton1 ( m$ium diamet]1 sometimes dy$ p9k4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 s(t & ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 frequ5tly ( ?ree /ripes ( almo/ equal wid?1 b sometimes _m /ripes2 also an out] edg+ t is g5]ally r$1 b occasionally blue4 ,sides1 a d\ble ov]ca/+ 9 same col\r z edg+4 ,l[] end1 a n>r[ web & w>p loops1 or %ort w>p fr+e4 ,upp] end1 a n>r[ web & %ort w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 firm4 ,weave at back is ( mod]ately co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 f\r to f\rte5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree fif?s to f\r fif?s l5g?4 ,,we/]n ,,kurdi/ans4--,)9 ! l& ly+ betwe5 ! ,anti-,taurus & ,zagros m\nta9s1 :]e ! ,euphrates & ,tigris riv]s h _! s\rces1 dwell a p almo/ z untam$ z :5 9 ! dawn ( hi/ory !y 7 designat$ ! 8,w>riors20 or c5turies lat]1 "u ! "n 8,c>du*is10 oppos$ ! retreat ( ,x5ophon & 8 t5 ?\s& ,greeks4 ,n[ !y are kn[n z 8,kurds10 ( :om l>ge numb]s1 wild1 brave1 & hospitable1 live a nomadic life among table-l&s p>tly cov]$ ) sycamores & oaks1 or foll[ _! %eep ov] l(ty p9e-cr[n$ m\nta9s1 t = long mon?s are envelop$ 9 sn[4 ,d\btless ! *e]+ influ5ce ( gre5 hillsides & ! ri* vegetation ( innum]able valleys1 :]e /reams fl[ p]5nially1 is 9 a measure responsible = _! m sprightly aspect :5 contra/$ ) t ( ! ,p]sians4 ,!y recognise no law b ! w ( _! *ief1 to :om !y ma9ta9 /ricte/ fealty4 8,!re 0 up to a rec5t p]iod no m picturesque or int]e/+ sc5e to be witness$ 9 ! ,ea/ ?an ! c\rt ( "o ( ^! great ,kurdi% *iefs1 :]e1 l ano!r ,salad91 ! bey rul$ 9 patri>*ial /ate1 surr\nd$ by 8 clansm5 ) rev]5ce & affection1 & att5d$ by a body-gu>d ( "y ,kurdi% w>riors1 clad 9 *a9 armor1 ) flaunt+ silk5 sc>fs1 & be>+ javel91 lance1 & sword1 z 9 ! "t ( ! ,crusades40#bg ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cb4 ,,melez ,,pray] ,,rug ,l>ge numb]s1 also1 are settl$ 9 ,p]sia1 :]e !y cultivate ! soil ( small tracts ( l&1 or live 9 villages ( /one h\ses4 ,_m ( !m are scatt]$ ar\nd ,lake ,urumiah4 ,o!rs h made _! homes 9 ! di/rict ( ,k]man%ah1 & n a few h w&]$ z f> z ,khorassan4 ,b :]ev] !y may be1 !y are di/+ui%$ by _! appe>ance2 = ! m5 are bold & h&some1 & ! "y wom51 :om cu/om p]mits to appe> unveil$ 9 public1 are beautiful z well z graceful4 ,!re is no racial di/9ction betwe5 ! ,kurds :o live ! pa/oral life & ^? :o dwell 9 villages1 or betwe5 ! ,kurds ( ,asiatic ,turkey & ^? ( ,p]sia2 yet environm5t has produc$ a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 _! textile fabrics4 ,^? wov5 by ! tribes t live among ! m\nta9s t encircle ,lake ,van & ext5d to ! nor? ( ,di>bekr embody ! wild *>act]i/ics ( ! weav]s4 ,!y are /rong & co>se1 ) close weave1 long nap1 & bold patt]ns1 t sugge/ ,caucasian influ5ce devoid ( arti/ic feel+4 ,9 "s ( !m is a l>ge c5tral diamond or loz5ge surr\nd$ by lat*-hooks1 z well z floral =ms s conv5tionalis$ z to be purely geometric2 n[ & !n ,arabic symbols & lett]s are scatt]$ ov] ! field4 ,moreov]1 ! col\rs lack ! delicate %ades ( ,p]sian rugs1 b possess ri*1 /rong hues obta9$ f native dyes t appli$ to ! excell5t wool give x a w>m1 lu/r\s appe>ance4 ,br[n is v l>gely us$4 ,!re are also d>k r$s & blues bright5$ by da%es ( :ite & yell[4 ,only ! ,kazaks1 ,t*]kess1 & "o or two ,asia ,m9or weaves are trimm$ ) su* long nap1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! deep col\rs & long %aggy fr+e1 give ^! pieces a semi-b>b>ic appe>ance possess$ by no o!r rugs4 ,sometimes !y are confus$ ) ! ,mosuls2 b z a rule ! pile is long]1 & !y are m co>sely wov54 ,9 fact1 ! y>n is s co>se t x is n unusual to see pieces ) only ?irty or =ty knots to ! squ>e in*4 ,l ! ,p]sian-,kurdi% rugs1 !y r>ely come 9 l>ge1 almo/ squ>e %apes1 & are frequ5tly decid$ly oblong4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 easily be di/+ui%$ f !m by _! crud] patt]ns1 d>k] col\rs1 co>s] texture1 & ! fact t ea* ( ! two ?reads ( w>p encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at ! back4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally br[n1 r$1 & blue1 ) m9or quantities ( yell[1 gre51 & :ite1 & ! natural col\r ( ! undy$ wool4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally f\r to sev52 p]p5dicul>ly1 six to n9e4 ,a half knot1 z x appe>s at back1 is z long z1 or long] ?an1 wide4 ,! r[s ( knots are closely press$ d[n4 ,w>p1 wool2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 wool1 ( co>se diamet]1 & (t5 dy$ a r$di% col\r4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 occasionally camel's or goat's hair clipp$ long4 ,bord]1 g5]ally ( ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 a heavy d\ble ov]ca/+1 usually 9 br[n or black1 occasionally 9 sev]al diff]5t col\rs4 ,l[] end1 a n>r[ web1 ?r\gh :i* runs a col\r$ cord1 & w>p loops4 ,upp] end1 a n>r[ web1 "o or m r[s ( knots & long1 co>se w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 v /\t4 ,weave at back is ( v co>se gra94 ,l5g?1 five to sixte5 feet4 ,wid?1 two fif?s to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,p]sian ,,kurdi/ans4--,n[h]e is ! influ5ce ( association among weav]s m evid5t ?an 9 ! ,kurdi% rugs wov5 by ! tribes settl$ 9 ! ri* valleys ( ,nor?we/]n ,p]sia1 z is app>5t 9 weave1 col\rs1 & patt]n1 :i* diff] widely f ^? se5 9 ! ,kurdi% rugs ( ,asiatic ,turkey4 ,! w>p is only r>ely ( co>se goats' hair1 & is g5]ally s(t1 br[n wool4 ,! pile is mu* %ort]1 s t ! draw+ is cle>ly def9$4 ,likewise1 ! col\rs are m v>i$ & ( m delicate tones s z to include light] %ades ( gre51 rose1 & ivory ) ! d>k] r$s1 blues1 & br[ns4 ,b ! *ief di/9ction consi/s ( ! m arti/ic patt]n4 ,! m$allion 9 ! c5tre ( ! field ) corn] pieces 9 :i* appe> "s =m ( repetitive patt]n is mo/ common4 ,in/ead ( l>ge figures are (t5 ! m da9ty ,h]ati designs borr[$ f ! ,f]aghans & ! ,sehnas1 or ! pe> design f ! ,s>ab5ds4 ,n[ & !n is se5 a r>e old piece ) field completely cov]$ ) draw+s ( ! tree ( life & /range floral conceits2 b ! patt]n t is pre-em95tly typical ( ?is type ( ,kurdi% pieces is ! ,m9a ,khani1 ?\gh x is occasionally adopt$ 9 o!r rugs4 ,! :ite & yell[i% fl[]s1 connect$ by a lattice "w sub-patt]n ( br[n or olive1 re/s on a gr\nd ( d>k blue1 t 9 accordance ) a feature peculi> to rugs ( ,kurdi% weaves v>ies f "o end ( ! field to ! o!r1 s z to sugge/ t _! w&]+ life (t5 made x difficult to obta9 ! roots & h]bs necess>y to produce simil> %ades4 ,z is r>ely ! case ) o!r patt]ns1 ! naturali/ic fl[]s t are p5d5t f ! undulat+ v9e ( ! ma9 /ripe & ! fl[]s ( ! field h ne>ly ! same draw+4 ,! two rema9+ /ripes ( ! n>r[ bord] h mo/ simple v9es4 ,almo/ )\t exception rugs ( ?is class are /\tly wov54 ,to assure firmness1 "o ?read ( w>p is depress$ bel[ ! o!r 9 ty+ ! knots2 & ! weft t is ?r[n across = fill+ is ( fair quality4 ,on acc\nt ( ! firm texture1 excell5t wool1 & good col\rs x is /ill possible to obta9 mod]ately old pieces1 t z objects ( utility z well z ornam5t are desirable = _! /]l+ qualities4 ,a simil>ity exi/s betwe5 ! ,p]sian-,kurdi%1 ,mosul1 & ,bij> rugs2 b a precise1 ev5 if easily ov]look$1 diff]5ce 9 ! weave s]ves to di/+ui% "o f ! o!r4 ,z may be se5 by exam9+ ! backs ( typical specim5s1 9 ,mosuls e ?read ( w>p lies 9 ! same plane p>allel ) ! surface ( ! pile2 9 ! ,p]sian ,kurdi/ans "o ( ! two ?reads ( w>p encircl$ by a knot is depress$ at an acute angle to t plane2 & 9 ,bij>s "o ( ! two ?reads ( w>p encircl$ by a knot is d\bl$ "u ! o!r s z to be at "r angles to t plane4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$ & blue1 also yell[1 gre51 & :ite4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally sev5 to t52 p]p5dicul>ly1 eight to twelve4 ,a half knot1 z x appe>s at back1 is no long] ?an wide & is frequ5tly n s long4 ,! y>n is loosely wov51 s t ea* sep>ate ply is di/9ct4 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is l>gely conceal$ & ! weft p>tly hidd5 at back4 ,w>p1 wool2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is g5]ally mu* depress$ bel[ ! o!r at back2 b sometimes ea* is equally prom95t4 ,weft1 wool1 ( m$ium diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft usually crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots1 only r>ely once4 ,pile1 wool1 & occasionally "s camel's hair ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree to f\r /ripes4 ,sides1 a heavy d\ble ov]ca/+ 9 d>k col\r4 ,l[] end1 web cross$ by a p>ti-col\r$ cord1 & w>p loops4 ,upp] end1 web cross$ by a p>ti-col\r$ cord1 & loose w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 v firm4 ,weave at back is ( co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 six to twelve feet4 ,usual wid?1 five eigh?s to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,k>ajes4--,dwell+ ne> ,hamadan1 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,p]sia1 are tribes :o weave rugs t are kn[n 9 ! m>kets z ,k>ajes4 ,9 _! col\r s*eme1 l5g? ( nap1 & texture !y resemble _m ( ! ,kurdi/ans2 b 9 ! te*nicalities ( weave !y %[ a m>k$ diff]5ce4 ,z a rule1 a s+le ?read ( weft crosses only once betwe5 two r[s ( knots1 or 9 a few pieces two ?reads ( weft pass side by side z ?\gh "o4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> !y resemble ,hamadans2 b ! alignm5t ( _! knots at ! back is m regul>1 _! weft is ins]t$ ) "s slack1 _! w>p is ( wool1 & _! weft is almo/ always ( wool4 ,!y are g5]ally runn]s1 ) long nap ( s(t1 lu/r\s wool1 ) ri* col\rs1 & ) bord] ( ?ree /ripes4 ,! patt]n is ,iranian1 & v (t5 consi/s ( a small bu% or sprig ( leaf & fl[] dispos$ 9 =mal array ?r\gh\t ! field4 ,sometimes ! floral =ms are plac$ )9 ! diamonds =m$ by a trellis patt]n1 b m frequ5tly !y are arrang$ 9 r[s l ! pe> designs ( ,s>ab5ds4 ,9 "s pieces !y are v mu* conv5tionalis$ & sugge/ simil> figures se5 9 rugs ( ,s\!rn ,caucasia2 & 9 o!rs /em1 leaf1 & fl[] are v reali/ic4 ,ano!r patt]n frequ5tly foll[$ consi/s ( ?ree or f\r l>ge diamond-%ap$ m$allions ext5d+ f "o end ( ! field to ! o!r4 ,! bord]s are mod]ately n>r[1 & an undulat+ v9e ( well-kn[n ,p]sian "* g5]ally appe>s 9 "o or m ( ! /ripes4 ,z ^! pieces are almo/ always comp>atively old1 ! vegetable dyes t 7 us$ = col\r+ h mell[$1 & h a ri*ness ( tone t is acc5tuat$ by ! dep? ( pile & s(tness ( wool4 ,! prevail+ tone ( _m is a deep plum col\r4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally d>k blue or plum & r$1 ) m9or quantities ( yell[1 br[n1 & :ite4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to twelve2 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to twelve4 ,a half knot1 z x appe>s at back1 is z long z wide1 & occasionally is long]4 ,! r[s ( knots1 :i* h ev5 alignm5t at back1 are n firmly press$ d[n4 ,w>p1 wool1 r>ely cotton2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 wool1 r>ely cotton2 a s+le ?read ( m$ium diamet] crosses once betwe5 e two r[s ( knots2 b 9 p>ts ( ! same rug two1 ?ree1 or ev5 f\r ?reads ( small diamet] w cross side by side z a s+le co>se ?read4 ,occasionally a ?read ( weft crosses ?ree or f\r times4 ,! fill+ ( weft /&s up z high z ! knots at ! back1 giv+ an ev5 surface4 ,pile1 wool1 ( m$ium l5g? or mod]ately long4 ,bord]1 ( ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 a heavy d\ble ov]ca/+4 ,l[] end1 web & w>p loops4 ,upp] end1 web & %ort fr+e4 ,texture1 mod]ately loose4 ,weave at back is ( co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 eight to f\rte5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree eigh?s to "o half l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cc4 ,,melez ,,rug ,,tabriz4--,al?\gh ,tabriz1 capital ( ! prov9ce ( ,az]bijan1 is situat$ 9 a remote corn] ( ,p]sia1 f ! e>lie/ times x has be5 "o ( ! mo/ important c5tres 9 ! ,ori5t = ! production ( c>pets4 ,!y 7 well kn[n 9 ! days ( ! ,caliphs2 & "s ( ! e>lie/ ma/]pieces t n[ rema9 7 wov5 !re dur+ ! reign ( ,%ah ,tamasp1 :o ext5d$ to ?is indu/ry 8 royal patronage4 ,?is city has be5 = a long p]iod on ! great r\tes ( c>avans pass+ to ,trebizond & ,tiflis f ! c\ntry to ! s\? & ea/1 s t x has become ! pr9cipal m>t ( ,p]sia = ! export ( rugs ga!r$ f surr\nd+ regions4 ,nev]!less1 x /ill cont9ues to produce its own pieces2 b ! weav]s are 9 ! employ ( =eign companies :o prescribe ! "* ( workman%ip4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! rugs are ( good mat]ial1 excell5tly wov52 & ?\gh _m ( ! old dyes are no long] us$1 ! col\rs z a rule are fair2 yet on acc\nt ( ! ma!matical exactness ( _! =mal patt]ns ! truly ,ori5tal _s is l>gely lack+4 ,s9ce ! rugs are made solely to meet ! requirem5ts ( ,we/]n buy]s1 ! patt]ns are v>i\s4 ,mo/ ( !m consi/ ( a l>ge c5tral m$allion surr\nd$ by a broad field ( ivory1 blue1 or r$ t ext5ds to ! sides & ends4 ,9 o!rs1 a small diamond occupies ! c5tre & is surr\nd$ by a s]ies ( conc5tric m$allions4 ,al?\gh 9 ^! respects !y correspond ) ,k]man%ahs1 ,s>\ks1 & ,ka%ans1 ! patt]ns ( _! fields lack ! long scrolls & int]lac+ bran*es1 & consi/ frequ5tly ( %ort1 sl5d] /ems support+ fronds1 leaves1 fl[]s1 or ! pe> designs arrang$ s z to pres5t almo/ ! appe>ance ( lace-"w4 ,sometimes ! draw+ is a delicate trac]y repres5t+ int]tw9+ arabesques4 ,a field completely cov]$ ) ! small designs peculi> to ,sehnas1 or conta9+ ! disjunct =ms ( nomadic rugs1 is nev] se52 & yet x is n improbable t _m ( ! e>ly ,tabriz weav]s 7 ,kurds4 ,sometimes ! fl[]s are simil> to ! roses ( ,kirmans1 or are reali/ically drawn composit surr\nd$ by delicate leaves on graceful /ems2 "s times ! small designs are z =mal z ! palmettes ( old ,ispahans1 f :i* !y 7 d\btless copi$2 aga91 ! naturali/ic & conv5tional may be bl5d$ toge!r 9 an h>moni\s :ole4 ,b :atev] ! patt]n1 ! diff]5t p>ts %[ ! p]fect balance s frequ5tly se5 9 ! antique pieces ( ?ree or f\r c5turies ago4 ,nev]!less1 to ^! types are _m exceptions1 s9ce ! weav]s w produce = hire any class ( rug or copy any col\r$ draw+4 ,! bord]s diff] f ^? ( ,k]man%ahs1 ) :i* ^! rugs are frequ5tly comp>$1 9 ! fact t 9 _! c5tral /ripe ! cont9u\s v9e ( leaf & fl[] is less conspicu\s2 & 9 its place are (t5 palmettes1 pe>s1 %rubs1 or =mal trees sep>at$ by foliat$ scrolls4 ,n infrequ5tly ! small] /ripes1 also1 h a repetitive patt]n ( leaf & fl[]1 ?\gh 9 "s ( ! _m /ripes is usually a well-drawn v9e4 ,aga91 ! bord] may consi/ ( a s]ies ( c>t\*es t h be5 copi$ f mu* old] rugs & conta9 v]ses ( ! ,koran or ( ,p]sian poets4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s ?is t5d5cy among ! ,tabriz & ,k]man%ah weav]s to imitate n only bord]s b also fields ( old ma/]pieces is increas+4 ,a feature peculi> to a v l>ge numb] ( ^! rugs is ! adoption ( v f9ely spun l95 = ! w>p2 ?\gh cotton1 :i* is us$ = ! weft1 is sometimes sub/itut$4 ,! knots are c>efully ti$1 & ! closely wov5 texture pres5ts an appe>ance at ! back simil> to t ( ,s>\ks2 b ! almo/ conceal$ weft is g5]ally ei!r :ite or p9k4 ,! weave comp>$ ) t ( ,k]man%ahs is f9]1 b ! wool ( ! closely %orn nap is nei!r s s(t to ! t\* nor s silky1 ! col\rs are h>%]1 & ! patt]ns m =mal4 ,^! rugs are made 9 all sizes1 ?\gh mo/ are l>ge & almo/ squ>e4 ,type *>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$1 blue1 & ivory4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally twelve to tw5ty2 p]p5dicul>ly1 t5 to tw5ty-two4 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is hidd5 & ! weft p>tly conceal$ at back4 ,w>p1 g5]ally cotton1 frequ5tly l952 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is d\bl$ "u ! o!r4 ,weft1 z a rule1 is cotton1 occasionally x is wool or l951 ( f9e diamet]1 & frequ5tly dy$ p9k4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 clipp$ %ort & h>% to ! t\*4 ,bord]1 f five to eight /ripes & an out] edg+4 ,sides1 a two-cord selvage4 ,bo? ends1 a n>r[ web & loose w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 firm4 ,weave at back is ( f9e texture4 ,usual l5g?1 n9e to eighte5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 two ?irds to f\r fif?s l5g?4 ,,gorevans4--,( ! _m rugs n[ made 9 ,p]sia & design$ prim>ily = use1 few are ( su* mod]ate price z ! ,gorevans1 :i*1 dur+ rec5t ye>s1 h be5 import$ 9 l>ge numb]s f ! prov9ce ( ,az]bijan 9 ,nor?we/]n ,p]sia4 ,a ha/y glance sugge/s ,occid5tal craftsman%ip1 b 9 e ess5tial !y are di/9ctly ,ori5tal4 ,_! /\t weave1 l>ge size1 & ne>ly squ>e %ape place !m 9 ! class ( ,p]sian pieces (t5 call$ c>pets1 to :i* belong ! ,k]man%ahs1 ,muskabads1 ,me%$s1 & rugs ( ,tabriz4 ,yet !y are frequ5tly l>g] ?an any ( ^!1 & are readily di/+ui%$ f !m by _! col\rs & patt]ns4 ,x is true t !y h ! same light %ades1 b ! tones are 9 a di/9ctly diff]5t scale1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( dull brick-r$1 light t]ra cotta1 buff1 d>k blue1 dull gre51 yell[1 & ivory1 :i*1 :5 once recognis$1 are r>ely mi/ak5 = ^? ( any o!r rugs4 ,nor are ! col\rs di/ribut$ 9 pat*es s small z to bl5d :5 view$ at a %ort di/ance1 b are ( suffici5t masses to be sep>ately obs]v$ & analys$4 ,! patt]ns are equally di/9ctive4 ,! field is g5]ally cov]$ ) a numb] ( conc5tric hexagonal-%ap$ m$allions1 ( :i* ! long] sides ( ! l>ge/ are (t5 m>k$ ) conspicu\s ind5tations su* z are n se5 9 classes made 9 o!r di/ricts4 ,all ( ! m$allions are cov]$ ) l>ge designs1 9 :i* ! arti/ has dep>t$ f ! usual =ms ( v9e1 leaf1 & fl[]1 t poorly imitate ! spl5did examples ( s-call$ 8,ispahans10 & 9 _m in/ances has repres5t$ !m 9 ! ar*aic draw+ ( ! olde/ rema9+ ,p]sian c>pets4 ,h>d1 /raight l9es ) angles replac+ graceful curves def9e ! m$allions1 corn]s1 /ems1 leaves1 & fl[]s4 ,& n infrequ5tly ! =mal treatm5t %[s a ,european influ5ce1 z :5 all semblance ( leaf & fl[] has disappe>$ 9 ! extremely conv5tionalis$ =ms t are plac$ ) set regul>ity 9 ! field4 ,a v noticeable feature ( ^! rugs is ! mann] 9 :i* ! designs are col\r$1 z x is n unusual to repres5t a l>ge figure 9 two /rongly contra/+ col\rs1 z blue & p9k sep>at$ by a /iffly drawn l9e4 ,! designs ( ! corn]s are simil> to ^? ( ! c5tral m$allions1 b ! designs ( ! bord]s are dissimil>4 ,! small /ripes are m>k$ ) ,p]sian v9es ( well-kn[n floral & leaf =ms t %[ no?+ ( ! draw+ *>act]i/ic ( ! field4 ,! ma9 /ripe occasionally has c>t\*es & /> m$allions1 b 9 mo/ in/ances has ! turtle patt]n1 ?\gh its treatm5t diff]s f ! usual =m se5 9 ,f]aghans4 ,a co-ord9ation 9 col\r exi/s betwe5 field & bord]4 ,! gr\nd ( bo? ! ma9 /ripe & "o ( ! m$allions is (t5 a d>k blue or a r$1 :ile ! gr\nd ( ! o!r /ripes corresponds ) ^? ( o!r m$allions4 ,all ( ! ,gorevans are mod]n pieces1 & s lack ! int]e/ ( ^? t foll[ traditional patt]ns2 b _! /\t weave1 w>m col\rs1 & ar*aic designs make !m bo? s]viceable & pleas+4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally dull r$1 d>k blue1 & buff1 ) m9or quantities ( gre51 yell[1 & :ite4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to eight2 p]p5dicul>ly1 six to t54 ,! mo/ conspicu\s half ( a knot1 z x appe>s at ! back1 is1 z a rule1 long] ?an wide4 ,! r[s ( knots are some:at press$ d[n1 b ! w>p is r>ely entirely conceal$ at back4 ,w>p1 cotton2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is usually depress$ bel[ ! o!r at back2 sometimes bo? ?reads are equally prom95t4 ,weft1 cotton1 ( co>se diamet]1 sometimes dy$ blue4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses only once betwe5 e two r[s ( knots1 or frequ5tly twice4 ,pile1 wool1 ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 g5]ally ( ?ree /ripes1 occasionally f\r or five4 ,sides1 a two-cord d\ble selvage4 ,bo? ends1 a %ort w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 r loose4 ,weave at back is ( v co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 t5 to sixte5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree fif?s to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,bak%is4--,a close relation%ip exi/s betwe5 ! ,gorevans1 :i* are a comp>atively mod]n product1 & sev]al o!r less kn[n sub-classes ( e>li] orig9 t are wov5 9 small t[ns 9 ! ea/ c5tral "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,az]bijan4 ,"o ( ^! t[ns1 locat$ fifty miles to ! s\!a/ ( ,tabriz1 is ,bak%is1 :i* =m]ly produc$ rugs t 7 highly e/eem$ by ! ,p]sians1 be=e ! weav]s 7 corrupt$ by a _s ( comm]cialism4 ,^? :i* are export$ to-day are ( little arti/ic value1 are poorly col\r$1 & c>elessly wov54 ,! patt]ns are inf]ior copies ( o!r well-kn[n classes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cd4 ,,rhodian ,,rug ,,s]apis4--,! rugs kn[n z ,s]apis are nam$ aft] ! village ( ,sirab 9 ! m\nta9\s di/rict betwe5 ,tabriz & ,ardebil2 b !y are made n only !re1 b also 9 ! c\ntry f>!r to ! ea/4 ,! l>ge sizes are frequ5tly mi/ak5 = ,gorevans1 z !y are ( simil> %ape & h simil> f9i% ( sides & ends1 yet z a rule !y are bett] wov54 ,_m ( !m foll[ ! same patt]ns ( conc5tric m$allions1 b ! l9es ( o!rs are m arti/ically drawn4 ,al?\gh ! bord]s lack ! gracefully symmetric v9es ( old ,iranian pieces1 ! draw+ is int]e/+ 9 its individuality & is 9 h>mony ) t ( ! field4 ,all ! col\rs are *e]ful4 ,a field ( ivory or "s light %ade ( buff usually surr\nds ! c5tral m$allions1 on :i* appe> s(t & pleas+ tones ( small] designs4 ,yet on ! :ole !re is a t5d5cy to employ ri*] & deep] tones ?an ^? ( ,gorevans4 ,! small] pieces (t5 conta9 m elaborate patt]ns1 b !re are always ! same pleas+ & unobtrusive %ades ( col\r4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$1 blue1 & ivory1 ) m9or quantities ( gre5 & yell[4 ,knot1 g5]ally ,sehna1 frequ5tly ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to t52 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to twelve4 ,! r[s ( knots are firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p does n %[ at back4 ,w>p1 cotton2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is g5]ally mu* depress$ bel[ ! o!r at back1 & frequ5tly d\bl$ "u ! o!r4 ,weft1 cotton1 ( co>se diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 a d\ble selvage ( two cords1 or d\ble ov]ca/+ atta*$ figure-eight fa%ion to ! sides4 ,! selvage or ov]ca/+ is usually 9 r$ or buff4 ,l[] end1 a n>r[ web & w>p loops or %ort w>p fr+e4 ,upp] end1 a n>r[ web & w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 /\t4 ,weave at back is ( co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 t5 to eighte5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 two ?irds to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,h]ez4--,! city ( ,h]ez is 9 ! extreme ea/]n "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,az]bijan1 :]e = a long "t ! weav]s /eadily adh]$ to ! /]l+ values ( e>ly fabrics & produc$ pieces t 7 foll[$ ) slight modification 9 _m ( ! =m] ,gorevans4 ,9 a measure ! rugs ( ,tabriz also are reflect$ 9 ! m$allion patt]n ( "s ( ^! pieces1 b = _! gracefully fl[+ l9es are sub/itut$ m rectangul> ones2 & 9 place ( _m col\rs are few1 ( :i* blue & a r$di% copp] are p>ticul>ly noticeable4 ,ano!r well-kn[n & int]e/+ type consi/s ( a field ( :ite1 on :i*1 ) =mal precision1 are repres5t$1 9 delicate %ades ( r$1 blue1 yell[1 & gre51 ar*aic leaves & fl[]s support$ by /ems & t5drils t are s conv5tionalis$ z to =m geometric l9es & angles4 ,at regul> int]vals ! bran*+ t5drils assume ! %ape ( ar*es1 ( :i* 9 l>g] pieces !re are frequ5tly "o or two doz52 & s closely d !y resemble pray] ar*es t ^! rugs are sometimes mi/ak5 = namazliks4 ,! bord]s usually consi/ ( ?ree /ripes4 ,! out] & inn] are n>r[ gu>ds conta9+ "s simple floral figure1 & ! broad c5tral /ripe has (t5 a cont9u\s v9e ) =mal leaves & a conspicu\s design sugge/ive ( ! cl\d-b&4 ,! tones are nev] h>%2 _m ( ! pieces are l>ge & almo/ squ>e1 & ! wool ( ! pile is g5]ally excell5t4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally ivory1 light blue1 & r$di% br[n1 also "s yell[ & gre54 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally five to t52 p]p5dicul>ly1 six to twelve4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s half ( a knot1 z x appe>s at ! back1 is long] ?an wide4 ,! r[s ( knots are only slightly press$ d[n1 s t ! weft is noticeable at back4 ,w>p1 cotton2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is depress$ bel[ ! o!r at back1 or ea* ?read is equally prom95t4 ,weft1 ( cotton1 seldom ( wool1 ( mod]ately co>se diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 g5]ally ( ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 a two-cord d\ble selvage4 ,l[] end1 a v n>r[ web & %ort w>p fr+e4 ,upp] end1 a %ort w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 loose4 ,weave at back is ( v co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 n9e to fifte5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 two ?irds to sev5 eigh?s l5g?4 ,,suj-,,bulaks4--,ab\t fifty miles to ! s\? ( ,lake ,urumiah & ! same di/ance f ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ,p]sia is ! old ,kurdi% capital ( ,suj-,bulak4 ,kurds /ill l>gely pr$om9ate 9 ! di/rict & comprise mo/ ( ! population ( ! city1 to ! discom=t ( ! mu* small] numb] ( ,p]sians1 = ^: protection a l>ge g>rison 0 =m]ly ma9ta9$4 ,accord+ly1 ! rugs made 9 ?is vic9ity are /rongly *>act]i/ic ( ,kurdi% pieces 9 ! /rong texture1 ! excell5t quality ( wool1 ! ri*1 d>k col\rs1 ! f9i% ( sides & ends4 ,! patt]ns also are l>gely ,kurdi%1 b frequ5tly %[ ! influ5ce ( ,p]sian association4 ,9 typical old pieces deep r$s & blues are l>gely us$4 ,"o ( !m is g5]ally ! gr\nd col\r ( ! c5tral field1 & %[s ! ,kurdi% influ5ce by a gradual %ad+ f end to end2 ! o!r appe>s 9 ! ov]ly+ patt]n1 :i* p>takes ( a floral "*4 ,! draw+ sometimes repres5ts fl[]+ plants1 su* z ! rose bu%1 arrang$ 9 p]p5dicul> r[s & bright5$ by t9ts ( :ite1 gre51 or yell[4 ,deta*$ fl[]s n infrequ5tly l9e ! edges ( ! field4 ,! wide bord]s also1 z a rule1 h v9es & floral =ms4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally d>k r$ & blue1 ) m9or quantities ( br[n1 gre51 yell[1 & ivory4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally sev5 to t52 p]p5dicul>ly1 eight to twelve4 ,! r[s ( knots are1 z a rule1 press$ d[n1 s t ! alignm5t ( ea* half knot is v unev52 b frequ5tly ?is feature is n regul>ly ma9ta9$ 9 all p>ts ( ! same rug1 s t "h & !re ! w>p is noticeable at back4 ,w>p1 wool2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is g5]ally equally prom95t at back1 b occasionally "o is depress$ bel[ ! o!r4 ,weft1 wool1 ( m$ium diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ( ?ree to f\r /ripes4 ,sides1 a d\ble selvage ( two or ?ree cords 9 blue1 r$1 or br[n4 ,l[] end1 a web ?r\gh :i* runs a p>ti-col\r$ cord1 & a w>p fr+e4 ,frequ5tly !re is a braid$ selvage 9 addition to ! web4 ,upp] end1 ! same z l[]1 except+ t ! web is occasionally turn$ back & hemm$4 ,texture1 mod]ately loose4 ,weave at back is ( slightly co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 six to sev5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 two fif?s to ?ree fif?s l5g?4 ,,k>adaghs4--,9 ! extreme nor?we/]n "p ( ,p]sia1 betwe5 ! city ( ,tabriz & ! riv] ,aras1 is a m\nta9 range call$ ,k>a ,dagh1 :i* signifies ! 8,black ,m\nta910 ,on its slopes & 9 ! adjo9+ valleys rugs h be5 wov5 = at lea/ sev]al hundr$ ye>s1 & at "o "t 7 well kn[n 9 ,europe1 b few h rea*$ ?is c\ntry4 ,mo/ ( !m are produc$ = home use1 s t !y are1 z a rule1 well wov51 ( good mat]ial1 & ( vegetable dyes4 ,!y resemble 9 col\r s*eme1 weave1 & f9i% ( sides & ends ! rugs ( ,k>abagh1 :i* imm$iately adjo9s ?is di/rict on ! nor?4 ,inde$1 9 no o!r rugs ( ,p]sia are ! traditions ( ,iranian weav]s s mu* disreg>d$ & ,caucasian ideas s closely foll[$4 ,! field ( _m ( ^! rugs is completely cov]$ ) conv5tionalis$ fl[]s ( sev]al diff]5t col\rs1 s arrang$ t diagonal l9es are ( simil> col\rs4 ,sometimes x is cov]$ ) a patt]n ( hexagonal-%ap$ figures conta9+ geometric =ms or conv5tionalis$ floral designs4 ,aga91 x may conta9 ! ,h]ati patt]n or "o simil> to ! ,m9a-,khani4 ,9 fact1 "s repetitive patt]n ( small design is ! usual type2 b n[ & !n "s =m ( pole m$allion1 :i* ! weav]s h le>n$ f _! m s\!rn neighb\rs1 is sub/itut$4 ,! patt]ns ( ! bord]s are ei!r me*anically drawn v9es or conta9 geometric figures *>act]i/ic ( ,caucasian pieces4 ,= gu>d /ripes ! reciprocal trefoil is con/antly us$4 ,! col\r s*eme is g5]ally bright & pleas+4 ,a fav\rite col\r = ! field is blue or a camel's hair yell[2 sometimes rose is se54 ,! nap ( mod]n pieces is m$ium long & ( old pieces is %ort4 ,! weave ( ! latt] is excell5t1 s t ! closely press$ knots & /\t ?reads ( weft make at ! back an ev5 surface unlike ! co>se appe>ance ( _m rugs4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally blue1 r$1 yell[1 gre51 & :ite4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally sev5 to elev52 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to elev54 ,! r[s ( knots are n firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p appe>s at back1 & ! weft is prom95t4 ,w>p1 wool2 ea* ( ! ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally di/9ct at back4 ,weft1 wool1 ( co>se diamet]1 occasionally dy$4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 ( mod]ate l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree to six /ripes4 ,sides1 a d\ble selvage ( two or ?ree cords4 ,bo? ends1 a n>r[ web & %ort w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 mod]ately firm4 ,weave at back is ( r co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 five to n9e feet4 ,usual wid?1 two fif?s to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,mosuls4--,ne> ! ru9s ( anci5t ,n9eveh1 on ! bank ( ! ,tigris1 is ! city ( ,mosul4 ,once x 0 n only an important m>t = w>es c>ri$ up & d[n ! riv]1 & = va/ c>avans f ea/ & we/1 b x became not$ = its textiles f :i* 0 d]iv$ ! "n 8musl940 ,at l5g? on acc\nt ( pe/il5ce1 misrule1 & ! sack ( armies its population & indu/ries h dw9dl$2 ?\gh x is /ill ! capital & comm]cial c5tre ( a di/rict t lies betwe5 ! high table-l&s surr\nd+ ,lake ,van & ! l[ pla9s ( ,bagdad1 & t ext5ds across ! ,mesopotamian valley to ! m\nta9 ridges bord]+ ,we/]n ,p]sia4 ,)9 ?is ext5sive area are l>ge /ret*es ( ri* pa/ure1 :]e ,abraham once f$ 8 flocks1 & :]e ea* ye> ,kurdi% nomads f ! nor? drive _! %eep :5 ! w9t] sn[s cov] _! own hillsides4 ,arabs1 ,turks1 ,arm5ians1 ,jews1 & ,*ri/ians likewise m+le ) ! natives1 s t ! population is z mix$ z c be f\nd any:]e 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ce4 ,,konieh ,,pray] ,,rug ,?us x happ5s t ! rugs m>ket$ 9 ! city ( ,mosul are made by diff]5t races & %[ great div]sity ( "*4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be (t5 difficult to di/+ui% !m if ! weave 7 disreg>d$2 = ?\gh !y are prone to yell[ & russet hues1 & ! long wool is floccy z well z lu/r\s1 !re is no patt]n t c be consid]$ truly typical4 ,_m ( !m borr[ ,caucasian designs1 su* z />s1 lat*-hooks1 diagonal b&s1 & b>b]-pole /ripes4 ,o!rs h patt]ns adopt$ almo/ bodily f ,kurdi% pieces4 ,b h[ev] mu* ! nomadic rugs are copi$1 a ,p]sian influ5ce is always %[n by ! way 9 :i* ! sev]] features are s(t5$4 ,9 fact1 a v l>ge p]c5tage ( rugs t come f ,mosul are made by ! tribes t w&] z f> ea/ z ! great m\nta9 divides along ! bord]s ( ,we/]n ,p]sia1 & adopt patt]ns & col\r s*emes curr5t 9 ,az]bijan & ,ardelan4 ,x accord+ly happ5s t m$allion patt]ns resembl+ ^? ( ,bij>s1 b ) bold] & less graceful outl9es1 are se54 ,m frequ5tly ! field is cov]$ ) small figures common to ,f]aghans1 z well z ) ! well-kn[n pe> designs2 b ! =m] are co>sely drawn1 & ! latt] lack ! gracefully r\nd$ l9es se5 9 ,s>ab5ds & are (t5 z geometric z ^? ( ! ,baku rugs4 ,some:]e 9 almo/ all ^! pieces appe>s evid5ce ( "s conv5tionalis$ floral =m2 b n[ & !n a r>e old piece is f\nd :i* 0 wov5 9 ! pla9s ( ,mesopotamia1 ) field completely cov]$ ) a naturali/ically drawn tulip t gr[s on ! banks ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates4 ,its bright fl[]s & leaves1 support$ by a delicate /alk1 con/itute "o ( ! mo/ beautiful designs se5 9 any rug4 ,! bord]s are r>ely wide1 & g5]ally consi/ ( ?ree /ripes1 "o ( :i* usually has "s simple v9e1 & ! o!rs "s well-kn[n geometric patt]n4 ,x is1 also1 n unusual to f9d an out] edg+ surr\nd+ ! bord]4 ,9 a few ( ^! pieces camel's hair is us$ ev5 to ! ext5t ( occupy+ ! :ole field2 & goat's hair or %eep's wool1 dy$ to a simil> col\r1 is con/antly employ$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ usual col\rs is "s %ade ( yell[4 ,r$di% hues also prevail4 ,^! rugs frequ5tly h ! same pleas+ effect ( slightly graduat$ *anges s common 9 ! gr\nd col\r ( ,kurdi/ans1 b z a :ole ! col\r s*eme is light]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y foll[ ! %ad+ adopt$ 9 ,p]sian rugs1 :i* 9 a measure elim9ates ! sudd5 transition betwe5 adjac5t areas ( /rongly contra/+ col\r s noticeable 9 nomadic pieces4 ,on acc\nt ( ! pres5t remot5ess ( ! ,mosul di/rict f important highways ( travel1 _m excell5t pieces1 :i* ) c>eful use %\ld acquire ! ri* tones ( ^? n[ old1 are /ill wov5 !re4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally yell[ & br[ni% r$1 ) m9or quantities ( blue1 gre51 & :ite4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally five to sev52 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to n9e4 ,a half knot1 z x appe>s at back1 is z long z wide & frequ5tly long]4 ,! y>n is n drawn tightly aga9/ ! w>p4 ,! r[s ( knots are firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is conceal$ at back4 ,w>p1 almo/ always wool1 r>ely cotton2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 g5]ally ( wool1 ( co>se diamet] & frequ5tly dy$ r$ or orange1 b occasionally ( cotton4 ,z a rule1 a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 two r[s ( knots1 b sometimes crosses only once2 or two or ?ree ?reads cross side by side1 z 9 ,k>ajes4 ,pile1 wool & occasionally camel's hair1 ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ( ?ree /ripes ) frequ5tly an out] edg+ ( solid col\r4 ,sides are g5]ally a heavy d\ble ov]ca/+1 b 9 a few pieces !re is a two-cord weft selvage or d\ble selvage4 ,l[] end1 a web4 ,upp] end1 a web & w>p fr+e2 occasionally !re is a heavy braid$ selvage1 or ! web is turn$ back & hemm$4 ,texture1 mod]ately firm4 ,weave at back is ( co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 six to t5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 two fif?s to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,n[ & !n are se5 comp>atively sc>ce rugs1 su* z ! ,teh]an1 ,guli/an1 ,k>a-,geuz1 ,bibikabad1 ,af%>1 & ,goz5e1 t 7 wov5 )9 ! ,iranian b\nd>ies4 ,"s ( !m are no long] produc$1 & o!rs are wov5 9 su* small numb]s t b few are export$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cf4 ,,kir-,,%ehr ,,pray] ,,rug ,! ,teh]ans 7 =m]ly made 9 ! pres5t capital ( ,p]sia4 ,! typical patt]n consi/s ( ! ,h]ati design or "s floral =m occupy+ ! c5tral field1 :i* is two or ?ree times z long z wide4 ,! weave resembles t ( ,irans1 s9ce ! knot is ,ghiordes1 ea* ( ! two ?reads ( w>p t x encircles is equally prom95t at ! back1 & bo? w>p & weft are cotton4 ,! bord]s are wide1 & ! sides are f9i%$ ) a two-cord selvage4 ,guli/an is ! ,p]sian "n = a fl[] g>d51 & ! rugs kn[n by t "n 7 once made 9 a di/rict n f> f ,ka%an1 :]e rose bu%es bloom$ pr(usely4 ,! fields may be cov]$ ) conv5tionalis$ floral & leaf patt]ns1 or aga9 !y may conta9 roses naturali/ically drawn ) ext5d$ petals1 z if view$ f above4 ,! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic is ! opul5ce ( col\r1 su* z r$1 blue1 & yell[ s(t5$ by %ades ( br[n & gre54 ,ev5 ! weft & ! webs ( ! ends are r$1 blue1 or br[n4 ,! sides h a two-cord selvage1 w>p & weft are usually ( cotton1 & "o ?read ( w>p to ea* knot is depress$ at ! back4 ,^! rugs1 :i* =m]ly came 9 l>ge sizes1 are no long] made4 ,only a %ort di/ance to ! nor!a/ ( ,hamadan is ! di/rict ( ,k>a-,geuz1 :i* is occupi$ by a l>ge tribe1 :o 9 ! pa/ h furni%$ "s ( ! be/ ( ,p]sian cavalry4 ,! p are indu/ri\s1 & n only cultivate ! l& b engage 9 weav+4 ,"s ( _! rugs closely resemble ! ,kurdi% pieces1 & o!rs correspond ) ! ,irans4 ,9 ! te*nique ( weave !y (t5 foll[ ! ,hamadans4 ,on ! outskirts ( ?is di/rict is ! t[n ( ,bibikabad1 :]e1 also1 rugs are wov5 = m>ket4 ,= a numb] ( g5]ations ! c\ntry adjo9+ ,lake ,urumiah on ! we/ & /ret*+ into ! ,turki% doma9 has be5 p>tly occupi$ by a p[]ful race ( brave & active p :o are kn[n z ,af%>s4 ,!y are reg>d$ z a bran* ( ! ,yuruks ( ,asia ,m9or1 & ! rugs ( bo? tribes h _m po9ts ( simil>ity4 ,! wool ( ! nap is g5]ally ! co>se product ( ! m\nta9 %eep4 ,! patt]ns incorporate "s ( ! floral features ( ,p]sian rugs1 ?\gh !y display _m ,caucasian *>act]i/ics4 ,^! ,af%>s be> a close resemblance to ! ,kazaks1 f :i* !y may be di/+ui%$ by obs]v+ a fold z !y are b5t backw>ds1 :i* w %[ ! fibres ( ! y>n ( a knot /&+ out at front z a unit1 :ile 9 ,kazaks !y h a great] t5d5cy to bl5d4 ,also at ! back1 ea* half ( a knot is no long] ?an wide1 nor is x drawn closely aga9/ ! w>p1 :ile 9 ,kazaks ea* half ( a knot is (t5 d\ble its wid? & is drawn clos]4 ,9 ! c\ntry ab\t ,goz5e1 9 ! wat]%$ ( ! ,euphrates riv]1 are made a few rugs = local use1 ?\gh !y occasionally rea* ,we/]n m>kets4 ,! patt]n1 :i* is v simple1 usually consi/s ( "s small diap] figure ( br[n or grey col\r1 or ( dull tones ( m>oon4 ,_m ( ?is class h a d\ble f\ndation ( w>p2 & frequ5tly1 at ! back1 ! knots d n =m regul> l9es p>allel ) ! l5g?1 z is ! case ) o!r rugs4 ,?is is due to ! fact t any ?read ( w>p may be encircl$ by bo? ! left half ( "s knots & ! "r half ( o!rs4 ,occasionally1 also1 a knot is ti$ ab\t f\r ?reads ( w>p4 ,9 o!r rugs ( ?is class :i* h a s+le f\ndation ( w>p ! weave resembles t ( ,mosuls4 ,,bord] ,,/ripes ,! mo/ noticeable feature ( ,p]sian bord] /ripes is _! floral "*1 :i* is v frequ5tly repres5t$ by a v9e w9d+ f side to side ) p5d5t fl[]s m>k+ ea* flexure4 ,"s ( ^! v9es h be5 evolv$ f arabesques1 & o!rs f naturali/ic t5drils1 b all are graceful4 ,9 a few pieces ! /ripes conta9 r[s ( deta*$ fl[]s1 rosettes1 or pe>s1 express$ 9 ri* yet unobtrusive col\rs1 t are always 9 p]fect h>mony ) ^? ( ! field4 ,r>ely is ! patt]n geometric4 ,accord+ly1 ) ! exception ( ! ,indian & "s ( ! ,*9ese1 !y are ! mo/ elegant1 pleas+1 & arti/ic ( all bord] /ripes4 ,moreov]1 "s ( !m foll[ almo/ ! same patt]ns t 7 9 use c5turies ago4 ,prim>y ,/ripes4--,9 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #a 7opp4 ,page #aef71 is repres5t$ a typical ,h]at /ripe d]iv$ f "s ( ! ,,xv & ,,xvi ,c5tury c>pets4 ,x %[s close relation%ip to ! patt]n ( conv5tional rosette & pair ( att5dant leaves s frequ5tly se5 on ! fields ( su* rugs z ! ,f]aghans & ,sehnas4 ,9 ?is /ripe ! angul> & s]rat$ leaves are ext5d$ to =m a v9e4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n ,khorassan /ripes1 %[n 9 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #b1 be>s a resemblance to ! ,h]at /ripe2 & x is n unlikely t !y _h a common orig91 s9ce !y 7 design$ 9 adjo9+ & freely communicat+ di/ricts4 ,! enl>gem5ts ( ! v9e at ! c5tre ( ea* flexure are d\btless leaves1 b !y occasionally resemble ! heads ( birds4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,e4 ,prim>y ,bord]-,/ripes ( ,p]sian ,rugs ,! s-call$ turtle patt]n1 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #c1 has probably be5 d]iv$ f ! int]lac+ arabesques t appe>$ 9 rugs at lea/ z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,,xv ,c5tury1 z is indicat$ on ,page #gi4 ,! rosette & att5dant leaves betwe5 adjac5t 8turtles0 sugge/ ! ,h]ati patt]n4 ,?is /ripe is f\nd pr9cipally 9 ,f]aghans1 ,irans1 ,sehnas1 & ,muskabads4 ,"o t is simil>1 b m me*anically drawn & ) wid] spread+ arms1 is typical ( ,gorevans & ,s]apis4 ,a /ripe f\nd 9 ,jo%aghans1 repres5t+ a r[ ( floral bu%es1 is %[n 9 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #d4 ,x is also se5 9 "s ( ! old rugs ( ,nor?we/]n ,p]sia4 ,ano!r ,jo%aghan /ripe1 :i* also sugge/s ! ,h]ati patt]n1 is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,a s+le r[ ( pe>s 7,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #f7 is a *>act]i/ic ,luri/an /ripe4 ,! da9ty patt]n ( ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #g1 9 :i* ! v9e has be5 ab&on$ & s]rat$ leaves ne>ly surr\nd a floral device1 %[s a n unusual ,h]ez /ripe4 ,z a rule ! draw+ ( ,p]sian-,kurdi% /ripes is nev] cr[d$1 & repres5ts a simple v9e ) bright p5d5t fl[]s4 ,a /ripe commonly se5 9 ?is class is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #h4 ,x is also se5 9 ! ,bij>s4 ,on acc\nt ( ! geographic position ( ! ,k>adagh di/rict1 :i* is sep>at$ only by ! ,aras riv] f ,caucasia1 its /ripes %[ a comb9ation ( floral & geometric design n usual 9 o!r ,p]sian pieces4 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #i1 repres5ts "o ( ^! /ripes ) a rosette1 & ! s]rat$ leaf s common among ! ,%irvans4 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #aj1 repres5ts ano!r /ripe ( ! same class ) eight-petall$ />-%ap$ fl[]s p5d5t f an angul> v9e4 ,a beautiful /ripe1 repres5t+ a v9e & p5dant fl[]1 :i* is frequ5tly se5 9 "s ( ! ,p]sian-,kurdi% rugs1 is %[n 9 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,9 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #ab1 is illu/rat$ a v da9ty patt]n ( v9e & roses t n[ & !n is se5 9 old ,f]aghans2 & 9 ,fig4 #ac are also repres5t$ v9e & roses z !y occasionally appe> 9 old rugs ( ,nor?we/]n ,p]sia4 ,! v me*anically drawn d\ble v9e %[n 9 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #ad1 is sometimes se5 9 /ripes ( ,hamadans4 ,9 fact1 simplicity ( bord] is a *>act]i/ic ( ?is class4 ,mosul & ,kurdi% /ripes %[ a simil>ity1 b ! =m] are (t5 m me*anically drawn ?an ! latt]4 ,9 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #ae1 is a /ripe f an old & beautiful ,mosul ) conv5tionalis$ v9e & ,k+ ,solomon's eight-po9t$ />4 ,und\bt$ly ! mo/ typical ( any class ( ,p]sian /ripes is ! well-kn[n ,s>ab5d patt]n ( =mal v9e ) p5d5t pe> on :ite gr\nd4 ,x is v r>ely t a rug ( ?is class is )\t ?is /ripe 7,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #af74 ,its pres5ce at once indicates t ! piece is ei!r a ,s>ab5d or an ,iran copy4 ,9 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #ag1 is ! well-kn[n pe> patt]n ( a ,me%$ /ripe4 ,! graceful =m1 resembl+ 9 a measure ! ,indian draw+1 is peculi> to ^! /ripes4 ,! ,kirman /ripe 7,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #ah7 inv>iably conta9s r$ roses naturali/ically drawn1 surr\nd$ by a pr(usion ( leaves & /ems4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ,p]sian bord] patt]ns4 ,some:at simil>1 b f> m =mal1 is ! ,k]man%ah /ripe1 "o ( :i* appe>s 9 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #ai1 ) me*anically drawn fl[]s1 leaves1 & v9es4 ,! =mal patt]n 7,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #bj7 ( octagons surr\nd$ by lat*-hooks is n[ & !n f\nd 9 bord]s ( ,%iraz rugs1 & indicates h[ great a concession _! weav]s at times make to nomadic influ5ces4 ,! ma9 /ripe ( ,sehnas is always n>r[ & conta9s "s floral =m1 ?\gh frequ5tly mu* conv5tionalis$4 ,"o ( ^! /ripes is %[n 9 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #ba4 ,v few ,p]sian rugs h su* weal? ( floral ornam5tation 9 ! bord]s z ! ,s>\ks & ,ka%ans4 ,a /ripe typical ( ! =m] is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,e1 ,fig4 #bb4 ,second>y & ,t]ti>y ,/ripes4--,! ornam5tation ( a l>ge proportion ( second>y /ripes ( ,p]sian rugs consi/s ( runn+ v9es1 :i* fall )9 two divisions1 accord+ to ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( p5dants4 ,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #a 7opp4 ,page #aeh71 tak5 f an inn] /ripe ( a ,k]man%ah1 %[s "o ( ! simple/ v9es ) budd+ t5drils at ea* flexure4 ,9 ,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #b1 is a simple /ripe se5 9 su* rugs z ,gorevans4 ,simil> /ripes are v common4 ,z !re is no p5dant1 ! "* ( ! v9e dep5ds ^u ! =m x assumes 9 alt]nat+ flexures1 "o ( :i* 9 ?is in/ance is an eight-petall$ />4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,f4 ,,second>y ,,bord]-,,/ripes ,,( ,,p]sian ,,rugs ,9 _m ( ! ,k>adaghs is se5 ! ,caucasian /ripe 7,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #c7 consi/+ ( an angul> v9e1 f ea* flexure ( :i* spr+ small designs l ?ree-leaf clov]4 ,ano!r type peculi> to "s rugs ( ,nor?we/]n ,p]sia1 z ! ,bij>s & ev5 ,sehnas1 is %[n 9 ,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #d4 ,"h "o flexure is a s]rat$ leaf1 & ! o!r is a small rosette ) %ort curv+ t5drils4 ,a simple v9e ( some:at simil> ord] appe>s 9 ,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #e4 ,at ea* flexure is a fl[] ( f\r petals1 & f alt]nat+ flexures spr+ t5drils ( col\r diff]5t f t ( ! v9e4 ,/ripes ( simil> draw+ appe>$ 9 ,p]sian c>pets z e>ly z #acej ,a4 ,d4 ,a fur!r /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! same patt]n is illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #f4 ,"o ( ! simple/ =ms ( a v9e ) p5dant is %[n 9 ,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #g4 ,x appe>s 9 ,asia ,m9or c>pets wov5 dur+ ! ,,xiii ,c5tury1 & also 9 "s ( ! e>lie/ ,iranian c>pets4 ,n[ & !n x is se5 9 mod]n ,p]sian rugs4 ,a v common =m ( a v9e ) p5dant is %[n 9 ,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #h4 ,?is patt]n is se5 9 a l>ge numb] ( ,p]sian rugs1 su* z ,mosuls1 ,bij>s1 ,kurdi/ans1 & ,hamadans4 ,ea* flexure ( ! v9e is enl>g$ to almo/ ! =m ( a leaf1 & betwe5 !m is a bran*+ p5dant4 ,9 ano!r /ripe 7,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #i71 tak5 f a ,f]aghan1 !re is no p>ticul> enl>gem5t to ! v9e1 & ! alt]nat+ p5dants are buds & fl[]s ( f\r petals4 ,a m geometric =m t appe>s 9 su* rugs z ,muskabads is %[n 9 ,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,9 ?is ! v9e repres5ts s]rat$ leaves1 & sugge/s "o ( ! ,%irvan patt]ns4 ,a v simil> /ripe 7,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #aa71 tak5 f a ,sehna1 %\ld be comp>$ ) ^? ( ,figs4 #h & #aj1 z x s]ves to illu/rate ! evolution ( v9e patt]ns4 ,9 fact1 if a v l>ge numb] ( /ripes 7 arrang$ 9 prop] ord]1 !y w\ld %[ almo/ imp]ceptible gradations f "o type to ano!r4 ,"o ( ! simple/ v9es ) p5dant1 adopt$ by ! ,kurdi% tribes1 is %[n 9 ,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #ab2 & 9 ,fig4 #ac is ano!r v9e ) p5d5t pe> alt]nat+ ) a rosette4 ,n all ! patt]ns1 h[ev]1 are v9es4 ,9 ,plate ,f1 ,figs4 #ad & #ae1 = in/ance1 is repres5t$ ! same second>y /ripe z x appe>s at ! sides & ! ends ( "s mod]ately old ,p]sian rugs4 ,! =m] patt]n be>s a resemblance to ! "o 9 ,fig4 #e1 & ea* illu/rates a s]ies ( connect+ l9ks4 ,a graceful patt]n t is se5 9 ,bij>s1 ,hamadans1 & o!r rugs ( ,nor?we/]n ,p]sia is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #af4 ,x 0 probably d]iv$ f an old =m ( leaf & t5dril4 ,! reciprocal trefoil 7,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #ag7 :i* is con/antly us$ 9 a t]ti>y /ripe1 is probably a deg5]ate =m ( an ornate floral design4 ,x is m widely us$ = a bord] /ripe ?an any o!r patt]n1 z x is f\nd n only 9 su* ,p]sian rugs z ,s>ab5ds1 ,bij>s1 ,s>\ks1 & ,ka%ans1 b 9 _m ( ! ,indian & ,belu*i/an rugs1 & 9 almo/ all ( ! ,caucasian gr\p4 ,x 0 commonly us$ 9 ,p]sian rugs z e>ly z ! ye> #aejj4 ,9 _m ( ! rugs ( ,p]sia & ,asia ,m9or is se5 z a t]ti>y /ripe ! simple ribbon patt]n 7,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #ah74 ,its orig9 is lo/ 9 ! dim pa/1 & x is n improbable t once x _h a symbolic mean+4 ,a v int]e/+ t]ti>y /ripe1 because ( its well-au!nticat$ age1 conta9s ! 8,y0 patt]n %[n 9 ,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #ai4 ,x is f\nd 9 "s ,p]sian c>pets t 7 wov5 z e>ly z #aeej4 ,"o ( ! simple/ gu>d /ripes1 %[n 9 ,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #bj1 is frequ5tly f\nd 9 mod]n ,p]sian rugs1 z well z 9 ,iranian c>pets wov5 six c5turies ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,,col\r ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,p]sian ,,g>d5 ,,c>pet ,?is c>pet & ! "o at ! ,naesby ,h\se1 ,sw$51 :i* x resembles 9 patt]n b n 9 col\r+1 are1 s f> z kn[n1 ! only complete c>pets ( ?is type4 ,! ,naesby c>pet has be5 assign$ to ! middle ( ! ,,xviii4 ,c5tury2 ?is is und\bt$ly mu* old]4 ,a #af,,? ,,c5tury ,,p]sian ,,royal 8,,g>d50 ,,c>pet 7,reput$ to h be5 made = ,%ah ',abbs = ,safavi ,palace47 ,date #aehg-afbh4 #ca ft4 #j 94 x #ab ft4 #c 94 ,/atem5t ( ! own] ,,orig9ally ,,import$ ,,by ,,v9c5t ,,rob9son ,,co41 ,,ltd41 ,,london4 ,! patt]n repres5ts a ,p]sian g>d5 divid$ into f\r sections by two int]sect+ /reams1 :i* are bord]$ by r[s ( cypress trees1 alt]nat+ ) bu%es on :i* are birds4 ,^! sections are simil>ly divid$ by small] /reams1 t meet at ! f\r pavilions ( ea* side1 into plots conta9+ trees & fl[]+ bu%es4 ,f\r peacocks re/ above ! c5tral bas94 ,! col\rs are h>moni\s1 & %[ ! mell[+ influ5ce ( "t4 ,,te*nicalities ,,9 ,,! ,,weave ,,( ,,p]sian ,,rugs ,leg5d3 ,,knot-- ,h ,horizontally ,p ,p]p5dicul>ly ,,w>p-- s silk l l95 e ea* equally prom95t d #a to ! knot depress$ h #a to ! knot d\bl$ "u ,,weft-- s silk l l95 ,no4 ,no4 times cross+ bet4 two r\nd knots ,,sides-- ,o ov]ca/ ,s selvage ,,l[] ,,end ,w web ,s ,selvage ,k ,r[s knots ,l w>p loops ,f fr+e ,,upp] ,,end ,w web ,s selvage ,k ,r[s knots ,t turn$ back & hemm$ ,f fr+e ,,knot ,,w>p ,,p]sian ,numb] to ,at back ,in*es ,g ,s w c ,ghiordes ,sehna ,h ,p wool cotton s_/l e d h ,bij> ,g #f-aj #h-ab w h ,f]aghan ,g ,s #h-ac #g-ah c e ,gorevan ,g #f-h #f-aj c e d ,hamadan ,g #f-i #h-ab c e ,h]at ,g ,s #h-aa #f-ab w c d h ,h]ez ,g #e-aj #f-ab c e d ,iran ,g #f-aa #g-aa c e ,mod4 ,ispahan ,g #f-i #h-aa w c e ,jo%aghan ,g #g-aa #h-ac w c e d ,ka%an ,s #af-bjaf-bd c l h ,k>adagh ,g #g-aa #g-aa w e ,k>aje ,g #f-aa #g-ab w c e ,k]man%ah ,s #ab-ahaa-ah c h ,khorassan ,s #h-acab-bj c h ,kirman ,s #aa-bjaa-bj c h ,,weft ,,sides ,,l[] ,,end ,,p]sian w c wool cotton s_/l ,p ,o ,s ,w_/,s ,k ,l ,f ,bij> w #b ,o ,w ,s ,f]aghan c #b ,o ,w ,gorevan c #a-b ,s ,f ,hamadan w c #a ,o ,w ,l ,h]at w c #b ,o ,w ,l #c-d ,h]ez w c #b ,s ,w ,f ,iran c #b_/a ,o ,w ,mod4 ,ispahan w c #a-b ,o ,w ,jo%aghan w #b ,o ,w ,f ,ka%an c l #b ,o ,w ,k>adagh w #b ,s ,w ,f ,k>aje w c #a ,o ,w ,l ,k]man%ah c #b ,o ,w ,l ,f ,khorassan w c #b ,o ,w ,f #f-h ,kirman w c #b ,o ,w ,f ,,upp] ,,end ,,nap ,,weave ,,texture ,,p]sian l long f f9e l loose m m$ium m m$ium m m$ium ,w_/,s ,k ,t ,f s %ort c co>se f firm ,bij> ,w ,f m m f ,s ,f]aghan ,w ,f s m m ,gorevan ,f m c l ,hamadan ,w ,t m_/s m f ,h]at ,w ,f m c f ,h]ez ,f m c l ,iran ,w ,f m c l ,mod4 ,ispahan ,w ,k,t ,f m_/s m f ,jo%aghan ,w ,f m f m ,ka%an ,w ,f s f f ,k>adagh ,w ,f m m_/c m_/f ,k>aje ,w ,f m_/l c l ,k]man%ah ,w ,f m c f ,khorassan ,w ,f m m_/f m_/f ,kirman ,w ,f s f f ,,knot ,,w>p ,,p]sian ,numb] to ,at back ,in*es ,g ,s w c ,ghiordes ,sehna ,h ,p wool cotton s_/l e d h ,p]sian ,kurdi/an ,g #e-i #f-ac w e d ,we/]n ,kurdi/an ,g #d-g #f-i w e ,mahal ,g ,s #g-ab #f-ab c e d ,me%$ ,g ,s #h-aeab-ag w c h ,mosul ,g #e-g #g-i w c e ,muskabad ,g ,s #f-aa #f-aa c d h ,niris ,g #f-aa #g-ae w d h ,s>ab5d ,s #h-ac #i-ac c e h ,s>\k ,s #ab-ahab-bj c l d h ,sehna ,g ,s #aa-bjab-bd c l e ,s]api ,g ,s #f-aj #g-ab c d h ,%iraz ,g ,s #g-ab #h-ab w g e d ,suj-,bulak ,g #g-aj #h-ab w e d ,tabriz ,g #ab-bjaj-bb c l h ,,weft ,,sides ,,l[] ,,end ,,p]sian w c wool cotton s_/l ,p ,o ,s ,w_/,s ,k ,l ,f ,p]sian ,kurdi/an w #b ,o ,w ,l ,we/]n ,kurdi/an w #b ,o ,w ,k,l ,mahal c #b ,o ,w ,f ,me%$ w c #b ,o ,w ,f ,mosul w c #b_/a ,o ,s ,w ,muskabad c #b ,o ,w ,f ,niris w #b ,o ,w ,k ,f ,s>ab5d c #b ,o ,w ,f ,s>\k c #b ,o ,w ,f ,sehna c #a ,o ,w ,f ,s]api c #b ,s ,w ,l ,f ,%iraz w #b ,o ,w ,l ,suj-,bulak w #b ,s ,w ,f ,tabriz w c l #b ,s ,w ,f ,,upp] ,,end ,,nap ,,weave ,,texture ,,p]sian l long f f9e l loose m m$ium m m$ium m m$ium ,w_/,s ,k ,t ,f s %ort c co>se f firm ,p]sian ,kurdi/an ,w ,f l c f ,we/]n ,kurdi/an ,w ,k ,t ,f l c f ,mahal ,w ,f m c m_/f ,me%$ ,w ,f m m m_/f ,mosul ,w_/,s ,t ,f m c m_/f ,muskabad ,w ,f m c m_/f ,niris ,w ,k ,f m m l ,s>ab5d ,w ,f m_/s m_/f f ,s>\k ,w ,f s f f ,sehna ,w ,f s m m ,s]api ,w ,f m c f ,%iraz ,w ,f m m l ,suj-,bulak ,w ,t ,f m m_/c m_/l ,tabriz ,w ,f s f f indicates ! less frequ5t condition4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,asia ,,m9or ,,rugs ,,all rugs t are wov5 9 ! ,turki% prov9ces ( ,asia are frequ5tly gr\p$ toge!r & call$ 8,turki%0 rugs2 b a m natural classification is to di/+ui% betwe5 ^? made to ! ea/ & ^? made to ! we/ ( a l9e drawn f ! ,gulf ( ,isk5d]oon to ,trebizond1 deflect+ slightly 9 its c\rse s z to foll[ ! ridges t divide ! wat]%$ ( ! we/]n =ks ( ! ,euphrates riv] f ! plateau ( ,anatolia4 ,) ! exception ( ! v few pieces t come f ,syria or o!r s\!rly di/ricts1 ^? wov5 9 ! ,turki% prov9ces ea/ ( ?is l9e %[ su* a relation%ip to ^? ( ,p]sia t !y are m prop]ly class$ ) !m2 :ile on ! o!r h&1 ) ! exception ( ! rugs ( ! w&]+ ,yuruks1 ^? wov5 to ! we/ ( ?is l9e & 9 ! neighb\r+ isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean con=m s closely to a common type t !y fall naturally into a sep>ate gr\p4 ,x is bett]1 !re=e1 to treat !m sep>ately & to call !m ! ,asia ,m9or ,rugs4 ,?\gh a c]ta9 glam\r atta*es to all t comes f ,p]sia1 ! ,indes1 or ,f> ,ca?ay1 9 no "p ( ! ,ori5t are rugs wov5 on m classic gr\nd ?an are ! ,asia ,m9or pieces4 ,!y are /ill made 9 ! %ad[ ( ! walls :]e ,crsus liv$ & among villages :]e ,hom] trod4 ,_! y>n is spun ) crude di/aff by ! %eph]d :o /ill drives 8 flock along ! same road :]e ,artax]xes m>*$1 across ! bridges t ,roman legions built1 & ov] ! gre5 slopes ( ,mt4 ,ida4 ,9 fact ! names ( "s ( !m call to m9d pictures ( ! ,crusades1 ! j\rney ( ,paul1 ! m>* ( ,alex&]'s conqu]+ army1 & ( cities f\nd$ be=e ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory4 ,:5 analys+ ! rugs ( ,asia ,m9or1 x is necess>y to make a di/9ction t has be5 previ\sly notic$ 9 ! case ( ,p]sian rugs1 ?\gh ) !m x is less important4 ,f ! "t :5 !re arose a l>ge dem& 9 ! m>kets ( ,europe & ,am]ica = ! rugs ( ! ,ea/ ! natural supply decreas$1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! price ( ^? t rema9$ increas$4 ,to meet ?is defici5cy1 & because ( ! high] prices1 !re 0 e/abli%$ a sy/em by :i* l>ge numb]s ( wom5 & *ildr5 7 con/antly employ$2 al?\gh _m work$ 9 _! own homes1 us+ su* mat]ial z 0 furni%$ by _! employ]s & receiv+ fix$ daily wages4 ,9 ! we/]n & s\!rn p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or1 :i* are connect$ by railroads ) seaports1 are a numb] ( communities :]e ?is sy/em is 9 vogue4 ,"o ( ^! is at ,demirdji 9 ! prov9ce ( ,smyrna1 :]e !re are a small numb] ( looms2 o!rs are 9 ! di/ricts ( ,ghiordes & ,kulah1 :i* toge!r h ab\t "o ?\s& looms2 & ,ou%ak1 ! pr9cipal rug-weav+ c5tre ( ,asia ,m9or1 has z _m m4#bh ,almo/ all rugs produc$ at su* places are n[ %ipp$ to ,smyrna1 :i* itself has b v few looms1 or to ,con/ant9ople1 :5ce !y are re%ipp$ to ,we/]n m>kets4 ,^! products lack mu* ( ! oldtime arti/ic _s & individuality ( "*1 on acc\nt ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! weav]s on _! employ]s1 :o dem& ! l>ge/ output consi/5t ) fair quality4 ,fur!rmore1 ! weav]s are frequ5tly requir$ to reproduce ,we/]n patt]ns4 ,! result is t mo/ ( ^! rugs possess little ( ! firmness ( texture1 ! h>moni\s relations ( designs1 & ! excell5t col\r ( old fabrics4 ,s9ce1 !n1 !y repres5t 9 a measure ,european influ5ces1 & are subject to fur!r *anges to meet ! dem&s ( a fluctuat+ =eign ta/e1 x w\ld be ( little use to describe !m1 especially z all _! orig9al *>act]i/ics exi/ 9 ! old pieces4 ,! /rik+ features ( ,asia ,m9or rugs wov5 ov] fifty ye>s ago are ! col\r s*emes1 ma9 patt]ns1 & ! sep>ate designs1 :i* may be ei!r indep5d5t ( ! patt]n or con/itute "p ( x4 ,! col\r effect ( ,asia ,m9or rugs is z a rule bright] ?an t ( ! ,c5tral ,asian1 ,indian1 or ,p]sian gr\ps2 = ! r$s1 blues1 & yell[s are less subdu$4 ,"s ( _! tones nev] appe> 9 ,*9ese rugs1 & on ! :ole !y mo/ closely resemble ^? ( ! ,caucasian pieces2 yet x is n unusual to see su* col\rs z mauve1 lav5d]1 & can>y yell[1 t r>ely appe> ev5 among ^!4 ,moreov]1 9 a few ( !m masses ( /rongly contra/+ col\rs are plac$ beside "o ano!r )\t ! cu/om>y %ad+ ( ,p]sian rugs or ! artificial device ( ,caucasian lat*-hooks to s(t5 ! effect ( h>% comb9ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,asia ,,m9or ,! diff]5ce1 nev]!less1 betwe5 ! ,asia ,m9or rugs & ^? ( o!r gr\ps is less app>5t 9 ! col\r s*emes ?an 9 ! ma9 patt]ns1 = 9 ! ,asia ,m9or rugs is evid5ce ( an indep5d5t inspiration & developm5t4 ,!re are lack+ ! rigid octagonal figures ( ! ,c5tral ,asian gr\ps2 ! frets & floral sprays di/9ctive ( ,*9ese2 ! naturali/ic floral treatm5t ( ! ,indian2 ! delicate trac+s1 rhy?m ( movem5t1 & weal? ( foliage motives t *>act]ise ! ,p]sian2 z well z ! sev]ely geometric =ms & conv5tionalis$ motives ( ! ,caucasian4 ,in/ead ( gracefully fl[+ l9es we f9d /rong rectangul> ones2 in/ead ( fl[]s reali/ically balanc$ on int]lac+1 foliate /alks1 !y are arrang$ sep>ately 9 =mal r[s4 ,b if _! patt]ns lack ! f]tility ( inv5tion or ! ref9em5t ( ,p]sian & ,indian pieces1 !y excel !m 9 ! /r5g? ( _! cle> def9ition1 acc5tuat$ by mass+ ( col\r4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! pray] patt]ns1 :i* appe> 9 ! majority ( ,asia ,m9or rugs1 t ! weav]s atta9 _! be/ results2 = 9 su* "w !y h ! inspiration ( a high religi\s z well z arti/ic _s4 ,9 ^! patt]ns1 :i* diff] f ^? ( any o!r gr\p ( rugs1 is (t5 manife/ s+ul> beauty & grace1 z well z delicate s5tim5t d]iv$ f wor%ip 9 ,moslem *apels2 = 9 _m is repres5t$ ! burn+ lamp t1 project$ aga9/ a backgr\nd ( sacr$ gre51 hangs f ! column-support$ ar*1 above :i* is spread a sp&rel ( blue typify+ ! vault$ heav5s4 ,likewise _m ( ! small designs t are f\nd 9 o!r gr\ps ( rugs are r>ely1 if ev]1 se5 9 ?is "o2 z1 = in/ance1 animals1 birds1 fi%es1 & human be+s are nev] employ$1 on acc\nt ( ! religi\s prejudice ( ! ,sunnite ,mohamm$ans1 :o prevail 9 ! c\ntry4 ,nor1 ) v few exceptions1 is ! ,h]ati design1 s *>act]i/ic ( ,p]sian rugs1 nor ! pe> design1 s *>act]i/ic ( bo? ,p]sian & ,indian rugs1 ev] se54 ,fur!rmore1 ! reciprocal trefoil1 t is us$ z a motive = a small bord] /ripe 9 all ,caucasian & _m ,p]sian rugs1 is v r>ely f\nd 9 ,asia4 ,m9or pieces wov5 dur+ ! la/ two c5turies1 ?\gh x appe>s 9 "s ( an e>li] era4 ,b 9 its place are ! wat] motive & ribbon1 :i* are less frequ5tly employ$ by ! weav]s ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,!re are also _m small floral motives t appe> only 9 ,asia ,m9or rugs1 & t w be notic$ 9 connection ) ! sep>ate classes4 ,^! *>act]i/ics ( col\r1 patt]n1 & design are n ! result ( a spontane\s gr[? unalloy$ by =eign influ5ces2 = a natural art nev] exi/$ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 :i* has nev] enjoy$ a national exi/5ce2 b !y are ! results ( arti/ic movem5ts t at diff]5t times h swept ov] t c\ntry4 ,?us1 z an heirloom ( dyna/ies t once fl\ri%$ f>!r ea/1 are ! ,cufic *>act]s t appe> 9 "s ( ! e>ly bord] patt]ns2 & z a relic ( ! ,mongol & ,timurid invasions are ! dragon & o!r designs f\nd 9 ! olde/ pieces4 ,9 ,ou%aks1 z well z o!rs1 are se5 ! evid5ces ( ,p]sian treatm5t2 :ile ! draw+ & col\r s*emes ( ! pray] rugs =cibly sugge/ ,s>ac5ic1 ,grecian1 & ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,9 fact1 ! rugs ( ,asia ,m9or1 :ile possess+ co-ord9ation ( col\r & design1 are 9 a measure composite4 ,!y nev] rea* ! high arti/ic developm5t ( ,p]sian rugs1 because ! latt] 7 produc$ "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( great k+s ^: royal magnific5ce c\ld secure f ye>s ( pati5t lab\r suitable furni%+s = palaces & mosques2 yet !y are none ! less int]e/+ subjects = speculation & /udy4 ,,b]gamos4--,9 ! valley ( ! ,cacus & tw5ty miles f ! gean ,sea is ! city ( ,p]gamus1 t gives its "n to ! ,b]gamo rugs4 ,x is ( unkn[n antiquity1 & may h /ood :5 ,agamemnon 0 w>r+ ) ! h\se ( ,priam be=e ! walls ( t o!r city ( ! same "n4 ,9 turn1 ,p]sians1 ,mac$onians1 ,?racians1 ,syrians1 & ,romans _h tak5 possession ( x be=e ! ,apo/le ,paul f\nd$ !re "o ( ! sev5 *ur*es ( ,asia4 ,greek sculptors *isell$ its monum5ts1 philosoph]s taught b5ea? ! %ade ( its trees1 & s*ol>s ga!r$ !re ! libr>y t rivall$ t ( ,alex&ria4 ,p>tly encircl$ by m\nta9s & enclos$ by ! wall ( ?is old city1 t 0 wellnigh de/roy$ dur+ ! ,turki% w>s1 is ! mod]n city ( "s fifte5 ?\s& inhabitants4 ,x is to-day "o ( ! fl\ri%+ cities ( ! ,levant1 yet only 9 ! surr\nd+ ru9s is !re any rem9d] ( its =m] greatness & spl5d\r4 ,b 9 ^! crumbl+ relics ( ! pa/ & 9 ! excell5ce ( its wov5 fabrics ( m rec5t times are traces ( ! arti/ic _s t once prevail$ !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cg4 ,,anatolian ,,pray] ,,rug ,x is /ill possible to obta9 _m good specim5s ( ,b]gamos repres5t+ ! craftsman%ip ( fifty or m ye>s ago1 :5 anil9e dyes & ,european patt]ns 7 unkn[n ea/ ( ! ,hellespont4 ,almo/ )\t exception !y are /]l+ fabrics t glory 9 a weal? ( col\r acc5tuat$ by dep? ( pile & %e5 ( s(t lu/r\s wool4 ,an obs]v] is at once impress$ by ! tones ( deep blue & madd] r$ t a few l9es or pat*es ( ivory :ite br+ out m cle>ly1 & =ms a fav\rable e/imate ( ! value ( ^! pieces indep5d5tly ( ! draw+1 :i* seems subs]vi5t to ! "p ( giv+ _s & quality to ! col\r s*eme4 ,9 fact1 x is to ! g5ius ( ! dy] :o applies 8 k to ! t9t+ ( c>efully select$ wool1 & to ! pa9s ( ! weav] 9 con/ruct+ ! f\ndation ( w>p & weft r ?an to 8 skill 9 arrang+ arti/ic designs1 t ^! pieces comm& z high a price z old ,kirmans ( simil> age4 ,9 two p>ticul>s ,b]gamos diff] f mo/ ,asia ,m9or rugs3 9 %ape !y are ne>ly squ>e1 & pray] rugs are ! exception r ?an ! rule4 ,nor d all ! pray] rugs foll[ ! same g5]al patt]n1 z is usually ! case ) o!r classes4 ,!y may h l[ t5t-%ap$ ar*es l ^? ( ,daghe/ans1 high triangul> ar*es ) /epp$ sides & a panel above ! sp&rels z 9 ! ,kir-,%ehrs1 or !y may h %apes unlike ^? ( any o!r class4 ,moreov]1 ! pieces n us$ z pray] rugs also h great div]sity ( patt]n2 b z a rule "s l>ge figure1 z a m$allion1 occupies ! c5tre ( ! field4 ,v frequ5tly x is ( hexagonal %ape1 ) ! sides at upp] & l[] ends ( ! rug s]rat$ or fr+$ ) lat*-hooks4 ,z is n ! case ) _m ( ! ,p]sian rugs1 ! field surr\nd+ ! m$allion is almo/ always cov]$ ) small designs1 arrang$ ) c>eful precision s z to %[ a p]fect balance ) ref]5ce to ! c5tre4 ,eight-po9t$ />s & o!r geometric figures are frequ5tly us$1 b !re is a lean+ to floral designs1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are (t5 s conv5tionalis$ z almo/ to lose _! id5tity4 ,mo/ prom95t ( ^! is ! ,rhodian lily & ! pomegranate2 b ! lily nev] %[s su* graceful draw+ or su* da9ty col\r+ z 9 ! ,kulahs1 & 9 "s pieces ev5 loses all resemblance to a floral =m4 ,! pomegranate1 :i* sugge/s ! ,ladik1 is m frequ5tly se5 9 ! ma9 bord] /ripe4 ,undulat+ v9es d n f9d fav\r among ! ,b]gamo weav]s1 & small isolat$ geometric designs are l>gely employ$ 9 ! n>r[ bord] /ripes1 :ile l>g]1 m complex figures (t5 replace ! floral 9 ! ma9 /ripe4 ,9 no o!r class ( rugs are s _m & su* pa9/ak+ devices to av]t ! spell ( ! evil eye4 ,%\ld an unexpect$ visitor surprise ! weav] :ile at "w1 he may be requir$ to "p ) a bit ( 8 frock1 :i* is !n atta*$ to ! wide web ( ! end2 %\ld a simil> occurr5ce ( ill om5 foll[1 ano!r bit ( diff]5t mat]ial & col\r may be sewn ^u ?is2 & z a cr[n+ talisman1 a button may be affix$ to bo?4 ,small c[rie %ells f ! gean %ores are (t5 us$ = su* purposes2 & n[ & !n may be se5 a wooll5 tassel dangl+ f ! c5tre or f "o ( ! ends ( ! rug4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$ & blue1 ) m9or quantities ( yell[1 :ite1 & gre54 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally five & "o half to n9e2 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to elev54 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is conceal$ at back4 ,w>p1 wool2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 wool ( f9e diamet]1 dy$ r$4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses f two to six times betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool2 g5]ally ( m$ium l5g? b frequ5tly long4 ,bord]1 f "o to f\r /ripes2 mo/ frequ5tly ( ?ree4 ,sides1 a weft selvage ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r cords1 col\r$ r$ or blue1 ) occasionally "s gre5 or yell[4 ,bo? ends1 a web1 t is sometimes six or sev5 in*es wide1 col\r$ r$ & cross$ by broad longitud9al /ripes1 :i* are g5]ally blue1 b may be black1 :ite1 br[n1 or yell[4 ,"s device to av]t ! evil eye is frequ5tly atta*$ to ! webs4 ,beyond ! web is a tassell$ w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 mod]ately firm4 ,weave at back is ( f9e gra94 ,usual l5g?1 ?ree to sev5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree qu>t]s to n9e t5?s l5g?4 ,,ghiordes4--,:e!r1 z has be5 ma9ta9$1 ! t[n ( ,ghiordes1 t lies a day's j\rney to ! ea/ ( ,p]gamus1 is on ! site ( ! anci5t ,gordion :]e tradition says ! fa!r ( ,midas d$icat$ 8 *>iot to ,jupit]1 & ,alex&] sev]$ ! b>k :i* b\nd ! pole to ! yoke1 x claims att5tion f ! fact t ! rugs wov5 !re "o & two c5turies ago n only excell$ simil> products 9 all o!r p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or1 b equall$ ! be/ fabrics wov5 9 ,p]sia dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,inde$1 a few connoisseurs w\ld rank !m /ill high]2 yet ) ref]5ce to te*nique ( weave & delicacy ( col\r & draw+1 v few %\ld be class$ ) ^? wov5 9 ! previ\s c5tury by ! protgs ( ,tamasp & ,%ah ,abbas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ch4 ,,mudj> ,,pray] ,,rug ,s ess5tially d ! mod]n rugs ( ! ,ghiordes di/rict diff] f ! old pieces 9 weave1 col\r1 & patt]n1 & s great is _! inf]iority1 t !y h little int]e/2 b =tunately x is /ill possible to pur*ase pieces f sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ( age1 & o!rs /ill old] are 9 ! h&s ( collectors or 9 museums4 ,9 det]m9+ _! age ! col\rs & draw+1 z well z weave & patt]n1 are important indices4 ,= in/ance1 ! r$di% tones ( ! fields ( pieces less ?an a c5tury old h a p9ki% or ev5 mag5ta t+e1 :ile 9 ! olde/ ! r$ is ( ri*1 deep col\r4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! case ( blues1 gre5s1 yell[s1 & ev5 ! ivories t r>ely occupy ! field1 a rip] & ri*] col\r m>ks ! great] age4 ,likewise ) ! draw+1 great] pa9/ak+ & high] arti/ic skill are app>5t 9 ! old] rugs2 ?\gh 9 "s ( ! olde/ ! designs are less ornate ?an 9 ^? ( a subsequ5t p]iod4 ,?is is also true ( ! patt]ns z a :ole2 s9ce ! be/ types are f\nd 9 rugs t are probably f "o hundr$ & fifty to two hundr$ & fifty ye>s old1 :]eas 9 ! extremely old pieces !re is an approa* to ar*aic =ms4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! odjaliks & namazliks1 :i* are ! k9ds mo/ frequ5tly se51 is mo/ noticeable4 ,! col\rs1 to be sure1 are mu* ! same1 ?\gh z a rule light] & dull] tones pr$om9ate 9 ! odjaliks4 ,_! bord]s %[ a great] t5d5cy to use geometric figures1 "s ( :i* are pr(usely fr+$ ) lat*-hooks sugge/ive ( ,caucasian influ5ces4 ,!y also conta9 ar*aic designs believ$ to be associat$ ) sun wor%ip1 z well z _m floral =ms common to ! pray] rugs4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! fields t ! di/9ction is mo/ noticeable2 s9ce ! l>ge masses ( uni=m col\r t make ! namazliks s effective are want+1 & in/ead are frequ5tly se5 hexagonal-%ap$ m$allions t are fr+$ ) l>ge r\nd$ lat*-hooks & conta9 a loz5ge or o!r geometric design 9 ! c5tre4 ,at bo? ends ( ! fields are sometimes n>r[ panels conta9+ quasi-floral =ms1 & /iff conv5tions occupy ! int]v5+ corn] spaces4 ,9 /rik+ contra/ to ^! odjaliks are ! old ,ghiordes pray] rugs1 ) ! ri* tones ( solid col\r 9 ! fields & ! delicate draw+ ( ! bord]s4 ,no d\bt !y 7 made ) unusual c>e1 s9ce !y 7 int5d$ = religi\s purposes4 ,! patt]n repres5ts an entrance into a mosque2 & x is n improbable t "s ( ! e>lie/ rugs 7 copi$ directly f ar*ways1 _m ( :i* /ill exi/ 9 ,mohamm$an c\ntries4#bi ,ne> ! base ( all ,ghiordes ar*es1 at ea* side1 is a %\ld]1 :i* 9 old pieces 0 support$ by a s+le pila/] or a pair4 ,sometimes ^! 7 ornam5t$ ) scroll "w or floral =ms1 b f9ally _m ( !m deg5]at$ into floral devices t bore slight resemblance to columns1 & 9 o!r rugs !y h entirely disappe>$4 ,9 "s v old pieces ! %\ld]s & ! mihrab 7 r\nd$1 b z a rule ! %\ld]s are flatt5$ at a v obtuse angle2 & ! mihrab is ei!r pla9 or has /epp$ sides t culm9ate 9 a blunt$ apex4 ,to fur!r sugge/ ! sacr$ purposes ( ! rug a lamp is (t5 susp5d$ f ! ni*e1 ?\gh floral =ms may take its place1 & n infrequ5tly ^! too are want+4 ,almo/ )\t exception "s rem9d] ( ! tree ( life1 su* z ! small floral sprig or ! ,rhodian lily1 is project$ f ! inn] side ( ! ar* & f all sides ( ! bord] aga9/ ! field4 ,9 ! sp&rel1 also1 is almo/ inv>iably "s floral or leaf =m2 ?\gh ^! may be v mu* conv5tionalis$ or ev5 supplant$ by geometric figures4 ,above ! sp&rel is a panel1 :i* may conta9 "s floral =m1 scroll device1 or v]se f ! ,koran2 & ano!r panel1 ?\gh g5]ally ) diff]5t design1 is almo/ inv>iably plac$ b5ea? ! field4 ,a scroll resembl+ a l>ge ,s 7,plate ,o1 ,fig4 #i1 ,page #bia7 frequ5tly appe>s 9 ^! panels4 ,its resemblance to =ms f\nd 9 ,arm5ian dragon c>pets ( e>li] c5turies is v noticeable4 ,! bord] surr\nd+ ! field is z *>act]i/ic ( ?is class z is ! pray] ar*4 ,!re are inv>iably a numb] ( /ripes1 :i* g5]ally consi/ ( a wide c5tral "o1 two second>y1 & two or m small gu>d /ripes4 ,! draw+ is di/9ctly floral1 yet is widely diff]5t f ! ,p]sian4 ,a design 7,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #a1 opp4 ,page #aib7 frequ5tly se5 9 ! c5tral /ripe repres5ts a l>ge palmette or rosette p>tly surr\nd$ by leaves1 sugge/ive ( ! ,h]ati design1 & connect$ by t5drils ) m delicate fl[]s or leaves4 ,b ! m usual design 7,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #c7 consi/s ( fl[]s & fruits t are arrang$ 9 quadrangul> %ape1 s t ! alt]nate units face 9 diff]5t directions z !y ext5d ar\nd ! bord]4 ,?\gh x is f> f naturali/ic1 its delicate lace-l draw+ ) cle> def9ition & its tones 9 h>mony ) ! c5tral field1 contribute l>gely to ! beauty ( ! rug4 ,! second>y /ripes h g5]ally repetitive leaf =ms2 & runn+ ?r\gh ! gu>d /ripes is a simple v9e1 ribbon1 or wave design4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 ! typical ,ghiordes bord] is replac$ by "o borr[$ f ! ne> di/rict ( ,kulah1 & in/ead ( ! broad c5tral /ripe are sev]al n>r[ p>allel /ripes /udd$ by p]p5dicul> r[s ( small floral figures 7,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #ab74 ,an unusual feature ( ^! rugs is ! l95 nap :i* is sometimes us$ 9 ! field in/ead ( wool1 = ! reason t x reta9s its col\r :ile wool d>k5s ) age2 & ano!r is ! silk5 fr+e :i* is (t5 se5 at ! corn]s ( f9e specim5s4 ,! nap is always %ort1 & ! rugs are closely wov54 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$1 blue1 yell[1 & :ite4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally sev5 to twelve2 p]p5dicul>ly1 eight to sixte54 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is conceal$ & ! weft is p>tly hidd5 at back4 ,w>p1 wool or cotton & 9 a few pieces raw silk4 ,"o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is usually slightly depress$ bel[ ! o!r at ! back4 ,weft1 wool or cotton4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 & occasionally "s cotton1 clipp$ v %ort s z to be h>% to ! t\*4 ,bord]1 six to n9e /ripes4 ,sides1 a weft selvage ( two or ?ree cords1 or only infrequ5tly an add$ selvage ( silk4 ,bo? ends1 a n>r[ web & w>p fr+e4 ,a few pieces h an add$ silk fr+e at ! corn]s4 ,texture1 firm4 ,weave at back is ( v f9e gra91 b slightly r\gh4 ,usual l5g?1 five to sev5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 two ?irds to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,kulahs4--,ab\t fifty miles f ,ghiordes1 9 a s\!a/]ly direction1 is ! ,turki% village ( ,kulah4 ,bo? places are surr\nd$ by ! same g5]al "* ( hills & pla9s1 & = ! la/ sev]al c5turies ! p ( ea* h be5 subject to ! same influ5ces ( race & religion4 ,!y h und\bt$ly visit$1 int]m>ri$1 & become famili> ) ! arts & crafts ( "o ano!r4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 surpris+ t "s ( _! rugs %\ld h simil> te*nique ( weave1 & t a few resemble "o ano!r 9 g5]al patt]n & small designs4 ,moreov]1 su* a close correspond5ce exi/s betwe5 _m ( ! old rugs ( bo? di/ricts1 t ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ are sometimes at a loss to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,9 fact x is surpris+ t !re is s m>k$ a di/9ction betwe5 mo/ ( !m4 ,9 ! ,kulahs ! bord] designs are n s elaborately drawn1 nor are ! pray] ar*es s high4 ,!y h r>ely ! fr+e t adorns ! corn]s ( "s ,ghiordes rugs1 or m ?an "o panel4 ,! field usually conta9s floral figures1 arrang$ 9 =mal ord]2 ! sp&rel is almo/ always ext5d$ 9 two n>r[ /ripes1 "o at ea* side ( ! field2 & ! col\rs are always subdu$4 ,^! & o!r *>act]i/ics ( ea* class make x possible to di/+ui% betwe5 mo/ ( !m4 ,z is ! case ) ,ghiordes rugs1 s$jadehs are almo/ unkn[n2 b x is n unusual to see odjaliks4 ,^! resemble pray] rugs 9 ! foll[+ respects3 ! bord]s are almo/ id5tical2 ! c5tral fields conta9 ! same floral figures re/+ on a simil>ly col\r$ gr\nd2 bo? ends ( ! hexagonal-%ap$ field resemble a mihrab2 & ! space betwe5 ! field & bord] is cov]$ ) designs peculi> to ! sp&rels ( ! pray] rugs4 ,on acc\nt ( _! arti/ic draw+ & s(t col\rs ! pray] rugs are fav\rite pieces ) all collectors4 ,x is true t ! ar* is flatt] ?an t ( any o!r rug ( ?is gr\p1 & is def9$ ei!r by pla9 slop+ l9es1 or m frequ5tly by /epp$ edges1 s t x lacks ! classic beauty ( ! ,ghiordes type2 b on ! o!r h& ! ,rhodian lily & o!r floral =ms *>act]i/ic ( ^! pieces are del9eat$ ) a realism & graceful delicacy t are unequall$ 9 any o!r ,asia ,m9or rugs4 ,arrang$ on sl5d] sprays along ea* side ( ! field1 hang+ z long clu/]s f ! ni*e 9 place ( a lamp1 or plac$ on ! panel 9 =mal r[s1 !y acc5tuate ) _! bright tones ! subdu$ ri*ness ( ! gr\nd col\rs4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ^! simple field designs are replac$ by m =mal draw+s t repres5t a plat ( l& ) a tomb %ad$ by a tall cypress & o!r trees ) _m leafy bran*es4 ,rugs ) ^! designs are n uncommon 9 ,g]many1 :i!r l>ge quantities ( ,asia ,m9or pray] rugs 7 %ipp$ _m ye>s ago1 & :]e !y are kn[n z 8,fri$h(teppi*e10 or 8,grave ,rugs10 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ci4 ,,daghe/an ,,pray] ,,rug ,! mo/ pleas+ features are 9 ! fields1 b ! mo/ di/+ui%+ features are 9 ! bord]s1 :i* are inv>iably ( sev]al /ripes4 ,in/ead ( ! l>ge c5tral /ripe ) floral & repetitive designs common to mo/ rugs is a s]ies ( p>allel b&s1 f five to t5 9 numb] & ab\t an in* 9 wid?1 t conta9 r[s ( m9ute floral =ms4 ,^! n>r[ b&s are a di/+ui%+ feature ( ! ,kulahs1 ?\gh !y h occasionally be5 copi$ by ! ,ghiordes weav]s4 ,nev]!less1 !y are sometimes replac$ by ! broad /ripe conta9+ r[s ( geometric-%ap$ designs1 z 9 ,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #ac 7opp4 ,page #aib71 :i* also are peculi> to ^! rugs4 ,/range z x may seem1 ^! designs h d\btless be5 d]iv$ f leaf =ms by successive degradation1 z w be se5 by comp>+ ,figs4 #ac-;a1 #ac-;b1 #ac-;c1 & #ac-;d ( ,plate ,o 7,page #bia74 ,!re is /ill ano!r bord] design t is s con/antly f\nd 9 ! second>y /ripe ( ^! pieces & s r>ely 9 any o!rs t x might well be designat$ ! 8,kulah /ripe0 7,plate ,h1 ,fig4 #aj1 opp4 ,page #aid74 ,! design consi/s ( a repetitive figure sugge/ive ( "s ,*9ese device1 b is 9 reality a degrad$ =m ( a v9e1 z w be se5 by obs]v+ "s ( ! v old bord] /ripes4 ,betwe5 ! inn] second>y /ripe & ! field is usually a n>r[ /ripe conta9+ a cont9u\s ribbon design1 or a simple v9e-l =m1 z 9 ,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #ah 7opp4 ,page #aeh74 ,(t5 a "p ( ea* succe$+ undulation ( ! v9e has be5 omitt$ & ! rema9+ p>ts h be5 compress$1 s z to leave small deta*$ figures l a r[ ( 8f's10 z 9 ,plate ,h1 ,fig4 #b4 ,x is n unusual to see bo? v9e & deta*$ figures 9 ! same rug4 ,div]sity prevails 9 ! col\rs ( field1 sp&rel1 panel1 & bord]s4 ,9 ! field is g5]ally a mell[$ r$1 or a yell[ t9t t is describ$ bo? z gold5 br[n & apricot2 blue also is occasionally se51 & :ite is v r>e4 ,b :atev] ! col\r ( ! field1 t ( ! sp&rel is g5]ally a light blue1 indicative ( ! sky1 & ! ov]ly+ panel is frequ5tly a d>k blue4 ,gre5 & br[n (t5 appe> 9 ! bord]1 z well z a can>y yell[ peculi> to ,asia ,m9or rugs4 ,moreov]1 a few ( ^! pieces h a s+le small area ( r$ or blue1 t 0 d\btless ins]t$ to av]t ! evil eye1 s9ce x %[s no m relation to ! surr\nd+ col\rs ?an spilt ink might h2 yet 9 spite ( ^! contra/s & ! fact t ! nap lacks ! lu/re peculi> to _m o!r classes1 "s ( !m are z beautiful z ,ghiordes4 ,betwe5 ^! old fabrics & ! mod]n1 :i* factory-l are produc$ 9 l>ge quantities to meet ! dem&s ( a ,we/]n m>ket & ta/e1 is ! mo/ noticeable diff]5ce1 = ! latt] are inf]ior to ! =m] 9 patt]ns1 weave1 & dyes4 ,fur!rmore1 ) ! wool ( _m is mix$ mohair1 s t rapid det]ioration foll[s slight usage4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$1 br[ni% yell[1 & blue1 ) m9or quantities ( gre51 d>k br[n1 & :ite4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes1 ,knots to in* horizontally five to t52 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to twelve4 ,! r[s ( knots are n firmly press$ d[n4 ,w>p1 wool2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is noticeably depress$ at ! back4 ,weft1 9 mo/ rugs1 ( wool ( m$ium diamet]1 sometimes dy$ yell[4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,9 o!r rugs1 ev5 v old1 ! weft consi/s ( a co>se ?read ( jute cross+ once betwe5 two r[s ( knots & alt]nat+ ) a small ?read ( jute & ano!r ( wool cross+ side by side once betwe5 ! next two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 ( %ort or m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 six to n9e /ripes4 ,sides1 a col\r$ mix$ selvage ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r cords4 ,bo? ends1 a col\r$ web & w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 loose4 ,weave at back is ( mod]ately co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 five to sev5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree fif?s to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,ou%aks4--,fifty miles ea/w>d f ,kulah is ! city ( ,ou%ak1 fam\s dur+ ! ,,xv & ,,xvi ,c5turies = ! c>pets export$ !nce to ,europe to adorn ! halls ( ca!drals & ?rones ( mon>*s4 ,b ) ! subsequ5t decad5ce 9 ,asiatic art its glory ebb$1 s t half a c5tury ago x 0 b a small mud-h\s$ city kn[n = ! excell5ce ( its dyes & ! wool :i* 0 tak5 !re f ! int]ior to be wa%$1 spun1 & !n sold to ! weav]s ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,s9ce !n1 h[ev]1 its population has /eadily gr[n1 & ! weav+ indu/ry has ?riv$1 until n[ x is "o ( ! mo/ popul\s cities ( ,asia ,m9or1 ) looms m num]\s ?an ^? ( any o!r city4 ,! weav+ is done entirely by wom5 & girls1 mo/ ( :om are ,mohamm$ans4 ,?\gh !y live pr9cipally 9 private h\ses1 !y are "u ! direction ( l>ge firms1 :o furni% ! wool z well z ! patt]ns1 :i* are 9 accordance ) ,european & ,am]ican dem&s4 ,important di/9ctions exi/ betwe5 ! diff]5t grades ( ^! rugs4 ,"s are kn[n z 8,turki% ,kirmans10 9 :i* ,p]sian designs are frequ5tly introduc$1 o!rs are ( /ill f9] workman%ip1 b ! olde/ & co>se/ pieces 7 =m]ly kn[n z 8,yapraks40 ,^! are di/+ui%able by _! /rong col\rs ( r$1 gre51 & blue1 ( :i* only two z a rule are se5 9 a s+le rug1 & are mass$ to produce /rik+ effects4 ,_! f\ndation ( w>p & weft1 :i* are dy$ 9 ! same col\rs1 is loosely wov5 & (t5 ( an inf]ior grade ( wool4 ,_m ( !m are too l>ge & heavy = dome/ic use1 b are well adapt$ = salons & public halls4 ,) su* slight v>iations 9 patt]n & none 9 col\r1 ,ou%aks w\ld be ( little int]e/ 7 x n t _! prototypes 7 /rik+ pieces wov5 by artisans :om ,sultan ,solyman ! ,magnific5t br\ght f ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,p]sia1 :5 he conqu]$ x 9 ! ,,xvi ,c5tury4 ,"s ( !m appe> 9 ! pa9t+s ( old ma/]s1 & :5 contra/$ ) ! mod]n fabrics indicate h[ great is ! decl9e 9 ! craftsman%ip ( ! weav]s4 ,( ! beautiful well-balanc$ designs once repres5t$ 9 ! fields1 only l>ge />s & diamonds1 def9$ by less pleas+ l9es & plac$ ) less regul>ity1 rema94 ,all ( ! graceful arabesques & da9ty floral motives t appe>$ z sub-patt]ns are omitt$4 ,z works ( art1 ! mod]n products are little e/eem$2 b _! durability1 dep? ( pile1 & weal? ( col\r make !m excell5t objects ( utility4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$1 blue1 & gre54 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally f\r to eight2 p]p5dicul>ly1 f\r to n9e4 ,a half knot1 z x appe>s at back1 is long] ?an wide4 ,! r[s ( knots are n closely press$ d[n4 ,w>p1 wool4 ,ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back1 or "o is slightly depress$ bel[ ! o!r4 ,weft1 wool ( m$ium diamet] & g5]ally dy$ r$4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 clipp$ long4 ,bord]1 usually ( ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 g5]ally a d\ble ov]ca/+1 occasionally a selvage4 ,bo? ends1 g5]ally a web col\r$ r$ & a w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 v loose4 ,weave at back is ( mod]ately co>se gra94 ,l5g?1 c>pet sizes4 ,usual wid?1 two ?irds to f\r fif?s l5g?4 ,,ak-,,hiss>4--,almo/ sev5ty-five miles by rail f ,smyrna & a %ort di/ance to ! we/ ( ,ghiordes is ! ,turki% t[n ( ,ak-,hiss>1 ! ,:ite ,citadel4 ,ev5 be=e ! build+ ( ! railroad rugs 7 wov5 9 ?is di/rict2 & 9 rec5t ye>s ! "w-h\se sy/em has be5 e/abli%$1 & l>ge quantities1 t be> "s resemblance to ! mod]n products ( ,kulah & ,ou%ak1 h be5 export$4 ,,demirdji4--,half a c5tury ago ! t[n ( ,demirdji 0 almo/ un9habit$2 b z a result ( ! ,occid5tal dem& = ,ori5tal rugs & ! disappe>ance ( old pieces1 x has gr[n to be an important manufactur+ c5tre4 ,_m ( its weav]s le>n$ _! trade at ! hi/oric ,ghiordes1 :i* is ab\t tw5ty-five miles di/ant2 b ! fabrics are m closely wov5 & ! wool is m c>efully select$ ?an is ! case ) ! mod]n ,ghiordes4 ,,kutayah4--,on ! ma9 railroad t w ev5tually connect ! ,bosphorus ) ! ,euphrates is ! t[n ( ,kutayah4 ,z x is on ! edge ( ! ,anatolian plateau1 wool & goat's hair h be5 = a long p]iod important articles 9 its trade4 ,bo? ( !m are n[ us$ 9 ! local manufacture ( rugs1 :i* 9 a measure resemble ! products ( ,ou%ak4 ,,smyrna4--,! location ( ,smyrna on a magnific5t h>b\r & its connection by rail ) all ! important rug di/ricts ( ! int]ior1 h made x ! pr9cipal c5tre = ! export trade 9 ,asia ,m9or rugs4 ,_m ( ! p are also l>gely engag$ 9 ! indu/ry ( weav+1 b almo/ all weav]s are n[ 9 ! employ ( l>ge companies :o furni% ! mat]ials & patt]ns4 ,z a result1 ! ,smyrna rugs are m]e copies ( well-kn[n types ( o!r ,turki% pieces1 or1 z is g5]ally ! case1 ( /]eotyp$ patt]ns t h be5 evolv$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ,european & ,am]ican ta/es4 ,_m ( ! rugs1 to be sure1 are well wov5 & s]viceable1 b !y lack individuality ( "*4 ,,melez4--,ab\t sev5ty-five miles to ! s\? ( ,smyrna & tw5ty f ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea is ! t[n ( ,melassa1 or ,melez4 ,x is n[ little kn[n1 b 0 once ! m>ket place ( an important rug-produc+ di/rict1 :i* includ$ a l>ge "p ( ! classic prov9ce ( ,c>ia4 ,accord+ly1 ! pieces t came f !re 7 sometimes call$ ,c>ian1 b are m g5]ally kn[n z ,melez4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dj4 ,,kabi/an ,,rug ,on _! face !y %[ a close relation%ip to ! ,anatolians1 & also1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 to _m o!r ,asia ,m9or rugs2 yet z is to be expect$ ( ! products f "o corn] ( ! c\ntry1 !y h a di/9ct individuality 9 bo? patt]n & col\r4 ,occasionally an old piece is se51 9 :i* ! bord] is v n>r[ & ! :ole field is cov]$ ) p>allel /ripes on :i* are sy/ematically arrang$ geometric & semi-floral =ms2 b z a rule ! fields are n mu* wid]1 & (t5 less wide1 ?an ea* ( ! adjac5t bord]s4 ,)9 ?is c5tral space are frequ5tly arrang$ prom95t designs1 :i* are widely diff]5t f ! designs ( any o!r rugs1 & are sugge/ive ( ,*9ese ornam5t1 b 7 d\btless d]iv$ f floral or tree =ms 7,plate ,o1 ,fig4 #ab1 ,page #bia74 ,moreov]1 project+ 9 regul> ord] f ! alt]nate sides ( ! n>r[ bord] /ripe1 next to ! field1 are sometimes se5 ?umb-l figures1 t fit aga9/ "o ano!r l ! cogs ( a :eel 7,plate ,h1 ,fig4 #ae1 opp4 ,page #aid74 ,ea* ( ^! features1 ?\gh n always pres5t1 is peculi> to ?is class4 ,( ! sev]al bord] /ripes1 ! c5tral is g5]ally z wide z ! rema9d] & n altoge!r dissimil> to t ( ! ,ladiks4 ,v frequ5tly x consi/s ( a r[ ( palmettes betwe5 :i* are conv5tionalis$ leaves & fl[]s on sl5d] /ems2 b n[ & !n ! palmettes are replac$ by eight-po9t$ />s or o!r geometric figures1 & ! int]v5+ spaces fill$ ) correspond+ designs4 ,! second>y /ripes are ( a pron\nc$ ,caucasian type2 & almo/ inv>iably 9 a small] t]ti>y /ripe is repres5t$ a wav+ l9e or ! reciprocal sawtoo?4 ,! pray] rugs are equally *>act]i/ic4 ,9 typical examples ! l9es def9+ ! mihrab desc5d f ! ni*e to meet ! sides ( ! n>r[ field at an angle ( =ty-five degrees1 & are !n deflect$ t[>ds its c5tre1 to return aga9 to its sides4 ,! result+ draw+ %[s two equilat]al triangles on ea* side ( ! field at ! base ( ! mihrab1 :i* 9 conjunction ) ! upp] sides ( ! triangles has ! appe>ance ( an incomplete diamond4 ,?is effect1 moreov]1 is frequ5tly acc5tuat$ by a p]p5dicul> r[ ( diamonds ext5d+ f j bel[ ! ni*e to ! base ( ! field4 ,! sides ( mihrab1 field1 & c5tral designs are1 z a rule1 fr+$ ) small geometric or conv5tionalis$ floral =ms2 & 9 ! spaci\s sp&rel are m reali/ic floral designs arrang$ on a trellis-l sub-patt]n4 ,?is individuality ( patt]n is accompani$ by a less m>k$ yet noticeable individuality ( col\r s*eme4 ,z is ! case ) _m ,b]gamos1 ! pr9cipal tone is a d>k r$1 :i* g5]ally appe>s 9 ! c5tral field1 & is also us$ almo/ )\t exception 9 ! broad end webs1 ! side selvages1 & ! ?reads ( weft4 ,ivory :ite = ! sp&rel1 "s yell[ & gre5 = ! bord]s1 are common col\rs2 b ! "o t r>ely appe>s 9 any appreciable quantity 9 o!r rugs is a *>act]i/ic tone ( lav5d] or mauve1 :i* is pres5t 9 almo/ e old ,melez4 ,n always are ^! tones pleas+1 z _m ( ! rugs h be5 poorly dy$2 b !re are o!r pieces1 n[ rapidly gr[+ sc>ce1 ( :i* ! col\rs are exce$+ly ri* & h>moni\s4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$1 ) m9or quantities ( blue1 yell[1 :ite1 & "s mauve4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally five to eight2 p]p5dicul>ly1 six to elev54 ,a half knot1 z x appe>s at back1 is z long z wide or slightly long]4 ,! r[s ( knots are n closely press$ d[n1 yet ! w>p does n %[ at back4 ,w>p1 wool2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 wool ( small diamet]1 dy$ blue or r$4 ,a ?read ( weft g5]ally crosses f\r times betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 ( m$ium l5g? & sometimes %ort4 ,bord]1 wide1 f ?ree to sev5 /ripes4 ,sides1 a selvage ( two to f\r cords1 usually col\r$ r$4 ,l[] end1 a r$ web & loose w>p fr+e4 ,upp] end1 a r$ web1 a braid$ selvage1 & loose w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 mod]ately loose4 ,weave at back is ( slightly co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 f\r & "o half to six feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree fif?s to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,isb>ta4--,9 ! t[n ( ,isb>ta 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,konieh are wov5 rugs :i* are sometimes kn[n to ! trade z 8,sp>tas40 ,l _m o!r pieces made to meet ! ,we/]n dem&1 !y lack spontane\s individuality1 b are (t5 ( excell5t quality & col\r$ 9 delicate tones1 arrang$ h>moni\sly4 ,,rhodian4--,ev5 at a v e>ly p]iod ! p ( ! isl&s bord]+ ! s\?we/]n coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or produc$ textile fabrics t rivall$ _m ( ! be/ products ( ! ma9l&4 ,none ( !m 7 m beautiful or m int]e/+ ?an ^? :i* came f ! ,isl& ( ,rhodes1 :]e 7 bl5d$ ! vigor\s ,grecian & ! m subtle ,ori5tal arts4 ,"h 0 ! inspiration ( ! sea1 cl\dless skies1 luxuriant vegetation4 ,"h 0 felt ! deep influ5ce ( ! ,mohamm$an & ,*ri/ian religions1 z well z an e>ly pagan my?ology2 & !re is little d\bt t ! ca!dral walls & picturesque *ur* ( ! valiant knights ( ,/4 ,john made an impression on ! weav]s4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! fabrics %\ld be ( deep1 ri* col\r full ( sugge/ion1 & t ! draw+ ( ! long c5tral panels %\ld rem9d "o ( ca!dral w9d[s4 ,( ! _m beautiful rugs =m]ly wov5 9 ,rhodes only a few n[ rema91 & ^! are g5]ally 9 ! h&s ( collectors4 ,"s are odjaliks1 "s namazliks1 "s s$jadehs2 b all1 ) ! exception ( a few crude & co>sely wov5 pieces1 h col\rs & weave t bespeak a ripe age1 am\nt+ 9 _m in/ances to "o hundr$ ye>s or m4 ,on ! field ( odjaliks are repres5t$ z a rule ! usual hexagonal figure ) two sides at ea* end =m+ a triangle2 & on ! fields ( ! namazliks are pray] ar*es :i*1 ?\gh *>act]i/ic1 nev] equal ! graceful draw+ se5 9 ,ghiordes rugs4 ,x is ! s$jadehs t awak5 ! greate/ int]e/1 z !y h "s /rik+ peculi>ities r>ely se5 9 rugs ( ! ma9l&4 ,_! field is divid$ into two or ?ree panels t ext5d almo/ ! full l5g? ( ! field1 & t]m9ate at "o end 9 flat & (t5 s]rat$ ar*es4 ,! sp&rels are small2 & plac$ transv]sely above !m is a l[ panel1 t conta9s designs ( me*anically drawn leaves1 v&ykes resembl+ ^? ( ,ladiks1 & o!r figures common to ,asia ,m9or rugs4 ,9 fact1 ^! pieces at once sugge/ pray] rugs conta9+ two or m pray] ar*es1 b ! patt]n is g5]ally reg>d$ z a repres5tation ( ca!dral w9d[s4 ,bo? col\r+ & designs give =ce to ?is idea4 ,9 ea* ( ! pr9cipal panels is a diff]5t gr\nd col\r1 z r$1 blue1 or gre51 :i* is nev] gaudy1 yet exce$+ly ri* on acc\nt ( ! dep? ( pile2 & 9 ! ov]ly+ figures !re is (t5 a /rangely contra/+ spl5d\r ( bright] col\r+4 ,fur!rmore1 "o ( ! mo/ usual ( ^! designs1 arrang$ l pole m$allions1 consi/s ( l>ge eight-po9t$ />s ) effulg5t rays ( brilliant hues4 ,z we look at "s ( ! r>e old pieces ) ?is patt]n1 ca!dral w9d[s almo/ appe> be=e u ) bright sun%9e /ream+ 9 gold5 rays ?r\gh ! /a9$ glass & bright5+ ! int]ior ) its m sombre tones ( 8dim religi\s light40 ,sometimes ! pole design is modifi$ s z to sugge/ a tree ( life ext5d+ f "o end ( ! panel to ! o!r4 ,an equally common design repres5ts six v me*anically drawn leaves assembl$ 9 ! =m ( a m$allion 7,plate ,o1 ,fig4 #ae1 ,page #bia74 ,ea* ( ^! leaves has two /raight edges meet+ at "r angles & conta9+ at ! corn] a small rectangul> spot2 b ! rema9+ sides t =m ! circumf]5ce ( ! m$allion are deeply s]rat$1 s z to produce mu* ! same effect z ! rays ( effulg5t />s4 ,9 ! fields are also frequ5tly se5 lat*-hooks1 & occasionally *eck]bo>ds ) diff]5t col\rs = sep>ate squ>es4 ,betwe5 field & bord] is a close correspond5ce 9 bo? col\rs & small designs4 ,! latt] consi/ pr9cipally ( geometric & semi-floral =ms1 z eight-po9t$ />s1 ! octagonal disc1 & ! geometric leaf t is typical ( ,kulah rugs4 ,no o!r design is m preval5t ?an ! la/1 :i* may be f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ^! rugs4 ,sometimes x is drawn mo/ reali/ically s z to resemble ! fl[] =ms s common 9 sp&rels ( ,kulahs2 b aga9 ! outl9es are mo/ conv5tional ) squ>e-l projections at ! edges & a b> ( und]ly+ field ( contra/+ col\r cross+ ! face diagonally1 z 9 ! bord] /ripe ( ,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #ac1 7opp4 ,page #aib71 :i* %[s ! foliate orig9 ( ! latt]4 ,! "n 8,makri0 is frequ5tly appli$ to ^! rugs1 s9ce !y 7 (t5 b\ght 9 ! city ( t "n1 :i* is "o ( ! h>b\rs ( ,s\?we/]n ,asia ,m9or ne>e/ to ,rhodes4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$ & blue1 also consid]able yell[1 gre51 & :ite4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally five to eight2 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to n9e4 ,! r[s ( knots are n firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p %[s 9 places at back4 ,w>p1 wool2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back1 occasionally "o to ea* knot is slightly depress$ bel[ ! o!r4 ,weft1 wool1 ( m$ium diamet]1 col\r$ r$4 ,a ?read ( w>p usually crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots1 r>ely only once1 & sometimes z _m z f\r times4 ,pile1 wool1 clipp$ long4 ,bord]1 two to ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 a d\ble selvage ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r cords1 usually col\r$ r$ or blue4 ,l[] end1 a web1 ei!r r$ or ( sev]al col\rs1 & long w>p fr+e hang+ loose or braid$4 ,upp] end1 a web1 ei!r r$ or ( sev]al col\rs1 beyond :i* is (t5 a heavy braid$ selvage2 also a long w>p fr+e hang+ loose or braid$4 ,texture1 mod]ately loose4 ,weave at back is ( slightly co>se gra94 ,l5g?1 f\r to sev5 feet4 ,wid?1 ?ree fif?s to f\r fif?s l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #da4 ,,kuba ,,rug ,,br\ssa4--,at ! base ( ,mt4 ,olympus & di/ant only tw5ty-five miles f ! ,sea ( ,m>mora1 ) :i* x is connect$ by rail1 is ! city ( ,br\ssa4 ,by reason ( ?is location & its proximity to ,con/ant9ople1 x is an important comm]cial c5tre2 & on acc\nt ( ! excell5ce ( ! wool & silk obta9$ 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 rugs are wov5 "h = =eign m>kets4 ,! fabrics are /\tly made & comp>e fav\rably ) ^? ( ,smyrna4 ,,h]eke4--,9 ! t[n ( ,h]eke1 on ! ,sea ( ,m>mora1 is a ,turki% factory1 :]e l>ge numb]s ( silk rugs are manufactur$4 ,mo/ ( ! silk is obta9$ 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood & f ! c\ntry ab\t ,mt4 ,olympus4 ,z ! e>ly weav]s 7 br\ght f ,kirman to in/ruct ! artisans ( ! ,sultan1 & ! patt]ns h be5 l>gely copi$ f old ,p]sian & ,asia ,m9or pieces1 x is n surpris+ t _m ( ! fabrics comp>e fav\rably ) ! silk rugs ( ,p]sia4 ,,koniehs4--,at ! base ( ,mt4 ,taurus & ov]look+ ! salt des]t ( ,c5tral ,asia ,m9or is ! city ( ,konieh4 ,)9 its pres5t walls is all t is left ( ! anci5t ,iconium t op5$ its gates to ,x5ophon1 ,cyrus1 & ,alex&]1 b drove =? ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,f9ally x surr5d]$ to ,seljukian conqu]ors1 :o1 realis+ ! importance ( its situation on "o ( ! great highways betwe5 ea/ & we/ & 9 an oasis ( well-wat]$ fields1 or*>ds1 & g>d5s :i* face a great b>r5 pla91 e/abli%$ !re a ,mussulman capital1 t became not$ = its opul5ce & culture4 ,9 lat] ye>s x successfully resi/$ ! assault ( ,fr$]ic ,b>b>ossa2 b subsequ5tly x decl9$1 until n[ ! only rema9+ ve/iges ( its =m] importance are sev]al colleges1 "o hundr$ mosques1 & ! fam\s gre5 t[] surm\nt+ ! tomb ( ! :irl+ d]vi%es4 ,9 few o!r cities ( ,asia ,m9or 7 great] inducem5ts (f]$ to ! rug weav]s4 ,surr\nd+ !m lay hills & pla9s t produc$ %eep ) s(t1 f9e fleeces4 ,on ! oaks t grew n f> to ! nor? liv$ ! k]mes1 f :i* 7 obta9$ ! v]milion dyes fam\s ev5 ?r\gh ,p]sia4 ,! political & comm]cial importance ( ! city1 z well z ! religi\s fanaticism ( ! p1 aid$ !m4 ,accord+ly a great _m *oice pieces 7 =m]ly wov5 !re1 b on acc\nt ( ! remot5ess ( ! city f ! m>kets t suppli$ ,europe1 few f\nd _! way into *annels ( trade4 ,l>ge numb]s 7 us$ solely = religi\s purposes1 b o!r k9ds are z frequ5tly se54 ,all ( !m conta9 bo? geometric & floral =ms4 ,! geometric =ms resemble designs preval5t 9 ,ea/]n ,anatolia & 9 ,caucasia1 su* z lat*-hooks1 eight-po9t$ />s1 & b>b]-pole /ripes2 & ! floral =ms consi/ ( me*anically drawn palm leaves & ! tree-(-life design4 ,probably 9 no o!r ,asia ,m9or rug is su* latitude 9 ! draw+ ( ! pray] ar*4 ,sometimes x beg9s bel[ ! middle ( ! field & rises at a %>p angle to a po9t ne> ! upp] end2 aga9 x may be exce$+ly flat2 b g5]ally x has ! same pit* z ! ar*es ( ,kulahs1 &1 l !m1 ! sides1 z a rule1 are /epp$ or s]rat$4 ,fur!rmore1 x is n unusual to see lat*-hooks project+ f ea* /ep or s]ration into ! sp&rel1 :i* is fill$ ) small floral & geometric =ms4 ,f ! ni*e is occasionally susp5d$ a lamp2 & arrang$ aga9/ ! bord]1 on ea* side ( ! field1 is a r[ ( conv5tionalis$ fl[]s1 or small sprigs :i* resemble ?ree triangul>-%ap$ petals at ! end ( a /raight /em4 ,^! floral or foliate designs are "o ( ! mo/ con/ant features ( ?is class4 ,! bord]s are m geometric ?an ^? ( almo/ any o!r ,asia ,m9or rugs1 & ev5 :5 v9es are repres5t$ !y are drawn ) /iff =mality4 ,:atev] may be lack+ 9 arti/ic draw+ is frequ5tly aton$ = by ! excell5ce ( ! col\r s*eme1 :i* occasionally rivals t ( ! ,ghiordes & ,kulahs4 ,ri* r$s or blues are almo/ inv>iably f\nd 9 ! fields1 :]e !re is suffici5t dep? ( nap to enhance _! ri*ness2 & ! bord]s are bright5$ by attractive tones ( yell[1 gre51 & :ite4 ,contra/$ ) ^! old pieces1 ! mod]n rugs ( ,konieh h little arti/ic m]it1 b are l>ge pieces desirable solely = _! durability4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$ & blue1 ) m9or quantities ( yell[1 gre51 & :ite4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally five to eight2 p]p5dicul>ly1 six to t54 ,! r[s ( knots are n v firmly press$ d[n4 ,w>p1 wool2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 wool1 ( m$ium diamet]1 dy$ r$4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 f two to five /ripes1 ) frequ5tly an out] edg+4 ,sides1 g5]ally a selvage ( two or ?ree cords1 b occasionally an ov]ca/+4 ,bo? ends1 a web & w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 only mod]ately firm4 ,weave at back is ( slightly co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 f\r & "o half to six feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree fif?s to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,ladiks4--,on ! ru9s ( anci5t ,laodicea is ! mud-wall$ t[n ( ! village ( ,ladik1 once ! c5tre ( an important rug indu/ry4 ,among ! surr\nd+ hills are /ill wov5 pieces :i* resemble 9 patt]n1 ?\gh !y poorly imitate 9 weave & col\r1 ! e>ly prototypes t h be5 class$ among ! ma/]pieces ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,few ( ^! old rugs rema91 & !y are (t5 badly worn 9 spots2 yet !y display tones mell[$ by ! t\* ( m ?an a c5tury1 & rival ! ,ghiordes 9 beauty ( design4 ,z is ! case ) o!r classes ( rugs wov5 9 ,turki% c\ntries1 ! s$jadehs & odjaliks lack ! int]e/+ details ( ! namazliks1 f :i* !y widely diff]4 ,on ! c5tral fields ( _m ( !m are oblong hexagonal-%ap$ m$allions1 (t5 ?ree 9 numb]1 t conta9 designs ( />s or o!r geometric figures4 ,betwe5 ! fields & ! bord]s ( ! ends are g5]ally spaci\s panels1 on :i* are repres5t$ r[s ( v&ykes4 ,^! figures are "o ( ! mo/ p]man5t *>act]i/ics ( ?is class ( rugs2 & ?\gh _! orig9 is unc]ta91 x is n improbable t !y are d]iv$ f arr[heads1 :i* 7 "o ( ! emblems ( ! ,*aldean deity ,hoa1 ! reput$ inv5tor ( ,cufic writ+4 ,! bord]s are also geometric1 consi/+1 z a rule1 ( ?ree /ripes1 ( :i* ! c5tral conta9s an angul> v9e t 9 diff]5t pieces may be v simple or v ornate4 ,"o ( ! c5tral /ripes (t5 adopt$ is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #aj 7opp4 ,page #aib7 & %[s a v9e ) conv5tionalis$ leaf4 ,lat*-hooks are common 9 ! s$jadehs1 & :5 floral =ms are pres5t ! fact is g5]ally disguis$ by ! h>%1 me*anical draw+4 ,9 contra/ ) ^! pieces1 ! namazliks ) _! int]e/+ ar*es & da9ty draw+ are mo/ pleas+4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( !m ! c5tral fields occupy ab\t "o half ! space )9 ! bord]1 ! sp&rels ext5d = a consid]able di/ance above ! ar*1 & ! panels are l>g] ?an 9 any o!r pray] rug4 ,occasionally ar*es resembl+ ^? ( ! ,ghiordes or ,kir-,%ehrs are se52 b !y are to be reg>d$ m]ely z copies1 s9ce ! typical ar* diff]s widely f any o!r & gives to ?is class "o ( its greate/ *>ms4 ,in/ead ( ris+ to ! apex 9 l9es ( _m s]rations1 ea* side ( ! ar* rises f ! bord] & falls 9 "o l>ge s]ration1 !n rises aga9 to =m ! ni*e4 ,! ar* is (t5 fr+$ ) lat*-hooks1 & ext5d+ above ! apex ( ea* s]ration & ! ni*e are p]p5dicul> devices t may1 also1 be a developm5t ( ! lat*-hook1 s9ce !y h n be5 trac$ to any o!r satisfactory orig94 ,b :atev] _! orig9 may be1 _! %ape z well z t ( ! ar* at once sugge/s ,s>ac5ic mosques4 ,9 ! sp&rel are con/antly se5 s]rat$ leaves1 rosettes1 & designs peculi> to ! ,ladik4 ,! l>ge panel is equally typical1 & consi/s ( reciprocally drawn v&ykes1 f :i* rise p]p5dicul> /ems support+ leaves & pomegranates4 ,^! are g5]ally five 9 numb]1 & are s gracefully & naturali/ically drawn t x seems surpris+ t ! v&ykes1 f :i* !y spr+1 are ornam5t$ ) a pr(usion ( lat*-hooks4 ,! c5tral fields are sometimes )\t ornam5t1 b z a rule !y conta9 "s sugge/ions ( ! tree ( life ei!r 9 ! c5tral design or 9 ! ?ree-leaf sprigs arrang$ ab\t ! bord]s4 ,! latt] are z *>act]i/ic z any o!r "p ( ! rug1 & consi/ ( f\r /ripes sep>at$ by dott$ l9es4 ,! ma9 /ripe mo/ frequ5tly conta9s a r[ ( delicately drawn lilies alt]nat+ ) rosettes1 ?\gh occasionally a v =mal v9e ) conv5tionalis$ leaf is sub/itut$ = x4 ,9 ! /ripes at ea* side are v angul> v9es ) ?ree-cleft leaves1 & 9 ! n>r[ inn]mo/ /ripe is g5]ally a ribbon patt]n4 ,all ( ! draw+ has cle> def9ition acc5tuat$ by ri* & /rongly contra/+ col\rs4 ,! fields ( ! namazliks1 l ^? ( ! ,ghiordes1 are entirely occupi$ by masses ( un%ad$ blue1 r$1 or br[n1 t are reliev$ only by ! col\rs ( sup]impos$ designs4 ,b z is n ! case ) ,ghiordes1 !re is (t5 a /rong contra/ betwe5 ! col\rs ( c5tre & ends2 yet ! tones are always 9 p]fect h>mony4 ,o!r rugs may h m delicate draw+ or m exquisite f9i%2 b 9 ! b>b>ic arrangem5t ( /rong col\r & 9 ! uniqu5ess ( graceful designs1 none exce$ ! old pray] ,ladiks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #db4 ,,*i*i ,,rug ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$ & blue1 ) m9or quantities ( gre51 yell[1 & br[n4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally n9e to twelve2 p]p5dicul>ly1 t5 to ?irte54 ,a half knot z x appe>s at back is long] ?an wide4 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n s t ! w>p is conceal$ at back4 ,w>p1 wool4 ,"o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is g5]ally depress$ bel[ ! o!r at ! back4 ,weft1 wool ( f9e diamet]1 g5]ally dy$ r$4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree to five /ripes4 ,sides1 a r$ add$ selvage ( two or ?ree cords4 ,bo? ends1 a n>r[ web & w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 mod]ately firm4 ,weave at back is ( m$ium gra94 ,usual l5g?1 f\r & "o half to sev5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree fif?s to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,kir-,,%ehrs4--,to ! nor? ( ! great salt des]t & 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,angora is ! t[n ( ,kir-,%ehr4 ,x /&s betwe5 two m\nta9 ranges1 on :i* are rais$ %eep ) f9e fleeces1 & is on ! bran* ( ! ,kizil ,irmak1 ^: wat]s are well suit$ = prep>+ wool = ! dyes obta9$ 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,on acc\nt ( ! excell5ce ( wool1 wat]1 & natural dyes1 z well z ! remot5ess ( ! t[n f ma9 highways ( travel1 _m ( ! old rugs 7 excell5t pieces1 free f ! ta9t ( ,we/]n influ5ces1 & possess+ ! *>m ( individuality4 ,x 0 due1 moreov]1 to ! fact t its ?ree or f\r ?\s& inhabitants1 & ! ,turkomans :o roam$ ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 r>ely felt ! influ5ce ( l>g] cities t !y 7 s untrammell$ by conv5tionalities4 ,unhesitat+ly !y gr\p$ toge!r l>ge spaces ( r$1 yell[1 & blue1 z well z grass-col\r$ gre51 = :i* !y _h a p>ticul> fondness & employ$ to a great] ext5t ?an almo/ any o!r weav]s2 yet 9 ! case ( ^! old pieces ! arti/ic s5se is r>ely %ock$1 s9ce ! individual col\rs are good & ! tones are h>moni\s4 ,fur!rmore1 ! patt]ns %[ an unusual bl5d+ ( floral & geometric =ms4 ,mo/ ( ! pieces come 9 mod]ate sizes2 "s are mats1 o!rs small s$jadehs1 b ! *oice/ are ! pray] rugs4 ,! s]rat$ sides ( ! ar*1 :i* rise at a /eep angle f ! c5tres ( ea* side ( ! r n>r[ fields1 are =m$ ( sev]al p>allel l9es ( diff]5t col\r4 ,9 a n unusual rug1 = in/ance1 eight n>r[ l9es sep>at+ ! sp&rel ( grass-gre5 f ! inn] field ( brick-r$ appe>$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 r$1 black1 :ite1 yell[1 lav5d]1 yell[1 r$1 & blue4 ,! inmo/ l9e is frequ5tly fr+$ ) tri-cleft floral =ms1 :i*1 z 9 ,koniehs1 ext5d 9 a r[ along ! sides ( ! field4 ,f ! ni*e is usually susp5d$ ! design ( an inv]t$ tree ( life1 & above x are project$ lat*-hooks or simil> devices4 ,x is n unusual to see two ar*es1 & !re are sometimes z _m z f\r1 plac$ "o )9 ! o!r4 ,! spaci\s sp&rel t is cont9u$ 9 n>r[ /ripes along ! bord]s to ! bottom ( ! field is cov]$ ) geometric or conv5tionalis$ floral =ms2 & ! horizontal panel1 :i* may be plac$ at ei!r end ( ! field1 conta9s designs 9 h>mony ) ! rema9+ p>ts4 ,on ! :ole1 ! wide bord]s h "s ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features2 =1 z a rule1 n only are "o or two ( ! /ripes ( a peculi> *]ry r$ & "o a ri* yell[1 b ?ree or f\r ( ! n>r[ /ripes next to ! field are simil> 9 wid? & ornam5tation to ^? ( ! ,kulah4 ,:5 contra/$ ) !m ! broad c5tral /ripe & ! out] "o seem lack+ 9 h>mony1 = !y are di/9ctly floral & sugge/ive ( ,p]sian influ5ces4 ,on acc\nt ( ! quality ( _! wool & weave1 ^! rugs are s(t & flexible4 ,!y resemble 9 "s m9or details o!rs ( ! ,anatolian plateau1 yet !y c be di/+ui%$ by ! pres5ce ( grass-gre5 col\r & ! %ape ( ! pray] ar*4 ,! nap ( ^! old pieces1 l t ( ,kulahs & ,ladiks1 is ( m$ium l5g?2 ?\gh 9 mod]n pieces x is (t5 long]1 & ! weft & webs are col\r$ z are ^? ( ,b]gamos4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$ & gre51 also "s blue1 br[n1 & :ite4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally five to n9e2 p]p5dicul>ly1 five to t54 ,a half knot z x appe>s at back is z long z1 or long] ?an1 wide4 ,! r[s ( knots are n firmly press$ d[n1 s t 9 places ! w>p %[s4 ,w>p1 wool2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back1 or occasionally "o is slightly depress$4 ,weft1 wool1 ( m$ium or co>se diamet] & g5]ally ( diff]5t col\rs 9 ! same rug4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses f two to six times betwe5 two r[s ( knots1 v>y+ 9 ! same rug4 ,pile1 wool1 ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 f five to eight /ripes4 ,sides1 a weft selvage ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r cords ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,l[] end1 web & w>p loops4 ,upp] end1 a web & w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 loose4 ,weave at back is ( co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 f\r to six feet4 ,usual wid?1 two ?irds to f\r fif?s l5g?4 ,,anatolians4--,to all ( ,asia ,m9or 0 once appli$ ! t]m 8,anatolia10 :i* signifies ! ,l& ( ! ,ris+ ,sun2 s t any product ( ?is c\ntry might well be call$ ,anatolian1 j z any product ( ,p]sia might be call$ ,iranian4 ,9 fact1 _m ( ! less kn[n classes1 z ! ,nigde1 ,tuzla1 ,mudj>1 & ev5 ! ,kir-,%ehr1 ,melez1 & ,konieh1 are (t5 call$ ,anatolian4 ,b z !re is a special type ( rugs kn[n z ,iranians1 s is !re a special type kn[n z ,anatolians4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 a mix$ lot1 t come f p>ts ( a wide /ret* ( t]ritory1 ext5d+ ov] ! int]ior table-l& to ! home ( ! ,kurds1 & incorporat+ ideas receiv$ f _m di/ricts4 ,x is1 accord+ly1 difficult to def9e !m z a type2 b1 z a rule1 !y are small pieces t are (t5 us$ = mats & pill[s1 ) mod]ately long nap ( s(t1 floccy wool1 ) n>r[ bord]s1 & a col\r s*eme t incl9es to bright & sometimes g>i% col\rs4 ,d\btless ! be/ ( !m come f ! prov9ces ( ,angora & ,konieh1 ly+ )9 a radius ( "o hundr$ miles ( ,lake ,tuz ,gul4 ,"h c be obta9$ ! be/ ( wool & dyes2 & 9 "s ( ! old pieces appe>s ! arti/ic draw+ ( ! m important rug c5tres f>!r to ! we/1 b ) a /range bl5d+ ( geometric & floral =ms4 ,eight-po9t$ />s z well z lat*-hooks are se5 ev]y:]e1 & a v old design ) ! %ape ( ram's horns is frequ5tly us$4 ,9 _m ( ! pray] rugs ! ar*es are ( ! ,kir-,%ehr ord]1 ?\gh ! panels may conta9 v&ykes sugge/ive ( ,ladiks4 ,!re is ! greate/ latitude 9 ! wid? ( ! bord]s1 :i* occasionally are _! mo/ noticeable feature & aga9 are mo/ insignificant2 b 9 ei!r case !y r>ely conta9 m ?an ?ree /ripes1 & n infrequ5tly only "o4 ,r$1 blue1 gre51 & br[n are ! usual col\rs1 b p9k & can>y yell[ are sometimes us$4 ,f>!r to ! ea/1 among ! foot-hills ( ! ,anti-,taurus m\nta9s1 is wov5 a co>s] type by ! ,kurdi% tribes4 ,) ! exception ( wool & dyes !y h little to _! cr$it2 = _! usual unsymmetric %apes1 crude geometric designs1 long unev5 nap1 & braid$ fr+e ( w>p at ! ends are lack+ 9 all elegance4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$1 blue1 gre51 br[n1 & :ite4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally five to n9e2 p]p5dicul>ly1 six to twelve4 ,a half knot1 z x appe>s at back1 is g5]ally z long z wide1 or long]4 ,! r[s ( knots are n firmly press$ d[n1 yet ! w>p is frequ5tly conceal$ at back4 ,w>p1 wool2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 wool1 ( m$ium or co>se diamet] & usually dy$1 ,a ?read ( weft crosses two1 ?ree1 & f\r times betwe5 two r[s ( knots frequ5tly v>y+ 9 ! same piece4 ,pile1 wool1 ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 "o to ?ree /ripes1 & occasionally an edg+4 ,sides1 a weft selvage ( two or ?ree cords4 ,bo? ends1 a web & w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 loose4 ,weave at back is ( co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 two & "o half to six feet4 ,usual wid?1 "o half to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,k>amans4--,at ! foot ( ,mt4 ,taurus & ov]look+ ! pla9 t /ret*es nor?w>d into ! he>t ( ,asia ,m9or is ! city ( ,k>aman4 ,be=e its subjection 9 ! ,,xv ,c5tury by ,bajazet ,,ii & ! removal ( ! capital to ,konieh1 t lies sixty miles to ! nor?we/1 x 0 ! seat ( a ,turki% gov]nm5t ext5d+ to ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea2 b to-day ! only rem9d] ( its e>ly importance are sev]al ,s>ac5ic mosques cov]$ ) ri* arabesques4 ,( ! rugs wov5 !re dur+ ! e>ly p]iod almo/ no?+ is kn[n1 b1 on acc\nt ( ! =m] importance ( ! city1 x is n improbable t !y comp>$ fav\rably ) ! rugs ( o!r p>ts ( ! ,turki% ,empire4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! mod]n products are among ! poore/ rugs ( ! ,ea/1 & conta9 little arti/ic m]it4 ,a feature peculi> to _m ( !m is ! use ( natural wool ( r$di% br[n col\r1 obta9$ f %eep :i* live on ! m\nta9 ranges to ! s\? ( ,k>aman4 ,! pile is long1 ! weave is nev] v firm1 & at ea* end is a col\r$ web4 ,,sivas4--,9 ! city ( ,sivas1 at ! ea/]n end ( ,anatolia1 & 9 ! villages ( ! surr\nd+ pla91 girls & wom5 h wov5 rugs f "t immemorial2 b on acc\nt ( ! difficulties ( transportation few ( !m rea* ?is c\ntry4 ,! c>efully f9i%$ sides & ends1 ! =mal "* ( ! patt]n1 & ! almo/ h>% effect ( ! /rongly contra/+ col\rs ( _m ( !m are unlike :at are f\nd 9 ! nomadic rugs made f>!r to ! ea/ & we/4 ,9 ! weave is a h9t ( ,p]sian influ5ce2 = n only are bo? w>p & weft ( cotton1 b ! w>p is ( small diamet] & well spun1 & "o ( ! two ?reads to :i* a knot is ti$ is depress$ bel[ ! o!r4 ,! patt]n1 on ! o!r h&1 is di/9ctly ,turki%4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n types consi/s ( a l>ge hexagon t rea*es to ! sides & ends1 & conta9s )9 x a m$allion on :i* are designs simil> to ^? se5 9 ,b]gamos4 ,on ! :ite field surr\nd+ ! m$allion are (t5 small rosettes & floral figures4 ,! corn]s ( ! field may be fr+$ ) runn+ lat*-hooks or a r[ ( =mal ,t's1 & conta9 a rosette at _! c5tre4 ,! bord]s are r>ely wide1 & (t5 consi/ ( a s+le /ripe t conta9s "s conv5tionalis$ floral =m4 ,al?\gh ^! rugs are well wov51 _! crude bl5d+ ( floral & geometric figures1 z well z _! =mality ( draw+1 :i* is acc5tuat$ by ! %ortness ( ! nap1 are mo/ sugge/ive ( ,occid5tal conv5tions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dc4 ,,t*]kess ,,rug ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$ & :ite2 also dull blue1 gre51 & light yell[4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally sev5 to elev52 p]p5dicul>ly1 n9e to fifte54 ,a half knot1 z x appe>s at back1 is n z long z wide4 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p does n %[ at back4 ,w>p1 cotton1 well spun & ( small diamet]4 ,"o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is depress$ bel[ ! o!r at back & sometimes d\bl$ "u ! o!r4 ,weft1 cotton1 ( m$ium diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool ( %ort to m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 n>r[1 "o to ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 an add$ selvage ( f\r or five cords atta*$ 9 places1 & ) weft encircl+ inn] cord ( selvage4 ,bo? ends1 n>r[ web & loose w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 firm4 ,weave at back is only slightly co>se4 ,usual l5g?1 ?ree & "o half to six & "o half feet4 ,usual wid?1 two ?irds to f\r fif?s l5g?4 ,,mudj>s4--,ne> ! riv] ,kizil ,irmak 9 ,c5tral ,asia ,m9or is ! city ( ,mudj>1 :i* produces rugs t occasionally rea* ?is c\ntry4 ,!y are (t5 class$ z ,anatolians1 b _! col\r s*eme cov]s a wid] range1 includ+ r$1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 mauve1 & p9k1 all ( :i* may be se5 9 ! same piece4 ,9 fact no o!r rug ( ,asia ,m9or conta9s z a rule s _m col\rs1 :i* appe> 9 ! broad bord]s ( old1 well-wov5 pieces ) gli/5+ wool almo/ l mosaic "w4 ,_m ( ?is class are namazliks ) ar*es v simil> to ! ar*es 9 ! rugs ( ,kir-,%ehr1 :i* is di/ant only tw5ty-five miles to ! nor?2 & 9 ! panels above ! sp&rel are n infrequ5tly designs ( v&ykes borr[$ f ! ,ladiks4 ,"s sugge/ion ( ! tree ( life (t5 appe>s 9 ! field1 & aga9 r[s ( fl[]s may ext5d into x f ! sides4 ,"s ( ! be/ examples are v h&some4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$1 yell[1 blue1 gre51 & ivory1 also mauve & p9k4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to n9e2 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to twelve4 ,w>p1 wool4 ,ea* ( ! two ?reads ( w>p encircl$ by a knot is frequ5tly equally prom95t at ! back1 b g5]ally "o is depress$ bel[ ! o!r4 ,weft1 wool1 ( m$ium to co>se diamet] dy$ r$ or br[n4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 broad1 ( ?ree to f\r /ripes4 ,sides1 a ?ree-cord selvage1 frequ5tly r$4 ,bo? ends1 col\r$ webs & fr+e4 ,texture1 loose4 ,weave1 mod]ately co>se4 ,usual l5g?1 f\r to six feet4 ,usual wid?1 two ?irds to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,nigdes4--,ne> ! base ( ! ,anti-,taurus m\nta9s 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,konieh is ! city ( ,nigde1 :i* is little kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry z a rug-produc+ c5tre1 ?\gh its fabrics rea* ,europe4 ,_m ( !m are namazliks1 t are di/+ui%$ by _! high geometric ar*es4 ,! bord]s (t5 %[ ! influ5ce ( ! ,kurdi% tribes1 & conta9 patt]ns common 9 ! ,mesopotamian valley2 b _! col\r s*eme ( r$1 blue1 & yell[ m closely resembles ! ,anatolian4 ,mo/ ( !m are ( small size & are poorly wov54 ,,tuzlas4--,ano!r class ( ,asia ,m9or rugs r>ely se5 are ! ,tuzlas4 ,!y are g5]ally reg>d$ z ,anatolians1 b are made by p :o live ab\t ,lake ,tuz ,gul 9 ! prov9ce ( ,konieh4 ,"s ( !m are well wov51 & h s(t wooll5 pile & attractive patt]ns4 ,! pray] ar* ( ! namazliks be>s "s resemblance to ! ar* ( ! ,kir-,%ehrs2 ! panel is relatively high2 & n infrequ5tly ! bord]s h rosettes simil> to ^? ( ,b]gamos4 ,! pr9cipal col\rs are r$1 blue1 gre51 & ivory4 ,,kais>iyeh4--,"o ( ! few ,asia ,m9or c5tres = ! manufacture ( silk textiles is ! city ( ,kais>iyeh1 ! anci5t ,cs>ea1 ne> ! ea/]n "p ( ,anatolia4 ,=m]ly rugs ( excell5t quality 7 made !re2 b ! mod]n products are1 z a rule1 inf]ior bo? 9 workman%ip & mat]ial to ^? ( ,h]eke4 ,frequ5tly _! dyes are anil9e & ! col\rs g>i%4 ,_m ( !m are pray] rugs ) ar*es resembl+ ! ,ghiordes patt]n1 b _! bord]s are m conv5tional4 ,wooll5 rugs :i* are copies ( o!r well-kn[n ,asia ,m9or pieces are also wov5 !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,col\r ,,plate ,,vii--,,ladik ,,pray] ,,rug ,! rug "h repres5t$ con=ms 9 e p>ticul> to "o ( ! be/ types ( ,ladik pray] rugs4 ,x conta9s ! beautiful bord] /ripe ( ,rhodian lilies1 ! pomegranates & v&ykes 9 ! panel bel[ ! c5tral field1 & ! que] designs ( scrolls & s]rat$ leaves s peculi> to ^! rugs4 ,x is int]e/+ to see h[ ! patt]n ( ! inn]mo/ /ripe1 :i* consi/s ( a r[ ( ,s-=ms at ! top & sides1 is *ang$ s z to resemble a ribbon at ! bottom1 to note ! eight-po9t$ />s re/+ on octagons 9 ! l[] panel1 s sugge/ive ( nomads1 & also ! designs :i* h be5 plac$ ne> ! two corn]s on ! left1 betwe5 ! rosettes & ,rhodian lilies ( ! ma9 /ripe1 z if to div]t ! spell ( ! 8evil-eye40 ,su* irregul>ities1 d5ot+ ! idiosyncrasies ( ! weav]1 add to ! *>m ( ,ori5tal rugs4 ,loan$ by ,mr4 ,hulett ,c4 ,m]ritt ,,yuruks4--,sugge/ive ( gipsies1 yet widely unlike !m1 are ! tribes ( ,turkoman desc5t kn[n z ,yuruks4 ,?is t]m means 8,w&]]s20 & !y are well nam$1 s9ce ?r\gh\t ! we/]n "p ( ,asia ,m9or !y foll[ _! %eep1 cattle1 & camels f ! ri* pa/ures among ! m\nta9 tops ( ! int]ior1 :]e !y live 9 summ]1 to ! f]tile1 sunny pla9s bord]+ ! sea%ore 9 w9t]4 ,ev5 ne> ,smyrna & ! slopes ( ,mt4 ,olympus may be se5 _! black goat's-hair t5ts1 :]e ! unexpect$ gue/ is always welcome4 ,9 _! rugs is ! reflection ( _! untrammell$ lives1 unaffect$ by ! ref9em5ts ( cities2 & z _! lives are diff]5t f ^? ( all o!r inhabitants ( ,asia ,m9or1 s are ^! rugs entirely di/9ct1 resembl+ m ?an any?+ else ! "w ( ! wild ,kazaks ( ! ,caucasus4 ,9 !m w be recognis$ ! same long nap1 ! same mass+ ( col\r1 ! same pr(usion ( lat*-hooks1 & o!r simple designs4 ,! col\rs1 h[ev]1 are less brilliant1 bright r$s & yell[s be+ m sp>+ly us$2 b on ! o!r h& ! dep? ( floccy nap gives a subdu$ ri*ness to ! d>k metallic madd]1 blue1 gre51 & br[n1 su* z is r>ely se5 9 any ,kazak4 ,! patt]ns %[ ! usual div]sity ( nomadic rugs4 ,! fields may conta9 crude1 unrelat$ figures1 or diagonal /ripes on :i* are small geometric designs4 ,aga9 f ! ,kurdi% tribes to ! ea/ may be adopt$ ! pe> designs z well z floral =ms1 b ! draw+ is always f> f reali/ic4 ,mo/ ( ! mod]n rugs h f9e wool col\r$ ) vegetable dyes1 & /\t w>p & weft wov5 to give flexibility2 b _! patt]ns %[ a want ( all arti/ic feel+4 ,n[ & !n1 h[ev]1 comes to light a piece t has /ood ! we> ( m ?an a c5tury1 %[+ ! t\* ( a high] craftsman%ip1 & ) col\rs s(t5$ by ea* succe$+ ye>4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally br[n1 r$1 & blue1 ) m9or quantities ( yell[1 gre51 & :ite4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally five to sev52 p]p5dicul>ly1 six to n9e4 ,! r[s ( knots are n closely press$ d[n1 yet ! w>p does n %[ at back4 ,w>p1 wool or goat's hair2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a half knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 wool ( m$ium diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses two1 ?ree1 or f\r times betwe5 e two r[s ( knots1 v>y+ 9 ! same rug4 ,pile1 wool1 clipp$ long4 ,bord]1 f f\r to six /ripes1 occasionally ) an out] edg+4 ,sides1 g5]ally a heavy d\ble ov]ca/+1 b occasionally a d\ble selvage ( two or ?ree cords4 ,l[] end1 a col\r$ web ?r\gh :i* g5]ally runs a p>ti-col\r$ cord1 & w>p loops2 or ! w>p ?reads may be knott$ & hang loose4 ,upp] end1 a col\r$ web ?r\gh :i* g5]ally runs a p>ti-col\r$ cord1 a braid$ selvage1 & a w>p fr+e2 or ! w>p ends may be braid$ toge!r at %ort int]vals4 ,texture1 loose4 ,weave at back is ( mod]ately co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 f\r to n9e feet4 ,usual wid?1 two fif?s to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,asia ,,m9or ,,bord] ,,/ripes ,reg>d$ z a :ole1 ! bord]s ( ,asia ,m9or rugs %[ b slight relation%ip to ei!r ! geometric patt]ns ( ! ,caucasian1 or ! floral patt]ns ( ! ,p]sian2 = z a rule ! geometric features ei!r are subord9ate or sugge/ an orig9 by degradation f floral designs1 & ! floral features g5]ally are repres5t$ by an ord]ly arrangem5t ( disjunct =ms r ?an by cont9u\s v9es ) p5d5t fl[]s4 ,yet !re is no d\bt t "s 7 copi$ by ,caucasian weav]s1 & t _m 7 d]iv$ f ,p]sian patt]ns4 ,!y are frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 m arti/ic ?an ! =m]1 m int]e/+ ?an ! latt]1 & rival bo? 9 beautiful col\r+ & delicate draw+4 ,prim>y ,/ripes4--,sev]al diff]5t /ripes peculi> to ,ghiordes pray] rugs are illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,g1 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e 7opp4 ,page #aib74 ,! fir/ ( ^! is probably ! olde/4 ,x is s /rik+ly sugge/ive ( ! ,h]ati design ( rosette & att5dant leaves t !re c be little d\bt ( its ,p]sian orig94 ,! se$-l processes ( ! alt]nate rosettes are noticeable4 ,! second1 :i* is f\nd 9 _m ( ! ,ghiordes rugs1 %[s ! same patt]n m conv5tionalis$1 ) ! rosette resembl+ an op5 pod & ) ! leaves almo/ octagonal-%ap$4 ,! ?ird is a /ill great] evolution ( ! same patt]n 9 :i* leaves & rosettes ( ne>ly equal %ape & size are plac$ at ?ree angles ( a quadrangul> space4 ,! la/1 :i* is a v elaborate patt]n some:at simil> to ! fir/1 is f\nd 9 a few old rugs4 ,besides ^!1 a numb] ( p>allel l9es simil> to ^? ( ,kulah rugs 7,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #ab7 are sometimes se5 9 ! ,ghiordes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,g4 ,,prim>y ,,bord]-,,/ripes ,,( ,,asia ,,m9or ,,rugs ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n ,ghiordes /ripes f\nd 9 odjaliks & s$jadehs is %[n 9 ,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #f4 ,x is a broad /ripe ) wide1 v9e-l b&s cov]$ ) r[s ( small flecks or fl[]s4 ,betwe5 ea* flexure ( ! b& are designs probably symbolic ( e>ly sun wor%ip4 ,9 ,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #g1 is repres5t$ ! mo/ usual & beautiful /ripe ( ! ,ladik pray] rugs4 ,! pr9cipal motives are ,rhodian lilies1 & rosettes id5tical ) ,p]sian =ms1 t are probably conv5tionalis$ roses4 ,ano!r /ripe1 9 :i* ! lily is replac$ by a conv5tionalis$ v9e1 is %[n 9 ,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #h4 ,bo? ^! /ripes are f\nd only 9 ,ladik rugs4 ,o!r /ripes se5 n[ & !n 9 ,ladik & ,melez s$jadehs are illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,g1 ,figs4 #i1 #aj1 & #aa1 ea* ( :i* %[s a conv5tionalis$ leaf4 ,"o ( ! mo/ typical ,kulah /ripes is se5 9 ,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #ab4 ,x might 9 fact be reg>d$ z a numb] ( p>allel /ripes1 b z w be evid5t by obs]v+ a l>ge s]ies ( ,kulahs x s]ves ! function ( a s+le broad /ripe4 ,(t5 ! sep>ate b&s are replac$ by a gr\nd ( uni=m col\r m>k$ by p>allel r[s ( m9ute fl[]s ( regul>ly v>y+ col\r4 ,occasionally ?is /ripe is copi$ by ,ghiordes weav]s4 ,9 ,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #ac1 is a well-kn[n /ripe t appe>s bo? 9 ,kulah & ,rhodian rugs4 ,z previ\sly expla9$1 its orig9 is probably floral1 ?\gh ! draw+ is geometric4 ,a =mal /ripe f\nd 9 ,b]gamos1 & consi/+ l>gely ( diamonds & eight-po9t$ />s1 is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,figs4 #ae & #af ( ,plate ,g illu/rate ! bord] /ripes ( ,melez rugs4 ,ea* conta9s regul>ly spac$ rosettes1 sep>at$ by conv5tionalis$ leaf =ms4 ,a mu* m geometric ,melez bord]1 9 :i* ! rosettes are replac$ by eight-po9t$ />s & ! leaves by discs1 is %[n 9 ,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #ag4 ,a geometric /ripe ( unc]ta9 orig9 t is f\nd 9 "s ,koniehs is %[n 9 ,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,9 ,plate ,g1 ,figs4 #ai & #bj1 are repres5t$ two /ripes *>act]i/ic ( ,kir-,%ehrs4 ,! =m] is a da9ty patt]n consi/+ ( a r[ ( bu%es sep>at$ by ! lily design4 ,x is occasionally f\nd 9 ! ,melez also4 ,a typical ,mudj> /ripe 9 :i* ! geometric patt]ns are subdivid$ into small & ri*ly col\r$ mosaic "w is se5 9 ,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #ba4 ,9 ,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #bb1 is illu/rat$ a ,yuruk bord] /ripe su* z is frequ5tly se5 9 mod]n pieces4 ,second>y & ,t]ti>y ,/ripes4--,9 ,plate ,h1 ,figs4 #a & #b 7opp4 ,page #aid71 are illu/rat$ two second>y /ripes frequ5tly se5 9 ,ghiordes & ,kulah rugs4 ,! fir/ is mo/ sugge/ive ( a runn+ v9e1 & ! second has d\btless be5 d]iv$ f x4 ,a m ornate patt]n1 :i* g5]ally accompanies ! broad b& ( p]p5dicul> l9es peculi> to ,ghiordes & ,kulah rugs1 is %[n 9 ,plate ,h1 ,fig4 #c4 ,! arrangem5t ( ?ree leaves 9 angles ( quadrangul> spaces sugge/s relation%ip to ! prim>y /ripe ( ,plate ,g1 ,fig4 #c 7opp4 ,page #aib74 ,two o!r second>y /ripes f\nd 9 ,ghiordes rugs are se5 9 ,plate ,h1 ,figs4 #d & #e4 ,! =m]1 :i* is also f\nd 9 ,kulahs is a v9e & fl[] subject to _m modifications4 ,a t]ti>y /ripe conta9+ a ribbon-l v9e is v usual 9 ,ghiordes & ,kulah pieces4 ,"o ( ^!1 :i* is v graceful1 is %[n 9 ,plate ,h1 ,fig4 #f4 ,ano!r angul> v9e ) p5d5t fl[]1 t appe>s z a second>y /ripe ( a l>ge numb] ( ,ladik pray] rugs1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,h1 ,fig4 #g4 ,?is resembles a few ,p]sian /ripes1 b ! draw+ ( ! p5d5t leaf is *>act]i/ic ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,figs4 #h & #i ( ,plate ,h repres5t two t]ti>y /ripes (t5 se5 9 ,ladiks & ,kulahs4 ,!y illu/rate ! evolution ( patt]ns2 = 9 ! same /ripe ( a rug w sometimes be se5 ! fir/ ( ^! & ! simple ribbon patt]n ( ,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #ah 7opp4 ,page #aeh71 & also 9 ! same /ripe ( ano!r rug w sometimes be se5 ! second ( ^! & a cont9u\s r[ ( 8ff0 designs1 z 9 ,plate ,h1 ,fig4 #b4 ,! mo/ typical ( all ,kulah second>y /ripes1 ?\gh x is also se5 9 ,rhodian rugs & occasionally 9 an old ,ghiordes1 is illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,h1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,a some:at simil> /ripe is %[n 9 ,plate ,h1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! design looks l a ,*9ese motive1 b t x is evolv$ f a v9e w be se5 by comp>+ ^! /ripes ) ^? 9 ,figs4 #d & #ab4 ,all ( !m are ,asia ,m9or bord] /ripes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,h4 ,,second>y ,,& ,,t]ti>y ,,bord]-,,/ripes ,,( ,,asia ,,m9or ,,rugs ,9 ,figs4 #ac & #ad ( ,plate ,h are illu/rat$ ! swa/ika & ,s /ripe1 :i* are se5 n[ & !n 9 ,asia ,m9or rugs1 su* z ,kulahs1 & also 9 ,caucasian rugs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ typical ( ,melez second>y /ripes1 repres5t+ processes l cogs project+ 9 a r[ f alt]nat+ sides ( ! /ripe1 is %[n 9 ,plate ,h1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! /ripes %[n 9 ,figs4 #af & #ag ( ,plate ,h1 repres5t+ a r[ ( small rosettes & a r[ ( octagonal discs1 are also occasionally se5 9 ,melez rugs4 ,! v angul> v9e %[n 9 ,plate ,h1 ,fig4 #ah1 is sometimes se5 9 ,koniehs4 ,a v unusual second>y /ripe 7,plate ,h1 ,fig #ai71 f\nd 9 a few ,anatolians1 repres5ts a fret patt]n1 :i* 0 probably copi$ f "s monum5t4 ,! *a9 patt]n 7,plate ,h1 ,fig4 #bj7 is occasionally se5 z a t]ti>y /ripe 9 ! ,ghiordes4 ,x appe>$ 9 ,asia ,m9or rugs ( sev]al c5turies ago1 & has be5 copi$ by ! weav]s ( ,caucasia4 ,sometimes ! l9es are angul>1 & aga9 ! ,s's are sep>at$ by small r\nd or squ>e dots4 ,,te*nicalities ,,9 ,,! ,,weave ,,( ,,asia ,,m9or ,,rugs ,leg5d3 ,,knot-- ,h ,horizontally ,p ,p]p5dicul>ly ,,w>p-- g goat's hair s silk e ea* equally prom95t d #a to ! knot depress$ h #a to ! knot d\bl$ "u ,,weft-- s silk j jute ,no4 ,no4 times cross+ bet4 two r\nd knots ,,sides-- ,o ov]ca/+ ,s selvage ,,l[] ,,end ,w web ,s ,selvage ,k ,r[s knots ,l w>p loops ,f fr+e ,,upp] ,,end ,w web ,s selvage ,k ,r[s knots ,t turn$ back & hemm$ ,f fr+e ,,knot ,,w>p ,,asia ,,m9or ,numb] to ,at back ,in*es ,g ,s w c ,ghiordes ,sehna ,h ,p wool cotton s_/l e d h ,anatolian ,g #e-i #f-ab w e ,b]gamo ,g #e-i #g-aj w e ,ghiordes ,g #g-ab #h-af w c s e d ,k>aman ,g #f-i #h-ac w d ,kir-,%ehr ,g #e-i #e-aj w e d ,konieh ,g #e-h #f-aj w e ,kulah ,g #e-aj #g-ab w e d ,ladik ,g #i-abaj-ac w e d ,meles ,g #e-h #f-aa w e ,rhodian ,g #e-h #g-i w e d ,sivas ,g #g-aa #i-ae c d h ,y\ruk ,g #e-g #f-i w g e ,,weft ,,sides ,,l[] ,,end ,,asia ,,m9or w c wool cotton s_/l ,p ,o ,s ,w_/,s ,k ,l ,f ,anatolian w #b-d ,s ,w ,f ,b]gamo w #b-f ,s ,w ,f ,ghiordes w c s #b ,s ,w ,f ,k>aman w #b ,o ,s ,w_/,s ,l ,kir-,%ehr w #b-f ,s ,w ,l ,konieh w #b ,s ,w ,f ,kulah w j #b_/a ,s ,w ,f ,ladik w #b ,s ,w ,f ,meles w #d ,s ,w ,f ,rhodian w #b_/a-d ,s ,w ,f ,sivas w c #b ,s ,w ,f ,y\ruk w #b-d ,o ,s ,w ,k ,l ,f ,,upp] ,,end ,,nap ,,weave ,,texture ,,asia ,,m9or l long f f9e l loose m m$ium m m$ium m m$ium ,w_/,s ,k ,t ,f s %ort c co>se f firm ,anatolian ,w ,f m c l ,b]gamo ,w ,f m_/l f m ,ghiordes ,w ,f s f m ,k>aman ,w_/,s ,t ,f l c l ,kir-,%ehr ,w ,f m c l ,konieh ,w ,f m m_/c m_/f ,kulah ,w ,f m_/s m_/c l ,ladik ,w ,f m m m_/f ,meles ,w_/,s ,f m_/s m_/c l ,rhodian ,w_/,s ,f l m_/c m_/l ,sivas ,w ,f m_/s m_/c f ,y\ruk ,w ,k ,t ,f l c l indicates ! less frequ5t condition4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,caucasian ,,rugs ,,aside f ! facts t ! ,caucasus is rugg$1 t dur+ ! ,middle ,ages x 0 rul$ by ! illu/ri\s ,tam>a1 & t till rec5tly ! physical *>ms ( its wom5 made !m fav\rites 9 ! slave m>kets ( ,con/ant9ople1 ! "* & hi/ory ( t c\ntry are to-day almo/ z unkn[n to ! av]age read] z !y 7 :5 ! b>ds ( anci5t ,greece b\nd ,prome!us to its rocks & hung ! ,gold5 ,fleece f its oak5 b\ghs4 ,yet x is a c\ntry ( wond]ful int]e/4 ,above its gorges1 rivall+ ^? ( ! ,himalayas1 rise m\nta9s high] ?an ! ,alps4 ,on ! s\?we/]n slope are comb9$ ! luxuriant vegetation ( tropical l[l&s ) virg9 =e/s ( fir & p9e1 & 9 mead[s & beside %ad$ brooks gr[ fl[]s ( /range beauty4 ,b5ea? ! gr\nd is undevelop$ weal? ( ores & m9]al oil4 ,! riv] ,phasis is ! natural home ( ! pheasant2 ! crags are ! resorts ( ibex2 & 9 seclud$ gl5s %>+ solitude ) be>1 wolf1 & bo> are hidd5 ! wild auro*s4 ,moreov]1 ! philologi/1 e?nologi/1 & hi/orian c "h foll[ 8 fav\rite pursuit ) z mu* ze/ z ! ,alp9e climb]1 botani/1 m9]alogi/1 & sportsman2 = )9 ! conf9es ( ?is region are spok5 "s sev5ty languages by z _m di/9ct clans1 ea* ( remote orig94 ,"s are ! desc5dants ( ! e>ly dwell]s2 "s are ! ,aryan /ock t f\nd its way to ,europe be=e ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory2 /ill o!rs are b ! (fspr+ ( ! flotsam & jetsam :i* recurr+ waves ( ,asiatic conqu]ors1 surg+ we/w>d 9 anci5t times1 left /r&$ "h4 ,nev]!less1 = s _m g5]ations h ! pres5t inhabitants rema9$ among _! m\nta9 /rongholds1 unabsorb$ & unassimilat+1 t !y h be5 reg>d$ z a type suffici5tly pure & *>act]i/ic to give its "n to ! great ,caucasian race4 ,?\gh enjoy+ great] isolation ?an surr\nd+ c\ntries1 ! ,caucasus at diff]5t times & 9 diff]5t ways has felt _! influ5ces4 ,dur+ ! ,augu/an age ( ,tam>a's rule %e attract$ by h] brilliancy1 ta/e1 & indu/ry =eign c\rti]s & artisans4 ,h>dly 0 %e dead be=e ,g5ghis ,khan's horde ( conqu]+ ,mongols p\r$ ov] ! l&2 & rival suitors1 enraptur$ by h] daught]'s beauty1 press$ _! claims by invad+ x ) _! ,mohamm$an armies4 ,= long succe$+ ye>s ,p]sia /ruggl$ ) ,turkey = ! ma/]y ( ! c\ntry1 & 0 ab\t to take x :5 ,russia grasp$ ! prize1 b only aft] ,%amyl ) a few brave ?\s&s _h defeat$ va/ armies4 ,ea* ( ^! =eign gue/s or foes left "s impression on ! native art2 s t ,caucasian rugs %[ traces ( ,turkoman1 ,turki%1 & ,p]sian influ5ces4 ,x is r>ely1 except+ 9 a few small geometric figures1 t !re is any evid5ce ( ! ,turkoman influ5ce2 b x is n unusual to see bord] /ripes & field designs adopt$ f ! ,turki% rugs4 ,"s ( ^! /ripes repres5t bo? geometric & floral patt]ns1 ei!r copi$ directly or d]iv$ ) slight modifications f rugs wov5 ?ree or f\r c5turies ago 9 ,asia ,m9or or ,arm5ia4 ,! ,p]sian influ5ce is app>5t only 9 ! floral =ms4 ,x d\btless inspir$ ! /ripe ( da9ty c>nations s common 9 a l>ge numb] ( ,caucasian pieces1 ! pe> design insep>able f ,baku rugs1 z well z _m o!r figures t fir/ appe>$ 9 ! rugs ( ,p]sia4 ,nev]!less1 ^! rugs h _! own di/9ct *>act]i/ics1 :i* h a boldness & virility t are to be attribut$ 9 a measure to gr& & rugg$ sc5]y z well z to c5turies ( /ruggle = indep5d5ce1 s9ce 9 art ! influ5ce ( environm5t is mo/ app>5t4 ,!y lack some?+ ( ! sobriety1 arti/ic draw+1 & delicate col\r+ ( ^? wov5 9 va/ des]ts1 amid ! monum5ts ( fall5 empires1 & 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,ea/2 !y conta9 on ! o!r h&1 bo? 9 l9e & col\r1 ! =ceful expression ( untrammell$ ?\ght4 ,! patt]ns are l>gely geometric2 ! tones ( col\r1 9 :i* cle> r$1 blue1 gre51 & yell[ pr$om9ate1 are /rong4 ,on ! :ole1 !y possess an individuality ( "* t is n surpass$ by ! rugs ( any o!r gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,caucasia ,,daghe/ans4--,9 no "p ( ,caucasia h bett] rugs be5 wov5 ?an 9 ,daghe/an1 8! m\nta9 c\ntry40 ,nor is x surpris+ t ?is prov9ce %\ld produce di/9ctive types1 :5 x is consid]$ t x has a l5g? ( ov] two hundr$ miles2 t its topography is div]sifi$ by glaciat$ m\nta9s1 b>r5 /eppes1 & f]tile valleys2 & t x is occupi$ by num]\s clans1 _m ( :om diff] 9 orig9 z well z religion4 ,"s ( ! rugs come f ! city ( ,d]b5d on ! ,caspian ,sea2 "s come f ,kuba 9 ! s\!a/]n corn]2 o!rs1 call$ ,kabi/ans1 are produc$ 9 ! c\ntry ab\t ,kuba2 a few are made by ! ,lesghians :o live among ! l(ty m\nta9s2 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! prov9ce are wov5 pieces :i* =m]ly 7 s5t 9 l>ge numb]s to ,europe & ,am]ica1 :]e !y soon became kn[n z ,daghe/ans4 ,?\gh _! resemblance to ! ,kabi/ans is s great t x is (t5 difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 !m1 ! rugs :i* acquir$ ! trade "n ( ,daghe/ans are diff]5t f almo/ all o!r ,caucasian pieces4 ,?is is l>gely because ! prov9ce is b\nd$ on ?ree sides by a sea & a ne>ly impassable m\nta9 range1 :i* r5d] communication ) surr\nd+ t]ritory difficult1 & create a natural isolation1 :]e 9 ! c\rse ( _m g5]ations a di/9ct type 0 develop$4 ,moreov]1 ^! same physical conditions h imp$$ bo? ! introduction ( anil9e dyes1 s t ev5 among mod]n pieces spuri\s col\rs are n frequ5tly se52 & also ! adoption ( new designs1 s t ! patt]ns ( two or ?ree c5turies ago are /ill l>gely us$4 ,x is among ! olde/ rugs ( ! ,daghe/an weave t are f\nd _m ( ! be/ examples ( ,caucasian textile art4 ,! d>k1 ri* r$s & blues ( ! fields1 :i* are bright5$ by ! ivory1 light blue1 gre51 & yell[ ( ! small designs1 resemble ! f9e col\r+ ( *oice ,p]sian c>pets4 ,b ! patt]ns are totally dissimil>2 = x is only 9 a few r>e old pieces1 9 :i* are copi$ "s designs su* z ! lotus1 or ! runn+ v9e ) leaf & bud1 t !re is any lik5ess to ! realism ( ,p]sian floral ornam5tation4 ,! draw+1 h[ev]1 is nev] crude1 & on acc\nt ( ! %ort nap & /rongly contra/+ col\rs always appe>s ) cle> def9ition4 ,) ! exception ( conv5tionalis$ pe>s1 ! ?ree-leaf sprig1 :i* is commonly se5 9 ! field1 & ! n>r[ bord] /ripes ( c>nations1 almo/ all ( ! figures are geometric2 & are s c>efully drawn1 s closely clu/]$1 t !y repres5t an appe>ance frequ5tly comp>$ to mosaic "w4 ,ev5 :5 ! patt]ns repres5t l>ge m$allions or />s1 !y conta9 small] conc5tric =ms1 or are divid$ & r$ivid$ into small] />s1 diamonds1 or tessellat$ figures1 s t ! effect is ! same4 ,9 "s =m or o!r ! lat*-hook is se5 9 almo/ all ^! pieces4 ,( small designs1 ! octagonal disc is almo/ inv>iably f\nd2 & animals1 human be+s1 & ! pe> are n infrequ5tly se54 ,z ! population ( ! prov9ce is l>gely ,mohamm$an1 namazliks z well z s$jadehs are made2 b ) ! exception ( ! unobtrusive ar* ( ! namazlik1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,c1 ,fig4 #i 7,page #fa71 !re is little diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,!re is nev] any panel z 9 ,asia ,m9or rugs2 nor is !re a noticeable sp&rel1 s9ce ! space above ! ar* conta9s designs simil> to ^? on ! re/ ( ! field4 ,z a rule1 ! bord]s consi/ ( ?ree or f\r /ripes sep>at$ by col\r$ l9es4 ,only 9 ! second>y /ripes are any floral =ms employ$2 & ^!1 ) ! exception ( ! c>nation design1 are r>e4 ,! reciprocal trefoil is mo/ *>act]i/ic z an out] /ripe2 ! s]rat$ l9e is also employ$2 & x is n unusual to f9d next to ! field a broad /ripe ( diagonal b>b]-pole b>s1 on :i* are small dott$ l9es4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally blue1 r$1 & ivory1 ) m9or quantities ( gre5 & yell[4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally sev5 to twelve2 p]p5dicul>ly1 eight to fifte54 ,a half knot1 z x appe>s at back1 is z long z wide & occasionally long]4 ,! r[s ( knots are n firmly press$ d[n1 s t _! alignm5t is ev5 & ! w>p %[s at back4 ,w>p1 wool2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at ! back2 occasionally 9 old pieces "o ?read is slightly depress$ bel[ ! o!r4 ,weft1 wool ( m$ium diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 clipp$ %ort4 ,bord]1 ?ree to five /ripes4 ,sides1 a selvage ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r cords1 or occasionally a weft-ov]ca/+4 ,bo? ends1 a web1 "o r[ ( knots or m1 & loose w>p fr+e4 ,occasionally !re is also a n>r[ braid$ selvage4 ,texture1 mod]ately firm4 ,weave at back is ( f9e gra94 ,usual l5g?1 five to t5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 "o half to two ?irds l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dd4 ,,baku ,,rug ,,kabi/ans4--,)9 rec5t ye>s mo/ ( ! rugs %ipp$ f ! s\!rn "p ( ,daghe/an h become kn[n 9 ,we/]n m>kets z ,kabi/ans1 ?\gh ! di/9ction betwe5 !m & ! type t takes ! "n ( ! prov9ce is s slight t x is det]m9able only by ! /ricte/ analysis4 ,9 fact1 ,kabi/ans are m]ely a v>iety ( ,daghe/ans4 ,bo? h %ort nap & occasionally adopt ! same col\r s*eme & patt]ns1 s t _m ( ea* class are indi/+ui%able f "o ano!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are a few int]e/+ po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! be/ types1 :i* are l>gely attributable to geographic environm5t4 ,z ! only easy access to ?is prov9ce f ! s\? is by ! %ore ( ! ,caspian1 :]e ! great m\nta9 wall t =ms an almo/ impassable b>ri] betwe5 ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,caucasia desc5ds to ! pla91 ! di/rict adjac5t to ?is entrance on ! l9e ( travel w\ld naturally feel & %[ a =eign influ5ce1 :ile ! remote & m inaccessible p>ts ( ! prov9ce w\ld be unaffect$4 ,accord+ly1 ! designs ( ,kabi/ans are m v>i$1 & x is n surpris+ to f9d 9 !m evid5ces ( ,p]sian influ5ce n s app>5t 9 ! ,daghe/ans4 ,9 "s1 = in/ance1 are pe> designs1 l ^? occasionally se5 9 ,%iraz pieces2 & ! ri* tones1 t are usually m subdu$ ?an ^? ( ! ,daghe/ans1 sugge/ ! f9e/ dyes ( ! ,f]aghans4 ,!re is also a slight diff]5ce 9 weave4 ,bo? display ! two ?reads ( w>p encircl$ by ea* knot ) equal prom95ce at ! back2 b 9 ! ,daghe/ans ! alignm5t ( ! two halves ( ! knot1 z !y appe> at ! back1 is m regul>2 :ile 9 ! ,kabi/ans "o ext5ds beyond ! o!r 9 ! direction ( ! l5g? ( ! rug1 z is ! case ) ! ,%irvans wov5 9 ! adjo9+ c\ntry to ! s\?4 ,frequ5tly ! weft ( ,kabi/ans is ( cotton2 & ! fill+ is n z wide z t ( ,daghe/ans1 :i* is ( wool4 ,moreov]1 ! ,kabi/ans may be ei!r ov]ca/ or h a selvage at ! sides1 b ! ,daghe/ans h almo/ always a n>r[ selvage4 ,among ! mod]n pieces !re is a t5d5cy = bo? classes to foll[ ! side f9i% ( ! ,%irvans4 ,a well-kn[n type ( old ,kabi/ans1 t is also sometimes repeat$ 9 ,daghe/ans1 has a d>k blue field on :i* are spac$ 9 regul> ord] :ite bracket-l designs1 9 :i* ! p]p5dicul> arms are usually connect$ 7,plate ,o1 ,figs4 #ah-;a & #ah-;b1 ,page #bia74 ,_! orig9 is unkn[n2 b :5 _! %ape & _! position 9 ref]5ce to ! rosettes or effulg5t />s t are plac$ ne> !m are consid]$1 ! ?\ght is at once sugge/$ t 9 !m is reproduc$ aft] a long process ( sl[ *ange a conv5tionalis$ =m ( ! ,h]ati design4 ,o!r small h>moni\s designs are prop]ly spac$ ?r\gh\t ! fields1 & 9 ! ma9 /ripe ( ! bord]1 on a cream-col\r$ gr\nd1 is frequ5tly se5 ! beautiful patt]n ( ,cufic orig9 repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,j1 ,fig4 #ai 7opp4 ,page #bbh74 ,old pieces ( ?is patt]n1 :i* are n[ gr[+ r>e1 repres5t 9 weave1 col\r1 & design ! ma/]pieces ( ,caucasian textile art4 ,ano!r patt]n consi/s ( diagonal /ripes ) small geometric figures1 or ( small floral =ms arrang$ 9 r[s1 s t ^? ( simil> col\r fall 9 diagonal l9es4 ,aga91 ! entire field may be cov]$ ) rectangul> pe>s l ^? ( ,baku rugs4 ,oblong odjaliks are (t5 se5 ) fields ( d>k col\r1 at ea* end ( :i* are l>ge geometric figures symmetrically balanc$ ) ref]5ce to ! c5tre4 ,b !y are s fr+$ ) lat*-hooks & s subdivid$ into small] devices1 :i* are acc5tuat$ by ! %ortness ( ! nap1 t !y h ! effect ( an assemblage ( small] designs4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally blue1 also "s r$1 ivory1 gre51 & br[n4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally sev5 to twelve2 p]p5dicul>ly1 eight to sixte54 ,a half knot1 z x appe>s at back1 is z long z wide & occasionally long]4 ,! r[s ( knots are n firmly press$ d[n2 _! alignm5t is less ev5 ?an 9 ,daghe/ans1 yet ! w>p may be se5 at back4 ,w>p1 wool2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 wool or cotton1 ( m$ium diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots & occasionally ?ree times4 ,pile1 wool1 ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree to five /ripes4 ,sides1 g5]ally a weft-ov]ca/+1 or a two-cord weft selvage2 occasionally a d\ble ov]ca/+ or selvage4 ,l[] end1 a n>r[ web1 n infrequ5tly a f9e braid$ selvage & w>p loops4 ,upp] end1 a n>r[ web1 occasionally a f9e braid$ selvage & w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 mod]ately firm4 ,weave at back is ( m$ium gra94 ,usual l5g?1 five to twelve feet4 ,usual wid?1 "o half to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #de4 ,,%irvan ,,rug ,,kubas4--,n f> f ! s\!a/ corn] ( ! prov9ce ( ,daghe/an1 9 a pla9 wat]$ by /reams t deb\* f ! ,caucasus1 is ! small t[n ( ,kuba4 ,x is on ! site ( an old ,p]sian =t1 ab\t :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t sprang up a t[n suffici5tly important to be ! resid5ce ( a ,khan4 ,= a long p]iod previ\s to ! treaty ( ,guli/an1 9 #ahac1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,p]sians _h be5 pr$om9ant 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry2 & x is n improbable t "s ( ! olde/ ,kuba rugs n[ exi/+ are ! "w ( _! weav]s4 ,_m1 on ! o!r h&1 h few =eign *>act]i/ics ei!r ( weave or design1 & %[ a relation%ip to ! "w ( ! ,%emakha tribes1 :o inhabit an adjo9+ di/rict 9 ,%irvan4 ,9 "s ( ?is class ! floral =m receives m elaborate treatm5t ?an 9 any o!r ,caucasian rug4 ,"o ( ! patt]ns ( und\bt$ ,iranian inspiration repres5ts a l>ge oval panel or m$allion1 ) graceful outl9es re/+ on a field ( deep blue & sable br[n1 /reak$ ) wav+ l9es ( gold4 ,)9 ! m$allion is a lavi% display ( l>ge fl[]s en masse1 & n deta*$ f "o ano!r or arrang$ 9 set =m1 z is ! case ) mo/ floral patt]ns4 ,9 ea* corn] is a rose ) spread+ petals t equals ! l>ge/ se5 9 nature1 & ) col\r t sugge/s ! beauty ( a ,du*ess or ,m>e*al ,niel4 ,surr\nd+ all is a n>r[ da9ty bord] ( "s well-kn[n ,p]sian v9e4 ,! mo/ rec5t copies ( ?is patt]n1 t has be5 foll[$ = at lea/ a c5tury & a half1 are s crude z to resemble b slightly ! olde/1 :i* sugge/ ! "w ( "s e>ly ,kirman weav] & are unsurpass$ 9 beauty & arti/ic elegance by any o!r ,caucasian rug4 ,o!r patt]ns are m di/9ctly repres5tative ( ! native art4 ,! field ( "s is occupi$ by l>ge1 irregul>1 octagonal-%ap$ figures def9$ by s]rat$ edges & subdivid$ by mosaic "w1 at ! c5tre ( :i* is "s well-kn[n design4 ,"o ( ! mo/ pleas+ patt]ns consi/s ( a field on :i* ) ma!matical precision are plac$ l>ge effulg5t />s4 ,at _! c5tre is (t5 a mu* small] /> enclos$ by a diamond f :i* ext5d broad rays direct$ t[>ds ! eight pr9cipal po9ts ( ! compass4 ,:5 s(t5$ by "t ! diff]5t %ades1 su* z light blue1 ivory1 & deep r$ ( ! envelop+ rays1 contra/$ ) o!r %ades at ! c5tre & ) a d>k blue ( ! gr\nd1 are exce$+ly beautiful4 ,! ,kubas & ,%emakhas h simil> tones ( col\r1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( blues1 r$s1 sable br[n1 & yell[1 to :i* ! s(t1 velvety "* ( ! wool ( ! be/ examples gives a quality ( ri*ness t is di/9ctive4 ,! f9i% ( _! sides & ends1 :i* is usually simil> to t ( ! ,s\maks1 is also id5tical1 s t !y are frequ5tly mi/ak5 = "o ano!r1 & c only be di/+ui%$ by a diff]5ce ( patt]n & a slight diff]5ce ( weave4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally blue1 r$1 & br[n1 occasionally "s gre54 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to n9e2 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to ?irte54 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is almo/ hidd5 at back4 ,w>p1 f9e wool2 ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot are equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 wool ( f9e or m$ium diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 "o to ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 a blue d\ble selvage ( two or ?ree cords4 ,bo? ends1 a n>r[ blue web ( 8h]r+-bone0 weave1 a knott$ selvage or sev]al r[s ( knots1 & %ort w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 slightly loose4 ,weave at back is ( mod]ately f9e gra94 ,usual l5g?1 f\r to n9e feet4 ,usual wid?1 "o half to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,d]b5ds4--,ne> ! great walls built by ,alex&] on ! ,caspian ,sea1 :]e m\nta9s rise abruptly s z to leave only a n>r[ pass1 is "o ( ! olde/ cities ( ,caucasia4 ,x 0 kn[n by ! ,romans z ,albana1 & 0 r5am$ by ! ,p]sians ( ! ,,vi ,c5tury 8,d]b5d10 :i* 9 _! language signifies a gateway4 ,no o!r city ( ,caucasia has be5 visit$ by m =eign foes4 ,t>t> tribes pass$ t way :5 ent]+ ,europe2 ,mongolians captur$ x z late z ! ,,xiii ,c5tury2 ,russians & ,p]sians 9 turn held x4 ,moreov]1 ! sea has (f]$ an easy approa* to ! ,turkoman tribes dwell+ to ! ea/4 ,x is !re=e some:at surpris+ t !re is s little evid5ce ( arti/ic =eign influ5ce 9 ! weav+s2 b ?is is due1 p]haps1 to ! fact t pieces ) an au!ntic age ( ov] two c5turies no long] exi/1 & su* old rugs z rema9 are v sc>ce2 :il/ ! mod]n pieces are d]iv$ l>gely f ! m\nta9\s di/ricts t f9d a m>ket 9 ! city4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 !re comes to light a v old piece t rea*es ! /&>d ( ! f9e/ ,kabi/an4 ,! field ( su* a "o may be fill$ ) elaborately drawn pe>s l ^? se5 9 _m ( ! ,niris rugs4 ,aga91 x may be cov]$ ) a *eck]$ or lattice-"w patt]n t conta9s )9 ! diamonds geometric or semi-floral mosaic designs4 ,surr\nd+ ?is field are ?ree or f\r /ripes1 ( :i* ! out] has a reciprocal patt]n4 ,! nap is ( f9e wool ( mod]ate l5g?4 ,at ! back ( ^! old] rugs is sometimes display$ f9ely spun r$di% dy$ ?reads ( wooll5 weft press$ closely toge!r betwe5 l9es ( knots c>efully ti$ to br[ni% ?reads ( wooll5 w>p2 b n infrequ5tly cotton is us$ = bo? w>p & weft4 ,su* designs & te*nique sugge/ ! rugs wov5 mu* f>!r to ! s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #df4 ,,s\mak ,,rug ,9 contra/ ) ^! beautiful b r>e pieces1 ! mod]n products are sad comm5t>ies on ! retrogression 9 weav+2 = ^? t are ord9>ily f\nd 9 ! m>ket are l poor imitations ( inf]ior ,daghe/ans4 ,!y are ( slightly l>g] size1 & h long] nap1 loos] weave1 & crud] col\rs4 ,moreov]1 !y %[ evid5ces ( ,turkoman influ5ces2 = n infrequ5tly ! w>p is ( br[n goat's hair1 & at ea* end is a r$di% br[n web l :at may be se5 9 ! rugs ( ,yomud tribes liv+ on ! ea/]n %ores ( ! ,caspian4 ,/ill o!r nomadic *>act]s1 resembl+ ! workman%ip ( ,kazak tribes1 appe> 9 ! l>ge />-l or diamond-%ap$ figures :i*1 fr+$ ) lat*-hooks & col\r$ ) bright tones ( r$1 blue1 or gre51 are (t5 plac$ 9 simple array on a field ( /rongly contra/+ col\r4 ,!re is no?+1 h[ev]1 (f5sive 9 ! col\r s*eme1 except+ :5 anil9e dyes are us$4 ,) we> ! nap ( _m ( !m acquires ! s(t & pleas+ effect ( ,belu*i/ans4 ,fur!rmore1 !y are bo? flexible & durable1 ?\gh entirely lack+ 9 arti/ic qualities4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally blue1 r$1 & ivory1 ) m9or quantities ( gre51 yell[1 & br[n4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally five to n9e2 p]p5dicul>ly1 six to twelve4 ,ea* half knot is ab\t z long z wide1 & occasionally long]4 ,! r[s ( knots are g5]ally press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is conceal$ at back4 ,w>p1 g5]ally wool1 occasionally cotton4 ,! sep>ate ?reads are n /rung closely toge!r4 ,ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at ! back4 ,weft1 g5]ally wool1 b (t5 cotton4 ,9 "s pieces a ?read ( weft ( m$ium diamet] crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots2 n infrequ5tly x crosses bo? twice & ?ree times 9 ! same piece2 r>ely a ?read ( co>se diamet] crosses only once4 ,pile1 wool ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 a d\ble selvage ( two or ?ree cords1 or occasionally a d\ble ov]ca/+4 ,bo? ends h a web1 frequ5tly a knott$ selvage1 & a w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 mod]ately loose4 ,weave at back is ( m$ium gra94 ,usual l5g?1 five to sev5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 "o half to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,lesghians4--,on ! nor!rn flank ( ! high m\nta9 ranges t ext5d ea/w>d f ,kazbek into ! prov9ce ( ,daghe/an1 live ! num]\s tribes class$ z ,lesghians4 ,_! diff]5t dialects & languages w\ld indicate unrelat$ orig9s2 b _! common religion1 mode ( life1 & /ruggle = lib]ty h e/abli%$ betwe5 all ( !m /rong bonds ( sympa?y4 ,!y are nom9ally ,*ri/ians1 b ess5tially ,mohamm$ans4 ,mo/ ( !m live 9 almo/ inaccessible spots1 b5ea? ! sn[ cov]$1 glaciat$ ridges1 & beside fi]ce fl[+ torr5ts1 :]e on occasions !y h conv]t$ _! homes into almo/ impregnable =tresses4 ,^! are ! p :o unit$ ) ! ,circassians 9 ! long-cont9u$ /ruggle aga9/ ! ,russian ,empire1 & foll[$ ,%amyl to repeat$ victory among ! m\nta9 defiles4 ,x might naturally be expect$ t ! rugs ( su* p w\ld p>take ( a "* totally di/9ct f ^? wov5 9 ! sunny atmosph]e ( ,kirman1 amid ! sacr$ influ5ces ( ,me%$1 or among ! peaceful hills ( ,ghiordes4 ,su*1 9 fact1 is ! case1 s9ce bo? patt]ns & col\r+ display extreme simplicity1 z well z /r5g? & beauty4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ^! rugs are ( mod]ate size & slightly oblong2 & are flexible yet /\t4 ,bo? w>p & weft are ( f9e br[n wool2 & z is r>ely ! case ) any o!r ,caucasian rugs except+ ! ,%u%as1 "o ( ! two ?reads ( w>p encircl$ by a knot is (t5 almo/ d\bl$ b5ea? ! o!r4 ,! knott$ fr+e ( ! ends sugge/s ! "w ( tribes liv+ fur!r we/w>d1 b ! selvage ( ! sides %[s relation%ip to ! ,daghe/ans4 ,! patt]ns ( "s ( ^! rugs are n unlike ^? ( rugs wov5 s\? ( ! ,caucasus2 & n infrequ5tly ! fields conta9 unrelat$ designs su* z ! loz5ge fr+$ ) hooks1 ! octagonal disc1 eight-po9t$ />s1 & ,s =ms4 ,! bord]s usually consi/ ( two or ?ree /ripes1 on :i* is "s geometric patt]n4 ,! col\rs are few & *>act]i/ic4 ,blue & yell[ are g5]ally pres5t1 & frequ5tly r$ & br[n4 ,on ! :ole1 ^! pieces h an int]e/+ individuality unlike t ( any o!r rugs4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 blue1 yell[1 r$1 br[n1 & ivory4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to n9e2 p]p5dicul>ly1 six to elev54 ,! r[s ( knots are firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is almo/ hidd5 at back4 ,w>p1 br[n wool2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is depress$ bel[ ! o!r at back1 or d\bl$ "u ! o!r4 ,weft1 wool ( m$ium diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 usually ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 an add$ selvage1 :i* is g5]ally wool b occasionally cotton1 ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r cords4 ,bo? ends1 a web1 two or ?ree r[s ( knots1 & a w>p fr+e4 ,9 "s pieces !re is also a braid$ selvage4 ,texture1 firm4 ,weave at back is ( slightly co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 five to eight feet4 ,usual wid?1 "o half to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,*i*is4--,on ! l[] slope ( ! ,caucasus1 ext5d+ d[n into ! valley ( ! ,t]ek are ! homes ( ! ,t*e*5s1 ! weav]s ( pieces s (t5 spok5 ( z ,*i*is4 ,beyond !m to ! nor? are great /ret*es ( ,russian /eppes1 & to ! s\? is ! l& ( ! h>dy ,lesghians4 ,nev]!less1 _! rugs %[ little relation%ip to ! "w ( ! latt] or ( any o!r tribes to ! nor? ( ! m\nta9 *a92 b resemble m closely ! "w ( ! ,%irvans 9 ! valley ( ! ,kur1 s t n infrequ5tly !y are mi/ak5 = !m4 ,inde$1 _! g5]al "* is remote f any?+ b>b>ic1 & is m 9 keep+ ) ! pleas+ effect ( ! ,p]sian s5se ( h>mony4 ,all floral =ms are conv5tionalis$1 b ! geometric designs h a delicacy ( draw+1 a ref9em5t ( detail1 f :i* e j>r+ note is elim9at$4 ,l almo/ all weav]s1 ! ,t*e*5s adopt diff]5t patt]ns4 ,on ! field ( "s ( ! rugs is a pl5tiful array ( small devices surr\nd+ two or ?ree l>ge geometric figures2 or aga9 ! field may be cov]$ ) pe> designs arrang$ 9 regul> ord]2 b mo/ ( ! rugs n[ se5 foll[ a common type4 ,9 ?is ! field resembles a floor inlaid ) beautiful mosaic "w1 =m$ ( c>efully cut /ones ( v>i\s hues1 /udi\sly arrang$ 9 ! =m ( small diamonds1 eight-po9t$ />s1 or rosettes4 ,n infrequ5tly ! rosettes are outl9$ by a fret device surr\nd+ a c5tral />4 ,!y are inv>iably arrang$ 9 l9es p>allel to ! ends ( ! rugs1 & ?is horizontal effect is sometimes acc5tuat$ by ins]t+ betwe5 ea* r[ n>r[ b&s compos$ ( conv5tionalis$ leaves4 ,! col\rs ( ^! small designs are g5]ally ivory1 light blue1 pale yell[1 or r$2 & appe> m pron\nc$ by contra/ ) ! und]ly+ gr\nd ( light blue4 ,n[ & !n ! nomadic in/9ct ( ! ,t*e*5 tribes1 :o lead _! flocks regul>ly f ! gre5 pa/ures ( ! ridges to ! valley ( ! ,t]ek1 crops out 9 unrelat$ devices su* z combs & ,s =ms1 :i* !y weave 9 ! field4 ,b !y usually arrange !m s z to h>monise ) ! ma9 patt]n1 or else place !m ne> ! sides & ends1 :i* are almo/ inv>iably fr+$ ) ei!r a s]rat$ l9e or a r[ ( reciprocal trefoils project+ f ! bord] into ! field4 ,?is feature ( a reciprocal trefoil employ$ z a fr+e to ! edges ( a field indep5d5tly ( ! l9es ( a /ripe1 is se5 9 v few o!r classes4 ,(t5 ! bord]s1 :i* conta9 a l>ge numb] ( /ripes1 are z wide z ! c5tral field1 ) :i* !y h>monise bo? 9 col\r & design4 ,!re is some?+ *a/e 9 ! simplicity ( ! geometric figures ( ! second>y /ripes & ( ! conv5tionalis$ floral draw+ ( ! ma9 /ripe4 ,! latt]1 z repres5t$ 9 ! type g5]ally se5 7,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #f1 opp4 ,page #bbf71 consi/s ( a r[ ( ab\t eight rosettes1 connect$ by an angul> v9e drawn ) su* bread? & regul>ity z to resemble a numb] ( p>allel b>s diagonal to ! sides4 ,9 fact1 ?is patt]n w\ld be entirely geometric 7 x n = ! ?ree-cleft leaves1 :i* spr+ f opposite sides ( ! rosettes4 ,( ! second>y /ripes1 ! out] almo/ inv>iably has ! reciprocal trefoil1 & "o has frequ5tly a cont9u\s l9e ( eight-po9t$ />s4 ,! ar* ( ! pray] rugs is simil> to t ( ,daghe/ans4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally ivory1 blue1 & r$1 ) m9or quantities ( gre5 & br[n4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally sev5 to t52 p]p5dicul>ly1 eight to twelve4 ,! r[s ( knots are n firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p may be se5 at back4 ,w>p1 wool2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 wool1 ( m$ium diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 ( %ort or m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree to five /ripes4 ,sides1 g5]ally a d\ble ov]ca/+1 b occasionally a d\ble selvage ( two or ?ree cords4 ,bo? ends1 a web1 "o r[ ( knots or m1 & a w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 mod]ately firm4 ,weave at back is ( m$ium gra94 ,usual l5g?1 f\r & "o half to six & "o half feet4 ,usual wid?1 five eigh?s to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dg4 ,,kazak ,,pray] ,,rug ,,t*]kess4--,! n>r[ /rip ( f]tile & beautiful c\ntry t rea*es f ! ,kuban valley s\?w>d along ! %ore ( ! ,black ,sea = a di/ance ( two hundr$ miles is occupi$ by a p kn[n to ! we/]n _w z ,circassians4 ,9 _! own l& !y are call$ 8,t*]kesses10 a ,t>t> t]m = 8cutt] ( roads0 or highwaym52 & !y h be5 9 ! habit ( speak+ ( !mselves z 8,adighies0 or ,nobles4 ,9 fact1 !re has be5 no pr\d] ,caucasian race1 ev5 ?\gh _! homes 7 (t5 log huts & _! daught]s 7 sold 9 ! m>kets ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,^! are ! p1 :o half a c5tury ago f9ally yield$ aft] a long1 fi]ce /ruggle = indep5d5ce2 b a hundr$ ?\s& families1 pref]r+ exile to submission to ! ,cz>1 migrat$ to ,arm5ia & ,asia ,m9or1 :]e !y int]m>ri$ ) o!r races1 & are rapidly los+ _! id5tity4 ,v few ( ! ,circassian or ,t*]kess rugs h be5 wov5 by ^? :o left _! c\ntry4 ,! be/ 7 made be=e ! exodus2 & on acc\nt ( ! h>d%ips & pov]ty ( ! p1 _m t h come to ! m>ket )9 rec5t ye>s are greatly inf]ior to ! excell5t pieces ( =m] times & are (t5 mi/ak5 = ! "w ( nomadic tribes4 ,n only s1 b crude & =eign devices h crept into "s ( !m4 ,x is1 !re=e1 to ! old] pieces t we mu/ turn = a bett] und]/&+ ( ?is class4 ,some?+ ( ! rugg$ness ( lives sp5t 9 /ruggles ) m5 & nature f\nd expression 9 ! fabrics1 :i* %[ firmness ( texture1 boldness ( design1 ri*ness ( col\r4 ,9 fact !y resemble ! ,kazaks s closely 9 _! long nap1 & f9i% ( sides & ends t !y are con/antly mi/ak5 = !m2 yet !y may be di/+ui%$ f all classes by ! l>ge am\nt ( br[ni% r$ or tawny col\r ( ! field & _! /]eotyp$ patt]ns4 ,^! usually consi/ ( diamond-%ap$ figures sometimes call$ 8sun-bur/s10 t are (t5 reg>d$ z crude copies ( ! ,russian coat ( arms2 b !re is little d\bt t !y h be5 d]iv$ f ! m$allions ( "s old ,arm5ian rugs ( ! ,,xiv & ,,xv ,c5turies1 9 :i* also appe> ! same tri-cleft leaves s common 9 bo? ?is class & ! ,s\maks4 ,^! patt]ns are suffici5tly l>ge to occupy ! full bread? ( ! field2 & !re are seldom less ?an two & occasionally z _m z f\r or five ext5d+ f "o end to ! o!r4 ,! /rong contra/ betwe5 ! blue & ivory ( ! figures & ! r$ or tawny col\r ( ! gr\nd is s(t5$ by ! dep? ( pile1 :i* 9 turn adds w>m? & ri*ness4 ,! bord]s are always ( ?ree /ripes4 ,! ma9 "o almo/ inv>iably has ! t>antula design & is enclos$ by gu>ds ) ! s]rat$ sawtoo? design4 ,_m ( ^! old pieces are excell5tly wov5 & h a dignity ( patt]n & weal? ( h>moni\s col\r r>ely se5 9 nomadic rugs4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$ & tawny yell[1 ) m9or quantities ( blue & :ite4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to n9e2 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to t54 ,a half knot1 z x appe>s at back1 is z long z wide or long]4 ,! r[s ( knots are firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p does n %[ at back4 ,w>p1 wool2 g5]ally ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back1 occasionally "o is depress$ bel[ ! o!r4 ,weft1 wool ( m$ium diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft usually crosses only twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots1 b 9 "s pieces z _m z f\r or six times4 ,pile1 wool ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 a two-cord d\ble selvage4 ,bo? ends1 z a rule h a web1 a heavy braid$ selvage1 & knott$ w>p fr+e2 occasionally ei!r web or selvage may be omitt$4 ,texture1 v firm4 ,weave at back ( m$ium gra94 ,usual l5g?1 five to t5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 "o half to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,bakus4--,no o!r rugs ( ,caucasia h great] individuality ( col\r & design ?an ! ,bakus4 ,?is1 p]haps1 is p>tly due to ! fact t ! di/rict f :i* !y come is dissimil> to any o!r4 ,x consi/s l>gely ( ! p59sula ( scanty vegetation1 :]e ! great m\nta9 *a9 ext5ds to ! dre>y ,caspian1 leav+ at its base ! n>r[ /rip ( l& n[ fam\s = its imm5se accumulations ( m9]al oil4 ,hi!r1 dur+ ! pa/1 ! foll[]s ( ,zoroa/] h come f all directions to wor%ip 9 ! temple ( ! ,guebres1 :]e day & night ! prie/s wat*$ ! blue flame t rose p]petually f ! gr\nd1 & once 9 long int]vals spread ov] ! wat]s l a sea ( fire4 ,?is sacr$ spot has be5 own$ 9 turn by ,s>ac5s1 ,p]sians1 ,turks1 ,russians1 & ! ,pr9ces ( ,%irvan2 s t ! influ5ces ( diff]5t religions & diff]5t races h be5 felt "h4 ,! mo/ noticeable feature ( _m ( ^! rugs is _! dull col\rs1 t give ! impression ( be+ p>tly blea*$ or hav+ fad$4 ,!re are subdu$ tones ( light blue1 tan1 pale o*]\s yell[1 & black1 z well z light1 m$ium1 & d>k br[n col\rs ( natural wool2 b 9 ! rugs wov5 a c5tury ago ! col\rs 7 mu* ri*]4 ,none ( !m are us$ 9 l>ge masses except+ = ! und]gr\nd2 nor are !re /rik+ contra/s1 s t ! effect is some:at monoton\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,col\r ,,plate ,,viii--,,s\mak ,,rug ,! %ape1 col\r+1 & p>ticul>ly ! patt]n ( ?is int]e/+ ,s\mak1 :i* 0 probably wov5 sev5ty-five or m ye>s ago1 n only are unusual b belong to a high] type ?an is (t5 se54 ,arrang$ 9 diagonal r[s on a field ( r$ are fl[]+ bu%es1 t = ! mo/ "p are blue & p9k1 b at "o end are gre51 yell[1 & br[n4 ,! accurate draw+ ( ^! bu%es & ( ! reciprocal trefoils ( ! gu>d /ripes1 ! c>e ) :i* ! /it*es h be5 ins]t$1 & ! f9e texture ( ! wool1 z is %[n ev5 9 ! cream-:ite w>p at ! knott$ ends1 alike proclaim ! excell5t quality ( ?is r>e piece4 ,loan$ by ,mr4 ,!odore ,s4 ,hawley ,an equally important *>act]i/ic is ! l>ge numb] ( pe> designs1 :i* are unlike ^? ( any o!r rug4 ,^! designs 7,plate ,o1 ,fig4 #f;b1 ,page #bia7 are s rectangul> t !y h lo/ all resemblance to floral draw+2 & to add to _! =mality1 ea* is plac$ 9 ! field ) /udi$ regul>ity & (t5 surr\nd$ by a delicate hexagonal %ap$ sub-patt]n giv+ a diap] effect4 ,sometimes1 also1 !y appe> 9 ! bord] betwe5 an array ( o!r designs1 to :i* !y %[ no relation2 b !y nev] con/itute ! sole feature ( ! rug z !y d 9 ,s>ab5ds4 ,at ! c5tre ( ! field is (t5 a />-%ap$ design surr\nd$ by a l>ge diamond or o!r figure fr+$ ) radiat+ l9es4 ,^! l9es sugge/ ! effulg5ce ( light2 & x is n improbable t _! orig9 lay 9 ! my/icism ( fire wor%ip4 ,9 s$jadehs ! corn]s are set (f by quadrants ( octagons1 ( :i* ! diagonal sides are s]rat$ & frequ5tly fr+$ ) radiat+ l9es l ! c5tral m$allions4 ,?r\gh\t bo? corn]s & fields (t5 appe> eight-po9t$ & effulg5t />s1 ! ?ree-cleft leaf1 ,s designs1 crude human & animal =ms1 & o!r small geometric devices l ^? se5 9 ,daghe/ans & ,%irvans4 ,b m noticeable ?an any ( ^! are ! reali/ic b me*anically drawn birds1 :i* are repres5t$ 9 l>g] numb]s & m frequ5tly ?an 9 any o!r rugs wov5 )9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,! bord]s conta9 f ?ree to five /ripes1 ( :i* "o at lea/ is always geometric2 & ano!r1 z a rule1 has "s sugge/ion ( floral =m4 ,(t5 x is only ! c>nation 9 pr(ile2 b n[ & !n x is a runn+ v9e ) leaf or fl[]1 adopt$ )\t modification f ,p]sian rugs4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 surpris+1 :5 x is rememb]$ t dur+ ! reign ( ,%ah ,abbas1 ,baku belong$ to ,p]sia1 :i* = c5turies _h be5 ! home ( dev\t ,p>sees1 "s ( :om und\bt$ly made pilgrimages to ! sacr$ temple4 ,^! rugs c at once be recognis$ by _! %ort nap1 & _! *>act]i/ic col\rs & designs4 ,!y are always int]e/+ on acc\nt ( _! m>k$ individuality & ! /ill unsolv$ symbols ( ,zoroa/rian my/icism !y may conta92 b 9 spite ( ! c>eful del9eation ( ! design & ! delicate mosaic effect ( ! c5tral m$allions1 v few1 except+ ! old pieces1 are h&some4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally br[n1 tan1 blue1 yell[1 & black4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to n9e2 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to elev54 ,! r[s ( knots are firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p does n %[ at back4 ,w>p1 wool2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is g5]ally equally prom95t at back1 occasionally "o is depress$ slightly bel[ ! o!r4 ,weft1 usually cotton1 sometimes wool1 ( m$ium diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 clipp$ %ort4 ,bord]1 ?ree to five /ripes4 ,sides1 a weft ov]ca/+ or a n>r[ weft selvage4 ,bo? ends1 a web1 "o r[ ( knots or m1 & a w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 mod]ately firm4 ,weave at back is ( slightly co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 six to n9e feet4 ,usual wid?1 "o half to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,%irvans4--,betwe5 ! rugs ( ,%irvan & ,daghe/an is a relation%ip easily acc\nt$ = by ! fact t !y are adjo9+ prov9ces1 & t almo/ ! only approa* to ,daghe/an = ! ,asiatic races among :om ! art ( weav+ rea*$ its highe/ developm5t 0 ?r\gh ,%irvan4 ,bo? di/ricts1 !re=e1 receiv$ ideas f ! same s\rces2 b s9ce ,%irvan has be5 at times m completely "u ! sway ( ,p]sia1 x has yield$ m readily to ! influ5ce ( ! ,p]sian weav]s1 z is obs]vable 9 ! fl[] & foliate =ms :i* are us$ m frequ5tly & are drawn m reali/ically 9 its rugs ?an 9 ^? ( ,daghe/an4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! te*nique ( weave z well z f9i% ( sides & ends 9 ! ,%irvans lacks some?+ ( ! ref9em5t obs]vable 9 ! ,daghe/ans4 ,! olde/ exi/+ ,%irvans are absorb+ly int]e/+4 ,9 !m ! foliate =ms are m noticeable ?an 9 almo/ any o!r ,caucasian rugs1 ?\gh !y may 9 a measure be disguis$ by =mal treatm5t4 ,sometimes !y appe> z l>ge figures cov]+ a great "p ( ! field & act+ z sub-patt]ns = sup]impos$ small] devices2 b !y are mo/ frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! bord]s4 ,o!r old pieces conta9 lattice-"w ( hexagonal-%ap$ diap] patt]ns1 )9 :i* may be designs ab\nd+ 9 lat*-hooks & figures /rongly sugge/ive ( ,*9ese devices4 ,su* patt]ns1 h[ev]1 are unusual2 z ! fields ( mo/ old ,%irvans are cov]$ ) l>ge m$allions1 />s1 & diamonds simil> to ^? ( ,daghe/ans1 al?\gh ! draw+ incl9es to great] simplicity ( outl9e & detail2 & !y h great] div]sity ( col\r1 z tones ( blue1 r$1 gre51 & br[n 9 a field ( ivory are n unusual4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dh4 ,,kazak ,,rug ,! patt]ns ( ! m mod]n rugs h become corrupt$ into a m]e me*anical copy+ ( conv5tional =ms lack+ all arti/ic _s4 ,"s ( !m resemble ^? f\nd 9 bo? ,daghe/ans & ,kabi/ans1 b g5]ally ! designs are drawn less cle>ly 9 ,%irvans4 ,?is is p>tly because1 z a rule1 !y are n s closely wov5 & ! nap is n q s %ort4 ,n[ & !n ! l>ge m$allions s common to ,s\maks are se52 & n infrequ5tly ! field is cov]$ ) diagonal p>allel /ripes on :i* are small geometric devices4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o patt]n peculi> to ,%irvans t r>ely1 if ev]1 is adopt$ 9 any o!r class4 ,x has some:at ! appe>ance ( pole m$allions & consi/s ( a panel t occupies ne>ly ! :ole field & conta9s broad incisions at ea* side1 :i* ne>ly divide x into ?ree or f\r rectangul> sections4 ,)9 ea* ( !m are octagonal figures1 & an octagonal %ape is giv5 to bo? ends ( ! panel s z to leave small corn]s to ! field4 ,ea* "p (t5 conta9s small designs su* z lat*-hooks1 octagonal discs1 ,s =ms1 eight-po9t$ />s1 & combs1 z well z crudely drawn dogs & o!r animal or human =ms4 ,) slight modifications ?is patt]n is sometimes repeat$ 9 ! pray] rugs 7,plate ,c1 ,fig4 #aa1 ,page #fa71 b ! section at "o end is m completely an octagon1 & ! rema9d] is an oblong rectangle4 ,a m usual patt]n = pray] rugs has ! same =m ( ar* t is common 9 ,daghe/ans4 ,:atev] ! fields ( ^! rugs may lack 9 delicacy ( draw+ is amply comp5sat$ = by ! div]sity & beauty ( "s ( _! bord]s1 :i* h a well balanc$ h>mony ( col\rs4 ,!y h seldom less ?an ?ree1 nor m ?an five /ripes1 ( :i* ! second>y are (t5 z int]e/+ z ! prim>y4 ,! be/ kn[n is ! "o ) s]rat$ leaf & w9e glass1 repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #a1 opp4 ,page #bbf1 :i* is f\nd 9 su* a l>ge p]c5tage ( ,%irvans t x is almo/ typical ( !m4 ,if ! figures ( ! field conta9 lat*-hooks1 !y are v apt to be express$ 9 "s =m 9 ! prim>y /ripe4 ,su* a "o appe>s 9 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #b2 & ! beautiful ,georgian patt]n 7,plate ,j1 ,fig4 #i1 opp4 ,page #bbh7 is also occasionally se54 ,a v mu* r>] /ripe1 :i* is %[n 9 ,plate ,j1 ,fig4 #h1 is only us$ :5 ! field has a l>ge c5tral panel ) a correspond+ patt]n4 ,n[ & !n appe>s a /ripe ) no o!r ornam5tation ?an a =mal r[ ( pe> designs4 ,( ! second>y /ripes1 ! "o ) ! designs ( c>nations 7,plate ,k1 ,fig4 #a1 opp4 ,page #bcj7 is v frequ5tly se51 b its beauty dep5ds l>gely ^u ! delicacy ( its draw+ & col\r s*eme4 ,on ! :ole1 ! ,%irvan dy] displays a wid] scope 9 ! selection ( col\rs ?an 8 ,daghe/an neighb\r1 b ! tones are n always s ri* or h>moni\s4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally blue1 r$1 & ivory4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally sev5 to twelve2 p]p5dicul>ly1 eight to twelve4 ,! r[s ( knots are firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! transv]se w>p does n %[ at back4 ,w>p1 wool2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 g5]ally wool1 occasionally cotton1 ( m$ium or co>se diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 ( %ort or m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree to five /ripes4 ,sides1 g5]ally a weft selvage ( two or ?ree cords or a d\ble selvage1 occasionally a d\ble ov]ca/+4 ,bo? ends1 a web1 "o r[ ( knots or m1 & a w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 slightly loose4 ,weave at back is mod]ately co>se4 ,usual l5g?1 f\r to six feet4 ,usual wid?1 "o half to f\r fif?s l5g?4 ,,s\maks4--,sev5ty miles to ! nor?we/ ( ,baku1 & ab\t ! same di/ance to ! s\? ( ,kuba1 :]e ! high ranges ( ! ,caucasus beg9 to desc5d to ! sea1 is ! city ( ,%emakha4 ,x 0 almo/ de/roy$ by ,nadir ,%ah1 b recov]$ suffici5tly )9 ! la/ c5tury to become ! capital ( ,%irvan & a manufactur+ c5tre ( silks4 ,x is ! m>ket place = _m tribes f ! m\nta9s ( ,daghe/an & ! valley ( ! ,kur1 :o take ?i!r _! rugs1 f :i* its own weav]s (t5 borr[ patt]ns4 ,by a corruption ( ! "n ( ! city1 _! fabrics are call$ ,s\maks1 ?\gh !y are m popul>ly kn[n z ,ka%mirs1 because ends ( y>n hang loosely at ! back1 z is ! case ) ! beautiful %awls ( ! not$ valley ( ,india4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #di4 ,,k>abagh ,,pray] ,,rug ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ! f9i% at ! back & ! abs5ce ( pile t make !m s diff]5t f all o!r rugs & place !m 9 a class by !mselves2 b ev5 ap>t f ^! *>act]i/ics1 !y are z di/9ct a type z any 9 ,caucasia4 ,on ! fields ( mo/ ( !m are ?ree or f\r diamond-%ap$ m$allions1 t occupy ne>ly ! full wid? ( ! field & ext5d f "o end to ! o!r4 ,almo/ )\t exception !y are slightly hexagonal1 & are incis$ on ! diagonal sides to repres5t crosses4 ,^! patt]ns are d\btless d]iv$ f v old ,arm5ian rugs2 & x is possible t once ! crosses _h a religi\s significance1 z x is claim$ t ! e>li] weav]s ( ?is type 7 a ,*ri/ian sect2 b ! pres5t weav]s are mo/ly ,mohamm$ans4 ,at ! c5tre ( ! m$allions & 9 ! triangul> spaces at ! sides are flatt5$ octagons1 :i* are g5]ally ornam5t$ ) "s />-%ap$ devices4 ,sup]impos$ on ^! l>g] patt]ns & surr\nd+ !m on ! field1 are also _m small designs1 :i* z a rule are gr\p$ ) a regul>ity sugge/ive ( ! mosaic4 ,"s are common to o!r ,caucasian pieces2 b a few are m frequ5tly se5 9 ?is class ?an 9 any o!r1 z = in/ance1 ! knot ( de/9y 7,plate ,o1 ,fig4 #ag1 ,page #bia71 & ! tri-cleft leaf1 drawn l a bird's claw1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,arm5ian rugs at lea/ five c5turies ago4 ,sometimes ! m$allions & octagons are replac$ by small] & m ornate figures1 b ! geometric "* is seldom entirely lo/4 ,!re are also "s old pieces ) a totally diff]5t patt]n1 & ) f9e col\rs t are mo/ pleas+ 9 ! ri* h>mony ( tones4 ,!y may conta9 geometric1 foliate1 or floral designs4 ,"o rec5tly exam9$ _h a field ( rose r$ completely cov]$ ) diagonal r[s ( innum]able da9ty figures1 :i* 7 evid5tly ! conv5tionalis$ =ms ( small fl[] bu%es4 ,n a s+le o!r design appe>$ 9 ! field1 yet ! ri*ness ( col\r & *a/5ess ( patt]n made x exce$+ly beautiful4 ,! patt]ns ( ! bord] /ripes1 t numb] f two to five1 are g5]ally di/9ctive2 ?\gh occasionally !y foll[ well kn[n ,caucasian draw+4 ,! out] "o has s frequ5tly ! runn+ lat*-hook t x is almo/ typical4 ,z a rule1 x has ! simple =m %[n 9 ,plate ,k1 ,fig4 #bj 7opp4 ,page #bcj72 b n[ & !n ! m elaborate draw+ ( ! ,georgian /ripe 7,plate ,j1 ,fig4 #i1 opp4 ,page #bbh7 is foll[$4 ,sometimes ?is is replac$ by ! reciprocal trefoil1 :i* is us$ also = ! inn] /ripe2 & a runn+ v9e & rosette1 su* z ! "o 9 ,plate ,k1 ,fig4 #d1 is n infrequ5tly us$ = a second>y /ripe4 ,! prim>y /ripes1 on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh mo/ dissimil> to ^? ( o!r rugs1 diff] s widely among !mselves1 t no "o is typical4 ,sep>at+ ^! prim>y & second>y p>ts ( ! bord] are frequ5tly n>r[ l9es ) ! b>b]-pole device4 ,! old pieces are ( f9e texture & excell5t wool1 :i* ev5 9 ! w>p displays a silky "*4 ,! dyes are faultless1 ?\gh ! col\rs nev] acquire a lu/re4 ,r$ & blue are l>gely employ$1 b !y are p>tly replac$ by br[n 9 ! m mod]n pieces2 & 9 bo? old & mod]n is usually an orange yell[ t r>ely appe>s 9 o!r ,caucasian rugs4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$1 blue1 br[n1 "s yell[1 & :ite4 ,knot1 flat /it*4 ,knots to in* horizontally eight to f\rte52 p]p5dicul>ly1 six to sixte54 ,w>p1 wool2 ea* ?read is equally prom95t at ! back4 ,weft1 wool1 ( f9e or m$ium diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots 9 old rugs1 & betwe5 e second & ?ird r[ 9 mod]n rugs4 ,bord]1 two to five /ripes4 ,sides1 g5]ally a d\ble selvage ( sev]al cords1 occasionally an ov]ca/+4 ,bo? ends1 n>r[ web1 "o or m r[s ( knots & fr+e2 sometimes heavy add$ selvage4 ,no nap4 ,usual l5g?1 five & "o half to twelve feet4 ,usual wid?1 "o half to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,%emakhas4--,flatly wov5 ,s\maks are n ! only rugs ( ! ,%emakha tribes4 ,"s ( ! same p1 :o dwell among ! ranges ( ! ,caucasus a %ort di/ance to ! nor?1 make rugs ( pile t occasionally surpass 9 quality ( mat]ial & beauty ( col\r s*eme ! be/ ( ,daghe/ans1 & are sometimes spok5 ( by deal]s z 8,royal ,daghe/ans20 yet !y are seldom se5 & little kn[n4 ,9 fact1 !y are frequ5tly mi/ak5 = ,p]sian fabrics on acc\nt ( ! subdu$ ri*ness ( _! deep r$s1 blues1 gre5s1 yell[s1 & br[ns1 & ! patt]ns :i* are l>gely floral4 ,v (t5 ! pr9cipal bord] /ripe is ! well-kn[n ,georgian patt]n1 t occurs 9 s _m ,s\maks1 ev5 ?\gh ! second>y /ripe be "s ,p]sian patt]n4 ,^! rugs also resemble ! ,s\maks 9 ! col\r$ wooll5 selvage ( ! sides1 & 9 ! n>r[ col\r$ web ( 8h]r+-bone0 weave & knott$ fr+e ( ! ends4 ,9 "s1 ! field is divid$ by diagonal b>s into l>ge diamond-%ap$ figures conta9+ conv5tionalis$ fl[]s2 9 o!rs1 x is m]ely a backgr\nd ov] :i* are /rewn m reali/ically drawn floral =ms2 & 9 all is express$ an arti/ic p]ception ( design & col\r n frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,caucasian pieces4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally blue1 r$1 & br[n4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally sev5 to elev52 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to ?irte54 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is almo/ hidd54 ,w>p1 wool2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is depress$ bel[ ! o!r at back4 ,weft1 wool1 ( f9e or m$ium diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 two to ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 a blue selvage ( two or ?ree cords4 ,bo? ends1 a n>r[ blue web ( 8h]r+-bone0 weave1 a knott$ selvage or sev]al r[s ( knots1 & %ort w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 slightly firm4 ,weave at back is ( mod]ately f9e gra94 ,usual l5g?1 f\r to eight feet4 ,usual wid?1 two fif?s to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,tiflis4--,:5 x is consid]$ t = c5turies ,tiflis has be5 ! ,georgian capital1 :]e culture & art receiv$ m enc\ragem5t ?an 9 ! prov9ces2 t x 0 9 con/ant communication ) ! rug-produc+ c\ntries on all sides2 & 0 on "o ( ! great highways betwe5 ,p]sia & ,europe1 x is surpris+ t :at has be5 writt5 hi!rto ab\t ,caucasian rugs has conta9$ almo/ no ref]5ce to a type peculi> to ?is city & di/rict4 ,?is is und\bt$ly due to ! fact t )9 rec5t ye>s h>dly any rugs h be5 produc$ !re1 & t ! old pieces are few & b little kn[n4 ,nev]!less1 n[ & !n come to light beautiful old rugs :i* are dissimil> to ^? ( all o!r classes4 ,! wool ( _! mod]ately long nap has a silk9ess t sugge/s a ,%iraz or a ,me%$2 ! col\r s*eme includes a v wide range ( bright & positive tones1 su* z blue1 gre51 rose1 & ivory2 ! weave ( delicate & f9e ?reads is z close z t ( old ,b]gamos4 ,a glance at ! ends & back helps to det]m9e ! type2 = ! w>p is occasionally ( cotton1 :i* is a peculi>ity n se5 9 _m o!r ,caucasian classes2 ! weft :i* crosses f ?ree to five times is ( v f9ely spun wool mo/ly dy$ a br[n or dull r$1 & /rung ) great exactness2 & ! knots are ti$ ) c>e4 ,!re is also some?+ di/9ctive 9 _m ( ! patt]ns2 = h[ev] int]e/+ !y may be1 precision ( draw+ is (t5 comb9$ ) discordance ( detail4 ,"o "p ( ! field1 = in/ance1 may consi/ ( a well execut$ diap] patt]n2 ano!r "p may repres5t a numb] ( /iff1 p]p5dicul>1 p>allel b>s1 occupy+ ! full wid? ( ! field2 & /ill ano!r "p may be entirely occupi$ by hexagonal-%ap$ pe> designs4 ,adjo9+ ^! may be o!r pe> designs ( totally dissimil> %ape z well z my/ic symbols & o!r /range devices4 ,likewise1 _m diff]5t col\rs may be plac$ 9 close relation1 yet ! wool is s s(t & ! tones s delicate t ! effect is n h>%4 ,"s sort ( tree-=m is n unusual2 b on ! :ole1 ! designs ( bo? field & bord] are geometric4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally blue & r$1 ) m9or quantities ( yell[1 gre51 & br[n4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to t52 p]p5dicul>ly1 six to t54 ,a half knot1 z x appe>s at back1 is z long z wide or long]4 ,! r[s ( knots are firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p does n %[ at back4 ,w>p1 g5]ally wool1 occasionally cotton2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 wool1 ( f9e diamet]1 usually dy$ r$ or br[n4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses f ?ree to five times betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 s(t wool ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree to five /ripes4 ,sides1 a d\ble ov]ca/+ or n>r[ selvage4 ,bo? ends1 a web & w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 firm4 ,weave at back is ( mod]ately f9e gra94 ,usual l5g?1 six to elev5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree eigh?s to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,kutais4--,among a l>ge assortm5t ( ,caucasian rugs are occasionally se5 a few pieces f ,kutais1 once fam$ z ! home ( ,m$ia1 & n[ ! capital ( ,im]itia4 ,! g>d5s surr\nd+ its homes1 t l9e bo? banks ( ! riv] ,rion1 are fragrant ) lilacs & roses2 9 ! valley beyond ! city1 p9k rhodod5drons & yell[ azaleas blossom b5ea? ! oaks4 ,"h is woodl& sc5]y n f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ,caucasia1 & x might be expect$ t ! weav+s ( ! p w\ld h a /rik+ individuality ( _! own2 b !y are little kn[n z a di/9ct class4 ,9 fact1 !y be> su* a resemblance to ! ,kazaks t !y are con/antly mi/ak5 = !m2 ?\gh z a rule !y h a m oblong %ape & some:at %ort] nap2 !y are less /\tly wov51 less b>b>ic1 & conta9 few] crude1 nomadic devices4 ,moreov]1 z ?is di/rict 0 produc+ rugs be=e ! ,cossacks _h settl$ p]man5tly 9 ,s\!rn ,caucasia1 x is n improbable t "s ( its patt]ns 7 copi$ by !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ej4 ,,g5gha ,,rug ,a peculi>ity ( ?is class is ! draw+ ( ! pe> designs1 :i* are f\nd 9 a v l>ge numb] ( ! rugs4 ,! ext5sion ( ! n>r[] end1 in/ead ( be+ a %ort1 curv$ hook1 is g5]ally m develop$1 s t x may be z long z ! major axis ( ! pe> & frequ5tly /&s almo/ at "r angles to x4 ,also atta*$ to ! sides ( ! pe> are rectangul> bead-l processes 7,plate ,o1 ,fig4 #f;c1 ,page #bia74 ,9 _m ( ^! rugs1 ! field is divid$ into a numb] ( b&s p>allel ) ! sides2 & ?r\gh !m run v9es1 f :i* ! pe>s are susp5d$4 ,or ! pe>s may be arrang$ 9 regul> ord] on ! field )\t ! b&s & v9es4 ,sometimes ! field is r$uc$ to a v small space by a broad bord] consi/+ ( a numb] ( /ripes1 "s ( :i* are (t5 ( /rik+ patt]ns4 ,"o ( !m is repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #ae 7opp4 ,page #bbf71 :i* sugge/s ! grape v9e common to ! g>d5s ( ,kutais4 ,"s =m ( ! tree ( life & floral =ms are also se5 9 old pieces4 ,a resemblance exi/s betwe5 ! weave ( ,kutais & ,tiflis rugs1 z 9 ea* ! weft usually crosses sev]al times2 x is g5]ally col\r$ blue or r$1 & is =m$ ( f9e ?reads ( y>n4 ,! wool ( ! nap is ( ! same f9e quality2 b ! w>p ( ! ,kutais rugs1 :i* is almo/ inv>iably ( wool1 frequ5tly consi/s ( a br[n & :ite ?read twi/$ toge!r2 & ! knots are ti$ less ev5ly1 s t ! alignm5t at ! back is a little m irregul>1 yet less s ?an 9 ,kazaks4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$1 blue1 & :ite1 ) m9or quantities ( yell[1 br[n1 & black4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally five to n9e2 p]p5dicul>ly1 six to elev54 ,a half knot1 z x appe>s at back1 is z long z wide or long]4 ,! r[s ( knots are slightly press$ d[n4 ,! alignm5t is m ev5 ?an 9 ,kazaks4 ,w>p1 g5]ally wool1 occasionally cotton2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at ! back4 ,weft1 wool1 ( f9e or m$ium diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft usually crosses ?ree times1 occasionally only once1 & aga9 f\r or five times4 ,pile1 wool1 ( m$ium l5g? or long4 ,bord]1 ?ree to five /ripes4 ,sides1 ei!r a d\ble ov]ca/+1 or a d\ble selvage ( two or ?ree cords4 ,bo? ends1 a web & w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 mod]ately firm4 ,weave at back1 g5]ally ( m$ium f9e gra9 b occasionally co>se4 ,usual l5g?1 six to twelve feet4 ,usual wid?1 "o ?ird to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,kazaks4--,( ! w>like ,cossack tribes1 :i* 7 once /ation$ along ! s\!a/]n bord] ( ,russia to protect x f ! depradations ( ,caucasians1 a numb] settl$ p]man5tly 9 ,circassia1 & a few cross$ ! m\nta9s to ! high plateau ly+ betwe5 ,lake ,got*a & ,mt4 ,ar>at4 ,"h !y adopt$ m s$5t>y lives2 b !re /ill l+]s ! inh]it$ _s t g5]ations ago won = !m ! "n ,kazaks1 :i* d5otes to ! ,t>t>s1 f :om _m h d\btless sprung1 a ,m>aud]4 ,all ( ^! tribes weave2 b ! rugs se5 9 ?is c\ntry come pr9cipally f ! s\!rn di/rict1 :]e may also be f\nd ! fabrics ( o!r races su* z ,arm5ians1 ,t>t>s1 & ! native p4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,kazak weav+s are ( a mo/ di/9ct type1 to :i* ev5 ! small] ,kazakjes con=m4 ,!y h bright1 ri* col\rs1 ( :i* a lib]al am\nt ( gre5 is almo/ inv>iably pres5t1 ?\gh sp>+ly us$ 9 o!r ,caucasian rugs4 ,only ! ,t*]kess vie ) !m 9 ! l5g? ( ! nap2 & no o!r class has su* noticeable patt]ns ( incongru\s sizes & %apes4 ,!y h1 9 fact1 ! mo/ nomadic1 unconv5tional patt]ns ( all ?is nor!rn gr\p2 & 9 _! b>b>ic *>act]i/ics1 !y be> mu* ! same relation to o!r ,caucasian rugs z ^? ( ,we/]n ,kurdi% & ,yuruk tribes be> to ,p]sian & ,asia ,m9or pieces4 ,9 m>k$ contra/ to ! almo/ mosaic draw+ ( ,*i*is & _m ,daghe/ans1 ! ,kazaks %[ a tribal fondness = l>ge patt]ns4 ,sometimes ! field is divid$ into ?ree horizontal panels1 :i* may be entirely pla9 except = a simple design fr++ ! edges2 or z is m frequ5tly ! case1 x may be occupi$ by l>ge1 slightly elongat$ octagons1 )9 :i* are repres5t$ small] figures4 ,occupy+ almo/ ! entire field ( o!r pieces are l>ge patt]ns l m$allions1 p]fectly balanc$ ) ref]5ce to ! c5tre & subdivid$ into small sections1 ea* ( :i* conta9s individual motives4 ,a few ( ?is class1 also1 h ! 8sunbur/0 patt]n1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,t*]kess4 ,at lea/ half ! pieces n[ se5 are )\t any =mal patt]n1 b conta9 a het]og5e\s lot ( geometric designs *>act]i/ic ( nomadic weav+s2 b ev5 ^! are g5]ally arrang$ ) ! idea ( symmetrical balance4 ,= in/ance1 at ! c5tre may be a l>ge geometric figure surr\nd$ at equal di/ances by pairs ( small] & simil> figures4 ,n infrequ5tly ! draw+ ( ! upp] & l[] half1 or ( ! "r & left side1 %[s an almo/ p]fect correspond5ce1 not)/&+ ! _m sep>ate designs4 ,! mo/ common ( ^! are eight-po9t$ />s1 loz5ges fr+$ ) lat*-hooks1 & :at are kn[n z ! 8t>antula0 device4 ,( ! innum]able small figures1 ! octagonal discs & ,s =ms are ! mo/ common2 crude animal & human figures are also se54 ,except+ ! addition ( ! ar*1 !re is little di/9ction betwe5 namazliks & s$jadehs4 ,x is small & less graceful ?an t ( ,asia ,m9or pieces1 & foll[s /iff l9es 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al patt]n4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 drawn 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,g5]ally x has ! %ape ( half an octagon1 or ( a wall-t5t ) apex flatt5$2 b n infrequ5tly x is squ>e or slightly oblong4 ,! n>r[ b&s t =m ! ar* are ext5d$ transv]sely f ea* side ( ! base to ! bord]s2 & occasionally !y are cont9u$ d[n ! sides ( ! field to =m at ! bottom a figure simil> to ! squ>e-%ap$ ar*4 ,n[ & !n a comb1 or small figure ( diamond %ape1 on :i* to place ! bit ( sacr$ e>? f ,mecca1 is outl9$ )9 ! mihrab2 & n[ & !n crude palm-l figures1 indicat+ :]e ! h&s are to be re/$ 9 ! act ( devotion1 are repres5t$ at ! sides4 ,h[ev] _m /ripes ! bord] may conta91 r>ely are !re m ?an "o ( any consequ5ce2 s9ce ! gu>d /ripes h g5]ally only ! reciprocal sawtoo? or trefoil patt]ns1 ! b>b]-pole or dott$ l9es4 ,! abs5ce ( important second>y /ripes1 h[ev]1 br+s out m prom95tly ! draw+ & col\r+ ( ! ma9 "o4 ,! mo/ common patt]n is :at is kn[n z ! 8t>antula0 repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #h 7opp4 ,page #bbf74 ,v simil> is ! crab patt]n 7,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #g71 :i* 0 und\bt$ly d]iv$ f ! d\ble v9e ( "s ,p]sian rug1 z ! crab-l figure may be resolv$ into a rosette to :i* are atta*$ f\r conv5tionalis$ leaves4 ,ano!r patt]n1 :i* is also se5 9 ,kutais rugs1 is ! crude b /rik+ v9e %[n 9 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #ae1 :i*1 :5 repres5t$ 9 bold1 ri* col\rs on an ivory field1 makes a mo/ effective & beautiful bord] /ripe4 ,o!r bord] /ripes frequ5tly employ$ 9 ^! rugs appe> 9 ,plate ,i4 ,un=tunately1 dur+ rec5t ye>s1 _m inf]ior rugs ( o!r tribes h be5 sold z ,kazaks1 :i* 9 a measure !y (t5 resemble ?\gh !y lack _! _s & "*4 ,! v mod]n ,kazaks1 also1 are (t5 ( poor quality1 b ^? made two g5]ations or m ago 7 c>efully & /\tly wov51 ) silky wool dy$ ) ! be/ ( vegetable col\rs4 ,!re is always some?+ int]e/+ly b>b>ic 9 _! long1 almo/ %aggy nap1 _! masses ( ri* r$ & gre51 _! bold designs surr\nd$ by small] nomadic figures1 all ( :i* collectively f9d no c\nt]p>t 9 any o!r ,caucasian rugs4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$1 gre51 & yell[1 also "s blue1 :ite1 & br[n4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to n9e2 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to t54 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is hidd5 at back4 ,w>p1 wool2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 wool1 ( co>se diamet]1 usually dy$ r$ or br[n4 ,a ?read ( weft g5]ally crosses only twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots1 b occasionally ?ree or f\r times4 ,pile1 wool1 clipp$ long4 ,bord]1 ?ree to five /ripes4 ,sides1 a d\ble ov]ca/+ atta*$ 9 figure-eight fa%ion to ! sides1 or a d\ble selvage hav+ f ?ree to five cords4 ,l[] end1 a r$ or br[n web & w>p loops1 or a braid$ selvage & fr+e4 ,upp] end1 a r$ or br[n web1 occasionally a braid$ selvage or sev]al r[s ( knots1 & a w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 /\t4 ,weave at back is ( v co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 five to twelve feet4 ,usual wid?1 "o ?ird to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,k>abaghs4--,to ! s\!a/ ( ,lake ,got*a & nor? ( ! riv] ,aras1 t divides ,caucasia f ,p]sia1 is ! di/rict ( ,k>abagh1 a "n signify+ 8,black ,v9ey>d40 ,on acc\nt ( its geographic position1 x has be5 subject to ! ,%ahs = long p]iods1 dur+ ! _m /ruggles betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,x is1 moreov]1 sep>at$ f ! rug-produc+ di/rict ( ,k>adagh by ! riv] only2 & its s\!rn bord] is less ?an eighty miles di/ant f ! city ( ,tabriz1 to :i* _m ( its rugs are tak54 ,= ^! reasons x w\ld be only natural to expect t ! weav+s ( ,k>abagh w\ld %[ m ( ! ,p]sian influ5ce ?an ^? ( any o!r "p ( ,caucasia4 ,su*1 inde$1 is true1 :5 appli$ to ! olde/ pieces2 b x is n at all true 9 ! case ( a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! mod]n products4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s l>ge numb]s ( ^! co>sely made & wret*$ly dy$ rugs h rea*$ ! ,we/]n m>kets4 ,"s ( !m resemble ,kazaks 9 _! geometric figures2 b diff] f !m 9 _! workman%ip1 s9ce "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is depress$2 !y are mu* m loosely wov52 !y are n s l>ge2 nor = ! mo/ "p are !y s heavy4 ,o!r pieces (t5 lack ! symbolic & o!r small designs t r5d] nomadic rugs s int]e/+4 ,occasionally ! c5tral field is almo/ figureless1 or !re may be l>ge expanses ( :ite or "s raw col\r su* z />tl+ r$1 yell[1 or blue1 on :i* appe> /iffly & crudely drawn nondescript devices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ea4 ,,royal ,,bokh>a ,,rug ,x is a relief to turn f ^! poor pieces to ^? wov5 half a c5tury ago1 ) less obtrusive col\r+ & m *a/e patt]ns4 ,_m ( ! old pieces are oblong s$jadehs1 :i* h (t5 a l5g? almo/ twice ! bread?2 ?\gh ! m mod]n pieces incl9e to small] & ne>ly squ>e sizes4 ,!re are also namazliks t d n always religi\sly foll[ ! usual patt]n2 = n[ & !n "o is se5 ) an ar* ( sev]al /eps1 ris+ f ne> ! middle ( ! sides1 & ) a diamond = ! sacr$ e>? or pebble f ,mecca1 z is %[n 9 ,plate ,c1 ,fig4 #ab 7,page #fa74 ,! p>ticul> piece f :i* ?is 0 drawn 0 ov] fifty ye>s old & 0 ?ree f\r?s z wide z long4 ,scatt]$ ov] ! ma9 field1 :i* 0 yell[i% br[n1 & ! sp&rels1 :i* 7 :ite1 7 geometrically %ap$ fl[]s ) long angul> /ems t9t$ ) blue1 gre51 & p9ki% r$4 ,! bord]s %[ z great div]sity z ! fields1 b "o /ripe usually conta9s a concession to ! ,p]sian & ano!r to ! ,caucasian tradition4 ,= in/ance1 ! prim>y /ripe may be ( ,iranian "* flank$ by ! runn+ lat*-hook2 or x may be ! well-kn[n crab patt]n1 :ile ! adjac5t /ripe may be a runn+ v9e ( simple =m4 ,_m ( ^! old pieces are v h&some & equal 9 arti/ic f9i% ! be/ ( ,caucasian rugs2 ! draw+ is c>efully execut$2 ! col\rs are ri*2 ! weave is fair2 b l ! r>e old rugs ( ,daghe/an & ,tiflis1 are n[ seldom se54 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$1 blue1 yell[1 & :ite4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to t52 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to t54 ,! r[s ( knots are only slightly press$ d[n1 yet ! w>p is g5]ally conceal$ at back4 ,w>p1 wool2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a half knot is depress$ bel[ ! o!r at back4 ,weft1 wool1 ( m$ium or co>se diamet]1 sometimes dy$ r$4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 ( %ort or m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 g5]ally a d\ble selvage ( two or ?ree cords1 9 l5g?s ( diff]5t col\rs2 occasionally a d\ble ov]ca/+ atta*$ figure-eight fa%ion4 ,l[] end1 a web & w>p loops1 or a braid$ selvage1 "o r[ ( knots or m1 & a w>p fr+e4 ,upp] end1 a web1 a web turn$ back & hemm$1 or a braid$ selvage1 "o r[ ( knots or m1 & a w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 loose4 ,weave at back is ( co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 f\r to n9e feet4 ,usual wid?1 "o half to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,%u%as4--,ab\t sev5ty miles to ! s\!a/ ( ,lake ,got*a is ,%u%a1 capital ( ,k>abagh4 ,ne>ly two c5turies ago1 x 0 built by ,nadir ,%ah on an almo/ inaccessible m\nta9 side to gu>d ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,p]sia1 :i* _h be5 ext5d$ to ! ,caucasus4 ,x has n[ ab\t twelve ?\s& inhabitants1 & is ! m>ket place = num]\s tribes t are scatt]$ ov] ! dry pla9s z f> z ! ,aras riv]4 ,9 ?is city & 9 ! suburbs are wov5 rugs t are frequ5tly import$ to ?is c\ntry & sold "u sev]al names1 yet are ( a di/9ct type4 ,!y resemble ! ,k>abaghs ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry b diff] f !m 9 _! ri*] & m subdu$ col\rs z well z 9 ! /\tness ( weave4 ,"o ?read ( w>p to ea* knot is d\bl$ b5ea? ! o!r1 :]eas 9 ! rugs ( ! des]t tribes x is only depress$4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally d>k blue1 r$1 & br[n1 ) m9or quantities ( gre5 & yell[4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally sev5 to twelve2 p]p5dicul>ly1 six to elev54 ,! r[s ( knots are only slightly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p %[s at back4 ,w>p1 wool2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is mu* depress$ bel[ ! o!r at back1 & frequ5tly d\bl$ "u ! o!r4 ,weft1 wool1 ( m$ium diamet]1 g5]ally dy$ r$4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 a d\ble selvage ( two or ?ree cords1 (t5 atta*$ to ! sides 9 figure-eight fa%ion4 ,l[] end1 a n>r[ web & w>p loops4 ,upp] end1 a web t is sometimes turn$ back & hemm$1 & a w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 mod]ately firm4 ,weave at back is ( slightly co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 f\r to n9e feet4 ,usual wid?1 "o half to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,g5ghas4--,ov] ! l& ly+ betwe5 lakes ,got*a1 ,van1 & ,urumiah1 9 ,caucasia1 ,arm5ia1 & ,p]sia1 tribes ( mix$ orig9 w&] back & =?1 b frequ5tly ga!r at ! ye>ly fair ( ,elizabe?pol4 ,dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! ,p]sian rule ext5d$ ov] ! c\ntry1 x 0 ! resid5ce ( a ,khan & an important c5tre ( trade4 ,z x 0 !n kn[n z ,ganja or ,g5gha1 ! weav+s ( ^! nomads1 :i* 7 m>ket$ !re1 acquir$ t "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #eb4 ,,pr9cess ,,bokh>a ,,rug ,naturally !y are a het]og5e\s lot conta9+ ideas incorporat$ f _m s\rces2 b !y resemble ! ,kazaks m ?an any?+ else1 & are frequ5tly mi/ak5 = !m4 ,yet "s ( ! di/9ctions are v m>k$3 !y h a m oblong %ape2 ! nap is %ort]2 & !y are less /\tly wov54 ,9 ! ,kazaks a ?read ( weft1 z a rule1 crosses only twice betwe5 two r[s ( knots1 :i* are firmly press$ d[n2 b 9 ^! rugs a ?read ( weft crosses f f\r to eight times betwe5 two r[s ( knots1 :i* are n firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! n>r[ fill+ ( weft is sometimes ev5 f\r times z wide z a r[ ( knots & pres5ts a bead-l appe>ance4 ,9 ! col\r s*eme ( num]\s pieces1 :i* 9 _m respects resembles t ( ,k>abaghs1 is (t5 a prepond]ance ( ivory :ite4 ,!re is no *>act]i/ic patt]n4 ,! field may be cov]$ ) diagonal /ripes z 9 "s ,%irvans2 x may consi/ l>gely ( loz5ges fr+$ ) lat*-hooks & t>antula devices2 aga91 x may h "s l>ge c5tral figure surr\nd$ by a motley lot ( emblematic z well z app>5tly mean+less devices1 or crudely drawn human1 animal1 or floral =ms4 ,! bord]s1 likewise1 include a wide scope ( patt]ns4 ,x is1 !re=e1 l>gely by ! "* ( ! weave1 quality ( mat]ial1 & f9i% ( sides & ends1 t ^! pieces c be di/+ui%$ f o!r nomadic products4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally blue1 r$1 & :ite1 ) m9or quantities ( gre51 yell[1 & br[n4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to eight2 p]p5dicul>ly1 six to n9e4 ,a half knot1 z x appe>s at back1 is long] ?an wide4 ,! r[s ( knots are n firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p %[s at ! back4 ,w>p1 g5]ally wool1 occasionally goat's hair2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at ! back4 ,weft1 wool1 ( m$ium diamet] & usually dy$ r$4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots1 b g5]ally ?ree & frequ5tly z _m z six or eight times4 ,pile1 wool ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree or f\r /ripes4 ,sides1 a d\ble selvage ( two1 ?ree1 or f\r cords4 ,l[] end1 a web1 usually col\r$ r$1 & w>p loops4 ,upp] end1 a web to :i* a braid$ selvage is (t5 add$1 & a w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 v loose4 ,weave at back is ( co>se gra94 ,usual l5g?1 five to n9e feet4 ,usual wid?1 two fif?s to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,bord] ,,/ripes ,disreg>d+ a v few floral second>y /ripes t h be5 d]iv$ f ,p]sian rugs1 ! ,caucasian bord]s are *>act]is$ by geometric patt]ns1 :i* di/+ui% !m f o!r gr\ps4 ,b 7 x possible to trace !m to _! orig91 x w\ld d\btless be f\nd t a v l>ge numb] t are n[ /rictly geometric h deg5]at$ f leaf & fl[] patt]ns4 ,( ! rema9d]1 "s are symbolic & o!rs are crude copies ( famili> objects4 ,! m arti/ic & reali/ically drawn floral patt]ns appe> 9 ! less conspicu\s second>y /ripes2 b on ! o!r h& ! prim>y /ripes conta9 a numb] ( unusually int]e/+ patt]ns1 :i* h be5 copi$ = c5turies4 ,,prim>y ,,/ripes4--,! cup & s]rat$ leaf patt]n 7,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #a1 opp4 ,page #bbf7 appe>s s frequ5tly 9 ,%irvans z to be almo/ typical4 ,x is also occasionally se5 9 ,daghe/ans & ,kabi/ans2 b probably orig9at$ 9 ,s\!rn ,caucasia or ,arm5ia1 s9ce x is f\nd simil>ly drawn 9 rugs wov5 9 t di/rict ab\t #aejj ,a4 ,d4 ,x is a patt]n t sc>cely v>ies ) "t or locality except 9 ! numb] ( s]rations to ! leaf & 9 ! %ape ( ! cup4 ,s]rat$ leaf patt]ns1 repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #b & #c1 ,plate ,i1 are sometimes se5 9 ,kazak & o!r nomadic rugs4 ,x is n improbable t !y h a common orig9 ) ! ,%irvan cup & leaf patt]n4 ,9 ! /ripe repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #d1 is a s]ies ( w9e cup rosettes t are occasionally se5 9 ! old rugs f ! ,%irvan di/rict4 ,9 fact1 ! w9e cup design is a fav\rite !re4 ,ano!r /ripe1 9 :i* a some:at simil> cup appe>s1 is %[n 9 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #e4 ,?is is an old nomadic patt]n n frequ5tly se54 ,fig4 #f ( ,plate ,i1 repres5ts ! well-kn[n ,*i*i bord] /ripe1 compos$ ( rosettes sep>at$ by diagonally drawn ribbon-l b>s4 ,to ! rosettes are atta*$ tri-cleft leaves4 ,?is /ripe sugge/s at once "s ,p]sian v9e & fl[]4 ,:at is kn[n z ! crab patt]n 7,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #g71 is se5 9 ,kazaks & o!r ,caucasian nomadic rugs1 z well z 9 a few v mod]n ,asia ,m9or pieces4 ,?\gh its resemblance to a crab is noticeable1 x is really a rosette to :i* are atta*$ f\r crudely drawn leaves1 t frequ5tly conta9 small] designs at _! c5tres4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,,prim>y ,,bord]-,,/ripes ,,( ,,caucasian ,,rugs ,slightly resembl+ ! la/ is ! s-call$ t>antula patt]n 7,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #h71 t 0 possibly d]iv$ f ! /ripe ) an eight-po9t$ /> 7,plate ,k1 ,fig4 #ab1 opp4 ,page #bcj72 b x seems m probable t ! inspiration is ,iranian & t x is int5d$ = rosette & d\ble v9e4 ,?is /ripe is f\nd 9 ,kazaks1 ,g5ghas1 ,t*]kess1 & o!r nomadic rugs4 ,some:at l ! la/ is ! /ripe ( ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #i1 t is n[ & !n se5 9 old ,tiflis & o!r rugs ( ,s\!rn ,caucasia4 ,x sugge/s a geometric rosette & d\ble v9e4 ,occasionally ! da9ty clov]-leaf design1 repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #aj1 is us$ by ! nomadic weav]s4 ,x is almo/ ! only reciprocal patt]n f\nd 9 a ,caucasian prim>y /ripe4 ,! repetitive urn-%ap$ patt]n ( ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #aa is once 9 a :ile se5 9 old rugs ( ! ,daghe/an c\ntry4 ,on acc\nt ( ! resemblance betwe5 ! /ripes %[n 9 ,plate ,i1 ,figs4 #ab & #ac1 !y h probably a common orig94 ,bo? are f\nd 9 rugs ( ! ,daghe/an & ,%irvan di/ricts1 & ! =m] is occasionally se5 9 rugs ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,sometimes small] adv5titi\s devices are plac$ at ! sides ( ! /ripes betwe5 ! rosettes4 ,resembl+ ! la/ is ! patt]n %[n 9 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #ad1 :i* is commonly se5 9 ,%irvan rugs & kilims4 ,x is purely geometric & resembles "o us$ 9 ,we/]n ,asia ,m9or rugs ( ! ,,xv ,c5tury1 f :i* x may h be5 d]iv$4 ,?\gh greatly conv5tionalis$1 ! patt]n repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #ae is a v9e & leaf d]iv$ f mu* m ornate =ms1 :i* may be se5 9 a ,,xvi ,c5tury ,asia ,m9or piece t is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is n[ seldom copi$1 b 0 once a popul> patt]n = ! ,kazak & ,kutais weav]s4 ,"s =m ( ! lat*-hook appe>s 9 a l>ge numb] ( ,caucasian /ripes1 b mo/ly 9 nomadic pieces4 ,figs4 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 & #bj ( ,plate ,i1 repres5t patt]ns f\nd mo/ly 9 old ,kazaks & k9dr$ rugs4 ,! la/ "o is also occasionally us$ z a second>y /ripe4 ,! patt]ns %[n 9 ,plate ,i1 ,figs4 #ba & #bb are f /ripes sometimes se5 9 ! ,daghe/an & ,%irvan di/ricts4 ,a mu* m int]e/+ /ripe because ( its well au!nticat$ antiquity1 is ! "o %[n 9 ,plate ,j1 ,fig4 #a 7opp4 ,page #bbh74 ,x is f\nd 9 rugs made 9 ,s\!rn ,caucasia two c5turies ago1 & accord+ to ,dr4 ,m>t9 has be5 us$ s9ce ! ,,xii ,c5tury4 ,probably z ! result ( copy+1 ! design appe>s rev]s$ 9 _m old rugs4#cj ,^! /ripes are se5 9 comp>atively rec5t pieces1 b pr9cipally 9 ^? ( ! ,daghe/an & ,%irvan di/ricts4 ,?\gh ! lat*-hook is sugge/$ by ! small triangul> p>ts1 x is m probable t orig9ally !y 7 int5d$ = leaves4 ,9 a few /ripes ! design is elongat$1 & 9 place ( a s+le crossb> !re are sev]al1 =m+ a figure t slightly resembles a po9setta1 :i* is ! t]m occasionally appli$ to x by weav]s4 ,! /ripe %[n 9 ,plate ,j1 ,fig4 #b1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,kazak & o!r nomadic rugs1 is int]e/+ z repres5t+ a v9e ( :i* ! p5dant fl[] is replac$ by a ,t =m$ by lat*-hooks4 ,9 ,figs4 #c & #d ( ,plate ,j1 are patt]ns ( /ripes f\nd 9 rugs ( ! ,%irvan & ,daghe/an di/ricts4 ,z !y are sev]al c5turies old1 !y may be d]iv$ f ,arm5ian patt]ns1 to :i* !y %[ k9%ip4 ,bo? patt]ns are at times rev]s$ z ! result ( copy+4#ca ,a /ripe also us$ 9 ! same di/ricts & probably ( simil> orig9 is se5 9 ,plate ,j1 ,fig4 #e4 ,diff]+ f any ( ^! because ( _! utilit>ian orig91 are ! sep>ate designs1 :i* arrang$ 9 p]p5dicul> r[s1 =m ! 8*urn0 /ripe ( ,plate ,j1 ,fig4 #f4 ,ea* ( !m repres5ts crude ma*9es = *urn+ milk1 :i* 7 =m]ly us$ by ! nomadic tribes ( ,s\!rn ,caucasia & ,arm5ia1 :o con/ruct$ !m out ( logs ) a l5g? ( ab\t five feet1 & plac$ ! %>p5$ base 9 ! gr\nd4 ,!n hang+ a goat's sk9 fill$ ) milk ov] ea* ( ! sides1 & seat+ !mselves 9 ! middle1 !y turn$ fir/ "o !n ! o!r4 ,z might be expect$1 ^! /ripes belong entirely to nomadic rugs4 ,figs4 #g & #h ( ,plate ,j1 repres5t /ripes sometimes se5 9 ,%irvans4 ,! latt] is und\bt$ly d]iv$ f ! pray] patt]ns t are (t5 us$ 9 ^! rugs4 ,:at is kn[n z ! ,georgian /ripe is %[n 9 ,plate ,j1 ,fig4 #i4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,daghe/ans1 ,kabi/ans1 ,%irvans1 ,s\maks1 ,%emakhas1 & ,kubas4 ,?\gh a prim>y /ripe1 x is r>ely plac$ at ! c5tre ( ! bord]1 b at ! out] or ! inn] side1 or at bo? sides ) a less ornate /ripe betwe54 ,z a rule x accompanies only ! m arti/ic rugs4 ,g5]ally ! prim>y /ripes ( ,s\maks are diff]5t f ^? ( o!r rugs4 ,a few appe> 9 ,figs4 #aj1 #aa & #ab ( ,plate ,j4 ,! la/ is int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! leaf-l =ms ( ! octagonal designs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,j4 ,,prim>y ,,bord]-,,/ripes ,,( ,,caucasian ,,rugs ,! /ripes se5 9 ,plate ,j1 ,figs4 #ac1 #ad & #ae are f\nd only 9 nomadic rugs4 ,! la/ is int]e/+ pr9cipally on acc\nt ( ! swa/ikas4 ,& old =m n[ & !n se5 9 ! ,daghe/an-,%irvan classes appe> 9 ,plate ,j1 ,fig4 #af4 ,x is an ar*aic patt]n copi$ f a mo/ int]e/+ ,daghe/an pray] rug4 ,! /ripe %[n 9 ,plate ,j1 ,fig4 #ag is sometimes adopt$ 9 rugs ( ,s\!rn ,caucasia1 su* z ! ,kutais & ,kazak4 ,ano!r v old patt]n f\nd 9 ! bord]s ( ! ,daghe/an-,%irvan classes is %[n 9 ,plate ,j1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,?\gh x sugge/s ! n>r[ t]ti>y /ripes kn[n z 8b>b]-poles10 x diff]s f !m by be+ v mu* wid]1 & by conta9+ b>s ( _m diff]5t col\rs1 z r$1 yell[1 cream1 blue1 gre51 & br[n1 :i* g5]ally conta9 %ort1 oblong da%es4 ,a v int]e/+ /ripe1 f\nd almo/ exclusively 9 rugs f ! di/ricts ( ,daghe/an & ,%irvan1 is ! ,cufic patt]n ( ,plate ,j1 ,fig4 #ai4 ,x is p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic ( old ,daghe/ans & ,kabi/ans1 b mu/ h be5 introduc$ ?r\gh ,%irvan f ,arm5ia1 z x c be trac$ ?r\gh a gradation ( *anges to /ripes ( ,cufic *>act]s us$ 9 ,asia ,m9or rugs ( ! ,,xv ,c5tury4 ,plate ,j1 ,fig4 #bj repres5ts a 8bracket-*a90 patt]n t probably orig9at$ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 b is occasionally f\nd 9 ! rugs ( ,caucasia4 ,9 ,plate ,j1 ,fig4 #ba is a /ripe repres5t+ scorpions1 t is v r>ely se5 9 ,%irvans2 & 9 ,fig4 #bb is a /ripe repres5t+ birds1 sometimes se5 9 ,bakus4 ,,second>y ,,& ,,t]ti>y ,,/ripes4--,z ! patt]n %[n 9 ,plate ,k1 ,fig4 #a 7opp4 ,page #bcj7 %[s 9 pr(ile fl[]s repres5t+ c>nations1 x has be5 call$ ! 8c>nation patt]n40 ,x is v common 9 ,%irvans1 ,kabi/ans1 & ,daghe/ans4 ,less frequ5tly se5 are ! rectangul> v9e ) a design l a ?ree-leaf clov]1 %[n 9 ,plate ,k1 ,fig4 #b1 & ! v graceful v9e ) leaf & fl[] %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 bo? ( :i* are indiscrim9ately us$ 9 place ( ! c>nation patt]n 9 rugs ) ! same prim>y /ripe4 ,! latt] is ! mo/ da9ty & graceful ,caucasian floral /ripe4 ,x is f\nd 9 pieces ( ! ,kabi/an & ,daghe/an classes made ov] a c5tury & a half ago1 & is probably ( ,iranian extraction4 ,ano!r floral patt]n f ! same di/rict is se5 9 ,plate ,k1 ,fig4 #d4 ,x (t5 accompanies ! ,georgian /ripe ( ,daghe/ans & ,s\maks1 ) :i* its /iff draw+ h>monises4 ,likewise1 ! /ripe %[n 9 ,fig4 #e is f\nd n[ & !n 9 ! same classes ( rugs4 ,simil> rosettes are sometimes repres5t$ 9 ,p]sian /ripes t %[ ! influ5ce ( nomadic weav]s4 ,simple =ms ( ! runn+ v9e :i* are se5 mo/ly 9 ! rugs ( ,s\!rn ,caucasia are repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,k1 ,figs4 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 & #aj4 ,all are old patt]ns4 ,! ?ird appe>s 9 an ,asia ,m9or c>pet wov5 ab\t #abej ,a4 ,d4 ,! f\r? is f\nd 9 "s ( ! olde/ rema9+ rugs f ,s\!rn ,caucasia1 t date back two & a half c5turies2 & a patt]n simil> to ! la/ is se5 9 "s ,p]sian c>pets made ab\t #afej ,a4 ,d4 ,plate ,k1 ,figs4 #aa & #ab repres5t /ripes sometimes se5 9 ,*i*is & a few o!r ,caucasian rugs4 ,a v simple patt]n1 b "o t at times is v attractive on acc\nt ( its delicate col\r+1 is %[n 9 ,plate ,k1 ,fig4 #ac1 & ano!r is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,bo? are us$ pr9cipally 9 rugs ( ,s\!rn ,caucasia4 ,! /ripe repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,k1 ,fig1 #ae1 is f\nd 9 v old rugs ( ! ,daghe/an & ,d]b5d types2 & !re is a tradition among "s ( ! native weav]s t ! designs orig9ally repres5t$ boat hooks us$ by ! sailors ( ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,x is n unreasonable to suppose t ! e>ly weav]s imitat$ objects ( utility be=e ^? ( m]e ornam5t2 b ev5 if !re is any basis = ! tradition1 x is equally probable t ^! designs are d]iv$ f ! lily or o!r floral =ms1 & 7 introduc$ f ,p]sia4 ,some:at simil> to ! la/ is ! reciprocal trefoil1 :i* g5]ally appe>s ) m simple draw+ ?an is %[n 9 ,plate ,f1 ,fig4 #ag 7opp4 ,page #aeh74 ,x is m widely us$ = a bord] /ripe ?an any o!r patt]n1 z x is f\nd 9 almo/ all ,caucasian1 9 a l>ge numb] ( ,p]sian1 9 ,indian1 & ,belu*i/an rugs4 ,x 0 commonly us$ 9 ,p]sian rugs z e>ly z ! ye> #aejj4 ,! da9ty ,*a9 patt]n ( ,plate ,k1 ,fig4 #af has a well au!nticat$ antiquity1 z x is f\nd 9 ,asia ,m9or c>pets ( ! ,,xv ,c5tury1 f :i* x 0 probably d]iv$4 ,)\t d\bt x 0 a fav\rite patt]n ?ree c5turies ago1 z x appe>s 9 "s ( ! e>ly pa9t+s 9 :i* ,ori5tal c>pets are repres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,k4 ,,second>y ,,& ,,t]ti>y ,,bord]-,,/ripes ,,( ,,caucasian ,,rugs ,n infrequ5tly ! "r-angl$ corn]s are r\nd$ s z to give x a m graceful =m4 ,z ! purely geometric patt]n ( ,plate ,k1 ,fig4 #ag is entirely lack+ 9 ornam5tal features1 x is us$ pr9cipally to sep>ate m important /ripes4 ,occasionally x is f\nd 9 su* rugs z ! ,*i*is & ,%irvans4 ,ano!r v simple patt]n t is sometimes us$ z an inside /ripe is se5 9 ,plate ,k1 ,fig4 #ah4 ,?is is evid5tly an ar*aic =m & is f\nd pr9cipally 9 pieces ( ! ,%irvan di/rict4 ,! reciprocal sawtoo? & ! runn+ lat*-hook patt]ns 7,plate ,k1 ,figs4 #ai & #bj7 belong to ! less important /ripes ( n only ,caucasian b a numb] ( ,p]sian rugs4 ,! =m] patt]n appe>s con/antly on ! monum5ts ( anci5t ,susa1 & d\btless _h once "s symbolic mean+4 ,! latt] is se5 9 ! corn]s ( ! ,dragon & ,phnix c>pet 7,plate #bj1 opp4 ,page #hh7 :i* 0 wov5 ab\t #acej ,a4 ,d4 ,,te*nicalities ,,9 ,,! ,,weave ,,( ,,caucasian ,,rugs ,leg5d3 ,,knot-- ,h ,horizontally ,p ,p]p5dicul>ly ,,w>p-- g goat's hair e ea* equally prom95t d #a to ! knot depress$ h #a to ! knot d\bl$ "u ,,weft-- ,no4 ,no4 times cross+ bet4 two r\nd knots ,,sides-- ,o ov]ca/ ,s selvage ,,l[] ,,end ,w web ,s ,selvage ,k ,r[s knots ,l w>p loops ,f fr+e ,,upp] ,,end ,w web ,s selvage ,k ,r[s knots ,t turn$ back & hemm$ ,f fr+e ,,knot ,,w>p ,,caucasian ,numb] to ,at back ,in*es ,g ,s w c ,ghiordes ,sehna ,h ,p wool cotton s_/l e d h ,baku ,g #f-i #g-aa w e ,*i*i ,g #g-aj #h-ab w e ,daghe/an ,g #g-aj #h-ae w e d ,d]b5d ,g #e-i #f-ab w c e ,g5gha ,g #f-h #f-i w g e ,kabi/an ,g #g-ab #h-af w e ,k>abagh ,g #f-aj #g-aj w d ,kasak ,g #f-i #g-aj w e ,kuba ,g #f-i #g-ac w e ,kutais ,g #e-i #g-ab w c e ,lesghian ,g #f-i #f-aa w e d h ,%emakha ,g #g-aa #g-ac w d ,%irvan ,g #g-ab #h-ab w e ,%\%a ,g #g-ab #f-aa w d h ,s\mak #h-ad #f-af w e ,t*]kess ,g #f-i #g-aj w e d ,tiflis ,g #f-aj #f-aj w c e ,,weft ,,sides ,,l[] ,,end ,,caucasian w c wool cotton ,no4 ,o ,s ,w_/,s ,k ,l ,f ,baku w #b ,o ,s ,w ,k ,f ,*i*i w #b ,o ,s ,w ,k ,f ,daghe/an w #b ,o ,s ,w ,k ,f ,d]b5d w c #b_/a ,o ,s ,w ,k ,f ,g5gha w #b-d ,s ,w ,l #f-h ,kabi/an w c #b_/c ,o ,s ,w_/,s ,l ,k>abagh w #b ,o ,s ,w_/,s,k ,l ,f ,kasak w #b_/c-d ,o ,s ,w_/,s ,l ,f ,kuba w #b ,s ,w ,k ,f ,kutais w #c_/a-e ,o ,s ,w ,f ,lesghian w #b ,s ,w ,k ,f ,%emakha w #b ,s ,w_/,s ,f ,%irvan w c #b ,o ,s ,w ,k ,f ,%\%a w #b ,s ,w ,l ,s\mak w #b ,o ,s ,w_/,s ,k ,f ,t*]kess w #b_/d-f ,s ,w_/,s ,k ,f ,tiflis w #c-e ,o ,s ,w ,f ,,upp] ,,end ,,nap ,,weave ,,texture ,,caucasian l long f f9e l loose m m$ium m m$ium m m$ium ,w_/,s ,k ,t ,f s %ort c co>se f firm ,baku ,w ,k ,f s m m_/f ,*i*i ,w ,k ,f m_/s m m ,daghe/an ,w ,k ,f s f m_/f ,d]b5d ,w ,k ,f m m m_/l ,g5gha ,w_/,s ,f m c l ,kabi/an ,w_/,s ,f m m m_/f ,k>abagh ,w_/,s,k ,t ,f m c l ,kasak ,w_/,s,k ,f l c f ,kuba ,w_/,s,k ,f m m m_/l ,kutais ,w ,f m m_/c m_/f ,lesghian ,w ,k ,f m c f ,%emakha ,w_/,s ,f m m_/f m_/f ,%irvan ,w ,k ,f m_/s m_/c m_/l ,%\%a ,w ,t ,f m m_/c m_/f ,s\mak ,w_/,s ,k ,f m m ,t*]kess ,w_/,s ,k ,f m m f ,tiflis ,w ,f m m_/f f indicates ! less frequ5t condition4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,c5tral ,,asiatic ,,rugs ,,! l& t ext5ds ea/w>d ab\t f\rte5 hundr$ miles f ! ,caspian ,sea to ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,*9ese ,empire1 & nor?w>d = a simil> di/ance f ! ,arabian ,sea ?r\gh ,belu*i/an & ,afghani/an to ! /eppes ( ,we/]n ,sib]ia1 is "o ( ! lea/ civilis$ p>ts ( ! ea/]n cont95t4 ,"h until )9 a few rec5t ye>s1 ! p liv$ ! same untrammell$ lives t _! ance/ors pursu$ = pa/ c5turies2 & ! encroa*m5ts ( ! ,russian ,empire on ! nor? & ! ,engli% on ! s\!a/1 h z yet made little impression on _! uncultur$ natures4 ,to ^! circum/ances x is l>gely due t ! rugs t]m$ ,c5tral ,asiatic1 :i* come f ?is di/rict1 /ill possess to a l>ge degree ! orig9ality ( design1 virility ( "*1 & beauty ( col\r t are s rapidly disappe>+ f ! wov5 products ( c\ntries m subject to ! influ5ce ( ,we/]n civilisation4 ,^! rugs may conv5i5tly be divid$ into ?ree natural sub-gr\ps1 :i* include3 #a4 ,! ,turkoman1 consi/+ ( :at are kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry z ,royal & ,pr9cess ,bokh>as1 ! ,tekkes1 ,yomuds1 ,khivas1 & ,be%ires1 all ( :i* are made 9 ,turke/an2#cb & ! ,afghan1 ( :i* "p are made 9 ,turke/an & "p 9 ,afghani/an4 #b4 ,! ,turko-,*9ese1 consi/+ ( ! ,sam>k&s1 :i* re made 9 ,we/]n ,turke/an1 & ! ,kasgh>s & ,y>k&s made 9 ,ea/]n ,turke/an4 #c4 ,! ,belu*i/ans or ,belu*es1 made pr9cipally 9 ,belu*i/an4 ,no o!r rugs adh]e m /rictly to uni=mity ( col\r & design ?an ! ,turkoman4 ,&1 :5 x is consid]$ t _! prevail+ tones & _! simple1 geometric designs are su* z w\ld readily be adopt$ by p ) primitive ideas ( ornam5tation1 x seems probable t !y h be5 copi$ ) only slight modification = a great _m c5turies1 ev5 ?\gh m gorge\s & elaborate c>pets 7 wov5 dur+ ! %ort p]iod :5 ,sam>k& 0 capital ( ! ,ea/4 ,?is is probably true1 not)/&+ no o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w has be5 subject to m conque/s ?an ,turke/an or ov]run by s _m diff]5t races4 ,= "h1 z we le>n by ! aid ( philology1 dwelt ! ,aryans ev5 be=e ! light ( hi/ory _h come to dispel ! mi/s ( antiquity4 ,two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s lat] x 0 ov]run by ,cyrus & add$ to ! dom9ion ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians4 ,9 ! ,v ,c5tury ,a4 ,d41 ,t>t> tribes conqu]$ x2 & 9 ! foll[+ c5tury ,turks & ,p]sians divid$ x betwe5 !m4 ,/ill lat] x 0 aga9 ov]run by ! ,arabs1 :o1 sword 9 h&1 conv]t$ ! vanqui%$ to ! cre$ ( ,islam4 ,:5 a few m c5turies _h roll$ away ! ,mongol hordes ( ,g5ghis ,khan swept ov] x2 & once aga9 x suff]$ desolation "u ! iron h& ( ,tam]lane1 8,sc\rge ( ,asia40 ,b 9 spite ( ^! waves ( conque/ & ! m9or /ruggles ) ,p]sians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans1 t left _! impress on ! c\ntry1 ea* ( ! sev]al classes ( ,turkoman rugs1 includ+ ev5 ^? made two c5turies ago1 %[ a rem>kable con=mity to def9ite types1 h[ev] mu* may be _! modification 9 small detail4 ,_! nap is inv>iably %ort2 9 all ( !m "s %ade ( d>k r$ is ! pr$om9at+ col\r2 & 9 mo/ ( !m "s =m ( an octagon appe>s4 ,!y are1 moreov]1 ! be/ wov5 & ! mo/ beautiful ( ! ,c5tral ,asiatic rugs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,turke/an ,?\gh ! ,turko-,*9ese rugs are made 9 places subject to ! influ5ce ( ,turkomans & f> remov$ f ! culture ( ,*9ese1 !y are unlike ! rugs ( ! =m] & resemble ^? ( ! latt]4 ,n improbably ?is is because ,tam]lane _h ga!r$ at ,sam>k& not$ arti/s & artisans f ,*9a1 ^: influ5ce cont9u$ long aft] 8 dea?4 ,& z traditional patt]ns h be5 transmitt$ = c5turies1 !re is little d\bt t "s ( ! mod]n rugs1 ev5 ?\gh fall+ f> %ort ( ! /&>d ( _! e>ly prototypes1 m closely resemble !m ?an !y d any o!r rugs ( ,asia4 ,9 ^! pieces ,turkoman simplicity ( geometric figures is replac$ by an elaboration ( conv5tional floral =ms & by designs associat$ ) e>ly philosophies2 sobriety ( col\r yields to ! bright & ev5 gaudy tones n infrequ5t 9 mod]n textile fabrics4 ,! ,belu*i/ans1 :i* are reg>d$ z a sub-gr\p ( ! ,c5tral ,asiatic rugs1 %[ a clos] relation%ip to ! ,turkoman rugs ?an to any o!rs4 ,a few ( !m h octagonal patt]ns sugge/ive ( ,bokh>as1 & all h ! long webs at ! ends & ! heavy goat's hair selvage at ! sides peculi> to ,afghans & ,tekkes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m ( ! patt]ns bo? ( field & bord] resemble ,p]sian workman%ip2 s t plac+ ^! rugs 9 ! same gr\p ) ! ,turkoman & ,turko-,*9ese rugs1 :i* are n made 9 an adjo9+ t]ritory1 is slightly arbitr>y4 ,,royal ,,bokh>as4--,! be/ kn[n di/rict 9 ,turke/an is ! ,khanate ( ,bokh>a1 :i* ext5ds f ! (f%oots ( ! l(ty ,pamir m\nta9s 9 ! ea/ to ! desolate s&y pla9s beyond ! ,amu ,d>ia1 or ,oxus riv]1 on ! we/4 ,situat$ 9 its nor!rn half & ne> ! c5tre ( a f]tile valley is its capital1 ,bokh>a1 8,! ,noble40 ,?\gh not$ = its cruelty1 x 0 once ! intellectual c5tre ( ,asia1 & /ill possesses ne>ly a hundr$ s*ools & innum]able mosques4 ,^! & its baza>s are almo/ all t rema9 ( ! spl5d\r ( ^? days :5 ! great c>avans t came f ,*9a1 ,india1 ,p]sia1 & ,russia made x "o ( ! great m>ts ( ! ,ea/4 ,on acc\nt ( its comm]cial importance1 ! wild tribes ( ! ,kirghiz /eppes1 ! ,turkomans f ,kizil ,kum1#cc ! ,afghans :o dwell nor? ( ! ,p>opamisus range1 & ! fi]ce ,tekkes & ,yomuds f ! we/1 came & b>t]$ _! rugs = o!r necessities4 ,_m ( ^! rugs 7 tak5 9 c>avans1 t (t5 numb]$ sev]al ?\s& camels1 & sold 9 ! ,russian m>ket places ( ,a/rakan1 ,or5burg1 or ,nijni ,novgorod4 ,s9ce !y came f ! same place1 ! t]m ,bokh>a 0 (t5 appli$ to ea* ( ! diff]5t classes4 ,?us we he> ( ,royal ,bokh>as1 ,pr9cess ,bokh>as1 ,tekke ,bokh>as1 ,yomud ,bokh>as1 & ,khiva ,bokh>as4 ,( ^! five classes ! ,royal ,bokh>as1 z a rule1 n only are ! be/ wov51 b are made ( ! f9e/ mat]ial2 ev5 ! w>p ( _m ( !m is ( s(t1 silky :ite wool4 ,! old rugs 7 made 9 ! city & suburbs ( ,bokh>a1 :]e n[ only a few pieces are made4 ,bo? old & new are f\nd only z s$jadehs4 ,!y h two well-kn[n patt]ns1 "o ( :i* consi/s ( an octagon surr\nd+ a qu>t]$ hexagon4 ,( ^! qu>t]s1 :i* are ei!r pla9 or conta9 a small triangle ( contra/+ col\r1 a pair t are opposite are always :ite or cream col\r$1 & ! o!r pair are ( "s %ade ( r$4 ,small triangul> figures are inv>iably se5 above & bel[ ! hexagons1 z well z small diamond1 oval1 or spe>-%ap$ figures at ea* end ( ! major axis4 ,9 ! o!r patt]n ! cont\r ( ! octagon is r\nd]2 & ! hexagon is replac$ by an eight-po9t$ />1 at ! c5tre ( :i* is a diamond conta9+ a rectangle or occasionally a ,greek cross4 ,project+ into ! f\r corn]s f ! /> are small designs1 t c>eful obs]vation ( a l>ge numb] 9 _m diff]5t k9ds ( rugs %[s to be leaf =ms4 ,betwe5 ! diagonally plac$ octagons ( bo? ^! types are />s or diamond-%ap$ figures1 t are usually ( ! same design reg>dless ( ! %ape ( ! octagon4 ,9 l>ge rugs ! c5tres ( ! octagons are g5]ally jo9$ by /raight l9es ( d>k blue col\r4 ,x is unc]ta9 :y ! t]m ,royal has be5 appli$ to ?is class ( ,bokh>as1 b x is em95tly befitt+ ! old well-wov51 velvet-l pieces4 ,a few h small pat*es ( p9k or ruby col\r$ silk2 & all h a prevail+ tone ( r$ div]sifi$ by deep blues & t\*es ( light] r$ & ivory1 t convey an idea ( opul5ce & dignity wor?y ( a k+4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally d>k r$1 ) m9or quantities ( blue1 p9k or orange1 & ivory4 ,knot1 ,sehna4 ,knots to in* horizontally eight to twelve2 p]p5dicul>ly1 sixte5 to tw5ty-f\r4 ,! r[s ( knots are firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is conceal$ at back & ! weft is almo/ hidd54 ,w>p1 f9e :ite wool2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 wool1 ( f9e diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 f9e wool1 or occasionally silk1 clipp$ %ort4 ,bord]1 ?ree /ripes divid$ by small] col\r$ l9es4 ,sides1 a blue d\ble ov]ca/+4 ,bo? ends1 a n>r[ web & %ort w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 firm4 ,weave at back is ( f9e gra94 ,usual l5g?1 f\r to t5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree fif?s to f\r fif?s l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ec4 ,,turkoman ,,rug ,,) ,,kat*li ,,patt]n ,,pr9cess ,,bokh>as4--,! rugs kn[n z ,pr9cess ,bokh>as are wov5 by ! ,mohamm$an tribes :o dwell 9 p>ts ( ! ,khanate ( ,bokh>a4 ,!y are ne>ly squ>e & ! field is divid$ into f\r equal sections by p]p5dicul> & horizontal b&s4 ,because ( ?is patt]n !y are call$ 8,kat*lis10 a ^w d]iv$ f ! ,arm5ian language signify+ 8l a cross40 ,! b&s g5]ally h designs t are co-ord9ate ) ^? 9 "p ( ! bord]2 b n infrequ5tly ! designs ( ! horizontal b& diff] f ^? ( ! p]p5dicul> "o1 & 9 a few r>e in/ances consi/ ( an octagonal figure4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t ! well-kn[n ,y-%ap$ motive *>act]i/ic ( ! field & ! bord] is int5d$ to repres5t ! tree ( life1 b "s native weav]s sugge/ a diff]5t int]pretation4 ,to !m ! :ole rug symbolises a mosque2 ! p]p5dicul> arm ( ! cross is ! entrance2 ! ,y-%ap$ designs are b5*es2 & ! broad diagonal l9es ) s]rat$ edges 9 ! bord]s are groves ( trees surr\nd+ ! mosque4 ,a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ^! pieces are namazliks4 ,"o ( _! peculi>ities is ! position ( _! unobtrusive t5t-%ap$ pray] ar*1 :i* is 9 a panel entirely )9 _! upp] bord]4 ,comp>$ ) ,royal ,bokh>as _! nap is r>ely ( z f9e quality1 ! w>p is usually ( br[n in/ead ( cream :ite wool1 & ! weave is co>s]4 ,also1 ! tones ( col\r are m sombre1 & ( br[n] %ades2 b 9 r>e old pieces ! ri* mahogany & bronze hues ( ! gr\nd1 on :i* are repres5t$ small designs 9 %ades ( cream & d>k blue1 are exce$+ly ri* & pleas+4 ,un=tunately1 )9 rec5t ye>s l>ge numb]s ( ?is class h be5 made solely = comm]cial purposes1 & lack ! f9] qualities ( _! prototypes4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally d>k r$ or br[n1 ) m9or quantities ( d>k blue & ivory4 ,knot1 ,sehna4 ,knots to in* horizontally eight to twelve2 p]p5dicul>ly1 f\rte5 to eighte54 ,! r[s ( knots are firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is conceal$ at back & ! weft p>tly hidd54 ,w>p1 br[n wool or goat's hair2 ea* ( ! two ?reads ( w>p encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back4 ,weft1 wool1 ( f9e diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool ( %ort or m$ium l5g?2 occasionally "s goat's hair is us$4 ,bord]1 ?ree /ripes1 sep>at$ by n>r[ l9es4 ,sides1 a d\ble ov]ca/+ or a d\ble goat's hair selvage ( ?ree cords4 ,bo? ends1 a web & w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 /\t4 ,weave at back is ( mod]ately f9e gra94 ,usual l5g?1 f\r & "o half to six feet4 ,usual wid?1 two ?irds to f\r fif?s l5g?4 ,,tekkes4--,a little ov] two c5turies ago !re liv$ on ! p59sula ( ,mangi%l>1 on ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 an almo/ unkn[n tribe call$ ! 8,tekke10 a t]m :i* is said to d5ote a m\nta9 goat1 & 0 appli$ on acc\nt ( ! headlong pace at :i* ! m5 rode ov] r\gh m\nta9 sides4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,,xviii ,c5tury !y pack$ _! khibitkas1#cd & aft] mov+ s\?w>d to escape f ! attacks ( a m p[]ful tribe1 !y met ! ,yomuds 9 ! s\?we/]n corn] ( ,turke/an & robb$ !m ( _! l&s4 ,fur!r ea/w>d !y snat*$ ! f]tile oasis ( ,ak-kal f "s ,kurds1 ^: ance/ors a ,%ah ( ,p]sia _h locat$ !re 9 e>li] times to protect 8 k+dom f fi]ce nor!rn tribes4 ,by irrigat+ & cultivat+ ! soil1 !y prosp]$ & increas$ rapidly 9 population1 until1 ab\t #ahcj1 !y numb]$ "o hundr$ ?\s&4 ,"o f\r? ( !m !n mov$ ea/w>d2 & aft] settl+ on ! banks ( ! ,taj&1 n f> f ! ,p]sian t[n ( ,s>aks1 !y attack$ ! inhabitants ( ,m]v & captur$ ! city4 ,gr[+ ?us to be a p[]ful p1 !y occupi$ mu* ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ,p]sia & ! ,amu ,d>ia4 ,ev] re/less1 !y 7 con/antly look+ = weak] foes on :om to fall2 & :5 a lead] w\ld ann\nce an int5d$ raid1 hundr$s or ev5 ?\s&s w\ld meet at ! appo9t$ r5dezv\s prep>$ to bl9dly foll[ him4 ,sometimes x 0 ?r\gh ! passes t look$ d[n into ! f]tile valleys ( ,nor!rn ,p]sia4 ,/eal?ily creep+ ?r\gh !m !y w\ld fall unexpect$ly ^u an unprotect$ village & da% away ) "y wom5 & *ildr54 ,if pursu$1 !y w\ld /ab _! captives1 & if necess>y1 ride m ?an "o hundr$ miles a day 9 flight4 ,at o!r times1 !y w\ld attack c>avans cross+ ! des]ts & c>ry away bo? camels & w>es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ed4 ,,turkoman ,,pray] ,,rug1 ,,:i* ,,accord+ ,,to ,a4 ,,bogolub[ ,,has ,,! ,,typical ,,p9d ,,patt]n ,_! raids1 h[ev]1 7 n view$ ) complac5ce by ! ,russians1 :o _h be5 /eadily advanc+ on ! l& ly+ betwe5 ! ,caspian & ! ,amu ,d>ia1 & ^: armies ! ,tekkes h>ass$4 ,at l5g? 9 ,janu>y1 #ahha1 came ! f9al dea? /ruggle 9 ! memorable attack on ! =tress ( ,geok ,teppe1 :]e ?irty-?ree ?\s& tribesm5 & sev5 ?\s& wom5 & *ildr5 _h tak5 refuge4 ,) ! fall ( t /ronghold & ! t]rible puni%m5t t foll[$1 ! p[] ( ! ,tekkes 0 completely cru%$2 & a p ^: ance/ors = c\ntless c5turies _h roam$ ! des]t1 recognis+ no ma/]1 yield$ f9ally to ! advance ( civilisation4 ,^! 7 ! p ^: wives & daught]s wove ! rugs g5]ally kn[n z ,tekke ,bokh>as1 ( :i* l>ge numb]s ) excell5t weave & /]l+ dyes c /ill be f\nd4 ,z few ( !m 7 design$ = mosques or palaces1 x is v unusual to f9d pieces ov] "o hundr$ ye>s old1 & ev5 ^! are r>e4 ,inde$1 any t are n[ =ty ye>s old %\ld possess great int]e/1 z !y 7 wov5 at a "t :5 ! ,tekkes 7 /ill a fi]ce race4 ,v _m h ! ,kat*li patt]n4 ,! pray] ar*1 :i* is simil> to t ( ,pr9cess ,bokh>as1 is 9 a panel ext]ior to ! field & )9 ! bord]4 ,n infrequ5tly !re are ?ree ar*es 9 ! same horizontal panel1 :i*1 z a rule1 is above ! field1 b occasionally bel[ x4 ,9 a great _m ( ^! rugs ! ?ree-leaf clov] is f\nd 9 "s "p ( ! field2 & 9 ! b& ( pile t ext5ds beyond ! bord] at "o end are usually small conv5tionalis$ bu%es ) :ite & yell[ fl[]s4 ,! patt]n %[n 9 ,plate ,l1 ,fig4 #d 7opp4 ,page #bej71 appe>s almo/ inv>iably 9 ! out] /ripe4 ,!re are o!r types1 into "o ( :i* x w\ld seem z if ! v _s ( ! des]t _h crept4 ,_! d>k gr\nd col\rs are bright5$ by light] tones t give an effect ( /range yet n inh>moni\s beauty4 ,a few w\ld seem to speak ( ! e>ly ,zoroa/rian fai?1 = 9 _! fields are designs l />s ) effulg5t rays t sugge/ ! burn+ alt>s ( fire wor%ipp]s4 ,! %ape or "s peculi>ity ( ! rug indicates ! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$4 ,= in/ance1 ! rugs :i* 7 made = doors ( ! khibitkas h at ! upp] end a selvage ) ! web turn$ back & hemm$1 & at ea* corn] a heavy braid$ cord ( ab\t two feet 9 l5g?1 by :i* !y 7 susp5d$4 ,o!r pieces h webs at bo? ends4 ,_m beautiful pieces are made = use on horses or camels4 ,^? int5d$ = camels are ( oblong %ape ) a field usually conta9+ l>ge octagons1 betwe5 :i* are small] octagons simil> to ^? 9 ,royal ,bokh>as4 ,tekkes may be di/+ui%$ f ! ,pr9cess ,bokh>as1 :i* !y resemble1 by _! goat's hair selvage at ! sides1 by "o ?read ( w>p to ea* knot be+ slightly depress$ at ! back1 & by _! co>s] "*4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a great simil>ity 9 ! col\rs1 ?\gh 9 ! ,tekkes tones ( deep plum & ri* r$ are n uncommon4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally d>k r$1 br[n1 or plum1 ) m9or quantities ( d>k blue & ivory4 ,knot1 ,sehna4 ,knots to in* horizontally sev5 to twelve2 p]p5dicul>ly1 n9e to f\rte54 ,! r[s ( knots are slightly press$ d[n1 b ! w>p %[s at back4 ,w>p1 wool or goat's hair2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is depress$ bel[ ! o!r at back4 ,weft1 wool ( f9e or m$ium diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 or occasionally goat's hair ( %ort or m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree /ripes1 sep>at$ by col\r$ l9es4 ,sides1 a ?ree-cord d\ble goat's hair selvage4 ,l[] end1 a wide col\r$ web & long w>p fr+e4 ,upp] end1 a braid$ selvage turn$ back & hemm$1 or occasionally a wide col\r$ web & long w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 firm4 ,weave at back ( mod]ately f9e gra94 ,l5g?1 five to eight feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree fif?s to f\r fif?s l5g?4 ,,khivas4--,on ! we/ bank ( ! ,amu ,d>ia1 & /ret*+ = two hundr$ miles above its m\?1 is ! pla9 ( ! ,khanate ( ,khiva4 ,mo/ ( ! p live 9 khibitkas1 & ei!r foll[ a nomad's life or raise f ! alluvial soil1 t is wat]$ by innum]able canals1 crops ( cotton1 corn1 & rice1 z well z melons1 pea*es1 & pomegranates4 ,a l>ge population1 also1 inhabits ! city ( ,khiva1 :i* be=e ! build+ ( ! ,sib]ian railway1 0 on "o ( ! direct highways betwe5 ea/ & we/4 ,c>avans ( ne>ly two ?\s& camels regul>ly pass$ ?r\gh x en r\te to ,or5burg 9 spr+ & to ,a/rakan 9 fall1 c>ry+ w>es f di/ricts f>!r to ! ea/ z well z its own rugs & manufactur$ articles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,col\r ,,plate ,,ix--,,sam>k& ,,rug ,al?\gh ?is rug is an excell5t example ( t class g5]ally kn[n z ,sam>k&s1 x 0 b\ght 9 ,y>k&4 ,und\bt$ly x 0 wov5 9 "s "p ( ,turke/an t lies betwe5 ^! two cities2 yet ) ! exception ( ! eight-po9t$ />s at ! c5tre ( ! upp] & l[] m$allions ! patt]n is *>act]i/ic ( ,*9ese ornam5tation4 ,surr\nd+ ! c5tral m$allion1 on a gr\nd ( ri* deep blue1 are six conv5tionalis$ butt]flies1 & ne> !m are f\r clu/]s ( pomegranates4 ,at ea* end ( ! field are designs t sugge/ ! tree ( life1 :i* "u diff]5t =ms appe>s s p]si/5tly 9 ! wov5 fabrics ( ! ,ea/4 ,! delicate draw+ ( ^! motives is acc5tuat$ by ! =mal "* ( ! f\r corn]s & by ! broad bord] ( well-kn[n /ripes4 ,x is a piece 9 :i* beauty ( l9e & col\r is comb9$ ) unsolv$ symbolism4 ,loan$ by ,mr4 ,hulett ,c4 ,m]ritt ,on acc\nt ( ! con/ant int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,khiva & ,bokh>a tribes1 _! wov5 fabrics %[ a close relation%ip 9 patt]ns & col\rs2 yet !y conta9 important diff]5ces4 ,^? made by ! ,khiva tribes are crud]1 & reflect ! effect ( con/ant /ruggles aga9/ ! rig\rs ( ! des]t & ! fi]ce ,kirghiz f ! /eppes to ! nor?4 ,! wool is also co>s] & long]1 & ! knots are mu* few] to ! in*4 ,occasionally geometric z well z animal designs sugge/ive ( ,caucasian influ5ce occur4 ,moreov]1 ! br[ni% ?reads ( weft t sep>ate ea* r[ ( knots1 are noticeable at ! back1 :]eas 9 o!r ,turkoman rugs ! weft is h>dly p]ceptible4 ,_m ( ! old pieces 7 v h&some1 z is %[n by ! foll[+ description ( an antique goat's hair c>pet f ,khiva by ,dr4 ,birdwood4#ce 8,! gr\nd is ( madd] r$1 decorat$ ) leaves & scrolls & loz5ge-%ap$ =ms 9 r$1 :ite1 & orange1 ea* loz5ge be+ def9$ by a deep l9e ( indigo blue4 ,! ends t]m9ate 9 a fr+e4 ,pr(essor ,vamb]y says t ^! ri* lu/r\s c>pets are made entirely by ! nomad wom5 ab\t ,khiva1 ! head work] trac+ out ! design 9 ! des]t s& & h&+ out to h] companions ! dy$ mat]ials ( diff]5t col\rs z requir$ 9 ! progress ( weav+40 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally d>k r$1 ) m9or quantities ( blue & ivory4 ,knot1 ,ghiordes or ,sehna4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to t52 p]p5dicul>ly1 eight to f\rte54 ,! r[s ( knots are b slightly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p %[s at back4 ,w>p1 wool or goat's hair2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at ! back4 ,weft1 wool ( m$ium or co>se diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 g5]ally ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 a d\ble selvage ( two or ?ree cords1 :i* is g5]ally ( goat's hair4 ,bo? ends1 a web1 "o or m r[s ( knots & a w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 /\t4 ,usual l5g?1 f\r & "o half to six feet4 ,usual wid?1 ?ree fif?s to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,yomuds4--,:51 9 #agah1 ! ,yomuds 7 driv5 by ! ,tekkes f _! homes 9 ! well-wat]$ region ab\t ,kizil ,arvat1 !y mov$ to a less f]tile c\ntry to ! nor? & we/4 ,?\gh n[ numb]+ ab\t "o hundr$ ?\s&1 !y h few villages2 & reg>dless ( ! dre>y s& /orms1 ! bit+ cold ( w9t]1 or ! t]rible heat ( summ]1 !y w&] ) _! %eep & goats f place to place 9 se>* ( m fav\r$ spots4 ,sometimes _! khibitkas are se5 along ! bord] ( ! ,caspian ,sea z f> s\? z ,a/rabad 9 ,khorassan1 or among ! s&y trackless wa/es ( ,k>a ,kum1 ne>ly z f> nor? z ! ,aral ,sea4 ,_m ( _! rugs rival ! ,royal ,bokh>as 9 weal? ( col\r4 ,! prevail+ tone ( ! field is usually r$ or m>oon1 b is sometimes rose1 plum1 or d>k br[n2 & ! rema9+ %ades correspond ) ! blue1 gre51 br[n1 & :ite ( ,tekkes4 ,contra/$ ) ^! is ! ivory gr\nd ( ! bord]1 :i*1 z a rule1 has a mu* bright] col\r ?an ! field4 ,fur!rmore1 ! pile ( ! old pieces has a lu/re t is due to ! excell5ce ( ! dyes & ! ?ick s(t wool4 ,!re are sev]al di/9ct types1 ( :i* only "o is well-kn[n4 ,its patt]n is cle>ly ,turkoman1 ?\gh ! less] designs %[ t !re has be5 frequ5t int]c\rse ) ! weav]s ( ,caucasia4 ,cov]+ ! field ( ^! pieces are regul>ly plac$ diamond-%ap$ figures t sugge/ ^? ( ! ,royal ,bokh>as1 f :i* !y may h be5 develop$ to ! almo/ entire exclusion ( ! octagon2 ?\gh ! latt] appe>s mu* less prom95tly 9 ! c5tre ( ! diamonds4 ,9 ! bord] occurs ! runn+ lat*-hook1 ! b>b]-pole /ripe1 & a geometrically drawn v9e4 ,! webs ( ! ends1 :i* are usually r$ & /rip$1 are broad & h a fr+e ( goat's hair1 sometimes braid$ into ropelike tassels1 b m (t5 hang+ loose4 ,! saddle bags are ( irregul> %ape resembl+ a flat wall$ t5t1 & conta9 9 bo? field & bord] mu* bright] col\r ?an ! rugs4 ,_! field is *eck]$ ) diamond-%ap$ figures ri* 9 ivory col\r & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by diagonal b>b]-pole /ripes2 _! bord] conta9s ! runn+ lat*-hook4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally d>k r$ & mahogany br[n1 ) m9or quantities ( blue1 gre51 & :ite4 ,knot1 g5]ally ,sehna1 occasionally ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally five to eight2 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to t54 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is l>gely conceal$ at back4 ,w>p1 co>se wool or goat's hair2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at ! back1 or "o is slightly depress$ bel[ ! o!r4 ,weft1 wool1 ( m$ium diamet]1 or occasionally wool mix$ ) goat's hair4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 ei!r a two-cord selvage ( r$ alt]nat+ ) blue or br[n1 or a goat's hair d\ble selvage ( ?ree or f\r cords4 ,bo? ends1 a broad1 r$di% br[n web ?r\gh :i*1 z a rule1 run col\r$ l9es or sev]al n>r[ /ripes1 & a long w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 /\t4 ,weave at back is mod]ately co>se4 ,usual l5g?1 five to twelve feet4 ,usual wid?1 two ?irds to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,be%ires4--,on ! ,amu ,d>ia & n f> f ,afghani/an is a small di/rict f :i* ! rugs kn[n z ,be%ires n[ & !n f9d _! way to ?is c\ntry4 ,z x is n f> f sev]al r\tes ( c>avans1 ^! rugs %[ a relation%ip to ! products ( o!r ,turkoman tribes4 ,_! col\r s*eme is pr9cipally ! d>k r$ & br[ni% tones f\nd 9 ,bokh>as1 ,yomuds1 & ,khivas4 ,! ends1 too1 h ! web cross$ by sev]al l9es1 su* z blue1 gre51 & yell[i% br[n1 t are usual 9 ,afghans4 ,! patt]ns sometimes conta9 a sugge/ion ( ! geometric figures ( ! ,yomuds & "s ,caucasian pieces2 & yet !y h a /rik+ "* ( _! own4 ,n infrequ5tly ! field is cov]$ ) broad1 irregul> scrolls or foliate =ms1 unlike any?+ se5 9 any o!r class ( rugs4 ,aga9 ! field may be occupi$ ) a trellis patt]n1 :i* divides x into diamond-%ap$ figures4 ,)9 ^! are small] diamonds surr\nd$ by eight-po9t$ />s & quasi-floral =ms4 ,! bord]s1 z a rule1 are n>r[ & h simple designs t incl9e to ! geometric2 b a few are ( fair wid? & are ornam5t$ ) rosettes & conv5tionalis$ leaves4 ,9 namazliks1 :i* are r>ely se51 ! pray] ar* lies )9 ! field4 ,almo/ all ( ?is class f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry are old rugs2 & on acc\nt ( _! ri*1 h>moni\s col\rs & unobtrusive yet di/9ctive patt]ns1 are always pleas+ & int]e/+4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally d>k r$ & br[n1 ) m9or quantities ( blue1 yell[1 & :ite4 ,knot1 ,sehna4 ,knots to in* horizontally sev5 to twelve2 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to twelve4 ,a half knot1 z x appe>s at back1 is z long z1 or long] ?an1 wide4 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is almo/ hidd5 at back4 ,w>p1 g5]ally goat's hair4 ,ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back1 or occasionally "o is slightly depress$4 ,weft1 wool or goat's hair ( m$ium or co>se diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 g5]ally ?ree /ripes1 occasionally only "o4 ,sides1 a goat's hair selvage ( two to f\r cords4 ,bo? ends1 a wide web1 cross$ ) sev]al col\r$ /ripes4 ,texture1 /\t4 ,weave1 co>se4 ,l5g?1 f\r to twelve feet4 ,usual wid?1 two fif?s to two ?irds l5g?4 ,,afghans4--,"o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive classes ( ,turkoman rugs is kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry bo? z ,afghans & ,khivas4 ,bo? ( ^! names are un=tunately appli$2 = _! only title to be call$ ! latt] is t _m 7 =m]ly export$ f ! baza>s ( ,khiva1 & t !y slightly resemble ! rugs ( t city4 ,nor are !y /rictly ,afghans1 s9ce !y come f ! t]ritory ( m\nta9 ridges & f]tile valleys t /ret*es f ! ,h9du ,koo% ,m\nta9s nor?w>d across ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,khanate ,bokh>a1 & are made by ! tribesm5 ( bo? c\ntries4 ,9 fact1 !y diff] consid]ably f ! rugs ( ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,afghani/an1 & be> no resemblance to ^? ( floral patt]n wov5 ab\t ,h]at4 ,)9 ! t]ritory :]e ^! rugs are made ! ,aryan & ,teutonic races h met & bl5d$2 & across x h pass$ ! armies ( ! greate/ conqu]ors ( ,asia4 ,"h /ill exi/ "s ( ! mo/ untam$ races ( ! ,ea/1 fe$+ _! flocks on l(ty table-l&s1 or cultivat+ pat*es ( valleys1 ?r\gh :i* fl[ icy /reams to =m ! ,amu ,d>ia4 ,"h ! rights ( hospitality are held sacr$1 b wrongs are rev5g$ )\t rec\rse to any tribunal4 ,:5 ! antec$5ts1 cu/oms1 & surr\nd+s ( ! p are tak5 into consid]ation1 x is n /range t _! rugs %\ld be /rong & firm 9 texture1 bold 9 design1 positive & /rik+ 9 col\r4 ,mo/ ( !m are l>ge & almo/ squ>e 9 %ape1 ?\gh mats are n uncommon4 ,! traditional patt]n consi/s ( p]p5dicul> r[s1 usually ?ree 9 numb]1 ( l>ge octagons1 t are almo/ 9 contact4 ,betwe5 ^! r[s are mu* small] diamond-%ap$ designs1 :i* consi/ 9 "s pieces ( a clu/] ( eight-po9t$ />s1 & 9 o!rs ( a geometric figure t is occasionally fr+$ ) hooks & conta9s )9 its c5tre an eight-po9t$ />4 ,) a few exceptions ! octagons1 :i* closely resemble ^? ( ,royal ,bokh>as1 are symmetrical1 & all _! details are drawn z regul>ly z if ! rugs 7 factory wov54 ,!y are inv>iably divid$ into qu>t]s :i* usually are m>k$ ) a small figure l a ?ree-leaf clov]4 ,! field conta9s b few adv5titi\s designs & !y are r>ely animal1 z ! ,afghans are ,sunni ,mohamm$ans4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common ( ^! designs1 :i* appe>s also 9 ! ,tekkes & ,yomuds1 is probably int5d$ to repres5t "p ( ! head/all ( camel trapp+s4 ,! patt]n ( ! bord] con=ms to t ( ! field1 b frequ5tly has crudely drawn floral =ms & a conv5tionalis$ v9e4 ,! sides h an add$ selvage ( br[n goat's hair2 & ! ends are f9i%$ ) r$di% br[n webs1 f :i* hang loose fr+es ( d>k wool or goat's hair4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ee4 ,,turkoman ,,rug ,,( ,,! ,,salor ,,tribes ,z *>act]i/ic z ! l>ge bold octagons are ! col\rs1 :i* h[ev] subdu$ are inv>iably ( ri* hues4 ,^? ( ! field consi/ ( d>k r$1 m>oon1 or r$di% br[n4 ,! qu>t]s ( ! octagon are ( a deep blue alt]nat+ ) a r$ t is light] ?an ! field4 ,9 "s pieces ?is r$ is blood col\r1 or ne>ly crimson1 /&+ out 9 bold relief aga9/ ! adjac5t blue & a field ( m>oon4 ,l9es ( gre51 orange1 yell[1 & :ite (t5 appe> 9 ! body ( ! rug2 l9es ( d>k blue & a *eck]$ patt]n 9 r$ & blue are frequ5t 9 ! r$ webs ( ! ends4 ,?\gh ^! rugs are1 z a rule1 heavi] & co>s] 9 texture ?an mo/ o!r ,turkoman rugs1 ! old pieces h a s(t plu%y nap ( f9e wool & goat's fleece1 z well z ri*ness ( tone1 t is v attractive4 ,!y are exce$+ly durable & mod]ate 9 price4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally d>k r$ & mahogany br[n1 ) m9or quantities ( blue1 gre51 yell[1 & :ite4 ,knot1 g5]ally ,sehna1 occasionally ,ghiordes4 ,knots to in* horizontally five to eight2 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to t54 ,! r[s ( knots are press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p is l>gely conceal$ at back4 ,w>p1 co>se wool or goat's hair2 ea* ?read encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back1 or "o is slightly depress$ bel[ ! o!r4 ,weft1 wool1 ( m$ium diamet]1 or occasionally wool mix$ ) goat's hair4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 a goat's hair d\ble selvage ( ?ree or f\r cords4 ,bo? ends1 a broad web ( r$di% br[n col\r ?r\gh :i* run sev]al n>r[ l9es or sev]al n>r[ /ripes1 & a long fr+e4 ,texture1 /\t4 ,weave at back is mod]ately co>se4 ,usual l5g?1 five to twelve feet4 ,usual wid?1 two ?irds to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,sam>k&s4--,a little ov] "o hundr$ miles ea/ ( ,bokh>a1 & on ! s\!rn bord] ( ! des]t ( ,r$ ,s&s1 ! riv] ,z>af%an1 8,/rew] ( ,gold10 has turn$ a pla9 ( yell[ loam into an oasis4 ,=ty-?ree l>ge canals br+ its wat]s to fields ( cotton2 to v9ey>ds2 to or*>ds ( apple1 pe>1 pea*1 & pomegranate2 & to g>d5s ( fragrant fl[]s4 ,"h is ,sam>k&1 8,! ,mirror ( ! ,_w40 ,few cities z old rema9 aft] pass+ ?r\gh s _m vicissitudes ( =tune4 ,alex&] =c$ 8 way ?r\gh its gates1 ! ,*9ese ,empire annex$ x1 & f9ally ,tam]lane seiz$ & made x ! magnific5t capital ( "o ?ird ( ! kn[n _w4 ,8 tomb & o!r rema9+ monum5ts atte/ ! gr&eur ( t "t :5 !re 0 fo/]$ "h ! art1 ! luxury1 & ! spl5d\r ( ! ,ea/4 ,! rugs kn[n z ,sam>k&s are wov5 9 a di/rict some:at ea/w>d f ! city & are (t5 call$ 8,malg>ans40 ,!y are n to be comp>$ ) ! magnific5t c>pets t adorn$ ! palaces & mosques ( ! capital ( ,tam]lane2 yet !y possess a special int]e/1 z 9 !m are comb9$ features d]iv$ f bo? ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,asia4 ,ei!r because ?is city1 kn[n z ,samo-,ki51 0 once "p ( ! ,*9ese ,empire1 or z is m probable1 because x is on "o ( ! great highways ( c>avan travel betwe5 ,*9a & ,we/]n ,asia1 ! ,*9ese elem5t is p>ticul>ly noticeable4 ,x appe>s 9 ! col\rs t are 9 /rong contra/2 9 ! g5]al patt]n t %[s little aff9ity = ^? ( ,p]sian or ,we/ ,asian rugs2 & ev5 9 ! weave1 9 :i* silk is occasionally mix$ ) ! wool ( bo? w>p & pile4 ,! gr\nd col\r ( ! field is usually "s %ade ( r$ or madd]1 ) blue & yell[ appe>+ conspicu\sly 9 ! pr9cipal designs & bord] /ripes4 ,or aga91 ! field may be blue1 s(t br[n1 gray1 or tan1 ) :i* ! col\rs ( ! designs & bord]s1 t may conta9 r$1 yell[1 & blue1 inv>iably appe> 9 /rong contra/4 ,few rugs h a m noticeable patt]n1 :i* consi/s pr9cipally ( r\nd$ m$allions4 ,if !re be b "o1 x is 9 ! c5tre2 & if !re be _m1 "o is at ea* corn]4 ,!y are usually ornam5t$ ) ,*9ese scrolls or "s geometric design1 z an eight-po9t$ />2 b dragons1 birds1 or fi%es are n uncommon4 ,occasionally1 also1 fl[]s ( ,p]sian design1 ) eight r\nd$ petals1 appe> 9 ! m$allion1 & o!rs ( l>g] size cov] ! field2 or !y may ev5 exclude ! m$allion & con/itute ! pr9cipal motive4 ,"s simple design 9 fretwork gives f9i% to ! corn]s ( ! field1 :i* is fur!r cov]$ ) ,*9ese butt]flies1 scrolls1 or ar*aic fl[] =ms4 ,! bord]s are equally di/9ctive1 & unlike ^? ( ,*9ese rugs are relatively wide & consi/ ( sev]al /ripes surr\nd$ by an edg+ ( uni=m col\r4 ,"o ( ! /ripes has g5]ally a /iffly undulat+ v9e2 ano!r a cont9u\s swa/ika design2 & a ?ird is m>k$ ) frets1 ! b>b]-pole design1 or a design :i* by "s is reg>d$ z ! sacr$ ,*9ese m\nta9 ris+ f ! waves4 ,9 mo/ pieces w>p & weft are loosely wov51 & ! pile is ( a m$ium grade ( wool2 b 9 v old pieces ! wool is f9e & lu/r\s4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$1 blue1 & yell[4 ,knot1 ,sehna4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to eight2 p]p5dicul>ly1 five to eight4 ,ea* half knot1 z x appe>s at back1 is z long z1 or long] ?an1 wide4 ,! r[s ( knots are n firmly press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p %[s at back4 ,w>p1 g5]ally cotton1 occasionally wool2 "o ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is d\bl$ "u ! o!r4 ,weft1 g5]ally cotton1 occasionally wool1 ( co>se diamet] & frequ5tly dy$4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice1 betwe5 e two r[s ( knots1 & occasionally ?ree times4 ,pile1 wool1 ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree /ripes ) a p9k edg+4 ,sides1 a r$ or p9k ov]ca/+4 ,l[] end1 web & w>p loops4 ,upp] end1 web & w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 mod]ately firm4 ,weave at back1 r co>se4 ,l5g?1 six to f\rte5 feet4 ,usual wid?1 "o half to ?ree fif?s l5g?4 ,,ka%g>s ,,& ,,y>k&s4--,among ! foo?ill pla9s at ! we/]n end ( ! ,*9ese ,empire1 are ! mud-wall$ cities ( ,ka%g> & ,y>k&1 t 7 anci5t ev5 9 ! days :5 ,m>co ,polo visit$ !re4 ,situat$ 9 popul\s & f]tile di/ricts1 ea* has be5 a city ( political & indu/rial importance2 b on acc\nt ( ! great divides t sep>ate !m f ,we/]n ,turke/an1 ,p]sia1 & ,india1 _! comm]ce has be5 pr9cipally ) ,?ibet & ,*9a4 ,?us x has happ5$ t only )9 rec5t ye>s h any ( _! textile fabrics rea*$ ,europe & ,am]ica1 :]e !y are /ill almo/ unkn[n4 ,yet ev5 9 ! remote pa/1 ^! cities ga9$ a reputation = ! culture ( silk & ! weav+ ( c>pets4 ,moreov]1 at diff]5t p]iods !y 7 c5tres ( luxury1 s t x may safely be assum$ t _m ( _! wov5 products 7 ( a high ord] ( excell5ce4 ,^! rugs1 to be sure1 come f a di/rict ly+ )9 ! ,*9ese ,empire2 b x is s remote f ! c5tres :]e ! well-kn[n ,*9ese rugs h be5 & are wov51 & is s mu* ne>] to ,we/ ,turke/an & ,afghani/an1 t x seems be/ to place !m 9 ! ,c5tral ,asiatic gr\p4 ,z a rule1 su* pieces z rea* ?is c\ntry %[ crude workman%ip entirely lack+ 9 graceful floral patt]ns or arti/ic draw+4 ,octagonal =ms1 animals1 & ev5 my?ical creatures are (t5 di/ribut$ ov] ! fields s z to give !m a decid$ly ,*9ese "*4 ,! n>r[ bord] /ripes ornam5t$ ) ! swa/ika & fret =ms are (t5 simil> to "s ( ! ,sam>k& /ripes4 ,! col\rs1 :i* lack ! subdu$ ri*ness ( ,p]sian pieces1 are (t5 light2 b !y occasionally consi/ l>gely ( tones ( d>k blue & r$ :i* %[ ,turkoman influ5ces4 ,mo/ ( ^! rugs are int]e/+ on acc\nt ( _! qua9tness & individuality2 b few comp>e 9 quality ( mat]ial1 weave1 or arti/ic f9i% ) o!r classes ( ?is gr\p4 ,,belu*es ,,or ,,belu*i/ans4--8,:5 creat+ ! _w1 ! ,almighty made ,belu*i/an out ( ! refuse0 are ! words ( an old prov]b1 t ref]s to a l& :i* =m]ly produc$ "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ rugs ( ! ,ea/4 ,9 fact1 ! ?\ght is n surpris+ :5 ! desolate "* ( ! c\ntry is consid]$2 = a s&y1 wat]less wa/e /ret*es ov] ! great] "p1 & only 9 a corn] to ! nor!a/ & 9 n>r[ /rips1 :]e /reams f m\nta9 sides wat] small valleys1 is any cultivation4 ,across ?is sp>sely settl$ l& & f>!r we/w>d into ! s\!a/]n "p ( ,p]sia1 untam$ tribes ( ,belu*es & ,brahoes w&] ) _! %eep1 goats1 & l>ge numb]s ( camels4 ,_! rugs1 wov5 on crudely made looms1 be> little resemblance to ! m arti/ic floral pieces ( ! ,indian weav]s to ! ea/ or to ^? ( ,kirman to ! we/4 ,nor are !y closely relat$ to ! ,turkoman rugs ) :i* !y are usually gr\p$4 ,9 fact1 !y possess an individuality t once recognis$ is nev] =gott52 an individuality due to ! isolat$ condition ( a c\ntry t is protect$ f its ne>e/ neighb\rs by b>ri]s ( des]ts & m\nta9 ridges1 & is possess$ by a /ill unconqu]$ p4 ,to ^! circum/ances1 also1 x is due t ! rugs are r>ely col\r$ ) anil9e dyes1 ?\gh _m mod]n pieces h be5 *emically wa%$ by deal]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ef4 ,,yomud ,,rug ,"o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%+ features ( ,belu*i/ans are _! tones ( col\r1 t r>ely dep>t f traditional usage4 ,!y are pr9cipally a r$ ( ! %ade ( madd]1 a blue ) purple ca/1 & a d>k br[n t has sometimes a slight olive t+e1 p>ticul>ly :5 appe>+ 9 ! webs4 ,frequ5tly1 too1 dull tones ( gre5 are se54 ,contra/+ ) ^! m subdu$ gr\nd col\rs is almo/ inv>iably "s ivory :i* appe>s z small deta*$ figures 9 "p ( ! bord]1 or z outl9es ( pr9cipal designs4 ,! patt]ns also %[ individuality & div]sity4 ,mo/ frequ5tly !y are geometric & repres5t "s ill def9$ octagons sugge/+ ,turkoman rugs4 ,or !y may consi/ ( a field cov]$ ) diagonal b&s1 ) l>ge loz5ges1 or m$allions1 all ( :i* are decorat$ pr(usely ) lat*-hooks4 ,/ill o!rs h "s crudely drawn fl[] design1 z ! ,m9a ,khani1 t tells ( ,p]sian influ5ces4 ,a fair proportion h ! pray] patt]n1 consi/+ ( a l>ge rectangul> %ap$ mihrab1 :i* is z high z1 & frequ5tly high] ?an1 wide4 ,! bord]s1 z a rule1 consi/ ( ?ree or f\r /ripes4 ,! ma9 /ripe is geometric & 9 ! gu>d /ripes are runn+ lat*-hooks or ! reciprocal trefoil1 ?\gh occasionally !y are replac$ by "s conv5tionalis$ v9e or ribbon patt]n4 ,proportionally to _! l5g? few o!r rugs h su* long webs at ! end1 ?\gh !y are sometimes entirely worn away :ile ! body ( ! rug is /ill s]viceable4 ,!y are usually col\r$ 9 h>mony ) ! col\rs ( ! field1 & are m>k$ ) embroid]$ l9es or simple designs4 ,no o!r rugs h a surface ) m lu/r\s %e51 due to ! s(t1 f9e wool ( ! pile1 :i* 9 old pieces is %ort & closely wov51 giv+ a play ( col\rs1 & velvety appe>ance unsurpass$ by any o!r nomadic rugs4 ,_m ( ! *oice/ pieces ( ,belu*i/an weave n[ on ! m>ket are ! small saddle bags1 t are ( ri* yet subdu$ col\rs1 & possess ! "* & %e5 ( v old rugs4 ,type ,*>act]i/ics4 ,col\rs1 pr9cipally r$1 blue1 & br[n1 ) m9or quantities ( :ite4 ,knot1 ,sehna4 ,knots to in* horizontally six to n9e2 p]p5dicul>ly1 sev5 to t54 ,! r[s ( knots are usually press$ d[n1 s t ! w>p does n %[ at back4 ,w>p1 wool2 ea* ( ! two ?reads encircl$ by a knot is equally prom95t at back1 or "o is slightly depress$ bel[ ! o!r4 ,weft1 ( co>se1 wiry wool1 ( m$ium diamet]4 ,a ?read ( weft crosses twice betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,pile1 wool1 & occasionally camel's hair1 ( m$ium l5g?4 ,bord]1 ?ree /ripes4 ,sides1 a heavy goat's hair selvage ( ?ree or f\r cords4 ,bo? ends1 a broad embroid]$ web ) w>p fr+e4 ,texture1 slightly loose4 ,weave at back is mod]ately co>se4 ,usual l5g?1 f\r & "o half to six feet4 ,usual wid?1 two ?irds to ?ree qu>t]s l5g?4 ,,bord] ,,/ripes ,! bord] /ripes ( ! ,c5tral ,asiatic gr\p are ev5 m geometric ?an ! ,caucasian2 = x is r>ely t any floral =ms are se5 9 !m1 ?\gh !y may appe> 9 ! pile t ext5ds beyond ! bord]s ( ! ends4 ,ev5 ! v9es are s angul> z almo/ to lose _! id5tity4 ,octagonal figures1 />s1 frets1 & lat*-hooks are common4 ,9 fact1 ! gr\p z a :ole1 %[s ! influ5ce ( ! ,caucasian & ,*9ese gr\ps m ?an ! ,p]sian4 ,,prim>y ,,/ripes ,! /ripe %[n 9 ,plate ,l1 ,fig4 #a 7opp4 ,page #bej7 is "o ( _m f\nd 9 ! rugs kn[n z ,royal ,bokh>as4 ,! eight-po9t$ />s1 z well z ! small t5t-l designs1 :i* may h be5 d]iv$ f ! head/alls ( horses1 are almo/ always f\nd 9 x4 ,a well-kn[n /ripe ( ,pr9cess ,bokh>as correspond+ ) ! patt]n ( ! field1 appe>s 9 ,plate ,l1 ,fig4 #b4 ,x repres5ts a cont9u\s s]ies ( designs %ap$ l a ,y1 t 7 d\btless d]iv$ f =ms ( trees4 ,m frequ5tly ! /ripe 7,fig4 #c7 ( broad1 s]rat$ diagonal l9es1 t orig9ally may h be5 int5d$ to repres5t foliage1 is se54 ,ano!r /ripe f\nd 9 ,pr9cess ,bokh>as & also 9 ,tekkes & ,khivas is %[n 9 ,plate ,l1 ,fig4 #d4 ,x =cibly sugge/s ! ,*9ese fret4 ,sometimes x is us$ z a prim>y b m frequ5tly z a second>y /ripe4 ,9 ,plate ,l1 ,fig4 #e1 is a /ripe frequ5tly se5 9 ,tekkes1 :i* is int]e/+ on acc\nt ( ! eight-po9t$ />s & lat*-hooks simil> to ^? ( ,caucasian rugs4 ,)\t d\bt ?is is only "o ( ! _m in/ances illu/rat+ ! migration ( designs4 ,plate ,l1 ,fig4 #f repres5ts a /ripe peculi> to ,yomuds4 ,! runn+ v9e is mo/ me*anically drawn & fr+$ ) lat*-hooks1 :i* are a con/ant feature ( ?is class4 ,ano!r ,yomud /ripe ) v9e 9 :i* s]rations take ! place ( lat*-hooks is %[n 9 ,plate ,l1 ,fig4 #g4 ,p5d5t f ! v9e are o!r hooks %ap$ l frets4 ,v simil> to an old ,caucasian /ripe is ! "o repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,l1 ,fig4 #h2 b 9 ?is /ripe ! small designs are drawn s t ! proportion ( l5g? to wid? is great]2 & x is probable t !y 7 copi$ f a wrea? ( leaves4 ,?is /ripe is v commonly se5 9 ,belu*i/ans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,l4 ,,prim>y ,,& ,,second>y ,,bord]-,,/ripes ,,( ,,c5tral ,,asiatic ,,rugs ,plate ,l1 ,fig4 #i repres5ts a me*anically drawn v9e f\nd 9 ,be%ires4 ,well-kn[n ,afghan /ripes are %[n 9 ,plate ,l1 ,figs4 #aj & #aa4 ,9 ,plate ,l1 ,figs4 #ab & #ac are two ( ! mo/ typical & int]e/+ /ripes ( ,sam>k&s & ,y>k&s4 ,! fir/ is suppos$ to repres5t ! sacr$ m\nta9 ( ,*9ese lore ris+ out ( ! waves4 ,! second is a v9e ) leaves & fl[]s1 :i* sugge/ ,p]sian influ5ces4 ,a /ripe ) simple ar*aic patt]n peculi> to ,y>k&s is se5 9 ,plate ,l1 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,second>y ,,/ripes ,9 ,plate ,l1 ,fig4 #ae 7opp4 ,page #bej71 is a well-kn[n =m ( a second>y /ripe f\nd 9 ,royal ,bokh>as4 ,a /ripe se5 9 bo? ,pr9cess ,bokh>as & ,tekkes is %[n 9 ,plate ,l1 ,fig4 #af4 ,x be>s a slight resemblance to "s conv5tionalis$ v9es f\nd 9 o!r gr\ps4 ,/ripes ( runn+ lat*-hooks 7,plate ,k1 ,fig4 #bj1 opp4 ,page #bcj7 are frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,yomuds1 & occasionally 9 ,belu*i/ans4 ,9 ,belu*i/ans ! reciprocal trefoils1 s well-kn[n 9 ,caucasian & ,p]sian rugs1 are v frequ5tly us$4 ,! patt]n ( a d\ble v9e1 illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,l1 ,fig4 #ag1 is a ,be%ire /ripe t sugge/s a ,p]sian influ5ce4 ,9 ,plate ,l1 ,fig4 #ah1 is ! n>r[ pe> /ripe t appe>s 9 a v l>ge numb] ( ,afghans & 9 "s ,khivas4 ,two well-kn[n /ripes t belong to ,sam>k&s are %[n 9 ,plate ,l1 ,figs4 #ai & #bj4 ,! patt]n ( ! conv5tionalis$ v9e speaks ( ,p]sian orig91 & ! swa/ikas sugge/ ,*9ese orig94 ,9 ,tekkes1 ,yomuds1 ,afghans1 & ,belu*i/ans ! small b>b]-pole /ripes are con/antly employ$4 ,,te*nicalities ,,9 ,,! ,,weave ,,( ,,c5tral ,,asiatic ,,rugs ,leg5d3 ,,knot-- ,h ,horizontally ,p ,p]p5dicul>ly ,,w>p-- g goat's hair e ea* equally prom95t d #a to ! knot depress$ h #a to ! knot d\bl$ "u ,,weft-- g goat's hair ,no4 ,no4 times cross+ bet4 two r\nd knots ,,sides-- ,o ov]ca/+ ,s selvage ,,l[] ,,end ,w web ,s ,selvage ,k ,r[s knots ,l w>p loops ,f fr+e ,,upp] ,,end ,w web ,s selvage ,k ,r[s knots ,t turn$ back & hemm$ ,f fr+e ,,knot ,,w>p ,,c5tral ,numb] to ,at back ,,asiatic ,in*es ,g ,s w c ,ghiordes ,sehna ,h ,p wool cotton s_/l e d h ,afghan ,g ,s #e-h #g-aj w g e d ,belu*i/an ,s #f-i #g-aj w g e d ,be%ire ,s #f-i #h-aa w c g e d ,pr9cess ,bokh>a ,s #h-abaf-bd w e d ,royal ,bokh>a ,s #h-abad-ah w g e ,tekke ,bokh>a ,s #g-ab #i-ad w g d ,khiva ,g ,s #f-aj #h-ad w g e ,sam>k& ,s #f-h #e-h w c h ,yomud ,g ,s #g-ab #i-ag w g e d ,,weft ,,sides ,,l[] ,,end ,,c5tral ,,asiatic w c wool cotton g ,no4 ,o ,s ,w_/,s ,k ,l ,f ,afghan w #b ,s ,w ,f ,belu*i/an w #b ,s ,w ,f ,be%ire w c g #b_/a ,s ,w ,f ,pr9cess ,bokh>a w #b ,o ,w ,f ,royal ,bokh>a w #b ,o ,s ,w ,f ,tekke ,bokh>a w #b ,s ,w ,f ,khiva w #b ,s ,w ,k ,f ,sam>k& w c #b ,o ,w ,l ,yomud w #b ,s ,w ,f ,,upp] ,,end ,,nap ,,weave ,,texture ,,c5tral l long f f9e l loose ,,asiatic m m$ium m m$ium m m$ium ,w_/,s ,k ,t ,f s %ort c co>se f firm ,afghan ,w ,f m m_/c f ,belu*i/an ,w ,f m c m_/l ,be%ire ,w ,f m c f ,pr9cess ,bokh>a ,w ,f s f f ,royal ,bokh>a ,w ,f m_/s m_/s f ,tekke ,bokh>a ,w ,t ,f m_/s m_/f f ,khiva ,w ,f m m f ,sam>k& ,w ,f m c m ,yomud ,w ,f m m_/c f indicates ! less frequ5t condition4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,indian ,,rugs ,,?r\gh\t p>ts ( ,india are wov5 rugs kn[n z ,d>i1 :i* are unlike ! rugs ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,!y are pileless cotton fabrics1 t may repres5t an indig5\s craft old z ! ,aryan migrations4 ,_! designs are ( ! simple/ ord]2 usually no m ?an pla9 /ripes ( blue1 r$1 & black1 or only blue & :ite modifi$ occasionally by simple geometric figures4 ,fur!rmore1 _! workman%ip is poor1 s t !y possess little arti/ic m]it4 ,"s pieces ( l>ge size are export$1 b !y awak5 b little int]e/ comp>$ ) o!r k9ds ( rugs4 ,! weav+ ( pile c>pets 9 ,india1 on ! o!r h&1 does n appe> to h be5 ! result ( spontane\s gr[? or to h fl\ri%$ )\t artificial enc\ragem5t4 ,x 0 probably introduc$ by ! ,s>ac5s1 b c>pets ( elaborate design & workman%ip 7 n made till ! reign ( ,%ah ,akb>1 :o import$ ,p]sian weav]s4 ,"u 8 patronage & ! enc\ragem5t ( 8 royal successors1 ! manufacture ( pieces t rivall$ ^? ( ,p]sia cont9u$ = a hundr$ ye>s1 b aft] ! dea? ( ,%ah ,jahan1 9 #afeh1 ! indu/ry began to decl9e4 ,nev]!less1 = ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s long] excell5t fabrics 7 produc$ z ! result ( ! sy/em t 0 ma9ta9$ 9 all ! prov9ces by less] pot5tates4 ,?is sy/em1 :i* 0 also 9 vogue 9 p>ts ( ,p]sia1 is describ$ by ,dr4 ,george ,birdwood z foll[s3 8,! pr9ces & great nobles & weal?y g5try1 :o are ! *ief patrons ( ^! gr& fabrics1 collect toge!r 9 _! own h\ses & palaces all :o ga9 a reputation = special skill 9 _! manufacture4 ,^! m5 receive a fix$ sal>y & daily rations & are s little hurri$ 9 _! "w t !y h pl5ty ( "t to execute private ord]s also4 ,_! sal>ies are cont9u$ ev5 :5 ?r\gh age or accid5t !y are pa/ "w2 & on _! dea? !y pass to _! sons1 %\ld !y h become skill$ 9 _! fa!r's art4 ,^u ! completion ( any extraord9>y "w1 x is submitt$ to ! patron2 & "s hon\r is at once conf]r$ on ! arti/ & 8 sal>y increas$4 ,x is "u su* conditions t ! be/ art "w ( ! ,ea/ has always be5 produc$40 ,aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,mogul dom9ion by ,nadir ,%ah1 9 #agca1 ! production ( c>pets rapidly dim9i%$ & ! quality det]iorat$4 ,?is 0 due to sev]al causes4 ,) ! conque/s ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,company1 t began 9 ! middle ( ! ,,xviii ,c5tury1 & ! ext5sion ( trade into e di/rict1 l>ge quantities ( antique c>pets became ! prop]ty ( ! ,company or ( ^? 9 its employ4 ,_m ( !m1 includ+ sumptu\s pieces t _h adorn$ ! palaces ( ! desc5dants ( ,tam]lane1 f\nd _! way to ,engl&4 ,?us 7 remov$ _m ( ! ma/]pieces t _h be5 an inspiration to ! weav]s4 ,moreov]1 ) ! ov]?r[ ( native pr9ces _! patronage ceas$2 & lat]1 :5 looms 7 e/abli%$ 9 jails = ! employm5t ( convicts1 undesirable competition r$uc$ ! wages ( free lab\r4 ,/ill m p]nici\s 0 ! introduction ( anil9e dyes1 & ! elim9ation ( individual ta/e by supply+ patt]ns1 t 7 (t5 ( ,european orig91 to be me*anically copi$4 ,?us x foll[$ t1 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( ,mr4 ,rob9son & ( o!rs1 = ne>ly half a c5tury1 to resuscitate ! art & re/ore x to its =m] condition1 weav+ 9 ,india1 to-day1 re/s purely on a comm]cial basis2 & ! workman%ip is almo/ z me*anical z ! manufacture ( ma*9e-made c>pets 9 ,europe or ,am]ica4 ,yet to ! cl\d hang+ ov] ! weav+ ( ,india is a bright] l9+4 ,european companies h e/abli%$ factories :]e natives are employ$ mak+ rugs t 9 quality equal ! products ( ,smyrna & ,sultanabad4 ,"s ( !m1 inde$1 are ev5 m firmly wov5 ?an ! ,p]sian products f :i* !y are copi$4 ,9 _m ( ! t[ns1 also1 are looms :]e ! weav]s1 :o are mo/ly boys1 enjoy m indep5d5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! companies1 realis+ t ! future ( _! bus9ess dep5ds on ! quality ( ! fabrics1 are l>gely disc>d+ anil9e dyes4 ,x is n[ possible1 !re=e1 to obta9 ,indian rugs ( excell5t workman%ip & col\rs at v mod]ate prices2 b individuality1 repres5tative ( native "* & temp]am5t1 is entirely lack+2 & 9 its place is simply a reproduction ( ,p]sian or ,european patt]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #eg4 ,,be%ire ,,pray] ,,rug ,any arrangem5t ( ^! rugs 9 sub-gr\ps mu/ be arbitr>y1 z simil> conditions ( e>ly =eign influ5ce1 royal patronage1 & ! jail & factory sy/ems1 h prevail$ ?r\gh\t ,india4 ,yet s9ce ! nor!rn "p has be5 m directly "u ! influ5ce ( ! c\rts & m intimately connect$ ) ,h]at1 :i* seems to h left a /rong impress on ! weav+s ( all ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 x is conv5i5t to make a di/9ction betwe5 ! rugs ( ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,india4 ,! pr9cipal rug-produc+ c5tres ( ,nor!rn ,india at pres5t are ,sr9ag>1 ,amrits>1 ,lahore1 ,multan1 ,allahabad1 ,agra1 ,mirzapur1 ,s9dh1 ,jubbulpur1 & ,jaipur4 ,,sr9ag>4--,f ! extreme nor!rn "p ( ,india come ! rugs ( ,ka%mir1 :i* are (t5 nam$ aft] ! capital ( ! prov9ce1 ,sr9ag>1 ! 8,city ( ! ,sun40 ,to a l>ge ext5t1 !y resemble ! f> m fam\s %awls t 7 wov5 9 ! c5tral valley1 :]e w9ds ! ,jhelum1 t "s believe fir/ sugge/$ ! pe> design4 ,! pieces wov5 be=e ! ,briti% occupation ( ,india 7 ( excell5t quality & conta9$ delicate col\r s*emes1 t 7 exce$+ly pleas+2 b ! products ( ! la/ half c5tury %[ det]ioration4 ,! col\rs are h>%]1 ! me*anical draw+ ( ! patt]ns %[ ,european influ5ce1 & ! bord]s resemble too closely ! c5tral field to h di/9ct *>act]s4 ,yet _m ( !m are n[ dy$ ) vegetable col\rs1 & are /\tly wov5 ) ! s(t & silky wool = :i* ?is di/rict is r5[n$4 ,,amrits>4--,on acc\nt ( fam9e & sev]al o!r causes1 a l>ge numb] ( ! p ( ,ka%mir migrat$ ab\t ! ye> #ahdj4 ,"s ( !m settl$ at ,amrits>1 :]e !y foll[$ _! =m] craft ( mak+ %awls1 until a *ange ( fa%ion1 t occurr$ ab\t ! ye> #ahgj1 depriv$ _m ( _! occupation4 ,^! turn$ to rug weav+ & ?us gave an impetus to t indu/ry4 ,amrits> is n[ ! mo/ popul\s & weal?y city ( ! ,punjab2 & z "s tw5ty ?\s& m5 & boys are employ$ at ! looms1 x is "o ( ! lead+ rug-produc+ c5tres ( ,india4 ,yet be=e ! exhibition ( ,indian rugs at ! ,_w's ,fair 9 ,*icago1 9 #ahic1 !re _h n be5 any dem& 9 ?is c\ntry = its rugs4 ,= a long p]iod x has be5 ! home ( weav]s :o f\nd 9 ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s & valleys ! be/ ( wool1 b be=e ! revival ( ! indu/ry _! patt]ns & workman%ip 7 ( an inf]ior "*4 ,"u ! factory sy/em1 conduct$ by ,am]ican & ,engli% firms1 has be5 a m>k$ improvem5t4 ,bo? dyes & wool are excell5t1 & ! te*nique ( weave equals :at is f\nd 9 ! be/ ( ,p]sian products1 ,to ! squ>e in* are frequ5tly two hundr$ ,sehna knots2 & s9ce :5 ty+ a knot "o ?read ( w>p is d\bl$ "u ! o!r1 z 9 ,bij>s1 & ! ?reads ( weft are press$ d[n v firmly1 ! texture is unusually close4 ,! nap is %ort2 ! sides are ov]ca/2 & z a rule1 ! l[] end has a cotton web & ! upp] end a web & fr+e4 ,! mod]ate prices = rugs ( su* excell5t dyes & workman%ip are possible only on acc\nt ( ! wage ( ! weav]1 :i* does n exce$ "o eigh? :at he w\ld receive 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!re is no?+1 h[ev]1 9 ! patt]n to di/+ui% ^! rugs f o!rs2 = 9 ! draw+ ! greate/ latitude is ex]cis$4 ,x may be a copy ( a ,european c>pet1 or "s ,indian or ,iranian antique4 ,( rec5t ye>s1 _m well-kn[n mod]n ,p]sian patt]ns h be5 foll[$1 s t n infrequ5tly ^! pieces are mi/ak5 = ! products ( ,k]man%ah or ,sultanabad4 ,,lahore4--,ab\t ! ye> #aehj1 ! imp]ial c>pet factory ( ,%ah ,akb> 0 e/abli%$ at ,lahore1 ! capital ( ! ,punjab2 :]e dur+ ! reign ( ! ,mogul pr9ces 7 produc$ _m ( ! be/ examples ( ,indian weav+4 ,x 0 "h t1 9 #afcd1 0 wov5 ! well-kn[n c>pet n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,girdl]'s ,company ( ,london4 ,"s ( ! pieces t /ill rema9 %[ wond]ful delicacy ( draw+ & brilliancy ( col\r+4 ,at a mu* lat] p]iod1 "u ! ,briti% rule1 ! jail sy/em ( weav+ 0 inaugurat$1 & rugs 7 made ) bo? wooll5 & cotton f\ndation4 ,)9 m rec5t ye>s ! factory sy/em foll[$2 & on acc\nt ( ! ne>ness ( ,amrits> to ! capital1 "s =eign firms h weav+ e/abli%m5ts 9 bo? cities4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 t !re %\ld be a resemblance 9 _! products1 :i* is se5 9 ! f9i% ( sides & ends & 9 ! "* ( weav+1 :i* usually %[s "o ?read ( w>p to ea* knot d\bl$ "u ! o!r2 b z a rule ! rugs ( ,lahore come 9 light] %ades & are wov5 ) few] knots to ! squ>e in*4 ,9 ! gu>ds ( ! bord] (t5 appe> geometric figures2 b ! patt]ns 9 o!r respects l>gely foll[ well-kn[n ,p]sian draw+1 ?\gh leaf & fl[] are m arti/ically portray$ & ! designs are less cr[d$4 ,,multans4--,"o ( ! mo/ anci5t cities ( ! ,punjab is ,multan1 :i* dur+ ! vicissitudes ( c5turies 0 m ?an once captur$ by e>ly ,mohamm$an conqu]ors & also by ,tam]lane4 ,its wov5 fabrics are ( ?ree types3 ! ,d>i1 :i* are made almo/ exclusively 9 ! jails2 rugs ( cotton pile1 t h be5 made only )9 ! la/ sixty ye>s2 & rugs ( wooll5 pile1 t h be5 produc$ = an unkn[n p]iod4 ,z ! looms on :i* !y are made are unlike ^? ( o!r di/ricts1 & ! weav]s are b little affect$ by ext]nal influ5ces1 x is n surpris+ t ! pile c>pets n only display uniqu5ess ( patt]n r>ely se5 9 o!r ,indian pieces b also possess peculi>ities ( weav+ z well z ( mat]ial4 ,usually !y are ( mod]ate size1 b "s h a bread? ( twelve feet4 ,!re are seldom m ?an "o hundr$ knots to ! squ>e in* & occasionally only n9e1 s t ! texture is co>se4 ,n infrequ5tly a s+le knot encircles f\r ?reads ( w>p1 & betwe5 two r[s ( knots is a s+le ?read ( weft4 ,almo/ all ( ! weav]s are ,mohamm$ans1 :o h a tradition t !y orig9ally came f ,p]sia2 yet _! products conta9 few ( ! ,iranian *>act]i/ics1 s9ce ! field is usually occupi$ by geometric designs or crudely drawn floral patt]ns4 ,z is seldom ! case ) weav]s :o dwell 9 cities1 ^! dye _! own wool1 us+ bo? vegetable & anil9e dyes4 ,! pr9cipal col\rs are bold & /rongly contra/+ tones ( r$1 yell[1 & blue4 ,"s ( ! cotton rugs1 h[ev]1 h a s+le col\r ( blui% %ade4 ,on ! :ole1 ! ,multan rugs possess great individuality b little arti/ic m]it4 ,,agra4--,almo/ )9 sight ( ! m9>ets ( ! ,taj ,mahal are prison walls :]e convicts ( ,agra plodd+ly weave4 ,9 #ahia1 ,dr4 ,john ,hur/ 8saw a long r[ ( prison]s = life1 :o 7 *a9$ to ea* o!r by ! feet1 engag$ 9 weav+ a rug = ,que5 ,victoria1 & ano!r = ! ex-,empress ,eug5ie40 ,mo/ ( ^! pieces are ( cotton f\ndation4 ,ea* ?read ( w>p is equally prom95t at ! back1 & ! texture is loos] ?an 9 ,amrits>s4 ,! nap is %ort1 & ! fibres ( ! knots bl5d well toge!r4 ,n infrequ5tly ! fields are monotones ( delicate %ades ( blue1 gre51 or fawn col\r4 ,z a rule1 ! rugs are v l>ge & heavy2 & x w\ld seem t ?is has always be5 ! case1 z ,mr4 ,rob9son sugge/$ t ! reason = e/abli%+ looms at ?is place 0 ! e>ly dem& = c>pets too l>ge to be import$ on elephants4 ,,allahabad4--,situat$ l ,b5>es on ! banks ( ! ,ganges1 & next to x ! mo/ sacr$ city ( ,india to ! fai?ful ,brahman1 is ,allahabad1 capital ( ! nor?we/]n prov9ces4 ,its geographic & political importance1 z well z ! fact t ea* ye> half a million or m devotees visit x1 h be5 important factors 9 ! gr[? ( its indu/ries1 "o ( :i* is ! weav+ ( rugs4 ,yet ! numb]s produc$ h nev] be5 great4 ,z a rule !y are ( l>ge size1 & are loosely wov5 ) ea* ?read ( w>p equally di/9ct at ! back4 ,few ( !m equal ! be/ examples ( ! ,amrits> looms4 ,,mirzapur4--,:5 x is consid]$ t ,mirzapur is ! c5tre ( a v popul\s cotton-produc+ di/rict 9 ! valley ( ! ,ganges1 to ! we/ ( ,b5>es1 & is ! seat ( important manufactures1 x is n surpris+ t x is not$ = its c>pets4 ,^? made half a c5tury ago 7 well wov5 & dy$ ) fa/ col\rs1 b l>gely on acc\nt ( ! employm5t ( convicts1 ! texture ( ^? made s9ce !n is co>se & loose1 ! patt]ns are poor1 ! col\rs crude4 ,to a limit$ ext5t a high] grade ( wool has be5 import$ z a sub/itute = ! h>% local product1 b ! result has n be5 satisfactory4 ,^! rugs accord+ly f9d small fav\r among ^? :o appreciate arti/ic qualities1 & give little satisfaction :]e durability is ! *ief requisite4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t )9 rec5t ye>s ef=ts h be5 made to raise _! /&>d4 ,,jubbulpur4--,two hundr$ miles to ! s\?we/ ( ,allahabad is ,jubbulpur1 capital ( a di/rict ( ov] half a million p4 ,a c5tury ago _m beautiful rugs 7 wov5 !re2 b s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,s*ool ( ,indu/ry1 9 #ahej1 ! "* ( weav+ has retrograd$ r ?an advanc$4 ,9 #ahhj1 ,dr4 ,birdwood wrote ( its rugs z foll[s3 8,! f\ndation1 z n[ scamp$ is q insuffici5t to c>ry ! heavy pile :i* is a feature ( ?is "w2 & is moreov] s %ort 9 ! /aple z to be incapable ( be>+ ! t5sion ev5 ( ! process ( manufacture4 ,jubbulpur c>pets (t5 rea* ?is c\ntry 7,engl&7 :i* w n be> sweep+1 or ev5 unpack+4 ,i "k ( two :i* 7 %ak5 to pieces 9 ! attempt to %ake ! du/ out ( !m :5 fir/ unpack$4 ,! designs once _h "s local "*1 b h lo/ x dur+ ! la/ f\r or five ye>s40 ,)9 rec5t ye>s few h be5 export$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #eh4 ,,be%ire ,,rug ,,s9dh4--,=m]ly good rugs 7 wov5 at ,s9dh1 "o hundr$ miles above ! m\? ( ! ,indus2 b aft] ! introduction ( anil9e dyes _! col\rs1 z well z patt]ns1 det]iorat$4 ,9 ! poore/ pieces ! f\ndation 0 ( cotton & hemp1 & c[ hair 0 frequ5tly us$ = pile4 ,v few ( !m h be5 import$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,,jaipur4--,9 ! palace ( ! ,mah>ajah at ,jaipur1 ! great comm]cial c5tre ( ,rajputana1 are "s ( ! mo/ beautiful c>pets t rema9 9 ,india4 ,native appreciation is also app>5t 9 ! pres5t workman%ip ( ! di/rict weav]s4 ,!re is no?+ crass or inelegant 9 ! patt]ns :i* foll[ ! pleas+ draw+ ( ,p]sian rugs4 ,! v9e1 leaf1 & fl[]1 trees1 & animals are fai?fully portray$4 ,! texture ( weave is excell5t4 ,! pr9cipal rug-produc+ c5tres ( ,s\!rn ,india are ,madras1 ,m>sulipatam1 ,ellore1 ,vellore1 & ,bangalore4 ,rugs are also wov5 9 ,hyd]abad1 ,w>angal1 & ,ayyampet 9 ! ,tanjore di/rict4 ,,madras4--,only )9 a comp>atively rec5t p]iod h rugs be5 made at ,madras1 ! e>ly /ronghold ( ! ,briti% 9 ,s\? ,india4 ,ov] half a c5tury ago1 native products1 wov5 9 ! int]ior t[ns ( ! ,dekkan1 7 %ipp$ by way ( ,coconada to t city & 7 sometimes kn[n z ,madras rugs4 ,two ( ^! pieces1 :i* 7 s5t by ,mr4 ,v9c5t ,rob9son to ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 diff] widely 9 h>mony ( col\rs1 beauty ( design1 & delicacy ( workman%ip f ! pres5t products ( ,madras4 ,yet ! latt] h mu* to comm5d !m4 ,"s are made 9 ! jail1 o!rs 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,f9e ,arts1 & o!rs 9 ! ,anjuman ,indu/rial ,s*ool4 ,all are made ( good wool1 col\r$ ) vegetable dyes4 ,great div]sity appe>s 9 ! patt]ns1 z "s are copi$ f antique c>pets repres5t$ 9 ! 8,vi5na ,c>pet ,book10 o!rs are copi$ f rugs ( ,nor!rn ,india1 ,p]sia1 & ,asia ,m9or4 ,z a rule1 ! fields are well cov]$ ) repetitive designs1 t give !m ! appe>ance ( factory-made c>pets4 ,,m>sulipatam4--,two hundr$ & fifty miles nor? ( ,madras on ! ,corom&el coa/ is ! city ( ,m>sulipatam1 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! ,briti% settlem5ts 9 ,india1 f :i* ! ,ea/ ,india ,company %ipp$ rugs ov] two c5turies ago4 ,at t "t !y 7 among ! f9e/ produc$ 9 t c\ntry1 b ! dem&s ( ag5ts = articles t c\ld be produc$ z *eaply z possible result$ 9 ! use ( inf]ior mat]ials & 9 poor] workman%ip4 ,mo/ ( ! dyes are anil9e4 ,! patt]ns1 t once 7 execut$ ) m>vel\s beauty ( detail1 gave way to crude draw+ until 8^! glori\s c>pets ( ,m>sulipatam h sunk to a mock]y & trave/y ( _! =m] selves40#cf ,few ( !m are any long] import$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,,ellore4--,n f> f ! delta ( ! ,godav>i riv] is ! t[n ( ,ellore1 :]e a few c5turies ago "s ,p]sians settl$1 & :]e _! desc5dants1 fai?ful to e>ly tradition1 h foll[$ ! craft ( weav+4 ,"h 9 =m] times 7 produc$ "s ( ! be/ rugs 9 ,s\!rn ,india2 & ev5 z late z #ahhc1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,havell wrote t he _h se5 pieces wov5 to meet special ord]s :i* 7 equal 9 po9t ( int]e/ & mat]ial to ! old specim5s 9 ! h&s ( connoisseurs ( ,london or 9 native palaces4 ,?is is "o ( ! few di/ricts 9 ,s\!rn ,india :]e ! indu/ry exi/s outside ( jails4 ,9 ! t[n & surr\nd+ c\ntry are ab\t f\r hundr$ looms op]at$ by "s ?ree ?\s& p1 :o are ,mohamm$ans4 ,9 ! bett] class ( rugs1 9 :i* vegetable dyes are /ill us$1 & ! y>n is (t5 a native product ( wool obta9$ f %eep ( ! upl&s & spun by %eph]ds1 some?+ ( ! old /yle ( craftsman%ip rema9s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ! rugs :i* are int5d$ solely = export trade are ( an inf]ior ord]1 s9ce _m ( _! col\rs are obta9$ f anil9e1 _! weav+ is inf]ior1 & _! patt]ns are ord9>y4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,t4 ,h>ris1 9 8 report on ! ,madras ,indu/rial & ,art ,exhibition1 #aijc1 said3 8,! exhibits ( c>pets s5t f ,ellore 7 poor 9 conception1 weave1 & col\r4444 ,! patt]ns 9 use 7 poor & (t5 modifications ( *eap ,wilton1 ,kidd]m9/]1 & ,g]man p[] loom designs4 ,"s ( ! old patt]ns are /ill ) ! weav]s1 b un=tunately !re is no trade dem& = ?is f9e class ( goods1 ! old dyes are be+ =gott5 & h giv5 place to *eap anil9es unskilfully appli$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ei4 ,,afghan ,,rug ,9 l5g?1 ! rugs are f a few feet to tw5ty-f\r feet4 ,! w>p is ( cotton1 & ! weft is sometimes ( jute or hemp4 ,! pile is ( an inf]ior quality1 z x consi/s l>gely ( ! wool tak5 f a %eep aft] dea?1 kn[n z 8dead0 wool1 or z 8,*unam0 or 8lim$0 wool1 s9ce x is necess>y to treat x ) lime4 ,un=tunately vegetable dyes d n produce 9 x ! same results z 9 8live0 wool2 & s9ce ! sc>city ( wool 9 ,s\!rn ,india frequ5tly necessitates its use1 anil9e dyes are = ?is reason alone (t5 employ$4 ,! numb] ( knots to ! squ>e in* is relatively small4 ,! patt]ns %[ great div]sity1 z ,p]sian features pr$om9ate 9 ! old] rugs2 b bo? geometric & floral designs are employ$ 9 ! mod]n4 ,,vellore4--,almo/ a hundr$ miles to ! we/ ( ,madras is ! t[n ( ,vellore1 :]e native weav]s once produc$ f9e wooll5 c>pets on _! own looms4 ,a few specim5s ( ^! old pieces are pres]v$ 9 ! jail to s]ve z patt]ns = ! convicts1 :o n[ weave ! only rugs ( ! di/rict4 ,!re are "s fifty looms2 & z ! l>ge/ is ab\t ?irty feet wide1 almo/ any size ( rug may be obta9$4 ,! product re/s on a comm]cial basis & dep5ds on ! m>ket dem&s1 re/rict$ by ! mat]ial available & ! limitations ( ! weav]s4 ,accord+ to ! ord]1 ! rugs may be col\r$ ) vegetable or anil9e dyes2 !y may h w>p & weft ( cotton1 jute or hemp2 & !y may h f six to sixte5 knots to ! in* measur$ horizontally & p]p5dicul>ly4 ,9 ! patt]ns1 :i* are z promiscu\s z ^? ( ,ellore & (t5 simil>1 ! ,h]ati design ) a correspond+ bord] is n infrequ5tly us$4 ,rec5tly an ef=t has be5 made to exclude all b vegetable dyes & improve ! craftsman%ip4 ,,bangalore4--,! pr9cipal weav+ indu/ry 9 ! ,mysore /ate is c5tr$ ab\t ,bangalore1 a city ( ab\t two hundr$ ?\s& inhabitants4 ,its f\nd]1 ,hyd] ,ali1 is said to h e/abli%$ looms & to h import$ ! fir/ weav]s4 ,9 #aijh1 ! n9e jail looms1 ( :i* ! l>ge/ _h a l5g? ( ne>ly ?irty feet1 7 con/antly occupi$ 9 mak+ rugs to ord]4 ,! numb] ( knots to ! squ>e in* v>i$ greatly accord+ to ! quality requir$2 & ! dyes 7 almo/ entirely anil9e4 ,9 ! city are employ$ a mu* l>g] numb] ( weav]s1 :o clean & sp9 ! wool produc$ 9 ! di/rict1 z well z dye x by secret processes1 t !y gu>d mo/ c>efully4 ,! clos5ess ( texture2 ! col\r+ by anil9e or vegetable dyes2 & ! use ( cotton1 jute1 or hemp1 = w>p & weft1 are regulat$ by ! requirem5ts ( ! trade1 :i* is conduct$ l>gely by two or ?ree ,engli% firms4 ,,hyd]abad4--,spl5did craftsman%ip 0 once display$ 9 ! rugs made 9 ! cities ( ,hyd]abad & ,w>angal1 9 ! di/rict ( ,hyd]abad4 ,! weave 0 exce$+ly f9e1 & ! col\rs 7 brilliant b h>moni\s4 ,n[ few rugs are produc$ 9 ^! cities1 & !y h poor patt]ns & wret*$ col\rs4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,*9ese ,,rugs ,,! exi/5ce ( ,*9ese rugs ( age & m]it 0 almo/ unkn[n to ! ,we/]n _w until ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 a few pieces rea*$ ,europe1 :]e !y ar\s$ ! j admiration ( art connoisseurs4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury a l>g] numb]1 :i* 7 obta9$ dur+ ! ,box] revolution by reason ( ! spoliation ( homes1 temples1 & palaces1 t nev] be=e _h be5 ent]$ by =eign]s1 7 export$ to ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ,new ,york ,city1 betwe5 ! ye>s #aijh & #aiaj1 "s ( !m 7 sold at public auctions = prices t /imulat$ collectors 9 ,*9a to se>* = m4 ,b !y h prov$ to be sc>ce :5 comp>$ ) o!r ,ori5tal rugs1 s t1 z yet1 ! g5]al public are only slightly famili> ) !m4 ,moreov]1 little is kn[n ab\t _! antec$5ts1 = writt5 records are exce$+ly meagre4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t _m 7 made 9 ,ea/]n ,turke/an along ! highways t ext5d to ,p]sia & ,india4 ,b x is m probable t !y 7 wov5 9 ,ea/]n ,*9a1 :]e o!r bran*es ( art rea*$ a rem>kable developm5t "u ! patronage ( weal?y m&>9s & ! imp]ial c\rt4 ,ev5 if !y are n ! product ( an indig5\s gr[?1 ! k ( weav+ may easily h be5 acquir$ f ,we/]n ,asia2 s9ce x 0 n unusual sev]al c5turies ago to import weav]s f "o c\ntry to ano!r to in/ruct native craftsm54 ,fur!rmore1 ! features :i* at a glance diff]5tiate ^! rugs f all o!rs1 proclaim _! ,*9ese "*4 ,! diap] patt]ns t cov] ! fields ( "s ( !m1 & ! foliate & floral =ms t appe> 9 mo/ ( !m1 n only are unlike ^? ( any o!r gr\ps1 b h well-kn[n ,*9ese elem5ts4 ,a m di/9ctive feature are ! col\rs1 :i* are relatively few4 ,_m ( !m1 z tan1 yell[1 & blue1 are ( %ades unlike :at are se5 9 o!r rugs4 ,ev5 m di/9ctive ?an ^! are ! r$s1 :i* nev] h ! prim>y col\rs f\nd 9 o!r gr\ps b resemble ! t9ts ( ripe apricot1 pea*1 pomegranate1 & p]simmon4 ,simil> tones are se5 9 old ,*9ese porcela94 ,! geometric & floral ornam5tation also %[s relation%ip to :at is f\nd 9 ! products ( o!r bran*es ( ,*9ese art4 ,m *>act]i/ic /ill are ! small designs :i* are s relat$ to ! philosophic & religi\s ?\ght ( ! p & to ! indu/rial & social life t _! ,*9ese orig9 is unmi/akable4 ,?\gh x be grant$ t ne>ly all 7 wov5 9 ,ea/]n ,*9a1 x is n possible satisfactorily to assign !m to diff]5t classes bas$ on locality2 yet )\t d\bt important di/9ctions1 obs]vable also 9 ! e>ly pa9t+s & porcela9s & result+ l>gely f diff]5ces ( race & "* ( c\ntry1 exi/ betwe5 ^? wov5 9 ,nor!rn ,*9a1 :]e ! highe/ appreciation ( art exi/$1 & ^? wov5 9 ,s\!rn ,*9a4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t su* m>k$ local di/9ctions z are f\nd 9 o!r gr\ps nev] exi/$ 9 ,*9ese rugs4 ,su* di/9ctions z d exi/ relate m to /ages 9 developm5t ( ! textile art1 s t ! natural classification is bas$ on ! successive p]iods :5 !y 7 wov54 ,! abs5ce ( writt5 & traditional hi/ory reg>d+ ! weav+ ( ^! p]iods is by no means an insup]able ob/acle to su* classification4 ,by a c>eful exam9ation ( l>ge numb]s ( rugs1 x is possible to arrange !m ) reasonable accuracy 9 s]ies t repres5t progressive =ms ( ornam5tation & design f ! ar*aic to ! mod]n4 ,a mo/ important aid to ?is arrangem5t is ! int]dep5d5ce s conspicu\s 9 ! sev]al arts ( ,*9a2 = designs ( innum]able articles ) well-e/abli%$ ages1 especially ( ! c]amic art1 h be5 copi$ by ! weav]s4 ,te*nical peculi>ities 9 weav+ are also an aid 9 det]m9+ ! p]iod to :i* rugs belong4 ,an important di/9ction1 = in/ance1 (t5 exi/s 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! mat]ial is spun4 ,if pieces ( y>n be tak5 f old rugs & c>efully exam9$1 z !y are untwi/$1 ! simpl]1 crud] me?ods ( sp9n+ practis$ 9 =m] days are (t5 app>5t4 ,9 "s ( ! olde/ fabrics t rema9 ! wool 0 v loosely spun4 ,irregul>ities 9 ! size ( y>n are also m noticeable 9 old ?an 9 mod]n pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fj4 ,,belu*i/an ,,pray] ,,rug ,m important (t5 9 det]m9+ ! relative age ( a rug ?an ei!r design or te*nical peculi>ities ( weav+1 is ! %ade ( col\r2 = h[ev] excell5t 7 ! orig9al dyes & :atev] c>e 0 ex]cis$ 9 _! application1 !y sl[ly *ang$ "u ! mell[+ influ5ce ( "t to tones t are obta9$ by no human process4 ,fur!rmore1 z is ! case ) porcela9s1 c]ta9 col\rs 7 peculi> to c]ta9 p]iods4 ,= in/ance1 gold5 br[ns are se5 mo/ly 9 pieces wov5 be=e ! middle ( ! ,,xviii ,c5tury1 & azure blue 9 pieces wov5 be=e ! ,,xix ,c5tury4 ,yell[ ) a lemon or citron ca/ is f\nd pr9cipally 9 pieces wov5 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,,xviii ,c5tury2 & gre5 is r>ely f\nd 9 pieces wov5 be=e ! middle ( ! ,,xviii ,c5tury4 ,anil9e dyes 7 n introduc$ into ,*9a mu* be=e ! ye> #ahgj4 ,! "t :5 a rug 0 wov5 may safely be reg>d$ z n m remote ?an ! p]iod :5 ! ornam5tation & designs x conta9s 7 g5]ally adopt$2 yet x may be mu* m rec5t1 z ! olde/ designs 7 copi$ ev5 aft] ! adoption ( new] ones4 ,x is necess>y1 !n1 9 det]m9+ ! age ( a rug to consid] n only ! evid5ce ( ! sp9n+1 ! weav+ & designs1 b also ! evid5ce ( col\r4 ,?\gh ,*9ese rugs h features t di/+ui% !m f o!r gr\ps & divide !m into sep>ate classes2 !y also h _m features 9 common4 ,all are wov5 ) ! ,sehna knot4 ,9 all b ! e>lie/ rugs ! w>p & weft are ( cotton2 ea* ?read ( w>p is equally prom95t at ! back2 & ! weft1 :i* is co>s] ?an ! w>p1 crosses twice betwe5 two r[s ( knots4 ,! nap ( bo? old & mod]n rugs is almo/ always wool or silk1 & r>ely1 if ev]1 jute or cotton4 ,! sides are f9i%$ by c>ry+ ! weft ar\nd ! out] ?reads ( w>p1 b nev] s z to =m a wide selvage4 ,! l[] end1 z a rule1 has a v n>r[ web & w>p loops2 & ! upp] end has a n>r[ web & fr+e4 ,comp>$ ) o!r gr\ps !y are g5]ally m loosely wov54 ,^! & o!r features ( resemblance & ( di/9ction w be m fully notic$ 9 consid]+ ! rugs ( diff]5t p]iods4 ,9 rugs ( ?is gr\p are con/antly se5 symbols intimately associat$ ) ! religi\s & philosophic ?\ght ( ,*9a4 ,"o ( !m is ! ,sacr$ ,m\nta9 ris+ out ( ! waves ( et]nity1 :i* is an old ,*9ese emblem1 ?\gh m frequ5tly f\nd 9 rugs ( ,sam>k& & ,y>k&4 ,o!rs are ! cl\d-b& & ! ,joo-e4 ,!re are also my?ical creatures1 z ! dragon1 emblem ( imp]ial p[]2 ! ,ky-l91 p>tly de]1 p>tly unicorn2 ! ,fung-,kwang or phnix2 & ! lion-dog4 ,/ill o!r symbolic & decorative designs are ! figure ,%\ & ! /ork1 emblems ( longevity2 ! bat & butt]fly1 d5ot+ happ9ess2 ! con*1 :eel ( law1 & ! two fi%es1 :i* are ,buddhi/ emblems2 & ! lyre & *ess bo>d1 :i* are symbols ( ! lit]ati4 ,x is n improbable t rugs 7 wov5 dur+ ! ,sung dyna/y 7#ifj-abhj ,a4 ,d471 :5 = ne>ly ?ree c5turies prosp]ity prevail$1 lit]ature & art fl\ri%$1 & ! c\rt at ,hang ,*[ 0 ma9ta9$ ) imp]ial spl5d\r2 b z f> z is kn[n1 none ( !m exi/4 ,nor d any rema9 t may h be5 wov5 dur+ ! ,yuan dyna/y 7#abhj-acgj7 di/+ui%$ by ! reign ( ! illu/ri\s ,mongol pr9ce1 ,kublai ,khan2 ?\gh designs appe>+ 9 lat] rugs 7 us$ 9 k9dr$ arts ( ^! & prec$+ p]iods4 ,,m+ ,,rugs4--,! olde/ ,*9ese rugs t rema9 7 probably wov5 ne> ! end ( ! ,m+ p]iod1 or dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! ,,xvii ,c5tury4 ,x may reasonably be assum$ t !y 7 sup]ior 9 quality to ^? ( any =m] p]iod1 s9ce dur+ ?is "t ,p]sia & ,india 7 produc+ _! greate/ wov5 ma/]pieces2 & o!r bran*es ( ,*9ese art 7 m>k$ by an advance ov] ! "w t _h prec$$4 ,yet1 on ! :ole1 x 0 a p]iod ( ebb 9 ! spl5did accompli%m5ts ( intellectual & arti/ic ef=t t m>k$ ! ,tang & ,sung dyna/ies4 ,su* pieces z exi/ are di/+ui%$ by c>eful workman%ip1 ar*aic designs1 & sobriety ( col\r4 ,mo/ ( ! rugs 7 wov5 ) w>p & weft ( cotton4 ,"s1 int5d$ pr9cipally = weal?y m&>9s or ! imp]ial c\rt1 _h pile ( silk atta*$ to w>p & weft ( cotton2 & o!rs 7 made entirely ( silk4 ,few] 9 numb]1 b con/itut+ ! mo/ sumptu\s products ( ! ,*9ese weav]s' art1 7 ! rugs ( silk wov5 on a web ( metal ?reads4 ,! field ( _m ( ^! e>ly rugs conta9$ all-ov] patt]ns4 ,sometimes ! repeat designs are ( octagonal %ape & are arrang$ 9 horizontal & p]p5dicul> l9es1 s z to leave small diamond-%ap$ spaces betwe5 diagonally plac$ octagons4 ,)9 ^! designs are (t5 ! emblems ( happ9ess or longevity1 floral motives1 & sometimes ar*aic dragons4 ,9 ano!r well-kn[n patt]n ! field is completely cov]$ ) a swa/ika-fret & m>k$ at regul> int]vals ) diagonal r[s ( bats1 emblematic ( happ9ess4 ,occasionally a field ( pla9 col\r conta9s an irregul> arrangem5t ( objects us$ = sacrificial or sacr$ purposes4 ,aga91 x may be cov]$ ) an all-ov] patt]n ( small ar*aically drawn dragons resembl+ "s ( ! e>lie/ designs 9 ,*9ese decorative art1 or ( mo/ conv5tionalis$ floral =ms on me*anically drawn /ems4 ,! ess5tial feature1 h[ev]1 ( a l>ge numb] ( ^! rugs1 & "o t probably ant$ates ! all-ov] patt]n1 is a c5tral m$allion surr\nd$ by a field t is ei!r pla91 t is m>k$ ) a subdu$ diap] patt]n1 or conta9s :at is kn[n z ! 8tig] sk90 patt]n1 consi/+ ( wav+ l9es repeat$ ?r\gh\t ! field4 ,! m$allions may be ei!r octagonal or1 z is m frequ5tly ! case1 r\nd$2 b ! def9+ l9es are angul> & g5]ally repres5t frets4 ,sometimes !y conta9 ar*aic dragons1 :i* are s conv5tionalis$ 9 a few pieces t x is app>5t t f !m orig9at$ _m ( ! ,*9ese scrolls4 ,9 o!r pieces1 ! %ape ( ! c5tral m$allions & ! designs :i* cov] !m sugge/ mo/ =cibly t !y 7 copi$ f old mirror backs4 ,! corn]s ( ! fields may conta9 simple scrolls1 b m frequ5tly !y correspond closely 9 draw+ ) ! c5tral m$allions4 ,! bord]s are equally typical4 ,!y are inv>iably n>r[1 & g5]ally consi/ ( a s+le /ripe :i* is figur$ & surr\nd$ ) a col\r$ edg+4 ,probably ov] ?ree qu>t]s ( ! rugs ( ?is p]iod h a /ripe ) a patt]n ( swa/ika-frets4 ,two ( ^! /ripes1 :i* are v old patt]ns1 are illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,n1 ,figs4 #a & #b 7opp4 ,page #bgd74 ,occasionally "s =m ( ! key patt]n appe>s 9 ! inn] /ripe1 b almo/ all ,*9ese rugs t h two bord] /ripes ) figures belong to a lat] p]iod4 ,_m ( ! olde/ bord]s are )\t figur$ /ripes1 & consi/ m]ely ( "o or m /ripes ( pla9 col\r4 ,! few col\rs us$ 9 ! rugs ( ?is p]iod h deep1 ri* tones4 ,undy$ d>k br[n or blacki% wool 0 occasionally us$ 9 ! out] edg+ t surr\nd$ ! field or 9 ! n>r[ bord] /ripes2 b m frequ5tly ! same col\r effect 0 obta9$ by ! use ( corrosive dyes t 9 "t h (t5 eat5 ! wool almo/ to ! f\ndation ( w>p & weft4 ,wools dy$ ) corrosive br[ns are also us$ 9 ! fields & enhance ! effect ( designs ( contra/+ col\rs1 :i* /& out 9 bold relief4 ,o!r col\rs1 z s(t dull yell[ & %ades ( blue1 are also se5 9 ! bord]s4 ,! field is usually ri*]4 ,9 "s pieces x is a deep r$2 9 o!rs x is a s(t yell[1 gold5 br[n or yell[i% tan1 t %[s ! effect ( "t on :at 7 orig9ally sev]al %ades ( apricot4 ,d>k & light blues1 sky blue1 & rob9's egg blue1 z well z jade gre5 & bottle gre51 are also f\nd 9 ^! old pieces4 ,9 ! metal & silk rugs ! gl9t ( silv] ev5 ?\gh t>ni%$1 adds lu/re to col\rs t h gr[n deep] & ri*] ) age4 ,,kang-,,hi4--,dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ! ,ts+ dyna/y1 t cont9u$ f #afdd to its rec5t ov]?r[1 ! c\ntry 0 s occupi$ by w>s wag$ betwe5 ! conqu]+ ,man*oos & ! /ill resi/+ foll[]s ( ! ,m+ dyna/y t art 0 ne>ly at a /&/ill4 ,b dur+ ! reign ( ! illu/ri\s ,kang-hi1 #affb-agbb1 art reviv$ & enjoy$ "o ( ! mo/ spl5did p]iods ( its hi/ory4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a noticeable diff]5ce betwe5 ! rugs t belong to ! e>ly & to ! late "p ( ?is reign2 s t x is conv5i5t to divide !m into ! e>ly ,kang-hi pieces1 t 7 wov5 dur+ ! la/ "p ( ! ,,xvii ,c5tury1 & ! late ,kang-hi pieces1 almo/ all ( :i* 7 wov5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,,xviii ,c5tury4 ,?is division is also conv5i5t2 z _m rugs _c be def9itely assign$ to ! reign ( a p>ticul> emp]or1 &1 accord+ly1 ! broad] di/9ction ( assign+ !m to diff]5t c5turies is frequ5tly adopt$4 ,9 weav+1 z 9 mak+ porcela91 _m ( ! products ( ! late ,m+ 7 /ill copi$ dur+ ! e>ly ,kang-hi p]iod1 b !re 0 a fre] use ( col\r & a m decorative ornam5tation4 ,_m ( ! figures are /ill geometric4 ,frets are conspicu\s 9 ! fields ( l>ge numb]s ( ^! pieces4 ,! dragon also is a fav\rite motive2 b 9 ! scrolls t repres5t ! legs & bifurcat$ tail1 & 9 ! conv5tionalis$ head1 ! resemblance to ! my?ical mon/] is almo/ lo/4 ,sometimes two or m ( ^! con/itute a m$allion 9 ! c5tre ( ! field1 9 :i* o!rs are gr\p$ ) regul>ity2 :ile simil> =ms occupy ! corn]s4 ,"s ( ! rugs 9 :i* ! fields are cov]$ ) sundry objects1 z scrolls1 vases1 alt> pieces1 & sacr$ plants1 also belong to ?is p]iod4 ,! bord]s ( ^! & late ,kang-hi pieces h frequ5tly an out] edg+ ( br[n & a s+le bord] /ripe ) swa/ika-fret4 ,9 a few pieces1 ! /ripe has a well-balanc$ scroll :i* has be5 develop$ f designs ( conv5tionalis$ dragons & frets t appe> 9 ! c5tral m$allion & 9 ! corn]s ( ! field4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 !re is an inn] /ripe ) ! key me&]4 ,! col\r s*eme ( ! late ,m+1 includ+ ! gold5 br[ns & deep blues1 is l>gely employ$ 9 rugs ( ?is p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fa4 ,,turkoman ,,saddle-,,bags ,! same influ5ces t result$ dur+ ! late ,kang-hi p]iod 9 ! rem>kable developm5t ( decorative art z appli$ to porcela9s1 produc$ a correspond+ effect 9 ! rugs wov5 at ! same "t4 ,man*urian ideas & ta/e gave r5ew$ _s to e>li] ,*9ese /yle4 ,! fields 7 n infrequ5tly cov]$ ) sub-patt]ns ( fret "w1 on :i* m$allions appe>$ m prom95tly4 ,! geometric figures 7 l>gely supplant$ by foliate =ms4 ,ev5 :5 ! c5tral m$allions & corn] figures are ( frets or /iffly conv5tionalis$ dragons1 ! fields are (t5 cov]$ ) delicate scroll or foliate sub-patt]ns t support floral =ms resembl+ ! lotus or ! peony4 ,! draw+ ( "s ( ^! has a ,we/]n "*1 & !re is little d\bt t at ?is "t ! art ( ,p]sia _h a /rong influ5ce on ! weav+ ( ,*9a4 ,9 o!r pieces ( ?is class1 ! foliate & floral =ms no long] appe> z sub-patt]ns b become ! prom95t feature 9 ! decoration ( ! field2 & ! conv5tionalis$ fl[]s are arrang$ ) precision 9 diagonal or p]p5dicul> l9es4 ,to ?is p]iod also belong rugs ( a di/9ct type1 9 :i* ! field repres5ts a bl5d+ ( pictorial & symbolic ideas1 z1 = in/ance1 a homew>d flight ( swall[s2 or a grove :]e butt]flies flit among ! leaves1 & de] ) sacr$ fungus1 emblematic ( longevity1 w&]4 ,! employm5t ( bord] /ripes ( uni=m col\r 0 /ill cont9u$1 b !re 0 a t5d5cy to employ m elaborate designs 9 _m ( ! figur$ /ripes4 ,x is n unusual to see s+le or d\ble v9es ) conv5tionalis$ fl[]s2 & ?\gh ! draw+ is me*anical1 ! relation%ip to ,p]sian art is app>5t4 ,yet 9 mo/ ( ^! pieces ! swa/ika-fret is us$4 ,a noticeable diff]5ce also exi/s 9 ! col\r s*eme ( _m ( ! late ,kang-hi rugs1 :i* frequ5tly display bright] col\rs4 ,mu* ( ! yell[1 = in/ance1 conta9s m r$1 giv+ x a gold5 hue kn[n z ! 8imp]ial yell[40 ,,yung-,,*+4--,dur+ ! %ort reign ( ,yung-*+ 7#agbb-agcf71 ?\gh _m ( ! old patt]ns 7 foll[$1 ! t5d5cy to adopt m ornate =ms begun dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! ,,xviii ,c5tury cont9u$4 ,man*urian ideas 7 n[ a /rong factor 9 ,*9ese art1 s t ! use ( col\rs & ornam5tation foll[$ broad] l9es4 ,to ?is p]iod are assign$ mo/ ( ^? rugs 9 :i* designs are def9$ by l9es ( contra/+ col\r t has be5 s treat$ t ! l9es are depress$ & ?r[ ! designs into bold relief4 ,x is v difficult1 h[ev]1 to def9itely det]m9e t any p>ticul> rug belongs to ?is p]iod2 s9ce ! transition 9 col\r s*eme & patt]ns 0 gradual2 & ! effect ( "t on dyes1 "o ( ! mo/ reliable factors 9 det]m9+ age1 dep5ds some:at on _! exposure to ! elem5ts & to use4 ,b broadly speak+1 figures ( leaf & fl[] 7 m frequ5tly adopt$ ?an 9 prec$+ p]iods & designs became less conv5tionalis$ & m arti/ic4 ,lemon & citron %ades ( yell[1 also1 became m prom95t dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,,ke5-,,lung4--,! long reign ( ,ke5-lung1 la/+ f #agcf to #agie1 0 "o ( ! mo/ prolific = ,*9ese art4 ,to ?is p]iod may safely be assign$ mo/ ( ! exi/+ rugs made be=e ! ,,xix ,c5tury1 z well z _m ( ! f9e/ porcela9s4 ,! rugs p>take ( a m cosmopolitan "* ?an ^? :i* _h prec$$2 = n only are _m ( ! designs & col\rs /rictly ,*9ese1 b o!rs are ( a ,p]sian "*1 & o!rs /ill sugge/ ,mohamm$an influ5ces obs]vable 9 ! products ( ,turke/an & ,india4 ,moreov]1 _m ( ! designs %[ a delicate %ad+ t is n obs]vable 9 ! rugs made dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury4 ,z a :ole !y are ! mo/ ornate ( ,*9ese rugs4 ,wov5 aft] ! inspiration ( ,p]sian ma/]pieces _h left its /ronge/ impress on ,*9ese weav]s1 & decoration 9 k9dr$ arts _h assum$ a luxuri\s /yle1 !y repres5t 9 ! draw+ ( leaf & fl[]1 ( birds1 butt]flies1 & emblems ( e>ly philosophy & fai?1 & 9 ! col\rs t bl5d ) r>e h>mony1 ! mo/ elaborate & voluptu\s expression ( native craftsman%ip4 ,9 ! be/ examples ! geometric1 & _m ( ! /iff conv5tional =ms :i* cont9u$ ?r\gh ! ,,xvii & ! e>ly "p ( ! ,,xviii ,c5tury1 disappe>$4 ,9 _! place 0 a great] ref9em5t ( design1 a great] accuracy ( draw+1 :i* f\nd expression 9 floral =ms t rea*$ _! highe/ developm5t at ?is "t & became *>act]i/ic ( x4 ,occasionally !y are repres5t$ 9 pr(ile z is usually ! practice 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 b m (t5 are repres5t$ z view$ f above4 ,"s ( !m1 z *rysan!mums1 peonies1 sunfl[]s1 & or*ids1 are mo/ da9ty & naturali/ic4 ,! fields ( _m ( ^! pieces are cov]$ ) su* fl[]s c>efully arrang$ 9 h>moni\s gr\p+s ( leaf1 bud & fl[]1 b nev] ) ! =mal & exact balance ( old ,p]sian c>pets4 ,n infrequ5tly m+l$ ) !m 9 ! same piece are m conv5tional designs t belong to an e>li] p]iod2 sometimes !re is a s+le c5tral m$allion2 & occasionally !re are a l>ge numb] ( !m4 ,z a rule ^! m$allions are entirely floral1 & 9 rugs made dur+ ! latt] "p ( ?is p]iod !y display elaborate ornam5tation t di/+ui%es !m f e>li] ones2 b n[ & !n !y conta9 fabul\s creatures1 z ! lion-dogs1 by :i* 9 a few in/ances !y are entirely replac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,col\r ,,plate ,x--,,*9ese ,,rug ,p]fect te*nique ( weav+1 accuracy ( draw+1 & subdu$ ri* col\r+ are ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is unusual piece4 ,! knots ( ! f9e wooll5 y>n are ti$ ) a precision n frequ5tly se5 9 ,*9ese rugs1 & ! %ortness ( nap discloses ! fai?fulness ) :i* an arti/ ( no ord9>y ability has repres5t$ plants & fl[]s4 ,_! s(t tones /& out 9 relief aga9/ a backgr\nd n[ d>k5$ & enri*$ by ! mell[+ influ5ce ( "t4 ,moreov]1 ! motives ( ! upp] & ! l[] half ( ! field1 ev5 to ! m9ute/ detail1 %[ an exact balance4 ,_m old ,*9ese rugs are ( unc]ta9 age1 b ?is piece has be5 attribut$1 n )\t reason1 to ! ,kang-hi p]iod4 ,loan$ by ,mr4 ,na?an ,b5tz ,!re are also _m o!r well-kn[n types ( ,ke5-lung rugs4 ,surr\nd+ ! c5tral m$allion ( "s pieces are gr\p$ ! ,taoi/ symbols2 emblems ( ! lit]ati1 z *ess bo>ds1 scrolls1 & ! lyre2 z well z tripods1 fl[] vases1 fans ( /ate1 fruits ( abundance1 emblems ( hon\rs1 & symbols ( longevity & happ9ess4 ,to ?is class also belong _m ( ! pieces :i* h nei!r m$allions nor corn] pieces1 b h fields completely cov]$ ) a patt]n ( cont9u\s foliate /ems & conv5tional fl[]s1 repeat$ ) exact precision ( draw+4 ,likewise1 9 a few pieces ! field is completely cov]$ ) an all-ov] patt]n ( small hexagonal or o!r geometric figures conta9+ a conv5tionalis$ fl[]1 /rongly sugge/+ ,turkoman influ5ces4 ,"s ( ! 8,gra9 ( ,rice0 rugs1 also1 7 wov5 dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! bord]s are z di/9ctive z ! fields4 ,only 9 a few pieces is ! swa/ika me&] se51 b 9 its place is (t5 ! ,t patt]n4 ,! key patt]ns repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,n1 ,figs4 #g & #h 7opp4 ,page #bgd71 z well z ! dott$ l9e 7,fig4 #bb71 are also l>gely employ$4 ,almo/ all ( ^! rugs h two ornam5t$ /ripes1 & occasionally ?ree1 to :i* is add$ an out] m>g9 ( pla9 col\r4 ,9 a few pieces bo? /ripes are geometric2 b g5]ally "o is floral & "o geometric1 9 :i* case ! wid]1 t1 ) v few exceptions1 is ! floral1 is ! inn] "o4 ,v r>ely ! bord] conta9s two floral /ripes2 & n[ & !n ,buddhi/ emblems & o!r devices are introduc$4 ,! bread? ( arti/ic conception express$ 9 designs is accompani$ by a wid] scope ( col\r1 9 ! use ( :i* ^! rugs may conv5i5tly be gr\p$ 9 ?ree sub-classes4 ,! fir/ is ! ,blue & ,:ite1 ) gr\nd ( ivory or a%y :ite & designs t h %ades ( light or d>k blue4 ,! second comprises ^? 9 :i* ! gr\nd is "s %ade ( yell[4 ,sometimes x has a t+e ( lemon1 orange1 or apricot4 ,aga9 x is :at is kn[n z dull1 gold51 m&>91 or imp]ial yell[4 ,! ov]ly+ designs may conta9 a diff]5t %ade ( yell[ f t ( ! field1 an ivory :ite1 a blue1 or a r$4 ,! ?ird subclass comprises ^? 9 :i* ! gr\nd col\r is "s %ade ( r$2 su* z p]simmon1 t]ra cotta1 cru%$ /rawb]ry1 apricot r$1 or a deep salmon p9k1 :i* is r>e4 ,! ov]ly+ designs may be a %ade ( blue1 ivory :ite1 yell[1 gray1 & ev5 gre54 ,col\rs ( bo? field & bord] are sometimes ! same b are m frequ5tly complem5t>y4 ,z a :ole1 ! elaborate designs1 delicate %ad+1 & ri* col\rs rank ^! rugs among ! mo/ beautiful products ( ! ,*9ese loom4 ,! rugs wov5 dur+ ! reigns ( ,kea-k+ 7#agif-ahbj7 & ,tao-,kwang 7#ahba-ahej71 ext5d+ to ! middle ( la/ c5tury1 repeat ) slight modification ! patt]ns ( ! prec$+ p]iod1 ?\gh !re is a t5d5cy to use l>g] & co>s] designs4 ,! col\rs1 too1 are simil>1 yet !y lack ! deep ri*ness t is matur$ only ) ! lapse ( great "t4 ,_m ( ^! rugs1 z well z "s wov5 /ill lat]1 be=e ! introduction ( anil9e dyes & factory processes1 are beautiful2 b z a rule ! mod]n pieces lack ! ref9em5t ( te*nique obs]vable only 9 ^? produc$ be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,,xix ,c5tury4 ,,m$allions ,! /udy ( m$allions :i* occur 9 fields ( ,*9ese rugs is n only int]e/+ b is an important aid 9 det]m9+ _! age2 yet x %\ld be rememb]$ t approv$ patt]ns 7 (t5 repeat$ ev5 aft] ! introduction ( m elaborate /yles4 ,_m ( ! olde/ m$allions 7 copi$ f bronzes or mirror backs1 & _! draw+ is geometric except z embelli%$ by "s conv5tionalis$ figures ( ! dragon4 ,by a process ( evolution ^! figures1 9 turn1 7 conv]t$ into scrolls1 :i* 9 "t 7 replac$ by elaborate leaf & fl[] patt]ns4 ,9 ,plate ,m1 ,fig4 #a 7opp4 ,page #bgb71 is a 8,%\0 design ( octagonal %ape1 copi$ f an old rug :i* 0 probably wov5 dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,,xvii ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,m4 ,,m$allions ,,9 ,,*9ese ,,rugs ,figs4 #b1 #c & #d ( ,plate ,m1 repres5t fret-cov]$ m$allions1 :i* also are f\nd 9 rugs ( ! same p]iod4 ,! fir/ is probably ! olde/ patt]n2 & ! la/1 to judge by ! panel surr\nd+ x1 0 app>5tly copi$ f a bronze mirror back4 ,9 ,plate ,m1 ,fig4 #e1 is a copy ( a m$allion simil> to ! "o %[n 9 ,plate ,m1 ,fig4 #b1 b ) ! dragons replac$ by frets4 ,a m$allion ( great] int]e/ is illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,m1 ,fig4 #f4 ,x %[s ! evolution ( scrolls f dragons1 ( :i* ! heads alone betray _! orig94 ,su* m$allions are f\nd mo/ly 9 ! e>lie/ rugs4 ,by comp>+ ,fig4 #g ( ,plate ,m ) ! prec$+1 x is app>5t t its scrolls _h a simil> orig91 b 9 ?is "o ! dragon heads h entirely disappe>$4 ,! design is *>act]i/ic ( ! e>ly ,kang-hi rugs4 ,9 ,plate ,m1 ,fig4 #h1 is repres5t$ a m$allion t closely resembles "s ( ! e>lie/ p]iod2 b ! m accurate draw+ & cle>] def9ition ( l9es %[s t x is a lat] copy4 ,x is f\nd 9 late ,kang-hi pieces4 ,to ?is p]iod1 also1 belongs ! geometric patt]n ) swa/ikas repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,m1 ,fig4 #i4 ,ano!r m$allion ) frets & dragon heads is %[n 9 ,plate ,m1 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! p>ticul> rug f :i* x 0 copi$ 0 probably wov5 ab\t ! ,yung-*+ p]iod2 b !re is little d\bt t simil> m$allions appe>$ 9 old] rugs4 ,9 ,figs4 #aa & #ab ( ,plate ,m1 are repres5t$ two m$allions ) foliate designs t 7 l>gely employ$ 9 ! e>ly ,ke5-lung p]iod4 ,a comp>ison ( ! fir/ ) ,fig4 #ac ( ,plate ,m1 %[s an int]e/+ /ep 9 ! evolution ( ! ,*9ese draw+4 ,a v diff]5t m$allion patt]n ( ! same age is %[n 9 ,plate ,m1 ,fig4 #ad1 9 :i* an encircl+ bord] consi/s ( cl\d-b&s4 ,also dur+ ! ,ke5-lung "t fir/ appe>$ m$allions ) accurately drawn fl[] designs4 ,"o ( ?is p]iod is %[n 9 ,plate ,m1 ,fig4 #ae4 ,wrea?-l bord]s1 su* z are se5 9 ?is & ! prec$+ "o1 are f\nd 9 ,,xviii & ,,xix ,c5tury pieces4 ,,*9ese ,,bord] ,,/ripes ,! k t c]ta9 bord] /ripes ant$ate o!rs 9 def9ite sequ5ce ( "t1 is ano!r aid 9 det]m9+ ! age ( ,*9ese rugs4 ,z 0 se5 to be ! case ) m$allions1 ! e>lie/ /ripes 7 purely geometric4 ,9 o!rs1 /ill v old1 appe>$ =ms ( conv5tionalis$ dragons1 :i* aga9 7 replac$ by simple scrolls & ^! by ornate floral =ms4 ,b x %\ld be rememb]$ t e>li] designs 7 (t5 copi$ 9 lat] rugs1 s t ! evid5ce ( age is m]ely contributory4 ,/ripes conta9+ ! swa/ika me&] 7 us$ almo/ exclusively 9 ! olde/ rugs4 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c ( ,plate ,n 7opp4 ,page #bgd71 repres5t ?ree old =ms1 :i* r>ely appe> 9 any pieces wov5 s9ce ! ,kang-hi "t4 ,! patt]n ( ,plate ,n1 ,fig4 #d1 9 :i* alt]nate swa/ikas are rev]s$1 is also v old4 ,! usual draw+ ( ! swa/ika /ripe is %[n 9 ,plate ,n1 ,fig4 #e4 ,x is f\nd l>gely 9 ,kang-hi rugs1 & if us$ 9 m rec5t fabrics1 is (t5 accompani$ by a /ripe ) "s o!r patt]n4 ,z illu/rat$ "h1 ! fac+ ( ! swa/ika is rev]s$ 9 ! middle ( ! /ripe4 ,! %ad+ ( ,plate ,n1 ,fig4 #f1 :i* is some:at simil> to ,plate ,n1 ,fig4 #d1 is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ke5-lung & subsequ5t p]iods4 ,9 ,figs4 #g1 #h1 #i1 & #aj1 ( ,plate ,n1 are ,key & ,t patt]ns1 :i* are f\nd 9 rugs ( ! ,kang-hi & subsequ5t p]iods1 b r>ely 9 e>li] pieces4 ,:5 employ$ 9 rugs wov5 lat] ?an ! middle ( ! ,,xviii ,c5tury !y are (t5 %ad$4 ,^! me&] & key-patt]ns are ( great antiquity2 & ?\gh ! draw+ is exce$+ly simple1 x is suppos$ t ! figures f :i* !y 7 d]iv$ once symbolis$ cl\ds & ?und]4 ,a v int]e/+ /ripe d]iv$ f dragons is illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,n1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! rectangul> frets repres5t bodies ( :i* conv5tionalis$ heads alone betray _! orig94 ,! graceful scroll 9 ! middle 0 also probably d]iv$ f dragon =ms4 ,?is /ripe is se5 9 old ,kang-hi rugs4 ,! rectangul> frets & floral =ms are comb9$ 9 an unusual /ripe 7,plate ,n1 ,fig4 #ab7 t appe>$ 9 rugs :i* 7 probably wov5 ab\t ! ,yung-*+ p]iod4 ,x %[s ! influ5ce ( old] traditions on :i* are +raft$ ! lat] inspiration4 ,/ill m int]e/+ is a /ripe 7,plate ,n1 ,fig4 #ac7 se5 9 :at are kn[n z ,buddhi/ rugs ( ! ,ke5-lung p]iod4 ,9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! bord] appe> ! ,buddhi/ emblems1 ! ,joo-e1 con*1 :eel ( law1 & knot ( de/9y1 sep>at$ by cl\d-b&s & foliate & floral motives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,n4 ,,prim>y ,,& ,,second>y ,,bord]-,,/ripes ,,( ,,*9ese ,,rugs ,! t5d5cy to use m ornate =ms 9 ! ,ke5-lung & lat] rugs is %[n 9 ,plate ,n1 ,figs4 #ad1 #ae1 & #af1 :i* illu/rate ?ree /ripes t ) slight modifications are f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s ( ,*9ese rugs ( ! la/ half ( ! ,,xviii & ! ,,xix ,c5turies4 ,! /ripe illu/rat$ 9 ,plate ,n1 ,fig4 #ag1 on :i* are repres5t$ halves ( octagonal discs conta9+ conv5tional fl[] =ms1 is f\nd 9 "s rugs wov5 z e>ly z ! fir/ "p ( ! ,,xviii ,c5tury1 z well z 9 m subsequ5t pieces4 ,! c5tral fields ( "s rugs 9 :i* x is f\nd h geometric ,m+ patt]ns1 & o!rs h floral conceits t sugge/ ,p]sian influ5ces4 ,9 ,figs4 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 & #ba1 ( ,plate ,n1 are repres5t$ simple /ripes f\nd 9 ,,xviii ,c5tury rugs4 ,! la/ ( ^!1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,ke5-lung porcela91 %[s a m>k$ resemblance to ! reciprocal trefoil s common 9 ,p]sian pieces4 ,! simple dott$ /ripe 7,plate ,n1 ,fig4 #bb7 0 r>ely employ$ be=e ! middle ( ! ,,xviii ,c5tury1 b has be5 con/antly us$ s9ce !n4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,kilims ,,kilims h a special int]e/ ap>t f _! beauty & utility1 z "s ( !m und\bt$ly resemble ! e>ly fabrics ( ! ,egyptians & ,babylonians f :i* 7 evolv$ ! m durable pile c>pets4 ,! diff]5t l9ks 9 ?is evolution c only be conjectur$4 ,yet x is n unlikely t su* pieces z ! nomadic kilims1 :i* occasionally h little tufts ( wool atta*$ = ornam5t or loose ?reads ( weft hang+ f "o side1 fir/ sugge/$ ! great] durability & w>m? t w\ld be d]iv$ f a wov5 fabric completely cov]$ ) tufts ( y>n4 ,x is also c]ta9 t ! mo/ delicately wov5 kilims h likewise be5 evolv$ f crud] =ms4 ,9 fact1 ! diff]5t /eps 9 ?is evolution correspond to ?ree sep>ate /yles ( weav+ /ill 9 vogue4 ,! e>lie/ products :i* 7 made subsequ5t to ! primitive weav+ ( uncol\r$ w>p & weft 7 d\btless simil> to ! simple fabrics n[ us$ to l9e ! "u side ( saddle bags1 & consi/$ ( a w>p & weft ( uni=mly col\r$ ?reads4 ,a mu* m advanc$ /yle1 induc$ by a desire = ornam5tation1 0 ! repres5tation ( patt]ns :i* requir$ ! use ( diff]5t col\r$ ?reads ( weft4 ,z ^! ?reads 7 nev] c>ri$ beyond ! edges ( ea* patt]n1 _! loose ends 7 at fir/ all[$ to hang at ! back1 giv+ an appe>ance some:at simil> to :at is se5 9 ,s\maks4 ,! ?ird & mo/ f9i%$ /yle1 repres5t+ mu* high] workman%ip1 0 produc$ by deftly dispos+ ( ! ends ( ?reads ( weft s t !y %\ld be conceal$ & ?us p]mit ea* surface ( ! kilim to be exactly ! same4 ,ea* ( ^! k9ds ( weav+ is con/antly se5 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! fir/ n only is us$ z a l9+ = saddle bags1 b is frequ5tly sub/itut$ = !m4 ,x is also sometimes us$ z ! only floor cov]+1 or aga9 is laid z a protection b5ea? valuable c>pets4 ,x (t5 replaces ! heavi] felt = t5ts1 & inde$ is utilis$ = all purposes requir+ a /rong mat]ial l canvas4 ,! second is f\nd among nomadic weav]s1 especially ^? ( ,asia ,m9or2 :o naturally wa/e no unnecess>y lab\r 9 weav+ kilims ) a delicate f9i%1 :i* w\ld be quickly m>r$ by ! r\gh usage t !y receive4 ,! ?ird1 :i* is ! m elegant product1 is inv>iably n only ( excell5t f9i% b ( c>efully drawn patt]ns4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ! la/ two are us$ pr9cipally = portires & c\* cov]+s2 b 9 ! ,ori5t !y /ill s]ve1 z !y h f ! remote/ times1 = floor cov]+s2 & because ( ! cu/om ( remov+ ! %oes :5 ent]+ a h\se1 la/ = a great _m ye>s4 ,?\gh ^! ?ree /yles repres5t ! pr9cipal v>iations 9 kilim weav+1 !re are a few pieces ) embroid]$ patt]n2 & embroid]$ /it*es are sometimes add$ to repres5t "s simple design1 or z is frequ5tly ! case 9 ,%irvans1 to make m prom95t ! sep>ate horizontal comp>tm5ts4 ,:5 weav+ a kilim1 ! ?reads ( w>p are /rung z 9 pil$ rugs1 & numb] f six to eighte5 to ! in* accord+ to ! texture4 ,!re are g5]ally ab\t tw5ty ?reads ( weft to ! in*1 measur$ at ! front or back2 b 9 pieces ( ! f9e/ workman%ip1 !re may be z _m z fifty1 & 9 ! crude/ only eight or n9e4 ,at ! sides ( ! kilim1 ! ?reads ( weft encircle ! la/ ?read ( w>p z at ! sides ( any patt]n2 b at ! ends1 ! ?reads ( w>p are braid$ ab\t a heavi] add$ cord1 or else are ti$ 9 knots1 f :i* _! loose ends are p]mitt$ to hang l tassels4 ,! patt]ns are usually geometric2 & ev5 :5 an attempt is made to copy floral figures1 ! draw+ incl9es to ! rectil9e>4 ,if a /raight l9e repres5t+ ! side ( a figure is horizontal1 or 9 ! direction ( ! weft1 x w (t5 be sev]al in*es 9 l5g?2 b a /raight p]p5dicul> l9e nev] exce$s an in* 9 l5g?4 ,?is is because ! ?reads ( weft are nev] c>ri$ f "o patt]n to ano!r or to ! adjo9+ field1 b are turn$ back at its def9+ edges1 s t an op5+ is left1 :i* w\ld impair ! /r5g? ( ! fabric if x 7 ( mu* l5g?4 ,accord+ly1 if x is desir$ to repres5t a patt]n ) p]p5dicul> sides1 x is necess>y t ! edges be slightly unev54 ,b "h necessity is turn$ to advantage1 z ?is unev5ness or fr++ s(t5s l9es t o!rwise w\ld be h>%4 ,def9+ ! outl9es ( _m figures is y>n ( diff]5t col\rs1 :i* ei!r may be wov5 l o!r ?reads ( weft1 or :5 x s]ves ! purpose ( clos+ ! space betwe5 adjac5t ?reads ( w>p1 may be atta*$ by /it*es4 ,bord]s f9d slight fav\r ) kilim weav]s1 & 9 mo/ pieces !y are entirely want+ or only pres5t at "o end4 ,ev5 :5 !y completely surr\nd ! field1 !re is g5]ally "s diff]5ce 9 design or col\r betwe5 ! /ripes ( side & end4 ,pray] ar*es are f\nd 9 "s ( ! kilims1 b _! outl9es r>ely correspond closely ) ^? ( pil$ rugs4 ,! col\rs1 by :i* alone ! patt]ns are di/+ui%$1 are l>gely responsible = ! "* ( ! kilim4 ,?reads ( weft ( e hue t is se5 9 pil$ rugs are employ$ 9 ^! pieces2 yet ! col\r+ nev] appe>s ! same1 s9ce !re are lack+ ! lu/re & deep weal? ( tones due to ! l5g? ( pile1 9 :i* appe>s an almo/ imp]ceptible gradation f ! ends t are expos$ to ! light & h incurr$ ! mell[+ influ5ce ( ! elem5ts to ! "p :i* reta9s m ( ! orig9al col\rs & seems d>k]1 because x is m conceal$4 ,inde$1 on acc\nt ( ! lack ( pile1 ! col\rs & patt]ns w\ld seem h>% 7 x n = ! irregul>ities ( p]p5dicul> & diagonal l9es1 ! devices ( lat*-hooks1 & o!r peculi>ities t convey to ! eye an impression ( bl5d+4 ,moreov] :5 ! designs are l>ge1 ! effect ( ! col\r is always sev]e2 b :5 ! field is cov]$ ) innum]able small figures1 x is greatly s(t5$4 ,z kilims are mu* less durable ?an rugs t h a pile to protect ! w>p & weft1 x is n surpris+ t few ( great age rema94 ,! olde/ piece ( :i* we h any k is a fragm5t obta9$ by ,dr4 ,m4 ,a4 ,/e91 ! ar*ological explor]1 f ! ru9s ne> ,khotan1 9 ,ea/]n ,turke/an1 ( an anci5t settlem5t1 :i* 0 buri$ by s& drifts ab\t ! f\r? or fif? c5tury anno dom9i4 ,! weave is almo/ id5tical ) t ( mod]n kilims1 & has ab\t f\rte5 ?reads ( w>p & sixte5 ?reads ( weft to ! in*4 ,! patt]n consi/s ( n>r[ /ripes ( blue1 gre51 br[ni% yell[1 & r$1 conta9+ v small geometric designs4 ,) ?is "o exception1 s peculi>ly pres]v$1 !re are probably v few ov] a c5tury old4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fb4 ,,sr9ag> ,,rug ,?\gh kilims are n[ made 9 mo/ ( ! di/ricts :]e pil$ c>pets are wov51 v few classes are recognis$4 ,?is is because x is difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 mo/ ( !m1 & su* diff]5ces z exi/ are ) few exceptions unimportant4 ,! be/ kn[n classes are ! ,sehna1 ,%irvan1 ,k>aman1 ,kurdi%1 ,turki%1 & ,m]v4 ,! ,sehna kilims are usually ( small size1 & r>ely exce$ a bread? ( f\r & a half feet & a l5g? ( sev54 ,!y are f> sup]ior to all o!rs 9 ! delicacy ( col\r1 da9t9ess ( design1 quality ( mat]ial1 & "* ( workman%ip4 ,_! patt]ns1 includ+ bord]1 are id5tical ) ^? ( ! pil$ rugs2 & ! col\rs1 to :i* at a %ort di/ance ! small figures ( ! ,h]ati design give ! effect ( bl5d+1 are ! same4 ,z is n ! case ) o!r kilims1 ! w>p is ( cotton or l95 & !re are g5]ally f f\rte5 to sixte5 ?reads to ! in*4 ,! weft is ( wool1 & to an in* !re are (t5 ne>ly fifty ?reads encircl+ a ?read ( w>p z !y cross & recross4 ,! old pieces1 l ! rugs ( :i* !y are true copies1 are rapidly becom+ sc>ce4 ,!y resemble tape/ries & are unfit = h>d usage4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! kilims n[ sold 9 ?is c\ntry are ,%irvans4 ,_! fields are divid$ into a numb] ( p>allel horizontal comp>tm5ts or b&s a foot or m 9 wid? sep>at$ by n>r[] b&s4 ,n infrequ5tly ! pr9cipal figures ( ! wide b&s are hexagons surr\nd+ small] geometric figures2 & ?r\gh ! m n>r[ b&s runs a wav+ l9e or a p>ti-col\r$ cord4 ,ano!r peculi>ity1 occasionally se51 are ! ray-l projections ( uni=m col\r fr++ ! edges ( ! sides4 ,z a rule1 !re are no bord]s1 b at ea* end are two or m n>r[ b&s t give ! effect ( a bord]4 ,9 "s pieces webs ( pla9 col\r ext5d beyond ! b&s2 & ! ends are fr+$ ) loose ?reads ( w>p4 ,! col\rs are always pron\nc$1 because ( lack ( %ad+1 & consi/ mo/ly ( r$1 blue1 & ivory4 ,yell[ & gre5 are also us$4 ,^! kilims are mu* heavi] ?an ! ,sehnas1 & also l>g]1 z ! av]age size is ab\t five by n9e feet2 & "s are ev5 sev5 by twelve feet4 ,f ! di/rict ( ,k>aman 9 ,s\!rn ,asia ,m9or1 su* a l>ge numb] ( kilims 7 =m]ly import$ into ,europe t ! g5]al "n ( ,k>amani 0 appli$ to all kilims4 ,!y are /ill made !re by _m ( ! tribes ( ,turki% or ,turkoman orig91 :o w&] ov] ! ,taurus m\nta9s1 & l all _! fabrics are /\tly wov54 ,_! av]age size is ab\t f\r & a half by eight feet4 ,9 col\rs & patt]ns1 !y resemble _m ( ! ,kurdi% kilims f ! di/ricts f>!r to ! ea/4 ,a di/9ction simil> to :at exi/s 9 ! pil$ rugs ( ! ,kurds1 & dep5d5t on ! di/rict 9 :i* !y are made1 is obs]vable 9 _! kilims1 z ^? :i* come f ! ,p]sian bord] h c>efully drawn designs1 t are g5]ally lack+ 9 o!rs wov5 9 ! m\nta9\s wat]%$ ( ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates4 ,_m ( ^! are co>sely wov51 & f ! back hang ! loose ends ( ?reads ( weft1 t 9 m arti/ic pieces1 are remov$4 ,moreov]1 9 mod]n pieces ! col\rs are (t5 crude or ev5 g>i%4 ,"s ( ! kilims h l>ge diamond-%ap$ figures conta9+ small designs2 o!rs h horizontal b&s 9 :i* are wov5 embroid]$ devices sugge/ive ( ! s-call$ ,bagdad portires2 9 _m are wide spaces )\t designs2 b :atev] ! patt]n1 !re is usually a p>ti-col\r$ cord runn+ ?r\gh ! web at ! end4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or are made kilims t are usually class$ z ,turki%4 ,!y are ( l>ge size1 & s9ce !y are us$ mo/ly = portires or curta9s1 are divid$ p]p5dicul>ly into equal halves1 t at times are unit$ by /it*es4 ,! tribes t make !m also make l>ge numb]s ( small] pray] kilims ) po9t$ ar*es sugge/+ ! ,ghiordes design4 ,"s ( !m are beautifully wov51 yet ! f9e/ workman%ip is %[n 9 pieces kn[n z 8,kis-kilims0 or girl's kilims4 ,^! are made ) ! utmo/ c>e1 s9ce !y are int5d$ z a bride's gift to h] husb&2 & a s5tim5t ( romance1 & ! hope t h] skill may weigh fav\rably 9 ! e/imation ( h] accompli%m5ts1 contribute to influ5ce ! weav]4 ,sometimes ev5 a lock ( hair is add$ z a *>m1 or col\r$ beads z a talisman4 ,! ,*ri/ians :o live p]man5tly ab\t ,ou%ak1 & are1 accord+ly1 n "u ! necessity ( mak+ su* small pieces z c conv5i5tly be c>ri$ by w&]+ tribes1 weave "s ( ! l>ge/ kilims4 ,mo/ ( !m are at lea/ six feet 9 wid? & _m are mu* wid]4 ,! be/ kn[n kilims f ! ,c5tral ,asiatic gr\p are kn[n z 8,m]v ,kilims10 s9ce !y are wov5 by ,turkoman tribes :o inhabit ! des]t ne> ! old capital ( ,m]v4 ,! brilliant col\rs f\nd 9 ! products ( m ,we/]n tribes are entirely want+1 & 9 _! place are ! few subdu$1 ri* tones s *>act]i/ic ( all ,turkoman weav+s4 ,^! pieces are /\tly wov51 & s9ce ! patt]n is repres5t$ by diagonal l9es1 !re is no op5 "w4 ,! designs are l>gely ( diamond-%ape1 & are arrang$ 9 p>allel horizontal l9es on a field t is usually surr\nd$ by a bord] pr(usely ornam5t$ ) c>efully drawn lat*-hooks4 ,a heavy embroid]$ selvage1 f :i* hang loose ?reads ( w>p1 (t5 occurs at ! ends4 ,^! kilims are not$ = _! durability1 & are usually ( l>ge size4 ,9 ! city ( ,d]a ,ghazi ,khan1 f\r miles f ! ,indus riv]1 are wov5 kilims 9 :i* w>p & weft are ( wool1 z is n ! case ) almo/ all ! rugs ( ,india4 ,!y are made by ! wom5 9 _! own homes & display an individuality :i* also is r>e 9 ,indian textile fabrics4 ,9 a monograph on 8,c>pet ,weav+ 9 ! ,punjab10 ,mr4 ,c4 ,latim] says3 8,! ,d]a ,ghazi ,khan rug1 :i* belongs really to ! k9d ( fabrics kn[n z kilims1 is wov5 9 /ripes1 ) designs betwe5 !m1 & x is int]e/+ to notice t ! patt]ns employ$ 7 by local tradition orig9ally copi$ f ! robes ( ! ,ph>aohs ( ,egypt40 ,?\gh all su* ,ori5tal weav+s lack ! precision ( draw+ & ! delicacy ( m9utely v>i$ col\r s frequ5tly f\nd 9 pil$ rugs2 ?\gh !y nev] display high1 arti/ic p]ception or poetic in/9ct1 nev]!less "s ( ! olde/ pieces ) designs sugge/ive ( ! work+s ( a primitive imag9ation untrammell$ by ! conv5tions ( art1 & ) a *a/e simplicity ( col\r t l5ds an atmosph]e ( dignity1 possess a subtle *>m t awak5s an int5se int]e/4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,h[ ,,to ,,di/+ui% ,,rugs ,,! own] ( an ,ori5tal rug w f9d ! pleasure to be d]iv$ f x w be great] if he kn[s :]e & by :om x 0 made4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true if x is "o ( ^? pieces ( :i* ! *>m dep5ds m on its individuality ?an on ! ma/]ly h&l+ ( l9e & col\r4 ,! /udy ( classification1 !re=e1 w well repay ! ef=t2 ?\gh un=tunately x is (t5 disc\rag+1 s9ce x involves a consid]ation ( ! *>act]i/ics ( a hundr$ diff]5t classes1 almo/ all ( :i* are f\nd to h exceptions to ! be/ kn[n types4 ,to add to ! difficulty1 ! op9ions ( deal]s 9 reg>d to ! less kn[n classes are v (t5 errone\s2 & detail$ descriptions1 ev5 at ! be/1 are unsatisfactory4 ,)\t a long p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 h&l+ rugs1 comb9$ ) c>eful /udy1 x is impossible to become exp]t2 b famili>ity ) "o class makes x easi] by comp>ison & a process ( elim9ation to di/+ui% o!rs4 ,! beg9n] %\ld fir/ le>n to id5tify ea* ( ! six gr\ps4 ,( ^! ! ,*9ese c readily be di/+ui%$ by _! well-kn[n patt]ns1 :i* are f\nd 9 no o!r "p ( ! ,ori5t except 9 ! rugs kn[n z ,sam>k&s1 ,y>k&s1 & ,ka%g>s2 & ! ,indian may g5]ally be recognis$ by ! realism & =mal arrangem5t ( _! floral patt]ns4 ,relatively few ( ei!r gr\p are f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & z ab\t n9ety p] c5t ( ! rugs belong to ! o!r f\r gr\ps1 !y alone w be consid]$ 9 detail4 ,leav+ out ( consid]ation1 !n1 ! ,*9ese & ,indian rugs1 x %\ld be rememb]$3 7a7 ,t1 z a rule1 rugs f ,p]sia h floral patt]ns2 & rugs f ,asia ,m9or1 ,caucasia1 & ,c5tral ,asia h geometric4 7b7 ,t figures ) lat*-hooks belong pr9cipally to rugs ( ! ,caucasian gr\p &1 to a limit$ ext5t1 to ! rugs ( ! ,asia ,m9or gr\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fc4 ,,xviii ,,c5tury ,,*9ese ,,rug 7c7 ,t fields cov]$ ) designs ( octagonal or diamond %ape belong to rugs ( ! ,c5tral ,asian gr\p4 7d7 ,t ab\t two ?irds ( ! ,p]sian gr\p h cotton w>p2 & ! rema9+ ?ird1 z well z ! ,asia ,m9or & almo/ all ! ,caucasian & ,c5tral ,asian gr\p h wooll5 w>p4 7e7 ,t ab\t "o ?ird ( ! ,p]sian gr\p h "o ( ! two ?reads ( w>p encircl$ by a knot d\bl$ "u ! o!r s z to be hidd5 at ! back2 & t ?is is n ! case ) ! rema9+ two ?irds nor ) almo/ all classes ( o!r gr\ps4 7f7 ,t1 ) few exceptions1 ! ,p]sian rugs h a side f9i% ( ov]ca/+2 & ! o!r gr\ps h bo? ov]ca/+ & selvage4 7g7 ,t ! rugs f ,p]sia & ,c5tral ,asia h bo? light & d>k col\rs :i*1 ?\gh ri*1 are subdu$ & h>moni\s2 t ! rugs ( ,asia ,m9or & ,caucasia h col\rs t are (t5 gaudy & inh>moni\s2 & t ! rugs ( ! ,c5tral ,asian gr\p h d>k tones ( r$1 blue1 & br[n4 7h7 ,t all ( ! rugs ( ,asia ,m9or & ,caucasia h ! ,ghiordes knot2 t ! rugs ( ,c5tral ,asia1 ) r>e exceptions1 h ! ,sehna knot2 t ! rugs ( ,p]sia ) wooll5 w>p h ! ,ghiordes knot2 & t ^? ) cotton w>p h ei!r ! ,ghiordes or ! ,sehna knot4 7i7 ,t ! few classes ( rugs :i* h v long end-webs belong to ! ,c5tral ,asian gr\p4 ,( ! classes ) mod]ately long end-webs1 sev]al belong to ! ,c5tral ,asian & ! ,asia ,m9or gr\ps1 only two belong to ! ,p]sian gr\p1 & none belongs to ! ,caucasian gr\p4 ,exclud+ ! ,indian & ,*9ese rugs1 x foll[s f ! above /atem5ts t3 7#a7 ,a rug is f ,p]sia or ,c5tral ,asia1-- ,if x has a ,sehna knot4 7#b7 ,a rug is probably ,p]sian1-- ,if ! patt]ns are di/9ctly floral2 ,if ! w>p is cotton2 ,if "o ( ! two ?reads ( w>p encircl$ by a knot is d\bl$ "u ! o!r4 7#c7 ,a rug is probably f ,asia ,m9or1 ,caucasia1 or ,c5tral ,asia1-- ,if ! patt]n is geometric2 ,if ! sides are selvag$4 7#d7 ,a rug is probably f ,asia ,m9or or ,caucasia1-- ,if ! col\rs are gaudy or inh>moni\s4 7#e7 ,a rug is probably f ,caucasia1-- ,if ! designs are l>gely fr+$ ) lat*-hooks4 7#f7 ,a rug is probably f ,c5tral ,asia1-- ,if ! field is cov]$ ) octagons or diamond-%ap$ designs1 & has d>k tones ( r$1 blue or br[n2 ,if x has long webs at ! ends4 ,( ^! f\r gr\ps ! ,p]sian has ! l>ge/ numb] ( classes1 "s ( :i* c only ) difficulty be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 conv5i5tly be divid$ into ! foll[+ sub-gr\ps1 dep5d+ on ! te*nical peculi>ities ( ! weav+ & ! mat]ial ( ! w>p1 s t ! task ( le>n+ ! class ( a p>ticul> rug w be greatly facilitat$ by fir/ det]m9+ to :i* ( ^! sub-gr\ps x belongs1 & !n elim9at+ ! o!rs f consid]ation4 ,ka%an ,k]man%ah ,khorassan ,sehna ,knot 7,a7 ,kirman ,"o ?read ( ,me%$ w>p to ea* knot ,mir ,s>ab5d d\bl$ "u & ,s>\k4 hidd5 at back4 ,gorevan ,h]at ,ghiordes ,knot 7,b7 ,h]ez ,s]api ,tabriz ,f]aghan ,cotton ,ea* ?read ( ,sehna ,knot 7,c7 ,mahal ,w>p w>p equally prom95t ,muskabad at back or ,royal ,s>ab5d "o slightly depress$ ,guli/an ,ghiordes ,knot 7,d7 ,iran ,jo%aghan ,luri/an ,sultanabad ,sehna ,knot 7,e7 ,sehna ,qu9cunx effect ( weft at back4 ,ghiordes ,knot 7,f7 ,hamadan ,ispahan 7mod]n7 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 :5 /udy+ ! =ego+ table1 t all classes ( rugs are subject to occasional v>iations 9 ! te*nicalities ( _! weave1 z = in/ance1 ! ,h]ats may h wooll5 w>p & ,sehna knots2 ! ,tabriz v (t5 h l95 w>p2 "s ( ! ,f]aghans1 ,mahals1 ,muskabads1 & ,sehnas h ! ,ghiordes knot & "s ( ! ,sultanabads h ! ,sehna knot2 ! ,jo%aghans may h wooll5 w>p2 & 9 mod]n ,ispahans ! weft sometimes crosses twice betwe5 two r[s ( knots4 ,"o ?read ( w>p to ea* knot d\bl$ 7,g7 ,bij>4 "u at back ,niris#cg ,k>adagh4 ,wool5 ,suj-,bulak ,w>p1 ,ea* ( ! two ?reads ( w>p to a knot ,kurdi/an4 ,ghiordes equally prom95t at back1 or "o slightly 7,h7 ,af%>4 ,knot4 depress$ ,mosul4 ,%iraz4#ch ,qu9cunx effect ( weft at back 7,i7 ,k>aje4#ci ,) ref]5ce to size1 ^! rugs may conv5i5tly be divid$ z foll[s3 ,gorevan4 ,mahal4 ,rugs inv>iably ( c>pet size ,muskabad4 ,s]api4 ,sultanabad ,bij>4 ,h]at4 ,k]man%ah4 ,rugs frequ5tly1 b n always1 ( c>pet size ,khorassan4 ,me%$4 ,s>ab5d4 ,tabriz4 ,hamadan4 ,rugs frequ5tly se5 z runn]s ,k>aje4 ,kurdi/an4 ,mosul4 ,( ! sub-gr\ps repres5t$ on ,page #bhd1 8,a0 includes ^? t h ! close/ & f9e/ wov5 texture4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,ka%ans1 ,s>\ks1 & ,kirmans are1 9 ! ord] nam$1 sup]ior to ! o!rs2 & ! ,k]man%ahs are ! co>se/ & ! lea/ ev5ly wov54 ,9 sub-gr\p 8,b0 ! ,tabriz are ! be/ wov5 & h ! %orte/ nap4 ,! ,gorevans & ,s]apis h sev]al conc5tric m$allions1 9 :i* are designs ( ar*aically drawn leaves1 & h g5]ally ! s-call$ turtle bord]4 ,! ,h]ats h ! typical ,h]ati bord]4 ,( ! classes ( sub-gr\p 8,c10 ! ,royal ,s>ab5ds are ! close/ wov54 ,! ,f]aghans are slightly co>s] & ! ,mahals & ,muskabads are mu* co>s] & h long] nap4 ,! ,luri/ans1 ,jo%aghans1 & ,guli/ans are ! be/ wov5 ( sub-gr\p 8,d40 ,at ! back ( ,luri/ans ea* half knot is di/9ct f ! o!r l a sep>ate bead2 & 9 a few ,jo%aghans ea* half knot is almo/ z di/9ct4 ,bo? ,irans & ,sultanabads are co>sely wov54 ,comp>+ sub-gr\ps 8,e0 & 8,f10 ! weave ( ,sehnas pres5ts a file-l appe>ance at ! back2 & 9 ,hamadans ! weft is ( mu* co>s] diamet] ?an 9 ! o!r two classes4 ,! ,bij>s ( sub-gr\p 8,g0 are mu* /\t] ?an ! ,niris & h "o ( ! two ?reads ( weft to ea* knot m completely d\bl$ "u ! o!r4 ,! webs at ! ends ( ! ,niris are v mu* long] ?an ^? ( ,bij>s4 ,sub-gr\p 8,h0 conta9s ! ,kurdi/ans1 ,suj-,bulaks & ,mosuls1 all ( :i* are wov5 9 t]ritory :]e = g5]ations ! ,kurds h held sway1 & %[ ,kurdi% *>act]i/ics4 ,! ,we/]n ,kurdi/ans may easily be di/+ui%$ by _! br[n col\rs1 nomadic "*1 & co>se w>p & weft4 ,! ,p]sian ,kurdi/ans are v /\tly & firmly wov51 & usually h "o ( ! two ?reads ( w>p encircl$ by a knot depress$ bel[ ! o!r4 ,! ,mosuls h ea* ( ! two ?reads ( w>p encircl$ by a knot equally prom95t at ! back2 & a *>act]i/ic feature is ! col\r$1 crudely spun y>n ( weft1 :i* on acc\nt ( ! size ( its diamet] /&s up z high z ! y>n ( ! knots at ! back4 ,9 a typical ,suj-,bulak ! alignm5t ( knots at ! back appe>s unev5 or s]rat$4 ,! ,k>adaghs h ,caucasian *>act]i/ics2 ! ,af%>s h co>se1 wiry wool = ! weft1 & ?reads ( w>p /rung s t ea* half knot is di/9ct4 ,al?\gh ! te*nicalities ( weav+ are ! mo/ reliable evid5ce = det]m9+ ! class to :i* a rug belongs1 ! patt]ns are important guides4 ,x w be well1 !re=e1 to rememb] t3 ,a ,p]sian rug is probably a ,%iraz1 ,k>adagh1 ,k>aje1 ,mosul1 ,kurdi/an1 or ,af%>1 if ! patt]n is p>tly geometric4 ,if ! field has conc5tric m$allions1 ! rug may be a ,k]man%ah1 ,s>\k1 ,ka%an1 ,sehna1 ,gorevan1 ,h]ez1 ,tabriz1 ,mahal1 ,muskabad1 or ,sultanabad4 ,if ! field is cov]$ ) pe> designs1 ! rug may be a ,s>ab5d1 ,burujird1 ,khorassan1 ,%iraz1 ,niris1 ,iran1 ,jo%aghan1 or ,luri/an4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fd4 ,,*9ese ,,rug ,,( ,,! ,,ke5-,,lung ,,p]iod ,if ! field is cov]$ ) small ,h]ati designs1 ! rug may be a ,f]aghan1 ,sehna1 or an ,iran4 ,if ! field is cov]$ ) small designs ( ! ,guli ,h9nai plant1 ! rug may be a ,f]aghan4 ,if ! field is cov]$ ) ! ,m9a ,khani patt]n1 ! rug may be a ,p]sian ,kurdi/an4 ,a ,p]sian rug is usually a ,%iraz1 ,niris1 ,mosul1 or ,kurdi/an if ! nap is long4 ,x is almo/ inv>iably ei!r a ,%iraz or a ,niris if ! webs ( ! ends are long1 & ! ov]ca/+ ( ! sides has a b>b]-pole design or has %ort l5g?s ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,! ,niris resembles ! ,%iraz2 b "o ?read ( w>p to ea* knot is m depress$1 ! ends g5]ally h long] webs1 & ! field is m frequ5tly cov]$ ) l>ge pe> designs4 ,x is a ,%iraz if %ort tassels or tufts project at regul> int]vals f ! ends2 & x is probably a ,niris if x has a long end-web ( diff]5t col\r$ /ripes4 ,x is probably a ,k>adagh1 ,gorevan1 ,s]api1 ,h]ez1 or ,tabriz if ! sides are f9i%$ ) a selvage4 ,_m ( ^! classes h features by :i* !y c be di/+ui%$ at once f all o!rs4 ,= in/ance3 ,! ,s>ab5d has a field completely cov]$ ) pe> designs ( mod]ate size fac+ 9 opposite directions 9 alt]nate l9es2 bord]s ( sev]al /ripes1 ( :i* "o or two are ivory :ite ) an angul> v9e f :i* are susp5d$ me*anically drawn pe> designs1 & "o or two n>r[ /ripes ) reciprocal trefoils4 ,only two o!r classes are simil>3 ! ,iran copies1 :i* are always wov5 m co>sely & h ! ,ghiordes knot1 & ! ,burujirds1 :i* are r>ely se54 ,mo/ ,f]aghans h fields t are completely cov]$ ) small ,h]ati or ,guli ,h9nai designs1 & h ! turtle patt]n 9 ! bord]4 ,! only o!r rugs t are simil> are ! ,iran copies1 :i* h ! ,ghiordes knot & are m co>sely wov54 ,almo/ all ,hamadans may be di/+ui%$ at once by ! broad b& ( camel's hair surr\nd+ ! bord]1 & ! co>se weft cross+ only once betwe5 two r[s ( knots s z to give a qu9cunx effect at ! back4 ,gorevans are inv>iably ( c>pet size4 ,!y h fields almo/ cov]$ ) c5tral m$allions on :i* are ar*aically drawn leaves1 & a broad c5tral bord] /ripe ) a l>ge conv5tionalis$ turtle patt]n4 ,!y h usually ! same col\r tones1 :i* once se5 are n =gott54 ,! ,s]apis are simil> to ,gorevans b are usually old] & ( bett] col\rs4 ,! ,k]man%ahs h tones ( ivory1 p9k1 & light gre51 t are s(t] & light] ?an ^? ( almo/ any o!r rug4 ,! fields h conc5tric m$allions ) da9ty floral =ms t are r>ely se5 9 o!r classes except ! ,s>\ks & ,ka%ans2 & ! bord]s1 t correspond 9 draw+ & col\r+ ) ! field1 h an out] edg+ t is almo/ inv>iably ( p9k1 b sometimes d>k blue4 ,! draw+ & col\rs1 :i* are n easily describ$ b quickly le>n$1 at once di/+ui% ^! pieces f all o!rs4 ,"s ,me%$s resemble ,k]man%ahs1 b ! nap is m silky1 unev51 & lu/r\s4 ,! texture at ! back is f9]4 ,! rugs ( ,tabriz1 :i* are usually made 9 c>pet sizes1 may be di/+ui%$ by _! l95 nap hang+ 9 a %ort fr+e at ! ends4 ,!y are n likely to be confus$ ) any classes b ! ,me%$s1 ,khorassans1 & ,k]man%ahs2 b ! nap is %ort]1 & h>%] to ! t\*2 ! knot is ,ghiordes1 & ! draw+ m =mal4 ,almo/ ! only ,p]sian rug t has small1 geometric1 adv5titi\s designs & lat*-hooks is ! ,%iraz4 ,x is ! only "o t has small tufts ( wool project+ f ! sides2 & ) ! exception ( ! ,niris is ! only "o t1 z a rule1 has a b>b]-pole ov]ca/+ & a long web at ! ends4 ,x is also "o ( ! mo/ loosely wov54 ,! ,s>\k & ,ka%an may be di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by _! %ort velvety nap2 d>k ri* col\rs2 fields ( graceful foliat$ /alks & floral =ms re/+ on conc5tric m$allions2 & ! f9e1 firm1 texture ( ! weave4 ,a c>efully drawn design ( ! runn+ lat*-hook appe>s 9 ! bord]s2 & ! weft is usually "s %ade ( blue4 ,! ,ka%ans are almo/ ! same z ,s>\ks b h clos] weave & f9] texture4 ,!y v r>ely come 9 l>ge sizes4 ,muskabads & ,mahals are inv>iably made 9 l>ge c>pet sizes4 ,_! texture is firm2 !y are v co>sely wov52 & !re is great irregul>ity 9 ! size ( ! knots z %[n at ! back4 ,( ! two1 ! ,mahals are ! bett] grade4 ,a l>ge rug ) wooll5 w>p & ) "o ?read ( w>p to ea* knot d\bl$ "u ! o!r is almo/ always a ,bij>4 ,sehnas are always v ?9 rugs & ( small or mod]ate size4 ,) few exceptions ! field is cov]$ ) ,h]ati or pe> designs4 ,!y c be id5tifi$ by ! qu9cunx appe>ance ( ! f9e cotton weft at ! back & ! file-l feel+ ( ! weave4 ,! only ,p]sian rug t has a side selvage & also %[s evid5ce ( ,caucasian influ5ce 9 ! geometric draw+ ( ! patt]ns is ! ,k>adagh4 ,! ,goz5es may be di/+ui%$ f o!r classes by _! dull col\rs4 ,9 _m ( !m ea* ?read ( w>p is encircl$ by ! "r half ( "s knots & ! left half ( o!rs4 ,! ,asia ,m9or rugs h s _m features 9 common t !y _c conv5i5tly be divid$ into sub-gr\ps4 ,= in/ance3 almo/ all h a col\r$ weft1 a col\r$ web ) fr+e at ! ends1 & a selvage at ! sides2 all1 except+ ! ,ghiordes & a few mod]n pieces1 h wooll5 w>p & weft2 & all h ! ,ghiordes knot4 ,to be sure1 a di/9ction may be made 9 ! l5g? ( ! nap1 s9ce z a rule ! ,b]gamo1 ,rhodian1 ,k>aman1 ,yuruk1 & "s ( ! ,anatolians h a long nap2 & ! rema9d] usually h a %ort nap2 & also 9 ! weav+1 z 9 ! ,b]gamo1 ,ghiordes1 ,k>aman1 ,kulah1 & ,ladik1 "o ?read ( w>p to ea* knot is g5]ally depress$1 & 9 ! rema9+ classes all ?reads ( w>p are equally prom95t2 fur!rmore1 ,anatolians1 ,b]gamos1 ,k>amans1 ,rhodians1 & ,koniehs1 h r>ely m ?an ?ree /ripes to ! bord]2 & ,kir-,%ehrs1 ,kulahs1 ,ladiks1 & ,ghiordes h seldom less ?an five2 b ^! features are n always con/ant & pron\nc$4 ,! patt]ns1 !re=e1 & ^? small] designs :i* frequ5tly are peculi> to a s+le class are ( consid]able assi/ance 9 di/+ui%+ "o f ! o!r4 ,! ar* ( ! namazliks is also an invaluable feature = id5tification s9ce its %ape is diff]5t 9 ea* class z w be se5 by ref]5ce to ,plates ,c & ,d 7,pages #fa & #fc74 ,leav+ out ( consid]ation mod]n pieces1 made to meet ! dem&s ( export+ companies1 ! ,b]gamo & ,rhodian h c]ta9 po9ts ( resemblance4 ,z a rule1 !y are almo/ squ>e1 & h long nap1 long webs ) col\r$ b&s at ! ends1 a side selvage1 & col\r$ weft4 ,! ,rhodian may g5]ally be di/+ui%$ by _! bright] col\rs & _! panels1 sugge/+ w9d[s1 plac$ p>allel to ! l5g? ( ! rug4 ,! ,b]gamos1 :i* are m frequ5tly se51 h ri*1 deep blue & r$ col\r+1 & m devices to av]t ! evil eye ?an any o!r ,ori5tal rug4 ,two panels1 "o above ! ar* & ! o!r bel[ ! field1 are almo/ inv>iably se5 9 ! ,ghiordes pray] rugs & occasionally 9 ! ,kulahs1 b r>ely 9 any o!r classes4 ,! typical patt]n ( ! c5tral bord] /ripe ( ,ghiordes pray] rugs1 consi/+ ( mo/ conv5tionalis$ leaf & rosette1 is n se5 9 any o!r rugs2 nor is ! patt]n ( ! broad bord] /ripe ( ! odjaliks & s$jadehs1 consi/+ ( an undulat+ b& cov]$ ) small flecks & fr+$ ) lat*-hooks4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic features 9 ! patt]n ( ,kulahs are ! num]\s n>r[ fleck-cov]$ b&s t occupy ! c5tre ( ! bord]1 & ! second>y /ripe ) design l a ,*9ese device repres5t$ 9 ,plate ,h1 ,fig4 #aj 7opp4 ,page #aid74 ,! pomegranates at ! end ( ! field1 & ! ,rhodian lilies 9 ! ma9 /ripe ( ! bord]1 di/+ui% ,ladik pray] rugs f all o!rs4 ,figures ( v&ykes1 :i* are se5 9 "s ,anatolians & ,mudj>s1 are also a con/ant feature ( ,ladiks4 ,a *>act]i/ic feature ( ,koniehs is ! r[ ( sprigs ) ?ree triangul>-%ap$ petals t project f ! bord] aga9/ ! field4 ,z a rule1 ! ,kir-,%ehrs conta9 9 ! field a l>g] am\nt ( grass-gre5 col\r ?an any o!r rug4 ,! n>r[ bord] /ripe ( ?umb-l processes t fit "o ano!r l cogs & ! mauve or heliotrope col\r are important aids 9 di/+ui%+ ,melez rugs4 ,on acc\nt ( _! long pile & _! patt]ns ( lat*-hooks & o!r geometric figures1 ! ,yuruks alone ( all ?is gr\p resemble ! ,caucasian rugs4 ,!y may also be di/+ui%$ f o!r ,asia ,m9or rugs by ! facts t ! weft is ( co>se1 wiry wool1 & ! ?reads ( w>p are n /rung closely toge!r1 s t at ! back ea* half knot appe>s v di/9ct f ! o!r4 ,a simil>ity prevails 9 ! te*nique ( mo/ ,caucasian rugs1 z all h ! ,ghiordes knot1 & almo/ all h w>p & weft ( wool1 sides t are selvag$1 & ends ) a web & loose fr+e4 ,moreov]1 classes t are 9 a measure geographically relat$ %[ resemblances1 z = in/ance3 ! ,*i*i1 ,daghe/an1 ,kabi/an1 & ,%irvan1 :i* h %ort nap2 ! ,t*]kess1 ,kazak1 & ,g5ghas :i* h m$ium to long nap2 & ! ,s\mak1 ,%emakha1 & ,kuba1 :i* h a simil> selvage at sides & ends4 ,! only classes 9 :i* "o ?read ( w>p to ea* knot is depress$ or d\bl$ "u ! o!r are ! ,k>abagh1 ,%emakha1 & ,%u%a1 f ! s\!a/]n "p ( ,caucasia1 & ! ,lesghian f ! nor!rn "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,o4 ,no4 #a1 ,%ah ,abbas design4 ,no4 #b1 ,m9a ,khani design4 ,no4 #c1 ,guli ,h9nai design4 ,no4 #d1 ,h]ati design4 ,nos4 #e-;a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 ,swa/ikas4 ,nos4 #f-;a1 b4 c1 d1 e1 f1 g1 h1 i1 j1 k1 l1 m1 ,pe> designs4 ,no4 #g1 ,cl\d-b&s4 ,no4 #h1 ,pit*]4 ,no4 #i1 ,motives ( ,asia ,m9or & ,arm5ian rugs4 ,no4 #aj1 ,octagonal disc4 ,no4 #aa1 ,combs4 ,no4 #ab1 ,motives ( ,melez rugs4 ,nos4 #ac-;a1 b1 c1 d1 #ad1 #ae1 conv5tionalis$ leaf-=ms 9 ,asia ,m9or rugs4 ,nos4 #af-;a1 b1 c1 ,! lotus4 ,no4 #ag1 ,knot ( de/9y4 ,nos4 #ah-;a1 b1 ,motives ( ,daghe/ans & ,kabi/ans4 ,! ,s\mak ) its flat /it* & ) ends ( y>n hang+ loose at ! back is unlike all o!r rugs4 ,at ! sides is a c>efully wov5 selvage1 & next to ! nap at ! end is a n>r[ selvage ( f9e spun ?reads4 ,! rugs ( ,%emakha1 wov5 by "s ( ! same tribes :o dwell ne>] ! m\nta9s1 h simil> selvages at ! sides ( blue or blui% gre51 simil> ends ( a n>r[ web ( 8h]r+-bone0 weave & "o or m r[s ( knots1 & a m$ium long nap ( ri* blues1 r$s1 yell[s1 br[ns1 & gre5s4 ,! ,kuba rugs are almo/ id5tical ) !m1 except t ea* ?read ( w>p is equally prom95t at ! back1 :]eas 9 ! ,%emakhas "o ?read to ea* knot is depress$4 ,:5 once ^! selvages1 ! n>r[ end-webs ( 8h]r+-bone0 weave1 & ! p>ticul> tones ( col\r *>act]i/ic ( ^! rugs h be5 c>efully obs]v$1 !y are n =gott54 ,! well-kn[n ,georgian /ripe 7,plate ,j1 ,fig4 #i1 opp4 ,page #bbh7 is r>ely f\nd 9 any b ^! ?ree classes4 ,! ,baku rug may be di/+ui%$ by its geometric-%ap$ pe> designs1 & /iffly drawn birds4 ,if mod]n1 ! tones are dull4 ,long1 %aggy nap1 /rong col\rs1 ( :i* r$ & gre5 are almo/ inv>iably pres5t1 & l>ge designs surr\nd$ by num]\s small nomadic figures are ! g5]al features ( a ,kazak4 ,! ,t*]kess has a /rik+ resemblance to x1 s t !y are con/antly mi/ak5 = "o ano!r2 b ! ,t*]kess is g5]ally bett] wov5 & ! patt]n usually consi/s ( :at is kn[n z ! 8,sunbur/0 re/+ on a field ( dull r$ or a tawny %ade4 ,! bord] is almo/ inv>iably ( ?ree /ripes1 ( :i* ! c5tral has ! t>antula design1 & ! two gu>ds h a reciprocal sawtoo? design4 ,! field ( ! typical ,*i*i has an all-ov] patt]n ( small geometric design2 & its ma9 bord] /ripe has rosettes sep>at$ by diagonal ribbon-l b>s1 z %[n 9 ,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #f 7opp4 ,page #bbf74 ,rugs f ! ,k>abagh di/rict may frequ5tly be recognis$ by ! ,p]sian influ5ce 9 ! draw+ ( _! patt]ns4 ,g5ghas may readily be di/+ui%$ f o!r classes ( ?is gr\p by ! fact t ! weft crosses m ?an twice & frequ5tly _m times1 betwe5 e two r[s ( knots1 :i* are n appress$1 s t ! weft1 z x encircles ! w>p1 appe>s at ! back l a n>r[ bead$ surface4 ,daghe/ans1 ,kabi/ans1 & ,%irvans h s _m diff]5t patt]ns t x is n always easy to di/+ui% ! classes2 b x w be "s assi/ance to rememb] t ! bord] design ( w9e cup & s]rat$ leaf 7,plate ,i1 ,fig4 #a1 opp4 ,page #bbf7 is f\nd 9 ab\t "o half ( ! ,%irvans1 & t ! bracket design 7,plate ,j1 ,fig4 #ai1 opp4 ,page #bbh7 is peculi> to ,daghe/ans & ,kabi/ans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #fe4 ,,*9ese ,,rug ,,( ,,! ,,ke5-,,lung ,,p]iod ,! small ,c5tral ,asiatic gr\p is n only unlike o!r gr\ps1 b may naturally be divid$ into ?ree sub-gr\ps1 :i* are also di/9ct f "o ano!r & conta9 well-def9$ classes1 viz43 7a7 ,afghan1 ,royal ,bokh>a1 ,pr9cess ,bokh>a1 ,tekke1 ,khiva1 ,yomud1 & ,be%ire4 7b7 ,sam>k&1 ,ka%g>1 & ,y>k&4 7c7 ,belu*i/an4 ,9 ! fir/ sub-gr\p ! prevail+ col\rs are d>k r$s & br[ns ) m9or quantities ( blue1 gre51 & ivory4 ,! ,afghans are almo/ always ( l>ge size1 & may be recognis$ at once by ! broad web ( ! ends & ! l>ge octagonal %ap$ figures plac$ 9 contact 9 p]p5dicul> r[s4 ,! ,royal ,bokh>as are small]1 ! end webs are n s wide1 ! octagons are nev] 9 contact & are sep>at$ diagonally by diamond-%ap$ figures4 ,! ,pr9cess ,bokh>as & _m ,tekkes h ! ,kat*li patt]n4 ,! ,yomuds resemble ! o!r classes ( ?is sub-gr\p 9 col\r2 b 9 ! fields1 diamond designs h entirely replac$ ! octagons4 ,! rugs ( sub-gr\p 8b0 almo/ always h cotton w>p2 :]eas ! rugs ( sub-gr\ps 8a0 & 8c0 inv>iably h wooll5 or goat's hair w>p4 ,! ,sam>k&s are some:at simil> 9 col\rs & patt]ns to ,*9ese rugs1 b may be di/+ui%$ by ! fact t !y almo/ inv>iably h ?ree bord] /ripes1 :]eas ! ,*9ese usually h only "o or two4 ,! ,ka%g> & ,y>k& also %[ ,*9ese influ5ce4 ,! ,belu*i/ans ) br[n1 blue1 gre51 & cl>et col\rs may be id5tifi$ at once by _! long embroid]$ webs at ea* end4 ,9 ! det]m9ation ( ! class to :i* a rug belongs1 ! patt]n fir/ ( all attracts att5tion2 & if x be "o peculi> to a s+le class1 x is an important guide4 ,b 9 ! great majority ( cases1 ?is w n be suffici5t4 ,x is1 !re=e1 desirable to obs]ve if ! designs be floral or geometric1 if ! col\rs be subdu$ or obtrusive1 if ! knot be ,sehna or ,ghiordes1 if ! w>p be cotton or wool4 ,! v>iations 9 f9i% ( sides & ends are also an index ( ! class4 ,! patt]n & ^! few te*nical details are ! only *>act]i/ics by :i* mo/ deal]s attempt to det]m9e ! diff]5t k9ds ( rugs4 ,b 9 ! case ( half ( !m1 su* evid5ce is f> f conclusive4 ,! back %\ld be ev5 m c>efully exam9$ ?an ! front2 because "h are %[n ^? subtle1 b nev]!less positive di/9ctions1 relat+ to ! mann] ( ty+ ! knot & ! treatm5t ( w>p & weft1 :i* are ! mo/ p]man5t tribal *>act]i/ics ( ,ori5tal weav+4 ,x %\ld be notic$1 !n1 if ea* ?read ( w>p encircl$ by ! y>n t =ms ! knot lies 9 ! same plane p>allel ) ! surface & is equally prom95t2 or if "o to ea* knot be depress$ bel[ ! o!r1 or if x be d\bl$ "u ! o!r s z to be conceal$4 ,x %\ld also be notic$ if ! weft be col\r$ or uncol\r$1 ( f9e or ( co>se diamet]2 & if a ?read ( weft crosses only once or two or m times f side to side betwe5 e two r[s ( knots4 ,fur!rmore1 ! knots !mselves %\ld be c>efully scrut9is$ to see if ea* r[ ( !m is firmly press$ d[n ^u ! weft1 if ea* knot has a l5g? equal or exce$+ its wid?1 if ! y>n ( :i* !y are =m$ is drawn tight aga9/ ! w>p1 & if x is loosely or closely spun4 ,only by consid]ation ( all ^! diff]5t po9ts1 & sometimes ev5 m1 su* z ! nature ( ! col\rs1 ! "* ( wool1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x is spun1 is x possible to det]m9e d\btful cases ( id5tification4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,pur*as+ ,,rugs ,,z ^? :o h exp]t k ( ! value ( ,ori5tal rugs are exce$+ly few1 comp>$ ) ^? :o admire & wi% to own !m1 ! object ( ?is *apt] is to make sugge/ions reg>d+ a prop] selection1 :5 pur*as+1 & to po9t out "s ( ! pitfalls t beset ! inexp]i5c$4 ,9 e/imat+ ! value ( any rug1 ?ree di/9ct qualities are to be consid]$3 r>ity1 arti/ic beauty1 & utility4 ,r>ity may dep5d on ! age ( a rug1 ! locality :]e x 0 wov51 or its type4 ,9 det]m9+ ! age1 :i* z a rule is greatly exagg]at$1 a numb] ( facts %\ld be consid]$4 ,"o is ! condition result+ f we>2 ?\gh at times ?is is mislead+1 s9ce ( two pieces1 "o may h be5 h&l$ ) almo/ religi\s solicitude & ! o!r expos$ to ! elem5ts & to h>d usage4 ,moreov]1 an artificial appe>ance ( natural we> is sometimes c\nt]feit$4 ,ano!r is ! patt]n1 s9ce1 z has be5 %[n 9 ! case ( antique c>pets1 ! "* ( draw+ *ang$ ) succe$+ p]iods4 ,ev5 :5 ! patt]ns ( old c>pets are copi$ 9 mod]n pieces1 a di/9ction is usually disc]nible to a c>eful obs]v]4 ,! col\rs1 too1 play an important "p 9 det]m9+ age2 = n only are "s *>act]i/ic ( diff]5t p]iods1 z p>ticul> %ades ( yell[ & gre5 ( ,*9ese rugs & ! blue ( ,p]sian2 b ! mell[+ influ5ces ( "t1 act+ ?r\gh ! ag5cies ( exposure & we>1 cause effects t _c be produc$ by any artificial process4 ,occasionally ! "t :5 a rug is made is record$ 9 ,arabic numb]s wov5 above a ^w d5ot+ 8ye>40 ,if !y are indi/9ct on acc\nt ( ! l5g? ( ! nap1 !y may be m cle>ly read 9 rev]se ord] at ! back4 ,9 ! foll[+ l9es1 ea* ( !m is repres5t$ bel[ ! "o 9 our own notation1 to :i* x corresponds4 #j1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i ,illu/ration3 ,arabic num]ical symbols ,^! numb]s repres5t n ! ,*ri/ian b ! ,mohamm$an ye>1 :i*1 dat+ f ! "t ( ! ,hegira1 began ab\t ! middle ( ,july #fbb1 or a little be=e ! actual flight f ,m$9a4 ,x %\ld also be rememb]$ t ! lun> & n ! sol> ye> is consid]$ 9 ,moslem *ronology2 :i*1 accord+ to our reckon+1 ga9s ab\t "o ye> 9 e ?irty-?ree & sev5 t5?s ye>s4 ,to calculate1 !n1 ! ye> ( our "t correspond+ ) ! ye> express$ 9 ! rug1 f ! numb] %\ld be subtract$ "o ?irty-?ree & sev5 t5?s "p ( itself1 & !n %\ld be add$ six hundr$ & tw5ty-two4 ,?us1 if ! ye> #abdg 0 wov5 9 ! rug1 our correspond+ ye> w\ld be ,a4 ,d4 #abdg less #cg 7or #abaj7 plus #fbb1 or #ahcb4 ,:5 su* dates appe> 9 old rugs1 !y are g5]ally to be dep5d$ on1 b 9 mod]n ones !y are m likely to be ant$at$ to give ! effect ( great] age4 ,) ref]5ce to ! "t :5 wov51 rugs may conv5i5tly be divid$ into ?ree broad classes2 ,antique rugs or c>pets made ov] two c5turies ago2 old rugs made fifty or m ye>s ago2 & mod]n rugs made s9ce ! introduction ( anil9e dyes1 or )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,! numb] ( antique c>pets t exi/ is undet]m9$1 z x is impossible to e/imate h[ _m rema9 9 ,ori5tal mosques & palaces4 ,nor has any complete catalogue be5 made ( ^? t are own$ 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,!y consi/ pr9cipally ( ! products ( ,p]sia1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,arm5ia1 & ,*9a4 ,_m belong to ! museums & ! rema9d] to sov]eigns & weal?y collectors4 ,l r>e porcela9s & old pa9t+s1 _! value increases ) ea* pass+ ye>2 & ! prices receiv$ = !m range accord+ to ! fancy & caprice ( ! pur*as]4 ,!y are ! mo/ valu$ & ! mo/ co/ly ( all rugs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ff4 ,,kurdi% ,,pray] ,,kilim ,! numb] ( rugs ov] fifty ye>s ( age1 b n belong+ to ! previ\s class1 is v l>ge4 ,a few are suffici5tly priz$ to be plac$ 9 art museums1 "s belong to collectors1 l>ge numb]s embelli% ! halls & draw+ rooms ( p ( ref9em5t1 & o!rs are ye>ly br\ght f ! ,ori5t2 b deal]s & ! public already realise t _! numb]s are limit$4 ,ev5 n[ !y are se>*$ = 9 ! remote/ corn]s ( e rug-produc+ c\ntry2 & 9 a few ye>s ! la/1 n[ *]i%$ z family heirlooms1 w h be5 ex*ang$ = we/]n gold4 ,almo/ all are well wov51 ?\gh "s are too mu* worn to be trodd5 long] "u foot4 ,none are treat$ ) anil9e dyes1 b ! col\rs mell[$ by "t are exceptionally good & frequ5tly conta9 r>e tones *>act]i/ic ( ! fir/ class4 ,moreov]1 l>ge numb]s conta9 emblems ( a symbolism /ill %r\d$ 9 my/]ies t increase _! fasc9ation4 ,on ! :ole1 ?is is ! *oice/ /ock f :i* to *oose elegant c>pet+s = luxuri\s homes4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t rugs ( ?is class are beg9n+ to disappe> f ! m>ket1 ! prices at :i* !y may be pur*as$ are mod]ate comp>$ ) ! prices ( m mod]n pieces4 ,! great majority ( exi/+ ,ori5tal rugs h be5 wov5 )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,a few ( !m1 includ+ _m ( ! newe/1 h col\rs t comp>e fav\rably ) ^? ( old] pieces2 b a l>ge numb] %[ ! effect ( anil9e dyes4 ,"s wov5 by nomads or dwell]s 9 remote villages1 )\t ?\ght ( sale1 h designs & workman%ip su* z h *>act]is$ ! fabrics ( ^! p = pa/ g5]ations2 b o!rs1 :i* are ! products ( ! "w-h\se sy/em1 ?\gh well wov5 z a rule1 lack ! *>m ( spontane\s individuality4 ,age alone has little influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! value ( ^! mod]n rugs1 s9ce !y h n yet become r>e2 yet ev5 9 !m ! we> ( "t affects _! o!r qualities4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 !y co/ less ?an ! old & ! antique rugs4 ,! locality :]e a rug 0 wov5 is also to be consid]$ 9 det]m9+ its r>ity & !re=e its value4 ,( ! c\ntless c>pets t once exi/$ 9 ,egypt1 ( ! v e>ly rugs ( ,caucasia & ,turke/an1 n a piece rema9s2 b if "o 7 to be f\nd x w\ld be almo/ priceless4 ,! antique c>pets ( ,syria1 or ( ,kirman1 ,%iraz1 & ,tabriz1 wov5 ov] ?ree c5turies ago1 are m valuable ?an o!rs ( equally good workman%ip1 ( :i* relatively l>ge numb]s rema94 ,s1 too1 ( ! rugs class$ z old1 b fall+ %ort ( ! v5]able age ( ! real antiques1 ^? :i* are n[ difficult to be obta9$ on acc\nt ( _! sc>city1 are m valuable ?an ^? :i* are be+ produc$ 9 l>g] numb]s4 ,rugs su* z ! ,jo%aghan1 ,tiflis1 & _m o!rs ( sixty or m ye>s ( age1 are no long] wov54 ,mod]n products f ! same di/ricts may adopt ! old names1 b !y are n ! same4 ,accord+ly1 x w be only a %ort "t :5 !y too w disappe> f ! m>ket4 ,good examples ( su* pieces %\ld !re=e receive m c>eful consid]ation on ! "p ( pur*as]s & collectors1 z _! value is increas+ ) ea* pass+ ye>4 ,fur!rmore1 ! r>ity ( an old rug is (t5 indep5d5t ( its age or ! locality :]e x 0 made1 & is due to its peculi> type4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,m+ ,rugs ( ,*9a ) silv] ?reads & ! s-call$ ,g>d5 ,c>pets ( ,iran repres5t types r ?an localities4 ,likewise ! ,hunt+ ,c>pets ( ,p]sia1 ! ,holbe9 ,c>pets ( ,asia ,m9or1 & ! ,dragon ,c>pets ( ,arm5ia1 repres5t1 z f> z we "k1 ! textile craft ( no well-def9$ di/rict ( limit$ area1 z is ! case ( mod]n rugs1 b r r>e types4 ,su* pieces are valuable1 n alone on acc\nt ( _! age1 b also because !y repres5t ^! r>e types4 ,a rug is also valu$ = its arti/ic beauty4 ,! innum]able rugs :i* c5turies ago 7 9 daily use soon disappe>$1 & only ^? int5d$ = palaces or temples h be5 pres]v$4 ,x is b natural1 !n1 t ! antique c>pets repres5t+ ! highe/ art ( _! "t %\ld be n only r>e b also beautiful4 ,yet ev5 9 !m is (t5 a di/9ction t affects _! value4 ,=tunately1 v _m ( ! l>g] numb] ( rugs ( less age1 b class$ z old1 likewise possess arti/ic beauty4 ,?is *iefly dep5ds on ! draw+ & ! col\r+4 ,x w be notic$ t almo/ )\t exception c>eful draw+ accompanies workman%ip ( a high class4 ,?is is p>tly due to ! facts t ! m excell5t ! weave ! easi] x is to cle>ly def9e patt]ns2 & t on %ortness ( nap1 :i* z a rule is f\nd 9 closely wov5 rugs1 dep5ds accuracy ( del9eation4 ,! *>m ( rugs (t5 dep5ds1 also1 on ! graceful fl[ ( l9es1 ! c>eful balance ( diff]5t p>ts ( patt]ns1 & ! prop] co-ord9ation betwe5 bord] & field4 ,c>eful att5tion %\ld accord+ly be giv5 to ! draw+ :5 select+ a rug4 ,! arti/ic beauty ( ,ori5tal rugs dep5ds /ill m on ! col\r+1 s9ce1 z has be5 else:]e express$1 draw+1 :i* is intellectual1 f9ds its highe/ developm5t 9 ! ,occid5t1 & col\r+1 :i* is s5su\s1 f9ds its highe/ developm5t 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,x at once sugge/s sumptu\s luxury4 ,9 all ( ! antique c>pets t rema9 & 9 v _m rugs ov] fifty ye>s ( age1 all ! col\rs employ$ 9 a s+le piece are 9 tones ( p]fect h>mony1 & are s plac$ ) ref]5ce to "o ano!r t ! effect is mo/ agreeable4 ,b 9 "s ( ! mod]n pieces1 su* z are produc$ 9 p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or & ,caucasia1 are col\rs :i*1 l discordant notes ( music1 grate h>%ly on ! s5ses4 ,! mo/ pleas+ effect is :5 col\rs ( bord] & field are complem5t>y1 yet s 9 h>mony z to acc5tuate ! qualities ( ea*4 ,!re are also col\rs :i*1 indep5d5t ( _! association1 are 9 !mselves good or bad4 ,! be/ are f\nd 9 ! antique c>pets wov5 :5 ! art ( ! dy] 0 an hon\rable pr(ession4 ,! col\rs are also v good 9 /ill lat] pieces2 b = a c5tury n[ "s ( ! f9e/ h n be5 us$1 & ev5 ! secret ( produc+ !m has be5 lo/4 ,"h & !re dy]s & weav]s cl+ to e>ly traditions1 s t among mod]n rugs are _m examples ( good col\r+2 b ! mo/ rec5t pieces1 except+ :5 s(t5$ by artificial processes1 (t5 display h>% & g>i% col\rs4 ,?is di/9ction is 9 a measure due to ! fact t old col\rs 7 l>gely produc$ by vegetable dyes & ! mod]n are too (t5 produc$ by anil9e4 ,n infrequ5tly bo? vegetable & anil9e col\rs are us$ 9 ! same piece1 & sometimes ! quantity ( anil9e col\r is s small t x is sc>cely objectionable2 b z a rule x is be/ nev] to pur*ase a rug t is s ta9t$4 ,"o objection to ! use ( anil9e dyes is t by remov+ "s ( ! natural oil ( ! wool !y are apt to make x brittle1 s t x is less able to /& we>4 ,ano!r is t 9 "t "s ( ! dyes1 :i* h be5 appli$ collectively to produce a s+le col\r1 w fade or ev5 disappe>1 s t ! f9al col\r may be a mo/ undesirable %ade n 9 h>mony ) ^? t surr\nd x4 ,if ! fibres are brittle & become h>%] to ! t\* :5 wet ) wat]1 x is an indication t anil9e dyes h be5 us$4 ,ano!r te/ is ! application ( weak vegetable acids1 :i* w make ! col\r spread if produc$ by anil9e dyes1 b are n likely to affect x if produc$ by vegetable dyes4 ,_m native weav]s c di/+ui% by plac+ ! wool 9 _! m\?s1 :5 !y exp]i5ce a sweet or bitt] ta/e1 accord+ z vegetable or anil9e dyes h be5 us$4 ,x is a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to assume t ! dyes are anil9e because ! wool has a bright] col\r at ! surface ( ! nap ?an at ! f\ndation2 or because ! col\r spreads :5 wet ) wat]2 s9ce 9 "t ev5 "s ( ! vegetable col\rs w fade2 & :5 fre% !y w run dur+ ! fir/ wa%+ 9 wat]1 b aft]w>ds !y are little affect$ ei!r by wat] or weak acids4 ,ev5 :5 ! same col\rs & ! same k9d ( dyes 7 us$1 !re is a m>k$ di/9ction 9 ! appe>ance ( old & ( rec5tly wov5 rugs1 :i* is due to we> z well z exposure to sun & wea!r4 ,! effect ( "t1 imp]ceptible at fir/1 is %[n 9 ri* tones ( rem>kable s(tness & beauty1 t add greatly to ! value ( a rug4 ,x accord+ly happ5s t artificial processes are adopt$ to create z f> z possible ! same results )\t ! lapse ( "t4 ,"s ( ^! are z novel z 7 ! ef=ts ( ! di/+ui%$ vic]oy ( ,k+-te ,*91 9 ! reign ( ,kang-hi1 to produce antique porcela9s4#dj ,h5ry ,savage ,l&or says#da t 8to manufacture #8,antique ,c>pets' is "o ( ! mo/ lucrative bran*es ( mod]n ,p]sian c>pet mak+4 ,! new c>pets are spread 9 ! baz> 9 ! middle ( ! /reet1 :]e x is mo/ cr[d$1 & trampl$ ^u = days or weeks1 accord+ to ! days requir$1 foot pass5g]s & _! donkeys1 mules & camels mak+ a po9t ( tread+ on !m 9 ord] to #8add to age' 9 ! manufactur]'s goods4 ,:5 suffici5tly worn d[n ! c>pet is remov$1 bru%$1 & ord9>ily sold = d\ble or treble ! actual price1 ow+ to its antiquity40 ,illu/ration3 ,,col\r ,,plate ,,xi--,,*9ese ,,rug ,?is l>ge ,*9ese c>pet repres5ts "s ( ! be/ workman%ip ( ! ,ke5-lung p]iod4 ,9 x are %[n ! graceful draw+ ( leaf1 fruit1 fl[]1 & butt]fly1 & ! da9ty col\r+ ( blue1 yell[1 br[n1 & apricot on a field ( ivory t are s *>act]i/ic ( ?is "t4 ,! usual balance ( designs ?r\gh\t ! field is ma9ta9$ ) precision2 b1 z is n always ! case1 diff]5t motives occupy correspond+ positions4 ,?us a clu/] ( leaves & fruit may be balanc$ ) a clu/] ( leaves & fl[]s4 ,! conv5tional draw+ ( ! corn]s & ! some:at =mal panel t surr\nds ! c5tral m$allion give to ! patt]n /r5g? ( "* :ile !y detract no?+ f its beauty4 ,loan$ by ,mr4 ,na?an ,b5tz ,:atev] may be _! "*1 ! me?ods employ$ to give s(t5$ effects to ! col\rs are kn[n z 8wa%+40 ,mo/ ( ^? 9 vogue 9 ! ,ori5t1 su* z wa%+ ) lime wat]1 d little real injury4 ,9 ?is c\ntry to artificially mell[ ! col\rs has become a regul> bus9ess ( firms1 :o gu>d ! secret ( _! diff]5t me?ods4 ,"s use ammonia1 borax1 & soap1 :i* also d v little injury to ! rug4 ,o!rs use *loride ( lime1 boracic acid1 v9eg>1 or oxalic acid1 t remove "s ( ! natural oils ( ! wool & accord+ly impair its qualities = we>4 ,9 fact1 pieces are occasionally injur$ to ! ext5t t ! wool has become brittle & may readily be pluck$ out4 ,nev]!less1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t all rugs wa%$ ) an acid solution h be5 s]i\sly injur$2 b ! col\rs nev] h ! same ri*ness z ^? :i* h be5 s(t5$ by natural processes op]at+ = a long p]iod ( ye>s4 ,to be sure1 rugs t h be5 wa%$ are (t5 m attractive ?an !y 7 9 _! raw col\rs2 b ! old]1 m beautiful rugs ) g5u9e tones mell[$ by "t are always to be pref]r$4 ,ov] n9ety p] c5t ( ! ,k]man%ahs1 ,s>\ks1 ,ka%ans1 ,tabriz1 ,muskabads1 ,mahals1 & ,gorevans1 & a l>ge p]c5tage ( all o!r mod]n rugs sold 9 ?is c\ntry1 h be5 treat$ by "s artificial process to s(t5 _! col\rs or give !m ! appe>ance ( age4 ,x is g5]ally necess>y1 :5 select+ a l>ge rug = a floor cov]+1 to accept a wa%$ piece2 b :5 a small] rug or a runn] w meet ! requirem5ts1 x is pref]able to *oose ! old] unwa%$ piece1 :i*1 z a rule1 is m beautiful & co/s b little m4 ,9 ! case ( mo/ pieces1 ! tones ( col\r are suffici5t to enable "o :o is exp]i5c$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ^? t are artificially ag$ & ^? t are n4 ,9 ! case ( o!rs1 a simple te/ is to rub !m ?or\ghly ) a wet rag2 :51 if acid or *loride ( lime has be5 us$1 x c g5]ally be detect$ by ! od\r4 ,! arti/ic beauty ( a rug also dep5ds some:at on ! f95ess ( ! nap2 z ! s(t1 floccy fibres ( "s wools acquire a velvety appe>ance1 or give to ! col\rs a %e5 & a lu/re comp>$ ) :i* o!r rugs look h>% & co>se4 ,= in/ance1 ! rugs ( ,%iraz & ,me%$1 ! ,belu*i/ans1 & _m ,bokh>as are not$ = ! lu/re ( _! col\rs2 b on ! o!r h& _m ( ! rugs ( ,asia ,m9or & ,caucasia h col\rs t are )\t lu/re1 & ! rugs ( ,india :i* are made ( dead or 8,*unam0 wool1 seem lifeless4 ,:5 select+ any rug1 !n1 ! pur*as] %\ld c>efully obs]ve if ! patt]ns are well drawn & _! diff]5t p>ts %[ a prop] balance4 ,he %\ld obs]ve if ! col\r tones are h>moni\s ) "o ano!r1 if ea* col\r 9 itself is good1 & if !y h be5 s(t5$ by natural processes act+ = a long "t4 ,& he %\ld notice if ! wool is co>se1 dead1 & lu/reless1 or if x has a %e5 & gl9t 9 ! light ( day2 = ^! are ! qualities t make up ! arti/ic beauty ( a rug4 ,! utility to be d]iv$ f rugs t prop]ly belong to museums & collectors receives small consid]ation1 ?\gh ev5 ) !m ! m p]fect _! condition ! m valuable !y are4 ,b 9 case ( ! great majority ( rugs1 :i* are int5d$ = use z well z = ornam5t1 _! utility is an important consid]ation to ! pur*as]4 ,rugs t h w>p & weft ( /rong y>n & a close firm texture1 w we> bett] ?an o!rs4 ,also1 su* rugs z ,bij>s1 9 :i* "o ?read ( w>p to ea* knot is d\bl$ "u ! o!r1 w be f\nd to we> bett] ?an su* rugs z ,mosuls :i* h ea* ?read ( w>p equally prom95t at ! back4 ,= durability1 long nap is also to be pref]r$ to %ort1 s9ce x protects ! f\ndations ( ! knots f we>+ & becom+ loose4 ,be=e pur*as+ an old rug1 x %\ld be spread on ! floor to see if x lies flat & if its %ape is regul>4 ,x %\ld be exam9$ by daylight & n by electric light1 :i* gives a false impression ( col\r & %e54 ,x %\ld be held up ) ! back turn$ to ! pur*as]1 & c>efully exam9$ = weak spots ?r\gh :i* ! light may pass2 s9ce1 :5 s held1 _m pieces :i* seem 9 good condition :5 ly+ on ! floor1 resemble a sieve4 ,! f\ndation ?reads %\ld also be c>efully inspect$1 z sometimes !y rot & w te> ) slight t5sion4 ,moreov]1 z ! selvage or ov]ca/+ ( ! sides & ! webs ( ! ends are int5d$ prim>ily n = ornam5t b = protection1 x %\ld be not$ if !y are 9 good condition4 ,sometimes ! webs ( ! ends are entirely gone1 s t cont9ual fray+ ( ! nap is prev5t$ ) difficulty4 ,sometimes ! selvage or ov]ca/+ ( ! sides is brok5 & "s ( ! ?reads ( w>p are injur$4 ,or ! sides may be well protect$ by a /\t ov]ca/+2 b on exam9ation x w be se5 t x is n ! orig9al f9i%+1 & t "s ( ! bord] has disappe>$4 ,aga91 x may h be5 ov]ca/ too tightly1 s t ! sides curl & turn "u1 & ?us expose ! bord] to injury :5 trodd5 on4 ,c>eful exam9ation w (t5 reveal surprises4 ,9 _m old rugs ! field is full ( r5ts1 t h be5 sewn toge!r2 9 o!rs entire pieces h be5 remov$1 s t !y are no long] ( _! orig9al l5g?2 or p>ts ( ! bord] are gone1 or ev5 ! :ole ( x has be5 replac$ by ! bord] ( ano!r rug2 yet all s deftly done t ! *anges are sc>cely noticeable4 ,nev]!less1 old pieces1 if o!rwise m]itori\s1 are n to be disc>d$ on acc\nt ( a few imp]fections1 s9ce :at c be accompli%$ 9 ! h&s ( a c>eful repair] is rem>kable4 ,brok5 ?reads ( w>p & weft c be m5d$2 miss+ knots c be replac$ ) o!rs ( simil> y>n2 crook$ pieces c be /raight5$ by loos5+ "h & /ret*+ !re2 bord]s t curl c be flatt5$ by remov+ ! y>n & ov]ca/+ aga9 m c>efully4 ,9 fact1 if ! nap be n s worn t ! f\ndation ( w>p & weft is expos$1 x is f> bett] to *oose an old rug ) "s r5ts ?an a new "o ) g>i% anil9e dyes4 ,nor %\ld a piece be slight$1 because ! br[ni% black areas ( wool dy$ ) iron pyrites are worn l[2 s9ce (t5 ! mo/ beautiful effects are obta9$ by a surface ( bright] col\rs /&+ out 9 relief1 on acc\nt ( ! worn blacki% nap t surr\nds x4 ,n[ & !n a b>ga9 c be _h by buy+ a rug :i*1 because ( "s imp]fection t is n s]i\s1 has be5 pass$ by2 & n[ & !n a piece reek+ ) dirt has prov$1 :5 prop]ly cleans$1 to be a gem4 ,! f\ndation1 consi/+ ( ! w>p & weft1 receives b little consid]ation f pur*as]s2 yet x is "o ( ! mo/ important indices ( ! quality ( a rug1 & its /r5g? is "o ( ! mo/ necess>y conditions = utility4 ,! w>p is be/ obs]v$ at ! ends4 ,9 mo/ ,*9ese & ,indian rugs & 9 "s ( ! ,p]sian1 x is ( cotton2 9 o!rs x is ( wool or goat's hair4 ,9 ! ,*9ese rugs ! diamet] ( ! ?reads ( w>p is mu* small] ?an ! diamet] ( ! ?reads ( ! weft1 & has little /r5g?1 b 9 almo/ all o!r rugs x is at lea/ z l>ge & z /\t4 ,! weft may readily be obs]v$ at ! back4 ,9 v _m ( ! be/ rugs1 x consi/s ( f9e spun wool2 b 9 _m mod]n ones1 x is ( co>se wool or cotton4 ,! numb] ( knots to ! squ>e in* does n ( itself demon/rate ! quality ( texture1 s9ce a rug may h only a few knots ( co>se diamet] & be firmly wov51 or x may h _m knots ( f9e diamet] & be loosely wov52 b 9 ! same class ! bett] rug has g5]ally m knots ?an a poor] "o4 ,:5 select+ a rug1 !n1 ! back %\ld be mo/ c>efully obs]v$2 = "h may be se5 if ! y>n t =ms ! knots is well spun1 if ! knots !mselves are drawn tight & well press$ d[n1 & if ! ?reads ( weft are c>efully ins]t$ & h a texture t indicates f9e workman%ip4 ,almo/ inv>iably x w be f\nd t if ! back ( a rug %[s good mat]ial1 & has an appe>ance ( firmness & skilful1 pa9/ak+ weav+1 ! front w correspond ) good col\rs & c>eful draw+4 ,! value ( antique c>pets1 :i* dep5ds to "s ext5t on _! size1 & to a mu* great] ext5t on _! r>ity & "*1 is con/antly increas+2 = ! reason t _! numb] is limit$ & ea* ye> !y are m highly appreciat$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 impossible to affix ev5 approximate prices2 b ! sums paid at ! ,y]kes sale 9 #aiaj1 :5 "s ?irty pieces 7 sold at auction = an av]age ( ab\t #i1djj1 w s]ve z a guide4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! pieces sold & ! prices realis$3 ,c>pet1 size #g feet #d in*es by #e feet #d in*es1 attribut$ to ,we/]n ,p]sia1 at end ( ,,xvi ,c5tury1 & pur*as$ by ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,n4 ,y4 #e1fjj ,p]sian c>pet1 ,,xvi ,c5tury1 describ$ on page #hf #e1fjj ,poli% silk c>pet1 ,,xvi ,c5tury1 size #f feet #f in*es by #d feet #g in*es #d1gjj ,poli% silk c>pet1 ,,xvi ,c5tury1 size #f feet #f in*es by #d feet #g in*es #c1ejj ,poli% silk c>pet1 ,,xvi ,c5tury1 size #f feet #aa in*es by #d feet #aj in*es #ab1cjj ,silk c>pet1 ,,xvi ,c5tury1 size #g feet #b in*es by #f feet #e in*es1 /at$ to h belong$ to ! ,ardebil ,mosque #ce1ejj ,moori% c>pet1 ,,xvi ,c5tury1 size #aj feet #aa in*es by #e feet #aj in*es1 /at$ to h belong$ to ! ,ardebil ,mosque & pur*as$ by ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,n4 ,y4 #ae1bjj ,hispano ,moresque ,mosque c>pet1 size #cd feet #e in*es by #af feet #h in*es1 flat /it* #h1fjj ,c>pet attribut$ to ,we/]n ,iran1 size #af feet #d in*es by #aa feet #b in*es1 & pur*as$ by ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,n4 ,y4 #ai1fjj ,c>pet simil> to ! ,mosque c>pet ( ,ardebil1 ,,xvi ,c5tury1 size #bc feet #aa in*es by #ac feet #e in*es #bg1jjj ,! value ( rugs ov] fifty ye>s ( age b n suffici5tly old to belong to ! antique class also dep5ds z mu* on ! te*nique ( weave1 draw+1 col\r+1 & r>ity z on ! size2 yet ev5 ?is mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,9 proportion to _! size ! mo/ exp5sive ( ^! rugs are ! ,kirmans1 ,sehnas1 & ,niris f ,p]sia2 ! ,ghiordes & ,ladiks f ,asia ,m9or2 ! ,daghe/ans & ,kabi/ans f ,caucasia2 & ! ,royal ,bokh>as & ,yomuds f ,c5tral ,asia4 ,consid]+ bo? utility & attractiv5ess ! lea/ exp5sive are probably ! ,s>ab5ds & ,mosuls f ! ,p]sian gr\p1 ! ,yuruks f ,asia ,m9or1 ,kazaks & ,t*]kess f ,caucasia1 & ,afghans & ,belu*i/ans f ,c5tral ,asia4 ,z is ! case ) antique c>pets1 ! prices ( all old rugs 9 good condition are /eadily advanc+4 ,!re is likewise a t5d5cy = ! prices ( mod]n rugs to increase ) ea* ye>1 s9ce on acc\nt ( ! gradual op5+ ( ,ori5tal c\ntries to ! m>kets ( ! _w1 & ! great] dem& = rugs1 ! wages ( weav]s are increas+4 ,"s ( !m1 z ! ,tabriz1 ,gorevans1 ,k]man%ahs1 ,muskabads1 ,mahals1 ,s>\ks1 & ,ka%ans1 are n[ made almo/ exclusively "u ! direction ( ! "w-h\se sy/em1 & are sold at prices t fluctuate b slightly4 ,b 9 a %ort "t ! prices ( all ( !m w d\btless be high]4 ,:5 a rug ( c>pet size is requir$1 ! ,k]man%ahs are g5]ally pref]r$ on acc\nt ( _! s(t col\r+ & ref9$ patt]ns1 t h>monise ) ! furni%+s ( mo/ reception rooms4 ,less exp5sive & m %[y are ! ,gorevans1 :i* are suitable = halls or d9+ rooms4 ,9 ! ,afghans1 :i* are spl5did rugs = a d51 are comb9$ durability ) a mod]ate price4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s "s ( ! ,indian rugs1 z ! ,amrits>s & ,lahores1 h be5 gr[+ 9 fav\r1 z !y n only h good col\rs1 arti/ic patt]ns1 & exce$+ly good texture1 b are reasonable 9 price4 ,( small] rugs requir$ bo? = ornam5t & use1 ! ,%iraz1 ,f]aghan1 ,mosul1 ,b]gamo1 ,t*]kess1 ,bokh>a1 & ,belu*i/an are desirable4 ,z is ! case ) o!r works ( art1 s mu* deception c be practis$ 9 ! sale ( rugs t a pur*as] _c use too mu* circumspection4 ,sometimes ?r\gh ignorance or ) int5tion1 a deal] w decl>e t ! wool ( a rug :i* has be5 col\r$ ) anil9e dyes has be5 col\r$ ) vegetable dyes only2 t a rug wa%$ ) acid has matur$ naturally2 t a new rug :i* has be5 artificially worn almo/ to ! knot is an antique2 or t a p>ticul> rug belongs to ! class desir$1 z :]e a ,%irvan is (f]$ = a ,%iraz or a ,bij> = a ,b]gamo1 :i* ord9>ily are wor? mu* m4 ,x is1 accord+ly1 discreet to buy only ( su* firms z h a reputation :i* is above reproa*2 & if = any reason x is difficult to le>n ! /&+ ( a firm1 ! pur*as] w\ld d well to make an ef=t to te/ its reliability by inquir+ ab\t ! qualities ( "s class ( rugs ) :i* he is famili> be=e pur*as+ o!rs2 & if !re appe>s to be any int5tion to deceive1 he %\ld at once look else:]e4 ,9 any ev5t1 he %\ld take a gu>antee t ! rug pur*as$ is z repres5t$4 ,firms t h ga9$ an hon\rable reputation by hone/ deal+ des]ve ! patronage ( ! public1 & w always be f\nd ready to make re/itution if any mi/ake has be5 made4 ,at times1 ! be/ rugs may be b\ght at auctions & at ! faire/ prices4 ,auctions su* z ! ,y]kes1 :]e e/ates are be+ clos$ or :]e firms are dissolv$1 occasionally occur1 :5 e opportunity is giv5 ! pur*as] to ?or\ghly exam9e 9 advance pieces :i* are sold )\t res]vation to ! highe/ bidd]4 ,on su* occasions1 r>e pieces are sometimes b\ght at v mod]ate prices4 ,b z a rule1 unless ! pur*as] is a good judge & has previ\sly c>efully exam9$ a covet$ piece 9 broad daylight1 x is bett] n to buy at auctions4 ,dur+ ! sale x is impossible to prop]ly exam9e a rug4 ,! gl>e ( electric light ?r[n ^u x gives a too fav\rable impression ( its beauty4 ,! competitive bids ( o!r real or fictiti\s pur*as]s & ! words ( ! auctione] too (t5 lead beyond ! dictates ( good judgm5t4 ,at su* times "o w\ld d well to rememb] ! old words caveat emptor4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! ,y]kes sale4 #b ,/ew>t ,dix1 9 8,arts ( ,old ,japan40 #c ,! influ5ce ( ! physical aspects ( a c\ntry on its art z express$ 9 ar*itecture is n[h]e m cle>ly %[n ?an 9 ,egypt1 & !re is little d\bt t1 likewise1 ! "* ( ! native rugs 0 influ5c$ by ! _s ( ! sluggi% ,nile & ! b\ndless des]t wa/es4 ,b z ,egypt long ago ceas$ to be a rug-produc+ c\ntry1 & none ( its anci5t rugs rema91 x w only be briefly ref]r$ to 9 ?is "w1 ?\gh symbolic designs :i* _h _! orig9 !re dur+ ! ,caliphate or ev5 e>li] 7 adopt$ by =eign weav]s & occasionally appe> ) modifi$ =m 9 mod]n rugs4 #d ,x is said t he c>ri$ ,p]sian weav]s z captives to ,asia ,m9or & ,con/ant9ople4 #e ,?is is a product ( fl[]s ( ! g5us ,delph9um t gr[s 9 ! ,himalayas4 ,x is also obta9$ z a p[d] f ,afghani/an4 #f ,9 a few r>e in/ances a knot is ti$ to f\r ?reads ( w>p4 #g ,mo/ ,sehna knots are "r-h& knots1 b ! ,sehna knots ( a l>ge proportion ( ,khorassan rugs are left-h& knots4 #h ,z f> z ! writ] is aw>e1 no "o has hi!rto call$ att5tion to ! _m precise di/9ctions !re are 9 weav+1 & to ! fact t ea* class ( rugs foll[s a di/9ct type ( its own4 ,= ?is reason ?is bran* ( ! subject is treat$ m fully ?an w\ld o!rwise be necess>y4 #i ,a few ( ! weav]s ab\t ,goz5e 9 ,asia ,m9or make rugs ) a d\ble f\ndation1 9 :i* a s+le ?read ( co>se weft crosses twice betwe5 p>allel r[s ( ?reads ( w>p4 ,only r>ely is ?is me?od foll[$ 9 o!r di/ricts4 #aj ,sir ,george ,birdwood has made ! /atem5t t 8,a deep & complicate symbolism1 orig9at+ 9 ,babylonia & possibly 9 ,india1 p]vades e d5om9ation ( ,ori5tal c>pet4 ,?us ! c>pet itself prefigures space & et]nity1 & ! g5]al patt]n or fill+1 z x is te*nically t]m$1 ! fleet+1 f9ite univ]se ( animat$ beauty4 ,e col\r has its significance2 & ! design1 :e!r my?ological or natural1 human1 be/ial1 or floral1 has its hidd5 mean+4 ,ev5 ! repres5tatives ( m5 hunt+ wild bea/s h _! special indications4 ,s h ! natural fl[]s ( ,p]sia _! symbolism1 :]ev] !y are introduc$1 g5]ally foll[+ t ( _! col\rs4 ,! v irregul>ities ei!r 9 draw+ or col\r+1 to be obs]v$ 9 almo/ e ,ori5tal c>pet1 & inv>iably 9 ,turkoman c>pets1 are seldom accid5tal1 ! usual delib]ate int5tion be+ to av]t ! evil eye & insure good luck40 #aa ,! equival5t ( #ajf feet squ>e4 #ab ,see 8 "w1 8,! ,holy ,c>pet ( ! ,mosque at ,ardebil40 #ac ,ismael reign$1 #aejb-aebd2 ,tamasp reign$1 #aebd-aegf4 #ad #aehf-afbh4 #ae ,^! w be consid]$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 #af ,?is gr\p includes bo? antique & mod]n rugs4 #ag ,rob]t ,k]r ,port]1 a well-kn[n travell]1 /at$ t ! floor ( ! audi5ce hall ( ! gov]nor at ,tabriz1 :om he visit$ 9 #ahah1 80 entirely ov]spread ) ,h]at c>pets1 ^? ( t manufacture be+ ! ri*e/ t c be made40 #ah ,by 8,type ,*>act]i/ics0 is meant ! *>act]i/ics ( su* types ( ! class z are mo/ frequ5tly se54 ,!re are exceptions to ^! types4 #ai ,z ?is is ! case ) mo/ rugs1 only ! exceptions to ?is feature w be notic$ 9 ! type *>act]i/ics ( o!r classes4 #bj ,ibn ,batutah4 #ba ,( mod]n ,ispahans4 #bb 8,burl+ton ,magaz9e10 ,decemb]1 #aiji4 #bc ,9 8,indu/rial ,arts ( ,india40 #bd ,sidney ,*ur*ill 9 ! ,imp]ial ,vi5na ,book says t 8! dyes ( ,sultanabad h p]haps ! mo/ ext5sive col\r s*eme 9 ,p]sia40 #be 8,indu/rial ,arts ( ,india40 #bf ,mrs4 ,elizabe? ,bi%op 9 8,j\rneys 9 ,p]sia & ,kurdi/an40 #bg ,encyclop$ia ,britannica4 #bh ,x is also to be not$ t )9 ! la/ few ye>s l>ge numb]s ( pieces be>+ resemblance to old ,ori5tal rugs h be5 wov5 ab\t ,con/ant9ople4 #bi ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ is at ,sivas1 :]e are ! rema9s ( a mo/ beautiful ,seljuk gateway1 ) ar*itectural l9es t might well h be5 tak5 = a weav]'s model4 ,z 9 _m pray] rugs1 ! engag$ columns support a high ar* ov] :i* a panel re/s above a figur$ sp&rel4 ,! outl9es ( ea* ( ^! p>ts sugge/ mo/ =cibly ! draw+ ( ! pray] rug1 & ! resemblance is c>ri$ ev5 fur!r2 = correspond+ ) ! bord] /ripes is ! *isell$ masonry t once re/$ above ! panel & /ill ext5ds to ! foot ( ! entrance at ea* side ( ! ar*4 #cj ,"o ( ^! is repres5t$ 9 ,dr4 ,bode's 8,knupfteppi*e10 :]e x appe>s z a second>y /ripe4 #ca ,an int]m$iate patt]n sugge/$ by ea* is f\nd 9 an old ,asia ,m9or piece own$ by ,dr4 ,bode4 #cb ,a4 ,bogolub[1 9 8 excell5t "w 8,tapis de l',asie ,c5trale10 divides ! ,transcaspian ,turkomans into two pr9cipal gr\ps1 ! ,salors & ,yomuds1 ea* ( :i* includes sub-gr\ps4 ,^! are aga9 divisible into _m tribes1 almo/ all ( :om weave4 ,z _! rugs1 ?\gh resembl+ "o ano!r1 %[ diff]5t *>act]i/ics1 !y might prop]ly be sep>at$ into num]\s classes2 b s9ce only a few ( !m are kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 !y alone w be describ$4 #cc 8,des]t ( ,r$ ,s&s40 #cd ,a t5t 9 :i* an av]age ( five p live4 #ce ,9 8,indu/rial ,arts ( ,india40 #cf ,dr4 ,birdwood4 #cg ,sometimes ,sehna knot4 #ch ,sometimes "o ?read ( w>p to ea* knot is d\bl$ "u ! o!r4 #ci ,r>ely ,iran1 ,f]aghan1 ,mosul1 & ,kurdi/an4 #dj ,x is /at$ t 9 ! %ort space ( a few weeks he creat$ valuable antique porcela9s to pres5t to 8 noble fri5ds by plac+ rec5t copies ( old specim5s 9 a vessel conta9+ v greasy s\p1 :]e !y 7 duly boil$ = a mon?1 & aft] t plac+ !m 9 ! 8f\le/ dra9 ( ! neighb\rhood10 :]e !y rema9$ until season$4 #da ,9 8,across ,covet$ ,l&s1 #aijc40 #db ,all ref]5ces ( an unimportant "* are indicat$ by ! page numb] only4 ,,index#db ,a ,abbas1 ,%ah1 #hh1 #hi1 #afi1 #baa2 patt]n nam$ aft]1 #aje2 s5t artisans to ,india1 #aaa2 rug indu/ry decl9$ aft] dea? (1 #aab4 ,abraham1 #bc1 #ca4 ,acacia us$ z a dye1 #dj1 #da4 ,accadians1 #bc4 ,adighies1 #bji4 ,afghan rugs1 #bic1 #cjd1 #cje2 geometric designs (1 #fb2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea1 #ec1 #ef1 #eg1 #bce4 ,rugs describ$1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bde2 bord] /ripes1 #bea4 ,afghan tribes1 #ij4 ,afghani/an1 #da1 #ajc1 #bcc1 #bdc1 #bdd2 camel's wool (1 #hb4 ,af%> rugs1 #ajj1 #bhf2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea4 ,rugs describ$1 #aee4 ,aga ,mohamm$ ,khan pillag$ ,kirman1 #aac4 ,agamemnon1 #aff4 ,agra1 #bee1 #beg4 ,agra rugs describ$1 #beg4 ,akb>1 ,%ah1 #bh2 receiv$ assi/ance f ,%ah ,abbas1 #bi2 e/abli%$ rug weav+ at ,lahore1 #id2 import$ ,p]sian weav]s1 #bec2 c>pet factory (1 #bef4 ,ak-,hiss>1 #age4 ,ak-,hiss> rugs1 #aja4 ,rugs describ$1 #age1 #agf4 ,ak-kal1 oasis (1 #bch4 ,albana1 #bjd4 ,alex&] ! ,great1 #afi1 #aha1 #bdf2 de/roy$ ,%iraz1 #aae2 built walls at ,d]b5d1 #bjd4 ,alhambra1 #be4 ,ali ,riza1 ,imam1 #aaj4 ,allahabad1 #beh4 ,allahabad rugs describ$1 #beh4 ,altai ,mts41 #bi2 orig9al home ( ! ,turks1 #bf4 ,altman1 ,b5jam91 #he4 ,alum1 us$ z a mordant1 #dj1 #da4 ,amrits>1 #bee1 #beh4 ,amrits> rugs1 #aja1 #beg1 #cje4 ,rugs describ$1 #bee4 ,amu ,d>ia4 ,see ,oxus riv]4 ,anatolia1 #afc1 #ahb2 ! 8,l& ( ! ,ris+ ,sun10 #ahg4 ,anatolian rugs1 #aja1 #agf1 #aij1 #bhi1 #bij2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fc4 ,rugs describ$1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #ahi2 bord] /ripes1 #aie4 ,angora1 #bg1 #ahe1 #ahg2 goat's wool1 #cb4 ,anil9es4 ,see ,dyes4 ,animal c>pets1 #hf1 #hg4 ,anjuman ,indu/rial ,art ,s*ool1 #bei4 ,anos*>1 #gf4 ,anti-,taurus ,mts41 #adj1 #ahg1 #aij4 ,arabia1 #bd1 #bi1 #cb4 ,arabic features 9 rugs1 #he2 notation1 #bif2 symbolism 9 ,we/]n ,kurdi/an rugs1 #ada4 ,arabs1 9 ,p]sia1 #ajc2 ov]ran ,turke/an1 #bcd4 ,ar>at1 ,mt41 #ajc1 #bai4 ,aras riv]1 #aea1 #aeg1 #bbd4 ,ardebil1 ,p]sian capital "u ,ismael1 #bh2 mosque (1 #hb1 #abg4 ,ardebil c>pet1 #ae2 describ$1 #hc1 #hd4 ,ardelan di/rict1 #ajj1 #abi1 #acc1 #aec4 ,arm5ia1 #bji2 orig9 ( "s ,caucasian bord] /ripes (1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bbi4 ,arm5ian rugs1 #ia1 #agj1 #bji1 #bbj2 designs d]iv$ f1 #fd1 #fe1 #fg1 #bji1 #bad1 #bae4 ,rugs describ$1 #ia4 ,arm5ians 9 ,p]sia1 #ajc2 9 ,mosul1 #ajc4 ,artax]xes1 #ajc4 ,aryan races1 9 ,india1 #bh2 9 ,p]sia1 #ajc2 9 ,caucasia1 #aig2 9 ,turke/an1 #bcd2 floral ornam5tation employ$ by1 #fb4 ,asburg us$ z a dye1 #da4 ,a/rabad1 #bda4 ,a/rakan1 m>ket = ,bokh>as1 #bce2 = c>avans f ,khiva1 #bdj4 ,auctions1 #cjf4 ,ayyampet1 #bei4 ,az]bijan prov9ce1 #bf1 #ade1 #adg1 #adh1 #adi1 #aec4 ,b ,bab]1 ,%ah1 #bh4 ,babylon1 #bc1 #bd1 #gd1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,bagdad1 #ha1 #ach1 #aeb2 c>pets cov]+ ! floors (1 #be2 captur$ by ,t>t>s1 #bg1 by ,solyman ! ,magnific5t1 #bh4 ,bajazet1 defeat$ by ,tam]lane1 #bg2 ,k>aman subject to1 #ahh4 ,bak%is rugs describ$1 #adh4 ,baku1 #baj1 #bad4 ,baku rugs1 #aja1 #bib2 pe> design 91 #gj1 #abi1 #aec1 #aih1 #bjb4 ,rugs describ$1 #baj1 #baa1 #bab2 bord] /ripes1 #bbi4 ,bangalore1 #bei1 #bfa4 ,bangalore rugs1 #aja1 #bei4 ,rugs describ$1 #bfa4 ,b>b>ossa1 ,fr$]ic1 #aha4 ,b>d9i1 ,/efano1 #he4 ,ba/>d teak us$ z a dye1 #ci4 ,b$\9s1 #ajc4 ,bel%azz>1 #bd4 ,belu*es1 9 ,kirman1 #aac2 untam$ tribes (1 #bdh4 ,belu*i/an1 #bcc4 ,belu*i/an rugs1 #bje1 #bcd1 #bci1 #cja1 #cje2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ec1 #ef1 #eg2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fa2 geometric designs 91 #fb2 ,s design 91 #fd2 zigzag l9e 91 #ff2 reciprocal trefoil 91 #afj1 #bcj4 ,rugs describ$1 #bdh1 #bdi2 bord] /ripes1 #bea4 ,b5i-,hassan1 tombs (1 #gd4 ,b]gamo rugs1 #aja1 #bhi1 #cje2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ej1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 #eg2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fc2 prevail+ col\r tone (1 #agh4 ,rugs describ$1 #aff1 #afg1 #afh2 bord] /ripes1 #aic4 ,b]l9 gall]y1 #ib4 ,be%ire rugs1 #aja1 #bcc1 #bic2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fa2 ,s design 91 #fe2 zigzag l9e 91 #ff4 ,rugs describ$1 #bdc2 bord] /ripes1 #bea4 ,bibikabad1 t[n (1 #aed4 ,bibikabad rugs describ$1 #aee4 ,bij>1 #abi1 #acf4 ,bij> rugs1 #ajj1 #aec1 #bef1 #bhf1 #bhh1 #cjb1 #cje2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea1 #eb2 comp>$ ) ,p]sian-,kurdi/ans & ,mosuls1 #adc4 ,rugs describ$1 #acf1 #acg2 bord] /ripes1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afj4 ,birbul's blue us$ z a dye1 #dj4 ,bird figures 9 rugs4 ,see ,designs4 ,birdwood1 ,sir ,george1 cit$1 #fb1 #gj1 #id1 #abb1 #ach2 quot$1 #ei1 #bda1 #bec1 #beh1 #bei1 #bfj4 ,birj&1 #ajh4 ,bi%op1 ,mrs4 ,i4 ,b41 quot$1 #ach4 ,bode1 ,dr4 ,wm41 cit$1 #gi1 #bbg1 #bbh4 ,bogolub[1 ,a41 cit$1 #bcc4 ,bhl]1 ,j41 cit$1 #gi4 ,bokh>a1 #ajj1 #aaj1 #bde2 captur$ by ,g5ghis ,khan1 #bf2 ! 8,noble10 #bcf4 ,bokh>a rugs1 #ajj1 #bdc1 #cje2 goat's hair 91 #cb2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ej1 #eb1 #ec4 ,bokh>a1 ,pr9cess1 rugs1 #aja1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bic2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fa4 ,rugs describ$1 #bcg1 #bch2 bord] /ripes1 #bej1 #bea4 ,bokh>a1 ,royal1 rugs1 #aja1 #ajc1 #bcc1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bdd1 #bic1 #cjd2 comp>$ ) ,pr9cess1 #bcg2 ! ar* comp>$ ) t ( ,tekkes1 #bci4 ,rugs describ$1 #bce1 #bcf2 bord] /ripes1 #bej1 #bea4 ,bord] /ripes1 def9$1 #ei2 ,p]sian1 describ$1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afj2 ,asia ,m9or1 describ$1 #aib1 #aic1 #aid1 #aie2 ,caucasian1 describ$1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bca2 ,c5tral ,asiatic1 describ$1 #bej1 #bea2 ,*9ese1 describ$1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bge4 ,bo/on ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts1 #id4 ,brahoes1 #bdh4 ,briti% ,museum1 #hb4 ,br\ssa1 #aha4 ,rugs describ$1 #aha4 ,buck?orns us$ z a dye1 #ci4 ,buddhism1 influ5ce on ,asiatic art1 #af2 on symbolism1 #eh2 ! lotus an emblem (1 #fi4 ,buddhi/ emblems1 #bga1 #bgd4 ,burujird1 #aca4 ,burujird rugs describ$1 #aca4 ,butea fondosa us$ z a dye1 #ci4 ,butti lac us$ z a dye1 #ci4 ,c ,cs>ea4 ,see ,kais>iyeh4 ,cacus valley1 #aff4 ,cairo1 ,caliphs 91 #be2 ,mecca rugs sold 91 #aah4 ,caliphate1 #bj1 #gf4 ,caliphs1 #bd1 #be1 #gg1 #ij1 #ia1 #aae2 pray] rugs 9 "t (1 #he2 ,ispahan "u1 #aaa2 ,kirman rugs 9 palaces (1 #aac2 ,tabriz rugs kn[n 9 days (1 #ade4 ,caliph ,hi%am1 c>pet (1 #gf4 ,camel's hair4 ,see ,wool4 ,c>du*is1 #adj4 ,c>ia4 ,see ,melez4 ,*aldees1 #bc2 symbolism d]iv$ f1 #ff4 ,*>d9 cit$1 #aac4 ,*>les ,m>tel1 #be4 ,*ehel ,sutoon1 enorm\s c>pet (1 #aab4 ,*e-,hwang-te1 #bf4 ,*i*i rugs1 #ajj1 #bij1 #bib2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fa2 ,kazaks contra/$ )1 #bbj4 ,rugs describ$1 #bjg1 #bjh2 bord] /ripes1 #bbf1 #bca4 ,*9ese fret1 #fg1 #afe2 influ5ce1 #bic2 m$allions1 #bgb1 #bgc4 ,*osroes ,i1 8,spr+ ( ,*osroes0 c>pet made =1 #gf4 ,*unam wool1 #bfa1 #cja4 ,*ur*ill1 ,sidney1 ,a4 ,t41 quot$1 #aca4 ,c9nab> us$ z a dye1 #dj1 #da4 ,circassians4 ,see ,t*]kess4 ,cl>k1 ,sir ,purdon1 cit$1 #aab4 ,clotilde ,clam-,gallas1 ,c\ntess1 cit$1 #hj4 ,coccus cacti us$ z a dye1 #ch4 ,coccus ilicus us$ z a dye1 #ch4 ,coccus lacca us$ z a dye1 #ch4 ,co*9eal us$ z a dye1 #ch4 ,co*ran1 ,wm4 ,alex&] ,smi?1 #hf4 ,coconada1 #bei4 ,col\r1 ! arti/ic value (1 #ah2 ! symbolism (1 #ei1 #gb4 ,cone design4 ,see ,designs4 ,con/ant9ople1 #bg1 #ih1 #ii1 #aah1 #aha1 #aig1 #bji2 ,p]sian weav]s tak5 to1 #bh2 silk c>pets s5t to ,sultan (1 #hg4 ,conv5tions 9 art1 #af4 ,cordova1 #be4 ,cossacks1 #bah1 #bai4 ,cotton1 us$ 9 weav+ #cj2 m]c]iz$1 #cj4 ,c['s hair us$ 9 weav+1 #cj1 #cc4 ,crocus us$ z a dye1 #ci4 ,crsus1 #afc4 ,cr[n jewel design4 ,see ,designs4 ,ctesiphon1 #gf1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,cufic lett]+1 9 ,altman c>pet1 #he2 9 bord]s ( ,asia ,m9or & ,caucasian rugs1 #ib1 #aff1 #bjb1 #bbi2 reput$ inv5tor (1 #ahc4 ,cupressus semp]vir5s us$ z a dye1 #da4 ,curcuma us$ z a dye1 #ch4 ,cyrus1 #bd1 #aae1 #aha2 ,turke/an ov]run by1 #bcd4 ,d ,daghe/an1 #aih1 #bjf1 #bad4 ,daghe/an rugs1 #bje1 #bab1 #bac1 #baf1 #bij1 #bib1 #bic1 #cjd2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea1 #ed2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fa2 effulg5t />s 91 #ia2 ,cufic bord]s (1 #ib2 ,b]gamo pray] ar* comp>$ ) t (1 #afg2 weave ( ,kabi/ans comp>$ ) t (1 #bja2 designs 91 #baa2 col\r s*eme ( ,%irvans comp>$ ) t (1 #bad2 mosaic draw+ (1 #bbj4 ,rugs describ$1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjj2 bord] /ripes1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,daghe/an1 ,royal1 #baf4 ,damascus1 #ag2 antique c>pets (1 #ie2 ,mecca rugs sold 91 #aah4 ,d>i1 #baa1 #beg4 ,d>ius1 #bae4 ,dekkan1 rugs wov5 9 int]ior (1 #bei4 ,delhi1 #bh1 #aaj4 ,demirdji1 #afd1 #agf4 ,demirdji rugs describ$1 #agf4 ,deodorus1 #gd4 ,d]a ,ghazi ,khan1 #bhj2 ,kilims1 #bha4 ,d]b5d1 #aii1 #bjd4 ,d]b5d rugs describ$1 #bjd1 #bje2 bord] /ripes1 #bcj4 ,designs1 geometric1 #fb1 #fd1 #ahe2 floral1 #fb1 #fd1 #fh1 #ahe2 almond1 #gj2 animal1 #hi1 #hc1 #ia1 #aab1 #aad1 #abf1 #acg1 #afe1 #bjj1 #baa1 #bac1 #bbe1 #bdh2 antilope1 #gb2 arabesques1 #ga1 #gi1 #ha1 #hc1 #id1 #ajd1 #aef1 #age2 b>b]-pole1 #aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #aec1 #ahb1 #bjj1 #bae1 #bbi1 #bdb1 #bdf1 #bea2 bat1 #ga1 #bff2 birds1 #ga1 #hg1 #ia1 #aai1 #aad1 #acg1 #afe1 #bbi1 #bdf1 #bgj1 #bib2 bird ( p>adise1 #ga2 butt]fly1 #ga1 #bdf1 #bff1 #bfi1 #bgj2 camel1 #gb2 *essbo>d1 #bga2 *rysan!mum1 #bga2 cl\d-b&1 #fg1 #ij1 #ajf1 #bfe1 #bgd2 cocos1 #aad2 comb1 #fg1 #bjh1 #bac1 #bba2 con*1 #bgd2 cone1 #gj2 crab1 #ga2 cross1 #fg1 #ib1 #bcf1 #bcg2 cr[n jewel1 #gj1 #aab2 daisy1 #fd1 #fi2 diamond1 #ia1 #ada1 #ade1 #agg1 #bjj1 #bjc1 #bab1 #bbc2 dj9ni1 #gb2 dog1 #gb1 #bac2 dragon1 #ga1 #bdf1 #bff1 #bfh1 #bgc1 #bgd2 dragon & pho5ix1 #ib2 duck1 #ga1 #ha1 #hg2 eagle1 #ga2 ,euphrates fl[]1 #fi1 #ahi2 fi%1 #afe1 #bdf2 fung-kwang1 #bff2 fungus1 #bfi2 gazelle1 #ie2 goat1 #gb2 ,joo-e1 #bfe1 #bgd2 key-patt]n1 #bg1 #bfg1 #bgd2 knot ( de/9y1 #bgd2 ky-l91 #bfe2 lamp1 #afe1 #agj1 #ahb2 lat*-hook1 #fg1 #gd1 #aag1 #ade1 #aee1 #afg1 #afi1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #ahi1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bab1 #bae1 #bbj1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bca1 #bdb1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bea1 #bgh1 #bhb1 #bhh2 lily1 #afg1 #agj1 #agb1 #ahd1 #aic1 #bcj2 lion1 #gb1 #ie2 lion-dog1 #bff2 lotus1 #fd1 #fh1 #fi1 #hi1 #aii2 loz5ge1 #fb1 #ia1 #abc1 #ada1 #bjf1 #bbj1 #bbe1 #bdi2 lyre1 #bga2 mango1 #gj2 m$allion1 #fj1 #hf1 #hg1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aba1 #abc1 #abf1 #acd1 #ach1 #aci1 #ade1 #adi1 #afi1 #ahc1 #ahi1 #bjj1 #bab1 #bad1 #bae1 #bbj1 #bfg1 #bfi1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgc2 moon1 #fe1 #fi2 octagonal disc1 #ff1 #ib1 #ahj1 #bjj1 #bjf1 #bac1 #bbj1 #bge2 palm1 #gj2 palmette1 #gj1 #ga1 #hi1 #ij1 #id1 #ajf1 #aba1 #agg2 peacock1 #ga2 pe>1 #gj1 #ajf1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaf1 #abi1 #adb1 #ade1 #aec1 #afe1 #aia1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjg1 #bah1 #bai2 peony1 #ajd1 #bgj2 phnix1 #gb2 pole-m$allion1 #aag1 #aeb1 #agi2 pomegranate1 #fi1 #afg2 reciprocal sawtoo?1 #gh1 #aba1 #acj1 #bji1 #bba1 #bca2 reciprocal trefoil1 #aba1 #acj1 #afj1 #afe1 #bjh1 #bae1 #bba1 #bdi2 riv] loop1 #gj2 rose1 #fb1 #fi1 #aci1 #aic2 rosette1 #gj1 #id1 #ajd1 #aba1 #ahh1 #aic1 #bja1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bba1 #bbf1 #bcj1 #bij1 #bib2 runn+ lat*-hook1 #fg1 #bdb2 sacr$ m\nta91 #bfe2 scorpion1 #ga2 ,s design1 #fd1 #ia1 #ib1 #agj1 #aie1 #bjf1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bac1 #bbj2 s]p5t1 #ga2 s]rat$ leaf & w9e cup1 #fd2 %ield ( ,david1 #ff2 ,%\1 #bff1 #bgb2 />1 #fb1 #fe1 #ga1 #ic1 #aab1 #ahc1 #bjj1 #bjc2 effulg5t />1 #bja1 #baa2 eight-po9t$ />1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #ahg1 #aic1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #baj1 #bac1 #bbj1 #bcf1 #bdd1 #bdf1 #bej2 /ork1 #ga1 #bff2 sun1 #fe1 #ff1 #fi2 sunbur/1 #bji1 #bbj1 #bib2 sunfl[]1 #fi1 #bga2 swa/ika1 #fd1 #fe1 #aid1 #bbi1 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bga1 #bgc2 t>antula1 #ga1 #bji1 #bbj1 #bba2 tig]1 #ie2 tree1 #acg2 tree ( life1 #fj1 #fh1 #ahb1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #bai1 #bcg2 tri-cleft leaf1 #gh1 #ia1 #ahd1 #aii1 #bjh1 #baa1 #bae1 #bbf2 turtle1 #ga2 v&yke1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #ahg1 #ahi1 #bij2 :eel ( law1 #bff2 zigzag l9e1 #ff1 #fg4 ,diap] patt]n1 #ajb1 #bfc4 ,di>bekr1 #ada4 ,die ,p]sis*e ,nadelmalerei,susandschird1#gf4 ,di/aff1 #cf4 ,dix1 ,/ew>t1 quot$1 #af4 ,dj9ni4 ,see ,designs4 ,dju%aghan4 ,see ,jo%aghan4 ,dom5ico di ,b>tolo1 pa9t+ (1 #ib4 ,dragon & ,pho5ix c>pet1 #fe1 #bca4 ,dragon c>pets1 #ia1 #bih4 ,dravidians1 #bh4 ,dye+1 #cg2 process (1 #db1 #dc4 ,dyes1 #cj2 ( ,sultanabad1 #aca2 ( ,ou%ak1 #agd2 ( ,amrits> rugs1 #bef2 ,anil9e dyes introduc$ into ,india1 #bed1 into ,*9a1 #bfe2 objection to1 #bii2 h[ to di/+ui%1 #bii1 #cjj4 ,e ,ea/ ,india ,company1 #bed4 ,ecbatana1 #ajc1 #abb4 ,elburz ,mts41 #ajc4 ,eleanor1 ,que51 ,spani% rugs s5t to1 #be4 ,elizabe?1 ,que51 #bi4 ,elizabe?pol1 #bbd4 ,ellore1 #bei1 #bfj4 ,ellore rugs describ$1 #bfj4 ,el ,mirz li alla1 ,caliph1 #gg4 ,elwund ,mt41 #abj1 #abb1 #abi4 ,encyclop$ia ,britannica quot$1 #adj4 ,ends1 f9i% (1 #eg4 ,e/h]1 ,que51 #abb4 ,evil eye1 sup]/ition (1 #ei1 #afh4 ,f ,fairs1 ,ori5tal1 #ii4 ,f>si/an1 wool (1 #ca2 antique c>pets f ,%iraz1 capital (1 #aae4 ,fatimid ,caliphs1 #ij4 ,f]aghan di/rict1 #abe1 #abi1 #aca4 ,f]aghan rugs1 #ajj1 #acb1 #acc1 #adb1 #adg1 #aec1 #aef1 #bhe1 #cje2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea1 #ee2 small designs 91 #fj2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fa2 turtle bord] (1 #gi2 ,guli ,h9nai patt]n (1 #aje2 patt]n ( ,h]at rugs comp>$ ) t (1 #ajf4 ,rugs describ$1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb2 bord] /ripes1 #aeg1 #aei4 ,fill+1 #eb4 ,fird\si1 #aaj4 ,fi% patt]n4 ,see ,designs4 ,flame design4 ,see ,designs4 ,flax us$ 9 weav+1 #cj1 #cc4 ,floral design4 ,see ,designs4 ,fri$h(teppi*e1 #agb4 ,g ,gall nuts us$ z a dye1 #ci4 ,ganges riv]1 #ag1 #beh4 ,ganja4 ,see ,g5gha4 ,gehr\s di/rict1 #acf4 ,g5gha1 #bbd4 ,g5gha rugs1 #aja1 #bij1 #bib2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed4 ,rugs describ$1 #bbd1 #bbe2 bord] /ripes1 #bbg4 ,g5ghis ,khan1 #bf1 #gh1 #aih1 #bcd4 ,geok ,teppe1 #bch4 ,geometric patt]n4 ,see ,designs4 ,georgian patt]n1 #bac1 #bae1 #bbh1 #bcj1 #bib4 ,ghiordes1 #afd1 #afh1 #age1 #agf1 #bjf4 ,ghiordes rugs1 #fe1 #aja1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #aia1 #bhi1 #bhi1 #bij1 #cjd2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fc2 ,k>abaghs comp>$ )1 #bbe4 ,rugs describ$1 #afh1 #afi1 #agj1 #aga2 bord] /ripes1 #aib1 #aic1 #aid1 #aie4 ,gibbon cit$1 #be4 ,gilan1 cl\d-b& 9 antique c>pets (1 #fg4 ,girdl]'s ,company1 ,india c>pet pres5t$ to1 #id1 #bef4 ,goat's hair4 ,see ,wool4 ,gobi des]t1 #ba1 #bf1 #bi4 ,goodye>1 ,pr(41 cit$1 #fi4 ,gorevan rugs1 #ajj1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #cja1 #cje2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea2 turtle bord] (1 #gi2 patt]ns ( ,muskabads resembl+ ^? (1 #aca2 relation ( ,bak%is rugs to1 #adh2 relation ( ,h]ez rugs to1 #adi4 ,rugs describ$1 #adf1 #adg1 #adh2 bord] /ripes1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,got*a lake1 #bbd4 ,goz5e1 #aef4 ,goz5e rugs1 #ajj1 #aed1 #bhi2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ed4 ,rugs describ$1 #ed4 8,gra9 ( rice0 patt]n 9 ,*9ese rugs1 #bga4 ,granada1 #be4 ,guebres1 9 ,kirman1 #aac2 temple at ,baku (1 #baj4 ,guli ,h9nai patt]n1 #ajd1 #abj1 #aba2 illu/rat$1 #bia4 ,guli/an rugs1 #ajj1 #aed1 #bhf4 ,rugs describ$1 #aee4 ,guli/an treaty1 #bjc4 ,gyze1 ,georg1 #ib4 ,h ,hafiz1 #aae4 ,hair1 ( c[1 #cj1 #cc2 ( horse1 #cc4 ,hamadan1 #abb1 #abi1 #acf1 #adc1 #aee4 ,hamadan rugs1 #ajj1 #bhf1 #bhg2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee2 simil>ity ( "s ,irans to1 #abe2 simil>ity ( ,k>ajes to1 #add2 simil>ity ( weave ( ,k>a-,geuz rugs to1 #aee4 ,rugs describ$1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd2 bord] /ripes1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afj4 ,hang ,*[1 #bff4 ,h>ris1 ,h5ry ,t41 quot$1 #dj1 #bfj4 ,havell1 ,e4 ,b41 cit$1 #bfj4 ,hegira1 #bif4 ,hemp us$ 9 weav+1 #cj1 #cc1 #bfa1 #bfc4 ,h]at1 #aje1 #aaj1 #bdd1 #bhe2 captur$ by ,nadir ,%ah1 #bi2 s-call$ ,ispahans probably made at1 #hi1 #aab4 ,h]at rugs1 #fi1 #hi1 #ajj2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ed1 #ee2 cl\d-b& 9 antique rugs (1 #fg2 gr\nd col\r (1 #ie2 influ5ce on ,indian weav+ (1 #bee4 ,rugs describ$1 #aje1 #ajf2 bord] /ripes1 #aef4 ,h]ati patt]n1 #hi1 #id1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aab1 #abj1 #aba1 #abi1 #acb1 #acd1 #adb1 #aeb1aec1 #aeg1 #afe1 #agj1 #bja2 illu/rat$1 #bia4 ,h]eke1 #aha4 ,h]eke rugs describ$1 #aha4 ,h]ez1 #adi4 ,h]ez rugs1 #aja1 #bhf1 #bhg2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ee4 ,rugs describ$1 #adi1 #aej2 bord] /ripes1 #aeg4 ,h]odotus1 #gd4 ,h]r+ bone weave1 describ$1 #dg2 9 ,%emakhas1 #baf1 #bag1 #bib4 ,himalayas1 #da4 ,h9du ,koo% ,mts41 #bdd4 ,hoa1 #ahc4 ,holbe91 ,hans1 #ib1 #ic4 ,holbe9 rugs1 #bih2 octagonal disc 91 #ff4 ,rugs describ$1 #ib1 #ic4 ,hom]1 #fi1 #gd1 #aaj1 #afc4 ,hulaku ,khan1 conqu]$ ,p]sia1 #bf2 ,mongolian capital e/abli%$ 9 ,p]sia by1 #gh4 ,hunt+ c>pets1 #bih2 symbolism 91 #gb4 ,c>pets describ$1 #hb4 ,hur/1 ,dr4 ,john1 quot$1 #beg4 ,hyd]abad1 #bei1 #bfb4 ,hyd]abad rugs describ$1 #bfb4 ,hyd] ,ali1 #bfa4 ,i ,ibn ,batutah1 ,me%$ visit$ by1 #aaj4 ,iconium1 #aha4 ,im>i w>e1 #ag4 ,im]itia1 #bah4 ,india ,museum1 #abb4 ,indigo us$ z a dye1 #ch1 #dj4 ,indig(]a us$ z a dye1 #ch4 ,indus riv]1 #ag1 #bd1 #bi4 ,irak-,ajemi1 #abd1 #abg1 #abi4 ,iran rugs1 #ajj2 simil>ity 9 "s rugs ( ! ,k>a-,geuz di/rict to1 #aee4 ,rugs describ$1 #abd1 #abe2 bord] /ripes1 #aeg4 ,irti% riv]1 #bf4 ,isb>ta1 #agh4 ,isk5d]oon gulf1 #afc4 ,ismael1 ,%ah1 e/abli%$ capital at ,ardebil1 #hb2 ,ardebil ,mosque c>pet made dur+ reign (1 #hd2 c>pets made at ,h]at dur+ reign (1 #hi2 ,ardebil ,mosque c>pet made by ord] (1 #abg4 ,ispahan1 sack$ by ,tam]lane1 #bg2 ,%ah ,abbas transf]r$ 8 c\rt to1 #bi2 probability t "s ( ! s-call$ ,ispahans 7 made at1 #hi2 description ( city1 #aaa4 ,ispahan blue1 #db4 ,ispahan rugs1 lotus design 91 #fi2 made at ,ispahan1 #hi2 sombre tones (1 #ij2 r$ fields (1 #ie2 blues & r$s ( ! antique1 #abg2 palmettes ( ! antique1 #ade4 ,mod]n rugs describ$1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac4 ,j ,jahan1 ,%ah1 #bh2 build] ( ,taj ,mahal1 #id2 ,indian rug-weav+ decl9$ aft] dea? (1 #bec4 ,jail sy/em ( ,india1 #bed4 ,jaipur1 #bee1 #bei4 ,jaipur rugs describ$1 #bei4 ,japan1 #ag4 ,jhelum riv]1 sugge/$ z orig9 ( pe> design1 #gj2 ,sr9ag> on !1 #bee4 ,jo%aghan di/rict1 #acb4 ,jo%aghan rugs1 #ajj1 #bhf1 #bih2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ej4 ,rugs describ$1 #acb1 #acc2 bord] /ripes1 #aeg4 ,jubbulpur1 #bee1 #beh4 ,jubbulpur rugs describ$1 #beh1 #bei4 ,jute1 us$ 9 weav+1 #cj1 #cc2 9 ,kulahs1 #agd2 9 ,vellore rugs1 #bfa2 9 ,bangalore rugs1 #bfb4 ,k ,kaaba1 #aag4 ,kabi/an1 #aii4 ,kabi/an rugs1 #aja1 #bjd1 #bij1 #bib1 #bic1 #cjd2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ed2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fa2 effulg5t />s (1 #ia2 ,cufic bord]s (1 #ib2 patt]ns ( "s ,%irvans simil> to ^? (1 #bac4 ,rugs describ$1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjb2 bord] /ripes1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bbi4 ,ka91 #ajh4 ,kais>iyeh1 #aij4 ,kais>iyeh rugs describ$1 #aij1 #aia4 ,kais] ,fri$ri* ,museum1 #gi1 #ib4 ,kang-hi rugs1 #gh1 #aja4 ,rugs describ$1 #bfh1 #bfi2 bord] /ripes1 #bgd2 m$allions1 #bgc4 ,k>abacek1 ,dr41 quot$1 #gd4 ,k>abagh di/rict1 #bbb1 #bbd4 ,k>abagh rugs1 #aja1 #bij1 #bib2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea1 #ec2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fa2 ,k>adaghs comp>$ )1 #aea2 ,%u%as comp>$ )1 #bbd4 ,rugs describ$1 #bbb1 #bbc4 ,k>adagh di/rict1 #aea4 ,k>adagh rugs1 #ajj1 #bhf1 #bhi4 ,rugs describ$2 bord] /ripes1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,k>a-,geuz di/rict1 #aee4 ,k>a-,geuz rugs1 #ajj1 #aed4 ,rugs describ$1 #aee4 ,k>aje rugs1 #ajj1 #bhf2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ec4 ,rugs describ$1 #adc1 #add4 ,k>a ,kum des]t1 #bda4 ,k>aman1 #ahh4 ,k>aman rugs1 #aja1 #bhi4 ,rugs describ$1 #ahh4 ,kilims1 #bgh1 #bgi4 ,ka%an1 #aae1 #abg1 #aee4 ,ka%an rugs1 #ajj1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #bhh1 #cja1 #cje2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ce1 #ea1 #ee2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fa2 patt]n ( ,s>\ks l t (1 #acd2 correspond5ce ( "s rugs ( ,tabriz )1 #ade4 ,rugs describ$1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi2 bord] /ripes1 #afj4 ,ka%g>1 #bdg4 ,ka%g> rugs1 #aja1 #bcd1 #bhb1 #bib4 ,rugs describ$1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,ka%mir1 #gj1 #bee2 goat's wool (1 #cb1 #aad4 ,kat*li1 d]ivation (1 #bcg2 patt]n us$ 9 ,tekkes1 #bci1 #bic4 ,kazak rugs1 #aja1 #bij1 #bib1 #cjd2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea1 #ec2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fa2 ,we/]n ,kurdi/ans comp>$ )1 #ada2 ,af%>s comp>$ )1 #aee2 ,yuruks comp>$ )1 #aia2 ,t*]kess comp>$ )1 #bji2 ,kutais comp>$ )1 #bbb2 ,g5ghas comp>$ )1 #bbd4 ,rugs describ$1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbb2 bord] /ripes1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bbi4 ,kazakje1 #bbj4 ,kea-k+ dyna/y1 #bgb4 ,rugs describ$1 #bgb4 ,ke5-lung dyna/y4 ,rugs describ$1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgb2 bord] /ripes1 #bgd1 #bge2 m$allions1 #bgc4 ,k5>es def9$1 #ig4 ,k]im1 ,khan1 #aae2 royal patronage ( weav+ at ,%iraz "u1 #aaf4 ,k]man%ah1 #hc1 #abi1 #ach4 ,k]man%ah rugs1 #acd1 #acg1 #adg1 #afj1 #bhe1 #bhh1 #cja1 #cje2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #eb2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fa2 corn]s ( ,khorassans comp>$ ) ^? (1 #aji2 ,tabriz rugs comp>$ )1 #ade1 #adf2 ,amrits>s mi/ak5 =1 #bef4 ,rugs describ$1 #ach1 #aci1 #adj2 bord] /ripes1 #ch4 ,k]mes us$ z a dye1 #ch4 ,key patt]n1 #bg4 ,khali def9$1 #ig4 ,khibitkas1 def9$1 #bch2 rugs made = doors (1 #bci4 ,khiva1 #aaj1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdd4 ,khiva rugs1 #ajj1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bdb1 #bic2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fa4 ,rugs describ$1 #bdj1 #bda2 bord] /ripes1 #bej1 #bea4 ,khorassan1 #ajg1 #aae1 #abg2 wool (1 #ca2 ,h]ats made 91 #ajf2 ,kurdi/ans 91 #ada2 ,yomuds 91 #bda4 ,khorassan rugs1 #fj1 #ajj1 #aag1 #bhh2 left-h& knots 91 #dh2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ed1 #ee2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fa2 resemblance ( ,me%$s to1 #aaj4 ,rugs describ$1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaj2 bord] /ripes1 #aef4 ,khotan1 #bgh4 ,kidd]m9/]1 #bfj4 ,kilims1 e>lie/ rugs simil> to1 #ge2 patt]n 9 ,%irvan1 #bbg4 ,kilims describ$1 #bgf1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bha4 ,k+-te ,*91 #cjj4 ,kirghiz1 /eppes1 #bce2 tribes1 #bdj4 ,kirman1 #aac1 #aae1 #bjc1 #bjf1 #bdh2 wool (1 #ca2 c>pets made dur+ ,caliphate at1 #ij2 e>ly weav]s tak5 to ,asia ,m9or f1 #aha4 ,kirman rugs1 #ajj1 #bhe1 #big1 #cjd2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ej1 #ea1 #ec2 resemblance ( ,k]man%ahs to1 #ach2 fl[]s 9 ,tabriz rugs comp>$ ) ^? (1 #ade2 "s old ,b]gamos z valuable z1 #afg4 ,rugs describ$1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae2 bord] /ripes1 #aeh4 ,kirmans1 ,turki%1 #agd4 ,kir-,%ehr1 #ahe4 ,kir-,%ehr rugs1 #aja1 #bhi1 #bij2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fc2 pray] ar*es ( ,b]gamos comp>$ ) ^? (1 #afg2 pray] ar*es ( ,ladiks comp>$ ) ^? (1 #ahc2 (t5 call$ ,anatolian1 #ahg2 pray] ar*es ( ,mudj>s comp>$ ) ^? (1 #ahi2 pray] ar*es ( ,tuzlas comp>$ ) ^? (1 #aij4 ,rugs describ$1 #ahe1 #ahf2 bord] /ripes1 #aic4 ,kis-kilims1 #bhj4 ,kizil ,arvat1 #bda4 ,kizil ,irmak riv]1 #ahe1 #ahi4 ,kizil ,kum1 8des]t ( r$ s&s10 #bce4 ,knights ( ,/4 ,john1 #bh1 #agi4 ,knots1 ,ghiordes1 #dh2 ,sehna1 #dh2 "r-h&1 #dh2 left-h&1 #dh2 peculi>ities (1 #dh2 illu/rat$1 #di4 ,konieh1 #ahh1 #aij4 ,konieh rugs1 #aja1 #bhi1 #bij2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ee2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fc2 resemblance 9 patt]n ( ,kir-,%ehrs to t (1 #ahf2 pray] ar*es ( ,anatolians comp>$ ) ^? (1 #ahg4 ,rugs describ$1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahc2 bord] /ripes1 #aic1 #aie4 ,koran1 #gb4 ,kuba1 #aii1 #bjb4 ,kuba rugs1 #aja1 #bij1 #bib4 ,rugs describ$1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bjd2 bord] /ripes1 #bbh4 ,kublai ,khan1 #bff4 ,kulah1 #afd1 #aga1 #agd4 ,kulah rugs1 #aja1 #bhi1 #bij2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fd2 lily patt]n 91 #afg2 ,ghiordes rugs adopt+ bord] (1 #aga2 geometric leaf (1 #ahj2 pray] ar* ( ,koniehs comp>$ ) ^? (1 #ahf4 ,rugs describ$1 #aga1 #agb1 #agc1 #agd2 bord] /ripes1 #aic1 #aid4 ,kur valley1 #bjg1 #bad4 ,kurdi/an1 ,p]sian1 rugs1 #ajj1 #bhf1 #bhg2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea2 ,m9a ,khani patt]n *>act]i/ic (1 #aje2 ,we/]n ,kurdi/ans comp>$ )1 #ada4 ,rugs describ$1 #adb1 #adc2 bord] /ripes1 #aeg1 #aei4 ,kurdi/an rugs1 #bhf2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea1 #ec1 #eg2 ,k>ajes comp>$ )1 #adc2 gr\nd col\r ( "s ,mosuls simil> to t (1 #aed2 "s ,k>a-,geuz rugs simil> to1 #aee4 ,kurdi/an1 ,we/]n1 rugs1 #ajj1 #bhf2 describ$1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb4 ,kilims1 #bhj4 ,kurds1 #acd1 #acf1 #ach1 #adj1 #ada1 #ade1 #ahg1 #aia2 locat$ at ,ak-kal by ,%ah ( ,p]sia1 #bch4 ,kutais1 #bah4 ,kutais rugs1 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ec4 ,rugs describ$1 #bah1 #bai2 bord] /ripes1 #bbg1 #bbi4 ,kutayah1 #agf4 ,kutayah rugs describ$1 #agf4 ,l ,lacqu]1 #ag4 ,ladik rugs1 #aja1 #afg1 #bhi1 #bij1 #cjd2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fc2 pomegranate design 91 #gj2 bord] /ripe ( ,melez rugs simil> to t (1 #agg2 v&ykes ( ,rhodian rugs resembl+ ^? (1 #agi2 nap (1 #ahf2 ,kir-,%ehr panels comp>$ ) ^? (1 #ahg2 v&ykes 9 ,mudj>s borr[$ f1 #ahi4 ,rugs describ$1 #ahc1 #ahd2 bord] /ripes1 #aic1 #aid4 ,lahore1 #bee1 #bef2 royal factory at1 #id4 ,lahore rugs1 #aja1 #cje4 ,rugs describ$1 #bef1 #beg4 ,l&or1 ,h5ry ,savage1 quot$1 #cjj4 ,l>i/an bord] /ripe1 #aeg4 ,lat*-hooks4 ,see ,designs4 ,latim]1 ,c41 quot$1 #bha4 ,lattice-"w patt]n1 #aai1 #aba1 #acc1 #acd1 #acg1 #bjd4 ,lemons us$ z a mordant1 #dj4 ,lesghian rugs1 #aja1 #aii1 #bij4 ,rugs describ$1 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,lesghian tribes1 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,limes us$ z a mordant1 #dj4 ,l951 9 ,sehnas1 #ace2 9 ,tabriz1 #adf2 9 ,ghiordes1 #aga2 9 ,s>\ks1 #abg2 9 ,ka%ans1 #abh4 ,loom1 describ$1 #dd2 illu/rat$1 #de4 ,lotus4 ,see ,designs4 ,luri/an rugs1 #bhf2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ee4 ,m ,madd] us$ z a dye1 #ch4 ,madras1 #bei4 ,madras rugs describ$1 #bei1 #bfj4 ,mahal rugs1 #bhf1 #bhh1 #cja1 #cje2 simil> to ,muskabads1 #aca1 #acb4 ,mah>ajah1 #bei4 ,makimonos1 #ahj4 ,makri rugs1 #ahj4 ,maks\d1 #hd1 #abg1 #abh4 ,malek ,%ah made ,ispahan ! capital ( ,p]sia1 #bf4 ,malg>an1 #bdf4 ,man*oos1 #bfh4 ,mangi%l> p59sula1 #bch4 ,m>co ,polo1 ref]r$ to ,arm5ian c>pets1 #ia2 ref]r$ to ,kirman weav+s1 #aac2 visit$ ,ka%g>1 #bdg4 ,m>sulipatam1 #bei1 #bfj4 ,m>sulipatam rugs describ$1 #bfj4 ,m>t91 ,dr4 ,f4 ,r41 quot$ & cit$1 #gd1 #gg1 #gi1 #ha1 #hb1 #hi1 #ij1 #aaf1 #bbg4 ,maya ru9s1 swa/ika on1 #fe4 ,mecca1 #gg1 #ih2 pilgrimages to1 #ii2 bit ( e>? f1 #bba1 #bbc4 ,mecca rugs1 #aag1 #aah4 ,m$allions4 ,see ,designs4 ,m$es1 #bc1 #bd1 #ff1 #bcd4 ,m$9a1 #gg1 #bif4 ,melez rugs1 #aja1 #bij2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fc2 sometimes call$ ,anatolians1 #ahg4 ,rugs describ$1 #agf1 #agg1 #agh2 bord] /ripes1 #aic1 #aie4 ,m]%]ski1 #hh4 ,m]v ,kilims1 #bhj1 #bha4 ,me%$1 pilgrimages to1 #ii1 #ajh4 ,me%$ rugs1 #ajj1 #adg1 #bag1 #bhh1 #cja4 ,rugs describ$1 #aaj1 #aaa2 bord] /ripes1 #aeh4 ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ,new ,york2 rugs exhibit$ 91 #gh1 #gi1 #hj1 #hb1 #he1 #hf1 #ia1 #ic4 ,mi*elangelo1 #af4 ,m9a ,khan1 #aje4 ,m9a ,khani patt]n1 #aje1 #adb1 #aeb1 #bdi2 illu/rat$1 #bia4 ,m+ dyna/y1 #gh1 #ha1 #bff1 #bfh2 coat ( arms (1 #ib4 ,m+ rugs1 #aja1 #bih4 ,rugs describ$1 #bff4 ,mirabad1 #acj4 ,mirror backs 9 ,*9ese rugs1 #bfg1 #bgb1 #bgc4 ,mir-,s>ab5d4 ,see ,s>ab5d4 ,mirzapur1 #bee1 #beh4 ,mirzapur rugs describ$1 #beh4 ,mohair1 #agd4 ,mohamm$1 #bd2 epi!t appli$ to ,guli ,h9naiby1 #ajd4 ,mohamm$ans1 #ih1 #ajc1 #aac1 #bcg1 #beg2 dom9ant 9 ,s\?we/]n ,asia1 #be2 invad$ ,india1 #bh2 ,me%$ sacr$ to1 #aaj2 prejudice aga9/ depict+ animals by ,sunnite1 #afe2 ,caucasia invad$ by1 #aih2 influ5ce on weav+ by1 #eh1 #bgj4 ,mongols1 captur$ ,bagdad1 #bf2 ga9$ foo?old 9 ,india1 #bh2 9 ,p]sia1 #fb2 9 ,caucasia1 #aih2 ov]ran ,turke/an1 #bcd4 ,mordants1 #dj4 ,mordecai1 #abb4 ,moslems1 #gj2 pres]v$ art treasures1 #gf2 gre5 sacr$ to1 #he4 ,mosul di/rict1 #aeb4 ,mosul rugs1 #aja1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #cjb1 #cjd1 #cje2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea1 #eb2 ,we/]n ,kurdi/ans confus$ )1 #ada2 ,p]sian ,kurdi/an & ,bij> rugs comp>$ )1 #adc2 resemblance ( weave ( "s ,goz5e rugs ) t (1 #aef4 ,rugs describ$1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aed2 bord] /ripes1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,mt4 ,ar>at1 #ajc1 #bai4 ,mt4 ,ida1 #afc4 ,mt4 ,kazbek1 #bjf4 ,mt4 ,olympus1 #aha1 #aia4 ,mudj>1 #ahi4 ,mudj> rugs1 #aja1 #bij2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fc2 frequ5tly class$ z ,anatolians1 #ahg4 ,rugs describ$1 #ahi1 #aij2 bord] /ripes1 #aic4 ,multan1 #bee4 ,multan rugs describ$1 #beg4 ,mum=d1 ,john ,kimb]ly1 cit$1 v1 #fg4 ,muse des ,arts ,decoratifs1 #gi4 ,muskabad di/rict1 #aca4 ,muskabad rugs1 #ajj1 #bhf1 #bhh1 #cja1 #cje2 turtle bord] 91 #ga4 ,rugs describ$1 #aca1 #acb2 bord] /ripes1 #aeg1 #aei4 ,n ,nadir ,%ah1 ,afghans defeat$ by1 #bi2 influ5ce (1 #ajc2 art decad5ce foll[+ capture ( ,h]at by1 #ajf2 de/ruction ( ,h]at by1 #aaj2 weav]s remov$ to ,nor!rn ,p]sia by1 #aac1 #acb2 ,%emakha almo/ de/roy$ by1 #bad2 ,%u%a built by1 #bbd2 ov]?r[ ( ,mogul dom9ion by1 #bed4 ,namads1 #aae1 #abb4 ,namazlik1 #ih1 #aej4 ,netsuks1 #ag4 ,nigde1 #aij4 ,nigde rugs1 #aja2 class$ z ,anatolians1 #ahg4 ,rugs describ$1 #aij4 ,nijni ,novgorod1 #bce4 ,nimrod1 #bc4 ,n9eveh1 #bc1 #ajb2 draw+s on walls (1 #gd2 ,mosul ne> ru9s (1 #aeb4 ,niris lake1 wool obta9$ ne>1 #ca4 ,niris rugs1 #ajj1 #bjd1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #cjd4 ,rugs describ$1 #aai1 #abj4 ,nizami manuscript det]m9+ age ( ,hunt+ ,c>pets1 #hb4 ,nomadic influ5ce1 #ajf2 *>act]i/ics 9 rugs1 #acd2 rugs1 #eh1 #aec4 ,o ,oak gall1 us$ z a dye1 #dj4 ,odjalik1 #ig4 ,om> ,khayyam1 #ajh1 #aaj4 ,onosma e*ioides us$ z a dye1 #da4 ,or5burg1 #bce1 #bdj4 ,ori5tal art1 #af4 ,ottoman ,turks1 #bg1 #bh4 ,ou%ak1 city & di/rict1 #afd1 #agf4 ,ou%ak rugs1 type ( mod]n1 #id2 evid5ces ( ,p]sian treatm5t 91 #aff4 ,rugs describ$1 #agd1 #age4 ,out] edg+ 9 ,kirmans1 #aad2 9 ,hamadans1 #abc2 9 ,s>\ks1 #abf2 9 ,bij>s1 #acg2 9 ,k]man%ahs1 #aci2 9 ,mosuls1 #aec4 ,ov]ca/+ ( sides2 weft ov]ca/+ describ$1 #ee1 #ef2 illu/rat$1 #di2 d\ble ov]ca/+ describ$1 #ee1 #ef2 illu/rat$1 #di4 ,oxus riv] 7,amu ,d>ia71 #bc1 #bd1 #bce1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bdc1 #bdd4 ,p ,palais de ,comm]ce at ,lyons1 #hj4 ,palm design4 ,see ,designs4 ,pamir plateau1 %eep (1 #ca2 m\nta9s (1 #bce4 ,p>opamisus ,mts41 #bce4 ,p>sees1 #ajc2 symbolism d]iv$ f fire wor%ip (1 #eh1 #ga2 at ,baku1 #baa4 ,p>?ians1 #bd4 ,patna rugs1 #aja4 ,paul1 ,/41 #aff1 #aha4 ,pe> design4 ,see ,designs4 ,p]gamus1 #aff1 #afh4 ,p]sepolis1 #ajc4 ,phasis riv]1 #aig4 ,pile ( rugs1 #dg4 ,pl9y1 #gd4 ,poli% silk c>pets1 reciprocal trefoils 91 #fe2 ,*9ese cl\d-b&s 91 #fg2 lotus 91 #fi4 ,c>pets describ$1 #hh2 bright hues (1 #ij4 ,polonaise c>pets4 ,see ,poli% silk4 ,pomegranate4 ,see ,designs4 ,pomegranate r9d us$ z a mordant1 #dj4 ,port]1 ,sir ,rob]t ,k]r1 quot$1 #ajf1 #ach4 ,pray] ar*es1 #fj1 #fb2 illu/rat$1 #fa1 #fc4 ,pray] rugs4 ,see ,namazlik4 ,priam1 #aff4 ,prome!us1 #aig4 ,punjab1 #bee1 #bef1 #beg4 ,r ,ratanjot us$ z a dye1 #af4 ,rembr&t1 #af4 ,rhodes1 ,isle (1 #bh1 #agh4 ,rhodian rugs1 #aja1 #bhi4 ,rugs describ$1 #agh1 #agi1 #ahj2 bord] /ripes1 #aic4 ,rion riv]1 #bah4 ,riv] loop4 ,see ,designs4 ,rob9son1 ,v9c5t1 cit$1 #hj1 #ha1 #hf1 #hh1 #bed1 #beh1 #bei4 ,rub5s1 #af4 ,rubia cordifolia us$ z a dye1 #da4 ,rubia t9ctorum us$ z a dye1 #ch4 ,runn]s1 #ig4 ,rusk91 ,john1 quot$1 #ah4 ,s ,saadi1 #aae4 ,saddle-bags1 #aag1 #ace1 #bdi4 ,safavid dyna/y1 #bi1 #ha1 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 #hi1 #ajc4 ,saffron us$ z a dye1 #ci4 ,salors1 #bcc4 ,sam>k&1 capital ( ,tam]lane1 #bg2 ! 8,mirror ( ! ,_w10 #bde4 ,sam>k& rugs1 #aja1 #bcc1 #bfe1 #bhb1 #bic2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ej2 swa/ika 91 #fe4 ,rugs describ$1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdg2 bord] /ripes1 #bea4 ,samo-,ki51 #bdf4 ,s>ab5d rugs1 #bhe1 #cjd2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea2 pe> design (1 #gj1 #aaf1 #aai1 #add1 #aec2 turtle bord] 91 #ga2 pile (1 #acc4 ,rugs describ$1 #abi1 #acj2 bord] /ripes1 #aeh1 #afj4 ,mir-,s>ab5ds1 #acj4 ,royal ,s>ab5ds1 #acj4 ,s>ac5ic art1 #ba2 influ5ce1 #eh1 #hj1 #hh1 #aff4 ,s>ac5s1 c>pet weav+ introduc$ into ,india by1 #id2 ,p]sia "u dom9ion (1 #ajc2 ,baku 9 possession (1 #baj4 ,s>aks1 t[n (1 #acf1 #bch4 ,s>awan di/rict1 #abi1 #aca4 ,s>\k1 #abe4 ,s>\k rugs1 #acd1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #bhh1 #cja1 #cje2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea1 #eb1 #ec1 #ee2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fa2 animal c>pet ) weave simil> to t (1 #hf2 corn]s ( ,khorassans comp>$ ) ^? (1 #aji2 patt]ns ( ,bij>s comp>$ ) ^? (1 #acg4 ,tabriz rugs comp>$ )1 #ade1 #adf4 ,rugs describ$1 #abe1 #abf1 #abg2 bord] /ripes1 #afj4 ,sassanides1 ,k+dom (1 #bd2 elaborate c>pets made dur+ rule (1 #gd2 capture ( capital (1 #ge4 ,savalans1 #aca4 ,s$jadeh1 #ig4 ,sehna1 #dh1 #abi1 #acc4 ,sehna rugs1 #ajj1 #bhf1 #cjd2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea1 #ed2 m$allions (1 #fj2 turtle bord] 91 #ga4 ,h]ati design 9 ,p]sian ,kurdi/ans borr[$ f1 #adb4 ,rugs describ$1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace2 bord] /ripes1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,sehna kilims1 #bgh4 ,seljukian ,turks1 effect on art1 #bf2 p[]ful 9 ,asia ,m9or1 #bg2 ov]?r[ by ,g5ghis ,khan1 #gh2 invasion ( ,s\!rn ,p]sia by1 #ij2 monum5ts 9 ,arm5ia (1 #ia2 dom9ion 9 ,p]sia (1 #ajc2 ,konieh surr5d]$ to1 #aha4 ,selvage1 weft selvage describ$1 #ee1 #ef2 illu/rat$1 #di2 d\ble selvage describ$1 #ee1 #ef2 illu/rat$1 #di2 mix$ selvage describ$1 #ef4 ,s]api rugs1 #bhe2 turtle bord] 91 #ga4 ,rugs describ$1 #adh1 #adi2 bord] /ripes1 #aeg4 ,%ah ,abbas patt]n1 #aih1 #bjf4 ,%emakha1 city (1 #bad4 ,%emakha rugs1 #aja1 #bij1 #bib4 ,rugs describ$1 #baf1 #bag2 bord]-/ripes1 #bbh4 ,%ield ( ,david4 ,see ,designs4 ,%iites1 #eh2 animal designs p]mitt$ by1 #gb2 ,me%$ sacr$ to1 #aaj4 ,%iraz1 wool (1 #ca2 city (1 #aae4 ,%iraz rugs1 #ajj1 #bhf1 #bhh1 #big1 #cja1 #cje2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fa2 lat*-hooks 91 #fg2 resemblance ( ,niris rugs to1 #aai2 pe> design ( ,kabi/ans simil> to ^? (1 #bja2 wool ( ,tiflis rugs sugge/s t (1 #bag4 ,rugs describ$1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah2 bord] /ripes1 #aeh2 saddle-bags1 #aag4 ,%irvan di/rict conqu]$ by ,solyman ! ,magnific5t1 #bh4 ,%irvan rugs1 #aja1 #bij1 #bib1 #bic1 #cje2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ed2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fa2 design ( ,%iraz rugs simil> to t (1 #aag2 weave ( ,kabi/ans comp>$ ) t (1 #bja2 patt]n ( ,*i*is resembl+ t (1 #bjg2 geometric design ( ,bakus se5 91 #baa2 "s patt]ns ( ,g5ghas simil> to ^? (1 #bbe4 ,rugs describ$1 #bab1 #bac1 #bad2 bord] /ripes1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bca4 ,kilims1 #bgh4 ,%u%a1 #bbd4 ,%u%a rugs1 #aja1 #bij4 ,rugs describ$1 #bbd4 ,sides1 f9i% (1 #ee2 illu/rat$1 #di4 ,silk1 us$ = weav+1 #cc2 indig5\s to ,asia1 #cc2 cultivat$ at ,ka%g> & ,y>k&1 #bdg2 us$ 9 ,kirmans1 #aad2 9 ,yezd rugs1 #aae2 9 ,hamadans1 #abb2 9 ,ka%ans1 #abh2 9 ,sehnas1 #acd1 #ace2 9 ,ghiordes1 #agh2 9 ,h]eke rugs1 #aha2 9 ,kais>iyeh rugs1 #aij2 9 ,royal ,bokh>as1 #bcf4 ,silk c>pets1 s5t to ,sultan ( ,con/ant9ople1 #hg2 made at ,ka%an1 #abh4 ,s9dh1 #bee1 #bei4 ,s9dh rugs describ$1 #bei4 ,sirab1 village (1 #adh4 ,sivas1 ,seljukian gate at1 #agj2 city (1 #ahh4 ,sivas rugs describ$1 #ahh1 #ahi4 ,smyrna1 #afd1 #age1 #agf2 ,yuruks at1 #aia4 ,smyrna rugs1 #aja2 ,br\ssa rugs comp>$ ) ^? (1 #aha2 ,indian rugs comp>$ ) ^? (1 #bed4 ,rugs describ$1 #agf4 ,solyman1 ,k+1 ! r+ (1 #ff2 pomegranates cultivat$ 9 days (1 #fi2 8 emblem ( an eight-po9t$ />1 #aeh4 ,solyman ! ,magnific5t1 ,iran ?reat5$ by1 #bh2 weav]s tak5 to ,asia ,m9or by1 #id1 #age4 ,s\mak rugs1 #bij1 #bib2 weave (1 #dg2 designs ( cross 91 #fg2 tri-cleft leaf 91 #ia1 #bji2 ,kubas & ,%emakhas comp>$ )1 #bjc2 patt]ns ( ,%irvans comp>$ ) ^? (1 #bac4 ,rugs describ$1 #bad1 #bae1 #baf2 bord] /ripes1 #bbh1 #bcj4 ,s\sa1 reciprocal sawtoo? on monum5ts (1 #bca4 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 #ae1 #hc1 #bei4 ,spani% rugs s5t to ,que5 ,eleanor1 #be4 ,sp>ta rugs4 ,see ,isb>ta4 ,sp9dle1 #cd1 #ce4 ,sp9n+1 #cd1 #ce4 ,spr+ ( ,*osroes c>pet describ$1 #gf4 ,sr9ag>1 #gj1 #bee4 ,sr9ag> rugs describ$1 #bee4 ,/ebb+1 ,edw>d1 cit$1 #hb2 quot$1 #hc1 #hd4 ,/4 ,sophia1 #ai1 #bh4 ,/> design4 ,see ,designs4 ,/e91 ,dr4 ,m4 ,a41 cit$1 #bgh4 ,/rabo1 #gd4 ,/ripes4 ,see ,bord]4 ,suj-,bulak1 t[n (1 #aej4 ,suj-,bulak rugs1 #bhf4 ,rugs describ$1 #aej1 #aea4 ,sulphate ( iron us$ z a mordant1 #dj4 ,sulphate ( t9 us$ z a mordant1 #dj4 ,sultanabad1 #abi1 #aca1 #acb4 ,sultanabad rugs1 #bhf2 ,indian rugs comp>$ ) ^? (1 #bed1 #bef4 ,rugs describ$1 #aca4 ,suma* us$ z a dye1 #ch4 ,sum]ians1 #bc4 ,sung dyna/y1 #bff4 ,sunnites oppos$ to depict+ animal figures1 #eh1 #gb1 #ia1 #ii1 #afe1 #bed4 ,swa/ika4 ,illu/rat$1 #bia4 ,see ,designs4 ,symbols 9 col\rs & designs1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #eh1 #ei1 #gb4 ,t ,tabriz1 #acf1 #ade1 #adh1 #aea1 #bbg2 captur$ by ,solyman ! ,magnific5t1 #bh1 #id2 dy]s f1 #dj2 an important art c5tre1 #hi2 a m>t = rugs1 #ii2 ,h]at c>pets 9 hall ( gov]nor at1 #ajf4 ,tabriz rugs1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bhh1 #big1 #cja1 #cje2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ec1 #ee2 ,*9ese cl\d-b& 91 #fg2 m$allions ( ,h]ez rugs simil> to ^? (1 #adi4 ,rugs describ$1 #ade1 #adf4 ,taj ,mahal1 #id1 #beg4 ,tak-i-,bo/an1 rock-c>v$ sculptures (1 #hc4 ,tam>a1 ,que51 #aig1 #aih4 ,tam>9d us$ z a mordant1 #dj4 ,tamasp1 ,%ah1 #bh1 #hb1 #afi2 ,ardebil c>pet f9i%$ dur+ reign (1 #hd2 silk rugs made dur+ reign (1 #hg2 ,h]at an important art c5tre dur+ "t (1 #hi2 ,tabriz c>pets wov5 dur+ reign (1 #ade4 ,tam]lane1 #agb1 #bed2 ,mongols unit$ by1 #bg2 ,ispahan sack$ by1 #aaa2 arti/s ga!r$ at ,sam>k& by1 #bcd2 ,sam>k& made capital by1 #bdf2 ,multan captur$ by1 #beg4 ,tang dyna/y1 #bff4 ,tanjore di/rict1 #bei4 ,taoi/ symbols1 #bga4 ,tao-,kwang1 #bgb4 ,rugs describ$1 #bgb4 8,tapis de l',asie ,c5trale0 quot$1 #bcc4 ,t>t>s1 #bf1 #bbj2 ,turke/an conqu]$ by1 #bcd4 ,t>t>y1 #ca1 #cb4 ,t*e*54 ,see ,*i*i4 ,t*]kess 7,circassian7 rugs1 #bij1 #bib1 #cjd1 #cje2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ed2 tri-cleft leaf 91 #ia2 long nap ( ,we/]n ,kurdi/ans simil> to t (1 #ada2 sunbur/ patt]n ( ,kazaks simil> to t (1 #bbj4 ,rugs describ$1 #bjh1 #bji1 #baj2 bord] /ripes1 #bbg4 ,t*]kess tribes1 #bji4 ,teh]an1 #ach2 c>avans to ,me%$ f1 #aaj4 ,teh]an rugs describ$1 #aed1 #aee4 ,tekke1 d]ivation ( "n1 #bch4 ,tekke rugs1 #aja1 #bcc1 #bic2 illu/ration ( pray] ar* (1 #fa2 ,s design 91 #fe2 selvage at sides ( ,belu*i/ans simil> to t (1 #bce2 simil>ity 9 col\rs ( ,yomuds & ^? (1 #bdb2 designs 9 ,afghans & ,yomuds simil> to ^? (1 #bdd4 ,rugs describ$1 #bch1 #bci1 #bdj2 bord] /ripes1 #bej1 #bea4 ,t]ek valley1 #bjg1 #bjh4 ,t]m9alia citr9a us$ z a dye1 #dj4 ,tiflis1 ov]run by ,seljukian ,turks1 #bf2 m>t = rugs1 #ii2 c>avans f ,tabriz to1 #ade2 capital ( ,georgia1 #bag4 ,tiflis rugs1 #bih2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ec2 resemblance betwe5 weave ( ,kutais & t (1 #bai4 ,rugs describ$1 #bag1 #bah2 bord] /ripes1 #bbg4 ,tig] sk9 patt]n1 #bfg4 ,timurids1 invasion (1 #ajc1 #acf2 designs due to1 #hj1 #aff4 ,titian1 #af4 ,tol$o1 #ag4 ,toon1 #ajh4 ,trebizond1 #ade1 #afc4 ,turanian races1 geometric designs among1 #fb4 ,turki% ,kilims1 #bhj4 ,turm]ic us$ z a dye1 #da4 ,turtle bord]1 #aba1 #acb1 #aeg2 probable orig9 (1 #ga1 #gi4 ,tuz ,gul1 lake1 #ahg1 #aij4 ,tuzla rugs sometimes class$ z ,anatolians1 #ahg4 ,rugs describ$1 #aij4 ,type *>act]i/ics1 n inv>iable1 v2 t]m def9$1 #ajg4 ,u ,urumiah lake1 #aej1 #aee1 #bbd4 ,uzbeck ,t>t>s1 c>e ( %eep by1 #ca4 ,v ,valonia us$ z a mordant1 #dj4 ,value ( antique c>pets1 #ae1 #af1 #cjd4 ,vamb]y1 ,pr(41 cit$1 #bda4 ,van lake1 #ada1 #aeb1 #bbd4 ,v&ykes4 ,see ,designs4 ,vellore1 #bei1 #bfa4 ,vellore rugs describ$1 #bfa4 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 #ic4 ,vi5na publication ( ,ori5tal c>pets1 #hj1 #bei4 ,w ,w>angal1 #bei1 #bfb4 ,w>angal rugs describ$1 #bfb4 ,w>p1 arrangem5t on loom1 #df2 *>act]i/ics (1 #ea1 #eb2 illu/rat$1 #di4 ,wa%+1 mat]ials = weav+1 #cc1 #cd1 #cf2 artificial1 #cjj1 #cja4 ,weav+ describ$1 #df1 #dg2 illu/rat$1 #di4 8,w$d+ ( ! ,f\ndl+10 #ib4 ,weft1 arrangem5t (1 #dg2 te*nical *>act]i/ics (1 #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee4 ,:irl+ ,d]vi%es1 at ,konieh1 #aha4 ,williams1 ,c4 ,f41 #gh1 #gi1 #ic4 ,:i/l] cit$1 #ag4 ,wise m5 ( ! ,ea/1 #abg4 ,wool1 ( ! camel1 #cj1 #cb1 #abd1 #aec1 #bdi2 ( ! goat1 #cj1 #ca1 #adb1 #bda1 #bde1 #bdi2 ( %eep1 #cj1 #ca2 ( ! yak1 #cj1 #cc2 sp9n+1 #cc2 wa%+1 #cc1 #cf4 ,x ,x5ophon1 #ii1 #adj1 #aha4 ,x]xes1 #aae4 ,y ,yak's hair4 ,see ,wool4 ,yaprak1 #age4 ,y>k&1 #bdg4 ,y>k& rugs1 #bcd1 #bfe1 #bhb1 #bic4 ,rugs describ$1 #bdg1 #bdh2 bord] /ripes1 #bea4 ,y>n1 #ce4 ,y]kes sale1 #ae1 #hb1 #hf1 #cjd1 #cjf4 ,yezd1 #aaj1 #aae1 #bbb4 ,yezd rugs describ$1 #aae4 ,yomud rugs1 #bje1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bic1 #cjd2 col\r s*eme ( ,be%ires simil> to t (1 #bdc4 ,rugs describ$1 #bda1 #bdb2 bord] /ripes1 #bej1 #bea2 saddle-bags1 #bdb4 ,yomud tribes1 #bce2 robb$ ( _! l& by ,tekkes1 #bca1 #bda4 ,yuan dyna/y1 #bff4 ,yung-*+1 #bfi4 ,yung-*+ rugs describ$1 #bfi1 #bgj2 bord] /ripes1 #bgd2 m$allions1 #bgc4 ,yuruk rugs1 #bhi1 #bij1 #cjd2 te*nicalities 9 weave (1 #ea4 ,rugs describ$1 #aia1 #aib2 bord] /ripes1 #aid4 ,yuruk tribes1 #aee1 #afc1 #aia1 #bbj4 ,z ,zabalpur rugs1 #aja4 ,zagros ,mts41 #ba1 #ajc1 #adj4 ,z>af%an riv]1 #bde4 ,zoroa/]1 #ah1 #eh1 #baj4 ,zoroa/rians1 #fi4