99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! orig9al publication has be5 replicat$ fai?fully except z %[n 9 ! ,,transcrib]',s ,,am5dm5ts at ! end ( ! text4 ,?is etext presumes a mono-spac$ font on ! us]'s device1 su* z ,c\ri] ,new4 ,words 9 italics are indicat$ l ?is4 ,text emphasiz$ ) bold *>act]s or o!r treatm5t is %[n l ?is4 ,! au?or indicates que/ionable data ) 7874 ,sup]scripts are indicat$ l ?is3 ,sta ,m>ia4 ,subscripts are indicat$ l ?is3 ,h#b,o4 ,examples ( %ort & long v[els3 7a3 a ) a breve ov]head1 indicat+ a %ort v[el4 o3 o ) a macron ov]head1 indicat+ a long v[el4 oe is ! oe ligature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cooley',s ,,cyclop,,dia ,,( ,,practical ,,receipts ,,& ,,collat]al ,,in=mation ,,9 ,,! ,,arts1 ,,manufactures1 ,,pr(essions1 ,,& ,,trades ,,includ+ ,m$ic9e1 ,ph>macy1 ,hygi5e1 & ,dome/ic ,economy ,,design$ ,,z ,a ,,compreh5sive ,,supplem5t ,,to ,,! ,,ph>macop,,oe,,ia ,,& ,,g5]al ,,book ,,( ,,ref]5ce ,,= ,,! ,,manufactur]1 ,,tradesman1 ,,amateur1 ,,& ,,heads ,,( ,,families ,,six? ,,edition ,,revis$ ,,& ,,greatly ,,enl>g$ ,,by ,,ri*>d ,v4 ,,tuson1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,*emi/ry ,,9 ,,! ,,royal ,,vet]9>y ,,college2 ,,=m]ly ,,lectur] ,,on ,,*emi/ry ,,at ,,! ,,*>+ ,,cross ,,hospital4 ,,vol4 ,i ,illu/ration ,,london ,j4 ,a4 ,,*ur*ill1 ,,new ,,burl+ton ,,/reet #ahhj ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,adl>d ,,& ,,son ,,b>?olomew ,,close4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,six? ,,edition ,"s "o has said t :5 a book rea*es a fif? edition x sc>cely requires a preface4 ,if su* be true ( a fif?1 x is probably /ill tru] ( a six? edition1 & !re=e ?is issue ( ',cooley's ,cyclopdia' might fairly be s5t =? to ! public )\t any prefatory rem>ks :atev]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 desirable to po9t out t ! pres5t edition is l>g] ?an ! la/ by ab\t six hundr$ pages2 t mu* great] space ?an hi!rto is devot$ to ,hygine 7includ+ sanitation1 ! composition & adult]ation ( foods7 z well z to ! ,arts1 ,ph>macy1 ,manufactur+ ,*emi/ry1 & o!r subjects ( importance to ^? = :om ! "w is int5d$4 ,! articles on :at is commonly t]m$ ',h\sehold ,m$ic9e' h be5 amplifi$ & num]ically increas$4 ,%ort acc\nts ( ! m common diseases1 _! causes1 symptoms1 & treatm5t1 affect+ ! dome/icat$ animals h be5 introduc$4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x may be useful to repeat ! cautions giv5 9 o!r p>ts ( ?is volume1 z to ! impropriety ( unnecess>ily m$dl+ ) ! heal+ art or neglect+ a prompt application 7:]e & :5 possible7 to a duly qualifi$ practition] 9 all cases dem&+ m$ical or surgical aid4 ,^! rem>ks ( ,mr ,cooley are z applicable to cases ( ,vet]9>y z to ^? ( ,human ,m$ic9e4 ,num]\s au?ors h necess>ily be5 consult$2 a li/ ( !m1 & ! titles ( _! works f :i* in=mation has be5 d]iv$1 w be f\nd at ! end ( ! second volume4 ,:5 extracts h be5 introduc$ v]batim ! au?ority is quot$ 9 ! body ( ! book4 ,_m ( my sci5tific confrres h r5d]$ me valuable aid 9 prep>+ ?is edition2 b ,i am p>ticul>ly indebt$ to my accompli%$ & zeal\s fri5d ,mr ,john ,g>dn] = 8 he>ty & con/ant co-op]ation2 to ,dr ,lionel ,beale = 8 k9dness 9 revis+ ! articles on ,ur9e1 ,ur9>y ,diseases1 c41 z well z = ! use ( cuts f 8 celebrat$ works on ^! subjects2 to my fri5d & =m] pupil ,mr ,f4 ,woodl& ,toms = revis+ & rewrit+ ! articles on ,sewage & ,wat]2 & to my assi/ants ,mr ,james ,bayne & ,mr ,cu?b]t ,neison = correct+ pro(4 ,! labori\s task ( prep>+ a six? edition ( ',cooley' hav+ be5 accompli%$1 x is hop$ t1 due consid]ation be+ giv5 to ! magnitude ( ! "w & to ! great v>iety ( ! subjects treat$1 x w be f\nd to be practically free f important errors1 & t x w meet )1 at lea/1 ! same gratify+ reception z t accord$ to its pr$ecessors4 ,,ri*>d ,v4 ,,tuson4 ,,*emical ,,laboratory2 ,,royal ,,vet]9>y ,,college1 ,,london4 ,janu>y1 #ahhj4 ,,preface ,! design ( ! pres5t "w is briefly1 b n completely express$ 9 its title-page4 ,indep5d5tly ( a reliable & compreh5sive collection ( =mul & processes 9 ne>ly all ! indu/rial & useful arts1 x conta9s a description ( ! lead+ prop]ties & applications ( ! sub/ances ref]r$ to1 toge!r ) ample directions1 h9ts1 data1 & alli$ in=mation1 calculat$ to facilitate ! developm5t ( ! practical value ( ! book 9 ! %op1 ! laboratory1 ! factory1 & ! h\sehold4 ,notices ( ! sub/ances embrac$ 9 ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica ( our national ph>macopoeias1 9 addition to ! :ole ( _! prep>ations1 & num]\s o!r animal & vegetable sub/ances employ$ 9 m$ic9e1 z well z mo/ ( ^? us$ = food1 clo?+1 & fuel1 ) _! economic applications1 h be5 includ$ 9 ! "w4 ,! synonymes & ref]5ces are o!r additions :i* w prove invaluable to ! read]4 ,la/ly1 !re h be5 app5d$ to all ! pr9cipal articles ref]r$ to brief1 b cle>1 directions = det]m9+ _! purity & comm]cial value1 & = detect+ _! pres5ce & proportions 9 comp\nds4 ,! s\rces f :i* ,i h d]iv$ ! va/ mass ( mat]ials =m+ ?is volume are su* z to r5d] x des]v+ ! utmo/ confid5ce4 ,i h inv>iably resort$ to ! be/ & late/ au?orities1 & h consult$ almo/ innum]able volumes1 bo? ,briti% & =eign1 dur+ its compilation4 ,second>y *annels ( in=mation h be5 sc>cely ev] reli$ on :5 orig9al au?orities 7 )9 my rea*4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! "w has be5 d]iv$ f my p]sonal exp]i5ce & obs]vations 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( appli$ *emi/ry & hygi5e1 & f ! processes ( v>i\s laboratories & manufactories1 _m ( :i* ,i c ! m confid5tly recomm5d f hav+ ei!r inspect$ or witness$ _! employm5t on an ext5sive scale4 ,! indiscrim9ate adoption ( matt]1 )\t exam9ation1 has be5 uni=mly avoid$1 & 9 no in/ance has any =mula or process be5 admitt$ into ?is "w1 unless x re/$ on "s well-kn[n fact ( sci5ce1 _h be5 sanction$ by usage1 or come recomm5d$ by "s respectable au?ority4 ,! settlem5t ( d\btful or disput$ po9ts has (t5 occupi$ me a great] numb] ( h\rs1 & n unfrequ5tly a great] numb] ( days1 ?an t ( ! l9es ( lett]-press :i* convey ! results to ! public4 ,9 all cases prec$5ce has be5 giv5 to ! /&>d =mul ( our national ph>macopoeias1 & to ^? processes :i* long exp]i5ce1 or well-conduct$ exp]im5ts1 h %[n to be ! mo/ successful1 pr(itable1 & tru/wor?y4 ,9 g5]al1 ! s\rces ( in=mation h be5 indicat$1 = ! purpose ( enabl+ ! read] to =m a bett] e/imation ( _! value4 ,:5ev] ?is is n ! case1 9 ref]5ce to borr[$ =mul & data1 ! omission has aris5 f ! impossibility ( det]m9+ to :om ! m]it is ju/ly due4 ,i h endeav\r$ z mu* z possible1 9 ! pres5t "w1 to avoid confusion ( ! m$ical weights ) ^? commonly us$ 9 trade & comm]ce--an attempt :i*1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 has n be5 successfully c>ri$ out 9 any o!r qu>t]4 ,= ?is purpose ,i det]m9$ to entirely ab&on ! usual arbitr>y signs or *>act]s employ$ to repres5t ! divisions ( ! apo!c>ies' p\nd1 & to di/+ui% ! two weights f ea* o!r1 by simply pr9t+1 9 diff]5t type1 ! pla9 ,engli% names & abbreviations repres5t+ _! sev]al d5om9ations4 ,! m$ical signs = ! imp]ial gallon & its subdivisions h also be5 ab&on$ = _! common ,engli% names4 ,x w\ld h af=d$ me pleasure to h r$uc$ all ! quantities to "o uni=m /&>d1 _h x be5 practicable1 or1 9 all cases1 advisable4 ,"u ! names ( mo/ ( ! lead+ diseases t c\ld be pr(itably notic$ 9 ! pres5t "w1 su* explanations & directions h be5 giv5 z accord ) ! prevail+ op9ions & practice ( ! faculty at ! pres5t day4 ,^!1 :5 judici\sly appli$1 w prove invaluable to emigrants1 travell]s1 voyag]s1 & o!r p>ties beyond ! rea* ( legitimate m$ical assi/ance2 &1 "u opposite circum/ances1 w1 9 g5]al1 enable ^? :o h ! c>e ( ! sick ! bett] to second & c>ry out ! in/ructions & ef=ts ( ! physician = ! b5efit ( _! *>ge4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x may be useful to repeat ! cautions giv5 9 o!r p>ts ( ?is volume1 z to ! impropriety ( unnecess>ily m$dl+ ) ! heal+ art1 or neglect+ a prompt application to a duly qualifi$ practition]1 9 all cases dem&+ ei!r m$ical or surgical aid4 ,x is an indubitable fact t ! be/ ef=ts ( ! inexp]i5c$ & un9itiat$ 9 ! my/]ies ( m$ical sci5ce mu/ be always enorm\sly beh9d ^? ( p>ties ^: :ole lives & /udy h be5 devot$ to ! subject4 ,! nature ( a cond5s$ alphabetical arrangem5t n p]mitt+ num]\s articles to come "u di/9ct heads1 or to be ref]r$ to "u all _! synonymes1 ! casual read] may (t5 be l$ to suppose t ?is book is mo/ defici5t :]e 9 reality x is ! mo/ copi\s4 ,9 g5]al ,i h attempt$1 z mu* z possible1 to br+ toge!r subjects ( a closely alli$ "*1 & comp\nds :i* are analog\s to ea* o!r1 ei!r 9 con/itution or ! mode ( _! prep>ation4 ,?us1 mo/ ( ! =mul = ,mixtures1 ,o9tm5ts1 ,pills1 c41 foll[ 9 alphabetical ord] ! g5]al articles "u ^! heads2 :il/ ^? = ! ,oxides1 ,salts1 c41 foll[ ! names ( _! respective bases4 ,9 l mann]1 a notice ( a numb] ( prep>ations w be f\nd includ$ 9 t ( _! pr9cipal +r$i5ts4 ,! names "u :i* ! lead+ sub/ances appe> are g5]ally ^? :i* are mo/ famili> to well-in=m$ practical m51 & :i* h commonly ref]5ce to ei!r _! ackn[l$g$ *emical con/itution1 or to "s long-kn[n & easily recognis$ quality4 ,! foll[+ extract conveys an important lesson on ?is subject1 ) :i* ,i p]fectly agree3--,we h be5 unwill+ to make any unnecess>y *anges 9 ! nom5clature ( sub/ances ^: names are sanction$ by ! usage ( ! pres5t day2 = ^! names h be51 = ! mo/ "p1 rightly assign$ by our pr$ecessors1 or confirm$ by lapse ( "t4 ,we are inde$ aw>e t e improvem5t 9 ! k ( ?+s ought to be embodi$ 9 _! names2 b we mu/ be c>eful1 9 select+ or =m+ ^! names1 n to make ^? po9ts appe> c]ta9 & e/abli%$ :i* are z yet d\btful1 = x is saf] to be 9 ! re> ?an advance ( natural hi/ory4#a ,footnote #a3 ,preface to ! ,ph4 ,l41 #ahea4 ,i h ex]t$ myself to ! utmo/ to ensure ! accuracy & complet5ess ( ?is volume1 b ,i feel consci\s t1 aft] all my ef=ts = ?is purpose1 "s errors h crept into x1 t _m subjects :i* des]ve ins]tion 9 x h be5 omitt$1 & t _m o!rs h be5 ei!r imp]fectly or too briefly notic$4 ,yet ^! failures1 h[ev] frequ5t1 may1 ,i tru/1 admit ( ext5uation & apology4 ,to h attempt$ mu* is always laudable1 ev5 :]e ! ent]prise is above ! /r5g? t und]takes x4 ,to re/ bel[ 8 aim is incid5t to e "o ^: fancy is active1 & ^: views are compreh5sive2 nor is any man satisfi$ ) himself because he has done mu*1 b because he conceives little4 ,:5 ,i comm5c$ ?is "w ,i resolv$ to leave no?+ )9 its legitimate limits unexam9$ or unelucidat$2 & ,i flatt]$ myself ) a prospect ( ! h\rs :i* ,i %\ld ?us revel away 9 a pursuit s cong5ial to my desires--! treasures ) :i* ,i expect$ e se>* into ^? neglect$ m9es to rew>d my lab\r--& ! triumph ) :i* ,i %\ld display my acquisitions to mank9d4 ,b ^! 7 ! dreams ( a poet1 doom$ at la/ to wake a ,cyclopdi/4 ,! long task :i* ,i _h und]tak5 soon exhibit$ its truly on]\s "*1 & daily grew 9 urg5cy1 until t :i* promis$ to be a pleasure _h be5 trans=m$ into an exhau/+ & cont9u\s lab\r4 ,at fir/1 a sacrifice ( ! h\rs ( leisure only seem$ necess>y to ! und]tak+--next1 ^? assign$ to pr(essional & bus9ess avocations 7 dem&$1 & absorb$2 b1 ere long1 "o by "o1 ! h\rs usually devot$ to repose 7 suck$ into ! insatiable vortex1 until ! bright beams ( ! ris+ sun n unfrequ5tly illum9$ ! lamp-lit /udy or ! gloomy laboratory1 & surpris$ ! au?or1 no long] an en?usia/1 at 8 /ill-endur+ task4 ,b long ere ?is ,i _h le>n$ t to c>ry out my orig9al resolutions 9 all _! complet5ess & entirety 0 impossible1 & t to pursue p]fection 01 l ! fir/ inhabitants ( ,arcadia1 to *ase ! sun1 :i*1 :5 !y _h rea*$ ! hill :]e he _h seem$ to re/1 0 /ill at ! same di/ance f !m4#b ,all ,i c fur!r say 9 ref]5ce to ?is po9t is simply to assure ! read] t ?ree ( ! elem5ts usually deem$ ess5tial to give value to a te*nological "w--viz4 zeal1 indu/ry1 & capital--h n be5 want+ 9 ! production ( ! pres5t "o2--! fir/ two dep5d+ on ! au?or1 & ! o!r *iefly on ! lib]ality & ent]prise ( ! publi%]4 ,footnote #b3 ,dr ,samuel ,johnson's ,preface to 8 ,engli% ,diction>y4 ,z h]et(ore1 ,i beg to solicit my read]s to apprise me ( any inaccuracies or omissions 9 ?is volume :i* may come b5ea? _! notice4 ,i %all also ?ankfully receive any h9ts or sugge/ions t5d+ to ! improvem5t ( future editions ( ?is "w4 ,su* communications1 to be useful1 mu/1 h[ev] be writt5 on only "o side ( ! pap]4 ,p>ties :o may ?us k9dly af=d me assi/ance w1 9 due c\rse1 h _! s]vices publicly ackn[l$g$2 & _! names & addresses1 unless :5 o!rwise reque/$1 w be publi%$ 9 full4 ,i h endeav\r$ to r5d] ! pres5t volume z self-explanatory z possible1 &1 9 g5]al1 h app5d$ ample directions to ! sev]al =mul & processes t seem$ to me likely to cause emb>rassm5t to ^? inexp]t 9 *emical manipulation2 b %\ld any p>ty f9d x o!rwise1 ,i %all be happy to reply1 gratuit\sly1 to any reasonable que/ions t5d+ to elucidate ! difficulty4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i may add t1 hav+ n[ = ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury devot$ my att5tion to ! applications ( *emi/ry 9 mo/ ( ! useful arts & manufactures1 bo? ,briti% & =eign1 & 9 sanitation1 ,i am 9 possession ( _m valuable processes & =mul1 hi!rto :olly unkn[n1 or b p>tially develop$1 ) v>i\s improv$ plans ( factories1 laboratories1 v5tilation1 c41 :i* ! limits ( ?is "w w n p]mit me to describe 9 its pages1 b on :i* ,i %\ld be happy to communicate ) p>ties int]e/$ 9 ! same4 ,p]sons desir\s ( e/abli%+ any new bran* ( manufacture1 or ( improv+ an exi/+ "o1 or ( det]m9+ ! purity or value ( articles ( food1 w9es1 liqueurs1 m$ic9es1 c41 or ( obta9+ =mul or processes :i* are n conta9$ 9 ?is "w1 may1 9 l mann]1 h _! wi%es compli$ )1 by enclos+ to me samples1 or ! requisite in=mation4 ,,arnold ,j4 ,,cooley4 ,,names ,,( ,,^? ,,:o ,,h ,,contribut$ ,,to1 ,,or ,,assi/$ ,,9 ,,! ,,revision ,,(1 ,,?is ,,edition ,,john ,,attfield1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,practical ,*emi/ry to ! ,ph>maceutical ,society ( ,great ,brita94 ,j4 ,,wortley ,,axe1 ,p4,c4,v4,m4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ology 9 ! ,royal ,vet]9>y ,college4 ,,lloyd ,,bullock1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,e4 ,l4 ,,b>ret1 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,e4 ,,canton1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,surgeon to ,*>+ ,cross ,hospital4 ,,sp5c] ,,cobbold1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,p>asitology & ,botany 9 ! ,royal ,vet]9>y ,college4 ,,/eph5 ,,d>by1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,dr ,,de ,,vrij1 ( ! ,hague4 ,,john ,,g>dn]1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,william ,,h>kness1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,r4,m4,s41 ,assi/ant ,*emi/ 9 ! ,laboratory ( ! ,inl& ,rev5ue ,dep>tm5t1 ,som]set ,h\se4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,heaton1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,lectur] on ,*emi/ry at ! ,*>+ ,cross ,hospital4 ,,edmund ,,neison1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,william ,,prit*>d1 ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy 9 ! ,royal ,vet]9>y ,college4 ,a4 ,e4 ,,sansom1 ,m4,d4 ,lond41 ,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,physician to ! ,royal ,hospital = ,diseases ( ! ,*e/4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,simonds1 ,pr9cipal (1 & ,pr(essor ( ,pa?ology 91 ! ,royal ,vet]9>y ,college4 ,,john ,,spill]1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,john ,,/5h\se1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 =m]ly ,lectur] on *emi/ry 9 ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,hospital4 ,,abbreviations1 ,,etc41 ,,us$ ,,9 ,,?is ,,"w ,^!1 = ! mo/ "p1 consi/ ( ! fir/ syllable1 or ! initial lett] or lett]s ( ! words !y /& =4 ,z ,prep41 prep>ation2 ,pur41 purity2 ,purif41 purification2 ,obs41 obs]vations2 ,v>41 v>ieties1 c4--,ph41 /&s = ph>macopoeia2 ,b4 ,p41 = ,briti% ,ph>macopoeia2 ,ind4 ,ph41 = ,indian ,ph>macopoeia2 ,cod41 = ,codex4--,l41 ,e41 ,d41 ,p41 ,u4 ,s41 c41 associat$ ) ! la/ two abbreviations1 are ! initial lett]s ( ! cities & c\ntries :i* produc$ ! respective works2 z1 ,london1 ,ed9burgh1 ,dubl91 ,p>is1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 c4 ,:5 no dates are giv51 ! la/ editions ( ! ph>macopoeias are ref]r$ to4 lb41 oz41 dr41 respectively repres5t ! p\nd1 ounce1 & dra*m 7#a_/h oz471 ,,avoirdupois ,,weight4 ,?is is ! only weight employ$ 9 ! ,briti% & la/ ,dubl9 ,ph>macopoeias4 lb41 oz41 dr41 & gr41 ref] to ! p\nd1 ounce1 dra*m1 & gra91 ,,apo!c>ies' or ,,troy ,,weight4 ,! ^w 'drop' 9 all cases indicates a measur$ drop or m9im4 ,! names ( individuals :i* appe> 9 ?is "w are ^? to :om ! imm$iately atta*$ in=mation or =mula is usually attribut$1 or on ^: recomm5dation or au?ority x has be5 select$4 ' d5otes ! acc5t$ v[el or syllable4 '' t ! foll[+ consonant coalesces ) ! prec$+ lett] 9 utt]ance4 dagg] t ! "n or ! def9ition to :i* x is atta*$ is 'obsolete1' 99 t ! "n or ! def9ition to :i* x is atta*$ is 'obsolesc5t1' little us$1 or objectionable4 d\ble-dagg] t ! "n or ! def9ition to :i* x is atta*$ is 'colloquial1' or popul>1 or us$ only 9 trade4 t ! "n or ! def9ition to :i* x is atta*$ is 'vulg>1' ,a ,,cyclop,,dia ,,( ,,practical ,,receipts1 ,,processes1 ,,& ,,collat]al ,,in=mation ,a--,,abbreviation ,a-1 ab-1 abs-4 ,l4 ,9 composition1 f1 d5ot+ di/ance1 dep>ture1 sep>ation1 or opposition2 z 9 ab]ration1 ab/raction1 abnormal1 c4 ,a-1 an-4 ,gr4 ,9 composition1 no1 n1 )\t1 d5ot+ ! abs5ce or loss ( "s quality or ?+2 z 9 a*romatic1 anhydr\s1 amorph\s1 c4 ,,ab',,aca 7k7ah74 ,a species ( vegetable fibre1 ( sev]al v>ieties1 obta9$ 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 & rem>kable = its brilliancy1 /r5g?1 & durability4 ,! f9] k9ds are wov5 into musl9s1 & o!r delicate fabrics2 ! co>s] are =m$ into mats1 cordage1 & sail-clo?4 ,x has be5 rec5tly employ$ 9 ,p>is = ! manufacture ( v>i\s articles ( furniture & dress2 includ+ bonnets1 tape/ry1 c>pets1 network1 hammocks1 c4 ,! fibre1 & fabrics made ( x1 may be blea*$ & dy$ 9 a simil> mann] to flax & l954 ,,abattoir4 ,a public slaught]-h\se = cattle1 c41 usually erect$ )9 ! walls or prec9cts ( a cont95tal t[n or city4 ,,abbreviation4 ,"o or m ( ! e>li] lett]s ( a ^w us$ to express ! :ole4 #a4 ,abbreviations 9 g5]al use3-- ,a4,b41 ,ba*elor ( ,arts4 ,a4,d41 ,9 ! ye> ( our ,"l4 ,a4,i4,c41 ,associate ( ! ,in/itute ( ,*emi/ry4 ,a4,i4,c4,e41 ,associate ( ! ,in/itute ( ,civil ,eng9e]s4 ,a4,m41 ,ma/] ( ,arts4--,be=e noon4 ,a4,r4,a41 ,associate ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,b4,a41 ,ba*elor ( ,arts4 ,b>t41 ,b>onet4 ,b4,c41 ,be=e ,*ri/4 ,b4,d41 ,ba*elor ( ,div9ity4 ,b4,sc41 ,ba*elor ( ,sci5ce4 ,c4,b41 ,companion ( ! ,ba?4 ,c4,e41 ,civil ,eng9e]4 ,c4,s41 ,civil ,s]vice4 ,d4,c4,l41 ,doctor ( ,civil ,laws4 ,d4,d41 ,doctor ( ,div9ity4 ,d4,g41 ,by ! ,grace ( ,god4 ,dr41 ,doctor4--,debtor4 ,d4,sc41 ,doctor ( ,sci5ce4 ,d4,v41 ,god will+4 ,ed41 ,editor1 or ,edition4 e4g41 = example4 ,f4,c4,p41 ,fell[ ( ! ,college ( ,preceptors4 ,f4,c4,s41 ,fell[ ( ! ,*emical ,society4 ,f4,g4,s41 ,fell[ ( ! ,geological ,society4 ,f4,i4,c41 ,fell[ ( ! ,in/itute ( ,*emi/ry4 ,f4,l4,s41 ,fell[ ( ! ,l9nean ,society4 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society4 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians4 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons4 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,f4,r4,s41 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh4 ,h4,m4,s41 ,h] ,maje/y's ,%ip4 ,h4,r4,h41 ,8 7or ,h]7 ,royal ,highness4 i4e41 ,t is4 ,in/41 ,in/ant 7! pres5t mon?74 ,i4,h4,s41 ,jesus ! ,savi\r ( ,man4 ,k4,b41 ,knight ( ! ,ba?4 ,k4,c4,b41 ,knight ,comm&] ( ! ,ba?4 ,k4,g41 ,knight ( ! ,g>t]4 ,knt41 ,knight4 ,k4,/4,p41 ,knight ( ,/4 ,patrick4 ,k4,t41 ,knight ( ! ,?i/le4 ,l4,a4,c41 ,lic5tiate ( ! ,apo!c>ies' ,company4 ,lat41 ,latitude4 ,l4,d41 ,lic5tiate 9 ,d5ti/ry4 ,,ll4,d41 ,doctor ( ,laws4 ,l4,m41 ,lic5tiate 9 ,midwif]y4 ,loc4 cit41 ,! "p ref]r$ to4 ,lon4 or ,long41 ,longitude4 ,m4,a41 ,ma/] ( ,arts4 ,m4,b41 ,ba*elor ( ,m$ic9e4 ,m4,c41 ,ma/] ( ,surg]y4--,ma/] ( ! ,c]emonies4 ,m4,c4,p41 ,memb] ( ! ,college ( ,preceptors4 ,m4,d41 ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e4 ,m4,i4,b4,a41 ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,briti% ,ar*itects4 ,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians4 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons4 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,vet]9>y ,surgeons4 ,m4,r4,i41 ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy4 ,,ms41 ,manuscript4 ,,mss41 ,manuscripts4 ,mus4 ,doc41 ,doctor ( ,music4 ,n4,b41 ,m>k well4 ,nem4 con41 ,)\t opposition4 ,o4,h4,m4,s41 ,on ,h] ,maje/y's s]vice4 ,op4 cit41 ,! "w quot$4 ,p] c5t4 7(t5 express$ by ! sign 71 ,by ! hundr$4 ,ph4,d41 ,doctor ( ,philosophy4 ,p4,m41 ,aft]noon4 ,prox41 ,! next 7mon?74 ,p4,s41 ,po/script4 ,q4,c41 ,que5's ,c\nsel4 ,qy4 7871 ,qu]y1 ,"q4 ,r4,a41 ,royal ,academician--,royal ,artill]y4 ,r4,e41 ,royal ,eng9e]s4 ,r4,h4,a41 ,royal ,horse ,artill]y4 ,r4,m41 ,royal ,m>9es4 ,r4,n41 ,royal ,navy4 ,tr41 ,translator4 ,ult41 ,! la/ 7mon?74 v4 or vide1 ,see4 ,w4,s41 ,writ] to ! ,signet4 1 amp]s&1 &4 c41 et cet]a1 ,& s on4 #b4 ,abbreviations us$ 9 ,prescriptions3-- ,a4 aa41 ana 7,greek71 ( ea*4 ,equally by weight or measure4 ,abdom41 abdom51 ! abdom51 ! belly4 ,abs4 febr41 abs5te febre1 fev] be+ abs5t4 ,ad #b vic41 ad secundum vicem1 to ! second "t2 or ad duas vices1 = two times4 ,ad gr4 acid41 ad gratam aciditatem1 to an agreeable acidity4 ,ad def4 animi1 ad defectionem animi1 to fa9t+4 ,ad del4 an41 ad deliquium animi1 to fa9t+4 ,ad libit41 ad libitum1 at pleasure4 ,add41 adde1 or addantur1 add1 or let !m be add$2 add5dus1 to be add$4 ,adjac41 adjac5s1 adjac5t4 ,admov41 admove1 admoveatur1 admoveantur1 apply1 let x be appli$1 let !m be appli$4 ,ads4 febre1 ad/ante febre1 :ile ! fev] is pres5t4 ,alt]4 hor41 alt]nis horis1 e o!r h\r4 ,alvo ad/r41 alvo ad/rict1 :5 ! b[els are conf9$4 ,aq4 a/r41 aqua a/ricta1 froz5 wat]4 ,aq4 bull41 aqua bulli5s1 boil+ wat]4 ,aq4 com41 aqua communis1 common wat]4 ,aq4 fluv41 aqua fluviatilis1 riv] wat]4 ,aq4 m>41 aqua m>9a1 sea wat]4 ,aq4 niv41 aqua nivalis1 sn[ wat]4 ,aq4 pluv41 aqua pluviatilis1 or pluvialis1 ra9 wat]4 ,aq4 f]v41 aqua f]v5s1 hot wat]4 ,aq4 font41 aqua fontana1 or aqua fontis1 spr+ wat]4 ,bis ind41 bis 9 dies1 twice a day4 ,bib41 bibe1 dr9k4 ,,bb41 ,bbds41 ,b>bad5sis1 ,b>badoes1 z alo ,b>bad5sis4 ,b4,m41 balneum m>i1 or balneum m>is1 a w>m-wat] ba?4 ,b4 ,p41 or ,b4 ,ph41 ,briti% ,ph>macopoeia4 ,b41 butyrum1 butt]4 ,b4,v41 balneum vaporis1 a vap\r ba?4 ,crul41 cruleus1 blue4 ,cap41 capiat1 let him 7or h]7 take4 ,calom41 calomelas1 calomel1 sub*loride ( m]cury4 ,c4 ,c41 cornu c]vi1 h>t%orn2 x may also signify cucurbitula cru5ta1 ! cupp+-glass ) sc>ificator4 ,c4,c4,u41 cornu c]vi u/um1 burnt h>t%orn4 ,co*leat41 co*leatim1 by spoonfuls4 ,co*4 ampl41 co*le>e amplum1 a l>ge 7or table7 spoonful2 ab\t half a fluid ounce4 ,co*4 infant41 co*le>e infantis1 a *ild's 7or tea7 spoonful4 ,co*4 magn41 co*le>e magnum1 a l>ge spoonful4 ,co*4 m$41 co*le>e m$ium1 a middl+ or mod]ate spoonful2 t is1 ,co*4 mod41 co*le>e modicum1 a dess]t-spoonful--ab\t two fluid dra*ms4 ,co*4 p>v41 co*le>e p>vum1 a small 7or tea7 spoonful2 x conta9s ab\t "o fluid dra*m4 ,col41 cola1 /ra94 ,col41 colatus1 /ra9$4 ,colet41 coletur1 colat41 colatur1 let x be /ra9$2 colatur1 to ! /ra9$ liquor4 ,col5t41 col5tur1 let !m be /ra9$4 ,color41 coloretur1 let x be col\r$4 ,comp41 compositus1 comp\nd$4 ,cong41 congius1 a gallon4 ,cons41 cons]va1 cons]ve2 also 7imp]at4 ( cons]vo7 keep4 ,cont4 rem41 or m$41 cont9u5tur rem$ia1 or m$icam5ta1 let ! rem$ies1 or ! m$ic9es1 be cont9u$4 ,coq41 coque1 boil2 coquantur1 let !m be boil$4 ,coq4 ad m$4 consumpt41 coque or coquatur ad m$ietatis consumptionem1 boil1 or let x be boil$ to ! consumption ( "o half4 ,coq4 ,s4 ,a41 coque secundum artem1 boil accord+ to art4 ,coq4 9 ,s4 ,a41 coque 9 suffici5te quantitate aqu1 boil 9 a suffici5t quantity ( wat]4 ,cort41 cortex1 b>k4 ,c4 v41 cras vesp]e1 to-morr[ ev5+4 ,c4 m4 s41 cras mane sum5dus1 to be tak5 to-morr[ morn+4 ,c4 n41 cras nocte1 to-morr[ night4 ,cra/41 cra/9us1 = to-morr[4 ,cuj41 cujus1 ( :i*4 ,cujusl41 cujuslibet1 ( any4 ,cya?4 !1 cya?o !1 9 a cup ( tea4 ,cya?41 cya?us1 vel1 a w9e-glass2 f an ounce & half444 ,c4 v9>41 cya?us v9>ius2 to two ounces & half4 ,deaur4 pil41 deaur5tur pilul1 let ! pills be gilt4 ,deb4 spiss41 debitur spissitudo1 due consi/5ce4 ,dec41 decanta1 p\r (f4 ,decub4 hor41 decubits hor1 at ! h\r ( go+ to b$1 or at b$time4 ,de d4 9 d41 de die 9 diem1 f day to day4 ,deglut41 deglutiatur1 let x be swall[$4 ,dej4 alv41 dejectiones alvi1 /ools4 ,det41 detur1 let x be giv54 ,dieb4 alt41 diebus alt]nis1 e o!r day4 ,dieb4 t]t41 diebus t]tiis1 e ?ird day4 ,dil41 dilue1 dilutus1 dilute 7?971 dilut$4 ,diluc41 diluculo1 at break ( day4 ,dim41 dimidius1 "o half4 ,d4 9 #b plo41 det] 9 duplo1 let x be giv5 9 twice ! quantity4 ,d4 9 p4 q41 dividatur 9 p>tes quales1 let x be divid$ 9 equal p>ts4 ,d4 ,p41 directione propria1 ) a prop] direction4 ,donec alv4 bis dej41 donec alvus bis dejec]it1 until ! b[els h be5 twice op5$4 ,donec alv4 sol4 fu]41 donec alvus soluta fu]it1 until ! b[els h be5 loos5$4 ,donec dol4 neph4 exulav41 donec dolor nephriticus exulav]it1 until ! nephritic pa9 has be5 remov$4 ,d41 dosis1 a dose4 ,eburn41 eburneus1 made ( ivory4 ,ed41 edulcorata1 edulcorat$4 ,ejusd41 ejusdem1 ( ! same4 ,elect41 electu>ium1 an electu>y4 ,enem41 enema1 a cly/]4 ,exhib41 exhibeatur1 let x be adm9i/]$4 ,ext4 sup4 alut4 moll41 ext5de sup] alutam mollem1 spread ^u s(t lea!r4 ,f41 fac1 make2 fiat1 fiant1 let x be made1 let !m be made4 ,f4 pil41 fiant pilul1 let pills be made4 ,fasc41 fasciculus1 a bundle4 ,feb4 dur41 febre durante1 dur+ ! fev]4 ,fem4 int]n41 femoribus int]nis1 to ! inside ( ! ?ighs4 ,f4 v5s41 fiat v5sectio1 let v5esection be p]=m$4 ,f4 ,h41 fiat hau/us1 let a draught be made4 ,fict41 fictilis1 e>!n4 ,fil41 filtrum1 a filt]4 ,fi/4 arm41 fi/ula armata1 a cly/]-pipe & bladd] fitt$ = use4 ,fl41 fluidus1 fluid4 ,f4 ,l4 ,a41 fiat lege artis1 let x be made by ! rules ( art4 ,f4 ,m41 fiat mi/ura1 let a mixture be made4 ,f4 ,s4 ,a41 fiat secundum artem1 let x be made accord+ to art4 ,gel4 quav41 gelat9a quavis1 9 any jelly4 ,g4 ,g4 ,g41 gummi gutt gamb1 gamboge4 ,gr41 granum1 a gra92 grana1 gra9s4 ,gr4 vj pond41 grana sex pond]e1 six gra9s by weight4 ,gtt41 gutta1 a drop2 gutt1 drops4 ,gtt4 quibusd41 guttis quibusdam1 ) "s drops4 ,guttat41 guttatim1 by drops4 ,h>4 pil4 sum4 iij1 h>um pilul>um sumantur tres1 ( ^! pills let ?ree be tak54 ,h4 ,d41 or hor4 decub41 hor decubits1 at b$time4 ,h4 ,p41 hau/us purgans1 purg+ draught4 ,h4 ,s41 hor somni1 at ! h\r ( go+ to sleep4 ,hor4 un4 sptio1 hor unius spatio1 at ! expiration ( "o h\r4 ,hor4 int]m41 horis int]m$iis1 9 ! int]m$iate h\rs4 ,hor4 #aam mat41 hor undecim matut91 at #aa o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,ind41 indies1 daily4 ,9 pulm41 9 pulm5to1 9 gruel4 ,ind4 ,ph41 ,indian ,ph>macopoeia4 ,inf41 infunde1 infuse4 ,inj4 enem41 injiciatur enema1 let a cly/] be ?r[n up4 ,jul41 julepus1 julapium1 a julep4 ,kal4 ppt41 kali prp>atum1 prep>$ kali 7potass c>bonas74 ,lat4 dol41 lat]i dol5ti1 to ! affect$ side4 ,m41 misce1 mix2 m5sur1 by measure2 manipulus1 a h&ful2 m9imum1 a m9im4 ,mane pr41 mane primo1 e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,man41 manipulus1 a h&ful4 ,m941 m9imum1 a m9im1 ! #fj? "p ( a dra*m measure4 ,m4 ,p41 massa pilul>um1 a pill mass4 ,m4,r41 mi/ura1 a mixture4 ,mic4 pan41 mica panis1 crumb ( bread4 ,mitt41 mitte1 s5d2 mittantur1 let !m be s5t4 ,mitt4 sang4 ad ozxij1 mitte sangu9em ad ozxij1 take blood to twelve ounces4 ,mod4 prscr41 modo prscripto1 9 ! mann] direct$4 ,mor4 dict41 m dicto1 9 ! way ord]$4 ,mor4 sol41 m solito1 9 ! usual way4 ,ne tr4 s4 num41 ne tradas s9e nummo1 d n deliv] x )\t ! money4 ,no41 num]o1 9 numb]4 ,n4 ,m41 nux mos*ata1 a nutmeg4 ,o41 oct>ius1 a p9t4 ,ol4 l9i s4 i41 oleum l9i s9e lign1 cold-drawn l9se$ oil4 ,omn4 hor41 omni hor1 e h\r4 ,omn4 bid41 omni biduo1 e two days4 ,omn4 bih41 omni bihorio1 e two h\rs4 ,o4 ,m41 or omn4 man41 omni mane1 e morn+4 ,o4 ,n41 or omn4 noct41 omni nocte1 e night4 ,omn4 quadr4 hor41 omni quadrante hor1 e qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,o4 ,o4 ,o41 oleum oliv optimum1 be/ olive oil4 ,ov41 ovum1 an egg4 ,oz41 ! ounce avoirdupois4 ,p4 41 "p4 qual41 p>tes quales1 equal p>ts4 ,p4 d41 p] deliquium1 by deliquesc5ce4 ,pa/41 pa/illus1 a pa/il1 or ball ( pa/e4 ,p41 pond]e1 by weight4 ,ph4 ,d41 ,ph>macopoeia ,dubl9i5sis4 ,ph4 ,e41 ,ph>macopoeia ,ed95sis4 ,ph4 ,l41 ,ph>macopoeia ,lond95sis4 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s41 ,ph>macopoeia ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"p4 vic41 p>titis vicibus1 9 divid$ doses4 ,p]4 op4 emet41 p]act op]atione emetici1 ! op]ation ( ! emetic be+ ov]4 ,pocul41 poculum1 a cup4 ,pocill41 pocillum1 a small cup4 ,po/ s+4 s$4 liq41 po/ s+ulas s$es liquidas1 aft] e loose /ool4 ,ppt41 prp>ata1 prep>$4 ,p4 r4 n41 pro re nata1 occasionally4 ,p4 rat4 tat41 pro ratione tatis1 accord+ to ! age4 ,pug41 pugillus1 a p9*1 a gripe betwe5 ! ?umb & ! two fir/ f+]s4 ,pulv41 pulvis1 pulv]izatus1 a p[d]1 pulv]is$4 ,q4 l41 quantum lubet1 z mu* z y ,q4 p41 quantum placet1 please4 ,q4 s41 quantum sufficiat1 z mu* z may suffice4 ,quor41 quorum1 ( :i*4 ,q4 ,v41 quantum vis1 z mu* z y w4 ,r$4 9 pulv41 r$actus 9 pulv]em1 r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,r$ig4 9 pulv41 r$igatur 9 pulv]em1 let x be r$uc$ into p[d]4 ,reg4 umbil41 regio umbilici1 ! umbilical region4 ,repet41 repetatur1 or repetantur1 let x1 or !m1 be repeat$4 ,s4 ,a41 secundum artem1 accord+ to art4 ,scat41 scatula1 a box4 ,s4 ,n41 secundum naturam1 accord+ to nature4 ,semidr41 semidra*ma1 half a dra*m4 ,semih41 semihora1 half an h\r4 ,sesunc41 sesuncia1 half an ounce4 ,sesquih41 sesquihora1 an h\r & a half4 ,si n4 val41 si non valeat1 if x does n answ]4 ,si op4 sit1 si opus sit1 if x be necess>y4 ,si vir4 p]m41 si vires p]mittant1 if ! /r5g? all[ x4 ,signat41 signatura1 a label4 ,sign4 n4 pr41 signetur nom9e proprio1 let x be writt5 ^u1 let x be sign$ ) ! prop] "n 7n ! trade "n74 ,s+41 s+ulorum1 ( ea*4 ,s4 ,s4 ,s41 /ratum sup] /ratum1 lay] ^u lay]4 ,ss41 semi1 a half4 ,/41 /et1 let x /&2 /5t1 let !m /&4 ,sub f94 coct41 sub f9em coctionis1 t[>ds ! end ( boil+1 :5 ! boil+ is ne>ly f9i%$4 ,sum4 tal41 sumat talem1 let ! pati5t take "o su* z ?is4 ,summ41 summitates1 ! summits or tops4 ,sum41 sume1 sumat1 sumatur1 sumantur1 take1 let him or h] take1 let x be tak51 let !m be tak54 ,s4 ,v41 spiritus v9i1 _s ( w9e4 ,s4 ,v4 ,r41 spiritus v9i rectificatus1 rectifi$ _s ( w9e4 ,s4 ,v4 ,t41 spiritus v9i t5uis1 pro( _s4 ,tabel41 tabella1 a loz5ge4 ,temp4 dext41 tempori dextro1 to ! "r temple4 ,t4 ,o41 t9ctura opii1 t9cture ( opium4 ,t4 ,o4 ,c41 t9ctura opii camphorata1 camphorat$ t9cture ( opium4 ,tra41 t9ctura1 t9cture4 ,ult4 prscr41 ultimo prscriptus1 la/ prescrib$4 ,u4 ,s4 ,ph41 ,unit$ ,/ates' ,ph>macopoeia4 ,v4 ,o4 ,s41 vitello ovi solutus1 dissolv$ 9 ! yolk ( an egg4 ,vom4 urg41 vomitione urg5te1 ! vomit+ be+ tr\blesome4 ,v4 ,s4 ,b41 v5sectio bra*ii1 ble$+ f ! arm4 ,zz41 z+ib]1 g+]4 ,see ,,=mula1 ,,prescriptions1 ,,symbols1 c4 ,,abdo',,m54 ,eng41 ,fr41 ,l4 ,9 anatomy1 ! belly1 or l[] belly2 ! great cavity ( ! body ext5d+ f ! ?orax1 or *e/1 to ! bottom ( ! pelvis4 ,x conta9s ! /oma*1 inte/9es1 liv]1 sple51 kidneys1 bladd]1 c42 & 9 ! female1 ! ut]us1 ov>ia4 c4 ,,ab',,erne',,?y ,,m$ic9es4 ,^! orig9ally consi/$ ( a calomel pill1 & subsequ5tly ( a m]curial or 'blue' pill1 to be tak5 ov]-night1 foll[$ by an aromatis$ black draught 9 ! morn+4 ,! quantity ( ei!r ( ! =m]1 = an adult1 0 ab\t #c gr4 to #c-a_/b gr41 increas$ a little 9 bulk by ! addition ( "s liquorice p[d]2 t ( ! latt]1 f #a to #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,z1 h[ev]1 :5 frequ5tly tak51 ^! pills sometimes occasion$ salivation1 :i* prov$ prejudicial to _! sale1 a little comp\nd extract ( colocyn? 7,ph4 ,l41 #ahcf7 0 introduc$ into _! composition1 by :i* ?is objection 0 obviat$4 ,ultimately1 _! composition 0 settl$ at #c gr4 ( m]curial pill1 & #b gr4 ( comp\nd extract ( colocyn?2 & ^! proportions are /ill foll[$ z ! be/ by ^? :o prep>e & sell !m4 ,p]sons :o object to black draught1 w f9d a dose ( ca/or oil1 or ( any o!r mild purgative m$ic9e t may be m agreeable to !m1 equally efficaci\s4 ,! occasional use ( ^! m$ic9es seldom fails to prove highly b5eficial to ! ple?oric1 bili\s1 & dyspeptic4 ,9 ord9>y cases ( con/ipation1 heada*e1 c41 aris+ f d]ang$ /oma* or liv]1 :]e9 ! adm9i/ration ( m]curials is n contra-indicat$1 !y w be f\nd ( great s]vice4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be add$ t ^! m$ic9es are nam$ aft] ,mr ,ab]ne?y1 ! celebrat$ surgeon1 :o is said to h frequ5tly employ$ !m 9 8 practice4 ,,ab]ra',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ab]ra',,tio1 ,l4 ,a w&]+ or deviation f ! usual c\rse1 or f ! normal condition4 ,9 optics1 ! deviation ( ! rays ( light f ! true focus1 :5 inflect$ by a l5s or speculum4 ,?is arises f a diff]5ce 9 ! physical nature ( ! rays1 f ! figure ( ! l5ses or specula1 or f ! nature ( ! mat]ials ( :i* ! m$ia trav]s$ are compos$4 ,see ,,a*romatism1 ,,l5s1 c4 ,ab]ration ( m9d4 ,m5tal ali5ation or w&]+2 insanity4 ,a t]m frequ5tly appli$1 9 famili> language1 to a mild =m ( incipi5t insanity or dem5tia1 :i* is m or less occasional or cont9u$1 trifl+ or sev]e1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! /udi\s1 n]v\s1 slo?ful1 & ^? :o are engag$ 9 s$5t>y occupations & sp5d mu* ( _! "t 9 ill-v5tilat$ ap>tm5ts1 or :o indulge 9 irregul> or vici\s habits1 z well z 'fa/ liv]s1' are ! mo/ liable to ?is affection4 ,x also frequ5tly arises f disord]$ physical heal?4 ,treat41 c4 ,*ange ( sc5e1 out-door ex]cise1 agreeable company1 pleas+ & cont9u$ m5tal occupation1 & due att5tion to diet1 clo?+1 v5tilation1 c41 ) ! judici\s use ( "s mild ap]i5t m$ic9e & tepid ba?+1 w g5]ally alleviate1 & frequ5tly effect a cure4 ,= ! prev5tion ( its accession1 or its recurr5ce1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to promote ! g5]al heal?1 & also1 :]e necess>y1 to elevate ! spirits & to div]t ! m9d4 ,,ablu',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ablu',,tio1 ,l4 ,9 a g5]al s5se1 wa%+1 cleans+1 or purification by wat]4 ,ablution4 ,9 hygine & ! toilet1 a wa%+ ( ! :ole body1 or any "p ( x4 ,! value ( frequ5t & copi\s affusions ( pure wat] to ! surface ( ! body is well kn[n4 ,dur+ life1 ! sk9 is cont9ually subject$ to abrasion1 & ! processes ( reproduction & decay1 by :i* ! cuticle1 its ext]ior portion1 is be+ con/antly ?r[n (f z effete & useless matt]1 9 ! %ape ( v m9ute scales or du/4 ,?is1 m+l+ ) ! oily & sal9e products ( ! sk91 acquires suffici5t adhesiv5ess to atta* itself to ! surface ( ! body & clo?+1 z well z to attract ! wa/e p>ticles ( ! dress1 & ! du/ & soot float+ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ?is way1 if occasional ablutions be n _h rec\rse to1 ! *annels ( p]spiration w become *ok$1 & ! clo?+ itself r5d]$ un:olesome & unfit = use4 ,! consequ5ce ( ! pores ( ! sk9 be+ ob/ruct$ is imp$$ transpiration1 by :i* its functions1 z a respiratory organ1 are int]f]$ ) or susp5d$4 ,?is adh]+ pellicle ( refuse matt] also acts z an irritant1 & =ms a favorable m$ium = ! absorption1 & ! transmission into ! body1 ( effluvia1 miasmata1 poison\s gases1 & ! infecti\s & contagi\s matt]s ( disease4 ,! great] "p ( 7contagi\s7 poisons are convey$ to u ?r\gh ! ext]nal surface ( our bodies2 & x is fully prov$ t poison1 already communicat$1 has be5 by cleanl9ess remov$1 be=e x c\ld actually produce any bad effects4 ,i "h allude1 9 p>ticul>1 to frequ5t wa%+1 ba?+1 r9s+ ! m\?1 comb+ & bru%+ ! hair1 & (t5 *ang+ ! l951 clo?+1 & b$d+4 7,hufel&47 ,su* are ! imm$iate effects ( neglect$ ablution ( ! sk92 ! fur!r consequ5ces are ( an equally s]i\s "*4 ,! blood be+ depriv$ ( "o ( its s\rces ( oxyg51 & "o ( ! outlets = its c>bon1 ! functions ( nutrition become imp]fect1 & ! animal temp]ature less5$4 ,! matt]s :i* w\ld be ?r[n out ( ! sy/em 9 ! =m ( p]spiration are reta9$1 & mu/ be elim9at$ by o!r *annels4 ,! lungs1 ! kidneys1 ! liv]1 & ! b[els1 are ea*1 9 _! turn1 ov]task$ to p]=m ! functions ( ano!r organ4 ,! oppress$ visc]a suff] f exhau/ion1 & incipi5t disease soon foll[s4 ,_! p>ticul> (fices are languidly p]=m$1 ! equilibrium ( heal? is di/urb$1 & sk9 diseases1 or consumption1 di>rhoea1 dropsy1 liv]-compla9ts1 visc]al obesity1 or "s o!r s]i\s diseases ( ! vital organs1 ensue4 ,:5 x is add$1 t no dirty or imp]fectly wa%$ sk9 c long cont9ue heal?y1 & ceas+ to be heal?y mu/ also cease to be agreeable & beautiful1 ! argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! daily use ( wat] ( good quality to ! :ole surface ( ! body1 :5 possible1 w surely be complete4 ,! inculcation ( habits ( p]sonal cleanl9ess _c be too =cibly emphasiz$4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 _c be ov]look$1 t 9 ord] to introduce habits ( cleanl9ess among/ ! poor] classes1 a pl5tiful supply ( wat]1 comb9$ ) *eap ba?s1 are requisite4 ,e (fic] ( heal? %\ld inquire into ! am\nt z well z ! "* ( ! wat] supply 9 ! di/rict ov] :i* he has sup]vision4 ,! body %\ld be wa%$ all ov] e morn+ ) ei!r cold or lukew>m wat] & soap4 ,?is cu/om is m necess>y = workm5 employ$ 9 labori\s & dirty occupations ?an = ^? :o live s$5t>y lives2 b all p p]spire1 & f e drop ( p]spiration ! wat] evaporates1 & leaves a fraction ( solid matt] on & ar\nd ! pores t excrete ! p]spiration4 ,if ?is solid matt] be n wa%$ (f1 x accumulates & may d]ange ! heal?4 ,in/ances h occurr$ 9 :i* p]sons suff]+ f ext5sive bodily burns h di$1 n f ! effect ( ! injury1 b f ! de/ruction ( ! pores or excret+ vessels1 ) :i* ! sk9 is cov]$4 ,x is well1 !re=e1 to be> 9 m9d t a dirty sk9 does n always come f )\t1 b also f )94 ,cold ablution1 t has be5 s indiscrim9ately recomm5d$1 is n half s efficaci\s1 nor s safe1 z lukew>m4 ,! ,g]man auri/s ascribe ! pres5ce ( ! l>ge am\nt ( deafness 9 ,engl& to our habit ( wa%+ ! head & e>s ea* morn+ ) cold wat]4 ,ablution4 ,9 m$ic9e1 ! wa%+ ! body1 ext]nally1 z by ba?+2 or int]nally1 by dilut+ dr9ks4 ,9 anci5t m$ic9e1 accord+ to ,gal51 int]nal ablution 0 accompli%$ by ! use ( pr(use libations ( milk-:ey2 an object n[ aim$ at1 by ! hydropa?i/s1 by ! copi\s adm9i/ration ( pure cold wat]4 ,to neglect ! daily ablution ( an infant is to disc>d "o ( ! greate/ aids to its heal?y developm5t & physical wellbe+4 ,t disreg>d ( ?is precaution is a f]tile s\rce ( mo/ ( ! sk9 diseases t affect infants & *ildr5 !re seems little "q ab\t among/ m$ical m54 ,wat] at a temp]ature rang+ f #hj to #ij ,f4 %\ld always be us$4 ,mr ,*evasse1 9 8 ',c\nsel to a ,"m1' is emphatic 9 8 advocacy ( ra9 wat]4 ,he also advises ! employm5t ( ,ca/ile soap1 & ( glyc]9e soap1 %\ld !re be any excoriation ( ! sk94 ,( c\rse ! same rem>ks apply to *ildr5 z to infants1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! ablution is to be p]=m$ ) wat] a few degrees cold]2 & bo? infants & *ildr5 %\ld be rubb$ dry ) a dry s(t t[el4 ,!re are d\btless _m p]sons :o deem !mselves cleanly wa%$1 if 9 addition to _! h&s & arms1 neck & face1 und]go+ duly daily ablution1 !y wa% _! feet once a week4 ,^! individuals _c reflect t1 because ( _! less exposure to ! depurat+ influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e1 ! feet require to be m frequ5tly wa%$ ?an ei!r ! h&s or face4 ,see ,,ba?+1 ,,ba?s1 ,,hydropa?y1 c4 ,,abnorm',,al4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,abnor',,mis1 ,l4 ,9 m$ic9e & ! collat]al sci5ces1 contr>y to1 or )\t sy/em or rule2 irregul>2 de=m$2 unnatural4 ,9 a diseas$ or unheal?y /ate4 ,,abortion ,,9 ,,c[s4 ,abortion is ! expulsion ( ! cont5ts ( ! pregnant womb be=e ! full p]iod ( ge/ation is complete1 & occurs mu* m frequ5tly 9 c[s ?an 9 any o!r ( ! l[] animals4 ,abortion is (t5 induc$ by %ocks & injuries1 fe$+ on ergotis$ grasses1 b m commonly by causes :i* are less obvi\s4 ,?us1 bad smells1 pa/ur+ on flood$ mead[s1 ri* & /imulat+ food1 & ev5 association ) o!r c[s :ile abort+1 are among ! excit+ causes ( ?is malady4 ,! premonitory signs are an irritable excit$ /ate ( ! animal1 a dis*>ge f ! vag9a1 loos5ess & fulness ( ! ext]nal organs ( g5]ation1 &1 occasionally1 sudd5 enl>gem5t ( ! udd]4 ,^! symptoms may cont9ue = sev]al days1 &1 if notic$ be=e /ra9+ or o!r signs ( calv+ h appe>$1 ! animal %\ld be copi\sly bl$ & plac$ 9 a com=table loose-box1 kept z quiet z possible1 mod]ately suppli$ ) s(t laxative food1 &1 if ! b[els be co/ive1 ) a p\nd or two ( treacle daily4 ,p[]ful purgatives are too irritant1 & mu/1 !re=e1 be /udi\sly avoid$4 ,two ounces ( laudanum1 ) ! same quantity ( sweet spirits ( nitre1 %\ld be giv5 twice a day until all dang] is ov]4 ,to prev5t ! cont9uance & spread ( ! evil1 place ! c[ by h]self z soon z %e aborts2 remove & bury ! foetus beyond ! rea* ( o!r c[s2 fe$ (f ! c[1 if practicable1 b if %e be aga9 bull$1 x ought n to be = sev]al weeks1 & until ! p]iod ( heat is pass+ (f2 remove all disagreeable smells1 & see t ! rema9d] ( ! h]d are mod]ately f$ & c>efully wat*$1 s t ! e>lie/ symptoms ( abortion may be notic$4 ,,abra',,sion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,abra',,sio1 ,l4 ,! rubb+ or we>+ d[n ( surfaces by friction4 ,9 ! arts1 ! r$uction or figuration ( mat]ials by ! use ( an abrasive tool1 or gr9d]1 ( :i* ! effective portion is an exact c\nt]p>t ( ! =m to be produc$4 ,abrasion4 ,9 numismatics1 ! 'we> & te>1' or wa/e ( ! sub/ance ( co9s1 9 ! pocket & circulation4 ,x =ms a l>ge item 9 ! exp5se ( a metallic curr5cy4 ,! means employ$ to obviate1 or to r$uce x1 consi/ 9 ei!r alloy+ ! metal to r5d] x t\gh] & h>d]1 or rais+ ! bord]s s z to less5 ! surface expos$ to friction4 ,9 well-=m$ co9 bo? me?ods are adopt$4 ,abrasion4 ,9 pa?ology & surg]y--#a4 ,a sup]ficial removal or injury ( ! sk9 by frett+ or friction4 ,treat41 c4 ,:5 ! injur$ surface is l>ge1 or expos$1 x %\ld be protect$ f dirt & fur!r injury1 by apply+ a piece ( l9t or s(t l95 rag1 cov]$ ) sp]maceti c]ate1 or "s o!r simple o9tm5t2 ov] :i* a piece ( /rapp+1 or b&age ( any sort1 may be plac$ to keep x on4 ,9 _m cases1 a piece ( common /ick+-pla/] w be f\nd q suffici5t4 #b4 ,a v sup]ficial ulc]ation or excoriation ( ! inte/9al or o!r muc\s membrane4 ,treat4 ,ap]i5ts ( ca/or oil1 demulc5ts1 & a light nutriti\s diet4 ,see ,,excoriations4 ,,abrus ,,precatorius4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,indian ,liquorice ,plant4 ,habitat4 ,tropical portions ( bo? hemisph]es1 ,(fic9al "p4 ,! root 7,abri ,radix1 ,indian ,liquorice74 ,occurs 9 pieces ( v>i\s l5g?s1 f #a_/b to #a in* 9 diamet]2 pale br[n ext]nally1 yell[i% int]nally2 inodor\s1 ta/e sweeti% & mucilag9\s1 mu* resembl+ (fic9al liquorice root4 ,prop]ties & uses4 ,simil> to ^? ( liquorice1 = :i* x =ms an excell5t sub/itute4 ,prep>ation4 ,,extract ,,( ,,abrus 7,extractum ,abri74 ,prep>$ z ,extractum ,glycyrrhiz4 ,,abscess4 ,a =mation ( matt] or pus1 result+ f inflammation1 ei!r acute or *ronic4 ,! symptoms are pa91 swell+1 heat1 & r$ness1 a conical projection on ! swell+1 (t5 ) a :ite po9t at ! apex4 ,abscess or suppuration may come on any "p ( ! body4 ,:5 ! local inflammation does n yield to cold lotions1 apply p\ltices2 a pl$get ( l9t dipp$ 9 cold wat] & kept moi/ by means ( oil-silk2 a slice ( bread s(t5$ ) boil+ wat] or milk1 or l9se$ meal1 make ! be/ p\ltices4 ,%\ld ! pa9 be sev]e add laudanum1 & additionally rub x r\nd ! swell+4 ,or apply common :ite pa9t by lay+ x on g5tly ) a bru%1 or else t9cture ( m>igold or arnica 9 ! same mann]4 ,*ronic abscesses 9 ! gl&s 9 ! neck are usually scr(ul\s1 & %\ld be op5$4 ,abscesses 9 ! brea/ %\ld n be op5$ too e>ly1 or o!rs are =m$4 ,^? 9 ! gums may be cut e>ly1 n s if 9 ! tonsils4 ,aft] op5+ ) a ne$le or lancet-po9t ext]nal abscesses1 cont9ue to p\ltice till ! h>dness disappe>s1 !n dress ) sp]maceti o9tm5t spread on l9t4 ,:5 ! abscess is ( a dang]\s nature1 lose no "t 9 consult+ a m$ical practition]4 ,treatm5t = horses & cattle4 ,mr ,f9lay ,dun prescribes fom5tations1 p\ltices1 c\nt]-irritants1 ! knife1 caut]isation1 c>bolic-acid dress+1 /imulat+ injections1 & ! adm9i/ration ( sulphites & *lorate ( pota%4 ,,abs9!4 ,fr4 ,,abs9?ium1 ,l42 ,,wormwood1 ,e42 ,,w]mu?1 ,g4 ,?is article is met ) 9 comm]ce 9 ! =m ( ! dri$ h]b ) ! fl[]s ( ,artemisia ,abs9?ium1 hav+ a :iti%-grey appe>ance1 a s(t feel1 an aromatic & unpleasant od\r1 & an extremely bitt] & aromatic flav\r4 ,! plant is indig5\s1 & gr[s 9 ?ickets1 9 m\nta9\s di/ricts1 & on wa/e gr\nd4 ,its od\r is due to its conta9+ an ess5tial oil2 its bitt]ness is ref]able to abs9?91 a cry/allisable pr9ciple :i* may be extract$ f ! h]b by wat] or _s4 ,! "n abs9! is also giv5 to an intoxicat+ liqueur :i* is ext5sively drunk on ! ,cont95t1 & :i* un=tunately appe>s to be rapidly attract+ consum]s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! rem>ks on ?is subject by ,bly? 9 8 admirable ',diction>y ( ,hygine' are s pregnant ) important facts t !y w be "h produc$ v]batim et lit]atim4 ,an analysis rec5tly made at ! ,cons]vatoire des ,arts %[s t abs9! n[ conta9s a l>ge quantity ( antimony1 a poison :i* _c fail to add l>gely to ! irritant effects necess>ily produc$ on ! alim5t>y canal & liv] by con/ant doses ( a conc5trat$ alcoholic liquid4 ,& we h rec5tly receiv$ ! results ( "s exp]im5ts made by ,m4 ,magnan1 ( ,p>is4 ,by means ( successive di/illations he has be5 able to isolate v>i\s products--7#a7 a blue oil2 7#b7 a yell[i% oil2 7#c7 an oxyg5at$ sub/ance4 ,!re 0 besides a yell[i% residue left 9 ! glass4 ,^! v>i\s sub/ances 7 tri$ on animals2 t5 grammes ( ! yell[ s$im5t giv5 to a small dog produc$ no effect2 ?irty c5tigrammes ( ! blue oil produc$ f eight to t5 epilepti=m attacks4 ,! oxyg5at$ product prov$1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ p[]ful toxic ag5t4 ,fifte5 c5tigrammes ( x1 inject$ into ! ve9s ( a l>ge dog1 caus$ ! mo/ viol5t epileptic attacks1 :i* foll[$ 9 rapid succession1 & end$ 9 dea?4 ,!re 0 an extraord9>y rise ( temp]ature1 f #ci to #db ,c5tigrade1 & ! po/ mortem %[$ v>i\s apoplectic c5tres4 ,dr ,decaisne reg>ds ! t]rible evil ( ?is almo/ univ]sal abs9!-dr9k+ z ! greate/ national calamity t has ev] befall5 ,france1 & has made an eloqu5t appeal to ! ,gov]nm5t to /rike at once a decisive bl[ at ! trade 9 ?is liqueur4 ,orig9ally ! only important +r$i5t 9 its composition besides alcohol 0 ! ess5tial oil ( abs9?ium or wormwood2 & ?\gh ?is )\t d\bt add$ some?+ to ! mis*iev\s effects ( ! liqueur1 x w\ld be impossible to trace to x1 or to ! o!r comp>atively trivial +r$i5ts1 ! m s]i\s ( ! special results :i* are n[ obs]v$ to occur to victims ( abs9!1 ?\gh ! habitual dr9k+ ev5 9 small doses ( good abs9! is believ$ by ,dr ,decaisne1 soon] or lat]1 to produce disord]s 9 ! animal economy4 ,n[ v>i\s delet]i\s sub/ances are add$1 ! mo/ important ( ^! be+ antimony4 ,z at pres5t con/itut$1 !re=e1 & especially :5 drunk 9 ! disa/r\s excess n[ common 9 ,p>is1 & tak51 z x frequ5tly is1 on an empty /oma*1 abs9! =ms a *ronic poison ( almo/ unequall$ virul5ce1 bo? z an irritant to ! /oma* & b[els1 & also z a de/roy] ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! effect ( abs9! is to produce a sup]abundant activity ( ! bra91 a c]ebral excitem5t1 :i* at fir/ is agreeable2 intoxication comes on rapidly2 ! head swims1 & ! effect produc$ is ne>ly ! same z t ( poison+ by a n>cotic1 :i* c]ta9ly does n occur ) an equal dose ( br&y4 ,) ! abs9!-dr9k]1 z ) ! opium-eat]1 ! excitem5t ! _s produces dim9i%es daily 9 int5sity4 ,ea* day he is oblig$ to augm5t ! dose 9 ord] to br+ himself up to ! "r pit*4 ,! diseases br\ght on by ! excessive dr9k+ ( ard5t spirits are produc$ ) great] rapidity by ! use ( abs9!4 ,! am\nt ( abs9! consum$ 9 ,london has dur+ ! la/ few ye>s be5 enorm\sly on ! increase4 ,see ,,liqueurs4 ,,abs9?94 ,c#af;,h#bb,o#e4 ,! bitt] pr9ciple ( wormwood 7,artemisia abs9?ium74 ,a h>d cry/all9e solid1 hav+ an int5sely bitt] ta/e2 slightly soluble 9 wat]1 v soluble 9 alcohol1 less s 9 e!r4 ,its physiological effects resemble ^? ( extract ( wormwood4 ,dose4 #a_/b gr4 to #b gr41 or m2 9 dyspepsia2 z a /oma*ic1 to promote ! appetite1 c42 z a sub/itute = qu99e 9 int]mitt5ts2 & 9 worms4 ,,abs9?',,ium4 ,l4 ,see ,,abs9!4 ,,absolute4 ,syns4 ,,absolutus1 ,l42 ,,absolu1 ,fr42 ,,undeb+t1 ,g4 ,9 *emi/ry1 pure1 unmix$2 z absolute alcohol1 pure _s ( w9e1 i4e4 free f wat]4 ,,absorb$' 7-sorbd'74 ,syn4 ,,*ill$2 ,,absorb1 ,fr4 ,9 pa9t+1 a t]m among ,fr5* connoisseurs1 to repres5t t /ate ( a picture 9 :i* ! oil has sunk into ! canvas or gr\nd1 leav+ ! col\rs 'flat1' & ! t\*es indi/9ct4 ,! rem$y consi/s 9 rubb+ ! surface ( ! picture1 previ\sly well clean$1 ) a s(t sponge dipp$ 9 a little dry+ oil1 & aft] "s days v>ni%+ x2 :5 x %\ld be kept 9 a w>m room until p]fectly dry4 ,,absorb',,ent4 ,syn4 ,,absorb',,ens1 ,l42 ,,absorbant1 ,fr42 ,,absorbir5d1 ,g]4 ,imbib+2 t imbibes or sucks up2 v>i\sly appli$ 9 sci5ce & art4 7,see bel[47 ,absorb5t ,gr\nd4 ,9 pa9t+1 a picture-gr\nd prep>$ :olly or *iefly 9 di/emp] or wat] col\r1 9 ord] t ! r$undant oil 9 ! col\rs subsequ5tly appli$ may be imm$iately 'absorb$1' by :i* exp$ition is p]mitt$1 & brilliancy imp>t$ to !m4 ,absorb5t ,surfaces4 ,9 ! arts1 ^! are usually r5d]$ non-absorb5t1 prelim9>y to _! be+ bronz$1 gild$1 pa9t$1 or v>ni%$1 by giv+ !m "o1 or m1 coats ( ?9 size1 s z to de/roy _! porosity2 c>e be+ tak5 to all[ ea* coat to become ?or\ghly dry be=e ! application ( ! next "o2 & also1 f9ally1 to remove any unabsorb$ excess ( size f ! surface1 by means ( a sponge dipp$ 9 w>m wat]4 ,?is applies to ,,alaba/]1 ,,pap]1 ,,wood1 ,,pla/] ,,ca/s1 c42 & to ,,walls & ,,ceil+s :i* are n expos$ to ! wea!r1 & :i* !re is n "t to prep>e ) dry+ oil4 ,see ,,bronz+1 ,,maps1 ,,v>ni%+1 c4 ,absorption & consequ5t adh]5ce 9 por\s m\lds1 z ^? ( pla/]1 are usually prev5t$ by ?or\ghly saturat+ ! pores ( ! m\ld ) melt$ tall[1 or a mixture ( tall[ & bees' wax2 or = delicate objects or ! electrotype1 ) :ite wax4 ,! 'dry m\lds' are ei!r heat$ be=e ! application ( ^! sub/ances1 or !y are boil$ 9 !m2 any portion t may f9ally rema9 unabsorb$1 be+ c>efully remov$ ) cotton-wool or a s(t rag4 ,ano!r me?od is to wa% ! m\lds ov] two or ?ree times ) dry+ oil1 or to boil !m 9 x2 aft] :i* !y mu/ be expos$ to ! air = "s days1 to dry & h>d54 ,be=e be+ us$ = pla/]1 composition1 c41 ! surface ( ^! prep>$ m\lds require to be slightly moi/5$ ) sweet oil4 ,pla/] m\lds are g5]ally prep>$ = sulphur1 wax1 & gutta p]*a ca/s1 by simply plac+ !m 7upright7 ) ! back imm]s$ 9 a little wat]1 conta9$ 9 any %all[ vessel1 z a sauc] or plate2 & lett+ !m rema9 !re until moi/ure beg9s to appe> on ! surface4 ,! mat]ials to be ca/1 or m\ld$1 %\ld !n be us$ at ! l[e/ possible temp]ature1 to prev5t ! =mation ( air-bubbles4 ,! adh]5ce ( wax or mixtures conta9+ x1 & ( gutta p]*a1 is be/ prev5t$ by moi/5+ ! surface ( ! m\ld 7:e!r ( pla/]1 metal1 or gutta p]*a71 imm$iately be=e use1 ) s(t soap r$uc$ to ! consi/5ce ( ?9 cream ) wat]4 ,see ,,ca/s1 ,,m\lds1 ,,electrotype1 c4 ,,absorb',,ents4 ,9 anatomy & physiology1 two di/9ct sets ( small1 delicate1 transp>5t vessels1 :i* imbibe or suck up fluid sub/ances1 & convey !m to ! blood4 ,!y are t]m$ lacteals or lymphatics2 ! =m] take up ! *yme f ! alim5t>y canal1 ! latt] p]vade almo/ e "p ( ! body 9 :i* !y absorb lymph4 ,absorb5ts4 ,9 botany & vegetable physiology1 ! orig9s ( ! diff]5t vessels con/itut+ ! vascul> tissue1 z !y are f\nd 9 ! root1 :]e !y imbibe or suck up ! nutritive fluids f ! soil4 ,see ,,plants & ,,vegetables4 ,absorb5ts4 ,9 agriculture & *emi/ry1 sub/ances :i* possess ! p[] ( )draw+ moi/ure f ! atmosph]e2 z soils1 argillace\s e>?s1 c4 ,also 7b less frequ5tly7 sub/ances :i* neutralise acids2 z *alk1 lime1 & magnesia4 ,absorb5ts diff] f 'deliquesc5t salts'2 ! latt] attract moi/ure & dissolve 9 x2 :il/ ! =m] m]ely suck x into _! pores1 z a sponge does wat]4 ,see ,,absorption4 ,absorb5ts4 ,syn4 ,,absorb5',,tia1 ,l4 ,9 m$ic9e & ph>macy1 sub/ances :i* remove acidity f ! /oma* & b[els4 ,( ^! ! pr9cipal are--magnesia1 c>bonate & bic>bonate ( magnesia1 prep>$ *alk1 & ! c>bonates & bic>bonates ( pota%1 soda1 & ammonia4 ,! fir/ f\r are popul>ly call$ e>?y absorb5ts2 & ! o!rs1 alkal9e absorb5ts4 ,see ,,antacids4 ,! foll[+ absorb5t mixtures are tak5 f ,dr ,kirby's valuable "w1 ',select$ ,rem$ies'3 #a4 ,infusion ( rhub>b1 #a-a_/b oz42 comp\nd _s ( ammonia1 #a-a_/b dr42 comp\nd infusion ( g5tian to #f oz4 ,two tablespoonfuls to be tak5 #c times a day4 #b4 ,bic>bonate ( pota%1 #a-a_/b dr42 syrup1 #b drs42 comp\nd _s ammonia1 #a-a_/b dr42 comp\nd infusion ( g5tian to #f oz4 ,two tablespoonfuls to be tak5 #c times a day4 #c4 ,bic>bonate ( soda1 #a-a_/b dr42 spirits ( *lor(orm1 #a-a_/b dr42 infusion ( calumba to #f oz4 ,two tablespoonfuls to be tak5 #c times a day4 ,,absorp',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,absorp',,tio1 ,l42 ,,e9saugung1 ,g]4 ,! act or ! p[] ( absorb+1 9 v>i\s applications4 7,see bel[47 ,absorption4 ,9 agriculture1 ! p[] possess$ by soils ( absorb+ moi/ure f ! atmosph]e4 ,! m a soil is divid$ by lab\r & vegetation1 ! great] is its absorb5t p[]1 &1 consequ5tly1 its f]tility4 ,inde$1 ! latt] *iefly dep5ds on its capacity = imbib+ moi/ure1 & may be illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to rec5t & dis9tegrat$ lava4 7,leslie47 ,! f9ely divid$ /ate1 mo/ p5etrable by ! delicate fibres ( plants1 appe>s to d]ive its sup]ior p[] ( act+ on atmosph]ic vap\r f ! augm5tation ( its surface & ! multiplication ( its po9ts ( contact4 7,ure47 ,?is me?od ( increas+ ! f]tility ( a soil is well kn[n to sci5tific f>m]s1 & seldom neglect$ by !m4 7,l\don47 ,t soil mu/ be reg>d$ z ! mo/ f]tile :i* possesses ?is p[] 9 ! greate/ degree4 ,g>d5-m\ld has ! highe/ absorb5t p[] ( any m9]al sub/ance4 7,leslie47 ,process ( asc]ta9+ ! ,,absorb5t ,,p[] ,,( ,,soils1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,?or\ghly dry ! article by ! suitable application ( a heat n exce$+ #bab ,fahr41 cont9u$ = sev]al h\rs1 & transf] x1 :ile /ill w>m1 into a clean dry phial furni%$ ) a p]fectly tight gr\nd-glass /opp]4 ,:5 cold1 quickly & cauti\sly introduce x1 along ) a delicate hygromet]1 into a l>ge wide-m\!d glass bottle1 ! atmosph]e ( :i* has be5 previ\sly r5d]$ z damp z possible1 by susp5d+ a piece ( moi/5$ rag or filt]+ pap] 9 x4 ,x mu/ n[ be kept clos$ = "s h\rs1 :5 ! hygromet] w indicate ! degree ( dryness ( ! enclos$ air1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! absorb5t p[] ( ! sub/ance exam9$4 ,obs4 ,exp]im5ts ( ?is nature are only relatively correct1 & mu/ be p]=m$ "u exactly simil> circum/ances1 to furni% reliable comp>ative results4 ,! :ole process1 9 ea* case1 mu/ be z simil> z c>eful manipulation c possibly make !m4 ,) ?is res]ve1 !y w be f\nd invaluable to ! agriculturi/4 ,absorption4 ,9 *emi/ry ! passage ( gases & vap\rs into liquid & solid sub/ances4 ,?us1 wat] absorbs ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 lime absorbs wat]1 *>coal absorbs ammoniacal & o!r gases4 ,absorption4 ,9 m$ic9e & toxicology1 see ,,m$ic9es & ,,poisons4 ,absorption4 ,9 p]fum]y1 see ,,enfleurage4 ,absorption4 ,9 physics1 see ,,heat1 ,,light1 ,,refrig]ation1 c4 ,absorption4 ,9 physiology 7animal & vegetable71 ! function ( suck+1 or tak+ up1 ( appropriate sub/ances1 by ! 'absorb5t vessels4' ,x is "o ( ! *ief vital functions1 ! prim>y object ( :i* is to convey to ! circulatory organs ! prop] supply ( ! mat]ials necess>y = ! support & gr[? ( ! body2 & subsequ5tly1 to remove & convey to ^! organs its effete & useless portions1 9 ord] to _! ultimate elim9ation f ! sy/em4 ,absorption4 ,9 surg]y1 ! natural process by :i* tum\rs & _! cont5ts1 morbid gr[?s1 &1 sometimes1 ev5 heal?y gl&s1 c41 are gradually tak5 up & disappe>1 by ! action ( ! 'absorb5ts4' ,absorption 7( ,surfaces1 ,m\lds1 c74 ,see ,,absorb5t ,,surfaces4 ,,ab/]g',,ents4 ,syn4 ,,ab/]g5',,tia1 ,l4 ,9 m$ic9e & ph>macy1 sub/ances :i* cleanse or cle> away f\lness f ! surface ( ! body or sores2 z soap1 lotions1 c4 ,see ,,det]g5t1 :i* has a ne>ly simil> mean+1 & is 9 m g5]al use4 ,,ac',,ari 7-ri74 ,l42 prim4 ,gr4 ,syn4 ,,ac>',,idans2 ,,ac>',,ides 7dez72 ,,ac>id',i4 7-e-e74 ,9 entomology1 a division ( ara*nidans1 includ+ ! mite & tick4 ,all ! species are ei!r microscopic or extremely m9ute1 & possess su* t5acity ( life z to resi/ = "s "t ! action ( boil+ wat]1 & to live ) comp>ative impunity 9 alcohol4 ,leuw5hoek _h "o t liv$ elev5 weeks glu$ on its back to ! po9t ( a ne$le1 )\t food4 ,! foll[+ are well kn[n--,,ac>us ,,autumna',,lis1 ! h>ve/-bug or :eal-worm2 ,a4 ,,domes',,ticus1 ! dome/ic tick2 ,a4 ,,dys5te',,ri1 ! dys5t]y-tick2 ,a4 ,,f>i',n1 ! meal mite 7fig4 a72 ,a4 ,,ri'',,c9us 7r7ic-71 ! dog-tick2 ,a4 ,,sac',,*>i1 ! sug>-mite 7fig4 b72 ,a4 ,,si'',,ro1 ! *eese-mite 7fig4 c72 ,a4 ,,scabie',i1 ! it*-insect 7fig4 d74 ,! irritation ( ! sk91 caus$ by ^! v]m91 may be reliev$ by a lotion ( equal p>ts ( sal volatile & wat]2 & !y may be de/roy$ by tobacco wat]1 or a lotion or o9tm5t ( /avesacre4 ,see ,,it*1 ,,mange1 ,,p>asites1 ,,p$iculi1 ,,scab1 c4 ,ac>us ,f>91 or meal-mite 7fig4 a74 ,?is insect is f\nd only 9 damag$ fl\r1 & is m frequ5tly met ) 9 ! fl\r ( ! legum9os 7beans1 peas7 ?an 9 t ( ! gram9e 7:eat1 rye1 oat74 ,n[ & !n a s+le ac>us may occasionally be f\nd 9 good fl\r1 b ev5 "o %\ld be reg>d$ ) suspicion1 & ! fl\r %\ld aft]w>ds be frequ5tly exam9$ to see if !y are increas+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 a4 ,mag4 #bej diams4 ,ac>us ,sac*>i1 or sug>-mite 7fig4 b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 b4 ,mag4 #bfj diams4 ,mo/ ( ! br[n sug>s ( comm]ce are infe/$ by ?is pe/1 :i* is ( a size suffici5tly l>ge to be visible to ! nak$ eye4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( proce$+ w lead to its detection3 ,dissolve #b or #c teaspoonfuls ( sug> 9 a l>ge w9eglass ( tepid wat]1 & let ! solution rema9 = an h\r or s1 at ! expiration ( :i* "t ! ac>i may be f\nd1 "s on ! surface ( ! liquid1 "s atta*+ !mselves to ! sides ( ! glass1 & "s at ! bottom1 mix$ up ) ! copi\s & d>k s$im5t1 made up ( fragm5ts ( cane1 woody fibre1 grit1 dirt1 & />* granules1 :i* usually subside on dissolv+ ev5 a small quantity ( sug> 9 hot wat]4 ,:5 fir/ hat*$ ?is ac>us is h>dly visible4 ,ac>i ( all sizes--t is1 9 all /ages ( gr[?--may be met ) 9 mo/ samples ( sug>4 ,dr ,hassall1 9 sev5ty-two samples ( sug> :i* he exam9$1 f\nd sixty-n9e conta9+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 c4 ,ac>us ,siro1 ! *eese-mite 7fig4 c74 ,! dry & p[d]y p>ts ( decay$ *eese1 :i* by c>eful wat*+ may v frequ5tly be se5 9 movem5t1 consi/ almo/ :olly ( ?is insect & _! eggs 9 diff]5t /ages ( developm5t4 ,! *eese-mite c h>dly be se5 )\t ! aid ( ! microscope4 ,!y are v t5aci\s ( life1 ev5 :5 kept )\t food4 ,mr ,bly? says t "u ^! circum/ances x is no uncommon sight to see !m kill+ & dev\r+ ea* o!r2 & t *eese is rapidly de/roy$ by !m2 !y crumble x into m9ute pieces1 & emit a liquid sub/ance :i* causes ! decay$ p>ts to spread spe$ily4 ,!y may be de/roy$ by be+ expos$ to a /rong heat1 or by putt+ ! *eese = a %ort "t 9 :isky4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 d4 ,ac>us ,scabiei1 ! it*-insect 7fig4 d74 ,! p>asitic "* ( ! disease kn[n z ! it* 0 fir/ demon/rat$ by ,dr ,bononio1 :o on turn+ out ! cont5ts ( "o ( ! little bladd]s t %[ !mselves betwe5 ! f+]s ( ^? affect$ ) ! compla9t1 & plac+ ! fluid "u ! microscope1 discov]$ a m9ute animal1 v nimble 9 its movem5ts1 cov]$ ) %ort hairs1 hav+ a %ort head1 a pair ( /rong m&ibles or cutt+-jaws1 & eight legs1 t]m9at+ 9 rem>kable app5dages1 ea* provid$ ) a suck] & set4 ,x has no eyes2 b :5 di/urb$ x quickly draws 9 its head & feet1 & !n some:at resembles ! tortoise 9 appe>ance1 its m>* be+ precisely ! same4 ,x usually lays sixte5 eggs1 :i* are c>efully deposit$ 9 furr[s "u ! sk91 & rang$ 9 pairs2 ^! are hat*$ 9 ab\t t5 days4 ,to f9d ! it*-insect1 says ,mr ,jabez ,hogg1 ! op]ator mu/ c>efully exam9e ! p>ts surr\nd+ ea* pu/ule2 he w !n see a r$ l9e or spot communicat+ ) x2 ?is "p1 & n ! pu/ule1 mu/ be prob$ ) a f9e-po9t$ in/rum5t4 ,! op]ator mu/ n be disappo9t$ by repeat$ failures4 ,,accid5t',,al ,,col\rs4 ,see ,,col\rs 7,complem5t>y74 ,,accid5ts4 ,black eye4 ,ba! ! eye frequ5tly ) a s(t piece ( l95 rag dipp$ 9 a lotion compos$ ( "o "p ( t9cture ( arnica & sev5 p>ts ( wat]4 ,burns & ,scalds4 ,ref] to ,,burns & ,,scalds4 ,*>coal1 combu/ion (1 poison+ by4 ,ref] to ,,c>bonic ,,anhydride4 ,*ok+1 or suffocation f sub/ances /ick+ 9 ! ?roat4 ,ref] to ,,*ok+4 ,cut ,f+]4 ,ref] to ,,cuts4 ,precautions aga9/ ,fires4 ,ref] to ,,fires4 ,precautions aga9/ ,lightn+4 ,to take refuge "u a tree dur+ a ?und]/orm accompani$ by lightn+ is to expose oneself to a d\ble dang]--fir/ly1 because by keep+ ! clo!s dry ^! are prev5t$ becom+ ! non-conductors !y w\ld be if damp2 & secondly1 because ! tree1 s]v+ z a po9t ( attraction = ! lightn+1 conducts x to ! gr\nd1 & 9 do+ s frequ5tly r5ds ! trunks or bran*es1 & kills any p]son or animal :o happ5s to be close to1 or 9 contact )1 x at ! "t4 ,nev]1 !re=e1 if ov]tak5 by a /orm ( ?und] & lightn+ fly to ! dang]\s cov] ( a tree1 pill>1 hay-rick1 wall1 or h$ge1 b seek %elt] 9 ! ne>e/ dwell+2 or if ?is is n at h&1 get to a "p ( ! road or field :]e !re is no object to attract ! lightn+1 & !re rema9 till ! /orm has exp5d$ itself4 ,also avoid p>ticul>ly ! proximity ( iron gates1 palisades1 bronze /atues1 bell wires1 iron rail+s1 & su* l4 ,:5 9 ! h\se1 d n sit or /& ne> ! w9d[s1 doors1 or walls1 b place y\rself 9 ! middle ( ! room1 unless !re %\ld be a lamp or *&eli] hang+ f ! ceil+4 ,frankl9 recomm5ds p]sons to keep away f ! neighb\rhood ( fireplaces4 ,treatm5t ( p]sons /ruck by lightn+4 ,9 case ( any p]son be+ /ruck by lightn+1 imm$iately /rip ! body & ?r[ bucketsful ( cold wat] ov] x = t5 or fifte5 m9utes2 cont9u$ frictions & inhalations ( ! lungs mu/ also be employ$1 & electricity %\ld be tri$ if x be possible4 ,accid5ts by ,poison4 ,! means to be adopt$ 9 cases :]e poison is tak51 if ! poison be kn[n1 are embodi$ 9 ! antidotes1 :i* w be f\nd giv5 9 ?is volume "u ! respective poisons4 ,"u all circum/ances1 h[ev]1 m$ical aid %\ld be s\ght z exp$iti\sly z possible1 s9ce _m ( ! antidotes !mselves be+ ( a dang]\s1 if n poison\s1 "*1 %\ld only be adm9i/]$ "u m$ical sup]vision4 ,p5d+ ! arrival ( ! doctor1 no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 giv+ an emetic1 consi/+ ( a teaspoonful ( fl\r ( mu/>d 9 half a p9t ( w>m wat]1 supplem5t$ by copi\s draughts ( w>m wat]1 & tickl+ ! ?roat ) ! f+] if necess>y4 ,fi% poison+4 ,x is a n unfrequ5t occurr5ce to f9d fi% :5 eat5 giv+ rise to a species ( poison+ ( a m or less viol5t =m1 su* z a s5se ( weight at ! /oma*1 accompani$ ) nausea1 v]tigo1 heada*e1 heat ab\t ! head & eyes1 pa9s 9 ! /oma*1 ?ir/1 & (t5 an eruption ( ! sk9 resembl+ nettle-ra%4 ,^! symptoms may be sometimes due to ! nature ( ! fi% itself2 sometimes to its be+ 9 a /ate unfit to be tak5 z food1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 x is 9 a /ale or decompos+ condition2 & occasionally to ! peculi>ity ( con/itution ( ^? :o p>take ( x1 ev5 if 9 a p]fectly fre% condition4 ,:5ev] any ( ! symptoms above describ$ foll[ f eat+ fi%1 an emetic ( mu/>d & wat] 7a teaspoonful ( mu/>d 9 half a p9t ( wat]7 %\ld be adm9i/]$4 ,if subsequ5tly a ra% %\ld appe>1 x w\ld be well to take a dose ( brisk purgative m$ic9e1 &1 if necess>y1 a few doses ( c>bonate ( soda #c or #d times dur+ ! day4 ,poison\s ,mu%rooms4 ,! same treatm5t %\ld be foll[$ z = fi%4 ,) "s p ! edible mu%room acts z a poison4 ,s9ks4 ,see t ^! be securely trapp$1 & 9 ! ev5t ( any unpleasant smell f !m1 p\r d[n "s dis9fectant1 su* z *loride ( lime1 c>bolic acid1 or ,condy's fluid4 ,! f\l emanations f a s9k ought to be reg>d$ z ( a mo/ dang]\s & pe/il5tial nature4 ,accid5ts to ,*ildr54 ,_m1 if n mo/1 ( ! casualties to :i* *ildr5 are expos$ are giv5 above1 toge!r ) ! be/ c\rse to be pursu$ 9 ! ev5t ( _! be+ ov]tak5 by any ( !m4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few =ms ( disa/] :i* seem m especially peculi> to *ildr54 ,( ^! we may select-- ,swall[+ a piece ( brok5 glass4 ,9 ?is case avoid giv+ purgatives1 b give solid f>9ace\s food1 s z to envelope ! glass & enable x to pass ?r\gh ! b[els )\t caus+ injury by com+ 9 contact ) !m4 ,swall[+ a co94 ,give a dose or two ( ca/or oil1 & exam9e ! /ools until ! co9 is p]ceiv$4 ,a small co9 /ick+ 9 ! w9dpipe4 ,seize ! *ild by ! legs1 lett+ 8 head hang d[nw>ds1 !n adm9i/] sev]al brisk bl[s on ! back ) ! palm ( ! h&1 :5 v frequ5tly ! co9 w be c\gh$ out ( ! m\? & on to ! floor4 ,if ?is plan d n succe$1 s5d imm$iately = m$ical aid4 ,,accli',,mate1 or ,,accli',,matise4 ,9 botany & zoology1 to inure a plant or animal to a climate to :i* x is n indig5\s4 ,:5 s inur$ x is said to be ,,acclimat$4 ,9 m$ic9e1 to habituate ! body to a =eign climate1 s t x may n be peculi>ly liable to its endemic diseases2 or to become s habituat$4 ,?us1 a p]son :o has resid$ sev]al ye>s at ,new ,orleans )\t an attack ( yell[ fev]1 or hav+ _h an attack has satisfactorily recov]$1 is said to be ,,accli',,matis$4 ,,accom',,panim5ts4 ,9 cook]y & h\sekeep+1 see ,,trimm+s4 ,,accumula',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,accumula',,tio1 ,l4 ,9 m$ic9e1 a t]m appli$ :5 ! effects ( ! fir/ dose ( any sub/ance /ill cont9ue :5 ! second is adm9i/]$ 7accumulation ( action72 or :5 sev]al doses ( insoluble sub/ances rema9 inactive 9 ! sy/em until _! en]gy is develop$ by *emical influ5ce 7accumulation ( doses74 ,see ,,m$ic9es1 ,,poisons1 c4 ,,aceph',,alans4 ,syn4 ,,aceph',,ala1 ,,cuv4 ,9 malacology1 a class ( aquatic mollusca1 hav+ no app>5t head1 b a m\? betwe5 ! folds ( _! mantle4 ,sev]al ( !m1 z ! oy/]1 cockle1 mussel1 scallop1 c41 are consum$ = food4 ,,ac]b',,ity4 ,syn4 ,,ac]b',,itas1 ,l42 ,,ac]bit1 ,fr42 ,,h]bigkeit1 ,g]4 ,9 *emi/ry1 c41 s\rness1 ) bitt]ness & a/r+5cy1 or h>%ness4 ,see ,,cid]1 ,,fruit1 ,,w9e1 c4 ,,ac]bo',s ,,anti-,,rheumatic ,,& ,,anti-,,cat>rh ,,oil4 ,= v>i\s horse diseases4 ,gum euphorbium1 #aj p>ts2 absolute alcohol1 #aj p>ts2 olive oil1 #hj p>ts4 ,dige/ 9 a w>m-wat] ba? = #bd h\rs1 !n boil until all ! _s has evaporat$1 &1 :5 cold1 /ra9 ?r\gh cotton4 7,hag]47 ,,ac]',,ides4 ,pla/]s t d n conta9 wax4 ,,aces',,c5t4 ,syns4 ,,aces',,c5s1 ,l42 ,,acesc5t1 ,,aigrelet1 ,fr42 ,s,,urli*1 ,g]4 ,9 *emi/ry1 c41 gr[+ s\r2 slightly t>t or acid2 hav+ a t5d5cy to s\rness1 or to run into ! acetic f]m5tation1 z w9e1 be]1 malt-wort1 c4 ,h5ce1 ,,aces',,c5ce or ,,aces',,c5cy 7acesc5'tia1 ,l42 acesc5se1 aigreur1 ,fr42 surli*keit1 ,g]471 ! t5d5cy to become slightly acid1 or ! quality ( be+ s4 ,see ,,acetification1 ,,malt-,,liquors1 ,,w9e1 ,,wort1 c4 ,,aceta'',,ri\s 7-tare'-e-7us74 ,us$ = salads 7z plants72 relat+ to salads 7:i* see74 ,,ac',,etate 77as'-74 ,syn4 ,,ace',,tas1 ,l42 ,,acetate1 ,fr42 ,,essigs,,ure ,,salze1 ,g]4 ,9 *emi/ry1 a salt consi/+ ( ,c#b;,h#c,o#b 7sometimes call$ ! acid-radical ( ! acetates7 ) hydrog51 a metal1 or a comp\nd basic radical2 e4g41 ,hydrog5 acetate 7acetic acid7 ,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b ,potassium acetate ,,kc#b;,h#c,o#b ,lead 7plumbic7 acetate ,pb7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b ,ammonium acetate ,,nh#d;,c#b;,h#c,o#b ,salts ( acetic acid 7,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b7 ) ! alkaloids are likewise t]m$ acetates2 e4g41 ,morphia acetate ,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c 4 ,c#b;,h#d,o#b ,prep4 ,t ( ! comm]cial acetates1 & ( _m o!rs1 is notic$ "u ! respective metals4 ,9 g5]al1 !y may all be =m$ by direct solution ( ! c>bonate1 hydrate or oxide ( ! metal ^: acetate x is desir$ to =m1 9 dilute acetic acid2 or f a solution ( an acetate & ( ano!r salt ( ! metal1 by d\ble decomposition4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! result+ solution mu/ be c>efully evaporat$ by a g5tle heat1 &1 :]e possible1 cry/allis$4 ,prop41 c4 ,all ! neutral acetates1 except ^? ( molybd5um & tung/51 are m or less soluble 9 wat]1 sev]al s mu* s z to be uncry/allizable2 _m dissolve 9 alcohol2 !y suff] decomposition at a dull r$ heat1 & by di/illation1 at t temp]ature1 yield acetone & wat]1 or acetone & acetic acid1 & leave a c>bonace\s residuum2 at a full r$-heat1 ^? ( potassium1 sodium1 b>ium1 /rontium1 calcium1 & magnesium1 are conv]t$ into c>bonates1 :il/ ! o!r metallic acetates leave beh9d ! pure metal1 or its oxide4 ,! aque\s solutions ( ! alkal9e acetates soon turn m\ldy & suff] decomposition4 ,no m ( !m %\ld1 !re=e1 be dissolv$ at once ?an is requir$ = imm$iate use4 ,*>41 te/s1 c4 ,! acetates are kn[n--#a4 ,by evolv+ fumes ( acetic acid1 recognisable by its peculi> & *>act]i/ic od\r1 on ! addition ( /rong sulphuric acid3--#b4 ,by evolv+ ! vap\r ( acetic e!r 7kn[n by its peculi> & agreeable od\r7 :5 heat$ ) a mixture ( ab\t equal p>ts ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid & alcohol4 ,,ac',,etat$ 77as'-74 ,9 *emi/ry & ph>macy1 comb9$ or impregnat$ ) acetic acid or v9eg>4 ,,ace',,tic4 ,syn4 ,,ace',,ticus1 ,l42 ,,ac,,tique1 ,fr4 ,( or relat+ to v9eg>2 made ) acetic acid1 z p]fumes1 c4 7,see bel[47 ,,acetic ,,acid4 ,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,pyrolig',,ne\s ,,acid 7pure72 ,,acid ,,( ,,v9eg>2 ,,acidum ,,ace',,ticum1 ,l42 ,,acide ,,acetique1 ,fr42 ,,acido ,,acetico1 ,x42 ,,essigs,,ure1 ,g]42 ,,azynzuur1 ,dut42 ,,eisel1 ,sax4 ,:5 free f wat] x cry/allises on cool+1 & is di/+ui%$ z--,,acetic ,,hydrate1 ,,hy',,drat$ ,,acetic ,,acid1 ,,monohy',,drat$ ,a4 ,a41 ,,gla',,cial ,a4 ,a41 ,,monohydrat$ ,a4 ,a41 ,,ace',,tum ,,glacia',,le1 ,,acidum ,,ace',,ticum ,g41 ,l41 c4 ! s\r pr9ciple ( v9eg>4 ,v>4 ,comm]cial acetic acid is f\nd "u ! =m ( ! pure acid ( ! *emi/ & ph>maceuti/ 7glacial & dilute71 & ( v9eg>1 ( :i* !re are sev]al v>ieties1 :i* are notic$ "u _! respective heads4 ,s\rces4 ,f]m5t$ liquors2 ! v9eg>s ( comm]ce2 alcoholic liquors2 wood1 f :i* x is obta9$1 z pyroligne\s acid1 by di/illation2 ! comm]cial acetates ( soda1 potassa1 lime1 lead1 copp]1 c4 ,! pure acetic acid ( ! *emi/ & ( comm]ce is almo/ :olly obta9$ f ! acetates1 ei!r by ! action ( a /rong acid1 :i* seizes on ! base1 sett+ ! acid free2 or1 by dry di/illation1 9 :i* ! high degree ( heat employ$ sep>ates ! acetic acid f ! base 9 ! =m ( vap\r4 ,x is also obta9$ by ! oxidation ( alcohol4 ,prep4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal processes at pres5t adopt$ to obta9 pure acetic acid3-- #a4 ,f ! ,acetates 9 ! moi/ way3-- a4 ,f ,,acetate ,,( ,,soda3-- #a4 ,comm]cial acetate ( soda 7i4e41 ! 'pure acetate' ( ! pyroligne\s acid works71 9 cry/als1 is put into ! body ( a /\t copp] /ill1 & a deep cavity be+ made 9 ! c5tre ( ! mass1 ab\t #ce ( sulphuric acid ( a sp4 gr4 ( n less ?an #ahd is p\r$ 92 ! walls ( ! cavity are !n ?r[n 9 ^u ! acid1 & ! :ole briskly agitat$1 = a v %ort "t1 ) a l>ge wood5 spatula2 ! head ( ! /ill is next lut$ on1 & ! di/illation conduct$ at a g5tle heat1 ! receiv] be+ *ang$ z soon z ! di/illate beg9s to acquire a slight empyreumatic od\r4 ,! product1 :5 ! process is well manag$1 is an almo/ col\rless acid ( ! sp4 gr4 ( fully #aje1 conta9+ ab\t #dj ( glacial acid1 or betwe5 #cd & #ce ( anhydr\s acid4 ,any trace ( col\r or empyreuma is remov$ by agitation ) "s well-wa%$ & rec5tly ignit$ vegetable *>coal1 or ) a v small quantity ( rec5tly ignit$ purifi$ animal *>coal1 & subsequ5tly pass+ x ?r\gh a prep>$ calico bag-filt]2 or by all[+ x to /&1 = ab\t a =tnight1 9 b>rels conta9+ "s bee*-wood *ips2 aft] :i* x is ready = sale1 ei!r z ! ord9>y acetic acid or pure pyroligne\s acid ( comm]ce1 or 7on dilution1 c47 z v9eg>4 #b4 ,! acid ( sp4 gr4 #aje 7obta9$ z above7 is di/ill$ ) fus$ *loride ( calcium1 ! di/illate be+ run into a refrig]ator2 ! cry/als t =m are dra9$ at a temp]ature bel[ #dj or #de ,fahr41 & aft] removal to a w>m] temp]ature1 :]e !y liquefy1 & agitation ) a little p]oxide ( lead1 are submitt$ to a second di/illation1 z be=e2 & ?is is repeat$ until ! :ole ( ! acid cry/allises at #ea ,fahr4 ,! product is ! glacial acetic acid ( comm]ce4 ,obs4 ,! above are ! processes usually adopt$1 on ! l>ge scale1 9 ?is c\ntry4 #c4 7,m4 ,moll]at's process--)\t di/illation47 ,pure comm]cial acetate ( soda1 9 co>se p[d]1 is plac$ 9 a h>d glaz$ /onew>e or glass pan or receiv] set 9 a cool situation1 & #ce or #cf ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 ( ! sp4 gr4 #ahdc1 add$1 9 su* a mann] t ! acid may fl[ "u ! p[d]1 & little heat be g5]at$ by ! op]ation2 ! :ole is !n all[$ to rema9 9 contact 7cov]$7 = "s h\rs1 :5 cry/all9e gra9s ( sulphate ( soda are f\nd cov]+ ! bottom & sides ( ! vessel1 & hydrat$ acetic acid1 p>tly liquid & p>tly 9 cry/als1 ! upp] portion4 ,! temp]ature be+ n[ slightly rais$ to a po9t j suffici5t to cause ! liquefaction ( ! cry/als ( acetic acid 7i4e41 to f #fb to #fe ,fahr471 ! fluid is p\r$ (f1 & a v small quantity ( pure acetate ( lime add$ to x gradually1 until x ceases to yield any trace ( free sulphuric acid on evaporation4 ,aft] suffici5t repose x is c>efully decant$ = use4 ,an excell5t comm]cial /rong acetic acid is ?us obta9$1 )\t di/illation1 ow+ to ! insolubility ( sulphate ( soda 9 acetic acid2 & f :i* glacial acid may be procur$ by refrig]ation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! process be badly manag$1 or ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts be n c>efully obs]v$1 ! product w be contam9at$ ) ei!r a little sulphuric acid or sal9e matt]4 ,x is also important to ! success ( ?is process t x be p]=m$ 9 a cool ap>tm5t1 & 9 well-cool$ vessels4 ,p]fectly pure acetic acid may easily be obta9$ by rectification f ?is acid4 ,! above plan ( sup]s$+ a tr\blesome di/illation is "o ( ! greate/ improvem5ts yet introduc$ into ! manufacture ( acetic acid4 #d4 7,liebig's process47 ,pure acetate ( soda1 ?or\ghly dri$ & f9ely p[d]$1 #c p>ts1 is plac$ 9 a capaci\s retort1 & pure conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 #ig p>ts1 p\r$ ov] x ?r\gh ! tubulature4 ,"o eigh? ( ! acetic acid passes ov] by ! heat develop$ by ! reaction ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,! heat ( a s& ba? is next appli$ & cont9u$ until ! cont5ts ( ! retort become q liquid4 ,! di/illate1 c>efully rectifi$1 yields two p>ts ( pure acid1 conta9+ only #bj p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,on expos+ ! latt] portion :i* comes ov] 9 a clos$ vessel to a temp]ature bel[ #dj ,fahr41 cry/als ( hydrat$ acetic acid are deposit$4 ,! weak]1 or liquid portion1 be+ p\r$ (f1 ! cry/als are aga9 melt$ & re-cry/allis$ by cool+4 ,! cry/als ( ! la/ op]ation1 sep>at$ f ! liquid1 & c>efully dra9$ 9 a cool & clos$ vessel1 are p]fectly pure hydrat$ acetic acid4 ,obs4 ,! above is an excell5t process = obta9+ a *emically pure acid4 ,! excess ( sulphuric acid left f ! process may be recov]$ by di/illation2 or ! :ole residuum may be employ$ 9 a second di/illation ) fre% acetate4 ,illu/ration3 7,c47 ,a ,liebig's ,cond5s]4 7,! o!r ref]5ce lett]s are self-explanatory47 ,al?\gh a retort is recomm5d$ by ,liebig = ! di/illation1 & is usually adopt$1 on ! small scale1 = ! purpose1 a flask clos$ by a cork p]=at$ by two tubes1 z exhibit$ by ! engr41 w be f\nd m conv5i5t & safe2 z ! product is !n less likely to be contam9at$ by ! 'spirt+' ( ! +r$i5ts ov] ! brim ( ! vessel4 ,! heat ( a diffus$ gas-flame may also be (t5 advantage\sly sub/itut$ = a s& ba?4 b4 ,f ,,acetate ,,( ,,pota%3-- #a4 ,acetate ( pota% 7fus$ & p[d]$7 is plac$ 9 a /ill1 or o!r suitable vessel1 & #ej ( ! /ronge/ sulphuric acid 7'oil ( vitriol' ( fully #ahd sp4 gr47 be+ add$1 ! mixture is di/ill$ to dryness1 z be=e4 ,! product is #ej to #ea ( ! weight ( ! acetate employ$1 ) a sp4 gr4 ( ab\t #ajgce to #ajgd1 conta9+ ab\t #ff ( anhydr\s acetic acid1 or ne>ly #hj ( ord9>y glacial acid4 ,by rectification f a little dri$ acetate ( lead a p]fectly pure acid ( almo/ any /r5g? may be obta9$4 ,! +r$i5ts are ne>ly 9 equiv4 proportions4 c4 ,f ,,acetate ,,( ,,lead3-- #a4 7,ure47 ,take ( dri$ acetate ( lead1 #d p>ts2 /ronge/ oil ( vitriol1 #a "p4 ,di/il sl[ly to dryness4 ,ne>ly equal to ! la/4 #b4 7,liebig47 ,acetate ( lead1 #c p>ts2 sulphuric acid1 #h p>ts2 z be=e4 #c4 7,dollfuss' ,conc5trat$ ,acetic ,acid47 ,take ( dri$ acetate ( lead1 #ab oz42 sulphuric acid1 #f oz42 di/il #g ounces4 d4 ,f ,,acetate ,,( ,,lime3-- #a4 7,*ri/l47 ,raw acetate or pyrolignate ( lime 7prep>$ by ,vlckel's process71 #ajj p>ts1 is mix$ ) hydro*loric acid 7#bj ,baum1 or sp4 gr4 #aaeae71 #abj p>ts2 & aft] #ab h\rs1 di/ill$ 9 a copp] vessel1 ) a gradually appli$ heat4 ,! product is #ajj p>ts or lbs4 ( acetic acid ( #h ,baum 7sp4 gr4 #ajeef71 conta9+ ab\t #dg ( hydrat$ acid1 only slightly col\r$ & empyreumatic1 fit = v>i\s manufactur+ purposes4 ,! advantage ( ?is process is ! l[ price ( hydro*loric acid1 & ! product n be+ contam9at$ ) sulphuric or sulphur\s acid4 ,obs4 ,x w be f\nd t pyrolignate ( lime g5]ally conta9s #fj to #gj ( neutral acetate2 b %\ld x conta9 ei!r m or less1 a proportionate quantity mu/ be employ$4 ,:5 ! prop] proportions are us$ ! di/illate gives only a sc>cely p]ceptible turbid cl\d :5 te/$ ) nitrate ( silv]4 ,if ! hydro*loric acid us$ has ! sp4 gr4 #aaf1 a less quantity be+ employ$1 ! product w h ! sp4 gr4 ( #ajeh to #ajfa1 & w !n conta9 f #dh to #ea ( ! monohydrate1 or #da or #db ( anhydr\s acetic acid4 ,! res9 sometimes f\nd float+ on ! mix$ +r$i5ts %\ld be c>efully remov$1 by skimm+1 be=e di/illation4 ,z acid ( ! above /r5g? is r>ely requir$1 & z ! di/illation is m easily conduct$ :5 ! +r$i5ts are less conc5trat$1 a little wat] may be conv5i5tly add$ ei!r be=e or t[>ds ! end ( ! di/illation4 ,h5ce ! foll[+ proportions h be5 recomm5d$3-- #b4 7,vlckel47 ,acetate ( lime 7z la/71 #ajj p>ts2 hydro*loric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aaf71 #ij to #ie p>ts2 wat]1 #be p>ts2 mix1 & proce$ z be=e4 ,prod4 #if to #ih p>ts ( an excell5t acid1 well adapt$ to trad+ purposes1 hav+ a sp4 gr4 ab\t #ajej1 & conta9+ ne>ly #dj ( hydrat$ acetic acid4 ,x has be5 correctly rem>k$1 t ! acetic acid produc$ ) hydro*loric acid is always ( bett] quality ?an t produc$ ) sulphuric acid2 be+ n only less col\r$1 b also entirely free f sulphur\s acid4 ,! di/illation uni=mly proce$s ) ease & regul>ity1 & ! :ole ( ! acetic acid passes ov] betwe5 #bab & #bdh ,fahr42 by :i* ! dang] ( contam9ation ) o!r products1 result+ f a high degree ( heat1 is obviat$4 #c4 ,an ,acetic acid suffici5tly /rong & pure = _m ord9>y purposes may be obta9$ )\t di/illation1 by p\r+ /rong sulphuric acid1 #fj p>ts1 dilut$ ) wat]1 #e p>ts1 on well-dri$ acetate ( lime1 #ajj p>ts2 dige/+1 ) occasional agitation 9 a close vessel1 decant+ ! cle> liquid1 & /ra9+ ! rema9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a1 ,furnace4 ,b ,b ,b ,b1 ,glass receiv]s4 ,c1 ,/onew>e retort4 ,d1 ,bottle conta9+ v9eg>4 ,e ,e ,e ,e1 ,bas9s conta9+ wat]4 ,f ,f ,f ,f1 ,supports = bas9s4 ,g1 ,welt] safety-tube4 ,h1 ,supply-pipe ( cold wat]4 ,i ,i ,i ,i1 ,cocks to supply wat] to ! bas9s4 ,j1 ,wat] ma94 ,l1 ,adapt] connect+ retort & globes4 ,,ii4 ,f ! ,acetates by dry di/illation ) a sulphate3-- a4 ,f ,,acetate ,,( ,,lead3-- #a4 ,acetate ( lead 7dri$71 #e p>ts2 & sulphate ( iron 7g5tly calc9$71 #b p>ts2 are sep>ately p[d]$2 & aft] ?or\gh mixture1 c>efully di/ill$1 by ! heat ( a s& ba?1 into a well-cool$ receiv]4 ,an economical process = a /rong acid1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances2 b "o n[ seldom adopt$4 #b4 7,b>dolli]'s ,/rong ,acet\s acid47 ,dri$ acetate ( lead1 #aj oz42 calc9$ gre5 vitriol1 #ab oz42 z ! la/4 b4 ,f ! ,,acetates ,,( ,,copp]3--,by sub/itut+ acetate or diacetate ( copp]1 9 equiv4 proportions1 or bett] ) excess ( ! sulphate4 ,seldom us$4 c4 ,f ,,acetate ,,( ,,pota%1 z ! la/4 ,,iii4 ,f ! ,acetates p] se3-- a4 ,f ,,acetate ,,( ,,copp]3--,,aromatic ,v4dagg]2 ,,_s ,,( ,,v]digrisdagg]2 ,,spiritus ,,v5',,erisdagg]1 ,l42 ,,esprit ,,de ,,v5us1 ,fr42 ,,acidum ,,ace',,ticum1 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghg47 ,process4 ,c>efully dry cry/allis$ v]digris 7diacetate ( copp]7 by a v g5tle heat1 & introduce x into a l>ge /onew>e retort 7see engr471 ! bottom ( :i* has be5 previ\sly coat$ ) a mixture ( clay & horse-dung1 to r5d] x m capable ( /&+ ! fire4 ,next place x 9 a suitable furnace1 & connect x1 by an adapt]1 ) #c or #d d\ble tubulat$ globes1 ! la/ ( :i* mu/ be furni%$ ) a v]tical tubulature1 to :i* a d\ble ,welt]'s safety-tube %\ld be adapt$2 ! o!r end be+ imm]s$ 9 a bas9 half-fill$ ) di/ill$ v9eg> or wat]1 :ile ! funnel portion communicates ) ! atmosph]e4 ,!n place ea* globe 9 a bas9 ( wat]1 kept cool by a /ream con/antly pass+ ?r\gh x2 & cov] ! upp] portion ) clo?s kept cont9ually wet ) cold wat]4 ,aft] #ae or #bj h\rs1 fire may be appli$1 & mu/ be s regulat$ t ! drops foll[ ea* o!r ) consid]able rapidity f ! end ( ! adapt]1 :il/ ! bubbles ( air cause no inconv5i5ce at ! o!r end ( ! app>atus4 ,if o!rwise1 ! fire mu/ be damp$ a little4 ,! op]ation %\ld be cont9u$1 & ! fire gradually increas$1 until vap\r ceases to come ov]1 kn[n by ! globes gradually cool+1 not)/&+ ! heat ( ! furnace4 ,! op]ation be+ conclud$1 ! :ole may be all[$ to cool1 & ! acid collect$ prep>atory to rectification4 ,?is may be effect$ 9 a simil>ly arrang$ app>atus1 except t x mu/ be :olly ( glass2 & ! retort %\ld n be mu* m ?an half-fill$4 ,! op]ation mu/ n[ be v c>efully conduct$1 & discont9u$ be=e b>ely ! :ole ( ! acid has di/ill$ ov]2 z ! la/ portion is apt to injure ! flav\r & col\r ( ! re/4 ,! fir/ portions :i* come ov] are v weak1 & %\ld be kept sep>ate1 until ! sp4 gr4 rea*es to ab\t #acgb1 :5 ! receiv] %\ld be *ang$1 & ! product collect$ 9 sep>ate portions1 z notic$ bel[4 ,obs4 ,good diacetate ( copp] yields1 by c>eful managem5t1 at a temp]ature ( #djj to #efj ,fahr41 fully "o half its weight ( a gre5i%-col\r$ acid1 ( ! sp4 gr4 ( ab\t #ajfa1 conta9+ above #ej ( hydrat$ acetic acid1 or #dc ( anhydr\s acid4 #bj lbs4 ( ! ord9>y acetate yields #i-c_/d lbs4 ( ?is r\gh acid1 leav+ a residuum ( ab\t #f-a_/b lbs4 ( metallic copp] mix$ ) a little *>coal1 9 ! retort2 ! rema9d] 7ne>ly #b_/aj?s ( ! acid 9 ! acetate7 be+ decompos$ by ! heat1 & lo/4 ,?is #i-c_/d lbs4 ( crude acid yields by rectification1 & divid+ ! products1 #a_/b lb4 ( acid ( ! sp4 gr4 #ajbc2 #c lbs4 ( ! sp4 gr4 #ajdb2 & #f lbs4 ( ! sp4 gr4 #ajfe2 exclusive ( a little acetone :i* comes ov] ) x4 ,9 ! fir/ di/illation1 ! /ronge/ acid is f\nd 9 ! ?ird receiv]1 & ! weake/ 9 ! fir/4 ,! acid obta9$ 9 ?is way is always accompani$ ) a little fragrant pyro-acetic _s2 :i* r5d]s x pref]able = aromatic v9eg> & p]fum]y4 ,x dissolves camphor1 res9s1 & ess5tial oils ) facility4 ,?is is "o ( ! olde/ me?ods ( obta9+ glacial acetic acid1 & ! product is /ill pref]r$ = "s purposes4 ,x is ! ,,radical ,,v9eg> ( ! al*emi/s1 & x is t :i* is pref]r$ by ! p]fum]s4 ,well-dri$ acetate ( lead1 or ( iron1 z well z sev]al o!r acetates1 may be sub/itut$ = acetate ( copp] 9 ! above process2 b are less economical & conv5i5t4 ,9 all cases1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid ov]-fir+1 z !reby ! quantity obta9$ is less5$1 & ! quality injur$4 ,! residuum ( ! di/illation is pyrophoric & frequ5tly inflames spontane\sly1 on exposure to ! air4 ,due caution mu/ be !re=e obs]v$ reg>d+ x4 ,,iv4 ,f ,wood1 by dry di/illation4 ,see ,,pyroligne\s ,,acid4 ,! prep>ation ( ! purifi$ acid1 by conv]t+ x into an acetate1 & subsequ5t di/illation ) a /rong acid1 is notic$ above4 ,illu/ration ,v4 ,f ,alcohol4 7,,alcohol ,,v9eg>1 ,,g]man ,,acetic ,,acid47 ,9 a bell-glass1 or an oblong glass case1 p]=at$ %elves are arrang$1 a few in*es ap>t1 "o above ano!r1 on :i* are plac$ a numb] ( small flat di%es ( porcela91 e>!nw>e1 or wood4 ,^! di%es are fill$ ) _s ( w9e or dilute alcohol2 & ov] ea* is susp5d$ a wat*-glass or capsule conta9+ a portion ( plat9um-black2 ! :ole be+ arrang$ s t ! plat9um-black & ! surface ( ! alcohol are n m ?an #a-a_/b to #b in*es ap>t4 ,/rips ( por\s pap] are next s hung 9 ! case1 t _! bottom edges are imm]s$ 9 ! _s1 to promote evaporation2 & la/ly1 ! app>atus1 loosely cov]$1 is set 9 a light place at a temp]ature ( f #gj to #ij ,fahr4--! sun%9e1 :5 conv5i5t4 ,9 a %ort "t ! temp]ature ( ! plat9um rises1 & ! =mation ( acetic acid beg9s2 & ! cond5s$ vap\r trickles d[n ! sides ( ! glass & collects at ! bottom ( ! case1 :5ce x is remov$ once or twice a day4 7,see engr47 ,! product ( a case ( twelve cubic feet cont5t1 ) #g or #h oz4 ( plat9um-p[d]1 is capable ( produc+ daily1 if well manag$1 ne>ly #aca lb4 ( hydrat$ acetic acid f #a lb4 ( absolute alcohol2 #be lbs4 ( plat9um-p[d] & #cjj lbs4 ( alcohol w1 9 l mann]1 furni% a daily supply ( ne>ly #cej lbs4 ( pure acid1 & ( o!r /r5g?s 9 proportion4 ,!oretically1 ! product %\ld be #acj p>ts ( ! hydrat$ acid = e #ajj p>ts ( alcohol consum$2 b ?is is nev] q obta9$ 9 practice1 ow+ to a small portion ( ! alcohol mix+ ) ! newly =m$ acid1 & escap+ decomposition2 & f ano!r small portion ( bo? ! alcohol1 & ( ! newly =m$ aldehyd1 be+ c>ri$ (f by ! air t p]meates ! app>atus4 ,! plat9um-p[d] does n wa/e1 & ! mo/ inf]ior _s may g5]ally be employ$4 ,rationale4 ,9 ?is process1 ! alcohol 7z 9 o!r cases ( acetification7 is fir/ conv]t$ into aldehyd2 & ?is1 z rapidly z =m$1 absorbs oxyg5 & passes into hydrat$ acetic acid4 ,! simultane\s =mation ( aldehyd dur+ ! oxyg5ation ( t already =m$1 may be detect$ by its od\r4 ,obs4 ,dur+ ! mutual action ( ! plat9um-black & ! vap\r ( alcohol1 ! temp]ature increases1 & cont9ues to d s until all ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! air enclos$ 9 ! case is consum$1 :5 ! acetification /ops4 ,on op5+ ! case = a %ort "t1 to admit ( a fre% supply ( air1 ! op]ation recomm5ces1 ?us %[+ its dep5d5ce on ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,= ?is transmutation1 #ajj gra9s ( alcohol require #ga gra9s 7equal to #bjj cubic in*es7 ( oxyg51 or ab\t #ajjj cubic in*es ( atmosph]ic air4 ,to r5d] ! process cont9u\s & rapid1 a fre% supply ( air mu/1 !re=e1 be con/antly provid$4 ,?is may be effect$ by ei!r hav+ a loosely cov]$ op5+ at ! top ( ! case1 & sev]al mu* small] ones ne> its l[] "p2 or 7& pref]ably7 by means ( two small glass tubes pass+ ?r\gh ! lid or cov]1 "o ( :i* t]m9ates j bel[ ! po9t ( ins]tion1 :il/ ! o!r divides into bran*es :i* rea* to )9 a %ort di/ance f ! bottom1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,9 ?is way a v sl[ curr5t ( fre% air w always be kept up 9 ! app>atus4 ,illu/ration ,9 practice1 we f9d1 t by loosely spread+ ! plat9um-black on pieces ( plat9um-gauze1 & support+ ^! on small tripods or b>s ( glass or porcela9 7or ev5 wood71 ! wat*-glasses & _! tr\blesome susp5sion may be disp5s$ )2 z also may be ! /rip ( por\s pap]1 provid$ a temp]ature ( n less ?an #ij ,fahr4 be ma9ta9$ 9 ! case or acetifi]1 :i* may easily be done by ! application ( artificial heat 9 ! abs5ce ( sun%9e4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 a case ( wood ) a glass ro(1 or ev5 a well-season$ cask or vat may be employ$1 9 :i* case ! temp]ature ( ! app>atus mu/ be kept up ei!r by means ( /eam-pipes or flues1 or by ! supply ( w>m air4 ,on ! small scale1 a h& bell-glass plac$ on a di%1 ) a s+le wat*-glass or piece ( plat9um-gauze1 & a s+le capsule conta9+ alcohol1 may be us$1 provid$ ! bell-glass be support$ on ?ree v small w$ges1 to admit ( a supply ( air4 ,a modification ( ?is is sometimes employ$1 9 :i* ! alcohol is suppli$1 9 drops1 to ! plat9um-black1 by means ( a long1 tubul> funnel pass+ ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! bell-glass1 & hav+ its l[] extremity drawn to a v f9e po9t1 z %[n 9 ! engr4 ,to ensure success1 ! plat9um-black %\ld be ei!r fre%-prep>$1 or rec5tly wa%$ & v g5tly heat$1 be=e plac+ x 9 ! acetifi]4 ,spongy plat9um1 ?\gh ord]$ by _m *emical compil]s1 does n answ] well = ?is process4 ,by ! above elegant & economical process1 p]fectly pure acetic acid ( consid]able /r5g? may be produc$ f ev5 impure alcohol2 b x is impossible 9 ?is way to obta9 a conc5trat$ acid )\t a subsequ5t op]ation1 because ! action ( plat9um-black on absolute alcohol1 or ev5 on /rong alcohol1 is s viol5t t ! plat9um soon beg9s to gl[1 & inflammation ensues4 ,un=tunately ! rev5ue laws ( ?is c\ntry1 until lately1 /ood 9 ! way ( ! adoption ( ?is beautiful process1 unless duty-paid alcohol or me?ylat$ _s be employ$2 b !re is no /atute t prev5ts an individual employ+ pure _s1 ( any /r5g?1 on ! small scale1 = private consumption4 ,9 ,g]many1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 v9eg> is manufactur$ on ?is plan1 & f ! l[ price ( crude alcohol !re1 x w no d\bt prove ultimately to be ! *eape/ s\rce ( bo? pure acetic acid & cul9>y v9eg>s4 ,,vi4 ,miscellane\s ,=mul3-- #a4 ,an excell5t acetic acid1 ( consid]able /r5g?1 may be made by soak+ fre%-burnt & p]fectly dry *>coal 9 common v9eg>1 & !n subject+ x to di/illation4 ,! wat] comes ov] fir/1 & on increas+ ! heat1 ! acid foll[s4 ,v9eg>-bottoms & wa/e v9eg> may be us$4 #b4 ,by expos+ v9eg>1 or dilute acetic acid1 to ! air 9 v cold wea!r1 or to freez+ mixtures1 ! wat] sep>ates 9 ! =m ( ice1 & ! /rong acetic acid may be obta9$ by dra9+ x into suitable glass vessels1 obs]v+ to d s at a temp]ature suffici5tly l[ to keep ! wat] solid4 ,said to answ] well 9 cold climates4 #c4 ,acetic acid conta9+ #bj ( wat] may be depriv$ ( a good deal ( its sup]flu\s wat] by /&+ ov] dry sulphate ( soda4 7,liebig47 ,x may !n be us$ ei!r ) or )\t di/illation4 #d4 ,acetic acid1 ( ord9>y /r5g?1 may be conc5trat$ to any degree1 by rectification once1 or (t5]1 f dry acetate ( pota% or soda1 reject+ ! fir/ & la/ portions4 ,! same acetate may be us$ repeat$ly4 ,! temp]ature ne$ n exce$ #djj1 & mu/ n rise above #egj ,fahr4 ,,acetic ,,acid4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,aceticum4 ,wat] mix$ ) #cc ( hydrat$ acetic acid4 ,prep>$ by di/ill+ acetate ( soda ) sulphuric acid4 ,col\rless s\r liquid4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajdd4 ,prop4 ,pure hydrat$ acetic acid is a ?91 col\rless liquid above #fb ,fahr42 at #ej to #ee x cry/allises 9 l>ge1 brilliant1 col\rless1 transp>5t ne$les & plates1 & ev5 at #fj if a cry/al ( ! acid be dropp$ 92 at #dj x is a solid cry/all9e mass4 ,sp4 gr4--liquid1 #ajfc 7,moll]at7 to #ajfce 7,mohr72#c--;cry/allis$1 #aace at #ee ,fahr4 7,ure74 ,od\r1 int5sely pung5t :5 conc5trat$1 b grateful1 fragrant1 & refre%+1 :5 diffus$2 ta/e1 int5sely s\r & acrid1 becom+ agreeable & refre%+1 on suffici5t dilution ) wat]2 volatile2 inflammable1 burn+ ) a :ite flame2 vap\r ( boil+ acid highly combu/ible2 dissolves camphor1 res9s1 gum res9s1 volatile oils1 gelat91 gliad91 coagulat$ album51 & fibr9 7z muscle or ! crassam5tum ( ! blood72 x coagulates case91 b n liquid album5 7z ! s]um ( ! blood & :ite ( egg73 miscible ) alcohol1 e!r1 & wat] 9 all proportions2 boils at #bdh ,fahr42#d & is decompos$ at a r$ heat4 ,its salts are call$ ,,acetates 7:i* see74 ,footnote #c3 #ajfd--;,h4 ,m4 ,witt 7,ure's ',dict41 ( ,arts1 ,m4 ,m41' #e? ed472 #ajfc to #ajfe--,muspratt 7',*emi/ry1 ,!or4 ,prac41' p4 #b72 #ajfbif--,p]eira 7#d? ed472 #ajfbi--;,br&e2 #ajfb--,ure2 #ajeg--;,b]zelius 7',jahr4 b]41' xvi1 #aib73--v>iations evid5tly aris+ f diff]5ce ( purity 9 ! acid exam9$1 or f diff]5ce ( temp]ature4 ,! sp4 gr4 #ajhj1 ) o!r numb]s giv5 by ,pr(4 ,lehmann 7',*emi/ry1' ,day's ,transl471 is probably a mispr9t4 ,footnote #d3 ,?is is ! boil+-po9t giv5 by ! be/ au?orities1 & confirm$ by ,g]h>dt 7',*imie ,organique1' i1 #gah74 ,ure made x #bcj7;an error correct$ 9 #e? ed471 ,lehmann says #bdcadj1 & o!rs give x at #bce1 #bdj1 c4 ,an acid ( ab\t #hj 7sp4 gr4 #ajgc to #ajgdc71 its maximum d5sity1 boils at #bai to #bbj ,fahr4 ,*>41 ,te/s1 c4--#a4 ,free acetic acid r$d5s litmus pap]1 l ! o!r acids2 & may be readily recognis$ by its od\r & volatility3--#b4 ,sesqui*loride ( iron be+ add$1 & ! acid !n ne>ly saturat$ ) ammonia1 ! fluid acquires a deep d>k-r$ col\r4 ,e/im4 ,see ,,acetimetry4 ,organic mixtures t _c be ?us te/$1 or f :i* ! acid _c be obta9$ by simple di/illation1 may be neutralis$1 if acid1 ) c>bonate ( lime1 boil$ = a few m9utes1 cool$1 filt]$1 ! lime precipitat$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & ! :ole submitt$ to di/illation1 :5 ! acid cont5ts ( ! di/illate may be e/imat$ z above4 ,pur4 ,by heat1 x escapes 7entirely7 9 vap\r2 no?+ is precipitat$ on ! addition ( ei!r hydrosulphuric acid1 nitrate ( silv]1 or *loride ( b>ium4 ,sometimes x is contam9at$ ) sulphur\s acid1 :i* may be recognis$ by putt+ a fluid dra*m ( ! acid1 mix$ ) an ounce ( di/ill$ wat] & half a dra*m ( pure hydro*loric acid1 also a few pieces ( granulat$ z9c1 into a flask4 ,:ile eff]vesc5ce cont9ues susp5d a slip ( :ite blott+-pap]1 moi/5$ ) solution ( sub-acetate ( lead1 9 ! upp] "p ( ! flask above ! liquid1 = ab\t five m9utes4 ,! pap] %\ld n be discol\r$1 & ?us indicate ! abs5ce ( sulphur\s acid4 ,adult4 ,! acetic acid ( ! %ops is *iefly adult]at$ ) wat]4 ,sulphur\s acid & lead are accid5tal contam9ations2 t ( ! latt] (t5 rea*es #b1 mak+ ! acid poison\s4 ,phys4 eff41 c4 ,9 its conc5trat$ /ate x is a corrosive & an acrid poison4 ,tak5 int]nally1 x acts by dissolv+ ! animal tissues1 & by ?us de/roy+ ! organisation causes dea?1 l ! o!r acids4 ,9 ! dilute =m x acts z a /imulant1 rubefaci5t1 alt]ative1 refrig]ant1 & es*>otic4 ,uses4 ,acetic acid is mu* employ$ by ! *emi/ & ph>maceuti/1 9 ! manufacture ( v>i\s prep>ations1 & 9 analysis2 by ! p]fum]1 9 ! composition ( sev]al ( 8 mo/ refre%+ & agreeable sc5ts2 & 9 m$ic9e1 z an antiseptic1 /imulant1 rubefaci5t1 alt]ative1 refrig]ant1 & es*>otic4 ,acetic acid 7,b4 ,p47 appli$ by means ( a piece ( rag ti$ to ! end ( a small /ick1 is a ne>ly c]ta9 cure = r+-worm & scaldhead--"o or two applications g5]ally effect+ a cure1 & ! sev]e sm>t+ x causes is only ( %ort duration2 z a cau/ic1 x removes w>ts & corns2 a piece ( l9t or blott+-pap] wett$ ) x & appli$ to ! sk9 7evaporation be+ prev5t$71 =ms a useful extemporane\s bli/]4 ,x 0 once employ$ z a dis9fectant2 b is n[ only us$ z a fumigation1 to disguise ! unpleasant smell ( ! sickroom & cr[d$ assemblies4 ,x is a popul> refre%+ sc5t 9 fa9t+s1 asphyxia1 & n]v\s heada*e2 & is a valuable rubefaci5t1 a/r+5t1 & local /imulant4 ,x is also us$ z a rubefaci5t & cau/ic 9 vet]9>y practice4 ,9 ! arts1 ! comm]cial acid 7pure pyroligne\s acid7 is us$ by ! engrav] to et* 8 plates2 z an antiseptic 9 pickl+ & pres]v+ animal & vegetable sub/ances us$ z food1 & anatomical prep>ations2 9 dye+ & calico pr9t+1 & 9 ! manufacture ( m$icat$ v9eg>s & o!r ph>maceutical prep>ations4 ,9 ! dilute /ate1 its prop]ties & applications are simil> to ^? ( ord9>y v9eg>1 & are notic$ "u t head4 ,poison+ f acetic acid is r>e4 ,:5 conc5trat$1 x is capable1 by its corrosive & solv5t action1 ( p]=at+ ! coats ( ! /oma* & dige/ive canal2 & x col\rs ! mucus ( ^! organs by ! *emical action x ex]ts ^u ! blood4 ,v9eg> 9 an excessive quantity acts 9 a simil> way1 b 9 a slight] degree4 ,! treatm5t & antidotes are simil> to ^? direct$ 9 cases ( poison+ by ! o!r acids4 ,see ,,poisons4 ,duty1 ,excise1 c4 ,see ,,v9eg>4 ,g54 comm5t>y4 ,acetic acid1 on ! l>ge scale1 is pr9cipally prep>$ f acetate ( soda1 :i* yields by a comp>atively inexp5sive1 & n a difficult op]ation1 an acid suffici5tly /rong & pure = comm]cial purposes1 )\t ! necessity ( rectification4 ,9 ?is process %all[ vessels ( wood or ( copp] =m$ )\t rivets or sold] 7except silv] sold]7 9 ^? p>ts expos$ to ! action ( ! acid1 are g5]ally employ$ = ! purpose ( ! di/illation4 ,a coil ( drawn copp] pipe1 heat$ by /eam hav+ a pressure ( #cj to #dj lbs4 to ! in*1 trav]ses ! bottom ( ! app>atus1 to imp>t ! necess>y heat4 ,! refrig]ator consi/s ( well-cool$ e>!nw>e1 ,b]l9 w>e1 or glass vessels2 & ! adopt] pipe is also ( ! same mat]ials4 ,ano!r common =m1 :i* is ev5 /ill m conv5i5t1 is a /\t copp] /ill1 furni%$ ) a ca/-iron jacket to hold high-pressure /eam1 ! usual refrig]atory be+ employ$4 ,9 a few in/ances ! space betwe5 ! /ill & jacket is fill$ ) s&1 oil1 tall[1 or fusible metal2 9 :i* case ! app>atus is set 9 brickwork1 & heat$ by a nak$ fire4 ,/ills ( e>!nw>e are also frequ5tly employ$2 & ev5 worms & cond5s]s ( silv]1 or silv]$ copp]1 are sometimes us$1 & ) advantage4 ,) a lead5 worm ! product is always contam9at$ ) a little ( t metal2 ! ef=ts ( ! manufactur] to ! contr>y1 by ! exclusion ( air1 & by reject+ ! fir/ & la/ portions ( ! di/illate1 only less5+ & n prev5t+ ?is evil4 ,a lute 7if any7 compos$ ( l9se$ meal & wat]1 ) or )\t a little p[d]$ pla/] ( p>is1 may be employ$2 b flat b&s & %ort tubes ( well-season$ vulcanis$ india rubb] are inf9itely m conv5i5t & efficaci\s4 ,! +r$i5ts be+ plac$ 9 ! /ill1 & well b ha/ily /irr$ toge!r ) a wood5 spatula1 ! head is lut$ on1 & ! di/illation soon aft]w>ds comm5c$4 ,! *ief c>e n[ %\ld be to increase ! heat gradually z ! di/illation proce$s2 & :5 a /eam-heat is n us$1 to c>efully avoid ov]-fir+1 p>ticul>ly t[>ds ! close ( ! op]ation4 ,a little acetic e!r is add$ by "s manufactur]s4 ,9 ?is way #d lbs4 ( acid ( ! sp4 gr4 #ajej1 is obta9$ = e #c lbs4 ( acetate ( soda employ$4 ,%\ld rectification be _h rec\rse to1 ! addition ( ab\t #b or #c ( bi*romate ( pota%1 p]oxide ( manganese1 or r$ oxide ( lead1 w remove empyreuma1 if pres5t4 ,! fir/ ( ^! sub/ances is ! mo/ effective2 ! p[] ( ! o!rs be+ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are pr9t$4 ,9 di/ill+ ! weak] acids & v9eg>s1 x is f\nd useful to add f #be to #cj ( *loride ( sodium1 :i*1 by rais+ ! boil+-po9t ( ! liquid1 all[s ! acid ! m freely to pass ov] 7,/e972 b ?is addition proves disadvantage\s :5 any sulphuric acid is pres5t1 9 :i* case sulphate ( soda may be employ$ in/ead4 ,if ?is addition be n made1 ! :ole ( ! acid _c be obta9$ )\t di/illation to dryness1 & ! g5]ation ( empyreuma4 ,on ! small scale1 glass retorts are usually direct$ to be us$1 b glass alembics or flasks are m conv5i5t & safe1 z already notic$4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ! pure acid1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! acetate ( soda does n conta9 common salt1 z ! c>bonate ( soda prep>$ by calc9ation1 & frequ5tly us$ to =m ! acetate1 is g5]ally contam9at$ ) x1 & yields up its hydro*loric acid or *lor9e dur+ ! process ( di/illation1 ?us vitiat+ ! product4 ,9 all ! me?ods giv5 ! product becomes m conc5trat$ 9 proportion to ! dryness ( ! acetate & ! /r5g? ( ! oil ( vitriol or muriatic acid employ$4 ,by us+ ! "o dry1 & ! o!r conc5trat$1 glacial acid may always be obta9$ by collect+ sep>ately ! la/ two fif?s t come ov]1 & submitt+ ?is to refrig]ation4 ,accord+ to ,mels5s1 pure ,,glacial ,,acetic ,,acid is mo/ advantage\sly obta9$ by di/ill+ pure & dry acetate ( pota% ) an excess ( /rong & mod]ately pure acetic acid1 reject+ t :i* fir/ passes ov]4 ,acetate ( soda may be safely dri$ at a temp]ature ( #djj to #dej1 provid$ c>e be tak5 to avoid ignition f contact ) sp>ks4 ,a less heat is1 h[ev]1 q suffici5t to drive (f ! :ole ( its wat] ( cry/allisation4 ,x is kn[n to be dry by its assum+ ! appe>ance ( a smoo? oily liquid :il/ hot4 ,if1 :il/ heat$1 x emits fumes1 x is suff]+ decomposition4 ,! same applies to ! o!r comm]cial acetates4 ,cry/allis$ acetate ( soda loses ab\t #b_/e?s ( its weight by ?or\gh dry+4 ,:5 acetate ( soda & sulphuric acid are ! +r$i5ts employ$ 9 ! production ( acetic acid1 sulphate ( soda is =m$1 :i*1 9 ! l>ge way1 ! *emi/ returns to ! manufactur] ( acetate ( soda 7i4 e4 to ! pyroligne\s acid mak]71 :o employs x 9 ! decomposition ( fre% acetate or pyrolignite ( lime4 ,9 ?is way ! same soda-salt is employ$ ov] & ov] aga91 act+ m]ely z ! vehicle = ! sep>ation ( ! crude acetic acid 9 ! solid =m1 & its easy & *eap transportation f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,?is +5i\s me?od ( mutual assi/ance result+ f ! application ( *emical sci5ce to provide = ! wants ( ev]yday life1 (f]s "s explanation ( ! extraord9>ily l[ price at :i* acetic acid may n[ be pur*as$4 ,! acetic acid ( comm]ce 7pure pyroligne\s acid7 is almo/ :olly obta9$ f ! acetates ( soda & lime4 ,! pr9cipal supply ( crude acetate 7pyrolignite7 ( soda is f ,am]ica1 ,norway1 & ,sw$52 b mu* is also obta9$ f our home manufactories4 ,see ,,acetification1 ,,acetimetry1 ,,f]m5tation1 ,,pyroligne\s ,,acid1 ,,sodium1 7,acetate (71 ,,v9eg>1 c4 ,m rec5tly1 acetic acid has be5 obta9$ by decompos+ ) hydro*loric acid ! d\ble salt ( *loride ( calcium & acetate ( lime1 m5tion$ by ,fritzs*e 7',ann4 de ,pogg5d1' xxviii1 #abc74 ,= ?is purpose1 solutions ( acetate ( lime & *loride ( calcium are mix$ & evaporat$1 ! comb9$ salts readily cry/allis+ 9 l>ge ne$les4 ,^! are fre$ f ! "m-liquor & di/ill$ ) common muriatic acid4 ,! acid furni%$ by ?is me?od requires r$i/illation1 & is1 moreov]1 contam9at$ ) "s ( ! fatty products always pres5t 9 ! crude pyrolignite4 ,anhydr\s ,acetic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,acetic ,,anhydride4 ,acetic acid depriv$ ( ! elem5ts ( wat]4 ,acetic ,acid4 ,wat]4 ,acetic ,anhydride4 #b;,c#b;,h#d,o#b - ,h#b,o ,c#d;,h#f,o#c4 ,aromat'ic ,acetic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,v9eg>2 ,a4 ,,_s ,,( ,v42 ,,acidum ,,ace',,ticum ,,aromat',,icum1 ,l4--,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 #ahci47 ,dri$ rosem>y & origanum1 ( ea* #a oz42 lav5d] fl[]s1 #a_/b oz42 bruis$ cloves1 #a_/b dr42 acetic acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajfh71 #a-a_/b p9t2 mac]ate = #g days1 express1 & filt]4 ,a fragrant & refre%+ p]fume4 ,omitt$ 9 ,ph4 ,e4 #ahda & ,p4 ,b4 #ahfg4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 #ahag47 ,z ! la/1 b us+ di/ill$ v9eg> in/ead ( ! /rong acid ( ! ,ph>macopoeia4 ,inf]ior4 #c4 7,p4 ,cod4 #ahci7 ,camphor1 #b oz42 oil ( lav5d]1 #aj gr42 oil ( c9namon1 #bj gr42 oil ( cloves1 #cj gr42 conc5trat$ acetic acid1 #a p9t4 ,v fragrant & refre%+4 #d4 7,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg2 ,cod4 ,m$4 ,hamb4 #ahde47 ,oil ( cloves1 #a dr42 oils ( lav5d] & citron1 ( ea* #b scrup42 oils ( b]gamot & ?yme1 ( ea* #a scrup42 oil ( c9namon1 #aj drops2 /ronge/ acetic acid1 #a oz42 mix4 ,limpid2 yell[-br[n2 highly fragrant & refre%+4 ,see ,,acetic ,,acid 7,camphorat$71 & ,,v9eg> 7,aromatic74 ,beaufoy's ,acetic ,acid4 ,a sup]ior comm]cial acetic acid 7i4 e4 purifi$ pyroligne\s acid71 hav+ a sp4 gr4 ( ab\t #ajdd2 or conta9+ ab\t #bh ( real acetic acid1 or #cb to #cc ( ! hydrat$ acid4 ,same /r5g?1 c41 z ,,acetic ,,acid ,p4 ,b4 ,cam'phorat$ ,acetic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,camphorat$ ,,v9eg>2 ,,acidum ,,ace',,ticum ,,camphora',,tum1 ,l4--,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 #ahda47 ,camphor1 #a_/b oz42 pulv]ise x by means ( a few drops ( _s ( w9e1 & !n dissolve x 9 acetic acid 7,ph4 ,e471 #f-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahej47 ,camphor1 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a fl4 dr42 pulv]ise1 & dissolve 9 /rong acetic acid 7acid4 acet4 =t4 ,ph4 ,d471 #aj fl4 oz4 ,obs4 ,?is prep>ation is int5d$ z a sub/itute = ! aromatic acetic acid ( ! %ops & previ\s ph>macopoeias4 ,x is also useful z an embrocation1 9 rheumatism & neuralgia2 z an extemporane\s vesicant & c\nt]-irritant2 & z a fumigation 9 fev]s1 c4 ,dilute' ,acetic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,aceticum ,,dilu',,tum1 ,l4 ,acetic acid1 #a p9t2 di/ill$ wat]1 #g p9ts2 mix1 ,sp4 gr4 #ajjf4 ,"o fluid ounce corresponds to #af gra9s ( anhydr\s acid 7#cfc p] c5t474 ,glacial ,acetic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,aceticum ,,glaciale4 ,acetate ( soda1 #bj oz41 is liquefi$ by a g5tle heat1 /irr$ till x becomes pulv]ul5t1 & !n fur!r heat$ until x fuses2 x is at once remov$ f ! fire1 &1 :5 cool1 ! mass is brok5 up1 plac$ 9 a #c-p9t /opp]$ retort connect$ ) a ,liebig's cond5s]1 & !n treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 #h fl4 oz4 ,:5 ! di/illation slack5s heat is to be appli$1 & ! process cont9u$ until #f fl4 oz4 ( acetic acid h pass$ ov]4 ,if a little ( ! product /rikes a blue col\r :5 mix$ ) a solution ( iodate ( potassium conta9+ mucilage ( />*1 ! :ole product mu/ be agitat$ ) p]fectly dry black oxide ( manganese1 #a_/d oz41 & r$i/ill$4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajfe2 conta9s #he ( anhydr\s acid4 ,,acetic ,,anhydride4 ,see ,,anhydr\s ,,acetic ,,acid4 ,,acetica4 ,l4 ,m$icat$ v9eg>s4 ,,acetidux1 ,dr ,,delf]',s4 ,made by ,dll+]1 ( ,b]l94 ,= ! radical & pa9less removal ( w>ts1 corns1 h>d sk91 c4 ,a solution ( #e grms4 ( *romic acid 9 #ae grms4 ( wat]4 7,s*dl]47 ,,acetification4 ,syn4 ,,acetifacio1 ,l42 ,,acetification1 ,fr42 ,,essigma*51 ,,e9sa,,ern1 ,g]4 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! act or process ( conv]t+ into v9eg>2 also ! /ate ( und]go+ su* conv]sion4 ,acetic acid is produc$ ei!r by ! p>tial dehydrog5ation & subsequ5t oxidation ( bodies conta9+ its elem5ts1 or by _! de/ructive di/illation4 ,! fir/ is effect$--by _! exposure1 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 to ! action ( air or atmosph]ic oxyg51 z 9 ! quick process ( mak+ v9eg>2 or--by submitt+ !m1 9 comb9ation ) f]m5ts1 to contact ) a free supply ( atmosph]ic air1 z 9 ! old field process ( mak+ v9eg>2 or--by exposure to ! direct action ( *emical or me*anical oxidiz+ ag5ts1 z cond5s$ air 7plat9um-black process71 *romic & nitric acid1 c4 ,9 g5]al1 x is alcohol m or less dilute1 p>ticul>ly z x exi/s 9 f]m5t$ liquors1 :i* is ?us conv]t$ into acetic acid4 ,9 ! second process 7de/ructive di/illation71 wood is ! sub/ance usually employ$1 & heat is ! ag5t :i* develops ! acid4 ,! conv]sion ( alcohol into acetic acid is n imm$iate & direct4 ,! atmosph]ic oxyg5 fir/ oxidises two atoms ( its hydrog51 aldehyd & wat] be+ =m$2 & ?is aldehyd unit+ ) "o atom ( oxyg5 produces "o molecule ( ,,acetic ,,acid4 ,! *anges are repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ equations3-- ,alcohol4 ,oxyg54 ,aldehyd4 ,wat]4 #a4 ,c#b;,h#f,o ,o ,c#b;,h#d,o ,h#b,o ,aldehyd4 ,oxyg54 ,acetic ,acid4 #b4 ,c#b;,h#d,o ,o ,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b ,aft] ! fir/ =mation ( aldehyd1 ! two processes1 unless artificially *eck$1 g on simultane\sly1 z long z any undecompos$ alcohol is pres5t4 ,! conv]sion ( alcohol into acetic acid1 al?\gh greatly accel]at$ by ! pres5ce ( nitrog5is$ organic matt] 7accord+ to ,muld]1 ( a fungus--! ,mycod]ma ,v9i or ,v9eg> ,plant71 is r a case ( eremacausis 7sl[ combu/ion7 ?an ( f]m5tation4 ,acetification effects comb9ation1 z %[n by ! =ego+ equations1 :]eas f]m5tation resolves complex bodies into simpl] ones1 e4g4 sug> into alcohol & c>bonic anhydride4 ,moreov]1 ! pres5ce ( f]m5ts is n ess5tial to ! *ange1 s9ce pure alcohol becomes acetifi$ :5 expos$ to ! oxidis+ ag5ts already nam$4 ,ano!r rem>kable di/9ction betwe5 acetification & f]m5tation is1 t ! =m] requires ! cont9u$ pres5ce ( atmosph]ic oxyg52 :il/ ! v9\s f]m5tation aft] be+ once e/abli%$1 proce$s p]fectly )\t x4 ,dur+ ! oxidation ( ! alcohol ( vegetable solutions1 "s ( ! o!r organic matt]s pres5t also suff] *ange4 ,a :ite gelat9\s mass 7"m ( v9eg>7#e is commonly deposit$2 b ?is is a second>y result ( ! process1 & n1 z =m]ly suppos$1 "o ess5tial to x4 ,9 ord9>y cases acetification occurs only at or ne> ! surface ( ! liquid2 :i* acc\nts = ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = ! op]ation "u ! old process ( 'field+1' & ! %ort] "t 9 :i* x is accompli%$ by ! improv$ process ( ,mr ,ham4 ,x proce$s favorably at temp]atures rang+ f #fj to #ij ,fahr42 & mo/ rapidly at #ie ,fahr4 7,liebig74 ,9 ! 'quick process' ( mak+ v9eg> a temp]ature ( #ij to #ib is g5]ally aim$ at2 b x (t5 rises to #ajj1 or ev5 to #aje1 ,fahr4 ,z ! temp]ature falls acetification proce$s m sl[ly1 & at #df to #ej ,fahr4 x ceases altoge!r 7,liebig74 ,footnote #e3 ,x has g5]ally be5 ass]t$ t ?is sub/ance conta9s vibriones1 & o!r l[ =ms ( organis$ life2 b ,muld] describes x1 "u ! "n mycod]ma aceti1 z a plant ( ! ord] 'fungi4' ,x is =m$ at ! exp5se ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! v9eg>1 & (t5 causes :ole vats ( x to pass into wat]4 ,aldehyd 7see above7 is an exce$+ly volatile sub/ance1 & easily dissipat$ by a slight heat4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( ! highe/ importance to duly regulate ! temp]ature1 z well z ! supply ( air1 dur+ acetification4 ,9 ! 'quick process' ( mak+ v9eg> ! loss f ?is cause is always consid]able1 & (t5 v great4 ,?is loss may be dim9i%$ by pass+ ! heat$ air1 z x escapes f ! acetifi]1 ?r\gh a porcela9 or silv]$ copp] worm or refrig]ator1 set 9 a *amb] conta9+ wat] ( a temp]ature n high] ?an #dj to #de ,fahr42 ! connection be+ made at ! l[] end ( ! worm1 :il/ ! upp] end is op5 to ! air4 ,on ! small scale1 z 9 ! plat9um-black process1 ! loss may be almo/ entirely prev5t$ by caus+ ! upp] air tube to pass ?r\gh a vessel conta9+ ice or a freez+ mixture2 or by unit+ x ) ! l[] end ( a ,liebig's cond5s]4 ,9 liquors und]go+ ! v9\s f]m5tation1 a portion ( ! newly =m$ alcohol is inv>iably acetifi$ :5ev] ! temp]ature rises above #ea ,fahr42 & at a high] temp]ature1 ?is proce$s ) a rapidity (t5 highly injuri\s to ! quality ( ! liquor4 ,9 ?is way !re is frequ5tly a useless loss ( ! alcohol1 :i* is r5d]$ m app>5t by ! incipi5t1 & sometimes ! actual1 s\r+ ( ! liquor4 ,,acetim',,etry4 ,syn4 ,,acetom',,etry2 ,,ac,,tom,,trie1 ,fr42 ,,acetime',,tria1 c41 ,l4 ,! art or process ( det]m9+ ! quantity ( pure acetic acid 9 v9eg>1 or 9 any o!r liquid4 ,! plans g5]ally adopt$ = ?is purpose are-- ,i4 ,f ! saturat+ p[] ( ! acid1 z 9 ! common me?ods ( acidimetry3-- #a4 ,! molecul> weight ( comm]cially pure bic>bonate ( pota%1 9 cry/als1 be+ #ajj1 :il/ t ( absolute acetic acid is #fj1 x is evid5t t e t5 gra9s ( ! bic>bonate w exactly equal #f gra9s ( ! acid4 ,to apply ?is practically1 we h only to exactly neutralise #ajj gr4 ( ! v9eg> or solution "u exam9ation ) ! bic>bonate1 obs]v+ ! usual precautions2 !n1 z #aj is to #f1 s is ! numb] ( gra9s us$1 to ! p]-c5tage /r5g? requir$4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r l cases1 x is conv5i5t to =m a te/-solution ) ! bic>bonate1 by dissolv+ x 9 suffici5t wat] to fill ! #ajj divisions ( any simple =m ( 'acidimet]1' z a1 b1 or c2 :5 ! quantity ( ! solution1 &1 consequ5tly1 ( ! salt us$1 may be read (f at once f ! graduat$ portion ( ! tube4 ,/ill great] accuracy may be obta9$ by dissolv+ ! bic>bonate 9 exactly #ajjj gr4 ( di/ill$ wat] conta9$ 9 a ',s*u/]'s alkalimet]1' previ\sly v c>efully weigh$2 9 :i* case ea* gra9 ( ! te/-solution w indicate #a_/aj? ( a gra91 or #ja ( absolute acetic acid1 :il/ e #aj gra9s w be equal to #a gra91 or #a4 ,illu/ration ,! te/-solution may also be prep>$ f bic>bonate ( soda1 or f ! c>bonates ( soda or pota%1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! quantity ( ! salt dissolv$ be 9 proportion to its molecul> weight4 #b4 7,br&e47 ,a small piece ( :ite m>ble1 clean & dry1 is weigh$1 & !n susp5d$ by a silk ?read 9 a weigh$ sample 7say #ajj or #ajjj grs47 ( ! v9eg> or acid "u exam9ation2 ! action be+ promot$ by occasionally /irr+ ! liquid ) a glass rod1 until ! :ole ( ! acid is saturat$1 z %[n by no fur!r action on ! m>ble be+ obs]vable on close inspection4 ,! m>ble is !n )drawn1 wa%$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 dri$ & weigh$4 ,! loss 9 weight :i* x has su/a9$ w be ne>ly equal to ! acetic acid pres5t1 or /rictly1 z #ej 7m>ble7 to #fj 7absolute acetic acid74 ,! only precautions requir$ are1 to avoid /rik+ ! piece ( m>ble ) ! rod :il/ /irr+ ! solution1 or caus+ loss ( sub/ance 9 x aft] its )drawal2 & to all[ ample "t = ! action ( ! acid on x4 ,if ! sample consi/s ( /rong acid1 x %\ld be dilut$ ) twice or ?rice its weight ( wat] be=e susp5d+ ! m>ble 9 x4 #c4 7,ure47 #ajj gra9s ( ! sample "u exam9ation is slightly r$d5$ ) t9cture ( litmus1 & ammonia ( ! sp4 gr4 #jiib is add$ drop by drop 7f an acetimet] hold+ #ajjj wat]-gr4 measure1 divid$ into #ajj divisions7 until precise neutralisation is effect$1 indicat$ by ! blue col\r ( ! litmus be+ re/or$4 ,! numb] ( ! divisions ( ! acetimet] us$1 multipli$ by #fj1 & ! fir/ two "r-h& figures ( ! product cut (f z decimals1 gives a numb] :i* repres5ts ! exact quantity ( absolute acetic acid 9 ! sample4 ,9 practice1 x is f\nd m conv5i5t to keep ! te/-ammonia ready t+$ ) litmus4 ,! mode ( e/imat+ ! p]-c5tage ( acetic acid 9 be]s1 :5 f9d+ _! orig9al gravities1 is a slight modification ( ! above4 ,a te/-solution ( ammonia is prep>$ ( su* a /r5g? t a giv5 bulk ( x w exactly neutralise "o p] c5t4 ( absolute acetic acid 9 an equal bulk ( be]1 s t1 if #ajj fluid gra9s ( ! solution are suffici5t to neutralise ! acid 9 #ajjj fluid gra9s ( be]1 su* be] conta9s "o t5? p] c5t4 ( acid4 ,a solution ( ammonia1 dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat] until x has ! sp4 gr4 #iihf at #fj1 is ( ! exact /r5g? requir$4 ,an acetimet] hold+ #ajjj gra9s1 & graduat$ d[nw>ds to #ajj equal divisions1 is fill$ to #j ( ! scale ) ! te/-ammonia1 :i* is !n add$1 drop by drop1 to #ajjj measur$ gra9s ( ! be]1 until neutralisation takes place4 ,e division ( ! acetimet] 7correspond+ to t5 fluid gra9s71 s empti$1 indicates #ja p] c5t4 ( acetic acid 9 ! be]4 ,! progress ( ! neutralisation is te/$ f "t to "t ) a slip ( r$d5$ litmus pap]1 :i* %\ld be suff]$ to become fa9tly blue be=e ceas+ to add ! ammonia4 ,by ?is me?od ! exact p]-c5tage ( absolute acetic acid 9 any sample may be accurately det]m9$4 ,! only precaution necess>y is to be c]ta9 t ! 'te/-ammonia' has ! requir$ sp4 gr4 7#iihf74 ,te/-solutions may also be prep>$ ) pure pota% or pure soda4 ,,ii4 ,f ! specific gravity ( ! liquid aft] x has be5 neutralis$ ) hydrate ( lime3-- ,common hydrate ( lime 7fre%ly slak$ lime71 9 p[d]1 is add$ gradually to ! sample "u exam9ation1 until x is saturat$1 :5 ! sp4 gr4 ( ! result+ cle> solution ( acetate ( lime is tak5 by ,taylor's ,,acetimet]4 ,?is in/rum5t is s adju/$ & graduat$ z to float at ! m>k on ! /em call$ 'pro(1' 9 a solution conta9+ #e ( absolute acetic acid 7,no4 #bd v9eg>74 ,= v9eg>s /rong] ?an pro( small weights are provid$1 ea* ( :i* indicates an additional #e p] c5t4 ,to asc]ta9 ! p]-c5tage ( real acid1 #e mu/ !re=e be add$ to ! acetimet] numb]4 ,?us1 )\t be+ load$1 ! in/rum5t1 float+ at ! 'pro( m>k1' indicates a v9eg> ( #e2 ) "o weight1 a v9eg> ( #aj2 ) two weights1 #ae1 & s on4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em ( notation1 ea* #e is call$ a 'v9eg>4' ,an acid ( #aj is said to conta9 two v9eg>s2 "o ( #ae1 ?ree v9eg>s1 c4 ,x is also common to speak ( ! degrees ( ! acetimet] z pro( or ov]-pro(4 ,?us1 ,no4 #bd v9eg> is said to be pro(2 "o ( #e acetimet] degrees1 #e ov]-pro(2 "o ( #aj degrees1 #aj ov]-pro(1 c4 ,= malt & w9e v9eg>s1 :i* conta9 glut5 & mucilage1 ?is me?od is n /rictly accurate1 z a portion ( ^! sub/ances escapes precipitation by ! lime1 & consequ5tly alt]s ! specific gravity4 ,a small weight m>k$ ',m' is g5]ally suppli$ ) ! acetimet]s = try+ su* v9eg>s4 ,,iii4 ,f ! specific gravity3-- ,! sp4 gr4 ( ! sample 7c>efully det]m9$ by any ( ! usual me?ods7 is s\ght 9 "o ( ! foll[+ ,tables1 :5 ! correspond+ p]-c5tage cont5t ( acetic acid is at once se54 ,?is me?od furni%es reliable results only ) pure1 or ne>ly pure solutions :i* d n conta9 mu* above #ej ( glacial acid1 or :i* h a sp4 gr4 n high] ?an #ajfb4 ,x is also m to be dep5d$ on = weak solutions ?an /rong ones4 ,by c>efully dilut+ a /rong acid ) an equal weight1 or twice or ?rice its weight ( wat]1 & all[+ ! mixture to aga9 acquire its normal temp]ature1 ! sp4 gr4 may be tak5 z a guide 9 all cases 9 :i* great accuracy is n requir$4 ,:5 su* dilution is made x only becomes necess>y to multiply ! indication furni%$ 9 ! ,tables by #b1 #c1 or #d1 z ! case may be4 ,z1 h[ev]1 au?orities are n agre$ z to ! precise sp4 gr4 ( ! monohydrate or glacial acid1 & ( its solutions1 extreme accuracy mu/ n be expect$ by ?is me?od4 ,,table ,i4--,adapt$ to ! ,specific ,gravities ( common v9eg>4 ,by ,messrs ,j4 & ,p4 ,,taylor4 p] sp4 gr4 c5t4 #ajjhe conta9s ( anhydr\s or real acetic acid #e #ajagj #aj #ajbeg #ae #ajcbj #bj #ajdgj #cj #ajehj #dj ,,table ,,ii4--,exhibit+ ! quantity ( ,,absolute or ,,glacial ,,acetic ,,acid 7,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b71 9 acetic acid ( successive /r5g?s4 ,by ,mr ,,cooley4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,absolute ,absolute ,absolute ,absolute ,acetic ,sp4 ,gr4 ,acetic ,sp4 ,gr4 ,acetic ,sp4 ,gr4 ,acetic ,sp4 ,gr4 ,acid1 ,acid1 ,acid1 ,acid1 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,pure acid1 #ge #ajgca #di #ajeic #bc #ajcbj or #ajj #ajfcj #gd #ajgcb #dh #ajehb #bb #ajcaa #ii #ajfdh #gc #ajgbh #dg #ajefh #ba #ajbib #ih #ajffc #gb #ajgba #df #ajeeg #bj #ajbge #ig #ajfgg #ga #ajgah #de #ajeec #ai #ajbfd #if #ajfhe #gj #ajgac #dd #ajedd #ah #ajbec #ie #ajfif #fi #ajgaa #dc #ajece #ag #ajbda #id #ajgjd #fh #ajgjh #db #ajebe #af #ajbbi #ic #ajgjh #fg #ajgjb #da #ajeah #ae #ajbah #ib #ajgae #ff #ajgja #dj #ajeac #ad #ajbjj #ia #ajgba #fe #ajfic #ci #ajejb #ac #ajagc #ij #ajgbf #fd #ajfib #ch #ajdib #ab #ajagb #hi #ajgbi #fc #ajfhe #cg #ajdhb #aa #ajafa #hh #ajgcj #fb #ajfgi #cf #ajdgc #aj #ajaej #hg #ajgca #fa #ajfge #ce #ajdfj #ji #ajaca #hf #ajgcb #fj #ajfgb #cd #ajddi #jh #ajaba #he #ajgcc #ei #ajffe #cc #ajdci #jg #ajajb #hd #ajgcd #eh #ajffb #cb #ajdbe #jf #ajjhe #hc #ajgcdc #eg #ajfec #ca #ajdac #je #ajjga #hb #ajgce #ef #ajfde #cj #ajdjb #jd #ajjeg #ha #ajgch #ee #ajfda #bi #ajcib #jc #ajjdb #hj #ajgdc #ed #ajfcb #bh #ajchj #jb #ajjbe #gi #ajgdb #ec #ajfbh #bg #ajcfd #ja #ajjab #gh #ajgdj #eb #ajfaf #bf #ajceb ,pure #ajjjj #gg #ajgci #ea #ajfaj #be #ajcda wat]4 #gf #ajgcf #ej #ajfjb #bd #ajccj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,conclud+ rem>ks4 ,be=e apply+ ! above processes1 acc\nt %\ld be tak5 ( any m9]al acid :i* may be pres5t 9 ! sample1 su* be+ n unfrequ5tly add$ to v9eg> to imp>t artificial /r5g?2 & 9 ^? dep5d+ on ! sp4 gr41 gum1 glut51 c41 mu/ also be all[$ =4 ,! me?ods dep5d+ on ! saturat+ p[] ( ! acid w be f\nd appropriate to acetic acid ( all /r5g?s1 :5 unadult]at$ ) ! m9]al acid4 ,! me?od bas$ on ! sp4 gr4 is also v conv5i5t1 & is suffici5tly accurate = di/ill$ v9eg>s & = pure acids ( mod]ate /r5g?4 ,x is f\nd t ! decimal fraction ( ! sp4 gr4 ( pure or ne>ly pure v9eg> is d\bl$ by its conv]sion into acetate ( lime4 ,?us1 #ajjhe 9 v9eg> becomes #ajagj :5 conv]t$ into a solution ( acetate ( lime4 ,9 malt v9eg>1 h[ev]1 #jjje may be d$uct$ f ! sp4 gr4 = mucilage & glut54 ,! quantity ( =eign matt] pres5t 9 v9eg> may !re=e be approximatively asc]ta9$1 by d$uct+ ! decimal ( ! sp4 gr4 ( ! solution ( acetate ( lime f d\ble t ( ! decimal "p ( ! sp4 gr4 ( ! v9eg>4 ,?us3--! sp4 gr4 ( a sample ( v9eg> be+ #ajad1 & aft] saturation ) hydrate ( calcium #ajbc1 ! sp4 gr4 ( ! pure v9eg> w\ld be #ajji1 & t due to =eign matt] #jje4 ,=-- #jbh - #jbc #jje &-- #ajad - #jje #ajji ,! reason :y pro(-v9eg> is call$1 9 comm]ce1 ,no4 #bd1 is t #a fl4 oz4 ( x requires exactly #bd gr4 ( pure anhydr\s c>bonate ( soda to neutralise x4 ,weak] v9eg>s are repres5t$ 9 ! same 'notation' by ! ,nos4 #bb1 #bj1 #ah1 c41 accord+ to _! respective /r5g?s e/imat$ by _! saturat+ p[]4 ,,acet9e4 ,an ess5ce = ! removal ( corns4 ,conc5trat$ v9eg> 7#ajd sp4 gr47 slightly t+$ ) fu*s9e1 #ae grms4 7,hag]47 ,,acet9e1 ,,ho*/ett]',s4 ,prep>$ by ,j4 ,c4 ,f4 ,witte1 ,b]l94 ,a rem$y = corns1 w>ts1 & h>d sk94 ,dilut$ v9eg>1 col\r$ ) blue c>m9e1 #af grms4 7,s*ld]47 ,,acetolats4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,esprits ,,ac,,tiques4 ,9 ,fr5* ph>macy1 m$icat$ v9eg>s obta9$ by di/illation4 ,,acetoles4 ,fr4 ,9 ,fr5* ph>macy1 m$icat$ v9eg>s obta9$ by mac]ation4 ,,acet\s ,,f]m5tation4 ,see ,,acetification4 ,,acetum4 ,l4 ,v9eg>4 ,,acetyl4 ,syn4 ,,acetyle4 ,a "n orig9ally giv5 to a hypo!tical body1 hav+ ! =mula ,c#b;,h#c1 & reg>d$ by ,b]zelius z ! radical ( ! acetates & _! cong5]s4 ,! acetyl ( ,g]h>dt 7,c#b;,h#c,o7 is1 h[ev]1 accord+ to t *emi/1 ! true radical ( ! acetates4 ,williamson1 9 ord] to remove ! confusion ( t]ms occasion$ by ! application ( ! same "n to comp\nds ( diff]5t composition1 propos$ ! title ( o?yl = ! radical ,c#b;,h#c,o4 ,,a*>4 ,see ,,pickles4 ,,aceiile',,ine 7-k7il-74 ,a peculi> bitt] pr9ciple obta9$ f a*ill a millefolium 7,l9n471 or y>r[4 ,a',,*or1 7-k7or74 ,gr4 ,see ,,scald-,,head4 ,,a*romat',,ic 77ak-ro-74 ,syn4 ,,a*romatique1 ,fr4 ,9 optics1 devoid ( col\r2 bodies t transmit light )\t decomposition1 & consequ5tly1 )\t ! =mation ( col\r$ r+s or fr+es2 appli$ to comp\nd l5ses1 prisms1 c41 & to in/rum5ts fitt$ ) !m4 ,,acro',,matism4 ,syn4 ,,a*romatisme1 ,fr4 ,9 optics1 ! /ate ( be+ a*romatic2 ! abs5ce ( col\r$ fr+es 9 ! images ( objects se5 ?r\gh a l5s or prism4 ,light is n homog5e\s1 b decomposable by refraction1 absorption1 or reflection1 into col\r$ rays ( unequal refrangibility4 ,a ray ( :ite light1 9 pass+ ?r\gh a glass prism1 is entirely sep>at$ into ! col\r$ rays =m+ ! 'prismatic spectrum1' & :5 x passes ?r\gh a l5s1 an analog\s resolution into col\r$ rays /ill occurs1 ?\gh n s readily obs]v$1 & t to an ext5t (t5 incompatible ) di/9ct vision4 ,n[1 if a convex l5s be reg>d$ z a numb] ( prisms unit$ by _! bases r\nd a common c5tre1 & a concave l5s1 z a simil> numb] ( prisms ) _! apices 9 contact1 ! action ( l5ticul> & prismatic glasses on light w be r$uc$ to a common pr9ciple4 ,a beam ( light ?r[n on a simple conv]g+ l5s n only suff]s refraction at ! sph]ical surface 7,,sph]ical ,,ab]ration71 b ! diff]5t col\r$ rays ( :i* x is compos$1 f ! causes m5tion$1 be+ unequally b5t or refract$1 div]ge f _! orig9al c\rse 7,,*romatic ,,ab]ration71 =m+ z _m foci on ! axis ( ! l5s z !re are col\rs1 & fall sep>ately1 in/ead ( toge!r1 on ! eye or object :i* receives !m4 ,h5ce arise ! col\r$ fr+es or halos t surr\nd objects view$ ?r\gh ord9>y glasses1 & :i* =m ! great imp$im5ts to ! con/ruction ( p]fect l5ses4 ,?is effect1 l ! refractive p[] & focal di/ance1 v>ies 9 degree 9 diff]5t diaphan\s sub/ances4 ,! correction ( ! *romatic ab]ration ( l5ses is commonly effect$ by comb9+ two1 or m1 made ( mat]ials possess+ diff]5t 'disp]sive' p[]s4 ,?us1 ! spectrum =m$ by fl9t glass is long] ?an t =m$ by cr[n glass1 = ! same deviation4 ,:5 ! two are comb9$1 s z to =m a comp\nd l5s1 ! "o t5ds to correct ! 'disp]sion' ( ! o!r4 ,on ?is pr9ciple ,,a*romatic ,,glasses are g5]ally =m$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a convex l5s ( cr[n glass is comb9$ ) a weak] concave l5s ( fl9t glass1 ! latt] c\nt]act+ ! disp]sion ( ! =m]1 )\t mat]ially int]f]+ ) its refractive p[]4 ,! result+ comb9ation is n absolutely a*romatic1 b is suffici5tly s = all ord9>y purposes4 ,accord+ to ,dr ,blair1 a comp\nd l5s p]fectly a*romatic = ! int]m$iate1 z well z = ! extreme rays1 may be made by conf9+ c]ta9 fluids1 z hydro*loric acid1 betwe5 two l5ses ( cr[n glass4 ,9 ord] to produce ne>ly p]fect a*romatism 9 ! object-glasses ( telescopes1 microscopes1 cam]as1 c41 a concave l5s ( fl9t glass is commonly plac$ betwe5 two convex l5ses ( cr[n or plate glass1 ! adjac5t surfaces be+ cem5t$ ) ! pure/ ,canada balsam1 to prev5t ! loss ( light by reflection f s _m surfaces4 ,obs4 ,! production ( p]fect a*romatism 9 l5ses is a subject n less fraught ) difficulty ?an ) practical importance to ! a/ronom]1 ! m>9]1 ! microscopi/1 & ! photograph]2 & x has h5ce engag$ ! att5tion ( ! lead+ ma!maticians & arti/s ( ,europe up to ! pres5t "t4 ,all ! l>g] object-glasses lately manufactur$ are said to consi/ ( only two l5ses2 ! result+ a*romatism prov+ suffici5tly exact = all useful purposes4 ,^? ( rec5t production h come *iefly f ! work%ops ( ,dollond1 ( ,london1 & ! opticians ( ,bav>ia & ,switz]l&4 ,! a*romatism ( prisms dep5ds ^u ! same pr9ciples1 & x is effect$ 9 ! same way z t ( l5ses4 ,,acic',,ul>4 ,ne$le-%ap$2 sl5d] or %>p po9t$2 spicul>2 9 botany1 appli$ to leaves1 & 9 *emi/ry1 to cry/als4 ,! la/ are also sometimes t]m$ ,,acic',,ul4 ,,acid1 ,syn4 ,,acidum1 ,l42 ,,acide1 ,fr42 ,,acido1 ,ital42 ,s,,ure1 ,g4 ,9 famili> language1 any sub/ance possess+ a s\r ta/e4 ,9 *emi/ry1 sub/ances are said to be acid1 or to h an acid reaction1 :5 !y are capable ( turn+ blue litmus r$4 ,9 *emi/ry1 also1 ! t]m acid is appli$ to a v l>ge class ( comp\nds conta9+ hydrog5 7hydrog5 salts71 & 9 :i* "o or m atoms ( t elem5t may be replac$ by an equival5t quantity ( a metal or o!r basic radical2 e4g4-- #a4 ,! "o atom ( hydrog5 9 hydro*loric acid 7,h,cl7 may be replac$ by sodium1 produc+ ! salt sodium *loride 7,na,cl74 #b4 ,! "o atom ( hydrog5 9 nitric acid 7,,hno#c7 may be replac$ by silv]1 produc+ ! salt silv] nitrate 7,ag,n,o#c74 #c4 ,"o atom ( hydrog5 9 acetic acid 7,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b7f may be replac$ by ! basic radical ammonium 7,,nh#d71 produc+ ! salt ammonium acetate 7,,nh#d;,c#b;,h#c,o#b74 ,footnote #f3 ,symbols indicat+ ! numb] ( atoms ( replaceable hydrog5 occupy ! =emo/ position 9 ! =mul ( acids1 z %[n 9 ! text4 ,acids :i*1 l ^? m5tion$ 9 ! =ego+ examples1 conta9 "o atom ( replaceable hydrog5 are call$ monobasic2 ^? :i* conta9 two su* atoms 7e4g4 sulphuric acid1 ,h#b,,s#d2 t>t>ic acid1 ,h#b;,c#d;,h#d,o#f71g dibasic2 ^? :i* conta9 ?ree su* atoms 7e4g4 phosphoric acid1 ,h#c,,po#d2 citric acid1 ,h#c;,c#f;,h#e,o#g71g tribasic2 & s on ) acids ( high] basicity4 ,acids ( great] basicity ?an unity are frequ5tly t]m$ polybasic4 ,footnote #g3 ,see footnote1 p4 #bf4 ,besides conta9+ replaceable or basic hydrog51 acids are fur!r *>act]is$ by ! prop]ty ( comb9+ ) alkaloids to =m salts2 e4g4-- ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,qu9ia4 ,h#b,,s#d #b;,c#bd;,h#bd,n#b,o#b ,qu9ia ,sulphate4 7,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o#b7b 4 ,h#b,,s#d ,acetic ,acid4 ,morphia4 ,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b ,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c ,morphia ,acetate4 ,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c 4 ,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b ,dibasic ,acids4 ,see ,,acid4 ,fatty ,acids4 ,acids sep>able f fats or oils2 e4g4 /e>ic acid1 oleic acid1 butyric acid1 c4 ,inorganic ,acids4 ,same z ,,m9]al ,,acids 7:i* see74 ,m9]al ,acids4 ,acids *iefly or :olly d]iv$ f ! m9]al k+dom4 ,9 m$ic9e1 sulphuric1 hydro*loric1 & nitric acids1 are commonly s call$4 ,monobasic ,acids4 ,see ,,acid4 ,organic ,acids4 ,acids =m$ by1 or d]iv$ f organic sub/ances2 e4g4 acetic acid1 t>t>ic acid1 uric acid1 c4 ,polybasic ,acids4 ,see ,,acid4 ,pyro-acids4 ,acids result+ f ! decomposition by heat ( o!r acids1 e4g4 gallic acid1 :5 heat$1 yields pyro-gallic acid4 ,tribasic ,acids4 ,see ,,acid4 ,,acidifica',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,acidifica',,tio1 ,l4 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! act1 process1 or /ate ( acidify+1 or ( mak+1 becom+1 or impregnat$ ) acid4 ,,acidim',,et]4 ,syn4 ,,acidom',,et]2 ,,acidime',,trum1 c41 ,l42 ,,acidim,,tre1 ,fr4 ,an in/rum5t or app>atus employ$ 9 acidimetry4 ,! ord9>y acidimet]s ( ! *emi/ are small tubes1 con/ruct$ to hold exactly #ajjj gra9s ( di/ill$ wat]1 at #fj ,fahr41 )9 ! limits ( _! scale1 :i* is accurately graduat$ into #ajj divisions4 ,!y are us$ to conta9 ! alkal9e solutions 7,,te/-,,liquors1 ,,normal or ,,/&>d ,,solutions7 employ$ 9 ! foll[+ processes4 ,beaum's ,acidimet]1 & o!rs ( ! same class1 are ,,hydromet]s1 & are describ$ "u t 'head4' ,,acidim',,etry4 ,syn4 ,,acidom',,etry2 ,,acidime',,tria1 c41 ,l42 ,,acidim,,trie1 ,fr4 ,! e/imation ( ! /r5g? or quantity ( acid1 9 a free /ate1 conta9$ 9 any liquid4 ,x is ! rev]se ( 'alkalimetry4' ,acidimetrical assays are und]/ood to ref] to ! relative /r5g?s ( ! same acids 7i4 e41 ! quantity ( real acid ( ! same k9d conta9$ 9 ! solutions exam9$71 & n to ! comp>ative /r5g?s ( acids ( diff]5t composition or names4 ,acidimetrical processes4 ,^! are f\nd$ *iefly on ! capacity ( ! acids to saturate ! bases2 &1 9 "s ( ! liquid acids1 on ! specific gravity4 a4 ,,volumetrically3-- #a4 ,! sample ( ! acid to be exam9$ 7#ajj gr41 or any conv5i5t aliquot "p !re(7 is plac$ 9 a suitable glass vessel1 & if x be "o ( ! /rong] acids1 dilut$ ) six or eight times its weight ( wat]1 or if solid 7z oxalic1 or citric acid71 dissolv$ 9 a l quantity4 ,?is liquid is !n exactly neutralis$ ) an alkali4 ,?is po9t is usually det]m9$1 by ! addition ( a small quantity ( litmus solution1 :i* turns j blue :5 ! solution is neutralis$1 b :5 a c>bonate is us$ = ! alkal9e solution1 ! acid mu/ be boil$ a %ort "t aft] ea* addition to expel ! c>bonic acid4 ,! quantity ( ! alkal9e solution consum$ = ?is purpose repres5ts an equival5t quantity ( acid1 & ?us gives u ! acid cont5t ( ! sample "u exam9ation4 ,! common practice is to dissolve "o equival5t ( ! alkal9e te/ 9 gra9s or grammes 9 wat]1 & to make up ! solution to exactly #ajjj p>ts by measure 7i4 e41 #ajjj 'wat]-gra9s' or grammes71 s z to accurately fill ! #ajj divisions ( an acidimet]2 :5 ! quantity1 9 gra9s or grammes1 ( ! sample te/$1 be>s ! same proportion to ! equival5t numb] ( ! acid "u exam9ation1 t ! numb] ( acidimet] divisions ( ! te/-liquor consum$ be> to ! p]-c5tage ( acid s\ght4 ,?us3--suppose #ej gr4 ( a sample ( sulphuric acid take #be acidimet] divisions 7#cjj p>ts or wat]-gra9s measure7 ( ! te/-liquid to neutralise x1 :at is its cont5t ( real acid8 ,! equival5t ( sulphuric acid is #di 7half its atomic weight72 s1 by ! rule ( proportion1 #ej 3 #di 33 #be 3 #bd-a_/b ,x !re=e conta9s #bd-a_/b p>ts ( real sulphuric acid1 9 #ej4 ,if ! #ajjj p>ts or gra9-measures1 in/ead ( ! numb] ( ! acidimet] divisions1 be tak5 = ! calculation1 x w1 ( c\rse1 be necess>y to po9t (f ! fir/ "r-h& figure ( ! result z a decimal4 ,?us2 repeat+ ! above example-- #ej 3 #di 33 #bej 3 #bde ,or1 s9ce ! equival5t ( ! te/-liquid is #ajj1 x w be> ! same proportion to ! equiv4 ( ! acid exam9$ z ! numb] ( ! acidimet] divisions ( ! te/-liquid consum$ 9 neutralis+ #ajj gr41 d to ! p]-c5tage s\ght4 ,?us3--#ej gr4 ( hydro*loric acid take #de acidimet] divisions to effect neutralisation1 :at is its real /r5g?8--,! equiv4 ( hydro*loric acid is #cfe3 !re=e-- #ajj 3 #cfe 33 #de 3 #afdbe &1 s9ce only #ej gr4 7in/ead ( #ajj gr47 7 exam9$-- #afdbe #b #cbhe ,"s op]ators pref] employ+ #ajj gr4 in/ead ( ! equival5t weights ( ! giv5 te/s 9 mak+ _! te/-solutions1 9 :i* case ea* gr4 or #ajjj? "p repres5ts #a_/aj?1 & ea* acidimet] degree #a gr4 ( ! alkali or c>bonate employ$2 :5 a simil> proportion w obta9 to t fir/ above giv54 ,9 te*nical analysis x is m conv5i5t if ! numb] ( acidimet] divisions ( ! 'te/-liquid' consum$ express ! p]-c5tage /r5g? ( ! acid1 )\t fur!r calculation4 ,= ?is purpose ! numb] ( gra9s ( ! acid tak5 = ! assay %\ld correspond to ! equival5t numb] ( su* acid 7see ,table ,i1 bel[72 or to "s conv5i5t aliquot "p ( x1 z ! #a_/b1 #a_/d1 #a_/e1 or #a_/aj?2 ! p]-c5tage answ]1 9 ! la/ case1 be+ d\bl$1 quadrupl$1 c41 accord+ to ! aliquot "p tak54 ,! reason ( ?is is obvi\s4 ,= ! te/-solutions1 ammonia1 & ! dry & cry/allis$ c>bonates & bic>bonates ( pota% & soda1 are us$1 & are made by dissolv+ 9 wat] _! con/itu5ts except ammonia1 ( :i* #ajjj gra9s1 or "o litre1 ( solution ( specific gravity #jiib conta9s exactly "o equival5t4 #ec gra9s 7or grammes7 ( pure anhydr\s c>bonate ( soda1 prep>$ by gradually heat+ to r$ness ! cry/allis$ salt1 con/itute "o equival5t 7half ! atomic weight71 & #fi gra9s 7or grammes7 ( pure dry c>bonate ( pota%4 ,( ! cry/allis$ salt #adc gra9s ( c>bonate ( soda w be requir$1 & #hd gra9s 7grammes7 ( ! cry/allis$ bic>bonate ( soda1 & #ajj ( ! cry/allis$ bic>bonate ( pota%4 ,occasionally solutions conta9+ 9 "o ?\s& p>ts1 #ej ( pure c>bonate ( lime or *alk1 or #bh ( pure cau/ic lime1 are us$4 ,besides ^!1 a process kn[n z ,kief]'s is practis$1 & an ammoniacal solution ( oxide ( copp] is employ$ z ! 'te/-liquor1' & ! 'po9t ( neutralisation' is kn[n by ! turbidity obs]v$ z soon z ! free acid pres5t is completely saturat$4 ,! normal solution or te/-liquor is prep>$ by add+ to an aque\s solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 pure ammonia wat]1 until ! precipitate1 :i* at fir/ =ms1 is j r$issolv$1 c>efully avoid+ excess4 ,or bett]1 by add+ a r /rong solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 to a quantity ( a r /rong solution ( ammonia conta9+ exactly #ag gr41 or "o equiv4 ( pure ammonia1 z long z ! precipitate :i* =ms is r$issolv$ on agitation2 ! result+ liquid be+ aft]w>ds dilut$ ) pure di/ill$ wat]1 until x accurately measures #ajjj wat]-gra9s1 or fills #ajj divisions ( an acidimet]1 at #fj ,fahr4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! /r5g? ( ! result+ 'te/-solution' mu/ be c>efully det]m9$ by means ( /&>d sulphuric acid1 & adju/$1 if necess>y4 ,?is me?od answ]s well ) all ! /rong] acids 7except+ oxalic acid71 ev5 :5 dilute2 & x has ! advantage ( n be+ affect$ by ! pres5ce ( a neutral metallic salt ) an acid reaction1 z sulphate ( copp]1 or ( z9c4 ,besides ?is process a solution ( lime 9 sug> may be us$1 z propos$ by ,m4 ,peligot1 & made z foll[s3-- ,pure cau/ic lime is c>efully slak$ by spr9kl+ ) wat]1 & #ej gra9s 7or grammes71 made up by wat] to a milky solution1 & #ajj gra9s ( pure sug> c&y dissolv$ 9 #ajjj gra9s ( wat]1 are add$1 & ! :ole well %ak54 ,x is all[$ to settle 9 a clos$ bottle1 & ! cle> solution p\r$ (f & dilut$1 until #ajjj gra9s neutralise exactly #ajj gra9s ( pure hydro*loric acid ( sp4 gr4 #aahab4 ,( c\rse x only answ]s ) acids ^: calcium salts are readily soluble 9 wat]4 b4 ,,grav]metrically3-- ,! te/-liquors or /&>d solutions ( ! above me?ods are made up s z to weigh exactly #ajjj gra9s1 in/ead ( to 'measure' #ajj acidimet] divisions4 ,e gra9 ( ! te/-liquor ?us repres5ts #a_/aj? gr4 ( alkali2 & e #aj gr41 #a gr4 ( alkali2 or respectively1 #a_/aj? p] c5t4 & #a p] c5t4 ,! vessel us$ = conta9+ ! solutions is c>efully weigh$ :il/ empty1 & #ajjj gr4 be+ plac$ 9 ! opposite scale1 ! te/-solution1 conta9+ exactly "o equival5t ( base1 is p\r$ 91 & ! :ole made up ) di/ill$ wat] 7if necess>y7 s z to re/ore ! balance to an equilibrium4 ,aft] ! process ( neutralisation1 ! acidimet]1 ) its cont5ts1 is aga9 plac$ 9 ! scales2 its previ\s weight /ill rema9+ !re4 ,! numb] ( gra9s requir$ to re/ore ! equilibrium ( ! balance 7i4e41 ! loss ( weight71 gives ! exact weight ( ! te/-liquor consum$4 ,9 all o!r respects ! process is ! same z 9 ! 'volumetrical me?od' already describ$4 ,ano!r me?od = e/imat+ ! /r5g? ( ! sample ( acid is by weigh+ ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid expell$ dur+ saturation4 7,me?od ( ,fres5ius & ,w47 ,?is dep5ds on ! weight ( gase\s c>bonic acid :i* a giv5 weight ( ! acid-sample "u exam9ation is capable ( expell+ f pure bic>bonate ( soda 7or ( pota%71 :i* is e/imat$ by ! loss ( weight 9 ! acidimet]1 or app>atus1 aft] ! gas1 r5d]$ p]fectly dry by pass+ ?r\gh sulphuric acid1 has escap$ into ! air4 ,,table ,i4--,weights ( ! respective acids equival5t to ! giv5 weight ( ! pr9cipal bases1 hydrog5 be+ tak5 z unity4 #ea ,acetic acid 7anhydr\s74 #fj 7cry/allis$ or glacial74 #ii ,ars5i\s acid 7dry74 #ce ,boracic acid 7anhydr\s74 #ag gr4 ( pure ammonia4#h #fb 7cry/allis$74 #ca anhydr\s soda4#i #bb ,c>bonic acid 7dry74 #dj hydrate ( soda4#i #fg ,citric acid 7cry/allis$74 #ec dry c>bonate ( soda4#aj #he ,gallic acid 7dri$ at #bab74 #adc cry/allis$ c>bonate ( #id 7cry/allis$74 soda4#aa #abg-a_/b ,hydriodic acid 7dry or gase\s74 #hd cry/allis$ bic>bonate #bg ,hydrocyanic acid 7anhydr\s74 ( soda4 #cf-a_/b ,hydro*loric acid 7dry or gase\s74 #dg anhydr\s potassa4#i #aji 7liquid1 sp4 gr4 #aafb74 #ef hydrate ( potassa4#i are #aff-a_/b ,iodic acid4 #fi dry c>bonate ( potassa4#aj exactly #ed ,nitric acid 7anhydr\s74 #ajj cry/allis$ bic>bonate neutralis$ #fc 7liquid1 monohydrat$1 sp4 gr4 ( potassa4 by #aeag to #aeba74 #ej pure *alk4 #fg-a_/b 7liquid1 sesquihydrat$1 sp4 gr4 pure m>ble4 #aejcc to #aejd74 #bh pure cau/ic lime4 #gb 7liquid1 b9hydrat$1 sp4 gr4 #cg hydrate ( lime 7fre%74 #adhf74 #dd dry c>bonic acid 7:5 #ij 7liquid1 sp4 gr #adb74 ! bic>bonate ( #cf ,oxalic acid 7anhydr\s74 potassa or soda is #fc 7cry/allis$74 us$ = te/+ 9 #gb ,phosphoric acid 7anhydr\s74 ! process ( ,fres5ius #ha 7glacial74 & ,w74 #ej ,succ9ic acid 7dry or anhydr\s cry/als74 #bb dry c>bonic acid 7:5 #ei 7ord9>y cry/als74 a dry c>bonate is #dj ,sulphuric acid 7anhydr\s74 us$74 #di 7liquid1 monohydrat$1 sp4 gr4 #ahdhe74 #ge ,t>t>ic acid 7cry/allis$74 #bab ,tannic acid 7c>efully dri$74 ,footnote #h3 #ajjj wat]-gra9s measure ( pure liquor ( ammonia1 sp4 gr4 #jiib1 conta9s exactly #ag gr41 or #a equiv4 ( pure gase\s ammonia4 ,a /&>d liquor ( ?is /r5g? may be mo/ conv5i5tly prep>$ by cauti\s dilution ( a /rong] solution1 until a hydro/atic bead1 correspond+ to ! sp4 gr41 floats indiff]5tly 9 ! middle ( ! new solution1 at #fj ,fahr4 ,by keep+ two hydro/atic beads 9 ! solution--! "o made b>ely to float1 & ! o!r b>ely to s9k--we %all always be able to detect any *ange ( /r5g? or temp]ature :i* x may suff]2 s9ce ! loss ( a s+le hundr$? "p ( a gra9 ( ammonia p] c5t41 or ! diff]5ce ( a s+le degree ( heat1 w cause ! beads to v>y _! positions4 ,to pres]ve its integrity x mu/ be kept 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle4 7,see bel[47 ,footnote #i3 ,^! sub/ances1 z well z 'te/-solutions' conta9+ !m1 mu/ be p]fectly free f c>bonic acid1 & mu/ be c>efully pres]v$ to prev5t ! absorption ( c>bonic acid f ! atmosph]e4 ,mohr /ates t a dilute solution ( ei!r ( !m is be/ pres]v$ 9 a flask or bottle well clos$ ) a cork fitt$ ) a small bulb tube 7resembl+ a *loride ( calcium tube71 fill$ ) a f9ely triturat$ mixture ( sulphate ( soda & cau/ic lime1 & be>+ a v ?9 op5 tube 9 ! exit ap]ture4 ,fres5ius1 & mo/ o!r =eign *emi/s1 pref] 'te/-solutions' ( pure soda4 ,) te/-solutions conta9+ cau/ic alkalies1 exact neutralisation ( an acid is n only m easily effect$1 b m readily p]ceiv$1 p>ticul>ly :5 ei!r solution is t9t$ ) litmus4 ,footnote #aj3 ,prep>$ by gradually heat+ ! pure cry/allis$ c>bonate to r$ness4 ,f be+ uni=m 9 composition1 & easily procur$ or prep>$1 !y are mu* employ$2 pref]5ce be+ usually giv5 to ! soda-salt4 ,footnote #aa3 ,! cry/als mu/ be free f atta*$ wat]1 b n ! lea/ effloresc$4 ,op]4 ,a det]m9$ am\nt ( ! acid "u exam9ation is accurately weigh$ into ! flask ,a 7see engr472 & if x be a conc5trat$ acid1 or a solid1 x is mix$ ) or dissolv$ 9 #f or #h times its weight ( wat]4 ,! little glass tube 7e7 is !n ne>ly fill$ to ! brim ) pure bic>bonate ( soda1 9 p[d]1 & a f9e silk5 ?read is ti$ r\nd ! neck ( ! tube1 by means ( :i* x c be l[]$ d[n into ! flask 7,a71 s z to rema9 p]p5dicul>ly susp5d$ :5 ! cork is plac$ 9 ! latt]2 ! cord be+ held betwe5 ! cork & ! m\? ( ! flask4 ,! flask 7,b7 is next ab\t half fill$ ) oil ( vitriol1 & ! tubes be+ arrang$ 9 _! places1 z repres5t$ 9 ! engr42 & "t hav+ be5 all[$ = ! mixture ( acid & wat] to cool completely1 aft] ! increase ( heat caus$ by mix+1 ! :ole app>atus is v accurately weigh$4 ,! cork 9 ! flask 7,a7 is !n slightly loos5$1 s z to all[ ! little tube conta9+ ! bic>bonate ( soda to fall into ! acid1 & is aga9 in/antly fix$ ,,air-,,tight 9 its place4 ,! evolution ( c>bonic acid n[ comm5ces1 & cont9ues until ! acid 9 ! flask 7,a7 is neutralis$4 ,:5 ?is takes place1 :i* is easily se5 by no bubbles be+ emitt$ on %ak+ ! app>atus1 ! flask 7,a7 is put into hot wat] 7#abj to #acj ,fahr471 & kept !re1 ) occasional agitation1 until ! r5ew$ evolution ( gas has completely ceas$4 ,! little wax /opp] is !n tak5 (f ! tube 7a71 ! app>atus tak5 out ( ! hot wat]1 wip$ dry1 & suction appli$1 by means ( a p]=at$ cork1 or a small india-rubb] tube1 & ! m\?1 to ! end ( ! tube 7d71 until ! suck$ air no long] ta/es ( c>bonic acid4 ,! :ole is !n all[$ to become q cold1 :5 x is replac$ 9 ! balance 7! o!r scale /ill conta9+ ! orig9al weights71 & weights add$ to re/ore ! equilibrium4 ,illu/ration3 7,a7 ,a wide-m\!d flask1 capable ( hold+ #b-a_/b to #h oz41 conta9+ sample = trial 7f74 7,b7 ,ditto1 capable ( hold+ #a-a_/b to #b oz41 p>tly fill$ ) oil ( vitriol 7g74 7a1 c1 d7 ,tubes fitt+ air-tight 9 ! flasks by means ( ! corks 7i7 & 7j74 7b7 ,piece ( wax fitt+ air-tight on ! end ( a4 7e7 ,small tube capable ( hold+ ab\t #a dra*m ( p[d]$ bic>bonate ( soda or pota%4 7h7 ,op5 end ( ! tube 7d74 7k7 ,silk cord fa/5$ to ! tube 7e74 ,! loss ( weight repres5ts ! exact quantity ( dry c>bonic anhydride1 or anhydr\s c>bonic acid gas1 t has be5 expell$ f ! bic>bonate ( soda1 by ! action ( ! acid 9 ! sample exam9$4 ,! quantity ( real acid x conta9$ is !n d$uc$ by ! foll[+ calculation3--,"o equival5t ( gase\s c>bonic anhydride1 or anhydr\s c>bonic acid 7 #dd7 be>s ! same proportion to "o equival5t ( ! acid 9 "q1 z ! am\nt ( ! c>bonic anhydride expell$ does to ! am\nt ( ! acid s\ght4 ,?us1 suppose a dilute sulphuric acid expels #c gr4 ( c>bonic anhydride1 ! arrangem5t is-- #dd 3 #di 33 #c 3 #ccdi ,consequ5tly ! sample op]at$ on conta9$ #ce 7ne>ly7 gra9s ( true sulphuric acid4 ,in/ead ( ! above calculation1 we may multiply ! weights ( ! respective acids requir$ to expel #a gr4 ( c>bonic acid 7z exhibit$ 9 ! foll[+ table7 by ! numb] ( gr4 ( dry c>bonic acid evolv$ dur+ ! above op]ation4 ,! product repres5ts ! p]-c5tage /r5g?1 :5 #ajj gr4 ( ! acid h be5 exam9$4 ,:5 only #ej1 #be1 #bj1 or #aj gr4 h be5 te/$1 ?is product mu/1 ( c\rse1 be d\bl$1 quadrupl$1 c41 z ! case may be4 ,,table ,,ii4 ,multipli]s4 ,acetic acid 7anhydr\s7 #aaei 7hydrat$ or glacial7 #acfd ,citric acid 7cry/allis$7 #aebc ,hydro*loric acid 7dry or gase\s7 #hbi 7sp4 gr4 #aaf7 #bdgh ,nitric acid 7anhydr\s7 #abbg 7sp4 gr4 #ae7 #aebc 7sp4 gr4 #adb7 #bjde ,oxalic acid 7cry/allis$7 #adcb ,sulphuric acid 7anhydr\s7 #iji 7sp4 gr4 #ahdhe7 #aaad ,t>t>ic acid 7anhydr\s7 #aejj 7cry/allis$7 #agje ,ev5 ?is easy calculation may be avoid$1 9 te*nical analysis1 by simply tak+ = ! assay su* a weight ( ! respective acids z is capable ( dis5gag+ exactly #aj gr4 ( dry c>bonic acid f ! bic>bonate4 ,9 ?is case1 ! loss ( weight 9 gra9s1 f ! op]ation1 multipli$ by #aj1 at once indicates ! exact p]-c5tage /r5g? s\ght4 ,! prop] weight ( any acid to be tak5 to give p]-c5tage results is f\nd by simply divid+ t5 times ! equiv4 ( t acid by #dd4 ,=1 tak+ sulphuric acid z an example1 z-- #dd3 #di 33 #aj 3 #aaacah or #aaac ne>ly4 ,on ?is pr9ciple are obta9$ ! weights to be tak51 z giv5 9-- ,,table ,,iii4 ,gra9s4 ,acetic acid 7anhydr\s7 #aaei 7hydrat$ or glacial7 #acfd ,citric acid 7cry/allis$7 #aebc ,hydro*loric acid 7dry or gase\s7 #hbi 7sp4 gr4 #aaf7 #bdgh ,nitric acid 7anhydr\s7 #abbg 7sp4 gr4 #ae7 #aebc 7sp4 gr4 #adb7 #bjde ,oxalic acid 7cry/allis$7 #adcb ,sulphuric acid 7anhydr\s7 #iji 7sp4 gr4 #ahde7 #aaad ,t>t>ic acid 7anhydr\s7 #aejj 7cry/allis$7 #agje #b4 ,a conv5i5t modification ( ! prec$+ me?od ( acidimetry consi/s 9 us+ ! common app>atus figur$ 9 ! m>g9 & employ+ fus$ *loride ( calcium to dry ! evolv$ c>bonic acid gas1 in/ead ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,! mode ( conduct+ ! process & obta9+ ! results is precisely ! same z 9 t la/ expla9$1 & ne$ n1 !re=e1 be repeat$4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 suction mu/ be appli$ to ! small tube 7g71 in/ead ( 7d7 9 ! accompany+ engrav+4 ,obs4 ,^! me?ods1 ?\gh app>5tly complicat$1 are n difficult to p]=m1 :5 once well und]/ood4 ,! application ( heat aft] ! completion ( ! op]ation is indisp5sable1 z1 if x 7 neglect$1 f #jc to #jd ( a gr4 ( c>bonic acid w\ld be reta9$ 9 ! liquid4 ,! bic>bonate ( soda mu/ be pure1 & p]fectly free f any neutral c>bonate or sesquic>bonate ( soda4 ,to ensure ?is1 ! bic>bonate ( comm]ce is r$uc$ to a uni=m p[d]1 put into a glass j>1 & cov]$ ) its own weight ( cold di/ill$ or ra9 wat]1 & all[$ to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ) frequ5t /irr+4 ,x is !n plac$ ^u a funnel1 ! tube ( :i* is /opp$ ) loose cotton1 s z to all[ ! lye to dra9 (f4 ,x is next wa%$ sev]al times ) small quantities ( cold di/ill$ or ra9 wat]1 & aft] be+ dri$ by pressure betwe5 "s %eets ( blott+-pap]1 )\t ! aid ( heat1 is kept = use 9 a well-clos$ glass bottle4 ,be=e use1 x may be te/$ to asc]ta9 its purity4 ,if pure1 x nei!r r$d5s turm]ic pap]1 nor gives a brick-r$ precipitate ) a solution ( bi*loride ( m]cury4 ,pure bic>bonate ( potassa may be us$ in/ead ( bic>bonate ( soda2 b 9 ei!r case x is always prop] to use an excess1 s z to leave "s undecompos$ c>bonate aft] ! op]ation has end$4 ,! pres5ce ( a little sodium *loride or sulphate 9 ! bic>bonate w n int]f]e 9 ! lea/1 b ! abs5ce ( e trace ( neutral c>bonate is a s9e qu non4 ,illu/ration3 7a7 ,wide-m\!d flask1 conta9+ ! sample = exam9ation1 h]metically /opp$ by ! cork 7e7 & support+ ! tubes 7b7 & 7c74 7b7 ,bulb\s tube1 conta9+ fragm5ts ( fus$ *loride ( calcium1 t]m9at+ 9 a capill>y tube 7g74 7c7 ,b5t tube1 rea*+ ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! flask 7a74 7d7 ,small tube conta9+ bic>bonate ( soda4 7e7 ,cork fitt+ bottle 7a71 & ! tubes 7b7 & 7c71 h]metically4 7f7 ,silk5 ?read1 susp5d+ ! small tube 7d74 ,! two above me?ods ( e/imat+ ! am\nt ( acid are only sup]ior to ! g5]ally us$ me?ods fir/ describ$1 :5 ! pres5ce ( col\r+ matt] int]f]es ) ! reaction ( ! litmus us$ to %[ ! po9t ( neutralisation4 ,obs]vations4 ,:5 great accuracy is requir$ 9 conduct+ ! neutralisation ( ! solution 9 e/imat+ volumetrically ) litmus z an indicator1 x is prop] to prep>e & keep /&>d solutions ( sulphuric acid & oxalic acid1 ) :i* occasionally to try ! alkal9e te/-liquor4 ,! only difficulty 9 ! process is to avoid ov]-saturation ( ! acid-sample4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to exce$ ! precise po9t ( neutralisation ( ! acid4 ,aft] add+ ea* portion ( ! te/-liquor1 ! solution %\ld be well /irr$ up1 & z soon z ! eff]vesc5ce becomes languid ! greate/ caution mu/ be obs]v$ 9 add+ m4 ,! prop] po9t is arriv$ at :5 ! liquor ceases to r$d5 litmus1 & does n alt] ! col\r ( turm]ic pap]2 if x turns ! latt] br[n1 too mu* ( ! te/-liquid has be5 add$1 & ! op]ation becomes useless4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! exp]im5t1 :5 great precision is requir$1 a g5tle heat may be appli$1 9 ord] to expel ! free c>bonic acid 9 ! liquor2 b o!rwise ?is is unnecess>y4 ,! peculi> soapy od\r gradually acquir$ by ! liquor z x ne>s saturation w mat]ially assi/ ! op]ator :5 te/+ v9eg>s1 & "s ( ! o!r vegetable acids4 ,a good me?od is to t9t ei!r ! acid-sample or ! te/-liquid ) a few drops ( litmus1 z notic$ "u ,,acetimetry2 :5 ! r$di% %ade w gradually deep5 into 'purple1' or ! purple into 'r$1' z ! po9t ( saturation is approa*$2 & ! blue col\r w be p]fectly re/or$ z soon z ?is po9t is rea*$4 ,dr ,ure recomm5ds keep+ ! ammonia-te/ ready t+$ ) litmus1 & ! same applies to o!r te/-liquors4 ,9 comm]ce1 ! /r5g? ( acids is frequ5tly reckon$ ) ref]5ce to a /&>d1 t]m$ #ajj acidimetric degrees4 ,?is is tak5 f ! circum/ance t #ia gr4 ( comm]cial oil ( vitriol1 ( a sp4 gr4 ( #ahde1 exactly saturate #ajj gr4 ( dri$ c>bonate ( soda4 ,an acid requir+ only #ce1 #ej1 or any o!r numb] ( gra9s ( ! c>bonate to saturate x1 is 9 l mann] t]m$ ( s _m degrees /rong2 ! numb] ( gra9s repres5t+ 9 ea* case an equal numb] ( degrees4 ,?is me?od orig9at$ ) ! ,fr5* *emi/s1 & ?\gh only conv5tional1 & pr9cipally conf9$ to comm]cial purposes1 is especially adapt$ to practical m5 b little conv]sant ) *emi/ry1 yet v ready 9 reta9+ or calculat+ any?+ on ! c5tesimal scale1 f its simil>ity to monet>y language & reckon+4 ,,acid',,ity4 ,syn4 ,,acid',,itas1 ,l42 ,,acidit1 ,fr42 ,s,,ure1 ,g]4 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! /ate ( be+ acid4 ,9 physiology1 c41 ! impression giv5 to ! organs ( ta/e by t>t or acid sub/ances4 ,s\rness4 ,see ,,f]m5tation1 ,,malt-,,liquors1 ,,w9es1 c4 ,gas'tric ,acidity4 ,acidity ( ! /oma*2 a common & well-kn[n symptom ( weak or disord]$ dige/ion4 ,treat41 c4 ,small doses ( absorb5ts or antacids1 ?ree or f\r times daily1 to :i* "s tonic bitt]1 z calumba1 casc>illa1 *amomile1 g5tian1 or orange-peel1 may be add$4 ,/oma*ic /imulants1 z capsicum1 g+]1 mu/>d1 or w9e1 c41 tak5 )1 or aft]1 meals1 are also useful4 ,! diet %\ld be light & nutriti\s2 & acesc5t vegetables1 ov]-ripe fruit1 & weak new be] or o!r liquors avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,! b[els %\ld be kept regul>1 b n op51 by ! occasional use ( mild ap]i5ts1 z rhub>b1 aloes1 ca/or oil1 s5na1 or m]curial pill1 or comp\nds conta9+ !m4 ,excessive loos5ess or di>rhoea may be *eck$ by a few doses ( c>bonate ( soda1 *alk-mixture1 or a/r+5ts4 ,9 ,,infancy ?is affection is usually accompani$ by re/lessness1 cont9ual cry+1 draw+ up ( ! legs =cibly t[>ds ! body1 hiccups1 vomit+1 di>rhoea1 s\r eructations1 grip+ pa9s1 gre5 /ools1 & debility2 (t5 foll[$1 :5 ! irritation is consid]able1 by convulsions4 ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 reliev+ ! b[els ( all (f5d+ matt] by a few doses ( rhub>b-&-magnesia4 ,! loos5ess or di>rhoea may be *eck$ by a few small doses ( c>bonate ( soda or *alk mixture2 or bett]1 9 an infant :i* is f$ by lime-wat] 7#a or #b fl4 oz47 mix$ ) z mu* milk4 ,two or ?ree drops ( c>away1 c9namon1 dill1 or pepp]m9t wat]1 on sug> 7n ) ! food7 w t5d to promote ! expulsion1 & prev5t ! undue g5]ation ( gases4 ,! flatul5ce usually disappe>s ) ! acidity4 ,! occasional adm9i/ration ( #a to #c gr4 ( quicksilv]-)-*alk 7'grey p[d]'71 w frequ5tly remove ! compla9t1 & prev5t its recurr5ce1 :5 all o!r means fail4 ,! diet ( bo? nurse & infant %\ld be c>efully regulat$4 ,see ,,antacids1 ,,dyspepsia1 c4 ,treatm5t = ,horses4 ,alkalies1 _! c>bonates & bic>bonates2 alt]ative doses ( aloes ) alkalies2 *alk1 c>bonate ( magnesia2 m9]al acids2 bismu?1 ars5ic1 nux vomica1 or /ry*nia4 ,,acids1 ,,effects ,,(1 ,,on ,,vegetation4 ,?is subject has be5 ably inve/igat$ ( rec5t ye>s by ,dr ,angus ,smi? & ,mr ,ro?well1 & ! practical importance ( _! lab\rs is %[n by ! circum/ance t an ,act ( ,p>liam5t pass$ 9 #ahge r5d]s x p5al = ! proprietors ( alkali works to cond5se n less ?an #ie p] c5t4 ( ! hydro*loric acid evolv$ 9 ! process ( manufactur+ 'soda1' also to all[ air1 smoke1 or *imney gases to escape into ! atmosph]e conta9+ m ?an "o fif? ( a gra9 ( hydro*loric acid p] cubic foot4 ,e own] ( an alkali "w is likewise requir$ to 'use ! be/ practical means ( prev5t+ ! dis*>ge into ! atmosph]e ( all o!r noxi\s gases aris+ f su* "w1 or ( r5d]+ su* gases h>mless :5 dis*>g$4' ,! injuri\s effects ( acids on vegetation are indicat$ *iefly by ! %rivell$-up appe>ance :i* ! leaves ( h]bage1 trees1 c41 exhibit 9 ! vic9ity ( *emical works 9 :i* ! cond5sation ( noxi\s gases 7hydro*loric acid1 sulphur\s acid1 sulphuric acid1 sulphurett$ hydrog51 nitric acid1 & oxides ( nitrog5 & *lor9e7 is n effectually c>ri$ out4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,ro?well1 '9 fields expos$ to acid vap\rs h&fuls ( dead grass may be pull$ up 9 ! spr+1 smell+ /rongly ( ! vap\r1 & t trees1 "u simil> influ5ces1 become b>k-b\nd4' ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( trees arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! susceptibility4 7,ro?well47 ,=e/ ,trees4 ,l>*1 spruce fir1 ,scot* fir1 black ,italian popl>1 ,lomb>dy popl>1 a%1 oak1 elm1 bir*1 ald]1 sycamore4 ,fruit ,trees4 ,damson1 gre5gage1 ,halewood plum1 ,jacob plum1 pe>s1 apples1 *]ries4 ,%rubs1 ,ev]gre5s1 & ,wild ,plants4 ,briti% laurels1 ,portugal laurels1 ,aucuba ,japonica1 ,b>b]ry ev]gre51 hazel1 gueld] rose1 sloe ?orn1 haw?orn1 raspb]ries1 gooseb]ries1 blackb]ries1 gorse1 hollies4 ,f>m ,crops4 ,potatoes1 mangel1 :ite clov] & rhub>b1 r$ clov]1 trefoil1 rye-grass1 :eat1 oats1 b>ley1 common turnips1 sw$es4 ,second li/ ( ,plants affect$ by ,noxi\s ,vap\rs1 mix+ ! classes accord+ to ! effects produc$ on ea*4 ,i4 ,f]n--only 9 ! summ]4 ,scot* firs1 spruce1 & l>*es--a little 9 w9t]4 ,clov] 7:ite & r$71 trefoil1 rye-grass1 popl>s1 haw?orn1 potatoes--receive damage 9 w9t] to roots4 ,,ii4 ,:eat receives "s damage 9 w9t]4 ,oats 9 ,may1 :5 9 ! grass /ate1 soon receive damage4 ,b>ley1 mangel1 common turnips1 rhub>b4 ,,iii4 ,laurels 7,briti% & ,portugal71 aucubas1 yews1 holly1 gorse--receive damage 9 w9t]1 b m 9 summ]4 ,old grass mead[s & pa/ures receive mu* damage 9 w9t]4 ,,iv4 ,a%es1 oaks1 hazels1 horse-*e/nuts1 walnuts1 ,spani% *e/nuts1 sloe ?orn4 ,v4 ,sw$i% turnip & cabbages1 damson1 o!r fruit trees1 bee*1 elm1 bir*1 ald]1 sycamores4 ,,acidul4 ,l4 pl4 ,9 m$ic9e1 m9]al wat]s ri* 9 c>bonic acid4 ,,acidulat$4 ,syn4 ,,acidulatus1 ,l42 ,,acidul1 ,fr4 ,bl5d$ or flav\r$ ) an acid2 made slightly s\r4 ,see ,,kali 7,acidulat$71 ,,drops1 ,,loz5ges1 c4 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! addition ( an acid to a neutral or alkal9e liquid until x r$d5s blue litmus pap]4 ,,acidum4 ,l4 ,an acid4 ,,acne4 ,syn4 ,,pimpl$ ,,face4 ,!re are two =ms ( ?is affection4 #a/4 ,9 "y p]sons ( bo? sexes2 g5]ally 9 phlegmatic habits4 ,! disease %[s itself by h>d pimples1 ) a small black spot on ! apex1 unaccompani$ ) r$ness or inflammation at fir/1 b aft] a :ile !y become r$ & inflam$1 & sometimes suppurate1 ) a greasy look ( ! sk9 betwe5 !m4 ,9 ?is =m ( acne ! black spots %\ld be pick$ out ) a ne$le or a small pair ( tweez]s4 ,a long piece ( ?ick matt]1 l a worm1 is extract$2 b is no worm4 ,aft]w>ds wa% ! face ) wat] 9 :i* a small piece ( ,quill> b>k has be5 /eep$1 or ) bitt] almond emulsion1 or borax1 "o dra*m1 wat] #d oz4 ,:5 !re is no inflammation1 use ,eau de ,cologne1 or a few drops ( oil ( rosem>y dissolv$ 9 _s ( w9e1 tak+ a small dose ( magnesia 9 ! morn+1 or milk ( sulphur daily4 ,:5 ! pimples are v sluggi% ! cauti\s application ( t9cture ( iod9e1 or ( o9tm5t ( nitrate ( m]cury1 w be f\nd s]viceable4 #bnd4 ,arises f intemp]ance4 ,9 ?is case a gradual *ange ( habits is ess5tial4 ,! use ( soap %\ld be avoid$1 & rec\rse _h to w>m fom5tations ( slipp]y elm1 or ?9 oat gruel4 ,! foll[+ %\ld be appli$ to ! pimples3--,cold cream1 #a oz41 ,g\l>d's extract #bj drops1 mix$ toge!r2 or lemon juice dilut$1 or solution ( borax 9 wat]4 ,! int]nal adm9i/ration ( ! m9]al acids comb9$ ) bitt] tonics1 or small doses ( iodide ( potassium1 w be f\nd effectual4 ,treatm5t4 ,fom5tations1 p\ltices1 *loride ( z9c solution ext]nally2 sulphur & alt]atives int]nally4 ,,acology4 ,syn4 ,9 m$ic9e1 ! doctr9e (1 or a disc\rse on1 rem$ies or ! mat]ia m$ica4 ,,aconite4 7-nite74 ,syn4 ,,acon',,itum1 ,l42 ,,aconit1 ,fr43 ,,akonitum1 ,,eis5hut1 ,,/urmhut1 ,g]4 ,monk%ood2 wolfsbane4 ,9 botany1 a g5us ( exog5\s plants4 ,nat4 ord41 ,ranunculace2 ,sex4 sy/41 ,poly&ria ,trigynia4 ,!y are *>act]is$ by %[y purple or yell[ helmet-%ap$ fl[]s gr[+ 9 panicles1 deeply cut leaves1 & p]5nial 7usually7 tap-%ap$ or tap]+ roots4 ,! :ole plant is highly poison\s1 ! roots be+ m poison\s ?an ! leaves4 ,9 m$ic9e & mat]ia m$ica1 ! plant ,aconitum ,napellus 7:i* see74 ,symptoms4 ,numbness & t+l+ 9 ! m\? & ?roat1 :i* are p>*$2 foll[$ by gidd9ess1 dimness ( sight1 & 7sometimes7 delirium1 b seldom complete coma2 !re is numbness & t+l+ ( ! limbs1 a loss ( p[] 9 ! legs1 79 "s cases7 fro?+ at ! m\?1 sev]e abdom9al pa9s1 nausea1 vomit+1 & di>rhoea2 tremors or twit*+s ( ! volunt>y muscles1 7sometimes7 convulsions 79 animals1 b n 9 man72 %>p cries2 pupil 7g5]ally7 dilat$1 v r>ely contract$2 pulse fitful & s9k+2 sk9 cold & livid2 difficulty ( brea?+2 g5]al pro/ration2 loss ( s5sation or feel+1 ins5sibility1 g5]al trembl+1 fa9t+1 & sudd5 dea?4 ,! eyes are (t5 gl>+2 &1 9 "s cases1 ! pati5t is completely p>alys$1 yet reta9s consci\sness to ! la/4 ,! case g5]ally proves fatal 9 f #a to #h h\rs4 ,if x la/ beyond ?is p]iod !re is hope ( recov]y4 7,flem+47 ,antidotes4 ,ammonia1 or br&y1 ) artificial respiration if necess>y3 cold affusion & friction1 ) w>m t[els to ! back & limbs4 ,see ,,alkaloids4 ,,aconite ,,leaves 7,b4 ,ph474 ,syn4 ,,aconiti ,,folia1 ,l4 ,! fre% leaves & fl[]+ tops ( aconitum napellus1 ,l9n41 ga!r$ :5 ab\t "o ?ird ( ! fl[]s are exp&$1 f plants cultivat$ 9 ,brita94 ,*>4 ,leaves smoo?1 palmate1 divid$ into five deeply cut w$ge-%ap$ segm5ts2 exciz+ sl[ly1 :5 *ew$1 a s5sation ( t+l+4 ,fl[]s num]\s1 irregul>1 deep blue1 9 d5se racemes4 ,prep4 ,extractum aconiti4 ,,aconite ,,root4 7,b4 ,ph474 ,syn4 ,,aconiti ,,radix1 ,l4 ,! dri$ root ( aconitum napellus4 ,import$ f ,g]many1 or cultivat$ 9 ,brita91 & collect$ 9 ! w9t] or e>ly spr+ be=e ! leaves h appe>$4 ,prep4 ,aconitia1 ! active pr9ciple2 ,l9im5tum ,aconiti1 #a ounce to #a fluid ounce2 ,t9ctura ,aconiti1 #ed-a_/b gra9s to #a fluid ounce4 ,*>4 ,usually f "o to ?ree in*es long1 n ?ick] ?an ! f+] at ! cr[n1 tap]+1 blacki%-br[n1 int]nally :iti%4 ,a m9ute portion1 cauti\sly *ew$1 causes prolong$ t+l+ & numbness4 ,,aconiti ,,folia4 ,see ,,aconite ,,leaves4 ,,aconiti ,,radix4 ,see ,,aconite ,,root4 ,,aconitia4 ,c#cj;,h#dg,o#g,n4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,aconitia1 ,l4 ,an alkaloid obta9$ f aconite4 ,take ( ,aconite root1 9 co>se p[d]1 #ad p\nds4 ,rectifi$ _s ,di/ill$ wat] ( ea* ,solution or ammonia a suffici5cy4 ,pure e!r ,dilut$ sulphuric acid ,p\r ^u ! aconite root ?ree gallons ( ! _s1 mix !m well1 & heat until ebullition comm5ces2 !n cool & mac]ate = f\r days4 ,transf] ! :ole to a displacem5t app>atus1 & p]colate1 add+ m _s1 :5 requisite1 until ! root is exhau/$4 ,di/il (f ! great] "p ( ! _s f ! t9cture1 & evaporate ! rema9d] ov] a wat] ba? until ! :ole ( ! alcohol has be5 dissipat$4 ,mix ! residual extract ?or\ghly ) twice its weight ( boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 & :5 x has cool$ to ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 filt] ?r\gh pap]4 ,to ! filt]$ liquid add solution ( ammonia 9 slight excess1 & heat !m g5tly ov] a wat] ba?4 ,sep>ate ! precipitate on a filt]1 & dry x4 ,r$uce ?is to co>se p[d]1 & mac]ate x 9 successive portions ( ! pure e!r ) frequ5t agitation4 ,decant ! sev]al products1 mix & di/il (f ! e!r until ! extract is dry4 ,dissolve ! dry extract 9 w>m di/ill$ wat] acidulat$ ) ! sulphuric acid2 &1 :5 ! solution is cold1 precipitate x by ! cauti\s addition ( solution ( ammonia dilut$ ) f\r times its bulk ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,wa% ! precipitate on a filt] ) a small quantity ( cold di/ill$ wat]1 & dry x by slight pressure betwe5 folds ( filt]+ pap]4 ,*>act]s & ,te/s4 ,a :ite1 usually amorph\s1 solid1 soluble 9 #aej p>ts ( cold1 & #ej ( hot wat]1 & mu* m soluble 9 alcohol & 9 e!r2 /rongly alkal9e to r$d5$ litmus1 neutralis+ acids1 & precipitat$ f !m by ! cau/ic alkalies1 b n by c>bonate ( ammonia or ! bic>bonates ( soda or pota%4 ,x melts ) heat1 & burns ) a smoky flame1 leav+ no residue :5 burn$ ) free access ( air4 ,:5 rubb$ on ! sk9 x causes a t+l+ s5sation1 foll[$ by prolong$ numbness4 ,x is a v active poison4 ,,aconitia1 ,,cry/allis$4 ,c#bg;,h#dj,,no#aj4 ,exhau/ ! root ( wild aconite1 c>efully pick$ & p[d]$1 ) v /rong alcohol1 to :i* #a p] c5t4 ( t>t>ic acid has be5 add$4 ,di/il at a g5tle heat1 & %elt]$ f ! air1 to recov] ! alcohol4 ,treat ! extract ) wat] to sep>ate all ! fatty & res9\s matt]s4 ,! solution :i* conta9s ! aconite 9 ! /ate ( acid t>trate is fir/ %ak5 ) e!r to remove col\r+ matt]s1 & !n ! alkaloid is set free by ! addition ( alkal9e bic>bonate1 until ! cessation ( eff]vesc5ce4 ,a fre% treatm5t ) e!r ( ?is alkal9e solution removes ! alkaloid1 :i* cry/allizes ^u ! conc5tration ( ! e!real liquid1 ) an addition ( petroleum _s4 ,! cry/als are col\rless tables1 rhombic or hexagonal1 accord+ to ! modifications produc$ pr9cipally 9 ! acute angles4 ,cry/alliz$ aconitia is soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 b5z9e1 & *lor(orm2 insoluble 9 petroleum oils & glyc]9e4 ,,aconitia ,,nitrate1 ,,cry/allis$4 ,cry/allis$ aconit9e q4 s42 nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #addb1 q4 s4 ,saturate ! nitric acid ) ! aconit9e & evaporate4 ,volum9\s cry/als are easily obta9$ 7f ',=mul = ,new ,m$icam5ts adopt$ by ! ,p>is ,ph>maceutical ,society'74--',ph>m4 ,j\rnal4' ,ow+ to ! decomposition :i* ?is alkaloid und]goes 9 ! animal organism1 z well z to its liability to decompose dur+ ! process ( evaporation1 & exposure to ! air1 x (t5 becomes extremely difficult1 if n impossible1 to obta9 x 9 a sep>ate /ate 9 conduct+ a po/-mortem exam9ation4 ,! physiological effects seem to furni% ! mo/ prom95t & *>act]i/ic evid5ce ( its pres5ce 9 su* cases1 or at any rate ^! may s]ve z a valuable guide to ! toxicologi/4 ,uncry/allis$ aconitia is sometimes contam9at$ ) delph9ia1 z well z ) aconella1 ano!r con/itu5t ( aconite root4 ,= ! dissection ( ^! see ,,alkaloids4 ,"o fiftie? ( a gra9 ( aconitia is /at$ to h kill$ a dog4 ,antidotes4 ,see ,,aconite4 ,,aconitic ,,acid4 7,id5tical ) ,pyrocitric ,acid47 ,an acid extract$ by ,pes*i] f aconitum napellus1 & by ,bracconnot f equisetum fluviatile4 ,x exi/s 9 ^! plants *iefly 9 ! =m ( aconitate ( calcium4 ,prop]ties4 ,a :ite1 col\rless1 semi-cry/all9e mass4 ,,aconit9a4 ,see ,,aconitia4 ,,aconit9e4 ,see ,,aconitia4 ,,aconi',,tum4 ,l4 ,aconite4 ,! ph>macopoeial "n ( aconitum napellus7see bel[74 ,aconitum ,f]ox4 7,ind4 ,p47 ,habitat4 ,temp]ate & sub-,alp9e ,himalaya1 at #aj1jjj to #ad1jjj feet elevation1 f ,gurhwal to ,sikkim4 ,(fic9al "p4 ,! dri$ root 7,aconiti f]ocis ,radix71 9 common ) ^? ( o!r ,himalayan species1 viz41 aconitum napellus1 a4 palmatum1 & a4 luridum1 con/itutes ! drug well kn[n 9 ! baza>s ( ,upp] ,india "u ! ,h9do/ani "n ( ,bi% or ,bikh4 ,x occurs 9 ! =m ( tub]\s roots ( a m or less conical =m1 f two to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 & f half an in* to "o in* 9 ?ickness at _! upp] end4 ,!y h usually a %runk5 appe>ance1 & are cov]$ ) a d>k %rivell$ b>k2 fracture %9+ & res9\s2 sometimes waxy1 v>y+ 9 col\r f pale to deep br[n4 ,"s specim5s are :ite & spongy2 & ^!1 x is ass]t$1 are sup]ior 9 activity to ! m compact k9ds4 ,inodor\s2 ta/e at fir/ slightly bitt]1 leav+ a peculi> s5se ( numbness on ! tongue & fauces4 ,active pr9ciple1 aconitia4 ,m$ical ,prop]ties & ,uses4 ,simil> to ^? ( aconitum napellus ( ,europe4 ,prep>ations4 ,?is root may be advantage\sly us$ = ! manufacture ( aconitia1 ! proportion ( ?is alkaloid be+ mu* l>g] ?an 9 ! ,european drug2 & also = ! prep>ation ( ,l9im5tum ,aconiti4 ,f its great] activity1 h[ev]1 x is unsuit$ = ! prep>ation ( ?is t9cture1 :i* is int5d$ = ext]nal use4 ,aconitum ,hetorophyllum4 7,ind4 ,p47 ,habitat4 ,we/]n temp]ate ,himalaya1 at #hjjj to #ac1jjj feet elevation2 f ,indus to ,kumaon4 ,(fic9al "p4 ,! dri$ root 7,aconiti het]ophylli ,radix74 ,ovoid tub]\s roots1 tap]+ d[nw>ds to a po9t1 f "o to "o & a half in*es or m 9 l5g?1 & f ?ree eigh?s to half an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,! surface1 :i* is cov]$ ) a ?9 greyi% epid]mis1 is slightly wr9kl$ longitud9ally1 & m>k$ "h & !re ) root sc>s4 ,x is inodor\s1 & ( a bitt] ta/e1 devoid ( acridity4 ,does n conta9 aconitia4 ,x may be readily di/+ui%$ f o!r roots sold 9 ! baza>s "u ! same v]nacul> "n 7,atis7 by its *>act]i/ic bitt]ness4 ,prop]ties4 ,tonic & antip]iodic4 ,x may be adm9i/]$ int]nally ) safety1 z x conta9s no poison\s pr9ciple4 ,!rapeutic uses4 ,9 convalesc5ce aft] debilitat+ diseases1 & 9 int]mitt5t & o!r p>oxysmal fev]s1 x has be5 f\nd an effici5t rem$y4 ,doses4 ,tonic1 #e to #aj gra9s ?rice daily2 antip]iodic1 #bj to #cj gra9s ( ! p[d]$ root e ?ree or f\r h\rs1 irrespective ( ! pres5ce ( pyrexia4 ,aconitum ,napell'u4 ,l9n4 ,syn4 ,,aconi',,tum1 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d42 ,,aconitnap,l1 ,,*ap]on ,,de ,,mo9e1 ,fr42 ,,eis5hut1 ,,blau]/urmhut1 ,g]4 ,e>ly blue wolfsbane1 or deadly aconite4 ,hab4 ,v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe2 gr[s wild 9 ,engl&1 fl[]+ 9 ,june & ,july4 ,! fre% & dri$ leaves 7,,aconiti ,,fo'',,lium71 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,! root 7,,aconiti ,,ra',,dix71 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d4 ,?is is ! species ( aconite ord]$ 9 ! ph>macopoeias1 & commonly us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,:5 *ew$ x imp>ts a s5sation ( acrimony1 foll[$ by a pung5t heat ( ! lips1 gums1 palate1 & fauces1 :i* is succe$$ by a g5]al tremor & *ill9ess4 ,! juice appli$ to a w\nd or ! uns\nd sk9 affects ! :ole n]v\s sy/em4 ,ev5 by rema9+ long 9 ! h&1 or on ! bosom1 x produces unpleasant symptoms4 ,fatal cases ( poison+1 by eat+ ! root 9 mi/ake = hors]adi%1 h be5 common ( late ye>s4 ,! two roots may be1 h[ev]1 easily di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r2 :5 scrap$ aconite emits an e>?y1 & hors]adi% its well-kn[n pung5t od\r4 ,moreov]1 ! %ape ( ! roots is v diff]5t4 ,9 ! accompany+ figure a repres5ts aconite root1 & b hors]adi% root4 ,illu/ration ,! leaves %\ld be ga!r$ z soon z ! fl[]s appe>4 ,! root %\ld be tak5 up 9 autumn4 ,:5 ! :ole plant is employ$1 x %\ld be ga!r$ z soon z ! fl[]s beg9 to op54 ,! /r5g? 7ri*ness 9 aconitia7 v>ies consid]ably ) ! "t ( ! ye>4 #a oz4 ( ! fre% root conta9s #a_/d to #c_/d gr4 ( aconitia2 #a lb4 ( ! dri$ ,engli% root conta9s f #ab to #cf gr4 7,h]apa?74 ,! leaves possess ! greate/ activity j be=e fl[]+2 ! root1 aft] x4 ,! root is at all times fully six times z /rong z ! leaves or h]b4 ,! wild plant conta9s mu* m aconitia ?an t :i* is cultivat$4 ,! h]b1 & all its prep>ations1 lose _! efficacy if long kept4 ,! p[d]1 m p>ticul>ly1 _c be reli$ on4 ,mr ,holmes says x is difficult to f9d 9 a comm]cial sample ( aconite root "o root 9 a doz51 :i* ^u fracture appe>s s\nd & 9 good condition4 ,prop]ties1 ,antidotes1 c4 ,see ,,aconite4 ,te/s1 c4 ,see ,,aconite4 ,uses1 c4 ,9 small doses aconite is n>cotic1 p[]fully diaphoretic1 & sometimes diuretic2 9 l>g] ones1 ! symptoms are simil> to ^? produc$ by aconitia4 ,x acts z a p[]ful s$ative on ! he>t's action1 & de/roys s5sibility )\t di/urb+ ! m5tal faculties4 ,x has be5 giv5 9 *ronic rheumatism1 g\t1 p>alysis1 scirrhus1 scr(ula1 canc]s1 v5]eal nodes1 epilepsy1 amaurosis1 int]mitt5ts1 c42 b its exhibition requires ! greate/ possible caution4 ,z a topical b5umb] x has be5 us$ ) great advantage 9 pa9ful affections dep5d+ on increas$ s5sibility ( ! n]ves4 ,ext]nally x is mo/ valuable = ! cure ( neuralgic & rheumatic pa9s4 ,9 neuralgia1 no rem$y1 ,i believe1 w be f\nd equal to x4 ,"o application ( ! t9cture produces "s amelioration2 & aft] a few times' use1 x frequ5tly happ5s t ! pati5t is cur$4 ,9 "s cases1 ! b5efit appe>s almo/ magical4 ,9 o!rs1 h[ev]1 x entirely fails to give p]man5t relief4 ,i d n ?9k t 9 any 7case7 x proves injuri\s4 ,:5 x succe$s1 x gives m or less relief at ! fir/ application4 ,:5 ! disease dep5ds on inflammation1 aconite w be f\nd1 ,i ?9k1 an unavail+ rem$y4 ,9 rheumatic pa9s1 unaccompani$ ) local swell+ or r$ness1 aconite is frequ5tly ( v great s]vice4 7,p]eira1 iii1 #fia47 ,dose1 ( ! p[d]1 #a to #b gr41 gradually increas$ to #f or #h4 ,dr ,/ocrk 0 ! fir/ :o gave wolfsbane int]nally1 ab\t ! ye> #agfb4 ,x has s9ce be5 successfully employ$ 9 ,g]many 9 cases ( *ronic rheumatism1 g\t1 c41 "s ( :i* 7 ( long /&+ & _h resi/$ e o!r rem$y4 ,9 ,engl& x has be5 less ext5sively us$4 ,aconitum ,panicula'tum4 ,panicl$ wolfsbane2 a species =m]ly ord]$ 9 ! ,ph4 ,l42 &1 ) a4 napellus1 also 9 ! ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,x is less active ?an ! (fic9al species4 ,a',,corn4 ,syn4 ,,glans4 ,,qu]',,cus1 ,l4 ,! se$ or fruit ( ! oak4 ,9 ! e>ly ages ( ! _w1 acorns probably =m$ "o ( ! pr9cipal articles ( ! food ( man4 7,ovid1 ,met41 i1 #ajf2 ,virgil1 ,georg41 i1 #h2 c47 ,9 mod]n times1 dur+ p]iods ( sc>city1 !y h be5 consum$ z food on ! ,cont95t4 ,besides />*1 !y conta9 a peculi> species ( sug>1 :i* cry/allises 9 prisms1 & is unf]m5table2 !y also conta9 tannic & gallic acids4 ,mannite & dulcose are ! sub/ances :i* x mo/ ne>ly resembles4 7,m4 ,dessaignes47 ,dur+ ! autumn1 acorns are said to be sometimes poison\s to cattle & %eep4 ,suppos$ cases ( s-call$ acorn poison+ are be/ treat$ by )draw+ ! supply ( acorns1 or remov+ ! animals f ! pa/ures on :i* ! acorns fall1 & by ! adm9i/ration ( ap]i5ts1 alkalies1 & /imulants4 ,,ac',,orus ,,cal',,amus4 ,see ,,sweet ,,flag4 ,,acotyle',,dons 7-ko-te-le'-74 ,syn4 ,,acotyle',,dones 7d7on-ez2 ,l41 prim4 ,gr471 ,jussieu2 ,,acotyl,,dons1 ,fr42 ,,ohne ,,sam5lapp51 ,g]4 ,9 botany1 plants ^: se$s are n furni%$ ) di/9ct cotyl$ons or se$-lobes4 ,acotyl$on\s plants =m "o ( ! two great divisions ( ! vegetable k+dom1 accord+ to ! natural sy/em4 ,!y are rem>kable by increas+ *iefly 9 l5g?1 by additions to _! end2 & n by addition to ! outside1 z 9 ,exog5s2 nor to ! inside1 z 9 ,endog5s4 ,!y are also t]m$ ,,asex',,ual & ,,fl[]less ,,plants1 & answ] to ! ,,cryptogamia ( ! ,l9nean sy/em4 ,see ,,acrog5s1 ,,cellul>es1 ,,?allog5s1 c4 ,,ac\s',,tics 7-k['-74 ,! sci5ce ( audition & s\nd2 t bran* ( physics :i* treats ( _! cause1 nature1 & ph5om5a4 ,! doctr9e ( ! production & transmission ( s\nd is t]m$ ,,diac\s',,tics2 t ( reflect$ s\nd ,,catac\s',,tics4 ,ac\/ics4 ,9 m$ic9e1 rem$ies employ$ to relieve deafness4 ,see ,,deafness & ,,drops1 ,,ac\/ic4 ,,acquetta4 ,,x41 ,little ,wat]4 ,syn4 ,,aqua ,,t(fana2 ,a4 ,,t(fania2 ,,acquetta ,,di ,,napoli ,,della ,,t(fana1 ,,x4 ,a celebrat$ poison1 prep>$ by an ,italian woman nam$ ,t(fano1 or ,tophana1 & 9 great reque/ 9 ,rome ab\t ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! composition ( ?is poison has be5 a matt] ( frequ5t controv]sy4 ,pope ,alex&] ,,vii1 9 8 proclamation1 describ$ x z aqua=tis di/ill$ into ars5ic4 ,?is w\ld produce a conc5trat$ solution ( ars5ic acid4 ,! ,emp]or ,*>les ,,vi1 :o 0 gov]nor ( ,naples dur+ ,t(fano's trial1 decl>$ to 8 physician1 ,g>elli1 t x 0 ars5ic 7ars5i\s acid7 dissolv$ 9 aqua cymbal>i4 ,accord+ to ,g]>de ?is cymbal>i 0 an aquatic species ( p5nywort1 highly poison\s4 ,! only objection to ! latt] /atem5t is ! smallness ( ! dose1 reg>d be+ _h to ! comp>ative insolubility ( ars5i\s acid2 b if ! woman ,t(fano prep>$ two poisons1 z is probable f hi/ory--"o1 a s+le dose ( :i* 0 fatal1 & ano!r1 ( :i* ! dose requir$ repetition1 & :i* 0 m gradual 9 its activity--! discrepancy w be at once remov$4 ,,ac',,rid4 ,syn4 ,,ac',,er1 ,,ac',,ris1 ,l42 ,,acre 7cre71 ,fr42 ,,beiss5d1 ,,s*>f1 ,g]4 ,9 *emi/ry & m$ic9e1 %>p1 pung5t1 acrimoni\s4 ,acrid sub/ances are su* z excite a s5sation ( pung5cy & heat :5 ta/$1 & :i* irritate & inflame ! sk92 z mu/>d1 turp5t9e1 can?>ides1 c4 ,,acridity4 ,syn4 ,,acret1 ,fr42 ,,acritudo1 ,l4 ,! quality ( be+ acrid4 ,,ac',,rimony4 ,syn4 ,,acrimo',,nia1 ,l42 ,,acrimoni1 ,,acret1 ,fr42 ,,s*>fe1 ,g]4 ,9 m$ic9e & *emi/ry1 ! quality or prop]ty ( inflam+1 irritat+1 corrod+1 dissolv+1 or de/roy+ o!r bodies4 ,,acrog5s4 ,syn4 ,,acrog51 ,l42 ,,acrog,,nes1 ,fr4 ,9 botany1 acotyl$on\s or cryptogamic plants1 9 :i* /ems & leaves1 or an organisation approa*+ leaves1 are di/+ui%able2 :i* h /omates or brea?+ spores on _! surface1 are propagat$ by spores1 & increase by ! gr[? ( ! /em at ! po9t only4 ,f]ns & club-mosses are examples ( ?is class ( plants4 ,,acrole94 ,syn4 ,,acrylic ,,alcohol4 ,?is sub/ance occurs among/ ! products ( decomposition :5 glyc]9e or any ( its comp\nds is subject$ to ord9>y di/illation4 ,x d]ives its "n f its viol5tly irritant effect ^u ! muc\s membranes ( ! eyes & respiratory organs4 ,x is be/ prep>$ by ! process ( ,r$t5ba*] 7see ',leibig's ,ann41' xlvii1 #aad71 by di/ill+ 9 a capaci\s retort1 a mixture ( glyc]9e ) phosphoric anhydride1 or ) hydric-potassic sulphate 7! acid sulphate or bisulphate ( pota%72 ! vap\rs mu/ be cond5s$ 9 a prop]ly cool$ receiv]1 :i* is lut$ on to ! retort & provid$ ) a tube op5+ into a *imney hav+ a good draught4 ,! di/ill$ liquid sep>ates into two lay]s1 ! upp] "o consi/+ ( acrole91 & ! l[] "o ( an aque\s solution ( ! same sub/ance mix$ ) a quantity ( acrylic acid4 ,?is di/illate1 aft] dige/ion ) f9ely p[d]$ li?>ge1 ) ! object ( neutralis+ ! acid1 mu/ be rectifi$ by ! heat ( a wat] ba?3 ! acrole9 s obta9$ mu/ be submitt$ to a second rectification f calcic *loride4 ,all ^! op]ations mu/ be conduct$ 9 vessels fill$ ) c>bonic anhydride 7c>bonic acid7 because acrole9 becomes rapidly oxidiz$ :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,acrole9 is a cle> col\rless liquid1 light] ?an wat]1 boil+ at ab\t #abe ,f4 ,x has great refract+ p[] & a burn+ ta/e2 :5 pure x is neutral to te/ pap]4 ,,ac',,rospire 7-spire74 ,syn4 ,,acrospi',,ra1 ,l42 ,,plumule1 ,fr42 ,,blattkeim1 ,g]4 ,! %oot or spr\t ( a se$1 :5 x beg9s to gr[2 ! "p ( a g]m9at+ se$ t]m$ ! plume1 or plumula4 ,:5 ! gr[? ( a se$ beg9s to be develop$1 ! g]m1 f :i* ! /em orig9ates1 %oots =? "u ! =m ( a delicate curv$ fibre1 :i*1 gradually bur/+ its cov]+1 makes its appe>ance at ! end ( ! se$4 ,! fibrils ( ! radicle fir/ spr\t =? f ! tip ( ! gra92 a :ite elevation appe>s1 t soon divides into ?ree or m radicles1 :i* rapidly gr[ l>g]1 & are succe$$ by ! plumula1 :i* peeps =? at ! same po9t1 9 ! =m ( a pale gre5 leaflet1 :i*1 twi/+ !nce b5ea? ! husk to ! o!r end ( ! se$1 ultimately bur/s its prison-h\se1 & becomes a p]fect leaf4 ,see ,,g]m9ation & ,,malt+4 ,,act9ic ,,rays4 ,see ,,act9ism4 ,,act9ism4 ,syn4 ,,act9ic ,,rays2 ,,*emical ,,rays4 ,a t]m giv5 to a suppos$ pr9ciple accompany+ ! heat & light ( ! sunbeam4 ,act9ic rays *iefly exi/ beyond ! violet extremity ( ! sol> spectrum1 & are *>act]is$ by ! p[] ( excit+ *emical *ange1 e4g41 ! decomposition ( c]ta9 silv] salts 79 photography72 ! comb9ation ( a mixture ( *lor9e & hydrog51 c4 ,! s-call$ vital functions ( animals & plants are also greatly influ5c$ by ! act9ic or *emical rays4 ,,act9ograph4 ,an in/rum5t = regi/]+ ! int5sity ( ! *emical influ5ce 7act9ism7 ( ! sun's rays4 ,,act1 ,,t[ns ,,improvem5t ,,clauses1 #ahdg 7#aj #aa ,vict41 c4 #cd71 ,! foll[+ provisions ( ?is ,act are incorporat$ 9 ! ,public ,heal? ,act1 #ahge1 & ref] exclusively to urban di/ricts3-- #a4 ,) respect to nam+ ! /reets & numb]+ ! h\ses4 #b4 ,) respect to improv+ ! l9e ( ! /reets & remov+ ! ob/ructions4 #c4 ,) respect to ru9\s or dang]\s build+s4 #d4 ,) respect to precautions dur+ ! con/ruction & repair ( sew]s1 /reets1 & h\ses4 #e4 ,) respect to ! regulation ( slaught] h\ses4 ,notices = alt]ations "u ! #fi?1 #gj?1 & #ga/ sections1 directions "u ! #gcrd section1 & ord]s "u ! #gd? section ( ! said ,t[ns ,improvem5t ,clauses ,act1 may1 at ! option ( ! urban au?ority1 be s]v$ on own]s in/ead ( occupi]s1 or on own]s z well z occupi]s1 & ! co/ ( works done "u any ( ^! sections may1 :5 notices h be5 s s]v$ on own]s1 be recov]$ f own]s in/ead ( occupi]s2 & :5 su* co/ is recov]$ f occupi]s1 s mu* !re( may be d$uct$ f ! r5t ( ! premises :]e ! "w is done z is all[$ 9 ! case ( private rates "u ! ,act4 ,,ac',,tual4 ,real1 effectual1 absolute2 z oppos$ to t :i* is m]ely virtual or pot5tial4 ,9 surg]y1 a r$-hot iron1 or any o!r heat$ body1 us$ z a caut]y1 is t]m$ ! ,,actual ,,caut]y2 :il/ a cau/ic or es*>otic s employ$ is call$ ! ,,pot5tial ,,caut]y4 ,,actual ,,caut]y4 ,see ,,actual4 ,,acute'4 ,syn4 ,,acut',,u1 ,l42 ,,aigu1 ,fr42 ,,heftig1 ,,hitzig1 ,,spitzig1 ,g]4 ,%>p1 po9t$1 s5sitive4 ,appli$ to ! s5ses1 z acute he>+1 eyesight1 c4 ,9 pa?ology1 diseases exhibit+ viol5t symptoms1 & ^: c\rse is %ort1 are said to be acute diseases4 ,,adapt]4 ,9 *emi/ry1 a tube plac$ betwe5 two vessels 7commonly a retort & receiv]7 = ! purpose ( unit+ !m or increas+ ! di/ance betwe5 !m1 s z to facilitate ! cond5sation ( vap\r 9 di/illation4 7,see figure47 ,illu/ration ,,add]',s ,,tongue4 ,syn4 ,,common ,,add]',s ,,tongue2 ,,ophioglos',,sum ,,vulga',,tum1 ,l9n4 ,a p]5nial plant1 ( ! natural ord] ,filices 7,,dc471 gr[+ wild 9 ,engl&4 ,x is f\nd 9 our woods & pa/ures1 & fl[]s 9 ,may & ,june4 ,x 0 once us$ to =m a celebrat$ traumatic or vuln]>y o9tm5t & is /ill highly e/eem$ among ru/ic h]bali/s4 ,,adeps4 ,syn4 ,,l>d4 ,see ,,adeps ,,pr,,p>atus1 ,,fat1 & ,,l>d4 ,,adeps ,,b5zoatus4 ,syn4 ,,b5zoat$ ,,l>d4 ,,adeps ,,pr,,p>atus4 ,syn4 ,,axunge2 ,,prep>$ ,,l>d4 ,,adhe',,sion 7-he-zhn74 ,syn4 ,,adh',,sio1 ,l42 ,,adhesion1 ,fr42 ,,anh,,ngung1 ,,arxlebung1 ,g]4 ,! act or /ate ( /ick+ or be+ unit$4 ,adhesion4 ,9 physics1 ! =ce ) :i* bodies rema9 atta*$ to ea* o!r :5 br\ght into contact2 e4g41 ink adh]es to pap]1 pa9t adh]es to wood1 c4 ,x diff]s f 'cohesion' 9 repres5t+ ! =ce ) :i* diff]5t bodies cl+ toge!r2 :]eas cohesion is ! =ce :i* unites ! p>ticles ( a homog5e\s body ) ea* o!r1 e4g41 p>ticles ( iron coh]e & =m a mass ( iron2 p>ticles ( wat] coh]e & =m a mass ( wat]1 c4 ,adhesion4 ,9 pa?ology1 ! morbid union1 f inflammation1 ( p>ts normally contigu\s b n adh]5t4 ,adhesion4 ,9 surg]y1 ! reunion ( divid$ p>ts1 by ! adhesive inflammation2 z :5 incis$ w\nds heal by :at is t]m$ ! 'fir/ int5tion4' ,,adhe',,sive4 ,syn4 ,,adh,,si',,vus1 ,l42 ,,adh,,sif1 ,fr42 ,,adh,,sive1 ,,v]wa*s5d1 ,g]4 ,9 ph>macy1 c41 hav+ ! quality or prop]ty ( /ick+ or adh]+4 ,h5ce adhe'siv5ess4 ,,ad',,ipoc]e 7-sere74 ,syn4 ,,grave-,,waxd\ble-dagg]2 ,,adipoce'',,ra1 ,l42 ,,adipocire1 ,fr42 ,,fetewa*s1 ,g]4 ,a sub/ance resembl+ a mixture ( fat & wax1 result+ f ! decomposition ( ! fle% ( animals 9 moi/ situations1 or "u wat]4 ,x is *iefly m>g>ate ( ammonium4 ,lavoisi] propos$ to produce ?is sub/ance artificially1 = ! purposes ( ! arts4 ,attempts h s9ce be5 made to conv]t ! dead bodies ( cattle 7c>rion7 into adipoc]e1 = ! purposes ( ! c&le-mak] & ! soap-boil]1 b )\t success4 ,besides1 dead animal matt] c be work$ up m pr(itably ?an 9 mak+ artificial adipoc]e4 ,hat*ett9e or rock-fat is sometimes call$ 'adipoc]e'2 & bog-butt] is a sub/ance ne>ly simil> to x4 ,,ad',,jective4 ,syn4 ,,adjecti',,vus1 ,l42 ,,adjectif1 ,fr4 ,9 dye+1 dep5d+ on ano!r1 or on some?+ else2 appli$ to ^? col\rs :i* require a base or mordant to r5d] !m p]man5t4 ,see ,,dye+4 ,,ad',,juvant4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ad',,juvans1 ,l42 ,,aidant1 c41 ,fr4 ,assi/ant2 help+4 7,z a sub/antive--7 ,9 prescriptions1 see ,,prescrib+ 7,art (74 ,,adult]ation4 ,/rictly speak+1 ?is t]m ought only to be appli$ to ! practice ( add+ sub/ances to articles ( comm]ce1 food or dr9k1 = ! purposes ( deception or ga91 b a wid] int]pretation is frequ5tly plac$ on ! ^w ?an ! def9ition giv5 by magi/rates & analy/s1 ^! latt] (t5 reg>d+ accid5tal impurity1 or ev51 9 "s in/ances1 actual sub/itution z acts ( adult]ation4 ,! foll[+ def9ition ( an adult]at$ sub/ance has be5 adopt$ by ! ,society ( ,public ,analy/s-- ,a sub/ance %all be deem$ to be adult]at$-- ,a4 ,9 ! ease ( food or dr9k3 #a4 ,if x conta9 any +r$i5t :i* may r5d] su* article injuri\s to ! heal? ( a consum]4 #b4 ,if x conta9 any sub/ance t s5sibly increases its weight1 bulk1 or /r5g?1 or gives x a fictiti\s value1 unless ! am\nt ( su* sub/ance pres5t be due to circum/ances necess>ily app]ta9+ to its collection or manufacture1 or be necess>y = its pres]vation1 or unless ! pres5ce !re( be ackn[l$g$ at ! "t ( sale4 #c4 ,if any important con/itu5t has be5 :olly or 9 "p ab/ract$ or omitt$1 unless ackn[l$gm5t ( su* ab/raction or omission be made at ! "t ( sale4 #d4 ,if x be an imitation ( or sold "u ! "n ( ano!r article4 ,b4 ,9 ! case ( drugs3 #a4 ,if :5 retail$ = m$ical purposes "u a "n recognis$ 9 ! ',briti% ,ph>macopoeia' x be n equal 9 /r5g? & purity to ! /&>d laid d[n 9 t "w4 #b4 ,if :5 sold "u a "n n recognis$ 9 ! ',briti% ,ph>macopoeia' x diff]s mat]ially f ! /&>d laid d[n 9 approv$ works on mat]ia m$ica1 or ! pr(ess$ /&>d "u :i* x is sold4 ,limits4 ,! foll[+ %all be deem$ limits = ! respective articles ref]r$ to3 ,milk %all conta9 n less ?an #ij p] c5t41 by weight1 ( milk solids1 n fat1 & n less ?an #be p] c5t4 ( butt] fat4 ,skim ,milk %all conta9 n less ?an #ij p] c5t4 by weight1 ( milk solids n butt] fat4 ,butt] %all conta9 n less ?an #hj p] c5t4 ( butt] fat4 ,tea %all n conta9 m ?an #hj p] c5t4 ( m9]al matt]1 calculat$ on ! tea dri$ at #ajj ,c41 ( :i* at lea/ #cj p] c5t4 %all be soluble 9 wat]1 & ! tea z sold %all yield at lea/ #cj p] c5t4 ( extract4 ,cocoa %all conta9 at lea/ #bj p] c5t4 ( cocoa fat4 ,v9eg> %all conta9 n less ?an #c p] c5t4 ( acetic acid4 ,! practice ( fraudul5t adult]ation has be5 indulg$ 9 = c5turies4 ,9 e civilis$ /ate !re h be5 enactm5ts aga9/ x4 ,! ,romans _h _! inspectors ( meat & corn4 ,9 ,engl& an ,act to prohibit adult]ation 0 pass$ z e>ly z #abfg1 & p5alties aga9/ x 7 9 =ce 9 #aeha1 #afjd1 #ahcf1 #ahea4 ,9 #ahbb1 ,accum publi%$ a "w hav+ ! s5sational title ( ',dea? 9 ! ,pot1' & 9 #ahee appe>$ ,dr ,hassall's book1 ',food & its ,adult]ations4' ,! in=mation convey$ 9 ^! works1 add$ to ! revelations ( ! ',lancet' ,sanit>y ,commission1 & ! contributions to sci5tific lit]ature on ! subject ( food by ,le!by1 ,pavy1 ,p>kes1 ,bly?1 & o!rs1 toge!r ) ! publi%$ evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons ,commission appo9t$ to c>ry out an inquiry into ! subject1 r\s$ public att5tion to su* a degree z to lead to ! pass+ by ! legislature ( ! ,adult]ation ,acts4 ,! sophi/ications may be divid$ into sev]al di/9ct classes3 #a4 ,to give weight or volume1 su* z wat] add$ to butt]1 pla/] ( p>is to fl\r1 c42 r$ e>?s to annatto1 s& to tea-leaves1 c42 wat] to milk1 c42 all ^!1 !re=e1 are sub/itutions ( wor?less or v *eap articles :i* take ! place ( ! real4 #b4 ,to give a col\r :i* ei!r makes ! article m pleas+ to ! eye1 or else disguises an inf]ior "o1 e4g41 ,prussian blue1 black lead1 c41 to gre5 teas2 annatto to *eese1 c42 ars5ite ( copp] to sweetmeats1 c4 #c4 ,sub/itutions ( a *eap] =m ( ! article1 or ! same sub/ance f :i* ! /r5g? has be5 extract$ put 9 ! place ( ! real1 e4g41 tea mix$ ) sp5t leaves1 c4 #d4 ,a v small class :]e ! adult]ation is really add$ ) no fraudul5t int5t1 b to enhance ! quality ( ! goods sold--alum to bread 9 small quantities4 ,! foll[+1 accord+ to ,bly? 7',dic4 ( ,hygine'71 is a li/ ( articles mo/ commonly adult]at$1 ) ! names ( ! sub/ances us$ 9 _! sophi/ication3-- ,,aconitia ) o!r alkaloids1 e4g41 delph9ia1 aconella1 c4 ,,ale1 common salt1 ,cocculus indicus1 gra9s ( p>adise1 quassia1 & o!r bitt]s1 sulphate ( iron1 alum1 c4 ,,allspice1 mu/>d husks4 ,,an*ovies1 o!r fi%1 & col\r+ matt]s1 e4g41 ,arm5ian bole1 ,v5etian r$1 c4 ,,annatto1 all sorts ( />*1 soap1 r$ f]rug9\s e>?s1 c>bonate & sulphate ( lime1 salts1 c4 ,,arr[root1 v>i\s o!r fecula1 su* z sago1 tapioca1 potato1 & o!rs4 ,,balsam ,,( ,,copaiba1 turp5t9e & fix$ oils4 ,,beef 7,,pott$71 ,arm5ian bole4 ,,bismu?1 c>bonate ( lead1 sometimes ars5ic 7?is latt] is an impurity n int5tional74 ,,bloat]s 7,,pott$71 ,arm5ian bole4 ,,br&y1 wat]1 burnt sug>1 c4 ,,bread1 potatoes 7ma%$71 alum1 inf]ior fl\r1 c41 c4 ,,butt]1 wat]1 salt1 col\r+ matt]1 l>d1 tall[1 & o!r fats4 ,,cajuput ,,oil1 copp]1 camphor dissolv$ 9 oil ( rosem>y1 & col\r$ ) copp] z a sub/itute4 ,,calam9e1 col\r$ sulphate ( b>yta4 ,,calomel1 sulphate ( b>yta1 *alk1 :ite precipitate1 :ite lead1 pipe-clay1 c41 c4 ,,calumba1 t+$ bryony root1 root ( ,fras]a ,walt]i1 & o!rs4 ,,camboge1 />*1 c4 ,,camphor1 a sub/itution ( ,borneo camphor has be5 made4 ,,can?>ides1 gold5 beetle1 artificially col\r$ glass1 c4 ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,lead1 sulphate ( b>yta1 sulphate ( lead1 *alk1 c41 c4 ,,c>m9e 7,,co*9eal71 sulphate ( b>yta1 bone black1 c4 ,,cassia 7,,s5na71 leaves ( ,sol5o/emma argel1 & o!r =eign leaves4 ,,ca/or ,,oil1 o!r oils1 (t5 small quantities ( croton oil4 ,,cay5ne1 gr\nd rice1 v]milion1 ,v5etian r$1 turm]ic4 ,,*ampagne1 gooseb]ry & o!r w9es z sub/itutes1 diff]5t col\r+ matt]s1 c4 ,,*eese1 annatto1 bole 7,arm5ian71 & o!r col\r+ matt]s4 ,,*icory1 col\r+ matt]s1 su* z f]rug9\s e>?s1 & burnt sug>1 ,v5etian r$1 c41 & diff]5t fl\rs1 su* z :eat1 rye1 beans1 c41 & sometimes sawdu/4 ,,cid]1 lead 7z an impurity1 n int5tional74 ,,cig>s1 sub/itutions ( hay & o!r rubbi%1 inf]ior tobacco1 leaves sometimes d>k5$ by "s br[n vegetable dye4 ,,c9namon1 cassia1 clove /alks1 & diff]5t fl[]s4 ,,cl>et1 br&y1 & sub/itution ( inf]ior w9es4 ,,cloves1 clove /alks4 ,,cocoa ,,& ,,*ocolate1 *eap] k9ds ( arr[-root1 su* z ,t\s les mois & ,ea/ ,indian1 animal matt]1 corn1 sago1 tapioca1 c4 ,,c(fee1 *icory1 roa/$ :eat1 rye fl[]s1 & col\r+ matt]s1 su* z burnt sug>1 c4 ,,cod-,,liv] ,,oil1 o!r oils mix$ ) x4 ,,colocyn? 7,,comp\nd ,,extract ,,(71 ! extract is n unfrequ5tly made ) ! pulp & se$s4 ,,confection]y1 injuri\s col\r+ matt]s1 su* z ars5ite ( copp]1 *romate ( lead1 c4 ,,confection1 ,,aromatic 7,,aromatic ,,*alk ,,p[d]71 exp5sive +r$i5ts omitt$1 turm]ic sub/itut$ = saffron1 c41 c4 ,,copal1 gum damm>1 res91 c4 ,,curry-,,p[d]1 r$ lead1 gr\nd rice1 salt4 ,,cusp>ia ,,b>k1 ! b>k ( ,/ry*nos ,nux ,vomica is said to h be5 sub/itut$4 ,,cu/>d ,,& ,,egg ,,p[d]1 turm]ic1 *rome yell[1 & diff]5t fl\rs4 ,,elat]ium1 />*1 fl\r1 *alk1 c4 ,,epsom ,,salts1 *loride magnesium1 *alk1 c4 ,,e!r1 alcohol4 ,,fl\r1 o!r & inf]ior fl\rs1 z ! fl\r f rice1 bean1 ,indian corn1 potato1 c41 sulphate ( lime1 alum4 ,,gelat9e1 salt & sug>4 ,,g91 wat]1 sug>1 capsicum1 flav\r+ matt]s ( diff]5t k9ds1 turp5t9e1 alum1 t>t>4 ,,g+]1 turm]ic1 & husks ( mu/>d1 fl\r f :eat1 sago1 c4 ,,guaiacum ,,res91 o!r res9s4 ,,honey1 fl\r1 cane sug>1 c4 ,,hops1 ,cocculus indicus1 gra9s ( p>adise1 c41 c4 ,,iodide ,,( ,,potassium1 wat]1 c>bonate ( pota%1 *lorides ( soda & pota%1 iodate ( pota%1 iod9e1 c4 ,,iod9e1 wat]1 plumbago1 *>coal1 black oxide ( manganese1 c4 ,,ipecaquanha1 o!r roots1 extrane\s woody fibre2 :5 9 p[d]1 *alk1 fl\r1 c41 h be5 add$4 ,,is+lass1 gelat9e4 ,,jalap1 rasp+s ( guaiacum1 false jalap root1 c4 ,,l>d1 c>bonate ( soda1 salt1 potato1 fl\r1 & lime4 ,,lemon ,,juice1 a mixture ( sug> & wat]1 acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 has be5 sub/itut$4 ,,liquorice1 rice1 *alk1 gelat9e1 & diff]5t fl\rs4 ,,magnesia1 ,,magnesia ,,sulphate1 lime1 c>bonate ( magnesia4 ,,magnesia1 ,,c>bonate1 lime1 sulphate1 c41 c4 ,,m>malade1 apple1 or turnip pulp4 ,,m]cury1 lead1 t91 z9c1 bismu?1 c4 ,,m]cury ,,gre5 ,,iodide ,,(1 r$ iodide ( ,,m]cury ,,r$ ,,oxide ,,(1 brick-du/1 r$ lead1 c4 ,,m]cury ,,ammoniat$ 7,,:ite ,,precipitate71 *alk1 c>bonate ( lead1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 c41 c4 ,,milk1 wat]4 ,,mu/>d1 turm]ic1 :eat fl\r4 ,,myrrh1 gum bdellium1 & o!r gum res9s4 ,,oatmeal1 b>ley fl\r1 rubble4 ,,opium1 /ones1 s&1 clay1 vegetable extracts1 sug>1 treacle1 wat]1 c4 ,,p>eira ,,root1 diff]5t roots sub/itut$4 ,,pepp]1 l9se$ meal1 diff]5t fl\rs1 mu/>d husks1 c4 ,,pickles1 salts ( copp]1 acetate ( copp]4 ,,port] ,,& ,,/\t1 sug>1 treacle1 wat] & salt4 ,,pota%1 c>bonate1 sulphate1 & *loride ( pota%1 lime1 iron1 & alum9a4 ,,pota%1 ,,acetate ,,(1 sulphates1 & *lorides ( pota%4 ,,pota%1 ,,c>bonate ,,(1 sulphates1 & *lorides ( pota%4 ,,pota%1 ,,bic>bonate ,,(1 c>bonate ( pota%4 ,,pota%1 ,,citrate ,,(1 sulphates ( pota%4 ,,pota%1 ,,*lorate ,,(1 *loride ( potassium4 ,,pota%1 ,,t>trate ,,(1 t>trate ( lime4 ,,pota%1 ,,nitrate ,,(1 sulphate or *loride ( potassium4 ,,pres]ves1 salts ( copp]4 ,,qu99e1 sulphate ( lime1 *alk1 magnesia1 cane-sug>1 sulphate ( c9*on9e1 c4 ,,rhub>b1 turm]ic1 & inf]ior v>ieties sub/itut$ = ,turkey4 ,,rum1 wat]1 cay5ne1 burnt sug>4 ,,sago1 potato fl\r4 ,,sauce1 treacle1 salt1 co*9eal1 ,arm5ian bole1 & o!r col\r+ matt]s4 ,,scammony1 *alk1 />*1 guaiacum1 jalap1 dextr91 c4 ,,s5ega1 guis5g1 gill5ia4 ,,s5na1 leaves ( cynan*um argel4 ,,%]ry1 sulphates ( pota%1 soda1 br&y1 burnt sug>1 c4 ,,snuff1 c>bonate ( ammonia1 glass1 s&1 col\r+ matt]1 c4 ,,soda1 ,,bic>bonate1 c>bonate & sulphate ( soda4 ,,soda1 ,,c>bonate1 sulphate ( soda4 ,,soda1 ,,phosphate ,,(1 phosphate ( lime4 ,,spices1 col\r+ mat]ials1 sub/itutions1 & diff]5t fl\rs4 ,,squills 7,,p[d]$71 :eat fl\r4 ,,sug> 7,,moi/71 s&1 fl\r1 c4 ,,sulphur1 sulphur\s acid 7z an impurity74 ,,sulphuric ,,acid1 lead1 wat]1 ars5ic1 hydro*loric acid1 c4 ,,tapioca1 mix+ inf]ior />*es ) ! pure tapioca4 ,,tea1 s&1 iron fil+s1 exhau/$ tea leaves1 =eign leaves2 & 9 gre5 teas1 black lead1 ,prussian blue1 ,*9a clay4 ,,tobacco1 inf]ior tobacco1 wat]4 ,,turm]ic1 yell[ o*re1 c>bonate ( soda1 or pota%4 ,,uva ,,ursi 7,,be>b]ry ,,leaves71 leaves ( r$ :ortleb]ry1 & o!rs4 ,,v9eg>1 sulphuric acid1 & metallic impurities4 ,,w9es1 wat]1 j]upiga1 bit>trate ( pota%1 sub/itution ( inf]ior w9es1 br&y1 spirits1 & v>i\s o!r matt]s4 ,,z9c1 ,,oxide ,,(1 *alk1 c>bonate ( magnesia4 ,! ,sale ( ,food & ,drugs ,act has n[ supplem5t$ sev]al ,acts :i* 7 pass$ dur+ ! pres5t c5tury = ! prev5tion ( adult]ation4 ,an ,act prohibit+ ! mixture ( injuri\s +r$i5ts ) intoxicat+ liquors rema9s unrepeal$1 z d also "o or two /atutes relat+ to trade frauds z = example ! ,adult]ation ( ,se$s ,act1 #ahji4 ,^! latt] h n be5 incorporat$ 9 ! ,sale ( ,food & ,drugs ,act4 7e74 ,l4 ,= words sometimes writt5 ) ?is initial diph?ong1 & n f\nd bel[1 look "u ,e4 ,,gi',,r9on 7-ji'-74 ,gr4 ,see ,,o9tm5t4 ,,gypti',,acumdagg] 7-j7ip-ti'-74 ,lat4 ,syn4 ,,ungu5',,tum ,,gyptiacum1 ,l4 ,oxymel or l9im5t ( v]digris4 ,! "n orig9at$ ) ,hippocrates1 :o is said to h le>n$ its composition 9 ,egypt4 ,,ol',,ipile 7-p7ile74 ,a holl[ ball ( metal1 hav+ a sl5d] neck ) a v small orifice1 contriv$ to exhibit ! conv]sion ( wat] into /eam by ! action ( heat1 & to acc\nt = ! natural production ( w9ds4 ,x 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 is m5tion$ by ,vitruvius1 & 0 /udi$ by ,desc>tes & o!rs4 ,x has be5 us$ 9 surg]y to produce es*>s1 9 ! same cases z moxas2 ! effect ( ! /eam be+ limit$ by means ( a piece ( p]=at$ pa/ebo>d4 ,:5 fill$ ) alcohol1 & ! jet ( vap\r inflam$1 x is sometimes employ$ z a bl[pipe4 ,m4 ,soy] us$ an app>atus ( ?is k9d to supply ! heat 9 8 portable furnace4 ,! liquid1 h[ev]1 :i* he employ$ 0 camph9e4 ,a',,er1 7a'-7er74 ,l4 prim4 ,gr4 ,air4 ,a',,erat$ 7a'-7er-rate-7ed74 ,9 *emi/ry1 c41 impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid4 ,see ,,alkali1 ,,lemonade1 ,,wat]s1 ,,m9]al4 ,,ae'',,rial 7a-ere'-e-7al74 ,belong+ to ! air or atmosph]e2 produc$ by1 consi/+ (1 dep5d+ on1 or p>tak+ ( ! nature ( ! air4 ,,a]ifica',,tion 7a-7er-e-74 ,syn4 ,a,,rifica',,tio1 ,l42 ,a,,rification1 ,,gaz,,ification1 ,fr4 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! conv]sion ( a body into gas4 ,a',,eri=m 7a'-7er-74 ,syn4 ,a,,ri=m',,is1 ,l42 ,a,,ri=me1 ,,gaz,,i=me1 ,fr4 ,,luft=mig1 c41 ,g]4 ,9 *emi/ry1 air-l1 gase\s4 ,,a]ol',,ogy4 ,syn4 ,a,,rolo',,gia1 ,l42 ,a,,rologie1 ,fr41 ,g]4 ,9 physics1 a disc\rse or treatise ( ! air4 ,9 physiology & hygine1 ! doctr9e ( ! air1 m especially ) reg>d to its salubrity & action on organis$ be+s4 ,,a]om',,et]4 ,syn4 ,a,,rome',,trum1 ,l42 ,a,,rom,,tre1 ,fr4 ,an in/rum5t us$ 9 arometry4 ,,a]om',,etry4 ,syn4 ,a,,rome',,tria1 ,l42 ,a,,rom,,trie1 ,fr42 ,,luftmesskun/1 c41 ,g]4 ,9 *emi/ry & physics1 ! art ( measur+ gases1 & ( det]m9+ _! d5sities4 ,,a]onaut',,ics4 ,syn4 ,a,,ronautique1 ,fr4 ,! art ( sail+ 91 or ( navigat+ ! air4 ,see ,,balloons4 ,,a]opho',,bia4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,a,,rophobie1 ,fr4 ,9 pa?ology1 a dread ( air 7w9d72 a common symptom 9 hydrophobia1 & occasionally pres5t 9 hy/]ia & phr5itis4 ,,a]o/at',,ics4 ,syn4 ,a,,ro/at',,ica1 ,l42 ,a,,ro/atique1 ,fr4 ,t bran* ( pneumatics :i* treats ( air1 & o!r ela/ic fluids1 9 a /ate ( re/4 ,,a]o/a',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,a,,ro/a',,tio1 ,l4 ,! art ( weigh+ ! air2 arial susp5sion & navigation4 ,see ,,balloons4 ,,ru',,g 7e-74 ,l4 ,! ru/ ( brass1 bronze1 or copp]2 v]digris4 ,,scul94 ,c#ba;,h#bd,o#ac4 ,a cry/all9e fluoresc5t sub/ance exi/+ 9 ! b>k ( ! horse-*e/nut 7sculus hippoca/anum7 & ( o!r trees ( ! g5]a sculus & ,p>ia4 ,9 ! above-nam$ s\rces scul9 is associat$ ) ano!r fluoresc5t body call$ ,p>i94 '',,!r4 ,see ,,e!r4 ,,i!'',,rea 7-?er-74 ,l4 pl4 ,e!rs4 ,,/het',,ics 7ez-74 ,syn4 ,,/het',,ica1 ,l4 ,m$ic9es or ag5ts :i* affect s5sation4 ,see ,,an,,/hetics & ,,hyp],,/hetics4 ,,?iops4 ,see ,,e?iops4 ,,affec',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,affec',,tio1 ,l4 ,9 pa?ology1 a t]m ne>ly synonym\s ) disease4 ,,aff9ity4 ,syn4 ,,*emical ,,aff9ity2 ,,aff9itas1 ,l42 ,,aff9it1 ,fr42 ,,v]w&ts*aft1 ,g]4 ,if oil & wat] be %ak5 toge!r !y produce no *ange ^u "o ano!r1 z is prov$ by _! sep>at+ into two lay]s ) _! prop]ties unalt]$1 :5 ! mixture is all[$ to rema9 at re/ = a %ort "t4 ,su* bodies are said1 9 *emical language1 to h no aff9ity = "o ano!r4 ,if iod9e & metallic m]cury be rubb$ toge!r 9 a mort> !y w unite 9 def9ite proportions by weight1 & =m a comb9ation possess+ prop]ties totally di/9ct f ^? ( its con/itu5ts4 ,?us1 iod9e is a greyi%1 metallic-look+ solid1 conv]tible into a violet vap\r by heat1 p]ceptibly soluble 9 wat]1 & capable ( produc+ a blue comp\nd ) />*4 ,m]cury is a metallic1 silv]y-look+ liquid4 ,! product ( _! union 7b9iodide ( m]cury7 is a sc>let p[d]1 de/itute ( metallic lu/re1 conv]tible into vap\r by heat1 )\t ! production ( violet fumes1 insoluble 9 wat]1 & incapable ( develop+ a blue col\r ) />*4 ,aga91 ! gre5i%-yell[ & int5sely poison\s gas1 *lor9e1 unites 9 def9ite proportions by weight ) ! s(t1 wax-l1 & highly poison\s metal sodium to produce ! :ite cry/all9e solid *loride ( sodium 7common salt71 a comp\nd :i*1 except 9 v l>ge quantities1 is n only n poison\s1 b actually b5eficial to heal?4 ,su* comb9ations are call$ *emical comp\nds1 & ! =ce :i* b9ds _! con/itu5ts toge!r is di/+ui%$ f all o!r attractive =ces by ! t]m aff9ity or *emical aff9ity4 ,bodies unit$ by aff9ity are also said to h unit$ *emically4 ,aff9ity is 9 mo/ cases ex]t$ betwe5 diff]5t sub/ances1 9 :i* respect x resembles adhesion2 b bodies unit$ by adhesion1 e4g4 ink to pap]1 pa9t to wood1 c41 unlike ^? unit$ by aff9ity1 suff] no *ange ( prop]ties4 ,aff9ity is ex]t$ at immeasurable di/ances1 !re=e sub/ances to be submitt$ to its influ5ce mu/ be br\ght into 7app>5tly7 actual contact4 ,?is condition is frequ5tly fulfill$ by ! vaporisation1 fusion1 or solution ( "o or m ( ! bodies to be submitt$ to its action4 ,9 _m in/ances sub/ances :i* h no aff9ity = "o ano!r at ord9>y temp]atures manife/ ?is p[] :5 heat$4 ,:5ev] *emical union takes place1 heat is inv>iably evolv$2 conv]sely1 ! decomposition ( a *emical comp\nd is always accompani$ by an app>5t loss ( heat or r$uction ( temp]ature4 ,f9ally1 ! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5a *>act]i/ic (1 & accompany+1 *emical aff9ity are1 developm5t ( heat1 *ange ( prop]ties1 & union 9 def9ite or con/ant proportions by weight4 ,,affusion4 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! wa%+ ( a precipitate1 c41 = ! purpose ( remov+ soluble matt]s4 ,9 m$ic9e1 affusion is ( ?ree k9ds3-- #a4 ,lotions1 :i* consi/ 9 wa%+ a "p ( ! body ) a sponge or rag soak$ 9 a liquid4 #b4 ,asp]sions1 :i* consi/ 9 ?r[+ a liquid drop by drop1 l ra91 ^u ! body4 #c4 ,%[] ba?s1 :i* consi/ 9 all[+ a numb] ( small /reams ( wat] to fall f a height ^u ! surface ( ! body4 ,if ! wat] fall f a consid]able height1 affusion is !n t]m$ d\*e by ! ,fr5*4 ,,aft',,er-,,damp4 ,syn4 ,,*oke-,,damp4 ,c>bonic acid gas result+ f explosion ( air & fire-damp 7light c>bonett$ hydrog57 9 coal m9es4 ,,aft',,er-,,pa9s4 ,^? foll[+ *ildbir?4 ,! only rem$y is pati5ce2 !y may1 h[ev]1 be frequ5tly alleviat$ by small doses ( morphia or liquor opii s$ativus4 ,heat$ clo?s & w>m fom5tations are sometimes useful1 p>ticul>ly if assi/$ by mod]ate b suffici5t pressure on ! abdom51 by means ( a broad b&age4 ,!y seldom foll[ ) sev]ity ! fir/ bir?4 ,treatm5t = ,animals4 ,remove clots f p>ts1 raise ! h9d-qu>t]s4 ,give cly/]s ( l9se$ tea1 lukew>m1 & laudanum or belladonna extract4 ,syr+e out p>ts ) ,condy's fluid consid]ably dilut$4 ,give int]nally belladonna1 opium1 or *lor(orm4 ,draw away milk4 ,,aft',,er-,,wa% 7w7o%74 ,9 ! art ( ! di/ill]1 ! liquor 9 ! /ill aft] ! _s has be5 drawn ov]4 ,,ag',,aric4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ag>',,icum1 ,,ag>',,icus1 ,l42 ,,bl,,tt]s*wamm1 ,,pilz1 ,,s*wamm1 ,g]4 ,9 botany1 a g5us ( fungi1 ( num]\s species1 embrac+ ! mu%rooms & *ampignons4 ,( ^! plants1 "s are edible2 o!rs poison\s4 ,! t]m is also commonly appli$ to ! boletus f\nd on oaks 7,,t\*wood71 & on l>*es 7,,male ,,ag>ic74 ,see ,,mu%rooms4 ,fly-ag>ic4 ,syn4 ,,fly ,,mu%',,room2 ,,ag>',,icus ,,musca'',,ria1 ,l9n42 ,,amani',,ta ,m4 ,"o ( ! mo/ n>cotic & poison\s ( our fungi1 produc+1 9 small doses1 intoxication & a pleas+ species ( delirium2 = :i* purpose x is commonly employ$ 9 ,kams*atka4 7,hook]47 ,x possesses ! s+ul> prop]ty ( imp>t+ an intoxicat+ quality to ! ur9e1 :i* cont9ues = a long "t aft] tak+ x4 ,?is secretion is1 !re=e1 commonly sav$ by ! natives dur+ a sc>city ( ! fungus4 ,?us1 ) a few amanit1 a p>ty ( drunk>ds may keep up _! debau* = a week2 & ! intoxication s produc$ is capable ( be+ propagat$ ?r\gh five or six individuals4 7,langsdorff47 ,wat] 9 :i* x has be5 boil$ is poison\s2 b ! boil$ fungus itself is in]t4 ,! liquid f x is us$ z a fly-poison2 :5ce ! "n mu%room is d]iv$4 ,x may be kn[n by its ri* orange-r$ col\r 9 autumn4 ,,ag',,ate 7-ate1 -7etd\ble-dagg]74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,a*a',,tes 7-ka'-tez71 ,l4 ,a semi-pellucid uncry/allis$ species ( qu>tz1 rem>kable = its h>dness1 v>iety ( col\r1 & susceptibility ( receiv+ a high poli%4 ,x is an aggregate ( v>i\s silice\s m9]als1 ( :i* *alc$ony appe>s g5]ally to be ! base4 ,c>nelian1 jasp]1 ame?y/1 & o!r simil> m9]als1 (t5 ent] into its composition4 ,! col\rs are (t5 delicately arrang$ 9 /ripes1 b&s1 or cl\ds4 ,^? :i* take an angul> =m1 z ! ,scot* pebble1 are call$ ,,=tification ,,agates4 ,x is ! lea/ valuable ( ! preci\s /ones1 & is *iefly made into r+s1 seals1 beads1 burni%]s1 c41 on acc\nt ( its h>dness4 ,its p[d] is us$ = cleans+ & poli%+ iron1 brass1 c41 & to %>p5 edge-tools4 ,,age+ ,,liquor4 ,dissolve #c lbs4 ( *lorate ( pota% 9 #d galls4 ( boil+ wat]4 ,add #bj lbs4 ( p[d]$ :ite ars5ic to #bj lbs4 ( solution ( cau/ic soda at #fj ,tw41 & boil until ! ars5ic is completely dissolv$4 ,add ! latt] solution to ! =m]1 ) /irr+1 until ! mixture /&s at #bh ,tw4 ,,ag',,nail4 ,see ,,:itl[4 ,,agrypnot',,ics 7-gr7ip-74 ,syn4 ,,an?ypnot',,ics 7-h7ip-72 ,,agrypnot',,ica1 ,,an?ypnot',,ica1 ,l4 ,9 m$ic9e & ph>macology1 ag5ts or sub/ances :i* prev5t sleep2 z tea1 c(fee1 digitalis1 v9eg>1 c4 ,a',,gue 7-g7u74 ,ague may be def9$ z febrile ph5om5a occurr+ 9 p>oxysms1 & obs]v+ a c]ta9 regul> succession1 *>act]is$ by *ill1 abnormal heat1 & unnatural cutane\s dis*>ge1 :i* prove to be a tempor>y crisis & u%] 9 a remission4 ,^! ph5om5a are develop$ 9 an un9t]rupt$ s]ies or succession m or less regul>1 :i* pass into ea* o!r by ins5sible /ages4 ,ague is paludal fev]1 & has always be5 obs]v$ to prevail 9 m>%y moi/ di/ricts1 & 9 l[1 swampy humid c\ntries1 9 :i* seasons ( consid]able heat occur4 ,! neighb\rhood ( m>%es1 or ( a di/rict :i* has be5 at "s rec5t "t "u wat]2 ! banks ( ext5sive lakes1 & ! %ores ( riv]s & seas :]e ! wat] fl[s sluggi%ly1 & 9 "s places /agnates2 %all[ riv]s2 ext5sive level tracts ( =e/ l&1 :]e moi/ure is always pres5t2 & ! surface ( ! l& con/antly cov]$ ) excavation f ! gr\nd1--^! are ! t]re/rial physical conditions1 9 :i* m>% & littoral fev]s are almo/ univ]sally to be f\nd1 al?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t !re are "s m>%y di/ricts 9 :i* ! disease does n %[ itself4 ,9 ^! latt] localities ! effects ( ! miasmatic poison1 %[ !mselves 9 *ol]a or typhus4 ,no precise k ( ! nature & s\rce ( ?is subtle poison :i*1 9 default ( a bett] "n we call mal>ia1 has yet be5 acquir$2 inde$ x has yet to be prov$ t mal>ia has a di/9ct exi/5ce4 ,sci5ce has z yet be5 unable to discov] ! pres5ce ( any poison\s pr9ciple 9 ! air ( ague on o!r regions4 ,ague may exi/ )\t any alt]ation ( /ructure be+ set up2 b 9 ! mild] =ms ( ?is fev] a great] numb] ( organs & tissues are morbidly alt]$ ?an p]haps 9 any o!r =m ( disease4 ,! p>ts s affect$ are ! liv]1 sple51 lungs1 he>t1 bra91 & ! s]\s & muc\s membranes ( ! body g5]ally4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits1 ! specific action ( ! mal>ial poison may be said to be 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! int5sity ( ! fev] :i* att5ds its action4 ,! affections ( ! liv] & sple5 also v>y greatly accord+ to ! locality 9 :i* ! pati5t is attack$2 = in/ance1 :il/ 9 "s p>ts ( ,india ! sple5 is ! organ pr9cipally involv$1 9 o!r di/ricts ( ! same cont95t x is ! liv]4 ,9 ,engl&1 "u prop] m$ical treatm5t1 ! pati5t usually recov]s )\t any manife/ d]angem5t ei!r ( /ructure or impairm5t ( function ( any organ or tissue4 ,! liv] may1 h[ev]1 become affect$ if ! pati5t suff]+ f ! disease has be5 neglect$ = any l5g? ( "t4 ,not)/&+ ! op9ions ( ,f9ke & ,pr(essor ,col91 !re appe>s to be consid]able gr\nd = ! supposition t ague may be caus$ by dr9k+ m>% & surface wat]4 ,9 an int]e/+ pap] on ! ',indian ,annals' = #ahef1 ,mr ,bett+ton1 ( ! ,madras ,civil ,s]vice1 says3--,x is notori\s t ! wat] produces fev] & affections ( ! sple54 ,9 confirmation ( ?is ass]tion1 he br+s =w>d :at seems to be "s rem>kably /rong evid5ce4 ,he cites cases ( villages plac$ "u ! same conditions z to m>%-air 9 "s ( :i* fev]s 7 preval5t1 :il/ 9 o!rs !y 7 abs5t2 & he f\nd on inquiry t :il/ ! latt] villages 7 suppli$ ) pure wat]1 ! inhabitants ( ! =m] _h to dr9k m>% or mullah wat]1 full ( vegetable dbris4 ,9 "o village !re 7 two s\rces ( supply--a spr+ & a tank1 ! fir/ f$ by surface1 & ! o!r by m>% wat]4 ,^? only :o p>took ( ! tank wat] 7 attack$ by fev]4 ,aga91 9 ,tulliw>ee ! fev] 0 s univ]sal t sc>cely any inhabitant escap$ x4 ,9 ?is village ,mr ,bett+ton caus$ a well to be dug1 & ! result 0 t ! fev] disappe>$4 ,simil> cases h occurr$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ,mr ,bl[]1 ( ,b$=d1 direct$ ! att5tion ( m$ical m5 to a case t occurr$ 9 a village1 9 :i* ague _h ne>ly disappe>$ :5 a well 0 dug2 & to ano!r in/ance :i* occurr$ 9 ! village ( ,h\ghton4 ,9 ?is p>i% almo/ ! only family :i* escap$ ague 0 t ( a f>m]2 ! memb]s ( ?is family p>took ( well wat]2 :il/ ^? :o did n escape ! disease drank dit* wat]4 ,9 ! ',indian ,annals' = #ahfg is a pap] by ,dr ,moore1 confirm+ ! op9ion t ague may be produc$ by ! causes already /at$1 & ,m4 ,commaille 7',rec4 de ,mm4 de ,m$4 ,mil41' ,nov41 #ahfh7 /ates t 9 ,m>seilles1 p>oxysmal fev]s1 =m]ly unkn[n1 h made _! appe>ance1 s9ce ! wat] supply to t city has be5 drawn f ! ,m>seilles ,canal4 ,9 8 report = #ahgj ,dr ,t[ns5d1 ! ,sanit>y ,commission] = ! c5tral prov9ces ( ,india1 /ates t ! natives ( ,india hold an op9ion t ! use ( riv] & tank wat] dur+ ra9y seasons 7:5 ! wat] always conta9s an increas$ quantity ( vegetable matt]7 w almo/ always cause ague4 ,b\d9 7',trait de ,gographie et de ,/ati/iques ,mdicale1' #aheg1 t4 i1 p4 #adb71 records an extraord9>y case4 ,eight hundr$ soldi]s1 9 good heal?1 emb>k$ 9 ?ree vessels to pass f ,bona1 9 ,algi]s1 to ,m>seilles1 9 ! ye> #ahcd4 ,!y all arriv$ at ,m>seilles ! same day4 ,9 two vessels !re 7 #fhj m51 )\t a s+le sick "o among/ !m4 ,9 ! ?ird vessel1 ! ,argo1 !re _h be5 #abj soldi]s2 #ac di$ dur+ ! %ort passage1 & ( ! #ajg survivors no less ?an #ih 7 disemb>k$ suff]+ f all =ms ( paludal fev]s4 ,we may presume t ! diagnosis 0 correct1 s9ce ,b\d9 himself exam9$ ! m54 ,:5 ! vessels />t$ ! crew ( ! ,argo _h n a s+le sick man abo>d4 ,! crew & soldi]s ( all ! boats 7 expos$ to ! same atmosph]ic conditions4 ,! influ5ce ( air mu/1 !re=e1 be exclud$4 ,!re is no m5tion ( food1 b x has nev] be5 sugge/$ t food has ev] be5 conc]n$ 9 ! production ( mal>i\s fev]4 ,x 0 a v diff]5t matt]1 h[ev]1 ) ! wat] supply4 ,9 two ( ! vessels ! wat] 0 good1 :il/ ! ,argo _h be5 suppli$ ) m>% wat]1 :i* 0 (f5sive to ! smell1 z well z unpalatable4 ,?is latt] 0 suppli$ to ! soldi]s1 :il/ ! crew drank uncontam9at$ wat]4 ,among/ ^? :o d5y t m>% wat] is ! cause ( ague mu/ be quot$ ,pr(essor ,col94 ,! pr(essor1 :o is reg>d$ z an au?ority on int]mitt5t fev]1 9 8 "w ,de l',+e/ion des ,eaux ,m>cageuse comme cause de la ,dys5t]ie et des ,fivres int]mitt5tes1' in/ances num]\s cases 9 ,algi]s & ,italy 9 :i* impure m>% wat] gives rise to indige/ion1 di>rhoea1 & dys5t]y1 b 9 no case to int]mitt5t fev]2 & he /ates t 9 all 8 obs]vations he has nev] met ) an in/ance ( ague hav+ su* an orig94 ,)\t conte/+ ! case ( ! ,argo1 he views x ) consid]able suspicion1 & d\bts :e!r ,b\d9 is correct 9 8 details4 ,f9ke also /ates t1 9 ,hung>y & ,holl&1 m>%-wat] is daily drank )\t caus+ any ill-effects4 ,! inhalation ( ! fumes ( oxide ( z9c appe>s to produce 9 work]s ( ?is metal a v>iety ( ague t]m$ by ,%ackrah brass ague1 & by ,dr ,gre5h[1 brass-f\nd]'s ague4 ,! symptoms ( ! malady are tightness & oppression ( ! *e/2 ) indef9ite n]v\s s5sations1 foll[$ by %iv]+1 an indi/9ct hot /age1 & pr(use p]spiration4 ,^! attacks1 h[ev]1 are n p]iodical4 ,x is op5 to d\bt :e!r ! mal>i\s poison exi/s 9 ! =m ( a gas1 = ! obs]vations ( microscopi/s g to %[ ! extreme m9ut5ess ( ! g]ms ( disease1 :i* are probably n m ?an #a_/gjjjj? ( an in* 9 size1 & x is reg>d$ z probable t ! real cause ( ague is ! entry into ! circulation ( "s l[ =ms ( spores ( fungi1 or ( "s m9ute animalcules4 ,ague is always to be met ) 9 places :]e fungi gr[1 & is always associat$ ) :at ,pett5k(] calls ! gr\nd air--t is1 ! air conta9$ 9 ! int]/ices ( ! soil1 no inconsid]able volume ( :i* is drawn into e h\se :i* has a fire on ! floor :i* re/s on ! e>?4 ,t animalcules 787 may exi/ 9 ! blood is evid5c$ by ! discov]y ( ,dr ,lewis1 :o f\nd hair-l worms 9 ! circulation2 & :il/ consid]+ ?is po9t1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! rem$ial ag5ts employ$ to *eck ague1 qu99e1 ars5ic1 c41 are drugs capable ( de/roy+ animal life1 & x is n impossible t !y may ex]cise a b5eficial effect 9 de/roy+ ! spores or animalcules to :i* ! disease may be due4 ,! be/ means to be employ$ to combat mal>ial fev]s 9 any di/rict are ?or\gh & effici5t dra9age 7& x mu/ be rememb]$ t dra9age purifies bo? ! gr\nd-air & ! gr\nd wat]7 & a supply ( :olesome wat] free f decompos+ vegetable matt]4 ,t ! adoption ( ! above means _c fail to succe$ is inconte/ably prov$ by ! fact1 t dur+ ! la/ #bjj ye>s1 ague 9 ,engl& has dim9i%$ to a wond]ful ext5t1 9 %ort1 z good dra9age & a pure wat] supply h prevail$1 !re has be5 a proportionate dim9ution ( paludal poison+4 ,dur+ ! protectorate ( ,cromwell great mortality prevail$ 9 ,london1 f ! ravages ( ague2 at t "t ,london 0 z swampy z ! f5s ( ,l9coln%ire4 ,see ,,fev] 7,int]mitt5t74 ,ague-cake4 ,! popul> "n ( a tum\r felt "u ! false ribs on ! left side1 =m$ by enl>gem5t & induration ( ! sple51 foll[+ protract$ ague2 also1 sometimes1 ( indurations ( ! liv] foll[+ ague4 ,ague-drop4 ,see ,,drops4 ,ague-salt 7s7olt74 ,disulphate ( qu99e4 ,ague-tree4 ,sassafras4 ,ague-we$4 ,! h]b ?or\gh-wort 7',eupato''rium p]folia'tum1' ,l9n474 ,,aig',,remore 77eg'r-mor74 ,fr4 ,pulv]is$ *>coal 9 ! /ate x is us$ to make gunp[d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,attelettes f ,soy]4 ,,aiguillette 7,,attelette74 ,fr4 ,9 cook]y1 a t]m appli$ to sev]al small di%es1 f ! articles ( :i* !y consi/ be+ m\nt$ on silv] ne$les1 or skew]s1 ) ornam5tal h&les or tops4 7,see engr47 ,!y =m "o ( ! v>ieties ( ! 'hors-d'oeuvres' ( ,soy]2 & are commonly s]v$ on a napk94 ,! skew]s %\ld be ab\t f\r in*es long1 & ( ! ?ickness ( an ord9>y pack+ ne$le4 ,! p]son eat+ :at is s]v$ on !m takes ! head ( ! skew] betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]s ( ! left h&1 & picks x (f ) 8 =k4 ,^? notic$ by ,soy] are-- ,aiguillettes l'p]lan 7smelts72 ,aiguillettes aux ,huitres 7oy/]s72 ,aiguillettes de ,filets de ,sole 7soles72 ,aiguillettes de ,hom>d 7lob/]s72 ,aiguillettes de ,langue de ,boeuf 7ox-tongue72 ,aiguillettes de ,ris de ,veau 7sweetbread ( veal72 ,aiguillettes de ,volaille la ,jolie ,fille 7f[l72-- all ( :i* are prep>$ 9 a ne>ly simil> mann]1 m]ely v>y+ ! sauces1 c41 to suit ! article & palate4 ,see ,,attelettes1 ,,hors-,d',,oe,,uvres1 c4 ,,ahornzuck] 7g5u9e ,am]ican maple sug>74 ,= c\ghs1 ho>s5ess1 & all affections ( ! ?roat & *e/ caus$ by cold4 ,! raw maple sug> z import$4 7,hag]47 ,,ailan?us4 ,! inn] b>k ( ! ailan?us gl&ulosa1 a common tree gr[+ 9 nor!rn ,*9a1 said by ,dr ,dudgeon to h prov$ v successful 9 dys5t]y4 ,! ailan?us gl&ulosa is also well kn[n ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,pr(essor ,htet1 ( ,t\lon1 tri$ ! effect ( ! p[d]$ b>k1 leaves1 & v>i\s prep>ations ( ! b>k or drugs1 ) ! result ( _! adm9i/ration be+ att5d$ ) purgative effect--& ! dis*>ge ( worms4 ,! p[d]$ b>k has be5 giv5 9 small cases ( tape-worm 9 ! human subject1 ) m>k$ success4 ,! dose ( ! p[d] f\nd suffici5t = ! expulsion ( ! tapeworm 0 f sev5 or eight to ?irty gra9s4 ,,ail',,m5t4 ,pa91 indisposition2 disease4 ,its use is g5]ally re/rict$ to ! non-acute1 & mild] =ms ( disease4 ,,air4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,a]1 ,l4 7f ,greek3 ar ,gr472 ,,luft1 ,g]42 ,,atmosph]ic ,,air2 ,,! ,,atmosph]e4 ,?is "n 0 =m]ly giv5 to any ari=m body2 ?us1 by ! old *emi/s ammoniacal gas 0 call$ alkal9e air2 oxyg51--dephlogi/icat$1 vital1 or empyreal air2 c>bonic anhydride 7c>bonic acid71 fix$ air2 hydrog51 inflammable air2 heavy c>bonett$ hydrog51 olefiant gas1 heavy inflammable air2 nitrog51--mephitic1 phlogi/icat$1 or nitr\s air4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! t]m air is usually re/rict$ to ! gase\s envelope surr\nd+ ! solid & liquid p>ts ( our globe4 ,air1 ,atmosph]ic 7or simply1 ,! ,air74 ,! air *iefly consi/s ( a me*anical mixture ( f\r volumes ( nitrog5 & "o volume ( oxyg51 or m accurately-- ,by volume4 ,by weight4 ,nitrog5 #gia #gfh ,oxyg5 #bji #bcb ----- ----- #ajj #ajjab ,footnote #ab3 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 held on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb]1 #ahgg1 x 0 ann\nc$ t ,m4 ,cailletet _h succe$$ 9 liquefy+ atmosph]ic air4 ,we may premise our description ( ! functions ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e by ! foll[+ quotation f ,mr ,bly?'s ',diction>y ( ,hygine & ,public ,heal?'3--,"o ( ! mo/ important prop]ties ( air is its p[] ( p5etration & its univ]sality4 ,air is1 inde$1 pres5t ev]y:]e2 !re is sc>cely a solid1 h[ev] compact x may appe> to be1 :i* does n conta9 pores1 & ^! pores fill$ ) air4 ,! soil conta9s no small quantity2 inde$1 if x 7 n s ! numb]less insects1 worms1 c41 :i* burr[ 9 its int]/ices w\ld cease to exi/4 ,! mo/ compact mort> & walls are p5etrat$ ) x1 & wat] ( natural orig9 conta9s a l>ge quantity ( air 9 solution4 ,! atmosph]e is suppos$ to ext5d to a v great height1 f #bjj to #cjj miles2 x us$ to be consid]$ only five 7=ty-five7 miles high1 b obs]vations on %oot+ />s1 c41 %[ t ?is op9ion is errone\s4 ,ow+ to ! =ce ( gravity1 ! air is mu* d5s] ne> ! e>?1 & gets m att5uat$ lay] by lay] z y asc5d4 ,if1 !n1 ! atmosph]e 7 possess$ ( col\r1 x w\ld be v d>k j r\nd ! globe1 & ! t9t w\ld gradually fade into space4 ,! air is by no means :olly gase\s2 x conta9s1 inde$1 an imm5se am\nt ( life1 & small p>ticles d]iv$ f ! :ole creation4 ,9 ! air may be f\nd animalcules1 spores1 se$s1 poll5 cells ( all k9d1 vibriones1 elem5ts ( contagion1 eggs ( insects1 c41 & a few fungi1 besides =mless du/1 s&y1 & o!r p>ticles ( local orig92 = example1 no "o c ride 9 a railway c>riage )\t be+ accompani$ ) du/1 a great portion ( :i* is attract$ by a magnet1 & is1 inde$1 m9ute p>ticles ( iron d]iv$ f ! rails4 ,! pure/ air has "s du/ 9 x4 ,!re probably nev] fell a beam ( light f ! sun s9ce ! _w 0 made :i* did n %[1 7 !re eyes to see x1 myriads ( motes2 ^!1 h[ev]1 g5]ally speak+1 are q innocu\s to man--"s1 inde$1 may possibly be b5eficial4 ,ano!r mo/ important prop]ty ( air is its mobility2 on ! calme/ day & 9 ! quiete/ room !re are con/ant curr5ts ( air :i* rapidly dilute any noxi\s od\rs ( gases4 ,! *ief functions ( ! oxyg5 are to ma9ta9 respiration & support combu/ion1 :ile ! (fice ( ! nitrog5 is to dilute ! oxyg5 & control its en]gy4 ,besides nitrog5 & oxyg51 aque\s vap\r1 c>bonic anhydride1 ammonia1 & nitric acid are met ) 9 ! atmosph]e1 ! la/ especially dur+ & %ortly aft] ?und] /orms4 ,al?\gh1 d\btless ow+ to local conditions1 trifl+ v>iations may occur 9 ! proportion ( oxyg5 pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e1 ?is v>iation is s trifl+ t ! diff]5ce ( ! am\nt 9 air f places sep>at$ by v long di/ances w be f\nd 9 ! second decimal place only2 ?us1 :il/ a portion ( air tak5 dur+ a balloon asc5t by ,mr ,gre5 gave on analysis #bjhh p] c5t4 by vol41 ,dr ,frankl& f\nd 9 air collect$ by himself on ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc #bjif p] c5t4 by vol4 ,a /ill ne>] approximation 9 uni=mity 9 ! am\nt ( oxyg5 pres5t 9 atmosph]ic air is exhibit$ 9 ! foll[+ table1 :i* gives ! results ( #ie analyses by ,regnault on air obta9$ f n9e diff]5t localities3-- #ajj f ,p>is gave 9 #ajj p>ts1 by vol4 ( oxyg5 #bjiac to #bjiii #i f ,lyons & ar\nd gave 9 #ajj p>ts1 by vol4 ( oxyg5 #bjiah to #bjiff #cj f ,b]l9 gave 9 #ajj p>ts1 by vol4 ( oxyg5 #bjijh to #bjiih #aj f ,madrid gave 9 #ajj p>ts1 by vol4 ( oxyg5 #bjiaf to #bjihb #bc f ,g5eva & ,switz]l& gave 9 #ajj p>ts1 by vol4 ( oxyg5 #bjiji to #bjiic #ae f ,t\lon & ,m$it]ranean gave 9 #ajj p>ts1 by vol4 ( oxyg5 #bjiab to #bjihb #e f ,atlantic ,ocean gave 9 #ajj p>ts1 by vol4 ( oxyg5 #bjiah to #bjife #a f ,ecuador gave 9 #ajj p>ts1 by vol4 ( oxyg5 #bjifj #b f ,pi*9*a gave 9 #ajj p>ts1 by vol4 ( oxyg5 #bjidi to #bjiha ------ ------ ,mean ( all =ego+ #bjidi #bjihh ( ! ,p>is specim5s #bjif ,vap\r ( wat] is ess5tial to ! respiration ( animals & plants1 9 ord] t ! organs conc]n$ 9 ?is op]ation may be kept 9 a s(t & moi/ condition4 ,c>bonic anhydride is evolv$ dur+ combu/ion1 putrefaction1 & f]m5tation2 x is also a product ( ! respiration ( animals1 & highly poison\s to !m1 ev5 :5 dilut$ ) l>ge proportions ( air4 ,?is gas is1 h[ev]1 gre$ily absorb$ by plants1 :i* decompose x2 !y assimilate ! c>bon & return ! oxyg5 to ! atmosph]e1 ready to be aga9 consum$ 9 support+ ! life ( ! animal _w4 ,dr ,angus ,smi? has def9$ a v pure air to be "o t conta9s ) #bjii p] c5t4 ( oxyg5 #jcj ( c>bonic acid 7anhydride74 ,?is latt] v>ies 9 am\nt 9 ! atmosph]e ( cities1 z w be se5 ^u inspection ( ! subjo9$ table1 extract$ f ,dr ,smi?'s "w ',air & ,ra9'3-- ,p] c5t4 ,air ( ,madrid1 outside ! walls1 mean ( #ab analyses1 by ,luna #jde ,mean ( #ab analyses1 )9 ! walls ( ,madrid1 by ,luna #jea ,mean ( #ad analyses1 by ,angus ,smi?1 9 ,man*e/] suburbs #cfi ,9 ,man*e/] /reets #djc ,usual wea!r #jdjc ,dur+ fogs #jfgi ,de ,saussure's analyses %[ t !re is m c>bonic acid on ! m\nta9s ?an 9 ! pla9s1 z might be inf]r$ f ! comp>ative abs5ce ( vegetation 9 elevat$ positions4 ,dr ,pietra ,santa /ates t ! air ( hills or m\nta9s1 at ! height ( #bcjj feet1 is light] ?an common air1 conta9s a small] proportion ( oxyg51 & is impregnat$ ) a l>gely increas$ am\nt ( aque\s vap\r4 ,x also conta9s a l>ge quantity ( ozone4 ,he consid]s su* a climate peculi>ly soo?+ to p]sons suff]+ f *e/ diseases4 ,dr ,angus ,smi?'s analysis ( ! air f ! m\nta9\s di/ricts ( ,scotl& confirms ! above /atem5t ( ,dr ,pietra ,santa's4 ,! hea?s & m\nta9s ( t c\ntry are rem>kably heal?y localities1 & ! air f !m gave on analysis #bjid p] c5t4 by vol4 ( oxyg51 & only #jcc ( c>bonic acid4 ,ammonia is d]iv$ f ! putrefaction ( animal & vegetable sub/ances4 ,x is f atmosph]ic ammoniacal comp\nds t plants obta9 mu* ( ! nitrog5 :i* is ess5tial to ! =mation ( _m p>ts ( _! /ructure4 ,nitric acid1 l ammonia1 is absorb$1 & its nitrog5 assimilat$1 by plants4 ,9 addition to ! gases & vap\rs already enum]at$1 z well z o!rs :i* exi/ 9 m9ute quantity1 or :i* are ( only occasional occurr5ce1 ,pa/eur & o!r inve/igators h discov]$ 9 ! air liv+ g]ms :i* are capable ( excit+ putrefaction & f]m5tation1 & :i* are compet5t1 9 "s in/ances1 to eng5d] disease :5 !y are inject$ into ! blood ( animals4 ,9 fact1 ! spread ( infecti\s diseases1 e4g41 smallpox1 typhus fev]1 cattle plague1 c41 is attribut$ to ! pres5ce 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! g]ms ( su* maladies4 ,^! g]ms are believ$ to be liv+ be+s1 :i* develope & multiply at ! exp5se ( ! tissues ( ! l>g] animals into ^: sy/ems !y h f\nd entrance4 ,air1 ,vitiat$4 ,z has be5 /at$ 9 ! previ\s article1 ! air consi/s *iefly ( two gases1 oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,9 all op5 places x has a simil> composition1 z might be conclud$ f ! con/ant m+l+ :i* takes place by ! ag5cy ( curr5ts cont9ually 9 movem5t1 al?\gh sometimes to an inconsid]able ext5t only4 ,dr ,angus ,smi? reg>ds air z v pure :5 x conta9s n less ?an #bjii p] c5t4 by volume ( oxyg51 & #jjcj ( c>bonic anhydride 7acid74 ,accord+ z ! proportion ( ! =m] gas dim9i%es & t ( ! latt] increases beyond c]ta9 limits 9 ! air by :i* we are surr\nd$1 x becomes m or less det]iorat$ & unfit to be brea!d1 p>ticul>ly z ! increas$ am\nt ( c>bonic acid is1 9 cr[d$ dwell+s1 assembly rooms1 !atres1 & conf9$ inhabit$ spaces1 associat$ ) delet]i\s & putresc5t exhalations f ! p]son4 ,! foll[+ tables exhibit ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid 9 close places 9 ,london4 ,p]-c5tage ,i4 by volume4 ,*anc]y ,c\rt1 clos$ doors1 #g feet f ! gr\nd1 ,m>* #c #aic ,same1 #c feet f gr\nd #bjc ,*anc]y ,c\rt1 doors wide op51 #d feet f gr\nd1 #aadj1 ,m>* #e #jejg ,same1 #abdj p4m41 #e feet f gr\nd #jde ,/r& ,!atre1 gall]y1 #aj p4m4 #aja ,surrey ,!atre1 boxes1 ,m>* #g1 #ajcj p4m4 #bah ,olympic1 #aacj p4m4 #jhag ,same1 #aaee p4m4 #ajad ,victoria ,!atre1 boxes1 ,m>* #bd1 #aj p4m4 #abf ,haym>ket ,!atre1 dress circle1 ,m>* #ah1 #aacj p4m4 #jgeg ,que5's ,w>d1 ,/4 ,?omas's ,hospital1 #cbe p4m4 #jeb ,edw>d's ,w>d1 ,/4 ,?omas's ,hospital1 #ccj p4m4 #jeb ,victoria ,!atre1 boxes1 ,april #d4 #jgf ,eff+ham1 #ajcj p4m41 ,april #i1 ,:ite*apel #abf ,pavilion1 #ajaa p4m41 ,april #i1 ,:ite*apel #aeb ,city ( ,london ,!atre1 pit1 #aaae p4m41 ,april #af #beb ,/&>d ,!atre1 pit1 #aa p4m41 ,april #af #cbj ,dr ,angus ,smi? /ates t out ( #cci specim5s ( air obta9$ f v>i\s m9es he f\nd #ce normal or ne>ly s1 #ha decid$ly impure1 & #bab exce$+ly bad2 he also adds t ow+ to ! frequ5t fir+ ( *>ges ( gunp[d] )9 ! m9es1 & f o!r causes1 ! atmosph]e is fur!r contam9at$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 sulphate1 c>bonate1 sulphide1 sulphocyanide ( potassium1 & nitrate ( potassium1 c>bon1 sulphur1 c>bonate ( ammonia1 organic matt]1 s&1 & sulphur\s & ars5i\s acids4 ,! air ( l>ge cities1 :i* are ! seats ( manufactur+ indu/ry1 is always m or less *>g$ ) ! exhalations giv5 (f by *emical & o!r works4 ,! sulphuric-acid works contribute sulphuric1 sulphur\s1 nitr\s1 & ars5i\s acids2 copp] works1 9 :i* pyrites is employ$1 give (f l>ge quantities ( sulphur\s acid1 mix$ ) ars5ic & a little copp]2 manure works1 9 _m cases1 s5d out comp\nds ( fluor9e1 besides sulphuric acid2 glass works1 sulphuric & hydro*loric acids2 & alkali works1 hydro*loric acid 7al?\gh 9 small quantities71 :i* v frequ5tly conta9s ars5ic4 ,( ammonia1 ,angus ,smi? rem>ks3 ,x is "o measure ( ! 'sewage' ( ! air2 x is ! result ( decomposition4 ,x is n1 9 ^! small quantities1 hurtful1 s f> z we "k4 ,! ammonia is 9 no case free1 b comb9$ probably ) hydrosulphuric1 hydro*loric1 & sulphuric acid 9 t[ns4 ,9 c\ntry places x is1 at all ev5ts p>tly1 unit$ to c>bonic acid4 ,,ii4 ,london ,air4--,c>bonic ,acid1 ,metropolitan ,railway1 ,novemb]1 #ahfi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,c>bonic ,oxyg51 ,date4 ,place4 ,"t ( ,day4 ,acid1 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ahfi4 ,tunnel betwe5 ,g[] ,/reet ,nov4 #ab4;& ,k+'s ,cross ,/ations2 #aj a4m4 #aej #bjfj specim5 tak5 at ! op5 w9d[1 fir/-class c>riage4 #ab4,tunnel betwe5 ,g[] ,/reet & ,k+'s ,cross ,/ations2 #gcj p4m4 #jgh #bjgi specim5 tak5 at ! op5 w9d[1 fir/-class c>riage4 #ab4,tunnel ,pra$ ,/reet2 specim5 tak5 at ! op5 #ajcj a4m4 444 #bjga w9d[1 fir/-class c>riage4 #ae4,specim5 tak5 dur+ j\rney betwe5 ,g[] ,/reet #ajae a4m4 #cch #bjff & ,k+'s ,cross1 fir/-class c>riage1 w9d[ op54 #ae4,same #c p4m4 #aee #bjgj #ae4,same #aa p4m4 #aej #bjgd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,av]age #adeb #bjgj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,angus ,,smi?4 ,! ,air ( ,m9es 7,metallif]\s74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,"n ( ,m9e1,description ( place1,!rmo-,numb] ,oxyg51,c>bonic & dep? :]e tak5 & "t met]1 ( ,m5 p] ,acid1 f surface1:5 tak54 ,fahr4 work+ c5t4 p] 9 fa?oms4 9 x4 c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,hur/ ,end1 #cjj ft4 beyond 444 #b 444 #aii a rise1 #i ft4 high1 #g ft4 wide4 ,old ,gang ,end ( level 444 #b #bjeh #dh ,end ( level 444 #b 444 #bh 7a7 ,rise #g ft4 444 #b #bjbe #ci high1 #acb ft4 f curr5t4 ,grass+ton 7b7 ,end ( cross 444 #b #bjid #jf cut1 #dhj ft4 f rise4 ,end1 #dhj ft4 f 444 #b #aiec #aei rise4 ,rise #fj ft4 high 9 444 #b #aieb #agb %ale4 ,end1 #fj ft4 f 444 #b #bjdg #ajf rise4 7c7,end1 #hdj ft4 444 #b #bjjh #id f rise4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- 7a7 ,air ma*9e4 7b7 ,unusual am\nt ( du/4 7c7 ,cry/als 7 *iefly hexagons4 ,,angus ,,smi?4 ,! foll[+ table1 %[+ ! am\nt ( ammonia pres5t 9 ra9 collect$ at ! diff]5t places nam$1 is f ,dr ,smi?'s "w1 ',air & ,ra94' ,,comp>ative4 ,,ammonia4 ,t ( ,val5tia 7,irel&7 tak5 z #a or #ajj4 ,irel&1 ,val5tia #a ,scotl&1 sea-coa/1 c\ntry places1 we/ #bfi ,scotl&1 inl&1 c\ntry places1 we/ #bif ,scotl&1 sea-coa/1 c\ntry places1 av]age #daj ,scotl&1 sea-coa/1 c\ntry places1 ea/ #eea ,engl&1 inl&1 c\ntry places1 ea/ #eid ,engl&1 sea-coa/1 c\ntry places1 we/ #ajee ,g]man specim5s #ajfa ,london1 #ahfi #aiag ,scotl&1 t[ns 7,glasg[ n includ$7 #babb ,/4 ,hel5's #becc ,runcorn #begb ,engl&1 t[ns #bhfg ,liv]pool #bihi ,man*e/]1 #ahfi #cecc ,man*e/]1 #ahfi & #ahgj1 av]age #ceid ,man*e/]1 #ahgj #cfed ,glasg[ #ejee ,! effects result+ f brea?+ an impure atmosph]e are necess>ily dep5d5t ^u ! ext5t ( ! pollution & o!r conditions4 ,:5 ! contam9ation is mod]ate ! fir/ effect is heada*e1 accompani$ ) lassitude1 & a g5]al pal5ess ( ! face & sk91 ow+ to a dim9ution ( ! r$ corpuscles ( ! blood or to _! imp]fect aration2 ! pulse becomes l[]$1 & at ! same "t ! brea?+ is accel]at$4 ,:5 9 addition to brea?+ su* air f day to day is sup]add$ ! mis=tune ( an insuffici5cy ( food1 scr(ula & consumption v (t5 foll[4 ,dr ,guy has demon/rat$ ! great mortality t is caus$ by consumption 9 ^? trades 9 :i* workm5 pursue _! call+ 9 hot1 close1 gas-lit rooms1 9 comp>ison ) ^? :o pass mo/ ( _! "t 9 ! op5 air4 ,! am\nt ( air requir$ by ea* p]son 9 a room is no less ?an #bajj feet p] h\r2 :5 ! v5tilation does n supply ?is am\nt ( fre% air1 ! ap>tm5t smells /uffy1 ! furniture becomes coat$ ) a film ( organic matt]1 unless con/antly clean$1 & ! c>bonic acid becomes increas$ beyond its normal quantity4 ,dr ,p>kes has %[n t bron*itis & consumption are m frequ5tly ?an n contract$ by ^? :o live 9 an atmosph]e ( f\l air4 ,9 ! ye>s #ahcd to #ahdg ! proportion ( dea?s 9 ! ill-v5tilat$ prison ( ,leopold/adt 9 ,vi5na 0 #hf p] #ajjj1 out ( :i* numb] #ead p] #ajjj 0 due to ph?isis or consumption2 :ile 9 ! well-v5tilat$ ,h\se ( ,correction 9 ! same city ! dea?s 7 #ad p] #ajjj1 ( :i* #gi 7 f ph?isis2 h5ce #dce cases p] #ajjj ( ! dea?s 7 cle>ly traceable to f\l air & no?+ else4 ,mr ,noel ,h>tley1 9 8 valuable little manual1 ',wat]1 ,air1 & ,dis9fectants1' says3 ,dur+ ! outbreak ( cattle plague 9 #ahff1 9 %$s conta9+ tw5ty to ?irty c[s--:i* ! own]s kept clos$ to su* an ext5t t all *9ks 9 ! doors & w9d[s 7 /uff$ ) /raw & matt+1 "u an ignorant belief t ?us ! plague c\ld be kept out--v frequ5tly ! entire /ock di$ 9 two or ?ree days aft] ! fir/ appe>ance ( disease2 :ile 9 o!r cases :]e animals 7 h\s$ 9 a well-clean$ & tidily-kept %$1 ) a pl5tiful supply ( fre% air1 n only did "s ( !m escape ! disease altoge!r1 b ! dea?s 7 r$uc$ to "o ?ird ( ! numb] ( bea/s attack$4 ,! l>ge supply ( fre% air necess>y 9 hospitals = contagi\s diseases is fully recognis$ by m$ical m51 & m especially s 9 ,am]ica4 ,w\nds c>efully protect$ f contact ) impure air d n suppurate1 & organic fluids d n putrefy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a bad atmosph]e sores become unheal?y1 & are difficult to heal1 erysipelas & hospital gangr5e frequ5tly set 91 :ile ! be/ prev5tion & ! be/ means ( cure = su* afflictions is ! greate/ possible exposure to fre% air4 ,vitiat$ air1 z a consequ5ce ( ov]-cr[d+1 aids ! spread ( measles1 sc>let fev]1 & ! mu* to be dread$ smallpox2 x br+s on oph?almia1 a tr\blesome inflammation ( ! eyes1 & is n unfrequ5tly ! cause ( ! ricketty & scr(ul\s condition ( *ildr54 ,al?\gh exposure to cold does cause su* affections z bron*itis1 pneumonia1 cold 9 ! head1 sore ?roat1 & o!r affections ( ! respiratory organs1 x is m frequ5tly ! case t !y are ! result ( a sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature1 su* z exp]i5c$ 9 com+ out ( a cr[d$ assembly 9 a close1 badly-v5tilat$ build+1 ?an by actually cold wea!r4 ,?is is decid$ly & /rik+ly %[n by ! fact :i* ,dr de ,*aumont has quot$1 t ! ,briti% ,army :5 9 ! ,crimea1 :5 lodg$ 9 t5ts dur+ extremely rigor\s wea!r1 exp]i5c$ a wond]ful condition ( heal?1 su* a ?+ z a cold be+ an unkn[n compla9t2 b :5 "s ( ! m5 7 plac$ 9 huts :i* 7 mu* w>m]1 & into :i* !re 0 a small] circulation ( fre% air1 ! sick rate increas$1 & c\ghs & colds began to put 9 an appe>ance4 ,p]sons :o dur+ summ] & w9t] sleep ) _! w9d[s m or less op5 _c endure a night sp5t 9 ! *amb] ) ! *imney clos$ & ! w9d[ %ut4 ,a less refre%+ sleep occupies ! night1 & a some:at fev]i% s5sation is felt next morn+4 ,if 9 cold wea!r ! w9d[ be op5$ only "o in* at ! top1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! air 9 ! b$room is some?+ q beyond compreh5sion to ^? :o h n paid att5tion to ^! ?+s4 ,see ,,v5tilation4 ,air1 ,analysis (4 ,prie/ley's discov]y ( oxyg5 gas 9 #aggd prep>$ ! way = ! k ( ! real composition ( air1 :i* 0 discov]$ ab\t ! same "t by ,s*eele & ,lavoisi]4 ,s*eele's me?od ( op]at+ 0 by expos+ "s atmosph]ic air to a solution ( sulphide ( potassium4 ,lavoisi] effect$ ! same object by ! combu/ion ( iron wire & phosphorus1 & subsequ5tly by heat+ m]cury on a flask fill$ ) air = "s "t1 j bel[ its boil+ po9t4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 b elem5t>y me?ods1 :i*1 h[ev] cr$itable to ! +5uity ( ! great f\nd]s ( mod]n *emi/ry1 n only fail$ 9 accuracy1 b took no acc\nt ( ! pres5ce & am\nt ( two mo/ important con/itu5ts 9 ! atmosph]e1 viz4 c>bonic anhydride 7acid7 & ammonia4 ,det]m9ation ( ,aque\s ,vap\r4 ,to effect ?is an aspirator mu/ be us$ 7see ,,aspirator74 ,?is in/rum5t is easily made1 & is n exp5sive4 ,! accompany+ figure w illu/rate ! arrangem5t g5]ally adopt$3 a is an aspirator made ( galvanis$ iron or %eet z9c4 ,x holds f #ej to #bjj litres 7f #aa to #dd gallons74 ,by ?is means a kn[n volume ( air is drawn ?r\gh ! tubes m>k$ b1 c1 d1 e1 :i* may be fill$ ) pumice-/one moi/5$ ) /rong sulphuric acid2 b if ! c>bonic acid is to be e/imat$ z well1 b & c are fill$ ) moi/ hydrate ( lime 7pota% us$ to be employ$1 b hydrate ( lime is to be pref]r$1 z ! pota% absorbs oxyg571 & d & e z above4 ,ea* ( ! tubes is accurately weigh$ previ\sly to connect+ !m ) ! app>atus4 ,illu/ration ,x is imp]ative to h ea* ( ! tubes connect$ by p]fectly air-tight jo9ts4 ,! ga9 ( weight 9 d & e gives ! wat] 9 b & c ! c>bonic acid4 ,det]m9ation ( ,c>bonic ,acid4 ,a bett] & p]haps m exact means ( det]m9+ ! c>bonic acid is t inv5t$ by ,,pett5k(]4 ,x may be briefly describ$ z foll[s3--,b>yta wat] ( def9ite /r5g? is prep>$ & accurately /&>dis$ by a /&>d solution ( oxalic acid4 ,a portion ( ?is b>yta wat] is !n made to act ^u a def9ite quantity ( air4 ,x w absorb ! :ole ( ! c>bonic acid 9 t air4 ,! alkal9ity ( ! liquid w 9 consequ5ce be dim9i%$2 x w take less ( ! oxalic-acid solution ?an be=e1 :i* %[s s mu* less cau/ic b>yta1 & f :i* ! c>bonic acid absorb$ may be easily calculat$4 ,! actual ,analysis4 ,two k9ds ( b>yta wat] may be us$1 ! "o conta9+ #g grammes to ! litre1 ! o!r ?ree times t /r5g?2 #a c4 c4 ( ! /rong] #c m4 grms4 ( c>bonic acid2 #a c4 c4 ( ! weak] #a m4 grm4 ,! b>yta wat] is be/ kept 9 ! bottle repres5t$ bel[4 ,illu/ration ,! bottle 7a7 conta9s ! b>yta wat]4 ,x has an accurately-fitt+ d\ble-p]=at$ /opp]$ ca\t*\c4 ,! left-h& tube is connect$ ) ! tube 7b7 conta9+ pumice-/one moi/5$ ) pota%1 :ile ! "r-h& "o is a syphon4 ,:5 requir$ = use ! /op-cock 7f7 is op5$1 & suction appli$ by a glass tube to ,f4 ,! syphon is ?us fill$ & ! /op-cock clos$4 ,if a pipette is requir$ to be fill$ its nozzle is ins]t$ at ,f1 ! /op-cock compress$1 & ! fluid imm$iately rises into ! pipette4 ,! air ent]+ ! bottle z ! fluid decreases 9 a is1 ( c\rse1 ?or\ghly depriv$ ( its c>bonic acid by ! tubes at b4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done is to /&>dise ! b>yta solution by a solution ( oxalic acid1 conta9+ #bhfcf grammes ( cry/allis$ oxalic acid to ! litre4 ,?irty c4 c4 ( b>yta solution are run into a small flask1 & ! oxalic acid run 9 f a ,mohr's burette ) float1 ! vani%+-po9t ( ! alkal9e reaction be+ asc]ta9$ by delicate turm]ic pap]4 ,z soon z a drop plac$ on turm]ic pap] does n give a br[n r+ ! end is atta9$4 ,! actual analysis is p]=m$ by fill+ a bottle ( kn[n capacity1 ) ! aid ( a pair ( bell[s1 ) ! air to be analys$1 !n di/ribut+ ov] its sides #de c4 c4 ( ! b>yta wat] x is left = half an h\r4 ,! turbid wat] is p\r$ into a cyl9d]1 closely secur$1 & all[$ to deposit2 !n take out #cj c4 c4 by a pipette ( ! cle> fluid1 run 9 ! solution ( oxalic acid1 multiply ! volume us$ by #ae1 & d$uct ! produce f ! c4 c4 ( oxalic acid us$ = #de c4 c4 ( ! fre% b>yta wat]4 ,a diff]5t me?od has be5 sugge/$ by ,dr ,angus ,smi?1 viz4 to measure ! c>bonic anhydride by ! turbidities ( ! b>yta wat]2 ?is is1 9 fact1 a colorimetric te/4 ,= r\gh approximative results ,dr ,smi?'s process w be f\nd a v useful & conv5i5t "o4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid 9 a giv5 quantity ( air w n produce a precipitate 9 a giv5 quantity ( lime or b>yta wat] unless ! c>bonic acid is 9 excess4 ,! foll[+ is "o ( 8 tables3--,columns #a & #b give ! rates ( c>bonic acid 9 ! quantity ( air :i* w produce no precipitate 9 half an ounce ( lime wat]4 ,column #c is ! same z column #b2 b #adaf c4 c4 7half an ounce7 is add$ to give ! correspond+ size ( ! bottle1 & column #d gives ! size ( ! bottle 9 ounces4 ,to be us$ :5 ! po9t ( obs]vation is no precipitate4 ,half an ounce ( b>yta wat] conta9s ab\t #jh gramme ( b>yta4 ,air at #j ,c4 & #gfj millims4 ,b>4 ,c>bonic ,acid ,volume ( ,size ( bottle ,size ( bottle 9 ! ,air1 ,air 9 cubic 9 cubic 9 ounces p] c5t4 c5timtres4 c5timtres4 ,avoirdupois4 #jc #ahe #aii #gjf #jd #aci #aed #edb #je #aaa #abe #ddd #jf #ic #ajg #cgh #jg #gi #ic #cca #jh #gj #hd #bif #ji #fb #gf #bfi #aj #ef #gj #bdf #aa #ea #fe #bbi #ab #df #fj #bad #ac #dc #eg #bja #ad #dj #ed #aij #ae #cg #ea #aha #bj #bh #db #adh #be #bb #cf #abi #cj #ai #cc #aaf #dj #ad #bh #ajd #ej #aa #be #hi #fj #i #bc #hi #gj #h #bb #gh #hj #f #bj #gb #ajj #ee #aig #gj ,mr ,wanklyn's process = ! det]m9ation ( c>bonic acid 9 ! atmosph]e is z foll[s3--,a solution ( c>bonate ( soda is fir/ made z foll[s3 #ddg grammes ( g5tly-ignit$ c>bonate ( soda are dissolv$ 9 "o litre ( wat]1 giv+ a solution ( su* a /r5g? t #a c4 c4 conta9s exactly #a c4 c4 ( c>bonic acid 7 #aig milligrammes ( ,,co#b72 a l>ge quantity ( b>yta wat] 7/r5g? ab\t #ja p] c5t47 is prep>$4 ,if n[ #ajj c4 c4 ( cle> b>yta wat] be treat$ ) #a c4 c4 ( c>bonate ( soda1 j describ$1 a c]ta9 degree ( turbidity is produc$4 ,if #b c4 c4 ( ! solution be tak5 ano!r degree ( turbidity is produc$1 & s on4 ,if1 !n1 a bottle capable ( hold+ #bjjj c4 c4 ( air1 toge!r ) #ajj c4 c4 ( b>yta wat]1 be fill$ ) ! sample ( air to be te/$1 !re w be a c]ta9 dep? ( turbidity produc$ by %ak+ x up4 ,hav+ got ! air to exp5d itself on #ajj c4 c4 ( b>yta wat] ! degree is to be f\nd by comp>ison ) ano!r #ajj c4 c4 ( b>yta wat]1 9 :i* a l turbidity has be5 induc$ by means ( ! /&>d solution ( c>bonate4 ,e c4 c4 ( soda solution c\nts = a c4 c4 ( c>bonic acid 9 two litres ( air4 ,a consumption ( #a c4 c4 w correspond to #je volumes ( c>bonic acid p] c5t4 ,good air %\ld accord+ly n take m ?an #a c4 c4 ( soda solution1 air :i* takes already #b c4 c4 be+ already bad4 ,9 ord] practically to c>ry out ?is me?od ( e/imat+ c>bonic acid ! foll[+ app>atus is requir$3--,sev]al bottles capable ( hold+ #bbaj c4 c41 & well /opp]$ 7fail+ bottles ( exactly ! "r capacity ,w9*e/] qu>t bottles w answ]72 a small pair ( bell[s2 sev]al col\rless glass cyl9d]s m>k$ at #ajj c4 c4 capacity--! ,nessl]is+ cyl9d]s w answ] = ?is purpose--a graduat$ pipette or burette to deliv] t5?s ( a c4 c4 ( solution1 ! /&>d solution ( c>bonate ( soda1 & ! b>yta wat]1 :i* may be ( mod]ate /r5g?4 ,! te/+ is manag$ ?us3 ,w9*e/] qu>t bottles hav+ be5 made clean are r9s$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & all[$ to dra9 a little4 ,!y are !n clos$ ) _! /opp]s1 & are ready = use4 ,! op]ator hav+ provid$ himself ) two or ?ree ( ^! bottles & a small pair ( bell[s ent]s ! room ! air ( :i* is to be te/$4 ,! /opp] is !n remov$ f "o ( ! bottles1 & "s air ( ! room bl[n ?r\gh ) ! bell[s1 & !n ! /opp] is replac$1 & ! bottle c>ri$ away to be te/$4 ,! te/+ is done by p\r+ into ! bottle #ajj c4 c4 ( cle> b>yta wat]1 %ak+ up = two or ?ree m9utes1 & !n p\r+ out into a cyl9d] ( col\rless glass1 & obs]v+ ! dep? ( ! turbidity 9 v>i\s lights & aga9/ v>i\s backgr\nds4 ,! turbidity is to be exactly imitat$ by means ( ! /&>d solution ( c>bonate ( soda4 ,9 ord] to imitate ! turbidity produc$ by a ,w9*e/] qu>t full ( good air only #a c4 c4 ( ?is solution ( c>bonate ( soda is requir$4 ,if #b c4 c4 or m ?an #b are requir$1 ! air is bad & ! v5tilation is defective4 ,9 place ( ! fir/ c4 c4 ( solution ( c>bonate ( soda ! c>bonic acid naturally pres5t 9 a ,w9*e/] qu>t ( good av]age air may be us$1 & a little practice & intellig5ce w sugge/ ! necess>y precautions4 ,e/imation ( ! ,oxyg54--,to det]m9e ?is ,angus ,smi? has rec\rse to ! endiomet]4 ,five or six ( ,buns5's endiomet]s 7 us$ at once & ! mix$ gases 7 explod$ by means ( a p[]ful batt]y & a ,ruhumkorff's coil4 ,9 8 ',inorganic ,*emi/ry1' ,mill] ?us expla9s ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! action ( ! endiomet] is bas$3 ,by means ( ! endiomet] v>i\s gase\s mixtures may be analys$ ) great exactness4 ,_m diff]5t =ms ( ?is in/rum5t are 9 use4 ,"o ( ! mo/ conv5i5t is ,h(fmann's4 ,x consi/s ( a /\t syphon tube4 7,see next figure47 ,into ! sides ( ! tube1 ne> ! seal$ end1 two plat9um wires 7a1 b7 are fix$ = ! purpose ( transmitt+ an electric sp>k ?r\gh ! cavity ( ! tube4 ,! seal$ limb is accurately graduat$ to t5?s ( a c4 c4 or o!r suitable divisions4 ,suppose x be desir$ to asc]ta9 ! proportion ( oxyg5 9 atmosph]ic air4 ,! in/rum5t is fir/ fill$ ) m]cury1 aft] :i* a small quantity ( air is introduc$2 ! bulk ( ! air is accurately measur$1 tak+ c>e t ! liquid metal /&s at ! same level 9 bo? tubes1 :i* is easily effect$ by add+ m]cury1 or by draw+ (f ! m]cury if ne$$1 ?r\gh ! ca\t*\c tube1 :i* is fix$ ^u ! small inlet tube j above ! b5d1 & :i* is clos$ by means ( a screw tap 7c74 ,illu/ration ,a quantity ( pure hydrog51 ab\t equal 9 bulk to ! air1 is next introduc$1 & ! bulk ( ! mixture is !n accurately measur$4 ,! op5 extremity ( ! tube is n[ clos$ ) a cork1 bel[ :i* a column ( atmosph]ic air is safely includ$4 ,?is portion ( air acts z a spr+1 :i* gradually *ecks ! explosive =ce1 :5 ! comb9ation is effect$ by pass+ a sp>k across ! tube by means ( ! plat9um wires4 ,! mixture is !n explod$ by ! electric sp>k4 ,! rema9+ gas n[ occupies a small] volume1 ow+ to ! cond5sation ( ! /eam :i* has be5 =m$4 ,m]cury is1 !re=e1 aga9 p\r$ 9 ! op5 limb until x /&s at ! same level 9 bo? tubes1 & ! volume ( ! gas is measur$ a ?ird "t4 ,"o ?ird ( ! r$uction ( ! bulk exp]i5c$ by ! gas w repres5t ! entire volume ( oxyg5 :i* ! mixture conta9$4 ,liebig's me?od is z foll[s4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! fact t an alkal9e solution ( pyrogallic acid absorbs oxyg53 #a4 ,a /rong measur+ tube hold+ #cj c4 c41 & divid$ into "o fif? or "o t5? c4 c41 is fill$ to two ?irds ) ! air int5d$ = analysis4 ,! rema9+ "p ( ! tube is fill$ ) m]cury1 & ! tube is inv]t$ ov] t fluid 9 a tall cyl9d] wid5$ at ! top4 #b4 ,! volume ( air conf9$ is measur$--a quantity ( solution ( pota% ( #ad sp4 grf4 7#a "p ( dry hydrate ( pota% to #b p>ts ( wat]71 am\nt+ f #a_/dj? to #a_/ej? ( ! volume ( ! air1 is !n introduc$ into ! measur+ tube by means ( a pipette ) ! po9t b5t upw>ds 7see draw+71 & spread ov] ! entire inn] surface ( ! tube by %ak+ ! latt]4 ,:5 no fur!r dim9ution ( volume takes place ! decrease is read (f4 ,! c>bonic acid is ?us remov$4 ,illu/ration #c4 ,a solution ( pyrogallic acid conta9+ #a gramme ( ! acid 9 #e or #f c4 c4 ( wat] is introduc$ into ! same measur+ tube by means ( ano!r pipette simil> to ! above4 ,! mix$ fluid 7! pyrogallic acid & ! solution ( pota%7 is spread ov] ! inn] surface ( ! tube by %ak+ ! latt]1 & :5 no fur!r dim9ution ( volume is obs]v$ ! residu>y nitrog5 is measur$4 #d4 ,! solution ( pyrogallic acid mix+ ) ! solution ( pota% ( c\rse dilutes x1 caus+ ?us an error f ! dim9ution ( its t5sion2 b ?is error is s trifl+ t x has no appreciable influ5ce ^u ! results4 ,x may1 moreov]1 be readily correct$ by introduc+ into ! tube1 aft] ! absorption ( ! oxyg51 a small piece ( hydrate ( pota%1 correspond+ to ! am\nt ( wat] 9 ! solution ( ! pyrogallic acid4 ,!re is ano!r slight error on acc\nt ( a portion ( ! fluid adh]+ to ! inn] surface ( ! tube1 s t ! volume ( ! gas is nev] read (f ) absolute accuracy4 ,9 conduct+ ^! endiometric exp]im5ts ! necess>y corrections = temp]ature & b>ometric pressure mu/1 ( c\rse1 be made4 ,e/imation ( ! ,nitrog54 ,! am\nt ( ?is gas is usually det]m9$ by d$uct+ ! aque\s vap\rs1 oxyg5 & c>bonic acid1 f ! volume ( air exam9$4 ,det]m9ation ( ,ammonia & ,organic ,matt]4 ,^! are be/ det]m9$ by draw+ a kn[n volume ( air ?r\gh absolutely pure wat]4 ,to obta9 ?is latt] x is be/ to r$i/il di/ill$ wat]1 to reject ! fir/ portions1 !n to add an alkal9e solution ( p]manganate ( pota%1 & to disc>d any portions ( ! di/illate :i* give ! slighte/ reaction ) ! ,nessl] te/4 ,! wat] ?r\gh :i* ! air is drawn mu/ be kept cool1 & aft]w>ds submitt$ to ! prop] te/s1 :i* w be f\nd "u ,,ammonia & ,,wat] ,,analysis4 ,mr ,bly? says1 ,solid bodies su* z vibrionic g]ms1 du/1 fungi1 c41 may be obta9$ by us+ an aspirator1 & draw+ ! air ei!r ?r\gh a drop ( glyc]9e or wat]4 ,organic matt] may also be obta9$ by susp5d+ glass vessels fill$ ) ice wat]1 ov] or 9 ! places to be inve/igat$1 & submitt$ to ! microscope4 ,high p[]s1 su* z imm]sion l5ses1 are requisite = ! inve/igation ( g]ms1 c4 ,( ^! g]ms ,dr ,angus ,smi? says3--,!y may probably be divid$ into _m k9ds--! useful & ! delet]i\s1 ^? :i* promote heal? & ^? :i* br+ disease4 ,! idea ( any ( !m br++ heal? is n f\nd$ on any?+ positive1 b we c sc>cely imag9e ^! numb]less =ms to be all useless4 ,! idea t !y br+ disease is1 ,i ?9k1 "o well confirm$4 ,see a pap] by ! same au?or ,on ! ,air & ,ra9 ( ,man*e/]4 ',memoirs ( ! ,lit]>y & ,sci5tific ,society ( ,man*e/]1' vol4 x4 ,see ,,air1 ,,vitiat$4 ,,air-,,gas4 ,air depriv$ ( its c>bonic acid & moi/ure1 & !n impregnat$ ) ! vap\rs ( v volatile fluid hydroc>bons1 su* z b5z9e & b5zol9e1 c be us$ z an illum9at+ ag5t4 ,x is requisite1 h[ev]1 to use burn]s ) wide op5+s1 & to apply a l[ pressure1 because if ! curr5t be too rapid ! flame becomes too mu* cool$1 & is readily ext+ui%$4 ,app>atus = prep>+ air-gas h be5 devis$ & con/ruct$ by ,m>cus1 ,mille1 ,me!i1 & o!rs4 ,illu/ration ,,air-,,pump4 ,an in/rum5t design$ = ! removal ( air f clos$ vessels4 ,! simple/ =m ( air-pump is ! exhau/+ syr+e1 :i* consi/s ( a cyl9d] fitt$ ) a /op-cock1 & hav+ a valve at ! bottom op5+ inw>ds4 ,ano!r valve op5+ outw>ds is atta*$ to a pi/on work+ inside ! cyl9d]1 & by screw+ ! in/rum5t on to a vessel1 & alt]nately elevat+ & depress+ ! pi/on1 all except a v small quantity ( residual & comp>atively inela/ic air is pump$ out ( ! vessel 7,figs4 a & b74 ,! accompany+ figures %[ relative positions ( ! valve dur+ 7a7 ! elevation1 & 7b7 ! depression ( ! pi/on4 ,9 ! usual & m conv5i5t =m ( air-pump1 a brass tube passes f ! bottom ( ! syr+e & t]m9ates 9 ! c5tre ( a disk ( brass or glass gr\nd accurately2 ! vessel f :i* ! air is to be exhau/$ has its edge v accurately gr\nd1 & is m\nt$ ^u ! plate z %[n 9 ! subjo9$ figure4 ,illu/ration ,air-pump1 ,buns5's ,wat]4 7,see figure on page #ec47 ,?is consi/s ( a wide glass tube1 a1 into :i* ano!r tube1 b1 b'1 b''1 passes air-tight4 c is an india-rubb] tube connect+ a ) ! wat] supply1 d is a clamp to /op ! fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh c4 e is ano!r clamp to regulate ! fl[1 f is a res]voir to prev5t any wat] :i* may accid5tally come ov] f gett+ into j4 g is a plug to let out any wat] f f4 h is a screw = connect+ a air-tight to a piece ( tub+1 :i* %\ld pass #cb feet1 if possible1 bel[ ! level ( a4 i is a piece ( /rong india-rubb] tub+ to connect ! pump ) ! vessel to be exhau/$4 ,! wat] ru%es 9 at c & d[n h1 c>ry+ bubbles ( air ) x till ! exhau/ion is complete4 ,! figure illu/rates a common application ( ?is pump to ! rapid filtration ( liquids :i* ord9>ily pass ?r\gh pap] ) difficulty4 a is repres5t$ z be+ ab\t half full ( wat]4 k is a funnel fix$ air-tight 9 ! india-rubb] /opp] ( ! bell-j> j4 l is a small cone ( plat9um foil to prev5t ! pap] filt] :i* fits into x f be+ brok54 m is a plate ( gr\nd glass1 n is a beak] to receive ! filtrate4 ,illu/ration3 ,buns5's wat]-air-pump4 ,air-pump1 ,spr5gel's4 ,?is app>atus dep5ds on ! pr9ciple ( conv]t+ ! space to be exhau/$ into a torricellian vacuum4 ,9 ! subjo9$ figure1 c1 d is a glass tube long] ?an a b>omet]1 op5 at bo? ends1 & connect$ by means ( india-rubb] tub+ ) a funnel1 ,a1 fill$ ) m]cury & support$ by a /&4 ,m]cury is all[$ to fall 9 ?is tube at a rate regulat$ by a clamp at ,c2 ! l[] end ( ! tube1 c1 d1 fits 9 ! flask ,b1 :i* has a sp\t at ! side a little high] ?an ! l[] end ( c1 d2 ! upp] "p has a bran* at x to :i* a receiv] ,r c be tightly fix$4 ,:5 ! clamp at ,c is op5$1 ! fir/ portions ( m]cury :i* run out close ! tube & prev5t air f ent]+ bel[4 ,z ! m]cury is all[$ to run d[n ! exhau/ion beg9s1 & ! :ole l5g? ( ! tube f x to d is fitt$ ) cyl9d]s ( air & m]cury1 hav+ a d[nw>d motion4 ,air & m]cury escape ?r\gh ! sp\t ( ! bulb ,b1 :i* is above ! bas9 ,h1 :]e ! m]cury is collect$4 ,x is p\r$ back f "t to "t into ! funnel ,a1 to be repass$ ?r\gh ! tube until ! exhau/ion is complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,spr5gel's air-pump4 ,,airy',s 7,dr47 ,,nature',s ,,m$ical ,,treatm5t is ! title ( a pamphlet :i* recomm5ds f\r secret rem$ies aga9/ #aff diseases3 a4 ,! ,pa9 ,expell]1 a mixture ( ab\t #ce p>ts ( t9cture ( capsicum1 #bj p>ts ( dilut$ _s1 & #bj p>ts ( _s ( ammonia4 b4 ,s>sap>illian1 a fluid extract ( s>sap>illa & ,*9a root1 conta9+ #a p] c5t4 ( iodide ( potassium4 c4 ,pills compos$ ( p[d]$ iron1 jalap res91 jalap p[d]1 & m>% mall[ p[d]1 made into a mass ) "s bitt] extract4 ,ea* pill weighs #ja gramme4 d4 ,calm+ ,pa/illes are ?ick1 h>d tablets1 compos$ ( sug>1 ) oil ( anise1 & col\r$ ) liquorice juice4 7,hag]47 ,,aku/icon 7an e> ess5ce74 ,a prov$ rem$y = e k9d ( e> disease1 by ,ps]h(]4 ,?is may be imitat$ by dissolv+ 9 common glyc]9e "o fif? ( its weight ( fir t>1 filt]+1 & add+ a few drops ( cajeput oil dissolv$ 9 _s 7,hag]47 ,,al-4 ,ar4 ,an insep>able article equival5t to ! ,engli% !4 ,x is f\nd 9 _m *emical & o!r words d]iv$ f ! ,arabic2 z al*emy1 alcohol1 alembic1 almanac1 c4 ,,al',,aba/]4 ,syn4 ,,alb,,tre1 ,fr42 ,alabas't]1 ,alaba/ri'tes1 ,alabas'trum1 ,l4 ,a s(t1 :ite species ( calc>e\s & ( gypse\s /one1 us$ by sculptors4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties1 all ( :i* may be rang$ "u two heads3-- #a4 ,,calca'',,re\s ,,alaba/]2 ,,ori5t',,al1 ,a42 ,,calc-,,s9',,t]4 ,a sub-v>iety ( c>bonate ( calcium1 =m$ by ! deposition ( calc>e\s p>ticles 9 ! cav]ns ( lime/one rocks4 ,x has a foliat$1 fibr\s1 or granul> /ructure1 & a pure1 s(t1 ri*1 semi-transluc5t :it5ess1 g5]ally agreeably v>iegat$ ) undulat+ zones or /ripes ( v>i\s %ades ( yell[1 r$1 or br[n4 ,?is v>iety is t mo/ e/eem$ by sculptors1 & = ! manufacture ( alaba/] ornam5ts4 ,! anci5ts us$ x = o9tm5t & p]fume boxes4 ,at ! ba?s ( ,san ,filippo 7,tuscany71 ! process ( its =mation may be exam9$ by ! obs]v]4 ,! natural spr+ ( boil+ wat] holds c>bonate ( lime 9 solution by means ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i*1 escap+ into ! air1 leaves ! lime z a precipitate1 :i* is gradually deposit$ 9 a concrete =m4 7,m4 ,alex4 ,brogni>t47 #b4 ,,gyp',,se\s ,,or ,,common ,,alaba/]2 ,,gypsum4 ,a natural hydrat$ sulphate ( calcium1 conta9+ a little c>bonate ( calcium4 ,t f ! qu>ries ( ! ,p>is bas9 conta9s ab\t #ab ( ! latt] sub/ance4 ,:5 calc9$ or roa/$1 & p[d]$1 x =ms ! sub/ance kn[n "u ! "n ( ,,pla/] ,,( ,,p>is4 ,! m compact1 f9e-gra9$ specim5s ( ?is v>iety are1 l ! prec$+ "o1 sculptur$ into almo/ numb]less articles ( ornam5t & utility1 su* z vases1 clock-/&s1 /atuettes1 c4 ,! inf]ior k9ds only are manufactur$ into ! 'pla/] ( ,p>is' ( ! %ops4 ,! be/ specim5s are obta9$ f ! l[] b$s ( ! gypsum qu>ries1 & are :ite1 & granul>1 n unlike ,c>r>a m>ble4 ,x takes a high poli%2 b f its s(tness & liability to become discol\r$1 articles =m$ ( x require m c>eful treatm5t ?an ev5 ^? ( 'calc>e\s alaba/]4' ,alaba/] is wr\ght1 turn$1 & fa%ion$1 9 a ne>ly simil> mann] to ! s(t] v>ieties ( m>ble4 ,! tools resemble ^? employ$ = ! l op]ations 9 ivory & brass4 ,ma*9]y is n[ (t5 appli$ to ?is purpose4 ,alaba/] is poli%$1 fir/ ) pumice-/one1 & !n ) a pa/e or pap made ( :it+1 soap1 & milk or wat]2 & la/ly1 ) dry flannel4 ,a bett] me?od1 h[ev]1 is to rub x fir/ ) dri$ %ave-grass 7equisetum71 & aft]w>ds ) f9ely p[d]$ & sift$ slak$ lime =m$ into a pa/e ) wat]4 ,! surface is !n 'f9i%$ (f' by friction ) f9ely p[d]$ talc or ,fr5* *alk1 until a sat9y lu/re is produc$1 or ) putty p[d]1 9 a simil> way to m>ble4 ,alaba/] is engrav$ ) tools resembl+ ^? employ$ = o!r s(t m9]als4 ,x is et*$ by cov]+ e "p ( ! surface1 except t to be act$ on1 ) a solution ( :ite wax 9 oil ( turp5t9e 7#a to #d71 ?ick5$ ) a little f9ely p[d]$ :ite lead1 & subsequ5t imm]sion 9 wat] acidulat$ ) acetic acid or hydro*loric acid1 = ! calc>e\s v>iety2 & 9 spr+ wat]1 = #bj to #ej h\rs 7accord+ to ! effect desir$71 = ! gypse\s v>iety4 ,! v>ni% is wa%$ (f ) oil ( turp5t9e1 & ! et*$ p>ts c>efully bru%$ ov] ) f9ely p[d]$ gypsum4 ,alaba/] is jo9$ & repair$ by means ( :ite ( egg1 or rice glue1 ?ick5$ ) f9ely p[d]$ quicklime2 or by a pa/e ( newly bak$ & f9ely p[d]$ gypsum1 mix$ up ) ! lea/ possible quantity ( wat]4 ,calc>e\s alaba/] is usually clean$ ) a bru% & w>m soap-&-wat]1 or ) tepid wat] to :i* a few gra9s ( c>bonate ( soda or ( ammonia h be5 add$2 foll[$ 9 ei!r case by r9s+ 9 clean wat]4 ,if mu* discol\r$1 ?or\ghly cov] ! article ) a pa/e ( fre%ly slak$ lime & wat]1 & let x rema9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 !n wa% (f ! pa/e ) soap & wat]1 rubb+ h>d ! /a9s4 ,delicate objects 9 gypse\s alaba/] c only be safely clean$ ) b5zol1 or ) pure oil ( turp5t9e4 ,if necess>y1 ! surface mu/ be repoli%$4 ,grease spots may be remov$ f ei!r v>iety ) a little b5zol or oil ( turp5t9e4 ,alaba/] is occasionally /a9$ or col\r$1 &1 = ! calc>e\s v>iety1 9 a simil> way to m>ble1 except t heat is n employ$2 & = ! gypse\s v>iety1 9 ! mann] notic$ "u ,,pla/] ,,( ,,p>is4 ,! gypse\s v>iety is also bronz$ & h>d5$ 9 a simil> way to t adopt$ = ca/s 9 ! latt] sub/ance4 ,obs4 ,gypse\s alaba/] is dissolv$ by wat]2 & ! beauty ( bo? v>ieties is almo/ irrecov]ably de/roy$ by grease1 col\r$ oils1 v>ni%es1 smoke1 c4 ,x is1 !re=e1 unfitt$ = g>d5 ornam5ts1 or o!r objects expos$ to ! ra9 or wea!r1 unless x be pa9t$ or bronz$2 & is ev5 !n v p]i%able4 ,contact ) acids1 alkalies1 & ammoniacal & sulphur\s fumes1 also injure1 &1 if prolong$1 de/roy x4 ,ev5 an uncork$ phial ( smell+-salts plac$ on a mantel-piece beside an alaba/] vase w soon de/roy its beauty4 ,?us1 all delicate objects 9 alaba/] %\ld be protect$ by a glass %ade4 ,alaba/]1 ,ori5t'al 7,factiti\s74 ,figures1 basso relievos1 c41 ( consid]able h>dness & beauty1 may be =m$ by imitat+ ! process adopt$ at ! ba?s ( ,san ,filippo1 be=e ref]r$ to4 ,proc41 c4 ,m\lds ( sulphur are plac$ ei!r v]tically or obliquely 9 an op5 tub or ci/]n1 hav+ a freely p]=at$ bottom4 ,surm\nt+ ! :ole are two or m pieces ( wood 9 ! =m ( a cross or />4 ,! sulphur\s calc>e\s wat]1 fall+ on ?is cross1 is scatt]$ into spray or /reamlets1 & los+ ! gase\s portion :i* holds ! lime 9 solution1 deposits x 9 ! =m ( ori5tal alaba/] on ! surface ( ! m\lds4 ,9 f #a to #d mon?s1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! article1 a suffici5tly ?ick deposit is obta9$4 ,! object is !n remov$ f ! m\ld1 & trimm$ & poli%$4 ,x is f\nd t ! m v]tical ! position ( ! m\ld1 ! f9] is ! gra9 ( ! result+ deposit4 ,! wat] ( ! ,spr+ ( ,san ,filippo may be exactly & easily imitat$ by ! *emi/2 & ! :ole process (f]s a new & valuable ornam5tal art = ! amusem5t & pr(it ( ! +5i\s & ent]pris+4 ,alaba/]1 ,%&'s ,*9ese4 ,c>bonate ( lime4 7,*&l]47 ,alaba/] ,tablets1 ,john ,sw9e's ,*9ese4 ,c>bonate ( lime4 7,*&l]47 ,,alamode' 77al-7ah-mod74 ,fr41 la mode4 ,accord+ to ! prevail+ mode or fa%ion4 ,9 cook]y1 appli$ to sev]al di%es1 b m p>ticul>ly to "o ( beef 7alamode beef71 commonly %ort5$ by ! l[] class ( ,london]s into alamode4 ,see ,,beef1 ,,/ew+1 c4 ,,alan',,t9e4 ,eng41 ,fr41 ,g]4 ,syn4 ,,alanti',,na1 ,l4 ,a sub/ance id5tical ) inul91 f\nd 9 ! roots ( g>d5 angelica 7'angelica ar*angelica1' ,l9n474 ,,alba',,ta4 ,l41 ,eng4 ,a "n giv5 to sev]al alloys resembl+ silv]4 ,see ,,alloys1 ,,g]man ,,silv]1 c4 ,,albion 7,p>isian74 ,w pres]ve ! sk9 :ite & free f wr9kles4 ,an aromatic wat] ) *loride ( lead & calomel susp5d$ 9 x4 7,l&]]47 ,,alboli?4 ,a cem5t p[d] prep>$ by ,w4 ,riemann1 ,breslau4 ,made ) calc9$ magnesia 7obta9$ f magnesite7 & *loride ( magnesium4 ,x is recomm5d$ = pa9t+ walls1 /airs1 & wood5 articles4 7,hag]47 ,,albu',,m54 ,eng41 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,album92 ,,album9e1 ,fr42 ,,eiweiss1 ,,eiwei/(f1 ,g]4 ,lit]ally1 ! :ite ( egg2 a peculi> nitrog5\s sub/ance :i* ent]s l>gely into ! composition ( animal bodies4 ,x ab\nds 9 ! blood1 muscles1 bones1 coagulable lymph1 vitre\s & cry/all9e hum\r ( ! eye1 fluid ( dropsy1 c4 ,! :ite ( egg consi/s ( ne>ly pure album5 dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,a sub/ance id5tical ) album5 is f\nd 9 _m vegetables4 ,x ent]s l>gely into ! composition ( all ! emulsive se$s4 ,accord+ to ,segu91 x exi/s 9 consid]able quantity 9 all ^? vegetables & fruits t af=d a v9\s liquor )\t ! addition ( yea/4 ,prep4 ,! :ite ( egg & ! s]um ( blood1 :5 /ra9$ ?r\gh musl91 furni% album51 9 solution1 9 a suffici5tly pure /ate = all ! ord9>y purposes ( ! arts4 ,pure solid album5 may be prep>$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,agitate /ra9$ :ite ( egg ) #aj or #ab times its bulk ( alcohol1 collect ! precipitat$ flocculi on a musl9 filt]1 & suff] x to dry at a temp]ature n exce$+ #abj ,fahr4 #b4 ,add a little wat] to :ite ( egg1 mix1 filt]1 exactly neutralise ) acetic acid1 & !n l>gely dilute ) pure cold wat]2 ! precipitate :i* falls may be collect$ on a filt] & wa%$4 ,/ra9$ s]um ( blood may be us$ in/ead ( :ite ( egg1 9 bo? ! above =ms4 ,comp41 c4 ,! foll[+ is ! composition ( album5 accord+ to ,lieb]khn3-- ,c>bon #ecc ,hydrog5 #ga ,nitrog5 #aeg ,oxyg5 #bba ,sulphur #ah ---- #ajjj ,*at9 f\nd iod9e 9 ! :ite ( egg2 x also conta9s *loride1 sulphate1 phosphate1 & c>bonate ( sodium1 phosphate ( calcium1 & traces ( potassium 9 x2 b1 unlike ! sulphur1 none ( ^! sub/ances =m a con/itu5t "p ( pure album51 ?\gh probably always pres5t 9 :ite ( egg4 ,prop4 ,pure solid album5 7unalt]$ by heat7 is ne>ly col\rless1 inodor\s1 & ta/eless2 sc>cely soluble 9 wat]1 b readily s 9 wat]1 conta9+ an exce$+ly small quantity ( cau/ic soda or pota%1 & 9 a /rong solution ( nitrate ( potassium4 ,:5 dri$ by a g5tle heat x %r9ks into a transluc5t horny mass2 & :5 expos$ to a suffici5t temp]ature1 yields ! usual ammoniacal od\r & products ( animal matt]4 ,its solution 7z :ite ( egg7 is solidifi$ or coagulat$ by a heat ( f #ade to #afe ,fahr41 =m+ a :ite1 opaque mass2 :5 v dilute1 on boil+ 7only7 x sep>ates 9 f9e light flocks4 ,:5 ?us coagulat$1 x is insoluble 9 wat] at a less temp]ature ?an #cjb ,fahr4 7,whl] & ,vgel71 unless alkalis$4 ,ord9>y solutions ( album5 give precipitates ) sulphuric1 hydro*loric1 nitric1 & metaphosphoric acids1 ) tann9 & a/r+5t solutions1 & ) mo/ ( ! metallic salts2 b are n affect$ by ei!r acetic acid or tribasic 7common7 phosphoric acid4 ,alcohol1 9 quantity1 also precipitates album54 ,/rong oil ( vitriol turns x black 9 ! cold1 b on apply+ a g5tle heat1 a gorge\s1 r$-col\r$ liquid is produc$4 ,/rong hydro*loric acid gives a deep violet-blue solution4 ,:ite ( egg or s]um expos$ 9 a ?9 /ratum to ! air1 dries up into a pale1 yell[1 gum-l sub/ance1 & 9 ?is /ate may be kept = any l5g? ( "t1 reta9+ its prop]ty ( r$issolv+ :5 imm]s$ 9 slightly w>m wat]4 ,te/s4--#a4 ,bo? heat & alcohol 7or /rong _s7 coagulate x3--#b4 ,a solution ( p]*loride ( m]cury dropp$ into a fluid conta9+ album5 occasions a :ite precipitate3--#c4 ,subacetate ( lead acts 9 ! same way4 ,ei!r ( ! la/ two w r5d] turbid a solution conta9+ only ! #a-bjjj? "p ( fre% :ite ( egg1 or ! #a-aj1jjj? "p ( dry album53--#d4 ,tann9 & t9cture ( galls give yell[1 pit*y precipitates3--#e4 ,if dry cau/ic pota% or soda be triturat$ ) ei!r liquid or solid album51 ammoniacal fumes are evolv$1 & ! mixture on calc9ation yields f]rocyanide ( potassium3--#f4 ,its coagulability by heat1 & its incoagulability by acetic acid1 di/+ui% x f case94 ,uses1 c41 ,indep5d5tly ( its value z an alim5t>y sub/ance1 album5 is l>gely employ$ 9 photography z a glaze or v>ni%1 = fix+ col\rs 9 calico pr9t+1 z a cem5t1 c41 & m p>ticul>ly z a cl>ifi] = w9es1 syrups1 vegetable solutions1 & o!r liquids4 ,its efficacy = ! la/ purpose dep5ds on its entangl+ ! impurities 9 its me%es dur+ coagulation1 & ei!r ris+ to ! surface ) !m z a 'scum1' or s9k+ ) !m z a precipitate4 ,9 ,france x is prep>$ on an ext5sive scale1 at ! abattoirs1 by be+ spread 9 ?9 lay]s to dry2 ! s\rce ( supply be+ ( c\rse ! /ream ( ! blood ( ! slaught]$ animals4 ,:5 ! liquid op]at$ on does n spontane\sly coagulate album51 x is necess>y to apply heat to x4 ,9 cases ( poison+ by ! m9]al acids1 corrosive sublimate1 nitrate ( silv]1 sulphate ( copp]1 bi*loride ( t91 or sug> ( lead1 ! :ite ( egg 7or inde$ ! yolk z well7 is "o ( ! be/ antidotes t c be adm9i/]$4 ,album51 ,flake4 ,syn4 ,,album5 ,,9 ,,p[d]1 ,,solid ,a41 ,,soluble ,a41 ,,plant]',s ,a4 ,prep4 ,expose /ra9$ :ite ( egg or s]um ( bullock's blood1 9 a ?9 /ratum1 to a curr5t ( dry air1 until x concretes into a solid transp>5t sub/ance1 resembl+ horn4 ,9 ?is /ate x may be kept any l5g? ( "t1 or x may be fur!r dri$ until brittle1 & !n r$uc$ to co>se p[d]4 ,use4 ,x is ext5sively employ$ z a 'cl>ifi]' 9 ! sug> plantations ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 & else:]e4 ,x is prep>$ = use by soak+ & /irr+ x ) cold wat] until x is dissolv$1 :5 x is :isk$ to a fro? 9 ! usual way1 & agitat$ ) ! liquid to be cl>ifi$4 ,album51 ,iodis$4 #a4 ,to ! :ite ( e egg employ$ add #g-a_/b gra9s ( iodide ( potassium dissolv$ 9 an equal weight ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,beat ! mixture to a fro?1 let x /& until insoluble matt]s h settl$1 p\r ! cle> portion into a wide-m\!d bottle1 & keep 9 a cool place4 #b4 ,dissolve #ej gra9s ( iodide ( potassium & #aj gra9s ( bromide ( ammonium 9 #b-a_/b oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 & add #abj m9ims ( /rong liquor ammoni4 ,add ?is solution to #aj oz4 ( album51 let ! mixture /& to settle1 & filt]4 ,?is prep>ation is said to keep good = a long "t4 ,album51 ,solution ( 7,b4 ,p474 ,take ( :ite ( "o egg2 di/ill$ wat]1 f\r fluid ounces4 ,mix by trituration 9 a mort>1 & filt] ?r\gh clean t[1 fir/ moi/5$ ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,?is solution mu/ be rec5tly prep>$4 ,album51 ,vegetable4 ,?is sub/ance1 long consid]$ to be a di/9ct proximate pr9ciple peculi> to ! vegetable k+dom1 has be5 %[n1 by rec5t rese>*es1 to be id5tical ) animal album54 ,x is p>ticul>ly abundant 9 c>rots1 turnips1 cabbages1 gre5 /ems ( peas1 & oleag9\s se$s4 ,,albu',,m54 ,9 botany1 ! solid1 fle%y1 or horny sub/ance f\nd 9 _m se$s1 betwe5 ! integum5ts & ! embryo4 ,x is ! "p t furni%es ! fl\r ( ! 'c]eals1' ! fle% ( ! 'cocoa-nut1' & ! great mass ( ! se$s ( c(fee & o!r vegetables4 ,h[ev] poison\s ! plants :i* produce x may be1 ?is sub/ance is nev] delet]i\s4 ,,album5is$ ,,pap]4 ,a ,fr5* pap] highly glaz$1 hav+ a f9e surface1 & made by ,rive2 a ,g]man pap] hav+ a m uni=m texture1 & made by ,saxe2 also a pap] by ,t[good1 are recomm5d$ = ! prep>ation ( album5is$ pap]4 ,positive pap] may be album5is$ z foll[s3--,add #ae gra9s ( f9ely pulv]is$ common salt to ! :ite ( e egg us$1 & :isk until ! mixture is entirely conv]t$ into a :ite fro?4 ,all[ ?is fro? to /& 9 a glaz$ e>!nw>e pan :i* mu/ be r l>g] ?an ! %eets ( pap] to be album5is$1 = ab\t twelve h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ?is p\r ! cle> portion ( ! liquid into a flat porcela9 tray4 ,m>k ! inf]ior side ( ! pap]1 slightly damp x1 lift x by its ends1 & float x c>efully on ! prep>$ album51 keep+ its inf]ior & dry side upp]mo/4 ,!n raise ! pap] at ea* end1 & if any air bubbles are se5 remove !m ) a c>d or bru% & replace ! pap] 9 ! ba?4 ,remove ! pap] f ! ba? & susp5d x at ! corn]s by clips4 ,album5is$ pap] %\ld be kept dry by enclos+ x 9 t9 or z9c cases4 ,,album5oids4 ,a t]m appli$ to album51 fibr91 case91 & simil> bodies4 ,,albu',,m5\s4 ,syn4 ,,album9o',,sus1 ,l42 ,,album91 ,,abum9eux1 ,fr42 ,,eiweis/(fhaltig1 ,g]4 ,=m$ (1 conta9+1 or hav+ ! prop]ties ( album54 ,album9\s ,plants4 ,9 botany1 all plants ^: se$s conta9 album5 9 a sep>ate /ate2 z 9 ! c]eals1 palms1 c4 ,album9\s ,pr9ciples or ,sub/ances4 ,album51 case91 fibr91 glut51 c4 ,,alburn',,um4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,alburn992 ,,sapwood4 ,9 botany1 ! :ite & s(t] p>ts ( ! wood ( exog5\s plants1 ly+ betwe5 ! inn] b>k & ! he>twood4 ,x consi/s ( empty or ne>ly empty tubes or cells1 :i* gradually acquire solidity by ! deposition ( res9s1 tann91 & o!r products ( vegetation1 & 9 "t becomes wood4 ,x is ?r\gh ! alburnum t ! asc5d+ sap *iefly fl[s4 ,,alc>az',,za4 ,sp4 ,a species ( por\s e>!nw>e1 or a vessel =m$ ( x1 made 9 ,spa9 f a light1 s&y m>l1 & b slightly fir$4 ,_! value z 'cool]s' arises f ! copi\s evaporation ( ! wat]1 :i* gradually transudes4 ,a simil> w>e & articles are made 9 ,france1 "u ! "n ( ,,hygroc]a',,m52 & 9 ,engl&1 "u ! names ( ,,por\s ,,w>e1 ,,wat] ,,cool]s1 ,,w9e ,,cool]s1 ,,butt] ,,cool]s1 c4 ,! foll[+ are =ms said to be us$ 9 our pott]ies3-- ,prep4 #a4 ,take ( s&y m>l1 #b p>ts2 br9e1 q4 s42 make a d\gh1 & !n knead 9 ( common salt1 9 f9e p[d]1 #a "p4 ,bake ! pieces sl[ly1 & lightly4 #b4 ,good clay1 #b p>ts2 f9e silice\s s&1 #c p>ts2 br9e1 q4 s42 common salt1 #a to #b p>ts2 z be=e4 #c4 ,p[d]$ clay1 #b p>ts2 p[d]$ *>coal1 #c p>ts 7by weight72 wat] q4 s4 to =m a /iff d\gh4 ,! kiln+ mu/ be s arrang$ t ! heat is appli$ gradually1 & ! vessels expos$ to a curr5t ( hot air2 & x mu/ be cont9u$ until all ! *>coal is burnt out1 c>efully avoid+ ov]-fir+4 ,,al',,*emy 7-k7im-74 ,syn4 ,,al',,*ymy 7-k7im-72 ,,h]metic ,,art992 ,,al*em',,ia1 ,,al*ym',,ia1 ,l42 ,,al*imie1 ,fr42 ,,al*emie1 ,g]42 ,,al*imia1 ,x4 ,! romantic =]unn] ( ! mod]n sci5ce ( *emi/ry4 ,an imag9ative art or sci5ce1 hav+ = its objects ! discov]y ( a sub/ance 7,,philosoph]',s ,,/one7 capable ( transmut+ ! bas] metals into gold--a panacea1 or univ]sal rem$y 7,,elix] ,,vit71 by :i* disease & dea? 7 to be avoid$ by its possessor--an alkahe/1 or univ]sal solv5t--a univ]sal f]m5t2 & o!r l absurdities4 ,a mix$ metal =m]ly us$ = ut5sils 0 also call$ by ?is "n4 ,,al',,cohol4 ,c#b;,h#f,o4 ,eng41 ,l42 ,b4 ,p4 ,syn4 ,,al',,kohol1 ,eng41 ,l42 ,,alco,l1 ,,alcohol1 ,fr42 ,,alkohol1 ,h,,*/ ,,rectifieirt] ,,we9-,,gei/41 ,g]42 ,,alco,,le1 ,x4 ,a t]m commonly appli$ to "o k9d ( _s--t obta9$ by ! di/illation ( any f]m5t$ sac*>9e liquid1 & =m+ ! *>act]i/ic pr9ciple ( w9es1 be]s1 spirits1 & o!r intoxicat+ liquors4 ,etym4 ,kohol1 a ,hebrew-,syriac ^w1 is ! "n giv5 to a prep>ation ( p[d]$ antimony us$ by ,ori5tal ladies to pa9t _! eyebr[s4 ,9 c\rse ( "t ?is t]m 0 appli$ to o!r f9e p[d]s1 & ultimately to highly rectifi$ spirits4 ,hi/41 c4 ,al?\gh ! art ( di/illation 0 probably kn[n at a comp>atively e>ly age ( ! _w1 ! prep>ation ( pure rectifi$ _s is a discov]y ( mod]n times4 ,x 0 n until ! #ac? c5tury t ,raymond ,lully fir/ %[$ ! way to conc5trate _s by means ( c>bonate ( pota%2 aft] :i* date pure conc5trat$ _s gradually rose into note z an article ( trade & comm]ce 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! #af? c5tury its di/illation 0 9 common practice 9 ^! c\ntries4 7,burns47 ,by means ( *loride ( calcium1 ,dr ,black obta9$ alcohol ( sp4 gr4 #jhjj 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #agfj72 & ,ri*t] aft]w>ds procur$ x ( a sp4 gr4 s l[ z #jgif at #fj ,fahr4 7,crell's ',annals1' #agif47 ,lavoisi] fir/ demon/rat$ ! composition ( alcohol 7ab\t #aghj74 ,its analysis 0 subsequ5tly p]fect$ by ,m4 ,saussure1 jun41 & confirm$ by ,,mm4 ,dumas & ,b\llay1 & ,gay-,lussac2 & by _m o!rs s9ce4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,alcohol is peculi> to ! organic k+dom1 be+ exclusively produc$1 9 ! natural way1 by ! process ( f]m5tation4 ,s\rces1 c4 ,dilute alcohol may be procur$1 by ! ord9>y process ( di/illation1 f all f]m5t$ liquors4 ,:5 drawn f w9e 7z 9 ,france71 x con/itutes ,,br&y2 :5 f ! refuse juice ( ! sug>-cane1 x is call$ ,,rum2 :5 f malt1 gra91 or molasses 7z 9 ,engl&71 x is call$ ,,malt1 ,,raw-,,gra9 or ,,molasses ,,_s2 & :5 f rice or palm-w9e1 ,,arrack4 ,br&y1 rum1 ,holl&s1 & :isky1 conta9 only ab\t half _! volume ( alcohol2 & g9 mu* less4 ,:5 di/ill$ f any ( ^! spiritu\s liquors1 ! alcohol conta9s1 besides wat]1 v>iable quantities ( ess5tial oils1 e!rs1 & o!r flav\r+ matt]s1 :i*1 by "o or m r$i/illations ) *>coal or lime1 x = ! mo/ "p loses1 & !n becomes comm]cial _s ( w9e4 ,by a fur!r rectification f *loride ( calcium1 lime1 c>bonate ( pota%1 or any o!r sub/ance hav+ a /rong aff9ity = wat]1 ! wat] is reta9$1 & a /rong _s passes ov] conta9+ n m ?an #aj p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,by repeat+ ! process1 & us+ ! prop] precautions1 x may be obta9$ almo/ entirely free f wat]1 & is !n call$ absolute or anhydr\s alcohol4 ,prep>ation ,i4 ,( ,absolute ,alcohol3-- a4 ,alcohol 7highly rectifi$ _s71 ( #he 7sp4 gr4 #hce to #hbb71 is mix$1 9 a tubulat$ retort1 ) ab\t half its weight ( fre%-burnt quick-lime1 9 co>se p[d]2 & ! :ole1 aft] securely /opp+ ! neck ) a cork1 & agitation1 is all[$ to repose = sev]al days4 ,! alcohol is !n c>efully di/ill$ (f1 drop by drop1 by ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 until ! weight ( ! di/illate ne>ly equals t ( ! 'anhydr\s alcohol' 9 ! _s op]at$ on4 ,! sp4 gr4 ( ! product %\ld be #gie or #gif2 b by c>efully repeat+ ! process ) ! di/illate & a fre% quantity ( lime1 & prolong+ ! la/ dige/ion ) ! latt] = sev]al weeks1 absolute alcohol ( ! sp4 gr4 #gicha at #fj ,fahr4 may be easily obta9$4 b4 7,dr9kwat]2 ,f[nes47 ,! /ronge/ rectifi$ _s ( w9e is dige/$ 9 a /opp]$ bottle = sev]al days1 ) ab\t half its weight ( anhydr\s c>bonate ( pota%1 9 p[d]1 frequ5t agitation be+ _h rec\rse to2 ! alcohol1 aft] repose1 is !n decant$1 & treat$ ) suffici5t fre%-burnt quick-lime to absorb ! :ole ( ! _s4 ,aft] #dh h\rs' dige/ion1 ! _s1 :5 di/ill$1 w h ! sp4 gr4 #gic at #fj ,fahr4 c4 7,liebig2 ,ure47 ,alcohol ( ab\t #ij is saturat$ ) fus$ *loride ( calcium1 9 p[d]1 & aft] repose = a few h\rs 9 a /opp]$ bottle1 is submitt$ to di/illation z be=e4 ,! product %\ld ne>ly equal ! quantity ( dry alcohol 9 ! sample4 ,ure recomm5ds equal weights ( ! _s & *loride to be tak52 & ! process to be /opp$ z soon z ab\t half ! volume ( ! _s employ$ has pass$ ov]1 or ! di/illate acquires a high] sp4 gr4 ?an #gia at #fh1 or #gif at #fj ,fahr4 d4 7,b4 ,p4 #ahfg47 ,take ( rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 c>bonate ( pota%1 #a-a_/b ounce2 slak$ lime1 #aj ounces4 ,put ! c>bonate ( pota% & _s into a /opp]$ bottle & all[ !m to rema9 9 contact = two days1 frequ5tly %ak+ ! bottle4 ,expose ! slak$ lime to a r$ heat 9 a cov]$ crucible = half an h\r1 !n remove x f ! fire1 &1 :5 x has cool$1 imm$iately put ! lime into a flask or retort1 & add to x ! _s f :i* ! d5s] aque\s solution ( c>bonate ( pota%1 :i* w h =m$ a di/9ct /ratum at ! bottom ( ! bottle1 has be5 c>efully & completely sep>at$4 ,atta* a cond5s] to ! app>atus1 & all[ x to rema9 )\t any ext]nal application ( heat = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 !n apply+ a g5tle heat1 let ! _s di/il until t :i* has pass$ ov] %all measure #a-a_/b fluid ounce2 reject ?is1 & cont9ue ! di/illation into a fre% receiv] until no?+ m passes at a temp]ature ( #bjj ,fahr4 e4 7,pogg5dorff47 ,saturate alcohol ) cau/ic pota%1 !n add half its volume ( wat]1 & di/il at a l[ temp]ature4 ,,ii4 ,( ,hydrat$ or ,comm]cial ,alcohol3-- a4 7,,alcohol1 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,take ( rectifi$ _s 7sp4 gr4 #jhch71 #a gal42 *loride ( calcium1 #a lb42 proce$ z above1 & di/il #g p9ts & #e fl4 oz4 ,sp4 gr4 ( product #jhae4 ,x conta9s ab\t #g ( wat]1 by weight1 & #e by volume4 b4 7,,alcohol1 ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,rectifi$ _s1 #a gal42 pe>l-a%es 7dri$ & /ill hot71 #c-a_/b lbs42 mix1 dige/ 9 a cov]$ vessel1 ) frequ5t agitation1 = sev5 days2 !n decant ! cle> portion1 & add to x ( *loride ( calcium1 #a lb42 agitate to effect solution1 & di/il (f ! _s until ! mixture 9 ! retort beg9s to ?ick54 ,sp4 gr4 ( product #jhaj4 ,x conta9s ab\t #e ( wat]1 by weight4 c4 7,)\t di/illation47 ,rectifi$ _s is agitat$1 9 a clos$ vessel1 ) anhydr\s c>bonate ( pota% 7prep>$ by heat+ ! salt to r$ness1 & /ill slightly w>m71 until ! p[d] s9ks to ! bottom undissolv$2 ! c>bonate is !n add$ 9 consid]able excess1 & ! agitation repeat$ at %ort int]vals = "s h\rs or ev5 days2 la/ly1 aft] suffici5t repose1 ! cle> upp] portion is decant$4--,obs4 ,if a clean _s1 & pure c>bonate ( pota% 7or at lea/ "o p]fectly free f cau/ic pota% or any o!r impurity soluble 9 /rong _s71 be us$1 an alcohol suffici5tly pure & free f wat] = _m common purposes may be ?us obta9$2 o!rwise ! product conta9s a little potassa1 c41 :i* c only be remov$ by di/illation4 ,= "s purposes1 h[ev]1 ?is w\ld n be objectionable4 ,sp4 gr4 ab\t #hab4 ,illu/ration3 ,a1 ,a bottle ) two necks1 ! upp] furni%$ ) a gr\nd-glass /opp]4 ,b1 ,loop ( cord to hang ! app>atus up by4 ,c1 ,bladd]1 conta9+ _s1 fill$ by means ( ! bottle ,a4 ,d1 ,neck ( bladd] accurately secur$ to ! "u neck ( ! bottle ,a4 ,,iii4 7,smm]+4--,,v>ni%-,,mak]',s ,,alcohol47 ,! bladd] ( an ox or calf1 ?or\ghly cleans$ f fat1 & wa%$ & dri$1 is ne>ly fill$ ) rectifi$ _s1 & !n securely fa/5$ & susp5d$ 9 any dry situation1 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #abb ,fahr4 ,9 f six to twelve h\rs1 :5 ! heat is prop]ly ma9ta9$1 ! _s is g5]ally suffici5tly conc5trat$1 & 9 a little "t long] is r5d]$ ne>ly free f wat] 7anhydr\s71 or ( ! /r5g? ( #if to #ih4--,obs4 ,! same bladd] w s]ve = m ?an "o hundr$ op]ations4 ,if n kept v ne>ly full1 a portion ( ! _s escapes ?r\gh ! empty "p4 ,to prev5t ?is accid5t1 a bottle ) a d\ble neck1 ( ! %ape repres5t$ 9 ! engr41 may be employ$2 by :i* means ! bladd] may be kept con/antly full dur+ ! process4 ,aft] ! fir/ or second "t ( us+1 ! bladd] gives alcohol suffici5tly pure = all ord9>y purposes4 ,be=e hang+ ! app>atus up1 x is bett] to enclose x 9 a co>se potato-nett+1 to prev5t any accid5t aris+ f ! /ra9 on ! neck ( ! bladd]4 ,smm]+ recomm5ds bo? ! inside & outside ( ! dry bladd] to be sme>$ ov] #b or #c times ) a /rong solution ( is+lass2 b ?is is n necess>y to ! success ( ! process4 ,,iv4 ,rectifi$ ,_s4 7,b4 ,p4 #ahfg47 ,spiritus ,rectificatus4 ,alcohol ) #af p] c5t4 ( wat]2 obta9$ by ! di/ill+ ( f]m5t$ sac*>9e fluids4 ,sp4 gr4 #jhch4 ,v4 ,pro( ,_s4 7,b4 ,p4 #ahfg47 ,spiritus ,t5uior4 ,take ( rectifi$ _s1 #e p9ts2 di/ill$ wat]1 #c p9ts4 ,mix4 ,sp4 gr4 ( product #jibj4 ,prop4 ( ,alcohol4 ,light1 transp>5t1 col\rless2 highly volatile & inflammable1 burn+ ) a pale blue & smokeless flame2 v mobile2 od\r1 agreeable2 ta/e1 /rong & pung5t2 miscible 9 all proportions ) wat]1 ) ! evolution ( heat1 & tempor>y expansion1 b ultimate cond5sation ( ! mixture1 "s h\rs elaps+ be=e ! union is complete1 & ! normal temp]ature re/or$4 ,! mixture has a high] sp4 gr4 ?an ! mean ( its con/itu5ts2 & ?is is greate/ :5 #ed vols4 ( alcohol are mix$ ) #digg vols4 ( wat]1 ! result+ comp\nd measur+ only #ajj volumes4 ,x absorbs wat] f moi/ air2 dissolves res9s1 ess5tial oils1 camphor1 bitum51 soaps1 sug>1 c>bonic & boracic acid1 iod9e & ! iodides1 lime1 ammonia1 soda1 pota%1 ! alkaloids1 wax & sp]maceti 7:5 boil+71 all ! deliquesc5t salts 7except c>bonate ( potassa71 & v>i\s o!r sub/ances4 ,x curdles milk1 coagulates album51 & 79 quantity7 sep>ates bo? />* & gum f _! mucilages4 ,x boils1 9 ! air1 at #agc ,fahr41 :5 9 ! anhydr\s /ate4 ,:5 dilut$ ) wat] its boil+ po9t rises 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( wat] add$4 ,x boils1 9 vacuo1 at #ef ,fahr4 ,e volume ( boil+ alcohol yields #dhhc vols4 ( vap\r at #bab ,fahr4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #jgichaa at #fj ,fahr41 t ( its vap\r be+ #afacc4 ,x has nev] be5 froz52 :5 cool$ to -#aff ,fahr41 x acquir$ ! consi/5ce ( ca/or oil1 b did n solidify4 ,x contracts by cold2 betwe5 -#ae & #ii ,fahr41 ?is occurs ) great regul>ity1 at ! rate ( #jjjdg "p ( its volume = e degree ( ! !rmomet]4 ,its evaporation1 l t ( e!r1 produces int5se cold4 ,! products ( its combu/ion are c>bonic anhydride & wat]4 ,x acts z a p[]ful antiseptic on organic sub/ances imm]s$ 9 x1 & is 9 consequ5ce ext5sively employ$ 9 ! pres]vation ( anatomical prep>ations4 ,) ! acids x =ms e!rs4 ,phys4 eff4 ,alcohol is a n>cotico-acrid poison4 ,9 small doses x occasions excitem5t & intoxication2 9 l>g] ones1 delirium1 somnol5cy1 coma1 apoplexy1 & dea?4 ,x acts z a viol5t n]v\s /imulant1 &1 by ab/ract+ wat] f ! s(t tissues ( ! /oma* & prim vi1 de/roys _! organisation4 ,x is alike poison\s to all animals2--#b drs4 w kill a dog4 ,all /rong spirits act 9 ! same way1 ! effect be+ proportionate to ! /ate ( conc5tration & ! quantity tak54 ,on plants x acts z a rapid & fatal poison4 ,ant41 c4 ,copi\s int]nal use ( tepid wat]1 ) cold affusions to ! head & sp9e1 & injection ( cold wat] into ! e>s4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( vomit+1 a /rong emetic %\ld be giv51 or ! /oma*-pump us$4 ,ammonia may be us$ z a /imulant1 &1 add$ to wat] j 9 suffici5t quantity to flav\r x1 is "o ( ! be/ antidotes4 ,! head %\ld be kept elevat$1 & ble$+ _h rec\rse to1 if c]ebral conge/ion ?reat5s4 ,te/s 9 cases ( dea?4 #a4 ,! od\r ( ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* & eject$ matt]s1 & _! ready inflammability4 #b4 ,! _s may be sep>at$ by dige/ion ) wat]1 filtration1 ! addition ( c>bonate ( pota%1 & di/illation4 ,comp41 c4 ,its p]-c5tage composition is-- ,dumas & ,br&e & ,ure4 sp4 ,b\llay4 ,ure4 gr4 #jhab4 ,c>bon #ebcg #ebah #dghe ,hydrog5 #acja #acjd #abbd ,oxyg5 #cdfa #cdgh #ciia ------- -------- -------- #iiii #ajjjj #ajjjj ,?is ne>ly repres5ts #b equival5ts ( c>bon1 #c eq4 ( hydrog51 & #a ( oxyg54 ,! atom ( alcohol is n[ reg>d$ z a multiple ( ^! numb]s1 & =m$ by ! break+ up ( "o atom ( grape sug> 7,c#ac;,h#bh,o#aa7 into #d eq4 ( alcohol1 #h eq4 ( c>bonic acid1 & #d eq4 ( wat]4 ,x 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z a comp\nd ( #a eq4 ( olefiant gas1 & #a eq4 ( wat]2 b x is n[ g5]ally view$ z ,,hydrate ,,( ,,! ,,oxide ,,( ,,e?yle 7,c#b;,h#e4;,,ho71 or a comp\nd ( e?yl5e & wat] 7,c#b;,h#d4;,h#b,o74 ,grape sug> alone yields alcohol2 cane sug>1 be=e x und]goes ! v9\s f]m5tation1 be+ fir/ conv]t$ into ?is sub/ance by contact ) ! f]m5t4 ,purity4 ,! pres5ce ( wat] is %[n by ! specific gravity 7see ,,alcoholometry72 ! abs5ce ( o!r =eign matt] by ! foll[+ te/s3-- #a4 ,its col\r & transp>5cy is n affect$ by ! addition ( a little col\rless oil ( vitriol 7,liebig71 or by a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 & subsequ5t exposure = "s "t to sol> light 7,vgel71 unless ei!r ess5tial oil or organic matt] be pres5t1 :5 x assumes a r$di% t+e4 #b4 ,x %\ld be neutral to te/-pap]s1 col\rless1 leave no residue on evaporation1 & be miscible1 9 all proportions1 ) wat] & ) e!r4 #c4 ,its boil+ po9t %\ld nev] be less ?an #agj ,fahr42 a l[] temp]ature sugge/s ! pres5ce ( wood spirits1 or acetone1 or "o ( ! e!rs4 ,to detect wood _s 7wood naph?a7 see ,nessl]'s ,te/4 ,= ! rev]se ( ?is adult]ation--! evasion ( ! duty by ! introduction ( _s1 "u ! disguise ( naph?a1 turp5t9e1 c4--see ^? articles4 #d4 ,! pres5ce ( wat] 9 alcohol may be detect$1 n only by ! sp4 gr41 b also by :ite anhydr\s sulphate ( copp] burn+ blue :5 dropp$ into x4 #e4 ,potassium plac$ on alcohol does n take fire1 unless a consid]able p]-c5tage ( wat] be pres5t4 ,te/s1 c4 #a4 ,x may g5]ally be recognis$ by its volatility1 inflammability1 od\r1 ta/e1 miscibility ) wat]1 p[] ( dissolv+ camphor & res9s1 & o!r qualities already describ$4 #b4 ,if a few fibres ( asbe/os be 'moi/5$' ) a saturat$ solution ( bi*romate ( pota% 9 oil ( vitriol1 & expos$ to ! smalle/ possible portion ( hot alcohol vap\r1 x is almo/ in/antly turn$ gre51 ow+ to ! =mation ( oxide ( *romium4 ,9 practice1 ! asbe/os may be ins]t$ 9 ! neck ( a retort1 or ev5 ( a bulb$ glass-tube conta9+ a few drops ( ! suspect$ solution1 :5 ! effect occurs z soon z di/illation comm5ces4 ,e!r & pyroxylic _s produce a ne>ly simil> result2 b ! 'fir/' ( ^! is di/+ui%$ f alcohol by its n be+ miscible ) wat] 9 all proportions2 & ! 'o!r' by ,nessl]'s ,te/2 :il/ bo? may be readily di/+ui%$ by _! peculi> & *>act]i/ic od\r4 #c4 ,dissolve #c pts4 cry/allis$ c>bonate ( soda 9 #aj pts4 wat]4 ,to ?is solution add #a pt4 ( liquid to be te/$1 & heat to ab\t #afj ,fahr4 ,la/ly1 add iod9e 9 small pieces1 till x has entirely dissolv$1 & ! liquid has become col\rless4 ,if alcohol be pres5t1 iod(orm w make its appe>ance on cool+1 & s9k to ! bottom 9 ! =m ( a yell[ p[d]4 ,z a simil> result is obta9$ ) wood _s1 ?is mu/ be prov$ to be abs5t be=e apply+ ?is te/4 ,! only reliable me?od ( prov+ t a sample is e?ylic alcohol is ! production ( e!r1 by act+ on ! suspect$ liquid ) sulphuric acid4 ,see ,,e!r4 ,uses4 ,9 ! arts1 alcohol is us$ by ! v>ni%-mak] to dissolve res9s2 by ! p]fum]1 to extract ! od\r ( plants1 & dissolve ess5tial oils1 soaps1 & o!r simil> sub/ances2 by ! ph>maceuti/1 to prep>e t9ctures & o!r valuable m$ic9als2 by ! in/rum5t-mak]1 to fill ! bulbs ( !rmomet]s requir$ to measure extreme degrees ( cold2 by ! photograph]1 9 ! prep>ation ( collodion2 by ! *emi/1 9 analysis1 & 9 ! manufacture ( num]\s prep>ations2 by ! anatomi/ & naturali/1 z an antiseptic2 & by ! physician1 = v>i\s purposes & applications z a rem$y4 ,x is also frequ5tly burnt 9 lamps1 & 9 p>ts ( ! _w :]e x is inexp5sive1 x is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( v9eg>4 ,its uses1 :5 dilute1 z 9 ! 'spiritu\s liquors' ( comm]ce1 are well kn[n4 ,9 m$ic9e1 x is employ$ bo? conc5trat$ 7'alcohol1' 'rectifi$ _s'7 & dilute 7'pro( _s1' 'br&y1' 'g91' c471 z a cau/ic1 irritant1 /imulant1 tonic1 c4 ,x has also be5 us$ 9 a multitude ( o!r cases1 & has be5 appli$ to an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( o!r purposes4 ,illu/ration ,g54 comm5t>y4 ,! selection ( any "o ( ! processes giv5 above = ! prep>ation ( alcohol mu/ greatly dep5d on ! conv5i5ce or position ( ! op]ator4 ,*loride ( calcium1 & quick-lime1 f _! p[]ful aff9ity = wat]1 & easy application1 are ! hygrometric sub/ances mo/ g5]ally employ$2 b ! processes involv+ ! use ( ! o!r sub/ances & me?ods already notic$1 h all ( !m advantages "u p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,gay-,lussac has recomm5d$ ! use ( cau/ic b>yta in/ead ( lime2 & o!rs h employ$ dry alum9a1 z an absorb5t ( ! wat] prior to di/illation4 ,common pro( _s may be conc5trat$ until its sp4 gr4 falls to ab\t #jhbe1 by simple di/illation 9 a wat] ba?2 at :i* sp4 gr4 x conta9s only ab\t #aa ( wat]1 by weight1 & is !n ne>ly z volatile z pure alcohol4 ,a conv5i5t app>atus = ! prep>ation ( alcohol1 on ! small scale1 is t figur$ 9 ! engr41 & :i* w be self-explanatory to e "o compet5t to use x4 ,! tank 7i7 %\ld be suppli$ ) ice-cold wat]2 & ! receiv] 7g7 %\ld be cov]$ ) clo?s kept cont9ually wet ) wat] ( ! same temp]ature4 ,! capsule or bas9 7c7 is a wat] ba? heat$ by ! little gas furnace 7d74 ,on ! l>ge scale1 = comm]cial alcohol1 a copp] /ill1 fitt$ ) a glass refrig]atory & receiv]1 is commonly employ$4 ,by surr\nd+ ! capital ( a /ill1 or o!r l app>atus1 by a wat] ba? kept at ! prop] temp]ature1 ! alcoholic ri*ness or cont5t ( ! product may be regulat$ to ! greate/ nicety1 = any desir$ /r5g?4 ,! diff]5t /atem5ts ( *emical au?ors z to ! boil+ po9t1 specific gravity1 c41 ( alcohol1 already notic$1 may be ref]r$ to _! hav+ ei!r exp]im5t$ ) samples :i* h n be5 absolutely anhydr\s1 or to _! n hav+ made ! prop] corrections = temp]ature1 & = ! diff]5t mat]ials ( :i* _! vessels & in/rum5ts 7 compos$--"s probably hav+ be5 made ( glass1 & o!rs ( brass or "s o!r metal4 ,9 "s in/ances ! diff]5ces are m app>5t ?an real1 z 9 ! ,tables by ,tralles & ,l[itz2 9 ! =m] ( :i* wat]1 at its l[e/ sp4 gr41 is tak5 z ! /&>d4 ,until rec5tly1 ! only kn[n s\rce ( alcohol 0 ! f]m5tation ( sac*>9e solutions4 ,its production by syn!sis1 ?\gh (t5 attempt$1 is1 h[ev]1 errone\sly said to h always fail$4 ,x _h long be5 employ$ z an occasional s\rce ( bic>burett$ hydrog5 7olefiant gas7 at a high temp]ature2 b ,m4 ,b]!lot succe$$ 9 reproduc+ x1 f bic>burett$ hydrog51 by agitat+ ! latt]1 9 a clos$ vessel1 ) sulphuric acid & metallic m]cury 7',j\rn4 de ,*imie ,m$41' #ahee1 p4 #age72 & ,h5ry ,fl5nel1 ne>ly ?irty ye>s be=e ,m4 ,b]!lot's discov]y1 f\nd t pure olefiant gas is absorb$ by agitation ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 ) ! =mation ( sulphov9ic acid1 & t by subsequ5t dilution ) wat]1 & di/illation1 alcohol passes ov] into ! receiv]4 ,,alcoholate4 ,syn4 ,,alcohate2 ,,alcoholas1 ,l4 ,a salt 9 :i* alcohol appe>s to replace ! wat] ( cry/allisation1 z is ! case ) c]ta9 *lorides1 nitrates1 c4 ,"s ( !m may be =m$ by simple solution & cry/allisation ( ! salt 9 alcohol4 7,graham47 ,!y are all v un/able1 be+ readily decompos$ by wat]4 ,,alcoholic4 ,syn4 ,,alcoholicus1 ,l42 ,,alcoholique1 c41 ,fr42 ,,alkoholis*1 ,g]4 ,p]ta9+ to1 conta9+1 ( ! nature (1 or made )1 alcohol4 ,,alcoholica4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,alco,,liques1 ,fr42 ,,we+ei/-,,v]b9dung51 ,g]4 ,9 ph>macy1 liquids conta9+1 or prep>ations made )1 alcohol1 z a *>act]i/ic +r$i5t4 ,,alcoholisation4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,alcoholisatio1 ,l42 ,,alco,,lisation1 c41 ,fr42 ,,alkoholis]ung1 ,g]4 ,9 *em4 & ph>m41 ! developm5t ( ! *>act]i/ic prop]ties ( alcohol 9 a liquid1 or ! use ( x ei!r z an addition or a m5/ruum2 also ! act or process ( obta9+ alcohol f _s by rectification4 ,illu/ration ,,alcoholom',,et] 7-l7om'-74 ,syn4 ,,alcohol',,met] 7h7ol'-2 -h7om'-d\ble-dagg]72 ,,alcoholom,,trum1 ,l42 ,,alco,,lom,,tre1 ,,alco,m,,tre1 ,,alcoholm,,tre1 c41 ,fr4 ,an in/rum5t or app>atus us$ 9 alcoholometry4 ,alcoholomet]s are simply 'hydromet]s' adapt$ to ! d5sities ( alcohol1 ei!r conc5trat$ or dilute4 ,"s ( ^!1 z ,,baum',s1 ,,c>t]',s1 c41 m]ely indicate ! numb] ( degrees correspond+ to ! /ate ( conc5tration ( ! liquid4 ,o!rs1 ( a l con/ruction1 z ^? ( ,,ri*t] 7a71 ,,tralles 7b71 & ,,gay-,,lussac 7c71 h _! /ems s graduat$ z at once to indicate ! proportion p] c5t4 ( alcohol pres5t1 ei!r by weight1 or by volume1 at "s /&>d temp]ature4 7,see engr47 ,a ?ird class1 z ^? ( ! ,abb ,,bross>d-,,vidal1 ,,field1 c4 are ess5tially !rmomet]s1 ) scales :i* indicate ! boil+ po9ts ( spirits ( diff]5t /r5g?s1 in/ead ( ! common !rmometric degrees2 :il/ to a f\r? class belong ! alcoholomet] ( ,m4 ,,silb]mann1 :i* is bas$ ^u ! kn[n rate ( expansion ( alcoholic liquors by heat1 express$ 9 alcoholometric degrees2 & t ( ,m4 ,,geissl]1 :i* dep5ds on ! measurem5t ( ! t5sion ( ! vap\r ( ! liquid1 z indicat$ by ! height to :i* x raises a small column ( m]cury4 ,9 ,,syke',s ,,hydromet]1 us$ by (fic]s ( ! ,rev5ue1 ! scale ( ! in/rum5t is enorm\sly ext5d$ by ! use ( movable weights1 ) ea* ( :i* x becomes1 9 fact1 a sep>ate in/rum5t1 adapt$ to a c]ta9 range ( specific gravities4 ,a v conv5i5t alcoholomet] = ord9>y purposes 7d7 has be5 lately produc$ by "s ( ! in/rum5t mak]s4 ,x is ( ! usual =m1 b its /em on "o side exhibits ! p]-c5tage ri*ness ( ! sample 9 alcohol by volume2 & on ! o!r1 ! p]-c5tage by weight4 ,?us1 bo? results may be obta9$ at "o trial4 ,?is in/rum5t is sometimes call$ ,,ri*t]',s ,,alcoholomet]1 9 ,engl&4 ,a fur!r improvem5t1 /ill m rec5tly introduc$1 is a simil> 'd\ble-scale' in/rum5t1 %[+ ! degrees ( ,sykes on "o side1 & c>ry+ a small _s-!rmomet] 9 ! bulb1 to :i* a scale is fix$ rang+ f #ce to #hb ,fahr4 ,,alcoholom',,etry4 ,syn4 ,,alcohol',,metry 7-h7ol'-2 -h7om'-d\ble-dagg]72 ,,_s ,,te/+d\ble-dagg]2 ,,alcoholme',,tria1 ,l42 ,,alco,,lom,,trie1 ,,alco,m,,trie1 c41 ,fr4 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! art or process ( asc]ta9+ ! ri*ness ( spirits 9 alcohol4 ,9 comm]ce1 ! det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( _s ( a c]ta9 /r5g?1 tak5 z a /&>d1 pres5t 9 any giv5 sample ( spiritu\s or f]m5t$ liquors4 ,9 ,engl&1 ?is /&>d is call$ pro( _s4 ,hi/41 c4 ,! great importance ( be+ able accurately to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( spirits 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 on acc\nt ( ! high duties levi$ on !m1 has induc$ ! ,gov]nm5t au?orities1 at v>i\s times1 to inve/igate ! subject4 ,9 #agij1 ! matt] 0 ref]r$ to ,sir ,c4 ,blagd51 !n ,secret>y to ! ,royal ,society1 :o in/itut$ an ext5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! real specific gravities ( diff]5t mixtures ( alcohol & wat]4 ,! results ( 8 lab\rs & rese>*es 7 put =w>d1 ) ',gilp9's ,tables1' 9 #agid1 b no practical measures appe> to h be5 tak5 9 consequ5ce4 ,9 #ahcb a committee ( ! ,royal ,society1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,lords ( ! ,treasury1 exam9$ into ! accuracy ( ! ,tables1 & ! con/ruction & application ( ! in/rum5t 7,,syke',s ,,hydromet]7 n[ us$ by ! ,rev5ue (fic]s1 on :i* !y report$ favorably1 & decl>$ t !y 7 suffici5tly p]fect = all practical & sci5tific purposes4 ,! errors introduc$ into calculations ( ! /r5g? ( spirits by ^! tables 7 f\nd to be q unimportant 9 practice1 & did n1 9 any "o in/ance1 am\nt to unity 9 ! f\r? place ( decimals4 ,?is me?od adapts ! specific gravity z ! te/ ( ! /r5g? ( spirits1 & is f\nd$ on ! fact t alcohol is consid]ably light] ?an wat]1 & t 7) prop] corrections = cond5sation & temp]ature7 ! sp4 gr4 regul>ly increases1 or decreases1 accord+ to ! relative proportions 9 :i* ! two are mix$4 ,sev]al o!r me?ods ( alcoholometry h be5 propos$1 f\nd$ ^u--! v>iations 9 temp]ature ( ! vap\r ( alcohol ( diff]5t /r5g?s--! heat involv$ by its admixture ) wat]--its dilatation by heat--! t5sion ( its vap\r--! insolubility ( c>bonate ( pota% 9 alcohol--its volatility1 boil+ po9t1 c4 c41 ! m important & useful ( :i* are notic$ fur!r on4 ,! me?od adopt$ by ! ,bo>ds ( ,inl& ,rev5ue & ,cu/oms is1 h[ev]1 ! "o :i* is almo/ exclusively employ$ 9 trade & comm]ce 9 ,great ,brita91 n only on acc\nt ( its simplicity & correctness1 b = ! purpose ( ! results exactly co9cid+ ) ! results obta9$ by ! ,rev5ue (fic]s4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,alcoholometry4 #a4 ,me?ods bas$ on ! specific gravity1 or p]-c5tage /r5g?1 by ,,volume3-- ,illu/ration a4 ,) ,,sykes' ,,hydromet]4 ,rev5ue sy/em4 ,! engrav+ bel[ repres5ts ,sykes' hydromet]1 z made by ,mr ,bate1 "u ! directions ( ! ,commission]s ( ,inl& ,rev5ue & ,cu/oms4 ,x consi/s ( a sph]ical ball or float1 ) an upp] & l[] /em1 & is made ( brass1 :i* 79 ! m exp5sive in/rum5ts7 is usually coat$ ) gold1 to prev5t corrosion f damp1 & ! acidity s g5]ally pres5t 9 spiritu\s liquors4 ,! upp] /em 7,a7 is ab\t f\r in*es long1 & is divid$ into t5 p>ts1 ea* ( :i* conta9s five subdivisions4 ,!re are n9e movable weights ( ! =m b1 ( diff]5t sizes1 numb]$ respectively #aj1 #bj1 #cj1 c41 to #ij1 ea* ( :i* repres5ts s _m ( ! pr9cipal divisions ( ! /em1 z its numb] indicates4 ,9 use1 "o ( ^! weights is slipp$ on to ! l[] /ems2 & ?us1 by means ( !m1 ! in/rum5t acquires a range ( above #ejj divisions1 or degrees1 ext5d+ f ! ,rev5ue '/&>d alcohol' 7sp4 gr4 #hbe7 to wat]4 ,x is s =m$ z to give ! sp4 gr4 ) almo/ p]fect accuracy1 at #fb ,fahr4 ,:5 load$ ) ! weight #fj x s9ks 9 pro( _s to ! l9e m>k$ 7,p7 on ! n>r[ edge ( ! /em at #ea ,fahr42 &1 by fur!r plac+ ! squ>e weight or cap 7also suppli$ ) ! in/r47 on ! top ( ! upp] /em1 x floats exactly at ! same po9t 9 di/ill$ wat]4 ,?is weight or cap is f\nd to weigh #dcff grs41 :i* is practically #a-ab? ( ! total obs]v$ weight ( ! in/rum5t1 & its poise #fj1 & h5ce %[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! gravity ( pro( _s & wat]1 z expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,! :ole is fitt$ up 9 a neat mahogany case1 accompani$ ) a !rmomet]1 & a book ( tables conta9+ corrections = temp]ature1 c4--,process4 ,a glass tube ( ! =m ( fig4 ,b is fill$ to ab\t ! m>k 7a7 ) ! sample = exam9ation2 ! !rmomet] is !n plac$ 9 ! liquor1 & /irr$ ab\t = two or ?ree m9utes 7obs]v+ n to brea! ^u ! glass1 nor hold x 9 ! h&71 & ! temp]ature not$4 ,! hydromet] is next imm]s$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & g5tly press$ d[n 9 ! liquor to ! #j on ! /em ) ! f+]2 x hav+ be5 previ\sly load$ ) any "o ( ! n9e weights t w cause x to float ) ! surface ( ! _s at "s po9t on ! graduat$ "p ( ! scale4 ,! indication at ! po9t cut by ! surface ( ! liquor1 z se5 f bel[1 add$ to ! numb] ( ! weight ) :i* ! float is load$1 gives a numb] :i* mu/ be s\ght 9 ! hook ( ,tables1 :i* is always sold ) ! in/rum5t4 ,9 ?is book1 at ! page head$ ,temp]ature z obs]v$ by ! ,!rmomet]1 & aga9/ ! "p ( ! column appropriat$ to ! giv5 indication 7weight71 w be f\nd ! /r5g? p] c5t41 express$ 9 degrees ov] or "u pro(1 by ,,volume1 9 :ole numb]s or decimal p>ts4 ,9 read+ (f ! indication1 to ensure accuracy1 x is necess>y to all[ = ! convexity ( ! liquor at ! "p :]e x imm$iately re/s aga9/ ! /em4 ,obs4 ,9 an in/rum5t requir+ s mu* c>e & skill 9 its manufacture ! pur*as] %\ld be c>eful to procure a p]fect "o4 ,a v slight bl[1 friction f cont9ual wip+ ) a r\gh clo?1 & o!r app>5tly trivial causes1 t5d to injure s delicate an in/rum5t4 ,! %ape ( ! weights occasionally v>y2 "s be+ int5d$ to be atta*$ to ! hydromet] at ! bottom ( ! sp9dle1 & o!rs to re/ on its top4 ,! fir/ plan is1 p]haps1 ! be/1 z x t5ds to make ! in/rum5t float ) great] /ead9ess 9 ! liquor2 b1 at ! same "t1 x r5d]s its adju/m5t by ! mak] a matt] ( great] difficulty4 ,9 employ+ ?is in/rum5t1 ! ,rev5ue (fic]s are in/ruct$ to take ! ne>e/ degree above ! surface ( ! m]cury1 :5 x /&s betwe5 any two degrees ( ! !rmomet]2 & ! division on ! scale ( ! hydromet] next bel[ ! surface ( ! liquid1 :5 x cuts ! /em betwe5 any two l9es2 ?us giv+ ! diff]5ce 9 fav\r ( ! trad] 9 bo? cases4 ,by means ( ! ,table at page #fd ! hydromet] indication1 or ! degrees ov] or "u pro(1 ( ! ,rev5ue sy/em1 may be conv]t$ into 'real specific gravities1' by m]e inspection2 & ! correspond+ 'p]-c5tage ri*ness' 9 alcohol ( any sample may be f\nd1 ei!r by ,,weight or ,,volume4 ,! specific gravities 9 ?is table are su* z1 on be+ ref]r$ to ,gilp9's ,tables1 w give ! expressions ( pro( /r5g? answ]+ to ! :ole indications ( ! ,rev5ue hydromet]4 ,int]m$iate values at fif?s ( indications may be _h by tak+ proportional diff]5ces betwe5 ! ne>e/ tabul> numb]s4 ,?us1 to f9d ! specific gravity t %\ld /& opposite to ,indication #gjf1 we fir/ obta9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! d5sities /&+ 9 a l9e ) ,indications #gj & #ga respectively1 & !n say1 z #a 3 #jf 33 #jjaib4 #jjaae1 & #idace #jjaae #idbej1 ! specific gravity requir$4 b4 ,) ,,glass ,,alcoholomet]s4 ,t ( ,tralles1 & mo/ o!rs ( a l description 7z made 9 ,engl&71 gave ! p]-c5tage /r5g?1 by ,,volume1 ) tol]able accuracy1 at ! /&>d temp]ature ( #fj ,fahr4 ,gay-,lussac's ,,alco,,metre1 :i* closely resembles t ( ,tralles1 is adju/$ = ! temp]ature ( #ei ,fahr4 7#ae ,c5t474 ,all ( ^!1 to give at once accurate results1 mu/1 ( c\rse1 be employ$ at ! 'normal temp]ature' ( ! in/rum5t4 ,z1 h[ev]1 9 practice1 ! exp]im5t _c be conv5i5tly p]=m$ at any 'fix$' temp]ature b only at t ( ! atmosph]e1 x is obvi\s t c]ta9 corrections are con/antly requir$ 9 ord] to obta9 results ( any value4 ,p]fect accuracy requires t table = e v>iation ( ! !rmomet]1 f\nd$ on actual exp]im5ts1 %\ld accompany ea* in/rum5t2 z1 )\t !m1 t$i\s & difficult calculations are necess>y1 :i*1 9 ! hurry ( ! cell> & laboratory1 or by p]sons inexp]t at figures1 are n easily p]=m$4 ,a s]ies ( su* ,tables 7 prep>$ by ,gay-,lussac1 &1 ) 8 in/rum5t1 are ^? :i* are almo/ exclusively us$ 9 ,france4 ,= r\gh purposes1 9 ! abs5ce ( ,tables or nic] calculations1 x may be useful to "k t1 = comm]cial spirits1 at ord9>y temp]atures1 a v>iation (-- ,by ,,volume1 #e ,fahr4 is equal #ajj ( ,alcohol2 #agid ( ,pro( to 7ab\t7 or 7ab\t7 _s4 #a #jbj #jcei #e ,c5t4 #ahj #cbbi #a #jcf #jfdf ,by ,,weight1 #e ,fahr4 is equal #jhj ( ,alcohol2 #afb to 7ab\t7 or 7ab\t7 #a #af #cb #e ,c5t4 #adc #bi #a #bh #eh ,,table ,i4--,%[+ ! ,d5sities & ,values ( ,spirits at #fj ,fahr41 correspond+ to e ,indication ( ,sykes' ,hydromet]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,p] ,c5ts4 ( ,sykes' ,absolute ,alcohol4 ,hydromet] ,/r5g? ,specific ------------------- ,indication4p] c5t4 ,gravity4 ,by ,by ,measure4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,o4,p4 #j #fgj #haebj #iebh #ibgh #a #ffa #hagae #idgh #ibjh #b #fec #hahhi #idca #iadb #c #fde #hbjfa #ichd #ijgh #d #fcf #hbbea #iccc #ijjg #e #fbg #hbdda #ibhj #hicf #f #fah #hbfbb #ibbi #hhfg #g #fji #hbhjj #iagg #hgii #h #fjj #hbigh #iabe #hgcj #i #eia #hcaea #ijgd #hffc #aj #ehb #hccbc #ijbc #heif #aa #egc #hcdid #higb #hecj #ab #efd #hcffa #hiba #hdfe #ac #eee #hchbg #hhgj #hdjj #ad #edf #hciic #hhag #hccc #ae #ecg #hdaec #hgfg #hbgj #af #ebg #hdcca #hgaj #haii #ag #eag #hdeji #hfea #habf #ah #ejg #hdfhj #heie #hjeh #ai #dig #hdhea #heci #gihi #bj #dhg #hejbb #hdha #giai #ba #dgf #hebje #hdai #ghdd #bb #dff #hecgb #hcfa #gggd #bc #def #heecg #hcjd #ggjg #bd #ddf #hegjj #hbdg #gfci #be #dce #hehgh #hahe #geff #bf #dbd #hfjee #haba #gdib #bg #dac #hfbbi #hjei #gdai #bh #djb #hfdjb #giig #gcdg #bi #cia #hfegd #gicd #gbge #cj #chj #hfgde #ghga #gbjc #ca #cfi #hfiae #ghjh #gacb #cb #ceg #hgjii #ggdj #gjed #cc #cde #hgbhb #gfga #figg #cd #ccd #hgdej #gfjh #fijf #ce #cbb #hgfbg #geda #fhcb #cf #caj #hghji #gdgb #fgee #cg #bih #hgihh #gdjc #ffgi #ch #bhe #hhagi #gcbi #feih #ci #bgc #hhcee #gbfj #febc #dj #bfj #hhedd #gahf #fddc #da #bdh #hhgaf #gaag #fcfh #db #bce #hhija #gjdc #fbhi #dc #bbb #hijhf #fifi #fbaj #dd #bji #hibfh #fhie #facb #de #aif #hidea #fhba #fjec #df #ahc #hifbi #fgdg #eigf #dg #afi #hihbb #fffg #ehib #dh #aef #hiiig #feic #ehae #di #adb #ijahb #fead #egcd #ej #abh #ijcfg #fdcd #efeb #ea #aad #ijeea #fced #eegj #eb #ajj #ijgcb #fbgd #edhi #ec #hf #ijiac #faid #edji #ed #ga #iaajg #faji #ecbc #ee #ef #iabii #fjbd #ebch #ef #db #iadgi #eidc #eaeg #eg #bg #iafff #eheh #ejgc #eh #ac #iahci #eggh #diid ,u4,p4 #ei #jc #ibjcg #efhf #dijd #fj #ai #ibbbh #eeif #dhag #fa #cd #ibdjh #eeaj #dgcc #fb #ej #ibeig #edai #dfdf #fc #fg #ibgih #ecbb #deec #fd #hc #ibihd #ebcj #ddfe #fe #ajj #icagf #eacf #dcgf #ff #aag #iccfg #ejci #dbhd #fg #ace #icehf #dicd #dahf #fh #aec #icgeh #dhca #djij #fi #aga #icidi #dgbi #ciif #gj #ahi #idace #dfbi #cijd #ga #bjh #idcbg #debj #chjd #gb #bbg #ideah #ddji #cgjc #gc #bdg #idgji #dbif #cfja #gd #bfg #idhii #dahb #cdih #ge #bhh #iejib #djfc #ccib #gf #caj #iebhh #cidj #cbhb #gg #ccb #iedhd #chaj #cafh #gh #cef #iefgg #cfgf #cjej #gi #cha #iehgg #cecb #bibd #hj #djf #ifjfh #ccij #bhja #ha #dcc #ifbei #cbda #bfgc #hb #dfa #ifdeg #cjgg #becb #hc #dia #iffea #bijh #bchh #hd #ebb #ifhdf #bgca #bbch #he #eee #igjdi #beci #bjgg #hf #eij #igbed #bcda #aiaa #hg #fbe #igdeh #baci #agdb #hh #ffj #igffj #aida #aegh #hi #fid #igheg #agdf #adaf #ij #gbh #ihjeg #aeea #abef #ia #gfa #ihbfa #aceh #ajig #ib #gib #ihdeb #aahe #ief #ic #hbc #ihfeg #ajjd #hjh #id #heb #ihhff #hbh #ffe #ie #hhj #iijdg #fhc #edh #if #ijg #iibea #ebe #dbj #ig #icc #iiddh #chj #cjc #ih #iei #iifeh #bca #ahd #ii #ihb #iihea #iig #gic #ajj 444 #ajjjjj 444 444 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,?is ,table above has be5 copi$1 by p]mission1 f ,l(tus's ',inl& ,rev5ue ,(fic]'s ,manual1' & its correctness v]ifi$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,john/on1 ,esq41 ,survey+ ,g5]al ,exam9]4 ,,table ,,ii4--,table = f9d+ ! ,specific ,gravity ( any ,_s at #fj ,fahr41 :5 ! ,specific ,gravity at any o!r ,temp]ature is giv54 ,wat] tak5 z #ajjj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,correction ,correction ,specific gravity4 = ea* ,specific gravity4 = ea* degree4 degree4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #haj to #hbj #dge #iaj to #ibj #dcd ---------------------------------------- -------------- #hbj #hcj #dgc #ibj #icj #dbd ---------------------------------------- -------------- #hcj #hdj #dgb #icj #idj #djf ---------------------------------------- -------------- #hdj #hej #dga #idj #iej #cha ---------------------------------------- -------------- #hej #hfj #dga #iej #ifj #cdj ---------------------------------------- -------------- #hfj #hgj #dff #ifj #igj #bfi ---------------------------------------- -------------- #hgj #hhj #dfj #igj #ihj #afe ---------------------------------------- -------------- #hhj #hij #def #ihj #iij #jij ---------------------------------------- -------------- #hij #ijj #dej #iij #ajjj #jhd ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ijj #iaj #ddb ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,?us1 by mak+ ! prop] ,,addition to ! app>5t /r5g? p] c5t41 :5 ! obs]v$ temp]ature is ,,bel[ ! normal temp]ature ( ! in/rum5t1 or a correspond+ ,,subtraction1 :5 x is ,,above x1 ! /r5g? ( ! sample may be det]m9$ suffici5tly ne> = all practical purposes4 ,! foll[+ ,table1 tak5 f ,l(tus's ',inl& ,rev5ue ,(fic]'s ,manual1' w be f\nd ( great value 9 mak+ ^! corrections1 & has ! m]it ( be+ easily appli$4 ,an example w %[ h[ ?is ,table is to be us$4 ,example4--,if a quantity ( _s is ( ! sp4 gr4 #hid at #gc1 :at w be its sp4 gr4 at #fj8 ,"h ! sp4 gr4 be+ betwe5 #hij & #ijj1 we mu/ add #dej = ea* degree ( temp]ature betwe5 #gc & #fj4 ,! sp4 gr4 at #fj w\ld1 !re=e1 be #hid 7#dej #ac7 #hiihe4 ,:5 ! temp]ature is bel[ #fj1 ! correction = ea* degree mu/ be subtract$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 v accurate results are desir$1 & ! necess>y ,tables are n accessible1 ! sample = trial mu/ be br\ght to ! normal temp]ature ( ! in/rum5t1 9 ! mann] expla9$ "u ,,hydrometry4 c4 ,f ! ,,specific ,,gravity4 ,! temp]ature hav+ be5 tak5 by a !rmomet]1 & ! specific gravity asc]ta9$ by any ( ! usual me?ods1 b pref]ably by means ( an accurate glass hydromet]1 x m]ely becomes necess>y to ref] to ,table ,i1 :]e1 aga9/ ! numb] express+ ! specific gravity1 ! alcoholic cont5t p] c5t41 by volume1 ( ! sample exam9$1 w be f\nd = #fj ,fahr41 subject to ! corrections j ref]r$ to1 :5 ! temp]ature is ei!r above or bel[ ?is po9t4 ,if ! precise specific gravity s\ght _c be f\nd 9 ! ,table1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! next great] specific gravity mu/ be tak5 = ! num]ator ( a fraction1 hav+ = its d5om9ator ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! great] & ! next less specific gravity 9 ! table4 ,?is fraction1 add$ to ! p]-c5tage ( alcohol 9 ! f\r? column ( ! table1 opposite ! great] sp4 gr41 w give ! true p]-c5tage s\ght4 ,?us1 ! sp4 gr4 #ifjea is n 9 ! table1 & ! next great] numb] is #ifjfh2 ! =m] mu/1 !re=e1 be d$uct$ f ! latt]1 & ! diff]5ce 7#ag7 put z ! num]ator ( ! fraction1 hav+ = its d5om9ator #aia1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 #ifjfh & #iehgg4 ,! fraction 7#ag_/aia7 #jhi1 s f\nd1 add$ to ! p]-c5tage /r5g? opposite #ifjfh 9 ! ?ird column1 gives #ccihi z ! true p]-c5tage ( alcohol 9 ! giv5 sample4 ,! p]-c5tage by volume may be conv]t$ into p]-c5tage by weight1 by multiply+ ! =m] by #gichaa1 ! sp4 gr4 ( absolute alcohol1 & divid+ ! product by ! sp4 gr4 ( ! sample4 ,! quoti5t is ! numb] ( p\nds ( alcohol 9 #ajj p\nds ( ! giv5 _s4 ,?us3--,suppose #ajjj gra9s by measure ( alcohol to weigh #iejib gra9s1 & to conta9 7see ,table ,i7 #djfc p] c5t4 by volume ( absolute alcohol1 :at p] c5t4 by weight does ! sample conta98 #gichaa #djfc #cbbebedjic1 & ?is product divid$ by #iejib #cciag1 ! true p]-c5tage by weight ( absolute alcohol 9 ! sample4 #b4 ,me?od bas$ on ! specific gravity1 or p]-c5tage /r5g? by ,,weight3-- ,! specific gravity is asc]ta9$ & ! ,table us$ 9 precisely ! same mann] z 9 ! me?od by volume1 already describ$4 ,! p]-c5tage by weight may be conv]t$ into p]-c5tage by volume1 by multiply+ ! =m] by ! sp4 gr4 ( ! sample1 & divid+ ! product by ! sp4 gr4 ( absolute alcohol4 ,?is is m]ely ! rev]se ( ! op]ation describ$ above4 ,obs4 ,! prec$+ me?ods ( alcoholometry1 z well z all o!rs dep5d+ on ! sp4 gr4 ref] to ,,unsweet5$ ,,spirits only2 & are inapplicable to ^? hold+ sug> 9 solution1 or any o!r organic matt] capable ( alt]+ ! sp4 gr4 ,= sweet5$ spirits1 f]m5t$ worts1 w9e1 be]1 c41 "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ processes mu/ be adopt$3-- #c4 ,o!r me?ods1 adapt$ to ei!r ,,sweet5$ or ,,unsweet5$ ,,spirits1 ,t9ctures1 ,f]m5t$ ,liquors1 c4-- a4 ,by ,,di/illation z orig9ally propos$ by ,m4 ,gay-,lussac4 #cjj p>ts ( ! liquor "u exam9ation 7measur$ 9 a graduat$ glass tube7 are plac$ 9 a retort or small /ill1 & a quantity exactly equal to "o ?ird 7i4e41 #ajj p>ts71 c>efully drawn ov]2 a graduat$ glass tube#ac be+ us$ z a receiv]1 & ! op]ation /opp$ z soon z ! di/illate rea*es ! hundr$? degree4 ,! 'alcoholic /r5g?' ( ! di/ill$ liquor is !n asc]ta9$ by any ( ! usual me?ods1 & ! result divid$ by ?ree1 :5 ! p]-c5tage ( alcohol 9 ! orig9al liquor is at once obta9$4 ,if1 f want ( att5tion1 m ?an #ajj p>ts %\ld be di/ill$ ov]1 ! numb] :i* expresses ! relation ( ! volume ( ! di/ill$ product to ! orig9al bulk ( ! liquor te/$1 mu/ be employ$ z ! divisor4 ,?us1 if #ajf p>ts ( liquor h di/ill$ ov] 7in/ead ( #ajj71 conta9+ #cc ( alcohol1 ! #cjj mu/ be divid$ by #ajf1 :i* gives #bhc1 & ! #cc by ?is #bhc1 :i* gives #aaff1 ! true proportion ( alcohol 9 ! orig9al liquor4 ,! /r5g? at 'pro(' may be calculat$ f ?is 9 ! usual way4 ,footnote #ac3 ,muld]1 9 8 ',*emi/ry ( ,w9e' recomm5ds ?is receiv] to be %ap$ l a bottle1 ) its neck1 or tubul> "p1 b5t at "r angles above ! l9e ( its scale2 & t x %\ld be set 9 ! c5tre ( a glass j> kept fill$ ) v cold wat]4 ,to ensure accurate results1 ! acidity 7if any7 ( ! liquor mu/ be neutralis$ ) c>bonate ( sodium1 prior to di/illation4 ,x is also advisable to add #h or #aj ( common salt to ! liquor 9 ! retort or /ill2 ?is1 by rais+ ! boil+ po9t1 causes ! :ole ( ! _s to pass ov] into ! receiv] be=e ! di/illate has rea*$ ! requir$ measure4 ,?is applies m p>ticul>ly to weak liquors4 ,) ^? ( great] /r5g? 7z ! /rong] w9es71 x is bett] to di/il ov] #aej p>ts1 & divide ! result by #b in/ead ( #c4 ,to liquors /rong] ?an #be by volume ( alcohol1 or above #eb to #ed "u pro(1 add ab\t an equal volume ( wat] to ! liquor 9 ! /ill1 & draw ov] a quantity equal to t ( ! sample te/$2 :5 ! alcoholic /r5g? ( ! di/illate gives1 )\t calculation1 ! true /r5g? s\ght4 ,to liquors /rong] ?an #dh to #ej 7#ad to #ab u4 p471 add ?rice _! bulk ( wat]1 & d n /op ! process until ! volume ( ! di/illate is d\ble t ( ! sample te/$1 :5 ! p]-c5tage obta9$ mu/ also be d\bl$4 ,9 ea* case a proportionate quantity ( salt is employ$4 ,,rev5ue ,,me?od4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od adopt$ 9 ! ,inl& ,rev5ue & ,cu/oms ,laboratories = ! e/imation ( ! p]-c5tage ( alcohol 9 w9es1 liqueurs1 c4 ,a measure flask is fill$ up to a m>k on its neck1 ) ! w9e1 :i* is !n c>efully transf]r$ to a di/ill+ flask or retort1 ! traces ( w9e rema9+ 9 ! =m] vessel be+ r9s$ out ) small quantities ( di/ill$ wat]1 & ! r9s+s add$ to ! w9e 9 ! latt] vessel4 ,ab\t two ?irds ( ! cont5ts ( ! retort are !n di/ill$ ov] into ! clean measure flask1 & made up to ! orig9al bulk ) di/ill$ wat]1 at ! same temp]ature z ! sample 0 previ\s to di/illation4 ,! /r5g? is !n tak5 by ,sykes' hydromet]1 & ?is 7if u4 p47 d$uct$ f #ajj1 gives ! p]-c5tage ( pro( _s 9 ! w9e4 ,?us3-- ,/r5g? ( di/illate #gdf u4 p4 #bed p] c5t4 pro( _s4 b4 ,f ! ,,temp]ature ( ! ,,vap\r1 z orig9ally propos$ by ,grn+4 ,! bulb ( a !rmomet] is ?ru/ ?r\gh a cork into ! head ( ! /ill1 or o!r vessel employ$1 & ! temp]ature ( ! vap\r 9 :i* x is imm]s$ be+ not$1 is s\ght 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,table ,,iii4--,%[+ ! ,alcoholic ,cont5t1 by ,,volume1 ( ,boil+ ,spirits1 & ( _! ,vap\r1 f ! ,temp]ature ( ! latt]1 z obs]v$ by a ,!rmomet]4 ,by ,,gr,,n+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,temp]ature ( ,alcoholic cont5t ,alcoholic cont5t ,temp]ature ( ,alcoholic cont5t ,alcoholic cont5t ! ,vap\r4 ( ! ,di/illate ( ! ,boil+ ! ,vap\r4 ( ! ,di/illate ( ! ,boil+ ,fahr4 p] c5t4 ,liquid p] c5t4 ,fahr4 p] c5t4 ,liquid p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #agjj #ic #ib #ahih #ga #bj #agah #ib #ij #aibj #fh #ah #agbj #ia #he #aidj #ff #ae #agbh #ij-a_/b #hj #aifd #fa #ab #agdj #ij #ge #aihf #ee #aj #agdf #hi #gj #bjaj #ej #g #agfj #hg #fe #bjcj #db #e #aghc #he #ej #bjed #cf #c #ahjh #hb #dj #bjgg #bh #b #ahcj #hj #ce #bajj #ac #a #ahej #gh #cj #babj #j #j #ahgd #gf #be ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,?is me?od is admirably adapt$ to ! purposes ( ! di/ill] & rectifi]1 z x furni%es a ready means ( approximately det]m9+ ! /r5g? ( ! _s pass+ ov]1 at e "p ( ! process ( di/illation1 z well z t ( ! wa% left 9 ! /ill4 c4 ,f ! ,,boil+ ,,po9t1 z orig9ally propos$ by ,m4 l',abb ,bross>d-,vidal4 ,?is me?od is f\nd$ on ! fact1 t ! boil+ po9ts ( mixtures ( alcohol & wat]1 unlike wat] alone1 are sc>cely di/urb$ by ! addition ( sal9e1 sac*>9e1 or extractive matt] )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,x h5ce (f]s a ready means ( det]m9+ ! proportion ( alcohol pres5t 9 spirits1 w9es1 f]m5t$ liquors1 c41 ) suffici5t accuracy = all ord9>y purposes4 ,9 apply+ x1 a !rmomet]1 ) a l>ge bulb & a n>r[ bore1 & a movable scale graduat$ f #ahj to #bab ,fahr41 is usually employ$4 ,be=e us+ x z an alcoholomet]1 x is set1 ) its bulb imm]s$1 9 a small metallic boil] 7brass or copp]7 conta9+ di/ill$ wat]1 :i* is !n rais$ to ! boil+-po9t1 & ! #bab ( ! scale accurately adju/$ on a level ) ! surface ( ! m]cury1 %\ld x v>y f t po9t4 ,?is is necess>y on acc\nt ( v>iations ( atmosph]ic pressure caus+ correspond+ v>iations ( ! boil+-po9ts ( liquids4 ,x is !n ready = sev]al h\rs' op]ations1 &1 g5]ally1 = an entire bus9ess day1 )\t fur!r adju/m5t4 ,! little boil] is next fill$ ) ! liquor to be exam9$1 & ! lamp aga9 light$4 ,! temp]ature z %[n by ! scale ( ! in/rum5t at ! comm5cem5t ( full ebullition be+ asc]ta9$1 may be s\ght 9 "o ( ! foll[+ ,tables1 aga9/ :i* ! alcoholic cont5t ( ! liquor w be f\nd 7ne>ly74 ,,table ,,iv4--,exhibit+ ! ,,boil+ ,,po9ts ( ,mixtures ( ,alcohol & ,wat] ( ! giv5 /r5g?s4 ,by ,,gr,,n+4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,alcohol ,alcohol ,boil+ po9t4 p] c5t4 ,boil+ po9t4 p] c5t4 ,fahr4 by volume4 ,fahr4 by volume4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #bjecd #e #agiif #ee #aiibb #aj #agidb #fj #aieh #ae #aghg #fe #aibch #bj #aggfb #gj #ahiej #be #agfed #ge #ahgaf #cj #agedf #hj #ahe #ce #agdib #he #ahcch #dj #agdb #ij #ahbab #de #agcad #ie #ahaeh #ej #agb #ajj ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,table ,v4--,%[+ ! ,,boil+ ,,po9ts ( '"u pro(' _s4 ,by ,dr ,,ure4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,boil+ po9ts4 ,p]-c5tage ,correspond+ ,fahr4 /r5g?4 ,sp4 ,gr4 ---------------------------------------- ---- #aghe ,pro(4 #ibjj #agige #aj ,u4,p4 #icba #ahjd #bj #idbj #ahba #cj #ieaf #ahcd #dj #ifjj #ahef #ej #iffe #ahi #fj #igbi #aiah #gj #ighf #aifd #hj #ihej #bjb #ij #iibj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,obs4 ,?is me?od does n answ] well ) spirit\s liquor above 'pro(1' ow+ to ! v>iations ( _! boil+ po9t be+ s slight z n to be easily obs]v$ ) accuracy2 b ) liquors "u 'pro(1' & p>ticul>ly ) w9es1 be]1 & o!r f]m5t$ liquors1 due c>e be+ obs]v$1 x gives results closely approximat+ to ^? obta9$ by di/illation1 & suffici5tly accurate = all ord9>y purposes4 ,9 te/+ /rong alcoholic solutions x is1 !re=e1 prop] to dilute !m ) twice _! bulk ( wat]2 & comm]cial spirits1 ) an equal bulk ( wat]2 ! results obta9$ be+ d\bl$ or tripl$ z ! case may be4 ,illu/ration d4 ,f ! ,,expansion ( ! ,,liquid :5 heat$3 ,silb]mann's ,,dilatatomet]4 ,! expansion ( alcohol betwe5 #j & #bab ,fahr4 is triple t ( wat]2 & betwe5 #gg & #abb ,fahr4 x is mu* great]4 ,betwe5 -#ad & -#ih ,fahr4 ! rate ( expansion is ab\t ! #jjjdg? "p 9 volume = e degree ( ,fahr5heit's scale4 ,! measurem5t ( ?is expansion has be5 propos$ z a new & ready me?od ( alcoholometry1 adapt$ to ne>ly all spiritu\s & f]m5t$ liquors4 ,silb]mann's in/rum5t1 :i* is bas$ on x 7see engr471 simply consi/s ( a flat brass or ivory plate 7,a71 on :i* are fix$ a m]curial !rmomet] 7,d7 graduat$ f #bb to #ej ,c5t4 7 #gg to #abb ,fahr472 & ! ,,dilatatomet] 7,b71 :i* is a glass pipette op5 at bo? ends4 ,a valve ( cork1 or vulcanis$ india rubb]1 closes ! tap]+ end 7c72 ?is valve is atta*$ to a movable rod 7,c7 :i* is fa/5$ to ! support+-plate1 & connect$ ) a spr+ 7f7 & a h&le 7g7 be>+ a f\r-?read$ screw1 by :i* ! l[] orifice ( ! pipette c be op5$ or clos$ at w4 ,9 use1 ! pipette is fill$ ) ! liquor "u exam9ation1 to a little above ! z]o po9t 7#j7 on ! scale4 ,?is is effect$ by suction1 by means ( a little pi/on ( lea!r 7i71 :i* fits tightly 9 ! long & wid] limb ( ! pipette2 ! valve 7d7 be+ previ\sly op5$ by turn+ ! knob 7h74 ,! prop] quantity ( liquor be+ introduc$1 & ! l[] end clos$1 ! pi/on is mov$ up & d[n two or ?ree times1 = ! purpose ( draw+ ! air-bubbles & absorb$ air out ( ! liquid1 ! pres5ce ( :i* w\ld vitiate ! results ( ! trial4 ,to all[ ! pi/on to be )drawn )\t any %ock1 or ! dang] ( divid+ ! column abruptly1 ! rod atta*$ to x is made holl[ ?r\gh\t4 ,9 us+ x ! op]ator applies ! ball ( 8 =ef+] to ! top ( ! pi/on-rod 7,e71 9 ord] to create a vacuum z he raises x2 & !n )draws x1 to readmit ! air :5 he ?ru/s x d[n or removes x f ! tube4 ,! excess ( liquid 7if any7 9 ! pipette is !n run (f until its upp] surface is exactly level ) ! z]o 7#j7 ( ! scale1 at #be ,c41 to :i* x is rais$ by imm]sion 9 a wat] ba? ( t temp]ature1 z obs]v$ by ! !rmomet]2 :i* is done by v cauti\sly turn+ ! rod :i* depresses ! valve4 ,! :ole app>atus is n[ aga9 imm]s$ 9 ! wat] ba?2 &1 held by ! upp] portion ( ! plate1 kept 9 g5tle motion ) ! h&1 until ! temp]ature rises to exactly #ej ,c41 :5 ! coeffici5t ( expansion is obta9$1 & h5ce also ! proportion ( alcohol--! scale ( ! in/rum5t be+ s graduat$1 f actual exp]im5ts previ\sly made ^u mixtures ( kn[n composition1 z to give1 at once1 ! p]-c5tage ( alcohol by ,,volume 7ne>ly74#ad ,footnote #ad3 ',comptes ,r5dus1' xvii1 #dah4 ,illu/ration e4 ,f ! ,,t5sion ( ! ,,vap\r3--,geissl]'s ,,alcoholomet]4 ,?is me?od1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ,m4 ,geissl]1 ( ,bonn1 dep5ds on ! measurem5t ( ! t5sion or ela/ic =ce ( ! vap\r ( ! liquid1 z indicat$ by ! height to :i* x raises a small column ( m]cury4 ,! _s1 w9e1 or o!r liquor1 ( :i* x is desir$ to asc]ta9 ! /r5g?1 is put into ! little flask 7a71 :i*1 :5 completely fill$1 is screw$ on to ! curv$ glass-tube :i* conta9s ! m]curial column 7:i* is inv]t$ = ! purpose71 & is clos$ by ! /op-cock 7b74 ,! in/rum5t 7see engr47 is !n plac$ erect1 & ! flask & l[] "p ( ! tube imm]s$ 9 a wat] ba?1 z 9 ! previ\s me?od4 ,! numb]1 on ! graduat$ scale ( ! in/rum5t correspond+ to ! height ( ! m]cury1 at ! boil+ po9t ( ! liquor "u exam9ation1 gives ! p]-c5tage ( alcohol by ,,volume 7ne>ly74 ,?is me?od furni%es approximative results ) great facility & exp$ition2 &1 ) prop] c>e1 ^! d n v>y m ?an #a_/c to #a_/b ( #a1 f ^? obta9$ by di/illation4 ,we f9d1 t by hav+ ! diamet] ( ! "p ( ! tube at :i* ! surface ( ! m]cury is act$ on by ! vap\r a little l>g] ?an t ( ! long] limb1 & by previ\sly ab/ract+ ! air f ! sample1 z 9 ,silb]mann's me?od1 or ev5 by agitation & exposure 9 an op5 vessel1 ! two may be made to correspond almo/ exactly4 f4 ,f ! ,,diff]5ce betwe5 ! sp4 gr4 ,,be=e & ,,aft] ebullitiom3--,tab]i's me?od & ,,oe,,nomet]4 ,! sp4 gr4 ( ! sample is fir/ accurately det]m9$ by any ( ! usual me?ods4 ,x is next c>efully evaporat$1 9 an op5 vessel1 to "o half its volume4 ,! residuum1 :5 cold1 is made up ) pure wat] to exactly its orig9al measure at its orig9al temp]ature1 & ! sp4 gr4 aga9 asc]ta9$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two be+ due to ! _s orig9ally pres5t1 furni%es ! means ( calculat+ a new sp4 gr41 f :i* ! p]-c5tage ri*ness ( ! sample may be obta9$ by m]e inspection ( ! ,tables4 ,! obs]v$ sp4 gr4 is ! true "o1 :5ev] ! liquor1 aft] ebullition & re/oration to its orig9al volume1 has ! same sp4 gr4 z wat] 7i4 e41 #ajjj71 at #fj ,fahr4 ,tab]i employs a peculi> in/rum5t1 :i* he calls an oenomet]2 b its use is n ess5tial to 8 me?od ( alcoholometry4 ,! results are1 ( c\rse1 only approximative1 ?\gh suffici5t = all ord9>y purposes4 ,pr(4 ,muld]1 h[ev]1 says t he pref]s x to any ( ! previ\s me?ods2 & t ! results1 ) c>e1 are almo/ z accurate z ^? obta9$ by di/illation4 g4 ,by means ( ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,pota%3-- g4 a4 7,br&e's ,me?od47 ,! liquor = trial is p\r$ into a long1 n>r[ glass tube 7graduat$ c5tesimally71 until ! vessel is half-fill$1 &1 aft] ! solution ( ab\t #ab or #ae ( a /rong solution ( subacetate ( lead1 or a little f9ely p[d]$ li?>ge1 is agitat$ until ! col\r is entirely1 or ne>ly remov$4 ,anhydr\s c>bonate ( pota%1 9 p[d]1 is next add$1 until x s9ks undissolv$1 ev5 aft] prolong$ agitation ( ! liquid4 ,! :ole is n[ all[$ to repose = a %ort "t1 :5 ! alcohol is se5 float+ on ! top ( ! aque\s portion ( ! liquid 9 a well-m>k$ /ratum4 ,its quantity1 read (f by means ( ! graduations ( ! tube1 & d\bl$1 gives ! p]-c5tage ri*ness ( ! sample 9 alcohol1 by volume4 ,?is process answ]s well ) cordials1 w9es1 & ! /rong] ales2 b ) v weak liquors x is n to be reli$ on4 ,! :ole op]ation may be p]=m$ 9 two to five m9utes1 & 7) ^! exceptions7 furni%es v reliable approximative results4 ,9 mo/ cases ! decol\r+ "p ( ! process may be omitt$4 ,! alcohol ?us sep>at$ has a sp4 gr4 ( f #hjfa to #haah1 & conta9s #c or #d ( wat]2 b = ord9>y purposes x may be reg>d$ z pure alcohol4 #d4 ,alcoholometry ( ,,m9ute ,,quantities ( liquid4 ,:5 only a few drops1 or a quantity too small = ! application ( ! prec$+ me?ods1 c be obta9$1 an organic analysis may be _h rec\rse to1 & ! quantity ( absolute alcohol calculat$ f t ( ! result+ c>bonic anhydride & wat]2 c>e be+ previ\sly tak5 to free ! sample f o!r volatile bodies1 if x conta9s any ( !m4 ,g54 comm5t>y4 ,! duties on spirits 9 ,engl& are *>g$ on ! numb] ( pro( gallons !y conta91 :i* is asc]ta9$ by gaug+ or weigh+ ! _s1 & !n try+ its /r5g? by ,sykes' hydromet]4 ,! p]-c5tage ( pro( _s multipli$ by ! numb] ( gallons gives ! net am\nt ( pro( _s to be *>g$4 ',,pro( ,,/r5g?' is an arbitr>y /&>d1 adopt$ = ! purpose ( facilitat+ calculations1 = :i* x is well suit$2 al?\gh pure alcohol w\ld1 = ?is purpose1 be m simple4 ,z def9$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 #eh ,geo4 ,,iii1 c4 #bh1 pro( _s is su* z %all1 at ! temp]ature ( #ea ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]1 weigh exactly twelve ?irte5? p>ts ( an equal measure ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,tak+1 !re=e1 wat] at #ea ,fahr4 z unity1 ! sp4 gr4 ( pro( _s at #ea ,fahr4 is #ab_/ac ( #ajjj or #ibcjh4 ,:5 su* _s is rais$ to ! temp]ature ( #fj ,fahr41 its d5sity is #iaihd4 ,_s at pro( conta9s v ne>ly equal weights ( absolute alcohol & wat]2 ! exact proportions accord+ to rec5t exp]im5ts are3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,by ,,volume4 ,by ,,weight4 --------------------------------------- ,sp4 gr4 at ,bulk be=e ,bulk aft] admixture #fj ,fahr4 admixture4 & cond5sation4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,alcohol4 ,wat]4 ,alcohol4 ,wat]4 #ajjjj #ajcjh #ajjjj #hahj #agebc #iaihd #dibd #ejgf #egjf #dffh #ajjjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,! /&>d alcohol ( ! ,rev5ue au?orities1 & t on :i* ,gilp9's ,tables are f\nd$1 is a _s ( ! sp4 gr4 #hbe at #fj ,fahr41 :i* is said to conta91 by weight1 #hi ( pure alcohol ( #gif2 & #ibf ( alcohol1 by volume1 :i* corresponds to ab\t #fbe o4 p4 ,x is ( great importance to ! _s deal] to be able to e/imate correctly ! numb] ( 'pro( gallons' 9 any quantity ( 8 commodities1 or 9 ! :ole or any portion ( 8 /ock1 z disagreeable errors frequ5tly result f ignorance on ?is po9t4 ,calculations ( ?is k9d are extremely simple4 ,?us1 :5 we f9d1 by ! hydromet]1 t a giv5 sample ( _s is #aj p] c5t4 ov]-pro(1 x means1 t #ajj gallons ( su* _s conta9 z mu* alcohol z #aaj gallons ( pro( _s4 ,9 ov]-pro( _s1 ! p]-c5tage o4 p4 always repres5ts ! quantity ( wat] :i* ! giv5 _s requires to r$uce x to pro(4 ,by add+ ?is p]-c5tage ov]-pro( to #ajj1 we obta9 a numb] :i*1 multipli$ by any numb] ( gallons1 & divid$ by #ajj1 gives ! exact numb] ( pro( gallons :i* is conta9$ 9 any quantity ( ! _s ref]r$ to4 ,?us3--,a pun*eon ( rum gaug$ at #ia galls41 & %[n by ! hydromet] to be #ba o4 p41 conta9s-- #ba o4 p4 ( sample add$ to #ajj #aba ,no4 ( gallons ( rum #ia ------ #aajaa ,no4 ( gal4 ( pro(-_s #aajaa _/ #ajj #aajaa ,9 l mann] :5 a _s is said to be #aa u4 p41 or "u-pro(1 x means t #ajj gal4 ( su* _s conta9s #aa gal4 ( wat]1 & #hi gal4 ( 'pro( _s4' ,by d$uct+ ! p]-c5tage "u-pro( f #ajj1 we n only obta9 ! numb] ( pro( gal4 conta9$ 9 #ajj gal4 ( su* _s1 b1 z 9 ! la/ case1 a factor :i* multipli$ by any numb] ( gal41 & divid$ by #ajj1 gives ! exact numb] ( 'pro( gallons' conta9$ 9 any quantity ( ! giv5 /r5g?4 ,?us3--,an ullage br&y piece conta9+ #de gal4 ( _s at #aj u4 p41 w\ld h ! pro( value (-- ,p] c5t4 u4 p4 ( sample #aj1 subtract$ f #ajj #ij ,no4 ( gall #de --- #djej ,quantity ( pro( _s #djej _/ #ajj #djej ,or exactly #dj-a_/b gallons4 ,! /r5g? ( absolute alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #gich7 is e/imat$ at #ge-a_/d ov]-pro(4 ,x !re=e conta9s #age-a_/d ( 'pro( _s1' :il/ pro( _s 7sp4 gr4 #iaihd7 conta9s #egjf ( 'absolute alcohol1' bo? be+ by measure or volume4 ,?us-- 7meas4 ( alc4 #age-a_/d7 _/ #ajj equiv4 meas4 ( pf4 spt4 ,&-- 7meas4 ( pf4 spt4 #egjf7 _/ #ajj equiv4 meas4 ( abs4 alc4 ,f :i* we d]ive ! 'con/ant multipli]s' #agebe 7or r\ghly #a-c_/d71 & #egjf1 applicable to any numb] ( volumes or gallons4 ,=-- meas4 ( alc4 #agebe equiv4 meas4 ( pf4 spt4 &-- meas4 ( pt4 spt4 #egjf equiv4 meas4 ( alc4 ,to asc]ta9 :at quantity ( a _s at any giv5 /r5g? is equiv4 to or conta9s #ajj lbs4 ( absolute alcohol1 we h only to divide ! con/ant numb] #bbjgg by ! pro( value p] c5t4 ( su* _s4#ae ,?us--= a _s #ab u4 p4--?is w\ld be ,footnote #ae3 ,?is numb] is obta9$ ?us3-- #ajj _/#gicha #abf 7ne>ly71 #abf #agebe #bbjgg4 #ajj - #ab #hh ( pro( _s2 &-- #bbjgg _/ #hh #bea gal4 7ne>ly74 ,t is1 #be-a_/aj gal4 ( su* _s w\ld conta9 #ajj lbs4 ( absolute alcohol4 ,by remov+ ! decimal po9t "o place to ! "r1 we h ! equiv4 measure ( #ajjj lbs4 ,by remov+ x "o1 two1 or ?ree places to ! left1 we h x respectively = #aj lbs41 #a lb41 & #a_/aj lb42 f :i* ! equiv4 = all o!r weights may be easily obta9$4 ,by rev]s+ ! above op]ation1 ! measure ( alcohol correspond+ to any giv5 weight ( _s1 at any /r5g?1 may also be easily f\nd4 ,! weight ( #a gal4 ( absolute alcohol be+ #gich lbs42 t ( #a gal4 ( pro( _s1 #ib lbs12 & t ( ! 'alcohol' 9 #a gal4 ( pro( _s1 #dec lbs42 ! weight ( any numb] ( gallons or volumes ( ei!r1 & _! equival5ts1 may be easily f\nd4 ,?us3-- gallons ( alc4 #gich lbs4 weight ( alc4 pf4 sp4 #ib lbs4 w4 ( pf4 spt4 &-- gallons ( alc4 #afaba lbs4 weight ( pf4 spt4 pf4 spt4 #dec cont5t 9 lbs4 weight ( alc4 ,9 ^! cases a k ( ! fir/ f\r rules ( decimal fractions is necess>y1 or1 at lea/1 advantage\s2 z ! ,excise (fic]s c>ry _! calculations to two figures ( decimals1 or #a_/ajj?s4 ,_! plan is to reject ! ?ird decimal figure :5 less ?an #e2 b to c>ry #a to ! next figure on ! left h&1 :5 x exce$s #e4 ,?us1 #edcb is set d[n z only #edc2 b #edcg is writt5 #edd4 ,9 ! delicate *emical processes ( ! laboratory1 ev5 great] accuracy is obs]v$4 ,=m]ly1 _s 0 said to be #a to #c1 #a to #d1 c41 ov]-pro(1 by :i* x 0 meant t #a gal4 ( wat] add$ to #c or #d gals4 ( su* _s w\ld r$uce x to 'pro(4' ,on ! o!r h&1 #a 9 #e1 or #a 9 #h1 "u-pro(1 meant t ! #e or #h gals41 z ! case might be1 conta9$ #a gal4 ( wat]1 & ! rema9d] repres5t$ ! quantity ( 'pro( _s4' ,?is me?od ( calculation has n[ long giv5 way to ! 'c5tigrade sy/em1' :i* n only admits ( great] accuracy1 b is q z simple4 ,x %\ld be adopt$ by e _s-deal] 9 ,engl&1 f be+ t :i* is employ$ by ! ,rev5ue (fic]s1 ^: 'surveys' x is absolutely necess>y t ! trad] %\ld und]/&1 9 ord] t 8 own e/imation ( 8 /ock & 8 bus9ess calculations %\ld correspond ) !irs4 ,sev]al o!r me?ods ( alcoholometry1 besides ^? already notic$1 h be5 adopt$ at v>i\s times1 b ! majority ( !m possess s little accuracy z to be q inapplicable to ! purposes ( trade1 & ( ! laboratory4 ,?us1 ! /r5g? 0 at "o "t e/imat$ by :at 0 call$ ! 'pro(4' ,a little ( ! _s 0 p\r$ ^u a small quantity ( gunp[d]1 conta9$ 9 a spoon or sauc]1 s z j to moi/5 x1 & 0 !n inflam$4 ,if at ! end ( ! combu/ion ! gunp[d] took fire1 ! _s 0 held to be 'above pro(1' if x only languidly fizz$ away1 or sl[ly burnt1 ! _s 0 said to be 'pro(1' b if ! gunp[d] fail$ to ignite1 ! _s 0 e/eem$ 'bel[ pro(4' ,h5ce arose ! t]ms 'pro(' & 'pro( _s1' :i* h s9ce be5 adopt$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,ano!r me?od 0 t ( dropp+ oil into ! _s2 if ! oil float$1 ! _s 0 consid]$ to be '"u pro(1' if x sunk1 x 0 rat$ z 'pro(' or 'ov]-pro(4' ,! 'gunp[d] te/' is q fallaci\s2 =1 if a c]ta9 quantity ( a _s is capable ( fir+ ! gunp[d]1 a little excess ( a _s #bj or #be /rong] w (t5 fail to d s1 s mu* wat] be+ =m$ z to prev5t ! ignition4 ,! ',,preuve ,d',,holl&' te/1 ( ! ,fr5*1 or ! ',,bead1' is /ill frequ5tly employ$ by p]sons unacqua9t$ ) ! use ( ! hydromet]4 ,x consi/s 9 %ak+ ! _s 9 a phial1 & obs]v+ ! size1 numb]1 & duration ( ! bubbles or beads1 z !y are call$4 ,! l>g] & m num]\s ^! are1 & ! m rapidly !y break & disappe>1 ! /rong] ! _s is presum$ to be4 ,?is me?od is unreliable1 z ! pres5ce ( sug> or acid1 ev5 9 m9ute quantities1 w sometimes give to a weak sample ! appe>ance ( "o _m degrees /rong]4 ,,lovi',s ,,beads are also (t5 employ$ to asc]ta9 approximately ! /r5g? ( _s1 :5 a hydromet] is n at h&4 ,! insuffici5cy ( mo/ ( ! me?ods ( alcoholometry "h ref]r$ to1 ?r[s u back on ! ,rev5ue ,sy/em 7,sykes' hydromet]71 or on ! specific gravity = unsweet5$ spirits4 ,= sweet5$ spirits1 z cordials1 w9es1 be]s1 c41 !re are none ( ! te/s :i* give su* accurate results z ! di/illation te/1 previ\sly describ$ z ! ,rev5ue ,me?od4 ,! spiritu\s liquors ( comm]ce be+ sold by measure1 & n by weight1 ! me?ods ( alcoholometry :i* give ! results1 p] c5t41 by volume1 are ^? we h *iefly expla9$4 ,9 ! laboratory1 ! me?od by weight is t mo/ g5]ally employ$ 9 delicate processes & 9 analyses4 ,by weight1 ! p]-c5tage ( alcohol rema9s ! same = all temp]atures1 = ! same sample2 :il/ by volume1 ! p]-c5tage v>ies ) ! temp]ature ( ! liquid4 ,?is v>iation expla9s ! cause ( _m ( ! sudd5 app>5t decreases & increases1 :i* occur 9 l>ge /ocks ( spirits4 ,p]sons pur*as+ spirits dur+ v w>m wea!r1 & pay+ = !m accord+ to _! app>5t quantity & /r5g?1 lose consid]ably by sell+ ! same _s :5 ! wea!r becomes cold]1 )\t be+ consci\s ( su* loss f ! hydromet]4 ,! reason ( ?is is obvi\s1 =1 :il/ ! relative proportions ( ! alcohol to ! wat] cont9ue ! same1 ! sp4 gr4 & ! volume alt] ) ! temp]ature2 ! latt] be+ increas$ by w>m?1 & decreas$ by cold1 9 exact opposition to ! =m]4 ,accuracy requires1 9 all cases1 t a spiritu\s liquor %\ld be te/$ = its /r5g? at ! temp]ature at :i* x 0 measur$2 & measur$ at ! same temp]ature at :i* its /r5g? 0 det]m9$4 ,a consid]ation ( ^! facts has l$ "s ( ! great h\ses to introduce ! sy/em ( weigh+ _! spirits1 in/ead ( measur+ !m1 ! weight ( an imp]ial gallon at #fj ,fahr4 be+ tak5 z ! /&>d gallon4 ,?is is ! me?od adopt$ by ! ,inl& ,rev5ue1 at all di/ill]ies1 = assess+ ! duty1 & w be readily und]/ood by ! foll[+ example3-- ,cwts4 qrs4 lbs4 ,gross weight ( full cask #ac #b #bg ,t>e #b #b #e ------------ ,net weight ( _s #aa #j #bb or #abed lbs4 ,let u suppose ! hydromet] indication to be #dcj1 ! weight p] imp]ial gallon w\ld be #hijc lbs4 7see ,table ,,vi71 & #abed #hijc #adj gallons4 ,,table ,,vi4--,table = det]m9+ ! ,weight p] ,gallon ( ,spirits by ,sykes' ,hydromet]4 ,a ,indication on ,sykes' ,hydromet]4 ,b ,weight p] ,gallon4 ,a ,b ,a ,b ,a ,b ,a ,b ,a ,b #j #hade #h #heji #f #hhgh #d #ibfd #b #iffg #b #haeg #ba #heab #h #hhha #f #ibfg #d #ifga #d #hafa #b #heaf #db #hhhe #h #ibga #f #ifgd #f #hafd #d #heai #b #hhhi #fc #ibge #h #ifgh #h #hafh #f #hebc #d #hhib #b #ibgi #hd #ifhb #a #haga #h #hebf #f #hhif #d #ibhc #b #ifhf #b #hagd #bb #hecj #h #hhii #f #ibhf #d #ifij #d #hagh #b #hecc #dc #hijc #h #ibij #f #ifid #f #haha #d #hecg #b #hijg #fd #ibid #h #ifih #h #hahe #f #hedj #d #hiaa #b #ibih #he #igjb #b #hahh #h #hedd #f #hiad #d #icjb #b #igjf #b #haia #bc #hedg #h #hiah #f #icje #d #igaj #d #haie #b #heea #dd #hibb #h #icji #f #igad #f #haih #d #heed #b #hibf #fe #icac #h #igah #h #hbjb #f #heeh #d #hibi #b #icag #hf #igbb #c #hbje #h #hefa #f #hicc #d #icba #b #igbf #b #hbjh #bd #hefe #h #hicf #f #icbd #d #igcj #d #hbab #b #hefh #de #hidj #h #icbh #f #igcc #f #hbae #d #hegb #b #hidd #ff #iccb #h #igcg #h #hbai #f #hege #d #hidg #b #iccf #hg #igda #d #hbbb #h #hegi #f #hiea #d #icdj #b #igde #b #hbbe #be #hehb #h #hied #f #icdd #d #igdi #d #hbbi #b #hehf #df #hieh #h #icdh #f #igec #f #hbcb #d #hehi #b #hifb #fg #iceb #h #igeg #h #hbcf #f #heic #d #hife #b #icef #hh #igfa #e #hbci #h #heif #f #hifi #d #icfj #b #igfe #b #hbdb #bf #hfjj #h #higb #f #icfc #d #igfi #d #hbde #b #hfjc #dg #higf #h #icfg #f #iggc #f #hbdi #d #hfjg #b #hihj #fh #icga #h #iggg #h #hbeb #f #hfaj #d #hihd #b #icge #hi #igha #f #hbee #h #hfad #f #hihg #d #icgi #b #ighe #b #hbeh #bg #hfag #h #hiia #f #ichb #d #ighi #d #hbfb #b #hfbj #dh #hiie #h #ichf #f #igib #f #hbfe #d #hfbd #b #hiii #fi #icij #h #igif #h #hbfi #f #hfbh #d #ijjb #b #icid #ij #ihjj #g #hbgb #h #hfca #f #ijjf #d #icih #b #ihjd #b #hbge #bh #hfce #h #ijji #f #idja #d #ihjh #d #hbgi #b #hfci #di #ijac #h #idje #f #ihab #f #hbhb #d #hfdb #b #ijag #gj #idji #h #ihaf #h #hbhf #f #hfdf #d #ijba #b #idac #ia #ihbj #h #hbhi #h #hfdi #f #ijbd #d #idag #b #ihbd #b #hbib #bi #hfec #h #ijbh #f #idbj #d #ihbh #d #hbif #b #hfef #ej #ijcb #h #idbd #f #ihcb #f #hbii #d #hffj #b #ijcf #ga #idbh #h #ihcf #h #hcjc #f #hffc #d #ijci #b #idcb #ib #ihdj #i #hcjf #h #hffg #f #ijdc #d #idcf #b #ihdd #b #hcji #cj #hfgj #h #ijdf #f #iddj #d #ihdh #d #hcac #b #hfgd #ea #ijej #h #iddd #f #iheb #f #hcaf #d #hfgg #b #ijed #gb #iddh #h #ihef #h #hcbj #f #hfha #d #ijeh #b #ideb #ic #ihfj #aj #hcbc #h #hfhd #f #ijfa #d #idef #b #ihfd #b #hcbf #ca #hfhh #h #ijfe #f #idei #d #ihfh #d #hccj #b #hfib #eb #ijfi #h #idfc #f #ihgb #f #hccc #d #hfie #b #ijgc #gc #idfg #h #ihgf #h #hccg #f #hfii #d #ijgf #b #idga #id #ihhj #aa #hcdj #h #hgjb #f #ijhj #d #idge #b #ihhd #b #hcdc #cb #hgjf #h #ijhc #f #idgi #d #ihhh #d #hcdg #b #hgji #ec #ijhg #h #idhc #f #ihib #f #hcej #d #hgac #b #ijia #gd #idhg #h #ihif #h #hced #f #hgaf #d #ijie #b #idia #ie #iijj #ab #hceg #h #hgbj #f #ijih #d #idie #b #iijd #b #hcfa #cc #hgbc #h #iajb #f #idih #d #iijh #d #hcfd #b #hgbg #ed #iajf #h #iejb #f #iiac #f #hcfh #d #hgcj #b #iaaj #ge #iejf #h #iiag #h #hcga #f #hgcd #d #iaad #b #ieaj #if #iiba #ac #hcge #h #hgcg #f #iaag #d #iead #b #iibe #b #hcgh #cd #hgda #h #iaba #f #ieag #d #iibi #d #hchb #b #hgde #ee #iabe #h #ieba #f #iicd #f #hche #d #hgdh #b #iabi #gf #iebe #h #iich #h #hchi #f #hgeb #d #iacb #b #iebi #ig #iidb #ad #hcib #h #hgee #f #iacf #d #iecc #b #iidf #b #hcie #ce #hgei #h #iaci #f #iecg #d #iiej #d #hcii #b #hgfc #ef #iadc #h #ieda #f #iiee #f #hdjb #d #hgff #b #iadg #gg #iede #h #iiei #h #hdjf #f #hggj #d #iaea #b #iedi #ih #iifc #ae #hdji #h #hggc #f #iaed #d #ieec #b #iifg #b #hdab #cf #hggg #h #iaeh #f #ieeg #d #iigb #d #hdaf #b #hgha #eg #iafb #h #iefa #f #iigf #f #hdai #d #hghd #b #iaff #gh #iefe #h #iiha #h #hdbc #f #hghh #d #iagj #b #iefi #ii #iihe #af #hdbf #h #hgia #f #iagc #d #iegc #b #iihi #b #hdbi #cg #hgie #h #iagg #f #iegf #d #iiid #d #hdcc #b #hgii #eh #iaha #h #iehj #f #iiih #f #hdcf #d #hhjb #b #iahe #gi #iehd #h #ajjjc #h #hddj #f #hhjf #d #iahi #b #iehh #ajj #ajjjg #ag #hddc #h #hhji #f #iaib #d #ieib #b #hddf #ch #hhac #h #iaif #f #ieif #d #hdej #b #hhag #ei #ibjj #h #ifjj #f #hdec #d #hhbj #b #ibjd #hj #ifjd #h #hdeg #f #hhbd #d #ibjg #b #ifjh #ah #hdfj #h #hhbg #f #ibaa #d #ifab #b #hdfd #ci #hhca #h #ibad #f #ifae #d #hdfg #b #hhce #fj #ibah #h #ifai #f #hdga #d #hhch #b #ibbb #ha #ifbc #h #hdgd #f #hhdb #d #ibbf #b #ifbg #ai #hdgh #h #hhde #f #ibbi #d #ifca #b #hdha #dj #hhdi #h #ibcc #f #ifce #d #hdhe #b #hhec #fa #ibcg #h #ifci #f #hdhh #d #hhef #b #ibda #hb #ifdc #h #hdib #f #hhfj #d #ibde #b #ifdg #bj #hdie #h #hhfc #f #ibdh #d #ifea #b #hdih #da #hhfg #h #ibeb #f #ifee #d #hejb #b #hhga #fb #ibef #h #ifei #f #heje #d #hhgd #b #ibfj #hc #iffc a/]ism ,= fur!r in=mation 9 connection ) ,al*oholometry see ,,alcohol1 ,,be]1 ,,brew+1 ,,di/illation1 ,,ebullioscope1 ,,hydromet]1 ,,hydrometry1 ,,liqueurs1 ,,malt-,,liquors1 ,,organic ,,sub/ances1 ,,sac*>9e1 ,,specific ,,gravity1 ,,_s1 ,,sug>1 ,,syrups1 ,,t9ctures1 ,,w9e1 ,,wort1 c4 c4 ,,alcohol2 ,,effects ,,( ,,alcoholism4 ,)\t ent]+ into ! controv]sy z to :e!r ! mod]ate consumption ( alcohol1 or its total disuse1 is ! m conducive to p]sonal heal? & com=t--:e!r1 z ,dr ,an/ie & o!rs h ass]t$ x acts1 :5 prud5tly tak51 z a food--or :e!r1 z o!r m$ical au?orities cont5d1 ev5 its mod]ate use is a di/urb+ factor 9 ! human economy--!re ne$ be no qualification ( ! ass]tion1 t :5 ! dr9k+ ( spiritu\s liquids ( any k9d is indulg$ 9 to excess1 ! habit1 if p]si/$ 91 mu/ soon] or lat] t]m9ate 9 impair$ heal?1 s]i\s disease1 & premature dea?4 ,a p[]ful array ( facts c\ld be br\ght 9 support ( ?is /atem5t4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,,nelson',s /ati/ics we f9d x m5tion$ t-- ,a temp]ate p]son's ,an intemp]ate p]son's *ance ( liv+ is-- *ance ( liv+ is-- ,at #bj #ddb ye>s4 ,at #bj #aef ye>s4 #cj #cfe #cj #ach #dj #bhh #dj #aaf #ej #babe #ej #ajh #fj #adbhe #fj #hi ,! av]age duration ( life aft] ! comm5cem5t ( habits ( intemp]ance is-- ,among me*anics1 work+ & lab\r+ m5 #ah ye>s4 trad]s1 deal]s1 & m]*ants #ag pr(essional m5 & g5tlem5 #ae females #ad ,aga91 ,dr ,dick9son1 writ+ on ! morbid effects ( alcohol 9 p]sons :o trade 9 liquor1 gave ! results ( an exam9ation ( #adi trad]s 9 liquor1 z comp>$ ) #adi p]sons ( v>i\s trades4 ,! g5]al results 7 diseases ( ! liv] mu* m common 9 ^? :o dealt 9 alcoholic dr9ks4 ,9 ! lungs tub]cle affect$ sixty-"o p]sons ( ! alcoholic1 =ty-f\r ( ! non-alcoholic4 ,tub]cle 9 ! bra91 liv]1 kidneys1 sple51 b[els1 mes5t]ic gl&s1 & p]itoneum 7 twice z common 9 ! alcoholic z 9 ! non-alcoholic4 ,! v]dict1 !re=e1 is unavoidable t alcohol 79 excess7 eng5d]s tub]cle 9 ! bra91 inflammations1 atrophy1 hmorrhages2 9 ! he>t & vessels a!roma1 hyp]trophy1 & o!r affections1 7 all m common 9 ! alcoholic ?an 9 ! non-alcoholic s]ies4 ,! evid5ce 9 kidney disease did n appe> s conclusive1 b "s =ms ( kidney disease appe> to be increas$4 ,! au?or sums up ?us3--,alcohol causes fatty infiltration & fibroid encroa*m5t2 x eng5d]s tub]cle1 enc\rages suppuration1 & ret>ds heal+2 x produces untimely a!roma1 invites hmorrhage1 & anticipates age4 ,! mo/ con/ant fatty *ange1 replacem5t by oil ( ! mat]ial ( epi!lial cells & muscul> fibres1 ?\gh probably ne>ly univ]sal1 is mo/ noticeable 9 ! liv]1 ! he>t1 & ! kidney4 ,alcohol also seems to be ! cause ( special diseases1 besides ^? m common & g5]ally kn[n ones1 delirium trem5s1 alcoholism1 c4 ,( ^! we may m5tion "o record$ by ,m4 ,,galez[ski1 a peculi> affection ( ! eyes1 :i* ! doctor f\nd v preval5t dur+ ! siege ( ,p>is 9 #ahgj-a4 ,9 ! five mon?s ( ! siege fifty pati5ts 7 affect$ by x1 :il/ dur+ ! twelve mon?s prec$+ ! siege only n9ete5 7 to be f\nd4 ,dr ,,gal[ski ascrib$ ! malady to ! habit ( tak+ alcoholic dr9ks 9 ! morn+ fa/+4 ,a peculi> k9d ( palsy has also be5 ref]r$ to alcoholic poison+4 ,! foll[+ table1 compil$ by ,dr ,joseph ,williams1 l5ds support to ! fact t an indulg5ce 9 alcohol is ei!r ! cause ( insanity1 or t x t5ds to its increase3 ,proportion ,total caus$ by admission4 intemp]ance4 ,*>5ton #hee #acd ,bictre & ,salptrire #bjab #dad ,bordeaux #aef #bj ,tur91 #ahcj-ca #aeh #ag #ahca-cf #cij #gf ,g>d #bji #d ,unit$ ,/ates #eea #adf ,pal]mo #ahi #i ,ca5 #fj #af ,dundee #ad #d ,m4 ,p>*appe #afg #df ,m4 ,batt5 #bhh #ed ---- --- #ejai #idj ,comm5t+ on ^! figures1 ,mr ,walt] ,bly? rem>ks1 ,!re may be ano!r explanation ( ! fact t _m mad p h be5 great dr9k]s4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ^? subject to insanity are driv5 by _! morbid m9ds to dr9k2 s t x may be t insanity causes dr9k1 & n dr9k causes insanity4 ,_m m$ical writ]s :o are no advocates = ! total ab&onm5t ( alcohol limit its consumption1 9 heal?y p1 to "o or two fluid ounces a day1 9 ! =m ( w9e1 be]1 or spirits & wat]2 two fluid ounces is1 we believe1 ! quantity apportion$ daily to e able-bodi$ seaman 9 ! ,royal ,navy4 ,any slight habitual dep>ture f ?is /&>d--ev5 :5 ! evid5ces ( excess are n p]ceptible to o!rs--all au?ority1 hi/orical1 pa?ological1 & physiological 7unless x be giv5 z a m$ic9e71 %[s to be injuri\s4 ,! rese>*es ( ,an/ie1 ,p>kes1 & ,c\nt ,woll[icz1 appe> to prove t any quantity ( alcohol exce$+ an ounce & a half tak5 by an adult %[$ itself 9 ! ur9e1 a circum/ance :i* ^! writ]s look ^u z t5d+ to %[ t ! sy/em has tak5 m alcohol ?an c be us$ 9 ! body itself4 ,9 slight doses ! action ( alcohol is to produce a s$ative effect ^u ! n]ves1 to r$d5 slightly ! l9+ membrane ( ! /oma*1 & to /imulate ! secretion ( ! ga/ric juice4 ,?us1 9 small doses alcohol may1 & d\btless does1 promote appetite4 ,9 excess1 h[ev]1 all ^! effects are turn$ to evil1 & !n ensue an inflammatory condition ( ! /oma*1 compression ( ! gl& ducts f ?ick5+ ( ! tissue ar\nd !m1 excessive muc\s secretion1 & great loss ( appetite4 ,:5 c>ri$ into ! circulation x greatly increases ! =ce ( ! he>t's action1 & at ! same "t p>alyses1 z x 71 ! re/ra9+ n]v\s supply to ! art]ies & small vessels1 s t !y c no long] oppose !mselves to ! blood-curr5t1 b dilate4 ,?is action 9 a small degree1 occurr+ 9 p]sons ( a weak & languid circulation1 is no d\bt b5eficial2 on ! o!r h&1 :5 9 excess1 x is mo/ dang]\s1 & is a cause ( ! great] "p ( ! diseases ( ! he>t & great vessels4 ,!re appe>s to be a slight fall ( temp]ature ) mod]ate doses ( alcohol1 a v decid$ fall ) excessive doses2 ! muscul> & n]v\s sy/ems are transitorily /imulat$1 & may d m "w :5 small doses are giv5 9 cases ( fatigue1 b 9 o!r cases !re is a m>k$ torpor ( ! n]v\s & a want ( co-ord9ation ( ! muscul> sy/em4--,,bly?4 ,not)/&+ ! rese>*es ( ,p]cy1 ,/rau*1 ,mas+1 ,lallem&1 ,duroy1 ,p>kes1 ,dupr1 ,an/ie1 ,?udi*um1 & o!rs1 !re is /ill a consid]able div]g5ce ( op9ion z to h[ alcohol is elim9at$ f ! body4 ,by "s ( ! au?orities j nam$ x is affirm$ to be elim9at$ z aldehyd1 by o!rs z c>bonic acid2 z to ! latt]1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr ,e4 ,smi? %[ t ! c>bonic acid is decreas$ :5 br&y & g9 are drunk1 & increas$ by rum4 ,! only probable supposition1 :i* facts support1 t5ds to %[ t ! alcohol is turn$ into acetic acid 9 ! body1 "s ( :i* unites ) pota% & o!r bases1 & "s is de/roy$4 ,all are pretty well agre$ t 9 ! =m ( spirits alcohol z a food is valueless1 b t 9 ! =m ( be] & w9e x is possess$ ( a slight dietetic p[]1 naturally v>y+ ) ! am\nt & nature ( ! diff]5t sub/ances held 9 solution 9 ^! bev]ages4 ,! imports ( spirits into ?is c\ntry1 9 ! sev5 ye>s f #ahej to #aheg1 am\nt$ to #gj1gdj1ihj gallons2 :il/ ! imports 9 ! sev5 ye>s foll[+1 viz4 f #aheg to #ahfd1 7 #gh1jaf1jga gallons1 %[+ an increase ( #g1cje1jia gallons4 ,! population has1 h[ev]1 increas$ 9 ! "t1 & a d$uction on t acc\nt1 z well z correction on "o or two o!r heads1 are requir$2 /ill1 t !re is an increase is indisputable4 ,z respects ,france1 a consid]able increase 9 ! consumption ( spirits has tak5 place ( late ye>s1 z ! foll[+ table by ,m4 ,husson w illu/rate3 ,! ,mean ,consumption ( ,spirits = ea* ,inhabitant4 ,litres4 ,litres4 ,f #ahbe to #ahcj #hif ye>ly4 #jbd daily4 #ahca #ahce #hgd #jbc #ahcf #ahdj #ajae #jbf #ahda #ahde #aaad #jca #ahdf #ahej #aajc #jcj #ahea #ahed #adbe #jci ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 dur+ ! p]iod f #ahjg to #ahbh1 ! av]age 0 #bg litres = e inhabitant1 :i* is ev5 great] ?an ! highe/ ( ! two sets ( figures j quot$4 ,! demoralisation ( ! ,fr5* army dur+ ! late ,franco-,prussian w> has be5 also unanim\sly ascrib$ to ! excessive consumption ( spiritu\s liquids4 ,! foll[+ results ( an inquiry in/itut$ 9 #ahgj by ! ,massa*usetts ,bo>d ( ,heal? into ! comp>ative sobriety ( diff]5t nations are ga!r$ f an able pap] :i* appe>$ 9 ! ',m$ical ,times & ,gazette' ( ,april #ae?1 #ahgb1 by ,dr ,druitt1 9 :i* he dissects & summ>ises ! results 9 "q4 ,dr ,druitt writes3 ,highe/ 9 ! scale ( temp]ance come ! ,turks & ,arabs2 next ! ,ib]ians1 ,levant9es1 ,greeks1 & ,lat9 races2 l[] d[n ! ,japanese1 ,sc&9avians1 ,belgians1 & ! ,iri% ,celt2 l[e/ ( all ! s-call$ ,anglo-,saxon ( ei!r cont95t4 ,pr(essor ,levi contributes to our k on ?is subject by giv+ ! foll[+ /ati/ics3--,9 #ahfj ! committals = drunk5ness 9 ,engl& & ,wales 7 #hh1jjj1 & 9 #ahgj #acd1jjj1 an increase ( #ej p] c5t4 ,9 ,man*e/] ! increase f #ahfj to #ahgj 0 #cge p] c5t41 or comput$ accord+ to ! increase ( population #cec p] c5t4 ,9 ,london drunk5ness is 9 ! proportion ( #edc p] #ajjj1 9 ,le$s #gdj1 9 ,man*e/] #caac1 & 9 ,liv]pool #dbhb4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ^! figures are bas$ on m]e committals1 :i* greatly dep5d on ! activity ( ! police1 & ! noisy or quiet "* ( ! drunk>d4 ,we quote ! foll[+ f ,dr ,bly?'s "w on ',hygi5e1' )\t1 h[ev]1 attempt+ ei!r to endorse or controv]t :at he says on ! subject4 ,:e!r is ,alcohol necess>y or n4 ,all exp]i5ce1 bo? at home & abroad1 %[s by facts t _c be disput$ t a p]son c d q z h>d "w )\t alcohol z ) x2 & probably z ! limits betwe5 mod]ation & excess are easily pass$1 & z ! g5]ality ( mank9d1 ev5 )\t int5d+ x1 err on ! latt] side1 ! result is t a comp>ison betwe5 total ab/a9]s & ev5 temp]ate m5 g5]ally t]m9ates 9 fav\r ( ! =m]4 ,x w\ld appe> t total ab/a9]s live long]1 are bett] citiz5s1 & c d m "w ?an ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,! figures ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ,temp]ance & ,g5]al ,provid5t ,in/itution g f> to prove ! above4 ,?is insurance society is divid$ into two sections4 ,"o section consi/s ( ab/a9]s1 ! o!r ( p]sons select$ z n kn[n to be intemp]ate4 ,! claims = five ye>s anticipat$ 9 ! temp]ance section 7 #ajj1ddf1 b ! actual claims 7 only #gb1fgf4 ,9 ! g5]al section ( ! anticipat$ claims 7 #aif1ceb2 ! actual claims no less ?an #ccj1big4 ,9 w> ! m>* ( #bjjj miles 9 8 ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce by ,cornwallis & 8 troops 7#aghc71 ! ,m>oon w> ( ,jamaica1 ! #djj miles' m>* ( an ,engli% army across ! ,des]t f ,kom]1 on ! ,r$ ,sea1 a m>* ( #ajjj miles 9 ! ,kaffir w>1 exp]i5ces at sieges1 9 action1 9 hot1 temp]ate1 & cold climates1 :]e ab/95ce 0 ei!r =c$ ?r\gh circum/ances or foll[$1 %[s to e unprejudic$ m9d t soldi]s endure m fatigue1 are heal?i]1 & fight bett]1 )\t /imulants ?an ) !m2 & ?is fact is endors$ by e comm&] ( ! pres5t day4 ,! excess & abuse ( spirits1 z be=e rem>k$1 lo/ ! ,fr5* _! milit>y pre/ige 9 ! ,franco-,g]man w>4 ,9 v hot & v cold climates ! ,indian obs]v]s & ! ,arctic explor]s all unite 9 condemn+ its 7t is1 ! use ( alcohol7 use 9 ! slighte/ excess1 or ev5 9 mod]ate doses4 ,x does n w>m ! body 9 cold climates1 & ! reaction t foll[s ! excit+ ( ! circulation is foll[$ by a dang]\s depression2 :il/ 9 hot x comb9es ) ! climate1 & quickly produces disease4 ,,alcoholic ,,dr9ks1 ,,effects ,,(4 ,9 addition to ! s]i\s injury to heal? caus$ by an excessive or imprud5t indulg5ce 9 spiritu\s /imulants 7see previ\s article71 ev5 a mod]ate & n injudici\s use ( !m may (t5 be att5d$ ) v disagreeable consequ5ces--a m or less mild or modifi$ =m ( poison+1 9 fact--if ! bev]ages !mselves are1 z v frequ5tly happ5s1 contam9at$1 ei!r accid5tally or int5tionally1 ) c]ta9 objectionable +r$i5ts4 ,^! +r$i5ts are describ$ "u ! articles ,,be]1 ,,w9es1 & ! v>i\s ,,spirits1 su* z ,,g91 ,,br&y1 ,,abs9!1 c4 ,( _s dr9k+ x may be obs]v$1 t ?is dang]\s practice is int5sifi$ by :at is to be fe>$ is ! too preval5t cu/om ( tak+ !m undilut$1 or neat1 z x is t]m$4 ,!re is no d\bt t !y con/itute ! v wor/ =m ( alcoholic dr9ks1 & %ort5 ! lives ( ^? :o indulge 9 !m to excess m summ>ily ?an any o!r intoxicat+ potion4 ,! greate/ & mo/ in]adicable drunk>ds are almo/ always f\nd to be _s dr9k]s4 ,liebig rem>k$ t less bread 0 consum$ 9 families :]e be] 0 drunk1 & !re seems to be little d\bt t ! diff]5t species ( be]1 includ+ port] & ale1 :5 pure & free f adult]ation1 act1 al?\gh 9 a small degree1 z food4 ,probably !re are "s :o w agree )1 :il/ o!rs w diss5t f1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 :o said !re 0 m su/5ance 9 a p5ny loaf ?an 9 a gallon ( be]4 ,! />*y extractive matt]s ( ! be] no d\bt p]=m ! same function 9 ! animal economy t sug> does4 ,x is well kn[n t ^? :o dr9k freely ( be] mo/ly become corpul5t1 z witness ! portly =ms ( draym54 ,! hop conta9$ 9 ! be] has d\btless tonic & /oma*ic qualities4 ,we c speak ) less c]ta9ty ab\t ! free acids conta9$ 9 malt fluids4 ,x is v c]ta9 t "s p _c dr9k a glass ( be] )\t exp]i5c+ rheumatic pa9s 9 ! jo9ts1 :i* effect is g5]ally ascrib$ to ! acidity ( ! be]2 b :i* is really suppos$ to be due to ! decreas$ elim9ation ( urea & pulmon>y c>bonic acid f ! sy/em caus$ by ! alcohol ( ! be]4 ,! heavy l[-pric$ be]s occasion drunk5ness ( a peculi>ly viol5t & savage k9d1 a fact :i* /rongly fav\rs ! inf]5ce t ?is =m ( intoxication is due to "s toxic ag5t1 us$ z an adult]ant4 ,( w9es1 ! cl>ets & subacid w9es are und\bt$ly antiscorbutic 9 prop]ties1 & light w9es z bev]ages are pref]able to ! /rong]4 ,port1 %]ry1 be]1 /\t1 & ale are almo/ univ]sally condemn$ 9 cases :]e !re is a t5d5cy to g\t4 ,! light cl>ets & ,rh9e w9es are f> m desirable bev]ages :5 ?is is ! case1 & ! ,g]man w9es are said to be valuable dr9ks 9 _m li?ic affections4 ,x seems probable t ! e!rs & ! vegetable salts1 toge!r ) ! sug> conta9$ 9 w9es1 p]=m ! mo/ important "p 9 ! human economy4 ,x has be5 propos$ to introduce ! r$ subacid w9es z dr9ks = our sailors1 because ( _! antiscorbutic qualities4 ,"s ( ! alcoholic dr9ks prep>$ 9 ,india frequ5tly cause tempor>y madness4 ,,alcoholism4 ,,alcohol2 ,,effects ,,( ,,alcoholism4 ,,al',,cohols4 ,9 *emi/ry1 a t]m appli$ to comp\nds possess+ a composition1 =mul1 & *emical prop]ties simil> to ^? ( ord9>y alcohol4 ,!y =m a s]ies pres5t+ an unmi/akable symmetry1 & diff] f "o ano!r by well-m>k$ gradations1 z %[n bel[3-- ,me?yl-alcohol 7wood _s74 ,,*#d,o ,e?yl-alcohol 7ord9>y alcohol7 ,c#b;,h#f,o ,amyl-alcohol 7fsel-oil7 ,c#e;,h#ab,o ,capryl-alcohol ,c#h;,h#ah,o ,cetyl-alcohol ,c#af;,h#cd,o c41 c4 ,alcohols4 ,9 comm]ce1 pure spirits ( a great] /r5g? ?an ab\t #eh o4 p4 7sp4 gr4 #hcce71 or conta9+ m ?an ab\t #he by ,,weight1 or #ij by ,,volume1 ( pure alcohol1 are commonly s call$4 ,alcohols4 ,9 p]fum]y1 rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 or comm]cial alcohol1 hold+ ess5tial oils or o!r odor\s matt]s 9 solution4 ,alcohols4 ,9 ,fr4 ph>macy1 alcoholic t9ctures & ess5ces4 ,,alcoolatifs 7alcolatifs74 ,f4 ,syn4 ,,alcoholati',,va1 ,l4 ,9 ,fr4 ph>macy1 alcoholic solutions ( l9im5ts1 embrocations1 c41 :e!r made by di/illation1 mac]ation1 or solution4 ,,alcoolats 7alcolats74 ,fr4 ,9 ,fr4 ph>macy1 spirits2 appli$ by ,bral1 ,h5ry & ,guib\rt1 & o!rs1 to m$icat$ di/ill$ spirits4 ,,alcoolatures 7alcolatures74 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,alcoholatu'',,ra1 ,l4 ,94 ,fr4 ph>macy1 alcoholic t9ctures1 elixirs1 c4 ,m4 ,bral conf9es ! t]m to vegetable juices pres]v$ by alcohol4 ,,alcooles 7alcools74 ,fr4 ,t9ctures2 ! 'te9tures alcoholiques' ( ! ,fr4 ,codex4 ,,alcooliques 7alcoliques74 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,alcohol',,ica1 ,l4 ,9 ,fr4 ph>macy1 alcoholic or spiritu\s solutions4 7,bral47 ,,al',,corn9e 7-n7in74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,alcor',,noc9e 7-s7in72 ,,alcor',,neum1 ,,alcorni',,na1 ,l4 ,a cry/allisable sub/ance1 app>5tly int]m$iate betwe5 fat & wax1 discov]$ by ,biltz1 9 alcornoco b>k4 ,,alcorno',,co4 ,syn4 ,a4-,,b>k2 ,,alcornoque1 ,fr42 ,,alkornoc1 ,a4-,,r9d1 ,g]4 ,! b>k ( an unkn[n tree ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is a/r+5t & bitt]1 & has be5 highly extoll$ z a specific 9 ph?isis2 b appe>s to possess little m$ic9al virtue4 ,! b>k ( ! "y bran*es ( ! cork tree 7qu]cus sub]71 us$ 9 tann+1 is also sometimes call$ alcornoco-b>k2 b possesses none ( ! *>act]s ( ! =m] article4 ,,al',,decay4 ,! galls on ! leaves ( myrobalanus *ebula 7,ga]tn471 a =e/-tree ( ,b5gal4 ,equal to ! be/ oak-galls4 ,,al',,dehyd 7-hid74 al-7cohol7-dehyd 7rog5atus74 ,c#b;,h#d,o4 ,syn4 ,,hydrat$ ,,oxide ,,( ,,acetyle2 ,,hydrate ,,( ,,o?yle992 ,,hydroxide ,,( ,o499 ,lit]ally1 dehydrog5at$ alcohol4 ,9 *emi/ry1 a peculi> e!real liquid1 fir/ obta9$ 9 a pure =m by ,liebig1 f alcohol4 ,x is produc$ "u v>i\s circum/ances1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! de/ructive di/illation ( c]ta9 organic matt]s1 & 9 sev]al processes ( oxidation4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ conv5i5t me?ods ( prep>+ x3-- ,prep4 #a4 7,liebig47 ,sulphuric acid1 #c p>ts2 is dilut$ ) wat]1 #b p>ts2 & z soon z ! mixture has cool$1 alcohol ( #hj1 #b p>ts1 is add$2 &1 subsequ5tly1 p]oxide ( manganese 79 f9e p[d]71 #c p>ts4 ,! :ole1 aft] agitation1 is !n di/ill$ at a v g5tle heat1 f a spaci\s retort into a receiv] surr\nd$ ) ice1 ! connection betwe5 ! two be+ p]fectly air-tight4 ,! process is cont9u$ until fro?+ comm5ces1 or ! di/illate becomes acid :i* g5]ally occurs :5 ab\t "o ?ird 7#c p>ts7 has pass$ ov]4 ,! di/illate is next agitat$ 9 a retort1 ) ab\t its own weight ( fus$ *loride ( calcium1 9 p[d]2 aft] :i* ab\t "o half only is drawn ov] at a v g5tle heat 7#he to #ij ,fahr471 by means ( a wat] ba?4 ,?is rectification is repeat$ 9 a precisely simil> way4 ,! la/ di/illate is ,,anhydr\s ,,aldehyd only slightly contam9at$ ) =eign matt]s4 #b4 7,liebig47 ,aldehyd-ammonia1 #b p>ts1 is dissolv$ 9 an equal weight ( di/ill$ wat]2 &1 aft] be+ plac$ 9 a retort1 sulphuric acid1 #b or #c p>ts1 previ\sly dilut$ ) r m ?an its own weight ( di/ill$ wat]1 & all[$ to cool1 is add$4 ,! :ole is n[ di/ill$1 by means ( a wat] ba?1 into a receiv] surr\nd$ ) ice1 or 7pref]ably7 a freez+-mixture1 ! temp]ature ( ! ba? at fir/ be+ v l[1 & ! op]ation be+ /opp$ z soon1 or r be=e ! wat] beg9s to boil4 ,! di/illate is !n plac$ 9 a retort connect$ ) a well-cool$ receiv]1 z be=e2 & aft] all ! jo9ts are made p]fectly tight1 p[d]$ fus$ *loride ( calcium1 9 weight equal to t ( ! liquid 9 ! retort1 is add$ ?r\gh ! tubulature4 ,! heat produc$ by ! hydration ( ! *loride causes ! di/illation to comm5ce1 aft] :i* x is c>ri$ on1 by means ( a wat] ba?1 at a temp]ature rang+ f #hj to #hb ,fahr4 ,?is rectification be+ v c>efully repeat$1 ! la/ di/illate is ,,pure ,,anhydr\s ,,aldehyd4 ,prop41 c4 ,limpid1 col\rless1 e!real1 neutral1 inflammable2 mixes 9 all proportions ) alcohol1 e!r1 & wat]2 od\r peculi>1 p5etrat+1 &1 :5 /rong1 exce$+ly suffocat+1 ! vap\r1 9 quantity1 produc+ spasmodic contraction ( ! ?orax2 boils at #gb ,fahr4 7#gj--,ure1 #e? ed472 sp4 gr4 #gij at #fj1 & #hjj at #cb ,fahr42 sp4 gr4 ( vap\r1 #aecb2 by exposure to air x is gradually conv]t$ into acetic acid1 & spe$ily s "u ! influ5ce ( plat9um-black2 heat$ ) cau/ic pota%1 a br[n sub/ance resembl+ res9 7,,aldehyd-,,res97 is =m$2 g5tly heat$ ) protoxide ( silv]1 or its solutions1 metallic silv] is deposit$ on ! inn] surface ( ! vessel1 9 a uni=m & brilliant film1 :il/ ,,aldehydate ,,( ,,silv] rema9s 9 solution2 heat$ ) hydrocyanic acid x yields ,,alan9e4 ,by age1 ev5 9 close vessels1 x passes into "o or m isom]ic comp\nds 7,,elaldehyde2 ,,metaldehyde71 ) *ange ( prop]ties4 ,aldehyde = exp]im5ts %\ld1 !re=e1 be always rec5tly prep>$2 & x mu/ be kept 9 a well-/opp$ bottle1 9 a v cold place1 & pref]ably 9 ice4 ,obs4 ,aldehyd is important = its assum$ position 9 ! acetyl-s]ies1 & ! "p :i* x plays 9 ! process ( acetification1 c4 ,! ^w is n[ also commonly employ$1 by *emi/s1 z a g5]ic t]m = any organic sub/ance :i*1 by assimilat+ two atoms ( hydrog51 yields1 or w\ld yield1 a comp\nd hav+ ! composition or prop]ties ( an alcohol2 or :i*1 by tak+ up "o atom ( oxyg51 yields an acid4 ,_m ( ! ess5tial oils 7z ^? ( almonds1 c9namon1 & cum97 are compos$ pr9cipally ( bodies :i* may ?us be call$ aldehyds4 ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable prop]ties ( ^! sub/ances1 is _! /rong t5d5cy to comb9e ) ! bisulphites ( ammonium1 potassium1 & sodium2 & by :i* !y may be sep>at$ f complex mixtures4 ,,al',,dehyd-,,ammo',,nia 7-h7id-74 ,an ammonia-comp\nd ( aldehyd1 discov]$ by ,db]e9] & ,liebig4 ,prep4 7,liebig47 ,aldehyd 7( process ,no4 #a1 above7 is mix$ ) an equal volume ( e!r1#af 9 a flask surr\nd$ ) ice1 or 7:at is bett]7 a freez+-mixture2 & is !n saturat$ ) dry gase\s ammonia4 ,! cry/als :i* soon =m1 aft] be+ wa%$ ) e!r1 & dri$ by means ( bibul\s pap] & a %ort exposure to ! air1 are pure aldehyd ammonia4 ,footnote #af3 ,"s au?orities recomm5d ! use ( twice ?is quantity ( e!r4 ,prop41 c4 ,x smells l a mixture ( turp5t9e & ammonia2 melts at #afe to #agj2 volatilises1 un*ang$1 at #bab ,fahr42 decompos$ by exposure to ! air2 v soluble 9 wat]2 soluble 9 alcohol1 & m or less s 9 mo/ o!r m5/rua1 except e!r2 acids decompose x4 ,) sulphurett$ hydrog5 x =ms ?iald9e4--,use4 ,*iefly to make pure aldehyd 7:i* see74 ,,al',,d] 7awl'-74 ,syn4 ,,al',,d]-,,tree2 ,,al',,nus 77al-71 ,l42 ,a4 ,,glut9o',,sa 7,ga]tn472 ,,betu',,la ,,alnus1 ,l9n42 ,,aune1 ,,aulne1 ,fr42 ,,erle1 ,g]4 ,a well-kn[n ,engli% tree1 *iefly gr[+ 9 moi/ gr\nds ne> riv]s4 ,its wood is us$ = hurdles1 = v>i\s articles ( turn]y & furniture1 & :5 conv]t$ into *>coal1 = mak+ gunp[d]2 x possesses consid]able durability "u wat]2 b is o!rwise ( little value4 ,b>k & leaves v a/r+5t1 & reput$ vuln]>y2 decoction us$ z a g>gle 9 sore ?roat1 &1 9 d\ble ! dose ( c9*ona1 z a febrifuge 9 agues2 b>k & sap us$ 9 dye+ & tann+4 ,! foll[+ belong to diff]5t nat4 ord]s & g5]a to ! prec$+3-- ,ald]1 ,black4 ,syn4 ,,w9',,t]-,,b]ry2 ,,pri',,nos ,,v]ticilla',,tus1 ,l9n4 ,a tree gr[+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,b>k febrifuge1 tonic1 & a/r+5t2 b]ries tonic & emetic4 7,bigel[47 ,x has be5 mu* recomm5d$ 9 dropsies1 di>rhoea1 int]mitt5ts1 c4 ,dose 7( ! dri$ b>k71 #a_/b to #a dr41 #c or #d times a day4 ,ald]-tree1 ,black4 ,syn4 ,,b]ry-,,be>+ ,,ald]-,,tree2 ,,rham',,nus ,,fran',,gula1 ,l9n4 ,a l>ge %rub f\nd 9 ! woods & ?ickets ( ,engl&1 c4 ,wood1 ,,black ,,dog',,wood2 b>k1 bitt]1 emetic1 purgative2 us$ to dye yell[2 root-b>k1 a dra/ic purgative2 b]ries1 purgative1 emetic2 unripe b]ries yield ,,sap-,,gre52 *>coal ( ! wood e/eem$ ! be/ = gunp[d]4 ,,ale4 ,syn4 ,,b>ley ,,w9e992 ,,aile1 ,fr42 ,,weiss-,,bi]1 ,g]42 ,,ael1 ,,eale1 ,sax42 ,,c]evis',,ia ,,alba1 ,c4 ,,lupula',,ta1 ,a',,la991 ,,al',,la991 ,l4 ,pale-col\r$ be]1 prep>$ f lightly dri$ malt1 by ! ord9>y process ( brew+4 ,! ale ( ! mod]n brew] is manufactur$ 9 sev]al v>ieties1 :i* are det]m9$ by ! wants ( ! consum]1 & ! p>ticul> m>ket = :i* x is int5d$4 ,?us1 ! f9] k9ds ( ,burton1 ,ea/ ,india1 ,bav>ian1 & o!r l ales1 hav+ und]gone a ?or\gh f]m5tation1 conta9 only a small quantity ( undecompos$ sug> & gum1 v>y+ f #a to #e p] c5t4 ,"s ( ^! are highly 'hopp$1' or 'bitt]$1' ! fur!r to promote _! pres]vation dur+ transit & *ange ( temp]ature4 ,mild or sweet ales1 on ! contr>y1 are less att5uat$ by l5g!n$ f]m5tation1 & ab\nd 9 sac*>9e & gummy matt]4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 m nutriti\s1 ?\gh less intoxicat+1 ?an ^? previ\sly ref]r$ to4 ,9 brew+ ! f9] k9ds ( ale1 pale malt & ! be/ ,ea/ ,k5t hops ( ! curr5t season's gr[?1 are always employ$2 & :5 x is desir$ to produce a liquor possess+ little col\r1 v great att5tion is paid to _! selection4 ,) ! same object1 ! boil+ is conduct$ ) m ?an ! usual precautions1 & ! f]m5tation is c>ri$ on at a some:at l[] temp]ature ?an t commonly all[$ = o!r v>ieties ( be]4 ,= ord9>y ale1 int5d$ = imm$iate use1 ! malt may be all pale2 b1 if ! liquor be brew$ = keep+1 & 9 w>m wea!r1 :5 a slight col\r is n objectionable1 "o fif?1 or ev5 "o f\r? ( 'amb] malt' may be advantage\sly employ$4 ,f #d-a_/b lbs4 to #f lbs4 ( hops is ! quantity commonly us$ to ! qu>t] ( malt1 = 'ord9>y ales1' & #g lbs4 to #aj lbs4 = 'keep+ ales4' ,! proportions1 h[ev]1 mu/ greatly dep5d on ! int5d$ quality & description ( ! brew+1 & ! p]iod t w be all[$ = its maturation4 ,! /rong] v>ieties ( ale usually conta9 f #f to #h ( 'absolute alcohol1' ord9>y /rong ale1 #d-a_/b to #f2 mild ale1 #c to #d2 & table ale1 #a to #a-a_/b2 7ea* by volume72 toge!r ) "s undecompos$ sac*>9e1 gummy1 & extractive matt]1 ! bitt] & n>cotic pr9ciples ( ! hop1 "s acetic acid =m$ by ! oxidation ( ! alcohol1 & v small & v>iable quantities ( m9]al & sal9e matt]4 ,= ! adult]ants ( ale1 see ,,port]4 ,see ,,be]1 ,,brew+1 ,,f]m5tation1 ,,malt-,,liquors1 c4 ,ale1 ,dev'on%ire ,:ite4 ,a liquor once g5]ally drunk1 & /ill 9 dem&1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,k+sbridge & ,modbury1 ,devon4 ,prep4 ,ord9>y ale-wort 7pref]ably pale7 suffici5t to produce #a b>rel1 is sl[ly boil$ ) ab\t #c h&fuls ( hops1 & #ab to #ad lbs4 ( cru%$ groats1 until ! :ole ( ! soluble matt] ( ! latt] is extract$4 ,! result+ liquor1 aft] be+ run ?r\gh a co>se /ra9]1 & become lukew>m1 is f]m5t$ ) #b or #c p9ts ( yea/2 &1 z soon z ! f]m5tation is at its height1 is ei!r closely bung$ up = 'draught1' or is at once put into /rong /onew>e bottles1 :i* are !n well cork$ & wir$4 ,obs4 ,:ite ale is said to be v fe$+1 ?\gh apt to prove laxative to ^? unaccu/om$ to its use4 ,x is drunk 9 a /ate ( eff]vesc5ce or lively f]m5tation2 ! glass or cup conta9+ x be+ kept 9 con/ant motion1 :5 remov$ f ! m\?1 until ! :ole is consum$1 9 ord] t ! ?ick] portion may n subside to ! bottom4 ,ales1 ,m$'icat$4 ,syn4 ,,bryt',,oles2 ,,brutol,s1 ,fr42 ,,c]evis',i ,,m$ica',t1 ,l4 ,9 ph>macy1 ale prep>$ by mac]at+ m$ic9al sub/ances 9 x1 ei!r at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 or :5 heat$2 infusions & decoctions1 9 :i* ale or be] is employ$ z ! m5/ruum4 ,! old disp5satories enum]ate sev]al m$icat$ ales2 su* z ,,c]evisia ,,oxydor',,cica1 = ! eyes2 ,c4 ,,anti-,,ar?rit',,ica1 = ! g\t2 ,c4 ,,cephal',,ica1 = ! head2 ,c4 ,,epilep',,tica1 aga9/ epilepsy2 c4 ,prep>ations ( ?is k9d are n[ seldom ord]$ by ! faculty1 & _! use is *iefly conf9$ to ! practice ( empirics1 & to dome/ic m$ic9e4 ,b>k1 rue1 sav9e1 antiscorbutic plants1 aromatic bitt]s1 & /oma*ics1 are ! sub/ances mo/ commonly adm9i/]$ 9 ?is way4 ,ale 9 :i* wormwood1 g5tian1 orange-peel1 & ! l1 h be5 /eep$1 tak5 w>m e>ly 9 ! morn+1 is mu* e/eem$ z a re/orative tonic by drunk>ds & dyspeptics4 ,see ,,be]1 ,,purl1 c4 ,,ale',,b]ry4 ,a bev]age made by boil+ ale ) spice1 sug>1 & bread-sops2 ! la/ commonly toa/$4 ,a dome/ic rem$y = a cold4 ,,ale',,gill 7g h>d74 ,ale or be] flav\r$ or m$icat$ by infus+ ! leaves ( gr\nd ivy 9 x2 pectoral1 /oma*ic1 & n]v9e4 ,,ale',,wife4 ,! clupea s]rata1 an ,am]ican species ( h]r+4 ,its prop] "n is a'lo(1 al?\gh ! e/abli%$ pronunciation & common or?ography is ale-wife4 ,illu/ration ,,alem',,bic4 ,syn4 ,,moors',,headdagg]2 ,,alem',,bicus1 ,l42 ,,alambic1 ,fr42 ,,de/illirkolb51 ,g]4 ,an old =m ( di/illatory vessel usually made ( glass or e>!nw>e1 b sometimes ( metal4 ,! body 7a7 :i* holds ! liquid = di/illation is call$ ! ,,cu',,curbit2 ! upp] "p 7b7 ! ,,head or ,,cap',,itol2 7c7 is ! ,,receiv]4 ,x is /ill employ$ 9 ! laboratory1 9 ! di/illation ( articles t are apt to spurt ov] into ! neck ( ! common retort1 & ?us vitiate ! product4 ,,aleurom',,et]4 ,syn4 ,,aleurom,,tre1 ,fr4 ,an in/rum5t = det]m9+ ! quantity & quality ( glut5 9 :eat-fl\r1 inv5t$ by ,m4 ,bol&4 ,x ess5tially consi/s ( a holl[ copp] cyl9d]1 ab\t #f in*es long1 & #c_/d ( an in* int]nal diamet]4 ,?is tube has two pr9cipal p>ts2 ! "o1 ab\t #b in*es long1 is clos$ at ! l[] end1 =m+ a k9d ( cup1 into :i* ! glut5 is plac$2 x screws into ! rema9d] ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! cup be+ *>g$ ) a sample ( glut51 & ! upp] "p ( ! cyl9d] be+ screw$ on1 x is expos$ 9 an ov51 or 7pref]ably7 9 an oil ba?1 to a temp]ature ( #cej to #chj ,fahr4#ag ,f ! l5g? ( ! tube ! glut5 occupies 9 swell+1 z measur$ by a graduat$ scale1 its quality is det]m9$4 ,! 'crude glut5' ( good :eat-fl\r augm5ts to f\r or five times its orig9al volume1 :5 ?us treat$2 b t f bad fl\r does n swell1 becomes viscid & semi-fluid1 & g5]ally gives (f a disagreeable od\r2 :il/ t ( good fl\r m]ely sugge/s ! smell ( hot & highly bak$ bread4 ,footnote #ag3 ,mr ,mit*ell recomm5ds ! heat to be #dbj2 :il/ ,dr ,masprett gives #bhd ,fahr4 z ! prop] temp]ature2 b ( ^! ! fir/ is too high1 & ! o!r too l[4 ,ab\t #baj gr4 are also ord]$ to be tak5 = exam9ation2 b ! exact quantity is immat]ial4 7,see ,mit*ell's ',falsification ( ,food4'7 ,,al',,ga4 7-g7a74 ,l4 ,sea-we$4 ,a common "n ( grass-wrack 7'zo/]a m>9a'--,l9n471 ?\gh n "o ( ! alg4 ,,al',g4 77al'-je74 ,l4 pl4 ,syn4 ,,al',,gals2 ,,alg 7,,dc471 ,,al',,gales 7,l9dl471 ,l42 ,,algues1 ,,v>e*1 ,fr42 ,,alge1 ,,me]grass1 ,,seegrass1 ,g]4 ,sea-we$s4 ,9 botany1 an ord] ( ,?allog5s liv+ 9 wat] or v moi/ places1 n\ri%$ ?r\gh\t _! :ole surface by ! m$ium 9 :i* !y live1 hav+ no di/9ct axis ( vegetation1 & propagat$ by zospores1 col\r$ spores1 or tetraspores4 ,l9nu def9es !m--plants1 ! roots1 leaves1 & /ems ( :i* are all 9 "o4 ,! alg consi/ ei!r ( simple vesicles ly+ 9 mucus1 or ( articulat$ filam5ts1 or ( lob$ fronds =m$ ( uni=m cellul> tissue4 ,^? t vegetate 9 salt wat] are popul>ly call$ ,,sea-,,we$s 7fu'ci1 ,l47 & ,,la',,v] 7ulv1 ,l472 ^? f\nd 9 fre% wat] ,,conf]',v4 ,"o ( _! divisions 7! ,zosp]me7 compreh5ds ! l[e/ kn[n =ms ( vegetable life1 be+ m]ely adh]+ cells1 emitt+1 at maturity1 se$s or sporules hav+ a di/9ct animal motion4 ,9 ,oscillatorias1 ! :ole plant twi/s & wri!s spontane\sly2 & ,zym5as actually copulate l animals4 ,"s ( ! ,alg possess great beauty4 ,9 ! l[] grades ! col\r is gre52 9 ! high]1 r$ or purple4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,none ( ! ,alg are poison\s4 ,sev]al are nutriti\s1 emolli5t1 & demulc5t1 f conta9+ mucilage 7c>rage5971 />*1 sug> 7mannite71 & a little album52 & are h5ce us$ z escul5ts4 ,! a% f ! dri$ we$ v>ies 9 diff]5t v>ieties f #i to fully #be2 & conta9s v>iable quantities ( potassa1 soda1 lime1 magnesia1 iron1 manganese1 & silica1 ) sulphuric acid1 phosphoric acid1 *lor9e1 & a little iod9e & brom9e4 7,s*weitz]2 ,=*hamm]2 ,gde*5s47 ,sea-we$s1 _! *>coal1 & _! a%es1 h be5 long reg>d$ z alt]ative & resolv5t2 & anti-ph?isic virtues h be5 attribut$ to !m by ,la5nec & o!rs4 ,!y 7 =m]ly mu* giv5 9 scr(ul\s affections & gl&ul> enl>gem5ts2 b _! use is n[ almo/ sup]s$$ by t ( iod9e & its prep>ations4 ,dr ,/5h\se has propos$ "s ( ! alg z furni%+ an economical s\rce ( mannite4 ,! sea alg are us$ = manure2 _! a%es =m ,,kelp4 ,! foll[+ table1 %[+ ! results ( sev]al analyses ( diff]5t k9ds ( alg1 & illu/rat+ ! v l>ge am\nt ( nitrog5 conta9$ 9 !m1 is f ,mr ,walt] ,bly?'s excell5t diction>y ( ',hygi5e & ,public ,heal?4' ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,p] c5t4 ,prote9 ,k9ds ( ,alg4 ,wat]4 ,dry matt]4,nitrog5 9conta9$ 9 dry matt]4dry matt]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,*ondrus crispus1 #agib #hbjh #aecd #iehg blea*$1 f ,bewlay ,evans4 ,*ondrus crispus1 #badg #ghec #badb #acchg unblea*$1 ,ballyca/le4 ,giga/9a mamillosa1 #baee #ghde #baih #acgcg ,ballyca/le4 ,*ondrus crispus1 #aigi #hjba #adhe #ibha blea*$1 second exp]im5t4 ,*ondrus crispus1 #aiif #hjjd #beaj #aefhg unblea*$ second exp]im5t4 ,lam9>ia digitata1 or #bach #ghfb #aehh #iibe dulse tangle4 ,rhodom5ia palmata4 #afef #hcdd #cdfe #bafef ,porphyra lac9iata4 #agda #hbei #dfej #bijfb ,irida edulis4 #aifa #hjci #cjhh #aicjj ,al>ia escul5ta4 #agia #hjji #bdbd #aeaej ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,f ! above1 we le>n ! important fact t ! sea-we$s f\nd on our coa/s are among/ ! mo/ nutriti\s ( vegetable sub/ances1 & t !y1 :5 dry1 are ev5 ri*] 9 nitrog5\s matt] ?an ei!r oatmeal or ,indian corn 9 ! same /ate4 ,! foll[+ are ! *ief v>ieties ( alg :i* are us$ z food by ! dwell]s on our coa/s z well z on ! cont95t3--,,porphyra ,,lac9iata & ,,vulg>is1 call$ lav] 9 ,engl&1 /oke 9 ,irel&1 & sl\k 9 ,scotl&4 ,,*ondrus ,,crispus1 call$ c>rage5 or ,iri% moss1 & also pe>l-moss1 & sea-moss4 ,,lam9>ia ,,digitata1 kn[n z ! sea-girdle 9 ,engl&1 tangle 9 ,scotl&1 & r$-w>e 9 ! ,orkneys2 & ,,lam9>ia ,,sac*>9a1 ,,al>ia ,,escul5ta1 or bladd]-lock1 call$ also h5w>e1 & honey-w>e by ! ,scot*4 ,,ulva ,,latissima or ,,gre5 ,,lav]--,,rhodom5ia ,,palmata or dulse ( ,scotl&4 ,"u ! "n ( m>9e sauce ! ,,lav] 0 e/eem$ a luxury 9 ,london1 :]e x may n[ occasionally be met ) 9 ! %ops ( provision m]*ants4 ,! employm5t ( ! ,,*ondrus ,,crispus or ,c>rage5 9 ! =m ( an alim5t = consumptive & weakly p]sons1 w\ld seem f ! analysis ( x giv5 above to be fully ju/ifi$4 ,9 prep>+ ! alg = food1 !y mu/ be soak$ 9 wat] to remove ! sal9e matt]1 & :]e !y are possess$ ( a bitt] flav\r ?is may be remov$ by add+ a little c>bonate ( soda to ! wat]4 ,!y %\ld !n be /ew$ 9 wat] or milk till !y are t5d]4 ,! be/ flav\r+s are pepp] & v9eg>4 ,see ,,jelly4 ,,alg>o',,ba4 ,syn4 ,,ca'',,rob-,,tree1 ,,/4 ,,john',s ,,bread2 ,,c]ato',,nia ,,sil',,iqua1 ,l9n4 ,a legum9\s tree ( s\!rn ,europe1 ,pale/9e1 & "p ( ,africa4 ,pods 7,,alg>oba ,,beans71 us$ = food1 & to improve ! voice2 !y conta9 a sweeti%1 nutriti\s p[d]1 & are suppos$ to h be5 ! 'locu/s' on :i* ,/4 ,john f$ 9 ! wild]ness2 _! decoction has be5 us$ z a pectoral 9 a/hma & c\ghs4 ,alg>oba or ,alg>ovil'la4 ,! a/r+5t pods ( prosopis pallida1 p4 siliqua/rum1 & ,+a ,m>? 7,s\? ,am]ican trees71 bruis$ & m or less agglut9at$ by ! extractive exudation ( ! se$ & husks4 ,!y are us$ 9 tann+1 = :i* purpose !y h be5 /rongly recomm5d$2 inde$ t ( ,*ili1 & ( ,santa ,m>?a 7,new ,c>?ag5a71 is said to possess f\r times ! p[] ( good oak b>k 7,ure72 & 9 dye+ are only inf]ior to oak-galls4 ,,algont9e4 ,a m\? & too? wa%4 ,an aque\s solution ( nitrate ( potassium1 aromatis$ ) oil ( pepp]m9t1 t9cture ( myrrh1 & t9cture ( c9namon4 ,,algophon 7,b]nh>d1 ,salzburg74 ,= pa9s 9 decay$ tee?4 ,a solution ( e!real oil ( mu/>d 7#b grms47 9 _s ( co*le>ia 7#cj grms471 col\r$ gre5 by saffron & litmus4 7,witt/e947 ,,al',,im5t4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,alim5',,tum1 ,l42 ,,nahrung1 ,,speise1 ,g]4 ,food2 nutrim5t2 any?+ :i* n\ri%es or supports life4 ,,alim5t',,ary ,syn4 ,,alim5ta'',,rius1 ,l42 ,,alim5taire1 ,fr42 ,,zur ,,nahrung ,,geh,,rig1 ,g]4 ,p]ta9+ to food or alim5t2 nutrim5tal2 n\ri%+4 ,alim5t>y ,canal'4 ,syn4 ,,alim5t>y ,,duct2 ,,cana',,lis ,,alim5ta'',,rius1 ,l4 ,9 anatomy1 ! cavity 9 ! bodies ( animals into :i* ! food is tak5 = ! purpose ( be+ dige/$2 ! :ole passage or conduit ext5d+ f ! m\? to ! anus4 ,9 "s ( ! l[] animals ?is is a simple cavity1 ) only "o op5+2 :5 ! same ap]ture :i* admits ! food also gives egress to ! excrem5titi\s matt]4 ,9 o!rs x is a true canal1 ) bo? a m\? & an outlet4 ,ano!r /ep1 & we f9d ?is canal is divid$ into a /oma* & inte/9es4 ,9 ! high] grades1 a m\?1 ph>ynx1 & oesophagus prec$e ! /oma*4 ,birds h "o or two sacculi or crops add$ to ! oesophagus4 ,! /oma* ( ! rum9ants consi/s ( f\r sacs or p>ts1 ea* ( :i* may be reg>d$ z a sep>ate /oma*2 t ( ! bottle-nose :ale conta9s no less ?an sev5 ( su* sacs4 ,! "p bel[ ! /oma*1 =m+ ! inte/9es1 is also v>i\sly subdivid$1 complicat$1 & connect$4 ,9 man1 ^! subdivisions are t]m$--,,duod5um1 ,,jeju',,num1 ,,il',,eum1 ,c',,cum1 ,,co',,lon1 & ,,rec',,tum2 ! l[] end or orifice ( ! la/ be+ call$ ! ,a',,nus4 ,! exi/5ce ( an alim5t>y canal is said to be ! only true *>act]i/ic ( an animal4 ,plants h no common receptacle = _! food1 nor canal = c>ry+ away effete matt]2 b e animal1 h[ev] l[ 9 ! scale ( be+1 possesses an int]nal cavity :i* s]ves x z a /oma*4 ,alim5t>y ,sub'/ances4 ,syn4 ,,alim5ts2 ,,mate'',,ria ,,alim5ta'',,ria1 ,l4 ,sub/ances employ$ z food4 ,,alim5ta',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,alim5ta',,tio1 ,l42 ,,nahrhaftigkeit1 ,g]4 ,! act1 process1 p[]1 or /ate ( n\ri%+1 or be+ n\ri%$4 ,,al',,iz>i4 ,tur41 ali-z>i4 ,! comm]cial "n ( madd] 9 ! ,levant4 ,,aliz>94 ,c#aj;,h#f,o#c 4 #b;,h#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,laz>ic ,,acid4 ,a r$ col\r+ matt] obta9$ f madd]4 ,prep4 #a4 ,exhau/ madd] ) boil+ wat]1 & precipitate ! decoction by sulphuric acid4 ,wa% ! precipitate1 &1 :ile yet moi/1 boil x ) a conc5trat$ solution ( hydrate ( alum9um 9 hydro*loric acid1 & mix ! solution ) hydro*loric acid2 r$ flakes ( impure aliz>9 deposit4 ,dissolve ?is precipitate 9 alcohol or 9 dilute ammonia1 & treat ! solution ) hydrate ( alum9um4 ,boil ! alum9um comp\nd ?us =m$ ) c>bonate ( sodium1 &1 aft] free+ x f res9\s impurities by dige/ion ) e!r1 decompose x ) hot hydro*loric acid4 ,wa% ! aliz>9 ?us sep>at$1 dry x by simple exposure to air1 & purify x by repeat$ cry/allisation out ( alcohol4 #b4 ,sublime on a pap] an alcoholic extract ( madd]4 ,?is me?od yields ! pure/ aliz>94 ,props4 ,r$ prisms2 sublimes at #dai ,f42 od\rless1 ta/eless1 & neutral to te/-pap]2 sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]1 ev5 at ! boil+ temp]ature2 soluble 9 alcohol & e!r2 n decompos$ by hydro*loric acid2 dissolv$1 )\t decomposition1 by /rong sulphuric acid2 soluble 9 solutions ( ! alkalies & _! c>bonates2 acids precipitate aliz>9 f its alkal9e solutions 9 orange-col\r$ flakes2 alum9a decolorises an alcoholic solution ( aliz>91 =m+ a r$ lake4 ,,aliz>91 ,,artificial4 ,c#ad;,h#h,o#d4 ,?is col\r 0 fir/ obta9$ by ,graebe & ,lieb]mann 9 #ahfi f an?ra*9on1 an oxidation product ( an?rac51 ?is latt] be+ a sub/ance :i* is =m$ dur+ ! de/ructive di/illation ( coal-t>4 ,^! *emi/s conv]t$ an?rac5 into anti*9on by means ( nitric acid4 ,! crude an?rac5 is previ\sly purifi$ by treatm5t ) b5zol9e 7petroleum _s71 aid$ by heat1 & by be+ subject$ to ! action ( ! c5trifugal ma*9e to fusion1 & to sublimation4 ,accord+ to ! orig9al me?od ( prep>+ aliz>91 ! an?ra*9on 0 fir/ conv]t$ into a dibromide ( an?ra*9on by treatm5t ) brom9e1 & ?is bromat$ comp\nd1 by fur!r treatm5t ei!r ) cau/ic pota% or soda at a temp]ature ( #ahj to #bjj ,c41 conv]t$ into aliz>9-potassium 7or aliz>9-sodium if cau/ic soda has be5 us$71 f :i* ! aliz>9 is set free by means ( hydro*loric acid4 ,aliz>9 is n[ procur$ f an?ra*9on by treatm5t at a temp]ature ( #bfj ,c41 ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid ( #ahd sp4 gr41 ! an?ra*9on be+ conv]t$ into a sulpho-acid2 ?is acid is next neutralis$ ) c>bonate ( lime1 ! fluid decant$ f ! deposit$ sulphate ( lime1 & c>bonate ( pota% add$ to x1 ) ! object ( ?r[+ d[n all ! lime4 ,! cle> liquid is !n evaporat$ to dryness1 ! result+ sal9e mass is conv]t$ into aliz>9-potassium by heat+ x ) cau/ic pota%4 ,f ! aliz>9-potassium ?us obta9$ ! aliz>9 is set free by ! aid ( hydro*loric acid4 ,9 ano!r me?od ! prep>ation ( an?ra*9on is avoid$1 & an?rac5 employ$ directly1 by fir/ conv]t+ x1 by means ( sulphuric acid & heat1 into an?rac5 sulphonic-acid4 ,aft] hav+ be5 dilut$ ) wat]1 ! solution ( ?is acid is treat$ ) oxidis+ ag5ts 7p]oxides ( manganese1 lead1 *romic acid1 nitric acid71 & ! acid fluid is aft]w>ds neutralis$ ) c>bonate ( lime4 ,:5 p]oxide ( manganese has be5 us$1 ! manganese is also precipitat$ z oxide4 ,! oxidis$ sulpho-acid hav+ be5 previ\sly conv]t$ into a potassium salt1 ! latt] be+ heat$ ) cau/ic pota%1 aliz>9 is obta9$4 ,! details ( ^! two processes w be f\nd set =? 9 ! t]ms ( ! pat5t tak5 out by ,messrs ,c>o1 ,graebe & ,lieb]mann1 fur!r on4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( prep>+ aliz>9 f an?rac5e p>anaph?al5e & _! homologues is by ,gir>d4 ,! mat]ial us$ is t :i* di/ils betwe5 #bij & #cfj2 x is purifi$ by di/illation & pressure1 ! portion :i* passes ov]1 betwe5 #cjj & #cje1 be+ collect$ sep>ately4 ,?is mixture is treat$ ) potassium *lorate & hydro*loric acid1 :]eby x is conv]t$ into tetra-*lor9at$ products4 ,^! are oxidis$ ei!r by nitric acid 9 ! wat] ba?1 or by a metallic oxide 7r$ or br[n oxide ( lead71 & sulphuric or acetic acid4 ,9 ! fir/ place a mixture ( di*loran?raqu99e & *loride ( *loroxyan?ranyl are obta9$4 ,^! sub/ances are treat$ 9 pres5ce ( a metallic oxide 7oxide ( z9c1 oxide ( copp]1 or li?>ge71 ) an alcoholic solution ( sodium acetate4 ,! metallic oxide removes ! la/ atom ( *lor9e f ! sodium *loroxyan?ranilate1 & conv]ts x1 l ! di*loran?raqu99e1 into aliz>94 ,! purification is effect$ by means ( b5z9e1 petroleum1 c41 :i* dissolve out ! =eign matt]s1 & by successive precipitation f ! alkal9e solutions by m9]al acids4 ,! =eign matt]s may also be sep>at$ by means ( a little alum1 :5 x is necess>y to "w ) neutral pota% or soda salts4 ,ano!r me?od = ! prep>ation ( aliz>9 has be5 pat5t$ by ,dale & ,s*orlemm]4 ,x is z foll[s3 #a "p ( an?rac5 is boil$ ) #d to #aj p>ts ( /rong sulphuric acid1 !n dilut$ ) wat]1 & ! solution neutralis$ ) c>bonate ( calcium1 b>ium1 potassium1 or sodium4 ,! result+ sulphates hav+ be5 remov$ by nitration or cry/allisation1 ! solution is heat$ to betwe5 #ahj & #bfj ) cau/ic pota% or soda1 to :i* a quantity ( potassium nitrate or *lorate has be5 add$1 ab\t equal 9 weight to ! an?rac51 z long z a blue-violet col\r is !reby produc$4 ,f ?is product ! aliz>9 is sep>at$ 9 ! usual way by precipitation ) an acid4 ,sev]al o!r pat5ts h be5 tak5 out = ! prep>ation ( artificial aliz>94 ,! specification ( ,messrs ,c>o1 ,graebe1 & ,lieb]mann1 & dat$ ,june #be?1 #ahfi1 0 ! fir/ :i* 0 tak5 out 9 ,engl&4 ,we quote x "h because x ent]s m fully into detail ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,our inv5tion is c>ri$ into effect by means ( ei!r ( ! two processes :i* we w proce$ to describe4 ,9 ! "o process we proce$ z foll[s--,we take ab\t "o "p by weight ( an?raqu9one & ab\t ?ree p>ts by weight ( sulphuric acid ( ab\t specific gravity ( #adhh1 & introduce ! same into a retort1 :i* may be made ( glass1 or porcela91 or ( any o!r mat]ial n easily act$ ^u by sulphuric acid1 & ! cont5ts are !n to be heat$ up to ab\t #bfj ,c5tigrade1 & ! temp]ature is ma9ta9$ until ! mixture is f\nd no long] to conta9 any appreciable quantity ( unalt]$ an?raqu9one4 ,! completion ( ?is op]ation may be asc]ta9$ or te/$ by )draw+ a small portion ( ! product f "t to "t1 & cont9u+ ! op]ation at ! high temp]ature until su* product ^u be+ dilut$ ) wat] is f\nd to =m a sub/antially p]fect solution1 !reby indicat+ t ! an?raqu9one has become ei!r entirely or 9 great] "p conv]t$ into ! desir$ product4 ,! products ?us obta9$ are !n all[$ to cool1 & are dilut$ ) wat]2 c>bonate ( lime is !n add$ 9 ord] to neutralise & remove ! excess ( sulphuric acid conta9$ 9 ! solution2 ! mixture is !n filt]$1 & to ! filtrate c>bonate ( pota%1 or c>bonate ( soda1 by pref]5ce 9 solution1 is to be add$ until c>bonate ( lime is no long] precipitat$2 ! mixture is !n filt]$1 & ! cle> solution is evaporat$ to dryness1 by :i* means ! pota% or soda salts ( ! sulpho-acids ( an?raqu9one are obta9$1 & :i* are to be treat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,we take ab\t "o "p by weight ( ?is product1 & f two to ?ree p>ts by weight ( solid cau/ic1 soda1 or pota%2 wat] may be add$ or n1 b by pref]5ce we add z mu* wat] z is necess>y to dissolve ! alkali aft] admixture2 we heat ! :ole 9 a suitable vessel1 & ! heat+ op]ation is cont9u$ at a temp]ature ( f ab\t #ahj to #bfj ,c5tigrade1 = ab\t "o h\r1 or until a portion ( ! mixture is f\nd ^u )draw+ & te/+ x to give a solution 9 wat]1 :i* be+ acidulat$ ) an acid1 = example1 sulphuric acid1 w give a copi\s precipitate ( ! col\r+ matt]s4 ,! heat+ op]ation hav+ be5 f\nd to h be5 cont9u$ = a suffici5t "t1 ! result+ products are !n dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & we ei!r filt] or decant ! solution ( ! same1 f :i* we precipitate ! col\r+ matt]s or artificial aliz>91 by means ( a m9]al or organic acid1 su*1 = example1 z sulphuric or acetic acid4 ,! precipitat$ col\r+ matt]s ?us obta9$ are collect$ 9 a filt] or o!rwise1 & aft] hav+ be5 wa%$ may be employ$ = ! purpose ( dye+ & pr9t+1 ei!r 9 ! same way z prep>ations ( madd] are n[ us$ or o!rwise4 ,9 c>ry+ out our o!r process we proce$ z foll[s3--,we take ab\t "o "p by weight ( an?rac5e & ab\t f\r p>ts by weight ( sulphuric acid ( specific gravity ( ab\t #ahdh1 & ! mixture be+ conta9$ 9 a suitable vessel1 is heat$ to a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj ,c5tigrade1 & :i* temp]ature is to be ma9ta9$ = ! space ( ab\t ?ree h\rs2 ! temp]ature is !n to be rais$ to ab\t #aej ,c5tigrade1 :i* temp]ature is to be ma9ta9$ = ab\t "o h\r1 or until a small portion ( ! product :5 submitt$ to ! two subsequ5t processes h]e9aft] describ$ is f\nd to produce ! desir$ col\r+ matt]s2 we !n all[ ! result obta9$ by ?is op]ation to cool1 & dilute x ) wat]1 by pref]5ce 9 ! proportion ( ab\t ?ree times its weight4 ,to ! solution ?us obta9$ we add = e "p ( an?rac5e by weight :i* _h be5 employ$ 9 ! previ\s op]ations1 f ab\t two to ?ree p>ts by weight ( p]oxide ( manganese1 pref]r+ to employ an excess1 & we boil ! :ole /rongly = "s "t1 & 9 ord] fully to ensure ! desir$ degree ( oxidation ! mixture may be subsequ5tly conc5trat$1 & by pref]5ce be evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! heat be cont9u$ until a small portion ( ! oxidis$ product1 :5 submitt$ to ! subsequ5t processes h]e9aft] describ$ w produce ! desir$ col\r+ matt]s4 ,we !n neutralise & remove ! sulphuric acid conta9$ 9 ?is mixture1 & at ! same "t precipitate any oxides ( manganese t may be held 9 solution1 by add+ an excess ( cau/ic lime1 :i* we use by pref]5ce 9 ! =m ( milk ( lime1 & we add ! same until ! mixture has an alkal9e reaction4 ,we !n filt]1 & add to ! filtrate c>bonate ( pota% or soda1 until !re is no fur!r precipitation ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,! solution is !n filt]$ & evaporat$ to dryness1 & we ?us obta9 ! pota% or soda salts ( :at we call ! sulpho-acids ( an?raqu9one4 ,9 effect+ ! conv]sion ( ! oxidis$ products ?us obta9$ into col\r+ matt]s1 or into :at we call artificial aliz>91 we proce$ z foll[s3--,we take "o "p by weight ( ?is product1 & f two to ?ree p>ts by weight ( solid cau/ic soda or pota%1 & wat] may be add$ or n1 b by pref]5ce we add z mu* wat] z may be necess>y to dissolve ! alkali4 ,aft] admixture we heat ! :ole 9 a suitable vessel1 & cont9ue ! heat+ op]ation at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ahj to ab\t #bfj ,c5tigrade = ab\t "o h\r1 or until a portion ( ! mixture is f\nd to give a solution 9 wat]1 :i* ^u acidulation ) an acid1 = example1 sulphuric acid1 is f\nd to give a copi\s precipitate ( ! col\r+ matt]s4 ,! heat+ op]ation hav+ be5 f\nd to h be5 cont9u$ = a suffici5t "t1 we !n dissolve ! product 9 wat]1 & ei!r filt] or decant ! solution ( ! same1 f :i* we precipitate ! col\r+ matt]s or artificial aliz>9 by means ( a m9]al or organic acid1 su*1 = example1 z sulphuric or acetic acid4 ,! precipitat$ col\r+ matt]s ?us obta9$ are collect$ on a filt] or o!rwise1 & aft] hav+ be5 wa%$ may be employ$ = ! purpose ( dye+ & pr9t+1 ei!r 9 ! same way z prep>ations ( madd] are n[ us$ or o!rwise4 ,in/ead ( act+ ^u an?rac5 by means ( sulphuric acid ( ! d5sity be=e m5tion$1 fum+ sulphuric acid may be employ$1 b we pref] to use ! ord9>y k9d be=e describ$4 ,9 ord] to effect ! process ( oxidation1 be=e ref]r$ to1 o!r oxidis+ ag5ts may be us$ 9 ! place ( ! oxide ( manganese1 be=e m5tion$1 su*1 = example1 z p]ioxide ( lead1 or *romic1 nitric1 or o!r acids capable ( effect+ ! desir$ oxidation may be employ$4 ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,p]k9's pat5t is simil> 9 pr9ciple to t ( ,messrs ,c>o1 ,graebe1 & ,lieb]mann1 & is dat$ only "o day lat]4 ,! foll[+ is an outl9e ( a pat5t tak5 out 9 ,france 9 ,may1 #ahfi1 by ,,mm4 ,broenn] & ,gutzkon1 = ! manufacture ( artificial aliz>94 ,"o "p ( an?rac5 is heat$ ) two p>ts ( nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #ac to #ae4 ,! an?raqu9one ?us produc$ is wa%$ & dissolv$ at a mod]ate heat 9 sulphuric acid4 ,m]curic nitrate is n[ add$1 :i* conv]ts ! an?raqu9one into aliz>91 ,! mass ?us =m$ is dissolv$ 9 an excess ( alkali1 :i* precipitates ! oxide ( m]cury1 & reta9s ! col\r+ matt]s 9 solution4 ,! alkal9e liquor is decant$ & neutralis$ ) sulphuric acid1 & ! precipitate ?us =m$ is wa%$ & collect$4 ,if n q pure ! treatm5t ) alkali mu/ be repeat$4 7,! complete specification ( ?is pat5t is publi%$ 9 ! ',moniteur ,sci5tifique1' vol4 xi1 p4 #hfe47 ,9 ,engl& a l>ge quantity ( artificial aliz>9 is manufactur$ by ! process ( ,mr ,p]k91 & is us$ z a sub/itute = madd] & madd] extract1 9 ,turkey r$ dye+ & topical /yles4 ,! l>ge/ mak]s ( artificial aliz>9 on ! cont95t are ,messrs ,gess]t ,frres1 ( ,ebel=t1 ,messrs ,mai/]1 ,lucius & ,co41 ( ,h*/1 ne> ,frank=t1 & ! ,badis*e ,anil9 und ,soda ,fabric1 ,mannheim4 ,! foll[+ recipes = pr9t+ ) artificial aliz>9 are extract$ f ,mr ,crookes' ',practical ,h&book ( ,dye+ & ,calico ,pr9t+'3 ,,r$s4 #e lbs4 aliz>9 pa/e 7#aj p] c5t472 #af lbs4 ?ick5+2 #a lb4 acetate ( alum9a1 at #ae ,tw42 #a_/b lb4 acetate ( lime1 at #be ,tw4 ,,p9ks4 ,! above dilut$ ) #b or #c p>ts ( ?ick5+4 ,= d\ble pr9t+1 :5 deep r$ is pr9t$ on fir/1 ! goods mu/ be /eam$ "o h\r be=e ! second pr9t+ takes place4 ,aft] ! second pr9t+ ! goods are aga9 /eam$ = "o h\r1 & ag$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 !y are !n pass$ ?r\gh "o ( ! foll[+ ba?s1 at f #abj to #adj ,f41 rema9+ 9 ! ba? n long] ?an #a to #a-a_/b m9ute3-- #bej gals4 wat]2 #fj lbs4 *alk2 #c lbs4 t9 cry/als4 ,or1 #bej gals4 wat]2 #dj lbs4 *alk2 #aj lbs4 ars5iate ( soda4 ,! goods are !n wa%$1 & clean$ z foll[s3-- ,take1 = #aj pieces ( fifty y>ds ea*1-- #a/4 ,soap+ at #abj ,f41 #c lbs4 soap2 #a_/d lb4 t9 cry/als4 #bnd4 ,soap+ at #afj ,f41 #c lbs4 soap2 #crd4 ,soap+ at #age ,f41 #c lbs4 soap4 ,wa% betwe5 ea* soap+4 ,,r$ ,,= ,,mosaics4 #h lbs4 aliz>9 pa/e 7#aj p] c5t472 #aj qu>ts ?ick5+2 #i-a_/b oz4 nitrate ( alum9a1 at #bc ,tw42 #ai oz4 acetate ( alum9a1 at #ae ,tw42 #ac oz4 acetate ( lime1 at #be ,tw4 ,or1 #aj lbs4 aliz>9 pa/e 7#aj p] c5t472 #aj qu>ts ?ick5+2 #ac oz4 nitrate ( alum9a1 at #bc ,tw42 #ai oz4 acetate ( alum9a1 at #ae ,tw42 #af oz4 acetate ( lime1 at #be ,tw4 ,,ano!r ,,r$ ,,)\t ,,oil4 #h-a_/b lbs4 aliz>9 pa/e 7#aj p] c5t472 #i-a_/b lbs4 acetic acid1 at #ab ,tw42 #c-a_/b lbs4 :eat fl\r2 #e p9ts wat]4 ,boil well & /ir till cold2 !n add-- #a lb4 acetate ( lime1 at #bi ,tw42 #b lbs4 nitrate ( alum9a1 at #bc ,tw42 #c lbs4 hyposulphite ( lime1 at #ac ,tw4 ,,purple4 #c lbs4 aliz>9 pa/e 7#aj p] c5t472 #aj qu>ts purple ?ick5+2 #f oz4 pyrolignite ( lime1 at #ah ,tw42 #ab oz4 acetate ( lime1 at #be ,tw4 ,! pr9t$ goods are /eam$ = an h\r or two1 & !n ag$ f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six h\rs4 ,!y are !n padd$ 9 ! *alk & ars5iate ( soda ba?2 aft] :i* !y are wa%$ & soap$ 9 a s+le soap-ba? )\t t9 cry/als2 &1 if ne$ful1 clean$ 9 a weak solution ( blea*+ p[d]4 ,,?ick5+ ,,= ,,r$s4 #ab lbs4 :eat />*2 #dj qu>ts wat]2 #d qu>ts acetic acid1 #ii ,tw42 #a-a_/d lbs4 gum tragacan?2 #b lbs4 olive oil4 ,boil well toge!r1 & /ir till cold4 ,,?ick5+ ,,= ,,purple4 #aj lbs4 />*2 #bg qu>ts wat]2 #c qu>ts acetic acid2 #a-a_/h lbs4 gum tragacan?2 #b lbs4 olive oil4 ,boil well toge!r1 & /ir till cold4 ,! mordants 9 ! above recipes are prep>$ z fell[s3 ,,acetate ,,( ,,alum9a4 ,/ir #cj lbs4 ( hydrate ( alum9a into six qu>ts ( acetic acid1 w>m1 filt]1 & r$uce to ! specific gravity requir$4 ,! hydrate ( alum9a is prep>$ by dissolv+ #gb lbs4 ( alum 9 #ajj gals4 ( wat]1 & #fb lbs4 soda 9 #ajj gals4 ( wat]4 ,! two solutions are mix$1 ?is precipitate is wa%$ eight times by decantation1 collect$ on a filt] & press$4 ,x mu/ be dissolv$ on ! filt] be=e x gets dry4 ,,nitrate ,,( ,,alum9a4 #b lbs4 nitrate ( lead2 #b lbs4 alum2 #b qu>ts wat]4 ,dissolve & filt] (f ! liquid f ! precipitate1 & dilute to prop] /&>d4 ,! r$s are turn$ m yell[ by nitrate ?an by acetate ( alum9a1 & :5 ! =m] is us$ m acetate ( lime is tak5 9 addition4 ,,acetate ,,( ,,lime4 ,a solution ( acetate ( lime at #be ,tw4 conta9s #be p] c5t4 ( acetate ( lime2 g5]ally #a_/aj? ( ! weight ( aliz>9 pa/e is requir$2 b ) a fre% quantity ( aliz>9 x is saf] to asc]ta91 on a small scale1 ! am\nt ne$$4 ,,br[n4 #ac-a_/d lbs4 aliz>9 pa/e 7#ae p] c5t472 #i qu>ts ?ick5+2 #b lbs4 nitrate ( alum9a1 at #bi ,tw42 #ae oz4 acetate ( alum9a1 at #ai ,tw42 #ae oz4 r$ prussiate pota%1 dissolv$ 9 wat]2 #a lb4 #a oz4 acetate ( lime1 at #bi ,tw4 ,to obta9 a yell[] %ade1 = e qu>t ( mix$ col\r1 #a oz4 b>k liquor1 at #cj ,tw41 may be add$4 ,old spoil$ r$ col\rs may be advantage\sly us$ = br[ns by add+ p] qu>t1 #c_/d oz4 to #a oz4 r$ prussiate1 dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,,alkali4 ,syn4 ,,alkali1 ,fr42 ,,lang5salz1 ,g]4 ,?is ^w has be5 us$ 9 v>i\s s5ses1 b is n[ usually appli$ to f\r sub/ances only1 viz4 ! hydrates ( potassium1 sodium1 li?ium1 & ammonium 7! latt] be+ suppos$ to exi/ 9 ! aque\s solution ( ammonia74 ,9 a m g5]al s5se x is appli$ to ! hydrates ( b>ium1 /rontium1 & calcium1 :i*1 = ! sake ( di/9ction1 are call$ ! alkal9e e>?s4 ,! foll[+ prop]ties are *>act]i/ic ( ! alkalies3--7#a7 ,!y are soluble 9 wat]1 ! alkalies prop] m s ?an ! alkal9e e>?s4 7#b7 ,!y *ange ! hue ( _m vegetable col\r+ matt]s2 ?us1 !y turn r$d5$ litmus blue1 yell[ turm]ic br[n1 & syrup ( violets & infusion ( r$ cabbage gre54 7#c7 ,!y neutralise ! /ronge/ acids4 7#d7 ,!y precipitate mo/ ( ! heavy metals f solutions ( _! salts z hydrates or oxides4 7#e7 ,!y saponify ! fix$ oils & fats4 7#f7 ,!y ex]t a cau/ic or corrosive action on animal & vegetable sub/ances4 ,,alkali ,,acts4 ,! pr9cipal alkali ,act is ! #bf & #bg ,vict41 c4 #bd1 am5d$ by #cg & #ch ,vict41 c4 #dc1 ! am5d$ ,act hav+ come into op]ation 9 #ahge4 ,e alkali "w mu/ be c>ri$ on s z to ensure ! cond5sation ( n less ?an #ie ( muriatic acid evolv$ !re92 & x mu/ be s cond5s$ t 9 ea* cubic foot ( air1 smoke1 or *imney gases1 escap+ f ! works into ! atmosph]e1 !re is n conta9$ m ?an "o fif? "p ( a gra9 ( muriatic acid4 ,p5alty = fir/ conviction1 #ej2 = second & o!r (f5ces1 #ajj1 or less 7#bf & #bg ,vict41 c4 #abd1 s4 #d2 #cg & #ch ,vict41 c4 #dc1 s4 #d74 ,! own] ( e alkali "w is also b\nd to use ! be/ practicable means ( prev5t+ ! dis*>ge into ! atmosph]e ( all o!r noxi\s gases aris+ f su* "w2 or ( r5d]+ su* gases h>mless :5 dis*>g$4 ,! noxi\s gases are def9$ to be sulphuric acid1 sulphur\s acid 7except t aris+ f ! combu/ion ( coals71 nitric acid1 or o!r noxi\s oxides ( nitrog51 sulphurett$ hydrog5 & *lor9e 7#cg & #ch ,vict41 c4 #dc1 ss4 #e & #h74 ,! own] is liable = any (f5ce aga9/ ! ,alkali ,acts1 unless he prove t ! (f5ce 0 committ$ by "s ag5t1 s]vant1 or workman1 & )\t 8 k1 9 :i* case ! ag5t1 c41 is liable 7#bf & #bg ,vict41 c4 #abd1 s4 #e74 ,e alkali "w mu/ be regi/]$2 p5alty = neglect #e p] day 7ibid41 s4 #f74 ,p[]s are giv5 to own]s to make special rules = ! guidance ( _! workm5 7ibid4 s4 #ac74 ,,alkalim',,etry4 ,syn4 ,,alkalime',,tria1 ,l42 ,,alcalim,,trie1 ,fr4 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! e/imation ( ! /r5g? ( ! comm]cial alkalies2 ! art or process ( det]m9+ ! quantity or proportion ( pure cau/ic alkali1 or ( its c>bonate1 9 any giv5 sample or simple solution4 ,x is ! rev]se ( 'acidimetry1' & x %\ld be und]/ood t x does n apply to alkalies occurr+ "u any o!r =m or condition ?an ^? j m5tion$4 ,alkalimetric assays are n[ also frequ5tly & conv5i5tly ext5d$ to ! e/imation ( ! alkal9e e>?s & _! c>bonates1 z h]eaft] notic$4 ,alkalimetrical processes4 ,^!1 l ^? ( 'acidimetry1' are = ! mo/ "p f\nd$ on--! capacity ( ! bases to saturate acids--! e/imation ( ! quantity ( dry c>bonic acid lib]at$ f a giv5 weight ( an alkal9e c>bonate "u ! influ5ce ( a /rong] acid2 &1 9 ! case ( ! pure alkalies1 ! sp4 gr4 ( _! solutions4 ,f any "o ( ^! results ! exact am\nt ( alkali1 or ( alkal9e c>bonate1 pres5t 9 a sample1 is easily f\nd or calculat$4 ,^! processes are1 inde$1 precisely simil> to ^? describ$ "u ,,acidimetry2 b "h ! unkn[n quantity s\ght is ! alkali1 in/ead ( ! acid4 ,assay4 ,! ,,sample is drawn f z ne> ! c5tre ( ! cask conta9+ ! alkali z possible1 & at once plac$ 9 a wide-m\!d bottle1 :i* is !n closely cork$ up & numb]$4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! assay1 ! cont5ts ( ! bottle are ?r[n on a piece ( dry pap]1 ! lumps cru%$ small1 & ! :ole r$uc$ to co>se p[d] z rapidly z possible4 ,! numb] ( gra9s requir$ = ! trial are !n at once weigh$1 plac$ 9 a phial or small glass tube1 & agitat$ ) ab\t #a_/b oz4 ( hot wat]4 ,aft] a %ort "t all[$ = repose1 ! cle> liquid is p\r$ (f into a beak]-glass or o!r vessel 9 :i* ! trial is to be made4 ,?is process is repeat$ ) a second & a ?ird quantity ( wat]1 or until no?+ soluble rema9s1 %[n by ! la/ wa%+s n affect+ ! col\r ( turm]ic pap]4 ,! greate/ c>e mu/ "h be tak5 n to wa/e ! smalle/ portion ( ! liquid1 :i* w\ld r5d] ! results inaccurate4 ,to ! solution 9 ! beak]-glass a little solution ( litmus is add$1 unless ! acid is t9t$ ) x :5 x is unnecess>y4 ,! solution is n[ heat$ until ne> its boil+ po9t1 & a piece ( :ite pap] or porcela9 put beh9d x1 to bett] %[ up ! *anges ( col\r4 ,! alkal9e solution is n[ treat$ ) ! /&>d te/-acid1 :i* is p\r$ c>efully f an alkalimet] or ,mohr's burette1 until ! solution1 aft] turn+ a purple r$1 sudd5ly assumes a p9k col\r4 ,neutralisation be+ ?us effect$1 ! op]ator all[s ! sides ( ! alkalimet] or burette to dra91 & !n ei!r 'reads (f' ! numb] ( divisions :i* h be5 consum$1 or 7if us+ ! te/-acid by weight7 det]m9es ! quantity by aga9 weigh+ ! alkalimet]4 ,! common practice is to all[ two drops 7 #a_/e? ( an alkalimetrical division by ,,volume1 or #b gr4 by ,,weight7 = ov]-saturation1 :i* is1 !re=e1 d$uct$ f ! 'obs]v$ quantity' ( ! te/-liquor employ$4 ,9 te/+ solutions ( ! ,,pure or ,,cau/ic ,,alkalies1 ! col\r1 on neutralisation1 sudd5ly *anges f blue to p9k or r$1 )\t any int]m$iate v9\s or purple col\r be+ produc$4 ,! quantity ( te/-acid us$ gives ! absolute or p]-c5tage composition ( ! sample exam9$1 accord+ to ! con/itution ( ! te/-acid us$4 ,/&>d ,acids4 ,! v>i\s te/-acids 9 use z describ$ bel[1 ea* be+ us$ by diff]5t op]ators z !y ?9k be/4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t te/-acid1 or normal solution1 bo? = comm]cial & *emical assays1 is p]haps dilute sulphuric acid1 :i*1 :5 int5d$ to be us$ ,,volumetrically1 has ! sp4 gr4 #ajcb at #fj ,fahr41 & conta9s 9 #ajj alkalimetrical divisions #ajjj wat]-gra9s measure1 or #a litre1 exactly #di gr4 7or grammes7 ( sulphuric acid2 & :5 int5d$ to be us$ ,,gravimetrically1 or by weight1 has ! sp4 gr4 #ajcc1 & conta9s 9 #ajjj gr4 7or grammes7 weight exactly #di gr4 7grammes7 ( sulphuric acid2 &1 9 bo? cases1 consequ5tly corresponds to #a equiv4 ( e o!r base4 ,^! dilute acids are easily prep>$ by mix+ #a "p ( ! conc5trat$ acid ) #aa or #ab p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]2 ! precise quantity dep5d+ on ! /r5g? ( ! acid employ$1 & mu/ be s arrang$ t #ajjj gra9s %all exactly neutralise #ajjj gra9s ( wat] conta9+ #ec gra9s ( pure anhydr\s sodium c>bonate4 ,?is acid 7z well z all ^? h]eaft] m5tion$7 may be kept fa9tly t+$ ) litmus1 :i* is (t5 m conv5i5t ?an t++ ! alkal9e solution at ! "t ( mak+ ! assay4 ,x w at once be se5 t e alkalimet] division ( ! fir/ ( ! above acids1 & e #aj gr4 ( ! second1 repres5t ! #a_/ajj? "p1 or #a ( alkali :5ev] ! equival5t weight#ah ( ! latt] is tak5 = ! assay4 ,e #a-aj? "p ( an alkalimet]-division 7or e drop71 & e gra9 weight 7:5 a ,s*/]'s alkalimet] is employ$7 !n respectively repres5ts ! #a_/aj ( #a2 & ! result s\ght is obta9$ )\t ! necessity ( any calculation4 ,footnote #ah3 ,see ,table ,,ii1 at ! end ( ?is article4 ,?is is obvi\s--= if ! equival5t ( a pure alkali or ( its c>bonate 7i4 e4 "o ( #ajj7 requires an equiv4 7#ajj alkalimet]-divisions1 or #ajjj gr47 ( te/-acid to saturate x1 an alkali or alkal9e c>bonate ( #ge1 #ej1 or #be1 w respectively require only #ge1 #ej1 or #be divisions1 or #gej1 #ejj1 or #bej gr42 & s ( o!r /r5g?s 9 proportion4 ,! only precaution necess>y is always to take ! /&>d weight = ! assay answ]+ to ! equiv4 ( ! d5om9ation ( ! p]-c5tage result s\ght4 ,?us1 9 te/+ a c>bonate ( pota%1 we may ei!r wi% to det]m9e its p]-c5tage ri*ness 9 'dry c>bonate1' or 9 'pure potassa1' ! latt] be+ usually ! case4 ,to obta9 ! fir/1 we mu/ take #fi gr4 = ! assay2 & to obta9 ! second1 #dg gr4 ,) ,,cau/ic ,,alkalies1 or mixtures conta9+ !m1 ! weight1 9 gra9s1 tak5 = ! assay1 mu/ always correspond to ! equiv4 ( ! pure base4 ,see ,table ,,ii1 at ! end ( ?is article4 ,9 comm]cial assays1 :5 #ajj gr4 7or "s aliquot "p !re(7 are tak5 = trial1 ! p]-c5tage result is obta9$ f ! numb] ( alkalimet]-divisions1 or ! numb] ( gra9s1 ( ! te/-acid consum$1 by ! common ,rule ( ,proportion4 ,?us3--,a crude sample ( pota% hav+ tak5 #ij alkalimet]-divisions ( te/-acid to neutralise x1 w\ld conta9-- #ajj 3 #dg 33 #ij 3 #dbcj or ne>ly #db-a_/c p] c5t4 ( pure potassa4 ,if only #ej1 #be1 or #bj gr4 are te/$1 ! result mu/1 ( c\rse1 be d\ble1 quadruple1 c41 z ! case may be4 ,or ! ?ird t]m ( ! proportion may be multipli$ by ! d5om9ator ( ! fraction repres5t+ ! aliquot "p4 ,?is1 9 ! case ( #ej gr4 7repeat+ ! above example71 w\ld be-- #aj 3 #dg 33 #de #b 3 #dbcj z be=e2 b ev5 ^! easy calculations may be simplifi$1 z is %[n bel[4 ,"o ( ! advantages1 & n ! lea/1 att5d+ ! use ( te/-acids correspond+ to equival5ts1 is1 t by means ( ! simple ,rule ( ,?ree1 ! p]-c5tage quantity ( alkali may be f\nd :e!r #ajj or any o!r numb] ( gra9s h be5 submitt$ to trial4 ,=--,! weight ( ! sample te/$ 79 gra9s7 be>s ! same relation to ! equival5t weight ( ! alkali "u exam9ation1 t ! numb] ( alkalimet]-divisions or ( ! gra9s ( te/-acid consum$ d to ! p]-c5tage ( alkali s\ght4 ,?us1 ) a sample ( #cc gr4 ( pe>la% tak+ #ce alkalimet]-divisions or #cej gra9s 7e #aj gr4 be+ #a7 ( te/-acid = neutralisation1 ?is w\ld be-- #cc 3 #dg 33 #ce 3 #dihe or ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 ( pure potassa4 ,by sub/itut+ ! equiv4 ( ! dry c>bonate ( pota% 7#fi71 = t ( pure potassa us$ above1 ! quantity ( t article correspond+ to ! same weight ( ! pure alkali may be at once f\nd4 ,repeat+ ! la/ example ?is w be-- #cc 3 #fi 33 #ce 3 #gcah or ne>ly #gc-a_/d p] c5t4 ,! same applies to all ! alkal9e bases & _! c>bonates4 ,= comm]cial purposes1 !re is us$1 among/ o!rs1 an empirical solution1 z a te/-acid = potassa1 soda1 & ammonia1 to save ! necessity ( calculation4 ,?is is dilute sulphuric acid hav+ a sp4 gr4 ( ab\t #ajga2 #ajj alkalimet]-divisions 7#ajjj wat]-gra9s measure7 exactly saturate #ajj gr4 ( pure potassa1 or #aac gr4 ( anhydr\s c>bonate ( soda4 ,! numb] ( measures consum$1 read (f by m]e inspection f ! scale ( ! alkalimet]1 gives ! exact p]-c5tage ( alkali 9 ! sample exam9$1 = ,,pota%2 & by multiply+ x by #ff1 t = ,,soda also4 ,by employ+ #cfb z ! multipli]1 x gives ! l result = ,,ammonia4 ,9 fact1 occasionally1 9 ord] to save ! necessity ( any calculation1 two 'te/-acids' are frequ5tly employ$--! "o = pota% & ! o!r = soda4 ,^! are made by dilut+ sulphuric acid to a sp4 gr4 ( ne> #ajga & #ajhf respectively2 #ajjj gra9s1 by measure1 ( ! fir/ neutralis+ exactly #ajj gra9s ( pure potassa1 or #aac ( pure anhydr\s soda c>bonate1 & ! latt] neutralis+ exactly #ajj gra9s ( pure soda1 or #aga gr4 ( pure anhydr\s sodium c>bonate4 ,!re is ano!r sy/em ( prep>+ /&>d acids by means ( a ,f>aday's alkalimet]4 ,a /rong acid is prep>$ by dilut+ sulphuric acid to a sp4 gr4 ( #aabfh at #fj1 & #deeg gra9s exactly neutralise #ajj ( anhydr\s c>bonate ( soda4 ,! glass tube "h ref]r$ to1 & kn[n z ,f>aday's ,,alkalimet]1 is graduat$ c5tesimally1 9 ! usual mann]2 b opposite ! numb]s #bba1 #dhfb1 #eddc1 & #fe1 are cut ! words 'soda1' 'potassa1' 'c>bonate ( soda1' & 'c>bonate ( potassa1' to indicate ! quantity ( ! te/-acid to be employ$ = ea* ( ^! sub/ances4 7,see engr47 ,x is us$ by p\r+ ! te/-liquor into x until x rea*es ! l9e m>k$ aga9/ ! alkali1 or c>bonate1 "u exam9ation1 ! rema9+ divisions be+ fill$ up ) pure wat]1 & ! :ole well mix$ by plac+ ! ?umb on ! orifice ( ! tube & %ak+ x well4 ,! measure ( ! result+ dilute acid mu/ !n be v c>efully obs]v$1 & m wat] add$1 if requir$1 to br+ x up to ! z]o 7#j7 or #ajjj gr4 on ! scale2 c>eful agitation be+ aga9 employ$ z be=e4 ,! te/-acid ?us prep>$ is !n add$1 ) ! usual precautions1 to ! sample until exact neutralisation is effect$4 ,! quantity consum$ = ?is purpose1 read (f f ! graduat$ scale1 expresses ! exact p]-c5tage ( ! pure ,,alkali1 or ( its ,,c>bonate1 z ! case may be1 conta9$ 9 ! sample exam9$1 provid$ #ajj gr4 h be5 tak5 = ! assay4 ,illu/ration ,ano!r me?od sometimes us$ is t ( ,m4 ,mohr1 & practis$ z foll[s3--,! alkal9e solution1 slightly col\r$ blue ) litmus1 is /rongly sup]-saturat$ ) a /&>d acid 7sulphuric or oxalic7 ( kn[n /r5g?1 suppli$ f an alkalimet] 9 ! usual mann]2 ! la/ traces ( c>bonic anhydride be+ remov$ by boil+1 %ak+1 bl[+ into ! flask1 &1 f9ally1 suck+ out ! air4 ,a /&>d solution ( cau/ic soda 7( a /r5g? exactly correspond+ to t ( ! te/-acid already us$7 is n[ cauti\sly add$1 drop by drop1 until ! col\r1 r5d]$ yell[i%-r$ by ! acid1 j appe>s ( a light blue4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! quantity ( ! solution ( ! te/-alkali & ( ! te/-acid consum$1 expresses ! exact quantity ( acid neutralis$ by ! alkali1 & h5ce also its /r5g?4 ,besides ! above me?ods1 ! alkal9e c>bonates are analys$1 by ! loss ( c>bonic anhydride 7c>bonic acid7 !y suff]1 by be+ decompos$ by a /rong acid4 ,! be/ me?od 9 use is t ( ,,mm4 ,fres5ius & ,w1 & dep5ds on ! same pr9ciple1 & is p]=m$ 9 a simil> mann] & 9 a simil> app>atus to t describ$ "u ,,acidimetry2 ! only diff]5ce be+ t "h ! uses ( ! small tube 7e7 is disp5s$ )1 & t ! alkali is te/$ "u ! =m ( c>bonate1 in/ead ( bic>bonate4 ,op]4 ,! small] flask 7,b7 is ab\t half fill$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & ! sample ( alkali1 9 solution 7"u ! =m ( c>bonate71 be+ plac$ 9 ! l>g] flask 7,a71 wat] is add$ until x is ab\t "o ?ird full4 ,! tubes are !n fitt$ into ! app>atus q air-tight2 ! end ( ! tube 7b7 is fa/5$ ) a piece ( wax1 & ! :ole is v c>efully weigh$4 ,! app>atus is n[ remov$ f ! scales1 & a p]=at$ cork1 or a small piece ( india-rubb] tube1 be+ tempor>ily appli$ to ! end ( ! tube 7h71 a few bubbles ( air are suck$ out ( ! flask 7,b7 by means ( ! lips2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is1 t on remov+ ! m\? ! acid 9 7,b7 asc5ds to a c]ta9 height 9 ! tube 7c74 ,if 9 a %ort "t ?is little column ( liquid ma9ta9s its height 9 ! tube1 x is a pro( t ! app>atus is p]fectly air-tight1 & z x %\ld be4 ,suction is n[ aga9 cauti\sly appli$ to ! tube 7h7 & a little ( ! acid 9 7,b7 made to fl[ ov] into ! flask 7,a71 ! quantity be+ proportionate to ! vacuum produc$ by suction1 & capable ( be+ regulat$ at w4 ,no soon] does ! acid come into contact ) ! c>bonate 9 ! flask 7,a7 ?an ! evolution ( c>bonic acid comm5ces1 & ?is1 f ! con/ruction ( ! app>atus1 hav+ to pass ?r\gh ! conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 is r5d]$ q dry be=e x c escape by ! tube 7d7 into ! atmosph]e4 ,:5ev] ! eff]vesc5ce flags1 a little m acid is suck$ ov]1 until ! :ole ( ! c>bonate is decompos$2 aft] :i* an additional quantity is made to pass into 7,a71 s z to raise ! temp]ature consid]ably1 = ! purpose ( expell+ all ! gas absorb$ by ! fluid dur+ ! op]ation4 ,z soon z ?is is effect$1 ! wax is remov$ f ! ap]ture 7b71 & suction appli$ to 7h71 until all ! c>bonic acid 9 ! app>atus is replac$ by atmosph]ic air4 ,! :ole is n[ all[$ to cool1 & 7toge!r ) ! piece ( wax remov$7 is aga9 accurately weigh$4 ,! loss ( weight gives ! exact am\nt ( dry c>bonic anhydride1 or anhydr\s c>bonic acid1 :i* 0 conta9$ 9 ! specim51 f :i* ! weight ( ,,pure ,,alkali is readily e/imat$1 z e #bb gr4 ( dry c>bonic acid gas evolv$ repres5ts exactly #ca gr4 ( pure ,,soda1 #dg gr4 ( pure ,,potassa1 c4 c42 ^! numb]s be+ ! equival5ts ( ! respective sub/ances f :i* ! p]-c5tage /r5g? may be f\nd by ! rule ( proportion1 z be=e expla9$4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( a #ajj-;gr4 sample ( c>bonate ( soda :i* has lo/ #ae-a_/d gr4 ( c>bonic acid1 by ! assay1 ?is w\ld be-- #bb 3 #ca 33 #ae-a_/d 3 #badh or ne>ly #ba-a_/b p] c5t4 ( pure soda4 ,if #ec1 ! equiv4 ( anhydr\s c>bonate ( soda1 be tak51 in/ead ( #ca 7! eq4 ( pure soda71 ! answ] w\ld h be51 9 ! t]ms ( t sub/ance1 #cfgdh1 or ne>ly #cf-c_/d p] c5t4 ,:5 an aliquot "p ( #ajj gr4 has be5 tak5 = ! assay1 ei!r ! result1 or ! ?ird t]m ( ! proportion1 mu/1 ( c\rse1 he multipli$ by ! d5om9ator & divid$ by ! num]ator ( ! fraction repres5t+ su* aliquot "p4 ,by multiply+ ! weight ( c>bonic anhydride lo/1 by ! numb]s opposite ! names ( ! respective alkalies & _! c>bonates 9 ! second column ( ! foll[+ ,table ! equival5t p]-c5tage value ( ! c>bonates exam9$ may be obta9$ 9 t]ms correspond+ to ! v>i\s d5om9ations nam$ !re91 :5 #ajj gr41 or any aliquot "p ( #ajj gr41 h be5 te/$2 ! result1 9 ! latt] case1 be+1 ( c\rse1 multipli$ z be=e4 ,by tak+ c]ta9 /&>d weights = ! assay1 ! quantity ( c>bonic acid evolv$ may be made to furni% ! p]-c5tage /r5g? or value ( ! specim5 9 ! t]ms ( ei!r ! pure or c>bonat$ alkalies1 :e!r 9 _! anhydr\s or hydrat$ /ate4 ,! numb]s 9 ! second column ( ! foll[+ ,table repres5t ! quantity 9 gra9s & decimal p>ts ( ea* ( ! sub/ances nam$ 9 ! fir/ column1 equival5t to "o gra9 ( c>bonic anhydride4 ,^! numb]s1 z already m5tion$1 may be employ$ z factors = conv]t+ any numb]s repres5t+ gra9s ( t acid into ! equival5ts ( ^! sub/ances1 true to #d places ( decimals2 & fur!r1 !y furni% u ) ! data = det]m9+ ! exact numb] ( gra9s :i* mu/ be te/$1 s t ! loss ( weight 9 c>bonic anhydride %all at once give u ! p]-c5tage ri*ness ( ! sample 9 ! t]ms ( ! d5om9ation = :i* x is tak54 ,! numb]s 9 ! ?ird column ( ! ,table1 =m$ by simply mov+ ! decimal po9t ( ! numb]s 9 ! second column "o figure fur!r to ! "r1 indicate ! weights to be tak5 = ! assay1 s t ! loss ( weight1 reckon$ 9 t5?s ( a gra91 exactly repres5ts ! p]-c5tage /r5g? 9 ! t]ms s\ght4 ,! weights correspond+ to ! numb]s 9 ! fif? column give ! same results1 provid$ ! loss ( weight is reckon$ 9 qu>t]-gra9s2 ^? 9 ! six? column effect ! same :5 ! loss ( weight is reckon$ 9 half-gra9s2 :il/ ^? 9 ! la/ column require t ! gas elim9at$ %\ld be c\nt$ 9 gra9s1 & are simply ! numb]s 9 ! second column ( ! ,table multipli$ by #ajj1 or reproduc$ by mov+ ! decimal po9t two figures to ! "r4 ,,table ,i4--,multipli]s & ,/&>d ,weights = ! ,pr9cipal ,alkalies & _! ,c>bonates4 7,,cooley47 ,,key3 ,a - ,factors or ,multipli]s = conv]t+ ! weight ( c>bonic acid expell$ into real /r5g?s4 ,b - ,quantity 79 gra9s7 to be tak51 s t ! p]-c5tage value ( ! sample te/$ %all be %[n 9 ! t]ms ( any ( ! d5om9ations giv51 by ! weight ( ! evolv$ ,c>bonic ,acid reckon$-- ,c - 9 t5?s ( a gra94 ,d - ,:ole numb]s & decimals4 ,e - ,ne>e/ common numb]s4 ,f - 9 qu>t]-gra9s4 ,g - 9 half-gra9s4 ,h - 9 gra9s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,b ---------------------------------------- -- ,,names1 c ,c -------------- ,a ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,ammonia 7pure1 gase\s7 #ggbgc #ggbg #g-c_/d #ai-a_/c #ch-e_/h #gg-c_/j ,c>bonate ( ammonia 7neutral1 anhydr\s7 #aggbgcaggbgag-c_/d #dd-e_/af #hh-e_/h #agg-a_/d ,c>bonate ( ammonia 7neutral1 cry/allis$7 #aiggc #aiggcai-c_/d #di-g_/af #ih-g_/h #aig-c_/d ,sesquic>bonate ( ammonia 7transluc5t7 #bfhah #bfhahbf-ac_/af #fg-a_/aj #acd-a_/ajbfh-a_/e ,bic>bonate ( ammonia 7cry/allis$7 #ceiji #ceijice-i_/aj #hi-ac_/afagi-e_/h #cei-a_/aj ,,potassa 7anhydr\s7 #bacfd #bacfdba-a_/b #ec-a_/b #ajg #bac-c_/h ,hydrate ( potassa #bededfbedeebe-e_/aa #fc-e_/h #abg-a_/d #bed-a_/b ,c>bonate ( potassa 7anhydr\s7 #cacfd #cacfdca-c_/h #gh-a_/b #aeg #cac-a_/b ,c>bonate ( potassa 7granulat$7 #cggbg #cggbgcg-a_/b #id-c_/aj #ahh-e_/h #cgg-a_/d ,c>bonate ( potassa 7cry/allis$7 #ciede #ciedeci-e_/h #ii #aih #cie-a_/b ,bic>bonate ( potassa 7cry/allis$7 #deded #dededde-a_/b #aac-c_/d #bbg-a_/b #ded-a_/b ,,soda 7anhydr\s7 #adjia #adji #ad-a_/aj #ce-a_/d #gj-a_/b #ada ,hydrate ( soda #ahahb #ahahbah-a_/e #de-a_/b #ia #ahb ,c>bonate ( soda 7anhydr\s7 #bdjia #bdjiabd-a_/aj #fj-a_/d #abj-a_/b #bda ,c>bonate ( soda 7cry/allis$7 #fe #fe #fe #afb-a_/b #cbe #fej ,sesquic>bonate ( soda 7dry2 !oretical7 #bijia #bijiabi-a_/aj #gb-a_/b #ade #bij ,sesquic>bonate ( soda 7,ph4 ,l41 #ahcf7 #cgbgc #cgbgccg-a_/d #ic-a_/d #ahf-a_/b #cgc ,sesquic>bonate ( soda 7av]age comm]cial7 #cgied #cgiedch #id-g_/h #ahi-c_/d #cgi-a_/b ,bic>bonate ( soda 7cry/allis$7 #chahb #chahbch-a_/e #ie-a_/b #aia #chb ,,li?ia 7pure1 anhydr\s7 #fhah #fhah #f-ac_/af #ag-a_/bj #cd-a_/aj #fh-a_/e ,,b>yta 7pure1 cau/ic7 #cdggc #cdggccd-d_/e #hf-g_/h #agc-g_/h #cdg-c_/d ,,lime 7pure1 cau/ic7 #abgbg #abgbgab-c_/d #ca-c_/d #fc-e_/h #abg-a_/d ,,magnesia 7pure1 anhydr\s7 #ijiji #ijia #i-a_/aa #bb-c_/d #de-a_/b #ia ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,9 ?is +5i\s me?od ( alkalimetry x is absolutely necess>y t ! :ole ( ! alkali 9 ! specim5 te/$ %\ld be 9 ! /ate ( neutral c>bonate4 ,if a sample ( pota% conta9s any cau/ic alkali 7z ! pota%es & pe>la% ( comm]ce g5]ally d71 ,fres5ius & ,w direct x1 previ\sly to be+ te/$1 to be triturat$ ) its own weight ( pure qu>tzose s&1 & ab\t "o ?ird ( its weight ( c>bonate ( ammonia2 & ! result+ mixture1 plac$ 9 a small iron capsule1 or a porcela9 crucible1 to be moi/5$ ) wat]1 & expos$ to a g5tle heat until x becomes q dry1 & all ! ammonia is expell$4 ,if ! sample conta9s any bic>bonate or sesquic>bonate1 x mu/ be heat$ to dull r$ness be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! app>atus & te/$4 ,9 ! case ( crude soda 7p>ticul>ly soda a%71 ! proportion ( c>bonate ( ammonia %\ld be equal to at lea/ "o half ! quantity op]at$ on4 ,) bo? alkalies1 if ! sample conta9s sulphides1 sulphites1 or hyposulphites1 ! same me?od is to be foll[$1 except t solution ( ammonia1 in/ead ( wat]1 is to be employ$ = moi/5+ ! p[d]4 ,to rem$y ! error :i* w\ld arise f ! app>5t am\nt ( c>bonic anhydride lib]at$ dur+ ! assay1 be+ swell$ by ! dis5gagem5t ( 'sulphurett$ hydrog5' or sulphur\s acid f ^! sub/ances1 a small quantity ( neutral 7i4 e4 yell[7 *romate ( pota% may be add$ to ! alkal9e solution 9 ! flask 7,a72 by :i* !y w be conv]t$ into sulphates1 sulphur1 & wat]1 :i* w rema9 9 ! app>atus1 ! c>bonic acid only be+ evolv$4 ,z mo/ sorts ( soda ( comm]ce conta9 "o or o!r ( ! sub/ances 7j7 nam$1 & z x is f> m simple to add at once "s *romate ( potassa to ! soda solution1 ?an to te/ ! latt] = ei!r ( ! ?ree salts1 x is always advisable to make x a rule1 9 ! exam9ation ( ,,soda1 to add "s *romate ( potassa4 7,fres5ius47 ,if ! sodium or o!r c>bonate "u analysis conta9s mu* *loride1 ! addition ( m sulphuric acid ?an necess>y mu/ be avoid$1 & ! c>bonic anhydride expell$ by g5tly heat+ ov] a w>m ba?1 & n by ! addition ( excess ( acid4 ,illu/ration ,to obviate ! difficulties1 & to give great] precision & delicacy to volumetrical assays1 ! in/rum5t kn[n z ,mohr's ,,alkalimet]1 or ,mohr's ,,burette1 & :i* is figur$ 9 ! m>g91 may be employ$4 ,by means ( x ! te/-acid 9 ! graduat$ tube 7a7 may be add$ to ! alkal9e solution 9 7f71 9 any quantity at a "t1 h[ev] m9ute1 by m]ely press+ ! h&les ( ! clamp 7d7 ) ! ?umb & f+]4 ,! t]m9al tube 7e7 has its l[] orifice v small1 & x is connect$ ) ! burette by means ( a small piece ( vulcanis$ india-rubb] tube1 on :i* ! clamp 7d7 acts4 7,see engr47 ,! inn] cyl9drical "p ( ! arm 7b7 is l9$ ) cork1 to prev5t injury to ! glass burette1 & to hold x ! m firmly4 ,g5]ally ! alkali 9 ! specim5 exam9$ may be 9 ei!r ! cau/ic or c>bonat$ /ate1 or x may consi/ ( any mixture ( cau/ic alkali1 or c>bonates2 b x is absolutely necess>y = accurate results1 t x %\ld be free f sulphides1 sulphites1 & hyposulphites1 z sulphuric acid acts ^u ^! sub/ances z well z on c>bonates4 ,! pres5ce ( *lorides does n int]f]e ) ! accuracy ( ! assay1 unless a high] degree ( heat is employ$ ?an t necess>y = ! expulsion ( ! absorb$ c>bonic acid4 ,! ,,soda-,,a% ( comm]ce g5]ally conta9s all ^! sub/ances besides common salt1 sulphate ( soda1 & insoluble matt]1 :i* d n int]f]e4 ,r\gh samples ( ,,pot-,,a%es & ,,pe>l-,,a% also g5]ally conta9 "s sulphides1 ?\gh n a l>ge quantity4 ,v>i\s plans h be5 propos$ to avoid ?is s\rce ( error4 ,! be/ is t ( ,,mm4 ,fres5ius & ,w1 giv5 above1 9 :i* ! value ( ! c>bonates is e/imat$ by _! yield ( c>bonic anhydride4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 an assay ( a sample ( ! unprep>$ alkali & ( ano!r :i* has be5 treat$ z above1 indicates ! quantity ( impurities conta9$ 9 !m "u ! =ms j ref]r$ to4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! sub/ances 9 ! comm]cial alkalies may be detect$ by ! foll[+ te/s3-- ,sulphides4 ,! addition ( sulphuric acid causes ! evolution ( an od\r l t ( rott5 eggs4 ,! sample 9 solution yields a black precipitate ) acetate ( lead4 ,b ! mo/ delicate te/ is ! spl5did violet-blue col\r ) nitro-prusside ( sodium4 ,sulphites & ,hyposulphites4 ,a solution ( ! alkali1 insuffici5t = saturation1 be+ add$ to sulphuric acid t+$ r$di% yell[ ) bi*romate ( pota%1 occasions a gre5i% t+e 7ow+ to ! =mation ( oxide ( *romium71 :5 ^! are pres5t4 ,hydro*loric acid add$ to a cle> solution1 aft] "s "t1 causes a turbidity & od\r ( sulphur\s anhydride4 ,*lorides yield a copi\s curdy precipitate ) nitrate ( silv]1 soluble 9 ammonia1 & reprecipitat$ by excess ( nitric acid4 ,! am\nt ( pure cau/ic alkali 9 a sample ( alkali is be/ det]m9$ by ,fres5ius's me?od1 z foll[s3--,! total am\nt ( pure alkali1 bo? cau/ic & c>bonat$1 express$ 9 p]-c5ts4 ( c>bonate ( soda or c>bonate ( potassa1 is asc]ta9$ by any ( ! usual me?ods4 ,! app>5t quantity ( alkali p] c5t4 is !n det]m9$1 )\t previ\s treatm5t ( ! sample ) c>bonate ( ammonia1 by ! me?od ( ,w & ,fres5ius 7p4 #hf74 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! results indicates ! p]-c5tage ( dry cau/ic alkali pres5t2 or if ! volumetric me?od be 9 use1 x c be (t5 fairly e/imat$ by add+ ! fir/ portions ( ! te/-acid v gradually to ! sample1 c>efully obs]v+ ! effect4 ,:5 ! eff]vesc5ce at l5g? comm5ces ! weight or measure ( ! te/-liquor exp5d$ %[s ! quantity ( pure cau/ic alkali "u treatm5t 7ne>ly74 ,! result dep5ds ^u ! fact1 t little or no c>bonic-acid gas is expell$ f ! liquid on ! addition ( ! te/-acid1 until ! cau/ic portion is v ne>ly neutralis$4 ,! quantity ( ,,wat] or ,,moi/ure1 p] c5t41 pres5t 9 an alkal9e c>bonate1 is indicat$ by ! loss ( weight :i* #ajj gr4 suff] on g5tle ignition 9 a loosely-cov]$ iron di% or plat9um crucible4 ,s also ) samples conta9+ cau/ic alkali1 except t "h ! wat] ( hydration 7 #a equiv4 #i7 is n expell$ f ! 'cau/ic' portion1 & mu/ !re=e be det]m9$ by calculation4 ,o!r matt]s des]v+ ! s]i\s att5tion ( ! op]ator are--hitt+ ! exact po9t ( neutralisation1 &--prep>+ ! te/-acids ( ! prop] /r5g?4 ,! me?od ( effect+ ! =m] correctly has be5 already ref]r$ to 9 ?is article1 & is also fully notic$ "u ,,acetimetry & ,,acidimetry4 ,te/-acids may be v simply prep>$ by gradually dilut+ conc5trat$ sulphuric acid ) wat] until x is r$uc$ to ! prop] /r5g?2 ! dilution be+ made 9 a glass vessel conta9+ a 'hydro/atic bead' exactly correspond+ to ! desir$ specific gravity ( ! dilute acid4 ,:5 ! prop] po9t is rea*$1 & ! mixture has aga9 acquir$ ! normal temp]ature ( #fj ,fahr41 ! bead rises f ! bottom ( ! vessel1 & floats ab\t indiff]5tly 9 ! middle ( ! liquid4 ,! sp4 gr4 may !n he c>efully asc]ta9$ by means ( an hydromet] or a specific gravity bottle2 aft] :i* ! /r5g? mu/ be accurately det]m9$ by means ( a /&>d solution ( ei!r pure anhydr\s c>bonate ( soda or pure cau/ic soda4 ,an acid ( any giv5 /r5g? or saturat+ p[] may also be prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--#di p>ts ( comm]cial sulphuric acid 7oil ( vitriol71 sp4 gr4 #ahbe1 conta9 ne>ly #dj p>ts or #a equiv4 ( anhydr\s sulphuric acid2 if we1 !re=e1 wi% to prep>e a dilute acid conta9+ 9 e #ajjj gra9s weight1 or measure1 exactly #a equiv4 ( hydrat$ sulphuric acid1 we h only to make #di gr4 ( su* acid up to #ajj gr4 weight or measure ) pure wat]4 ,aft] x has recov]$ ! prop] temp]ature1 its sp4 gr41 or r its saturat+ p[]1 mu/ be c>efully tri$1 &1 if necess>y1 readju/$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x v (t5 happ5s t ! oil ( vitriol employ$ is n s /rong z t above ref]r$ to1 x is bett] fir/ to te/ its /r5g? ) pure anhydr\s c>bonate ( soda1 & to calculate ! quantity requir$ by ! ,rule ( ,proportion4 ,e #ec gr4 ( ! dry c>bonate are equal to #dj gr4 ( 'dry sulphuric acid4' ,suppose we f9d ! oil ( vitriol to conta9 only #gb ( hydrat$ acid1 !n-- #ajj 3 #dj 33 #gb 3 #eeee or1 in/ead ( only #dj gr41 fully #ee-a_/d gr4 w be requir$1 :i* are to be made up ) wat] to #ajjj gr41 z be=e4 ,f9ally1 ! dilut$ acid mu/ be v c>efully re-te/$1 & if f\nd correct1 at once put into a well-/opp]$ bottle1 & labell$1 = use4 ,too mu* c>e _c be tak5 to ensure ! te/-liquid1 :e!r = alkalies or acids1 be+ ( ! prop] /r5g?1 ( :i* ! specific gravity alone is an insuffici5t pro(4 ,9 practice1 s small a quantity only ( te/-acid z t ref]r$ to above is1 ( c\rse1 seldom made2 b z any l>g] quantities are m]e multiples ( ! small] "o1 ! necess>y proportions to be employ$ are easily calculat$4 ,! common plan is to prep>e "o or m gallons or quantities ( #aj lbs4 ea*1 & to pres]ve ! liquid 9 /opp]$ gre5 glass ',w9*e/]-qu>t bottles1' s t x may be always ready = use4 ,al?\gh1 z may be inf]r$ f ! text1 sulphuric acid is g5]ally us$ z ! /&>d acid1 yet oxalic acid 9 pure cry/als is recomm5d$ by ,m4 ,mohr1 & answ]s admirably1 & is prep>$ & us$ exactly 9 ! same mann]4 ,,table ,,ii4--,alkalimetrical ,equival5ts4 ,gra9s4 #ag ,,ammonia 7pure or gase\s74 #dc-a_/b ,c>bonate ( ammonia 7neutral1 hydrat$74 #ei ,sesquic>bonate ( ammonia 7,ph4 ,l42 transluc5t1 hydrat$74 #gi ,bic>bonate ( ammonia 7cry/allis$74 #dg ,,potassa 7anhydr\s74 #ef ,hydrate ( potassa 7pure cau/ic potassa74 #fi ,c>bonate ( potassa 7anhydr\s74 #hc 7granulat$1 comm]cial74 #hg 7cry/allis$74 #ajj ,bic>bonate ( potassa 7cry/allis$74 ,gra9s #ca ,,soda 7anhydr\s74 #bb ,c>bonic anhydride #dj ,hydrate ( soda 7pure cau/ic 7dry74 soda74 #fc ,oxalic acid #ec ,c>bonate ( soda 7anhydr\s74 7cry/allis$74 #adc 7cry/allis$74 #di ,sulphuric acid are #hd ,bic>bonate ( soda 7liquid1 equival5t 7cry/allis$74 monohydrat$1 to #hc-a_/b ,sesquic>bonate ( soda sp4 gr4 #ahdhe74 7av]age comm]cial74 #ge ,t>t>ic acid #hd ,bic>bonate ( soda 7cry/als1 7cry/allis$74 or cry/4 p[d]1 #ajjj ,dilute sulphuric acid free f moi/ure74 7sp4 gr4 #ajcc74 ,wat]--gr4 measure4 #ae ,,li?ia4 #ajjj ,dilute sulphuric #bd ,hydrate ( li?ia4 acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajcb74 #cg ,c>bonate ( li?ia4 #gf-a_/b ,,b>yta 7pure1 cau/ic74 #he-a_/b ,hydrate ( b>yta4 #ih-a_/b ,c>bonate ( b>yta4 #bh ,,lime 7pure1 cau/ic2 i4 e4 quick-lime74 #cg ,hydrate ( lime 7slak$ lime74 #ej ,c>bonate ( lime 7*alk2 m>ble74 #bj ,,magnesia 7pure1 calc9$74 #db ,c>bonate ( magnesia 7dry1 neutral74 #dh-a_/b 7ord9>y comm]cial74 #eb ,,/ronia 7pure1 cau/ic74 #fa ,hydrate ( /rontia4 #gd ,c>bonate ( /rontia4 ,,alkaloid4 ,syn4 ,,vegetable ,,alkali1 ,,organic ,,base2 ,,alkalo,,des 7pl41 -,,ides1 or -,,id71 ,l42 ,,alcalo,,de1 ,,alcali ,,organique1 ,fr4 ,9 *emi/ry1 a "n commonly giv5 to any proximate pr9ciple ( vegetable orig9 possess+ alkal9e or basic prop]ties1 h[ev] feeble4 ,9 its mo/ ext5d$ s5se ! t]m embraces all organic bases1 :e!r obta9$ f ! animal or vegetable k+dom1 or produc$ artificially4 ,! alkaloids =m a num]\s & important class ( bodies4 ,!y exi/ 9 nature ne>ly always 9 ! =m ( salts1 ! acid be+ (t51 l !mselves1 peculi> to ! plant1 or class ( plants1 9 :i* !y are f\nd2 :il/ ! m$ic9al activity ( ! latt]1 9 mo/ cases1 almo/ entirely dep5ds on _! pres5ce4 ,prep4 ,! foll[+ g5]al me?ods ( procur+ ! alkaloids w be f\nd applicable to su* z full directions are n giv5 = "u _! respective heads3-- #a4 7,:5 ! base is insoluble 9 wat]1 non-volatile1 & exi/+ 9 ! plant 9 an insoluble =m47 ,! bruis$ plant is boil$ or mac]at$ 9 wat] acidulat$ ) hydro*loric or acetic acid1 & ! liquor1 aft] filtration1 is neutralis$ ) an alkali 7ammonia1 potassa1 lime1 or magnesia72 ! result+ precipitate is purifi$ by re-solution 9 dilute acid1 dige/ion ) a little animal *>coal1 & subsequ5t cry/allisation1 or re-precipitation ) an alkali2 or ! fir/ precipitate is purifi$ by dissolv+ x once1 or1 if necess>y1 sev]al times1 9 boil+ alcohol1 :i* yields ! pure alkaloid ei!r on cool+ or by evaporation4 #b4 7,:5 ! base is insoluble 9 wat]1 & non-volatile1 b exi/+ 9 ! plant z a soluble salt47 ,! bruis$ or slic$ plant is boil$ or mac]at$ 9 wat]1 & ! filt]$ liquor precipitat$ & o!rwise treat$ z be=e4 #c4 7,:5 ! base is soluble 9 wat]1 & non-volatile47 ,an infusion made ) v dilute acid1 hydro*loric or acetic1 is conc5trat$ by a g5tle heat2 & ! residual liquor treat$ ) potassa 7or conc5trat$ solution ( ammonia7 & e!r conjo9tly2 aft] repose1 ! e!real solution is decant$ & evaporat$4 ,= ^? alkaloids :i* are insoluble 9 e!r 7z morphia & c9*onia71 ! previ\s process may be adopt$4 #d4 7,:5 ! base is bo? soluble 9 wat] & volatile47 ,! vegetable1 9 a bruis$ or divid$ /ate1 or its extract1 is alkalis$ ) potassa & di/ill$2 ! di/illate is neutralis$ ) dilute oxalic or sulphuric acid1 & c>efully evaporat$ to dryness2 ! residuum is next dige/$ 9 alcohol1 & ! result+ t9cture agitat$ ) potassa & e!r1 ! =m] be+ 9 quantity j suffici5t to seize on all ! acid2 la/ly1 ! e!real solution ?us =m$1 on c>eful evaporation1 leaves ! alkaloid ne>ly pure4 ,x may be fur!r purifi$ by cauti\s di/illation4 ,z "s ( ! alkaloids are soluble 9 excess ( ! alkal9e precipitant1 ov]-saturation %\ld be c>efully avoid$2 or ! precipitant may be us$ "u ! =m ( c>bonate or bic>bonate4 ,:5 lime & magnesia are employ$1 !y are boil$ = a few m9utes ) ! solution4 ,props4 ,alcoholic or aque\s solutions ( ! alkaloids g5]ally exhibit an alkal9e reaction ) vegetable col\rs4 ,l ! alkalies1 also1 !y comb9e ) acids to =m salts :i*1 :5 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 are capable ( produc+ ! ord9>y ph5om5a ( sal9e d\ble decomposition4 ,_! ta/e is usually int5sely bitt]4 ,! majority ( ! natural alkaloids conta9 c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog51 & oxyg51 & are1 at ord9>y temp]atures1 solid1 & n volatile )\t decomposition4 ,"s natural alkaloids conta9 c>bon1 hydrog51 & nitrog5 only2 ^! are1 = ! mo/ "p1 liquid at ord9>y temp]atures1 & c be di/ill$ )\t decomposition4 ,! great] numb] ( ! artificial alkalies are compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & nitrog52 "s1 h[ev]1 conta9 oxyg5 9 addition4 ,alkaloids h also be5 obta9$ artificially1 9 :i* nitrog5 is replac$ by phosphorus1 ars5ic1 antimony1 or bismu?4 ,mo/ ( ! alkaloids1 z !y are obta9$ 9 ! free /ate1 correspond 9 function to ammonia1 ,,nh#c1 r ?an to ! fix$ alkalies2 t is to say1 !y =m salts by direct union ) acids1 )\t elim9ation ( wat] or any o!r sub/ance4 ,9 ord] to make !m /rictly comp>able to ! fix$ alkalies1 !y require1 l ammonia1 ! addition ( wat] 7,h#b,o7 to _! =mul2 !y may !n be consid]$ z hydrates ( comp\nd radicles analog\s to ammonium4 ,physiological action4 ,! alkaloids g5]ally possess great m$ic9al p[]2 "s ( !m act ) t]rific en]gy1 & are ! mo/ viol5t poisons ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,p]fectly pure aconitia is ab\t #bjj times m poison\s ?an ars5ic1 & at lea/ #ej times m poison\s ?an ord9>y m$ic9al prussic acid4 ,! great] numb] act on animals 9 ! same way z ! plants :i* produce !m1 provid$ !y are giv5 9 proportionately small doses4 ,_m ( !m1 :5 judici\sly adm9i/]$1 are mo/ valuable m$ic9es4 ,pois41 ,ant41 c4 ,"s ( ! alkaloids act z n>cotic or /upefy+ poisons2 o!rs are class$ ) ! n>cotico-acrid poisons1 or ^? :i* produce bo? n>cotism & irritation ( ! p>ts !y t\*4 ,! g5]al symptoms produc$ by opium & its prep>ations may be tak5 z an example ( ! =m]2 ^? f aconite & /ry*nia1 ( ! latt]4 ,9 l>ge doses ( ! great] numb]1 n>cotism pr$om9ates2 9 small] ones1 irritation2 !y are r>ely coexi/5t4--,treatm4 ,no common antidote to ! effects ( ?is class ( sub/ances has yet be5 discov]$4 ,! only safe treatm5t1 ( at all g5]al application1 is to imm$iately cle> ! /oma* by means ( a /rong & quick-act+ emetic 7z sulphate ( z9c71 or ! /oma*-pump1 & to adm9i/] copi\s & cont9u$ draughts ( a/r+5t vegetable solutions 7z ( tann91 nut-galls1 oak-b>k1 or :at is always at h&--v /rong tea or c(fee74 ,^! may be foll[$ by or comb9$ ) a sm>t purge ( ca/or oil1 z soon z ! /oma* is ?or\ghly cle>$ ( ! poison4 ,m4 ,b\*>dat /rongly recomm5ds a solution ( iod9e1 #c gr41 & iodide ( potassium1 #f gr41 9 pure wat]1 #af fl4 oz41 9 cases ( poison+ by ,,opium1 ,,aconite1 ,,col*icum1 ,,deadly ,,night%ade1 ,,hemlock1 ,,nux ,,vomica1 c41 or by ! alkaloids obta9$ f !m--,,aconit9e1 ,,atropia1 ,,col*ic9a1 ,,conia1 ,,morphia1 ,,/ry*nia1 c41 or _! salts2 b n :]e foxglove or digital9 has be5 tak54 ,! /oma* hav+ be5 well empti$ by an emetic1 ! solution is to be giv5 by w9e-glassfuls = "s "t2 ! vomit+ be+ /ill enc\rag$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! adm9i/ration ( ! antidote4 ,9 ! case ( n>cotics 7z opium1 morphia1 c471 ?is is to be foll[$ by ! free use ( a /rong infusion ( c(fee4 ,accord+ to ,dr ,g>rod1 purifi$ animal *>coal is an 'excell5t antidote' to _m ( ! alkaloids1 includ+ ^? above enum]at$1 :5 tak5 9 poison\s doses2 z x n m]ely absorbs !m1 b1 = ! mo/ "p1 r5d]s !m in]t4 ,to be s]viceable x %\ld be rec5tly prep>$ & fre%-burnt2 & %\ld be giv5 9 doses ( ab\t an ounce at a "t1 diffus$ 9 w>m or tepid wat]1 & frequ5tly repeat$4 ,! vomit+ :i* foll[s its use1 ow+ to ! w>m wat]1 proves advantage\s2 b aft] a suffici5t "t may be less5$ by employ+ less wat]1 or cool] or ev5 cold wat]4 ,dr[s9ess1 if pres5t1 may be combat$ by ! subsequ5t use ( /rong c(fee or tea1 z be=e4 ,we h se5 ?is plan succe$ 9 sev]al cases4--,lesions4 ,^!1 l ! symptoms1 v>y4 ,9 "s cases !re are r$ness & inflammation ( ! /oma* & inte/9es1 & turgesc5ce ( ! vessels ( ! lungs & bra92 9 o!rs1 ^! appe>ances are ei!r slight or :olly want+4 ,:]ev] !re has be5 mu* c]ebral di/urbance1 traces ( conge/ion are usually disc]nible4 ,detec41 ,te/s1 c4 ,! id5tification ( ! pure alkaloids is extremely simple2 b _! detection1 :5 comb9$ ) organic & col\r+ matt]s1 is a task ( consid]able difficulty4 ,"o or o!r ( ! foll[+ plans may be adopt$ = ?is purpose3-- #a4 7,m]ck47 ,! matt] "u exam9ation is dige/$1 = sev]al h\rs1 ) conc5trat$ acetic acid1 add$ 9 suffici5t quantity to produce a /rongly acid reaction2 ! fluid portion is !n /ra9$ f ! insoluble matt]1 & ! latt] be+ wa%$ ) wat] acidulat$ ) acetic acid1 ! mix$ liquors are g5tly evaporat$ to dryness 9 a wat] ba?2 ! residuum ( ! evaporation is boil$ fir/ ) rectifi$ _s1 & next ) rectifi$ _s acidulat$ ) acetic acid2 ! mix$ liquors are aga9 evaporat$1 ! residuum r$issolv$ or dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & c>bonate ( soda or potassa add$ to feebly alkal9e reaction1 & ! :ole1 aft] evaporation to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup1 set aside to repose = #bd h\rs2 x is n[ aga9 dilut$ ) wat]1 filt]$1 & ! insoluble portion wa%$ ) cold di/ill$ wat]1 & dige/$ ) conc5trat$ acetic acid2 ?is la/ solution is dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & decol\r$ ) pure blood-*>coal 7if x be necess>y72 ! fluid1 ei!r at once1 or aft] cauti\s evaporation1 may !n be te/$ = ! alkaloids1 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! *>coal previ\sly us$ %\ld also be te/$ 9 ! way describ$ bel[4 ,?is me?od answ]s admirably ) all ! ,,non-,,volatile ,,alkaloids1 & may be appli$ to ! /oma* & visc]a1 & _! cont5ts1 & to food1 c41 9 cases ( poison+4 #b4 7,/as47 ,! suspect$ matt]1 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 is dige/$1 at #afj to #afe ,fahr41 ) twice or ?rice its weight ( /rong alcohol acidulat$ 7accord+ to ! quantity7 ) #a_/b dr4 to #b or #c dr41 or m1 ( pure oxalic or t>t>ic acid4 ,aft] a suffici5t "t1 & :5 ! :ole has become q cold1 x is ?r[n on a filt]1 & ! undissolv$ portion1 aft] be+ squeez$ dry1 is wa%$ ) /rong alcohol4 ,! mix$ & filt]$ alcoholic liquids are !n evaporat$ at a temp]ature n exce$+ #ie ,fahr41 &1 if no insoluble matt] sep>ates1 ! evaporation is cont9u$ ne>ly to dryness2#ai b if fatty or o!r insoluble matt] sep>ates dur+ ! process ( conc5tration1 ! conc5trat$ fluid is pass$ ?r\gh a moi/5$ filt]1 & ! filtrate evaporat$ ne>ly to dryness1 z be=e4 ,! residuum is next dige/$ ) absolute alcohol1 9 ! cold1 ! insoluble portion1 aft] filtration1 wa%$ ) alcohol1 & ! mix$ filtrates aga9 evaporat$ 9 ! air1 or 9 vacuo4 ,! acid residue is n[ dissolv$ 9 a little di/ill$ wat]1 & bic>bonate ( soda add$ z long z eff]vesc5ce ensues4 ,to ?is mixture #d or #e times its volume ( e!r is add$1 & aft] l5g!n$ agitation 7! bottle or tube be+ held 9 a cold wet clo?71 ! :ole is all[$ to repose = a %ort "t4 ,a little ( ! sup]natant e!r is n[ remov$ to a small glass capsule or wat*-glass1 & all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly4#ai ,:5 ?is leaves oily /reaks ^u ! glass1 :i* gradually collect into a small drop1 :i* emits1 :5 g5tly heat$1 a disagreeable1 pung5t1 & /ifl+ od\r1 ! pres5ce ( a ,,liquid ,,volatile ,,base or ,,alkaloid is inf]r$2 :il/ a solid residue or a turbid fluid ) small solid p>ticles float+ 9 x1 indicates a ,,non-,,volatile ,,solid ,,base4#bj ,9 ei!r case ! blue col\r ( r$d5$ litmus is p]man5tly re/or$ by ! residuum4 ,if no residuum is left on ! capsule1 "s solution ( pure soda or potassa is add$ to ! liquid1 ! :ole well agitat$ = sev]al m9utes1 & ! e!r 7aft] repose7 decant$2 an op]ation :i* is repeat$ ) fre% e!r a second1 ?ird1 & ev5 a f\r? "t4 ,! base1 or bases 7if any are pres5t71 w n[ be f\nd 9 ! mix$ e!real solution1 :i* is1 !re=e1 te/$ z be=e4 ,! pres5ce ( an alkaloid be+ detect$1 ! mix$ e!real solutions are all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly1 c>e be+ tak51 if a volatile alkaloid be pres5t1 to neutralise ! liquid ) an acid be=e ! f9al evaporation4 ,! la/ residuum is !n te/$ = ! p>ticul> alkaloid pres5t1 z be=e4#ba ,footnote #ai3 ,! evaporation1 accord+ to ,/as1 %\ld be conduct$ "u a bell-glass ov] sulphuric acid1 ) or )\t r>efaction ( ! air2 or 9 a tubul> retort ?r\gh :i* a curr5t ( air is made to pass4 ,footnote #bj3 ,a m]ely disagreeable animal od\r1 )\t pung5cy1 is "h disreg>d$4 ,footnote #ba3 ',bullet9 de l',acadmie de ,md4 ,belgique1' ix1 #cjd2 ',jahrb4 f4 prakt4 ,ph>m1' xxiv1 #cac2 c4 ,?is me?od1 accord+ to ,/as1 answ]s well = all ! ,,alkaloids :i* are soluble 9 e!r2 includ+--,,aconitia1 ,,anil9e1 ,,atropia1 ,,brucia1 ,,codeia1 ,,col*ic9a1 ,,conia1 ,,delphia1 ,,emet9a1 ,,hyoscyam9e1 ,,morphia 7871 ,,nicotia1 ,,pet99e1 ,,picol9e1 ,,solan9e1 ,,/ry*nia1 ,,v]atria1 c4 ,by means ( x ,/as f\nd nicotia 9 ! he>t-blood ( a poison$ dog4 ,) su* alkaloids z are1 h[ev]1 only v sp>+ly soluble 9 e!r 7z morphia = in/ance71 ! result mu/1 necess>ily1 be d\btful4 ,to detect ^!1 z well z all ! alkaloids :i* are insoluble 9 e!r1 x is1 !re=e1 necess>y1 z direct$ by ,otto1 to add to ! alkal9e fluid left by ! decantation ( ! e!r1 suffici5t solution ( soda to dissolve ! morphia1 c4 7if any has sep>at$71 & aft] ! expulsion ( ! la/ traces ( ! e!r by a g5tle heat1 to add a conc5trat$ solution ( hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 & to all[ ! mixture to repose = "s "t 9 ! op5 air4 ,:5 ,,morphia is pres5t1 x sep>ates "u ! =m ( small cry/als4#bb ,or ! alkal9e liquor may be dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & treat$ ) *>coal1 & ?is ) alcohol1 9 ! mann] notic$ "u me?od #d 7bel[74 ,footnote #bb3 ,otto's ',h[ to ,detect ,poisons4' #d4 7,graham & ,h(fmann--slightly modifi$47 #b or #c oz4 ( purifi$ animal *>coal are dige/$ 9 ab\t #a_/b gal4 ( ! 7neutral or only slightly acid7 aque\s fluid "u exam9ation1 ) frequ5t agitation1 = #aj to #ab h\rs1 or long]4 ,! liquid is !n filt]$1 & ! *>coal left on ! filt] is wa%$ twice ) cold di/ill$ wat]4 ,! *>coal is !n boil$ = #a_/b an h\r ) ab\t #a_/b a p9t ( rectifi$ _s ( #hj or #ij2 ! ebullition be+ conduct$ 9 a flask hav+ a v long tube1 op5 at bo? ends1 fitt$ air-tight ?r\gh ! cork1 to prev5t loss ( ! alcohol by evaporation4 ,! _s1 :i* n[ conta9s ! alkaloid 7if any 0 pres5t 9 ! orig9al liquor71 is next filt]$ :il/ hot1 & ! filtrate is submitt$ to di/illation until ! :ole ( ! alcohol is remov$4 ,a small quantity 7commonly a few drops7 ( solutions ( potassa is !n add$ to ! residual aque\s liquor1 foll[$ by #a to #b fl4 oz4 ( pure e!r1 aft] :i* ! :ole is well agitat$ = sev]al m9utes1 & all[$ to repose = a %ort "t4 ,la/ly1 ! sup]natant e!r is decant$1 & all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly1 :5 ! residuum 7if any7 left 9 ! capsule may be te/$ by reag5ts1 z be=e4 ,?is me?od 0 devis$ = ! detection ( ,,/ry*nia & ,,nux ,,vomica 9 malt-liquors2 b x is equally applicable to ! detection ( ,,any ,,alkaloid :i* is soluble 9 e!r4 ,! ,,*>coal ,,te/ may also be employ$ to detect alkaloids :i* are insoluble 9 e!r2 b !n ! base mu/ be s\ght 9 ! aque\s residuum obta9$ by ! evaporation ( ! alcohol4#bc ,footnote #bc3 ',j\rn4 ( ! ,*em4 ,soc41' v1 #agc4 ,! pres5ce ( ! alkaloids & _! salts1 9 cle> solutions1 may be ?us det]m9$3-- ,i4 7,fres5ius74--#a4 ,! solution is r5d]$ v slightly alkal9e ) dilute solution ( potassa or soda1 add$ drop by drop3-- a4 ,no precipitate is =m$2 total abs5ce ( ! alkaloids4 7,see #d1 bel[47 b4 ,a precipitate is =m$3--solution ( potassa or soda is add$1 drop by drop1 until ! liquid exhibits a /rong alkal9e reaction3-- ,greek3 a4 ,! precipitate r$issolves2 abs5ce ( ,brucia1 ,c9*onia1 ,n>cot9a1 ,qu9a1 ,/ry*nia1 & ,v]atria2 probable pres5ce ( ,,morphia4 ,greek3 b4 ,precipitate does n r$issolve1 or n completely2 probable pres5ce ( "o or m ( ! fir/ six ( ! above-nam$ alkaloids3--! fluid is filt]$ f ! precipitate1 mix$ ) ei!r bic>bonate ( soda or ( potassa1 g5tly boil$ ne>ly to dryness1 & treat$ ) wat]4 ,if x dissolves completely2 abs5ce ( morphia2 an insoluble residue indicates ,,morphia4 #b4 ,! precipitate #a4 b4 ,greek3 b4 is wa%$ ) cold di/ill$ wat]1 dissolv$ 9 a slight excess ( dilute sulphuric acid1 neutralis$ ) a saturat$ solution ( bic>bonate ( soda1 & all[$ to repose a few h\rs3#bd-- ,footnote #bd3 ,be=e sett+ ! glass aside ! liquor %\ld be well mix$1 & ! glass /irr] vigor\sly rubb$ aga9/ ! sides ( ! vessel4 a4 ,no precipitate2 abs5ce ( ,c9*onia1 ,n>cot9a1 & ,qu9a3--! solution is g5tly evaporat$ ne>ly to dryness1 & treat$ ) cold wat]3--if x dissolves completely1 pass on to #d2 if !re is an insoluble residue1 x may conta9 ,brucia1 ,/ry*nia1 or ,v]atria4 7,see #c47 b4 ,a precipitate3--! filt]$ fluid is treat$ z direct$ at #b a42 ! precipitate is wa%$ ) cold di/ill$ wat]1 dissolv$ 9 a little hydro*loric acid1 ammonia is add$ 9 excess1 & subsequ5tly a suffici5t quantity ( e!r1 agitation be+ _h rec\rse to3-- ,greek3 a4 ,! precipitate =m$ by ! ammonia r$issolves completely 9 ! e!r1 & ! cle> fluid sep>ates into two lay]s2 abs5ce ( ,c9*onia2 probable pres5ce ( ,,qu9a or ,,n>cot9a4 ,greek3 b4 ,! precipitate produc$ by ! ammonia does n r$issolve 9 ! e!r1 or n completely2 probable pres5ce ( ,,c9*onia1 & p]haps also ( ,qu9a or ,n>cot9a4 ,! filt]$ liquid may be te/$ = ^! alkaloids z at a4 #c4 ,! insoluble residuum aft] ! evaporation ( ! solution #b4 a41 or ( ! filtrate #b4 b41 is n[ dri$ 9 a wat] ba?1 & dige/$ ) absolute alcohol3-- a4 ,x dissolves completely2 abs5ce ( /ry*nia2 probable pres5ce ( ,,brucia1 ,,qu9a 7871 or ,,v]atria3--! alcoholic solution is evaporat$ to dryness1 &1 if qu9a has be5 already detect$1 ! residue is divid$ into two portions1 "o ( :i* is te/$ = ,brucia1 ! o!r = ,v]atria4 b4 ,x does n dissolve1 or n completely2 probable pres5ce ( ,,/ry*nia1 & p]haps also ( ,brucia & ,v]atria3--! filt]$ fluid is divid$ into two portions1 & te/$ sep>ately z at a4 #d4 ,! orig9al liquid #a4 a4 may conta9 ,salic9e1 a proximate vegetable pr9ciple closely alli$ to ! alkaloids3--a portion is boil$ ) hydro*loric acid = "s "t2 ! =mation ( a precipitate %[s ! pres5ce ( ,,salic94 7,see #b1 bel[47#be ,footnote #be3 ,= fur!r in=mation on ?is subject1 see ! admirable ',sy/em ( ,qual4 ,*em4 ,anal41' by ,dr ,c4 ,r4 ,fres5ius4 ,*ur*ill4 ,,ii4 7,l>ocque & ,?ibi]ge47 ,t]*loride ( gold is recomm5d$1 by ^! writ]s1 z a m decisive te/ = ! alkaloids ?an ! 'd\ble *loride ( gold & sodium' commonly employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,! foll[+ are ! col\rs ( ! precipitates :i* x produces ) ! aque\s solution ( _! salts3--,,brucia1 milk-br[n1 pass+ into c(fee-br[n1 & la/ly *ocolate-br[n3--,,c9*onia1 sulphur yell[3--,,morphia1 yell[1 !n blui%1 & la/ly violet2 9 ?is la/ /ate ! gold is r$uc$1 & ! precipitate is insoluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1 ! cau/ic alkalies1 & sulphuric1 nitric1 & hydro*loric acid2 x =ms ) aqua regia a solution :i* is precipitat$ by protosulphate ( iron3--,,qu9a1 buff-col\r$3--,,/ry*nia1 can>y-yell[3--,,v]atria1 pale gre5i%-yell[4 ,all ^! precipitates1 ) ! exception m5tion$1 are v soluble 9 alcohol1 insoluble 9 e!r1 & only slightly soluble 9 wat]4 ,^? ) morphia & brucia are suffici5tly m>k$ to prev5t ^! alkalies f be+ mi/ak5 = ea* o!r2 & ^? ) brucia & /ry*nia are1 9 l mann]1 easily di/+ui%able4 ,,iii4--,mr ,wanklyn discrim9ates ! diff]5t alkaloids f ! e/imation ( ! ammonia !y evolve4 ,8 process is z foll[s3--,a small flask ) a lat]al tube1 & connect$ ) a ,liebig's cond5s]1 is *>g$ ) ab\t #be c4 c4 ( an alkal9e solution ( p]manganate pota% made by dissolv+ #bjj grammes ( cau/ic pota% & #h grammes ( cry/allis$ p]manganate ( pota% 9 #a litre ( wat]4 ,a m9ute quantity ( ! alkaloid c>efully & accurately weigh$ is n[ introduc$1 & ! mixture sl[ly di/ill$4 ,! mo/ satisfactory results are obta9$ by treat+ f #a to #e milligrammes ( ! alkaloid 9 ?is way1 b quantities s small z #a_/aj? ( a milligram w 9 skill$ h&s give accurate results4 ,! ammonia is =m$ 9 ! di/illate by ,nessl]is+ x1 z describ$ "u ,,wat] ,,analysis4 ,= all practical purposes ! poison\s alkaloids may be divid$ into f\r classes3 7a7 ,^? :i* yield f #e to #b p] c5t4 ( ammonia4 7b7 ,^? :i* yield f #b to #c p] c5t4 ( ammonia4 7c7 ,^? :i* yield f #c to #e p] c5t4 ( ammonia4 7d7 ,^? :i* yield a l>g] quantity ?an #e p] c5t41 e4g4 ,i4 ,,nh#c p] c5t4 ,,solan9e yields half its nitrog5 z ,ammonia #jih ,,ii4 ,,morphia yields half its nitrog5 z ,ammonia #bih ,,code9e1 ditto1 ditto #bhg ,,papav]9e1 ditto1 ditto #bej ,,v]atria1 ditto1 ditto #bhg ,,iii4 ,,atropia yields all its nitrog5 z ,ammonia #egc ,,n>cot9e1 ditto1 ditto #daa ,,/ry*nia yields half its nitrog5 z ,ammonia #eji ,,bruc9e1 ditto1 ditto #dcb ,,aconite1 ditto1 ditto #cej ,,cone9e1 ditto1 ditto #dfj ,,iv4 ,,nicot9e yields half its nitrog5 z ,ammonia #ajdi ,,iv4 ,dr ,guy1 z well z o!rs1 h made rese>*es1 hav+ = _! object ! det]m9ation ( ! exact temp]ature at :i* ! poison\s alkaloids melt & sublime4 ,a v m9ute speck ( ! sub/ance is plac$ on a porcela9 plate or copp] disc1 & a squ>e or oval ( microscope-cov]+ glass is plac$ ov] x1 support$ by a ?9 r+ ( glass or any o!r conv5i5t sub/ance4 ,heat is !n appli$ to ! plate or copp]1 & ! temp]ature1 z indicat$ by a !rmomet] at :i* ! sub/ance fuses or volatilises1 is c>efully not$4 ,,can?>id9e sublimes z a :ite ,fahr4 ,c5t4 vap\r )\t *ange ( =m or col\r4 #bab #ajj ,sublime4 ,melt4 _/---------- _/---------- ,sublime1 melt & ,fahr4 ,c5t4 ,fahr4 ,c5t4 ,,morph9e yield c>bonace\s #ccj #afe #cdj #aga ,,/ry*n9e residue4 #cde #agd #dcj #bbd ,melt4 ,sublime4 _/---------- _/---------- ,fahr4 ,c5t4 ,fahr4 ,c5t4 ,,aconit9e #adj #fj #djj #bjd ,,atrop9e ,melt1 *ange #aej #ff #bhj #ach ,,v]atr9e col\r1 sublime1 #bjj #ic #cfj #ahb ,,bruc9e & #bdj #aaf #djj #bjd ,,digital9 deposit c>bon4 #caj #aed #caj #aed ,,picrotox9 #cbj #afj #cbj #afj ,,solan9e #dbj #bae #dbj #baf ,selmi's me?od ( extract+ poison\s alkaloids 9 =5sic inve/igations4 ,! alcoholic extract ( ! visc]a1 acidifi$ & filt]$1 is evaporat$ at #fe ,c41 ! residue tak5 up ) wat]1 filt]$ to sep>ate fatty matt]s1 & decol\r$ by means ( basic acetate ( lead1 leav+ ! solution 9 contact ) ! air = #bd h\rs4 ,x is !n filt]$1 ! lead precipitat$ by means ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 & ! solution aft] conc5tration repeat$ly extract$ ) e!r4 ,! e!real solution is !n saturat$ ) dry c>bonic anhydride1 :i* g5]ally causes a precipitate ( m9ute drops adh]+ to ! sides ( ! vessel1 & conta9+ "s ( ! alkaloids4 ,! e!real solution is !n p\r$ into a clean vessel1 mix$ ) ab\t half its volume ( wat]1 & a curr5t ( c>bonic anhydride pass$ = ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 :i* may cause ! precipitation ( o!r alkaloids n precipitat$ by dry c>bonic anhydride4 ,usually ! :ole ( ! alkaloids pres5t 9 ! e!r are ?r[n d[n by ^! means1 b if n1 ! solution is dehydrat$ by agitation ) ,b>ium oxide1 & !n a solution ( t>t>ic acid 9 e!r add$ to ! cle> liquid1 tak+ great c>e n to employ excess ( acid4 ,?is ?r[s d[n any alkaloid t may rema94 ,9 ord] to extract any alkaloids t may /ill rema9 9 ! visc]a1 !y are mix$ ) ,b>ium hydrate & a little wat]1 & !n agitat$ ) purifi$ amylic alcohol2 ! alkaloids may subsequ5tly be extract$ f ! alcohol by agitation ) v dilute sulphuric acid4 ,a k ( ! diff]5t solubilities ( ! alkaloids w be f\nd an important auxili>y 9 _! analysis4 ,! foll[+ is a summ>y ( ! relative solubility ( ! mo/ important ( !m4 ,! figures d5ote ! numb] ( p>ts ( ! liquid requir$ = _! solution3-- ,absolute alcohol4--,/ry*n9e insoluble2 bruc9e soluble4 ,amylic alcohol4--,solan9e 7#ajfa72 digital9 sp>+ly soluble2 morph9e 7#acc72 /ry*n9e 7#abb72 v]atr9e1 bruc9e1 atrop9e1 aconit9e1 & picrotox91 freely soluble4 ,b5zol4--,all ! poison\s alkaloids1 except solan9e1 are soluble 9 b5zol4 ,*lor(orm4--,solan9e 7#ej1jjj72 morph9e 7#feej72 /ry*n9e 7#h72 ! re/ freely soluble4 ,e!r4--,solan9e 7#ijjj72 morph9e 7#ggbe72 /ry*n9e 7#adjj72 aconit9e 7#ggg72 bruc9e 7#ddj72 v]atr9e 7#ajh72 atrop9e1 picrotox91#bf & digital91 v soluble4 ,footnote #bf3 ,digital9 & picrotox91 al?\gh n alkaloids1 are ins]t$ 9 ! above li/1 because !y h a g5]al simil>ity 9 *emical prop]ties to !m2 & = ! conv5i5ce ( ! toxicologi/4 ,wat] 7cold74--,/ry*n9e 7#hccc72 v]atr9e 7#ghfj72 morph9e 7#daff72 aconit9e 7#aghc72 solan9e 7#agej72 bruc9e 7#ijj72 atrop9e 7#dad72 picrotox9 7#aej72 digital9 v soluble4 ,! pr9cipal ,alkaloids & _! ,salts1 9 ! /ate ( p[d]1 or ) 'conia' & 'nicotia1' 9 ! /ate ( an oily look+ liquid1 may be ?us di/+ui%$3-- #a4 a4 ,! p[d] is treat$ ) nitric acid3--,x is col\r$ r$2 probable pres5ce ( ,brucia1 ,delphia1 ,morphia1 or comm]cial ,/ry*nia4 ,if ! r$d5$ acid becomes violet on ! addition ( 'proto*loride ( t91' x is ,,brucia2 if x becomes black & c>bonace\s1 x is ,,delphia4 ,if ! p[d] is fusible )\t decomposition1 & /rongly decomposes iodic acid1 x is ,,morphia2 if x is n fusible )\t decomposition1 & does n decompose iodic acid1 x is ,,/ry*nia4 b4 ,if in/ead ( a r$1 ! p[d] /rikes a gre5 col\r ) nitric acid1 x is ,,solania2 if x is insoluble 9 'e!r1' & n r$d5$ by 'nitric acid1' x is ,,emetia2 if soluble 9 e!r1 n r$d5$ by 'nitric acid1' b melts & volatilises :5 heat$1 x is ,,atropia2 if x is ?us affect$ by e!r or nitric acid1 b does n volatilise1 x is ,,v]atria4 7,see #b1 bel[47 #b4 a4 ,! p[d]1 or 7) 'conia & nicotia'7 conc5trat$ liquor1 is treat$ ) a drop or two ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid3--,a r$ col\r is produc$2 probable pres5ce ( ,brucia1 ,nicot9a1 ,salic9e1 or ,v]atria4 ,if ! r$d5$ mixture has at fir/ a roseate hue1 turn+ deep r$ on ! addition ( nitric acid1 x is ,,brucia2 if ! orig9al sub/ance moi/5$ ) solution ( potassa evolves ! od\r ( tobacco1 x conta9s ,,nicot9e2 if ! r$ col\r produc$ by ! acid is p]man5t & ( an int5se blood-hue1 & ! p[d] agglut9ates into lumps l res91 x is ,,salic9e2 if ! col\r is at fir/ yell[i%1 *ang+ to blood-r$1 & ultimately to crimson & violet1 x is ,,v]atria4 b4 ,if in/ead ( ! sub/ance be+ 'r$d5$' by /rong sulphuric acid1 no p>ticul> action ensues 9 ! cold1 x conta9s ei!r ,conia or ,/ry*nia2 if a small fragm5t ( bi*romate ( potassa be+ n[ dropp$ 91 produces a ri* violet col\r1 x is ,,/ry*nia2 if ! orig9al matt] on be+ heat$1 or treat$ ) solution ( potassa1 evolves a p5etrat+1 disagreeable od\r1 some:at analog\s to t f 'hemlock1' or to a mixture ( ^? f tobacco & mice1 x is ,,conia4 ,reactions ) c]oso-c]ic oxide4 ,?is oxide exhibits *>act]i/ic col\rs ) sev]al alkaloids1 especially ) ,,/ry*n9e4 ,:5 /rong sulphuric acid is p\r$ ^u /ry*n9e1 & !n a small quantity ( c]oso-c]ic oxide add$1 a f9e blue col\r is produc$1 simil> to t :i* /ry*n9e exhibits ) potassium bi*romate1 b mu* m p]man5t4 ,! blue col\r gradually *anges to *]ry-r$1 & !n rema9s unalt]$ = sev]al days4 ,?is reaction is capable ( detect+ "o "p ( /ry*n9e 9 a million p>ts ( liquid4 ,,bruc9e simil>ly treat$ acquires an orange-col\r1 gradually *ang+ to yell[2 ,,morph9e1 olive-br[n1 f9ally br[n2 ,,n>cot9e1 br[n *]ry r$1 f9ally w9e-r$2 ,,code9e1 olive-gre51 f9ally br[n2 ,,qu99e1 pale-yell[2 ,,c9*on9e & ,,!9e rema9 col\rless2 ,,v]atr9e becomes r$di%-br[n2 ,,atrop9e1 d+y yell[i%-br[n2 ,,solan9e1 yell[ at fir/1 f9ally br[ni%2 ,,emet9e1 br[n2 ,,col*ic9e1 fir/ gre51 !n dirty br[n2 ,,anil9e1 aft] a long "t1 acquires a blue col\r ext5d+ f ! edges inw>ds2 ,,con9e becomes light-yell[4 ,,pip]9e col\rs ! sulphuric acid blood-r$1 & is turn$ d>k-br[n1 almo/ black by ! c]ium oxide 7,sonn5s*e974 ,reactions ) picric acid4 ,?is acid is a v good precipitant = alkaloids1 af=d+ a v delicate te/ = _m ( !m1 & may p]haps also s]ve = sep>at+ !m "o f ano!r4 ,! precipitation takes place ev5 9 solutions conta9+ a l>ge excess ( sulphuric acid1 & is sometimes complete4 ,precipitat$ are1 ,,bruc9e1 ,,/ry*n9e1 ,,v]atr9e1 ,,qu9id9e1 ,,c9*on9e1 & mo/ ( ! opium alkaloids2 n precipitat$1 ,,morph9e1 ,,atrop9e 7,engli%71 ,,pseudo-,,morph9e1 ,,caffe9e1 & all glucosides 7,hag]74 ,! pres5ce ( "o or m ( ! alkaloids be+ %[n by any ( ! prec$+ me?ods1 a portion ( ! orig9al cle> solution or p[d]1 or ( ! precipitates or filtrates above ref]r$ to1 mu/ be treat$ ) _! *>act]i/ic te/s1 z giv5 "u ! individual notices ( ^! articles1 s z to set at re/ all d\bt z to _! id5tity4 ,no s+le te/ mu/ ev] be reli$ on z a positive pro(4 ,! pres5ce ( ,brucia1 ,morphia & ,/ry*nia may be det]m9$ 9 sub/ances :i* aft] be+ mix$ ) ! salts ( ^! alkaloids h und]gone ! acet\s1 v9\s1 or putrefactive f]m5tation1 z %[n by ,orfila1 ,,mm4 ,l>ocque & ,?ibi]ge1 & _m o!r em95t *emi/s & toxicologi/s1 & confirm$1 9 num]\s cases1 by our own exp]im5ts4 ,opium & morphia may ?us be readily detect$ 9 be]1 w9e1 s\p1 & milk4 ,a pap] by ,pr(essor ,,drag5dorf 9 ! ',am]ican ,*emi/' = ,april1 #ahgf1 may be consult$ ) advantage4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t none ( ! organic bases f\nd 9 plants h yet be5 =m$ artificially1 al?\gh sev]al analog\s sub/ances h be5 ?us produc$4 ,closely alli$ to ! alkaloids !re also exi/s an ext5sive s]ies ( neutral proximate pr9ciples1 :i* diff] f ^? sub/ances *iefly 9 ! abs5ce ( basic prop]ties1 & 9 mo/ ( !m be+ de/itute ( nitrog54 ,!y are usually bitt]1 &1 l ! alkaloids1 g5]ally repres5t ! active prop]ties ( ! plants 9 :i* !y are f\nd2 :il/ "s ( !m possess consid]able m$ic9al en]gy4 ,( ?is k9d are asp>ag91 elat]91 g5tian91 picrotox91 salic91 c4 ,^! two classes ( bodies1 ?\gh actually di/9ct1 are frequ5tly conf\nd$4 ,see ,,alkali1 ,,organic ,,bases1 ,,poisons1 ,,proximate ,,pr9ciples1 ,,vegetables1 ,,nom5clature1 c42 also ! individual alkaloids "u _! respective heads4 ,,alkaloids ,,( ,,aconite4 ,! nature ( ! active pr9ciple ( aconite root does n appe> to h be5 satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,messrs ,groves1 ,wright1 & ,williams cont5d t ! ,aconitum napellus yields an active cry/all9e alkaloid1 :i* !y di/+ui% z ,aconit9e1 & to :i* !y assign ! =mula ,c#cc;,h#dc,,no#ab2 !y add t additionally ! root conta9s m or less ( ano!r active alkaloid1 :i* !y t]m ,pseudaconit9e1 & :i* is repres5t$ by ! =mula ,c#cf;,h#di,,no#aa2 !y also ass]t t ! extract ( ! roots conta9s v>y+ quantities ( c]ta9 decomposition products result+ f ! saponification ( ! above bases by ! acids1 :i* are produc$ by ! break+ up ( "p ( ! aconit9e4 ,! "n ( ^! decomposition products is ,acon9e & ,pseudacon9e4 ,( ,aconitum f]ox !y report t x yields a comp>atively l>ge quantity ( ,pseudaconit9e & a small quantity ( ,aconit9e4 ,!y fur!r affirm t ! s-call$ aconit9e ( comm]ce is a mixture ( true aconit9e & pseudaconit9e ) v>iable quantities ( _! alt]ation products1 acon9e & pseudacon9e1 & ( c]ta9 amorph\s unnam$ alkaloids4 ,messrs ,paul & ,k+zett conte/ ! accuracy ( ^! d$uctions1 & dispute ! correctness ( ! =mula giv5 to aconit9e4 ,dr ,paul d\bts :e!r ! alkaloid to :i* ! active prop]ties ( ! root are ascrib$ has ev] yet be5 obta9$ 9 an isolat$ condition4 ,he ?9ks x probable t ! sub/ance obta9$ f aconite root 0 to a great ext5t a salt ( an acid1 l aconitic acid4 ,= fur!r in=mation ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ',ph>maceutical ,ye> ,book' = #ahgc1 #ahgd1 #ahge1 #ahgf1 & #ahgg4 ,,al',,kanet4 ,syn4 ,,an*u',,sa1 ,l42 ,,orcanette1 ,fr42 ,,orkanet1 ,g]42 ,,or',,*anet991 ,,dy]',s ,,al',,kanet1 ,d4 ,,bu',,gloss994 ,! an*u'sa t9cto''ria 7,willd42 li?osp]'mum t9cto''rium--,l9n471 a decidu\s h]bace\s plant1 ) a p]5nial1 d>k blood-r$ root4 ,hab4 ,asia ,m9or1 ,greece1 ,hung>y1 c4 ,x is also l>gely cultivat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,montpelli]4 ,! dri$ root 7,,alkanet ,,root2 ,,radix ,,an*us1 ,r4 ,a4 ,,t9ctori7 is *iefly import$ f ! ,levant4 ,x conta9s a beautiful blood-r$ col\r1 :i* x freely gives out to oils1 fats1 wax1 spirits1 ess5ces1 & simil> sub/ances1 by simply infus+ x 9 !m1 & is consequ5tly mu* employ$ to col\r ^! articles4 ,wax t+$ ) x1 & appli$ on w>m m>ble1 /a9s x ( a ri* fle%-col\r1 :i* s9ks deep into ! /one1 & possesses consid]able durability4 ,its spiritu\s t9cture also imp>ts a deep r$ to m>ble4 ,prop41 c4 ,! col\r+ matt] ( alkanet 0 reg>d$ by ,pelleti] z a fatty acid 7,,an*usic ,,acid72 b x has s9ce be5 %[n to be a species ( res9 7,,an*us9e1 ,,pseudo-,,alkann9e1 ,p4-,,alkanium74 ,accord+ to ,dr ,john1 good alkanet root conta9s #e-a_/b p] c5t4 ( ?is sub/ance4 ,an*us9e melts at #adj ,fahr42 is sc>cely soluble 9 wat]1 to :i* x only imp>ts a dirty r$ col\r1 b is v soluble 9 alcohol1 oils1 & acetic acid4 ,alkalies turn x blue4 ,x is f\nd :olly 9 ! root-b>k4 ,9 select+ ?is article1 ! small] roots %\ld !re=e be *os51 z !y possess m b>k ?an ! l>g] ones1 9 proportion to _! weight4 ,exposure to ammoniacal fumes1 or ev5 h&l+ x mu* ) ! f+]s1 *anges its r$ to a crimson or purpli% hue4 ,uses1 c4 ,x is mu* employ$ by druggi/s & p]fum]s to col\r oils1 lip-salves1 pla/]s1 pomatums1 c42 by v>ni%-mak]s1 to t+e _! v>ni%es & lacqu]s2 by /atu>ies to /a9 m>ble2 by dairy-f>m]s1 to col\r *eese2 by w9e-m]*ants & bottl]s 79 ! =m ( t9cture71 to /a9 be=eh& ! corks ( _! port-w9e bottles1 9 ord] to imitate ! effects ( age1 & z col\r+ & flav\r+ = factiti\s port w9e2 & by dy]s1 & o!rs4 ,a species ( crimson r\ge 0 =m]ly prep>$ f x 7h5ce its "n74 ,,allanto',,ic ,,acid4 ,see ,,allanto94 ,,allan',,to94 ,c#h;,h#f,o#f,n#d4 ,syn4 ,,allanto',,ic ,,acid991 ,,amniot',,ic ,a4dagg] ,,am',,nic ,a4dagg]2 ,,allanto',,na1 ,l4 ,a sub/ance discov]$ by ,vauquel9 & ,buniva 9 :at !y imag9$ to be ! liquor amnii ( ! c[1 & h5ce nam$ by !m amniotic acid4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds %[n by ,dzondi & ,lassaigne to exi/ 9 ! fluid ( ! allantos1 & n ( ! amnios4 ,x has s9ce be5 produc$ artificially by ,whl] & ,liebig4 ,prep4 #a4 ,! allantoc fluid ( ! foetal calf is evaporat$ to #a-d? or #a-e? ( its volume1 & !n set aside = "s "t4 ,! cry/als ?us obta9$ are purifi$ by re-solution1 dige/ion ) animal *>coal1 & re-cry/allisation4 #b4 7,whl] & ,liebig47 ,uric acid1 #a "p2 is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #bj p>ts2 & fre%ly precipitat$ & well-wa%$ b9oxide ( lead is add$ to ! solution until ! col\r ceases to *ange2 ! liquid is next filt]$ :ile hot1 evaporat$ until a pellicle =ms on ! surface1 & !n set aside to cry/allise2 ! cry/als be+ purifi$ z be=e4 ,prop41 c4 ,small1 b v brilliant prismatic1 transp>5t1 col\rless cry/als2 ta/eless2 neutral2 soluble 9 #afj p>ts ( cold wat]1 & 9 mu* less at #bab2 nitric acid conv]ts x into ,,allanturic ,,acid2 oil ( vitriol resolves x into ammonia1 c>bonic acid1 & c>bonic oxide2 hot conc5trat$ solutions ( ! cau/ic alkalies *ange x into ammonia & oxalic acid4 ,,allantox',,icum4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,allantox',,icum1 ,l4 7prim41 ,gr474 ,! poison develop$1 dur+ putrefaction1 9 sausages made ( blood1 liv]1 c4 ,x (t5 proves spe$ily fatal4 7,kraus47 ,,allgeme9e ,,flus/9ctur 7,sulzb]g]1 ,salzung574 ,= ! relief ( a numb] ( diseases1 among :i* are *ol]a & sea-sickness4 ,aloes1 #a "p2 _s ( w9e1 #b p>ts4 7,spau47 ,,allia',,ce\s 7-%'u74 ,syn4 ,,allia',,ceus1 ,l42 ,,alliac1 ,,ailiac1 ,fr42 ,,knoblau*>tig1 c41 ,g]4 ,g>lick-l2 an epi!t appli$ to sub/ances hav+ ! od\r or prop]ties ( g>lic or onions4 ,alliace\s ,plants4 ,*ives1 g>lic1 leeks1 onions1 rocambole1 %allots1 c4 ,,alliga',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,alliga',,tio1 ,l4 ,9 comm]cial ari?metic1 a rule = asc]ta9+ ! price or value ( mixtures1 & = det]m9+ ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts t mu/ be tak5 to produce mixtures ( any giv5 price1 value1 or /r5g?4 ,! fir/ is call$ ,,alligation ,,me',,dial2 ! second1 ,,alligation ,,alt]n',,ate4 ,its pr9ciples & applications are expla9$ "u ,,mixtures 7,ari?metic (74 ,,allop',,a?y4 ,syn4 ,,allopa',,?ia1 ,l4 7f ,greek3 allos1 o!r1 diff]5t1 & ,greek3 pa?os1 affection or disease1 ,gr472 ,,allopa?ie1 ,fr4 ,9 m$ic9e1 ! me?od ( cur+ disease by ! use ( rem$ies :i* t5d to produce a condition ( ! sy/em1 ei!r diff]+ f1 oppos$ to1 or incompatible ) ! condition believ$ to be ess5tial to ! disease x is s\ght to cure4 ,x is commonly employ$ to di/+ui% ! ord9>y sy/em ( m$ical practice f homoeopa?y 7:i* see74 ,h5ce 7an7 ,,allop',,a?i/1 & ! correspond+ adjective ,,allopa?',,ic 7allopa?'icus1 ,l474 ,,allot',,ropy4 ,syn4 ,,allot',,ropism2 ,,allotro',,pia1 ,,allotropis',,mus1 ,l4 ,lit]ally1 a diff]5ce 9 "*2 ano!r =m ( ! same sub/ance4 ,9 *emi/ry1 a t]m inv5t$1 by ,b]zelius1 to express ! /ate or condition1 or ! *ange ( "*1 assum$ by c]ta9 sub/ances at diff]5t temp]atures1 or "u diff]5t treatm5t1 :il/ _! nature & composition cont9ue ! same4 ,x m p>ticul>ly relates to col\r1 h>dness1 solubility1 texture1 c4 ,boron1 c>bon1 silicon1 iron1 sulphur1 & phosphorus1 af=d /rik+ examples ( ! *anges "h ref]r$ to4 ,,allox',,ant94 ,c#h;,h#d,n#d,o#g4c;,h#b,o4 ,a cry/allisable sub/ance1 fir/ obta9$ by ,dr ,pr\t f uric acid4 ,prep4 #a4 ,uric acid1 #a "p2 is boil$ 9 wat]1 #cb p>ts2 dilute nitric acid be+ add$ until solution is complete2 ! result+ liquid is evaporat$ to #b_/crds its volume1 & !n set aside = #aj or #ab h\rs2 ! cry/als1 :i* are deposit$1 are purifi$ by re-solution & cry/allisation4 #b4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas is pass$1 9 a full /ream1 ?r\gh a mod]ately /rong aque\s solution ( alloxan1 9 ! cold4 ,! alloxant91 :i* is deposit$ z a cry/all9e mass1 is purifi$ by dra9+1 cauti\s wa%+ ) cold wat]1 re-solution 9 boil+ wat]1 & re-cry/allisation4 ,! impure "m-liquor f :i* cry/als ( alloxan h sep>at$1 if dilut$ ) wat]1 may be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,prop41 c4 ,cry/als1 small col\rless1 transp>5t1 f\r-sid$1 oblique rhombic prisms2 sc>cely soluble 9 cold wat]2 solution r$d5s litmus2 ) b>yta wat] x gives a *>act]i/ic violet-col\r$ precipitate1 :i* disappe>s on heat+2 & ) nitrate ( silv] a black precipitate ( t metal2 ! cry/als are r$d5$ by ammoniacal vap\rs4 ,,alloy'4 ,syn4 ,,alliage1 ,fr42 ,,legirung1 ,,v]mis*ung ,,dur* ,,s*melz51 ,g]4 ,9 co9age1 a comp\nd ( ! preci\s metals ) ano!r1 or o!rs1 ( less value2 also ! lea/ valuable metal1 or metals1 9 su* comp\nds4 ,9 *emi/ry & metallurgy1 comb9ations ( ! metals ) ea* o!r usually obta9$ by fusion4 ,:5 m]cury is "o ( ! compon5t metals1 ! comp\nd is t]m$ an ,,amalgam4 ,prep41 c4 ,no ,g5]al rules c be giv5 = ?is purpose4 ,alloys ( metals diff]+ greatly 9 fusibility1 are commonly made by add+ ! m fusible "o1 ei!r 9 ! melt$ /ate1 or 9 small portions at a "t1 to ! o!r melt$1 or heat$ to ! l[e/ possible temp]ature at :i* a p]fect union w take place betwe5 !m4 ,! mixture is usually affect$ "u a flux1 or "s mat]ial t w promote liquefaction1 & prev5t volatilisation & unnecess>y exposure to ! air4 ,?us1 9 melt+ lead & t9 toge!r1 = sold]1 res91 or tall[ is ?r[n ^u ! surface2 9 t9n+ copp]1 ! surface is rubb$ ) sal ammoniac2 & 9 comb9+ "s metals1 p[d]$ *>coal is us$ = ! same purpose4 ,quicksilv] comb9es ) _m metals 9 ! cold1 =m+ ,,amalgams4 ,comp4 ,! foll[+ ,table exhibits ! composition ( ! m important comp\nds ( ?is class3-- ,table ( ! pr9cipal ,alloys4#bg ,,names4 ,,comb9+ ,,metals4 ,,albata ,see ,g]man ,silv]4 ,,amalgams ,m]cury & o!r metals4 ,,ba?-,,metal ,copp] & z9c4 ,,bell-,,metal ,copp] & t94 ,,brass ,copp] & z9c4 ,,britannia ,,metal ,t9 ) antimony1 copp]1 & bismu?4 ,,bronze ,t9 & copp]4 ,,bronze ,,alum9ium ,copp] & alum9ium4 ,,cannon-,,metal ,t9 & copp]4 ,,dut* ,,gold ,copp] & z9c4 ,,fusible ,,metal ,bismu?1 lead1 & t94 ,,g]man ,,silv] ,copp]1 nickel1 & z9c1 )1 sometimes1 a little iron & t94 ,,gold 7/&>d7 ,gold ) copp]4 ,,gold 7old /&>d7 ,gold ) copp] & silv]4 ,,gun-,,metal ,see ,cannon-metal4 ,,mosaic ,,gold ,copp] & z9c4 ,,or-,,molu ,copp] & z9c4 ,,pewt] 7common7 ,t9 & lead4 ,,pewt] 7be/7 ,t9 ) antimony1 bismu? & copp]4 ,,pot-,,metal1 ,,cock-,,metal ,copp] & lead1 )1 sometimes1 a little z9c4 ,,que5',s ,,metal ,t9 ) antimony1 bismu?1 & copp]4 ,,%ot-,,metal ,lead ) a little ars5ic4 ,,silv] 7/&>d7 ,silv] & copp]4 ,,sold] ,t9 & lead4 ,,speculum-,,metal ,t9 & copp]1 & ars5ic4 ,,/]eotype-,,metal ,lead1 antimony1 & bismu?4 ,,tombac1 ,,r$ ,,tombac ,copp] & z9c4 ,,tutania ,see ,britannia metal4 ,,type-,,metal ,lead & antimony4 ,,:ite ,,copp] 7,packfong2 ,copp] & ars5ic4 ,:itetombac7 ,footnote #bg3 ,= ! proportions ( ! compon5t metals1 ref] to ! alloys "u _! respective heads4 ,prop41 c4 ,alloys g5]ally possess *>act]i/ics un%>$ by _! compon5t metals4 ,?us1 copp] & z9c =m brass1 :i* has a diff]5t d5sity1 h>dness1 & col\r to ei!r ( its con/itu5ts4 ,:e!r ! metals t5d to unite 9 atomic proportions1 or 9 any def9ite ratio1 is /ill undet]m9$4 ,! evid5ce af=d$ by ! natural alloys ( gold & silv]1 & by ! ph5om5a accompany+ ! cool+ ( sev]al alloys f ! /ate ( fusion1 goes f> to prove t su* is ! case4 7,rudb]g47 ,! subject is1 h[ev]1 "o ( consid]able difficulty1 z metals & metallic comp\nds are g5]ally soluble 9 ea* o!r1 & unite by a simple fusion & contact4 ,t !y d n comb9e indiff]5tly ) ea* o!r1 b ex]cise a species ( elective aff9ity n dissimil> to o!r bodies1 is cle>ly %[n by ! homog5eity & sup]ior quality ( _m alloys 9 :i* ! con/itu5t metals are 9 atomic proportions4 ,! v>iation ( ! specific gravity & melt+-po9ts ( alloys f ! mean ( ^? ( _! compon5t metals1 also af=ds /rong evid5ce ( a *emical *ange hav+ tak5 place4 ,?us1 alloys g5]ally melt at l[] temp]atures ?an ^? requir$ = _! sep>ate metals4 ,!y also usually possess m t5acity & h>dness ?an ! mean ( _! con/itu5ts4 ,mat?iess5 f\nd t :5 weights are susp5d to spirals ( h>d-drawn wire made ( copp]1 silv]1 gold1 or plat9um1 !y become ne>ly /raight5$ :5 /ret*$ by a mod]ate weight2 b wires ( equal dim5sions compos$ ( copp]-t9 7#ab ( t971 silv]-plat9um 7#cf ( plat9um71 & gold-copp] 7#hd ( copp]71 sc>cely und]go any p]man5t *ange 9 =m :5 subject$ to t5sion by ! same weight4 ,! same *emi/ gives ! foll[+ approximative results ^u ! t5acity ( c]ta9 metals & wires h>d drawn ?r\gh ! same gauge 7,no4 #bc73 ,break+ /ra9 =3 lbs4 ,copp] #be-cj ,t9 "u #g ,lead #g ,t9-lead 7#bj lead7 ab\t #g ,t9-copp] 7#ab copp]7 #g ,copp]-t9 7#ab t97 #hj-ij ,gold #bj-be ,gold-copp] 7#hd copp]7 #gj-ge ,silv] #de-ej ,plat9um #de-ej ,silv]-plat9um 7#cj plat9um7 #ge-hj ,on ! o!r h&1 _! malleability1 ductility1 & p[] ( resi/+ oxyg5 is g5]ally dim9i%$4 ,! alloy =m$ ( two brittle metals is always brittle2 t ( a brittle & a ductile metal1 g5]ally s2 & ev5 two ductile metals sometimes unite to =m a brittle comp\nd4 ,! alloys =m$ ( metals hav+ diff]5t fus+-po9ts are usually malleable :il/ cold1 & brittle :il/ hot4 ,! action ( ! air on alloys is g5]ally less ?an on _! simple metals1 unless ! =m] are heat$4 ,a mixture ( #a "p ( t9 & #c p>ts ( lead is sc>cely act$ on at common temp]atures2 b at a r$ heat x readily takes fire1 & cont9ues to burn = "s "t l a piece ( bad turf4 ,9 l mann]1 a mixture ( t9 & z9c1 :5 /rongly heat$1 decomposes bo? moi/ air & /eam ) almo/ fe>ful rapidity4 ,! specific gravity ( alloys is nev] ! ari?metical mean ( t ( _! con/itu5ts1 z commonly taught2 & 9 _m cases consid]able cond5sation or expansion occurs4 ,:5 !re is a /rong aff9ity betwe5 two metals1 ! d5sity ( _! alloy is g5]ally great] ?an ! calculat$ mean2 & vice v]s1 z may be se5 9 ! foll[+ ,table3-- ,alloys hav+ a d5sity-- ,great] ?an ! mean ( ,less ?an ! mean _! con/itu5ts3-- ( _! con/itu5ts3-- ,copp] & bismu?1 ,gold & copp]1 palladium1 iridium1 t91 iron1 z9c1 lead1 ,gold & antimony1 nickel1 bismu?1 silv]1 cobalt1 ,iron & antimony1 t91 bismu?1 z9c1 lead1 ,lead & antimony1 ,nickel & ars5ic1 ,palladium & bismu?1 ,silv] & copp]1 ,plat9um & molybd5um1 ,t9 & antimony1 ,silv] & antimony1 lead1 bismu?1 palladium1 lead1 ,z9c & antimony4 t91 z9c4 ,e alloy1 says ,dr ,ure1 is1 9 ref]5ce to ! arts & manufactures1 a new metal1 on acc\nt ( its *emical & physical prop]ties4 ,a va/ field "h rema9s to be explor$4 ,n above sixty alloys h be5 /udi$ by *emi/s1 out ( _m hundr$s :i* may be made1 & ( ^! v few h yet be5 practically employ$4 ,v slight modifications (t5 con/itute v valuable improvem5ts ^u metallic bodies4 ,see ,,analysis1 ,,assay+1 ,,brass1 ,,bronze1 ,,electrotype1 ,,g]man ,,silv]1 ,,gold1 ,,metals1 ,,specific ,,gravity1 c4 ,,all',,spice4 ,see ,,pim5to4 ,,allu'',,vial4 7-l'oov'-y7al74 ,syn4 ,,allu'',,vi\s992 ,,allu'',,vius1 ,l42 ,d',,alluvion1 ,fr4 ,9 geology1 appli$ to p>tial deposits ( mud1 s&1 gravel1 c41 left by riv]s & floods ^u l& n p]man5tly subm]g$ b5ea? wat]2 9 agriculture1 appli$ to soils s =m$ or deposit$4 ,,allu'',,vium4 ,l41 ,eng4 ,syn4 ,,alluvion1 ,fr42 ,,anfl,,ssung1 ,,ans*wemmung1 ,g]4 ,9 geol4 & agr41 alluvial deposit or soil4 ,see ,,soils1 c4 ,,al',,lyl 7-l7il74 ,c#c;,h#e4 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! radical ( ! ess5tial oils conta9+ sulphur1 z ^? ( assafoetida1 g>lic1 hors]adi%1 mu/>d1 onions1 c41 :i* are ei!r sulphides or sulphocyanides ( allyl4 ,its probable exi/5ce 0 fir/ %[n by ,capta9 ,reynolds1 :o succe$$ 9 produc+ sev]al ( its d]ivatives4 ,x has s9ce be5 obta9$1 9 a sep>ate /ate1 by ! action ( sodium ^u iodide ( allyl4 ,x is an oily sub/ance ) a high boil+ po9t4 ,allyl1 ,sulphide (1 7,c#c;,h#e7b,s2 obta9$ 7artificially7 by act+ on sulphocyanide ( allyl ) sulphide ( potassium4 ,see ,,oil ,,( ,,g>lick4 ,allyl1 ,sulphocy'anide (1 ,c#c;,h#e;,,cns2 obta9$ by submitt+ iodide ( allyl to ! action ( sulphocyanide ( potassium2 or by g5tly heat+ a mix$ alcoholic solution ( sulphide ( allyl & bi*loride ( m]cury1 ) sulphocyanide ( potassium4 ,see ,,oil ,,( ,,mu/>d 7,,volatile74 ,,al',,mond 7ah'-m7und74 ,syn4 ,,amyg',,dala 7also -,,u1 -,,um9971 ,l42 ,,am&e1 ,fr42 ,,m&el1 ,g]41 ,dut41 ,dan41 ,sw$4 ,! 'almond-tree' 7amyg'dalus commu'nis--,l9n42 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 & ,d42 ,am&i]--,fr471 a tree ( ! nat4 ord4 ,rosace1 indig5\s to ,p]sia1 ,syria1 & ! nor? ( ,africa2 b also ext5sively cultivat$ 9 s\!rn ,europe4 ,! almond-tree is ab\t ! size ( ! pea*-tree1 :i* x mu* resembles 9 appe>ance4 ,x is incapable ( rip5+ its fruit 9 ?is c\ntry1 & is1 !re=e1 only gr[n "h = ! sake ( its beautiful v]nal fl[]s4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties1 ( :i* ! mo/ important are ! sweet & ! bitt]1 s nam$ f ! flav\r ( ! se$ or k]nel4 ,^!1 = ! mo/ "p1 resemble ea* o!r 9 appe>ance4 ,de ,c&olle 7',prodromus1' ii1 #ecj7 gives five v>ieties ( ?is species3--,a4 ,,ama'',,ra 7bitt]-almond72 ,a4 ,,dul',,cis 7sweet-a472 ,a4 ,,fragilis 7t5d]-%ell$ a472 ,a4 ,,macroc>',,pa 7l>ge-fruit$ a41 pi/a'*io a41 sultana a472 ,a4 ,,p]sico',,des 7pea* a474 ,almond1 ,p]'sian4 ,! pea*4 ,,al',,monds4 ,syn4 ,,amyg',,dal1 ,l42 ,,am&es1 ,fr42 ,,m&eln1 ,g]4 ,! se$ or k]nels ( ! almond-tree4 ,!y are met ) 9 comm]ce bo? 9 ! %ell 7,,amyg',,dal ,,cum ,,putam',,ine1 -7in-e1 ,l471 & %ell$ 7,,amygdal1 ,l474 ,9 ! retail %ops1 mo/ commonly 9 ! latt] =m4 ,^? rancid1 brok51 or worm-eat5 %\ld be reject$4 ,almonds1 ,bitt'er4 ,syn4 ,,amyg',,dal ,,ama'',r1 ,l42 ,,amygdala ,,am>a1 ,ph4 ,e42 ,,am&es ,,am,,res1 ,fr42 ,,bitt]e ,,m&eln1 ,g]4 ,a v>iety import$ f ,mogadore1 *iefly *>act]is$ by possess+ ! bitt] flav\r1 & :5 rubb$ ) wat]1 ! od\r ( pea*-k]nels4 ,!y are also small] & ?ick] ?an ! sweet almond4 ,uses1 c4 ,bitt] almonds are us$ to relieve ! flav\r ( sweet almonds1 to cle> muddy wat]1 & to flav\r confection]y1 liqueurs1 c4 ,by pressure1 !y yield _! bl& oil 7,,oil ,,( ,,almonds2 ,o',,leum ,,amyg',,dal1 ,l472 ! result+ cake 7,,bitt]-,a4 ,,cake2 ,,plac5',,ta ,a4 ,,am>1 ,l47 is di/ill$ = ! volatile oil 7,,ess5tial ,,oil ,,( ,a42 ,o4 ,a4 ,a41 ,l471 & is aft]w>ds aga9 press$ into cakes 7,a4-,,cake71 & us$ to fatt5 pigs1 & = o!r purposes4 ,bitt] almonds are n[ seldom employ$ 9 m$ic9es1 al?\gh x is said t !y h cur$ 'int]mitt5ts' :5 b>k _h fail$ 7,b]gius71 & t _! emulsion has be5 f\nd useful 9 pulmon>y & dyspeptic affections1 hoop+-c\gh1 & a/hma2 & ext]nally z a lotion 9 acne4 7,?omson47 ,9 l>ge quantities !y are poison\s1 & ev5 9 ! smalle/ quantities h be5 kn[n to produce nettle-ra% 7urtic>ia7 & o!r unpleasant symptoms4 ,!y h long be5 9 repute z an antidote to intoxication4 ,! anci5t bac*anals *ew$ !m at _! orgies1 to less5 ! effects ( w9e1 & to enable !m to take x 9 l>g] quantities ) impunity4 ,almonds1 ,blan*$' 7bl7an*t'-74 ,syn4 ,,amyg',,dal ,,decortica',t1 ,l4 ,almonds f :i* ! husk or se$-coat has be5 remov$4 ,?is is effect$ by soak+ !m = a %ort "t 9 w>m wat]1 until ! sk9 c be easily remov$ by pressure betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+]4 ,!y are !n peel$1 r9s$ 9 cold wat]1 dra9$1 & dri$4 ,:5 int5d$ = ! table1 ! la/ is effect$ by wip+ !m ) a s(t t[el2 b :5 !y are int5d$ to be p[d]$1 or kept1 !y are dri$ by a v g5tle heat 9 a /ove1 or 9 ! sun4 ,almonds1 ,burnt'4 ,syn4 ,,roa/$ ,,almonds2 ,,almond ,,c(fee4 ,us$ to col\r & flav\r liqueurs & confection]y2 & =m]ly1 z a sub/itute = c(fee4 ,almonds1 ,guia'na4 7ghe-ah'-n7a2 g h>d74 ,brazil-nuts4 ,al'monds1 ,9'dian4 ,! fruit ( t]m9alia catappa 7,l9n474 ,!y are oleag9\s1 & nutriti\s2 & are us$ z a sub/itute = almonds4 ,almonds1 ,ja'va 7jah'-74 ,! nuts or k]nels ( can>ium commune 7,l9n474 ,!y are eat51 made into bread1 & press$ = _! oil4 ,almonds1 ,sweet'4 ,syn4 ,,almonds2 ,,amyg',,dal1 ,l42 ,a4 ,,dulces1 ,ph4 ,d42 ,,amygdala1 ,a4 ,,jordan',,ica1 ,ph4 ,l42 ,a4 ,,dulcis1 ,ph4 ,e41 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf2 ,,am&es1 ,,am&es ,,d\ces1 ,fr42 ,s,,sse ,,m&eln1 ,g]4 ,^! are ! well-kn[n dess]t or table fruit ( ! "n1 & are ! k9d always ref]r$ to :5 'almonds' 7simply7 are spok5 ( or ord]$4 ,comm4 v>4--#a4 ,,jor',,dan ,,almonds1 :i* are ! f9e/1 & are import$ f ,malaga4 ,( ^! !re are two k9ds2 ! "o1 above an in* 9 l5g?1 flat1 & ) a cle> br[n cuticle1 sweet1 mucilag9\s1 & r t\gh2 ! o!r1 m plump1 & po9t$ at "o end1 brittle1 b equally sweet ) ! =m]4--#b4 ,,val5',,tia ,a4 7:i* come next 9 quality7 are ab\t #c_/h?s ( an in* broad1 n q an in* long1 r\nd at "o end1 & obtusely po9t$ at ! o!r1 flat1 ( a d+y br[n col\r1 ) a du/y cuticle4--#c4 ,,b>',,b>y & ,,ital',,ian ,a41 :i* resemble ! latt]1 b are g5]ally small] & less flatt5$4--#d4 ,a v>iety1 ( m$ium quality1 import$ 9 baskets f ,spa94 ,uses1 c4 ,sweet almonds are nutritive1 emolli5t1 & demulc5t2 b frequ5tly disagree ) weak /oma*s4 ,! husk is apt to occasion indige/ion & nausea4 ,ow+ to a peculi> idiosyncrasy ( "s habits1 dyspepsia1 di>rhoea1 oedemat\s swell+ ( ! face1 & urtic>ia 7nettle-ra%71 sometimes1 ?\gh seldom1 foll[ ! use ( unblan*$ almonds4 ,blan*$ almonds d n produce ^! inconv5i5ces1 &1 !re=e1 %\ld be pref]r$ = ! table4 ,9 m$ic9e1 almonds are employ$ *iefly "u ! =m ( emulsion1 confection1 c41 & to susp5d oily sub/ances 9 wat]4 ,_! uses = dietetical purposes are well kn[n4 ,prep>ations ( !m are also employ$ z cosmetics4 ,! cake left aft] express+ ! oil 7,,almond-,,cake7 is us$ = wa%+ ! sk91 :i* x is said to r5d] beautifully s(t & cle>4 ,see ,,almond ,,pa/e1 c4 ,,al',,nightdagg] 7awl'-74 ,a cake ( wax ) a wick 9 ! mid/4 ,! =]unn] (1 & a rude =m ( ! mod]n dumpy night-lights call$ ,,mort>s4 ,,al',,oe 77al'-o74 ,syn4 ,,al',o 7-o-e71 ,l41 ,fr4 7or ,,alo,s71 ,g]41 ,ital41 ,sp41 ,belg41 ,dan41 ,dut41 ,sw$4 ,! aloe-tree4 ,9 botany1 a g5us ( plants ( ! nat4 ord4 ,liliace 7,,dc74 ,! species1 ( :i* !re are sev]al1 are succul5t plants or small trees ) endog5\s /ems1 & /iff1 fle%y1 h>d1 po9t$ leaves1 ab\nd+ 9 a purgative pr9ciple 7,,aloes71 :i* is obta9$ f !m by ei!r evaporat+ ! express$ juice or ! decoction4 ,!y are all natives ( w>m climates1 & mo/ ( !m are indig5\s to s\!rn ,africa4 ,hi/4 ,hebrew3 a-nx1 aehleem 7aloe-trees71 7 kn[n to ! sacr$ hi/orians2 & bo? ! plant & ! inspissat$ juice are describ$ by ,dioscorides#bh & ,pl9y4#bi ,footnote #bh3 ,lib4 iii1 c4 xxv4 ,footnote #bi3 ',hi/4 ,nat41' lib4 xxvii1 c4 v4 ,uses1 c4 ,9 ,africa1 ! leaves ( ! ,gu9ea aloe are made into ropes1 fi%+-l9es1 b[-/r+s1 /ock+s1 hammocks1 c4 ,! leaves ( ano!r species are us$ to cat* & hold ra9-wat]4 ,! express$ juice & decoction are also us$ by ! natives z a di/aff4 7,vide infr47 ,comp>ative trials1 made 9 ,p>is1 ( ! /r5g? ( cordage & cables =m$ ( hemp1 & ( ! aloe f ,algi]s1 are said to h %[n ! great sup]iority ( ! latt]4 ,fabroni obta9$ a f9e violet col\r f ! rec5t juice ( ! aloe1 :i* has be5 propos$ z a dye = silk4#cj ,footnote #cj3 ',annales de ,*imie1' xxv1 #cje4 ,am]ican ,aloe4 ,! agave ,am]icana 7,l9n47 is a plant unconnect$ ) ! prec$+1 & belong+ to ! nat4 ord4 ,bromeliace4 ,x is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( tropical ,am]ica1 & is l>gely cultivat$ on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 & less frequ5tly1 z an exotic plant 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x gr[s to ! height ( ab\t #bj feet1 & takes _m ye>s to produce its gigantic & magnific5t pyramid ( fl[]s2 %ortly aft] :i* x p]i%es1 exhau/$1 z x 71 by its ef=ts 9 be/[+ its r>e beauty on ! floral _w4 ,! vulg> belief is t x blossoms only once 9 a c5tury2 b1 z /at$ by ! late ,mr ,l\don1 x fl[]s soon] or lat] accord+ to ! culture be/[$ on x4 ,its sap yields a k9d ( honey 7,,agave ,,honey71 & by f]m5tation an intoxicat+ liquor 7,,pulque72 desiccat$ juice1 mix$ ) wood a%es1 is us$ z soap1 & la!rs ei!r ) sea or fre% wat]2 leaf-fibre1 us$ z hemp to make ?read & tw9e4 ,,al',,oe-,,res94 ,syn4 ,,resi',,na ,,al',o,s1 ,l4 ,! res9\s matt] deposit$ by a decoction ( aloes z x cools4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,boil aloes1 #a "p1 9 wat]1 #h p>ts1 & all[ ! decoction1 /ra9$ :il/ hot1 to repose until ! next day2 !n wa% ! deposit$ ,,res91 & dry x by a g5tle heat4 ,x is probably a mixture ( alo9e & oxidis$ extractive4 ,,al',,oes 7-oze74 ,syn4 ,,bitt',,er ,,aloesd\ble-dagg]2 ,,al',o 7-o-e71 ,l42 ,,alo,s1 ,,suc ,d',,alo,s1 ,fr42 ,,aloe1 ,,glaus9de ,,aloe1 ,g]4#ca ,! inspissat$ juice or extract ( sev]al species ( aloe4 ,footnote #ca3 ,also see ,,aloe1 7above74 ,comp41 ,prep41 c4 ,aloes is a complex res9\s sub/ance conta9+ a body call$ alo91 :i* is its active or purgative pr9ciple4 ,x is completely soluble 9 boil+ wat]1 & 9 alcohol or rectifi$ _s4 ,! decoction deposits an impure res9 or res9oid on cool+4 ,phys4 eff41 ,uses1 c4 ,aloes is a w>m /imulat+ purgative1 9 doses ( #c to #aj gr42 :il/ ev5 #a or #b gr4 seldom fail to produce "o motion )\t pa9 or inconv5i5ce4 ,x is consid]$ highly s]viceable 9 hypo*ondriacal1 hy/]ical1 & dyspeptic affections1 p>ticul>ly 9 phlegmatic habits1 & 9 cases aris+ f defici5cy ( bile4 ,z an emm5agogue1 & a v]mifuge1 few m$ic9es are m valuable4 ,x acts on ! l>ge inte/9es1 & pr9cipally on ! rectum2 &1 !re=e1 %\ld be adm9i/]$ ) caution1 or only 9 small doses1 :]e !re is a t5d5cy to prolapsus or piles1 & 9 cases :]e ut]9e /imulants 7z 9 pregnancy1 c47 w\ld be improp]4 ,x is rem>kable ) reg>d to x1 t x op]ates almo/ to z good a purpose 9 a small z 9 a l>ge dose2 & "o or two gra9s w produce "o consid]able dejection1 & tw5ty gra9s w d no m1 except x be t 9 ! la/ dose 7case7 ! op]ation w be att5d$ ) grip+1 c4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ cures = habitual co/iv5ess4 7,cull547 ,_m ( ! effects compla9$ ( arise f its sl[ solubility 9 ! prim vi1 & may be obviat$ by adm9i/]+ x 9 a liquid =m1 or 9 a solid =m comb9$ ) soap1 :i* r5d]s x freely soluble 9 ! juices ( ! /oma*4 ,aloes is m frequ5tly tak5 ?an1 p]haps1 any kn[n purgative4 ,x ent]s into ! composition ( a majority ( ! ap]i5t m$ic9es prescrib$ by ! faculty1 & =ms ! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( ne>ly all ! adv]tis$ purgative1 antibili\s1 & univ]sal pills ( ! no/rum-mong]s4 ,! fact ( aloetic pills n act+ until ab\t #h to #aj h\rs aft] be+ swall[$--s t if tak5 on retir+ to re/ at night !y d n g5]ally di/urb ! pati5t be=e ! usual "t ( ris+ 9 ! morn+--has contribut$ m ?an any?+ else to make su* rem$ies popul> ) p>ties ^: habits or bus9ess avocations w\ld be o!rwise int]f]$ )4 ,aloes is also ext5sively us$ 9 vet]9>y practice4 ,x is ! mo/ valuable & reliable purgative = ! horse ( ! :ole mat]ia m$ica2 b is less to be dep5d$ on = cattle1 %eep1 & hogs4 ,b>badoes aloes is ! be/ = ?is purpose4 ,cape aloes are1 h[ev]1 (t5 employ$1 :5 #a-d? m mu/ be giv54--,dose 7( ! =m]71 = a ,,horse1 #d to #h dr42#cb--;,,cattle1 #c to #f dr4 7foll[$ by a purg+ dr5*72--,,hogs1 #e to #ae gr42--,,%eep1 #ae to #cj gr42#cc--;,,dogs 7small ones71 #aj to #cj gr41 7middle-siz$7 #bj to #dd1 or ev5 #fj gr41 7l>ge7 #c_/d to #a dr41 or ev5 #b dr4 ,footnote #cb3 ,aloes takes f #ah to #cj1 or ev5 #cf h\rs1 to op]ate on a horse4 ,footnote #cc3 ,aloes1 h[ev] l>ge ! dose1 (t5 fails to purge %eep4 ,9 v l>ge quantities x is poison\s to !m4 ,aloes is also us$ 9 dye+2 & z a col\r+ matt] 9 /a9s1 lacqu]s1 & v>ni%es4 ,aloes1 & sev]al ( its prep>ations1 are likewise ext5sively employ$ to adult]ate port]4 ,v>4 ,^!1 arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! reput$ m$ic9al value1 are--,socotr9e1 ,hepatic1 ,b>badoes1 ,cape1 c42 & alphabetically1 z giv5 bel[3-- ,aloes1 ,b>ba'does4 ,syn4 ,,aloes ,,9 ,,g\rds2 ,,al',o ,,b>bad5',,sis1 ,l41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,import$ f ,b>badoes & ,jamaica1 usually 9 g\rds2 sometimes 9 boxes4 ,! be/ is ! inspissat$ juice ( ! cut leaf ( alo vulga''ris2 an inf]ior quality is prep>$ f ! decoction4--,*>41 c4 ,opaque1 lu/reless1 ( a liv] col\r1 a little t5d+ to black1 ) a bitt] nause\s ta/e1 & a v disagreeable od\r1 especially :5 brea!d on2 p[d] a dull olive-yell[4 ,x is ! 'hepatic' aloes ( mo/ cont95tal writ]s1 & said to be ! ,greek3 ,alo ( ,dioscorides4 ,x is m active ?an ! o!r v>ieties ( aloes2 b is also m apt to occasion hmorrhoids1 & to gripe1 ?an any ( !m4 ,aloes1 ,cab'all9e 7-line47 ,syn4 ,f,,oe,t',,id ,,aloes1 ,,horse ,a42 ,,alo ,,caballi',,na1 ,a4 ,,gu9i5',,sis1 ,l42 ,,alo,s ,,caball91 ,fr4 ,f alo ,9'dica 7,o',%aughnessy72 or f alo spica'ta by long & c>eful boil+4 7,l9dley47 ,us$ only by f>ri]s4 ,sc>cely kn[n 9 ,engli% comm]ce4 ,aloes1 ,cape4 ,syn4 ,,alo ,,cap5',,sis1 ,a4 ,,lu',,cida 7,geig]71 ,l4 ,import$ f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & obta9$ f alo spica'ta1 & o!r ,cape species4 ,od\r /rong] & ev5 m disagreeable ?an t ( ,b>badoes aloes2 col\r deep gre5i%-br[n2 appe>ance %9+ & res9\s2 fracture g5]ally glassy2 p[d] a lively gre5i%-yell[2 almo/ completely soluble 9 boil+ wat]1 decoction pal] ?an t ( o!r k9ds4 ,x is weak] ?an ,b>badoes or ev5 hepatic aloes1 & is m apt to gripe1 c41 ?an ! latt]4 ,a f9] k9d1 kn[n z ',be!lsdorp aloes1' import$ f ,algoa ,bay1 is m ( a liv] col\r1 & s(t] ?an ! prec$+1 & h5ce (t5 call$ ,,cape ,,hepatic-,,aloes4 ,aloes1 ,hepat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,bombay' ,,aloes991 ,,ea/-,,india ,a4991 ,,liv]-,,col\r$ ,,socotr9e ,a4992 ,,alo ,,hepat',,ica1 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d42 ,a4 ,,9',,dica1 ,ph4 ,e4 ,import$ f ,bombay & ,madras4 ,x is usually said to be obta9$ f unc]ta9 species ( aloes2 b x is almo/ c]ta9 t x is ! juice ( ! ,socotr9e aloes plant :i* has be5 solidifi$ )\t ! aid ( artificial heat4#cd--;,*>41 c4 ,opaque1 ( a liv] col\r1 bitt] ta/e1 & an unpleasant od\r4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,x is less odor\s1 d>k] col\r$1 & m opaque ?an ,socotr9e aloes2 its p[d] has also a dull] col\r1 & weak _s leaves mu* undissolv$ matt]4 ,its decoction on cool+ frequ5tly deposits a yell[ p[d]4 ,! f9] & bright] v>ieties ( hepatic aloes are commonly sold = ',socotr9es1' & _! m$ic9al virtues are ne>ly simil>4 7,see bel[47 ,footnote #cd3 ,p]eira1 ',elem4 ,mat4 ,m$4 & ,!rap41' vol4 ii1 #ahh1 #d? ,ed42 ',ph>m4 ,j\rn41' vol4 xi4 ,aloes1 ,9'dian 7v>i\s72--#a4 ,deep br[n or black1 v opaque1 & less soluble ?an ord9>y aloes4 ,sc>cely kn[n 9 comm]ce4--#b4 ,sev]al v>ieties rang+ 9 "* f ',cape aloes' to 'hepatics1' & occasionally to ',b>badoes1' obta9$ f sev]al species4 ,aloes1 ,mo'*a 7-k7ah74 ,syn4 ,,alo ,,de ,,mo*1 ,l4 ,import$ f ,muscat4 ,an inf]ior k9d ( ,indian aloes4 7,*ri/ison47 ,x is obta9$ f ! same plant z produces g5u9e hepatic aloes4 7,l9dley47 ,x holds an int]m$iate position betwe5 ',cape' & 'hepatics1' b conta9s mu* impurity2 ! latt] (t5 am\nt+ to upw>ds ( #be4 ,"s specim5s are1 h[ev]1 ( excell5t quality4 ,:5 melt$ & 'doctor$1' x is sold = ,b>badoes1 hepatic1 & ev5 ,socotr9e aloes4 ,aloes1 ,soc'otr9e 7-tr7in2 s7uk'-d\ble-dagg]74 ,syn4 ,,soc',,otor9e ,,aloes1 ,,smyr',,na ,a41 ,,tur',,key ,a42 ,,alo ,,socotri',,na1 ,ph4 ,l42 ,,alo1 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf2 ,a4 ,,socotri',,na1 ,ph4 ,e4 ,! juice ( ! cut leaf ( unc]ta9 species h>d5$ by ! air4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,g5u9e ,socotr9e aloes is g5]ally suppos$ to be obta9$ f alo spica'ta2 b is ref]r$ by ,de ,c&olle to a di/9ct species1 ,a4 ,,socotri',,na2 & by ,m>tius1 also to a4 purpuras'c5s4 ,=m]ly ?is v>iety 0 br\ght f ! ,isl& ( ,socotra or ,zocotora 7h5ce ! "n71 by way ( ,smyrna & ,malta2 b x is n[ *iefly obta9$ f ,bombay & ,madras4--,*>41 c4 ,col\r g>net r$ to gold5 r$2 smell peculi> & aromatic1 n unlike a decay+ russet apple1 especially :5 fre%-brok51 or brea!d on1 or w>m$2 ta/e p]man5tly & int5sely bitt]2 fracture con*oidal2 s(t5s 9 ! h&1 & becomes adhesive1 yet reta9s consid]able brittl5ess2 p[d] bright gold5-yell[ col\r2 c5tral portions ( ! lumps (t5 s(t1 especially :5 fir/ import$4 ,x is brittle1 bitt]1 ( a r$di%-br[n col\r1 & an aromatic od\r4 ,light p]meates ?9 rec5tly brok5 lam94 7,ph4 ,l47 ,9 ?9 pieces1 transluc5t & g>net r$2 almo/ entirely soluble 9 _s ( ! /r5g? ( %]ry4 ,v r>e4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,socotr9e aloes are always pref]r$ = m$ic9al purposes1 & are ! only v>iety us$ 9 p]fum]y1 v>ni%es1 & o!r nice purposes 9 ! arts4 ,aloes1 ,/ra9$4 ,syn4 ,,melt$ ,,aloes2 ,,alo ,,cola',,ta1 ,l4 ,proc4 #a4 ,! aloes are melt$ 9 a copp] pan1 by ! heat ( /eam or a wat] ba?1 & are !n press$ ?r\gh a /rong hair or wire sieve1 & all[$ to cool4 #b4 ,z above1 b ) ! addition ( ab\t twice its weight ( wat]2 ! decoction be+ /ra9$ & evaporat$4 ,obs4 ,mo*a1 ,indian1 & o!r common aloes1 treat$ 9 ?is way & col\r$1 are frequ5tly sold = melt$ or /ra9$ ',socotr9es' & 'hepatics4' ,! col\r+ matt] usually employ$ is ! precipitat$ c>bonate ( iron 7sesquioxide71 or ,v5etian r$1 9 v f9e p[d]1 )1 sometimes1 a little annatto4 ,?is fraud is n readily detect$ by m]e inspection1 by ^? unaccu/om$ to ^! matt]s2 & h5ce ! impunity ) :i* x is p]petrat$4 ,! object 9 melt+ aloes is to deprive x ( ! =eign matt]s1 z s&1 leaves1 pieces ( wood1 c41 :i* ! common] k9ds g5]ally conta9 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! action ( ! heat drives (f mu* ( _! nause\s smell1 at ! same "t t x deep5s _! col\r1 & r5d]s _! appe>ance m transluc5t & res9\s1 to ! disguise ( _! orig9al nature4 ,! op]ation1 on ! l>ge scale1 is usually c>ri$ on at night1 9 consequ5ce ( ! horribly nause\s fumes evolv$1 :i* may be smelt at a great di/ance1 & contam9ate ! clo!s ( ^? engag$ 9 x = a long "t aft]w>ds4 ,,al',,oes ,,hemp4 ,a plant gr[+ 9 ,p]u1 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 & ,mexico 7,a4 ,am]icana1 ,a4 vivap>a1 ,a4 foetida1 c471 :]e ! leaf is cultivat$ = its fibre1 :i* is g5]ally ( a yell[i%-:ite col\r1 & us$ = rope-mak+4 ,,al',,oes ,,wood4 ,syn4 ,,al',,oe-,,wood2 ,,eaglewood2 ,,agal',,lo*um 7-k7um71 ,,lig',,num ,,al',o,s1 ,l4 ,,agal',,lo*i1 ,l4 ,a4 ,,ve'',,ri1 ,l4 ,,aq',,uil1 ,l4 ,,aspal',,a?i1 ,l42 ,,agallo*e1 ,,bois ,d',,alo,s1 ,fr42 ,,aloeholz1 ,g]42 ,,calam',,bac1 ,,calam',,b\c1 ,ind42 ,,xylo-,,al',o,sdagg]4 ,a "n appli$ to ! wood ( alex'ylon agal'lo*um 7,lam471 a legum9\s tree ( ,co*9 ,*9a2 &1 ?\gh app>5tly less correctly1 to t ( aquila''ria agallo*um & a4 ova'ta 7,l\r471 trees ( tropical ,asia1 belong+ to a diff]5t nat4 ord]4 ,bo? are highly fragrant & aromatic2 us$ 9 fumigations & pa/illes1 & occasionally by cab9et mak]s & inlay]s4 ,! ess5tial oil ( ! wood1 dissolv$ 9 _s1 0 reg>d$ by ,h(fmann z "o ( ! be/ cordials & invigorants kn[n4 ,! same has also be5 said ( a t9cture ( its res94 ,! same "n & synonyms are popul>ly appli$ to ! res9 ( ! above woods 7,,aloes-,,wood ,,res971 ( :i* !re are two v>ieties3--! "o1 light & por\s1 & fill$ ) a highly fragrant res9\s sub/ance2 ! o!r1 d5s] & less res9\s4 ,x is an oily concretion 9 ! c5tre ( ! tree1 ! result ( disease1 :i* gradually h>d5s1 &1 9 "t1 kills x4 ,x is highly fragrant1 & is said to be n]v9e1 cephalic1 c>diac1 & /imulant4 ,! p[d] is reg>d$ z tonic & a/r+5t4 ,( all p]fumes ?is is said to be ! "o mo/ e/eem$ by ori5tal nations4 ,,aloe',,tic4 ,syn4 ,,alo,t',,icus1 ,l42 ,,alo,,tique1 ,fr4 ,( or belong+ to aloes4 ,9 m$ic9e1 ph>macy1 c41 appli$ to any prep>ation conta9+ aloes z a *>act]i/ic +r$i5t2 made or obta9$ f aloes4 ,sub/antively1 an aloetic m$ic9e4 ,,al',,o9 7-o-7in74 ,c#ag;,h#ah,o#g4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,al',,92 ,,alo',,na1 ,l4 ,! ,messrs ,t4 ,h4 ,smi?1 ( ,ed9burgh1 h appli$ ?is "n to a cry/all9e sub/ance1 :i* !y ass]t to be ! pure ca?>tic pr9ciple ( aloes4 ,_! process is to evaporate to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup1 9 vacuo1 a solution obta9$ by exhau/+ a mixture ( aloes & s&1 ) cold wat]1 & !n to set x aside = a few days4 ,! result+ d>k cry/all9e mass is purifi$ by pressure betwe5 folds ( bibul\s pap]1 & repeat$ cry/allisation f hot wat]4 ,b>badoes aloes are commonly us$ = ! purpose2 b s(t or semi-liquid ,socotr9e aloes1 or ! unevaporat$ ,socotr9e-aloes juice1 is probably its be/ s\rce4 ,tild5 gives ! foll[+ process = ! prep>ation ( alo93--,! aloes cru%$ small is to be dissolv$ 9 n9e or t5 times its weight ( boil+ wat] acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,aft] cool+ & /&+ = a few h\rs1 ! cle> liquid is decant$ f ! res91 & evaporat$4 ,! conc5trat$ solution deposits a mass ( yell[ cry/als1 :i* c be purifi$ by wa%+1 pressure1 & recry/allisation f hot _s4 ,aft] sev]al recry/allisations ! alo9 is obta9$ 9 ! =m ( beautiful yell[ ne$les1 :i* are pretty soluble 9 wat] & 9 alcohol1 b soluble ) difficulty 9 e!r4--,dose1 #a to #b gr4 ,,alope',,cia 7-%'7a74 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,al',,opecy1 ,,fox'-,,evil2 ,,alop,,cie1 ,fr42 ,,fu*sraude1 ,g]4 ,9 pa?ology1 baldness f disease1 (t5 ext5d+ to ! be>d & eyebr[s2 z di/+ui%$ f 'calvities1' or ord9>y baldness aris+ f att5uation ( ! scalp or defective nutrition4 ,see ,,baldness4 ,,alpac',a4 ,a species ( ,llama1 popul>ly kn[n z ! ,,p]uvian ,,%eep1 an animal int]m$iate betwe5 ! camel & %eep1 hav+ long silky hair1 ne>ly z f9e z t ( ! ,ca%m]e goat4 ,x 0 introduc$ to ! ,briti% manufactur]s 9 #ahcd1 :5 only #egjj lbs4 ( x 0 import$2 b x soon became an important article ( comm]ce1 ! quantity import$ hav+ gradually ris5 to above #b-a_/d millions ( lbs4 9 #ahec2 :il/ ! price has ris5 f ab\t #i;d4 to #bs4 #g;d4 ! lb41 9 ! same "t4 ,! "n is also giv5 to fabrics wov5 f ! wool ( ?is animal2 & to o!rs 9 f9e wool1 made 9 imitation ( !m4 ,! gigantic factory1 c41 erect$ at ,saltaire1 ,york%ire1 9 #aheb1 = ?is manufacture1 cov]s ab\t #ab acres ( l&4 ,see ,,llama4 ,,alp5kraut]-,,bru/-,,teig 7,grabl[itz1 ,gras74 ,pectoral cakes ( ,alp9e h]bs4 ,gum arabic1 #ajj p>ts2 sug>1 #bjj p>ts2 extract liquorice1 #a "p2 saffron1 #a_/h? "p4 ,ea* box conta9s #dh loz5ge-%ap$ yell[i% cakes4 ,made into a mass ) decoction ( m>% mall[4 7,hag]47 ,,alp5kraut] ,,gesundheit',s ,,liqueur 7,rudolph ,bohl74 ,m$ic9al liqueur ( ,alp9e h]bs4 ,a bottle conta9+ #cej grammes ( a liqueur :i* is an extract ( /> anise1 cassia1 frangula b>k1 c5taury1 *icory1 g5tian1 & a little aloes4 7,hag]47 ,,alp5kraut]-,,mag5bitt] 7,haub]74 ,/oma*ic bitt]s ( ,alp9e h]bs4 ,a br[n liqueur ( bitt]1 spiritu\s1 & slightly aromatic flav\r1 conta9+ 9 #ajj p>ts3 oil ( anise1 #je2 oil ( cloves1 #je2 aloes1 #ae2 alcohol1 #dj2 wat]1 #ej4 #aeg grammes 9 ea* bottle4 7,witt/e947 ,,alpha-,,orsell',,ic ,,acid4 ,see ,,orsellic ,,acid4 ,,alp9e ,,rose ,,soap1 ,,swiss4 ,a pres]vative aga9/ syphilitic infection 7,g4 ,a4 ,s>pe1 ,zuri*74 ,a glass cyl9d] cork$ & seal$1 ab\t #b in*es long1 & conta9+ a h>d br[ni%-grey mass weigh+ #ab grammes1 prep>$ ?us3--,ammonia1 #a "p2 sublimate1 #c p>ts2 tann91 #b p>ts2 *loride ( lime1 #bd p>ts2 ,ca/ile soap1 #aij p>ts2 oil ( cloves1 #a "p2 _s ( w9e1 q4 s4 7,hag]47 ,,al',,quif\ 7-ke-foo74 ,syn4 ,,black ,,lead-,,ore1 ,,pott]',s ,,ore4 ,a native sulphide ( lead us$ by pott]s to give a gre5 glaze to co>se w>es4 ,,al/onia ,,s*ol>is4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,habitat4 ,common 9 =e/s ?r\gh\t ,india4--,(fic9al "p4 ,! b>k 7,al/oni cortex74 ,x occurs 9 ?ick1 irregul>1 m or less contort$ pieces1 easily brok54 ,x consi/s ( a r\gh greyi% epid]mis1 inve/+ a buff or pale c9namon-col\r$ b>k2 int]nally1 /ill light] 9 col\r1 & ( a spongy texture1 hav+ a v bitt] ta/e1 b devoid ( od\r4--,prop]ties4 ,a/r+5t1 tonic1 an!lm9tic1 antip]iodic--,!rapeutic uses4 ,9 *ronic di>rhoea & ! advanc$ /ages ( dys5t]y2 also z a tonic 9 debility aft] fev]s1 & o!r exhau/+ diseases4--,dose4 #c to #e gra9s1 ei!r alone or comb9$1 9 b[el affections1 ) small doses ( ipecacuanha & extract ( g5tian4--,prep>ations4 ,,t9cture ,,( ,,al/onia 7,t9ctura ,al/oni74 ,take ( al/onia b>k1 bruis$1 #b-a_/b ounces2 pro( _s1 #a p9t4 ,mac]ate = sev5 days 9 a clos$ vessel1 ) occasional agitation2 filt]1 & add suffici5t pro( _s to make #a p9t4 ,or prep>e by p]colation1 z ,t9cture ( ,calumba4--,dose1 #a to #b fluid dra*ms4 ,al/onia1 ,infusion (4 7,infusum ,al/oni47 ,take ( al/onia b>k1 bruis$1 #a_/b an ounce2 boil+ wat]1 #aj fluid ounces4 ,infuse 9 a cov]$ vessel = an h\r & /ra94--,dose4 ,f #a to #b fluid ounces twice or ?rice daily4 ,a good s]viceable tonic4 ,,al',,t]ative 7awl'-t7er-7a-t7iv74 ,syn4 ,,al',,t]ant992 ,,al',,t]ans 77al'-71 ,l42 ,,alt,,rant1 ,,alt,,ratif1 ,fr4 ,9 m$ic9e1 hav+ p[] to alt]2 appli$ to sub/ances & ag5ts :i* occasion a *ange 9 ! habit or con/itution1 & ?us re-e/abli% ! heal?y functions ( ! body1 or any "p ( x1 )\t produc+ any s5sible evacuation or o!r obvi\s effect4 ,,alt]ative ,,extract1 or ,,gold5 ,,m$ical ,,discov]y 7,dr ,pi]ce1 ,buffalo71 = ! cure ( all sev]e1 acute1 *ronic1 or long-/&+ c\ghs1 inflammations1 ho>s5ess1 scr(ul\s1 & syphilitic diseases4 ,a cle> light-br[n fluid1 #bbj grms41 compos$ ( #ae grms4 purifi$ honey1 #a grm4 extract ( lettuce1 #b grms4 laudanum1 #ajj grms4 ( pro( _s ta/+ ( fusel oil & wood _s1 & #aje grms4 wat]4 7,hag]47 ,,al',,t]atives 7-t7ivz74 ,syn4 ,,alt]an',,tia1 ,l42 ,,alt,,ratifs1 c41 ,fr4 ,alt]ative m$ic9es or ag5ts4 ,! prep>ations ( m]cury & iod9e1 :5 prop]ly adm9i/]$1 are ! mo/ useful memb]s ( ?is class2 & are ^? :i* are n[ ! mo/ g5]ally employ$4 ,,al!',,9 77al-?e'-7in74 ,syn4 ,,al?',,ina1 ,l4 ,! "n giv5 by ,braconnot to a sub/ance id5tical ) asp>ag91 :i* he discov]$ 9 ! 'm>%-mall[' 7al?'a (fic9a'lis1 ,l9n474 ,,al?(f ,,wat] 7aqua mirabilis71 = torpid ulc]s4 ,w9e v9eg>1 #gej p>ts2 sulphate ( copp]1 #ajj p>ts2 pota%1 #be p>ts2 ammonia1 #cj p>ts2 salt ( sorrel1 #h p>ts2 ,fr5* br&y1 #cge p>ts4 ,dige/ = a few days 9 a glass vessel & di/il to dryness f a glass retort4 7,witt/e947 ,,al',,udel 7-u-74 ,9 *emi/ry1 a pe>-%ap$ glass or e>!n pot op5 at bo? ends1 =m]ly mu* us$ = connect+ o!r vessels 9 ! process ( sublimation4 ,a numb] ( !m jo9$ toge!r are /ill employ$ = ! di/illation ( quicksilv]1 9 ,spa94 ,,al',,um ,k#b,,s#d4;,al#b7,,s#d7c4bd;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,pot',,a%-,,alum1 ,,sul',,phate ,,( ,,alum9um ,,& ,,potassium1 ,,common ,,alum2 ,,alu',,m51 ,a4 ,,potas',,sicum1 ,l42 ,,alun1 ,,sulfate ,d',,alum9e ,,et ,,de ,,potasse1 ,fr42 ,,alaun1 ,g]42 ,,alume1 ,ital4 ,! pr9cipal alum-works 9 ,engl&1 until rec5tly1 7 ^? ( ,"l ,glasg[1 at ,hurlett & ,campsie1 ne> ,glasg[1 & ^? ( ,lords ,dundas & ,mulgrave1 at ,:itby1 ,york%ire 7e/4 #afjj72 b ^? ( ,mr ,sp5ce1 at ,man*e/]1 & at ,goole 7,york%ire71 & ( ,mr ,po*91 at ,man*e/]1 are n[ among ! l>ge/1 if !y be n actually ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w4 ,!re are also ext5sive alum-works at & ne> ,newca/le-on-,tyne2 b none ( importance1 t we "k (1 9 any o!r "p ( ^! realms4 ,nat4 hi/4 ,alum is f\nd native 9 "s places 7,,native ,,alum71 ei!r effloresc$ on ! surface ( bitum9\s alum-s*i/ 7,gttwigg1 ,au/ria72 or unit$ ) ! soil 9 ! neighb\rhood ( volcanoes 7,solfat>a1 ,naples72 :5 x may be obta9$ by simple lixiviation & evaporation1 a little pota% be+ commonly add$ to conv]t ! excess ( sulphate ( alum9a pres5t into alum4 ,x is also f\nd 9 c]ta9 m9]al wat]s 7,ea/ ,indies74 ,s\rces4 ,! alum ( comm]ce is usually obta9$ f s*i/ose pyritic clays1 commonly t]m$ alum-ores1 alum9\s %ale1 a4-s*i/1 c42 & f alum-rock1 a4-/one1 or alunite4 ,at ,la ,tolfa1 ,civita ,vec*ia1 :]e ! be/ ,roman-alum is produc$1 ! s\rce is /ratifi$ alum-/one4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 & 9 ,great ,brita91 x is g5]ally pyritace\s clays1 volcanic alum9\s ores1 alum9\s %ale1 or alum-slate4 ,^! m9]als conta9 sulphide ( iron1 alum9a1 bitum5 or c>bon1 & frequ5tly a salt ( potassium4 ,( late ye>s l>ge quantities ( alum h be5 prep>$ on ! banks ( ! ,tyne f alum9\s clay4 ,prep4 ,! manufacture ( alum is te*nically said to be conduct$ accord+ to ! natural process :5 prep>$ f alum-s*i/ or alum-ore2 & accord+ to ! artificial process :5 made by act+ on clay ) sulphuric acid1 & add+ a potassium salt to ! result+ lixivium4 ,! manufacture ( alum & ( sulphate ( alum9a f su* mat]ials z conta9 only alum9a1 to :i* consequ5tly sulphuric acid & alkal9e salts h to be add$1 has come l>gely into practice 9 ,engl&4 ,! mat]ials employ$ are1 9 addition to clay1 cryolite or ,gre5l& sp>1 a fluoride ( alum9um & soda2 bauxite1 a hydrate ( alum9a1 ( m or less purity2 & slag4 ,! foll[+ are ! details ( ^! processes3-- a4 ,f ,,alum-,,ore1 ,,alum9\s ,,s*i/1 or ,,%ale1 c43-- ,illu/ration #a4 ,! m9]al 7alum-ore1 a4-s*i/1 c47 is plac$ 9 heaps1 & moi/5$ f "t to "t ) wat]1 :5 x becomes gradually hot1 & falls into a pulv]ul5t /ate4 ,?is decomposition commonly occurs ei!r :olly1 or p>tially1 on ! floor ( ! m9e4 ,if ! ore does n possess ?is prop]ty on m]e exposure to air & moi/ure1 x is brok5 into pieces & laid ^u a b$ ( bru%wood & small coal1 to ! dep? ( ab\t f\r feet1 :5 ! pile is fir$ & fre% lumps ( ! alum-m9]al ?r[n on1 until ! mass becomes ( consid]able height & size4 ,! combu/ion1 z soon z e/abli%$1 is conduct$ ) a smo!r$ fire1 until ! calc9ation is complete2 c>e be+ tak5 to prev5t fusion1 or ! dis5gagem5t ( ei!r sulphur\s or sulphuric acid1 f contact betwe5 ! ignit$ /ones & ! c>bonace\s fuel4#ce ,to promote ^! ends ! pile1 at ! prop] "t1 is 'mantl$' 7z ! workm5 call x7 or cov]$ ) a lay] ( already calc9$ & exhau/$ ore1 9 ord] to protect x f high w9ds & heavy ra9s2 z also to mod]ate ! heat1 & let x proce$ gradually1 s t ! sulphur pres5t may n be lo/ or wa/$ by volatilisation4 ,! roa/+ is f9ally *eck$ by a ?ick] 'mantl+1' & ! :ole all[$ to cool4 ,by ?is "t ! pile has usually lo/ ab\t "o half its bulk1 & become op5 & por\s 9 ! int]ior1 s t ! air c circulate freely ?r\gh ! mass2 ! latt]1 9 dry wea!r1 z ! heap cools1 be+ usually promot$ by spr9kl+ a little wat] on x1 :i*1 by c>ry+ d[n "s ( ! sal9e matt]1 r5d]s ! int]ior /ill m op5 to ! atmosph]e4 ,! :ole1 :5 cold1 or ne>ly cold1 is1 if necess>y1 /ill fur!r expos$ to ! action ( air & moi/ure4 ,! "t requir$ to calc9e ! heap prop]ly1 includ+ t tak5 by ! burn$ ore to cool1 v>ies1 accord+ to its size & ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 f ?ree to n9e1 or ev5 twelve mon?s4 ,! residuum ( ! calc9ation is next plac$ 9 l>ge /one or brick ci/]ns1 & edulcorat$ ) wat]1 until all ! soluble portion is dissolv$ out2 ! solution is !n conc5trat$ 9 ano!r /one ci/]n1 s made t ! flame & heat$ air ( its rev]b]atory furnace sweep ! :ole surface ( ! liquor4 7,see engr47 ,! evaporation is cont9u$ until x j b>ely rea*es ! po9t at :i* cry/als are deposit$ on cool+2 :5 x is run (f into cool]s4 ,aft] ! sulphate ( iron1 always pres5t1 has be5 deposit$ 9 cry/als1 ! "m-liquor1 conta9+ ! sulphate ( alum9um1 is run into o!r ci/]ns1 & a saturat$ solution ( *loride ( potassium1 or ( sulphate ( potassium1 or 7sometimes7 impure sulphate or c>bonate ( ammonium1 or a mixture ( !m1#cf is add$ until a cl\d or milk9ess ceases to be produc$ on addition ( m4#cg ,x is next all[$ to settle & get ?or\ghly cold1 & ! sup]natant '"m-liquor' be+ drawn (f ) a pump or syphon1 ! precipitate1 :i* is alum 9 ! =m ( m9ute cry/als 7te*nically t]m$ 'fl\r'71 is well dra9$1 & subsequ5tly wa%$ by /irr+ x up ) a little v cold wat]1 :i* is !n dra9$ (f1 & ! op]ation repeat$ a second "t ) fre% wat]4 ,a saturat$ solution ( ! pulv]ul5t alum 7'fl\r'7 is next =m$ 9 a lead5 boil]1 & ! cle> portion is run or pump$ (f1 :ile boil+ hot1 into cry/allis+ vessels1 call$ roa*+ casks 7see engr471 ! /aves ( :i* are l9$ ) lead1 & nicely adju/$ to ea* o!r4 ,aft] ! lapse ( a week or t5 days1 ! hoops & /aves ( ^! 'casks' are remov$1 :5 a ?ick cru/ ( cry/allis$ alum is f\nd1 :i* exactly corresponds 9 =m & size to ! int]ior ( ! cask4 ,a few holes are !n made 9 ! sides ( ?is mass1 ne> ! bottom1 to all[ ! conta9$ "m-liquor to dra9 (f1 aft] :i* ! :ole is brok5 up & pack$ 9 casks = sale4 ,sometimes ! alum ?us obta9$1 or ! l[] portion ( x1 is wa%$ ) a little v cold wat]1 &1 if discol\r$1 or small or slimy1 is purifi$ by a second cry/allisation4 ,footnote #ce3 ,! g5]ality ( alum-m9]als require roa/+2 & _! own bitum9\s matt] is1 9 _m cases1 suffici5t to produce ! heat requir$1 :i* ne$ n necess>ily exce$ #fjj to #fej ,fahr41 provid$ x be cont9u$ = a suffici5t p]iod4 ,x is only :5 !y are less bitum9\s or c>bonace\s t slack or saw-du/1 c41 is employ$4 ,footnote #cf3 ,= pure ,,pota%-,,alum a salt ( pota% only mu/ be employ$4 ,:5 ammonia 7usually 9 ! =m ( gas-liquor or gas-sulphate7 is us$ z ! precipitant1 ! product is ,,ammonia-,,alum4 ,! ord9>y alums ( comm]ce are n[ g5]ally mixtures ( ! two4 ,footnote #cg3 ,! respective quantities requir$ to produce #ajj p>ts ( alum f ! sulphate ( alum9a liquor are-- ,*loride ( potassium #aeg ,sulphate ( #ahd ammonium #aci ,9 practice1 ! exact quantity requir$ may be f\nd by a previ\s trial ( a little ( ! alum9\s liquor2 b ! indications m5tion$ 9 ! text w always %[ ! op]ator :5 a suffici5t dose is add$4 ,illu/ration #b4 ,z ammonia-alum 7,sp5ce's process2 see bel[71 b us+ a pota%-salt z ! precipitant1 ei!r :olly or 9 "p1 in/ead ( ammonia2 &1 9 ! latt] case1 supplem5t+ ! defici5cy ( pota% ) ammonia1 z !re expla9$4 b4 ,f ,,alum9\s ,,clay & ,,oil ,,( ,,vitriol3-- #a4 ,clay1 free or ne>ly free f c>bonate ( lime & oxide ( iron1 is *os5 = ?is purpose4 ,x is mod]ately calc9$ 79 lumps7 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 until x becomes friable2 great c>e be+ tak5 t ! heat be n suffici5t to indurate x1 :i* w\ld de/roy its subsequ5t solubility4 ,x is next r$uc$ to p[d]1 sift$1 & mix$ ) ab\t #de ( its weight ( sulphuric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ade71 ! op]ation be+ conduct$ 9 a l>ge /one or brick bas9 ar*$ ov] ) brickwork4 ,heat is !n appli$1 ! flame & hot air ( a rev]b]atory furnace be+ made to sweep ov] ! surface ( ! liquor4 ,! heat & agitation are cont9u$ = #b or #c days1 :5 ! mass is rak$ out & set aside 9 a w>m place = a few weeks 7#f to #h71 to all[ ! acid ! m p]fectly to comb9e ) ! clay4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! newly-=m$ sulphate ( alum9a is wa%$ out1 ! solution evaporat$ until ( a sp4 gr4 ( ab\t #ach 7#abd = 'ammonia-alum'71 & ! salt ( pota% add$4 ,! rema9+ op]ations resemble ^? above describ$4 ,good alum may be produc$ by ?is process at ab\t two ?irds ! co/ ( rock or m9e alum4 #b4 7,process ( ,mr ,po*947 ,f9e ,*9a clay is heat$ 9 a furnace1 & mix$ ) a suitable proportion ( sulphuric acid2 ! latt] be+ consid]ably dilut$ ) wat]1 9 ord] to mod]ate its action1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be f> too viol5t4 ,! mixture is !n pass$ into ci/]ns furni%$ ) movable sides1 :]e1 9 a few m9utes1 x heats viol5tly & boils4 ,! ?ick liquid gradually becomes ?ick]1 until x is conv]t$ into a solid por\s mass2 ! pores be+ produc$ by ! bubbles ( /eam :i* are driv5 ?r\gh x1 ow+ to ! heat result+ f ! reaction ( ! +r$i5ts on ea* o!r4 ,?is por\s mass 7,,alum-,,cake2 ,,conc5trat$ ,,alum7 appe>s p]fectly dry1 al?\gh reta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( comb9$ wat]4 ,x also conta9s all ! silica ( ! orig9al clay1 b 9 su* a /ate ( f9e division1 t ! :ole appe>s homog5e\s2 :il/ x imp>ts a dryness to ! t\* :i* c sc>cely be giv5 to pure sulphate ( alum9a4 ,f ?is sub/ance a solution ( pure sulphate ( alum9a is easily obta9able by lixiviation1 & all[+ ! result+ solution to deposit its silica be=e us+ x1 b = _m purposes ! pres5ce ( ! f9ely divid$ silica is n objectionable4 ,! sulphate ( alum9a solution s obta9$ is adapt$ to all ! purposes 9 dye+ = :i* alum is n[ employ$2 ! sulphate ( pota% or ( ammonia 9 ! latt] be+ an unnecess>y con/itu5t1 & "o m]ely add$ to facilitate ! purification & subsequ5t cry/allisation ( ! salt4 ,to obta9 ,,alum f ! por\s alum-cake1 ! prop] proportion ( acid hav+ be5 us$ 9 its prep>ation1 or subsequ5tly add$1 x is only necess>y to precipitate its conc5trat$ solution ) a /rong solution ( a salt ( pota%1 or ( ammonia1 or a mixture ( !m1 & to o!rwise proce$ z be=e4 ,ratio4 ,9 ! above process ! sulphide ( iron ( ! %ale or s*i/ is conv]t$ by atmosph]ic oxyg5 into sulphate ( iron & sulphuric acid2 ! sulphuric acid decomposes ! clay1 sett+ silica free1 & produc+ sulphate ( alum9um4 ,! sulphate ( iron is mo/ly got rid ( by conc5trat+ ! solution ( ! mix$ sulphates1 & ! "m-liquors are conv]t$ into alum by ! addition ( ! salt ( potassium4 ,:5 *loride ( potassium is us$1 x yields *loride ( iron & sulphate ( potassium1 ! latt] comb9+ ) ! sulphate ( alum9um1 & ! =m] rema9+ beh9d 9 ! "m-liquor4 ,see ,,alums 79 ,*emi/ry74 ,comp4 ,potassium alum has ! =mula ,k#b,,s#d4;,al#b7,,s#d7c4bd;,aq4 c4 ,f ,,cryolite4 #a4 7,?omson's me?od47 ,decomposition ( cryolite by ignition ) c>bonate ( lime4 ,f ! ignit$ mass ! alum9ate ( soda is obta9$ by lixiviation ) wat]1 & into ! solution c>bonic acid gas is pass$1 :5 !re result precipitat$ hydrat$ gelat9\s alum9a & c>bonate ( soda1 :i* rema9s 9 solution4 ,if x be desir$ to obta9 ! alum9a z an e>?y compact precipitate1 bic>bonate ( soda is us$ in/ead ( c>bonic acid4 ,:ile ! cle> liquor is boil$ d[n = ! purpose ( obta9+ c>bonate ( soda1 ! precipitat$ alum9a is dissolv$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid2 ?is solution is evaporat$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ sulphate ( alum9a 7! s-call$ conc5trat$ alum71 or ! solution aft] hav+ be5 treat$ ) a potassa or an ammonia salt is conv]t$ into alum4 #b4 7,sau]we9's me?od47 ,decomposition ( cryolite by cau/ic lime by ! wet way4 ,v f9ely gr\nd cryolite is boil$ ) wat] & lime1 ! pur] ! bett]1 & z free f iron z possible1 9 a lead5 pan4 ,! result is ! =mation ( a solution ( alum9ate ( soda1 & insoluble fluoride ( calcium 7lime74 ,:5 ! fluoride ( calcium has deposit$1 ! cle> liquid is decant$1 & ! s$im5t wa%$1 ! fir/ wa%-wat] be+ add$ to ! decant$ liquor1 & ! second & ?ird wa%-wat]s be+ us$ in/ead ( pure wat] at a subsequ5t op]ation4 ,9 ord] to sep>ate ! alum9a f ! solution ( alum9ate ( soda1 !re is add$ to ! liquid :ile be+ cont9u\sly /irr$ v f9ely pulv]is$ cryolite 9 excess1 ! result ( ! decomposition be+ alum9a & fluoride ( sodium1 7soda74 ,:5 no m cau/ic soda c be detect$ 9 ! liquid1 x is left to /& = ! purpose ( becom+ cle>4 ,! cl>ifi$ solution ( fluoride ( sodium is !n drawn (f1 & ! alum9a treat$ z above describ$4 ,! solution ( fluoride ( sodium hav+ be5 boil$ ) cau/ic lime yields a cau/ic soda solution1 :i* hav+ be5 decant$ f ! s$im5t ( fluoride ( calcium is evaporat$ to dryness4 ,rec5tly ! fluoride ( calcium occurr+ z a by-product has be5 us$ 9 glass-mak+4 #c4 ,! decomposition ( cryolite by sulphuric acid yields sulphate ( soda conv]tible into c>bonate by ,leblanc's process1 & sulphate ( alum9a free f iron4 ,?is me?od ( decompos+ cryolite is1 h[ev]1 by no means to be recomm5d$1 z ow+ to ! lib]ation ( hydr(luoric acid1 peculi>ly con/ruct$ app>atus are requir$1 :il/ ! sulphate ( soda has to be conv]t$ into c>bonate4 d4 ,f ,bauxite4 ,?is m9]al1 occurr+ 9 "s p>ts ( ,s\!rn ,france1 9 ,calabria1 ne> ,belfa/1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 consi/s ess5tially 7viz4 #fj p] c5t47 ( hydrate ( alum9a1 m or less pure4 ,9 ord] to prep>e alums & sulphate ( alum9a f x1 ! m9]al is fir/ dis9tegrat$ by be+ ignit$ ) c>bonate ( soda1 or ) a mixture ( sulphate ( soda & *>coal2 9 ea* case ! lixiviation ( ! ignit$ mass yields alum9ate ( soda1 f :i*1 by ! processes already describ$ "u ,cryolite1 alum1 or sulphate ( alum9a1 & soda are prep>$4 e4 ,f bla/-furnace slag4 ,lrmann recomm5ds ! slag to be decompos$ by means ( hydro*loric 7muriatic7 acid4 ,f ! result+ solution ( *loride ( alum9um ! alum9a is precipitat$ by c>bonate ( lime1 any dissolv$ silica be+ precipitat$ at ! same "t4 ,! alum9a is dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid1 leav+ ! silica4 ,illu/ration ,prop4 ,alum cry/allises 9 regul> octah$rons1 (t5 ) truncat$ edges & angles2 7see engr472 & sometimes 9 cubes1 b only :5 !re is a defici5cy ( acid 9 its composition1 ) ! alkali 9 slight excess ( ! prop] quantity4 7,lwel47#ch ,x is slightly effloresc5t 9 dry air3 soluble 9 #ah p>ts ( cold wat]1 & 9 r less ?an its own weight ( boil+ wat]2 ta/es sweet1 acidul\s1 & v a/r+5t2 is /yptic2 & r$d5s litmus4 ,:5 heat$ x melts1 loses its wat] ( cry/allisation1 & becomes :ite & spongy 7,,dri$ ,,alum72 a /rong heat1 %ort ( :it5ess1 decomposes x1 ) ! evolution ( oxyg5 & a mixture ( sulphuric & sulphur\s anhydride2 calc9$ ) c>bonace\s matt] x suff]s decomposition1 & furni%es a pyrophoric residuum 7,,homb]g',s ,,pyro',,phorus74 ,ignit$ ) alkal9e *lorides1 hydro*loric acid is lib]at$2 :i* also occurs :5 _! conc5trat$ solutions are boil$ toge!r4 ,ammonia precipitates pure hydrate ( alum9um f potassium alum2 b only a subsulphate f ! simple sulphate ( alum9a4 ,sp4 gr4 #agbd2 b1 :5 conta9+ ammonia1 (t5 s l[ z #agaj4 ,footnote #ch3 ,! ord9>y alum1 ( comm]ce1 consi/+ ( l>ge cry/all9e masses1 :i* d n pres5t any regul> geometrical =m2 b by imm]sion 9 wat] = a few days1 octah$ral & rectangul> =ms are develop$ on its surface4 7,daniell47 ,te/s1 c4 ,x is easily recognis$ by its cry/all9e =m1 its ta/e1 & by its complete solubility 9 wat]4 ,its aque\s solution gives a :ite gelat9\s precipitate soluble 9 excess2 a plat9um wire moi/5$ ) ! solution imp>ts a violet col\r to ! bl[pipe flame2 & *loride ( b>ium gives a :ite precipitate insoluble 9 nitric acid4 ,pur4 ,:5 pure1 its solution is n d>k5$ by t9cture ( galls1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 or f]rocyanide ( potassium2 nei!r does x give any precipitate ) solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,heat$ ) cau/ic potassa1 or quick-lime1 x does n evolve fumes ( ammonia4 ,adult41 c4 ,! pr9cipal impurity1 & "o :i* r5d]s alum unfit = ! use ( ! dy]1 is iron4 ,?is may be readily detect$ by ! blue precipitate x gives ) f]rocyanide ( potassium1 or ! black precipitate ) sulphide ( ammonium1 :i* are v delicate te/s4#ci ,lime1 ano!r v injuri\s contam9ation1 may be detect$ by precipitat+ ! alum9a & iron 7if any7 ) ammonia1 & !n add+ oxalate ( ammonia to ! boil$ & filt]$ liquid4 ,! liquid filt]$ f ! la/ precipitate 7oxalate ( lime7 may /ill conta9 magnesia1 :i* may be detect$ by ! :ite precipitate caus$ on ! addition ( an alkal9e phosphate4 ,common alum frequ5tly conta9s ammonia1 f ur9e1 or ! crude sulphate ( ! gas-works1 hav+ be5 employ$ 9 its manufacture4 ,p[d]$ alum is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) common salt1 9 :i* case x gives a :ite curdy precipitate ) nitrate ( silv]1 turn+ black by exposure to ! light4 ,footnote #ci3 ,good ,engli% alum conta9s less ?an #ja ( iron4 ,! be/ ,roman or ,italian alums seldom conta9 m ?an #jje ( iron-alum1 not)/&+ _! ext]ior col\r4 ,phys4 eff4 c4 ,9 small quantities alum acts z an a/r+5t2 9 l>g] doses z an irritant4 ,x acts *emically on ! animal tissues & fluids1 is absorb$1 & has be5 discov]$ 9 ! liv]1 sple51 & ur9e 7,orfila71 ! la/ (t5 becom+ acid 7,kraus74 ,ext]nally1 x is a/r+5t4 ,! almo/ g5]al use ( alum by ! ,engli% bak]s is "o ( ! mo/ f]tile s\rces ( dyspepsia & liv] & b[el compla9ts 9 adults2 & ( debility & rickets 9 *ildr54 ,bad tee? & _! e>ly decay is ano!r consequ5ce ( ! daily use ( alum 9 our food4 ,! bone matt] 7phosphate ( lime7 ( bread1 in/ead ( be+ assimilat$ by ! sy/em1 is ei!r :olly1 or 9 "p1 conv]t$ into a salt ( alum9a1 :i* is useless & incapable ( appropriation4 ,:5 alum has be5 tak5 9 poison\s doses an emetic %\ld be giv51 foll[$ by w>m dilu5ts & demulc5ts1 conta9+ a little c>bonate ( soda2 & subsequ5tly by a purgative4 ,uses1 c4 ,! applications ( alum 9 ! arts & manufactures are num]\s & important4 ,x is us$ to h>d5 tall[ & fats2 to r5d] wood & pap] incombu/ible2 to remove greas9ess f pr9t]s' blocks & roll]s2 to prep>e a pap] = :it5+ silv] & silv]+ brass 9 ! cold2 to help ! sep>ation ( ! butt] f milk2 to purify turbid wat]2 to dress sk9s2 to fix & bright5 ! col\rs 9 dye+2 to make lake & pyrophorus1 c41 c4 ,x is also ext5sively us$ = cl>ify+ liquors1 & = _m o!r purposes connect$ ) ! arts & ev]yday life4 ,9 m$ic9e1 alum is us$ z a tonic & a/r+5t1 9 doses ( #e to #bj gr42 z a g>gle 7#a dr4 to #a_/b p9t ( wat]72 & z a collyrium & injection 7#aj to #ae gr4 to #f oz4 ( wat]74 ,9 lead colic1 #a_/b to #a dr4 ( alum 7dissolv$ 9 gum-wat]71 e #c or #d h\rs1 is said to be infallible4 ,p[d]$ alum is frequ5tly appli$ ) ! tips ( ! f+]s1 9 cases ( sore ?roat & ulc]ations ( ! m\?1 c4 ,a teaspoonful ( x is said to be "o ( ! v be/ emetics 9 cr\p4 7,dr ,meigs47 ,alkalies1 alkal9e c>bonates1 lime1 magnesia1 acetate ( lead1 a/r+5t vegetables1 c41 are incompatible ) x4 ,g54 comm5t>y4 ,9 addition to ! p>ticul>s ( its manufacture giv5 above1 we may add1 t ! plan ( gett+ rid ( ! f]ric salts !re ref]r$ to has to "s consid]able ext5t be5 successfully replac$ by t ( precipitat+ ! alum1 in/ead ( ! sulphate ( iron1 by add+ alkal9e matt] to ! lixivium4 ,! cry/all9e precipitate is purifi$ by dra9+1 re-solution1 & re-cry/allisation2 :il/ ! sulphate ( iron & ,epsom-salts conta9$ 9 ! "m liquor are obta9$ by subsequ5t evaporation & cry/allisation2 aft] :i* a fre% crop ( alum may be got f x1 by ! use ( an alkal9e precipitant1 z be=e4 ,9 e/imat+ ! /r5g? ( 8 solution ! alum-mak] takes z a /&>d a measure or sp4 gr4 bottle capable ( hold+ exactly #hj p5nyweights ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,! excess ( ! weight ( liquor1 9 p5nyweights1 ov] #hj1 or t ( wat]1 is call$ s _m 'p5nyweights /rong4' ,?us "o ( #ij p5nyweights 7#ij dwt47 is said to be '#aj dwt4 /rong1' or simply1 '"o ( #ij dwt4' ,^! numb]s correspond to #b-a_/b degrees ( ,twaddle's hydromet]1 & may easily be f\nd by divid+ ,twaddle's degrees by #be or #b-a_/b2 or by multiply+ !m by #d1 & po9t+ (f ! "r-h& figure ( ! product = a decimal4 ,! result is 9 alum-mak]s' p5nyweights4 ,by a pat5t n[ expir$ 7,weisman's1 #ahci7 ! f]ric salts are precipitat$ by ! addition ( a solution ( f]rocyanide ( potassium 7prussiate ( pota%72 aft] :i* ! sup]natant cle> liquor1 :i* is n[ a solution ( ne>ly pure sulphate ( alum9a1 is decant$1 & evaporat$ = future op]ations1 until x ei!r =ms1 on cool+1 a concrete mass1 :i* is m\ld$ into bricks or lumps1 = ! conv5i5ce ( 'pack+1' or until x is suffici5tly conc5trat$ to be conv]t$ into ,,alum by ! addition ( a salt ( pota% or ( ammonia 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! product1 9 ea* case1 is p]fectly free f iron4 ,by a l addition ( ! f]rocyanide to a solution ( ord9>y sulphate ( alum9ia or alum1 ! dy] may himself easily r5d] !m free f iron1 or iron-alum2 :51 z mordants = ev5 ! mo/ delicate col\rs1 !y are equal to ! v be/ ,roman alum4 ,ano!r process has be5 pat5t$ 7,b>l[ ,gore1 #ahea7 = ! manufacture ( alum f ! a% or residue ( ! combu/ion ( ,boghead-coal1 :i*1 ?\gh hi!rto reg>d$ z almo/ valueless1 actually conta9s ab\t #cj ( alum9a4 ,x has n1 h[ev]1 be5 f\nd a conv5i5t mat]ial = ! purpose4 ,by ! late/ & mo/ approv$ processes ! lea/ possible quantity ( boil+ wat] or liquor is employ$ = mak+ ! solutions1 s t !y may cry/allise )\t evaporation1 & ?us economise fuel2 & ! "m-liquors ( previ\s op]ations are con/antly employ$ = ?is purpose1 :5 possible4 ,nor is any?+ :i* is conv]tible to use1 f ! dra9age ( ! heaps1 to ! liquor & slime ( ! roa*+ casks1 all[$ to be wa/$4 ,by :atev] process1 or f :atev] mat]ials alum is obta9$1 x is absolutely necess>y = ! successful & economical conduct ( its manufacture1 t ! precise composition ( ! m9]al or m9]als employ$ %\ld be exactly kn[n4 ,?is c only be det]m9$ by actual analysis1 :i* %\ld be ext5d$ to sev]al p>ts ( ! same b$1 & p>ticul>ly to ! upp] & l[] /rata1 :i* frequ5tly diff] 9 composition f ea* o!r1 & ?us require diff]5t treatm5t1 or may be mo/ advantage\sly employ$ 9 comb9ations ) ea* o!r4 ,! necessity ( ?is w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! composition ( ! foll[+ m9]als1 ( :i* ! top conta9s a l>g] proportion ( iron-pyrites ?an ! bottom1 & ! two require to be mix$1 to equally diffuse ! sulphuric acid g5]at$ by ! calc9ation1 c41 to :i* !y are subject$4 ,! foll[+ is ! p]-c5tage composition ( c]ta9 alum %ales3-- ------------------------------------- ,:itby1 ,york%ire4 7,ri*>dson47 ------------------ ,top ,bottom rock4 rock4 ------------------------------------ ,sulphide ( iron #dbj #hej 7pyrites7 ,silica #ebbe #aeaf ,protoxide ( iron #hdi #faa ,alum9a #ahge #ahcj ,lime #abe #bae ,magnesia #ia #ij ,oxide ( manganese traces traces ,sulphuric acid #acg #bej 7,,s#c7 ,potassa #ac traces ,soda #bj traces ,*lor9e traces traces ,coal #dig #hbi ,wat] #bhh #jj ,loss #dfj 787 ------------------------------------ #ajj #ajj ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,campsie1 ne> ,glasg[4 7,ronalds47 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,top ,top ,bottom rock4 rock4 rock4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,sulphide ( iron #djeb #chdh #ifc787 7pyrites7 ,silica #aedj #aeda #bjdg787 ,protoxide ( iron 444 444 #bah ,alum9a #aace #aafd #ahia787 ,lime #adj #bbb #dj ,magnesia #ej #cb #bag ,oxide ( manganese #ae 444 #ee ,sulphuric acid 444 444 #je ,potassa #ij 444 #abf ,soda 444 444 #ba ,c>bon or #bgfe787 #bhhj 787 bitum9\s matt] ,coal 444 444 #hea ,wat] 444 444 #hed ,loss #bac787 #cac #aei787 ---------------------------------------- --------- #ajj #ajj #ajj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,alum-rock1 or alum-/one1 is a species ( impure alunite1 & is n ( v common occurr5ce4 ,t ( ,tolfa1 ne> ,civita ,vec*ia1 accord+ to ,klapro?1 consi/s (-- ,silica #efe ,alum9a #ai ,sulphuric acid 7,,s#c7 #afe ,potassa #d ,wat] #c ,loss #a ------ #ajj :i* exhibits an excess ( ab\t #c ( sulphuric acid1 & ab\t #ad ( alum9a1 m ?an are requisite to =m alum ) ! #d ( potassa2 proportions :i*1 !re=e1 require to be supplem5t$ ) a potassium salt dur+ ! process ( manufacture4 ,! alum-/one ( ,mont d',or conta9s1 accord+ to ,cordi]1 #ad ( oxide ( iron4 ,! pres5ce ( lime 9 alum-ore is mo/ prejudicial1 ow+ to its aff9ity = sulphuric acid be+ great] ?an t ( ei!r alum9a or iron4 ,ores conta9+ x 9 any quantity are1 !re=e1 unfitt$ = ! manufacture ( alum4 ,magnesia is also prejudicial2 b 9 ?is case ! sulphate ( magnesia left 9 ! "m-liquors is n :olly valueless1 z x may be cry/allis$ & sold z ',epsom-salt1'--a ?+ :i* is actually done 9 "s ,engli% alum-works4 ,! pota%-salt employ$ by ! alum-mak]s is ei!r ! sulphate or ! *loride--*iefly ! latt]2 its s\rces be+ ! wa/e liquor ( soap-works1 saltpetre ref9]ies1 & glass-h\ses4 ,wood-a%es1 al?\gh ri* 9 pota%1 d n answ] well unless fre$ by lixiviation f ! l>ge am\nt ( c>bonate ( lime :i* is always pres5t 9 !m4 ,! ammonia-salt us$ 9 mak+ alum is g5]ally ! crude sulphate prep>$ f ! ammoniacal liquor ( gas-works1 or t f ! manufacture ( sal-ammoniac by ! de/ructive di/illation ( animal matt]4 ,bo? ^! liquors may be us$ )\t previ\s conv]sion into sulphate ( ammonia :5ev] !re is an excess ( sulphuric acid 9 ! alum9\s solution4 ,soda-salts are seldom1 if ev]1 us$ z precipitants 9 ! manufacture ( alum1 on acc\nt ( ! easy solubility ( ! result+ ,,soda-,,alum--a prop]ty :i* unfits !m = ?is purpose4 ,see ,,alums1 ,,ammonia1 ,,dye+1 ,,mordants1 ,,pota%1 ,,sulphuric ,,acid1 c4 7also bel[74 ,alum1 ,ammonia4 7,,nh#d7b,,s#d 4 ,al#b7,,s#d7c 4 #bd ,aq4 ,syn4 7,,alum52 ,,alum2 ,b4 ,p471 ,,alu',,m5 ,,ammonia',,tum1 ,l42 ,,alun ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,a4 ,,ammoniacal1 ,fr4 ,?is is an alum 9 :i* ! sulphate ( potassium is replac$ by an equival5t ( sulphate ( ammonium4 ,x is prep>$ by add+ crude sulphate ( ammonium to solution ( sulphate ( alum9um2 or gas-liquor1 putrid ur9e1 c41 to ! acid-sulphate4 ,mu* ( ! common alum1 especially t prep>$ on ! ,cont95t1 conta9s bo? potassium & ammonium2 & rec5tly enorm\s works = its manufacture h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,z an a/r+5t1 & z a s\rce ( alum9a 9 dye+1 x resembles pota%-alum 7i4 e4 ord9>y alum74 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be readily di/+ui%$ f ! latt] by ! fumes ( ammonia :i* are evolv$ :5 x is moi/5$ & triturat$1 or heat$1 ) cau/ic potassa or quick-lime2 & by ! residuum ( its exposure to a :ite heat be+ pure alum9a4 ,see ,,alum 7ant74 ,alum1 ,basic4 ,a v>iety ( alum f\nd native at ,tolfa4 ,on calc9ation & subsequ5t lixiviation x yields ord9>y alum4 ,a l sub/ance falls z a :ite p[d]1 :5 newly precipitat$ alum9a is boil$ 9 a solution ( alum4 ,alum1 ,baum's4 ,alum-:ite4 ,see ,,:ite ,,pigm5ts4 ,alum1 ,dri$2 ,alum1 ,burnt4 ,syn4 ,,alu',,m5 ,,u',,tum1 ,a4 ,,exsicca',,tum 7,b4 ,p472 ,,alun ,,sec1 ,fr42 ,,gebrannt] ,,alaun1 ,g]42 ,,alume ,,calc9ato1 ,ital4 ,alum depriv$ ( its wat] ( cry/allisation by heat4 ,prep4 ,take ( alum1 #d oz4 ,heat ! alum 9 a porcela9 di% or o!r suitable vessel1 till x liquefies1 !n raise & cont9ue ! heat1 n all[+ x to exce$ #djj1 till aque\s vap\r ceases to be dis5gag$1 & ! salt has lo/ #dg p] c5t4 ( its weight4 ,r$uce ! residue to p[d]1 & pres]ve x 9 a well-/opp$ bottle4 ,prop41 c4 ,simil> to ^? ( common alum1 b x is r m a/r+5t1 & is less soluble4 ,:5 moi/5$1 or plac$ 9 contact ) wat]1 x resumes its wat] ( cry/allisation ) evolution ( heat4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr42 9 colic 7especially pa9t]s' colic71 hmoptysis1 c4 ,x is *iefly us$ z an es*>otic1 to de/roy 'pr\d fle%1' c4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 a /opp]$ bottle4 ,alum1 ,*rome4 ,see ,,alums 79 ,*emi/ry74 ,alum1 ,i'ron 7-7urn74 ,syn4 ,,alu',,m5 ,,f]',,ricum1 ,,sul',,phas ,,f]',,ri ,,et ,,potas',s1 ,,f]',,ri ,,p]ox',,idi ,,potassio-,,sul',,phas1 c41 ,l4 ,comp4 ,k#b,,s#d 4 ,fe#b7,,s#d7c4bd;,aq4 ,prep4 ,take ( p]oxide ( iron1 #i lbs42 sulphuric acid #ad lbs42 dissolve1 dilute ! mixture ) wat]1 q4 s41 & add ( potassium sulphate1 #aj lbs42 evaporate1 & cry/allise4 ,prop41 c4 ,cry/als1 beautiful octah$rons ( a p9ki% or pale violet col\r4 ,x is /rongly recomm5d$1 by ,dr ,tyl] ,smi?1 z a *alybeate tonic1 & has be5 us$ by him1 at ,/4 ,m>y's ,hospital ) m>k$ success4 ,x has also be5 us$ z a mordant1 9 dye+ black4--,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #e gr4 ,alum1 ,ro'man4 ,syn4 ,,r$ ,,alum991 ,,roa* ,a41 ,,ro*e ,a41 ,,rock ,a4992 ,,alu',,m5 ,,roma',,num1 ,a4 ,,ru',,brum1 ,a4 ,,ru',,peum1 c41 ,l42 ,,alun ,,roma91 ,a4 ,,de ,,ro*e1 ,fr42 ,,alume ,,di ,,rocca1 ,x4 ,9 small fragm5ts1 cov]$ ) a r$di% p[d] 7,,alum5 ,,rubrum ,,ve'',,rum72 orig9ally import$ f ,civita ,vec*ia1 :]e x occurs native4 ,x is mu* e/eem$ by dy]s f be+ ne>ly free f iron-alum4 ,t n[ sold = x 9 ,engl& is ord9>y alum col\r$ ) ,v5etian r$1 ,arm5ian bole1 or rose-p9k 7,,alum5 ,,rubrum ,,spu'',,rium74 ,?is is done by %ak+ ! fragm5ts 9 a sieve ov] a vessel ( hot wat]1 & !n /irr+ !m up ) ! col\r1 until ! surface is uni=mly t+$ ) x4 ,9 g5u9e roa*-alum ! col\r n only cov]s ! surface1 b also p>tially p]vades ! sub/ance ( ! cry/als4 ,! "n 0 =m]ly also appli$ to a pure :ite v>iety ( alum1 prep>$ at ,tolfa2 b x is n[1 9 ,engli% comm]ce1 exclusively giv5 to common alum artificially col\r$4 ,alum1 ,sac*>at$4 ,alum1 #f oz41 :ite lead #f drms41 sulphate ( z9c #c drms41 sug> #a-a_/b oz4 ,mix ! +r$i5ts r$uc$ to p[d] into a pa/e1 ) v9eg> & :ite ( egg4 ,us$ 9 eye wat]s & cosmetic wa%es4 ,alum1 ,s'da4 ,syn4 ,,sulphas ,,alum9 ,,et ,,sod1 ,l4 ,comp4 ,na#b,,s#d 4 ,al#b7,,s#d7c 4 #bd;,aq4 ,an alum 9 :i* ! potassium sulphate ( common alum is replac$ by a l salt ( sodium4 ,x does n occur 9 comm]ce4 7,vide supr et infr47 ,,alum-,,e>?4 ,alum9a4 ,,alum ,,mor',,dants4 ,9 dye+1 mordants hav+ = _! basis ei!r common alum or ! acetate or sulphate ( alum9um4 ,see ,,alums & ,,mordants4 ,,al',,um-,,root4 ,syn4 ,,am]',,ican ,,san',,icle2 ,,heu',,*]a 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,! root ( heu*]a ,am]ica'na 7,l9n471 a plant ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x is p[]fully /yptic & a/r+5t2 & is us$ *iefly z an ext]nal application 9 canc]4 ,,alum-,,:ite4 ,see ,,:ite ,,pigm5ts4 ,,al',,ums4 ,syn4 ,,alu',,m9a 7pl4 ( alu'm571 ,l4 ,9 *emi/ry1 a t]m appli$ to a s]ies or gr\p ( salts hav+ potassium alum = _! type1 :i* !y resemble 9 cry/all9e =m & con/itution4 ,x is f\nd t ! alum9um ( common alum may be replac$ by any o!r metal hav+ a l nature1 )\t affect+ ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ! salt2 & fur!r1 t 9 ! newly =m$ comp\nd1 z 9 potassium-alum1 ! second sulphate may also be replac$ "u ! l conditions4 ,all ! alums cry/allise 9 octah$rons or cubes1 & !y all conta9 ! same numb] ( molecules ( wat]4 ,! alums ( comm]ce 7or alums prop]7 all conta9 alum9um sulphate & an alkal9e sulphate4 ,prep4 ,all ! alums may be made by mix+ toge!r solutions ( ! respective sulphates 9 equival5t proportions1 :5 cry/als may be obta9$ by evaporation 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! pres5ce ( sulphuric acid1 9 slight excess1 assi/s _! cry/allisation4 ,,al',,um$ 7al'7umd74 ,mix$ or impregnat$ ) alum4 ,9 dye+1 mordant$ ) alum4 ,,alu',,m5 7-l'oo-74 ,l4 ,alum2 ! ph>macopoeial "n ( alum4 7,see above47 ,,alum9ium4 ,syn4 ,,alum9um 7:i* see74 ,,alum9\s4 ,9 m9]alogy1 (1 resembl+1 or conta9+ alum9um4 ,9 *emi/ry1 conta9+ or obta9$ f alum4 ,,alum9um4 ,eng41 ,fr41 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,alum9ium1 ,eng41 ,fr41 ,l42 ,,alumium1 ,g]4 ,a metallic radical or elem5t v abundantly di/ribut$1 unit$ ) silica4 ,discov]$ by ,m4 ,whl]1 :o succe$$ 9 obta9+ x z a grey metallic p[d] 7,a4,d4 #ahbg72 & lat] 7#ahde71 "u ! =m ( globules exhibit+ ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ! metal4 ,9 #ahed1 ,m4 ,dumas ann\nc$ to ! ',academy ( ,sci5ces1' t ,m4 ,/4 ,clair ,deville _h procur$ pure alum9um f clay1 & exhibit$ sev]al specim5s ( consid]able size & beauty4 ,! result 0 a g5]al impression t x might be easily obta9$ 9 any quantity1 & ultimately at a reasonable price2 expectations :i* h be5 only p>tly1 ?\gh to a great ext5t fulfill$1 ow+ to ! exp5se & tr\ble ( ! process1 not)/&+ rec5t improvem5ts4 ,prep4 7,m4 ,deville2 ,a4,d4 #ahed-ei47--;,a quantity ( *loride ( alum9um1 v>y+ f #bjj to #cjj grammes 7say f #f to #aj oz471 is introduc$ into a wide glass or porcela9 tube1 betwe5 two plugs ( asbe/os to reta9 x 9 position1 & a curr5t ( hydrog5 7?or\ghly dri$ by pass+ fir/ ?r\gh conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & !n ?r\gh a tube conta9+ fus$ *loride ( calcium7 pass$ ov] x2 a g5tle heat be+ at ! same "t appli$ to ! "p ( ! tube conta9+ ! *loride1 to drive (f any free hydro*loric acid :i* might h be5 =m$ by ! action ( ! air ^u x4 ,a small porcela9 boat1 conta9+ sodium1 is n[ introduc$ at ! o!r extremity ( ! glass tube1 :i* is !n aga9 clos$2 & :5 ! sodium is fus$1 ! *loride is suffici5tly heat$ to cause its vap\r to come into free contact ) x4 ,a p[]ful reaction ensues1 ) ! evolution ( mu* heat1 & ?is cont9ues z long z any undecompos$ sodium rema9s to act on ! pass+ vap\r4 ,! mass 9 ! boat1 :i* is n[ a mixture ( ! d\ble *loride ( alum9um & sodium1 9 :i* small globules ( ! newly r$uc$ metal are susp5d$1 is all[$ to cool 9 ! hydrog52 aft] :i* x is treat$ ) wat]1 to remove ! soluble d\ble *loride4 ,! residuum1 consi/+ ( small globules ( alum9um1 is1 la/ly1 r$uc$ to a solid button or mass1 by fusion1 at a /rong heat1 "u a lay] ( ! fus$ d\ble *loride ( alum9um & sodium4 ,on a l>ge scale two ca/-iron cyl9d]s are employ$1 in/ead ( ! glass or porcela9 tube j ref]r$ to2 ! ant]ior "o ( :i* conta9s ! *loride ( alum9um1 & ! po/]ior "o a tray hold+ ! sodium1 ( :i* #aj or #ab lbs4 are commonly op]at$ on at once4 ,^! cyl9d]s are unit$ by means ( a small] int]m$iate "o1 fill$ ) clean scraps ( iron1 :i* s]ve to sep>ate iron1 free hydro*loric acid1 & *loride ( sulphur1 f ! vap\r ( ! *loride ( alum9um1 z x passes ?r\gh !m4 ,dur+ ! passage ( ! vap\r ( ! *loride ?is small] cyl9d]1 or tube1 is kept heat$ to f #djj to #fjj ,fahr42 b ! two o!r cyl9d]s are only v g5tly heat$1 s9ce ! *loride is volatilis$ at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature1 & ! reaction betwe5 x & ! fus$ sodium1 :5 once comm5c$1 usually g5]ates suffici5t heat = ! completion ( ! process4 ,occasionally a mixture ( ! d\ble *loride ( alum9um & sodium1 #dj p>ts2 *loride ( sodium #bj p>ts2 fluor sp>1 #bj p>ts2 ea* sep>ately dri$1 p[d]$1 & !n bl5d$ toge!r2 sodium1 9 small pieces1 #g-a_/b to #h p>ts1 are us$ in/ead ( ! la/4 ,x is likewise made f a mixture ( cryolite & fus$ *loride ( potassium1 ( ea*1 9 p[d]1 #e p>ts2 sodium1 #b p>ts2 a ca/-iron crucible be+ employ$2 ! result+ m9ute globules be+ collect$ & fus$ to a button "u a lay] ( ! d\ble *loride ( alum9um & sodium4 ,prop41 c4 ,alum9um1 :5 q pure1 closely approa*es silv] 9 appe>ance1 except 9 be+ r less :ite & lu/r\s ?an t metal4 ,ord9>y specim5s1 call$ pure1 h a slight blui% t9t or t9-:ite col\r1 ) a p]fect lu/re1 b f> inf]ior to t ( pure silv]4 ,sp4 gr4 #bef1 :i* by hamm]+ may be rais$ to #bfg4 ,x is bo? ductile & malleable2 fuses at a temp]ature betwe5 ! melt+-po9ts ( z9c & silv]2 is n affect$ by ei!r damp or dry air1 or by oxyg5 at ord9>y temp]atures1 or by wat] :e!r cold or boil+2 ev5 /eam1 at a r$ heat1 is only sl[ly decompos$ by x4 ,x is n act$ on by nitric acid1 h[ev] conc5trat$1 unless boil+1 & !n v sl[ly2 nor by dilute sulphuric acid1 sulphurett$ hydrog51 & ! sulphides1 or ev5 ! fus$ hydrates ( ! alkalies4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 readily dissolv$ by hydro*loric acid1 ) ! evolution ( hydrog51 ev5 9 ! cold2 & by a conc5trat$ mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acid4 ,x is feebly magnetic1 conducts electricity ab\t eight times bett] ?an iron1 & is m electro-negative ?an z9c4 ,comm]cial specim5s1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( iron & silicon1 & (t5 z9c1 usually sl[ly t>ni% 9 damp air1 & possess ! o!r prop]ties describ$ above 9 a some:at dim9i%$ degree4 ,9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! /ate ( p[d] or m9ute scales 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally obta9$1 :5 heat$ to r$ness1 x cat*es fire & burns ) great rapidity 9 ! air1 & 9 oxyg5 gas ) int5se brilliancy1 ! product 9 ea* case be+ alum9a4 ,alum9um unites ) ! o!r metals1 =m+ ,,alloys1 ( :i* "s promise to be ( great value 9 ! arts4 ,an alloy ( #ajj p>ts ( alum9um ) #e p>ts ( silv] may be work$ l ! pure metal1 b is h>d] & susceptible ( a f9] poli%1 :il/ its prop]ty ( n be+ affect$ by sulphurett$ hydrog5 & acids rema9s unimpair$2 ev5 #c ( silv] is said to be suffici5t to imp>t to x ! full brilliance & col\r ( pure silv]4 ,an alloy conta9+ #aj ( gold is s(t] & sc>cely s malleable z ! pure metal4 ,) #h ( iron1 or #aj ( copp]1 x /ill rema9s t\gh & malleable2 b a l>g] proportion ( ei!r ( ^! metals r5d]s x brittle4 ,! pres5ce ( #b or #c ( z9c de/roys its ductility & malleability1 & also impairs its col\r & lu/re2 :il/ less ?an ev5 #a_/d ( bismu? r5d]s x brittle 9 a high degree4 ,small quantities ( alum9um add$ to o!r metals *ange _! prop]ties 9 a v rem>kable mann]4 ,?us1 copp] alloy$ ) #aj2 ( alum9um has ! col\r & brilliancy ( gold1 is h>d] ?an bronze1 v malleable1 & may be work$ at high temp]atures easi] ?an ! be/ v>ieties ( iron2 & ) #bj is q :ite1 & closely resembles silv]4 ,) m ?an #ab ( alum9um ! alloy is h>d]1 b brittle4 ,! alloy =m$ ( #ajj p>ts ( silv] ) #e p>ts ( alum9um is z h>d z ! silv] ( our co9age1 :il/ ! o!r prop]ties ( ! latt] metal rema9 unalt]$4 ,uses4 ,! valuable prop]ties ( alum9um adapt x to num]\s applications 9 ! arts & ev]yday life4 ,hi!rto ^! h be5 v limit$1 ow+ to its comp>atively high price2 :i*1 not)/&+ x has fall5 consid]ably1 is /ill suffici5t to prev5t its g5]al or ev5 ext5sive application4 ,! 'eagles' ( ! ,fr5* army h be5 made ( x1 z well z c]ta9 articles ( jewelry1 plate1 c41 z broo*es1 bracelets1 *a9s1 spoons1 & o!r ornam5tal & useful objects4 ,ow+ to its l[ sp4 gr41 x has be5 us$ z a suitable mat]ial = ! m9ute decimal weights ( *emi/s1 = milit>y helmets1 trumpets1 c4 ,a few cornet--pi/ons1 = :i* its lightness & sonor\sness admirably adapt x1 h actually be5 made ( x4 ,its p[] ( resi/+ oxyg51 sulphurett$ hydrog51 moi/ure1 c41 w\ld r5d] x invaluable z a coat+ to metals1 p>ticul>ly iron & lead1 to protect !m f ru/ or corrosion1 did n its price int]v5e4 ,z an int]nal coat+ = wat]-pipes1 ci/]ns1 c41 no o!r sub/ance1 except gold & plat9um1 is s well adapt$4 ,9 *emi/ry1 capsules1 tubes1 c41 ei!r made ( or coat$ ) x1 may be (t5 advantage\sly sub/itut$ = ^? ( plat9um4 ,9 addition to :at has be5 said above1 x may be obs]v$ t1 9 prep>+ alum9um1 ! *ief c>e %\ld be to avoid accid5ts or failure by ! employm5t ( too high a temp]ature1 & to avoid ! product be+ contam9at$ ) o!r metals or ) c>bon4 ,to ensure ! purity ( ! metal is a matt] ( ! greate/ difficulty1 ow+ to ! facility ) :i* =eign matt]s are tak5 up1 dur+ ! process1 f ! mat]ials ( :i* ! app>atus is compos$2 & f ! sub/ances f :i* x is prep>$ be+ seldom absolutely pure4 ,inde$1 x is n too mu* to ass]t t *emically pure alum9um has n yet be5 obta9$2 & t ev5 a v close approximation to x is ( v r>e occurr5ce4 ,:5ev] a copp] boat is us$ to hold ! sodium1 ! product is always contam9at$ ) copp]4 ,*loride ( alum9um always conta9s "s ( ! *lorides ( iron & silicon1 bo? ( :i* are volatile1 & probably takes up a fur!r portion f ! porcela9 or e>!nw>e us$ to =m ! app>atus4 ,sodium also is seldom uncontam9at$ ) c>bon or "s comp\nd ( x2 9 :i* case1 & likewise :5 x is n c>efully fre$ f ! naph?a 9 :i* x has be5 pres]v$1 ! product always conta9s c>bon4 ,! crucible1 :e!r ( porcela9 or iron1 9 :i* ! f9al fusion is made1 also contributes to contam9ate ! metal4 ,h5ce ! inf]ior :it5ess & brilliancy ( comm]cial specim5s ( alum9um2 a metal :i*1 9 its absolutely pure /ate1 may be reasonably inf]r$ to be z sup]ior 9 ! above respects to silv] z silv] is to t94 ,comm]cial alum9um conta9s f #hh to #id p] c5t4 only ( pure alum9um1 & f #a to #d p] c5t4 ( iron1 #a_/b to #c p] c5t4 ( silicon1 & f #a to #f p] c5t4 ( copp]4 ,alum9um salts are g5]ally col\rless1 soluble1 & cry/allise ) difficulty1 & are di/+ui%$ z foll[s3-- ,te/s4--#a4 ,ammonia & ! alkal9e c>bonates ?r[ d[n a bulky :ite precipitate 7hydrate ( alum9um7 f solutions ( its salts1 :i* is insoluble 9 excess ( ! precipitant4--#b4 ,pure potassa & soda ?r[ d[n :ite gelat9\s precipitates1 freely soluble 9 excess ( ! precipitant2 f :i* ! hydrate ( alum9um is reprecipitat$ by *loride ( ammonium1 ev5 9 ! cold3--#c4 ,phosphate ( ammonium gives a :ite precipitate--#d4 ,iodide ( potassium produces a :ite precipitate1 pass+ into a p]man5t yell[3--#e4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 gives no precipitate3--#f4 ,sulphydrate ( ammonium precipitates alum9a f ^! solutions3--#g4 ,bisulphate ( potassium1 add$ to conc5trat$ solutions1 gives a precipitate ( octah$ral cry/als ( alum3--#h4 ,at a r$ heat its salts "p ) "s ( _! acid2 at a :ite heat1 mo/ ( x1 if n all3--#i4 ,alum9um comp\nds1 ignit$ on *>coal be=e ! bl[pipe1 & aft]w>ds moi/5$ ) a solution ( nitrate ( cobalt & aga9 /rongly ignit$1 give an unfus$ mass1 :i*1 on cool+1 appe>s blue by day1 & violet by c&lelight2 a te/1 h[ev]1 :i* is inapplicable to fusible comp\nds ( alum9um1 & su* z are n free1 or ne>ly free1 f o!r oxides4 ,alum9um1 ,acetate (4 ,syn4 ,,acetate ,,( ,,alum9a4 ,prep4 ,pure hydrate ( alum9um is dige/$1 to saturation1 9 /rong acetic acid1 9 ! cold2 & ! result+ solution1 aft] be+ filt]$ or decant$1 is ei!r evaporat$ by a v g5tle heat to a gelat9\s1 semi-solid consi/5ce 7its usual =m71 or is pres]v$ 9 ! liquid /ate4 ,by spontane\s evaporation x may be obta9$ 9 long1 transp>5t cry/als4 ,r$ liquor4 ,f alum1 9 p[d]1 #d p>ts2 w>m wat]1 q4 s4 to dissolve2 acetate ( lead1 9 p[d]1 #c p>ts2 ! solution & mixture be+ effect$ by l5g!n$ agitation 9 a tub or o!r wood5 vessels1 & ! cle> liquid1 aft] repose = a suffici5t "t1 decant$ or drawn (f f ! s$im5t4 ,f alum1 #b p>ts2 7dissolv$ 97 w>m wat]1 q4 s42 solution ( pyrolignite ( lime 7#bj ,baum71 #c p>ts2 z be=e1 b all[+ a long] "t = ! subsid5ce ( ! precipitate1 & tak+ m c>e 9 ! decantation ?an :5 acetate ( lead is employ$4 ,by decompos+ a solution ( crude sulphate ( alum9a ) neutral or monobasic acetate ( lead4 ,prop4 ,its *>act]i/ic prop]ty is ! feeble aff9ity exi/+ betwe5 its acid & base1 :i*1 :5 x is us$ z a mordant1 is c\nt]balanc$ by t ( ! fibres ( ! clo? or y>n to :i* x is appli$4 ,9 o!r respects x resembles ! o!r simple salts ( alum9a4 ,uses1 c4 ,9 dye+ & calico pr9t+1 z a mordant4 ,9 m$ic9e1 prop]ly dilut$1 9 *ronic di>rhoea2 &1 mix$ ) syrup ( poppies1 9 slight cases ( hmoptysis 7spitt+ ( blood74 ,x has be5 employ$ by ,m4 ,gannal z an injection to pres]ve animal bodies1 :i* x w d = ye>s4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr4 daily1 9 divid$ portions1 tak5 9 ?9 mucilage or syrup1 or 9 b>ley-wat]2 z an injection1 #aj to #bj gr41 to wat]1 #d to #f fl4 oz41 9 gonorrhoea1 leucorrhoea1 c4 ,alum9um1 ,*loride (4 ,al#b;,cl#f4 ,syn4 ,,sesqui*lo'',,ride ,,( ,,alum9um2 ,,alum9',,ii ,,*lori',,di1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,a ?ick pa/e made ( dry precipitat$ alum9a1 lampblack1 & oil1 is /rongly heat$ 9 a cov]$ crucible until all ! organic matt] is c>bonis$4 ,! residuum is transf]r$ to a porcela9 tube fix$ across a furnace1 "o end ( :i* is connect$ ) ano!r tube conta9+ dry *loride ( calcium1 & ! o!r end ) a small tubulat$ receiv]4 ,! porcela9 tube is !n heat$ to r$ness1 :il/ *lor9e1 dri$ by pass+ ?r\gh ! *loride-(-calcium tube1 is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! app>atus4 ,9 "o or two h\rs1 or z soon z ! tube is *ok$1 ! :ole is all[$ to cool1 & ! newly-=m$ ,,sesqui*loride collect$ & pres]v$ 9 m9]al naph?a = use4 ,on ! l>ge scale3--,*lor9e1 dri$ z be=e1 is pass$ ov] a mixture ( pure clay1 lamp-black1 & coal-t>1 conta9$ 9 an iron retort1 simil> to t us$ 9 ! manufacture ( coal-gas 7previ\sly ignit$ by means ( a suitable furnace71 & connect$ ) a cool *amb] accurately l9$ ) tiles ( e>!nw>e4 ,! vap\rs ( ! ,,sesqui*loride cond5se 9 ?is *amb]1 z a yell[i% cry/all9e mass1 :i* is collect$ & pres]v$ z be=e4 ,prop41 c4 ,x is volatile at a dull r$ heat2 excessively gre$y ( moi/ure2 & v soluble1 ) decomposition1 hydro*loric acid & alum9a be+ =m$4 ,once dissolv$1 x _c be aga9 recov]$4 ,its *ief use is 9 ! prep>ation ( alum9um4 ,obs4 ,al?\gh alum9a1 l magnesia1 is freely soluble 9 hydro*loric acid1 ! sesqui*loride ( alum9um conta9$ 9 ?is solution _c be obta9$ 9 ! anhydr\s /ate1 or ev5 ! solid =m1 by its evaporation2 ! *loride suff]+ decomposition1 ) ! =mation ( hydro*loric acid1 :i* is volatilis$1 & alum9a1 :i* is left beh9d4 ,alum9um1 ,ni'trate (4 ,al#b7,,no#c7f4 ,syn4 ,,nitrate ,,( ,,alum9a2 ,,alu',,m9 ,,ni',,tras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,simil> to t ( ! acetate & citrate4 ,its conc5trat$ acid solution deposits rhombic cry/als1 conta9+ #ah equiv4 ( wat]4 ,alum9um1 ,oxide ( 7,al#b,o#c71 & ,hydrate ( 7,al#b7;,,ho7#f74 ,syn4 ,,alum9a4 ,prep4 ,alum9um is precipitat$ z a hydrate f solutions ( alum9um salts on ! addition ( an alkali or alkal9e c>bonate2 & ?is precipitate1 aft] be+ ?or\ghly wa%$ & dri$1 on ignition loses its wat] & becomes anhydr\s4 ,! foll[+ are ! be/ =mul = ! purpose3-- ,alum is dissolv$ 9 ab\t #bj times its weight ( di/ill$ wat]1 & ! solution is dropp$ sl[ly into pure solution ( ammonia1 until ! latt] is ne>ly b n entirely saturat$1 :5 ! :ole is set aside = "s "t4 ,! cle> sup]natant liquid is !n decant$1 & ! precipitate is c>efully & ?or\ghly wa%$ ?ree or f\r times ) tepid di/ill$ wat]2 aft] :i* x is collect$ on a filt]1 aga9 well wa%$ ) wat]1 &1 la/ly1 press$ & dri$ betwe5 bibul\s pap]1 ei!r )\t heat1 or at a temp]ature n high] ?an #abj ,fahr4 ,! product is pure hydrate ( ammonium1 & is conv]t$ into anhydr\s alum9a by exposure to a :ite heat 9 a cov]$ crucible4 ,! residuum1 aft] ignition1 is pure ,,anhy',,dr\s ,,alum9a1 or ,,sesquiox',,ide ,,( ,,alum9',,um4 ,a solution ( alum is sl[ly add$ to a solution ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 avoid+ excess2 & ! result+ precipitate1 aft] be+ wa%$ & press$1 is dri$ at a heat ( f #abj to #ahj ,fahr4 ,prop41 c4 ,a s(t :ite p[d]4 ,! hydrate is freely soluble 9 ! acids & 9 solution ( cau/ic potassa & soda 7f :i* x is precipitable by sal ammoniac72 :5 anhydr\s 7z aft] ignition71 x is sc>cely act$ on by acids1 & :5 p]fectly indurat$1 or cry/allis$1 x is :olly insoluble2 b on ignition ) alkalies1 alkal9e ,,alu',,m9ates are =m$1 & ! alum9a is !n readily dissolv$ by acids1 =m+ salts1 :i* are mo/ly col\rless1 non-volatile1 & soluble2 !y h a v a/r+5t & some:at sweeti% ta/e1 r$d5 litmus pap]1 & lose _! acids by ignition4 ,its mo/ rem>kable1 or r useful prop]ty1 is its /rong aff9ity = ! fibres ( organic bodies1 z cotton1 flax1 silk1 wool1 c41 :i* are capable ( tak+ x f its salts2 & also = organic col\r+ matt]s4 ,h5ce its great use 9 dye+1 & 9 blea*+ liquids & ! prep>ation ( lakes4 ,hydrate ( alum9um agitat$ or dige/$ ) liquids conta9+ vegetable col\r+ matt]1 comb9es ) ! latt]1 & ei!r entirely1 or to a great ext5t1 removes x f ! solution4 ,moi/ precipitat$ alum9a1 dri$ at a heat betwe5 #gj & #hj1 conta9s above #eh ( wat]2 dri$ at #bab ,fahr41 ab\t #cb ( wat]4 ,e/im4 ,alum9um is weigh$ z oxide1 aft] ignition4 ,! solubility ( ! moi/ or rec5tly precipitat$ hydrate 9 solution ( ammonia enable u to sep>ate x f ! ,,alkal9e ,,e>?s :i*1 :5 pres5t1 are ?r[n d[n ) x4 ,uses1 c4 ,! moi/ hydrate is us$ 9 sev]al processes 9 ! arts4 ,x is ! base ( cobalt-blue1 ! lake-pigm5ts1 c4 ,9 m$ic9e1 x is employ$ z an antacid & a/r+5t1 9 acidity ( ! /oma*1 *ol]a1 di>rhoea1 & dys5t]y2 9 :i* x is said to be sup]ior to ! o!r absorb5t rem$ies4 7,fic9us47 ,x has also be5 highly recomm5d$ 9 ! vomit+ & di>rhoea ( infancy4 7,durr2 ,neumann2 ,weese2 c47--,dose4 ,*ildr5 #c to #aj gr42 adults1 #e or #f to #bj or ev5 #cj gr41 ?ree to six times daily1 susp5d$ 9 wat]1 by mucilage or simple syrup4 ,alum9um1 ,sil'icate (4 ,al#b7,si,o#b7c4 ,syn4 ,,sil',,icate ,,( ,,alum9a4 ,a sub/ance :i*1 9 its hydr\s =m1 is ! *ief & *>act]i/ic +r$i5t ( common clay2 & :i* also occurs1 9 comb9ation1 9 sev]al o!r important & abundant m9]als4 ,alum9um1 ,sul'phate (4 ,al#b7,,s#d7c4 ,syn4 ,,sesquisul',,phate ,,( ,,alum9a1 ,,neutral ,s4 ,,( ,a41 ,,alu',,m9 ,,sul',,phas1 ,a4 ,,sesquisul',,phas1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,saturate dilute sulphuric acid ) hydrate ( alum9um1 g5tly evaporate1 & cry/allise4 #b4 7,crude1 comm]cial47 ,by mix+ clay & oil ( vitriol1 9 ! way describ$ "u ,,alum4 ,! product is ! ',,conc5trat$ ,,alum' ( ! dy]s4 ,prop4 ,its cry/als are ne$les & ?9 pe>ly plates2 soluble 9 #b p>ts ( wat]2 ta/e a/r+5t1 & some:at sweeti%2 reaction acid2 a full r$ heat expels its acid1 leav+ a residuum ( pure alum9a2 ) ! sulphates ( potassium1 sodium1 & ammonium1 x =ms alum4 ,uses1 c4 ,9 ! arts1 *iefly z a sub/itute = alum2 ! sulphate ( potassium 9 ! latt]1 be+ f\nd to be an unnecess>y & co/ly +r$i5t1 only useful to purify ! salt f iron1 by =m+ a comp\nd ( easy cry/allisation2 an object t may be effect$ ) great] c]ta9ty by *eap] me?ods4 ,9 m$ic9e1 z a wa% = f\l & ill-condition$ ulc]s2 & z an a/r+5t & antiseptic injection4 ,m4 ,gannal has successfully employ$ a solution ( ?is salt to pres]ve animal bodies1 by ?r[+ x into ! art]ies4 ,ev5 an enema ( #a qu>t ( x1 or an injection ( a l quantity into ! oesophagus1 w suffice to pres]ve a body = sev]al weeks4 ,! m9]al call$ ,,al',,unite or ,,alu',,m9ite1 f\nd ne> ,ne:av5 7,sussex71 is a native subsulphate or basic sulphate 7,,disul',,phate7 ( alum9a4 ,alum9um1 ,sulphide (4 ,al#b,s#c4 ,syn4 ,,sul',,phide ,,( ,,alum9ium1 c4 ,a sub/ance be/ obta9$ by pass+ ! vap\r ( bisulphide ( c>bon ov] pure alum9a1 at a bright r$ heat4 ,x is in/antly decompos$ by wat]1 ) ! evolution ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,see ,,alum9um 7above74 ,alum9um ,tann'ate4 ,syn4 ,,tannate ,,( ,,alum9a1 ,eng42 ,,alu',,m9 ,,tann',,z1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take ( pure hydrate ( alum9um 7dri$ at #ij ,fahr471 #a "p2 tannic acid 7dri$ at #bab71 #b p>ts2 triturate !m toge!r = "s "t1 add+ j suffici5t wat] to br+ !m to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup1 & c>efully evaporate to dryness at a heat n high] ?an #abj ,fahr42 la/ly1 r$uce ! residuum to p[d]4 ,uses1 c4 ,a comb9ation ( c]ta9 con/itution1 :i* is said to h be5 f\nd v useful 9 ob/9ate vomit+ & di>rhoea1 9 dys5t]y1 & p>ticul>ly 9 hmoptysis1 hmorrhage1 c4--,dose1 #c to #ab or #ae gr4 ,alum9ium ,bronze4 ,see ,,bronze ,,alum9ium4 ,,al',,v9e 7-v7in74 ,syn4 ,,alvi',,nus1 ,l43 ,,alv91 ,fr4 ,( or f ! belly or inte/9es2 relat+ to ! inte/9al secretions4 ,,amabele4 ,consi/s ( cru%$ millets4 ,see ,,millet4 ,,am',,ad\ 7-7ah-doo74 ,syn4 ,,g]man ,,t9d]1 ,,t\*',,wood1 ,,pyrote*',,nic ,,sponge1 ,,spunkd\ble-dagg]1 ,,surgeon',s ,,ag',,aric1 ,a4 ,,( ,,! ,,oak1 c42 ,,ag>',,icus ,,qu]',c,s1 ,a4 ,,qu]',,nus1 ,a4 ,,*irurgo'',,rum1 ,,fun',,gus ,,qu]',c,s1 c41 ,l42 ,,amad\1 ,,ag>ic ,,amad\vi]1 ,fr42 ,,zund]s*wamm4 ,g]4 ,a s(t1 spongy1 combu/ible sub/ance1 be+ ! prep>$ fle% ( bole'tus fom5ta''rius 7,l9n471 an indig5\s species ( fungus f\nd on ! oak1 bir*1 & a few o!r trees 7,,real ,,amad\ or ,,oak-,,ag>ic72 = :i* b4 ignia''rius 7,l9n471 a l fungus1 f\nd on ! will[1 *]ry1 plum1 & o!r trees1 is frequ5tly sub/itut$4 ,collec41 ,prep41 c4 ,! out] b>k ( ! fungus 7collect$ 9 ,aug4 or ,sept47 hav+ be5 remov$ ) a knife1 ! inn] spongy sub/ance is c>efully sep>at$ f ! woody portion ly+ bel[1 & aft] be+ cut into slices1 is well beat5 ) a mallet until suffici5tly s(t & pliable4 ,sometimes x is fir/ boil$ 9 wat]1 9 ord] to sep>ate ! epid]mis & por\s p>ts1 & to free x f soluble matt]2 aft] :i* x is beat5 z be=e4 ,9 ?is /ate x is us$ 9 surg]y1 c4 ,to complete its manufacture = ,,t9d]1 x is soak$ once1 or (t5]1 9 a /rong solution ( saltpetre 7,,r$ ,,amad\2 ,,br[n ,a472 or 9 a ?9 pa/e made ( gunp[d] & wat]1 :i* is ?or\ghly =c$ into ! pores 7,,black ,a472 aft] :i* x is dri$1 & well rubb$ to free x f loose matt]4 ,! fir/ is ! m cleanly2 ! la/ ! m combu/ible4 ,uses1 c4 ,a light br[n or r$di%-br[n sub/ance4 ,9 surg]y1 ph>macy1 c41 x is us$ to /op local ble$+1 to spread pla/]s on1 z a compress1 & = o!r l purposes4 ,:5 cov]$ ) res9-pla/] x =ms an excell5t article = ! protection ( abrad$ surfaces4 ,a small piece ?us prep>$1 ( a circul> %ape1 hav+ a r\nd hole cut 9 ! middle1 ! size ( ! apex ( ! corn1 is "o ( ! v be/ corn-pla/]s kn[n2 z f its great s(tness x at once protects ! "p f pressure1 & removes ! cause4 ,z a mat]ial = %oe-socks x is sup]ior to all o!r sub/ances4 ,! amad\ = surgical purposes mu/ n conta9 nitre4 ,,amal',,gam4 ,eng41 ,g]4 ,syn4 ,,amal',,gama1 ,l42 ,,amalgame1 ,fr4 ,9 *emi/ry & metallurgy1 an alloy conta9+ quicksilv]2 m p>ticul>ly "o 9 :i* t metal plays a conspicu\s "p4 ,m$alli/s improp]ly apply ?is t]m to all s(t alloys4 ,m]cury unites ) _m ( ! metals by m]e contact2 & ) "s ( !m1 z gold1 silv]1 t91 & lead1 9 c]ta9 proportions1 )\t los+ its fluidity4 ,9 a few cases1 z ) potassium1 ?is union is att5d$ ) consid]able viol5ce1 & ) ! production ( light & heat4 ,prep4 ,mo/ ( ^! comp\nds may be =m$ by agitat+ or rubb+ ! m]cury ) ! o!r metal1 or metals1 9 ! /ate ( fil+s or small fragm5ts1 ei!r ) or )\t heat2 or ) ! easily fusible metals1 by add+ x to !m 9 ! melt$ /ate2 c>e be5 tak51 9 bo? cases1 t ! heat be n suffici5t to volatilise ! m]cury4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,"s amalgams are solid1 & n unfrequ5tly cry/all9e2 o!rs are fluid4 ,( ! latt] sev]al cry/allise aft] a "t1 becom+ solid2 be+1 probably1 m]ely solutions ( ! solid amalgams 9 excess ( m]cury4 ,! amalgams ( gold1 silv]1 t91 z9c1 c41 are ext5sively employ$ 9 gild+1 silv]+ & d5ti/ry1 & 9 o!r useful arts & manufactures4 ,amalgam1 ,ammonium4 ,an un/able comp\nd produc$ :5 a globule ( m]cury is plac$ 9 a small cavity =m$ 9 a piece ( sal ammoniac1 & ! negative pole ( a p[]ful galvanic batt]y is br\ght into contact ) ! metal1 & ! positive pole1 ) ! ammoniacal salt4 ,9 a few seconds ! new comp\nd 7ammonium amalgam7 ( ! consi/5ce ( butt] is =m$4 ,on )draw+ ! influ5ce ( ! batt]y1 ! :ole returns to its =m] condition4 ,by putt+ an amalgam ( sodium into ! moi/5$ cavity ( ! sal ammoniac1 simil> results are obta9$4 ,! ph5om5a att5d+ ! =mation ( ?is new sub/ance h be5 urg$ z evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! !oretical basic radicle ,,ammonium4 ,amalgam1 ,elec'trical4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take z9c & gra9-t91 ( ea*1 #a oz42 melt !m 9 an iron ladle1 remove x f ! fire1 & add ( m]cury 7hot71 #c oz42 /ir ! :ole well toge!r ) an iron rod1 p\r x into a well-*alk$ wood5 box1 & agitate x viol5tly until cold2 or1 in/ead ( ?is1 x may be briskly /irr$ until cold1 & !n p[d]$4 ,x %\ld be pres]v$ 9 a cork$ glass bottle4 #b4 7,la ,baum47 ,z9c1 #b oz42 gra9-t91 #a oz42 bees' wax1 #a_/b oz42 melt1 add ( m]cury1 #f oz41 & o!rwise proce$ z be=e4 ,pref]r$ by "s to all o!r mixtures4 #c4 ,z9c1 #b oz42 m]cury1 #e oz4 ,use4 ,to cov] ! cu%ions ( electrical ma*9es4 ,a little ( ! p[d] is p\r$ on a piece ( pap]1 cru%$ smoo? ) a flat knife1 & !n spread ?9ly on ! surface ( ! cu%ion or rubb]1 previ\sly slightly sme>$ ) tall[2 or ! p[d] may be rubb$ d[n ) a little tall[1 prior to ! application ( x4 ,amalgam1 ,gild'+4 ,syn4 ,,amalgam ,,( ,,gold4 ,prep4 ,take ( gra9-gold1 #a "p2 m]cury1 #h p>ts2 put !m into a small iron saucepan1 or ladle1 & apply a g5tle heat1 us+ a smoo? piece ( iron z a /irr]2 :5 ! solution or comb9ation is complete1 p\r x out on a clean plate or smoo? /one slab4 ,use4 ,to gild brass1 copp]1 c41 9 ! common process ( wa% or fire-gild+4 ,a less proportion ( gold ?an ! above is us$ :5 a ?9 & *eap gild+ is requir$2 z by increas+ ! quantity ( ! m]cury ! same weight ( ! preci\s metal may be ext5d$ ov] a mu* l>g] surface4 ,amalgam1 ,sil'v]+4--a4 ,= ,,metals4 ,syn4 ,,amalgam ,,( ,,silv]4 ,prep41 ,uses1 c4 ,z ! la/1 b sub/itut+ silv] = gold4 b4 ,= ,,glass4 ,prep4 #a4 ,lead1 t91 & bismu?1 ( ea*1 #a oz42 bees' wax or res9 #a_/d oz42 melt1 skim (f ! dross1 cool to ! l[e/ po9t at :i* ! mixture w rema9 liquid1 & add ( quicksilv] #aj oz42 mix well ) an iron rod4 #b4 ,lead & t91 ( ea*1 #a oz42 bismu?1 #b oz42 quicksilv]1 #d oz42 z ! la/4 ,uses1 c4 ,= silv]+ ! insides ( holl[ glass vessels1 globes1 convex mirrors1 c4 ,! glass be+ ?or\ghly clean$ & dri$1 is c>efully w>m$1 & ! amalgam1 r5d]$ fluid by a g5tle heat1 is p\r$ 91 & ! vessel turn$ r\nd & r\nd1 s z to br+ ! metal into contact ) e "p :i* x is desir$ to cov]4 ,at a c]ta9 temp]ature x w be f\nd to readily adh]e to ! glass4 ,! excess is !n p\r$ out1 & ! vessel set aside to cool4 ,amalgams1 ,too?4 ,see ,,d5ti/ry & ,,too?-,,cem5ts4 ,amalgam1 ,v>'ni%]'s4 ,prep4 ,melt gra9-t91 #d oz41 ) bismu?1 #a oz42 add quicksilv]1 #a oz41 & /ir till cold2 !n gr9d x v f9e ) :ite-(-egg or ) v>ni%1 & apply ! mixture to ! figure or surface ) a s(t bru%4 ,x is us$ 9 sev]al ( ! ornam5tal trades4 ,amalgamat+ ,salts4 ,boil a solution ( p]nitrate ( m]cury ) excess ( equal p>ts ( p[d]$ p]sulphate & p]*loride ( m]cury1 & decant ! liquid portion ( ! result = use4 ,*iefly us$ = amalgamat+ ! z9c plates ( galvanic batt]ies1 also z a sub/itute = m]cury 9 gild+ by ! amalgam process4 ,,amal',,gamat$4 ,syn4 ,,amalgama',,tus1 ,l42 ,,amalgam1 ,fr4 ,comp\nd$ or bl5d$ ) quicksilv]2 =m$ into an amalgam4 ,,amalgama',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,amalgama',,tio1 ,l42 ,,v]quick51 ,g]4 ,! act or process by :i* an amalgam is =m$2 h5ce loosely1 ! mix+ or bl5d+ ( diff]5t ?+s4 ,9 ! art ( ! ref9]1 ! op]ation ( sep>at+ gold & silv] f _! ores by means ( m]cury4 ,,am',,&9e 7-dene74 ,prep4 #a4 7,transp>5t47--a4 ,f9e new :ite or pale honey1 #d oz42 :ite s(t-soap 7prep>$ f l>d & potassa71 #b oz42 mix ?or\ghly 9 a m>ble mort>1 add+ #a or #b teaspoonfuls 7if necess>y7 ( solution ( potassa1 until a p]fectly homog5e\s pa/e or cream is produc$2 !n rub 91 by degrees1 & v gradually1 ( oil ( almonds1 #g lbs4 7or q4 s471 previ\sly mix$ ) ess5tial oil ( almonds1 #a oz42 ess5ce 7oil7 ( b]gamot1 #c_/d oz42 oil ( cloves1 #a_/b oz42 & balsam ( ,p]u1 #c dr4 ,! product1 :i* %\ld h a ri*1 transp>5t1 jelly-l appe>ance & behavi\r1 is1 la/ly1 put into pots = use or sale4 b4 7,g4 ,w4 ,s4 ,piesse47 ,simple syrup1 #d oz42 :ite s(t-soap 7see above71 #a oz42 oil ( almonds1 #g lbs4 7previ\sly sc5t$ )--72 ess5tial oil ( almonds & b]gamot1 ( ea* #a oz42 oil ( cloves1 #a_/b oz42 ! :ole be+ mix$1 c41 z be=e4 ,bo? ! above are ( v f9e quality4 ,glyc]91 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #a_/b oz4 to ea* lb4 ( ! products1 add$ ) ! soap1 improves _! s(t5+ quality4 #b4 7,opaque47--a4 ,f :ite pota%-soap & gum-mucilage 7?ick71 ( ea* #c oz42 new :ite honey1 #f oz42 & ! yelks ( #e l>ge eggs2 well mix$ toge!r1 & aft]w>ds intimately bl5d$ fir/1 ) oil ( almonds 7sc5t$ z be=e1 or at w71 #b lbs42 & aft]w>ds1 ) ?ick pi/a*io-milk 7made ( ! fre%-peel$ nuts & rose-wat]71 #e fl4 oz4 b4 ,f almond-pa/e1 honey1 :ite pota%-soap1 & glyc]91 ( ea*4 #a oz42 yelk ( #a egg2 oil ( almonds1 #a_/b p9t 7hold+ 9 solution--72 ess5tial oil ( almonds1 #a dr42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #a_/b dr4 ,uses1 c4 ,to :it5 & s(t5 ! sk91 & to prev5t x *app+4 ,a small portion1 ab\t half ! size ( a filb]t1 ) a few drops ( w>m wat]1 produces a v :ite & ri* la!r1 ) :i* ! h&s & face are lightly rubb$1 & ! sk91 9 a %ort "t1 g5tly wip$ ) a small napk91 :il/ ! wat] on x is /ill milky4 ,! manufacture ( ,,am&9e is a matt] ( "s difficulty & lab\r4 ,! details ess5tial to success are giv5 "u ,,emuls9es4 ,x is sometimes col\r$1 :i* is done by infus+ or dissolv+ 9 ! oil1 be=e us+ x1 a little--sp9a*-leaves1 = ,,gre52 & palm-oil1 or annatto1 = ,,yell[ & ,,orange4 ,a beautiful ,,sc>let or ,,crimson t+e may be giv5 to x by a little liquid r\ge or c>m9e 7ammoniacal71 add$ j be=e remov+ x f ! mort>4 ,see ,,emuls9es1 ,,oliv9e1 ,,pa/e1 c4 ,,amani',,ta ,,musca'',,ria4 ,! fly-ag>ic or fly-mu%room4 ,see ,,ag>ic4 ,,amanit9e4 ,syn4 ,,amanit9a1 ,l4 ,! "n giv5 by ,letelli] to ! poison\s pr9ciple ( amani'ta musc>ia1 & "s o!r species ( fungi4 ,x is br[n1 uncry/allisable1 & soluble4 ,,am>a4 ,l4 ,9 m$ic9e & ph>macology1 ! bitt] tonics4 ,,am>an?4 ,syn4 ,,am>an?',,u1 ,l42 ,,am>ante1 ,fr4 ,! fl[] love-lies-ble$+ 7am>an?us caudatus--,l9n474 ,9 poetry1 an imag9>y fl[] t nev] fades4 7,milton47 ,9 *romatics1 a col\r incl9+ to purple4 ,,am>y?',,r9e4 ,a bitt] pr9ciple f\nd1 9 c]ta9 li*5s1 associat$ ) ery?r9e 7:i* see74 ,,amasi4 ,?is1 ! native "n giv5 by ! natives ( ,c5tral ,africa to s\r milk1 :i* !y prep>e by add+ to ! new milk1 a small quantity ( milk previ\sly all[$ to become s\r4 ,! milk ?us acidifi$ is consid]$ by !m f> m :olesome ?an new milk4 ,,amaurosis4 ,syn4 ,,gutta ,,s]5a1 ,,suffusio ,,nigra4 ,a dim9ution or total loss ( sight1 aris+ f p>alysis ( ! ret9a or optic n]ve4 ,,am',,b]4 ,syn4 ,,elec',,tron1 ,gr42 ,,elec',,trum1 ,,suc',,c9um 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l42 ,,ambre1 ,,succ91 ,fr42 ,,b]n/e91 ,g]42 ,,lynx-,,/onedagg]1 ,,la',,pis ,,lyn',,cisdagg]1 ,l4 ,a well-kn[n yell[i%1 semi-transp>5t1 fossil res91 ( :i* tr9kets & ! m\?-pieces ( pipes are commonly made4 ,nat4 hi/41 c4 ,amb] is f\nd 9 deta*$ pieces on ! sea-coa/1 & is dug up 9 diluvial soils4 ,t ( comm]ce comes *iefly f ! s\!rn coa/s ( ! ,baltic1 :]e x is ca/ a%ore betwe5 ,knigsb]g & ,memel2 & f ,ducal ,prussia1 ,saxony1 ,pol&1 ,sicily1 & ,m>yl& 7,u4,s471 :]e x is dug out ( b$s or m9es4 ,x has also be5 f\nd on ! %ores ( ,norfolk1 & small pieces are occasionally dug up 9 ! gravel pits r\nd ,london4 ,x is probably an ant$iluvian res92 & :5 f\nd on ! coa/1 is suppos$ to be dis5gag$1 by ! action ( ! sea1 f neighb\r+ b$s ( lignite or fossil coal4 ,mu* div]sity ( op9ion = a long "t prevail$ among/ naturali/s & *emi/s z to ! orig9 ( amb]1 "s ref]r+ x to ! vegetable1 o!rs to ! m9]al1 & "s ev5 to ! animal k+dom2 its natural hi/ory & analysis af=d+ some?+ 9 fav\r ( ea*4 ,! vegetable orig9 ( amb] has1 h[ev]1 be5 rec5tly %[n by v>i\s facts1 & is n[ g5]ally admitt$4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 its optical prop]ties are ^? ( an indurat$ vegetable juice4 7',ed4 ,phil4 ,j\rn41' ii47 ,insects & fragm5ts ( vegetables are frequ5tly f\nd imb$d$ 9 x2 & ?is 9 a mann] :i* c\ld only h occurr$ :5 ! res9 0 a viscid fluid4 ,microscopical rese>*es h l$ to ! conclusion t x is ! production ( "s species ( p9e1 closely alli$ to ! p9us balsamea4 7',entom4 ,trans41' i ii47 ,manuf4 ,amb] is ,,work$ 9 a la!1 ,,poli%$ ) :it+ & wat] or rott5/one-&-oil1 & ,,f9i%$ ,,(f by friction ) flannel4 ,dur+ ! op]ation ! pieces (t5 become hot & electrical1 & fly into fragm5ts2 to avoid :i* !y are kept z cool z possible1 & only work$ = a %ort p]iod at a "t4 ,! workm5 are said to (t5 suff] consid]ably f electrical excitem5t4 ,amb] is ,,jo9$ & ,,m5d$ by sme>+ ! surface ( ! pieces ) l9se$ or boil$ oil1 & !n /rongly press+ !m toge!r1 at ! same "t hold+ !m ov] a *>coal fire1 or heat+ !m 9 any o!r conv5i5t way 9 :i* !y w n be expos$ to injury4 ,! common] v>ieties are ,,h>d5$ & r5d]$ ,,cle>]1 ei!r by boil+ !m 9 rape oil = ab\t #bd h\rs1 or by surr\nd+ ! pieces ) clean s& 9 an iron pot1 & expos+ !m to a gradually increas+ heat = #cj or #dj h\rs4 ,dur+ ?is process small fragm5ts are kept 9 ! s& at ! side ( ! pot1 = ! purpose ( occasional exam9ation1 le/ ! heat be rais$ too high1 or be too long cont9u$4 ,prop41 c4 ,h>d2 brittle2 ta/eless2 glossy2 g5]ally transluc5t1 b sometimes opaque1 & occasionally1 ?\gh r>ely1 transp>5t2 col\r g5]ally yell[ or orange1 b sometimes yell[i%-:ite2 becomes negatively electric by friction2 smells agreeably :5 rubb$ or heat$2 fracture con*oidal & vitre\s or res9\s2 soluble 9 ! pure alkalies1 &1 )\t decomposition1 9 oil ( vitriol1 :i* !n becomes purple2 insoluble 9 ! ess5tial & fix$ oils )\t long dige/ion & heat2 soluble 9 *lor(orm2 melts at ab\t #eej ,fahr42 burns ) a yell[ flame1 emitt+ at ! same "t a peculi> fragrant od\r1 & leav+ a light & %9y coal4 ,by dry di/illation x yields inflammable gases1 a small quantity ( wat]1 a little acetic acid1 a volatile oil 7,,oil ,,( ,,amb]2 ,o',,leum ,,suc',,c9i1 ,l47 at fir/ pale1 aft]w>ds br[n1 ?ick1 & empyreumatic1 & an acid 7,,succ9',,ic ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,succ9',,icum1 ,l472 ) residual *>coal #ab to #ac4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajfe to #aji1 b usually ab\t #ajgj4 ,x _c be fus$ )\t und]go+ m or less *emical *ange4 ,id5t4 ,amb] may be kn[n f mellite & copal1 bo? ( :i* articles are occasionally sub/itut$ = x1 by ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3--#a4 ,,mellite is infusible by heat1 & burns :ite3--#b4 ,a piece ( ,,copal1 heat$ on ! po9t ( a knife1 cat*es fire1 & runs into drops1 :i* flatt5 z !y fall3--#c4 ,,amb] burns ) spitt+ & fro?+1 & :5 its liquefi$ p>ticles drop1 !y reb\nd f ! plane on :i* !y fall 7,m4 ,hay73--#d4 ,nei!r mellite nor copal yields succ9ic acid by di/illation2 nor ! agreeable od\r ( amb] :5 burnt2 nor d !y become s readily electric by friction4 ,uses4 ,x is *iefly made into m\?-pieces = pipes1 beads = necklaces1 & o!r ornam5ts & tr9kets4 ,x is also us$ z ! basis ( sev]al excell5t v>ni%es4 ,9 m$ic9e1 x 0 =m]ly giv5 9 *ronic c\ghs1 hy/]ia1 c4--,dose 7( ! p[d]71 #aj to #fj gr4 ,rem>ks4 ,! f9] sorts ( amb] fet* v high prices4 ,a piece #a lb4 9 weight is said to be wor? f #aj to #ae4 #ejjj doll>s a few ye>s s9ce 7 (f]$ 9 ,prussia = a piece weigh+ #ac lbs41 & :i*1 x 0 /at$ by ! ,arm5ian m]*ants1 w\ld fet* f #cj1jjj to #dj1jjj doll>s 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,x is m valu$ 9 ! ,ea/ ?an 9 ,engl&2 & *iefly on acc\nt ( ! ,turks & o!r ,ori5tals believ+ x to be incapable ( transmitt+ infection4 ,9 ! royal cab9et1 ,b]l91 !re is a piece weigh+ #ah lbs41 suppos$ to be ! l>ge/ ev] f\nd4 ,! co>s] k9ds alone are employ$ 9 m$ic9e1 *emi/ry1 c4 ,amb]1 ,ac'id (99 77as'-74 ,succ9ic acid4 ,amb]1 ,bal'sam (4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,suc',,c9i1 ,l4 ,! ?ick matt] left 9 ! retort aft] ! rectification ( oil ( amb]2 & :i* x resembles 9 its prop]ties4 ,amb]1 ,facti''ti\s 7-t7i%'-74 ,syn4 ,,suc',,c9um ,,facti'',,tium1 ,l4 ,mellite1 copal1 & anime1 h ea* be5 sub/itut$ = amb]1 especially = small fragm5ts ( x4 ,rec5tly an imitation has be5 produc$ by act+ on gutta p]*a ) sulphur1 at a high temp]ature1 :i*1 ei!r alone or 9 comb9ation ) copal1 is said to h be5 ext5sively pass$ (f = g5u9e amb]4 ,amb]1 ,liq'uiddagg]4 ,see ,,liquid-,,amb>4 ,amb]1 ,oil (4 ,see ,,oils4 ,amb]1 ,re's9 (4 ,see ,,pyr,,t9e4 ,amb]1 ,salt (4 ,succ9ic ,acid4 ,amb]1 ,sol'uble4 ,prep4 ,fragm5ts ( amb] are cauti\sly heat$ 9 an iron pot1 & z soon z x becomes semi-liquid1 an equal weight ( pale boil$ l9se$-oil1 previ\sly made hot1 is v gradually /irr$ 91 & ! :ole ?or\ghly bl5d$4 ,us$ z a cem5t = glass & e>!nw>e1 & ?9n$ ) oil ( turp5t9e to make v>ni%es4 ,x w keep any l5g? ( "t if pres]v$ f ! air4 ,,amb]-,,cam',,phor4 ,see ,,pyr,,t9e 7,cry/all9e74 ,,am',,b] ,,dr9kdagg]4 ,amb]-col\r$ malt liquor4 ,,am',,b]-,,se$4 ,musk-se$ 7:i* see74 ,,am',,b]-,,tree4 ,! popul> "n ( a species ( an?osp]mum1 an ev]gre5 %rub1 ( :i* ! leaves1 :5 bruis$1 emit an agreeable od\r4 ,,am',,b]gris 7-gr7is2 gresed\ble-dagg]74 ,syn4 ,,grey ,,amb]992 ,,ambragri'',,sea 7gr7izh'-e-7a71 ,l42 ,,ambregris1 ,fr42 ,,ambra1 ,,amb>1 ,g]4 ,an odor\s1 solid sub/ance1 f\nd float+ on ! sea 9 tropical climates1 & 9 ! ccum ( ! ca*alot or sp]maceti :ale 7physet] macrocephalus74 ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s to be a morbid secretion ( ! liv] or inte/9es1 analog\s to bili>y calculi2 b accord+ to ,mr ,beale1 x consi/s ( ! m]e indurat$ fces ( ! animal1 p]haps 7z sugge/$ by ,br&e & ,p]eira7 some:at alt]$ by disease4 ,"s ( ! semifluid fces1 dri$ ) ! prop] precautions1 _h all ! prop]ties ( amb]gris4 7,beale47 ,x is occasionally f\nd 9 masses weigh+ f #fj to #bbe lbs4 ,prop41 c4 ,solid1 opaque1 a%-col\r$1 /reak$ or v>iegat$1 fatty1 inflammable2 rem>kably light2 highly odor\s1#dj p>ticul>ly :5 w>m$1 cut1 or h&l$--! od\r be+ peculi> & n easily describ$ or imitat$1 ( a v diffusive & p5etrat+ "*1 & p]ceptible 9 m9ute quantities2 rugg$ on ! surface2 does n eff]vesce ) acids2 melts at #adj to #aej ,fahr4 into a yell[i% res9-l mass2 at #bab flies (f z a :ite vap\r2 v soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 & ! volatile & fix$ oils4 ,x appe>s to be a non-saponifiable fat1 analog\s to *ole/]9e4 ,sp4 gr4 #jghj to #jibf4da ,footnote #dj3 ,x has a pleasant musk-l od\r1 :i* is suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! squid 7'sepia mos*ata'7 on :i* ! animal fe$s1 ! horny beaks ( :i* are (t5 f\nd imb$d$ 9 ! masses4 7,p]eira47 ,x has a smell resembl+ t ( dri$ c[-dung4 7,r$wood1 ',gray's ,supplem5t1' #aheg1 p4 #fjf47 ,footnote #da3 ,sp4 gr #ghj to #hif--;,br&e2 #ijh to #ibj--,p]eira4 ,pur4 ,f ! high price ( g5u9e amb]gris x is v frequ5tly1 if n ne>ly always1 adult]at$4 ,:5 q pure & ( ! be/ quality1 x is--#a4 ,ne>ly :olly soluble 9 hot alcohol & e!r1 & yields ab\t #he ( ambre9e3--#b4 ,x almo/ :olly volatilises at a mod]ate heat1 & :5 burnt leaves no notable quantity ( a%es2 a little ( x expos$ 9 a silv] spoon melts )\t bubble or scum2 & on ! heat$ po9t ( a knife x is rapidly & entirely dissipat$3--#c4 ,x is easily punctur$ ) a heat$ ne$le1 & on )draw+ x1 n only %\ld ! od\r be imm$iately evolv$1 b ! ne$le %\ld come out clean1 )\t any?+ adh]+ to x 7,norm&y73--#d4 ,! ,*9ese are said to try its g5u95ess by scrap+ x f9e ^u ! top ( boil+ tea4 ,x %\ld dissolve 7melt7 & diffuse itself g5]ally4 ,black or :ite is bad4 ,! smoo? & uni=m is g5]ally factiti\s4#db ,footnote #db3 ,ure's ',dict4 ( ,a41 ,m4 ,m41' #e? ,ed41 i1 #abh4 ,uses1 c4 ,x is highly priz$ = its od\r1 :i* is f\nd greatly to improve & exalt t ( o!r sub/ances2 h5ce its ext5sive use 9 p]fum]y4 ,9 m$ic9e x 0 =m]ly giv5 z an aphrodisiac1 9 doses ( #c to #aj gr4 ,a gra9 or two1 :5 rubb$ d[n ) sug>1 & add$ to a hog%ead ( cl>et1 is v p]ceptible 9 ! w9e1 & gives x a flav\r1 by "s consid]$ z an improvem5t4 7,br&e47 ,amb]gris ,facti''ti\s4 ,an article ( ?is k9d1 met ) 9 ! %ops1 is ?us made3--,orris-p[d]1 sp]maceti1 & gum-b5zo91 ( ea*1 #a lb42 asphaltum1 #c or #d oz42 amb]gris1 #f oz42 gra9-musk1 #c dr42 oil ( cloves1 #a dr42 oil ( rhodium1 #a_/b dr42 liquor ( ammonia1 #a fl4 oz42 beat5 to a smoo? h>d mass ) mucilage1 & made into lumps :il/ s(t4 ,?is fraud is readily detect$4 ,,am',,bre9e 7-bre-7in74 ,syn4 ,,ambrei',,na1 ,l42 ,,ambre9e1 ,fr42 ,,amb>/(f1 ,g]4 ,! fatty1 odor\s pr9ciple ( amb]gris4 ,prep4 ,dige/ amb]gris 9 hot alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #jhbg7 until ! latt] w dissolve no m1 !n filt]4 ,! ,,ambre9e w be deposit$ z ! solution cools1 9 an irregul> cry/all9e mass1 :i* may be purifi$ by recry/allisation 9 alcohol4 ,prop41 c4 ,melts at ab\t #ij2 volatilises at #bab to #bbj ,fahr42 nitric acid conv]ts x into ,,ambreic ,,acid4 ,x closely resembles *ole/]9e4--,prod4 #he4 ,,ambrette' 7-br7et'74 ,fr4 ,musk-se$4 ,,ambrosia1 ,,r+',s ,,vegetable 7,tubbs1 ,pet]borg1 ,u4,s474 ,a liquid ) a s$im5t1 conta9+ #a p] c5t4 ( lead4 7,*&l]47 ,,ameis5 ,,balsam4 ,von ,dr ,liv+/one 7,ahnelt1 ,*>lott5burg74 ,balsam ( ants4 ,ca/or oil1 #gb grms42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #b grms42 b]gamot1 #e drops4 7,hag]47 ,,am]ican ,,pills 7,a4 ,h4 ,boldt1 ,lex+ton74 ,= full-blood$1 corpul5t p]sons1 & = ^? ( s$5t>y habits1 = irregul> m5/ruation1 & aga9/ contagi\s diseases4 ,made ( scammony1 rhub>b1 & soap4 7,s*dl]47 ,,am]ican ,,m$ic9es1 ,dr ,,sampson',s 7,new ,york74 ,two k9ds ( pills ( coca3--,no4 #a4 #he pills compos$ ( coca extract & coca p[d]1 & ea* pill conta9+ ab\t #jjjf grm4 ( a morphia salt4 ,no4 #b4 #ej pills1 also ( coca1 & ea* conta9+ #jje grm4 ( p[d]$ iron4 ,bo? k9ds are roll$ 9 lycopodium4 7,hag]47 ,,am]ican ,,pills ,,= ,,a/hma4 ,gild$ pills made ( gum ammoniacum4 ,,am]ican ,,s*ampoo-,,fluid ,,= ,,promot+ ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,hair4 ,_s ( w9e & rum1 ) "s c>bonate ( ammonia & pota%4 ,,am]ican ,,drops ,,= ,,too?a*e 7,majewsky1 ,w>saw7 h be5 f\nd ( v>i\s composition4 ,"s :i* pr(ess to h tak5 a prize at ! ,vi5na ,exhibition 7 compos$ ( ,fr5* br&y1 conta9+ common salt1 & col\r$ ) co*9eal4 ,! fir/ 0 a spiritu\s solution ( an e!real oil ) "s oil ( cloves1 col\r$ r r$di%2 ,no4 #b 0 a simil> solution ) "s oil ( pepp]m9t & t9cture ( rhatany2 & ,no4 #c 0 m]ely a dilut$ solution ( ,no4 #b4 7,hag]47 ,,am]ican ,,univ]sal ,,blood-,,purify+ ,,h]b ,,tea 7,dr ,kuhr71 = wom5's diseases1 hy/]ia1 n]v\s debility1 epilepsy1 /oma*ic compla9ts1 a/hma1 hmorrhoids1 g\t1 rheumatism1 worms1 & mu* besides4 ,:ite horeh\nd1 m>% mall[1 liquorice wood1 & sassafras1 ( ea*1 #aj p>ts2 anise1 cori&] & f5nel1 ( ea*1 #e p>ts2 r$ poppy petals1 #d p>ts2 lav5d] fl[]s1 #b p>ts2 s5na1 pepp]m9t1 millefoil fl[]s1 & val]ian root1 ( ea*1 #a "p4 7,kuhr & ,selle47 ,,am',,e?y/ 7-?7i/74 ,syn4 ,,purple ,,rock-,,cry/al2 ,,am,,?y/e1 ,fr42 ,,ame?ys',,tus1 ,l4 ,a beautiful sub-species ( qu>tz or rock cry/al1 ( a violet-blue col\r ( v>y+ int5sity1 9 great reque/ = cutt+ into seals1 broo*es1 & o!r l articles ( ornam5t4 ,x 0 kn[n & priz$ 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( antiquity4 ,among ! anci5ts1 cups & vases 7 made out ( ?is m9]al2 & x 0 an op9ion ( ! ,greeks & ,p]sians1 t an ame?y/ b\nd on ! navel w\ld c\nt]act ! effects ( w9e1 & t w9e drank out ( an ame?y/9e vessel w\ld n intoxicate4 ,see ,,gems4 ,ame?y/4 ,9 *romation1 dye+1 c41 a ri* v>iety ( deep violet col\r4 ,h5ce1 ,,ame?y/',,ine 77in71 c4 ,ame?y/1 ,ori5t'al4 ,a ri* violet-blue v>iety ( transp>5t1 cry/allis$ corundum4 ,,am',,ian? 7-e-7an?74 ,syn4 ,,amian?',,u1 ,,amian',,tus1 ,l42 ,,amiante1 ,fr4 ,! :it] & m delicate v>ieties ( asbe/os1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* possess a sat9y lu/re4 ,,am',,id9 7-e-d7in74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,am',,yd9e2 ,,amidi',,na1 ,l4 ,a sub/ance notic$ by ,saussure 9 />*-pa/e1 :5 long kept4 ,accord+ to ,cav5t\1 x is =m$ at once by ! action ( boil+ wat] on />*4 ,x =ms ! int]ior sub/ance ( ! />*-gra9s1 & its prop]ties are int]m$iate betwe5 ^? ( />* & gum4 ,x is1 inde$1 ! soluble "p ( />*1 ( :i* a p]fect solution c only be obta9$ by prolong$ ebullition 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat]4 ,,amid',,og54 ,,nh#b4 ,lit]ally1 ! g5]ator ( amides2 9 *emi/ry1 ! "n giv5 by ,kane to an hypo!tical body1 compos$ ( two atoms ( hydrog5 & "o ( nitrog54 ,x =ms ,,amides by comb9+ ) o!r bodies4 ,amidog5 ,ba'ses4 ,9 *emi/ry1 'am9es' 9 :i* only "o equiv4 ( hydrog5 is replac$ by an organic radical2 & h5ce call$ ,,prim>y ,,mon',,am9es4 ,,ammonia4 ,,nh#c4 ,syn4 ,,ammonia ,,gas1 ,,ammoniacal ,,gas1 ,,anhydr\s ,,ammonia1 ,,t]hydride ,,( ,,nitrog52 ,,ammoniaque1 ,fr42 ,,ammoniak1 ,g]4 ,at ! pres5t day ! ammonia ( comm]ce is *iefly prep>$ f ! ammoniacal liquor ( ! gas-works & ! manufactories ( ivory black1 animal *>coal1 c4 ,lant or /ale ur9e is also an important s\rce ( ammonia4 ,9 ^! places a l>ge quantity ( crude ammoniacal liquor is produc$2 to :i* ei!r sulphuric or hydro*loric acid is add$1 by :i* x is conv]t$ into a salt1 :i* may be obta9$ ne>ly pure by evaporation1 & "o or m cry/allisations1 &1 9 ! case ( ! hydro*lorate & c>bonate1 subsequ5t sublimation4 ,o!r s\rces & processes h be5 s\ght out & occasionally adopt$ = ! prep>ation ( ! pr9cipal salts ( ammonia 7its sulphate1 c>bonate1 & hydro*lorate72 "s ( :i* h be5 pat5t$1 b few ( !m h got into g5]al use1 or h be5 c>ri$ out on ! l>ge scale4 ,= _m ye>s ! manufacture ( ammonia & its comp\nds has incessantly engag$ ! att5tion ( ,european *emi/s4 ,_m unsuccessful attempts h be5 made to directly conv]t ! nitrog5 ( ! atmosph]e into ammonia4 ,( ^! we may m5tion "o :i* consi/$ 9 pass+ a mixture ( nitrog51 c>bonic oxide & /eam ov] r$-hot hydrate ( lime1 :]eby ammonia & c>bonic acid are =m$4 ,a plan = ! indirect application ( atmosph]ic nitrog5 9 ! prep>ation ( ammonia 0 sugge/$ by ,m>gu]itte1 9 :i* x 0 propos$ t cyanide ( b>ium %\ld be prep>$1 & its nitrog5 conv]t$ into ammonia by ! aid ( a curr5t ( sup]heat$ /eam at #fjj ,c4 ,accord+ to ! description ( ?is process 9 a pat5t1 n1 h[ev]1 9 practice1 native c>bonate ( b>yta is calc9$ ) ab\t #cj ( coal-t>1 = ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! mass por\s z well z m readily conv]t$ into cau/ic b>yta at a l[] temp]ature4 ,! c>bonace\s mass is1 aft] cool+1 plac$ 9 a retort1 & kept at a temp]ature ( #cjj ,c41 :ile air & aque\s vap\r are =c$ 91 ! result be+ ! =mation ( ammonia 9 consid]able quantity1 & c>bonate ( b>yta1 :i* is aga9 us$4 ,ammonia is evolv$ f ball soda :ile cool+2 dur+ ! =mation ( cyanog5 & cyanide ( potassium 9 bla/ furnaces2 & ! =mation ( sal-ammoniac 9 ! process ( iron smelt+4 ,ammonia1 9 a /ate ( comb9ation1 is f\nd1 9 v>iable quantities1 among ! sal9e product ( volcanoes1 9 sea & ra9 wat]1 9 bitum9\s coal1 9 ur9e1 9 guano1 & 9 ! atmosph]e1 especially t ( l>ge t[ns4 ,! m9ute /ellat$ cry/als sometimes f\nd on dirty w9d[s 9 ,london1 & o!r popul\s cities1 consi/ ( sulphate ( ammonia4 ,x is also f\nd 9 clayey & peaty soils1 & 9 m9ute quantity 9 good air & wat]4 7,br&e2 ,f[nes2 ,le!by47 ,9 ! free /ate x exi/s 9 ! juices ( "s plants1 & 9 ! liv+ blood ( animals1 & x is freely develop$ dur+ ! decomposition ( azotis$ vegetable sub/ances1 & dur+ ! putrefaction ( animal matt]4 ,illu/ration ,prep4 ,a mixture ( fre% hydrate ( lime ) an equal weight ( sal ammoniac 7bo? dry & 9 f9e p[d]7 is introduc$ into a glass flask or retort1 ! beak ( :i* communicates ) "o end ( a ,u-%ap$ tube fill$ ) small fragm5ts ( rec5tly burnt quick-lime1 & f :i* ext5ds ano!r glass tube1 ab\t #ah in*es long1 hav+ its fur!r end b5t up ready to be plac$ "u a gas-j>1 on ! %elf ( a m]curial pneumatic tr\gh4 7,see engr47 ,! jo9ts be+ all made air-tight by coll>s ( india rubb]1 heat is appli$ by means ( a _s-lamp1 & z soon z ! air conta9$ 9 ! app>atus is expell$1 ! gas is collect$ = use4 ,x _c be dri$ by means ( *loride ( calcium4 ,p[d]$ quick-lime may be sub/itut$ = ! hydrate 9 ! above process2 9 :i* case ! evolv$ gas is anhydr\s1 b a mu* great] heat is !n requir$ = its lib]ation4 ,comp4 ,ammonia is a comp\nd ( #c volumes ( hydrog51 & #a vol4 ( nitrog51 cond5s$ into two volumes2 & by weight ( #hbce p>ts ( nitrog51 #agfe p>ts ( hydrog51 or1 9 o!r words1 ( "o atomic weight ( nitrog5 & ?ree ( hydrog51 hav+ ! =mula ,,nh#c4 ,prop4 ,gase\s1 col\rless1 invisible2 highly pung5t1 acrid1 irritat+ & alkal9e2 irrespirable1 unless v l>gely dilut$ ) air2 ext+ui%es combu/ion2 burns sl[ly 9 oxyg52 sp4 gr4 #jehi2 #ajj cub4 in*es weigh #ahbf gr4 ,"u a pressure ( #fe atmosph]es1 at #ej ,fahr41 x =ms a transp>5t1 col\rless liquid ( ! sp4 gr4 #jgca2 at #fj ,fahr4 ?is liquid exp&$ into #ajji times its volume ( ammoniacal gas2 at -#dj ,fahr41 & ! ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure1 x =ms a subtle col\rless liquid1 :i* at -#ajc ,fahr4 freezes into a :ite1 transluc5t1 cry/all9e sub/ance4 7,f>aday47 ,x is highly basic2 all its salts are ei!r volatilis$ or decompos$ at1 or "u1 a r$ heat--^? ) a volatile acid sublime un*ang$--^? ) a fix$ acid lose _! ammonia4 ,x is decompos$ into its elem5ts by transmission ?r\gh a r$-hot tube2 & :5 9 contact ) metallic oxides or spongy plat9um1 at ! same temp]ature1 ! newly evolv$ hydrog5 unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! oxide or ( ! atmosph]e1 =m+ wat]4 ,wat] at #ej ,fahr4 absorbs #fgj times its volume ( ?is gas1 & ! solution has ! sp4 gr4 #jhge4 ,its conc5trat$ aque\s solution boils at #acj1 & freezes at -#dj ,fahr4 ,te/s1 c4 ,ammonia is recognis$ by--#a4 ,its pung5t od\r3--#b4 ,by turn+ vegetable blues gre51 & vegetable yell[s br[n2 b :i* soon rega9 _! previ\s col\rs1 especially on ! application ( heat3--#c4 ,by produc+ d5se :ite fumes :5 br\ght 9 contact ) ^? ( hydro*loric acid3--#d4 ,by ! ,nessl] te/ 7see ,,wat]1 ,,quantitative ,,& ,,qualitative ,,analysis ,,(73--#e4 ,if a saturat$ solution ( ars5i\s acid is mix$ ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 7/r5g? #b7 a trace ( ammonia causes ! =mation ( try-arg5tic ars5ite3--#f4 ,bttg] says a v delicate te/ = ammonia is af=d$ by an aque\s solution ( c>bolic acid4 ,on add+ to a liquid conta9+ ! smalle/ quantity ( ammonia1 or an ammoniacal salt1 a few drops ( ?is solution1 & !n a small quantity ( a filt]$ solution ( *loride ( lime1 ! liquid becomes gre51 especially :5 w>m$4 ,phys4 eff41 c4 ,inhal$1 undilut$ ) air1 x is an irritant poison1 produc+ spasms ( ! glottis1 convulsions1 & dea?2 ev5 :5 dilut$ x acts z a p[]ful acrid1 & local irritant2 appli$ to ! sk9 x causes vesication4 ,! use ( ! pung5t od\r ( common 'smell+ salts1' 9 syncope1 heada*e1 c41 is well kn[n4 ,l>gely dilut$ ) air1 x has be5 rec5tly highly extoll$ 9 *ronic ho>s5ess1 a/hma1 c42 & z an antidote to ! fumes ( brom9e1 *lor9e1 & hydrocyanic acid4 7,smee47 ,ant41 c4 ,! vap\r ( acetic acid or common v9eg>1 freely inhal$4 ,x may be produc$ by spr9kl+ a little on a piece ( hot iron1 z a heat$ %ovel4 ,if bron*ial inflammation foll[s1 x mu/ be treat$ by purgatives & a l[ diet2 &1 if sev]e1 & ! pati5t be ple?oric or robu/1 by v5esection or cupp+4 ,uses4 ,ammonia is employ$ 9 num]\s processes 9 *emi/ry & ! arts2 b *iefly 9 ! =m ( 'liquor ( ammonia1' 'spirits ( h>t%orn1' c41 & 9 comb9ation1 "u ! =m ( salts4 ,9 its pure or gase\s /ate x possesses little practical int]e/4 ,ammonia1 ,solution (4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,( ,,ammonia1 ,,liquor ,,ammoni1 ,,ammonium ,,hydrate1 ,,ammonia1 ,eng42 ,,ammoniaque ,,liquide1 ,,dissolution ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,,esprit ,,de ,,sal ,,ammoniac1 ,fr42 ,,atz5d] ,,ammonium-,,liquor1 ,,salmiak-,,gei/1 ,g]42 ,,liquore ,,di ,,ammoniaco1 ,ital4 ,ammonia gas readily dissolves 9 wat]1 "o volume ( wat] absorb+ ab\t #fgj volumes ( ammonia1 mu* heat be+ lib]at$1 & ! solution increases greatly 9 volume4 ,?is solution is reg>d$ 9 two v diff]5t lights2 fir/ly & mo/ g5]ally z simply a solution ( gase\s ammonia1 a view r5d]$ mo/ probable by its g5]al physical & by _m *emical reactions2 by a few1 h[ev]1 x is look$ ^u z a solution ( ammonium hydrate4 ,illu/ration ,prep>$ by di/ill+1 9 a tubul> retort1 equal p>ts ( sal ammoniac1 hydrat$ lime1 or slak$ lime & wat]1 & pass+ ! gas evolv$ ?r\gh a set ( ,wolff's bottles p>tially fill$ ) wat]1 z 9 ! figure above4 ,illu/ration3 ,a1 ,cyl9drical ,iron ,retort4 ,b1 ,furnace = ditto4 ,c ,c ,c ,c1 ,/onew>e ,receiv]s4 ,d ,d ,d ,d1 ,connect+ ,pipes4 ,e ,f1 ,wa/e ,pipe & ,receiv]4 ,g1 ,safety ,tube4 ,comm]cially ?is article is prep>$ on ! l>ge scale1 f a mixture ( ab\t equal p>ts ( fre%-slak$ lime & sal-ammoniac or sulphate ( ammonia1 :i* is heat$ 9 an iron cyl9d] or retort connect$ ) a set ( 'refrig]ators1' ! latt] consi/+ ( a r[ ( /onew>e bottles ) d\ble necks1 conta9+ wat]1 & kept v cold4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! app>atus us$ 9 ?is manufacture is exhibit$ above1 & ) ! accompany+ ref]5ces1 w be easily und]/ood4 ,! 'cond5s]s1' :5 9 use1 are surr\nd$ ) clo?s 7n %[n 9 ! engr47 kept wet ) v cold wat]1 :il/ con/ant curr5t ( cold air is commonly made to pass ov] !m4 ,! pipe 7,d7 lead+ f ! retort is also sev]al feet long1 & is advantage\sly pass$ ?r\gh a wood5 scre5 9 ord] t ! radiat$ heat ( ! retort & brickwork ( ! furnace may be int]cept$ z mu* z possible4 ,two diff]5t me?ods ( proce$+ are adopt$ 9 ?is process4 ,9 ! "o ! dry pulv]ul5t +r$i5ts are mix$ toge!r1 & ! result+ gas di/ill$ ov] into ! wat] plac$ 9 ! receiv]s4 ,9 ! o!r ! lime is made into a 'pap' ) wat]1 & ! ammonia-salt1 9 co>se p[d]1 be+ add$1 ! :ole is rapidly bl5d$ toge!r1 be=e clos+ ! retort1 & apply+ heat4 ,9 ei!r case a proportionate quantity ( wat] is put into ! cond5s]s1 & ! op]ation is ne>ly simil>2 b ! latt] me?od requires ! lea/ heat1 & s f> z ! receiv]s & refrig]ators are conc]n$1 is1 p]haps1 ! "o mo/ easily manag$4 ,x is t :i* is always1 & necess>ily foll[$1 :5 sulphate ( ammonia is employ$4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,highly pung5t1 cau/ic1 & alkal9e2 light] ?an wat]1 & pres5t+ 9 a liquid =m mo/ ( ! *>act]i/ics ( pure ammonia4 ,:5 /ronge/ has a sp4 gr4 ( #hge1 & conta9s ab\t #ci p] c5t4 ( ammonia1 b ! usual /rong ammonia ( comm]ce has a sp4 gr4 ( b #hh4 ,! liquor ammonia =tior1 ,b4 ,p41 has a sp4 gr4 ( ab\t #hic1 & conta9s #cbe p] c5t4 ( ammonia1 :ile ! liquor ammoni ,b4 ,p4 has a sp4 gr4 ( ab\t #idj1 & conta9s ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ammonia4 ,z a m$ic9e x is antacid1 diaphoretic1 rubefaci5t1 /imulant1 & c\nt]-irritant2 & is us$ 9 v>i\s affections 9 :i* ^! rem$ies are indicat$4 ,z a vesicant x is sup]ior to can?>ides1 & z a cau/ic x is us$ ) advantage 9 ! bites ( rabid animals1 especially ^? ( s]p5ts & insects4 ,its vap\r is a common nasal /imulant 9 fa9t+s1 epilepsy1 c4 ,9 its conc5trat$ =m x is a corrosive poison4--,dose1 #e to #be drops1 9 cold wat]1 or milk & wat]4 ,x ent]s into ! composition ( sev]al valuable ext]nal rem$ies1 & is 9 con/ant employm5t 9 ! *emical laboratory1 bo? z a reag5t & = ! prep>ation ( o!r comp\nds4 ,ant41 c4 ,:5 ! fumes h be5 inhal$1 ! pati5t %\ld be expos$ to a curr5t ( fre% air2 & :5 ! liquid has be5 swall[$1 v9eg> or lemon-juice mix$ ) wat] may be adm9i/]$2 foll[$ by an emetic1 or1 on its failure1 by ! /oma*-pump4 ,e/im4 ,! quantity ( gase\s ammonia 9 pure wat] ( ammonia is easily det]m9$ f ! specific gravity ( ! liquid1 or f its saturat+ p[]4 ,:5 impure or mix$ ) o!r sub/ances1 a giv5 weight ( ! sample is plac$ 9 a small retort1 ! end ( :i* is made to dip into a vessel conta9+ dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,a /rong solution ( cau/ic potassa is !n p\r$ into ! retort1 & heat appli$ by means ( a small _s lamp4 ,:5 all ! ammonia is di/ill$ ov]1 ! acid solution is evaporat$ to dryness1 by ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 & ! residuum 7*loride ( ammonium7 weigh$4 ,ea* gra9 ( ! *loride ?us f\nd repres5ts #cahjd gr4 ( pure ammonia2 #ece p>ts ( ! =m] be+ equival5t to #ag ( ! latt]4 ,if ! article = exam9ation be a solid sub/ance 7z a salt71 x may be dissolv$ 9 wat]1 or 9 dilute acid1 be=e be+ put into ! retort4 ,9 accurate exp]im5ts 9 ! laboratory1 ammonia is usually ,,weigh$ ei!r z *loride ( ammonium 7see above71 or z ammonio-bi*loride ( plat9um 7,,nh#d;,cl1 ,pt,cl#b72 e gr4 ( ! latt] repres5t+ #jgfad gr4 ( pure ammonia4 ,sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 ! quantity ( ammonia is det]m9$ f ! volume ( nitrog5 elim9at$ f x1 ( :i* #ad gr4 repres5t #ag gr4 ( ammonia4 ,conclud+ rem>ks1 ,pat5ts1 c4 ,:atev] =m or process may be adopt$ = ! prep>ation ( liquid ammonia1 x is absolutely necess>y to keep ! receiv]s z cool z possible1 by means ( sn[1 ice1 or a curr5t ( v cold wat]1 = ! purpose ( promot+ ! absorption ( ! gas1 & to prev5t its loss4 ,on ! small scale1 ! glass receiv]s or bottles may be mo/ conv5i5tly surr\nd$ ) ice1 or a freez+ mixture1 & two1 or m ( !m1 %\ld be furni%$ ) safety-tubes1 to prev5t accid5ts4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 a capaci\s oblong retort1 usually ( iron 7b sometimes1 ?\gh seldom1 ( lead71 ) a l>ge op5+ or tubulature conv5i5tly situat$ = ins]t+ ! '*>ges1' & )draw+ ! residuum ( ! di/illation1 is employ$4 ,! tubulature1 or op5+1 is clos$ by means ( a l>ge & accurately gr\nd iron /opp]1 or ) a door secur$ by screws1 z ! case might be4 ,! /opp] is well greas$ be=e ins]tion1 & is remov$ by means ( a p[]ful lev]4 ,%\ld x become s firmly fix$ t x _c be displac$ 9 ! usual mann]1 a clo? moi/5$ ) cold wat]1 & c>efully wrapp$ r\nd x1 )\t t\*+ ! neck ( ! retort1 w g5]ally cause x to contract suffici5tly to enable ! op]ator to remove x ) facility4 ,sometimes a l>ge iron kettle1 ) a moveable & accurately fitt+ lid secur$ 9 its place l t ( a ',pap9's dige/]1' & hav+ a l>ge & long tubulature 9 its c5tre1 is employ$ in/ead ( a retort1 ov] :i* x has ! advantage ( expos+ a l>g] op5+ = ! removal ( ! residuum ( ! process4 ,9 ei!r case ! di/illatory vessel is imb$d$ 9 s& support$ by fire-brick1 & is n expos$ directly to ! heat ( ! furnace4 ,be=e comm5c+ ! di/illation ! jo9ts are all well lut$1 to avoid leakage4 ,an excell5t plan is to pass ! gas1 z x leaves ! retort1 ?r\gh a silv] or pewt] 'worm' or 'refrig]ator' set 9 a tub suppli$ ) a /ream ( v cold wat]2 by :i* x w be suffici5tly cool$ be=e x rea*es ! 'receiv]s' to obviate ! necessity ( any fur!r att5tion to !m ?an keep+ ! clo?s wrapp$ r\nd !m con/antly moi/5$ ) cold wat]4 ,! l[] end ( ! 'worm' %\ld be connect$1 by means ( a balloon-%ap$ 'adopt]1' ) ! '/ill1' & ! upp] end ) ! fir/ 'receiv]1' ! use ( ! balloon be+ to int]cept any volatilis$ ammonia-salt t might be accid5tally driv5 ov] by ! heat be+ too high1 or too sudd5ly rais$4 ,! heat %\ld be gradually appli$1 & v gradually rais$1 to prev5t any ( ! sal ammoniac or sulphate be+ volatilis$ undecompos$2 & ev5 t[>ds ! end ( ! process x %\ld n ev5 approa* r$ness4 ,! lime is be/ 'slak$' & 'papp$' ) ab\t #d p>ts ( wat]2 z a l[] heat is !n requir$ to expel ! gas1 & x passes ov] m easily & fully ?an :5 less wat] is employ$4 ,?is is absolutely necess>y :5 ! sulphate is ! ammonia-salt us$2 z o!rwise ! residuum ( 'sulphate ( lime' w\ld become s h>d t x c\ld n be easily remov$ f ! retort4 ,! gas be+ :olly expell$ f ! retort1 or o!r di/illatory vessel1 x is disconnect$ f ! receiv]s1 & 7:5 sal ammoniac has be5 employ$7 ! heat is rais$ suffici5tly high to fuse ! residual *loride ( calcium1 :i* is !n at once bal$ or p\r$ out4 ,glass retorts (t5 suff] fracture at ?is po9t2 b if !y escape n[1 x g5]ally happ5s t !y are brok5 :5 heat is appli$ = a second op]ation4 ,h5ce1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,muspratt1 x is r>e to f9d a retort1 ev5 :5 c>efully h&l$1 t w /& two op]ations4 ,:5 crude sulphate ( ammonia is employ$ x is advisable to h only a little wat] 9 ! fir/ receiv]1 :i* is plac$ !re m]ely to purify ! gas :i* passes ?r\gh x1 & to reta9 any traces ( volatile empyreumatic or oily matt] :i* may be c>ri$ ov] ) x4 ,pure solution ( ammonia is mo/ easily obta9$ f 'sal ammoniac1' b cry/allis$ sulphate ( ammonia1 (t5 crude1 is m commonly employ$1 on acc\nt ( its l[] price4 ,! prep>ation ( pure solution ( ammonia admits ( no o!r improvem5ts ?an su* z m]ely affect ! =m ( ! app>atus employ$ to produce x2 & h5ce1 unlike ! ammonia-salts ( comm]ce1 has be5 little m$dl$ ) by inv5tors & pat5tees4 ,among ! plans hav+ = _! object ! production ( an ammoniacal solution1 m or less conc5trat$1 fitt$ = _m ( ! purposes ( ! arts1 & = ! prep>ation ( salts1 b n = *emical & m$ical use1 besides ^? ( ,reece1 ,sp5ce1 ,crane & ,julli51 c41 already notic$1 may be m5tion$-- #a4 ,t ( ,watson 7,pat5t dat$ #ahch7 9 :i* gas-liquor mix$ ) a prop] quantity ( fre%-slak$ lime is di/ill$ f a spaci\s retort or /ill into a receiv] conta9+ cold wat]1 until mu* /eam passes ov] ) ! gas1 :5 ! /rong alkal9e liquor =m+ ! di/illate1 & call$ ! fir/ portion1 is drawn (f4 ,! di/illation is !n cont9u$1 :5 a weak] & impur] solution is obta9$1 call$ ! second portion4 ,! fir/ portion is !n re9troduc$ into a retort or /ill ) a small quantity ( fre% lime1 & ! di/illation repeat$4 ,! product ! pat5tee calls ! fir/ portion ( ! second di/illation4 ,! latt] is a /rong ammoniacal liquor suffici5t = all ! purposes ( sc\r+1 clean+1 conv]sion into comm]cial ammonia-salts1 c4 ,x may be fur!r purifi$ by a ?ird di/illation2 ! second portion ( ea* op]ation be+ transf]r$ aga9 to ! /ill ) ! next fre% *>ge ( gas-liquor4 #b4 ,a modification ( ,c(fey's /ill1#dc pat5t$ by ,mr ,w4 ,e4 ,newton 7#ahda71 "u ! "n ( ! ',,ammonia ,,/ill1' is n[ ext5sively & successfully employ$ 9 ?is manufacture4 ,by its use ammonia may be obta9$ f 'gas-liquor1' 'bone-_s1' or any o!r ammoniacal liquor or solution1 & ev5 f solutions ( ! salts ( ammonia1 ( almo/ any d5sity1 & ( consid]able purity2 & ?is by a process :i* is cont9u\s & inexp5sive4 ,! body ( ! app>atus is =m$ ( wood1 ! *amb]s are l9$ ) lead1 & ! diaphragms are ( p]=at$ %eet iron4 ,! managem5t ( ! app>atus v>ies ) ! =m 9 :i* x is desir$ to obta9 ! product4 ,:5 ! ammonia is requir$ to leave ! upp] *amb] ( ! rectifi] 9 ! =m ( gas1 ei!r pure or impure1 ! /eam :i* asc5ds1 & ! curr5t ( 'ammoniacal liquor' :i* desc5ds1 are regulat$ 9 su* relative proportions t ! latt] rema9s at or ne> ! atmosph]ic temp]ature dur+ its passage ?r\gh "s ( ! upp] *amb]s1 becom+ successively hott] z x desc5ds1 until at l5g? x ent]s into ebullition2 9 :i* /ate x passes ?r\gh ! l[] *amb]s1 ei!r to make its escape1 or to ent] a ci/]n provid$ to receive x4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! ammonia is requir$ to leave ! upp] *amb] 9 comb9ation ) ! vap\r ( wat]1 ! supply ( /eam ent]+ bel[ mu/ be 9 su* proportion to t ( ! ammoniacal liquor suppli$ f above1 t ! latt] may be at or ne> ! boil+ temp]ature 9 ! upp] "p ( ! app>atus4 ,crude liquor & ammonia-salts1 be=e be+ ?us submitt$ to di/illation1 are1 ( c\rse1 fir/ treat$ ) a prop] quantity ( quick-lime--9 ! "o case to remove mo/ ( ! impurities1 & 9 ! o!r to set ! ammonia free by seiz+ on its acid4#dd ,footnote #dc3 ,an engr4 & description ( ?is /ill1 z employ$ = _s1 is giv5 "u ,,di/illation 7:i* see74 ,footnote #dd3 ,= a full description ( ! ,,ammonia-,,/ill1 see ,newton's ',pat5t ,j\rn41' ',ph>m ,j\rn41' xiii1 #fd2 c4 ,! wat] or solution conta9$ 9 ! fir/ bottle or ! fir/ receiv] is f\nd to be ! /ronge/1 provid$ x has be5 kept well cool$2 & t 9 ! o!rs1 ( progressively decreas+ /r5g?4 ,by mix+ ! cont5ts ( "o bottle ) ano!r a solution ( almo/ any /r5g? may be made4 ,x is also easy to prep>e liquor ( ammonia ( any requir$ /r5g?1 or to asc]ta9 ! /r5g? ( t 9 ! receiv]s1 by obs]v+ ! expansion ( ! liquid4 ,wat]1 :5 fully saturat$ ) ammonia1 exp&s f #c volumes to #e vols42 & 9 less1 b correspond+ proportion1 accord+ to ! quantity absorb$4 ,all t is necess>y 9 practice is1 t ea* receiv] be furni%$ ) a gauge-pipe by :i* ! degree ( expansion may be not$4 ,on ! small scale1 graduat$ glass receiv]s may be us$4 #c4 ,mallet's ,app>atus4 ,?is1 :i* is employ$ 9 _m ( ! l>ge gas works1 is %[n 9 v]tical section 9 ! accompany+ woodcut4 ,/eam is =c$ into l>ge receptacles1 :i* are fill$ ) gas wat]1 by :i* means ! c>bonate ( ammonia is volatilis$4 ,:5 lime1 z is sometimes ! case1 is add$1 ammonia gas is evolv$1 & ?is be+ convey$ into weak sulphuric acid1 sulphate ( ammonia is ! result4 ,illu/ration ,! app>atus consi/s ( two cyl9drical boil]-plate vessels1 ,a & ,b4 ,a is heat$ directly by ! fire1 & has a lead5 tube1 c1 :i* dips into ! liquid conta9$ 9 ,b1 ?is vessel be+ s plac$ z to cat* ! wa/e heat f ! fire4 b & e are man-holes2 a & a' are /irr]s4 ,by means ( ! tube d ! fluid f ,b c be run (f into ,a4 ,gas-wat] is p\r$ into bo? vessels1 & lime add$2 ammonia is lib]at$1 :il/ c>bonate ( lime & sulphide ( calcium are =m$1 & ^! latt] rema9 9 ! vessels aft] ! volatilisation ( ! ammonia4 ,! vessel ,d is also fill$ ) ammoniacal wat]1 & :5 ! op]ation is 9 action ?is wat]1 already w>m$1 is run by ! aid ( ! tube h f ,d into ,b4 ,e is a gas-wat] tank1 f :i* ,d is fill$ by means ( g4 ,! ammonia set free 9 ,a is1 ) ! /eam1 convey$ by ! pipe c into ,b1 !nce ?r\gh c' into ! wa%-vessel ,c1 & !nce aga9 ?r\gh c'' into ! fir/ cond5s]1 ,d4 ,! p>tially cond5s$ vap\r n[ passes into ! cond5s+ vessel ,f1 ! worm ( :i* is surr\nd$ by cold wat]4 ,! dilute ammonia is collect$ 9 ,g1 & =c$ by means ( ! pump 7,r7 into ,c1 f :5ce x is occasionally remov$ by means ( a syphon into ei!r ,a or ,b4 ,! non-cond5s$ ammoniacal gas is c>ri$ f ,g ?r\gh a s]ies ( ,wolfe's bottles1 ! fir/ bottle 7,h7 conta9+ olive oil1 ) ! object ( reta9+ any hydroc>bons t may be pres5t 9 ! gas2 ! bottle ,j conta9s cau/ic soda-ley1 9 ord] to purify ! ammonia & reta9 impurities2 ! bottle ,k is half fill$ ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,! ammoniacal gas hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ,k1 is convey$ to ! l>ge wood5 tank 7l9$ ) lead7 ,l1 fill$ ) dilut$ sulphuric acid1 if x is int5d$ to prep>e sulphate ( ammonia1 or ) wat]1 if solution ( ammonia be requir$4 ,! vessel ,l is plac$ 9 a tank ( wat]2 i is a small pipe = introduc+ acid1 :ile ! tube lead+ to ,m s]ves to c>ry (f any unabsorb$ ammonia1 ,m be+ likewise fill$ ) acid4 #d4 ,by means ( ,rose's app>atus1 ! ammoniacal gas-liquor mix$ ) "o ?ird ( slak$ lime is heat$ 9 a boil] to a temp]ature ( f #if to #ajj1 ! ammoniacal gas evolv$ be+ pass$ into hydro*loric acid1 & !nce ?r\gh *>coal into vessels conta9+ f #abj to #aej litres ( wat]1 :i* is conv]t$ into liquid ammonia ( a sp4 gr4 #jibj4 #e4 ,9 ,lunge's app>atus ! gas-wat] is heat$ 9 a boil]1 & ! lib]at$ ammoniacal gas pass$ into sulphuric acid4 ,solution ( ammonia is n[ seldom made by ! druggi/1 or on ! small scale1 ! l>ge manufactur+ *emi/s supply+ x at a v l[ rate1 & ( v sup]ior quality4 ,9 ! %ops x is kept ( two or ?ree /r5g?s4 ,! e/imation ( ! /r5g? ( ammonia solutions 9 comm]ce is kn[n z ammonimetry1 & dep5ds ^u _! specific gravities4 ,! p]-c5tage ri*ness ( solutions ( ammonia1 or ( its c>bonates1 may be mo/ accurately det]m9$1 by ,,alkalimetry4 ,= all ! ord9>y purposes ( comm]ce1 & ( ! laboratory1 ! /r5g? ( pure solutions ( ammonia may1 h[ev]1 be inf]r$1 ) suffici5t correctness1 f _! d5sity2 & to ?is ! t]m ,,ammoniometry is usually re/rict$4 ,! specific gravity ( ! sample be+ f\nd ei!r by ! hydromet]#de or specific gravity bottle1 9 ! usual mann]1 its p]-c5tage /r5g? may be se5 by inspection ( ! foll[+ ,table & ! ,table on p4 #abg4 ,footnote #de3 ,an hydromet] specially weight$ & graduat$ = ?is purpose is call$ an ,,ammonim',,et]1 ,,ammoniom',,et]1 or ,,ammo',,nia-,,me',,t] 7,,ammonim',,etrum1 ,,ammoniom',,etrum1 c41 ,l47 ,,table ,i4--,%[+ ! p]-c5tage ( ,,pure ,,ammonia1 & ( ,,ammonia-,,wat] ( #ijjj1 9 ,wat] ( ,ammonia1 ( ! giv5 specific gravities1 at #fj ,fahr4 ,by ,dr ,,ure4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,sp4 ,gr4 by ,wat] ( ,pure ,wat]1 exp]im5t4 ,ammonia ,ammonia1 p] p] c5t4 ( #ijj1 c5t4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #ijjj #ajj #bfejj #gcejj #ijde #ie #beage #gdhbe #ijij #ij #bchej #gfaej #iacc #he #bbebe #ggdge #iagg #hj #babjj #ghhjj #ibbg #ge #aihge #hjabe #ibge #gj #aheej #hadej #icbj #fe #agbbe #hbgge #icfc #fj #aeijj #hdajj #idaj #ee #adege #hedbe #idee #ej #acbej #hfgej #ieaj #de #aaibe #hhjge #iefd #dj #ajfjj #hidjj #ifad #ce #ibge #ijgbe #iffb #cj #giej #ibjej #igaf #be #ffbe #iccge #igfh #bj #ecjj #idgjj #ihbh #ae #cige #ifjbe #ihhg #aj #bfej #igcej #iide #e #acbe #ihfge ---------------------------------------- ------------ a/]ism ,/r5g?s correspond+ to sp4 gr4 :i* are n 9 ! above ,tables may be f\nd by ! 'me?od ( diff]5ces' expla9$ "u ,,alcoholometry4 a/]ism ,! sp4 gr4 ( any sample ( liquid ammonia1 express$ 9 ?ree integ]s1 d$uct$ f #iih1 & ! rema9d] divid$ by #d1 gives a numb] :i* repres5ts ! p]-c5tage /r5g?1 ne>ly4 7,ure47 ,?is rule may be sometimes conv5i5tly employ$ = r\gh calculations1 9 ! abs5ce ( ,tables4 ,ammonia1 ,c>bonates (4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,ammoni ,,c>bonas4 ,see ,,ammonium1 ,,sesquic>bonate ,,(4 ,,table ,,ii4--,exhibit+ ! relations betwe5 ! ,,specific ,,gravity ( ,solution ( ,ammonia & ! ,,p]-,,c5tage ,,/r5g?1 = e v>iation ( #jjabe sp4 gr41 f #hgejj to #ajjjjj1 at #fb ,fahr4 ,abridg$ f ! l>g] ,table ( ,mr ,j4 ,j4 ,,griff94 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,sp4 ,gr4 (,pure ,ammonia,sp4 ,gr4 (,pure ,ammonia,sp4 ,gr4 (,pure ,ammonia ! ,liquid p] c5t41 ! ,liquid p] c5t4 ! ,liquid p] c5t41 ,ammonia4 by ,weight4 ,ammonia4 by weight4 ,ammonia4 by weight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #hgejj #cdfid #iagej #bahcg #ifjjj #ajaai #hgfbe #cdbih #iahge #badgg #ifabe #igij #hggej #ccijc #ibjjj #baaah #ifbej #idfb #hghge #cceji #ibabe #bjgfj #ifcge #iace #hhjjj #ccaag #ibbej #bjdjc #ifejj #hhjh #hhabe #cbgbe #ibcge #bjjdf #iffbe #hdhc #hhbej #cbcce #ibejj #aifia #ifgej #haeh #hhcge #caidf #ibfbe #aiccg #ifhge #ghcd #hhejj #caeeh #ibgej #ahihc #igjjj #geaa #hhfbe #caagb #ibhge #ahfca #igabe #gahi #hhgej #cjghe #icjjj #ahbhj #igbej #fhfg #hhhge #cjdjj #icabe #agibi #igcge #fedg #hijjj #cjjaf #icbej #agegi #igejj #fbbg #hiabe #bifcc #iccge #agbca #igfbe #eijh #hibej #bibeb #icejj #afhhc #iggej #eeij #hicge #bhhga #icfbe #afecf #ighge #ebgc #hiejj #bhdib #icgej #afaij #ihjjj #dief #hifbe #bhacc #ichge #aehdf #ihabe #dfda #higej #bggcf #idjjj #aeejb #ihbej #dcbf #hihge #bgcei #idabe #aeaeh #ihcge #djaa #ijjjj #bfihd #idbej #adhaf #ihejj #cfih #ijabe #bffaj #idcge #addge #ihfbe #cchf #ijbej #bfbcg #idejj #adace #ihgej #cjgd #ijcge #behfe #idfbe #acgie #ihhge #bgfc #ijejj #bedic #idgej #acdef #iijjj #bdec #ijfbe #beabc #idhge #acaai #iiabe #badd #ijgej #bdged #iejjj #abghb #iibej #ahce #ijhge #bdchf #ieabe #abddf #iicge #aebg #iajjj #bdjai #iebej #abaaa #iiejj #abbj #iaabe #bcfec #iecge #aaggg #iifbe #iad #iabej #bcbhh #ieejj #aaddd #iigfj #fji #iacge #bbibd #iefbe #aaaaa #iihge #cjd #iaejj #bbefa #iegej #ajghj #ajjjjj #j #iafbe #bbaih #iehge #ajddi or ,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- a/]ism ,! specific gravity ( mixtures ( pure solution ( ammonia & pure wat] is precisely ! mean ( ! specific gravities ( _! con/itu5ts4 7,davy2 ,dalton2 ,*ri/ison47 ,9 all solutions ( ammonia1 a quantity ( anhydr\s ammonia1 weigh+ #bab-a_/b gr41 displaces exactly #cjj gr4 ( wat]1 & r$uces ! sp4 gr4 ( ! liquid to ! ext5t ( #jjabe4 7,griff947 ,! /ronge/ solution ( ammonia :i* x is possible to prep>e at #fb ,fahr4 has ! sp4 gr4 #hgejj1 & conta9s #cdfid ( pure ammonia1 by weight1 or #ba1bea gr4 p] gallon4 7,griff947#df ,footnote #df3 ,mr ,griff91 9 8 ',sy/em ( ,ammonimetry1' calls e #bab-a_/b gr4 ( anhydr\s ammonia a ,,te/-,,atom2 & e #g wat] gr4 measure1 a ,,septem4 ,?us1 a gallon ( wat] 7 #aj lbs7 conta9s #ajj1jjj septems4 ,! degrees ( 8 ,,ammonia-,,met] range f #a to #ajj1 & indicate ! numb] ( te/-atoms ( ammonia 9 "o gal4 ( ! liquid4 ,,ammonium4 ,! "n giv5 to a gr\p ( atoms1 :i* play ! "p ( a comp\nd basic1 radical1 or metallic elem5t4 ,?is sub/ance1 ^: =mula is ,,nh#d or 7,,nh#d7b1 has nev] be5 isolat$1 al?\gh capable ( =m+ mo/ /able salts ) ! v>i\s acid radicals4 ,sev]al attempts h be5 made1 h[ev]1 to obta9 ?is comp\nd radical1 or gr\p ( elem5ts1 9 a free /ate1 & ) m or less success1 b on acc\nt ( its great in/ability x inv>iably decomposes :5 set free into ammonia & hydrog54 ,ammonium salts are "s ( ! mo/ important *emical ag5ts1 & are usually recognis$ z foll[s1 ammonia solution1 h[ev]1 usually act+ 9 exactly ! same mann] z a solution ( ammonium hydrate3--,by imp>t+ a deep blue t9t to solutions ( salts ( copp]4 ,by exhalation ( ammoniacal gas 7recognis$ by its od\r71 :5 triturat$ or mix$ & heat$ ) cau/ic potassa1 soda1 or lime4 ,add$ to a solution ( bi*loride ( plat9um1 !y produce a heavy yell[1 cry/all9e precipitate1 consi/+ ( m9ute octah$rons easily disc]nible "u ! microscope4 ,) protonitrate ( m]cury1 a black precipitate4 ,) bi*loride ( m]cury1 a heavy1 :ite precipitate4 ,) a conc5trat$ solution ( t>t>ic acid1 a cry/all9e1 :ite precipitate1 ne>ly simil> to t giv5 ) salts ( potassa4 ,!y are ne>ly all soluble 9 wat]1 volatile1 & cry/allisable4 ,except ! c>bonate1 !y are almo/ inv>iably e/imat$ by conv]sion into ammonia1 & e/imation by volumetric analyses1 z 9 alkalimetry4 ,9 ! laboratory1 h[ev]1 = exact purposes1 !y are conv]t$ into ! d\ble *loride ( ammonium & plat9um4 ,ammonium ,salts3-- ,ammonium1 ,acetate (4 ,,nh#d;,c#b;,h#c,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,ace',,tas1 ,l42 ,,acetate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,fr42 ,,essigs,,ures ,,ammoniak1 ,g]4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take ( acetate ( lime or ( potassa & sal ammoniac1 equal p>ts2 mix & di/il at a g5tle heat4 ,! oily liquid 7,,b9acetate ,,( ,,ammonium1 ,,hnh#d7;,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b71 9 ! receiv] =ms a radiat$ cry/all9e mass on cool+4 ,dry gase\s ammonia pass$ into ?is salt1 melt$ by a g5tle heat1 trans=ms x into ! solid & inodor\s neutral acetate1 ,,nh#d;,c#b;,h#c,o#b4 #b4 ,/rong acetic acid is saturat$ ) ammonia or c>bonate ( ammonium1 & ! solution evaporat$ ov] sulphuric acid 9 vacuo2 ! result+ cry/als1 aft] be+ c>efully dra9$1 are dri$ by pressure betwe5 bibul\s pap]4 ,prop41 c4 ,long1 sl5d] cry/als1 or a cry/all9e mass1 freely soluble 9 bo? alcohol & wat]1 & deliquesc5t 9 ! air2 ta/e %>p & cool+1 & some:at sweeti%4 ,its solutions _c be evaporat$ )\t loss ( ! ammonia2 ev5 ! salt passes (f 9 l>ge quantities ) ! vap\r ( wat]4 ,its aque\s solution becomes alkal9e on keep+1 f decomposition ( ! acid4 ,di/ill$ ) anhydr\s phosphoric acid1 x is conv]t$ into ,,acetonitrile4 ,an aque\s solution ( ?is salt 0 introduc$ into ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica by ,bo]haave1 & has s9ce be5 ext5sively us$ z a diaphoretic & febrifuge1 "u ! popul> "n ( ,,m9d]]us ,,_s1 aft] ,m9d]] or ,m9d]]us1 :o ext5sively employ$ x & extoll$ its virtues4 ,:5 pure1 bo? ! salt & its solutions are neutral to te/-pap]1 & are :olly volatilis$ by heat4 ,see ,,solutions4 ,ammonium1 ,ars5iate (4 7,,nh#d7c;,as,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,ammoni ,,arse',,nias1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,neutral47 ,saturate a w>m conc5trat$ solution ( ars5ic acid ) c>bonate ( ammonium 9 slight excess2 evaporate by a g5tle heat1 t cry/als may =m on cool+4 #b4 ,ammonium1 ,b9>s5iate (4 ,h7,,nh#d7b;,as,o#d4 ,z above1 b add+ an additional equiv4 ( ! acid1 z soon z any excess ( ammonia has be5 expell$ by ! heat employ$ to evaporate ! solution4--,dose 7( ei!r74 #a-bd? to #a-ab? gr42 9 ph?isis1 c]ta9 sk9 diseases1 c4 ,see ,,solutions 7& bel[74 ,ammonium1 ,ars5ite (4 ,,nh#d;,as,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,ammoni ,,ar',,s5is1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f a hot conc5trat$ solution ( ars5i\s acid1 & sesquic>bonate ( ammonium1 z ! la/4--,us$ 7*iefly7 to make ars5ite ( iron4 ,! prop]ties & physiological effects ( ! above ars5ical prep>ations are = ! mo/ "p simil> to ^? ( ars5iate & ars5ate ( potassa4 ,!y are all poison\s4 ,ammonium1 ,b5zoate (4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dissolve b5zoic acid 9 ammonia solution to saturation1 !n fur!r add ammonia 9 slight excess1 & cry/allise by refrig]ation1 or 9 vacuo4 #b4 7,,liquid2 ,,solu',,tio ,,ammoni ,,b5zoa',,tis1 ,l47 ,z ! la/1 b )\t evaporat+ ! solution4 ,prop41 c4 ,v soluble & v difficult to cry/allise4 ,if ! solution is boil$ = a %ort "t & !n ab&on$ to spontane\s evaporation1 cry/als ( ,,acid ,,b5zoate ,,( ,,ammonium are deposit$4 ,x is us$ *iefly z a *emical te/2 b has be5 rec5tly recomm5d$ 9 *ronic bron*itis1 old c\ghs1 c42 & to *eck ! =mation ( *alk-/ones & ur9>y calculi4--,dose1 #aj to #ae gr42 7( ! solution7 #ae drops to #a fl4 dr41 or m4 ,see ,,b5zoic ,,acid4 ,ammonium1 ,bromide (4 ,,nh#d;,br4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,nii ,,bromi',,dum1 ,a4 ,,bro',,mis1 ,l42 ,,hydrobromate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,,bromure ,d',,ammonium1 ,fr4 ,a salt :i* is obta9$ f hydrobromic acid1 bromide ( iron1 c41 by simil> processes to ^? adopt$ = ! iodide4 ,! foll[+ process = ! prep>ation ( bromide ( ammonium is f ! =mula = ! new m$icam5ts adopt$ by ! ,p>is ,ph>maceutical ,society3 ,add brom9e v sl[ly to a solution ( ammonia1 ) cont9ual /irr+1 until ! liquid rema9s fa9tly & p]si/5tly col\r$ by a slight excess ( brom9e4 ,x =ms :ite prismatic cry/als2 &1 9 its g5]al prop]ties1 resembles bromide ( potassium4 ,x is volatile1 & easily decompos$4 ,us$ z a n]v9e 9 hy/]ics2 especially useful = sleeplessness :]e !re is no organic disease2 giv5 9 epilepsy :5 bromide ( potassium fails4--,dose1 #b to #bj gra9s4 ,ammonium1 ,c>bonates (#dg-- ,footnote #dg3 ,= complete in=mation respect+ ! v>i\s c>bonates ( ammonia consult ,dr ,div]s' pap]s 9 ! ',j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society4' ,ammonium1 ,c>bonate (4 ,syn4 ,,neutral ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,ammonium4 ,equal p>ts ( dry sal ammoniac & sodium c>bonate are heat$ to =m ! neutral ammonium c>bonate ( comm]ce1 :i* sublimes4 ,solid cry/all9e sub/ance1 ) a /rong ammoniacal od\r1 volatile & soluble4 ,uses1 c4 ,9 ! solid =m x is n n[ us$ 9 m$ic9e2 b x is indirectly employ$ 9 sev]al liquid prep>ations 9 :i* ! sesquic>bonate is ord]$4 ,x is sup]ior to any o!r prep>ation ( ammonia = fill+ smell+ bottles2 z x is n only m pung5t1 b does n lose its pung5cy by keep+4 ,x volatilises m quickly ?an ! sesquic>bonate1 & ! residuum1 unlike t ( ! latt] salt1 cont9ues z odor\s z ev]4 ,x is ! basis ( sev]al ( ! mo/ popul> & e/eem$ adv]tis$ smell+ salts ( ! %ops4 ,_s ( h>t%orn is an impure solution ( ?is salt1 orig9ally obta9$ by di/ill+ h>t%orn or bones4 ,ammonium1 ,sesquic>bonate (4 ,probably #b,,nh#d;,,hco#c ,,nh#d,,nh#b;,,co#c1 i4 e4 a mixture or comp\nd ( bic>bonate ( ammonium & c>bamate ( ammonium4 ,syn4 7,,c>bonate ,,( ,,ammonia1 ,,ammoni ,,c>bonas4 ,b4 ,p474 ,,c>bonate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,fr42 ,,kohl5saures ,,ammoniak1 ,g]4 ,x is prep>$ on a v l>ge scale comm]cially z foll[s3--,sal ammoniac or sulphate ( ammonia1 & *alk1 equal p>ts1 bo? dry & 9 p[d]1 are mix$ z be=e1 & sublim$ f a s]ies ( iron retorts or iron pots1 into a well-cool$ & capaci\s receiv] l9$ ) lead or e>!nw>e2 or1 m g5]ally1 into su* a receiv] connect$1 by iron or lead pipes1 ) a second & simil> "o conta9+ a /ratum ( wat]1 to absorb ! free ammonia evolv$ dur+ ! process4 ,! s-call$ ,volcanic ,ammonia is evolv$ dur+ ! manufacture ( borax1 f c>bonate ( soda & boracic acid4 ,x is l>gely us$ 9 ph>macy4 ,prop4 ,! c>bonate ( ammonia1 ( comm]ce1 usually occurs 9 ! =m ( :ite1 fibr\s1 transluc5t1 or semi-transluc5t cakes1 g5]ally ab\t two in*es ?ick4 ,x is less volatile & pung5t ?an ! neutral c>bonate2 soluble 9 #d p>ts ( wat] at #ee ,fahr41 #cc p>ts at #fb1 #be p>ts at #if1 & #b p>ts at #abj2 boil+ wat] & alcohol decompose x1 ) ! evolution ( c>bonic acid gas & ammonia2 by age or exposure to air1 ! surface assumes an opaque :ite col\r1 f its c>bonate fly+ (f1 & ! rema9+ bic>bonate be+ less volatile4 ,unlike ! c>bonate1 x c nei!r be resublim$ nor dige/$ or di/ill$ ) ei!r alcohol or wat]1 )\t suff]+ decomposition4 ,sp4 gr4 #jiff4 ,! exact composition ( ?is salt v>ies1 accord+ to its me?od ( prep>ation4 ,uses1 c4 ,x is commonly employ$ by bak]s to give lightness to _! fancy goods1 & to make extemporane\s bread & pa/ry2 by ! *emi/ & ph>maceuti/1 = ! prep>ation ( o!r salts ( ammonia1 & 9 analysis1 c4 ,9 m$ic9e x is us$ z a /imulant1 antispasmodic1 antacid1 & diaphoretic1 9 acidity ( ! /oma*1 dyspeptic affections1 g\t1 scr(ula1 hy/]ia1 l[ness ( spirits1 epilepsy1 c42 & 9 ! convulsions att5d+ d5tition4 ,x has be5 rec5tly recomm5d$1 by ,dr ,b>l[1 9 diabetes4 ,x is also employ$ to make eff]vesc+ draughts2 & ext]nally z a c\nt]-irritant & /imulant4 ,its use z a nasal /imulant 9 heada*es1 fa9t+1 c41 is well kn[n4 ,9 l>ge doses x is emetic2 9 excessive doses poison\s4 ,its long-cont9u$ use1 9 quantity1 is (t5 productive ( v s]i\s consequ5ces--sl[ fev]1 debility1 emaciation1 scurvy1 loss ( tee?1 hmorrhage1 g5]al ca*exy1 & ev5 dea?4 ,! antidote & re/orative treatm5t are1 ! free use ( lemon-juice1 w9e or malt-liquors1 new milk1 & antiscorbutic vegetables1 ) a g5]\s diet1 ( :i* ! r$ meats =m a l>ge proportion4--,dose4 ,z a /imulant or diaphoretic1 #e to #ae gr41 dissolv$ 9 cold wat]2 z an emetic1 #bj to #cj gr41 9 tepid wat]1 repeat$ if necess>y2 z an eff]vesc+ sal9e draught1 #ae to #cj gr4 ,a few gra9s 7#h or #aj7 dissolv$ 9 a tumbl] ( cold wat] is an excell5t 'refre%]' 9 l[ness ( spirits1 or aft] fatigue2 & is highly e/eem$ by drunk>ds2 be+1 9 ea* case1 pref]able to '_s ( sal volatile1'--,doses = ,animals4 ,,horse3 #a to #b dra*ms4 ,,cattle3 #b to #d dra*ms4 ,,%eep3 #bj gra9s to #a dra*m4 ,,pig3 #bj gra9s to #a dra*m4 ,,dog3 #c to #aj gra9s2 9 bolus1 pill1 or cold gruel4 ,conclud+ rem>ks1 ,pat5ts1 c4 ,9 ext5sion ( ! above x may be add$ t1 on ! l>ge scale1 ! di/illation is usually c>ri$ on 9 ca/-iron retorts1 simil> 9 size1 %ape1 & "* to ^? employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( coal-gas1 & ( :i* five1 or m1 are commonly set horizontally 9 ! same furnace4 7,see engr47 ,ea* retort has its m\? 7a71 ?r\gh :i* ! '*>ge' is introduc$1 clos$ ) a movable door1 :i* is securely fa/5$ 9 its place1 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ! engr42 & is furni%$1 at ! upp] "p ( its fur!r end1 ) an iron pipe 7c71 to c>ry (f ! evolv$ vap\rs to ! cond5s] or receiv]4 ,! latt] consi/s ( two l>ge squ>e wood5 *amb]s 7,b1 ,c71 l9$ ) lead1 & ei!r fitt$ ) movable cov]s1 secur$ by wat]-jo9ts1 or ) doors 9 ! side1 to p]mit ( ! easy removal ( ! sublim$ salt4 ,! fir/ receiv] communicates ) ! second by means ( a l>ge lead tube 7d7 ne> its c5tre1 & by ano!r tube 7d'71 some:at small]1 & ne>] ! bottom1 b above ! surface ( ! /ratum ( wat] 9 ! second receiv]1 be=e allud$ to4 ,^! *amb]s h also a lead pipe 7e1 e71 /opp$ dur+ ! process ) a plug or cock ( lead1 to all[ ( ! liquid product ( ! di/illation1 c41 to be drawn (f1 or run into ano!r receiv] or ci/]n1 at w4 ,bo? *amb]s are plac$ on /rong wood5 supports1 or scaffold+1 to br+ !m on a level ) ! retorts4 ,:5 ! impure sulphate or o!r ammonia-salt is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! sesquic>bonate 7:i* is g5]ally ! case71 ! result+ salt be+ impure & discol\r$1 is resublim$ 9 iron pots 7f1 f1 f71 furni%$ ) movable lead5 heads1 :i* are kept cool by a curr5t ( air pass+ ov] !m2 a little wat] be+ introduc$ into ! sublim+ pots to r5d] ! product transluc5t4 ,! heat is appli$ ei!r by means ( a flue pass+ f ! retort-furnace 7,a1 b71 or by a wat] ba? heat$ 9 ! same mann]2 ! latt] be+ ! pref]able me?od1 z ! temp]ature %\ld n be great] ?an ab\t #bjj ,fahr41 & ne$ n exce$ #aej to #aee4 ,^! pots are arrang$ 9 sets1 z %[n at ,d 9 ! engrav+4 ,illu/ration ,! *>ge ( a retort usually consi/s ( ab\t #gj to #gb lbs4 ( sulphate ( ammonia or #eg to #eh lbs4 ( ! hydro*lorate to #a cwt4 ( *alk2 or 9 ^! proportions4 ,! product is ab\t #dj lbs4 ( ! crude salt1 :i*1 by c>eful resublimation1 yields ab\t #ci lbs4 ( m>ketable c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia1 l ! *loride & sulphate1 is n[ sc>cely ev] prep>$ on ! small scale1 t ( comm]ce be+ n only *eap]1 b suffici5tly pure = all ! purposes ( m$ic9e & ! arts4 ,ammonium1 ,bic>bonate (4 ,,hnh#d;,,co#c4 ,prep4 ,by dige/+ cold wat] on sesquic>bonate ( ammonia 9 consid]able excess1 until ! :ole ( ! pung5t neutral c>bonate is dissolv$ out4 ,if ! salt is r$uc$ to p[d] ! op]ation is facilitat$4 ,to p[d]$ sesquic>bonate ( ammonia add boil+ wat] j suffici5t to dissolve x1 & imm$iately close ! vessel2 cry/als =m z ! liquid cools1 conta9+ #b-a_/b equiv4 ( wat]4 ,prop41 c4 ,= ! mo/ "p simil> to ! sesquic>bonate1 except 9 hav+ a ta/e & smell :i* is only fa9tly ammoniacal1 & h5ce m palatable4 ,cry/allises 9 oblique prisms1 :i*1 z usually obta9$1 conta9 ab\t #bc ( wat]4 ,x requires #h p>ts ( cold wat] to dissolve x4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! previ\s c>bonates by ! almo/ entire abs5ce ( ammoniacal od\r1 & by its solution giv+ no imm$iate precipitate ) *loride ( b>ium1 b by /&+1 or on ! addition ( a little liquor ( ammonia1 a :ite e>?y precipitate1 accompani$ ) ! evolution ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,a saturat$ solution ( ?is salt1 evaporat$ by a v g5tle heat1 or refrig]at$1 gives small prismatic cry/als hav+ nei!r smell nor ta/e4 ,uses1 c4 ,simil> to ^? ( ! o!r c>bonates4--,dose1 #f or #g to #bj or #be gr4 ,ammonium1 ,*loride (4 ,,nh#d;,cl4 ,syn4 ,,muriate ,,( ,,ammonia1 ,,sal ,,ammoniac1 ,,hydro*lorate ,,( ,,ammonia2 ,,*lorohydrate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,,sel ,,ammoniac1 c41 ,fr42 ,,salmiak1 ,g]4 ,a sub/ance :i*1 z already notic$1 appe>s to h be5 orig9ally obta9$1 by sublimation1 f ! soot ( camels' dung1 9 ,egypt4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 at ! pres5t day1 x is manufactur$ *iefly f ! crude ammoniacal liquors obta9$ z second>y products 9 ! manufacture ( coal-gas & animal *>coal4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ,,gas-,,liquor3--,! crude ammoniacal liquor ( ! gas-works is1 ei!r at once1 or aft] di/illation1#dh neutralis$ ) hydro*loric or sulphuric acid1 ! *oice be+ giv5 to ! "o :i* is ! *eap] & m accessible at ! place :]e ! works are situat$4 ,:5 hydro*loric acid is employ$1 ! ,,saturation is usually effect$ by all[+ ! acid to fl[ f a l>ge wood5 vessel or tank l9$ ) lead or gutta p]*a into a l>ge und]gr\nd res]voir or tank conta9+ ! ammoniacal liquor1 & hav+ an exit-tube pass+ into ! *imney or %aft ( ! /eam-eng9e1 to c>ry (f ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 & o!r (f5sive gases lib]at$ dur+ ! mixture4 ,sometimes ! gas-liquor is accumulat$ 9 enorm\s cov]$ wood5 tuns1 capable ( hold+ f #aj1jjj to #bj1jjj gallons1 or m2 & ! acid is add$ by rais+ ! gutta-p]*a c>boys conta9+ x by means ( cranes1 & !n ?or\ghly mix+ x ) ! liquor by means ( p[]ful 'agitators1' :il/ ! (f5sive fumes are ei!r pass$ (f z be=e1 or made to trav]se ! fire ( ! /eam-eng9e be=e ent]+ ! *imney-%aft4 ,! quantity ( acid employ$ to effect saturation mu/1 ( c\rse1 dep5d on ! ammoniacal /r5g? ( ! gas-liquor op]at$ on4 ,! usual proportions are #a-a_/b to #b lbs4 ( ! =m]1 to ea* gal4 ( ! latt]2 b 9 all cases suffici5t %\ld be add$ to imp>t a v fa9t acid reaction to ! mixture4 ,?is la/ hav+ be5 effect$1 ! sal9e solution1 n[ conta9+ hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 is1 aft] repose1 ready to be pump$ or run (f into ! evaporators4 ,footnote #dh3 ,?is is n[ g5]ally conduct$ 9 a l>ge wr\ght-iron boil]1 connect$ ) a rude modification ( ,c(fey's /ill2 ! object be+ to obta9 ! liquor fre] f t> & m conc5trat$4 ,! ,,evaporation ( ! crude sal9e solution is usually c>ri$ on 9 l>ge squ>e or rectangul> ca/-iron vats1 ( v mod]ate dep?1 & capable ( hold+ f #ajjj to #aejj gallons1 or m4 ,^! are encas$ 9 brickwork1 & are heat$ by a furnace1 ( :i* ! flues pass 9 a s9u\s c\rse b5ea? ! l9+ ( brickwork on :i* ! vats or pans re/4 ,dur+ ! conc5tration ( ! liquid1 ! t>1 c41 :i* sep>ates & floats on ! surface1 & :i* ?us s]i\sly imp$es evaporation1 is1 f "t to "t1 remov$ by skimm+4 ,z soon z ! sp4 gr4 rea*es #abe1 any excess ( acid 9 ! solution is exactly neutralis$ ) a little fre% ammoniacal liquor2 by :i* any wa/e ( acid is prev5t$1 at ! same "t t any f]ric salt pres5t1 & :i* w\ld contam9ate ! ultimate product1 is precipitat$ z sesquioxide4 ,aft] settl+ = a %ort "t1 ! hot liquor is ready to be transf]r$ to ! cry/allis]s4 ,! vessels employ$ 9 ! ,,cry/allisation are pans or tubs1 usually circul> & ab\t #g or #h feet wide1 by #b-a_/b to #c feet deep2 & are g5]ally set on ! gr\nd1 or are emb$d$ ei!r p>tially or :olly 9 x4 ,! sal9e liquor be+ pump$ or run into !m at a little bel[ ! boil+ temp]ature1 cry/allises z x cools2 ! only int]f]5ce be+ occasional /irr+ or agitation1 to prev5t ! =mation ( l>ge cry/als1 :i* w\ld be inconv5i5t 9 ! subsequ5t "p ( ! process4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 ! cry/allisation v>ies1 accord+ to ! size ( ! 'cry/allis]s1' & ! wea!r1 f #c or #d to #h or ev5 #aj days4 ,! '"m-liquor' ( ! 'cry/allis]s' is pump$ back into ! evaporat+ pans = fur!r conc5tration4 ,! crude blacki% salt 7hydro*lorate7 ?us obta9$ is contam9at$ ) t>ry & oleag9\s matt]1 free acid1 wat]1 c42 f "p ( :i* x is fre$ by expos+ x 9 a lay] ab\t #d in*es deep1 on a ca/-iron plate g5tly heat$ by a zigzag flue ( a small furnace1 until all ! wat] is expell$2 c>e be+ tak5 t ! heat nev] rises high en\gh to volatilise ! salt4 ,?is op]ation is g5]ally p]=m$ "u a dome1 or ! exp&$ ?roat ( a l>ge *imney4 ,! salt w n[ h become ( a greyi%-:ite col\r1 & is ready = ! next op]ation4 ,illu/ration ,! crude dri$ salt ( ! la/ process is f9ally purifi$ by sublimation4 ,= ?is purpose ca/-iron-pots l9$ ) clay1 & heat$ f bel[ & by flues r\nd _! sides1 are employ$4 7,see engr47 ,! crude grey salt is beat5 d[n into ^! pots until !y are ab\t #b-crds fill$1 :5 ! heads or capitols are fitt$ on1 & heat appli$4 ,! latt] are v heavy1 be+ usually made ( lead 7sometimes ( iron71 & h ! =m ( a dome1 or a hemisph]ical cup1 ) a small tube or hole at ! apex1 9 :i* a plug is loosely plac$1 to p]mit ! escape ( /eam4 ,^! domes or heads are s made z to fit closely & firmly on ! flat rim or flange ( ! 'sublim]s1' & are reta9$ 9 _! places1 dur+ use1 bo? by _! weight1 & by #b or #c clamps provid$ = ! purpose4 ,!y are also furni%$ ) #c r+s1 set at equal di/ances1 to all[ ( _! be+ lift$ (f1 or mov$1 by means ( a pulley & *a9s4 ,! due application & regulation ( ! heat is "h ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,if ! temp]ature employ$ be too high1 ! sublim$ salt w be contam9at$ ) empyreumatic matt]1 :ile "s ( x w be c>ri$ beyond ! dome & lo/2 & if x be extreme1 ! head may be altoge!r bl[n (f1 & ! cont5ts ( ! pan scatt]$ ab\t ! build+2 :il/ on ! o!r h&1 if ! heat employ$ be too l[1 ! result+ cake ( sal ammonia w be s(t1 spongy1 & ei!r grey or yell[i%4 ,! prop] temp]ature is said to be kn[n by two or ?ree drops ( wat] readily boil+1 & be+ dissipat$ 9 vap\r1 :5 plac$ on ! head or cov] ( ! sublim]2 b x %\ld n 'spit' or 'dance ab\t1' or be rais$ by ! heat out ( contact ) ! metal4 ,! usual practice is to keep ! fires briskly up until ! sublim]s & _! surr\nd+s atta9 a suffici5t degree ( heat2 !y are !n slack5$1 & ma9ta9$ at a mean temp]ature4 7,muspratt47 ,! sublimation occupies f #e to #i days2 b x is cu/om>y to raise ! heads once1 or ev5 twice a week1 to asc]ta9 ! progress made2 ! fires hav+ be5 purposely neglect$ or *eck$ = "s h\rs previ\sly4 ,! process is f9ally /opp$ be=e ! :ole ( ! crude salt 9 ! pots is volatilis$2 s9ce ! heat requir$ = t purpose w\ld lead to ! decomposition ( ! c>bonace\s impurities1 & cause !m to emit volatile hydroc>bons1 :i* w\ld mat]ially less5 ! purity & beauty ( ! product4 ,! unsublim$ portion 9 ! pots =ms a conical mass1 :i* is te*nically call$ ! 'yolk4' ,?is is %[n 9 ! second engr4 7see bel[71 9 :i* ! late/ improvem5ts 9 ! =m ( ! sublim+ app>atus are also exhibit$4 ,illu/ration ,! sublimation hav+ be5 c>ri$ to a suffici5t ext5t1 ! fires are all[$ to die out4 ,! domes1 aft] cool+1 are lift$ (f1 & ! atta*$ hemisph]ical cakes or 'bells' ( ,,sal ,,ammoniac or ,,hydro*lorate ,,( ,,ammonia at once remov$4 ,^! v>y f #b to #e in*es 9 ?ickness1 & f #de or #ej lbs4 to #ajjj lbs41 & upw>ds1 9 weight1 accord+ to ! size ( ! sublim]s 9 :i* !y h be5 produc$4 ,!y are g5]ally ne>ly pure1 except 9 ! out] "p :i* has be5 9 contact ) ! metal4 ,f ! sublim+-h\se !y are tak5 to ! /ore or pack+-h\se1 & aft] hav+ be5 scrap$1 to remove ! discol\r$ portion be=e allud$ to1 are ei!r pres]v$ entire1 or are brok5 up into conv5i5t pieces1 :i* are !n pack$ 9 casks or b>rels1 & 9 ei!r /ate are ready = ! m>ket4 ,:5 sulphuric acid#di is us$ to neutralise ! ammoniacal liquor1 ! process is g5]ally1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! same z :5 hydro*loric acid is employ$2 b "h ! br[n salt obta9$ by ! cry/allisation1 & subsequ5t desiccation1 is crude ,,sulphate ,,( ,,ammonia1 in/ead ( ! hydro*lorate4 ,x is intimately mix$ ) ab\t an equal weight ( *loride ( sodium 7common salt7 be=e be+ put into ! sublim]s4 ,footnote #di3 ,sp4 gr4 #acc to #ach4 ,9 "s cases1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! ammoniacal liquor is ri* 9 c>bonate ( ammonia1 gypsum is employ$ z a s\rce ( sulphuric acid4 7,see bel[47 ,ano!r me?od is to conv]t ! solution ( ! crude sulphate into a solution ( ! hydro*lorate1 dur+ ! process1 by ! addition ( *loride ( sodium4 ,bo? ^! la/ me?ods are describ$ bel[4 #b4 ,f ,,bone-,,liquor1 c4#ej--,! ammoniacal liquor te*nically call$ 'bone-liquor' or 'bone-_s1' & =m]ly kn[n "u ! "n ( '_s ( h>t%orn1' is ess5tially a solution ( c>bonate ( ammonia m or less contam9at$ ) volatile empyreumatic oil4 ,its conv]sion into ,,sal ,,ammonia may be easily effect$ by saturat+ x ) hydro*loric acid1 evaporat+ ! result+ neutral solution 9 lead or iron boil]s until a pellicle beg9s to =m1 !n pump+ or runn+ (f ! hot liquors into ! cry/allis]s1 &1 la/ly1 dra9+ & dry+ ! cry/als4 ,! salt ?us obta9$ may be purifi$ ei!r by sublimation or by recry/allisation4 ,! :ole s]ies ( processes closely resemble ^? already describ$1 except 9 be+ less tr\blesome1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( ! t>ry & o!r =eign matt]s :i* imp$e & complicate !m :5 gas-liquor is employ$4 ,footnote #ej3 ,t employ$ 9 ,engl& is *iefly obta9$1 z already m5tion$1 f ! manufactur]s ( bone-black or animal *>coal2 b1 on ! ,cont95t1 ! liquor obta9$ by a l de/ructive di/illation ( v>i\s animal (fals 7blood1 fle%1 horn1 ho(s1 wooll5 rags & wa/e1 hair1 scrap+s ( hides1 lea!r cutt+s1 c47 is employ$ = ! same purpose4 ,! prep>atory process by :i* ?is liquor is obta9$ is ess5tially ! same 9 ea* case2 except t ) animal (fal ! temp]ature %\ld n exce$ a r$-br[n heat1 9 ord] t ! result+ *>coal may aft]w>ds s]ve to make f]rocyanide ( potassium & ,prussian blue4 ,^! liquors h usually a d5sity rang+ betwe5 #h & #i ,baum 7,ure2 sp4 gr4 #ajef to #ajfc74 ,ano!r me?od adopt$1 p>ticul>ly on ! ,cont95t1 & "o equally applicable to any crude ammoniacal liquor ri* 9 free ammonia or its c>bonates1 is to employ sulphate ( lime in/ead ( sulphuric acid to neutralise ! alkali4 ,= ?is purpose ! ammoniacal liquor is pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( ?ree or f\r cov]$ wood5 filt]s l9$ ) lead1 ea* conta9+ a lay] ( cru%$ gypsum to ! dep? ( #c or #d in*es4 ,^! filt]s are usually set on '/ages' "o above ano!r1 & ea* communicates ) a ci/]n plac$ b5ea? x by means ( a lead5 pipe furni%$ ) a /op-cock4 ,?is la/ is n op5$ untill ! liquor has rema9$ "s little "t 9 ! filt]2 & a pump ?r[s back once1 or (t5]1 ^u ea* filt]1 :at has already pass$ ?r\gh x1 be=e x is all[$ to run into ! next l[] "o4 ,! 'liquor' 9 ea* filt] is n all[$ to /& high] ?an f #b to #c in*es above ! surface ( ! gypsum2 & ! l[e/ or la/ filt] is suppli$ ) fre% gypsum at ea* sep>ate *>ge ( fre% liquor4 ,a little wat] is la/ly pass$ ?r\gh ! filt]s to wa% out ! portion ( ammoniacal liquor absorb$ or reta9$ by ! filt]+ m$ia4 ,9 ?is way ! gypsum ( ! filt]s is conv]t$ into c>bonate ( lime at ! exp5se ( ! c>bonate ( ammonia 9 ! solution2 :il/ ! ammonia ( ! latt] decomposes ! gypsum1 & becomes conv]t$ into sulphate ( ammonia1 :i*1 ) "s free ammonia1 is f\nd 9 ! filtrate4 ,sulphuric acid is next add$ to ! filt]$ liquor to completely neutralise ! free & c>bonat$ alkali /ill exi/+ 9 x2 aft] :i* x is evaporat$ 9 a lead5 boil]1 ) frequ5t skimm+ to remove float+ oil1 until ( ! sp4 gr4 #aafj4 ,*loride ( sodium 7common salt71 9 suffici5t quantity to conv]t all ! sulphate ( ammonia 9 ! liquid into hydro*lorate1 by d\ble decomposition1 is n[ add$1 ) con/ant /irr+2 aft] :i* ! cle> portion is ei!r pump$ or syphon$ (f into a some:at deep res]voir or tank1 :]e x is all[$ to settle4 ,! liquid aft] suffici5t repose is pump$ f ! res]voir to ! boil]s1 & evaporat$1 ) frequ5t agitation1 s long z ! sulphate ( soda n[ exi/+ 9 x falls to ! bottom 9 granul> cry/als4 ,^! cry/als are1 at int]vals1 scrap$ to ! cool] portion ( ! pan or boil]1 :5ce !y are remov$ by copp] rakes & %ovels1 into dra9+-hopp]s1 plac$ ne> ! edges ( ! pan4 ,! liquor 9 ! boil] is n[ a /rong solution ( sal ammoniac1 b /ill conta9+ a little sulphate ( soda1 f :i* x has to be fre$ by cry/allisation4 ,) ?is object x is fur!r conc5trat$1 & !n run or pump$ into ! cry/allis]s4 ,9 #cj or #dj h\rs1 or long]1 ! "m-liquor is run or pump$ (f4 ,! mass ( newly-=m$ cry/als is !n dra9$1 & slightly wa%$1 fir/ ) a little weak solution ( sal ammoniac1 & next ) a v little cold wat]2 aft] :i* !y are aga9 well dra9$4 ,! crude ,,hydro*lorate ,,( ,,ammonia1 ?us obta9$1 is conv]t$ into ! pure salts1 by desiccation & sublimation1 z be=e4 ,9 ,france1 :]e ?is me?od is v g5]ally employ$1 ! sublimation is commonly conduct$ 9 /onew>e or e>!nw>e balloons or bottles coat$ ) loam1 ( ab\t #ah to #bj in*es 9 height 9 ! body1 & ei!r surm\nt$ ) inv]t$ 'cups' or 'heads' #aj or #ab in*es high1 or simply cov]$ ) a tile1 :5 79 ! latt] case7 ! sublimate collects 9 ! upp] "p or neck ( ! balloon1 :i* is above ! action ( ! fire4 ,a numb] ( ^! vessels are set on ! dome ( a furnace1 :i* is p]=at$ ) holes or slits1 to all[ ! heat to pass ?r\gh2 :il/ _! necks or heads are %elt]$ f ! action ( ! fire by plates ( iron or e>!nw>e1 hav+ semi-circul> ind5tations on _! edges1 s t :5 plac$ toge!r !y =m a level surface1 ?r\gh :i* ! necks ( ! sublim]s protrude1 & fit closely4 ,! fire is nicely regulat$1 s z to cause ! salts to cond5se 9 ! upp] & cool] "p ( ! vessels1 or 9 ! heads1 z ! case may be2 & great c>e is tak5 to occasionally cle> ! necks ) a skew]1 to prev5t *ok+1 & consequ5t bur/+4 ,9 ,scotl&1 :]e a simil> process is also commonly pursu$1 ! sublim]s1 accord+ to ,dr ,ure1 are g5]ally ca/-iron pots1 l9$ ) fire-pro( tiles2 ! cond5sation be+ effect$ 9 globul> heads ( gre5 glass1 ) :i* ea* ( ! iron pots are capp$4#ea ,footnote #ea3 ,ure's ',dict4 ( ,arts1 ,m41 ,m41' #e? ,edn41 i1 p4 #adc4 ,ratio4 ,gas-liquor conta9s c>bonate ( ammonium 7*iefly71 ) *loride1 sulphate1 hydrosulphate1 cyanide1 sulphocyanide1 c41 ( ! same radical4 ,on neutralisation ) hydro*loric acid1 or sulphuric acid1 ^! are conv]t$ into *loride or sulphate ( ammonium1 accord+ to ! acid us$4 ,by sublimation ) *loride ( sodium1 ! sulphate ( ammonium is conv]t$1 by d\ble decomposition1 into *loride ( ammonium1 :i* sublimes2 & sulphate ( sodium1 :i* rema9s 9 ! sublim+ pot4 ,a simil> *ange occurs :5 ! solution ( ! sulphate1 prior to cry/allisation1 is decompos$ by ! addition ( *loride ( sodium1 or any o!r *loride4 ,:5 ! 'gas-liquor' is at once conv]t$ into *loride ( ammonium by ! addition ( hydro*loric acid1 ! sublimation m]ely purifies ! salt4 ,l *anges occur :5 bone-_s is employ$4 ,comp4 ,*emically consid]$1 ?is salt consi/s ( equal ,,volumes ( gase\s ammonia & hydro*loric acid gas cond5s$ into ! solid =m2 or1 by ,,weight1 accord+ to ! ammonia-!ory1 (-- ,atoms4 ,equiv4 wt4 ,p] c5t4 ,ammonia 7,,nh#c7 #a #ag #cagh ,hydro*loric acid 7,h,cl7 #a #cfe #fhbb --- ----- ------ ,hydro*lorate ( ,ammonia 7,,nh#c;,h,cl7 #a #ece #ajj ,or1 accord+ to ! 'ammonium-!ory1' (-- ,atoms4 ,equiv4 wt4 ,p] c5t4 ,ammonium 7,,nh#d7 #a #ah #ccfe ,*loride 7,cl7 #a #cee #ffce --- ----- ------ ,*loride ( ,ammonium 7,,nh#d;,cl7 #a #ece #ajj ,prop4 c4 ,! sal ammoniac ( comm]ce is f\nd "u ! =m ( l>ge :ite hemisph]ical1 cup-l cakes or masses 7or 9 l>ge fragm5ts :i* are sections ( !m71 possess+ a t\gh1 fibr\s1 semi-cry/all9e texture1 & v difficult to p[d]4 ,x is od\rless1 has a sal9e ta/e some:at %>p or acrid1 & sublimes )\t ei!r fusion or decomposition4 ,x slightly r$d5s litmus2 dissolves 9 r less ?an #c p>ts ( cold wat]1 & 9 ab\t #a "p ( boil+ wat]2 is soluble 9 alcohol2 & :5 cry/allis$ f wat]1 "u favorable circum/ances1 =ms di/9ct octah$ra1 or cubes1 usually small & aggregat$ toge!r 9 rays or fea!ry masses4 ,by sl[ly evaporat+ its aque\s solution1 x may be sometimes obta9$ 9 cakes an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,x is anhydr\s4 ,sp4 gr4 #adej4 ,pur4 ,x %\ld give a col\rless solution ) wat]2 :olly sublime ) heat2 & nei!r *loride ( b>ium1 nor sulphurett$ hydrog51 %\ld affect its solution4 ,a solution1 to :i* a few drops ( nitric acid h be5 add$1 %\ld n yield a blue precipitate ) f]rocyanide ( potassium4 ,x (t5 conta9s sesqui*loride ( iron1 & sometimes lead2 bo? ( :i* may be readily detect$ by ! above te/s4 ,its complete volatility may be easily det]m9$ by heat+1 9 ! flame ( a c&le1 a small fragm5t held on ! po9t ( a knife4 ,te/s4--#a4 ,x is kn[n to be a salt ( ammonium by its cool+ ammoniacal fumes :5 triturat$ ) lime1 or :5 moi/5$ ) cau/ic potassa or soda3--#b4 ,x is %[n to be a *loride by its solution yield+1 ) nitrate ( silv]1 a :ite curdy precipitate1 insoluble 9 boil+ nitric acid1 soluble 9 ammonia4 ,uses1 c4 ,9 ! arts1 *iefly 9 ! coat+ & sold]+ ( metals1 & ! prep>ation ( alloys2 9 dye+2 & 9 ! manufacture ( ammonia-alum2 also1 9 l>ge quantities1 to give a factiti\s pung5cy to snuff4 ,9 *emi/ry1 z a reag5t2 &1 ow+ to ! cold produc$ dur+ its solution1 to =m frigorific mixtures4 ,9 m$ic9e x is *iefly us$ ext]nally1 z a /imulant & resolv5t or discuti5t2 & occasionally1 int]nally1 z a diuretic1 /imulant1 resolv5t1 alt]ative1 tonic1 c41 p>ticul>ly 9 *ronic inflammations ( ! muc\s & s]\s membranes1 9 *ronic gl&ul> & visc]al enl>gem5ts & indurations1 & 9 am5orrhoea4 ,9 r l>ge doses1 frequ5tly repeat$1 x is said to prove (t5 highly b5eficial 9 *ronic enl>gem5t & induration ( ! pro/ate gl& 7,m4 ,r5 ,vanoye72 & also 9 o!r l cases4--,dose1 #e to #bj gr41 #c or #d times daily1 ei!r 9 p[d] or solution1 mix$ ) "s demulc5t2 z a discuti5t or resolv5t lotion1 #a to #a-a_/b oz41 to #a_/b p9t ( wat]1 ei!r ) or )\t #d or #e fl4 oz4 ( spirits or /rong v9eg> 7(t5 s]viceable 9 *ilbla9s72 z a weak lotion1 or a collyrium or injection1 #a to #d dr41 to wat]1 #a p9t4 ,9 v l>ge doses x is poison\s2 ! treatm5t is emetics & mucilag9\s or demulc5t dr9ks4 ,conclud+ rem>ks1 ,pat5ts1 c4 ,! me?ods already describ$ are ^? by :i* comm]cial hydro*lorate ( ammonia is usually if n almo/ entirely obta9$2 ! v>i\s improvem5ts or modifications1 f "t to "t introduc$1 affect+ *iefly ! m9or details1 & ! =m or size ( ! app>atus & ma*9]y employ$1 & n ! g5]al pr9ciples on :i* ! processes are bas$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( ^! has = its object ! entire removal ( ! iron pres5t 9 ! crude salt1 "s ( :i*1 if x be n remov$ be=e sublimation1 is volatilis$ & contam9ates ! ultimate product4 ,to obviate ?is evil1 ,mr ,brew] passes a few bubbles ( *lor9e ?r\gh ! hot conc5trat$ solution ( ! salt1 previ\s to its cry/allisation2 by :i* ! proto*loride ( iron is conv]t$ into ! p]*loride1 :i*1 be+ act$ on by ! ammonia always pres5t 9 ! liquor1 is precipitat$ z f]ric hydrate1 ) ! =mation ( a small additional quantity ( sal ammoniac4 ,! only precaution necess>y is to avoid employ+ m *lor9e gas ?an is necess>y to p]oxidise ! iron2 z beyond ?is a portion ( ! ammonia-salt itself is decompos$1 ) ! evolution ( nitrog54 ,! temp]ature ( ! liquor is kept up1 aft] ! action ( ! *lor9e1 until ! :ole ( ! br[n floccul5t oxide ( iron has subsid$1 :5 x is at once decant$ or filt]$ into ! cry/allis]s4 ,ano!r modification :i* has be5 adopt$ 9 two or ?ree places is to effect neutralisation ( ! crude ammoniacal liquor by di/ill+ x1 & pass+ ! fumes 9 at ! l[] end ( a holl[ %aft or column fill$ ) coke1 d[n :i* ! acid trickles2 ! result+ solution ( sulphate or *loride ( ammonium be+ receiv$ 9 prop] ci/]ns1 conv5i5tly situat$ ne> ! base ( ! column4 ,9 ,mr ,sp5ce's me?od ( obta9+ ammonia-salts f gas-liquor or bone-_s1 a s]ies ( 7usually f\r7 cyl9drical boil]s1 or res]voirs1 s plac$ t ! cont5ts ( ea* upp] "o may be drawn (f into ! "o next bel[ x are employ$4 ,ea* boil] has an exit-pipe :i* c>ries ! vap\r g5]at$ 9 x to t next above x1 :il/ t ( ! highe/ boil] passes (f to a trunk conta9+ ! acid necess>y to =m ! salt4 ,! top boil] is connect$ ) ! res]voir ( gas-liquor 7:i* is already mix$ ) milk ( lime7 by a *>g+ pipe furni%$ ) a /op-cock turn$ by a float+ ball1 s z to keep ! surface ( ! liquor con/antly at ! same height4 ,high-pressure /eam ent]s ! l[] boil]1 by :i* its ammonia is driv5 ?r\gh ! connect+ pipe into ! next boil]1 & s on 9 succession1 until x leaves ! highe/ boil] 9 a conc5trat$ /ate1 & ?us ent]s ! acid-tank4 ,:5 ?is la/ conta9s mod]ately /rong hydro*loric or sulphuric acid1 ! result+ solution ( ,,*loride or ,,sulphate ,,( ,,ammonium 7z ! case may be7 is suffici5tly conc5trat$ to be at once run (f into ! cry/allis]s4 ,z soon z ! liquor 9 ! l[e/ boil] is exhau/$ ( its ammonia1 its cont5ts are drawn (f1 & replac$ by t ( ! next boil]1 :i* is foll[$ by a l desc5t ?r\gh\t ! :ole s]ies4 ,among improvem5ts hav+ = _! object ! sub/itution ( *eap *lorides#eb = ! m exp5sive comm]cial acids1 may be m5tion$ ^? (-- ,footnote #eb3 ,p>ticul>ly su* *lorides z are ! 'wa/e or bye products' ( o!r manufactures4 #a4 ,mr ,lam+ 7,pat5t dat$ #ahdc71 :o employs a /rong solution ( ,,*loride ,,( ,,calcium = conv]t+ ! ammonia ( gas-liquor into ! hydro*lorate4 #b4 ,mr ,hills 7,pat5t dat$ #ahdf7 employs ,,*loride ,,( ,,magnesium#ec 9 ! same way2 & by a subsequ5t pat5t proposes to conv]t ! ammonia elim9at$ 9 ! di/illation ( coal into ! hydro*lorate1 by mix+ ,,*loride ,,( ,,magnesium ) ! coal 9 ! retorts1 or by introduc+ ! *loride into a retort appropriat$ = ! purpose4 ,! heat dispels ! *lor9e ( ! *loride1 9 ! =m ( hydro*loric acid1 & ?is1 unit+ ) ! ammoniacal vap\r1 =ms hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 :i* is reta9$ 9 ! liquor ( ! cond5s]4 ,f ?is liquor ! salt is obta9$ by evaporation1 c41 9 ! usual way4 ,footnote #ec3 ,( ! ,epsom-salt works1 c4 #c4 ,mr ,croll 7,pat5t dat$ #ahdi7 conv]ts ! crude ammoniacal vap\rs t issue ) ! gas f ! common retorts into ! hydro*lorate1 & obta9s a solution ( x by pass+ ! gas ?r\gh a solution ( crude ,,*loride ,,( ,,manganese#ed 7#a cwt4 ( ! salt to ab\t #dj galls4 ( wat]71 conta9$ 9 "o ( ! ord9>y vessels us$ = purify+ coal-gas4 ,! manganic solution absorbs ! ammonia & its salts1 conv]t+ !m into ! hydro*lorate1 :il/ a correspond+ proportion ( oxide ( manganese is precipitat$4 ,z soon z ! liquor 9 ! purifi] is fully saturat$1 x is drawn (f1 & replac$ by a fre% quantity2 :il/ ! saturat$ liquor conta9+ ! hydro*lorate1 aft] subsid5ce1 or filtration1 is evaporat$1 c41 z be=e4 ,crude ,,*loride ,,( ,,iron may be sub/itut$ = ! *loride ( manganese1 9 ! above process3 z may also ,,sulphate ,,( ,,manganese1 b !n ! product1 ( c\rse1 w be sulphate ( ammonia1 in/ead ( ! hydro*lorate4 ,footnote #ed3 ,obta9$ f ! *loride-(-lime works4 ,! portion ( ! precipitat$ oxide ( manganese sav$ f ! process may be reconv]t$ into ! *loride1 by mix+ #c p>ts ( x ) #d p>ts ( common salt1 & heat+ ! mixture to l[ r$ness1 sc>cely p]ceptible 9 ! d>k1 = #b to #c h\rs4 #adj lbs4 ( ! calc9$ mass1 ) #dj galls4 ( wat]1 =ms a solution t may be aga9 pump$ into ! purifi]4 #d4 ,mr ,lam+ 7,pat5t dat$ #ahej7 also proposes ! use ( v>i\s salts & mixtures = reta9+ & cond5s+ ! ammoniacal vap\r ( coal-gas z x passes f ! retorts ?r\gh ! purifi]s4 ,( ^! ! pr9cipal are ,,*loride ,,( ,,calcium obta9$ by decompos+ *loride ( iron by hydrate ( lime2 ,,*loride ,,( ,,iron1 obta9$ by decompos+ sulphate ( iron ) *loride ( sodium2 ,,*loride ,,( ,,magnesium2 a mixture ( ,,sulphate ,,( ,,lime & ,,sulphate ,,( ,,iron2 or ( moi/ precipitat$ oxide ( iron ) c>bonate ( lime1 c>bonate ( magnesia1 or magnesian lime/one2 or "o conta9+ sulphate ( magnesia1 or *loride ( magnesium or calcium1 or "o or m ( !m1 9 comb9ation ) oxide ( copp]1 ei!r ) or )\t lime or magnesia1 or ) bo? or ei!r ( !m or _! c>bonates4 ,^! salts1 or comp\nds1 are m+l$ ) sawdu/1 or "s o!r por\s sub/ance n act$ on by ! gas1 be=e be+ put into ! purifi]s2 & aft] !y become saturat$ ) ! vap\r1 ! newly-=m$ hydro*lorate or sulphate 7accord+ to ! salt or mixture employ$7 is wa%$ out ( ! mass ) wat]4 ,besides ! usual s\rces ( ,,sal ,,ammoniac 7& ! o!r ammonia-salts ( comm]ce7 x has be5 propos$ to obta9 x f guano1 peat1 %ale1 c41 z notic$ "u ,,sesquic>bonate ,,( ,,ammonia 7supr72 ! sub/ance employ$ to effect ! neutralisation or decomposition ( ! ammoniacal liquor be+1 9 ?is case ei!r hydro*loric acid or a *loride4 ,9 ,"y's ,pat5t 7#ahda7 = 'obta9+ ,,ammonia & its ,,salts1' a mixture ( #b p>ts ( guano1 & #a "p ( hydrate ( lime1 is di/ill$ 9 a retort plac$ v]tically1 at a mod]ate heat1 gradually increas$ until ! bottom ( ! retort becomes r$ hot4 ,! ammoniacal portion ( ! fumes evolv$ are absorb$ by ! cold wat] conta9$ 9 a suitable cond5s]2 :il/ ! o!r gases elim9at$ by ! process pass (f uncond5s$4 ,by subsequ5tly pass+ c>bonic acid gas into ! liquor ( ! cond5s]1 a solution ( ,,c>bonate1 ,,bic>bonate1 or ,,sesquic>bonate ( ,,ammonia is =m$4 ,by ne>ly fill+ ! cond5s] ) dilut$ hydro*loric or sulphuric acid1 in/ead ( ) wat]1 a solution ( ,,hydro*lorate or ( ,,sulphate ,,( ,,ammonia is obta9$4 ,/ale ur9e saturat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 or ) sulphuric acid dilut$ ) ab\t twice its weight ( wat]1 yields ,,sal ,,ammoniac1 or ,,sulphate ,,( ,,ammonia 7accord+ to ! acid us$7 on evaporation4 ,hydro*lorate ( ammonia is n[ :olly prep>$ on ! l>ge scale1 & nev] by ! deal] or retail]1 by :om x is only occasionally ref9$ or purifi$1 9 small quantities1 = *emical & m$ical purposes4 ,! sal ammoniac ( comm]ce is f\nd to be suffici5tly pure = all its ord9>y applications 9 ! arts2 b :5 want$ ( great] purity1 x is brok5 into pieces1 & resublim$ f an e>!nw>e vessel into a l>ge receiv] ( e>!nw>e or glass4 ,! product 7,,ref9$ ,,sal ,,ammoniac1 ,,d\ble-,,ref9$ ,s4 ,a42 ,,ammoni ,,hydro*lo'',,ras ,,pu'',,ra1 ,,sal ,,ammoni',,acus ,,depura',,tusdagg]1 ,l47 is popul>ly kn[n z ,,fl[]s ,,( ,,sal ,,ammoniac 7flo'res sa'lis ammoni'aci1 ,l471 f be+ 9 a f9ely divid$ cry/all9e /ate4 ,! *emically pure *loride ( ammonium may be prep>$ by br++ its gase\s con/itu5ts--ammonia & hydro*loric acid--into contact4 ,dur+ ! comb9ation mu* heat1 & ev5 light1 is g5]at$1 & ! anhydr\s solid salt is precipitat$ 9 a m9utely divid$ /ate1 :i*1 "u ! microscope1 is se5 to be cry/all9e4 ,x may be also m easily & conv5i5tly prep>$ by saturat+ pure & mod]ately dilute hydro*loric acid ) ammonia or its c>bonates1 & evaporat+ ! solution until a pellicle =ms1 :5 cry/als ( ! *loride sep>ate z ! liquid cools4 ,a simil> b r m viol5t reaction occurs :5 gase\s *lor9e is br\ght 9 contact ) gase\s ammonia1 or is pass$ into a ne>ly saturat$ solution ( ammonia or its c>bonates2 b 9 ?is case nitrog5 is evolv$ at ! exp5se ( ! ammonia2 moreov]1 ! process is att5d$ ) dang]4 ,! manufacture ( sal ammoniac is usually a di/9ct bus9ess1 & is c>ri$ on to a v great ext5t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london4 ,inde$1 ! ,london mak]s n[ supply ! *ief portion ( t us$ 9 ,engl&4 ,a l>ge quantity is n[1 h[ev]1 made at ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool4 ,a small quantity is import$ f ,g]many4 ,t f ,brunswick is 9 ! =m ( sug>-loaves4 ,an inf]ior quality is also import$1 9 *e/s1 f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! r$ b&s frequ5tly se5 9 ! sal ammoniac ( comm]ce are said to arise f ! workm5 fall+ asleep1 & all[+ ! fire to g d[n1 & !n sudd5ly rais+ ! heat too high4 7,muspratt47 ,!y consi/ *iefly ( ammonio-*loride ( iron4 ,ammonium1 ,citrate (4 7,,nh#d7b;,,hc#f;,h#f,o#g4 ,syn4 ,,diammonium ,,citrate1 ,,citrate ,,( ,,oxide ,,( ,,ammonia2 ,,ammon'',,ni ,,cit',,ras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,a conc5trat$ solution ( pure citric acid1 g5tly heat$1 is saturat$ ) sesquic>bonate ( ammonium1 9 f9e p[d] 7ab\t #g p>ts to #f71 & slightly 9 excess2 & ! result+ liquid is cry/allis$ by refrig]ation 9 close vessels1 or by evaporation 9 vacuo4 ,if heat be employ$ 9 ! evaporation ( ! solution1 an acid citrate w be =m$4 ,uses1 c4 ,*iefly z a *emical te/4 ,an extemporane\s citrate1 made ) lemon-juice & drunk eff]vesc+1 is employ$ z a sal9e draught1 & a mild ap]i5t & diaphoretic1 9 fev]s1 c4 ,ammonium1 ,f]rocyanide (4 7,,nh#d7d ,fe,c#f,n#f 4 #c;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,f]rocyanate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,saturate a solution ( hydr(]rocyanic acid ) sesquic>bonate ( ammonium1 9 slight excess2 evaporate ! solution at a heat bel[ ebullition1 & cry/allise by refrig]ation4 #b4 ,dige/ f]rocyanide ( lead or ( iron 9 a solution ( sesquic>bonate ( ammonium1 at a g5tle heat1 = "s "t2 !n filt]1 evaporate1 & cry/allise4 ,prop41 c4 ,x is isomorph\s ) f]rocyanide ( potassium2 x is easily cry/allisable1 v soluble 9 wat]1 & is decompos$ by ebullition4 ,ammonium1 ,iodide (4 ,,nh#d;,i4 ,syn4 ,,hydriodate ,,( ,,ammonia2 ,,ammo'',,nii ,,iodi',,dum1 ,l42 ,,hydriodate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,an aque\s solution ( hydriodic acid is neutralis$ ) ammonia1 or ammonium sesquic>bonate1 9 slight excess2 & ! result+ liquid is ei!r c>efully1 b rapidly1 evaporat$ to dryness ov] a wat] ba?1 or x is conc5trat$ by ! same means1 & !n caus$ to deposit cry/als by refrig]ation2 9 bo? cases c>e is tak5 to keep a slight excess ( ammonia pres5t dur+ ! evaporation4 ,! cry/als are dri$ by pressure betwe5 folds ( bibul\s pap]2 & ! product1 9 ei!r =m1 pres]v$ 9 a /opp]$ bottle4 ,pure iod9e is triturat$ ) a little di/ill$ wat]1 & solution ( ammonium sulphydrate add$1 9 small quantities at a "t1 ) cont9u$ trituration1 until ! r$ col\r ( ! iod9e has entirely disappe>$4 ,! solution1 aft] be+ g5tly boil$ = a few seconds1 to expel ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 pres5t1 is filt]$1 slightly alkalis$1 ) ammonia1 & evaporat$ or cry/allis$1 z be=e4 ,prop41 c4 ,col\rless2 deliquesc5t2 freely soluble 9 wat]1 & 9 _s2 air & light turn x yell[i% or br[ni%1 ) p>tial decomposition4 ,x closely resembles iodide ( potassium1 ?an :i* x is m active1 & ?\ght to be bett] suit$ to irritable & relax$ habits4--,dose1 #a to #aj or #ab gr4 ,ammonium1 ,lac'tate (4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,lac',,tas1 ,l4 ,an uncry/allisable salt prep>$ by saturat+ ammonia1 or its c>bonate1 ) lactic acid4 ,x has be5 f\nd useful 9 rickets1 & 9 dyspepsia & worms1 :5 occurr+ 9 debilitat$ habits4 ,= ?is purpose x is be/ tak5 fre%-prep>$1 z a draught1 flav\r$ ) syrup ( orange-peel1 #c or #d times daily4 ,see ,,lactate & ,,lactic ,,acid4 ,ammonium1 ,nitrate (4 ,,nh#d,,no#c4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,ni',,tras1 ,l42 ,,nitrate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,saturate nitric acid 7dilut$ ) #c or #d times its weight ( wat]7 ) sesquic>bonate ( ammonium1 evaporate by a g5tle heat1 & cry/allise4 ,:5 n requir$ 9 a cry/all9e =m1 x is usually evaporat$ to dryness at ab\t #bab ,fahr42 & ! heat be+ c>efully rais$ to ab\t #bej1 ! fus$ salt is p\r$ out on a poli%$ slab ( iron or /one1 & :5 solidifi$ brok5 up & put into bottles4 ,prop4 ,:5 ! evaporation ( ! solution is conduct$ at a heat "u #ajj ,fahr41 ! salt is obta9$ 9 beautiful hexagonal prisms2 :5 at #bab1 9 long silky fibres2 :5 by rapid evaporation & fusion1 x =ms a :ite1 compact1 & usually foliat$ mass4 ,x dissolves 9 ab\t twice its weight ( wat]2 is slightly deliquesc5t2 melts at #bcj1 & is decompos$ into nitr\s gas & wat] at #dfj ,fahr4 ,x deflagrates1 l nitre1 on contact ) heat$ combu/ible matt]4 ,uses1 c4 ,*iefly to prep>e nitr\s oxide or laugh+ gas 7( :i* ne>ly #d-a_/b cubic feet may be procur$ f e lb4 avoir472 & ) wat]1 to =m freez+ mixtures1 = :i* purpose x may be us$ = any numb] ( times by simply evaporat+ ! solution to dryness1 :5 ! salt1 obta9$ unalt]$1 is ready = ano!r op]ation4 ,c>e1 h[ev]1 %\ld be tak5 n to expose x to too great a heat1 z at a c]ta9 temp]ature x deflagrates ) viol5ce4 ,x is occasionally employ$ 9 ! laboratory to promote ! combu/ion ( organic bodies dur+ inc9]ation2 & sometimes1 ?\gh seldom1 9 m$ic9e1 z a diuretic & diaphoretic4 ,x is said to r$uce ! frequ5cy ( ! pulse1 & ! animal heat1 )\t affect+ ! head1 *e/1 or /oma*4 7,wibm]47--,dose1 #aj to #cj gr4 ,ammonium1 ,nitro-sulphate (4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,nitro-,,sul',,phas1 ,l4 ,dissolve sulphite ( ammonium1 #a "p2 9 solution ( ammonia1 #e p>ts2 & pass nitric oxide gas ?r\gh ! solution2 rapidly wa% ! cry/als t =m ) solution ( ammonia1 dry 9 bibul\s pap]1 )\t heat1 & pres]ve !m 9 a well-/opp$ bottle4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr42 9 typhoid fev]s1 c4 ,ammonium1 ,oxalate (4 7,,nh#d7b;,c#b,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,ox',,alis1 ,l42 ,,oxalate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,fr4 ,neutralise a hot solution ( oxalic acid ) sesquic>bonate ( ammonia2 evaporate & cry/allise4 ,prop4 ,x =ms beautiful1 col\rless1 long1 rhombic prisms1 :i* effloresce 9 ! air2 slightly soluble 9 cold wat]2 freely soluble 9 hot wat]2 heat$ 9 a retort1 x yields ammonia1 c>bonate ( ammonia1 cyanog51 & c>bonic acid1 toge!r ) oxamide1 :i* sublimes4 ,uses1 c4 ,9 *emi/ry1 *iefly z a te/ = calcium 7) :i* x produces a :ite precipitate soluble 9 nitric acid71 & to sep>ate lime f magnesium1 solutions ( ! salt ( :i* x does n precipitate4 ,a ,,b9ox',,alate may also be =m$2 b x possesses no practical int]e/4 ,ammonium1 ,phosphate (4 7,,nh#d7c,,po#d4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,phos',,phas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,saturate a solution ( phosphoric acid ) sesquic>bonate ( ammonium1 9 slight excess2 g5tly evaporate & cry/allise by refrig]ation4 ,diuretic1 discuti5t1 & antili?ic4--,dose1 #c to #aj gr41 or #bj to #cj drops ( a saturat$ solution1 #c or #d times a day2 9 g\t1 rheumatism1 & calculus1 accompani$ ) ! li?ic-acid dia!sis2 also 9 rickets & c]ta9 =ms ( dyspepsia4 ,ammonium ,suc'c9ate4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,suc',,c9as1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,succ9ic acid1 #a "p2 wat]1 #d p>ts2 dissolve1 neutralise ) solution ( ammonia1 or ( ammonium c>bonate1 9 slight excess1 & evaporate1 & cry/allise z direct$ "u ! 'b5zoate' or 'phosphate1'--,dose1 #b to #aj gr4 ,ammonium1 ,sul'phate (4 7,,nh#d7b,,s#d4 ,syn4 ,,sulphate ,,( ,,ox',,ide ,,( ,,ammonia2 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,sul',,phas1 ,l12 ,,sulfate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,fr42 ,,s*wefelsau] ,,ammonium ,,salz1 ,g]42 ,glaub]'s ,,secret ,,saltdagg]1 ,g4 ,,secret ,,sal ,,ammoniacdagg]1 ,,sal ,,ammoni',,acum ,,secre',,tum ,,glaube'',,ridagg]1 c4 ,crude sulphate ( ammonia exi/s 9 consid]able quantity 9 ! soot f pit-coal2 & x is obta9$1 z a second>y product1 f ! ammoniacal liquor ( gas-works & animal *>coal manufactories4 ,^! la/ are its *ief s\rces4 ,x is also f\nd native1 associat$ ) sal ammoniac1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( volcanoes1 "u ! "n ( 'mascagn9e' or 'massagn9e1' ,prep4 #a4 7,m$ic9al47 ,saturate dilute sulphuric acid ) sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 9 slight excess2 filt]1 g5tly evaporate1 & cry/allise4 #b4 7,comm]cial47 ,f gas-liquor or bone-_s1 saturat$ ) weak oil ( vitriol1 &1 ! cle> portion ( ! liquid1 aft] repose decant$1 conc5trat$ by rapid evaporation1 & cry/allis$1 9 ! mann] notic$ "u ,,ammonium1 ,,*loride ,,(4 ,prop4 ,cry/als1 long1 flatt5$1 six-sid$ prisms2 soluble 9 #b p>ts ( cold1 & #a ( boil+ wat]2 fuses1 ) loss ( "o atom ( wat]1 at ab\t #bhj ,fahr42 & is volatilis$1 ) entire decomposition1 at ab\t #ece4 ,ev5 its solution1 by long boil+1 becomes acid f loss ( ammonia4 ,! anhydr\s salt does n exi/4 ,uses1 c4 ,pure sulphate ( ammonia is diuretic1 ap]i5t1 resolv5t1 & /imulant4--,dose1 #aj to #cj gr4 ,x is n[ seldom employ$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,! crude sulphate is pr9cipally us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( sal ammoniac & sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 & = manure4 ,a mixture ( #aj ( ?is sulphate ) #bj ( bone-du/1 "s gypsum1 & f>m-y>d manure1 =ms a v f]tilis+ compo/1 applicable to a great v>iety ( soils 7,ure72 & we may add--greatly sup]ior to a v l>ge portion ( :at is n[ s commonly v5d$ "u ! "n ( 'guano4' ,conclud+ rem>ks1 ,pat5ts1 c4 ,! manufacture ( sulphate ( ammonia1 on ! l>ge scale1 has be5 unavoidably expla9$ 9 treat+ on ! salts ( t base already notic$4 ,all t is necess>y is to saturate ) sulphuric acid ! solution ( ammonia1 crude or o!rwise1 & obta9$ 9 any mann]2 & !n to evaporate ! solution until ! salt cry/allises out4 ,at o!r times1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( add+ ! acid to ! ammoniacal liquor1 ! latt]1 ei!r at once1 or aft] treatm5t ) lime1 is submitt$ to di/illation1 & ! evolv$ alkal9e vap\r is pass$ into ! acid 7previ\sly some:at dilut$71 conta9$ 9 a l>ge receiv] or ci/]n1 or a s]ies ( !m2 ! salt be+ obta9$ f ! result+ solution 9 ! usual mann]4 ,by re-solution & a second cry/allisation ! sulphate is g5]ally obta9$ suffici5tly pure = all comm]cial purposes2 b :5 ! salt is int5d$ = use z manure1 or 7unless v r\gh7 = conv]sion into sal ammoniac1 ?is ne$ n be _h rec\rse to4 ,among modifications & improvem5ts1 n previ\sly notic$1 may be m5tion$-- #a4 ,t ( ,dr ,ri*>dson 7,pat5t dat$ ,jan41 #ahej71 :o mixes ,,sulphate ,,( ,,magnesia ) ! crude ammoniacal liquor1 & ?us =ms a d\ble sulphate ( magnesia & ammonia1 f :i* he obta9s ! ,,sulphate ,,( ,,ammonia by sublimation4 #b4 ,t ( ,mi*iel 7,pat5t dat$ ,april1 #ahej71 :o prep>es sulphate ( ammonia by means ( ,,oxysulphate ,,( ,,lead obta9$ by roa/+ gal5a 7sulphide ( lead71 by expos+ x 9 a cru%$ /ate & ?9 lay]s = #b or #c h\rs1 to ! heat ( a rev]b]atory furnace4 ,! result+ mixture ( sulphate & oxide ( lead is r$uc$ to ! /ate ( co>se p[d]1 & well work$ up ) ! ammoniacal liquor1 :5 ,,sulphate ,,( ,,ammonia & sulphide & c>bonate ( lead are produc$ by ! mutual reaction ( ! elem5ts pres5t4 ,! fir/ is remov$ by treatm5t ) wat]2 & ! residuum s]ves = ! manufacture ( lead comp\nds1 or may be r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate by fusion 9 ! usual mann]4 #c4 ,t ( ,mr ,lam+ 7,pat5t dat$ ,aug41 #aheb71 9 :i* a /ream ( ,,sulphur\s ,,acid ,,gas is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! liquor conta9+ ! ammonia1 ei!r 9 ! free /ate or z c>bonate1 by :i* ,,sulphite ,,( ,,ammonia is =m$4 ,?is salt he oxidises1 & ?us conv]ts into ! ,,sulphate ,,( ,,ammonia1 by agitation & free exposure to ! air4 ,sulphate ( ammonia1 l ! hydro*lorate1 may also be obta9$ by saturat+ /ale ur9e ) ! acid1 & subsequ5t evaporation & cry/allisation4 ,see ,,ammonia2 ,,ammonia1 ,,c>bonates ,,(2 ,,ammonium1 ,,*loride ,,(1 & ,,manures1 c4 ,ammonium1 ,sulphide ( 7neutral74 7,,nh#d7b,s4 ,prep4 ,saturate /rong solution ( ammonia ) pure sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas2 !n add a second portion ( solution ( ammonia1 equal to t fir/ us$1 & pres]ve x 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle4 ,ammonium1 ,sulphydrate (4 ,,nh#d;,,hs4 ,syn4 ,,sulphide ,,( ,,ammonium1 ,,hydrosulphide ,,( ,,ammonium1 ,,hydrosulphate ,,( ,,ammonia4 ,prep4 ,by pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 to saturation1 ?r\gh a mixture compos$ ( /rong solution ( ammonia1 #a "p1 & di/ill$ wat]1 #d p>ts4 ,props4 ,prep>$ z above1 x has a v foetid od\r4 ,:5 pure x is :olly volatilis$ by heat1 & does n di/urb a solution ( sulphate ( magnesium4 ,m9]al acids decompose x1 ) ! evolution ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,by keep+1 x decomposes & acquires a yell[ col\r4 ,?is yell[ coloration does n1 h[ev]1 r5d] x unfit = use z a reag5t2 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t x w n[ deposit sulphur :5 mix$ ) acids4 ,9 ?is /ate x proves valuable z a reag5t to detect hydrocyanic acid1 & z a solv5t to sep>ate metallic sulphides ?r[n d[n by sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,uses1 c4 ,x is pr9cipally employ$ by *emi/s z a reag5t to precipitate metals1 to sep>ate metallic sulphides1 c42 & by ! p]fum]s z a mordant 9 dye+ hair4 ,9 m$ic9e x has be5 us$ by ,cruick%ank1 ,rollo1 & o!rs1 to *eck ! morbid appetite1 & to increase ! action ( ! /oma* & g5]al tone ( ! sy/em 9 diabetes mellitus4 ,x has also be5 us$ by ,brauw1 ,grui?uis51 & o!rs1 9 old pulmon>y & vesical cat>rhs4 ,x is a p[]ful s$ative1 less5+ ! action ( ! circulatory sy/em1 caus+ nausea1 vomit+1 v]tigo1 dr[s9ess1 c4--,dose1 #c to #f drops1 ?ree or f\r times daily1 mix$ ) pure wat]1 & in/antly swall[$4 ,9 l>ge doses x is poison\s4 ,ant4 ,v dilute solution ( *lor9e1 or ( *loride ( lime or soda1 foll[$ by a p[]ful emetic1 or ! /oma*-pump4 ,:5 ! vap\r has be5 respir$1 free exposure to fre% air1 ) ! head a little elevat$1 & copi\s affusions ( cold wat]1 ) mod]ate draughts ( br&y-&-wat]1 & ! use ( ! smell+-bottle 7ammoniacal7 %\ld be adopt$4 ,if ne$ be1 artificial respiration %\ld be attempt$1 & ! air ar\nd ! pati5t %\ld be slightly impregnat$ ) ! fumes ( *lor9e or *loride ( lime4 ,ammonium1 ,p]sulphide (4 ,syn4 ,,boyle',s ,,fum+-,,liquor1 ,,h(fman',s ,,vol',,atile ,,_s ,,( ,,sulphur1 c42 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,p]hydrosul',,phas1 ,a4 ,,p]hydrosulphure',,tum1 c4 ,au?orities diff] z to ! con/itution ( ?is liquid1 :i*1 s9ce its introduction by ,begu9 9 #afej1 has pass$ "u m 'aliases' ?an p]haps any o!r prep>ation4 ,its precise position among/ ! ammonia-comp\nds is /ill undecid$4 ,prep4 #a4 7,begu947 ,sulphur1 #a lb2 quick-lime1 #a_/b lb2 sal ammoniac1 #d oz42 mix & di/il4 #b4 7,boyle47 ,sulphur & sal ammoniac1 ( ea*1 #e oz42 quick-lime1 #f oz42 z la/4 #c4 7,liebig47 ,agitate ! common hydrosulphate ( ammonia ) pure sulphur1 until ! latt] ceases to be dissolv$2 &1 aft] repose1 decant ! cle> liquid4 ,prop41 c4 ,an orange-yell[1 fum+1 foetid liquid1 ( an oily consi/5ce1 hav+ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! common sulphydrate 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,x may prove an excell5t m$ic9e4 ,useful = w\nds & ulc]s4 7,begu947 ,dilut$ ) ?ree p>ts ( _s ( w9e1 x =m$ ! ,,liquor ,,antipodag',,ricus ( ,f4 ,h(fman2 ( :i* we are told t ab\t #cj drops act$ z a /rong sudorific2 & appli$ ext]nally1 mix$ ) camphor1 x reliev$ pa9 l a *>m4 7,h(fman47 ,! sulphides ( ammonium are n[ sc>cely ev] employ$ z rem$ies4 ,ammonium1 ,sul'phite (4 7,,nh#d7b,,s#c4g;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,ammoni ,,sulphis1 ,l4 ,prep>$ by pass+ sulphur\s acid gas into a solution ( ammonia4 ,x is cry/allisable & v soluble 9 wat]4 ,ammonium1 ,sulphocyanide (4 ,,nh#d;,,cns4 ,prep4 #a4 ,neutralise hydrosulphocyanic acid ) ammonia1 & g5tly evaporate ! solution to dryness1 by ! heat ( a wat] ba?4 #b4 ,dige/ hydrocyanic acid ) yell[ sulphydrate ( ammonium1 &1 aft] a "t1 evaporate z be=e4 ,a deliquesc5t1 :ite1 sal9e mass1 v soluble 9 wat]1 b seldom employ$ out ( ! laboratory 9 a pure /ate4 ,( late x has be5 obta9$ 9 quantity z a crude product ( ! gas-liquors4 ,ammonium1 ,t>trates (4 ,( ^! !re are two3-- ,ammonium1 ,neutral ,t>trate (4 7,,nh#d7b;,c#d;,h#d,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,t>',,tras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,saturate a solution ( cry/allis$ t>t>ic acid1 #aej grs42 ) sesquic>bonate ( ammonium1 #aah grs42 & ei!r evaporate ! solution at a g5tle heat1 & cry/allise2 or evaporate to dryness1 & p[d] ! residuum4 ,prop41 c4 ,prismatic cry/als1 or a cry/all9e mass2 soluble & effloresc5t4 ,its m$ic9al prop]ties & doses resemble ^? ( citrate ( ammonium4 ,ammonium1 ,bit>trate (4 ,,nh#d;,,hc#d;,h#d,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,bit>',,tras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,to a /rong solution ( t>t>ic acid add ano!r ( sesquic>bonate ( ammonium1 or ( t>trate ( ammonium1 z long z a precipitate falls2 :i* mu/ be collect$ & dri$4 ,prop41 c4 ,a cry/all9e p[d]1 only slightly soluble 9 wat]1 closely resembl+ ord9>y cream ( t>t>4 ,x is diaphoretic1 diuretic1 & deob/ru5t1 & is frequ5tly1 ?\gh improp]ly1 sold = ! prec$+ prep>ation4 ,ammonium1 ,val]ianate (4 ,,nh#d;,c#e;,h#i,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,val]ia',,nas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,saturate val]ianic acid ) /rong solution ( ammonia1 & evaporate ! result+ liquid to a syrupy consi/5ce at a heat "u #age ,fahr42 !n add twice its volume ( alcohol1 &1 aft] agitation1 all[ x to cry/allise by spontane\s evaporation4--,dose1 #b to #h or #aj gr42 9 neuralgia1 epilepsy1 hypo*ondriasis1 hy/]ia1 l[ fev]s ( an int]mitt5t k9d1 c42 also 9 dyspepsia & debility complicat$ ) ^! affections4 ,,ammoni',,acal4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ammoniaca',,lis1 ,l4 ,p]ta9+ to1 or possess+ ! od\r or prop]ties (1 ammonia4 ,see ,,ammonia1 c4 ,,ammoni',,acum4 ,syn4 ,,gum ,,ammoniacum1 ,g4 ,,ammo'',,niacdagg]2 ,,gomme ,,ammoniaque1 ,fr42 ,,ammoniak1 ,g]4 ,a gummy-res9\s exudation f ! /em ( dorema ammoniacum1 9 te>s & masses1 ( a pale c9namon col\r1 brittle1 & :5 brok5 has a :ite & %9+ surface4 ,collect$ 9 ,p]sia & ! ,punjaub4 7,b4 ,p47 ,gum ammoniacum has an unpleasant od\r1 especially :5 heat$1 & a nause\s & slightly bitt] ta/e4 ,x is a mild1 /imulat+ expectorant & emm5agogue2 & its effects on ! sy/em resemble ^? ( assafoetida except 9 be+ weak]4 ,ext]nally1 x is resolv5t4--,dose1 #aj to #cj gr4 9 pills or emulsion4 ,doses = ,animals4 ,,horse1 #b to #d dra*ms4 ,,cattle1 #b to #d dra*ms4 ,,%eep1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b dra*m4 ,,pig1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b dra*m4 ,,dog1 #aj to #bj gra9s4 ,ei!r by bolus or emulsion4 ,ammoniacum1 ,/ra9$'4 ,syn4 ,,prep>$ ,,ammoniacum2 ,,ammoni',,acum ,,pr,,p>a',,tum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahea47 ,boil ammoniacum 9 wat] j suffici5t to cov] x2 /ra9 ! mixture ?r\gh a hair sieve1 & con/antly /irr+1 evaporate 9 a wat] ba?1 until1 on cool+1 x becomes h>d4 ,! product1 ow+ to a loss ( volatile oil1 is mu* weak] ?an ! unprep>$ gum-res94 ,! process is only necess>y ) r\gh lump ammoniacum4 ,ammo''niat$4 ,syn4 ,,ammonia',,tus1 ,l4 ,9 ph>macy1 p]fum]y1 c41 appli$ to prep>ations conta9+ ammonia4 ,,ammo',,nio-1 ,ammon'ico-4 ,9 *emi/ry1 a common prefix to d\ble salts conta9+ ammonia2 z ammonio-citrate1 a4-*loride1 or a4-t>trate ( iron1 c4 ,see ! respective metals4 ,,amontillado4 ,sp4 ,see ,,%]ry & ,,w9e4 ,,amorph',,ous 7-morf'-u74 ,syn4 ,,amorph',,u1 ,l42 ,,amorphe1 ,,in=me1 ,,dif=me1 ,fr42 ,,amorphis*1 ,,misgebildet1 ,,missge/altet1 ,g]4 ,%apeless4 ,9 *emi/ry & m9]alogy1 appli$ to sub/ances devoid ( regul> or cry/all9e =m2 z a lump ( *alk1 ! majority ( precipitates1 c4 ,! correspond+ sub/antives are ,,amorph',,ism1 ,,amorph',,ousness99 7amorphis'mus1 ,l42 amorphisme1 ,fr474 ,,amphib',,ia 7f7ib'-y'7a74 ,l4 pl42 prim4 ,gr4 ,syn4 ,,amphib',,ians 7-y7anz71 ,,amphib',,ials 7-y'7alz74 ,animals t possess ! faculty ( liv+ bo? 9 wat] & on l&4 ,9 mod]n zoology x is re/rict$ to ^? animals :i* possess bo? gills & lungs2 z ! batra*'ia or frog tribe4 ,! t]m is also (t5 appli$1 colloquially1 to ott]s1 seals1 walruses1 crocodiles1 c41 none ( :i* c brea! "u wat]1 al?\gh1 f ! languid nature ( _! circulation1 !y are able to rema9 a long "t 9 x4 ,,amphib',,i\s 7y'7us74 ,syn4 ,,amphib',,ius1 ,l42 ,,amphibie1 ,fr42 ,,beydlebig1 ,g]4 ,9 botany & zoology1 hav+ ! faculty ( gr[+ or liv+ bo? on l& & 9 wat]4 ,see ,,amphibia4 ,,am',,phitype 7-fe-74 ,see ,,photography4 ,,amygdal94 ,c#bj;,h#bg,,no#aa4c;,aq4 ,?is sub/ance exi/s 9 bitt] almonds4 ,x cry/allises 9 pe>ly :ite plates1 :i* are od\rless & almo/ ta/eless4 ,x is ne>ly insoluble 9 hot & cold wat] & 9 cold alcohol1 b soluble 9 boil+ alcohol4 ,to prep>e amygdal91 boil well-press$ cake ( bitt] almonds twice 9 /rong alcohol2 /ra9 ?r\gh l951 & press ! residue2 remove any oil t may appe>1 heat ! liquid aga91 & filt]4 ,9 a few days "p ( ! amygdal9 cry/allises out4 ,conc5trate ! residu>y liquor to a six? "p1 & add e!r1 :i* w ?r[ d[n ! amygdal94 ,press x betwe5 blott+ pap]1 wa% x ) e!r1 & set aside to cry/allise4 ,,amyg',,daloid 7-loyd74 ,syn4 ,,amygdaloid',,al2 ,,amygdalo',,des 7-dez71 ,l42 ,,amygdalo,,de1 ,fr4 ,almond-%ap$4 ,9 m9]alogy1 amygdaloid is 'toad/one4' ,,amykos 7,gal51 ,upsala74 ,a cosmetic & m\?-wa%4 ,claims to be prep>$ accord+ to an ,engli% pat5t4 ,x is an aque\s extract ( #dbj grms4 cloves1 boil$ 9 a gallon ( wat]1 9 :i* #dbj grms4 ( pure glyc]9e are dissolv$1 & to :i* #baj grms4 ( borax are add$4 7,hag]47 ,,amykosasept9 is l95 saturat$ ) a hot solution ( borax4 7,ny/rm47 ,,amyla',,ce\s 77am-e-la'-%'7us74 ,syn4 ,,amyla',,ceus1 ,l42 ,,amylac1 ,fr4 ,( or l />*2 consi/+ ( or ab\nd+ 9 />*2 />*y4 ,see ,,food1 ,,nutrition1 ,,/>*1 c4 ,,am',,yl 7-7il74 ,c#e;,h#aa4 ,! radical ( ! fusel-oil comp\nds 7,,amyl-,,s]ies74 ,amyl1 ,acetate (4 ,c#e;,h#aa;,c#b;,h#c,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,pe>-,,oil4 ,prep4 ,f fusel-oil1 #a "p2 acetate ( potassa 7dry71 #b p>ts2 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 #a "p2 di/ill$1 ) ! usual precautions1 f a glass retort into a cool receiv]4 ,! di/illate is purifi$ by wa%+ x ) v dilute solution ( potassa1 & r$i/ill+ x f fus$ *loride ( calcium4 ,a little li?>ge add$ to ! liquid 9 ! retort1 be=e rectification1 w remove any sulphur\s od\r1 %\ld x be pres5t4 ,prop41 c4 ,liquid1 limpid1 col\rless2 insoluble 9 wat]2 soluble 9 alcohol2 boils at #bgb ,fahr42 alcoholic solution ( potassa conv]ts x into an acetate ( t base1 ) reproduction ( fusel-oil4 ,obs4 ,! od\r & flav\r ( ?is prep>ation are ^? ( ! ,j>gonelle pe>4 ,x is n[ ext5sively manufactur$1 &1 aft] dilution ) alcohol1 is sold "u ! "n ( ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,j>gonelle ,,pe>1 = flav\r+ liqueurs & confection]y4 ,amyl1 ,vale'rianate (4 ,c#e;,h#aa;,c#e;,h#i,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,apple-,,oil1 ,a4-,,ess5ce1 c4 ,?is comp\nd is abundantly =m$ dur+ ! prep>ation ( val]ianic acid f potato oil1 & is recognis$ by ! (f5sive od\r ( rott5 apples evolv$ dur+ ! process4 ,by treat+ ! crude product ( ! di/illation ) a weak solution ( pure potassa1 ! val]ianic acid is remov$1 & ! volatile oil obta9$ ne>ly pure4 ,dissolv$ 9 rectifi$ _s x =ms ! ',,apple-,,ess5ce' n[ s mu* employ$ z a flav\r+ +r$i5t = confection]y & liqueurs4 ,see ,,fruit ,,ess5ces1 ,,val]ianic ,,acid1 c4 ,,amyl ,,nitrite4 ,syn4 ,,amyl ,,nitris1 ,b4 ,p4 ,produc$ by ! action ( nitric or nitr\s acid on amylic alcohol4--,dose4 ,by inhalation1 ! vap\r ( #b to #e m9ims4 ,to be us$ ) caution4 ,x may be produc$ by pass+ a /ream ( nitr\s acid gas ?r\gh purifi$ amylic alcohol at a temp]ature ( #acb ,c4 ,= o!r me?ods ( prep>+ x consult ',wood & ,ba*e's ,unit$ ,/ates ,disp5satory1 #ahgg4' ,mr ,umney 7',ph>m4 ,j\rnal'7 says t true nitrite ( amyl %\ld be made by pass+ nitr\s acid into amylic alcohol :i* has be5 previ\sly submitt$ to a fractional di/illation1 until ! portion reta9$ = use has a boil+ po9t ( #acb ,c4 ,a nitrate s prep>$1 :5 depriv$ ( any excess ( acid x may conta9 by rectification ov] fus$ c>bonate ( pota%1 w h a boil+ po9t ( #ih-ii ,c4 ,,am',,yl5e 7-e-lene74 ,c#e;,h#aj4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,am',,il5e992 ,,amyle',,na1 ,,amyle',,num1 ,l4 ,a peculi> volatile1 liquid hydroc>bon1 discov]$ by ,cah\rs4 ,prep4 ,f fusel-oil repeat$ly di/ill$ along ) ei!r anhydr\s phosphoric acid1 or a conc5trat$ solution ( *loride ( z9c2 ! product be+ repeat$ly rectifi$ at a l[ temp]ature1 until ! boil+ po9t s9ks to #ajb ,fahr4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,an e!real liquid1 light] ?an wat]1 hav+ an aromatic od\r1 slightly alliace\s4 ,sp4 gr4 ( vap\r1 #bfh4 ,its vap\r 0 sev]al times successfully employ$1 by ! late ,dr ,sn[1 z a sub/itute = e!r & *lor(orm 9 produc+ an/hesia1 be+1 ?\gh less agreeable1 also less pung5t1 & consequ5tly easi] to brea!1 ?an ei!r ( !m2 b its use has s9ce be5 giv5 up ow+ to d\bts z to its safety1 two or ?ree dea?s hav+ foll[$ its inhalation4 ,,anadoli 7,krell]1 ,nuremburg74 ,an ori5tal too?-p[d]4 ,p[d]$ soap1 #db p>ts2 />* p[d]1 #dd p>ts2 levant9e soapwort1 #ab p>ts2 oil ( b]gamot & lemon to flav\r4 7,witt/e947 ,,an,,mia4 ,defici5cy ( blood4 ,,an,,/he',,sia 77an-ez-!'-zh'7a2 -%'7a2 -?eze'y'7ar74 ,l42 prim4 ,gr4 ,syn4 ,,ane/h,,sie1 ,fr4 ,9 pa?ology1 dim9i%$ or lo/ s5se ( feel+4 ,9 surg]y & ob/etrics1 ! production ( tempor>y an/hesia1 = ! purpose ( r5d]+ op]ations pa9less1 reliev+ ! pangs ( *ildbir?1 c41 is effect$ by ! use (-- ,,an,,/het',,ics4 ,syn4 ,,an,,/het',,ica1 ,l42 ,,ane/h,,tiques1 ,fr4 ,9 ph>macology & surg]y1 sub/ances or ag5ts :i* dim9i% or de/roy s5sibility1 or :i* relieve pa94 ,9 its full ext5t ?is t]m includes bo? anodynes & n>cotics2 b x is n[ m g5]ally conf9$ to ^? sub/ances :i* greatly dim9i% common s5sibility1 or entirely remove susceptibility to pa94 ,among ! mo/ useful1 safe1 & p[]ful ( ?is class are *lor(orm1 e!r1 nitr\s oxide1 & int5se cold2 besides sev]al *lor9at$ comp\nds1 su* z ! bi*lorides ( e?yl51 me?yl51 & c>bon4 ,m ?an #aejj ye>s ago ! ,*9ese are said to h us$ a prep>ation ( hemp1 or ma-yo1 to annul ! pa9 att5dant ^u caut]isation & o!r surgical op]ations4 ,m&ragora 7m&rake7 0 employ$ = a simil> purpose by ! ,greeks & ,romans2 & we le>n t z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury ! vap\r f a sponge fill$ ) t9ctures ( m&ragora1 opium1 & o!r s$atives 0 us$ = a simil> purpose4 ,bapti/a ,porta1 9 8 "w on natural magic pr9t$ 9 #aeig1 m5tions a qu9tess5ce extract$ f m$ic9es by somnif]\s m5/rua1 ( ! nature ( :i* he leaves u 9 ignorance4 ,?is qu9tess5ce 0 to be pres]v$ 9 lead5 vessels v p]fectly clos$1 le/ ! aura %\ld escape1 = ! m$ic9e w\ld vani% away4 ,fur!rmore1 he adds1 :5 x is us$1 ! cov] be+ remov$1 x is appli$ to ! no/rils ( ! sleep]1 :o draws 9 ! mo/ subtle p[] ( ! vap\r by smell+1 & s blocks up ! =tress ( ! s5ses1 t he is plung$ into ! mo/ pr(\nd sleep1 & _c be r\s$ )\t ! greate/ ef=t4 ,dr ,iron sugge/$ t ! volatile sub/ance 0 sulphuric e!r1 :i* he says _h be5 describ$ m ?an fifty ye>s be=e ,porta wrote 8 book4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjj ,sir ,humphry ,davy sugge/$ ! employm5t ( nitr\s oxide1 or laugh+ gas1 z x 0 !n t]m$1 = m9or op]ations 9 surg]y1 & 9 #ahbh ,dr ,hickman propos$ c>bonic acid z an an/hetic4 ,! vap\r ( sulphuric e!r _h be5 us$ 9 8 practice by ,dr ,pe>son z e>ly z #agie1 = ! relief ( spasmodic a/hma4 ,! fact t sulphuric e!r 0 capable ( produc+ ins5sibility 0 demon/rat$ by ,am]ican physicians2 viz4 by ,godw9 9 #ahbb1 ,mit*ell 9 #ahcb1 ,jackson 9 #ahcc1 & ,wood & ,ba*e 9 #ahcd2 b ! fir/ practition] to employ x to prev5t ! pa9 ( an op]ation 0 ,dr ,morton1 a ,bo/on d5ti/1 :o successfully us$ x = ?is purpose 9 #ahdf4 ,on ! #ai? ( ,decemb] ( ! same ye> ,mr ,li/on1 ( ,univ]sity ,hospital1 ,london1 & ,mr ,rob9son1 a d5ti/1 op]at$ ^u pati5ts :o _h be5 r5d]$ ins5sible by means ( ! inhalation ( ! vap\r ( e!r4 ,?r\gh\t ! ye> #ahdg e!r 0 employ$ z an an/hetic bo? 9 ,engl& & ,france1 b t[>ds ! end ( t ye> ! an/hetic prop]ties ( *lor(orm 7 po9t$ out by ,fl\r5s4 ,! fir/1 h[ev]1 to introduce ?is ag5t into surgical & ob/etric practice 0 ,dr ,i4 ,t4 ,simpson1 ( ,ed9burgh4 ,9 #ahdi a "w on ! inhalation ( e!r 0 publi%$ by ,dr ,sn[1 :o aft]w>ds introduc$ a new an/hetic1 viz4 amyl5e1 :i* 0 capable ( produc+ effects simil> to ^? ( *lor(orm2 b z two pati5ts out ( b a small numb] :o inhal$ ! vap\r ( amyl5e di$1 ?is latt] soon fell into discr$it1 & consequ5t disuse4 ,except 9 d5tal practice1 9 :i* nitr\s oxide gas is ! an/hetic inv>iably employ$1 *lor(orm is almo/ univ]sally us$ 9 surgical op]ations1 "o advantage x possesses ov] e!r be+ its mu* m rapid action1 al?\gh ?is latt] prop]ty mu/ be reg>d$ z "o :i* con/itutes ! risk :i*1 al?\gh v slight 7:5 ! exce$+ly small p]-c5tage ( dea?s result+ f its adm9i/ration is tak5 into acc\nt71 und\bt$ly att5ds its inhalation4 ,dr ,sansom says ( *lor(orm3--,! cause ( its dang] is its p[] ( p>alys+ ! c>diac & o!r motor s\rces ( circulation4 ,?is prop]ty resides 9 l>ge & sudd5 doses ( its vap\r4 ,he /rongly recomm5ds its dilution by air & alcohols4 ,he fur!r rem>ks t all an/hetics modify ! endosmotic condition ( ! blood discs1 & cont5ds t !y affect ! supply ( art]ial blood by alt]+ ! calibre ( ! *annels :i* convey x4 ,he advocates ! sub/itution ( "o an/hetic = ano!r dur+ ! inhalation4 ,me?yl5e di*loride1 introduc$ by ,dr ,b4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson1 is said to possess ! disadvantage ( caus+ consid]able depression4 ,! mode ( adm9i/]+ ^! ag5ts is by caus+ ! pati5t to inhale _! vap\r mix$ ) air4 ,sometimes !y are p\r$ on to a sponge or a h&k]*ief1 or piece ( l9t1 ei!r ( :i* is !n appli$ to ! m\? & no/rils ( ! pati5t 9 su* a mann] t ! air :i* passes into 8 lungs is saturat$ ) ! vap\r4 ,except 9 extemporis$ cases1 h[ev]1 ?is me?od is pretty well ab&on$1 a prop] app>atus hav+ supplant$ ! sponge or h&k]*ief1 c4 ,"p ( ! app>atus consi/s ( a graduat$ bottle conta9+ ! an/hetic1 by means ( :i* ! op]ator is enabl$ to tell h[ mu* ( ?is latt] is be+ consum$1 & ?us to regulate ! quantity inhal$4 ,! fir/ effect t results f ! adm9i/ration ( an/hetics is a =m ( intoxication1 caus$ by ! action ( ! an/hetic ag5t on ! c]ebral lobes1 & z ?is action ext5ds to ! c]ebellum1 ! pati5t becomes incapable ( direct+ 8 movem5ts--an effect l t caus$ by intoxication f alcohol4 ,9 ! next /age ! sp9al cord is attack$1 unconsci\sness sup]v5es1 & all p[]s ( motion & s5sation are lo/4 ,! individual is n[ said to be 9 a /ate ( an/hesia2 b ! he>t cont9ues to beat1 respiration is n imp$$1 & ! o!r ess5tial functions ( ! body g on z usual4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 ! exhibition ( ! an/hetic ag5t be incauti\sly cont9u$ too long1 ! bodily temp]ature falls1 ! movem5ts ( respiration & circulation become impair$1 ! he>t ceases its action1 & dea? f9ally ensues4 ,! introduction ( an/hetics into surgical practice has be5 ( great & invaluable s]vice to ! op]ator4 ,! pati5t be+ motionless & free f pa91 ! surgeon is enabl$ to p]=m ! op]ation at 8 ease1 & consequ5tly m effici5tly2 moreov]1 9 ! r$uction ( dislocations & ( h]nia1 ! muscles be+ flaccid1 ! ob/acle produc$ by _! contraction is remov$4 ,m4 ,velpeau endeav\r$ to produce local an/hesia1 or ins5sibility ( ! "p ( ! body to be op]at$ ^u1 by means ( a freez+ mixture compos$ ( ice & salt2 ?is me?od1 h[ev]1 0 f\nd impracticable1 & 0 soon ab&on$4 ,s9ce !n local an/hesia z introduc$ by ,dr ,ri*>dson1 :5 _h rec\rse to1 is effect$ by means ( a spray ( e!r direct$ on ! "p1 ! int5se cold produc$ by ! rapid evaporation ( ! e!r entirely depriv+ ! "p ( s5sation4 ,x is said t ! pa9 result+ f ! application ( ?is me?od is a great b>ri] to its use4 ,among/ an/hetics1 nitr\s oxide gas occupies an important place1 its use1 z be=e /at$1 be+ almo/ :olly conf9$ to op]ations 9 d5tal surg]y4#ee ,z 9 ! case ( e!r1 ! ,am]ican practition]s 7 ! fir/ to employ nitr\s oxide z an an/hetic4 ,att5tion 0 direct$ to its an/hetic prop]ties 9 #ahdd by ,mr ,horace ,wells1 an ,am]ican d5ti/1 b little int]e/ seems to h be5 awak5$ by 8 application ( x1 s9ce x 0 n until #ahfc t ,dr ,cotton1 ( ,new ,york1 drew att5tion to ! subject by p]=m+ an op]ation on a pati5t "u its influ5ce4 ,footnote #ee3 ,! ',briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal' = #ahfh /ates x 0 us$ successfully at ! ,oph?almic ,hospital1 ,moorfields4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahfh1 ,dr ,evans1 resid+ 9 ,p>is1 aft] a visit f ,dr ,cotton1 direct$ ! att5tion ( m$ical m5 9 ,engl& to ! value ( nitr\s oxide z an an/hetic 9 d5tal surg]y1 & %ortly aft]w>ds x 0 fir/ employ$ to produce an/hesia at ! ,d5tal ,hospital4 ,nitr\s oxide is obta9$ f nitrate ( ammonia1 & ! p>ticul>s ( its prep>ation may be f\nd by ref]r+ to ! article ,,nitr\s ,,oxide4 ,imm5se quantities ( ! gas are us$ 9 d5tal op]ations4 ,x has be5 comput$ t 9 #ahgj ,messrs ,coxet] & ,b>? c\ld n h prep>$ mu* less ?an #fj1jjj gallons 9 ,london alone4 ,to fit x = transit x is r$uc$ by compression4 ,fifte5 gallons may ?us be dim9i%$ 9 volume until x fills an iron bottle hold+ a qu>t4 ,five or six gallons ( ! gas are1 on an av]age1 requir$ = ea* pati5t4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( nitr\s oxide = surgical purposes ,dr ,evans advises x to be made at lea/ #bd h\rs be=e x is us$1 & fur!r recomm5ds its be+ ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,an app>atus = ! prep>ation ( ! gas 0 devis$ by ,mr ,port]1 a description ( :i* w be f\nd 9 ! ',transactions ( ! ,odontological ,society ( ,great ,brita9' = #ahfh1 9 :i* also m5tion is made ( a face-piece = its adm9i/ration1 ! inv5tion ( ,mr ,clov]4 ,by means ( ?is latt] in/rum5t ! desid]ata t ! nitr\s oxide %\ld be inhal$ )\t admixture ) atmosph]ic air1 & contam9ation aris+ f ! expir$ air giv5 (f by ! pati5t1 are accompli%$1 = x has be5 f\nd t :5 excitem5t & talk+ att5d ! inhalation ( ! gas1 ^! effects are due to ! pres5ce ( ! c>bonic acid ?r[n (f by ! lungs4 ,:5 inhal$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 nitr\s oxide gas induces exhil>ation & n>cotism1 )\t asphyxia4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! atmosph]ic air is c>efully exclud$1 x produces1 z we h j se51 an/hesia )\t exhil>ation4 ,! "t requir$ to produce an/hesia v>ies f #be to #abj seconds1 by f #aj to #fj inhalations4 ,a pati5t has be5 subject$ = #aj m9utes to its action )\t exp]i5c+ any unpleasant symptoms or aft] effects4 ,mr ,r&le says x is p]fectly safe 9 all %ort op]ations1 & possibly 9 long ones also1 provid$ !re is due admission ( air at prop] int]vals4 ,x seems tol]ably c]ta9 t nitr\s oxide is l>gely absorb$ by ! blood-corpuscles1 & x is probable t its pres5ce 9 !m may tempor>ily act to ! exclusion ( oxyg51 & ?us prev5t = a "t t comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) hmoglob9 ^u :i* ! r$ col\r ( ! corpuscles dep5ds4 ,*emi/ry1 h[ev]1 has fail$ to %[ t nitr\s oxide is decompos$ 9 ! blood1 or t x ex]ts any ( ! *emical prop]ties ( oxyg5 on ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! blood4 ,:5ev] ! slighte/ an/hetic effect is communicat$ to ! n]v\s sy/em1 a simultane\s effect is produc$ ^u ! m$ulla oblongata1 ! sp9al *ord1 z well z ^u ! c]ebrum & c]ebellum4 ,! :ole available =ce 9 ! body is und\bt$ly due to oxidation4 ,?is oxidation is accompli%$ by means ( ! blood1 & x is !re=e evid5t t a cont9u\s fl[ ( oxyg5at$ blood to ! n]ve c5tres is necess>y z a s\rce ( p[] & ( s5sibility1 z well z = ! re9tegration ( n]ve tissue4 ,any defici5cy ( oxyg5 9 ! blood is foll[$ by a decreas$ art]ialisation ( ! :ole volume ( ! blood4 ,"u ^! conditions ! exhalation ( c>bonic acid is relatively less rapid ?an its =mation1 & life _c cont9ue if ! blood 9 ! art]ies becomes ?or\ghly v5\s1 z well 9 col\r z 9 "*4 ,t nitr\s oxide1 :5 inhal$1 *anges ! col\r ( ! blood-corpuscles is evid5c$ by ! livid appe>ance ( ! face & muc\s surfaces2 ! latt]1 inde$1 is a *>act]i/ic accompanim5t ( its adm9i/ration1 & ! d>k5$ col\r ( ! blood may be obs]v$ z x fl[s f ! sev]$ vessels4 ,?is col\r ( ! blood is probably 9 "p due to unelim9at$ c>bonic acid2 b t nitr\s oxide possesses 9 a high degree ! prop]ty ( d>k5+ ! blood-corpuscles may be easily demon/rat$ by direct+ a jet ( ! gas = a few seconds ^u a little art]ial blood 9 a te/ tube4 ,yet1 f :at has previ\sly be5 advanc$ on ?is po9t1 ?is latt] result may m /rictly be due to physical ?an to *emical causes4 ,an int]ruption ( ! circulation 9 any "p ( ! organism is soon foll[$ by local ins5sibility 9 ! tissues f :i* ! blood supply may h be5 )drawn2 & x is beyond dispute t1 dur+ ! an/hetic /ate1 ! circulation ( ! blood ?r\gh ! capill>y sy/em becomes dim9i%$ 9 velocity4 ,a t5d5cy to /asis beg9s to appe>1 accompani$ at ! same "t by a consid]able r$uction 9 ! supply ( art]ial blood4 ,^! are facts t admit ( exp]im5tal demon/ration1 z does also ano!r fact1 viz4 t dur+ ! p]iod ( ins5sibility produc$ by ! inhalation ( nitr\s oxide ! bra9 itself is 9 a /ate ( comp>ative anmia4 ,9 %ort1 x appe>s mo/ probable t an arre/ ( ! capill>y circulation ?r\gh ! bra91 to :i* sev]al writ]s h attribut$ a pot5tial influ5ce z ! cause ( an/hesia1 is simply1 s f> z x may exi/1 a result ( x4 ,! an/hesia produc$ by ! inhalation ( nitr\s oxide w\ld1 !re=e1 appe> to be ref]able to an alt]$ condition ( ! blood1 :]eby ! molecul> dynamic *anges are int]f]$ )1 ?is int]ruption be+ probably due ei!r to ! ret5tion ( c>bonic acid1 or to ! pres5ce ( nitr\s oxide2 or1 z ! result ( bo? conditions1 to ! exclusion ( oxyg54 ,= m9or op]ations nitr\s oxide possesses _m advantages ov] o!r an/hetics4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! is its safety4 ,9 ,am]ica1 9 #bjj1jjj cases 9 :i* x _h be5 adm9i/]$1 !re 0 only "o case ( dea?4 ,fur!rmore its use is n contra-indicat$ 9 pati5ts hav+ any con/itutional d]angem5t1 nor = wom5 :o are ei!r pregnant or suckl+4 ,nitrog51 coal-gas1 & c>bonic acid h also be5 employ$ z an/hetics4 ,! ',briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal' = ,june #ac?1 #ahfh1 conta9s an acc\nt ( "s exp]im5ts p]=m$ by ,dr ,burdon ,s&]son1 at ,middlesex ,hospital1 ) nitrog54 ,x seems to h be5 long] 9 produc+ ins5sibility ?an nitr\s oxide1 b no lividity ( c\nt5ance accompani$1 nor sickness or heada*e foll[$1 its adm9i/ration4 ,,analep',,tic4 ,syn4 ,,analep',,ticus1 ,l42 ,,analeptique1 ,fr4 ,re/orative2 t recruits ! /r5g? lo/ by sickness4 ,analep'tics4 ,syn4 ,,analep',,tica1 ,l42 ,,analeptiques1 ,fr4 ,9 ph>macology1 c41 re/orative m$ic9es & ag5ts4 ,,anal',,ysis 7-e-s7is74 ,eng4 ,l41 ,gr4 ,syn4 ,,analyse1 ,fr42 ,,ausl,,sung1 ,,z]legung1 ,g]4 ,9 a g54 s5se1 ! resolution ( any?+1 :e!r an object ( ! s5ses or ( ! intellect1 into its elem5t>y p>ts4 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! resolution or sep>ation ( a comp\nd body into its con/itu5t p>ts or elem5ts1 = ! purpose ( ei!r det]m9+ _! nature1 or1 :5 ?is is kn[n1 _! relative proportions4 ,x is divid$ into ,,qual',,itative ,,analysis & ,,quan',,titative ,,analysis2 & ^! aga9 into ,,prox',,imate ,,analysis & ,,ul',,timate ,,analysis4 ,! fir/ consi/s 9 f9d+ ! compon5ts ( a comp\nd1 m]ely z respects _! nature or names2 ! second1 9 f9d+ n m]ely ! compon5t p>ts1 b also ! proportions ( ea* ( !m2 ! ?ird gives ! results 9 ! names ( ! proximate or imm$iate pr9ciples or comp\nds :i*1 by _! union1 =m ! body "u exam9ation2 :il/ ! f\r? develops ! *emical elem5ts ( :i* x is compos$4#ef ,an analysis may also be made to det]m9e :e!r a c]ta9 body is or is n conta9$ 9 a comp\nd 7z lead 9 w9e72 or x may be und]tak5 to asc]ta9 all ! con/itu5ts pres5t2 ! ext5t ( an inve/igation be+ m]ely limit$ by ! object 9 view4 ,footnote #ef3 ,?us1 suet consi/s ( ole91 palmit91 & /e>94 ,^! w\ld =m ! 't]ms' ( ! ,,proximate ,,analysis ( ?is sub/ance4 ,b ole91 palmit91 & /e>9 consi/ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,! ,,ultimate ,,analysis ( suet w\ld1 !re=e1 h ref]5ce to ! elem5ts c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg54 ,= success 9 *emical analysis a ?or\gh acqua9tance ) ! v>i\s prop]ties ( bodies is requir$1 z well z aptitude 9 apply+ ?is k 9 discrim9at+ !m1 & sep>at+ !m f ea* o!r4 ,judgm5t & exp]tness 9 manipulation are1 inde$1 ess5tial qualifications4 ,! me?od pursu$ mu/ likewise be su* z to atta9 ! object 9 view ) un]r+ c]ta9ty1 & 9 ! mo/ exp$iti\s mann]4 ,! m]e k ( ! reag5ts1 & ( ! reactions ( o!r bodies ) !m1 w n suffice = ! atta9m5t ( ?is end4 ,?is requires ! additional k ( a sy/ematic & progressive c\rse ( analysis1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! k ( ! ord]1 & succession1 9 :i* solv5ts1 toge!r ) g5]al & special reag5ts1 ought to be appli$1 bo? to effect ! spe$y & safe detection ( e individual compon5t ( a comp\nd or mixture1 & to prove ) c]ta9ty ! abs5ce ( all o!r sub/ances4 ,if we d n possess ?is sy/ematic k1 or if 9 ! hope ( atta9+ an object m rapidly1 we adh]e to no me?od 9 our inve/igations & exp]im5ts1 analys+ becomes 7at lea/ 9 ! h&s ( a novice7 m]e guesswork1 & ! results obta9$ are no long] ! fruits ( sci5tific calculation1 b m]e matt]s ( accid5t1 :i* sometimes may prove lucky hits1 & at o!rs total failures4 7,fres5ius47 ,,analysis1 ,,spectrum4 ,m ?an half a c5tury ago ,sir ,john ,h]s*el employ$ ! prism 9 ! analysis ( col\r$ flames1 & 9 #ahcd ,fox ,talbot1 by means ( ! same in/rum5t1 di/+ui%$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! spectra giv5 by /rontium & li?ium1 not)/&+ ! simil>ity ( ! two 9 col\r4 ,b x 0 res]v$ = ,messrs ,kir*k(f & ,buns51 z ! inv5tors ( ! spectroscope1 to devise ! only effici5t me?od ( analys+ flame1 &1 at ! same "t1 to furni% *emi/s ) a means :]eby !y may detect ) un]r+ c]ta9ty ! pres5ce ( any kn[n elem5t by obs]v+ ! spectrum x gives :5 su* elem5t is submitt$ to a temp]ature suffici5tly high = x to emit a lum9\s vap\r4 ,t c]ta9 *emical sub/ances :5 heat$ 9 ! flame ( ! _s-lamp or ! bl[-pipe1 or any o!r s\rce ( comp>atively :ite light1 imp>t$ *>act]i/ic col\rs to ! flame1 0 a fact t _h long be5 kn[n to *emi/s2 = example1 :5 a salt ( sodium 0 s treat$1 an int5se yell[ col\r 0 imp>t$ to ! flame4 ,a salt ( potassium produc$ "u ! same circum/ances a violet1 /rontium1 a crimson col\r1 c4 ,^! results c\ld only be produc$ :5 ! sub/ance "u exam9ation conta9$ b "o ( ! salts 9 "q4 ,if m ?an "o 7 pres5t1 ?is me?od ( qualitative analysis 0 comp>atively1 if n :olly1 valueless1 because ! specific col\r communicat$ to ! flame by ! pres5ce ( "o elem5t w\ld be mask$1 &1 consequ5tly1 de/roy$ by ! col\r develop$ by ! vap\r ( ano!r or o!r elem5ts4 ,= in/ance1 s mu* m vivid is ! yell[ col\r giv5 to flame by sodium salts ?an ! violet t9t imp>t$ by ^? ( potassium1 t a v small trace ( sodium prev5ts ! unaid$ eye f p]ceiv+ ! violet1 ev5 :5 ! potassium comp\nd is pres5t 9 l>ge quantity4 ,v diff]5t optical effects1 h[ev]1 foll[ if ! rays f ! v>i\s-col\r$ flames are made to pass ?r\gh a prism4 ,z is well kn[n1 if a ray ( ord9>y :ite light is made to trav]se a prism1 :5 x issues f ! prism x has become decompos$ or dissect$ into sev5 lum9\s rays ( z _m diff]5t col\rs1 ! col\r$ image ?us produc$ be+ call$ a prismatic spectrum1 or simply a spectrum4 ,?is ph5om5on is ow+ to ! prism refract+ or b5d+ out ( its c\rse ! beam ( light s5t ?r\gh x1 & to ea* col\r$ ray ( :i* ! beam is made up be+ diff]5tly refract$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( ! :ite flame col\r$ flames are exam9$ by means ( a prism1 ! light be+ all[$ to fall ?r\gh a n>r[ slit ^u ! prism1 x is at once se5 t ! light ?us refract$ diff]s ess5tially f :ite light1 inasmu* z x consi/s ( only a p>ticul> set ( rays1 ea* flame giv+ a spectrum conta9+ a few bright b&s4 ,?us1 ! spectrum ( ! yell[ soda flame conta9s only "o f9e bright yell[ l9e1 :il/ ! purple pota% flame exhibits a spectrum 9 :i* !re are two bright l9es1 "o ly+ at ! extreme r$1 & ! o!r at ! extreme violet end4 ,^! peculi> l9es are always produc$ by ! same *emical elem5t1 & by no o!r kn[n sub/ance2 & ! position ( ^! l9es always rema9s unalt]$4 ,:5 ! spectrum ( a flame t9t$ by a mixture ( sodium & potassium salts is exam9$1 ! yell[ ray ( sodium is f\nd to be conf9$ to its own position1 :il/ ! potassium r$ & purple l9es are z pla9ly se5 z !y w\ld h be5 _h no sodium be5 pres5t4#eg ,footnote #eg3 ,roscoe4 ,equally *>act]i/ic & well-def9$ spectra1 ! b&s 9 :i* h ea* an inv>iable & fix$ position 9 ! spectrum1 are also produc$ :5 ! col\r$ flames aris+ f heat+ to ! requisite po9t ! rema9+ salts ( ! alkalies & alkal9e e>?s are exam9$ by ! prism4 ,on ! opposite page ! fir/ spectrum %[s "s ( ! fix$ d>k l9es t are always obs]v$ :5 a sol> beam is exam9$ by ! spectroscope4 ,^! l9es are comp>$ ) ! position ( "s ( ! m important bright l9es furni%$ by ! spectra ( ! metals ( ! alkalies & alkal9e e>?s1 :5 _! *lorides are heat$ ^u a loop ( plat9um wire introduc$ into ! flame ( a ,buns5 gas-burn]4 ,! *>act]i/ic bright l9es giv5 by ea* metal are d5ot$ by ! lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet1 ! e>lie/ lett] indicat+ ! mo/ /rongly m>k$ l9es4 ,9 ! potassium spectrum ! mo/ *>act]i/ic bright l9es are ! r$ l9e ,k ,greek3 a1 & violet l9e ,k ,greek3 b4 ,9 ! case ( sodium ne>ly ! :ole ( ! light is conc5trat$ on ! int5se yell[ d\ble l9e ,na ,greek3 a4 ,9 ! li?ium spectrum a crimson b&1 ,li ,greek3 a1 is ! prom95t l9e2 ,li ,greek3 b is seldom visible1 b at ! elevat$ temp]ature ( ! voltaic arc an additional blue l9e becomes v int5se4 ,9 ! spectrum ( csium two l9es 9 ! blue1 ,cs ,greek3 a & ,cs ,greek3 b1 are /rongly m>k$4 ,9 rubidium ! l9es ,rb ,greek3 a & ,rb ,greek3 b 9 ! blue1 & ,rb ,greek3 g 9 ! r$ are almo/ equally specific4 ,?allium is recognis$ by ! int5se gre5 l9e ,il ,greek3 a4 ,! spectra ( ! metals ( ! alkal9e e>?s are equally def9ite1 ?\gh m complicat$4 ,by means ( ! spectroscope quantities s inconceivably m9ute z ! #cc1jjj? ( a gra9 ( *loride ( rubidium1 ! #agj1jjj? ( a gra9 ( *loride ( csium1 ! #b1ejj1jjj? ( a gra9 ( sodium1 & ! #f1jjj1jjj? ( a gra9 ( li?ium1 h be5 detect$1 & h reveal$ !mselves to ! sight by _! *>act]i/ic b&s 9 ! spectrum4 ,h5ce x is t 9 mak+ use ( ?is bran* ( analysis ! *emi/ has be5 enabl$ to %[ ! univ]sality ( _m elem5ts hi!rto reg>d$ z be+ v sp>+ly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! globe4 ,?us li?ium1 :i* until lately 0 suppos$ to be "o ( ! r>e elem5ts1 has be5 f\nd z a con/itu5t ( tea1 tobacco1 milk1 blood1 & 9 almo/ all spr+ wat]s4 ,fur!rmore1 ! prodigi\sly s5sitive reactions af=d$ by ! spectroscope h n only reveal$ ! pres5ce ( inf9itesimal quantities ( kn[n elem5ts1 b h l$ to ! discov]y ( new ones :i* _h escap$ detection by ! old] & less delicate processes ( analysis4 ,x 0 by means ( spectrum analysis t ! two alkali metals1 csium & rubidium1 7 discov]$ by ,buns5 & ,kir*k(f 9 #ahfj 9 a m9]al wat] at ,durkheim1 & t ,mr ,crookes 9 #ahfa discov]$ ! metal ?allium 9 ! deposit f\nd 9 ! flue ( a pyrites furnace2 :il/ /ill m rec5tly ,messrs ,rei* & ,ri*t]1 9 a spectrum exam9ation ( a z9c ore f ,freib]g1 discov]$ ! metal indium4 ,illu/ration ,! mo/ brilliant spectra are giv5 by ^? salts :i* are ! mo/ easily volatilis$1 su* z ! *lorides1 iodides1 & bromides ( ! diff]5t metals4 ,b x is only ! metals ( ! alkalies & alkal9e e>?s t give spectra t are *>act]i/ic4 ,:5 x is desir$ to obta9 ! spectra ( ! o!r metals1 !y may be rais$ to ! requisite temp]ature by means ( ! electric sp>k1 :i* 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! two po9ts ( ! metal op]at$ ^u volatilises a m9ute quantity ( x1 & ?us enables x to emit its p>ticul> light4 ,! electric sp>ks are be/ obta9$ by means ( ,ruhmkorff's coil4 ,?us ea* metal may be made to yield a spectrum :i* specially belongs to x1 & to x alone4 ,:5 ! electric dis*>ge is s5t ?r\gh a comp\nd gas or vap\r1 ow+ to ! int5se temp]ature g5]at$ sep>ation ( its con/itu5ts mu/ take place1 s9ce ! spectra produc$ are ^? ( ! elem5t>y compon5ts ( ! gas4 ,! p]man5t gases give ea* _! peculi> spectrum :5 !y are /rongly heat$1 by :i* !y may be recognis$2 ?us ! spectrum ( hydrog5 is compos$ ( ?ree b&s1 "o be+ bright r$1 "o gre51 & ! o!r blue4 ,nitrog5 gives a v complicat$ spectrum4 ,! accompany+ figure exhibits a v complete =m ( ! spectroscope adapt$ to a s+le prism4 ,illu/ration ,p repres5ts a fl9t-glass prism support$ on ! ca/-iron tripod ,f1 & reta9$ 9 its place by ! spr+ c4 ,at ! end ( ! tube ,a ne>e/ ! prism is a l5s1 plac$ at ! di/ance ( its focus = p>allel rays f a v]tical slit at ! o!r end ( ! tube4 ,! wid? ( ! slit c be regulat$ by means ( ! screw e4 ,"o half ( ?is slit is cov]$ by a small rectangul> prism design$ to reflect ! rays proce$+ f ! s\rce ( light ,d1 d[n ! axis ( ! tube1 :il/ ! rays f ! s\rce ( light ,e pass directly d[n ! tube4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! obs]v] /ation$ at ! end ( ! telescope ,b is able to comp>e ! spectra ( bo? lights1 :i* are se5 "o above ! o!r1 & he c at once decide :e!r _! l9es co9cide or diff]4 a & b are screws = adju/+ ! axis ( ! telescope s z to br+ any "p ( ! slit at e into ! c5tre ( ! field ( vision4 ,! telescope z well z ! tube ,c is moveable 9 a horizontal plane ar\nd ! axis ( ! tripod4 ,! tube ,c conta9s a l5s at ! end next to ! prism1 & at ! o!r end is a scale =m$ by transp>5t l9es on an opaque gr\nd2 x is provid$ ) a levell+ screw1 d4 ,:5 ! telescope has be5 prop]ly adju/$ to ! exam9ation ( ! spectrum1 ! tube ,c is mov$ until x is plac$ at su* an angle ) ! telescope & ! face ( ! prism1 t :5 a light is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! scale ! image ( ?is scale is reflect$ into ! telescope f ! face ( ! prism ne>e/ ! obs]v]4 ,?is image is r5d]$ p]fectly di/9ct by pu%+ 9 ! tube :i* holds ! scale ne>] to ! l5s 9 ,c1 or )draw+ x to a great] di/ance1 z may be requir$4 ,! reflect$ l9es ( ! scale c !n be employ$ = read+ (f ! position ( ! d>k or bright l9es ( ! spectrum1 z bo? w appe> simultane\sly ov]lapp+ ea* o!r 9 ! field ( ! telescope4 ,by turn+ ! tube ,c r\nd ^u ! axis ( ! tripod any p>ticul> l9e ( ! scale c be br\ght to co9cid5ce ) any desir$ l9e ( ! spectrum4 ,/ray light is exclud$ by cov]+ ! /&1 ! prism1 & ! ends ( ! tube adjo9+ x ) a loose black clo?4 ,! disp]sive p[] ^u ! spectrum may be mu* increas$ by us+ sev]al prisms in/ead ( "o4 ,kir*k(f us$ f\r prisms 9 8 exp]im5ts ^u ! sol> spectrum4 ,great c>e mu/ be obs]v$ 9 plac+ ! prisms2 ! refract+ edge ( ea* prism mu/ be exactly v]tical1 & ! position ( m9imum deviation = ! rays to be obs]v$ mu/ be obta9$4 ,! prec$+ rem>ks h ref]5ce to ! spectra produc$ :5 ! vap\rs ( c]ta9 elem5ts are evolv$ 9 flame d]iv$ f artificial s\rces4 ,:51 h[ev]1 sol> light is exam9$ by ! spectroscope1 results entirely ! rev]se foll[4 ,if a beam ( sunlight be s5t ?r\gh ! slit ( ! spectroscope1 ! prismatic image is se5 to be int]sect$ by a numb] ( f9e black l9es1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness & int5sity1 & inv>iably occupy+ ! same relative position 9 ! sol> spectrum4 ,^! l9es 7 fir/ notic$ s f> back z #ahae by a ,g]man optician1 ,frau5h(]1 aft] :om !y 7 nam$ ,frau5h(]'s l9es2 b x 0 n until ! inv5tion ( ! spectroscope t ! orig9 ( ^! l9es c\ld be acc\nt$ =4 ,by s arrang+ ! in/rum5t z to cause ! spectrum f a sol> beam1 & t f a metallic elem5t1 to fall ^u ! field ( ! telescope1 s t ! sol> spectrum %all be above ! o!r1 bo? be+ p]fectly p>allel2 ! bright b&s or l9es ( ! metal are all se5 to be cont9u$ 9 ! d>k sol> l9es1 =1 z may be se5 by consult+ ! plate ( ! diff]5t spectra1 sev]al l9es are sometimes produc$ by "o elem5t alone4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! sodium & sol> spectra are ?us comp>$1 ! bright yell[ sodium l9e w be f\nd to agree exactly n only 9 position1 b also 9 int5sity & bread?1 ) "o ( ! d>k sol> ones4 ,& ! same ?+ occurs :5 ! comp>ison is made ) _m ( ! o!r metals1 ! bright l9es 9 ! respective spectra furni%$ by !m are ea* co9cid5t ) a p>ticul> d>k l9e 9 ! sol> spectrum1 & f e d>k l9e 9 ! latt] a correspond+ bright "o c be f\nd among/ ! spectra ( ! metals4 ,f :at has j be5 /at$1 ! inf]5ce seems irresi/ible t ?is co9cid5ce betwe5 ! d>k sol> l9es & ! bright l9es ( ! metals _c be accid5tal1 b mu/ be due to "s intimate connection betwe5 !m1 & t ?is is ! case c be prov$ beyond refutation by a simple exp]im5t1 9 :i* ! bright metallic l9es c be *ang$ into d>k ones1 correspond+ 9 e p>ticul> ) ^? ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,?us ! bright yell[ soda l9es co9cid5t ) ,frau5h(]'s l9es c be conv]t$ into d>k ones by all[+ ! rays f a /rong s\rce ( :ite light to pass ?r\gh a flame col\r$ ) sodium1 & !n mak+ !m fall ^u ! slit ( ! spectroscope4 ,if we exam9e ! spectrum obta9$ by ?is means1 in/ead ( see+ ! usual bright d\ble b& ^u a black gr\nd1 !re w be pres5t$ to our sight a d\ble d>k l9e1 correspond+ exactly ) ! position & wid? ( ! sodium l9e1 & in/ead ( ! black gr\nd !re w be a cont9u\s spectrum ( :ite light1 z 9 ! sol> spectrum4 ,! explanation ( ?is rem>kable ph5om5on is due to ,kir*k(f1 & is z foll[s3--,:5 any sub/ance is heat$ suffici5tly to r5d] x lum9\s1 rays ( a c]ta9 & def9ite degree ( refrangibility are giv5 out by x2 :il/ ! same sub/ance has also ! p[] ( absorb+ rays ( ?is id5tical refrangibility4 ,9 ! above exp]im5t1 !re=e1 ! yell[ flame absorb$ ! same k9d ( light z x gave out1 a correspond+ decrease ( int5sity 9 its own p>ticul> position 9 ! spectrum occurr$1 & a d>k l9e %[$ itself 9 consequ5ce4 ,9 ! same mann] & "u simil> conditions ! spectra ( _m o!r sub/ances h be5 rev]s$4 ,reason+ on ^! facts1 ,kir*k(f has be5 able to acc\nt = ! pres5ce 9 ! sol> spectrum ( ,frau5h(]'s d>k l9es4 ,he supposes t 9 ! lum9\s atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! sun ! vap\rs ( v>i\s metals are pres5t1 ea* ( :i* w\ld give its *>act]i/ic sy/em ( bright l9es2 b beh9d ?is inc&esc5t atmosph]e conta9+ metallic vap\r is ! /ill m int5sely heat$ solid or liquid nucleus ( ! sun1 :i* emits a brilliant cont9u\s spectrum1 conta9+ rays ( all degrees ( refrangibility4 ,:5 ! light ( ?is int5sely heat$ nucleus is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! inc&esc5t photosph]e ( ! sun1 ! bright l9es :i* w\ld be produc$ by ! photosph]e are rev]s$1 & ,frau5h(]'s d>k l9es are only ! rev]s$ bright l9es :i* w\ld be visible if ! int5sely heat$ nucleus 7 no long] !re4 ,! correctness ( ?is !ory has be5 rigor\sly te/$ by ,kir*k(f himself1 :o submitt$ ! sol> spectrum to a mo/ m9ute & se>*+ exam9ation4 ,z a result ( ! k ?us obta9$1 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 metals 9 ! sun's atmosph]e 0 an inevitable d$uction4 ,! metals hi!rto detect$ 9 ! sol> photosph]e are--iron1 sodium1 magnesium1 calcium1 *romium1 nickel1 b>ium1 copp]1 z9c1 /rontium1 cadmium1 cobalt1 manganese1 alum9ium1 & titanium4 ,hydrog5 also exi/s 9 l>ge quantity z an inc&esc5t gas1 & gives rise to ! r$ protub]ances t may be obs]v$ dur+ a total eclipse4 ,dur+ ! total eclipse ( #ahfi1 ,m4 ,janss51 a ,fr5* a/ronom]1 0 enabl$ to obta9 & figure ! specim5 ( ^! r$ protub]ances1 :i*1 tak5 exclusively f t s\rce ( light1 gave n d>k l9es1 b bright ones1 correspond+ 9 position ) ^? ( hydrog51 magnesium1 & sodium4 ,! fix$ />s1 unlike ! moon & planets1 :i* %9e only by reflect$ light1 are n m]ely illum9at$ by self lum9\s bodies1 & yield spectra1 :i* %[ !m to conta9 _m elem5ts kn[n to u2 _! spectra are cross$ by d>k l9es simil> to1 b n id5tical ) ^? giv5 by ! sun's light4 ,! spectrum yield$ by ! /> ,aldeb>an %[s x to conta9 hydrog51 sodium1 magnesium1 calcium1 iron1 tellurium1 antimony1 bismu?1 & m]cury2 9 ! spectrum ( ,sirius only sodium1 magnesium1 & hydrog5 h be5 f\nd2 :il/ 9 t ( ,orionis !re is an abs5ce ( hydrog54 ,mo/ ( ! nebul & comets give spectra 9 :i* !re are only bright l9es4 ,x is h5ce inf]r$ t ^! cele/ial bodies are compos$ ( masses ( gl[+ gas1 &1 unlike ! sun & />s1 d n consi/ ( a solid or liquid mass surr\nd$ by a gase\s atmosph]e4 ,9 ! nebul hydrog5 & nitrog5 only h be5 f\nd2 & 9 comets1 pr9cipally c>bon4 ,,ananas ,,hemp 7,ananassa sativa1 ,s4 ,brumelia ananas1 z well z o!r species74 ,?is hemp comes f ! ,we/ ,indies & ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e ! common ananas is cultivat$4 ,x is r inf]ior to "s v>ieties = sp9n+4 ,,ana/atic ,,pr9t+4 ,see ,,pr9t+ & ,,z9cography4 ,,ana!r9 ,,balsam4 ,! foll[+ =mula is publi%$ by ! ,ne!rl&s ,society3--,t9cture ( myrrh1 #afj grms42 t9cture ( cate*u1 #hj grms42 t9cture ( guaiacum1 #dj grms42 t9cture ( rhatany1 #dj grms42 t9cture ( cloves1 #cj grms42 _s ( co*le>ia1 #bj grms42 oil ( cassia1 #bj drops2 otto ( roses1 #a drop2 pro( _s1 #fcj grms4 ,,ana!r9 ,,balsam 7,j4 ,g4 ,popp1 ,vi5na74 ,a m\?-wa%4 ,r$ s&al wood1 #bj p>ts2 guaiacum wood1 #aj p>ts2 myrrh1 #be p>ts2 cloves1 #ae p>ts2 c9namon1 #e p>ts2 oils ( cloves & c9namon1 ( ea*1 #b_/c "p2 _s1 #ij p] c5t41 #adej p>ts2 rose wat]1 #gbe p>ts4 ,dige/ & filt]4 ,dr ,hag]1 :o gives ! above1 says t on ! expiration ( ! pat5t ! foll[+ =mula 0 publi%$1 b t a prep>ation made f t process _h only a di/ant resemblance to ! actual comp\nd4 ,myrrh1 #a "p2 guaiacum wood1 #d p>ts2 saltpetre1 #a "p2 to be mac]at$ = a night ) corn br&y1 #abj p>ts2 _s ( co*le>ia1 #ahj p>ts4 ,!n di/il ( ?is #bdj p>ts1 9 :i* are to be dige/$ = #ad days g>d5 rue1 co*le>ia1 rose leaves1 black mu/>d1 hors]adi%1 pellitory root1 c9*ona b>k1 club-moss1 sage-vetiv]1 & alkanet root1 ( ea* #a "p4 ,/ra9 & filt]1 & to ea* #abj p>ts ( ! filtrate add #a "p ( _s ( nitr\s e!r4 7,hag]47 ,,anatom',,ical4 ,syn4 ,,anatom',,icus1 ,l42 ,,anatomique1 ,fr42 ,,anatomis*1 ,g]4 ,belong+ to anatomy or dissection4 ,anatomical ,prep>a'tions4 ,objects ( int]e/ 9 bo? surgical & pa?ological anatomy1 & specim5s 9 natural hi/ory1 pres]v$ by subject+ !m to antiseptic processes1 to :i* is also frequ5tly add$ injection ) col\r$ fluids 7:i* subsequ5tly h>d571 amalgams1 or fusible metal1 9 ord] to display m fully ! m9ute vessels1 or ! microscopic anatomy ( ! sev]al p>ts4 ,see ,,fusible ,,alloy1 ,,injections1 ,,prep>ations1 ,,putrefaction1 ,,skeletons1 ,,solutions1 c4 ,,an*',,ovy 7-*o'-74 ,syn4 ,,an*ois1 ,fr42 ,,an*ove1 ,,ans*ove1 ,g]42 ,,acciughe1 ,,an*iove4 ,x42 ,,an*ova1 ,port41 ,sp4 ,! clu'pea encrasic'olus 7,l9n471 a small fi% ( ! h]r+ tribe1 closely resembl+ ! ,engli% sprat4 ,x is common 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & occurs 9 ! greate/ abundance & ( ! f9e/ quality ab\t ! isl& ( ,gorgona1 ne> ,leghorn4 ,x is tak5 9 ! night1 dur+ ,may1 ,june1 & ,july4 ,an*ovies are prep>$ = sale or exportation by salt+ or pickl+ !m--! heads1 inte/9es & pectoral f9s hav+ be5 fir/ remov$1 b n ! scales1 & aft]w>ds pack+ !m1 along ) rock-salt1 9 ! small kegs 9 :i* !y are import$ into ?is c\ntry4 ,! small fi% are valu$ m ?an ! l>g] ones4 ,= ! table !y are (t5 fri$ to a pale amb] col\r1 9 oil or butt]2 hav+ previ\sly be5 scrap$ clean1 soak$ = an h\r or two 9 wat]1 wip$ dry1 op5$ 7)\t divid+ ! fi%71 & _h ! back-bones remov$4 ,be=e be+ put into ! pan !y are usually highly season$ ) cay5ne2 & aft] be+ aga9 clos$1 are dipp$ into a ri* light batt]4 ,!y are also divid$ into fillets1 & s]v$ z s&wi*es1 or 9 curri$ toa/s4 ,an*ovies are also ext5sively pott$ 7,,pott$ ,,an*ovies71 & made into butt] 7,a4-,,butt]71 & into sauce 7,a4-,,sauce71 p>ticul>ly ! la/4 ,! an*ovy has a f9e & peculi> flav\r1 & is eat5 z a delicacy all ov] ,europe4 ,x 0 kn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans1 :o prep>$ f x a k9d ( g>um = ! table4 ,x is said to be ap]itive1 /imulant1 & /oma*ic4 ,! high price ( g5u9e ,gorgona an*ovies has l$ ! fraudul5t deal] to ei!r sub/itute = !m1 or mix ) !m1 fi% ( a less exp5sive k9d4 ,! mo/ frequ5t ,,sub/itutions are ,dut*1 ,fr5*1 & ,sicilian fi% ( alli$ species or v>ieties1 s>d9es & ev5 ! common sprat4 ,! g5u9e ,gorgona fi% is ab\t ! l5g? ( "o's f+]2 & may be kn[n by its silv]y appe>ance2 by ! great] ?ickness ( its head1 :i* is %>p-po9t$1 ) ! upp] jaw consid]ably ! longe/1 & ! m\? deeply divid$2 ! dusky br[n col\r ( its back1#eh & ! p9k salmon col\r ( its fle%4 ,:5 only #c mon?s old1 its fle% is pale2 :5 ( #f mon?s1 r p9k2 :5 ( #aj to #ab mon?s 7or 9 its prime71 a beautiful deep p9k col\r2 & :5 mu* old]1 d>k]1 b less lively4 ,! f9-rays1 v>y+ 9 numb] ) ! age ( ! fi%1 are-- ,y>rell4 ,hassall4#ei ,dorsal #ad1 #af 7874 ,pectoral #ae1 -- ,v5tral #g1 -- ,anal #ah1 #ai 7874 ,caudal #ai1 #bf 7874 ,^! f9s are delicate 9 /ructure & gre5i%-:ite2 & ! membranes connect+ ! rays almo/ transp>5t4 ,! l5g? ( ! head1 comp>$ ) ! l5g? ( ! body alone1 is z #a to #c2 ! dep? ( ! body b #b-crds ( ! l5g? ( ! head1 & comp>$ to ! l5g? ( ! :ole fi% is z #a to #g2 ! tail is deeply =k$1 ! gill cov]s are elongat$1 & ! scales ( ! body l>ge & decidu\s4 ,! bread? ( ! eye is #a-e? ( ! l5g? ( ! :ole head4#fj ,dut* fi% may be g5]ally kn[n by be+ depriv$ ( ! scales1 & ! ,fr5* fi% by _! l>g] size2 & bo? by ! pal] or :it] col\r ( _! fle%2 & s>d9es & sprats by ! fle% be+ :ite4 ,! g5u9e fi% may also be kn[n by ! pickle1 aft] repose or filtration1 be+ ( a cle> p9ki% col\r1 )\t any r$ s$im5t2 :il/ t f spuri\s k9ds is turbid & r$ only :5 agitat$1 & deposits a heavy r$ s$im5t 7,arm5ian bole1 ,v5etian r$1 or r$ o*re7 on repose4 ,see ,,butt]1 ,,pott+1 ,,p[d]s1 ,,sauces1 c4 ,footnote #eh3 ,! col\r ( ! top ( ! head & back is1 9 ! rec5t fi%1 blue1 ) a t+e ( gre54 7,y>rell47 ,footnote #ei3 ,c\nt$1 by ,dr ,a4 ,h4 ,hassall1 9 fi% 9 ! pres]v$ /ate4 ,footnote #fj3 ,y>rell's ',briti% ,fi%es'4 ,an*ovies1 ,brit'i%4 ,see ,,sprats4 ,,an*u',,sic ,,acid 7-ku'z7ik74 ,see ,,an*us9e4 ,,an*u',,s9e4 7-ku'z7in74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,an*u',,sic ,,acid991 ,,pseu',,d-,,alkann',,ine991 ,,pseudo-,,alka'',,nium992 ,,an*usi',,na1 ,l4 ,! res9oid con/itut+ ! col\r+ matt] ( alkanet-root 7:i* see74 ,,an*ylo',,sis 77angk-e-74 ,l42 prim4 ,gr4 ,syn4 ,,ankylo',,sis1 ,,ancylo',,sis 77an-se-71 ,l42 ,,ankylose1 ,fr41 ,g]4 ,9 pa?ology1 /iffness or immobility ( a jo9t naturally moveable4 ,an*ylosis is ei!r true or complete1 z :5 ! extremities ( ! bones =m+ a jo9t are reunit$ & immovable2 or false1 or incomplete1 :]e ! affection dep5ds ^u a contraction ( ! t5dons & ligam5ts surr\nd+ ! jo9ts1 :i* nev]!less admit ( a small degree ( motion4 ,= ! fir/ !re is no available rem$y2 = ! second g5tle & progressive flexion & ext5sion ( ! "p daily 7c>efully avoid+ viol5ce71 friction ) oleag9\s & /imulat+ l9im5ts1 & ! use ( ! hot ba?1 vap\r ba?1 or hot-air or ,turki% ba?1 & electricity1 h be5 /rongly recomm5d$1 & h frequ5tly prov$ successful4 ,,ancylo',,sis4 ,see ,,an*ylosis4 ,,&itropf5 7,kir*n] & ,m5ge ,arols571 = weak dige/ion4 ,s5na1 #bj p>ts2 rhub>b1 #c p>ts2 jalap1 #f p>ts2 z$o>y root1 #b p>ts2 g+]1 #b p>ts2 galangal1 #c p>ts2 soda1 bic>bonate1 #e p>ts2 sug>1 #ae p>ts2 wat]1 #cjj p>ts2 _s1 #fe p>ts4 ,aft] dige/ion ?is is to be /ra9$ & mix$ ) an infusion ( #cj p>ts ( y>r[ 7) ! fl[]s7 9 #cjj p>ts ( hot wat]4 ,aft] /&+ "s "t filt]4 7,hag]47 ,,&rographis ,,paniculata4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,k>iy,t4 ,habitat4 ,commonly 9 %ady places all ov] ,india4--,(fic9al "p4 ,! dri$ /alks & root 7,&rographis ,caules et ,radix1 ,k>iyat1 ,creyat74 ,! /em1 :i* is usually met )1 ) ! root atta*$1 occurs 9 pieces ( ab\t a foot or m 9 l5g?1 quadrangul>1 ( a lighti%-br[n col\r1 & p]si/5t bitt] ta/e4--,prop]ties4 ,bitt] tonic & /oma*ic1 v analog\s to quassia 9 its action4--,!rapeutic uses4 ,9 g5]al debility1 9 convalesc5ce aft] fev]s1 & 9 ! advanc$ /ages ( dys5t]y4 ,prep>ations3-- ,comp\nd ,infusion ( ,k>iyt 7,infusum ,&rographis compositum74 ,take ( ,k>iyt1 bruis$1 #a_/b an ounce2 orange-peel & cori&] fruit1 bruis$1 ( ea*1 #fj gra9s2 boil+ wat]1 #aj fluid ounces4 ,infuse 9 a cov]$ vessel = an h\r & /ra94--,dose4 ,f #a-a_/b to #b fluid ounces1 twice or ?rice daily4 ,comp\nd ,t9cture ( ,k>iyt 7,t9ctura ,&rographis composita74 ,take ( k>iyt root1 cut small1 #f ounces2 myrrh & aloes1 9 co>se p[d]1 ( ea* #a ounce2 br&y1 #b p9ts4 ,mac]ate = sev5 days 9 a clos$ vessel1 ) occasional agitation2 /ra91 press1 filt]1 & add suffici5t br&y to make two p9ts4--,dose4 ,f #a to #d fluid dra*ms4 ,said to be tonic1 /imulant1 & g5tly ap]i5t1 & to prove valuable 9 sev]al =ms ( dyspepsia1 & 9 torpidity ( ! b[els4 ,,&ropogon 7,,cymbopogon7 ,,citratum4 ,lemon ,grass4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,habitat4 ,commonly cultivat$ 9 g>d5s 9 ,india2 also 9 ,ceylon1 ^u a l>ge scale1 = ! sake ( its volatile oil4--,(fic9al "p4 ,! volatile oil 7,oleum ,&ropogi ,citrati1 ,lemon ,grass ,oil1 ,oil ( ,v]b5a71 obta9$ by di/illation f ! fre% plant2 ( a pale %]ry col\r1 transp>5t1 extremely pung5t ta/e1 & a peculi> fragrant lemon-l od\r4--,prop]ties4 ,/imulant1 c>m9ative1 antispasmodic1 & diaphoretic2 locally appli$1 rubefaci5t4--,!rapeutic use4 ,9 flatul5t & spasmodic affections ( ! b[els1 & 9 ga/ric irritability4 ,9 *ol]a x proves s]viceable by aid+ ! process ( reaction4 ,ext]nally1 z an embrocation 9 *ronic rheumatism1 neuralgia1 spra9s1 & o!r pa9ful affections4 ,dose4 ,f #c to #f drops1 on sug> or 9 emulsion4 ,= ext]nal application x %\ld be dilut$ ) twice its bulk ( soap l9im5t or any bl& oil4 ,,&ropogon 7,,cymbopogon7 ,,n>dus4 ,,citronelle4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,habitat4 ,madras ,p59sula & ,ceylon4 ,! volatile oil ( ?is plant has simil> prop]ties to ,a4 citratum4 & is us$ = ! same purposes4 ,,&ropogon ,,pa*nodes4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,! volatile oil ( ?is plant possesses simil> prop]ties to t ( ,a4 citratum1 & is us$ = ! same purposes4 ,,anelec',,tric 77an-e-74 ,non-electric2 a non-electric4 ,,anemom',,et] 77an-e-74 ,syn4 ,,anemom',,etrum1 ,l42 ,,an,,mom,,tre1 ,fr42 ,,w9dmess]1 ,g]4 ,an in/rum5t or app>atus = measur+ ! =ce or velocity ( ! w9d1 or ( a curr5t ( air4 ,v>i\s contrivances h be5 adopt$ = ?is purpose4 ,! anemomet] ( ,dr ,l9d be+ also applicable to ! det]m9ation ( ! draught ( a *imney1 & ! /r5g? ( air-curr5t1 9 v5tilation1 may be usefully describ$ "h3-- ,illu/ration ,uses & ,appl4 ,! op5 end 7a7 is kept1 by means ( a vane1 pres5t$ to ! w9d1 :i* act+ on ! surface ( ! wat]1 or o!r liquid 9 b1 raises ! level ( ! fluid 9 ! arm 7c74 ,! diff]5ce ( ! level ( ! fluid 9 ! two arms ( ! in/rum5t is ! measure ( ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,to e/imate ! draught ( a flue or *imney1 ! arm 7c7 is plac$ 9 ! *imney1 & ! orifice 7a7 9 ! ap>tm5t4#fa ,footnote #fa3 ,! anemomet]s n[ g5]ally us$ 9 meteorological obs]vations are ^? ( ,mr ,follet ,osl]1 ,dr ,rob9son1 & ,dr ,:ewell4 ,= a description ( ^! in/rum5ts1 see ,phillip's ',report on ,anemometry1' ! ',trans4 ( ! ,brit4 ,assoc41' #ahdf1 ',trans4 ,royal ,iri% ,acad41' c4 ,,anemom',,etry4 ,syn4 ,,anemome',,tria1 ,l42 ,,an,,mometrie1 ,fr42 ,,w9dmess51 ,g]4 ,9 meteorology1 physics1 c41 ! art or act ( measur+ ! velocity or =ce ( ! w9d1 or ( asc]ta9+ its direction4 ,,anem',,"o 77a-n7em'-o-ne74 ,syn4 ,,anem',,ony2 ,,anem',,"o1 ,l41 ,gr42 ,,an,,mone1 ,fr4 ,! w9d-fl[]4 ,9 botany1 a g5us ( beautiful fl[]+ h]bace\s plants1 ( ! nat4 ord4 ,ranunculace4 ,! d\ble fl[]s ( "s ( ! species are among ! mo/ elegant ornam5ts ( our g>d5s4 ,o!rs are us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,!y are all acrid & /imulat+4 ,anem'ones1 ,sea4 7-o-nez74 ,syn4 ,,an',,imal-,,fl[]sd\ble-dagg]1 ,,sea ,,sun',,fl[]sd\ble-dagg]4 ,animals ( ! g5us act9'ia1 s call$ f ! resemblance ( _! claws or t5tacles1 :5 exp&$1 to ! petals ( a fl[]4 ,!y are ( v>i\s col\rs1 are g5]ally fix$ by "o end to rocks or /ones 9 ! s&1 & are v voraci\s1 be+ accus$ ( occasionally swall[+ a mussel or a crab z l>ge z a h5's egg = a meal4 ,!y belong to ! highly organis$ polypes ( ,cuvi]4 ,,anemon',,ic ,,acid4 ,see ,,anemon9e4 ,,anemon94 ,a cry/all9e sub/ance f\nd 9 ! leaves ( sev]al species ( anemone1 viz4 ,a4 pulsatilla1 ,a4 pret5sis1 ,a4 nemorosa4 ,wat] di/ill$ f ^! leaves1 aft] "s weeks1 deposits a col\rless inodor\s sub/ance1 :i* s(t5s at #aej ,c1 giv+ (f wat] & acrid vap\rs4 ,x is purifi$ by repeat$ cry/allisation f boil+ alcohol4 ,anemon9 is a poison\s body4 ,x causes slight irritation :5 appli$ to ! sk94 ,by ! action ( alkalies anemon9 is transf]r$ into anemonic acid4 ,,anem',,oscope 77an'-e--,br&e1 ,mayne74 ,syn4 ,,anemosco',,pium1 ,l42 ,,an,,moscope1 ,fr42 ,,anemoskop1 ,g]4 ,an in/rum5t to measure ! =ce & velocity ( ! w9d4 ,see ,,anemomet]4 ,,an',,eroid 7-royd7#fb4 ,9 physics1 c41 n fluid1 or n dep5d+ on wat] or a fluid = its action2 appli$ to a c]ta9 =m ( b>omet] 7:i* see7 ,footnote #fb3 ,t is--,greek3 a1 )\t1 ,greek3 nros1 7!7 wat]y1 ,greek3 eidos1 =m1 z correctly giv5 by ,br&e4 ,by "s /range mi/ake1 ,dr ,mayne1 9 8 new ',expository ,lexicon1' gives ,greek3 a1 priv41 ,greek3 ar1 air1 t]m9al -ides1 z ! d]ivation ( ?is ^w2 & m>ks x 'ane'roid1' ,,aneurism4 ,a tum\r on an art]y1 produc$ by ! rupture ( ! inn] coat ( ! vessel1 & ! blood gett+ betwe5 x & ! out] coat4 ,,angel',,ica 7-j7el'-74 ,l41 ,port41 ,sp42 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d4 ,syn4 ,,g>d5 ,,angelica2 ,,ang,,lique1 ,fr42 ,,angelika1 ,a4-,,wurzel1 ,,angelkraut1 ,g]4 ,! angelica ar*angel'ica ( ,l9nu1 an aromatic h]bace\s plant ) a bi5nial1 fle%y root1 indig5\s to ! nor? ( ,europe1 b frequ5tly f\nd wild 9 ,engl&1 & l>gely cultivat$ 9 our g>d5s4 ,dri$ root 7,,angelica1 ,ph4 ,e471 ap]i5t1 c>m9ative1 diaphoretic1 & tonic2 mu* e/eem$ by ! ,lapl&]s1 bo? z food & m$ic9e2--fruit or se$ 7,,angelica1 ,ph4 ,d47 resembles ! root1 b is weak]4 ,! :ole plant has be5 extoll$ z an aromatic tonic4 ,z a ma/icatory1 x leaves an agreeable gl[+ heat 9 ! m\?4 ,! aromatic prop]ties ( ?is plant dep5d on a peculi> volatile oil & res94 ,uses1 c4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ 9 di>rhoea1 dyspepsia1 debility1 & "s fev]s2 b is n[ seldom us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,dose1 #cj gr4 to #a dr4 ,! dri$ root & se$s are us$ by rectifi]s to flav\r g9 & liqueurs2 & ! fre% root1 t5d] /ems1 /alks1 c41 are made by ! confection]s into an aromatic c&y4 ,see ,,c&y+1 ,,liqueurs1 c4 ,angelica ,atropurpu''rea4 ,l9n4 ,syn4 ,,am]',,ican ,,angelica2 ,,angelica1 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,hab4 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,resembles g>d5 angelica1 b plac$ by "s botani/s 9 a sep>ate1 ?\gh alli$ g5us4 ,x is a popul> rem$y = flatul5t colic1 indige/ion1 & c>dialgia1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & is !re reg>d$ z tonic1 cordial1 & aphrodisiac4 ,,angel',,ic ,,acid4 ,,hc#e;,h#g,o#b4 ,a volatile sub/ance1 notic$ by ,l4 ,a4 ,bu*n]1 jun41 9 angelica-root4 ,x has a pung5t s\r smell1 & a bit+ acid ta/e2 is sometimes fluid & oleag9\s1 & sometimes cry/allis$ 9 /riat$ prisms4#fc ,footnote #fc3 ,s*midt's ',jahrb41' #ahdb4 ,,ango',,la ,syn4 ,,ango',,la-,,wool1 ,,ango'',,ra-,w41 ,,ango',,na-,w41 c42 ,,poil ,,de ,,*evron ,d',,angora1 ,fr42 7,engoor'1 ,eng\r'1 or ,engu'ri7 ,,tiftic1 ,tur4 ,! wool ( 'ca'pra ,angor5'sis' or ! ,angora-goat1 ( :i* ! %awls ( ,ca%m]e are made1 & o!rs 9 imitation ( !m4 ,x is also us$ to make plu%1 light clo?s = paletts :i* are repell5t ( wet1 c42 & is ext5sively employ$ 9 ,france 9 ! manufacture ( lace m brilliant ?an t ( ,val5ci5nes & ,*antilly1 & at half ! price4 ,see ,,alpaca1 ,,%awls1 ,,wool1 c4 ,,ango/u',,ra1 ,angu/u'ra4 7-ture'-7a74 ,see ,,cusp>ia4 ,ango/ura1 ,false4 ,see ,,brucea1 ,,cusp>ia & ,,/ry*nos4 ,,ango/u'',,r9e1 ,angu/u'r9e 7-7in74 ,see ,,cusp>94 ,,anhydride4 ,mo/1 if n all mod]n *emi/s1 adopt+ ,,g]h>dt',s practice ( limit+ ! title ( acid to a p>ticul> class ( sub/ances :i* conta9 hydrog51 n[ reg>d all true acids z salts ( hydrog54 ,=m]ly _m bodies1 su* z silica or :ite ars5ic1 7 look$ ^u z acids1 ?\gh if we adopt ! =ego+ def9ition !y are n really s until !y h comb9$ ) wat]4 ,su* bodies1 because !y conta9 no hydrog51 are n[ di/+ui%$ z anhydrides2 ! sub/ances1 = example1 famili>ly kn[n z c>bonic1 sulphur\s1 & phosphoric acids1 mu/1 ^u ! above pr9ciple1 be designat$ c>bonic1 sulphur\s1 & phosphoric anhydrides4 ,we may also def9e an anhydride to be an oxide :i* =ms an acid on treatm5t ) wat]4 ,,anhy',,dr\s 7-dr7us2 an'hydr\s1 z m>k$ by ,br&e1 is less usual74 ,syn4 ,,an',,hydrus1 ,l42 ,,anhydr1 ,fr42 ,,wass]frei1 ,g]4 ,free f wat]2 dry4 ,9 *emi/ry & m9]alogy1 a t]m frequ5tly appli$ to sub/ances1 z acids1 alcohol1 gases1 salts1 m9]als1 c41 :i* d n conta9 ei!r free or comb9$ wat]4 ,,gases may g5]ally be r5d]$ anhydr\s by pass+ !m ?r\gh a tube conta9+ fus$ *loride ( calcium1 or 7e4g4 ,,ammonia & two or ?ree o!rs7 quick-lime1 9 co>se p[d]2 & "s ( !m1 by pass+ !m ?r\gh conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,,salts may g5]ally be dri$ by cauti\sly submitt+ !m to ! action ( heat1 or by exposure to a v dry atmosph]e2 & alcohol1 & _m o!r volatile fluids1 by c>eful di/illation f *loride ( calcium1 or "s o!r highly hygrometric sub/ance4 ,,an',,il4 ,fr41 ,sp41 ,l4 ,! indig('era anil ( botani/s--"o ( ! plants yield+ 'indigo'--a native ( ,am]ica1 b n[ l>gely cultivat$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,see ,,indigo 7& bel[74 ,,an',,il9e#fd 7-e574 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,c#f;,h#g,n4 ,syn4 ,,ph5yl',,am9e2 ,,anili',,na1 ,,anili',,num1 c41 ,l4 ,a peculi> volatile organic base fir/ notic$ by ,unv]dorb5 9 empyreumatic bone-oil1 & aft]w>ds obta9$ by ,runge f coal-t>1 & by ,fritzs*e1 ,z991 ,a4 ,w4 ,h(mann1 & o!rs1 z a product ( v>i\s reactions1 processes1 & decompositions1 p>ticul>ly ^? att5d+ ! de/ructive di/illation ( organic bodies4 ,footnote #fd3 ,= a detail$ acc\nt ( ! me?ods ( prep>+ anil9e comm]cially1 & ( ! dyes obta9$ !refrom1 see ',dictionnaire de ,*imie1' p> ,a4 ,wurtz4 ,,prep4 ,anil9e is n[ almo/ inv>iably obta9$1 on ! l>ge scale1 ei!r directly or indirectly f coal-t> or indigo2 & *iefly f ! basic oil or naph?a1 or ! nitrob5zol1 ( :i* ! =m] is ! pr9cipal s\rce4 ,! foll[+ are ! lead+ comm]cial & exp]im5tal processes3 #a4 ,f ,,coal-,,t> or ,,coal-,,t> ,,naph?a3--,! basic oil or basic portion ( coal-t> or coal-t> naph?a1 =m+ ! latt]1 d5s]1 & lea/ volatile products ( ! di/illation or rectification ( ^! sub/ances1 is /rongly agitat$1 = "s "t1 along ) hydro*loric acid 9 slight excess1 a glass globe1 or1 on ! l>ge scale1 a suitable vessel ( lead1 or ( enamell$ iron1 be+ employ$ = ! purpose2 ! cle> portion ( ! liquid 7conta9+ ! hydro*lorates ( ! bases pres5t7 is !n decant$ & c>efully evaporat$ ov] an op5 fire until acrid fumes beg9 to be dis5gag$1 :5 x is aga9 decant$ or filt]$2 ! cle> liquor1 or filtrate is next treat$ ) pota% or milk ( lime 9 excess1 by :i* ! bases--*iefly anil9e & *9ol9e--are lib]at$ "u ! =m ( a br[ni% oil2 ! :ole ( ! result+ mixture is n[ submitt$ to di/illation1 ! portion :i* passes ov] at or ab\t #cfj ,fahr41 & :i* consi/s *iefly ( crude anil9e1 be+ collect$ sep>ately2 ! product is purifi$ by rectification & recollection1 once or (t5]1 at ! same temp]ature1 &1 la/ly1 by fre% treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid & c>eful di/illation ) excess ( pota%1 or milk ( lime1 z be=e4 #b4 ,f ,,nitrob5zol3--a4 7,z9947 ,an alcoholic solution ( nitrob5zol1 aft] saturation ) ammonia1 is treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 until1 aft] "s h\rs1 a precipitation ( sulphur takes place2 ! br[n liquid is !n repeat$ly saturat$ ) fre% sulphurett$ hydrog51 until no m sulphur sep>ates1 ! reaction be+ aid$ by occasionally heat+ or di/ill+ ! mixture2 an excess ( acid is next add$1 &1 aft] filt]+ ! liquid1 & ! removal ( ! alcohol & unalt]$ nitrob5zol by ebullition or di/illation1 ! residuum is la/ly di/ill$ ) cau/ic pota%1 9 excess4 ,! ,,anil9e f\nd 9 ! receiv] may be r5d]$ q pure by =m+ x into oxalate ( anil9e1 repeat$ly cry/allis+ ! salt f alcohol1 & f9ally di/ill+ x ) excess ( cau/ic potassa1 z be=e4 ,! foll[+ is a *eap] & m conv5i5t process2 & probably ! be/1 or "o ( ! be/1 t has yet be5 inv5t$ = obta9+ anil9e3-- b4 7,m4 ,b*amps47 ,f nitrob5zol di/ill$ along ) basic protacetate ( iron2 or1 :at is bett]1 by di/ill+ a mixture ( iron-fil+s1 #b p>ts1 & acetic acid1 #a "p1 ) ab\t an equal volume ( nitrob5zol1 ! reaction be+ assi/$1 :5ev] ! eff]vesc5ce flags1 by ! application ( a g5tle heat4 ,! liquor f\nd 9 ! receiv] consi/s ( anil9e & wat]1 f :i* ! fir/1 =m+ ! l[] portion1 is obta9$1 aft] suffici5t repose 9 a sep>ator2 or m easily1 by add+ a v little e!r1 :i* by dissolv+ 9 ! anil9e1 causes x to rise to ! surface1 :5 x is at once decant$4 ,a v spaci\s glass or e>!nw>e retort mu/ be employ$ 9 ! process1 z ! mass swells up viol5tly2 & x mu/ be connect$ ) ! receiv]1 on ! small scale1 by means ( a ,liebig's cond5s]1 &1 on ! l>ge scale1 by an ord9>y worm-pipe & tub1 kept 9 good action by a suffici5t fl[ ( cold wat]4 ,! app>atus = c>ry+ out ,b*amp's me?od 0 devis$ by ,ni*olson1 & is exhibit$ 9 ! subjo9$ plate4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a ca/-iron cyl9d] 7,a7 ( #aj hectolitres 7#bbj cubic gallons7 capacity4 ,a /\t iron tube is fitt$ to ?is vessel1 rea*+ ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! upp] "p ( ?is tube is connect$ ) ! ma*9]y 7,g71 :ile ! surface ( ! tube is fitt$ ) /eel projections4 ,! tube s]ves to admit /eam1 z well z act+ z a /irr+ app>atus4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( ?is tube1 a solid iron axle is employ$1 & 9 ?is case !re is a sep>ate /eampipe 7,d74 ,?r\gh ! op5+ at ,k ! mat]ials = mak+ anil9e are put into ! app>atus1 :ile ! volatile products are c>ri$ (f ?r\gh ,e4 ,h s]ves = empty+ & clean+ ! app>atus4 ,! ,s-%ap$ tube connect$ ) ! vessel ,b acts z a safety valve4 ,:5 x is int5d$ to "w ) ?is app>atus !re is p\r$ into x ?r\gh ,k #aj p>ts ( acetic acid at #h ,b4 7sp4 gr4 #ajfj71 previ\sly dilut$ ) six times its weight ( wat]2 next !re are add$ #cj p>ts ( iron fil+s1 or ca/-iron bor+s1 & #abe p>ts ( nitrob5zol1 & imm$iately aft] ! /irr+ app>atus is set 9 motion4 ,! reaction ensues directly1 & is att5d$ by a consid]able evolution ( heat & vap\rs4 ,gradually m iron is add$ until ! quantity am\nts to #ahj p>ts4 ,! escap+ vap\rs are cond5s$ 9 ,f1 & ! liquid cond5s$ 9 ,r is f "t to "t p\r$ back into ! cyl9d] ,a4 ,! r$uction is f9i%$ aft] a few h\rs4 ,illu/ration #c4 ,f ,,indigo3--,p[d]$ indigo is add$ to a boil+ & highly conc5trat$ solution ( cau/ic pota%1 z long z x dissolves & hydrog5 gas is lib]at$2 ! result+ br[ni%-r$ liquid is evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residuum is submitt$ to de/ructive di/illation 9 a retort1 :i*1 ow+ to ! intumes5ce ( ! mass1 %\ld be /rong & spaci\s4 ,! ,,anil9e is f\nd 9 ! receiv] "u ! =m ( a br[ni% oil mix$ ) ammoniacal liquor1 & by sep>ation f ! latt]1 & subsequ5t rectification1 is obta9$ ne>ly col\rless4 ,x may be fur!r purifi$1 z 9 ! prec$+ processes4--,prod4 #ah to #bj ( ! indigo employ$4 #d4 ,by fus+1 ) prop] precautions1 a mixture ( isat9e & hydrate ( potassium 7bo? 9 p[d]72 a retort connect$ ) a well-cool$ receiv]1 be+ employ$ z ! app>atus4 ,said by ,pr(s ,a4 ,w4 ,h(mann & ,muspratt to be ! mo/ eligible process = isolat+ anil9e4#fe ,footnote #fe3 ,muspratt's ',*emi/ry1' i1 #eii4 #e4 ,f an?ranilic acid mix$ ) p[d]$ glass or s&1 & rapidly heat$ 9 a retort4 #f4 ,by treat+ an alcoholic solution ( b5z9e ) a little z9c & hydro*loric acid4 #g4 ,by heat+ ph5yl-alcohol ) ammonia 9 seal$ tubes4 ,9 ,z99's process ! nitrob5zol is dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 & ! solution1 aft] ! addition ( ammonia1 is saturat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,aft] /&+ "s "t ! solution deposits a l>ge quantity ( sulphur1 & ! liquid yields anil9e4 ,_m o!r r$uc+ ag5ts h be5 propos$ = ! conv]sion ( nitrob5zol into anil9e1 su* z ars5ite ( sodium1 p[d]$ z9c1 c41 b on ! l>ge scale !y h all be5 f\nd inf]ior to ! process ( ,b*amp4 ,krem]'s process consi/s 9 heat+ "o "p ( nitrob5zol 9 a prop] app>atus ) five ( wat] & two & a half ( z9c du/4 ,:5 ! reaction is complet$ ! anil9e1 am\nt+ to ab\t #fe ( ! weight ( ! b5zol1 is di/ill$ (f 9 a curr5t ( /eam4 ,prop41 c4 ,a ?91 oily1 col\rless liquid1 ) a fa9tly v9\s od\r1 & a hot & aromatic ta/e2 v volatile 9 ! air2 miscible 9 all proportions ) alcohol & e!r2 v slightly soluble 9 wat]2 neutral to ord9>y te/-pap]1 b exhibit+ an alkal9e reaction to dahlia-petal infusion & pap]2 dissolves camphor1 sulphur1 & phosphorus1 & coagulates album52 possesses a high refractive p[]2 & precipitates ! oxides ( iron1 z9c1 & alum9a1 f solutions ( _! salts1 & neutralises ! acids1 l ammonia4 ,) ! acids x =ms num]\s cry/allisable comp\nds ( great beauty1 & :i* are easily =m$1 & are precisely analog\s to ! correspond+ salts ( ammonia4 ,^!1 on exposure to ! air1 acquir$ a rose col\r1 9 _m cases gradually pass+ into br[n4 ,its boil+-po9t is #cei to #cfj ,fahr42 sp4 gr4 #ajbh4 ,te/s4--#a4 ,*romic acid gives a deep gre5i% or blui%-black precipitate ) anil9e & its salts3--#b4 ,hypo*lorite ( lime /rikes an extremely beautiful violet col\r1 :i* is soon de/roy$3--#c4 ,! addition ( two or ?ree drops ( nitric acid to anhydr\s anil9e produces a f9e blue col\r1 :i*1 on ! application ( heat1 passes into yell[1 & a viol5t reaction ensues1 sometimes foll[$ by explosion3--#d4 ,) bi*loride ( plat9um x yields a d\ble salt 7plat9o-*loride ( anil9e7 analog\s to ! l salt ( ammonia4 ,^! reactions di/+ui% x f all o!r sub/ances4 ,comm]cial anil9e is a mixture consi/+ 9 great "p ( anil9e1 p>atoluid9e 7solid71 & or?otoluid9e 9 v>iable proportions4 ,9 addition x conta9s small am\nts ( metatoluid9e1 nitrob5zol1 odor9e1 c41 b = all practical purposes x may be reg>d$ z a mixture ( anil9e & toluid9e4 ,^! anil9es are obta9$ f a portion ( ! light coal-t> naph?a boil+ betwe5 c]ta9 temp]atures1 by treat+ x fir/ ) nitric acid to conv]t x into ! nitro-comp\nds1 & !n r$uc+ ^! ) iron & acetic acid1 z already describ$ "u ,b*amp's process4 ,x is v pla9 t z ! coal-t> naph?a conta9s v>iable proportions ( b5zol & toluid9e1 ! result+ product mu/ also v>y 9 ! quantities ( anil9e & toluid9e x w conta94 ,9 ord] to di/+ui% betwe5 v>i\s samples ( comm]cial anil9e1 ,reimann submits !m to fractional di/illation & comp>es ! results4 ,he places #ajj c4 c4 ( ! sample to be te/$ 9 a retort fitt$ ) a !rmomet] & heat$ by means ( an oil ba?4 ,! liquid z x di/ils is receiv$ 9 a n>r[ graduat$ cyl9d]1 & ! am\nt t passes ov] betwe5 e #e ,c4 7#i ,f47 is not$4 ,9 ord] to obta9 /&>ds = comp>ison he fir/ di/ill$ a sample ( light anil9e1 or kuphanil9e1 z he t]ms x1 !n "o ( heavy anil9e or b>anil9e2 aft]w>ds mixtures ( ! two 9 v>y+ proportions4 ,9 ! accompany+ table ! results are giv54 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,c5tigrade ,k4 #ajj #ij #he #hj #ge #fj #ej #be #j ,b4 #j #aj #ae #bj #be #dj #ej #ge #ajj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,bel[ #ahj #h-a_/b #g #b-a_/b #e-a_/b #g 444 #g #e-a_/b 444 #ahj--ahe #ed #ej #bi-a_/b #bb #e-a_/b #g #d-a_/b #b-a_/b #b #ahe--aij #cd #cd #ef-a_/b #ee-a_/b #ee-a_/b #cg #g-a_/b #d-a_/b #a-a_/b #aij--aie 444 #e #g-a_/b #h-a_/b #ae #cc #db #ag #h #aie--bjj 444 444 444 444 #i 444 #ai #cf #ah #bjj--bje 444 444 444 444 #d-a_/b #af #aj #af #ci #bje--baj 444 444 444 444 444 444 #c-a_/b #h #ai #baj--bae 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #d-a_/b #g ,residue #c-a_/b #d #d #h-a_/b #c-a_/b #g #f-a_/b #e #e-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,to asc]ta9 ! quality ( any sample x is only necess>y to di/il x 9 ! mann] already describ$1 & comp>e ! results ) ^? 9 ! above table4 7,= fur!r in=mation consult ,wagn]'s ',*emical ,te*nology1' ,calv]t's ',dye+ & ,calico ,pr9t+1' edit$ by ,/5h\se & ,groves2 ,crooke's ',practical ,h&book ( ,dye+ & ,calico ,pr9t+1' ,ure's ,diction>y1 edit$ by ,hunt47 ,uses1 c4 ,*iefly 9 dye+1 = ! production ( col\r+ matt] ( v>i\s ri* %ades ( purple & violet1 "s approa*+ p9k1 by ! action ( *romic acid2 & ( a spl5did crimson1 by ! action ( v>i\s oxidis+ ag5ts4 ,x =ms ! basis ( ! celebrat$ new dyes = silks lately pat5t$ by ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,p]k91 & o!rs1 & :i* are n only m delicate & gorge\s 9 t9t1 b also m p]man5t1 ?an any produc$ by o!r sub/ances4 ,besides num]\s salts1 v>i\s sub/itution comp\nds ( anil9e h be5 =m$1 all ( :i* possess va/ sci5tific int]e/1 & sev]al are likely to prove ( importance 9 ! arts4 ,see ,,dye+1 ,,indigo1 ,,t> ,,col\rs1 c4 7also bel[47 ,anil9e1 ,*ro'mates (4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,neutral ,,*romate47 ,f sulphate or oxalate ( anil9e & *romate ( pota%1 by d\ble decomposition4 #b4 7,,bi*ro',,mate3--,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,p]k947 ,sulphate ( anil9e & bi*romate ( pota%1 9 equival5t quantities1 are sep>ately dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! solutions1 aft] be+ mix$1 are all[$ to /& = sev]al h\rs4 ,! :ole is !n ?r[n ^u a filt]1 & ! black precipitate :i* =ms is wa%$ & dri$4 ,x is next dige/$ 9 coal-t> naph?a 7--8 b5zol71 to extract a br[n res9\s sub/ance2 aft] :i* x is dige/$ 9 alcohol1 to dissolve out ! col\r+ matt] 7,,bi*romate ,,( ,,anil9e71 :i* is left beh9d on di/ill+ (f ! _s1 z a copp]y friable mass4 ,pat5t$4 ,anil9e1 ,cy'anide (4 ,b5zonitrile4 ,anil9e1 ,ox'alate (4 7,c#f;,h#g,n7#b;,c#b,o#d4 ,obta9$ by saturat+ an alcoholic solution ( oxalic acid ) anil9e2 ! salt sep>at+ z a cry/all9e mass4 ,x is v soluble 9 hot wat]2 mu* less s 9 cold wat]2 only slightly soluble 9 alcohol2 & insoluble 9 e!r4 ,x may be cry/allis$ f hot wat] or boil+ alcohol4 ,us$ *iefly to =m o!r salts4 ,anil9e1 ,sul'phate (4 7,c#f;,h#g,n7#b,,s#d4 ,prep>$ by saturat+ anil9e ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & g5tly evaporat+ ! liquid until ! salt sep>ates4 ,by re-solution 9 boil+ alcohol1 x cry/allises out1 z ! liquor cools1 "u ! =m ( v beautiful col\rless plates1 ( a silv]y lu/re4 ,x is freely soluble 9 wat]1 & 9 hot alcohol2 sc>cely soluble 9 cold alcohol2 & insoluble 9 e!r4 ,x is *iefly employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! new anil9e dyes4 ,,animal',,cule 7-kule74 ,eng41 ,fr42 pl4 animal'cules4 ,syn4 ,,animal',,culum 7pl41 animal'cula#ff71 ,l42 ,,?i]*51 ,g]4 ,9 zoology & physiology1 a microscopic animal1 or "o s extremely small1 t x is ei!r invisible1 or n di/9ctly disc]nible1 )\t ! aid ( a l5s or microscope2 m especially "o t is n p]ceptible to ! nak$ eye4 ,a mite 0 anci5tly ?\ght ! limit ( littl5ess2 b !re are animals #bg1jjj1jjj ( times small] ?an a mite4 ,a ?\s& millions ( "s ( ! animalcula f\nd 9 common wat] are said to be collectively ( less bulk ?an a s+le gra9 ( s&2 yet _! numb]s are s prodigi\s z sometimes to give ! fluid !y inhabit a pale r$ or yell[ t+e4 ,! milt ( a s+le codfi% is said to conta9 m ( ^! m9ute animals ?an !re are p 9 ! :ole e>?4 ,animalcula 7 fir/ sci5tifically obs]v$ by ,leuw5hoek ab\t ! ye> #afgg4 ,assi/$ by ! microscope he unveil$1 z x 71 he creat$ a new _w = future naturali/s & microscopi/s to explore4 ,footnote #ff3 ,animalcul = ! plural1 sometimes he>d & met )1 is a b>b>ism2 yet "o n :olly conf9$ to ! vulg>1 = we f9d x 9 ,v9c5t's edition ( ,haydn's admirable ',dict4 ( ,dates1' n m]ely twice1 or (t5]1 9 ! text1 b z a 'title-^w1' & also 9 "s o!r works :]e we might lea/ expect x4 ,take any drop ( wat]1 says ,pr(essor ,rym] ,jones1 f our riv]s1 f our lakes1 or f ! va/ ocean itself1 & place x "u ! microscope2 y w f9d !re9 c\ntless liv+ be+s mov+ !re9 9 all directions ) consid]able swiftness1 app>5tly gift$ ) sagacity1 = !y readily elude ea* o!r 9 ! active dance !y keep up4444 ,increase ! p[] ( y\r glasses1 & y w soon p]ceive inhabit+ ! same drop1 o!r animals comp>$ to :i* ! =m] 7 elephant9e 9 _! dim5sions1 equally vivaci\s & equally gift$4 ,exhau/ ! art ( ! optician1 /ra9 y\r eyes to ! utmo/1 until ! a*+ s5se refuses to p]ceive ! little quiv]+ movem5t t indicates ! pres5ce ( life1 & y w f9d t y h n exhau/$ nature 9 ! desc5d+ scale4 ,among/ ! mo/ rem>kable discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce mu/ be reckon$ t ( fossil animalcules 9 su* abundance z to =m ! pr9cipal "p ( ext5sive /rata4 ,?is discov]y is due to ,ehr5b]g1 :o f\nd ! ,poli]s*ief] 7! poli%+ slate or tripoli7 ( ,bil9 to be almo/ entirely made up ( ! silice\s %ields ( a m9ute fossil animalcule1 ! l5g? ( "o ( :i* is ab\t #a_/bhh? ( a l9e1 s t ab\t #bc1jjj1jjj ( animalcules mu/ h gone to =m a cubic l9e1 & #da1jjj1jjj1jjj to =m a cubic in* ( ! rock4 ,ehr5b]g succe$$ 9 discov]+ ! =mation ( simil> /rata 9 deposits ( mud at ! bottom ( lakes & m>%es1 ! mud sw>m+ ) liv+ animalcules1 probably 9 _! turn to be fossilis$4 ,! b]gmehl1 or m\nta9 meal ( ,sw$5 & o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 :i* is sometimes us$ z an article ( food1 is entirely compos$ ( ! rema9s ( animalcules2 n m]ely1 h[ev]1 ( _! silice\s %ields1 = x conta9s a consid]able p]-c5tage ( dry animal matt]4 ,"s animalcules pref] wat]s impregnat$ ) iron1 & _! dea? gives rise to an o*re\s sub/ance 9 :i* iron is a pr9cipal +r$i5t4 ,,an',,ime 77an'-7im-e74 ,eng41 ,l41 ,sp4 ,syn4 ,,gum-,,an',,ime1 ,a4-,,res',,92 ,,anim1 ,fr42 ,,animeh>z1 ,,k\rb>illh>z1 ,g]42 ,,c\rb>il1 ,,jutaiba1 ,nat4 ,a pale br[ni%-yell[1 transp>5t1 brittle res91 :i* exudes f ! hym5a c\rb>il 7,l9n47 or locu/-tree1 ! h4 m>tiana1 & o!r species ( hym5a gr[+ 9 tropical ,am]ica4 ,x conta9s ab\t #b ( volatile oil1 :i* gives x an agreeable od\r2 melts )\t decomposition2 is 7ne>ly7 insoluble 9 alcohol & 9 ca\t*\c9e1 b =ms a gelat9\s mass 9 a mixture ( ! two4 7,ure47 ,x burns readily1 emitt+ a v fragrant smell4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajed to #ajeg4 ,uses1 c4 ,z a fumigation 9 spasmodic a/hma2 9 solution z an embrocation2 & 9 p[d] z a sub/itute = gum guaiacum4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is *iefly employ$ to make v>ni%es & pa/illes 7:i* see74 ,,an',,ion 7-y'7un--,br41 ,we42 7a-ni'-7un--,sm>t74 ,lit]ally1 'upw>d go+1' 9 electro-*emi/ry1 a sub/ance :i* is evolv$ f ! surface :]e ! electrical curr5t is suppos$ to ent] ! electrolyte2 an electro-negative body1 or "o :i* passes to ! positive pole1 or anode1 9 electrolysis1 z oppos$ to a ,,cation4 ,see ,,anode1 ,,ions1 c4 ,,an',,isat$4 ,syn4 ,,anisa',,tus1 ,l42 ,,anis1 ,fr4 ,9 ph>macy1 ! art ( ! liqueuri/e1 confection]1 c41 appli$ to articles or prep>ations impregnat$ or flav\r$ ) anise$4 ,,an',,ise 7-7is74 ,syn4 ,,ani',,sum1 ,,pimp9el',,la ,a4 7,l9n471 ,a4 ,,(fic9a',,le1 ,l42 ,,anis1 ,fr42 ,,anis1 ,,geme9] ,,anis1 ,g]4 ,an annual plant ( ! nat4 ord4 ,umbellif] 7,,dc474 ,hab41 ,egypt1 ,scio1 & ! ,levant2 b l>gely cultivat$ 9 ,malta1 ,spa91 ,g]many1 & v>i\s o!r p>ts ( ,asia & ,europe4 ,a consid]able quantity is cultivat$ at ,mit*am1 9 ,surrey1 *iefly = ! use ( ! rectifi]s ( ,briti% spirits4 7,/eph5son47 ,fruit1 anise$4 7,see bel[47 ,,an',,ise$4 ,syn4 ,,an',,ise1 ,,an',,ise-,,se$2 ,,sem',,ina ,,ani',,si1 ,,fruc',,tus ,a41 ,l42 ,,anis1 ,a4 ,,vrai1 ,,gra9es ,d',,anis1 ,,sem5ce ,d',,anis1 ,fr42 ,,anis1 ,,anisam51 ,g]42 ,,anis1 ,sp42 ,,anice1 ,x4 ,! aromatic fruit or se$ ( ! pimp9ella anisum j notic$4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,its aromatic prop]ties dep5d on ! pres5ce ( volatile oil4 ,! se$ & oil1 & a _s & a wat] prep>$ f !m1 are (fic9al 9 ! ph>macopoeias4 ,bo? ! se$ & its prep>ations are reput$ /imulant1 /oma*ic1 c>m9ative1 pectoral1 diuretic1 & emm5agogue4 ,!y are commonly us$ to relieve flatul5ce & colicky pa9s1 & to prev5t ! grip+ effects ( c]ta9 ca?>tics2 & !y h long be5 popul> rem$ies = c\ghs1 colds1 & o!r brea? ailm5ts4 ,!y are e/eem$ especially useful 9 w>m+ ! /oma* & expell+ w9d1 p>ticul>ly dur+ infancy & *ildhood2 ! di/ill$ or flav\r$ wat] be+ usually employ$4 ,nurses also take ! latt] to promote ! secretion ( milk1 to :i* x at l5g? imp>ts its peculi> od\r & flav\r4 ,9 vet]9>y practice ! p[d]$ se$ is us$ z a c>m9ative1 pectoral1 & corroborant4 ,! ess5tial oil is said to be poison\s to pigeons4 7,vogel2 ,hillefield47 ,anise$ is pr9cipally us$ to flav\r liqueurs1 sweetmeats1 & confection]y4--,dose 7( ! p[d]71 #aj gr4 to #a or #b dr42 = a horse1 #a_/b to #a oz42 cattle1 #c_/d to #b oz4 ,pur41 c4 ,p[d]$ anise$ is ne>ly always adult]at$1 ! adult]ant be+ g5]ally l9se$ meal4 ,sometimes1 z = ! horse1 ! latt] is entirely sub/itut$ = x1 a few drops ( oil ( anise$ be+ add$ to give x smell4 ,! adult]ation is n readily detect$ by ! un9itiat$1 ow+ to ! /rong od\r ( anise$2 b readily by ! microscope4 ,! fruit ( myrrhis odorata 7sweet cicily71 & ( illicium anisatum 7/>-anise71 also possess ! od\r & flav\r ( common anise$2 inde$1 mo/ ( ! ess5tial oil n[ sold z 'oil ( anise$' is />-anise oil4 ,see ,,liqueurs1 ,,oils1 ,,spirits1 ,,wat]s1 c4 ,anise1 ,/>'4 ,! fruit or se$ ( illi''cium anisa'tum 7,l9n471 an ev]gre5 tree gr[+ 9 ,japan & ,*9a4 ,! od\r & prop]ties ( bo? ! se$ & oil greatly resemble ^? ( common anise4 ,!y are bo? employ$ by ! liqueuri/e4 ,see ,,anise$ 7above71 c4 ,,anisette' 77an-7iz-7et'74 ,fr4 ,anise$ cordial4 ,see ,,liqueurs4 ,,aniso*ilus ,,c>nosum4 ,nat4 ord] ,,labiat4 ,an ,indian plant4 ,x is /imulant1 diaphoretic1 & expectorant2 is us$ 9 qu9sy1 & by ! native doctors ( ,travancore 9 cat>rhal affections4 ,dr ,bidie1 an ,indian practition]1 *>act]ises x z a mild /imulat+ expectorant1 & z su* p>ticul>ly useful 9 ! c\ghs ( *ildhood4 ,its prop]ties dep5d ^u a volatile oil4 ,,anisomeles ,,malab>ica4 ,an ,indian plant4 ,nat4 ord] ,labiat4 ,few plants are held 9 high] e/eem1 or m frequ5tly employ$ 9 native practice 9 ,s\!rn ,india1 ?an ?is4 ,an infusion made ( ! leaves is v g5]ally us$ 9 affections ( ! /oma* & b[els1 cat>rhal compla9ts1 & int]mitt5t fev]s4 ,dr ,wright says t 9 addition to its int]nal use 9 ! case ( fev]s1 pati5ts are made to inhale ! vap\r ( a hot infusion1 s z to induce copi\s diaphoresis4 ,an infusion ( ! leaves is report$ to be p[]fully diaphoretic1 & to h be5 f\nd v useful 9 ! l[ cont9u\s fev]s ( ! natives4 ,an oil obta9$ by di/illation f ! leaves is likewise /at$ to be an effectual ext]nal application 9 rheumatism4 ,,ani',,sum4 ,anise$4 ,,anneal',,+4 ,syn4 ,,neal+dagg]2 ,,le ,,recuit1 ,fr42 ,,das ,,anlass51 ,g]4 ,! art ( temp]+ by heat3 appropriately1 ! process by :i* glass1 porcela91 c41 are r5d]$ less frangible1 & metals :i* h become brittle by fusion1 or long-cont9u$ hamm]+1 aga9 r5d]$ t\gh & malleable4 ,glass vessels1 & o!r articles ( glass1 are anneal$ by be+ plac$ 9 an ov5 or ap>tm5t ne> ! furnaces at :i* !y are =m$1 call$ ! 'le]1' :]e !y are all[$ to cool v sl[ly1 ! process be+ prolong$ 9 proportion to _! bulk4 ,/eel1 iron1 & o!r metals are anneal$ by heat+ !m & all[+ !m to cool sl[ly on ! he>? ( ! furnace1 or 9 any o!r suitable place1 unexpos$ to ! cold4 ,/eel is also anneal$ by be+ made r$-hot1 & 9 t /ate is plac$ 9 a heap ( dry saw-du/ till cold1 :5 x w be f\nd q s(t4 ,ca/-iron is r5d]$ t\gh & malleable1 )\t 'puddl+1' by emb$d+ x 9 gr\nd *>coal or hmatite1 & ?us protect$1 keep+ x expos$ at a high temp]ature = sev]al h\rs1 aft] :i* ! :ole is all[$ to cool v sl[ly4 ,pr9ce ,rup]t's drop may be m5tion$ z an example ( unanneal$ glass1 & common ca/-iron ( unanneal$ metals1 to :i* heads ! read] is ref]r$4 ,,annot',,ta4 ,syn4 ,,anot',,to1 ,,annat',,to1 ,,annat',,ta2 ,,arnat',,to1 ,,arnot',,to1 ,c42 ,,orlea',,na1 ,,t]',,ra ,o4991 c41 ,l42 ,,r\col1 ,,roc\1 ,,r\c\1 ,fr42 ,,orleans1 ,g]4 ,a col\r+ matt] =m+ ! out] pellicle ( ! se$s ( ! bix'a orella'na 7,l9n471 an exog5\s ev]gre5 tree1 common 9 ,cay5ne & "s o!r p>ts ( tropical ,am]ica1 & n[ ext5sively cultivat$ 9 bo? ! ,e4 & ,w4 ,indies4 ,x is usually obta9$ by mac]at+ ! cru%$ se$s or se$-pods 9 wat] = sev]al weeks1 ultimately all[+ ! pulp to subside1 :i* is !n boil$ 9 copp]s to a /iff pa/e1 & dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,sometimes a little oil is add$ 9 mak+ x up into cakes or lumps4 ,a bett] me?od is t propos$ by ,leblond1 9 :i* ! cru%$ se$s are simply exhau/$ by wa%+ !m 9 wat] 7--8 alkalis$71 f :i* ! col\r+ matt] is !n precipitat$ by means ( v9eg> or lemon-juice2 ! precipitate be+ subsequ5tly collect$1 & ei!r boil$ up 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 or dra9$ 9 bags & dri$1 z is practis$ ) indigo4 ,annotta s prep>$ is said to be f\r times z valuable z made by ! old process4 ,prop4 ,good annotta is ( a brilliant r$ col\r2 bright] 9 ! middle ?an on ! outside2 feels s(t & smoo? to ! t\*2 has a good consi/5ce1 & a /rongly *>act]i/ic b n a putrid smell4 ,x is sc>cely soluble 9 wat]2 freely soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 oils1 & fats1 to ea* ( :i* x imp>ts a beautiful orange col\r1 & 9 alkal9e solutions :i* d>k5 x2 acids precipitate x ( an orange r$ hue2 /rong sulphuric acid turns x blue4 ,its mo/ important prop]ty is ! aff9ity ( its col\r+ matt] = ! fibres ( silk1 wool1 & cotton4 ,pur4 ,annotta is v frequ5tly adult]at$2 inde$1 ne>ly always s4 ,to :at ext5t ! sophi/ication ( annotta is c>ri$ may be judg$ f ! /atem5t ( ,mr ,bly?1 :o says t on exam9ation ( ?irty-f\r samples ( v>i\s k9ds1 z import$ & obta9$ f ,engli% mak]s & z pur*as$ f deal]s1 he f\nd only two t 7 g5u9e4 ,z annotta is (t5 us$ to give col\r to diff]5t articles ( diet1 x is important t x %\ld be z pure z possible2 o!rwise injuri\s effects detrim5tal to heal? may be caus$ by p>tak+ ( any food to :i* x is add$4 ,n[1 among/ ! li/ ( adult]ants giv5 bel[ are ?ree1 at lea/1 unmi/akeable poisons1 viz4 r$ lead1 orange *rome1 & sulphate ( copp]4 ,x is b "r to /ate ( ! fir/ ( ^! sub/ances 7r$ lead7 t ,mr ,bly? says x is extremely d\btful :e!r x is n[ employ$ to ! ext5t x =m]ly 04 ,he also ascribes its pres5ce 9 annotta to ! impure ,v5etian r$ :i* is us$1 ! employm5t ( ?is col\r be+ a necessity because ( ! l>ge quantities ( fl\r & lime :i* are mix$ ) ! annotta1 :i* !reby becomes s r$uc$ 9 col\r t x is ess5tial to h rec\rse to salt1 alkalies1 & ! r$ e>?s to re/ore x to its orig9al /&>d4 ,! adult]ants are g5]ally meal1 fl\r1 or f>9a1 & (t5 *alk or gypsum1 ) "s pe>la% & oil1 or ev5 soap1 to give x an unctu\s "*2 turm]ic1 ,v5etian r$1 r$ o*re1 orange *rome1 or ev5 r$ lead1 to give x 'col\r1' & common salt1 & sometimes ev5 sulphate ( copp]1 to prev5t decomposition--! la/ two be+ poison\s4 ,sometimes a little c>bonate ( ammonia is also add$ to x to improve ! col\r4 ,:5 q pure x conta9s ab\t #bh ( res9\s col\r+ matt]1 & #bj ( col\r+ extractive matt] 7,dr ,john71 & %\ld leave only a small quantity ( insoluble residuum aft] dige/ion 9 alcohol1 :il/ ! a% result+ f its inc9]ation %\ld n exce$ #a-a_/b to #b4 ,! quantity1 col\r1 c41 ( ! a% w give an easy clue to ! inorganic adult]ants1 if any are pres5t1 :i* may be !n foll[$ up by a *emical exam9ation4 ,! pres5ce ( r$ lead may be detect$ by heat+ x on a piece ( *>coal 9 ! r$uc+ flame ( ! bl[pipe1 by :i* a small bead ( metallic lead w be obta9$4 ,if x conta9s *alk1 o*re1 gypsum1 c41 ! undissolv$ residuum ( ! wa%$ a% gives ! am\nt ( ! adult]ation 7ne>ly74 ,microscopical ,exam9ation ( ,annotta4--,:5 annotta is subject$ to a microscopical exam9ation ! out] r$ portion w be f\nd to pres5t an almo/ homog5e\s appe>ance1 :il/ ! surface ( ! se$ prop] w be se5 to consi/ ( n>r[ or elongat$ cells or fibres dispos$ 9 a v]tical direction1 :ile ! inn] :ite portion w be se5 to be made up ( cells fill$ ) />* corpuscles1 well def9$1 ( m$ium size1 & resembl+ 9 ! elongat$ & /ellate hilum ! />* granules ( ! pea & bean4 ,:5 ! annotta is manufactur$1 & an unadult]at$ sample is exam9$1 b little /ructure is met )4 ,portions ( ! out] cells may be se52 & 9 ^? samples :i* 9 ! c\rse ( _! prep>ation h n be5 subject$ to ! action ( boil+ wat]1 a few />* granules may be obs]v$4 ,s9ce annotta1 :5 manufactur$1 pres5ts s few evid5ces ( /ructure1 we are easily able1 ) ! microscope at our comm&1 to detect ! pres5ce ( mo/ =eign vegetable sub/ances4 ,^! consi/ ( turm]ic p[d]1 :eat1 rye & b>ley />*1 & sago fl\rs4 ,! salt & alkali pres5t 9 ! fraudul5t annotta g5]ally greatly alt] ! appe>ance ( ! turm]ic4 ,mo/ ( ! col\r+ matt] ( ! cells is dis*>g$1 s t ! />* corpuscles conta9$ )9 !m become visible4 ,loose />* granules ( turm]ic may also be frequ5tly se51 & 9 a mu* enl>g$ condition1 ow+ to ! action ( ! alkali ^u !m4 ,! foll[+ process = conduct+ ! assay ( annotta is giv5 by ,mr ,bly?3-- ,9 ord] to e/imate ! comm]cial value & detect adult]ation 9 a sample1 ! quicke/ & be/ way is ! foll[+3 ,weigh accurately a gramme 9 a small plat9um di%2 dry 9 ! wat]-ba? = a c\ple ( h\rs1 !n weigh2 ! loss is ! wat]4 ,f9ely p[d]1 & dige/ x = "s h\rs 9 alcohol2 !n boil1 filt] & treat ) successive portions ( alcohol until all ! col\r+-matt] is dissolv$2 filt]1 evaporate ! filtrate d[n & weigh2 ! result is ! res94 ,! insoluble portion w 9 a good comm]cial specim5 consi/ ( woody matt]1 extractive1 glut51 c4 ,= ! a% weigh ano!r gramme 9 a plat9um di%2 dry = a %ort "t ov] ! wat]-ba?2 !n p[d] & burn until x ceases to lose weight4 ,x is prud5t to fuse a little on *>coal ) c>bonate ( soda be=e ! bl[-pipe be=e burn+ x 9 a plat9um vessel1 z !re may be lead 9 ! annotta4 ,! a% %\ld !n be submitt$ to ! v>i\s reag5ts 9 ord] to detect lime1 alum9a1 c4 ,a correct det]m9ation ( a% & res9 is all t is requir$ to def9itely pron\nce ^u ! purity or impurity ( ! samples4 ,! foll[+ is ! analysis ( a fair comm]cial sample3-- ,! sample 0 9 ! =m ( a pa/e1 col\r deep r$1 od\r peculi>1 b n disagreeable4 ,wat] #bdb ,res9\s col\r+ matt] #bhh ,a% #bbe ,/>* & extractive matt] #bde ---- #ajjj ,! foll[+ is an analysis ( an adult]at$ specim54 ,! sample 0 9 a h>d cake ( a br[n col\r1 ) ! mak]'s "n /amp$ ^u x1 & m>k$ pat5t2 texture h>d & lea!ry1 od\r disagreeable3 ,wat] #acd ,res9 #aaj ,a%1 consi/+ ( iron1 *alk1 salt1 alum9a1 silica #dhc ,extractive matt] #bgc ---- #ajjj ,?us1 9 ! "o ! res9 0 #bh1 ! a% #bb2 9 ! o!r ! res9 0 only #aa1 ! a% no less ?an #dh4 ,uses1 c4 ,to col\r v>ni%es & lacqu]s2 z a pigm5t = pa9t+ velvet & transp>5cies2 z a col\r+ matt] = *eese 7#a oz4 to #a cwt4 ( curd71 = :i* purpose x is n injuri\s1 if pure2 & z a dye-/uff = cotton1 silk1 & wool1 p>ticul>ly ! second1 to :i* x imp>ts a beautiful orange-yell[ hue1 ! %ade ( :i* may be v>i$ f 'aurora' to deep orange by us+ diff]5t proportions ( pe>la% ) ! wat] x is dissolv$ 91 & by apply+ diff]5t mordants be=e putt+ x into ! dye-ba?1 or diff]5t r9s+ liquids aft]w>ds4 ,! hues ?us imp>t$ are1 h[ev]1 all m or less fugitive4 ,annotta ,cake4 ,syn4 ,,flag ,,annotta2 ,,orlea',,na ,,9 ,,fo',,liis1 ,l4 ,f ,cay5ne2 bright yell[1 firm & s(t to ! t\*2 9 squ>e cakes1 weigh+ #b or #c lbs4 ea*4 ,annotta ,egg4 ,syn4 ,,lump ,,annotta2 ,,orlea',,na ,,9 ,o',,vulis1 ,l4 ,g5]ally inf]ior4 ,annotta1 ,eng'li%4 ,syn4 ,,trade ,a41 ,,r$uc$' ,a42 ,,orlea',,na ,,r$uc',,ta1 ,l4 ,a fraudul5t mess commonly prep>$ f egg or flag annotta1 gum tragacan?1 fl\r1 or f>9a1 *alk1 soap1 tra9-oil1 ,v5etian r$1 or bole1 common salt1 wat]1 mix$ by heat 9 a copp] pan1 & =m$ into rolls4 ,sold = g5u9e annotta1 f :i* x is readily di/+ui%$ by its inf]ior quality & its p>tial solubility 9 alcohol4 ,annotta1 ,liq'uid4 ,see ,,solution ,,( ,,annotta 7bel[74 ,annotta1 ,pu''rifi$4 ,see ,,orell9e4 ,annotta ,roll4 ,syn4 ,orlea'na 9 rot'ulis1 ,o4 ,,9 ,,bac',,ulis1 ,l4 ,f ! ,brazils2 h>d1 dry1 br[n outside1 yell[ )94 ,:5 pure1 ?is is ! v>iety mo/ e/eem$1 & ! "o pref]r$ = col\r+ *eese4 ,annotta1 ,solu'tion (4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,annotta1 ,,extract ,,( ,a41 ,,annotta-,,dye1 c42 ,,solu',,tio ,,orlea',n1 ,,extrac',,tum ,o41 c41 ,l4 ,a /rong aque\s solution ( equal p>ts ( annotta & pe>la%1 ! :ole be+ heat$ or boil$ toge!r until ! +r$i5ts are dissolv$4 ,sold 9 bottles4 ,see ,,annotta 7above71 ,,nanke5 ,,dye1 c4 ,,annuals4 ,plants :i* be> fl[]s & fruit 9 ! same ye> :5 rais$ f se$4 ,,an',o-4 ,gr4 ,9 composition1 upw>ds1 c42 z 9 anoca?>'tic 7emetic74 ,,an',,ode4 ,lit]ally1 'upw>d way1' 9 electro-*emi/ry1 ! 'way 91' or t by :i* ! electric curr5t is suppos$ to ent] sub/ances ?r\gh :i* x passes1 z oppos$ to ! ,,ca?ode1 or t by :i* x goes out2 ! positive pole ( a voltaic batt]y4 ,,an',,odyne 7-dine74 ,syn4 ,,ano',,dynus 7-d7in7us-71 ,l42 ,,anod91 ,fr42 ,,s*m]z/ill5d1 ,g]4 ,t allays pa92 soo?+2 atalgic4 ,anodynes4 ,syn4 ,,ano',,dyna 7s+41 ano'd7ynum71 ,l42 ,anod9s1 ,,rem,,des ,a41 ,fr4 ,9 m$ic9e & ph>macy1 sub/ances & ag5ts :i* allay pa94 ,"s 7z ! ,,p>egorics7 act by actually assuag+ pa92 o!rs 7,,hypnotics7 by induc+ sleep2 :il/ a ?ird class 7,,n>cotics7 give ease by /upefy+ ! s5ses1 or by less5+ ! susceptibility to pa94 ,among ! pr9cipal anodynes are opium1 morphia1 h5bane1 camphor e!r1 *lor(orm1 *loral hydrate1 & o!r m$ic9es ( ! l k9d2 to :i* mu/ be add$ spiritu\s liquors1 w9es1 & ! /rong] v>ieties ( malt liquor4 ,! frequ5t use ( anodynes begets ! necessity ( _! cont9uance4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,anodyne1 ,9'fantile 7-ile74 ,syn4 ,,ano',,dynum ,,infan',,tile 7-t7il-e71 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take ( syrup ( poppies1 #a oz42 anise$-wat]1 #c oz42 ,fr5* br&y1 #c_/d oz4 7or rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b oz472 calc9$ magnesia1 #a_/d oz42 mix4 ,an excell5t anodyne & antacid = infants4--,dose4 ,a small teaspoonful z requir$4 ,,anodyn 7,mll]1 ,b]l947 ,*iefly = rheumatic pa9s1 too?a*e1 c4 ,oil ( rosem>y1 #cj drops2 oil ( ?yme1 #aj drops2 camphor1 #e grms42 _s ( ammonia1 #ab grms42 _s1 #fj grms4 7,hag]47 ,,anodyn',,ia 7-d7in'-y'7a74 ,fre$om f pa92 an/hesia4 ,,an',,orexy4 ,syn4 ,,anorex',,ia1 ,l42 ,,anorexie1 ,fr41 ,g]4 ,9 pa?ology1 want (1 or morbidly dim9i%$ appetite1 )\t loa?+ ( food4 ,x is usually symptomatic ( o!r affections4 ,see ,,appetite1 ,,dyspepsia1 c4 ,,anosm9 ,,foot ,,p[d] 7,dr ,osc> ,b]n>1 ,vi5na74 ,an unfail+ rem$y = sweaty feet & bad od\r ( ! feet4 ,p[d]$ alum1 #ba p>ts2 maize meal1 #a "p4 7,hag]47 ,,anosm9 ,,foot ,,wat] 7,ko*71 = a simil> purpose4 ,an aque\s solution ( t>t>ic acid4 ,,ano ,,zabaglione 7-b7al-y'o'-na74 ,prep4 ,put #b eggs1 #c teaspoonfuls ( sug>1 & #b small glassfuls ( %]ry or m>sala1 into a *ocolate cup1 plac$ 9 boil+ wat]1 or ov] ! fire1 & keep ! mixture rapidly /irr$ until x beg9s to rise & ?ick5 a little2 !n add #a or #b teaspoonfuls ( orange-fl[] wat] or rose wat]1 & s]ve x up 9 w9e-glasses4 ,a pleasant ,italian dome/ic rem$y = a cold4 ,,ant 77ant74 ,syn4 ,,emm',,et1 ,,pis',,mire99d\ble-dagg] 7p7iz'-72 ,,=mi',,ca1 ,l42 ,,f\rmi1 ,fr42 ,,ameise1 ,g]42 ,,met1 ,sax4 ,?is well-kn[n little insect belongs to ! family =mic''id1 & ! ord] hym5op't]a4 ,l ! bee1 x is a social animal1 lives 9 communities :i* may be comp>$ to well-regulat$ republics1 & is ( ?ree sexes--male1 female1 neut]4 ,^? belong+ to ! la/ alone lab\r & take c>e ( ! ova & "y4 ,! r$ ant conta9s ,,=mic ,,acid 7acid ( ants71 & a peculi> ,,res9\s ,,oil4 ,bo? ( ^! may be obta9$ by mac]ation 9 rectifi$ _s4 ,a t9cture s prep>$1 & flav\r$ ) aromatics1 con/itutes ,h(fman's ,,eau ,,de ,,magnanimit1 once greatly e/eem$ z an aphrodisiac4 ,see ,,=mica1 ,,=mic ,,acid1 ,,=myle1 c4 ,,antac',,id 7-t7as'-7id74 ,syn4 ,,antac',,idus1 ,l42 ,,antacide1 c41 ,fr42 ,s,,uretilg5d1 c41 ,g]4 ,an ag5t :i* neutralises acids or removes acidity4 7,see bel[47 ,,antac',,ids 7-t7as'-7idz74 ,syn4 ,,antac',,ida1 ,l42 ,,antacides1 c41 ,fr4 ,antacid sub/ances4 ,9 m$ic9e1 c41 sub/ances :i* remove or prev5t acidity ( ! /oma*1 & ?us t5d to relieve he>tburn1 dyspepsia1 & di>rhoea4 ,! pr9cipal antacids are potassa1 soda1 ammonia1 lime1 & magnesia1 ) _! c>bonates & bic>bonates4 ,,ammonia is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful1 & :5 ! acidity is conjo9$ ) nausea & fa9tness1 or is accompani$ ) symptoms ( n]v\s d]angem5t or hy/]ia1 is und\bt$ly ! be/2 :5 great irritability ( ! coats ( ! /oma* exi/1 ,,pota% is to be pref]r$2 :5 ! acidity is accompani$ ) di>rhoea1 c>bonate ( lime 7prep>$ *alk71 lime-wat]1 or ,c>>a-wat]2 & :5 ) co/iv5ess1 ,,magnesia4 ,!y may be advantage\sly comb9$ ) "s simple aromatic1 z g+]1 c9namon1 or pepp]m9t4 ,_! prep>ation1 doses1 adm9i/ration1 c41 w be f\nd "u ea* 9 its alphabetical place2 & =mul conta9+ !m1 "u ,,draughts1 ,,loz5ges1 ,,mixtures1 c4 ,,antal',,gics 7-t7al'-74 ,syn4 ,,antal',,gica1 ,l4 ,m$ic9es :i* relieve pa92 anodynes4 ,,antal',,kal9es 77ant-7al'-k7a-l7inz74 ,syn4 ,,antalkali',,na1 ,l4 ,ag5ts or m$ic9es :i* correct alkal9ity4 ,all ! acids except ! c>bonic are antalkal9e4 ,,an',,te-4 ,9 composition1 be=e1 contr>y1 opposite2 g5]ally 9 ! fir/ s5se4 ,see ,,anti-4 ,,antepidemicum ,,univ]sale 7,h4 ,mll]1 ,cop5hag574 ,a valuable univ]sal rem$y = all sorts ( contagi\s diseases 9 man or dome/ic animals4 ,a fluid l wat]1 ) a weak1 almo/ imp]ceptible1 od\r ( acetic e!r4 ,is compos$ ( spr+ wat]1 9 :i* p]haps two or ?ree drops ( pure c>bolic acid are dissolv$1 & a few drops ( acetic e!r add$ to disguise x4 7,hag]47 ,,an!lm9',,tics1 ,an!lm9'?ics 7-?7el-74 ,see ,,v]mifuges & ,,worms4 ,,an',,?i>9e 7-7in74 ,see ,,an?ir9e4 ,,an?ok',,yan4 ,syn4 ,,succ',,u ,,vi',,ol ,,prep>a',,tus1 ,l4 ,! express$ juice ( ! sweet or purple violet 7vi'ola odora'ta--,l9n471 defecat$1 g5tly heat$ 9 glass or e>!nw>e to #aib ,fahr41 !n skimm$1 cool$1 & filt]$2 a little rectifi$ _s is next add$1 & ! foll[+ day ! :ole is aga9 filt]$4 ,x mu/ be kept well cork$1 & 9 a cool situation4 ,uses1 c4 ,*iefly to make syrup ( violets1 to col\r & flav\r liqueurs1 & z a *emical te/4 ,! ,london druggi/s obta9 x pr9cipally f ,l9coln%ire4 ,,an',,?ony',s ,,fire1 ,sa9t 7-to-n7iz74 ,see ,,erysipelas4 ,,an?os5z 7,dr ,hess1 ,b]l974 ,g5]al tonic & anodyne balsam4 ,oil ( cloves1 #d p>ts2 oil ( g]anium1 #b p>ts2 p9e-apple ess5ce1 #a "p2 _s1 #ej p>ts2 col\r$ ) alkanet root4 7,hag]47 ,,an',,?otype4 ,see ,,photography4 ,,an?rac5e4 ,c#ad;,h#aj4 ,an?rac5e is "o ( ! la/ products pass+ ov] 9 ! dry di/illation ( coal-t>4 ,dr ,calv]t says x is f\nd mo/ abundantly 9 ! t5 or fifte5 p] c5t4 :i* comes ov] betwe5 ! temp]ature at :i* s(t pit* is produc$ & t at :i* h>d pit* is =m$4 ,coal-t> conta9s v v>iable quantities ( an?rac5e1 ^? t>s procur$ f coals :i* are ri*e/ 9 naph?a yield+ x mo/ abundantly4 ,! coals ( ,s\? ,/af=d%ire give ! l>ge/ yield1 :il/ ! ,newca/le coals give v little4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! solubility ( an?rac5e 9 ! oily hydroc>bons :i* accompany x1 ow+ to slight elevation ( temp]ature1 its extraction c only be c>ri$ on advantage\sly 9 cold wea!r4 ,gess]t prep>es an?rac5e f coal-t> z foll[s3 ,he places ! la/ pa/y portions 7! 'gre5 grease'7 ( ! coal-t> di/illation 7:i* mu/ n be c>ri$ beyond ! po9t at :i* :ite pit* is =m$7 fir/ 9 a c5trifugal ma*9e1 & !n 9 a hydraulic press at #dj1 or subjects ! mass heat$ to #cj-dj directly to pressure 9 a filt] press4 ,! press$ mass consi/s ( ab\t #fj ( an?rac5e2 = fur!r purification x is boil$ ) light t>-oil or petroleum naph?a1 & f9ally heat$ till x melts4 ,! residue conta9s #ie ( an?rac5e4 ,! foll[+ me?od = ! purification ( crude an?rac5e contam9at$ ) oily matt]s is by ,s*ull]3--,! crude an?rac5e is c>efully heat$ to comm5c+ ebullition 9 a capaci\s retort connect$ ) a tubulat$ receiv] ( glass or e>!nw>e1 ! l[] ap]ture ( :i* is clos$ ) a f9e wire sieve4 ,a /rong curr5t ( air is !n bl[n into ! retort ) a pair ( bell[s1 :]eby ! an?rac5e is driv5 ov] 9 a v %ort "t ne>ly pure & dry1 & cond5ses 9 ! receiv] z a fa9tly yell[i% %[y mass4 ,by ?is me?od a quantity ( an?rac5e1 ! purification ( :i* by re-cry/allisation or sublimation w\ld take sev]al days1 may be purifi$ 9 z _m h\rs2 moreov] x is obta9$ 9 a pulv]ul5t =m1 9 :i* x is v readily act$ on by oxidis+ ag5ts4 ,an?raqu9one prep>$ f crude an?rac5e may also be obta9$ by ?is me?od 9 ! =m ( a light yell[ p[d]1 resembl+ fl[]s ( sulphur4 ,fritzs*e obta9$ an?rac5e 9 cry/als exhibit+ a beautiful violet col\r by expos+ a solution ( an?rac5e 9 coal-t> naph?a to sun%9e1 until ! solution became col\rless4 ,pure an?rac5e assumes ! =m ( fluoresc5t transp>5t cry/als1 consi/+ ( f\r- or six-sid$ plates1 :i* :5 se5 by transmitt$ light are ( a v pale blue col\r1 b ( a pale violet by reflect$ light4 ,! process = obta9+ pure an?rac5e is a v tr\blesome "o4 ,mr ,crookes says3--,a tru/wor?y me?od = det]m9+ ! am\nt ( pure an?rac5e ei!r 9 comm]cial an?rac5e or 9 crude gre5 grease is ! foll[+3--,! melt+-po9t ( ! sample 9 "q is fir/ det]m9$4 #e to #aj grammes are suffici5t = ! op]ation4 ,x is put betwe5 ?ick folds ( blott+ pap]1 & plac$ "u a press1 betwe5 plates :i* h be5 previ\sly w>m$4 ,! an?rac5e rema9+ ^u ! pap] aft] pressure is weigh$4 ,! residue aft] x has be5 boil$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( alcohol1 filt]$1 wa%$ ) cold alcohol & dri$1 is weigh$ z pure an?rac5e4 ,x is n[ advisable to det]m9e ! melt+-po9t ( ! purifi$ product1 :i* w g5]ally be #baj ,c4 ,an?rac5e is only slightly soluble 9 alcohol1 b r m s 9 e!r & bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,x is m soluble 9 hot1 b less s 9 cold b5z5e4 ,petroleum boil+ betwe5 #afj & #aie ,f4 dissolves less ?an b5z5e4 ,an?rac5e dissolves 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid ) a gre5 col\r1 & =ms conjugat$ monsulpho or bisulpho-an?rac5e acid1 accord+ to ! temp]ature employ$4 ,*lor9e & brom9e give rise to sub/itution products4 ,nitric acid acts on x ) great viol5ce1 ) =mation ( an?raqu9one1 nitro-an?raqu9one1 & o!r comp\nds accord+ to ! temp]ature & proportion ( ! sub/ances tak54 ,) picric acid an?rac5e =ms a comp\nd cry/allis+ 9 v bright ruby-r$ ne$les1 :i* by ! aid ( ! microscope are se5 to be prisms4 ,to prep>e x a saturat$ solution ( picric acid 9 wat] at #hj ,f4 is mix$ ) a saturat$ solution ( an?rac5e 9 boil+ alcohol2 on cool+ ! comp\nd is deposit$ 9 ! cry/all9e /ate4 ,x is rapidly decompos$ by an excess ( alcohol into picric acid & an?rac5e1 ! solution assum+ a yell[ t9t4 ,?is reaction c be employ$ to di/+ui% an?rac5e f naph?al5e & o!r hydroc>bons1 naph?al9 "u simil> circum/ances =m+ a comp\nd :i* cry/allises 9 f9e gold5 yell[ ne$les1 :il/ *rys5e gives rise to clu/]s ( v small yell[ ne$les4 7,calv]t's ',dye+ & ,calico ,pr9t+1' edit$ by ,/5h\se & ,groves74 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( an?rac5e1 notic$ by ,fritzs*e1 is its deportm5t "u ! microscope ) a solution ( b9itro-an?raqu9one 9 b5z5e4 ,9 ?is reaction f9e rhomboidal scales ( a beautiful p9k col\r are =m$1 ! purity & brilliancy ( ! col\r dep5d+ on ! purity ( ! an?rac5e4 ,9 ! ',bul4 ,soc4 ,*im41' vii1 #bgd1 sev]al reactions by :i* an?rac5e is =m$ are describ$ by ,b]!lot1 z by ! action ( heat on o!r hydroc>bons1 or by pass+ ! vap\rs ( e?yl5e1 /yrol5e1 & b5z5e ?r\gh a porcela9 tube heat$ to bright r$ness4 ,a great numb] ( products are procur$ f an?rac5e1 by f> ! mo/ important ( ^! be+ artificial aliz>94 ,see ,,aliz>91 ,,artificial4 ,,an',,?racite 7site74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,an?rac',,olite1 ,,glance'-,,coal1 ,,/one'-,,coald\ble-dagg]1 ,,m9]al ,,*>',,coal992 ,,an?raci',,tes1 ,l42 ,,glanzkohle1 ,g]4 ,a species ( coal f\nd 9 ! transition-rock =mation1 consi/+ *iefly ( d5se c>bon4 ,x has a con*oidal fracture1 a semi-metallic lu/re1 & a sp4 gr4 usually v>y+ f #ad to #af4 ,x burns )\t ei!r flame or smoke1 emits an int5se heat1 & leaves sc>cely any a%2 b x is difficult to k9dle1 & requires a lively draught = its combu/ion4 ,x is ! common fuel 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 al?\gh1 until rec5tly1 sc>cely employ$ 9 ,europe1 & t *iefly 9 a few iron works & /eam furnaces4 ,its adoption 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld n m]ely at once remove ! smoke nuisance1 b w\ld produce a va/ annual sav+ to ! community4 ,by contract+ ! ?roat ( ! *imney a little1 & avoid+ ! use ( ! pok]1 x may be burnt 9 a common grate4 ,! ,am]icans use a little *>coal z k9dle1 & seldom supply fre% coal to ! fire (t5] ?an once or twice a day4 ,! inf]ior v>ieties ( an?racite are te*nically & prov9cially call$ culm2 z is also ! small & wa/e ( ! bett] k9ds4 ,= ! analysis1 geology1 calorific value1 c41 ( an?racite1 see ,,coal1 ,,culm1 ,,evaporation1 ,,fuel1 ,,heat1 c4 ,de la ,be*e describes ,an?racite z a v>iety ( coal conta9+ a l>g] proportion ( c>bon1 & less bitum9\s matt]1 ?an common coal4 ,9 ! ',memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey' we read3--,we see ! same s]ies ( coal b$s becom+ s alt]$ 9 _! horizontal range t a set ( b$s bitum9\s 9 "o locality is obs]v$ gradually to *ange into an?racitic 9 ano!r4 ,tak+ ! coal measures ( ,s\? ,wales & ,monm\?%ire1 we h a s]ies ( accumulations 9 :i* ! coal-b$s become n only m an?racitic t[>d ! we/1 b also exhibit ?is *ange 9 a plane :i* may be consid]$ z dipp+ s\?-s\?-ea/1 at a mod]ate angle1 ! am\nt ( :i* is n yet cle>ly asc]ta9$1 s t 9 ! natural sections af=d$1 we h bitum9\s coals 9 ! high gr\nds & an?racite coals b5ea?4 ,?is fact is readily obs]v$ ei!r 9 ! ,nea? or ,swansea valleys1 :]e we h bitum9\s coals on ! s\? & an?racite on ! nor?2 & m bitum9\s coal-b$s on ! heights ?an b5ea?1 "s di/ance up ^! valleys1 ^? ( ! ,n$d & ,tawe4 ,?\gh ! t]ms bitum9\s coal & an?racite1 h be5 appli$ to m>k$ diff]5ces1 ! *anges are t !re is no sudd5 modification to be se54 ,to "s ( ! int]m$iate k9ds ! t]m free burn+ has be5 giv51 & ?us ?ree *ief diff]5ces h be5 recognis$4 ,! t]m ,culm is appli$ bo? to an inf]ior k9d ( an?racite only work$ = lime-mak+ & mix+ ) clay & to ! small pieces ( an?racite obta9$ 9 work+ ! b$s ( true an?racite4 ,x is also kn[n "u ! names ( ,bl9d-coal1 ,glance-coal1 & ,kilk5ny-coal4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct trades 9 an?racite4 ,! fir/ "o is t :]e ! coal is sold j z x is br\ght f ! pit4 ,?is is t]m$ ,?r\gh ,culm1 & is us$ = lime-burn+4 ,?is coal is inf]ior 9 quality to t f :i* ! l>ge coal has be5 remov$1 & is sometimes call$ ,ba/>d ,/one-coal4 ,! trade 9 ! ,nea? di/rict is exclusively ( ?is k9d4 ,9 ,swansea & ,llanelly x is p>tly ( ?is k9d & p>tly ( ! k9d :]e ! l>ge coal is pick$ out & sold z /one-coal = ! v>i\s purposes to :i* t coal is put1 ! small pieces be+ left = %ipm5t to places :]e x is requir$ = lime-burn+1 "u ! "n ( /one-coal culm4 ,no ?r\gh culm is %ipp$ f ,pembroke%ire4 ,f\r ?\s& tons almo/ 9 ! condition ( du/ are annually %ipp$ f ,swansea1 "u ! "n ( ,lambsk91 be+ s5t to ,c>digan%ire1 :]e x is us$ solely = mix+ ) clay4 ,?is mixture1 :i* is kn[n "u ! "n ( ,fireballs1 is us$ = h\sehold purposes4 ,?is mixture1 made ( ! ord9>y /one-coal culm1 is also 9 v g5]al use ?r\gh\t p>ts ( ,pembroke%ire & ,c>m>!n%ire4 ,an?racite coal is f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry at ,bide=d 9 ,devon%ire1 at ,walsall 9 ,/af=d%ire1 9 ! we/]n divisions ( ! ,s\? ,wales coalfield1 9 ,irel&1 & ne> ,ed9burgh4 ,x is v abundant 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ',transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,geologi/s' x is /at$ by ,pr(essor ,rog] t 9 ! great ,apala*ian coal-field1 #gbj miles 9 ext5t1 ) a *ief bread? ( #ahj miles1 ! coal is bitum9\s t[>ds ! we/]n limit1 :]e x is level & unbrok51 becom+ an?racite t[>ds ! s\?-we/1 :]e x becomes di/urb$4 ,an?racite coal is also f\nd 9 ! coal-measures ( ,france1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( ,isre1 ! high ,alps1 ,g>d1 ,may5ne1 & ( ,s>?4 ,ab\t #db1bga1jjj kilogrammes 7( #bb1jdf avoirdupois p\nds ea*7 =m ! annual yield4 ,an?racite is also obta9$ 9 ,belgium4 ,an?racite is n an orig9al v>iety ( coal1 b a modification ( ! same b$s :i* rema9 bitum9\s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! region4 ,an?racite b$s1 !re=e1 are n sep>ate deposits 9 ano!r sea1 nor coal-measures 9 ano!r area1 nor int]polations among bitum9\s coal2 b ! bitum9\s b$s !mselves alt]$ into a natural coke1 f :i* ! volatile bitum9\s oils & gases h be5 driv5 (f4--,lesley on ,coal4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,locality4 ,"n ( ,coal4 ,c>bon4,volatile,a%es4 matt]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,bitum9\s4 ,birtley ,works1 ,newca/le-on-,tyne #fjej #ceej #djj ,alfreton1 ,d]by%ire #ebdf #dbej #bjd ,an?racite4 ,nea? ,abbey ,pwlf]on ,ve91 #iajh #hjj #jib #e? b$ ,swansea ,peacock ,coal #hijj #gej #cej ,y/alyf]a ,brass ,ve9 #ibdf #fjd #aej ,cwm ,nea? ,n9e-feet ,ve9 #icab #ebb #aej ,france ,an?racite1 common #giae #gce #acbe ,cte-d',or #hbfj #hfj #hhj ,mais ,saize #hchj #gej #iej ,p5nsylvania ,beav] ,mead[ #ibcj #fdb #abh ,%5[e? ,ve9 #idaj #adj #dej ,black ,spr+ ,gap #hjeg #gae #cbh ,nealey's ,tunnel #hibj #edj #edj ,massa*usetts ,mansfield ,m9e #igjj #ajej #cjj ,rhode ,isl& ,portsm\? ,m9e #hehd #ajej #cff ,we/phalia ,%afb]g1 #hbjb #hfi #ibi ,alex&] ,seam ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,an?racite1 ! exclusive employm5t ( :i* is = iron-mak+1 /eam eng9es1 & = dome/ic uses 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 "s #fj ye>s s9ce reg>d$ z incombu/ible refuse1 & z su* look$ ^u z rubbi% & ?r[n away4 ,! =ego+ analyses ( bitum9\s & an?racite coals w suffici5tly %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,pr9cipal ,localities ( ,an?racite & ,an?racit\s ,coal4 ,weight ,specific ( a ,,europe4 ,gravity4 cubic y>d 9 lbs4 ,s\? ,wales--,swansea #abfc #baca ,cyf>?fa #accg #bbef ,ynsc$w9 #aced #bbhd ,av]age #adde #bbgh ,irel&--,mean #adde #bcgf ,france--,alli] #achj #bbjg ,tantal #acij #bbhc ,brassac #adcj #bdac ,belgium--,mons #acjg #baje ,we/phalia #acje #bbgh ,prussian ,saxony #adff #bdgd ,saxony #acjj #baic ,av]age ( ,europe #bbha ,,am]ica4 ,p5nsylvania-- ,lyk5's ,valley #acbg #bbdj ,lebanon ,co41 ,grey ,ve9 #acgi #bcbg ,s*uylk9 ,co41 ,lorb]ry ,creek #adgb #bdhd ,pottsville1 ,%>p ,m\nt #adab #bchb ,pea* #addf #bddj ,salem ,ve9 #aegd #bfdi ,tamaqua1 ,nor? ,ve9 #afjj #bgjj ,maun* ,*unk #aeej #bfae ,nesquehon+ #aeeh #bfdf ,wilkesb>re1 be/ #adgb #bhhd ,we/ ,mahoney #acga #bcac ,beav] ,mead[ #afjj #bgjj ,gir>dville #afjj #bgjj ,hazelton #aeej #bfae ,broad ,m\nta9 #agjj #bhfi ,lackawanna #afji #bgae ,massa*usetts--,mansfield #agaj #bhhb ,rhode ,isl&--,portsm\? #ahaj #cjed ,av]age 9 ,unit$ ,/ates #bfja ,! calorific value ( an?racite coal is well %[n by ! foll[+ results f ,dr ,fyfe's exp]im5ts1 to comp>e ,scot* & ,engli% bitum9\s coals ) an?racite1 9 reg>d to _! evaporative p[]1 9 a high-pressure boil] ( a #d-;horse eng9e hav+ a grate ) #hae squ>e feet ( surface2 also 9 a waggon-%ap$ copp] boil]1 op5 to ! air1 surface #ah feet1 grate #aee3-- ,,key3 ,a - ,p\nds burnt p] h\r on ! ,grate4 ,b - ,duration ( ! ,trial 9 h\rs4 ,c - ,temp]ature ( ! ,wat]4 ,d - ,p\nds ( ,wat] evaporat$ f ! initial ,temp]ature by #a lb4 ( coal4 ,e - ,p\nds ( ,wat] at #bab f a lb4 ( ,coal4 ,f - ,coal p] h\r on "o sq4 ft4 ( ,grate4 ,g - ,"t 9 seconds ( consum+ #a lb4 ( ,coal4 ,h - ,p\nds evaporat$ p] h\r f ea* sq4 ft4 ( surface4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,k9d ( ,fuel employ$4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,middl]ig ,scot* #hacc #i #de #fff #ggd #ajjj #ddbg 444 ,pressure #ag lbs4 coal p] squ>e 94 ,scot* coal1 #ajh #e #agj #ffb #fhi #acbe #cccc 444 ,ditto4 diff]5t v>iety f prec$+ ,,an?racite #dgid #h-a_/b #de #hgc #ajaj #ehh #geji 444 ,ditto4 ,scot* coal1 f #hbd #h-a_/b #ej #ech #fij #eca #dcfhi #cae ,l[] pressure1 ne> ,ed9burgh op5 copp] boil]4 ,engli% bitum9\s #fjg #hd #ej #ghd #ijg #cia #ejcjh #cjf ,ditto4 coal ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,space w n admit ( our ent]+ fully into ! "q ( ! evaporative p[] ( an?racite1 b its advantages "u c]ta9 conditions are fully e/abli%$4 ,,an',,?racoka',,li4 ,eng41 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,an?rakoka',,li1 ,,an?rak',,ali2 ,,an',,?racoka',,li1 ,hamb4 ,c4 #ahde4 ,prep4 #a4 7,polya47 ,c>bonate ( potassa1 #f oz42 quick-lime1 #c-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #d p9ts2 proce$ z direct$ = solution ( potassa1 !n evaporate ! cle> liquid1 9 an iron capsule1 to ab\t #f fl4 oz41 add ( f9ely p[d]$ m9]al coal #e oz41 boil1 ) con/ant /irr+1 to dryness1 & cont9ue ! /irr+ at a r$uc$ heat1 until ! :ole is conv]t$ into a homog5e\s black p[d]1 :i* mu/ be at once plac$ 9 small1 dry1 & well-/opp]$ phials4 #b4 7,hamb4 ,c4 #ahde2 ,ph4 ,bad51 #ahda47 ,hydrate ( potassa1 #g dr42 melt1 add ( cannel coal1 #e dr41 & !n proce$ z be=e4 ,prop4 c4 ,a deliquesc5t black p[d]1 ) a cau/ic ta/e1 & empyreumatic smell2 #aj gr4 ) #a fl4 oz4 ( wat]1 aft] filtration1 =ms a cle>1 d>k br[n solution1 giv+ a precipitate ) acids1 )\t eff]vesc5ce4--,dose1 #a to #c gr41 twice or ?rice daily2 & ext]nally1 made into a pomade or o9tm5t 7#a_/b to #a dr41 to l>d1 #a oz472 9 sk9 diseases 7p>ticul>ly h]petic eruptions71 scr(ula1 *ronic rheumatism1 c4 ,x has be5 highly extoll$ by ,dr ,gilb]t1 & by its inv5tor1 ,dr ,polya2 b app>5tly undes]v$ly4 ,an?racokali ,sulphurett$4 ,syn4 ,,an?racokali ,,sulphuretum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,polya47 ,z =mula #a 7above71 b add+ sulphur1 #d dr41 imm$iately aft] /irr+ 9 ! p[d]$ coal4--,dose1 use1 c41 z ! la/4 ,see ,,fuligokali4 ,,an?racom',,et]4 ,syn4 ,,antracom',,etrum1 ,l42 ,,an?racom,,tre1 ,fr42 ,,kohl5s,,uremess]1 ,g]4 ,an app>atus us$ to det]m9e ! heat+ p[] or comm]cial value ( coal1 or o!r fuel2 also an in/rum5t = f9d+ ! proportion ( c>bonic acid 9 any gase\s mixture4 ,,an?rapurpur94 ,c#ad;,h#h,o#e4--;,a col\r+ matt] obta9$ z a second>y product 9 ! prep>ation ( aliz>9 f an?rac54 ,x may be prep>$ by dissolv+ ! crude col\r+ matt] 9 a dilute solution ( c>bonate ( soda1 & %ak+ up ! result+ solution ) fre%ly precipitat$ alum9a1 :i* comb9es ) ! aliz>91 leav+ ! an?rapurpur9 9 solution4 ,?is is filt]$ (f f ! aliz>9 lake1 heat$ to boil+1 & acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,! col\r+ matt] :i* is precipitat$ is ?r[n on to a filt]1 wa%$ & dri$4 ,an?rapurpur9 has ab\t ! same aff9ity = mordants z aliz>94 ,x =ms r$ ) alum9a1 & purple & black ) iron mordants4 ,! r$s are mu* pur] & less blue 9 col\r ?an ^? ( ! aliz>91 :il/ ! purples are blu] & ! blacks m int5se4 ,! an?rapurpur9 col\rs resi/ soap & light q z effectively z ^? produc$ ) aliz>94 ,:5 employ$ to dye ,turkey-r$1 an?rapurpur9 gives a v brilliant sc>let %ade ( col\r1 :i* is ( rem>kable durability4 ,,an?ypnotics 7-?7ip-74 ,syn4 ,,antihypnot',,ics 7-h7ip-71 c4 ,see ,,agripnotics4 ,,an',,ti-4 ,gr41 ,greek3 anti1 aga9/4 ,9 composition1 be=e1 aga9/1 contr>y to1 corrective (1 c41 m especially repres5t+ antagonism or opposition2 :il/ ! ,lat9 ante- is g5]ally us$ 9 ! s5se ( be=e1 hav+ ref]5ce to prec$5ce ei!r ( place or "t4 ,anti- is a common prefix 9 ,engli% words d]iv$ f ! ,greek & ,lat91 especially ^? connect$ ) ph>macology & m$ic9e1 ! f9al i be+ ei!r dropp$ or reta9$ 7b g5]ally ! fir/7 be=e a1 e1 & h2 z 9 antacid1 antibili\s1 anti-emetic1 an!lm9tic1 anti-corbutic1 antiseptic1 c41 :e!r us$ z adjectives or sub/antives4 ,^! comp\nds1 :i* are v num]\s1 are 9 g5]al self-explanatory4 ,,an',,ti>9e 7-7in2 -ti'--,br&e74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,an',,?i>9e1 ,eng41 ,fr42 ,,anti>i',,na1 ,,an?i>i',,na1 ,,antia'',,ria1 ,,upa',,sia 7-zh'7a71 ,l4 ,! active pr9ciple ( ! upas poison ( ,java4 ,x is extract$ f ! p>tially inspissat$ juice 7upas poison7 ( ! upas tree by alcohol1 & may be obta9$ "u ! =m ( small pe>ly cry/all9e scales by c>eful evaporation4--,prod4 ,ab\t #c-a_/b 7,muld]74 ,prop41 c4 ,soluble 9 #bg p>ts ( boil+ wat]2 freely soluble 9 alcohol2 sc>cely s 9 e!r2 heat decomposes x4 ,x is a frightful poison1 to :i* no antidote is kn[n4 ,ev5 a m9ute quantity introduc$ into a w\nd rapidly br+s on vomit+1 convulsions1 & dea?4 ,x r5d]s ! he>t ins5sible to ! /imulus ( ! blood4 7,sir ,b4 ,brodie47 ,,anti-,,attri'',,tion 7-tr7i%'-7 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,antifriction ,,grease1 ,,axle-,,grease1 ,,friction ,,compo'1 ,,lu',,bricat+ ,,comp\nd1 c4 ,prep4 #a4 ,good plumbago 7black lead71 f9ely p[d]$ & sift$1 s z to be p]fectly free f grit1 is gradually add$1 ?r\gh a sieve1 to #e times its weight ( good l>d conta9$ 9 an iron pan & r5d]$ semi-fluid1 b n liquid1 by a g5tle heat2 ! mass be+ vigor\sly /irr$ ) a /rong wood5 spatula1 aft] ea* addition1 until ! mixture is complete1 & ! composition smoo? & uni=m4 ,! heat is !n gradually rais$ until ! :ole liquefies1 :5 ! vessel is remov$ f ! fire to a cool situation1 & ! /irr+1 :i* %\ld h be5 unremitt$1 cont9u$ until ! mixture is q cold4 ,x is appli$ 9 ! cold /ate1 ) a bru%1 ab\t once a day1 accord+ to ! velocity ( ! p>ts2 & is said to be fully #c-d?s *eap] 9 use ?an oil1 tall[1 t>1 or any ( ! ord9>y compo's4 ,:5 int5d$ = uses 9 :i* x w be expos$ to w>m?1 & consequ5t wa/e by dripp+1 a "p1 or ev5 ! :ole ( ! l>d is replac$ by h>d /ra9$ grease or tall[1 or a little bees' wax is add$ dur+ its manufacture4 #b4 ,black lead1 #a "p2 tall[ or grease1 #d p>ts2 gr\nd toge!r until p]fectly smoo?1 ei!r ) or )\t camphor1 #c to #e lbs4 p] cwt4 ,expir$ pat5t4 #c4 ,scot* soda1 #fj lbs42 wat]1 #cj galls42 dissolve 9 a capaci\s boil]1 & palm oil & h>d tall[1 ( ea* #a-a_/d cwt41 & hav+ )drawn ! heat1 /ir vigor\sly z be=e1 until ! mass is homog5e\s & ne>ly solidifi$4 ,9 hot wea!r ! proportion ( tall[ is increas$1 & t ( ! palm oil dim9i%$2 9 w9t]1 ! rev]se4 ,us$ = ! axles ( railway c>riages & o!r co>se purposes4 ,= express tra9s all tall[ is usually employ$1 irrespective ( ! wea!r or season4 #d4 ,melt1 b avoid boil+1 #af lbs4 tall[1 & dissolve 9 x #b-a_/d lbs4 ( sug> ( lead2 !n add #c lbs4 ( black antimony4 ,! mixture mu/ be con/antly /irr$ till cold4 ,?is composition is = cool+ ! necks ( %afts1 & may be ( s]vice :]e ! %afts are n ( ! prop] l5g?1 or ! be>+s are at fault4 #e4 ,l>d1 #b-a_/b lbs42 camphor1 #a oz42 black lead1 #a_/b lb4 ,rub ! camphor 9 a mort>1 into a pa/e ) a small portion ( ! l>d2 !n add ! rema9d] ( ! l>d & ! black lead1 & ?or\ghly mix4 #f4 7,railway ,grease47--,= summ] use1 tall[1 #a cwt4 #c qrs42 palm oil1 #a cwt4 #a qr4 ,= autumn or spr+1 tall[1 #a cwt4 #b qrs42 palm oil1 #a cwt4 #b qrs4 ,= w9t]1 tall[1 #a cwt4 #a qr42 palm oil1 #a cwt4 #c qrs4 ,melt ! tall[ 9 a boil]1 !n add to x ! palm oil z soon z ! mixture boils1 & put out ! fire4 ,:5 ! mixture1 :i* %\ld n[ be frequ5tly /irr$1 has cool$ d[n to blood heat 7#ih to #ajj ,f471 x %\ld be run ?r\gh a sieve into a solution ( f #ef to #fj lbs4 ( soda 9 ab\t #c galls4 ( wat]4 ,?or\ghly mix by /irr+4 #g4 ,bean or rye fl\r1 #a cwt42 wat]1 #f cwt42 mix to a smoo? pa/e1 raise ! heat until ! mixture boils1 & /ir 9 fir/ ( milk ( lime 7( ab\t ! consi/5ce ( cream71 #g cwt42 res9-oil1 #aj cwt42 & /ir vigor\sly until cold4 ,inf]ior4 #h4 7,boo?'s47--a4 ,f ,scot* soda1 #a_/b lb42 boil+ wat]1 #a gall42 palm oil or tall[1 or any mixture ( !m1 #aj lbs42 z be=e1 obs]v+ to cont9ue ! /irr+ until ! mixture has cool$ d[n to #fj or #gj ,fahr4 b4 ,soda1 #a_/b lb42 wat] & rape-oil1 ( ea* #a gall42 tall[ or palm-oil1 #a_/b lb42 z la/4 ,expir$ pat5t4 #i4 7,mankettrick's47 ,f ca\t*\c 7dissolv$ 9 oil ( turp5t9e71 #d lbs42 ,scot* soda1 #aj lbs42 glue1 #a lb42 7dissolv$ 97 wat]1 #aj galls42 oil1 #aj galls42 ?or\ghly incorporat$ by assidu\s /irr+1 add+ ! ca\t*\c la/4 #aj4 7,,li>d1 ,fr474 ,f9e/ rape-oil1 #a gall42 ca\t*\c 7cut small71 #c oz42 dissolve ) heat4 ,uses1 c4 ,to less5 friction 9 ma*9]y1 prev5t ! be>+s ru/+1 c4 ,! simple/ are p]haps ! be/4 ,( late ye>s sev]al diff]5t liquid hydroc>bons obta9$ f coal1 & p>ticul>ly p>aff9 oil1 h be5 ext5sively employ$ 9 ?is way4 ,see ,,friction1 ,,lubrication1 c4 ,,antibil',,i\s 7-y7us74 ,syn4 ,,antibilio',,sus1 ,l42 ,,antibilieux1 ,fr4 ,an epi!t ( m$ic9es t are suppos$ to remove ailm5ts dep5d+ on disord]$ action ( ! liv]4 ,ap]i5ts1 m]curials1 & aloetic purgatives g5]ally1 belong to ?is class4 ,see ,,ab]ne?y ,,m$ic9es1 ,,bile1 ,,pills1 c4 ,,antic>',,dium4 ,see ,,reviv] 7,black74 ,,anti-,,*ol]a ,,acid 7,h4 ,ludwig1 ,vi5na2 also an ,am]ican prep>ation74 ,a prov$ cure & prev5tive ( *ol]a4 ,dilut$ sulphuric acid1 #a "p2 w9e1 #e p>ts2 wat]1 #aj p>ts4 7,hag]1 ,bu*n]1 & ,witt/e947 ,,anti-,,*ol]a ,,wat] 7,eau ,anti*ol]ique de ,duboc1 ,p>is71 = lead colic & a prev5tive ( *ol]a4 ,compos$ ( wat] ) "s br&y & #a_/b p] c5t4 ( sulphuric acid4 7,gmel947 ,,an',,ti*lore 7-klore74 ,among blea*]s1 any sub/ance1 ag5t1 or means1 by :i* ! p]nici\s aft]-affects ( *lor9e are prev5t$4 ,wa%+ ) a weak solution ( sulphite ( soda 7:i* conv]ts any adh]+ 'blea*+ salt' into sulphate1 sulphide1 or *loride7 is commonly adopt$ = ?is purpose4 ,rec5tly *loride ( t91 us$ 9 ! same way1 has be5 recomm5d$4 ,a *eap sulphite ( lime1 prep>$ by agitat+ milk ( lime ) ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur1 & dra9+ & air-dry+ ! product1 has be5 lately pat5t$ 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 by ,pr(4 ,hors=d1 "u ! "n ( ',,anti*loride ,,( ,,lime1' ,see ,,blea*+1 c4 ,,an',,tidote 7-dote74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,antid',,otum1 ,,antid',,otus1 ,l42 ,,antidot1 ,,geg5gift1 ,g]4 ,9 m$ic9e1 toxicology1 c41 a sub/ance adm9i/]$ to c\nt]act or less5 ! effects ( poison4 ,! pr9cipal poisons1 ) _! antidotes1 are notic$ "u _! respective heads4 ,also see ,,poisons1 ,,toxicology1 c4 ,,anti-,,epilepticum 7,wepl]1 ,b]l971 kn[n z ,wepl]'s ,krampfpulv]4 ,magnesia alba1 #e p>ts2 rad4 dictamni1 #ae p>ts2 rad4 z$o>1 #ab p>ts2 rad4 artemis1 #h p>ts2 soot1 #a_/b "p2 ol4 val]ian1 #a_/b "p2 ol4 cajeputi1 #a_/d "p4 ,dr ,hag] is ! au?ority = ! above1 & he adds t =m]ly ! same proprietor sold a rem$y :i* consi/$ ( a black p[d] made by c>bonis+ hemp5 ?read4 ,,antif]',,m5t 7pop4 & m u41 9 ?is s5se1 an'tif]m5t'74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,antif]m5',,tum1 ,l4 ,any sub/ance :i* prev5ts or arre/s f]m5tation4 ,sev]al no/rums are sold "u ?is "n 9 ! cid]-di/ricts4 ,! foll[+ are tri$ & useful =mul3-- ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphite 7n sulphate7 ( lime1 9 f9e p[d]1 #a "p2 m>ble-du/1 gr\nd oy/]-%ells1 or *alk1 #g p>ts2 mix1 & pack tight1 s z to exclude ! air4 #b4 ,sulphite 7n sulphate7 ( potassa1 #a "p2 new black-mu/>d se$ 7gr\nd 9 a pepp]-mill71 #g p>ts2 mix1 & pack s z to p]fectly exclude air & moi/ure4 ,dose 7( ei!r71 #a_/b oz4 to #a-a_/b oz4 p] hhd4 #c4 ,mu/>d-se$1 #ad lbs42 cloves & capsicum1 ( ea* #a-a_/d lb42 mix1 & gr9d !m to p[d] 9 a pepp]-mill4 ,dose1 #a_/d to #a_/b lb4 p] hhd4 ,uses1 c4 ,! above =mul are inf9itely sup]ior to ^? commonly met ) 9 trade2 & are q h>mless4 ,a portion ( any "o ( !m add$ to cid]1 or p]ry1 soon allays f]m5tation1 :5 excessive1 or :5 x has be5 r5ew$4 ,! fir/ =mula is pref]r$ :5 !re is a t5d5cy to acidity4 ,! second & ?ird may be advantage\sly us$ = w9e & be]1 z well z = cid]4 ,t ( ! ?ird =mula greatly improves ! flav\r & ! app>5t /r5g? ( ! liquor1 & also improves its keep+ qualities4 ,see ,,cell>-,,managem5t1 ,,f]m5tation1 c4 ,,anti-,,fric',,tion ,,metal4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f t91 #af to #bj p>ts2 antimony1 #b p>ts2 lead1 #a "p2 fus$ toge!r1 & !n bl5d$ ) copp]1 #hj p>ts4 ,us$ :]e !re is mu* friction or high velocity4 #b4 ,z9c1 #f p>ts2 t91 #a "p2 copp]1 #bj p>ts4 ,us$ :5 ! metal is expos$ to viol5t %ocks4 #c4 ,lead1 #a "p2 t91 #b p>ts2 z9c1 #d p>ts2 copp]1 #fh p>ts4 ,us$ :5 ! metal is expos$ to heat4 #d4 7,babbet's47 ,t91 #dh to #ej p>ts2 antimony1 #e p>ts2 copp]1 #a "p4 #e4 7,f5ton's47 ,t9 ) "s z9c1 & a little copp]4 #f4 7,ord9>y47 ,t91 or h>d pewt]1 ) or )\t a small portion ( antimony or copp]4 ,)\t ! la/ x is apt to spread out "u ! weight ( heavy ma*9]y4 ,us$ = ! be>+s ( locomotive eng9es1 c4 ,obs4 ,^! alloys are usually support$ by be>+s ( brass1 into :i* x is p\r$ aft] !y h be5 t9n$1 & heat$ & put toge!r ) an exact model ( ! axle1 or o!r work+ piece1 pla/ic clay be+ previ\sly appli$1 9 ! usual mann]1 z a lute or out] m\ld4 ,s(t gun-metal is also excell5t1 & is mu* us$ = be>+s4 ,!y all become less heat$ 9 work+ ?an ! h>d] metals1 & less grease or oil is consequ5tly requir$ :5 !y are us$4 ,see ,,alloys1 ,,friction1 c4 ,,antigug',,gl]4 ,a small b5t tube ( glass or metal ins]t$ into casks & c>boys1 to admit air ov] ! liquor :il/ x is be+ p\r$ out or drawn (f1 s t ! s$im5t may n be di/urb$4 ,,antihecticum ,,pot]ii4 ,fuse toge!r #d p>ts ( regulus ( antimony1 & #e-a_/b ( f9e t92 p\r x on a metal plate1 r$uce x to p[d]1 & deflagrate x 9 a r$-hot crucible ) #ae p>ts ( nitre2 keep x hot = "s "t1 !n wa% x1 & dry x ) a g5tle heat4--,dose1 two to t5 gra9s 9 hectic fev]s4 ,,antili?ic4 ,see ,,li?ontryptics4 ,,antimo'',,nial 7-mone'y-'7al74#fg ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,antimonia',,lis1 ,l4 ,p]ta9+ to1 compos$ (1 or conta9+ antimony4 ,9 m$ic9e & ph>macy1 appli$ to prep>ations or rem$ies 7,,antimo'',,nials2 ,,antimonia'',,lia1 ,l47 9 :i* antimony1 or "o ( its comp\nds1 is ! lead+ or *>act]i/ic +r$i5t4 ,footnote #fg3 ,antimon'ial 7--,mayne7 is a b>b>ism4 ,,antimo',,niat$4 ,syn4 ,,antimonia',,tus1 ,l4 ,mix$ or impregnat$ ) antimony2 antimonial4 ,,antimon',,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,antimon',,icum1 ,l42 ,,acide ,,antimonique1 ,fr42 ,,antimons,,ure1 ,g]4 ,prep4 #a4 ,pure metallic antimony1 9 co>se p[d]1 or small fragm5ts1 is dige/$ 9 excess ( conc5trat$ nitric acid1 until ! oxidation & conv]sion is complete2 ! excess ( nitric acid is !n remov$ by evaporation ne>ly to dryness1 & ! residuum ?r[n into cold di/ill$ wat]2 aft] :i* ! p[d] 7,,antimonic ,,acid7 is collect$ on a calico filt]1 wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ by a g5tle heat4 ,pure4 #b4 ,metallic antimony 79 p[d]71 #a "p2 p[d]$ nitre1 #f or #h p>ts2 are mix$ & ignit$ or deflagrat$ 9 a silv] crucible2 ! mass1 :5 cold1 is p[d]$2 ! excess ( alkali wa%$ out ) hot wat]1 & ! residuum 7,,antimoniate ,,( ,,potassium7 decompos$ ) hydro*loric acid2 la/ly1 ! precipitate 7,,antimonic ,,acid7 is wa%$ & dri$ z be=e4 ,t obta9$ by ! fir/ process is dibasic1 & has ! =mula ,h#b,sb#b,o#f1 :ile t produc$ by ! second process is tetrabasic1 & has ! =mula ,h#d,sb#b,o#g2 ! =m] is call$ simply antimonic acid1 ! latt] metantimonic acid4 ,prop4 ,antimonic acid is a s(t :ite p[d]1 sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]1 r$d5s litmus1 & is dissolv$1 ev5 9 ! cold1 by /rong hydro*loric acid & by pota%4 ,! hydro*loric solution1 mix$ ) a small quantity ( wat]1 yields1 aft] a :ile1 a precipitate ( antimonic acid2 b if dilut$ ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 x rema9s cle>4 ,ammonia does n dissolve x 9 ! cold4 ,by heat+ ) a l>ge excess ( cau/ic pota% x is conv]t$ into metantimonic acid4 ,metantimonic acid is m readily dissolv$ by acids ?an antimonic acid1 & is dissolv$ by ammonia1 aft] a :ile1 ev5 at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,x is also p]fectly soluble 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 & is precipitat$ !refrom by acids4 ,x is v un/able1 & easily *anges into antimonic acid1 ev5 9 wat]4 ,,antimonic ,,anhydride 7,sb#b,o#e74 ,syn4 ,,antimonic ,,oxide1 ,,anhydr\s ,,antimonic ,,acid1 ,,p5toxide ,,( ,,antimony4 ,antimonic or metantimonic acid1 heat$ to a temp]ature bel[ r$ness1 loses wat] & yields ! anhydride1 ,sb#b,o#e4 ,antimonic anhydride is a yell[i%-:ite p[d]1 ta/eless & insoluble 9 wat] & acids4 ,boil$ ) a solution ( cau/ic pota%1 x is dissolv$4 ,if fus$ ) c>bonate ( potassium1 c>bonic anhydride is expell$1 & a salt is produc$ f :i* antimonic acid is precipitat$ by acids4 ,,antimoni\s ,,acid4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,tetroxide (4 ,,an',,timonett$4 ,syn4 ,,antimo'',,niurett$2 ,,antimonia',,tus1 ,l4 ,comb9$ ) or conta9+ antimony4 ,see ,,hydrog51 c4 ,,an',,timony 7-te-m7un-e74 ,syn4 ,,metal',,lic ,,antimony991 ,,reg',,ulus ,,( ,a4dagg]2 ,,antimo'',,nium1 ,a4 ,,metal',,licum1 ,,/ib',,ium1 ,,metal',,lum ,,antimo'',,niidagg]1 ,a4 ,,reg',,ulusdagg]1 c41 ,l42 ,,antimo9e1 ,fr42 ,,antimon1 ,,spiessglanz1 ,,spiessglas1 ,,spiessglanzmetall1 ,g]42 ,,antimonio1 ,x41 ,sp4 ,! t]m =m]ly appli$ to ! native sulphide or greyi%-black semi-cry/all9e ore ( antimony2 b n[ solely appropriat$ to ! pure metal4 ,s\rces4 ,metallic antimony1 9 comb9ation ) silv] & iron 7,,native ,,antimony71 ) sulphur 7,,grey ,,sulphide ,,( ,a471 or ) nickel 7,,nickelif',,er\s ,,sulphide ,,( ,a47 is f\nd 9 ,bohemia1 ,hung>y1 ,g]many1 ,sw$51 ,france1 ,engl&1 ,borneo1 & ,am]ica2 & oxidis$1 comb9$ ) oxide ( iron1 c4 7,,antimo'',,nial1 ,o',,*re1 ,,r$ ,,antimony1 ,,:ite ,a4#fh71 =m+ ores1 ei!r small 9 quantity or ( little value1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,( ^! ! only "o 9 suffici5t abundance = smelt+ is ! common sulphide kn[n z 'grey antimony' or '/ibnite4' ,footnote #fh3 ,:ite ,a4 occurs 9 consid]able quantities 9 ,borneo1 & is us$ aft] roa/+ z a :ite pigm5t = iron & o!r surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 a1 b1 ,grate & fire-place4 c1 ,bridge4 d1 ,air-*annel4 e1 ,concave space = ore1 re/+ on a solid b$ f1 =m$ ( s& & clay4 g1 ,door = introduc+ ! ore1 & ab/ract+ residu>y slag4 h1 ,pipe to convey away ! liquid metal4 i1 ,*imney4 ,prep4 ,native antimony is fre$ f impurities by fusion4 ,! sulphide1 aft] be+ melt$ f ! gangue1 is commonly oxidis$ by exposure on ! concave he>? ( a rev]b]atory furnace1 & is !n r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate by fusion 9 crucibles ) coal-du/1 crude t>t>1 or "s o!r deoxidis+ ag5t4 ,to free ! product f iron1 x is g5]ally fus$1 or re-fus$1 ) a little antimonic oxide2 & :5 ! ore conta9s ars5ic1 iron1 or its oxide1 & an alkal9e c>bonate or sulphate1 are us$ 9 ! same way4 ,x is seldom prep>$ on ! small scale4 ,! foll[+ =mul are 9 use1 or are recomm5d$3-- #a4 ,on ! ,,small ,,scale3-- a4 ,f t]sulphide ( antimony1 9 co>se p[d]1 #b p>ts2 iron fil+s1 #a "p2 fus$ toge!r 9 a cov]$ crucible1 at a heat gradually rais$ to dull r$ness4 b4 ,f ! t]oxide or ! oxy*loride ( antimony1 fus$ toge!r1 z be=e1 ) twice its weight ( crude t>t>4 c4 7,ph4 ,ca/r4 ,ru4 #ahdj47 ,sulphide ( antimony1 #af p>ts2 cream ( t>t>1 #f p>ts2 bo? 9 p[d]2 ?r[ ! mixture1 9 small quantities at a "t1 into a vessel 7an e>!n crucible7 heat$ to r$ness2 :5 ! reaction is ov] 7hav+ closely cov]$ ! vessel71 fuse ! mass1 & aft] a qu>t] ( an h\r p\r x out1 & sep>ate ! metal f ! slag4 d4 ,f sulphide ( antimony1 #h p>ts2 crude t>t>1 #f p>ts2 nitre1 #c p>ts2 z la/4 e4 7,whl]47 ,sulphide ( antimony1 #aj p>ts2 nitre1 #ab p>ts2 dry c>bonate ( soda1 #ae p>ts2 deflagrate toge!r2 p[d] ! result+ mass1 & wa% x ?or\ghly ) boil+ wat]2 la/ly1 smelt ! dri$ residuum ) black flux4 ,all ! prec$+ are ne>ly pure2 ! impurity1 if any1 be+ traces ( copp]1 lead1 or iron4 f4 7,b]zelius47 ,f metallic antimony1 9 f9e p[d]1 #b p>ts2 t]oxide ( antimony1 #a "p2 fus$ toge!r4 ,! product w be pure provid$ ! antimony employ$ is free f lead4 g4 7,muspratt47 ,f antimony1 #i p>ts2 p]oxide ( manganese1 #a "p2 fus$ toge!r2 ! result+ metal be+ re-fus$ ) #a-aj? ( its weight ( c>bonate ( soda4 #b4 ,on ! ,,l>ge ,,scale--comm]cial3-- a4 ,see above 7be=e #a a474 b4 ,f sulphide ( antimony1 #ajj p>ts2 iron 79 v small scraps71 #dj p>ts2 dry crude sulphate ( soda1 #aj p>ts2 p[d]$ *>coal1 #b-a_/b p>ts2 fus$ toge!r4--,prod4 #fj to #fe p>ts ( antimony1 besides ! scori or a%1 :i* is also valuable4 c4 7,b]?i]47 ,sulphide ( antimony1 #ajj p>ts2 hamm]s*lag 7r\gh oxide or iron f ! %+l+ or roll+ mills71 #fj p>ts2 crude c>bonate or sulphate ( soda1 #de to #ej p>ts2 *>coal p[d]1 #aj p>ts2 z la/4--,prod4 #fe to #gj p>ts4 ,prop41 c4 ,blui%-:ite1 lu/r\s1 ) a lamell> texture1 & a cry/all9e or semi-cry/all9e fracture1 ) f]n-leaf m>k+s on ! surface1 :5 pure 7/> antimony72 extremely brittle 7may be p[d]$72 imp>ts brittl5ess to its alloys 7ev5 #a-ajjj? "p add$ to gold r5d]s x unfit = ! purposes ( co9age & ! arts72 melts at #hji-haj ,fahr41 or j "u r$ness2 fumes1 boils1 & volatilises at a :ite heat1 &1 :5 sudd5ly expos$ to ! air1 inflames ) conv]sion into ! t]oxide1 :i* is deposit$ 9 beautiful fl[]s or cry/als2 :5 p]fectly pure & fus$ )\t contact ) air or =eign matt]1 x be>s an int5se heat )\t sublim+ 7,?n>d72 all[$ to cool sl[ly f a /ate ( p]fect fusion1 x cry/allises 9 octah$rons or dodecah$rons2 t>ni%es1 b does n ru/ by exposure to air or moi/ure at common temp]atures2 hot hydro*loric acid dissolves x1 ) ! =mation ( ,,tri*loride ,,( ,,antimony2 nitric acid1 :5 conc5trat$1 conv]ts x into ,,antimonic ,,acid2 & :5 dilute1 into ,,trioxide ,,( ,,antimony4 ,sp4 gr4 #fg to #fh4fi ,footnote #fi3 ,:5 p]fectly pure1 #fgae--,ure4 ,te/s4 ,metallic antimony may be recognis$ by ! above prop]ties2 its oxide1 salts1 c41 by ! foll[+ reactions3--#a4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 gives1 ) acid solutions1 an orange-r$ precipitate1 :i* is sp>+ly soluble 9 ammonia1#gj & insoluble 9 dilute acids2 b readily soluble 9 pure potassa & alkal9e sulphides1 & 9 hot hydro*loric acid ) ! evolution ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas3--#b4 ,sulphydrate ( ammonium gives an orange-r$ precipitate1 readily soluble 9 excess ( ! precipitant1 if ?is latt] conta9s sulphur 9 excess2 & ! liquor conta9+ ! re-dissolv$ precipitate gives a yell[ or orange-yell[ precipitate on ! addition ( an acid3--#c4 ,ammonia & potassa1 & _! c>bonates1 give 7except 9 solutions ( t>t> emetic7 a bulky :ite precipitate2 t ) ammonia & its c>bonate be+ insoluble 9 excess ( ! precipitant2 t ) potassa1 readily s2 :il/ t ) c>bonate ( potassium is only soluble on ! application ( heat3--#d4 ,a rod ( z9c ?r[s d[n metallic antimony1 z a black p[d]1 f all its solutions n conta9+ free nitric acid4 ,if ! exp]im5t be made ) a few drops ( a solution ( antimony conta9+ a little free hydro*loric acid1 & a small plat9um di% or capsule be employ$1 ! "p cov]$ by ! liquid is soon /a9$ br[n or blacki%1 & ! /a9 is irremovable by cold hydro*loric acid1 b may be easily remov$ by w>m nitric acid3--#e4 ,by ebullition ( ! acidulat$ liquid along ) copp] gauze1 foil1 or wire1 z notic$ "u ',re9s*'s ,te/4'#ga ,! peculi> violet-grey ( ! deposit is *>act]i/ic1 & may easily be di/+ui%$ f t giv5 by ars5ical solutions3--#f4 ,mix$ ) dilute sulphuric acid & p\r$ on "s metallic z9c 9 a gas-g5]at+ flask1 provid$ ) a small b5t tube 7see engr471 x yields ,,antimonett$ ,,hydrog5 7,m>%'s te/71 recognis$ by burn+ ) a blui%-gre5 flame1 & furni%+ d5se :ite fumes :i* adh]e readily to any cold sub/ance 7z a porcela9 plate7 held ov] x2 or1 if ! plate be depress$ ^u ! flame1 a deep black1 & almo/ lu/reless spot ( metallic antimony2 ! fumes & spots 9 bo? cases be+ insoluble 9 wat]1 & 9 dilute solution ( *loride 7crude hypo*lorite7 ( soda4 ,on heat+ ! c5tre ( ! tube to r$ness ) a _s lamp1 ! blui%-gre5 col\r ( ! flame less5s 9 int5sity1 & a mirror ( metallic antimony1 ( silv]y lu/re1 =ms inside ! tube at ! ignit$ "p4 ,on pass+ dry sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh ! tube1 /ill heat$ by a _s lamp1 ?is mirror assumes a r$di%-yell[ col\r1 approa*+ black 9 its ?ick] p>ts2 & by exposure to a feeble /ream ( hydro*loric acid gas1 almo/ imm$iately1 or 9 a few seconds1 disappe>s1 be+ c>ri$ (f by ! gas1 :i*1 if pass$ into a little di/ill$ wat]1 yields a solution ( *loride ( antimony1 :i* may be fur!r submitt$ to any ( ! usual te/s4#ga ,if ! sub/ance be 9 ! solid /ate1 x mu/ be r$uc$ to p[d] & dissolv$ 9 wat]2 or if insoluble 9 t m5/ruum1 a solution mu/ be obta9$ by dige/ion 9 ei!r hot hydro*loric or nitrohydro*loric acid1 be=e proce$+ to exam9e x by ?is me?od4 ,footnote #gj3 ,! l precipitate f a solution ( antimonic acid 9 hydro*loric acid1 dissolves readily 9 ammonia1 p>ticul>ly :5 heat$4 ,footnote #ga3 ,see ,,ars5i\s ,,acid4 ,illu/ration3 a1 ,flask conta9+ ! suspect$ fluid1 dilute sulphuric acid1 & z9c4 b1 ,small tube1 at ! "o end hav+ an almo/ capill>y orifice1 :]e ! gas is inflam$4 c1 ,_s-lamp4 d1 ,support4 ,e/im4 ,antimony is g5]ally ,,weigh$ "u ! =m ( t]sulphide2 b sometimes z antimoni\s anhydride1 &--?\gh m seldom--z pure metal3-- #a4 ,a solution be+ obta9$ z above1 if necess>y1 x is /rongly acidulat$ ) t>t>ic acid1 & ! antimony ?r[n d[n z a sulphide by a /ream ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,aft] w>m+ ! solution & all[+ x to cool1 ! precipitate 7,,t]sulphide7 is collect$ on a filt]1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,a small portion dige/$ 9 /rong hydro*loric acid w completely dissolve if x be ! pure sulphide2 9 :i* case ! quantity ( ,,antimony s\ght w be equal to #ga-a_/b 7#gae7 ( ! weight ( ! sulphide f\nd 7v ne>ly74#gb ,%\ld only "p ( ! precipitate be soluble1 a kn[n weight ( x may be introduc$ into a flask1 & a consid]able quantity ( fum+ nitric acid add$1 drop by drop1 & aft]w>ds1 a little hydro*loric acid1 ! mixture be+ dige/$1 at a g5tle heat1 until ! reaction is complete1 & ! :ole ( ! sulphur is dissolv$4 ,! result+ solution dilut$ ) wat]1 /rongly acidulat$ ) t>t>ic acid1 & solution ( *loride ( b>ium add$ z long z x di/urbs ! liquid1 yields a precipitate1 ( :i* ! weight1 aft] x has be5 ?or\ghly wa%$1 dri$1 & g5tly ignit$1 multipli$ by #acf1 gives ! quantity ( ,,sulphur 9 ! sample2 & :i*1 d$uct$ f ! weight ( ! sulphide fir/ f\nd1 gives ! quantity ( pure ,,antimony1 z be=e4 ,footnote #gb3 ,t]sulphide ( antimony dri$ at #bab ,fahr4 /ill reta9s traces ( wat]1 :i* is n :olly expell$ until ! heat rea*es #cij-cib1 :5 x acquires a black col\r & a cry/all9e appe>ance4 #b4 ,! quantity ( ,,pure ,,antimony 9 comm]cial samples may be det]m9$ by treat+ !m 79 p[d]7 ) nitric acid1 :i* oxidises ! antimony & leaves x 9 an insoluble /ate1 :il/ x dissolves ! o!r metals4 ,! result+ oxide is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$ 9 an op5 porcela9 crucible1 & weigh$--its weight multipli$ by #ghih gives ! quantity ( pure metal s\ght4 #c4 ,dissolve a kn[n weight ( ! sample 9 hydro*loric acid1 imm]se a blade ( pure metallic t9 9 ! solution1 & keep ! liquor acidul\s1 & 9 a /ate ( g5tle ebullition by ! heat ( a s& ba?1 :5 ! :ole ( ! ,,antimony w be precipitat$ "u ! =m ( a black p[d]1 & may be collect$1 wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to alloys ( antimony & t94 ,see ,te/s 7above7 & ,pur4 7bel[74 ,pur4 ,! antimony ( comm]ce g5]ally conta9s a little ars5ic1 ) v>iable quantities ( iron1 lead1 sulphur1 & t94 ,^! impurities may be ?us detect$3-- #a4 7,ars5ic47 ,by fus+ ! sample1 9 p[d]1 mix$ ) ab\t an equal weight ( t>trate or bit>trate ( potassium1 9 a cov]$ crucible1 = #b or #c h\rs1 & plac+ ! result+ button1 :i* is an alloy ( antimony & potassium1 9 a ',m>%'s app>atus' along ) a little wat]1 :5 ! dis5gagem5t ( hydrog5 gas w comm5ce1 & may be te/$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,see ,,ars5ic4 #b4 7,iron47 ,dissolve ! p[d]$ sample 9 nitrohydro*loric acid1 dilute ! solution ) a l>ge quantity ( cold wat]1 filt]1 & pass a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh ! filtrate z long z x produces a precipitate2 aga9 filt]1 boil ! filt]$ liquor = a few m9utes to drive (f ! sulphurett$ hydrog51 & !n te/ x ) f]rocyanide ( potassium1 :i* w give a blue precipitate if iron be pres5t2 or sup]saturate ! la/ filtrate ) ammonia1 & !n add hydrosulphydrate ( ammonium1 :51 "u l conditions1 a black precipitate w be =m$4 #c4 7,lead47 ,dige/ ! p[d]$ sample 9 hot nitric acid1 :i* w dissolve out ! ,,lead b leave ! antimony beh9d4 ,! :iti% p[d]y residuum may be wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$1 z above2 ! cle> decant$ liquor may n[ be mix$ ) ! fir/ wa%+s1 evaporat$ to dryness1 ! residuum re-dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! solution submitt$ to reag5ts 7see ,,lead74 ,if lead is f\nd to be pres5t1 a solution ( sulphate ( sodium may be add$ until x ceases to di/urb ! liquid1 & ! result+ precipitate 7sulphate ( lead7 wa%$1 dri$1 & g5tly ignit$ 7alone7 9 a porcela9 crucible2 ! weight ( ! ignit$ residuum furni%es a numb] :i*1 multipli$ by #fhc1 gives ! weight ( ! ,,lead s\ght4 #d4 7,sulphur47 ,! solution 9 nitrohydro*loric acid1 :5 te/$ ) ei!r nitrate or *loride ( b>ium1 gives a :ite precipitate ( sulphate ( b>ium1 insoluble 9 bo? wat] & acids1 :i* :5 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$1 & ! weight multipli$ by #acf1 gives ! quantity ( ,,sulphur z be=e4 ,9 ?is case1 z ) ! sulphides 7see above71 free sulphur maybe remov$ by dige/+ & wa%+ ! p[d]$ sample 9 bisulphide ( c>bon1 previ\s to its solution 9 ! acid1 by :i* ! viol5ce ( ! subsequ5t reaction w be less5$4 #e4 7,t947 ,two samples ( equal weight are tak52 ! "o is te/$ = ,,antimony1 z describ$ above2 ! o!r is dissolv$ 9 a mixture ( equal p>ts ( hydro*loric & nitrohydro*loric acid1 & a blade ( z9c imm]s$ 9 ! solution 7see above72 ! mix$ precipitate ( t9 & antimony :i* =ms is collect$ on a weigh$ filt]1 wa%$1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,! weight ( antimony 9 ! fir/ sample subtract$ f t n[ obta9$1 leaves a rema9d] :i* indicates ! quantity ( ,,t9 9 ! orig9al sample4 ,phys4 eff41 c4 ,ne>ly all ! salts & prep>ations ( antimony are emetic & ca?>tic1 & 9 l>ge doses poison\s--occasion+ vomit+1 pr(use alv9e dejections1 acute colic1 & inflammation ( ! /oma* & b[els1 (t5 s]i\s1 ?\gh r>ely result+ 9 dea?4 ,,t>t> ,,emetic & ,,butt] ,,( ,,antimony are ^? f :i* accid5ts h pr9cipally occurr$4--,ant41 c4 ,copi\s vomit+1 if x has n already occurr$1 %\ld be promot$1 & ! rec5tly prep>$ hydrat$ sulphide ( iron adm9i/]$ 9 consid]able doses1 foll[$ or accompani$ by mucilag9\s dr9ks & diuretics4 ,if mu* pro/ration foll[s1 w9e & /imulants may be _h rec\rse to4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( hydrat$ sulphide ( iron1 a solution ( tann91 or decoction ( galls2 c9*ona1 or oak b>k1 or ev5 p[d]$ c9*ona1 mix$ ) tepid wat]1 may be adm9i/]$4 ,uses4 ,9 ! arts1 antimony ent]s into ! composition ( sev]al useful alloys1 z ,,type-,,metal1 ,,pewt]1 ,,britannia-,,metal1 ,,music-,,plate ,,metal1 c4 ,x is add$ to ! alloy = concave mirrors1 to give !m a f9] texture2 to bell metal1 to r5d] x m sonor\s2 & to v>i\s o!r metals to increase _! h>dness & fusibility2 = ! latt] purpose x is employ$ 9 ! ca/+ ( cannon balls4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,9 'roa/+' or oxidis+ ! native sulphide ( antimony on ! b$ ( ! rev]b]atory furnace1 z 9 ! common me?od be=e ref]r$ to1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to regulate & gradually raise ! heat1 :i*1 until t[>ds ! end ( ! process1 ne$ n be extreme1 & !n only %\ld x approa* dull r$ness4 ,)\t ?is precaution mu* ( ! undecompos$ sulphide w be lo/ by volatilisation4 ,dur+ ! :ole "t ! '*>ge' %\ld also be well /irr$ ) an iron spatula1 to ensure ! con/ant exposure ( e "p ( x to ! atmosph]e4 ,! process is complete :5 ! :ole mass assumes a greyi%-:ite appe>ance4 ,e>!n crucibles are commonly employ$ = ! subsequ5t r$uction1 & aft] be+ *>g$ & cov]$ ov] ) gr\nd *>coal1 are heat$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace4 ,! product is ! crude metallic antimony ( comm]ce4 ,x is g5]ally ,,ref9$ by smelt+ x ) ab\t #a-h? ( its weight ( ! ref9$ sulphide1 & ab\t #a-d? ( its weight ( c>bonate or sulphate ( soda2 b if !re be mu* iron pres5t1 m ( ! sulphide--ev5 #a-d?--may be requir$2 = unless !re be suffici5t sulphur to comb9e ) ! :ole ( ! iron1 ! ars5ic w n be oxidis$1 b rema9 z a contam9ation4 ,:5 cold1 ! metal is c>efully sep>at$ f ! slag1 & is frequ5tly re-fus$ ) a little fre% c>bonate ( soda 7#a to #a-a_/b "p72 aft] :i* x is ca/ into pigs1 lumps1 or +ots4 ,! crude metal1 ?us treat$1 commonly yields #id ( ,,ref9$ ,,metal ( tol]able purity4 ,%\ld lead h be5 pres5t 9 ! sulphide or ore1 x rema9s aft] a second1 or ev5 a ?ird fusion1 al?\gh proportionately r$uc$ 9 quantity2 & x c only be completely sep>at$ 9 ! humid way4 ,x is1 !re=e1 always desirable to select an ore free f lead4 ,antimony1 ,a% (4 ,syn4 ,,antimony-,,a%1 ,,calc9$' ,,antimony992 ,,ci',,nis ,,antimo'',,nii1 ,,antimo'',,nium ,,calc9a',,tum991 ,l4 ,prep>$ by roa/+ ! common grey sulphide ( antimony on an iron plate set "u a *imney1 to c>ry (f ! fumes4 ,! product is a mixture ( t]oxide ( antimony1 ) "s unburnt sulphide1 & a little antimoni\s acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,a%-grey2 emetic 9 small doses4 ,us$ *iefly z a *eap sub/itute = t]oxide ( antimony by ! manufactur]s ( t>t> emetic2 also to make metallic antimony4 ,antimony1 ,butt'er (4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,tri*loride ,,(4 ,antimony1 ,calx (4 ,syn4 ,,calx ,,antimo'',,nii1 ,l4 ,sometimes appli$ to antimony-a%1 b m commonly to crude1 unwa%$ diaphoretic antimony4 ,antimony1 ,calx ( 7,sul'phurat$74 ,syn4 ,,antimo'',,nii ,,calx ,,sulphura',,ta1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hufel&47 ,calc9$ oy/]-%ells1 #aj p>ts2 sulphur1 #d p>ts2 crude antimony1 #c p>ts2 p[d]1 mix1 & calc9e 9 a lut$ crucible = an h\r4 ,emetic1 resolv5t1 & alt]ative4--,dose1 #a to #f gr42 9 g\t1 rheumatism1 scr(ula1 c4 ,antimony1 ,ce'ruse (4 ,syn4 ,,antimo'',,nii ,,c]us',,sa1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bate47 ,z diaphoretic antimony 7ov] :i* x possesses no advantage71 m]ely us+ ! metal in/ead ( ! sulphide4 ,an old prep>ation made by ignit+ antimony 9 ! sun's rays1 by means ( a l5s1 0 call$ ,,antimonii ,,c]ussa ,,sola'',,ris4 ,antimony1 ,*lo''rides ( 7klore'-idz73-- #a4 ,antimony1 ,tri*loride (4 ,sb,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,t]*loride ,,( ,,antimony1 ,,antimoni\s ,,*loride1 ,,*lo'',,ride ,,( ,,antimony1 ,,sesqui*loride ,,( ,a41 ,,butt] ,,( ,a41 ,,cau',,/ic ,,antimonydagg]1 c42 ,,antimo'',,nii ,,*lori',,dum1 ,a4 ,,t]*lori',,dum1 ,a4 ,,bu',,tyrum991 c41 ,l42 ,,*lorure ,d',,antimo9e1 ,,beurre ,d',,antimo9e1 c41 ,fr42 ,,antimon-,,*lorid1 ,,spiessglanz-,,butt]1 ,g]4 ,?is is ! sub/ance ( :i* common *loride1 or butt] ( antimony1 ( ! %ops1 is an impure conc5trat$ solution conta9+ free acid4 ,prep4 #a4 ,,solid1 ,,anhydr\s3-- a4 ,pure comm]cial t]sulphide ( antimony1 9 co>se p[d]1 #a "p2 conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 #e p>ts2 are mix$ 9 a capaci\s /onew>e or glass vessel set "u a *imney ) a quick draught1 to convey away ! fumes1 ! :ole be+ con/antly /irr$1 &1 z ! eff]vesc5ce slack5s1 a gradually increas+ g5tle heat appli$ until solution is complete2 ! result+ liquid is put into a retort1 & di/ill$1 until ea* drop ( ! di/illate1 z x falls into ! aque\s liquid :i* has previ\sly pass$ ov] into ! receiv]1 produces a copi\s :ite precipitate2 ! receiv] is !n *ang$1 & ! di/illation cont9u$1 :5 pure ,,tri*loride ,,( ,,antimony passes ov]1 & solidifies on cool+ to a :ite & highly cry/all9e mass1 :i* mu/ be c>efully exclud$ f ! air4 b4 ,f pure metallic antimony1 #b p>ts2 bi*loride ( m]cury1 #e p>ts2 bo? 9 f9e p[d]2 mix$ & di/ill$ 9 a retort ) a l>ge neck1 by a g5tle s&-heat1 into a suitable receiv]4 ,*emically pure4 #b4 ,,liquid3-- a4 7,,liquor ,,antimonii ,,*loridi1 ,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,( ,,*loride ,,( ,,antimony4 ,prep4 ,take ( black antimony1 #a lb42 hydro*loric acid1 #d p9ts2 place ! black antimony 9 a porcela9 vessel2 p\r ^u x ! hydro*loric acid1 &1 con/antly /irr+1 apply to ! mixture1 b5ea? a flue ) a good draught1 a g5tle heat1 :i* mu/ be gradually augm5t$ z ! evolution ( gas beg9s to slack51 until ! liquid boils4 ,ma9ta9 x at ?is temp]ature = fifte5 m9utes2 !n remove ! vessel f ! fire1 & filt] ! liquid ?r\gh calico into ano!r vessel1 return+ :at passes ?r\gh fir/1 t a p]fectly cle> solution may be obta9$4 ,boil ?is d[n to ! bulk ( two p9ts1 & pres]ve x 9 a /opp]$ bottle4 ,*>act]s & ,te/s4 ,a heavy liquid1 usually ( a yell[i%-r$ col\r4 ,a little ( x dropp$ into wat] gives a :ite precipitate1 & ! filt]$ solution lets fall a copi\s deposit on ! addition ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,if ! :ite precipitate =m$ by wat] be treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 x becomes orange-col\r$4 ,! specific gravity ( ! solution is #adg4 ,"o fluid dra*m ( x mix$ ) a solution ( a qu>t] ( an ounce ( t>t>ic acid 9 f\r fluid ounces ( wat]1 =ms a cle> solution1 :i*1 if treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 gives an orange precipitate1 weigh+1 :5 wa%$ & dri$ at #bab1 at lea/ #bb gra9s4 b4 7,comm]cial47--a4 ,take ( a% or calx ( antimony1 #c-a_/d lbs42 common salt1 #b lbs42 oil ( vitriol1 #a-a_/b lb42 wat]1 #a lb42 proce$ z be=e4 ,prod41 #b-a_/b lbs4 c4 ,f roa/$ sulphide or glass ( antimony1 #g lbs42 salt1 #bh lbs42 oil ( vitriol1 #ba lbs42 wat]1 #ad lbs42 z be=e4 d4 ,f crude sulphide ( antimony 7p[d]$71 #be lbs42 /ronge/ comm]cial hydro*loric acid1 #a cwt42 nitric acid1 #c-a_/b lbs42 z be=e2 ! product be+ col\r$ ) a little p]nitrate ( iron1 & made up to ! sp4 gr4 #ad4 ,! quality is improv$1 & ! process m easily conduct$1 if ! crude antimony is roa/$ be=e dissolv+ x 9 ! acid4 ,! same applies to ! o!r =mul4 ,prop41 c4--a4 ,,solid4 ,:5 pure1 & ne>ly free f wat]1 x some:at resembles butt]1 melts ) a g5tle heat1 & p>tially cry/allises on cool+2 is v deliquesc5t1 & quickly passes into an oily liquid :5 expos$ to damp air2 v soluble 9 /rong hydro*loric acid2 wat]1 accord+ to its quantity1 m or less decomposes x4 ,:5 p]fectly pure & anhydr\s1 x =ms a :ite & highly cry/all9e mass1 rapidly decompos$ by air & moi/ure4--b4 ,,solution4 ,! sp4 gr4 ( ! solution ( ! %ops v>ies f #abe to #ad1 9 :i* /ate x is a transp>5t fum+ yell[ liquid 7unless :5 artificially col\r$71 & extremely acid & cau/ic4 ,submitt$ to di/illation1 x at fir/ p>ts ) its wat] & excess ( acid1 aft] :i* ! salt itself is volatilis$4 ,by *ang+ ! receiv] z soon z ! di/illate concretes on cool+1 or produces a copi\s :ite precipitate on fall+ into ! liquid already pass$ ov]1 ! pure ,,anhydr\s ,,tri*loride may be readily obta9$4 ,phys4 eff41 ,ant41 ,lesions1 c4 ,see ,,antimony4 ,uses4 ,9 m$ic9e1 only ext]nally1 & *iefly z a cau/ic or es*>otic to ! w\nds caus$ by rabid & v5om\s animals1 & to repress excessive granulations 9 ulc]s4 ,9 ph>macy1 z a s\rce ( bo? oxy*loride & oxide ( antimony4 ,! residuum 9 ! retort :5 corrosive sublimate is us$1 is sulphide ( m]cury1 & 0 =m]ly call$ ,,c9nab> ,,( ,,antimony4 #b4 ,antimony1 ,p5ta*lo''ride (4 ,sb#b;,cl#e4 ,syn4 ,,p]*lo'',,ride ,,( ,,antimony2 ,,antimo'',,nii ,,p5ta*lori',,dum1 ,l4 ,prep>$ by pass+ a /ream ( *lor9e gas ov] metallic antimony 9 f9e p[d]1 & g5tly heat$4 ,a mixture ( ,,tri*loride & ,,p5ta*loride ,,( ,,antimony is f\nd 9 ! receiv]1 f :i* ! latt] may be sep>at$ by c>eful di/illation4 ,x is a col\rless volatile liquid1 =m+ a cry/all9e comp\nd ) a small quantity ( wat]1 b decompos$ by a l>g] quantity4 ,antimony1 ,cro'cus (4 ,syn4 ,,saff',,ron ,,( ,,antimony1 ,,liv',,er ,,( ,a42 ,,cro',,cus ,,antimo'',,nii ,c4 ,,metallo'',,rum1 ,,he',,p> ,,antimonii1 ,l42 ,,crocus ,d',,antimo9e1 ,,saffran ,d',a41 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f black sulphide ( antimony1 & saltpetre1 equal p>ts1 deflagrat$ toge!r by small portions at a "t1 & ! fus$ mass 7sep>at$ f ! scori7 r$uc$ to f9e p[d]4 #b4 7,,ant4 ,,crocus1 ,ph4 ,l4 #aghh17 ,sulphide ( antimony1 #a lb42 nitre1 #a lb42 common salt1 #a oz42 z be=e4 ,prop41 c4 ,its m$ic9al prop]ties closely resemble ^? ( diaphoretic antimony4 ,x is a mixture ( sulphate ( potassium1 antimoniate ( potassium1 t]oxide ( antimony1 oxysulphide ( antimony1 sulphide ( potassium1 & undecompos$ trisulphide ( antimony1 9 v>iable & undet]m9$ proportions4 ,:5 repeat$ly wa%$ or boil$ 9 wat]1 & dri$1 x =ms ! ,,wa%$ ,,saffron ,,( ,,antimony 7,c4 ,a4 ,,lo',,tus1 ,l47 ( old ph>macy1 & has !n lo/ its sulphate ( potassium1 cau/ic pota%1 & sulphide ( potassium4 ,=m]ly us$ to make t>t> emetic4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,liv] ,,(4 ,antimony1 ,crude4 ,native sulphide ( antimony melt$ f ! gangue4 ,antimony1 ,diaphoret'ic4 ,syn4 ,,calx ,,( ,,antimony1 ,,calc9$' ,a41 ,,antimo'',,niate ,,( ,,pot',,a%1 ,,/ib',,iat$ ,,ka',,lidagg]1 ,,diaphoretic ,,m9',,eraldagg]1 c42 ,,antimo'',,nium ,,diaphoret',,icum1 ,a4 ,,calc9a',,tum1 ,,calx ,,antimo'',,nii1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,anglo'',,rumdagg]1 ,,potas',s ,,antimo'',,nias1 ,,kali ,,/ib',,icumdagg]1 c41 ,l4 v>42 ,,antimo9e ,,diaphor,,tique1 ,,biantimoniate ,,de ,,potasse1 ,fr4 ,an old prep>ation ) num]\s synonyms1 ( :i* ! fir/ two ( ! above are ^? :i* are n[ *iefly 9 use4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphide ( antimony1 #a "p2 nitre1 #c p>ts2 p[d]1 mix1 & deflagrate by spoonfuls 9 a r$-hot crucible1 !n calc9e = half an h\r1 & :5 cold p[d] ! residuum4 #b4 ,,wa%$ ,,diaphoretic ,a41 ,w4 ,,calx ,,( ,a42 ,,antimonium ,,diaphoreticum ,,lo',,tum1 ,a4 ,d4 ,,ablu',,tum 7,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg71 ,a4 ,,calc9a',,tum 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh72 ,,antimo9e ,,diaphor,,tique ,,lav1 c41 ,fr43--a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,z ! la/1 b ! p[d] is subsequ5tly depriv$ ( soluble matt] by repeat$ wa%+s ) wat]1 aft] :i* x is collect$ & dri$4 b4 7,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg47 ,metallic antimony1 #a "p2 nitre1 #b p>ts2 z above1 b dry+ ! wa%$ p[d] at a heat n exce$+ #ajd ,f4 ,prop41 c4 ,a :ite or greyi%-:ite p[d]1 )\t ei!r smell or ta/e2 g5tly diaphoretic & laxative2 its activity greatly dep5d+ on ! quantity ( acid 9 ! /oma*4--,dose1 #a to #f gr41 or ev5 #aj gr42 = horses1 #a to #c or #d dr4 ,x 0 =m]ly 9 high repute2 b is n[ almo/ sup]s$$ by ! pres5t ph>macopoeial prep>ations4 ,antimony1 ,e'?iops (4 ,syn4 ',,?iops ,,antimonia',,lis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f metallic m]cury1 #a "p2 sulphide ( antimony1 #b p>ts2 triturat$ toge!r until ! globules ( ! =m] entirely disappe>4--#b4 ,sulphide ( antimony1 #c p>ts2 black sulphide ( m]cury1 #b p>ts2 triturat$ toge!r = "s "t4 ,an old rem$y 9 c]ta9 sk9 diseases1 /ill highly e/eem$ by "s prov9cial practition]s4--,dose1 #c to #e gr41 gradually increas$ to #bj or #cj gr4 ,antimony1 ,fl['ers (4 ,syn4 ,,flo'',,res ,,antimo'',,nii1 ,l42 ,,fleurs ,d',,antimo9e1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,?r[ p[d]$ sulphide ( antimony1 by spoonfuls at a "t1 into an ignit$ tubulat$ retort ) a %ort & v wide neck1 until z _m 'fl[]s' collect 9 ! receiv] z are requir$4 ,an impure oxysulphide ( antimony1 ) v>iable portions ( trioxide1 & undecompos$ t]sulphide4 ,emetic 9 doses ( #a to #c gra9s4 ,antimony1 ,fl[]s ( 7,ar'g5t9e74 -7in4 ,syn4 ,,:ite ,,ox',,ide ,,( ,,antimony1 ,,sn[ ,,( ,a4dagg]2 ,,antimo'',,nii ,,flo'',,res ,,arg5ti',,ni1 ,a4 ,,nixdagg]1 ,l42 ,,fleurs ,,arg5t9e ,d',,antimo9e1 ,,oxyde ,,blanc ,d',,antimo9e1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,melt metallic antimony 9 a vessel freely expos$ to ! air1 & furni%$ ) a cool place = ! 'fl[]s' to re/ on1 & collect !m z deposit$2 or1 & :at is bett]1 heat ! metal to a full r$ or :ite heat 9 a cov]$ crucible1 & !n sudd5ly expose x to ! air1 :5 x w inflame1 & ! oxidis$ vap\r cond5se z 'fl[]s' on any cool surface 7z a p>tially inv]t$ wide-m\!d flask7 held at a little di/ance ov] x4 ,! product is ,,trioxide ,,( ,,antimony 9 a cry/all9e =m1 & receiv$ ! "n ( arg5t9e fl[]s f its silv]y :it5ess & beauty4 ,antimony1 ,fl[]s ( 7,helmont's74 ,syn4 ,,flo'',,res ,,antimo'',,nii ,,helmon',,tii4 ,an old prep>ation =m$ by dissolv+ sulphide ( antimony 9 aqua regia1 expell+ ! free wat] & acid by heat1 & sublim+ ! residuum ) an equal weight ( sal ammoniac4 ,viol5tly emetic1 ev5 9 small doses1 & unfit = int]nal use4 ,antimony1 ,fl[]s ( 7,r$74 ,syn4 ,,flo'',,res ,,antimo'',,nii ,,ru',,bri1 ,l4 ,f sulphide ( antimony1 & sal ammoniac1 bo? 9 f9e p[d]1 mix$ & sublim$ toge!r4 ,resembles ! la/4 ,antimony1 ,ful'm9at+4 ,see ,,fulm9at+ ,,comp\nds4 ,antimony1 ,glass (4 ,syn4 ,,vit',,rifi$ ,,antimony991 ,v4 ,,ox',,ide ,,( ,a4991 ,,grey ,o4 ,,( ,a4992 ,,antimo'',,nii ,,vit',,rum1 ,,antimo'',,nium ,,vitrifica',,tum1 ,a4 ,,vitrifac',,tum 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh71 ,,ox',,ydum ,,antimonii ,,vitrificatum1 c41 ,l42 ,,v]re ,d',,antimo9e1 ,,oxysulfure ,d',,antimo9e ,,silicat1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,roa/ sulphide ( antimony 9 a %all[ e>!n vessel1 ov] a mod]ate fire1 /irr+ x con/antly ) an iron rod1 until x turns :iti%-grey & ceases to emit fumes at a r$ heat2 put ! residuum into a cov]$ crucible :i* x %all only two ?irds fill1 & expose x to an int5se heat 7gradually rais$71 until x fuses1 !n p\r x out on an iron plate4 ,if calc9$ too mu*1 a little m crude antimony may be add$ to make x run well4 ,comp41 ,prop41 c4 ,a mixture ( sulphide & oxide ( antimony contam9at$ ) a little silica & iron4 ,9 f9e p[d] x is emetic1 9 doses ( #a to #c gr42 b ow+ to ! unc]ta9ty & viol5ce ( its op]ation1 is n[ seldom employ$4 ,x has be5 us$ z a *eap s\rce ( ! ,,t]oxide by ! manufactur]s ( t>t> emetic4 ,antimony1 ,glass ( 7,c]a''t$74 ,syn4 ,,antimo'',,nii ,,vit',,rum ,,c]a',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,"y ,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,glass ( antimony1 9 v f9e p[d]1 #a oz42 yell[ wax1 #a dr42 melt toge!r 9 an iron ladle1 & keep x ov] a g5tle fire free f flame 7con/antly /irr+7 = ab\t half an h\r1 or until x acquires a snuff col\r1 !n p\r x out on a piece ( :ite pap] 7or a plate71 & :5 cold1 p[d] x4--,dose1 #b to #aj gr41 9 dys5t]y1 c4 ,antimony1 ,li'v] (4 ,syn4 ,,he',,p> ,,antimo'',,nii1 ,l42 ,h,,p> ,d',,antimo9e1 ,,oxysulfure ,d',,antimo9e ,,silicat1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,f sulphide ( antimony1 #a "p2 & dry c>bonate ( sodium or potassium1 #b p>ts2 melt$ toge!r1 & heat$ until x acquires ! prop] col\r1 & !n cool$ & p[d]$4 ,comp41 ,uses1 c4 ,a mixture ( trioxide ( antimony1 sulphide ( potassium1 c>bonate ( potassium1 & undecompos$ trisulphide ( antimony4 ,x is *iefly us$ by f>ri]s1 9 doses ( #a to #b dr41 z an alt]ative purge = horses1 9 greasy heels1 c42 & sometimes by *emi/s1 z a s\rce ( ! crude oxide4 ,crocus ( antimony1 be=e notic$1 sometimes passes "u ! "n1 & is sold = x4 ,antimony1 ,ore (4 ,syn4 ,,antimony-,,ore4 ,native sulphide ( antimony4 ,antimony1 ,oxide (4 ,! ,b4 ,p4 "n = ,antimony1 ,trioxide ( 7:i* see74 ,antimony1 ,oxides (4 ,antimony =ms ) oxyg5 ?ree def9ite comp\nds1 viz !-- ,trioxide or antimoni\s oxide ,sb#b,o#c ,tetroxide or antimonoso-antimonic or oxide ,sb#b,o#d ,sb#b,o#c4 ,sb#b,o#e ,p5toxide or antimonic oxide ,sb#b,o#e ,antimony1 ,trioxide (4 ,sb#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,t]oxide ,,( ,,antimony1 ,,antimoni\s ,,oxide 7,b4 ,p4 ,,oxide ,,( ,,antimony1 ,eng42 ,,antimonii ,,oxidum1 ,l474 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,take ( solution ( *loride ( antimony1 #af fluid oz42 c>bonate ( soda1 #f oz42 wat]1 #b galls42 di/ill$ wat]1 a suffici5cy4 ,p\r ! antimonial solution into ! wat]1 mix ?or\ghly1 let ! precipitate settle1 remove ! sup]natant liquid by a siphon1 add "o gallon ( di/ill$ wat]1 agitate well1 let ! precipitate subside1 aga9 )draw ! fluid1 & repeat ! processes ( affusion ( di/ill$ wat]1 agitation1 & subsid5ce4 ,add n[ ! c>bonate ( soda previ\sly dissolv$ 9 two p9ts ( di/ill$ wat]1 leave !m 9 contact = half an h\r1 /irr+ frequ5tly1 collect ! deposit on a calico filt]1 & wa% ) boil+ di/ill$ wat] until ! wa%+s cease to give a precipitate ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv] acidulat$ by nitric acid4 ,la/ly1 dry ! product at a heat n exce$+ #bab4 ,*>4 & ,te/s4 ,a greyi%-:ite p[d]1 fusible at a l[ r$ heat1 insoluble 9 wat]1 b readily dissolv$ by hydro*loric acid4 ,! solution1 dropp$ into di/ill$ wat]1 gives a :ite deposit1 at once *ang$ to orange by sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,x dissolves entirely :5 boil$ ) an excess ( ! acid t>trate ( pota%4 ,uses4 ,*iefly 9 mak+ t>t> emetic & "s o!r salts ( antimony2 also 9 ! prep>ation ( pulvis antimonialis4 ,!rapeutically1 x is a diaphoretic & febrifuge4--,dose1 #a to #d gra9s4 ,antimony1 ,p5toxide (4 ,see ,,antimonic ,,anhydride4 ,antimony1 ,tetroxide (4 ,sb#b,o#d or ,sb#b,o#c4,sb#b,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,antimonoso-,,antimonic ,,oxide1 ,,antimoni\s ,,acid4 ,f\nd natural z ,c]vantite or ,antimony o*re4 ,prep>$ by heat+ antimonic anhydride1 by roa/+ ! trioxide or trisulphide1 or by ! action ( excess ( nitric acid on f9ely p[d]$ metallic antimony4 ,?us prep>$1 x is a :ite solid1 unalt]able by heat2 slightly soluble 9 wat]1 m s 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,antimony1 ,oxy*loride (4 ,sb,o,cl4 ,syn4 ,,p[d] ,,( ,,alg>o?4 ,?r[n d[n z a :ite precipitate :5 tri*loride ( antimony is p\r$ into wat]4 ,cont9u$ wa%+ ) wat] deprives x ( ne>ly ! :ole ( its *lor9e1 & conv]ts x into ! trioxide1 a *ange :i* is m completely effect$ by aque\s solutions ( ! alkalies or _! c>bonates4 ,antimony1 ,oxysulphide (4 ,! comp\nd ,sb#b,o#c4b,sb#b,s#c occurs native z r$ antimony4 ,antimony bl5de1 ,k]mesome1 ,ro?spiessglanz]z1 ,crocus ( antimony1 ,glass ( antimony1 & simil> prep>ations1 are believ$ by "s au?orities to be crude oxysulphides ( antimony4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,sulphurat$4 ,antimony1 ,r$4 ,see ,,oxysulphide ,,( ,,antimony1 be=e notic$4 ,antimony1 ,reg'ulus (4 ,syn4 ,,reg',,ulus ,,antimo'',,nii1 ,l4 ,metallic antimony obta9$ by fusion4 ,alloys =m$ by fus+ antimony ) iron1 t91 lead1 or copp]1 & a little t>t>1 7 respectively call$ ,,m>',,tial ,,regulus ,,( ,,antimony 7r4 antimo''nii m>tia'lis1 ,l471 ,r4 ,a4 ,,jovia',,lis 7,l471 ,r4 ,a4 ,,saturni',,nus 7,l471 ,r4 ,a4 ,,v5',,eris 7,l471 c4 7,see bel[47 ,antimony1 ,ru'by (4 ,syn4 ,,m$ic',,inal 7-d7is'-7 ,,reg',,ulus ,,( ,,antimony2 ,,antimo'',,nii ,,rubi',,nus1 ,,reg',,ulus ,,m$ic9a',,lis1 ,r4 ,a4 ,m41 c41 ,l4 ,f crude sulphide ( antimony1 #e p>ts2 fus$ ) c>bonate ( potassa1 #a "p2 & ! purifi$ portion sep>at$ f ! scori4 ,see ,,liv] ,,( ,,antimony4 ,antimony1 ,saff'ron (4 ,see ,,crocus ,,( ,,antimony4 ,antimony1 ,smelt'ed4 ,syn4 ,,antimo'',,nium ,,purifica',,tum1 ,l4 ,crude antimony melt$ & p\r$ into small conical m\lds4--,uses1 c4 ,same z ! ord9>y t]sulphide4 ,antimony1 ,sn[ (4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,fl[]s ,,(4 ,antimony1 ,sulphurat$4 ,b4 ,p4 ,syn4 ,,oxysulphuret1 or ,,precipitat$ ,,sulphide ,,( ,,antimony1 ,,gold5 ,,sulphide ,,( ,,antimony4 ,mix black antimony #aj oz4 ) solution ( soda #d-a_/b p9ts1 & boil = two h\rs1 ) frequ5t /irr+1 add+ di/ill$ wat] occasionally to ma9ta9 ! same volume4 ,/ra9 ! liquor ?r\gh calico1 & be=e x cools add to x by degrees dilute sulphuric acid till ! latt] is 9 slight excess4 ,collect ! precipitate on a calico filt]1 wa% ) di/ill$ wat] till ! wa%+s no long] precipitate ) *loride ( b>ium1 & dry at a temp]ature n exce$+ #bab ,f4--,dose1 #a to #e gra9s4 ,antimony1 ,sulphantimonate4 ,syn4 ,,s*lippe',s ,,antimonial ,,salt4 ,mix eight p>ts ( effloresc$ sulphate ( soda1 six ( black antimony1 & ?ree ( *>coal1 & expose to a r$-heat 9 a cov]$ ,hessian crucible till ! fus$ mass ceases to ?r[ up a scum4 ,boil ! residue 9 a porcela9 vessel ) "o "p ( sulphur & suffici5t di/ill$ wat]1 & set ! filt]$ liquor aside = cry/allisation4 ,antimony1 ,p5tasulphide ( 7,sb#b,s#e71 is a yell[i%-r$ p[d]1 obta9$ 7#a7 by pass+ hydrosulphuric acid gas ?r\gh a mixture ( p5ta*loride ( antimony1 wat]1 & t>t>ic acid2 or 7#b7 ?r\gh antimonic anhydride susp5d$ 9 wat]4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]2 hot hydro*loric acid decomposes x1 produc+ tri*loride ( antimony1 sulphur1 & hydrosulphuric acid4 ,) ! m basic metallic sulphides x unites to =m a class ( salts call$ sulphantimonates4 ,antimony1 ,trisulphide (4 ,sb#b,s#c4 ,syn4 ,,t]sul',,phide ,,( ,,antimony1 ,,sul',,phide ,,( ,a41 ,,sul',,phuret ,,( ,a41 ,,black ,s4 ,,( ,a41 ,,sesquisul',,phuret ,,( ,a41 c42 ,l',,antimo9e ,,sulfure1 ,,sulfure ,d',,antimo9e1 c41 ,fr42 ,,s*wefel-,,spiessglanz1 ,,&]?alb1 c41 ,g]4 ,?is is ! grey or greyi%-black sub/ance commonly kn[n z crude antimony1 black antimony1 or sulphide ( antimony1 9 comm]ce1 & f :i* ! o!r comp\nds ( antimony are *iefly obta9$4 ,nat4 hi/41 ,s\rces1 c4 ,see ,,antimony4 ,! crude ore is fre$ f e>?y impurities 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! cru%$ ore is submitt$ to 'eliquation' 9 ord] to sep>ate ! ,,sulphide f ! gangue or e>?y matt] ) :i* x is contam9at$2 aft] :i* x is remelt$ & run into 'loaves' or l>ge cakes1 9 :i* =m x is s5t to m>ket4 ,=m]ly ! op]ation 0 p]=m$ by introduc+ ! ore into l>ge pots or crucibles hav+ a hole 9 ! bottom1 & :i*1 aft] be+ closely cov]$1 7 set 9 a circle ar\nd a suitable furnace1 by :i* !y 7 heat$4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! process is commonly conduct$ 9 a 'rev]b]atory furnace1' simil> to t figur$ 9 ! engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 a1 b1 ,grate & fire-place4 c1 ,bridge4 e1 ,concave space = ore =m$ by a solid b$ 7f7 ( clay & s&1 & hav+ a 'hole' ne> ! bottom ext5d+ ne>ly horizontally ?r\gh ! wall ( ! furnace to 'run (f' ! fus$ sulphide4 g1 ,door = introduc+ ore1 & remov+ residuum4 h1 ,*imney4 i1 ,damp]1 *a91 & lev]4 ,native trisulphide ( antimony treat$ 9 ?is way & gr\nd to p[d] con/itutes ! ,,black ,,antimony 7,,antimonium ,,nigrum71 ,b4 ,p4 ,antimony1 ,trisulphide ( 7artificially prep>$74 ,saturate an aque\s solution ( t>t> emetic ) hydrosulphuric acid2 an orange precipitate w be ?r[n d[n4 ,?is precipitate1 :5 collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$1 & dri$1 is ! pure trisulphide4 ,prop41 c4 7,native47 ,anhydr\s1 inodor\s1 insipid1 opaque1 brittle1 easily pulv]isable1 & ( a d>k lead5-grey or /eel col\r2 x has a /riat$ cry/all9e texture1 & breaks ) a r\gh spicul> fracture2 is insoluble 9 bo? wat] & alcohol2 soluble1 ) decomposition1 9 hot /rong acids & alkal9e solutions2 melts at a r$ heat1 & is p>tly dissipat$ 9 :ite fumes1 leav+ an impure grey-col\r$ oxide mix$ ) "s undecompos$ t]sulphide 7,,antimony-,,a%74 ,its p[d] is black1 ( peculi> ri*ness1 & /a9s ! f+]s4 ,sp4 gr4 #df to #dfb4 ,! pure precipitat$ 7amorph\s7 t]sulphide is ( orange col\r2 is d>k5$ by a g5tle heat1 ) loss ( wat]1 & at a high] temp]ature passes f ! amorph\s to ! cry/all9e condition1 at ! same "t t x assumes ! col\r & appe>ance ( ! native sulphide4 ,x dissolves 9 hot hydro*loric acid1 evolv+ hydrosulphuric acid1 & produc+ a solution ( tri*loride ( antimony4 ,pur4 ,! crude comm]cial sulphide frequ5tly conta9s lead1 iron1 copp]1 & ars5ic1 & sometimes manganese4 ,its goodness is commonly e/imat$ by its compactness & weight1 ! l>g5ess & di/9ctness ( ! /ri1 & ! volatility ( its sulphide4 ,uses1 c4 ,*iefly z a s\rce ( metallic antimony1 & ( ! oxide 9 ! prep>ation ( o!r antimonials4 ,exhibit$ alone1 x possesses little activity unless x meets ) acid 9 ! prim vi1 :5 x occasionally acts ) consid]able viol5ce bo? z an emetic & ca?>tic4--,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 9 p[d]2 z an alt]ative & diaphoretic 9 rheumatism1 g\t1 scr(ula1 & gl&ul> affections1 & 9 lepra1 scabies1 & "s o!r sk9 diseases4 ,x is a fav\rite alt]ative 9 vet]9>y m$ic9e1 p>ticul>ly 9 sk9 diseases4 ,f>ri]s & grooms frequ5tly mix a little ( x ) ! food ( horses to improve _! coat & promote _! 'condition1'--,dose4 ,= a ,,horse1 #a to #d dr41 9 f9e p[d]1 (t5 comb9$ ) nitre & sulphur2 = ,,cattle1 #a_/b to #a oz41 or ev5 #a-a_/b oz42 ,,dogs1 #e or #f to #bj or #cj gr42 ,,hogs1 #bj to #cj gr41 twice or ?rice daily4 ,accord+ to ,dr ,p>is1 x is "o ( ! +r$i5ts 9 ,spilsbury's ,drops4 ,x is also an +r$i5t 9 ,tisane de ,feltz4 ,antimony1 ,t>t>at$4 ,k,sb,o,c#d;,h#d,o#f4;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,t>t>iz$ ,,antimony1 ,,t>t> ,,emetic1 ,,emetic ,,t>t>1 ,,potassio-,,t>trate ,,( ,,antimony1 ,eng42 ,,antimonium ,,t>t>atum1 ,b4 ,p4 ,prep4 ,v>i\s me?ods h be5 devis$ = ! prep>ation ( ?is comp\nd1 b ! foll[+1 :i* is tak5 f ! ',briti% ,ph>macopoeia1' is to be pref]r$3-- ,take ( oxide ( antimony #e oz41 acid t>trate ( pota% 9 f9e p[d] #f oz41 di/ill$ wat]1 #b p9ts4 ,mix ! oxide ( antimony & acid t>trate ( pota% ) suffici5t di/ill$ wat] to =m a pa/e1 & set aside = #bd h\rs4 ,!n add ! rema9d] ( ! wat]1 & boil = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 /irr+ frequ5tly4 ,filt]1 & set aside ! cle> filtrate to cry/allise4 ,p\r (f ! "m-liquor1 evaporate to "o ?ird1 & set aside1 t m cry/als may =m4 ,dry ! cry/als on filt]+ pap] at ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,*>4 & ,te/s4 ,9 col\rless transp>5t cry/als exhibit+ triangul> facets1 soluble 9 wat]1 & less s 9 pro( _s4 ,x decrepitates & black5s ^u ! application ( heat4 ,its solution 9 wat] gives ) hydro*loric acid a :ite precipitate1 soluble 9 excess1 & :i* is n =m$ if t>t>ic acid be previ\sly add$4 ,tw5ty gra9s dissolve )\t residue 9 a fluid ounce ( di/ill$ wat] at #fj1 & ! solution gives ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 an orange precipitate :i*1 :5 wa%$ & dri$ at #bab1 weighs #iia gra9s4 ,phys4 eff41 ,doses1 c4 ,ext]nally t>t> emetic acts z a p[]ful local irritant1 caus+ a pu/ul> eruption1 :i* p]man5tly m>ks ! sk92 = ?is purpose x is us$ 9 ! =m ( solution1 o9tm5t1 or pla/]4 ,int]nally1 9 small doses 7#a_/af to #a_/h1 or ev5 #a_/f gr471 x acts z a diaphoretic & expectorant2 9 some:at l>g] doses 7#a_/f to #a_/b gr47 x excites nausea1 & sometimes vomit+1 occasion+ depression & relaxation1 especially ( ! muscul> fibre2 9 l>g] doses 7#a to #b or #c gr47 x acts z an emetic & sudorific 7& (t5 z a purge71 depress+ ! n]v\s functions1 & produc+ a feel+ ( feebl5ess1 exhau/ion1 & relaxation1 great] ?an t caus$ by o!r emetics2 9 c]ta9 doses 7#a_/b to #c1 or ev5 #d gr471 x is us$ z a s$ative & antiphlogi/ic1 to r$uce ! =ce ( ! circulation1 c42 9 excessive doses x acts z an irritant poison1 & has 9 "s in/ances caus$ dea?2 & ev5 small doses1 frequ5tly adm9i/]$ & long cont9u$1 h br\ght on a /ate ( weakness1 pro/ration1 & di/a/e = food1 :i* has l$ to a fatal t]m9ation4 ,x is usually exhibit$ dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 ei!r ) or )\t ! addition ( a little simple syrup4 ,9 acute rheumatism1 inflammation ( ! lungs or pleura1 *orea1 hydrocephalus1 & apoplexy1 x is said to h be5 giv5 9 doses ( #b to #d1 or ev5 #f gr41 ) advantage1 by ,la5nec1 ,rasori1 & o!rs2 b ^! extreme doses are n always safe1 & _c be comm5dable :5 small] ones 7#a_/d to #a_/b gr41 repeat$ e two h\rs7 appe> equally b5eficial1 & di/ress ! pati5t less4#gc ,9 doses ( #a_/b gr4 to #c_/d gr4 ea*1 comb9$ ) calomel1 x is a p[]ful & excell5t alt]ative 9 acute rheumatism & _m sk9 diseases4 ,( all our sudorifics x is p]haps ! mo/ valuable1 & ! "o mo/ g5]ally available4 ,triturat$ ) #af to #bj times its weight ( sulphate ( potassa1 x =ms an excell5t sub/itute = antimonial p[d] & ,james's p[d]1 z a diaphoretic1 9 doses ( #b to #d gr4 ,footnote #gc3 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! viol5t vomit+ 7& x might be add$--pro/ration7 :i* 7ev57 #a gr4 has sometimes produc$1 ,i h f\nd pati5ts positively refuse to cont9ue ! use ( ! m$ic9e4 ,p]eira ',?4 ,m4 ,m41' #d? ed41 i1 #geb4 ,:5ev] mu* ga/ric or inte/9al irritation is pres5t1 t>t> emetic %\ld be avoid$1 or v cauti\sly adm9i/]$1 & !n comb9$ ) an opiate1 or "s o!r s$ative4 ,x %\ld also be giv5 ) caution to *ildr52 z1 accord+ to ,messrs ,goodlad & ,noble1 ev5 9 small doses x sometimes acts z a poison on !m4 ,9 vet]9>y m$ic9e x is employ$ to promote diaphoresis & expectoration1 & to r$uce art]ial action1 p>ticul>ly 9 fev]s1 & cat>rhal affections1 ! dose = ,,horses be+ #bj gr4 to #a dr41 or ev5 occasionally #a-a_/b dr41 9 gruel1 ?rice daily2 also sometimes z a diuretic & v]mifuge1 9 doses ( #a to #b dr41 comb9$ ) t9-fil+s1 = #b or #c successive days1 foll[$ by a purge ( aloes4 ,! usual dose = ,,cattle is #bj gr4 to #a dr42 ,,%eep1 #e or #f to #bj gr42 ,,sw9e 7*iefly z an emetic71 #b to #e or #f gr42 ,,dogs 7*iefly z an emetic71 #a to #c gr4 ,x is sometimes1 ?\gh seldom1 us$ ext]nally1 z a c\nt]-irritant1 9 *e/ affections1 c42 b its employm5t ?us requires caution4 ,pois41 c4 ,t f l>ge doses has be5 already notic$ "u ,,antimony 7:i* see74 ,9 poison+ ! treatm5t is ! entire disuse ( all antimonials1 foll[$ by tonics1 a light nutriti\s diet1 ! use ( lemon-juice or ripe fruit1 a little w9e1 w>m ba?s1 & mild re/oratives g5]ally4 ,antimony1 ,t>'t>is$4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,t>t>at$4 ,antimony1 ,vit'rifi$4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,glass ,,(4 ,,anti-,,miasmaticum4 ,a dis9fect+ p[d]1 manufactur$ fir/ 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahff1 & describ$ z prep>$ by /eam4 ,quicklime slak$ ) a solution ( sulphate ( iron & mix$ ) turf a%es1 also probably conta9+ "s c>bolic acid4 ,fluid anti-miasmaticum is a solution ( sulphate ( iron 9 impure acetic acid4 7,hag]47 ,,antiphlogis',,tic 7-flo-j7is'-74 ,syn4 ,,antiphlogis',,ticus1 ,l42 ,,antiphlogi/ique1 ,fr42 ,,antiphlogi/is*1 ,g]4 ,9 m$ic9e1 ! common epi!t ( rem$ies1 ag5ts1 & treatm5t 7,,antiphlogis',,tics2 ,,antiphlogi/ica1 ,l471 :i* less5 inflammatory action1 or allay ! excit$ /ate ( ! sy/em :i* accompanies x4 ,( ^! ! pr9cipal are ble$+1 purg+1 a l[ diet1 cool+ bev]ages 7z wat] & acidul\s dr9ks71 & s$atives g5]ally4 ,,antipsilo?ron1 = prev5t+ loss ( hair 7,hegewald1 ,b]l974 ,a br[ni%-yell[1 cle>1 pleasant-smell+ liquid1 :i* consi/s ( a filt]$ extract ( #be grms4 ( nutgalls1 ) #ej grms4 /rong _s & #cj grms4 wat]2 p]fum$ ) sev]al e!real oils4 ,! liquid is n made turbid by dilution ) wat]4 ,sold 9 squ>e bottles conta9+ ab\t #hj grms4 ,! directions /rongly recomm5d ! supplem5t>y use ( a ,swiss vegetable oil1 :i* probably ,switz]l& has nev] se54 7,hag]47 ,,anti-,,rheumatic ,,drops 7,roll1 ,am/]dam74 ,a turbid1 d>k-br[n liquid1 :i* consi/s ( a solution ( spiritu\s extract ( aconite 9 a decoction ( c\*-grass root1 & to :i* "s t9cture ( opium ) saffron & oil ( val]ian h be5 add$4 ,,anti-,,rheumatic ,,salve1 ,mrs ,,hung]=d',s 7,w$ecke1 ,b]l974 ,recomm5d$ = acute & *ronic rheumatism1 g\t1 & n]v\s pa9s4 ,camphor1 #a grm42 c>bolic acid1 #a grm42 simple c]ate1 #ab grms4 7,s*dl]47 ,,antiscorbu',,tic 7-skor-bu'-74 ,syn4 ,,antiscorbu',,ticus1 ,l42 ,,antiscorbutique1 ,fr42 ,,antiscorbutis*1 ,,gut ,,wid] ,,d5 ,,s*>bock1 ,g]4 ,good aga9/ scurvy4 ,9 m$ic9e1 an epi!t ( rem$ies1 ag5ts1 c4 7,,antiscorbu',,tics2 ,,antiscorbu',,tica1 ,l471 us$ 9 scurvy4 ,lemon-juice1 ripe fruit1 milk1 ! salts ( potassa1 gre5 vegetables1 potatoes1 meal-bread1 fre% meat1 & raw or lightly boil$ eggs1 belong to ?is class4 ,,antisep',,tic4 ,syn4 ,,antisep',,ticus1 ,l42 ,,antiseptique1 ,fr42 ,,antiseptis*1 ,f,,ulnisswidrig1 ,g]4 ,an epi!t ( sub/ances1 ag5ts1 c4 7,,antisep',,tics2 ,,antisep',,tica1 ,l471 t imp$e1 arre/1 or prev5t putrefaction4 ,! pr9cipal antiseptics 9 common use are cul9>y salt1 saltpetre1 spices1 sug>1 v9eg>1 c>bolic acid1 creasote1 & alcohol2 to :i* may be add$ int5se cold1 desiccation1 & ! exclusion ( air4 ,among ,,antiseptic ,,m$ic9es1 b>k1 dilute acids1 qu99e1 w9e1 spirits1 camphor1 *>coal1 & yea/1 take ! fir/ rank4 ,see ,,putrefaction1 ,,solutions 7,antiseptic71 c4 ,,antispasmod',,ic 7-sp7az-74 ,syn4 ,,antispas',,tic2 ,,antispasmod',,icus1 ,l42 ,,antispasmodique1 ,fr42 ,,krampe/ill5d1 ,g]4 ,9 m$ic9e1 an epi!t ( sub/ances & ag5ts 7,,antispasmod',,ics2 ,,antispasmod',,ica1 ,l47 :i* allay spasms & convulsions4 ,x is frequ5tly incorrectly appli$ to anodynes & n>cotics1 :i* soo! pa91 b d n repress muscul> spasm4 ,ammonia1 assafoetida1 b>k1 camphor1 ca/or1 *alybeates1 *loral hydrate1 *lor(orm1 e!r1 ,indian hemp & cannab9e1 musk1 opium1 saffron1 & val]ian1 ) _m o!r simil> sub/ances1 are reg>d$ z antispasmodics4 ,,anti-,,spasmodic ,,syrup1 = hoop+-c\gh 7,dessaga1 ,/rasburg74 ,a pleasant syrup1 leav+ a slightly %>p ta/e1 conta9+ a little c>bonate ( pota%1 & fa9tly col\r$ ) rosanil9e4 7,hag]47 ,,antisud91 a rem$y = sweaty feet 7,m&[ski1 ,annab]g74 ,p[d]$ alum4 7,hag]47 ,,ants 77ants74 ,see ,,ant1 ,,=mic ,,acid1 ,,g>d5+1 ,,insects1 c4 ,,aort',a ,l41 ,g]4 ,syn4 ,,aorte1 ,fr4 ,9 anatomy1 ! ma9 trunk ( ! art]ial sy/em1 aris+ imm$iately f ! left v5tricle ( ! he>t1 & giv+ orig9 to all ! o!r art]ies ( ! body1 except ! pulmon>y art]y & its ramifications1 :i* p]meate ! air-vesicles ( ! lungs4 ,,ap',,atite 7-tite74 ,9 m9]alogy1 native tricalcium phosphate 7phosphate ( lime74 ,x is f\nd 9 ,devon%ire & ,cornwall1 & abundantly 9 ,spa91 :5ce x is import$ = use z manure1 & rec5tly p>ticul>ly = ! manufacture ( ,,artificial ,,guano4 ,its p[d] phosphoresces on burn+ coals4 ,x diff]s f phosphorite 9 n conta9+ fluor9e4 ,apatite 7phosphate ( lime ( simil> con/itution to bone-e>?1 ,ca#c7,,po#d7b7 is f\nd 9 e f]tile soil1 & ( :i* x is an ess5tial +r$i5t4 ,,ape'',,ri5t 77a-pere'-7e-7ent2 -p7er'-1 z m>k$ by ,mayne & ,sm>t1 ?\gh etym4 correct1 is less usual74 ,syn4 ,,ap]',,itive 7-t7iv72 ,,ap]',,i5s1 ,l42 ,,ap,,ritif1 ,fr42 ,,abf,,hr5d1 ,,ffn5d1 ,g]4 ,9 m$ic9e1 op5+1 laxative1 g5tly purgative2 usually appli$ z an epi!t to sub/ances & ag5ts 7,,ape',,ri5ts2 ,,ap]i5',,tia1 ,,ap]iti',,va1 ,l47 :i*1 9 mod]ate doses1 & "u ord9>y circum/ances1 g5tly1 b completely1 op5 ! b[els2 & 9 ?is respect rank betwe5 ! simple laxatives on ! "o h&1 & ! /rong] purgatives & ca?>tics on ! o!r4 ,among ^! may be nam$ z examples--,aloes 7:5 comb9$ ) soap or aromatics71 ,ca/ile soap1 ca/or oil1 comp\nd extract ( colocyn? 79 small doses71 comp\nd rhub>b pill1 confection ( s5na1 cream ( t>t>1 ,epsom salts1 ,glaub]'s salt1 phosphate ( soda 7ta/eless purg+ salt71 pil4 rufi1 seidlitz p[d]s1 cold-wat] compress ov] ! abdom51 c4 ,sev]al ( ^!1 9 l>g] doses1 become active purgatives or ca?>tics4 ,see ,,purgatives1 also ,,draughts1 ,,mixtures1 ,,pills1 c4 ,a',,piol 7-pe-ole2 or -7ol74 ,prep4 ,! s(t alcoholic extract ( p>sley-se$ is ei!r dige/$ or agitat$ = "s "t ) e!r2 aft] suffici5t repose 9 a cool place1 ! e!real solution is decant$1 & ! e!r remov$ by di/illation2 ! residuum is purifi$ by solution 9 rectifi$ _s1 & agitation fir/ ) a little li?>ge1 & next ) animal *>coal2 aft] :i* ! _s is remov$ by di/illation f ! filt]$ solution4 ,prop41 c4 ,a yell[1 oily1 non-volatile liquid1 hav+ a peculi> smell1 & a highly disagreeable ta/e2 soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 & *lor(orm2 insoluble 9 wat]2 & col\r$ r$ by /rong sulphuric acid4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajgh4 ,9 small doses x excites ! pulse & n]v\s sy/em2 & 9 l>g] ones x causes heada*e1 gidd9ess1 v]tigo1 c4 ,x is said to be p[]fully febrifuge1 & has be5 highly extoll$ by ,,mm4 ,joret & ,homalle z a sub/itute = qu99e 9 int]mitt5ts4#gd ,x has also be5 f\nd useful 9 int]mitt5t neuralgias & ! nocturnal sweats ( ph?isis4 ,dose1 #e to #ae drops1 9 capsules4 ,footnote #gd3 ,accord+ to ,drs ,g4 ,o4 ,rees & ,a4 ,s4 ,taylor1 #ff out ( #aaf cases 7 cur$ by x 9 _! practice2 b accord+ to ! ,fr5* ,commission1 ! cures are only #db1 & 9 _m ( ^! only tempor>y4 ,a',,pis4 ,l4 ,! bee4 ,9 entomology1 a g5us ( hym5opt]\s insects ( ! family an?oph'ila or mellif'era1 section apia''ri4 7,latreille47 ,! m\? has two jaws1 & a proboscis infold$ 9 a d\ble %ea?2 ! w+s are f\r2 ! two =emo/ cov]+ ! h9d] ones :5 at re/4 ,! sexes are ?ree--prolific females or que5s1 unprolific females or work]s commonly 7t]m$ neut]s71 & males or drones4 ,! females & work+ bees h a /+4 ,! honey or hive bee is di/+ui%$ f ! o!r species ( ?is g5us by hav+ ! femora ( ! po/]ior pair ( legs furni%$ ) a smoo? & concave plate on ! out] side1 & fr+$ ) hair1 =m+ a basket or pocket = ! reception & conveyance ( ! poll5 ( plants2 & also 9 be+ de/itute ( sp9es at ! extremity4 ,! ,l9nan g5us includes ne>ly #fj species4 ,see ,,bee4 ,apis ,mellif'ica4 ,l9n4 ,! honey bee4 ,,aplanat',,ic4 ,9 optics1 appli$ z an epi!t to l5ses1 ( :i* ! figure1 z well z ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$1 are su* t1 ) a giv5 index ( refraction1 ! am\nt ( ab]ration1 bo? *romatic & sph]ical1 is insignificant1 or ! lea/ t c be possibly obta9$4 ,see ,,ab]ration1 ,,a*romatism1 ,,l5s1 c4 ,,aplotaxis ,,auriculata4 ,nat4 ord41 ,,composit4 ,a plant gr[+ 9 ! ,nor? ,we/]n ,himalayas4 ,x 0 fir/ %[n by ! late ,dr ,hugh ,falcon] to be ! s\rce ( ! ,co/us ,arabicus ( ! anci5ts1 :i* ,dr ,royle _h previ\sly id5tifi$ ) ! ,pat*uck or ,koot root met ) 9 ! ,indian baza>s4 ,dr ,irv9e /ates t =m]ly1 :5 opium 0 n produc$ 9 ,rajw>ra1 ?is root 0 ext5sively smok$ z a /imulant4 ,he adds1 t x is said to be a n>cotic :5 ?us us$1 & t =m]ly great quantities w5t to ,*9a = smok+ purposes4 ,x is *iefly us$ z a p]fume1 z = protection ( bales ( clo? aga9/ insects4 ,,apo-4 ,gr4 ,9 composition1 f2 d5ot+ d]ivation1 sep>ation1 opposition1 or dep>ture4 ,x is a common prefix 9 words f ! ,greek1 & is etymologically ! same z ! lat9 ab-4 ,,apoc',,ny9e 7-p7os'-e-n7in74 ,syn4 ,,apocyni',,na1 ,l4 ,a bitt]1 cry/allisable sub/ance1 f\nd 9 ap7o''cynum cannabi'num 7,l9n471 or ! ,indian hemp ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,see ,,alkaloid4 ,,apomorph9e4 ,syn4 ,,apomorphia4 ,c#ag;,h#ag,,no#b4 ,a rem>kable base1 obta9$ f morphia by ,mat?iess5 & ,wright4 ,x is possess$ ( p[]ful emetic prop]ties4 ,introduce into a /rong glass tube1 clos$ at "o end1 #a "p ( pure morphia1 & #bj p>ts ( pure hydro*loric acid2 ^! %\ld n occupy m ?an "o fifte5? ( ! tube4 ,seal ! op5 end1 & place ! glass tube 9 ano!r ( ca/ iron1 clos$ ) a screw1 & heat ! :ole 9 an oil-ba? at a temp]ature betwe5 #adj & #aej ,c41 dur+ ?ree h\rs4 ,aft] cool+1 ! morph9e has be5 conv]t$ into apomorph9e1 :i* c be purifi$ z foll[s3 ,! tube is op5$1 & ! liquid x conta9s dilut$ ) wat] & neutralis$ by bic>bonate ( soda2 !n an excess ( ?is salt be+ add$1 ! apomorph9e is precipitat$ ) any morphia t may rema94 ,! liquid is decant$1 & ! precipitate is exhau/$ ) e!r or *lor(orm1 :i* dissolves ! apomorph9e only4 ,to ! e!real or *lor(ormic liquor are aft]w>ds add$ a few drops ( hydro*loric acid to saturate ! base4 ,cry/allis$ apomorph9e !n sep>ates spontane\sly1 & is deposit$ on ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,^! cry/als are wa%$ rapidly ) cold wat]1 & purifi$ by cry/allisation f boil+ wat]4 ,! apomorph9e c be obta9$ by precipitat+ a conc5trat$ solution ( ?is hydro*lorate by bic>bonate ( soda2 ! precipitate is :ite1 b turns gre5 rapidly 9 ! air4 ,x %\ld be wa%$ ) a little cold wat]1 & promptly dri$ to avoid ?is alt]ation4 ,,ap',,oplexy 7-pl7eks-e74 ,syn4 ,,apoplex',,ia1 ,,apoplex',,is1 ,l4 7f ,greek3 apo-plss1 ,i a/\nd1 or /rike d[n1 ,gr472 ,,apoplexie1 ,fr42 ,,s*lagfluss1 ,g]4 ,a disease s nam$ on acc\nt ( ! sudd5ness & viol5ce ( its attacks4 ,symp4 ,sudd5 susp5sion or loss ( ! p[]s ( s5se & motion2 ! he>t cont9u+ to beat & ! lungs to act1 b g5]ally ) difficulty4 ,dur+ ! fit ! pati5t usually lies 9 a /ate resembl+ sleep1 or ! /upor induc$ by drunk5ness4 ,9 "s cases !re is p>alysis ( "o side ( ! body1 & convulsions ( ! o!r4 ,9 ! sangu9e\s or /h5ic v>iety1 or ! "o :i* is mo/ common1 ! pulse is h>d & full1 ! c\nt5ance flu%$ & bloat$1 & ! brea?+ /]tor\s2 9 ! s]\s or a/h5ic v>iety1 ! pulse is feeble1 ! sk9 cold1 & ! c\nt5ance pale4 ,! pres5ce ( convulsions is indicative ( great dang]4 7,dr ,*eyne47 ,9 bo? cases ! pati5t is g5]ally f\nd ly+ on 8 back1 9 a /ate ( complete ins5sibility1 :i* defies e ef=t to ar\se him2 ! eyelids almo/ cov] ! eyes1 :i* are fix$ & devoid ( intellig5ce1 :il/ ! pupils sc>cely *ange _! dim5sions "u ! v>y+ influ5ce ( light & d>kness2 ! lips are usually purple or v d>k2 & bo? ! lips & no/rils h g5]ally a slight trembl+ movem5t communicat$ to !m by ! deep & labori\s brea?+ ( ! pati5t4 ,treat4 ,9 ?is disease1 m ?an p]haps any o!r1 m$ical aid %\ld be imm$iately s\ght4 ,9 ! mean "t ! pati5t %\ld be plac$ 9 an easy po/ure1 9 a well-v5tilat$ ap>tm5t1 & 9 ! sangu9e\s or /h5ic v>iety1 9 z erect a position z possible2 b 9 ! a/h5ic v>iety1 :5 ! face is pale1 ) ! head & %\ld]s only mod]ately elevat$4 ,! neckclo? %\ld be remov$1 & ! clo!s loos5$1 & ! head & neck laid b>e4 ,cr[d+ r\nd ! pati5t %\ld be p>ticul>ly avoid$1 & a free exposure to fre% air secur$ 9 e possible way4 ,:5 m$ical aid _c be imm$iately procur$1 blood %\ld be freely tak5 7say #ae to #bj fl4 oz41 or m7 f ! arm1 by any p]son compet5t to d s2 unless ! face be pale1 & ! pulse feeble1 :5 cupp+ at ! back ( ! neck1 or lee*es beh9d ! e>s1 %\ld be sub/itut$ = ord9>y ble$+4 ,cold wat] %\ld be da%$ on ! head1 ! legs plac$ 9 pretty w>m wat]1 & bli/]s or mu/>d p\ltices appli$ betwe5 ! %\ld]s4 ,9 ! mean "t #h or #aj gr4 ( calomel may be adm9i/]$1 & its action subsequ5tly promot$ by ! use ( sal9e purgatives & /imulat+ cly/]s4 ,:5 !re is a difficulty ( swall[+1 a c\ple ( drops ( croton oil may be appli$ to ! tongue2 or x may be p\r$ on sug>1 be=e plac+ x 9 ! m\?4 ,inde$1 ?is mode ( reliev+ ! b[els %\ld be adopt$ 9 all extreme cases1 z soon z possible4 ,emetics %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,! only exception to ?is rule is1 :5 ! /oma* is di/5d$ by a heavy undige/$ meal2 :5 an emetic is haz>d$ z ! less ( two evils4 ,nasal /imulants1 z smell+ salts or aromatic v9eg>1 %\ld also be avoid$4 ,if ! ble$+ has n af=d$ "s relief1 x may be repeat$ 9 f #c to #e h\rs4 ,:5 ^! means prove successful1 ! rema9d] ( ! treatm5t may consi/ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( mild purgatives & diaphoretics1 & ! avoidance ( /imulat+ food or dr9ks1 & ( o!r l excit+ ag5ts4 ,prev41 c4 ,! premonitory symptoms ( apoplexy are gidd9ess1 pa9 & swimm+ 9 ! head1 loss ( memory1 falt]+ 9 spee* or us+ "o ^w = ano!r1 dim9i%$ s5sibility ei!r ( body or m9d1 or bo?1 dr[s9ess1 noises 9 ! e>s1 specks float+ be=e ! eyes1 nightm>e1 frightful dreams1 labori\s respiration1 heavy yet unrefre%+ sleep1 an incl9ation to sigh )\t any moral cause1 cramp 9 ! legs at night :5 !re is no irritation ( ! b[els to acc\nt = !m1 c4 c4 ,:5 any ( ^! symptoms occur 7especially 9 free liv]s7 ap]i5t m$ic9es & a light diet %\ld be at once _h rec\rse to1 & w9e1 be]1 & spirits avoid$ z ! mo/ dang]\s poisons4 ,if ! symptoms increase or cont9ue1 active purgation1 a /ill l[] diet1 & ev5 ble$+ may be _h rec\rse to4 ,pure air1 e>ly ris+1 regul> habits1 g5tle muscul> ex]cise1 & loose1 easy clo?+1 are p[]ful prev5tives ( apoplexy4 ,by att5d+ to ! admonitions ( nature1 & adopt+ ! simple means :i* are )9 ! rea* ( all1 x is indisputable t _m fatal cases ( apoplexy might h be5 avoid$1 & a /ill l>g] numb] less5$ 9 sev]ity4 ,robu/1 ple?oric p]sons1 ) %ort ?ick necks1 are univ]sally acc\nt$ ! mo/ liable to apoplexy4 ,9 !m ! fit g5]ally comes on )\t w>n+2 & :5 once attack$ ) ?is malady !y are especially liable to its recurr5ce4 ,b x mu/ be recollect$ t ! possessor ( no p>ticul> con/itution or temp]am5ts1 to :atev] class x may belong1 enjoys immunity f ! attacks ( apoplexy--a disease m fatal among ,engli%m5 ?an ! natives ( o!r c\ntries4 ,obs4 ,a loss ( consci\sness exi/s alike 9 apoplexy1 epilepsy1 n>cotism f opium & opiates1 complete intoxication1 & common fa9t+4 ,^! may be di/+ui%$ by obs]v+ t--9 ,,epilepsy !re are almo/ always convulsions1 & m or less rigidity ( ! limbs1 ) 7g5]ally7 foam+ at ! m\? & gna%+ or gr9d+ ( ! tee?1 & frequ5tly1 ! utt]ance ( noises (t5 n unlike ! b>k+ ( a dog2 :il/ /]tor & labori\s brea?+1 z a rule1 are abs5t3--9 ! /upor produc$ by ,,opium1 ,,morphia1 c41 ! face is pale1 calm1 & p]spir+1 & ! respiration is tranquil & )\t /]tor2 :il/ ! pati5t c1 9 almo/ all cases1 be tempor>ily ar\s$ to consci\sness & kept awake by be+ made to walk betwe5 two att5dants2 ! od\r ( opium or laudanum is also frequ5tly p]ceptible 9 ! brea? or eject$ matt]3--9 ! ins5sibility ( ,,intoxication ! pulse is usually feeble1 & ! pati5t may be tempor>ily r\s$ by viol5t %\t+ 9 ! e>1 or by ! application ( nasal /imulants1 p>ticul>ly ! common smell+-bottle 7if /rong72 & ! brea?1 & eject$ matt] 7if any71 smells ( liquor3--9 ord9>y ,,fa9t+ ! face & lips are pale1 ! brea?+ quiet1 ! pulse sc>cely p]ceptible1 ! limbs mobile1 & ! fit la/s only a few m9utes4 ,treatm5t = ,horses4 ,give 9 ! fir/ place a /rong /imulant int]nally1 & apply mu/>d embrocations to ! belly & sp9e4 ,ble$1 %\ld ! pulse be small & indi/9ct4--,9 ! p>turi5t apoplexy ( c[s4 ,ble$ 9 ! v e>lie/ /age2 give salts & croton2 dilu5ts2 no solid food2 let ! body & legs be rubb$ & clo!d2 use ca!t]2 apply ice & refrig]ants to head & neck2 give frequ5t cly/]s ( l9se$ gruel2 remove milk e h\r1 & apply rubefaci5ts to ! sp9e4 ,,aposep',,ed9 7-d7in74 ,a sub/ance f\nd 9 putrid *eese1 & suppos$ to be a product ( ! f]m5tation ( case9e4 ,muld] & o!rs h %[n t x is m]ely impure leuc9e4 ,,ap',,o/emedagg] 7-teme or -t7em74 ,syn4 ,,ap',,o/emdagg]2 ,,apo/e',,madagg]1 ,l4 ,an abscess or collection ( purul5t matt] 9 any "p ( ! body4 ,,app>a',,tus4 ,l41 ,eng42 class4 pl41 app>a'tus2 ,eng4 pl41 app>a'tuses--,web/]4 ,syn4 ,,app>eil1 ,fr42 ,,app>at1 ,,g],,?s*aft1 ,g]4 ,9 te*nical language1 ! in/rum5ts1 ut5sils1 & me*anical arrangem5ts1 employ$ 9 any op]ation1 exp]im5t1 or obs]vation1 or 9 any art or trade4 ,app>atus4 ,9 anatomy & physiology1 a cat5ation ( organs all m9i/]+ to "o g5]al purpose or function2 z ! dige/ive app>atus1 respiratory a41 c4 ,,app',,etite4 ,syn4 ,,appeti',,tus1 ,l42 ,,ap,,tit1 ,fr42 ,,apetit1 ,,begi]de1 ,,esslu/1 ,g]4 ,! natural desire ( gratification1 :e!r corporeal or m5tal4 ,9 physiology1 ! in/9ctive incl9ation to p]=m c]ta9 natural functions1 z ^? ( dige/ion & g5]ation2 b appr41 ! natural desire = food4 ,9 psy*ology & philosophy1 ! ,,appetites 7pl47 are affections ( ! m9d direct$ to g5]al objects1 z fame1 glory1 or ri*es2 ^! :5 subsequ5tly turn$ to p>ticul> objects1 con/itute ! ,,passions1 z envy1 gratitude1 rev5ge1 or love4 ,9 its common & unqualifi$ s5se1 ! ^w appetite is conf9$ to ! desire = food2 & 9 t s5se *iefly conc]ns u "h4 ,! s5sations ( hung] & ?ir/ are seat$ 9 ! /oma*1 & _! recurr5ce at prop] int]vals is a necess>y consequ5ce ( vital action1 & is ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( ! body 9 a /ate ( vig\r & heal?4 ,any alt]ation f _! normal condition indicates diseas$ action ( ! /oma*1 or ( ! n]v\s sy/em or circulation2 or x may result f vici\s habits4 ,a heal?y appetite = food is usually a mo/ c]ta9 indication t nature requires a supply2 b 9 ! indulg5ce ( ?is appetite c]ta9 regulations %\ld be obs]v$1 & a b\nd>y %\ld be put to m]e animal gratification4 ,by sl[ly eat+ & ?or\ghly ma/icat+ ! food1 ! /oma* becomes gradually & equally di/5d$1 & ! individual feels himself satisfi$ only aft] he has tak5 a quantity suffici5t = ! n\ri%m5t ( 8 body2 b1 on ! contr>y1 if ! food be swall[$ rapidly1 & )\t prop] ma/ication1 x presses heavily & r\ghly aga9/ ! sides ( ! /oma*1 & induces a s5sation ( fulness be=e a suffici5t meal has be5 made4 ,! consequ5ces are1 t hung] soon returns1 & ! p>ty mu/ ei!r h rec\rse to food betwe5 ! usual "t ( meals1 or suff] ! consequ5ces ( imp]fect nutrition4 ,ex]cise & lab\r1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 promote ! heal?y functions ( ! /oma* & b[els1 ?r\gh ! action ( ! muscles ( ! abdom5 increas+ ! p]i/altic motion ( ^! visc]a4 ,an inord9ate appetite 9 p]sons lead+ a s$5t>y life is g5]ally indicative ( ! food pass+ (f imp]fectly dige/$1 or ( ! coats ( ! /oma* be+ relax$1 or ev5 diseas$4 ,m food is requir$ 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] radiation ( ! heat ( ! body2 & h5ce ! increas$ appetite :i* is usually an accompanim5t ( t season4 ,9 p]sons :o lead a m s$5t>y life 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 ei!r no *ange ( ?is k9d occurs1 or ! rev]se is ! case2 ! want ( ex]cise produc+ a dim9ution ( appetite correspond+ to ! increase ( x t w\ld o!rwise result f ! seasonal *ange ( atmosph]ic temp]ature1 or ev5 great]4 ,deviations ( ! appetite f ! heal?y /&>d1 or ! normal condition1 con/itutes ,,defective or ,,diseas$ ,,appetite4 ,defici5cy or loss ( appetite 7,,an',,orexy2 ,,anorex',,ia1 ,l47 g5]ally arises f disord]$ /oma*2 b is also frequ5tly symptomatic ( o!r affections1 p>ticul>ly dyspepsia1 bili\sness1 fev]i%ness1 & organic diseases ( ! lungs1 /oma*1 & prim vi4 ,x is a common consequ5ce ( s$5t>y life1 & ( extreme m5tal anxiety1 excitem5t1 or exhau/ion4 ,! treatm5t w necess>ily v>y ) ! cause4 ,9 simple spontane\s cases ! appetite may g5]ally be improv$ by outdoor ex]cise1 & ! occasional use ( mild ap]i5ts1 especially sal9es & aloetics4 ,:5 ! affection arises f ! /oma* be+ load$ ) bile & crudities1 an emetic 9 ! ev5+1 foll[$ by a /oma*ic purgative ! next morn+1 ) an occasional ap]i5t aft]w>ds1 w seldom fail to effect a cure4 ,) heavy dr9k]s a gradual r$uction ( ! quantity ( ! /rong liquors usually consum$ is g5]ally foll[$ by a re/oration ( ! appetite & dige/ive p[]s4 ,! *ange ?us gradually effect$ 9 ! c\rse ( #h or #aj days is (t5 almo/ magical4 ,! excessive use ( liquors--especially ( spirits1 w9e1 or be]1 or ev5 ( w>m weak ones1 z tea1 c(fee1 s\p1 c4--is always prejudicial4 ,h5ce drunk>ds are p>ticul>ly subject to defective appetite2 & teetotall]s & wat]-dr9k]s to a he>t9ess (t5 almo/ approa*+ voracity4 ,see ,,bile1 ,,dyspepsia1 c4 ,deprav$ appetite 7,,pi',,ca1 ,l471 or a desire = unnatural food1 z *alk1 c9d]s1 dirt1 soap1 tall[1 c41 :5 an idiopa?ic affection or :5 dep5d+ on vici\s ta/es or habits 7z is (t5 ! case 9 *ildhood71 x may be treat$ by admix+ v small doses ( t>t> emetic or ipecacuanha ) ! objectionable food or articles4 ,:5 symptomatic ( pregnancy1 a pl5tiful & nutriti\s diet1 includ+ ! r$ meats1 ) a little good malt liquor or w9e1 may be adopt$ ) advantage4 ,:5 symptomatic ( *lorosis1 to ?is diet may be add$ ! use ( *alybeate tonics1 & sea or tepid ba?+2 :5 ( dyspepsia1 a light diet1 bitt] tonics1 free ex]cise1 fre% air1 & cold ba?+1 w g5]ally effect a cure4 ,insatiable appetite 7,,can9e ,,appetite1 ,,voracity2 ,,bulim',,ia1 ,l47 is g5]ally symptomatic ( pregnancy1 or worms1 or diseases ( ! /oma* or ! visc]a imm$iately connect$ ) x2 b sometimes exi/s z a sep>ate disease1 & is ev5 said to be occasionally h]$it>y4 ,:5 x occurs 9 *ildhood1 worms may be suspect$1 & v]mifuges adm9i/]$4 ,9 adults1 a common cause is imp]fect dige/ion1 aris+ f /oma* compla9ts or gluttony1 :5 ! languor & gnaw+ pa9s ( disease are mi/ak5 = hung]4 ,9 ?is case ! diet %\ld be regulat$ & ! b[els kept g5tly relax$ ) mild ap]i5ts1 & tonics 7z b>k & /eel71 or bitt]s 7z orange-peel & g5tian71 may be adm9i/]$4 ,:5 pregnancy or vici\s habits are ! cause1 ! treatm5t indicat$ "u ,,deprav$ ,,appetite may be adopt$4 ,:5 ! affection is occasion$ by acidity 9 ! /oma*1 an emetic1 foll[$ by ! mod]ate use ( absorb5ts or antacids1 w g5]ally effect a cure4 ,9 ^? cases dep5d+ on a highly increas$ p[] ( ! /oma* 9 effect+ rapid & complete dige/ion1 its contractile =ce & morbid activity may be (t5 allay$ by ! copi\s use ( salad oil1 fat meat1 c41 by ! cauti\s use ( opiates1 or by ! use1 or fre] use1 ( tobacco 7ei!r smok$ or *ew$1 or bo?74 ,a ca?>tic daily1 ) a dose ( blue-pill1 or m]curial p[d]1 e second or ?ird day1 is also (t5 advantage\s4 #be or #cj drops ( solution ( potassa1 9 bro?1 twice or ?rice daily1 has also be5 recomm5d$4 ,see ,,bile1 ,,dyspepsia1 ,,worms1 c4 ,,app',,le 77ap'l74 ,syn4 ,,ma',,lum1 ,,po',,mum1 ,l42 ,,pomme1 ,fr42 ,,apfel1 ,g]42 ,,appel1 ,dut42 ,,aple1 ,sw$4 ,?is well-kn[n fruit is ! product ( ! cultivat$ v>ieties ( pyrus malus 7,l9n471 or ! crab-apple ( our h$ges2 a tree ( ! nat4 ord4 ,rosace4 ,! date ( its amelioration f ! wild /ate is probably v remote1 z sev]al k9ds are notic$ by ,pl9y 9 a mann] t w\ld lead to ! inf]5ce ( a high antiquity4 ,pipp9s1 or 'se$l+ improv$ apples1' are said to h be5 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry f ! ,s\? ( ,europe t[>ds ! end ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,don enum]at$ #adjj v>ieties ( ! cultivat$ apple2 !re are n[ probably above #afej4 ,r5net apples 7,,poma ,,r5ettia7 are ^? ord]$ 9 ! ,p4 ,cod4 to be us$ 9 ph>macy4 ,9 botany & composition1 ! t]m apple 7,,pomum7 is us$ to designate any l>ge1 r\nd1 fle%y fruit1 consi/+ ( a 'p]ic>p1' enclos+ a t\gh 'capsule' conta9+ sev]al se$s2 z love-apple1 p9e-apple1 c4 ,! wood ( ! apple-tree is mu* us$ 9 turn]y2 t ( ! crab-tree is g5]ally pref]r$ by mill-wrights = ! tee? ( mortise-:eels4 ,! express$ juice ( #a cwt4 ( ripe apples1 aft] ! free acid has be5 saturat$ ) *alk1 yields f #aa to #ac lbs4 ( a v sweet1 b uncry/allisable sug>4 ,apples h be5 analys$ by ,fres5ius1 & 7 f\nd to h ! foll[+ composition3-- ,,soluble ,,matt]-- ,sug> #geh ,free acid 7r$uc$ to equival5t 9 malic acid7 #ajd ,album9\s sub/ance #jbb ,pect\s sub/ances1 c4 #bgb ,a% #jdd ,,insoluble ,,matt]-- ,se$s #jch ,sk9s #add ,pectose #aad ,a% f insoluble matt] includ$ 9 weights giv5 #jac ,wat] #hejd ---------- #ajjjj ,love'-appled\ble-dagg]4 ,! tomato4 ,mad'-appled\ble-dagg]4 ,! l>g] ,mecca or ,bussorah gall4 ,!y are also call$ ,,dead-,,sea ,,apples1 ,a4 ,,( ,,sodom1 c4 ,see ,,galls4 ,acid ( ,apples4 ,malic acid4 ,a',,pricot4 ,syn4 ,a',,pricockdagg]2 ,,arm5i',,acum ,,ma',,lum1 ,,pr,,co',,tium1 ,l42 ,,abricot1 ,fr42 ,,aprikose1 ,g]4 ,! fruit ( arm5iaca vulg>is 7,lamb42 prunus arm5iaca1 ,l9n471 a rosace\s tree indig5\s 9 ,arm5ia1 ,ca*m]e1 c41 & n[ cultivat$ 9 e temp]ate region ( ! _w4 ,"u ! "n ( prcox x 0 kn[n 9 ,italy 9 ! "t ( ,dioscorides2 b x 0 n introduc$ into ,engl& until ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii 7,a4,d4 #aedj74 ,its cultivation has s9ce be5 zeal\sly att5d$ to by our g>d5]s1 & x is n[ "o ( ! *oice/ & mo/ e/eem$ ( our wall-fruits1 & is p>ticul>ly valu$ = dess]ts4 ,x is reput$ to be nutriti\s1 easy ( dige/ion1 laxative1 & /oma*ic4 ,! se$s are bitt] & saponace\s4 ,apricots are pr9cipally eat5 z ga!r$2 b are also dri$1 c&i$1 & made into jam4 ,9 confection]y1 ! ,brussels & ,br$a v>ieties are pref]r$ to ! l>g] & sweet] k9ds4 ,see ,,fruit1 ,,pres]ves1 c4 ,apricots1 ,brianon'4 ,! fruit ( arm5iaca brigantiaca 7,p]s474 ,acidul\s2 se$s or k]nels1 by expression1 yield ,,huile ,,de ,,m>mote4 ,a',,qua 7-kw7a74 ,l4 ,wat]4--,,aqua ,,de/illa',,ta or ,a4 ,,di/illa',,ta1 is di/ill$ wat]2 ,a4 ,,fluvia',,lis or ,a4 ,,ex ,,flu',,m9e 7-7in-e71 riv]-wat]2 ,a4 ,,fonta',,na1 spr+-wat]2 ,a4 ,,m>i',,na or ,a4 ,,ma'',,ris1 sea-wat]2 ,a4 ,,m9]a',,lis1 m9]al wat]2 ,a4 ,,niva',,lis or ,a4 ,,ex ,,ni',,ve1 sn[-wat]2 ,a4 ,,pluvia',,lis1 ,a4 ,,plu'',,via1 or ,a4 ,,im',,brium1 ra9-wat]1 s(t wat]2 ,a4 ,,putea',,na or ,a4 ,,ex ,,pu',,teo1 well1 pump1 or h>d wat]4 ,aqua4 ,9 *emi/ry & ph>macy1 ?is ^w 0 =m]ly appli$ to num]\s prep>ations & articles n[ includ$ "u o!r heads4 ,see ,,eau1 ,,esprits1 ,,hair-,,dyes1 ,,liquors1 ,,solutions1 ,,wat]s1 c4 ,aqua='tis4 ,l4 ,lit]ally1 '/rong wat]1' ! "n giv5 by ! al*emi/s to ! acid obta9$ by di/ill+ a mixture ( nitre & sulphate ( iron4 ,! ^w is /ill commonly employ$ by me*anics & arti/s to designate ! impure fum+ nitric acid ( comm]ce1 & is ?us also reta9$ 9 trade4 ,by ^! p>ties conc5trat$ nitric acid is call$ '_s ( nitre4' ',d\ble aqua=tis' m]ely diff]s f ! o!r 9 /r5g?4 ,see ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,aqua ,am>ella4 ,a comp\nd = hair-dye+2 is prep>$ ) sug> ( lead1 common salt1 & wat]4 ,aqua ,gr'ca1 ,a4 ,ori5ta'lis4 ,see ,,hair-,,dyes4 ,aqua ,m>i'na4 ,l4 ,! b]yldagg]4 ,aqua ,mirab'ilisdagg]4 ,l4 ,lit]ally1 'wond]ful wat]1' a cordial & c>m9ative _s di/ill$ f aromatics1 & =m]ly reput$ to possess _m virtues4 ,aqua ,re'gia4 ,l4 ,nitrohydro*loric acid1 orig9ally s call$1 by ! al*emi/s1 f its p[] ( dissolv+ gold4 ,aqua ,t(fa'nia4 ,l4 ,see ,,acquetta4 ,aqua ,vi'tdagg]4 ,l4 ,lit]ally1 'wat] ( life1' a "n famili>ly appli$ to ! lead+ native di/ill$ _s4 ,?us1 x is :iskey 9 ,scotl&1 usquebaugh 9 ,irel&1 g5eva 9 ,holl&1 & eau de vie or br&y 9 ,france4 ,:5 ! t]m is employ$ 9 ,engl&1 ,fr5* br&y is und]/ood to be ref]r$ to4 ,see ,,alcohol1 c4 ,aqua ,vit ,aromatico-,am>a4 7,f4 ,bolle1 =m]ly ,j4 ,b4 ,claude1 ,b]l974 ,galangal g+]1 aa1 #b p>ts2 orange b]ries1 ,european c5taury1 g5tian1 c9namon1 angelica1 aa1 #a "p2 alcohol1 #cj p>ts2 wat]1 #bf p>ts4 ,dige/ & filt]4 7,hag]47 ,,aqu>ium4 ,a tank or vessel made ( glass1 conta9+ ei!r salt or fre% wat]1 & 9 :i* ei!r m>9e or fre%-wat] plants & animals are kept 9 a liv+ /ate4 ,9 pr9ciple1 ! aqu>ium dep5ds ^u ! int]dep5d5ce ( animal & vegetable life4 ,! c>bonic acid evolv$ by ! animals is decompos$ "u ! influ5ce ( sol> light by ! plants1 & ! oxyg5 necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( ! life ( ! animals is ?us elim9at$1 :il/ ! c>bonic acid ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( ! plants is suppli$ by ! animals4 ,! aqu>ium1 !re=e1 mu/ be /ock$ bo? ) plants & animals1 & = ! welf>e ( bo?1 some?+ l a prop] proportion %\ld exi/ betwe5 !m4 ,b ev5 "u ^! conditions ! wat] %\ld be frequ5tly arat$1 :e!r ! aqu>ium conta9s fre% or salt-wat]4 ,?is may be done by simply bl[+ ?r\gh a glass tube :i* rea*es to ne> ! bottom1 or1 /ill bett]1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,take a glass syr+e :i* c be easily work$4 ,hav+ fill$ x ) wat]1 hold x ) ! nozzle ab\t two in*es f ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! aqu>ium1 into :i* ! cont5ts are to be dis*>g$ quickly & ) a sort ( j]k4 ,by ?is means a multitude ( small bubbles are =c$ d[n into ! fluid4 ,?is op]ation %\ld be sev]al times repeat$4 ,a simpl] me?od is to take out a portion ( ! wat] f ! aqu>ium & to p\r x back aga9 f a height4 ,:51 z n infrequ5tly happ5s1 ! aqu>ium is provid$ ) a f\nta91 ?is ( c\rse ensures a cont9ual *ange ( wat]2 b ev5 :]e ?is is ! case ! jo9t pres5ce bo? ( plants & animals is advantage\s to ! heal? ( bo?4 ,:5 sea-wat] _c be procur$ = ! m>9e aqu>ium a sub/itute = x may be made z foll[s3--,mix ) #igj1jjj gra9s ( ra9-wat] #bg1jjj gra9s ( *loride ( sodium1 #cfjj ( *loride ( magnesium1 #gej ( *loride ( potassium1 #bi ( bromide ( magnesium1 #bcjj ( sulphate ( magnesia1 #adjj ( sulphate ( lime1 #ce ( c>bonate ( lime1 & #e ( iodide ( sodium4 ,^! all be+ f9ely p[d]$ & mix$ fir/1 are to be /irr$ into ! wat]1 f :i* a /ream ( air may be caus$ to pass f ! bottom until ! :ole is dissolv$4 ,on no acc\nt is ! wat] to be boil$1 or ev5 to be heat$4 ,into ?is wat]1 :5 cle>1 ! rocks & seawe$ may be introduc$4 ,z soon z ! latt] are 9 a fl\ri%+ /ate ! animals may foll[4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to h too _m ( ^!1 & to remove imm$iately any dead ones4 ,! loss t takes place f evaporation is to be made up by add+ cle> ra9-wat]4 ,! pres5ce ( a numb] ( mollusc\s animals1 su* z ! common p]iw9kle1 is necess>y = ! consumption ( ! vegetable matt] cont9ually giv5 (f by ! gr[+ plants1 & ( ! multitud9\s spores1 p>ticul>ly ( ! conf]v1 :i* w\ld o!rwise soon fill ! wat]1 r5d]+ x gre5i% or br[ni%1 & turbid4 ,9 a fre%-wat] aqu>ium ! bottom %\ld be cov]$ ) a lay] ( f9e s& & %+le1 & 9 ?is ! we$s %\ld be plant$4 ,! be/ = ?is purpose are valesn]ia spiralis1 ana*>is1 & *>a vulg>is4 ,a few wat]-snails %\ld also be put 92 ! be/ are planorbis1 palud9a1 & amphibia glut9osa4 ,"o plant & two or ?ree snails %\ld be us$ = ea* gallon ( wat] put into ! aqu>ium4 ,,aquat9t',a4 ,l41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,a',,quat9t1 ,eng42 ,,acquat9ta1 ,x4 ,a species ( et*+ on copp]1 produc+ an effect resembl+ a draw+ 9 ,indian ink4 ,a',,que\s 7-kwe-74 ,syn4 ,,aquose'992 ,a',,queus1 ,,aquo',,sus1 ,l42 ,,aqueux1 ,fr42 ,wss]ig1 ,wss]haltig1 ,g]4 ,wat]y2 made )1 conta9+1 or resembl+ wat]4 ,9 *emi/ry & ph>macy1 appli$ to solutions1 extracts1 c41 prep>$ ) wat]4 ,,ar',,abesque 7-b7esk74 ,fr4 ,9 ! ,arabian mann]2 m p>ticul>ly appli$ to a species ( caprici\s1 fanta/ic1 & imag9ative ornam5tation1 consi/+ ( foliage1 /alks1 plants1 c41 to ! entire exclusion ( ! figures ( animals4 ,! designs ( ?is class1 n[ s mu* employ$ 9 clo? & lea!r b9d+1 are produc$ by ! pressure ( hot plates or roll]s hav+ ! patt]n engrav$ on !m4 ,see ,,moresque4 ,,ar',,ab9 7-b7in74 ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,soluble ,,gum2 ,,arabi',,na1 ,l4 ,! pure soluble pr9ciple ( gum acacia4 ,prep4 ,dissolve :ite gum arabic 9 pure wat]1 filt] ! solution1 & add alcohol z long z x produces curd9ess2 collect ! precipitate1 & dry x by a g5tle heat4 ,prop4 c4 ,v soluble 9 wat]2 basic acetate ( lead1 alcohol1 & e!r1 precipitate x f its solutions4 ,x is isom]ic ) cry/allis$ cane sug>4 ,x possesses no practical sup]iority ov] ! be/ gum arabic1 except its pal] col\r4 ,,ar',,able 77abl74 ,syn4 ,,arab',,ilis1 ,l42 ,,arabile1 ,,lab\rable1 ,fr42 ,,pfl,,gb>1 ,g]4 ,9 agriculture1 fit = or "u tillage or aration2 pl\gh$4 ,arable ,l&4 ,9 agriculture1 l& :i* is *iefly or :olly cultivat$ by ! pl\gh1 z di/+ui%$ f grass-l&1 wood-l&1 common pa/ure1 & wa/e4 ,see ,,l&1 ,,soils1 c4 ,,ara*is ,,hypog,a4 ,syn4 ,,gr\nd ,,nut ,,plant4 ,hab4 ,cultivat$ ?r\gh\t ! tropics ( ! ,old & ,new ,_w4 ,(fic9al "p4 ,! oil ( ! se$s 7,oleum ,ara*is1 ,gr\nd ,nut ,oil74 ,obta9$ by expression4 ,limpid1 cle>1 light yell[1 almo/ inodor\s1 or ) a fa9t smell & bl& ta/e4 ,sp4 gr4 #jiaf4--,prop4 & ,uses4 ,?is oil af=ds a *eap & excell5t sub/itute = olive oil = ph>maceutical & o!r purposes4 ,! foll[+ notice1 by ! ,editor ( ?is "w1 appe>$ 9 ',! ,vet]9>ian' = ,octob]1 #ahgf3-- ,hav+ 9 ! c\rse ( my analytical practice _h occasion to exam9e "s samples ( ,m>seilles e>?-nut cake1 ,i take ! opportunity ( communicat+ ! results obta9$1 9 ! hope ( furni%+ int]e/+ in=mation respect+ a mat]ial :i* is *iefly employ$ 9 ! sophi/ication ( ! m exp5sive fe$+ cakes1 b :i* ,i ?9k might 9 "s in/ances be ) advantage sub/itut$ = !m4 ,ara*is se$s con/itute "o ( ! v>ieties ( food t]m$ pulse1 & ! oil :i* exi/s 9 !m to ! ext5t ( f #dj to #ej p] c5t41 is rapidly be+ introduc$ 9 ! mak+ ( soap 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries4 ,x is an article also ( ! ,indian ,ph>macopoeia4 ,by pressure ! se$s yield all b ab\t #g p] c5t4 ( _! oil1 & ! mat]ial :i* rema9s aft] ! expression ( ! great] "p ( ! oil is s5t into comm]ce z e>?-nut or gr\nd-nut cake4 ,sometimes ! husks ( ! se$s are fir/ remov$ & only ! k]nels subject$ to pressure = ! sake ( ! oil2 ! cake s produc$ is call$ 'decorticat$ e>?-nut cake1' at o!r times ! entire se$s are subject$ to ?is treatm5t1 & !n ! result+ cake is kn[n z 'undecorticat$ e>?-nut cake4' ,! foll[+ table %[s ! composition 9 #ajj p>ts ( bo? descriptions ( cake1 z well z t ( l9se$ cake ( fir/-rate quality2 ! la/ analysis be+ add$ = ! sake ( comp>ison3-- ,table %[+ ! ,c5tesimal ,composition ( ,decorticat$ & ,undecorticat$ ,e>?-nut ,cake & ,l9se$ ,cake4 ,decorticat$ ,undecorticat$ ,l9se$ ,e>?-nut ,cake4 ,e>?-nut ,cake4 ,cake4 ,moi/ure #ieh #ibh #aagb ,fat & heat produc]s ,oil #gdj #fii #abjj ,/>* dige/ible fibre1 c4 #bgfc #bcff #bebi ,fle%-=m]s 7album5oids7 #dbhage #cbhagf #cbfd ,indige/ible fibre #ghg #bchj #aagi ,a% #dga #cde #fdg ------ ------ ------ #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj ,footnote #ge3 ,conta9+ #fhe ( nitrog54 ,footnote #gf3 ,conta9+ #ebe ( nitrog54 ,f ! =ego+ analyses x w be se5 t bo? descriptions ( e>? nut are exce$+ly ri* 9 fle%-=m]s1 & t !y conta9 a mod]ately l>ge am\nt ( oil4 ,!y also possess a sweet agreeable flav\r1 & are1 ,i believe1 v dige/ible4 ,z ^! may1 ,i am in=m$1 be b\ght at f #f to #h p] ton1 x is evid5t t f>m]s w\ld d well to give e>?-nut cakes a trial 9 ! fe$+ ( _! /ock4 ,pure l9se$ cake does n conta9 />*1 b 9 its /ead mucilage4 ,! fe$+ qualities ( />* & mucilage are1 h[ev]1 v simil>4 ,,ar>oba4 ,syn4 ,,ar>oba ,,p[d]4 ,,bahia ,,p[d]4 ,,goa ,,p[d]4 ,! pi? or m$ulla ( ! /em & bran*es ( a legum9\s tree 7a species ( ,c5trolobium7 gr[+ 9 ,brazil4 ,x is 9 ext5sive use among/ ! natives ( ,india1 :o employ x 9 affections ( ! sk94 ,x has be5 appli$ ) success 9 %+les & r+-worm1 9 ! =m ( o9tm5t made z foll[s3-- ,ar>oba 9 p[d] #bj gra9s4 ,acetic acid #aj drops4 ,b5zoat$ l>d #a ounce4 ,dr ,attfield f\nd ! p[d] to conta9 f #hj to #hd p] c5t4 ( *rysophanic acid1 to :i* sub/ance its rem$ial p[]s are d\btless due4 ,x is n[ ! *ief s\rce ( ?is acid4 ,,ara',,tion994 ,9 agriculture1 pl\gh+2 culture by pl\gh+2 tillage4 ,l&s 9 a /ate ( aration' are ^? "u tillage4 ,,ar',,bor4 ,l4 ,a tree4 ,! sev5? family ( vegetables 9 ,l9nu's sy/em4 ,9 anatomy & *emi/ry1 a t]m =m]ly appli$ to membranes & sub/ances hav+ "s real or fanci$ resemblance to a tree or vegetation4 ,an ar'boret is a little tree2 an arbori/1 or ar'boratordagg]1 is "o :o /udies or cultivates trees4 ,,arbut94 ,c#ab;,h#af,o#g4 ,a sub/ance obta9$ by ,,kawali] f ! leaves ( ! r$ be>b]ry ,arcto/ophylos uva ursi1 & by ,,zw5g] & ,,himmelmann f ! leaves ( a species ( w9t]-gre51 ,pyrola ,umbellata4 ,x is prep>$ by precipitat+ ! aque\s decoction ( ! leaves ( ei!r ( ^! plants1 ) basic acetate ( lead1 filt]+1 remov+ ! excess ( lead ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 & ei!r treat+ ! filtrate ) animal *>coal & leav+ x to cry/allise or evaporat+ & dige/+ ! residue ) a mixture ( eight p>ts ( e!r & "o "p ( alcohol1 :i* dissolves out ! arbut91 & deposits x on evaporation 9 ! cry/all9e /ate4 ,,arca',,num ,l4 ,syn4 ,,arcane1 ,fr42 ,,geheimnis1 ,g]4 ,a secret4 ,9 al*emy1 a t]m appli$ to v>i\s prep>ations )\t any precise mean+4 ,arcanum is a ?+ secret1 incorporeal1 & immortal1 :i* c only be kn[n to man by exp]i5ce2 = x is ! virtue ( ea* ?+1 :i* op]ates a ?\s& times m ?an ! ?+ itself4 7,rul&7 ,9 anci5t m$ic9e & ph>macy2 a no/rum4 ,! ^w is /ill occasionally us$ 9 ! plural 7,,arca',,na1 secrets1 my/]ies71 9 ! titles ( books2 z1 ',arcana ( ,*emi/ry1' a book pr(ess+ to conta9 a full exposition ( ! my/]ies ( t art4 ,among ! old *emi/s1 ,,arcanum ,,al',,bum 0 'pulvis ,vi5n5sis albus virg9eus' 7see ,,p[d]s72 ,a4 ,,bec',,*icum1 a sweet5$ aque\s solution ( liv] ( sulphur2 ,a4 ,,coralli',,num1 r$ oxide ( m]cury t _h be5 dige/$ 9 a solution ( pota%1 wa%$ ) wat]1 & !n _h _s ( w9e burnt on x 7once a fav\rite m]curial & es*>otic72 ,a4 ,,duplica',,tum1 sulphate ( pota%2 ,a4 ,d4 ,,ca?ol',,icum1 roots ( col*icum & planta9 7worn z an amulet aga9/ fev]s & pe/il5tial diseases72 ,a4 ,,ludeman',,ni1 oxide ( z9c2 ,a4 ,,t>',,t>i1 acetate ( potassa2 ,a4 ,,vi',t1 elixir vit2 c4 ,,ar*e',,u 7-ke'-7us2 7ar'99--,mayne74 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,ar*',,u1 ,l4 ,a t]m inv5t$ by ,p>acelsus1 & employ$ by ! al*emi/s & old] physicians1 to imply ! occult cause ( ph5om5a1 z well z ! sub-causes or ag5ts by :i* ! effects 7 accompli%$4 ,van ,helmont & ,/ahl ascribe c]ta9 vital functions to ! influ5ce & sup]9t5d5ce ( a 'spiritus ar*u' or intellig5t vital pr9ciple4 ,accord+ to o!rs1 ! p[]s ( ',ar*u' 7 indef9itely ext5d$4 ,he or x 0 an occult p[] ( nature1 ! artific] ( all ?+s1 physician-g5]al to ! univ]se1 c4 c41 to ! utmo/ b\nds ( absurdity & confusion4 ,f ?is ^w comes ! adj4 ,,ar*e',,al or ,,ar*',,al1 hidd51 op]ative4 ,,ar*',,il 7art%'-7il74 ,syn4 ,,ar*',,el991 ,,or',,*il2 ,,ar*il',,la1 ,,or*il',,la 7* z k71 ,l42 ,,orseille1 ,fr41 ,g]42 ,,oricello1 ,x4 ,a violet-r$1 purple or blue col\r+ matt] or dye-/uff1 obta9$ f sev]al species ( li*5s1 b ( ! f9e/ quality f roccella t9ctoria 7,,dc471 & next f r4 fuci=mis 7,,dc474 ,! ar*il ( comm]ce is met ) z a liquid pa/e1 or z a ?9 liquid dye or /a9 ( m or less int5sity4 ,! ord9>y ar*il or or*il ( ! %ops 7,,or*il-,,liquor7 is "u ! la/ =m2 & is kn[n z ei!r ,,blue ,,or ,,r$ ,,ar*il--di/9ctions :i* arise z foll[s3-- ,prep4 #a4 ,,blue ,,ar*il3--,! bruis$ or co>sely gr\nd li*5 is /eep$ = "s "t 9 a mixture ( /ale ur9e1 or bone-_s1 & lime or milk ( lime1 or 9 any simil> ammoniacal solution1 conta9$ 9 cov]$ wood5 vessels 9 ! cold2 ! process be+ repeat$ until all ! col\r is extract$4 #b4 ,,r$ ,,or ,,crimson ,,ar*il3--,! mat]ials are ! same z = ! la/ v>iety1 b r less milk ( lime is us$1 & ! '/eep' is g5]ally made 9 e>!n j>s plac$ 9 a room heat$ by /eam1 te*nically call$ a /ove4 ,! two k9ds m]ely diff] 9 ! degree ( _! r$ or violet t9t--! addition ( a small quantity ( lime or alkali to ! "o1 or ( an acid to ! o!r1 imm$iately br++ !m bo? to ! same %ade ( col\r4 ,prop4 ,ar*il has a disagreeable putrid ammoniacal od\r4 ,its col\r+ matt] is soluble 9 wat]1 alcohol1 ur9e1 ammoniacal & alkal9e lyes1 & weak acid liquors2 alkalies turn x blue1 acids r$2 alum gives ) x a br[ni%-r$ precipitate1 & solution ( t9 a r$ "o2 ! alcoholic solution gradually loses its col\r :5 exclud$ f ! air4 ,its col\r+ matt] consi/s *iefly ( orce94 ,pur4 ,ar*il is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) extract ( logwood1 or ( ,lima or ,sapan-wood4 ,x may be te/$ z foll[s3--#a4 ,a solution ( #ej or #fj drops ( pure ar*il 9 ab\t #c fl4 oz4 ( wat] slightly acidulat$ ) acetic acid1 almo/ entirely loses its col\r1 or pres5ts only a yell[i% t+e1 :5 heat$ to ebullition 9 a flask along ) #ej drops ( a fre% solution ( proto*loride ( t9 made ) #a "p ( ! salt to #b p>ts ( wat]3--#b4 ,a drop ( fluid extract ( logwood treat$ 9 ! same way1 gives a di/9ct violet t9t1 :i* resi/s sev]al h\rs' boil+2 b :5 only #c or #d p] c5t4 ( logwood is pres5t1 ! boil$ liquid has a p]man5t grey t9t3--#c4 ,if ! boil$ liquid reta9s its r$ hue1 extract ( ,sapan-wood is pres5t3--#d4 ,! boil$ liquor1 :5 ! ar*il is pure1 re-acquires its col\r by exposure to ! air1 & ! addition ( an alkali1 p>ticul>ly ammonia2 :il/ ! col\r produc$ by logwood is de/roy$ only by an alkal9e solution ( t91 & is re/or$ by acids4 ,uses1 c4 ,x is employ$ to t+e ! _s us$ to fill ! tubes ( !rmomet]s1 & to /a9 pap]1 wood1 c4 ,! aque\s solution /a9s ,,m>ble1 9 ! cold1 ( a beautiful violet col\r1 ( consid]able p]man5ce :5 n expos$ to a vivid light4 ,m>ble ?us t+$ pres]ves its col\r un*ang$ at ! end ( two ye>s4 7,dufay47 ,its pr9cipal use is1 h[ev]1 9 dye+4 ,by prop] managem5t x may be made to produce e %ade ( p9k & crimson to blue & purple4 ,un=tunately1 al?\gh ! hues x imp>ts to silk & wool possess an exquisite bloom or lu/re1 !y are f> f p]man5t1 & unless well manag$1 soon decay4 ,x is h5ce g5]ally employ$ 9 comb9ation ) o!r dye-/uffs1 or z a f9i%+ ba? to imp>t a bloom to silk or wooll5s already dy$ ( p]man5t col\rs4 ,9 us+ x z a dye x is add$ to hot wat] 9 ! requir$ quantity1 & ! ba? be+ rais$ to ne>ly ! boil+-po9t1 ! mat]ials are put 9 & pass$ ?r\gh x1 until ! desir$ %ade is produc$4 ,a mordant ( alum & t>t> is sometimes us$1 b does n add to ! p]man5ce ( ! col\r4 ,solution ( t9 add$ to ! ba? increases ! durability1 b turns ! col\r m on ! sc>let4 7,hellot47 ,milk ( lime or salt ( t>t> is add$ to d>k5 x2 acids or solution ( t9 to r$d5 x4 ,a beautiful crimson-r$ is obta9$ by fir/ pass+ ! /uff ?r\gh a mordant ( t9 & t>t>1 & !n ?r\gh a ba? ( ar*il mix$ ) a v little solution ( t94 ,by ! prop] managem5t ( ?is dye1 lilacs1 violets1 mall[s1 rosem>y fl[]1 s\pes au v91 agates1 & _m o!r %ades may be produc$ on silk or clo?1 ei!r alone or 9 conjunction ) o!r dyes to modify x4 #a_/b lb4 ( solid ar*il1 or its equival5t 9 a liquid =m1 w dye #a to #b lb4 ( clo?4 ,,h]b-,,ar*il1 x is ass]t$1 w be> boil+1 & gives a m durable t9t ?an ! o!r li*5s1 especially ) solution ( t94 7,hellot47 ,rec5tly ,mr ,lightfoot has pat5t$ a process = dye+ ) ar*il ) ! aid ( oil1 aft] ! mann] foll[$ = produc+ ,turkey-r$ on cottons4 ,ar*il1 ,facti''ti\s3--#a4 ,f a mixture ( onions 79 a /ate ( incipi5t putrefaction7 ) ab\t #a-aj? to #a-ab? _! weight ( c>bonate ( pota% & "s ammonia1 f]m5t$ toge!r2 & add+1 aft] "s days1 #a-g? to #a-h? ( ! weight ( ! pota% us$ 9 a salt ( lead4 ,! details ( ! process ess5tial to success are1 h[ev]1 n[ unkn[n1 ! secret hav+ di$ ) a relative ( ! writ] ( ?is article4 #b4 ,extract ( logwood dissolv$ 9 juice ( eld]b]ries & putrid ur9e1 ) ! addition ( a little pe>la% = ! ,,blue1 & a v little oxalic acid or oil ( vitriol = ! ,,r$ v>iety4 ,us$ to /a9 wood4 ,ar*'il1 ,h]b4 ,roccella t9ctoria4 ,see ,,ar*il 7above71 ,,li*5s1 & ,,mosses4 ,,are 77ar2 are--,eng474 ,fr4 ,see ,,measures4 ,,are',,ca4 ,l4 ,9 botany a g5us ( ,ea/ ,indian trees1 ( ! nat4 ord4 ,palm 7,,dc474 ,areca ,cate'*u4 ,l42 ,l9n4 ,syn4 ,,are',,ca1 ,a4 ,,9',,dica1 ,a4 ,,faufel1 ,,be',,tel-,,nut ,,tree4 ,hab4 ,ea/ ,indies4 ,fruit 7,,betel-,,nut71 a/r+5t & n>cotic2 husk ( fruit 7,,p5ang or ,,p9ang71 sialagogue & /oma*ic2 bo? are us$ z ma/icatories2 wood & nut yield an inf]ior or ba/>d sort ( cate*u2 *>coal ( ! nut highly e/eem$ z too?-p[d]2 also giv5 9 tape-worm 9 doses ( #a_/d oz4 & #a_/b oz42 said to be m efficaci\s 9 co>se ?an 9 f9e p[d]4--,doses = ,animals4 ,,horse1 #d to #f dra*ms2 ,,cattle1 #d to #h dra*ms2 ,,dog1 #cj gra9s to #b dra*ms4 ,areca ,globulif'era4 ,l4 ,prop]ties simil> to ! la/4 ,areca ,ol]a'cea4 ,l42 ,willd4 ,cabbage-palm4 ,,ar5a',,ce\s 77ar-e-74 ,syn4 ,,ar5a',,ceus1 ,l42 ,,ar,,nac1 ,,sablonneux1 ,fr42 ,,s&ig1 ,,s&>tig1 ,g]4 ,9 agriculture1 m9]alogy1 c41 s&y2 resembl+ s&2 friable4 ,,ar5a'',,ri\s 7-n>e'-74 ,syn4 ,,ar5a'',,rius1 ,l42 ,,ar,,naire1 ,fr4 ,s&y1 ar5ace\s4 ,9 agriculture & botany appli$ to soils 7,,ar5>i\s ,,soils7 9 :i* s& is ! prevail+ & *>act]i/ic +r$i5t2 also to plants t gr[ 9 s&y or arid soils4 ,,ar5a',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,saburra',,tion2 ,,ar5a',,tio1 ,l42 ,,ar,,nation1 ,fr42 ,,s&bad1 ,g]4 ,9 m$ic9e s&ba?+2 a practice =m]ly preval5t1 9 dropsy1 ( apply+ hot s&1 ei!r by imm]sion or o!rwise1 to ! feet1 legs1 or ev5 ! :ole body4 ,,ar5ose' 77ar-e-nose'74 ,syn4 ,,ar',,en\s992 ,,ar5o',,sus1 ,l42 ,,ar,,neux1 ,fr4 ,s&y2 ar5ace\s 7:i* see74 ,,areom',,et] 77a-re- or 7ar-re-2 are-e--,sm>t74 ,syn4 ,,areom',,etrum1 ,l42 ,,ar,,om,,tre1 ,fr4 ,lit]ally1 a 'measure ( lightness' or 'r>ity1' orig9ally appli$ to any in/rum5t = det]m9+ ! specific gravity ( alcoholic & e!real liquids2 b s9ce appli$1 l ! ^w 'hydromet]1' to in/rum5ts adju/$ to ! d5sities ( all liquids4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! t]m is pr9cipally conf9$ to ! aromtres ( ,baum1 on acc\nt ( _! g5]al use by ,cont95tal *emi/s4 ,! relations & equival5ts ( ,baum's scales1 z n[ adopt$ 9 ,france1 are %[n 9 ! fir/ two ( ! foll[+ ,tables3-- ,i4--,correspond+ ,,degrees ( ,,baum',s ,,areomet]s & ,,real ,,specific ,,gravities3-- #a4 ,areomet] = liquids ,,light] ?an ,,wat]1 or ,pse-esprit4#gg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,degrees,specific,degrees,specific,degre es,specific,degrees,specific,degrees,spe cific ,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- #aj #ajjjj #ba #jicjj #cb #jhfij #db #jhbjb #eb #jggff #aa #jiicb #bb #jibda #cc #jhfci #dc #jhaef #ec #jggbe #ab #jihfe #bc #jiahc #cd #jhehh #dd #jhaaa #ed #jgfhd #ac #jigii #bd #jiabe #ce #jhech #de #jhjff #ee #jgfdc #ad #jigcc #be #jijfh #cf #jhdhh #df #jhjbb #ef #jgfjd #ae #jiffi #bf #jijab #cg #jhdci #dg #jgigh #eg #jgeef #af #jifje #bg #jhieg #ch #jhcia #dh #jgice #eh #jgebf #ag #jiedb #bh #jhijb #ci #jhcdc #di #jghib #ei #jgdhg #ah #jidhj #bi #jhhdh #dj #jhbie #ej #jghdi #fj #jgddi #ai #jidbj #cj #jhgie #da #jhbdi #ea #jghjg #fa #jgdaa #bj #jicei #ca #jhgdb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,footnote #gg3 ,^! in/rum5ts 7 orig9ally adju/$ at ! temp]ature ( #ab-a_/b ,c5t41 or #ed-a_/b ,fahr4 ,^? n[ made 9 ,france are adju/$ at #ae ,c41 or #ei ,f42 & ^? made 9 ,engl&1 at ei!r #ei or 7m usually7 #fj ,fahr4 ,! /&>d temp]ature ( ! in/rum5t mu/ be kn[n = its correct application4 #b4 ,areomet] = liquids ,,heavi] ?an ,,wat]2 ,pse-acide1 or ,pse-sirop4#gh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,degrees,specific,degrees,specific,degre es,specific,degrees,specific,degrees,spe cific ,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- #j #ajjjj #af #aaagf #cb #abffg #dg #addgf #fb #afhhi #a #ajjff #ag #aabei #cc #abggc #dh #adfae #fc #agjgi #b #ajacc #ah #aacdc #cd #abhha #di #adgeh #fd #agbgc #c #ajbja #ai #aadbh #ce #abiib #ej #adijb #fe #agdga #d #ajbgj #bj #aaeae #cf #acajc #ea #aejea #ff #agfgd #e #ajcdj #ba #aafjc #cg #acbag #eb #aebjj #fg #aghhb #f #ajdaa #bb #aafib #ch #acccc #ec #aecec #fh #ahjie #g #ajdhc #bc #aaghc #ci #acdea #ed #aeeaj #fi #ahcac #h #ajeef #bd #aahge #dj #acega #ee #aefga #gj #ahecg #i #ajfcj #be #aaifh #da #acfid #ef #aehcc #ga #ahgfe #aj #ajgjd #bf #abjfc #db #achah #eg #afjjj #gb #aijjj #aa #ajghj #bg #abafj #dc #acide #eh #afagj #gc #aibda #ab #ajheg #bh #abbeh #dd #adjgd #ei #afcdd #gd #aidhg #ac #ajice #bi #abceh #de #adbjf #fj #afebb #ge #aigdj #ad #aajad #cj #abdei #df #adcci #fa #afgje #gf #bjjjj #ae #aajie #ca #abefb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,ii4--,correspond+ ,,specific ,,gravities & ,,degrees ( ,,baum',s ,,areomet] = heavy liquids4#gh ,f ! ,batavian ,ph>macopoeia4 ,footnote #gh3 ,see footnote on previ\s page4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,degrees,specific,degrees,specific,degre es,specific,degrees,specific,degrees,spe cific ,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- #j #ajjj #af #aabe #cb #abhf #dg #adhe #fb #ageh #a #ajjg #ag #aacd #cc #abih #dh #aeja #fc #aggi #b #ajad #ah #aadc #cd #acji #di #aeaf #fd #ahja #c #ajbb #ai #aaeb #ce #acba #ej #aecb #fe #ahbc #d #ajbi #bj #aafa #cf #accd #ea #aedi #ff #ahdg #e #ajcf #ba #aaga #cg #acdf #eb #aeff #fg #ahgb #f #ajdd #bb #aahj #ch #acei #ec #aehc #fh #ahig #g #ajeb #bc #aaij #ci #acgb #ed #afja #fi #aiba #h #ajfj #bd #aaii #dj #achd #ee #afah #gj #aidf #i #ajfg #be #abaj #da #acih #ef #afcg #ga #aigd #aj #ajge #bf #abba #db #adab #eg #afef #gb #bjjj #aa #ajhc #bg #abca #dc #adbf #eh #afgf #gc #bjca #ab #ajia #bh #abdb #dd #addj #ei #afie #gd #bjei #ac #aajj #bi #abeb #de #aded #fj #agae #ge #bjhg #ad #aajh #cj #abfa #df #adgj #fa #agch #gf #baaf #ae #aaaf #ca #abge ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,areom',,etry4 ,syn4 ,,areome',,tria1 ,l42 ,,ar,,om,,trie1 ,fr4 ,! art or op]ation ( asc]ta9+ ! specific gravity ( liquids1 & h5ce also _! /r5g? or comm]cial value2 hydrometry4 ,see ,,areomet] 7above71 ,,hydrometry1 ,,specific ,,gravity1 c4 ,,are',,c9a4 ,c#bc;,h#bf,n#b,o#d4 ,an alkaloid discov]$ by ,pelleti] & ,comol1 9 :ite c9*ona b>k f ,arca4 ,x is extract$ f ! b>k by ! same process z ,qu99e1 viz41 by boil+ ! b>k ) acidulat$ wat]1 treat+ ! liquor ) lime1 & dige/+ ! lime-precipitate 9 alcohol4 ,! solution filt]$ at ! boil+ heat yields a v d>k-col\r$ liquid1 :i*1 aft] a "t1 deposits ! great] "p ( ! aric9e 9 cry/als4 ,an additional quantity may be obta9$ f ! "m-liquor by expell+ ! alcohol by di/illation1 treat+ ! residue ) a slight excess ( hydro*loric acid1 sep>at+ ! great] "p ( ! col\r+ matt] by means ( a saturat$ solution ( common salts1 !n ?r[+ d[n ! aric9e by ammonia1 dissolv+ ! precipitate 9 alcohol1 decol\ris+ ) animal *>coal & cry/allis+4 ,,argamone ,,mexicana 7nat4 ord] ,,papav]ace74 ,a tropical ,am]ican plant1 n[ a common we$ gr[+ 9 almo/ e "p ( ,india4 ,a fix$ oil is obta9$ f ! se$s by expression1 :i* has long be5 employ$ z an ap]i5t 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,9 half-dra*m doses x is said to act z a g5tle ap]i5t1 & at ! same "t x allays1 app>5tly by its s$ative qualities1 ! pa9 9 colic4 ,! smallness ( ! dose1 & ! mildness ( its op]ation1 comm5d x to ! notice ( ! m$ical practition]4 ,its effici5cy is impair$ by keep+1 ! fre%ly prep>$ oil prov+ m active & uni=m 9 its action ?an t :i* has be5 long on h&4 ,x is report$ to ex]cise a well-m>k$ & soo?+ influ5ce :5 appli$ to h]petic eruptions & o!r =ms ( sk9 disease4 ,by ! natives ( ,india ! express$ yell[ glut9\s juice ( ! plant is held 9 high repute z a local application to indol5t & f\l ulc]s4 ,,arg5t',,ine 7-7in74 ,syn4 ,,arg5ti',,nus1 ,l42 ,,arg5t91 ,fr42 ,,silb]f>b51 c41 ,g]4 ,silv]-l2 p]ta9+ to1 resembl+1 or s\nd+ l silv]2 arg5tal4 ,ar'g5t9e4 7-t7in74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,g]man silv]994 ,9 m9]alogy1 nacre\s c>bonate ( lime1 f its :it5ess & silv]y lu/re4 ,,arg5t',,um4 ,l4 ,silv]4 ,9 old *emi/ry & ph>macy1 ,,arg5tum1 ,,fugiti'',,vumdagg]1 ,a4 ,,mo',,biledagg] 7-7il-e71 0 quicksilv]2 ,a4 ,,mor',,tuumdagg]1 dead silv]1 gra9-s2 ,a4 ,,musi',,vumdagg]1 mosaic s41 silv]-bronze2 ,a4 ,,nitra',,tumdagg]1 lun> cau/ic2 ,a4 ,,vi',,vumdagg]1 quicksilv]2 ,a4 ,,zo,,t9',,icumdagg]1 cyanide ( silv]2 c4 ,,ar',,gildagg] 7j7il74 ,syn4 ,,argil',,la1 ,l42 ,,argile1 ,fr4 ,clay or pott]'s e>?4 ,,argilla',,ce\s 7-j7il-74 ,syn4 ,,argilla',,ceus1 ,l42 ,,argilleux1 ,fr42 ,,?onig1 ,,?on>tig1 ,g]4 ,clayey2 p]ta9+ to1 conta9+1 or ( ! nature ( clay or argil4 ,9 agriculture1 an epi!t ( soils 7,,argillace\s ,,soils7 ( :i* clay is ! pr9cipal or *>act]i/ic +r$i5t4 ,argil'lo-ar5a'ce\s 7-j7il-74 ,9 agr41 consi/+ *iefly ( clay & s&4 ,argillo-calca''re\s4 ,9 agr41 consi/+ *iefly ( clay & *alk4 ,,ar',,gol4 ,syn4 ,,argal992 ,,t>',,t>us ,,cru',,dus1 ,l42 ,,t>tre ,,brut1 ,fr42 ,,we9/e91 ,g]4 ,crude bit>trate ( pota%1 z deposit$ by w9e4 ,t f r$ w9e is ,,r$ ,,argol2 t f :ite w9e1 ,,:ite ,,argol4 ,see ,,t>t>4 ,,arm',,ature 7-7a-ture74 ,syn4 ,,armatu'',,ra1 ,l4 ,9 magnetism1 a piece ( s(t iron us$ to connect ! poles ( a horse%oe magnet1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ loss ( p[]4 ,,ar',,nica4 ,l41 ,fr41 ,eng4 ,syn4 ,,arnique1 ,fr42 ,,arnika1 ,,wolv]lei1 ,g]4 ,9 botany1 a g5us ( plants ( ! nat4 ord4 ,composit 7,,dc474 ,9 ! ,ph4 ,u4 ,s41 arnica montana 7see bel[74 ,arnica ,monta'na4 ,l42 ,l9n4 ,syn4 ,,arnica1 ,,m\n',,ta9 ,a41 ,m4 ,,tobac',,co1 ,,g]man ,,leop',,ard',s ,,bane2 ,,panace',a ,,lapso'',,rum991 ,l4 ,,arnique1 ,a4 ,,des ,,montagnes1 ,,tabac ,,des ,,savoy>ds ,,et ,,des ,,vosges1 ,fr42 ,,arnika1 ,,falkraut1 c41 ,g]4 ,hab4 ,mead[s ( ! cool] p>ts ( ,europe1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ,sib]ia4 ,x is n[ cultivat$ 9 our g>d5s4 ,fl[]s 7,,arnica1 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s41 ,ca/r4 ,ru?41 & ,bor47 & leaves1 diaphoretic1 diuretic1 /imulant1 & n>cotic2 9 l>ge doses emetic & purgative2 root discuti5t2 :ole h]b diaphoretic1 /imulant1 & n]v9e4 ,prop41 c4 ,arnica acts z an en]getic /imulant on ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em1 & z an irritant on ! /oma* & b[els4 ,x is mu* employ$ on ! ,cont95t1 & is giv5 9 a great v>iety ( diseases--amaurosis1 *lorosis1 convulsions1 di>rhoea1 dys5t]y1 g\t1 p>alysis1 rheumatism1 c4 ,x is mu* us$ 9 ,g]many1 in/ead ( b>k1 9 int]mitt5ts1 putrid fev]s1 & gangr5e4 ,9 ,france x is commonly employ$ z an excito-tonic 9 p>alysis4 ,x has be5 greatly extoll$1 z a re/orative1 & 9 bruises & injuries f falls4 ,! ,savoy>ds & inhabitants ( ! ,vosges bo? smoke & 'snuff' ! leaves4 ,9 ,engl& x is little us$ except by homoeopa?s4 ,x is said t no animal b ! goat w eat ?is plant4 7,?omson47 ,its noxi\s prop]ties *iefly dep5d on ! pres5ce ( cytis9e4--,dose4 ,fl[]s1 #e to #aj gr41 9 p[d]1 ) syrup or honey2 root1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,x is mo/ conv5i5tly adm9i/]$ "u ! =m ( infusion or t9cture4 ,sev]e abdom9al pa9s & v]tigo1 & ev5 tetanus & dea?1 h foll[$ excessive doses4 ,obs4 ,accord+ to ,dupuytr51 ! emetic action ( infusion ( arnica dep5ds on m9ute p>ticles ( ! d[n ( ! plant :i* rema9 susp5d$ 9 x1 & :i* may be remov$ by filtration4 ,see ,,infusions1 ,,t9ctures1 c4 ,,arnatt',o1 ,arnott'o4 ,see ,,annotta4 ,,ar',,nic9e 7se574 ,?is "n has be5 appli$ to two sub/ances--! "o discov]$ by ,pfaff2 ! o!r by ,ba/ick3-- ,arnic9e 7( ,pfaff74 ,! res9\s matt] extract$ by alcohol f ! roots & fl[]s ( m\nta9 arnica1 & 9 :i* _! acridity appe>s to reside4 ,arnic9e 7( ,ba/ick74 ,syn4 ,,arnici',,na1 ,,arnici'',a 7ni%'-y'7a71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ba/ick47 ,f ! fl[]s1 by a simil> process to t by :i* he obta9s lobel9a4 #b4 ,f ! fl[]s 7or root71 z direct$ "u ,,aric9a4 ,prop41 c4 ,bitt]2 acrid2 cry/allisable sc>cely soluble 9 wat]2 soluble 9 alcohol & e!r2 =ms salts ) ! acids1 ! hydro*lorate & "o or two o!rs be+ cry/allisable4 ,its physiological prop]ties & dose h n z yet be5 accurately det]m9$4 ,,aro',,ma4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,arome1 ,fr42 ,,arom1 ,,g]u*/(f1 ,g]4 ,! *>act]i/ic od\r ( sub/ances1 p>ticul>ly ! peculi> quality ( plants1 & ( sub/ances d]iv$ f !m1 :i* con/itutes _! fragrance4 ,,aroma',,ta4 ,l4 ,see ,,aromatic4 ,,aromat',,ic4 ,syn4 ,,aromat',,icus1 ,l42 ,,aromatique1 ,fr42 ,,gew,,rzhaft1 ,g]4 ,fragrant2 odorif]\s2 spicy2 appli$ *iefly to plants & _! products 7,,aromatics1 ,a4 ,,plants2 ,,aromat',a1 ,,aromat',,ica1 ,l42 ,,aromatiques1 ,,pices1 ,fr42 ,,gewurz1 ,g]47 *>act]is$ by _! spicy od\r or aroma1 & w>m pung5t flav\r1 & ( :i* allspice1 c9namon1 cloves1 lav5d]1 pepp]1 rosem>y1 sage1 c41 are well-kn[n examples4 ,!y are all /imulant1 c>m9ative1 & antiseptic2 & f remote antiquity h be5 reg>d$ z prophylactic & dis9fectant4 ,aromatic4 ,9 m$ic9e1 ph>macy1 p]fum]y1 c41 appli$ to sub/ances1 simple or comp\nd1 *>act]is$ by an agreeable od\r or c>m9ative prop]ties1 or bo?2 z aromatic confection1 a4 pa/illes1 a4 v9eg>1 a4 b>k 7,,cortex ,,aromaticus1 :ite canella71 c4 ,,aromatic ,,sulphur-,,soap 7,ed4 ,heg]74 ,= cleans+ ! tee? & m\?4 ,a h>d sulphur-col\r$ soap ext]nally2 on cutt+1 greyi%-br[n4 ,compos$ ( soap ) #aj p] c5t4 ( hyposulphite ( soda1 p]fum$ ) a sc5t resembl+ oil ( balm4 7,hag]47 ,,aromatique 7,alb9 ,mll]1 ,brnn74 ,_s 7#ij p] c5t471 #ej grms42 sug>1 #de grms42 extractive matt]1 #d grms4 7compos$ ( c9namon1 cloves1 galangal1 z$o>y1 angelica1 anise72 wat]1 #ha grms4 ,sold 9 w9e-bottle-%ap$ bottles1 & recomm5d$ = all d]angem5ts ( ! dige/ive organs4 7,hag]47 ,,arquebusade' 7ar-ke-b7o7o-zade'74 ,fr4 ,prim>ily1 ! %ot ( an arquebuse2 b aft]w>ds appli$ to an aromatic _s 7,,eau ,d',,arquebusade1 ,fr471 orig9ally employ$ z an application to gun%ot 7arquebuse7 w\nds4 ,,ar',,rack 7,syn4 ,,rack7 7arrack'--,br&e74 ,ind4 ,syn4 ,,arac1 ,,arack1 ,,rackd\ble-dagg]2 ,,palm-,,_s2 ,,ar',,ac',,ca1 ,,spir',,itus ,,pal',m1 ,s4 ,,suc',,ci ,p41 ,s4 ,,ory',z991 ,l42 ,,arack1 ,fr42 ,arak1 ,g]4 ,a spiritu\s liquor import$ f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! f9] qualities are di/ill$ f ! f]m5t$ juice 7toddy1 palm-w9e7 ( ! cocoa-nut tree1 palmyra tree1 & o!r palms2 & ! o!r k9ds1 f ! infusion ( unhusk$ rice 7rice-be]71 f]m5t$ ) cocoa-nut or palm-juice1 ei!r ) or )\t ! addition ( co>se sug> or jagg]y4 ,prop41 c4 ,x is col\rless or ne>ly s1 b l o!r _s1 :5 long kept 9 wood1 gradually acquires a slight t+e1 simil> to t ( old ,holl&s4 ,! be/ k9ds1 :5 ( suffici5t age1 are pleasant flav\r$1 & are probably z :olesome z ! o!r spirits ( comm]ce2 b common arrack has a /rong & some:at nause\s flav\r & od\r1 dep5d+ on ! pres5ce ( volatile oil d]iv$ f ! rice1 & correspond+ to t ( corn-_s4 ,! inf]ior qualities are h5ce m heat+ & apt to disagree ) ! /oma* ?an ! o!r comm]cial spirits4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is *iefly us$ to make pun*4 ,:5 slic$ p9e-apples are put into good arrack1 & ! _s kept = "s "t1 x mell[s d[n & acquires a mo/ delici\s flav\r1 & is ?\ght by _m to be !n unrivall$ = mak+ 'nect>ial pun*' or 'rack-pun*4' ,obs4 ,batavian arrack is mo/ e/eem$2 !n t ( ,madras2 & next t ( ,*9a4 ,o!rs are reg>d$ z inf]ior4 ,! common p>'iah arrack is g5]ally n>cotic1 v intoxicat+1 & un:olesome2 be+ commonly prep>$ f co>se jagg]y1 spoilt toddy1 refuse rice1 c41 & r5d]$ m intoxicat+ by ! addition ( hemp-leaves1 poppy-heads1 juice ( /ramonium1 & o!r delet]i\s sub/ances4 ,arrack1 ,facti''ti\s4 ,syn4 ,,mock ,,ar',,rack1 ,,brit',,i% ,a42 ,,vauxhall',,nec',,t>2 c4 ,prep4 ,good old ,jamaica rum 7uncol\r$71 rectifi$ _s 7#ed to #ef o4 p42 clean flav\r$71 & wat]1 ( ea* #a qu>t2 fl[]s ( b5zo91 #a dr42 slic$ p9e-apple1 #a_/d oz4 7or ess5ce ( p9e-apple1 #a_/b teaspoonful72 dige/1 ) occasional agitation1 = a =tnight2 !n add ( skimm$ milk #a w9e-glassful2 agitate well = #ae m9utes1 & 9 a few days decant ! cle> portion4 ,! crude ,indian arrack1 :5 subject$ to di/illation until x has a sp4 gr4 #ibj1 is employ$ 9 ,india1 z pro( _s1 9 ! prep>ation ( (ficial t9ctures1 & = o!r ph>maceutical purposes4 ,a v useful /imulat+ application1 kn[n 9 ,india z toddy p\ltice1 & int5d$ z a sub/itute = yea/ p\ltice1 is prep>$ by add+ fre%ly drawn toddy to rice fl\r1 till x has ! consi/5ce ( a s(t p\ltice1 & subject+ ?is to heat ov] a g5tle fire1 /irr+ con/antly till f]m5tation comm5ces4 ,! light br[n cotton-l sub/ance f ! outside ( ! base ( ! fronds belong+ to ! ,palmyra palm is employ$ by ! ,cyngalese doctors z a /yptic = /opp+ ! hmorrhage ( sup]ficial w\nds4 ,,ar',,r[-,,root4 ,! common "n ( m>an'ta arund9a'cea 7,l9n42 m4 ,indi'ca--,tuss472 a plant ( ! nat4 ord4 ,m>antace 7,l9dl42 ,cannace--,endl474 ,x 0 orig9ally br\ght f ! isl& ( ,dom9ica to ,b>badoes1 by ,col4 ,james ,walk]4 ,x has s9ce be5 ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,tub]s yield true ,,arr[-,,root2 :5 fre% & good !y conta9 ab\t #bf ( />*1 ( :i* #bc may be obta9$ z arr[-root1 & ! re/ by boil+4 ,arr[-root4 ,syn4 ,,m>an',,ta1 ,,am',,ylum ,,m>an',t1 ,f,c',,ula ,m41 ,l42 ,,rac9e ,,fl,,*i,,re1 ,,pivot1 ,fr42 ,,pfeilwurz1 ,p4-,,satzmehl1 ,g]4 ,! />* or fecula obta9$ f ! rhizoma or tub]s ( m>an'ta arund9a'cea 7,l9n42 see above71 & :i* =ms ! true 'arr[-root' ( comm]ce4 ,prep4 ,! fecula is extract$ f ! tub]s :5 !y are ab\t #aj or #ab mon?s old1 by a process simil> to t by :i* ! f>9a is obta9$ f potatoes4 ,9 ,b]muda ! tub]s1 aft] be+ wa%$1 are depriv$ ( _! pap]-l scales & e discol\r$ & defective "p by h&2 !y are !n aga9 wa%$ & dra9$1 & next subject$ to ! action ( a :eel-rasp1 ! />* be+ wa%$ f ! comm9ut$ tub]s ) ra9-wat]2 ! milky liquid is pass$ ?r\gh a hair sieve1 or a co>se clo?1 & all[$ to deposit its fecula4 ,?is is !n all[$ to dra91 aft] :i* x is aga9 c>efully wa%$ ) clean wat]1 aga9 dra9$1 &1 aft] be+ ?or\ghly dri$ 9 ! air or sun1 is at once pack$ = m>ket4 7,cogswell47 ,9 ,/4 ,v9c5t 7on ! ,hopewell ,e/ate71 a cyl9drical cru%+-mill1 t9n$-copp] wa%+ ma*9es1 & ,g]man-silv] palettes & %ovels are employ$2 :il/ ! dry+ is effect$ 9 ext5sive %$s1 "u :ite gauze1 to exclude insects4 ,9 ,jamaica ! wa%$ tub]s are g5]ally pulp$ 9 deep wood5 mort>s2 ma*9]y be+ seldom employ$ 9 any "p ( ! process4 ,prop41 c4 ,a light1 dull1 dead-:ite1 ta/eless1 inodor\s p[d] or small pulv]ul5t masses1 feel+ firm to ! f+]s1 & crackl+ :5 press$ or rubb$2 view$ by a pocket l5s x appe>s to consi/ ( gli/5+ p>ticles1 :i* are %[n by a microscope to be convex1 irregul>1 ovoid or truncat$ granules1 mo/ ( !m1 accord+ to ,mr ,jackson1 be+ #jjaj ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & #jjjh ( an in* 9 bread?2 mix$ ) o!rs v>y+ f ab\t d\ble to only half t size4 ,9 its action ) boil+ wat]1 & its g5]al prop]ties x resembles ! o!r />*es2 ?an :i*1 h[ev]1 x is fre] f any peculi> ta/e & flav\r2 & ?us agrees bett] ) ! delicate /oma*s ( invalids & infants ?an ! ord9>y f>9as4 ,illu/ration3 ,we/ ,indian ,arr[root 7,m>anta ,arund9aca74 ,scale #a-ajjj? ( an in*4 ,comp4 ,simil> to t ( ! o!r />*es4 ,pur4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! arr[-root ( ! %ops consi/s ei!r :olly or 9 "p ( ! fecula or f>9a ( potatoes or ( inf]ior />*es su* z cacuma1 or ,ea/ ,indian arr[-root1 jatropha1 or ,brazilian arr[-root1 canna1 or t\s les mois2 or is m or less mix$ ) sago-meal or rice-meal3 su* mat]ials c be readily detect$ by ! microscope4 ,potato />* is kn[n 9 comm]ce z ',,f>9a' or ',,briti% ,,arr[-,,root1' or simply 'arr[-root1' :]eas g5u9e arr[-root is always describ$ z ',b]muda1' ',/4 ,v9c5t1' ',/4 ,kitts1' or1 at lea/1 z ',we/ ,indian arr[-root4' ,! sub/itution ( ! inf]ior f>9as = g5u9e arr[-root is n only fraudul5t on acc\nt ( _! inf]ior value1 b is repreh5sible 9 a hygi5ic po9t ( view2 z "s ( !m are (f5sive to a delicate /oma*1 & ex]t ( !mselves1 & /ill m :5 c>elessly manufactur$1 a laxative action on ! b[els2 :]eas ! effect ( true arr[-root is t ( a slight & soo?+ tonic4 ,uses1 c4 ,z an agreeable1 non-irritable article ( diet = invalids & *ildr51 9 ! =m ( cakes1 biscuits or pudd+s1 or boil$ ) milk or wat] & flav\r$ ) sug>1 spices1 lemon-juice1 or w9e1 at pleasure4 ,= "y *ildr5 a little c>away or c9namon wat] is to be pref]r$4 ,x is especially useful 9 irritation or debility ( ! /oma*1 b[els1 or ur9>y organs1 & 9 all cases 9 :i* a demulc5t or emolli5t is indicat$4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be employ$ to ! entire exclusion ( o!r food1 z1 be+ de/itute ( ! nitrog5\s elem5ts ( nutrition1 x is incapable alone ( support+ life4 ,arr[-root jelly is prep>$ by fir/ rubb+ ! p[d] up ) a v small quantity ( cold wat]1 & !n gradually add+ ! rema9d] boil+1 /irr+ well all ! "t4 ,beef tea1 veal bro?1 or milk may be us$ in/ead ( wat]4 ,"s p]sons boil x = a few m9utes4 ,?is jelly1 flav\r$ ) a little g5u9e port w9e & nutmeg1 is almo/ a specific 9 cases ( simple di>rhoea aris+ f habit or debility4 ,obs4 ,arr[-root is import$ 9 t9s1 b>rels1 & boxes1 f all ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s2 & f ,calcutta & ,si]ra ,leone4 ,! be/ quality 01 until rec5tly1 solely obta9$ f ,b]muda2 b ( late equally f9e samples h be5 produc$ on ! ,hopewell ,e/ate1 ,/ ,v9c5t1 &1 accord+ to ,dr ,ure1 ) ! advantage ( be+ prep>$ ) ! pure/ spr+ wat]1 9 pr(usion1 in/ead ( ra9 wat]4 ,9 comm]ce1 ! ^w arr[-root is n[ (t5 loosely us$ z a g5]ic t]m to indicate any :ite1 ta/eless1 & edible />* or fecula4 ,arr[-root1 ,brazil'ian4 ,cassava-/>* or tapioca-meal4 ,arr[-root1 ,ea/ ,9'dian4 ,curcuma />*2 f ! tub]s ( ! curcuma angu/ifolia or n>r[-leav$ turm]ic4 ,! m>anta arund9acea is n[ also ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,india "u ! "n ( m>anta ,indica1 & ! fecula !refrom ext5sively export$1 :i* might1 ) equal propriety1 be call$ ,ea/ ,indian arr[-root2 b ?is is n ! case 9 comm]ce1 ! :ole pass+ z ,w4 ,i4 arr[-root irrespective ( ! place ( its production4 ,arr[-root1 ,eng'li%4 ,potato-/>*4 ,arr[-root1 ,portl&4 ,f ! und]gr\nd tub]s ( arum maculatum 7,l9n47 or wake-rob94 ,arr[-root1 ,tahi'ti4 ,tacca />* or ,otaheite salep2 f ! tub]s ( tacca oceanica4 ,illu/ration3 ,rio1 or ,manihot ,arr[ ,root4 ,scale #a-ajjj? ( an in*4 ,,arse'',,niate4 ,syn4 ,,ar',,s5ate2 ,,arse'',,nias1 ,,ar',,s5as1 ,l42 ,,ars,,niate1 ,fr42 ,,arse'',,niksaure ,,salze1 ,g]4 ,a salt consi/+ ( ,as,o#d & a metal or o!r basic radical2 e4g41 ammonio-magnesium ars5iate1 ,,nh#d,mg#i;,as,o#d4 ,,ar',,s5ic 7-se-n7ik74 ,z4 ,syn4 ,,ars5ium2 ,,ars5',,icum1 ,,arse',,nium1 ,l42 ,,ars5ik1 ,a4-,,metall1 ,g]4 ,,ars5ico1 ,sp41 ,x4 ,! brittle1 grey-col\r$ metal1 or metalloid1 :i* =ms ! base ( ! :ite ars5ic & orpim5t ( comm]ce4 ,discov]$ by ,geb] 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 b fir/ accurately describ$ by ,br&t 7,a4,d4 #aggc74 ,! poison\s prop]ties ( ars5i\s acid 7 n g5]ally kn[n = "s c5turies aft] its discov]y4 ,z a m$ic9e x 0 fir/ employ$ 9 int]mitt5ts 9 ,hung>y4 ,s\rces4 ,ars5ic is peculi> to ! m9]al k+dom4 ,! metallic ars5ic ( comm]ce is obta9$ by roa/+ ars5ical pyrites 7,,mispickel71 9 e>!n tubes1 or 9 tubul> e>!n retorts2 ! ars5ic sublimes1 & sulphuret ( iron rema9s beh9d4 ,on ! small scale x is prep>$ by sublimation f a mixture ( ars5i\s acid & *>coal or black flux4 ,comb9$ ) oxyg5 x frequ5tly exi/s 9 m9]al wat]s2 &1 9 a l>g] quantity1 9 c]ta9 rivulets & /reams4 ,prep4 ,a mixture ( ars5i\s acid1 #a "p2 & black flux1 #b or #c p>ts2 is expos$ to a l[ r$ heat 9 a ,hessian crucible ov] :i* is lut$ a deep empty crucible1 or an e>!n tube1 to receive ! metal2 ! latt] be+ kept z cool z possible4 ,*>coal or ev5 oil may be sub/itut$ = black flux1 & a retort ( h>d glass may be us$1 ) ! same result4 ,or ! foll[+ me?od may be us$3--,:ite oxide ( ars5ic1 ( comm]ce1 #b dr42 is plac$ at ! seal$ end ( a h>d ,g]man-glass tube 7#a_/b #ah in*es71 & cov]$ ) ab\t #h in*es ( dry & co>sely p[d]$ *>coal2 ! portion ( ! tube conta9+ ! latt] is !n rais$ to a r$ heat1 :il/ a few ignit$ coals are plac$ b5ea? ! oxide to effect its sl[ sublimation4 ,! sublim$ metal gradually atta*es itself to ! inside ( ! tube at its cool extremity4 ,a small *>coal furnace simil> to t us$ = organic analysis %\ld be employ$1 & ! process conduct$ "u a flue to c>ry (f any fumes t may escape4 ,! op5 end ( ! tube %\ld be loosely clos$ ) a cork4 ,prop4 ,v brittle1 s mu* s t x may be easily p[d]$ 9 a mort>2 lu/re highly metallic2 col\r /eel-grey or blui%-:ite2 texture cry/all9e2 cry/als rhomboh$rons2 sublimes1 )\t fusion1 at #cef to #cfj ,fahr41 7& sl[ly at l[] temp]atures71 9 close vessels unalt]$1 b :5 expos$ to ! air ) conv]sion into ars5i\s acid2 at a high] temp]ature1 9 op5 vessels1 x burns ) a pale-blue flame4 ,its vap\r or fumes h a *>act]i/ic alliace\s od\r2 x is sl[ly oxidis$ & dissolv$ by boil+ wat]2 b may be pres]v$ un*ang$ 9 pure cold wat]2 x rapidly t>ni%es 9 ! air1 p>ticul>ly :5 moi/1 a black film1 consi/+ ( metallic ars5ic & ars5i\s acid =m+ on its surface2 ) *lor9e1 iod9e1 sulphur1 & hydrog51 x unites to =m def9ite comp\nds4 ,) oxyg5 x =ms acids1 b no basic oxide4 ,x comb9es ) ! metals 9 a simil> mann] to sulphur & phosphorus1 ! latt] ( :i* x resembles 9 _m respects4 ,^! comp\nds are t]m$ ,,ar',,s5ides1 =m]ly ,,ars5iurets4 ,sp4 gr4 #eg to #ei2 sp4 gr4 ( vap\r1 #ajcfb4 ,uses1 c4 ,) copp] x =ms a :ite alloy 7,,packfong72 & x is add$ to "s o!r alloys to increase _! :it5ess1 h>dness1 & fusibility4 ,9 m$ic9e x is only us$ 9 comb9ation4 ,9 ! metallic /ate x is in]t2 b1 f its great aff9ity = oxyg51 x rapidly becomes oxidis$ & poison\s2 & h5ce acts z a p[]ful poison :5 swall[$1 or :5 rubb$ on ! sk94 ,its fumes are also highly poison\s4 ,see ,,ars5i\s ,,acid 7& bel[74 ,ars5ic1 ,tribro'mide (4 ,as,br#c4 ,syn4 ,,t]bro',,mide ,,( ,,ars5ic1 ,,sesquibro',,mide ,,( ,a42 ,,ars5',,ici ,,bromi',,dum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,add metallic ars5ic1 9 p[d]1 cauti\sly & 9 a v small quantity at a "t1 to pure brom9e1 conta9$ 9 a vessel set 9 ice or a freez+ mixture1 until light ceases to be emitt$2 !n cauti\sly di/il into a well-cool$ receiv]4 ,prop41 c4 ,solid bel[ #fh ,fahr42 above x1 a yell[i% fum+ liquid1 :i* boils at #dbh ,fahr4 ,ars5ic1 ,tri*lo''ride (4 ,as,cl#c4 ,syn4 ,,*lo'',,ride ,,( ,a41 ,,ars5',,ici ,,t]*lori',,dum1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f a mixture ( :ite ars5ic1 #a "p2 & bi*loride ( m]cury1 #f p>ts2 bo? 9 p[d]1 c>efully di/ill$ into a well-cool$ receiv]4 #b4 ,g5tly boil p[d]$ :ite ars5ic = "s "t 9 hydro*loric acid to :i* a little nitric acid has be5 add$2 !n conc5trate cauti\sly by evaporation1 & di/il z be=e4 ,x is also produc$1 ) ! dis5gagem5t ( heat & light1 :5 p[d]$ metallic ars5ic is ?r[n into gase\s *lor9e4 ,prop41 c4 ,a col\rless1 volatile1 highly poison\s liquid1 decompos$ by wat] into ars5i\s acid & hydro*loric acid4 ,x has be5 employ$ z a cau/ic 9 canc] & v5]eal w>ts2 b its use requires ! greate/ caution4 ,ars5ic1 ,flu'oride (4 ,as,f#c4 ,syn4 ,,ars5ic ,,trifluoride1 ,,t]flu',,oride ,,( ,,ars5ic4 ,a fum+ volatile liquid1 prep>$ z ! bromide4 ,ars5ic1 ,trii'odide (4 ,as,i#c4 ,syn4 ,,t]iodide ,,( ,,ars5ic1 ,,iodide ,,( ,,ars5ic2 ,,ars5',,ici ,,iodi',,dum1 ,a4 ,,t]iodi',,dum1 ,l42 ,,ars5ic ,,iodure1 c41 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f f9ely-pulv]is$ metallic ars5ic1 #b p>ts2 iodide1 #aa p>ts2 mix$ & g5tly heat$ 9 a b5t glass tube1 or a suitable retort1 until comb9ation is complete2 ! heat be+ !n rais$1 & ! sublim$ iodide collect$1 & at once put into a well-/opp$ phial4 #b4 ,ars5ic1 9 f9e p[d]1 #a "p2 iod9e1 #e p>ts2 triturate !m toge!r1 place ! mixture 9 a small flask or retort j l>ge en\gh to conta9 x1 & apply a g5tle heat until liquefaction is complete1 avoid+ ! =mation ( iod9e vap\r2 :5 ! od\r ( iod9e is no long] p]ceptible1 & ! mass assumes a r$di%-yell[ col\r & cry/allises on ! sides ( ! vessel1 ! op]ation is complete1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to sublimation4 ,a v easy & excell5t process4 ,prop41 c4 ,a deep orange-r$1 cry/allisable solid2 soluble 9 wat]1 & highly volatile & poison\s4 ,its aque\s solution yields ! iod9e un*ang$ by rapid evaporation1 b :5 sl[ly conc5trat$ & set aside1 :ite pe>ly plates are obta9$1 consi/+ ( ars5i\s acid & ! t]iodide4 ,z a m$ic9e x comb9es ! prop]ties ( bo? ars5i\s acid & iod9e1 b its use requires great caution4 ,x has be5 successfully employ$ by ,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson1 ,biett1 & o!rs1 9 ob/9ate sk9 diseases 7lepra1 impetigo1 h]pes1 lupus1 psoriasis1 c471 & 9 real or /imulat$ canc]4--,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/ab gr4 79 pills or solution71 gradually increas$ to #a_/f or ev5 #a_/c gr4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,ext]nally1 #b-a_/b gr41 to l>d #a oz42 ( :i* #a dr4 may be us$ at a "t4 7,biett47 ,ars5ic1 ,disulphide (4 ,z#b,s#b4 ,syn4 ,,ars5ic ,,bisulphide1 ,,bisul',,phide ,,( ,a41 ,,r$ ,,sul',,phide ,,( ,a41 c41 ,,realg>2 ,r,,algal1 ,,ars5ic ,,r\ge ,,sulfure1 ,,orp9 ,,r\ge1 c41 ,fr42 ,,ro!s ,,s*wefel>s5ik1 c41 ,g]4 ,?is sub/ance is f\nd native at ,solfat]ra1 ne> ,naples1 & 9 sev]al o!r volcanic di/ricts2 b t ( comm]ce is (t5 prep>$ by di/ill+ ars5ical pyrites1 or a mixture ( sulphur & :ite ars5ic1 c41 9 ! prop] proportions1 z notic$ "u ,,re,,lg> & ,,r$ ,,pigm5ts4 ,prop41 c4 ,a fusible1 volatile sub/ance2 sc>let or ruby-r$ 9 mass1 b orange-r$ 9 p[d]1 by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f c9nab>2 cry/als1 oblique rhombic prisms4 ,sp4 gr4 #cc to #cf4 ,its *ief use is z a pigm5t & 9 pyrote*ny to make :ite fire4 ,! factiti\s sulphide has n ! ri* col\r ( ! native m9]al1 :il/ x is mu* m poison\s4 ,x is improv$ by re-sublimation4 ,ars5ic1 ,trisul'phide (4 ,z#b,s#c4 ,syn4 ,,t]sul',,phide ,,( ,,ars5ic1 ,,yell[ ,,sul',,phide ,,( ,a41 ,,sesquisul',,phide ,,( ,a41 ,,or',,pim5t2 ,a4 ,,sesquisulphure',,tum1 ,,orpim5',,tum1 ,l42 ,,orpim5t1 ,,sulfure ,,jaune ,d',,ars5ic1 c41 ,fr42 ,,auripigm5t1 ,,op]m5t1 ,,raus*gelb1 ,g]4 ,?is sulphide1 l ! la/1 is f\nd ready =m$ 9 nature2 & is prep>$ artificially1 by sublimation1 f a mixture ( ars5i\s acid & sulphur1 z notic$ "u ,,orpim5t & ,,yell[ ,,pigm5ts4 ,x also falls z a precipitate :5 a /ream ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas is pass$ ?r\gh an acid solution ( ars5i\s acid or ( an ars5ite4 ,prop41 c4 ,gold5-yell[ cry/all9e lumps1 or a f9e gold5-yell[ p[d]2 cry/als1 "r rhombic prisms2 volatile2 fusible2 v soluble 9 pure alkalies1 by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f sulphide ( cadmium2 & f trisulphide ( antimony by be+ soluble 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,! factiti\s sulphide 7,,k+',s ,,yell[7 ( ! %ops (t5 conta9s #hj to #ij ( :ite ars5ic2 & is1 !re=e1 mu* m poison\s ?an ! native trisulphide4 ,sp4 gr4 7native7 #cdd to #cfj4 ,use1 c4 ,z a dye1 z a pigm5t1 & z an +r$i5t 9 fireworks1 & 9 "s depilatories4 ,silk1 wooll51 or cotton goods soak$ 9 a solution ( pure orpim5t 9 ammonia1 & !n susp5d$ 9 a w>m ap>tm5t or /ove-room1 rapidly lose _! ammonia1 & become p]man5tly dy$ ( a sup]b yell[ col\r4 ,! native sulphides 7bo? r$ & yell[7 are mu* less soluble1 & h5ce less poison\s1 ?an ^? prep>$ artificially4 ,!y also possess ! ri*e/ col\r2 & are1 !re=e1 pref]r$ by arti/s & dy]s4 ,9 =m] times1 orpim5t1 l realg>1 0 employ$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,see ,,ars5ic4 ,ars5ic1 ,p5tasul'phide (4 ,z#b,s#e4 ,syn4 ,,sulph>s5',,ic ,,acid1 c42 ,,ars5',,ici ,,p5tasulphure',,tum1 c41 ,l4 ,:5 a /ream ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 is transmitt$ = "s "t ?r\gh a solution ( ars5ic acid1 a precipitate ( ! ,,p5tasulphide is deposit$ aft] "s h\rs' repose4 ,its =mation is accel]at$ by boil+ ! liquid4 ,prop41 c4 ,x greatly resembles ! t]sulphide 9 its appe>ance & g5]al prop]ties4 ,ars5ic1 ,:ited\ble-dagg]4 ,see ,,ars5i\s ,,anhydride4 ,ars5ic1 ,yell'ow4 ,trisulphide ( ars5ic4 ,,ars5ic ,,acid4 ,h#c;,as,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,ars5',,icum1 ,l42 ,,acide ,,ars,,nique1 ,fr42 ,,ars5ics,,ure1 ,g]4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ars5i\s acid1 9 f9e p[d]1 #b p>ts2 conc5trat$ nitric acid1 #f p>ts2 hydro*loric acid1 #a "p2 mix 9 a flask or tubulat$ retort1 & dige/1 ) heat1 until solution is complete2 aft] repose1 decant ! cle> portion & evaporate1 to ! consi/5ce ( a ?ick syrup4 #b4 ,dissolve ars5i\s acid 9 hot hydro*loric acid1 & :5 ! solution is cold add conc5trat$ nitric acid1 9 small quantities at a "t1 until r$ vap\rs cease to be evolv$1 !n proce$ z be=e4 ,prop4 ,?ick syrup1 occasionally =m+ cle> transp>5t cry/als1 v deliquesc5t1 readily soluble 9 wat]1 & conv]t$ by heat into ! anhydr\s acid4 ,extremely poison\s4 ,ars5iates4 ,prep4 ,mo/ ( ! metallic ars5iates may be =m$ by add+ a solution ( a soluble salt ( ! metal to ano!r ( an alkal9e ars5iate1 z long z a precipitate falls2 :i* mu/ be collect$1 wa%$1 & dri$4 ,! alkal9e ars5iates may be prep>$ by add+ ! base or its c>bonate to a solution ( ! acid1 to alkal9e reaction1 & !n evaporat+ & cry/allis+ ! liquid4 ,prop41 c4 ,! ars5iates ( ! alkalies are soluble 9 wat]2 ^? ( ! e>?s & metals insoluble1 except 9 acids4 ,!y are isomorph\s ) ! correspond+ phosphates4 ,te/s4 ,nitrate ( silv] add$ to ! solution ( an ars5iate gives a highly *>act]i/ic r$di%-br[n precipitate1 :i* di/+ui%es x f ars5i\s acid4 ,nitrate ( lead gives a :ite precipitate1 & ! salts ( copp] gre5i%-blue ones4 ,pure lump-sug> dissolv$ 9 an aque\s solution ( ?is acid becomes1 9 a few h\rs1 ( a r$di% col\r1 & aft]w>ds ( a magnific5t purple4 ,heat$ ) *>coal x evolves a g>lic-l od\r1 & is r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate4 ,! suspect$ liquid be+ treat$ ) sulphur\s acid & boil$ = a %ort "t1 ! ars5ic acid loses oxyg5 & is conv]t$ into ars5i\s acid1 :i* may be te/$ = z su*4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 does n precipitate a solution ( ars5ic acid1 or an acidifi$ ars5iate1 until aft] ! lapse ( sev]al h\rs2 & alkal9e & neutral solutions n at all4 ,,ars5ic ,,anhydride4 ,z#b,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,anhydr\s ,,ars5ic ,,acid1 ,,ars5ic ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,ars5icum1 ,l42 ,,acide ,,ars,,nique1 ,fr42 ,,ars5iks,,ure1 ,g]4 ,be/ prep>$ by ignit+ ! ars5ic acid1 9 a plat9um crucible1 at a l[ r$ heat1 z long z wat] is giv5 (f4 ,prop4 ,:ite deliquesc5t sub/ance1 & viol5t poison1 readily soluble 9 wat] to ! acid4 ,,ars5i\s ,,acid4 ,see ,,ars5i\s ,,anhydride4 ,,arse'',,ni\s ,,anhydride4 ,z#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,ar',,s5i\s ,,acid1 ,,ar',,s5ic1 ,,:ite ,a42 ,,acide ,,ars,,nieux1 ,,ars5ic ,,blanc1 ,,oxyde1 ,fr42 ,,ars5igs,,ure1 ,,ars5i*/e ,s41 ,g]42 ,,ars5ico ,,bianco1 ,x42 ,a4 ,,blanco1 ,sp4 ,! ars5ic1 or :ite ars5ic1 ( ! %ops4 ,s\rces4 ,! :ite ars5ic ( comm]ce is pr9cipally import$ f ,g]many1 :]e x is obta9$ 9 ! process ( roa/+ ars5iurett$ cobalt ores1 9 mak+ zaffre4 ,at ,alt5burgh x is procur$ f ars5ical iron pyrites 7mispickel72 & at ,rei*5/e9 f native ars5ide ( iron4 ,ab\t #ijj to #ajjj tons are also annually collect$ at ,cornwall1 be+ pr9cipally a second>y product ( ! process ( roa/+ grey copp] ore & :ite mundic4 ,! ,briti% ars5ic works 9 t c\nty are p]haps ! f9e/ 9 ! _w4 ,! usual plan is to roa/ ! p[d]$ ore 9 muffle-furnaces2 by :i* its ars5ic is conv]t$ into ars5i\s anhydride1 :i* escapes z vap\r 7smelt+-h\se smoke71 & pass+ into ! cond5s+-*amb]s1 is deposit$ 9 a pulv]ul5t /ate1 =m+ ! fl[]s ( ars5ic1 or r\gh :ite ars5ic1 ( ! smelt]s1 7! giftmehl or poison-fl\r ( ! ,g]mans74 ,! crude article obta9$ 9 ?is way is purifi$ by re-sublimation 9 suitable iron pots or o!r iron vessels1 be=e x is fit = sale4 ,x !n =ms a semi-transp>5t vitre\s cake1 :i* gradually becomes opaque1 & ( sn[y :it5ess1 by exposure to ! air1 & at l5g? acquires a m or less pulv]ul5t /ate on ! surface4 ,illu/ration ,9 ,silesia ! crude ars5i\s anhydride obta9$ f ars5ical pyrites is ref9$ by sublimation z foll[s3--,= ?is purpose ! ca/-iron vessels 7a7 are employ$4 ,^u ^! are plac$ iron r+s or coll>s 7b1 c1 d7 & a hood 7e71 communicat+ by means ( tubes ) a s]ies ( *amb]s1 ( :i* ! fir/ only is %[n 9 i4 ,! flanges ( ! ca/-iron coll>s & all o!r jo9ts hav+ be5 ?or\ghly lut$1 ! fire is light$ & ! heat s increas$ z to cause ! semi-fusion ( ! ars5i\s anhydride1 :i*1 aft] cool+1 exhibits a peculi>ly porcela9-l appe>ance1 at fir/ be+ z transp>5t z glass4 ,prop4 ,cry/als 7obta9$ by c>eful sublimation1 or by cool+ a boil+ aque\s solution71 usually transp>5t1 regul> octah$rons 7fig4 #a71 b sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 assume ! =m ( tetrah$rons 7see #b74 ,:5 prep>$ on ! l>ge scale x =ms l>ge1 glassy1 col\rless or yell[i%-:ite1 transp>5t or semi-transp>5t cakes or porcela9-l masses 7vitre\s ars5i\s anhydride1 glacial a4 a471 :i* soon becomes opaque on _! ext]ior1 & (t5 friable & pulv]ul5t2 od\rless2 volatilises at #chj ,fahr42 fumes od\rless1 unless c>bonace\s organic matt] be pres5t1 :5 !y smell /rongly l g>lic2 heat$ "u pressure x liquefies & =ms a transp>5t glass2 ta/e fa9tly sweeti%1 ) a slight acidity & a/r+5cy1 n p]ceiv$ until "s m9utes aft] be+ swall[$4 ,! opaque v>iety is soluble 9 #hj p>ts ( wat] at #ei ,fahr41 & #ggb p>ts ( boil+ wat]2 b on cool+ to #fj1 only ab\t "o ?ird ( ?is quantity cont9ues 9 solution4 ,! transp>5t v>iety is soluble 9 #ajc p>ts ( wat] at #ei1 & #ic p>ts ( boil+ wat]4 ,bo? soluble 9 alcohol1 syrups1 oils1 & spirits1 & freely s 9 alkal9e lyes & hydro*loric acid2 organic matt] g5]ally imp$es its solution2 solutions r$d5 litmus2 heat$ ) organic matt] x is r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate4 ,sp4 gr4 #ce 7l[e/ opaque v>47 to #ch 7highe/ transp4 v>474 ,illu/ration ,ars5ites4 ,true ars5i\s acid 7,h,as,o#b7 has nev] be5 obta9$ 9 a satisfactory condition1 b its salts are readily obta9$ by dissolv+ ars5i\s anhydride 9 a solution ( ! base1 or by d\ble decomposition4 ,!y are g5]ally :ite1 ne>ly all insoluble1 except ^? ( ! alkalies1 & all soluble 9 acids4 ,te/s1 ,detec41 c4 ,ow+ to ! importance ( ! subject1 & = conv5i5ce & facility ( ref]5ce1 ! lead+ te/s = ! ars5ites & ars5i\s anhydride are notic$ alphabetically bel[2 to :i* a few g5]al rem>ks on _! application1 "u ! v>i\s circum/ances t occur to ! *emi/ & toxicologi/1 are app5d$4 ,:5 n o!rwise /at$1 x is to be und]/ood t !y are to be appli$ to pure1 or ne>ly pure & col\rless solutions ( ars5i\s acid or ! ars5ites4 ,ammonio-nitrate ( silv] gives a well-m>k$ yell[ precipitate ( ars5ite ( silv] 9 an aque\s or ars5i\s anhydride solution :i* is soluble 9 ammonia & 9 dilute nitric acid4 ,cry/allisation ,te/4--,a v m9ute quantity ( ars5i\s acid plac$ 9 a small tube 7ars5ic-tube71 & heat$ 9 ! flame ( a _s lamp1 gives a cry/all9e sublimate1 :i* collects on ! cool] portion ( ! tube1 & :i*1 :5 exam9$ by a pocket l5s1 is f\nd to consi/ ( sp>kl+ octah$ral cry/als 7see engr47 ,illu/ration3 7,magnifi$47 ,ellis's ,te/4--,?is is a modification ( ! 'nasc5t hydrog5 te/1' 9 :i* ! suspect$ gas is pass$ ?r\gh a tube conta9+ slips ( copp] leaf or rib&1 or /ill bett] pure oxide ( copp]1 g5tly heat$2 ! end ( ! tube communicat+ ) ! atmosph]e be+ drawn to a capill>y size1 at :i* ! gas may be inflam$ & te/$1 z 9 ',m>%'s ,app>atus4' 7,see engr47 ,if ars5ic be abundant 9 ! gas1 ! copp] w be almo/ in/antly cov]$ ov] ) a coat+ ( metallic ars5ic2 & aft] cont9u+ ! heat = a few m9utes x w pres5t a beautiful silv]y surface1 & may !n be submitt$ to fur!r exam9ation4 ,illu/ration3 a1 ,flask conta9+ ! suspect$ fluid1 dilute sulphuric acid1 & z9c4 b1 ,funnel4 c1 ,tube conta9+ ! copp]-leaf or c4-rib&1 & heat$ by ! lamp d4 e1 ,support4 f1 ,capill>y end ( tube c1 ) ! gas inflam$4 ,lassaigne's ,te/4 7,adopt$ by ! ,fr5* ,academy47 ,?is consi/s 9 pass+ ! gas g5]at$ 9 ! suspect$ liquid1 ?r\gh a solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 7,see engr47 ,:5 ars5ic is pres5t black flocculi ( metallic silv] are deposit$1 & ars5i\s acid rema9s 9 solution mix$ ) nitric acid & "s ars5ide ( silv]4 ,! filt]$ liquor1 treat$ ) ammonia1 w n[ give a *>act]i/ic yell[ precipitate ( ars5ite ( silv]2 or a little dilute hydro*loric acid may be cauti\sly add$ to precipitate any rema9+ nitrate ( silv]1 & ! liquid1 aft] filtration1 te/$ = ars5ic ei!r 9 a ,m>%'s app>atus1 or ) any ( ! liquid te/s2 or x may be evaporat$ to dryness1 :5 its ars5i\s acid w be conv]t$ into ars5ic acid by ! nitric acid pres5t1 & w !n be f\nd to give ! usual brick-r$ precipitate ( ars5iate ( silv] ) a solution ( ! nitrate ( t metal4 ,see ,,m>%',s ,,te/4 ,illu/ration3 a1 ,bottle conta9+ dilute sulphuric acid1 z9c1 & suspect$ fluid4 b1 ,funnel = supply+ ! bottle ) acid4 c1 c1 ,supports4 d1 ,tube fill$ ) asbe/os4 e1 ,b5t tube to convey ! lib]at$ gas4 f1 ,glass vessel conta9+ a solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,m>%'s ,te/4 ,"s ( ! suspect$ liquid is mix$ ) dilute sulphuric acid until /rongly acid1 & is !n p\r$ ^u "s pure granulat$ z9c1 or clipp+s or o!r small pieces ( z9c1 previ\sly plac$ 9 ! app>atus2 hydrog5 gas is imm$iately evolv$1 &1 if ars5ic be pres5t1 unites ) x1 =m+ ars5iurett$ hydrog5 gas1 :i* escapes by ! ap]ture b 7see engr471 & may be recognis$ z foll[s3-- ,x possesses a g>lic-l od\r4 ,x burns ) a blui%-:ite flame & emits a :iti% smoke4 ,illu/ration3 a1 a1 ,b5t glass tube1 conta9+ dilute sulphuric acid1 z9c1 & suspect$ liquid4 b1 ,/op-cock & jet4 c1 ,plate ( glass to receive ! /a94 d1 ,support4 e1 e1 ,b&s to keep ! tube upright4 ,if a piece ( w9d[-glass1 or a :ite porcela9 plate or sauc]1 be held a %ort di/ance above ! flame1 a f9e pulv]ul5t film ( ars5i\s acid is deposit$ on x4 ,see 7fig47 above4 ,if ! cold plate be held 9 ! flame1 s z to slightly imp$e ! combu/ion ( ! gas1 a blacki%-br[n deposit ( metallic ars5ic is obta9$1 m or less deep1 brilliant1 & gli/5+4 ,bo? ^! deposits may be obta9$ simultane\sly by hold+ ne>ly v]tically ov] ! flame a glass tube ab\t #h or #aj in*es long & #c_/h?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,see 7fig47 above4 ,a solution ( ars5i\s acid may be obta9$ by lett+ ! flame play ^u #c or #d drops ( wat] plac$ on ! "u side ( ! piece ( glass or *9a1 to :i* ! liquid te/s may be !n appli$4 ,ano!r plan is to apply drops ( ! liquid te/s to ! plate z above1 & to let ! flame play on !m successively4 ,! true ars5ical spot or film is ( a blacki%-br[n col\r1 & g5]ally ( a v deep hair-br[n1 usually surr\nd$ at ! circumf]5ce1 ) a :ite film ( ars5i\s acid2 :il/ t ( antimony1 :i* 9 "s po9ts is simil>1 is ( a deep black col\r1 & b feebly lu/r\s1 &1 :5 view$ by transmitt$ light1 appe>s smoky black2 :]eas an ars5ical spot view$ 9 ! same way appe>s br[n4 ,x is fur!r di/+ui%$ f o!rs by--,treat$ ) conc5trat$ nitric acid1 x in/antly disappe>s1 leav+ ^u ! surface ( ! liquid traces ( ! metal1 :i* only dissolve on ! application ( heat4 ,?is solution1 g5tly & c>efully heat$1 leaves a :ite residuum1 :i*1 :5 cold1 gives ) a conc5trat$ solution ( nitrate ( silv] a dull-r$ precipitate ( ars5iate ( silv]4--,! nitric solution treat$ ) a few drops ( sulphur\s acid1 & subsequ5tly ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 gives a can>y-yell[ precipitate ( trisulphide ( ars5ic1 :i* readily r$issolves1 =m+ a col\rless solution ) ammonia4--,! ars5ical spot1 :5 heat$1 is turn$ bright yell[ by sulphurett$ hydrog51 & is !n readily dissolv$1 z be=e1 by ammonia1 & by its bic>bonate2 :]eas "o ( antimony is turn$ ( a deep orange-r$1 or r$di%-br[n1 by sulphurett$ hydrog51 is n readily dissolv$ by ammonia1 & is sc>cely or n at all affect$ by bic>bonate ( ammonia4--,x is freely soluble 9 & remov$ by hypo*lorite ( soda2 a reag5t :i* does n affect antimonial spots4 ,heat$ by a flame ( pure hydrog5 an ars5ical /a9 rapidly disappe>s4 ,a mix$ /a9 ( antimony & ars5ic does n disappe> by ! action ( ! la/ two reag5ts1 & is %[n to conta9 ars5ic by ! two fir/ te/s above4 ,:5 hydro*loric acid is pres5t z9c /a9s are sometimes =m$1 b !y d n resemble ^? f ars5ic4 ,! flame :i* produces x is v pale blue or blui%-:ite2 :]eas antimoniurett$ hydrog5 burns ) a pale gre5 or gre5i%-yell[ flame1 & a :ite smoke1 bo? ( :i* are *>act]i/ic4 ,illu/ration ,obs4 ,m>%'s te/ is admirable = its simplicity1 delicacy1 & tru/wor?9ess1 z well z = ! ease ( its application4 ,x is adapt$ to all liquids1 :e!r col\rless or col\r$1 :i* are n s glut9\s z to inconv5i5tly fro? dur+ ! extrication ( ! hydrog54#gi ,v>i\s modifications ( ! orig9al app>atus h be5 propos$ to obviate ?is difficulty2 among :i* ! "o *iefly des]v+ notice is figur$ 9 ! m>g94 ,x consi/s ( a b5t tube hav+ two l>ge bulbs bl[n 9 x1 & fitt$ ) a /op-cock & jet 9 ! usual mann]4 ,9 ?is case ! gra9s or fragm5ts ( z9c are put into ! l[] bulb 7a74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 wor?y ( rem>k1 t1 ) ord9>y c>e & skill1 a simple wide-m\!d bottle1 furni%$ ) a tube & cock1 w (t5 be f\nd to answ] q z well z m co/ly app>atus2 z ! fluid is less liable to fro? ?an 9 a n>r[ tube4 ,ev5 a common qu99e-phial1 or a #d-oz4 or #f-oz4 m$ic9e phial1 fitt$ ) a piece ( glass tube ( v small bore1 or ev5 ) a piece ( a common tobacco-pipe1 = a burn] 7see engr471 may be us$ :5 no m conv5i5t in/rum5t is at h&4 ,footnote #gi3 ,animal tissues & liquids conta9+ organic matt] are be/ prep>$ = te/+ = ars5ic by ,m>%'s te/1 9 ! foll[+ mann] propos$ by ,odl+3--,! tissue1 or ! residue obta9$ by ! evaporation ( a liquid ov] a wat]-ba?1 is to be ?or\ghly dri$ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #bab ,f41 !n gr\nd to p[d] or cut up into small pieces1 next dr5*$ ) ! /ronge/ hydro*loric acid & all[$ to /& tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 a w>m place1 & f9ally di/ill$4 ,! di/illate w conta9 ars5ic 7if x exi/$ 9 ! mat]ial "u exam9ation7 comp>atively free f organic matt]1 & is1 !re=e1 9 a fit /ate to be introduc$ into ,m>%'s app>atus1 z ! organic matt]1 :i* is ! cause ( fro?+1 has be5 remov$4 ,illu/ration ,a film ( oil plac$ on ! surface ( ! liquid t5ds consid]ably to less5 ! fro?+4 ,objec41 precau41 c4 ,objections h be5 rais$ to ?is mode ( te/+1 f ! great fro?+ :i* (t5 occurs ) organic mixtures1 & f antimony & imp]fectly *>r$ organic matt] also =m+ cru/s some:at resembl+1 to ! inexp]i5c$ eye1 ^? produc$ by ars5ic4 ,b ^! objections are invalid1 because !re are easy means ( purify+ ! liquid be=e te/+ x1 & ( discrim9at+ betwe5 true ars5ical spots or deposits & false ones4 ,ano!r objection is1 t bo? z9c & sulphuric acid sometimes conta9 ars5ic2 b to obviate ?is difficulty1 we h only to use !m :5 p]fectly pure2 & to te/ !m by means ( ! app>atus be=e p\r+ ! suspect$ liquid into x4 ,inde$1 ^! objections apply ) equal =ce to all ^? te/s :i* dep5d on ! production ( nasc5t hydrog54 ,! precaution necess>y to success1 & to reliable results1 is to set ! app>atus ) simple z9c1 acid1 & wat]1 & aft] x has work$ a %ort "t to te/ ! evolv$ gas = ars5ic 7z above72 :51 if no trace ( t sub/ance is detect$1 ! suspect$ fluid1 9 :i* ! organic matt] 7if necess>y7 has be5 de/roy$ by any "o ( ! me?ods h]e9aft] po9t$ out1 may be add$1 & ! op]ation cont9u$4 ,c>e %\ld also be tak5 n to light ! jet ( gas be=e all ! atmosph]ic air is expell$ f ! app>atus1 z )\t ?is precaution an explosion may take place4 ,modification ( ,m>%'s ,te/4--,davy4 ,?is process consi/s 9 ! use ( sodium amalgam in/ead ( z9c & sulphuric acid1 bo? ( :i* are liable to be contam9at$ ) ars5ic4 ,sodium1 on ! o!r h&1 has nev] be5 f\nd to conta9 ars5ic1 & m]cury only v r>ely2 b %\ld x exi/ 9 t metal1 x c be easily remov$ by dige/+ ! m]cury 9 dilute nitric acid1 & aft]w>ds well wa%+ x ) wat]4 ,"o "p by weight ( sodium to #h or #aj p>ts ( m]cury =ms a v good amalgam4 ,! m]cury is plac$ 9 a te/-tube1 & ! sodium gradually add$ 9 small portions2 ! metals readily comb9e1 =m+ an alloy1 liquid :il/ hot1 b h>d & brittle :5 cold4 ,! au?or uses ?is amalgam by plac+ ! suspect$ solution1 or solid sub/ance1 along ) a little wat] 9 a te/-tube1 !n add+ a small piece ( amalgam ab\t ! size ( a gra9 ( :eat1 & quickly cov]+ x ) a piece ( :ite filt]+ pap] or ! lid ( a porcela9 crucible moi/5$ ) a dilute solution ( silv] nitrate slightly acidifi$ ) nitric acid4 ,if ars5ic is pres5t1 a dull black or deep br[n /a9 on ! pap] or porcela9 w be develop$ on ! moi/5$ "p1 ow+ to ! silv] be+ r$uc$ to ! metallic /ate by ! ars5iurett$ hydrog54 ,! solution may be made by dissolv+ #bj gr4 ( nitrate ( silv] 9 an ounce ( di/ill$ wat] acidulat$ ) #b drops ( /rong nitric acid4 ,x is advisable to place betwe5 ! moi/5$ pap] or lid & ! tube a small disc ( bibul\s pap]1 to prev5t any p>ticles ( ! liquid produc+ m9ute black spots1 & ?us int]f]+ ) ! results4 #a_/ajjj? "p ( a gra9 ( ars5i\s acid 9 #a c4 c4 ( di/ill$ wat] gives a v decid$ effect 9 a few mom5ts1 b mu* small] quantities may be detect$1 e4g41 ! #a_/ajjjjj? or ev5 #a_/ajjjjjj? "p ( a gra9 9 #a c4 c4 ,?is me?od is applicable n only to ars5ic z ars5i\s acid1 b also to o!r comp\nds ( ars5ic1 soluble or insoluble 9 wat]1 e4g41 orpim5t & realg>1 ! alkal9e ars5ates1 & ev5 ! metal itself if 9 p[d]4 ,organic matt] int]f]es b v little ) ?is me?od4 ,antimony1 z 9 ,m>%'s process1 w produce1 ) ! sodium amalgam1 results simil> to ^? ( ars5ic2 ?is1 :5 br\ght into contact ) ! nitrate ( silv]1 =ms a black antimonide ( t metal4 ,fleitmann1 h[ev]1 po9t$ out t antimoniurett$ hydrog5 is n evolv$ f /rongly alkal9e solution1 &1 z 9 ?is case1 ! action ( ! sodium amalgam is to r5d] ! mixture quickly alkal9e1 only a v small quantity ( antimony pres5t w be evolv$1 & by previ\sly r5d]+ ! mixture /rongly alkal9e ! evolution ( t gas may be almo/ entirely prev5t$4 ,x may be occasionally necess>y to det]m9e :e!r ! /a9s on ! pap] moi/5$ by ! silv] solution are due to ars5ic or antimony4 ,x is !n be/ to dige/ ! pap]-/a9 9 sulphide ( ammonium1 ! metal pres5t be+ conv]t$ into a sulphide1 & dissolv+ 9 ! excess ( ! alkal9e salt1 leav+ ! silv] sulphide undissolv$2 ! alkal9e solution :5 evaporat$ w1 9 ! case ( ars5ic1 leave a bright yell[ residue1 almo/ insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid2 :]eas 9 ! case ( antimony an orange-col\r$ residue w rema9 soluble 9 t acid4 ,dr ,russell obs]ves t hydrog5 alone is capable ( r$uc+ silv] solution to ! metallic /ate1 b ackn[l$ges t ?is action is exce$+ly sl[4 ,pellet1 on ! o!r h&1 ma9ta9s t pure hydrog5 :5 pass$ ?r\gh solutions ( soda & nitrate ( silv] has no action at ! ord9>y temp]ature2 b he /ates t ! silv] salt :i* has be5 fus$ possesses an alkal9e reaction 9 solution1 & hydrog5 ?us produces a slight precipitate1 :i* c be prev5t$ by add+ a drop or two ( nitric acid4 ,davy1 h[ev]1 f\nd 9 8 exp]im5ts only ! fa9te/ possible effect ( ! r$uc+ action ( pure hydrog5 9 solutions ( cau/ic soda & nitrate ( silv]4 ,f9ally1 ! au?or m5tions t :]e pap] is us$ ) ! silv] solution we mu/ n =get t ! silv] alone w aft] "s "t black5 ! pap]1 especially if expos$ to light2 b ?is gradual *ange is v unlike ! quick effect produc$ by ars5iurett$ or antimoniurett$ hydrog54 7',*em4 ,news1' xxxiii1 #eh-fc47 ,nasc5t ,hydrog5 ,te/4 ,! app>atus us$ may be simil> to t figur$ 9 ! engr4 ,! plan foll[$ 9 ! laboratory ( ,giess5 is to heat ! long tube ?r\gh :i* ! gas passes to r$ness 9 sev]al p>ts1 to produce di/9ct metallic mirrors2 & !n to remove ! tube f ! hydrog5 app>atus & transmit a v feeble /ream ( dry sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh x1 ! metallic mirrors be+ at ! same "t heat$ by means ( a common _s lamp f ! out] t[>ds ! inn] bord] or extremity4 ,if ars5ic alone is pres5t1 yell[ trisulphide ( ars5ic is =m$ )9 ! tube2 if antimony alone is pres5t1 an orange-r$ or black trisulphide ( antimony is produc$2 & if ! mirror consi/s ( bo? metals1 ! two sulphides appe> side by side1 ! sulphide ( ars5ic1 z ! m volatile1 ly+ inv>iably be=e ! sulphide ( antimony4 ,if dry hydro*loric acid gas be n[ transmitt$ ?r\gh ! tube1 )\t application ( heat1 no alt]ation w take place if sulphide ( ars5ic alone is pres5t1 ev5 ?\gh ! gas be transmitt$ ?r\gh ! tube = a consid]able "t4 ,if sulphide ( antimony alone is pres5t1 ?is w entirely disappe>2 & if bo? sulphides are pres5t1 ! sulphide ( antimony w imm$iately volatilise1 :il/ ! yell[ sulphide ( ars5ic w rema94 ,if a small quantity ( ammonia be n[ introduc$ into ! tube1 ! sulphide ( ars5ic is dissolv$1 & may ?us be readily di/+ui%$ f sulphur1 :i* p]haps may h sep>at$4 ,illu/ration3 a1 ,flask conta9+ ! suspect$ fluid1 dilute sulphuric acid & z9c4 b1 ,small tube1 at ! "o end hav+ an almo/ capill>y orifice1 :]e ! gas is inflam$4 c1 ,_s-lamp4 d1 ,support4 ,r$uction ,te/4 ,a small quantity ( ! suspect$ sample1 9 ! /ate ( p[d]1 is mix$ ) twice its weight1 or m1 ( "s r$uc+ ag5t or flux1 & ! mixture is plac$ at ! bottom ( a v small glass tube1 & heat$ 9 ! flame ( a _s lamp = "s "t1 :5 ! ars5ic gradually sublimes1 & cond5ses 9 ! cool] portion ( ! tube1 "u ! =m ( a metallic cru/1 mirror1 or r+4 ,a common te/-tube1 if ( v small diamet]1 may be employ$2 b ^? kn[n z ! r$uction tubes ( ,liebig1 ,rose1 or ,b]zelius are und\bt$ly ! mo/ conv5i5t & effici5t4 7,see engr47 ,liebig's me?od is by us+ a mixture ( equal p>ts ( dry c>bonate ( sodium & cyanide ( potassium4 ,! suspect$ sub/ance1 p]fectly dry & 9 p[d]1 be+ fir/ introduc$ into a ,b]zelius' tube1 is !n cov]$ ) #f times ! quantity ( ?is mixture1 & s t ! :ole w n m ?an half fill ! bulb4 ,a v g5tle heat is next appli$1 to expel any adh]+ moi/ure f ! p[d] & ! tube1 aft] :i* a /rong heat is appli$ to ! bulb1 & cont9u$ = "s "t1 to effect ! entire r$uction & sublimation ( ! ars5ical comp\nd4 ,illu/ration3 a1 ,! ars5ical mixture4 b1 ,ars5ical r+4 ,! be/ fluxes to use are f]rocyanide ( potassium dri$ at #bab ,f41 calc9$ bit>trate ( potassium1 cyanide ( potassium1 & p[d]$ *>coal4 ,! metallic r+ is prov$ to be ars5ical by ! prop]ties & te/s previ\sly notic$4 ,%\ld x be imp]fectly =m$1 or mask$ by decompos$ organic matt]1 ! portion ( ! tube :i* conta9s x may be cut (f ) a file1 next co>sely p[d]$1 !n re9troduc$ into ano!r ars5ic tube1 & ! exposure to heat repeat$4 ,! *>act]i/ics mo/ simple & well-m>k$ are-- ,! volatility ( ! deposit :5 heat$1 %[n by its escap+ f ! hott] portion ( ! tube & cond5s+ on ! cool] "p high] up or fur!r on4 ,its conv]sion into m9ute octah$ral cry/als ( ars5i\s anhydride1 :5 repeat$ly *as$ up & d[n ! tube by ! cauti\s application ( ! flame ( a _s lamp fir/ to "o "p1 & !n to ano!r4 ,! "* ( ^! cry/als ) respect to volatility1 lu/re1 transp>5cy1 & =m1 is s exce$+ly well m>k$ t a practis$ eye may safely id5tify !m1 ?\gh _! weight %\ld n exce$ ! #a_/ajj? or ev5 ! #a_/bej? "p ( a gra94 ,a pocket l5s is "h s]viceable4 ,! =m ( ! cry/als is v evid5t ) a microscope ( #d p[]s4 ,oxide ( antimony nev] =ms octah$rons1 b only prisms4 ,9 employ+ ?is te/1 p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid soil+ ! sides ( ! tube 9 ins]t+ ! mixture1 & t ! sub/ances op]at$ on are p]fectly dry2 z unless ?is is att5d$ to1 ! exp]im5t does n succe$4 ,! common plan is to introduce ! mixture ?r\gh a small pap] funnel or tube extemporis$ = ! purpose4 ,! heat at fir/ %\ld be g5tle1 & m]ely suffici5t to expel any adh]+ moi/ure f ! mixture & ! inn] surface ( ! tube2 aft] :i* 7except :]e o!rwise ord]$7 ! upp] portion ( ! mixture %\ld be /rongly heat$1 & !n ! bulb or bottom ( ! tube expos$ to ! full flame4 ,aft] ! op]ation is complete ! bulb or l[] portion ( ! tube is usually remov$ by a file1 & ! portion conta9+ ! deposit h]metically seal$1 :5 x may be pres]v$1 unalt]$1 = any l5g? ( "t1 ready to be produc$ z evid5ce if requir$4 ,?is te/ is usually reg>d$ z decisive2 z we "h actually obta9 ! ars5ic 9 a solid =m1 recognisable by ! mo/ unequivocal *>act]s4 ,re9s*'s ,te/2 ,cupro-ars5ical ,te/4 ,! suspect$ solution is /rongly acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid 7#a to #f or #h71 & aft] be+ rais$ to ebullition 9 a porcela9 or glass vessel1 a piece ( bright & clean metallic copp] ab\t #a_/b in* long & #a_/d in* wide 9 ! =m ( gauze or foil1 b pref]ably ! fir/1 is add$1 & ! :ole boil$ toge!r4 ,! "t requir$ = ! ebullition v>ies accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! solution2 :5 weak x %\ld be cont9u$ = at lea/ a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,:5 ! quantity ( ars5ic 9 ! suspect$ liquid is v small1 at lea/ half an h\r %\ld elapse be=e ! removal ( ! copp]4 ,9 solutions conta9+ a notable quantity ( ars5ic1 a few seconds is (t5 suffici5t to obta9 a coat+2 b :i*1 = safety sake1 may be ext5d$ to two or ?ree m9utes1 or ev5 long]4 ,liquids ri* 9 organic matt] also require long] boil+ ?an ^? ne>ly free f x4 ,! coat$ copp]1 :i* has n[ acquir$ a *>act]i/ic iron-grey col\r1 is !n tak5 f ! liquid1 c>efully wa%$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 9 alcohol1 & 7if greasy7 9 e!r1 next dri$ on blott+-pap]1 & !n ei!r cut into small pieces1 or roll$ into a small coil or cyl9d]4 ,x is !n heat$ 9 a r$uction-tube ov] a _s lamp1 :5 ! metallic ars5ic =m+ ! coat+ is volatilis$1 & yields a sublimate ( m9ute octah$ral cry/als ( ars5i\s anhydride2 or1 if ! tube be v small1 or any r$uc+ ag5t be add$1 a bright metallic r+4 ,:5 ! coat+ on ! copp] is suffici5tly ?ick1 x may be scrap$ (f ) a knife1 & heat$ sep>ately 9 an ars5ic-tube4 ,?is te/ is invaluable z af=d+ a c]ta9 & ready means ( ab/ract+ ars5ic f its solution1 :e!r pure or mix$ ) organic matt]4 ,! cont5ts ( ! /oma* or o!r visc]a may ?us be at once exam9$1 )\t any t$i\s prelim9>y op]ations4 ,9 ?is way ,dr ,*ri/ison discov]$ ! pres5ce ( ars5ic upw>ds ( f\r mon?s aft] int]m5t2 & we h ourselves f\nd x two ye>s & eight mon?s aft] int]m5t4 ,! coat$ copp] may be pres]v$ unh>m$ = ye>s4 ,dr ,taylor f\nd t ! #a-h? ( an in* 9 "o ( ^! deposits t _h be5 kept 9 pap] ne>ly f\rte5 ye>s gave a well-m>k$ r+ ( octah$ral cry/als :5 heat$4 ,illu/ration ,sulphurett$ ,hydrog5 ,te/2 ,sulphur ,te/4 ,?is produces a bright yell[ precipitate ( trisulphide ( ars5ic 7orpim5t7 9 solutions conta9+ a free acid2 b acts sl[ly & imp]fectly on pure & neutral solutions1 & does n di/urb ^? t possess an alkal9e reaction4 ,! suspect$ liquid %\ld !re=e be slightly acidulat$ ) hydro*loric or acetic acid be=e apply+ ?is te/1 unless x be already acid1 :5 x is bett] fir/ to neutralise x ) an alkali1 & !n to add ! acid4 ,! transmission ( ! gas ?r\gh ! liquid 7see engr47 %\ld be cont9u$ = at lea/ half an h\r2 :5 ! end ( ! conduct+ tube1 aft] be+ well r9s$ 9 ! liquid1 is remov$1 & ! glass1 lightly cov]$ ) a piece ( por\s pap]1 set aside 9 a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj ,fahr41 until ! od\r ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 is completely lo/4 ,! precipitate is n[ collect$ on a small filt]1 wa%$ ) pure wat]1 & dri$ by a g5tle heat4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 a wat*-glass or small capsule1 & r$issolv$ 9 a little liquor ( ammonia1 :i* is !n aga9 expell$ by heat2 or x may be at once submitt$ to confirmatory te/s4 ,x is %[n to conta9 ars5ic by its ready & p]fect solubility 9 ammonia1 & 9 solutions ( ! fix$ alkalies1 _! c>bonates & bic>bonates1 & 9 alkal9e sulphides2 by be+ ne>ly insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid1 ev5 :5 conc5trat$ & boil+2 & by yield+ a metallic mirror :5 mix$ ) a flux & submitt$ to ! r$uction-te/ 7:i* see74 ,sulphurett$-hydrog5 wat] & sulphydrate ( ammonium act 9 a simil> way to gase\s sulphurett$ hydrog52 b mu* less effectively4 ,illu/ration ,= accuracy1 ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 %\ld be wa%$ by pass+ x ?r\gh a small bottle conta9+ a little pure wat]1 or dilute sulphuric acid1 be=e all[+ x to ent] ! ars5ical liquor4 ,! r$uction ( ! newly precipitat$ sulphide is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! mo/ important "p ( ! inve/igation1 & requires great c>e & att5tion4 ,an extremely elegant & s5sitive me?od ( effect+ ?is is by heat+ ! mixture 9 a /ream ( dry c>bonic acid gas4 ,?is me?od has be5 foll[$ by ,drs ,babo & ,fres5ius ) ! mo/ satisfactory results1 & is ?us p]=m$3--7,a7 is a capaci\s flask = ! evolution ( c>bonic acid1 half fill$ ) r l>ge pieces ( solid lime/one or m>ble 7n *alk74 ,to "o ap]ture ( ! d\bly p]=at$ cork1 a funnel-tube 7a7 is adapt$1 :i* ne>ly rea*es to ! bottom ( ! vessel2 to ! o!r ap]ture a tube 7b71 by means ( :i* ! gas evolv$ is conduct$ into a flask ( small] size 7,b71 9 :i* x is wa%$ & dri$ by conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,! tube 7c7 conducts ! c>bonic acid into ! r$uction-tube 7,c71 :i* is %ort5$ 9 ! engr41 & mu/ be made ( difficultly fusible glass4 ,:5 ! app>atus is prep>$1 ! sulphide ( ars5ic int5d$ = r$uction is rubb$ 9 a small bas91 previ\sly heat$ 9 a wat]-ba?1 ) ab\t twelve p>ts ( a well-dri$ mixture consi/+ ( #c p>ts ( dry c>bonate ( sodium & #a "p ( cyanide ( potassium 7prep>$ by ,liebig's me?od74 ,! mix$ p[d] is !n plac$ on a small /rip ( c>d-pap] beat into ! %ape ( a gutt]1 :i* is next pu%$ into ! r$uction-tube up to ! po9t 7f71 & ! tube is turn$ half r\nd4 ,9 ?is mann] ! mixture is deposit$ )\t soil+ any o!r "p ( ! tube2 aft] :i* ! /rip ( c>d-pap] is cauti\sly )drawn4 ,! r$uction-tube is !n1 by means ( ! cork 7e71 fix$ 9 its place2 a mod]ate /ream ( c>bonic acid gas is evolv$ by p\r+ hydro*loric acid into ! funnel-tube 7a71 & ! mixture c>efully dri$1 by v mod]ately heat+ ! tube along its :ole l5g?1 by means ( a small _s lamp4 ,:5 ! gas-/ream has become s l[ t ! bubbles pass ?r\gh ! sulphuric acid at int]vals ( ab\t a second1 ! spot 7k7 is heat$ to r$ness by means ( a _s lamp4 ,:5 ?is po9t is atta9$ ano!r /rong _s-flame is appli$ to ! mixture1 progress+ f 7d7 to 7f71 until all ! ars5ic is r$uc$ & volatilis$ 7! fir/ flame at ! same "t cont9u+ 9 action at 7k774 ,! r$uc$ ars5ic recond5ses at ! spot 7g71 =m+ a mirror1 :il/ an exce$+ly small portion escapes at ! capill>y orifice 7h71 & fills ! air ) its g>lic-l od\r4 ,! second _s lamp is at la/ sl[ly advanc$ t[>ds ! o!r lamp1 or ! spot 7k71 s z to drive t[>ds 7g7 all ! ars5ic :i* has adh]$ to ! walls ( ! wid] "p ( ! tube4 ,bo? lamps are !n remov$1 ! tube clos$ at ! po9t 7h7 by fusion1 & heat appli$1 progress+ f ! po9t 7h7 t[>ds 7g71 to contract ! mirror on t side also1 :i* increases its beauty & di/9ctness4 ,! tube is !n cut (f at 7f71 & h]metically clos$ & seal$4 ,9 ?is /ate x becomes a p]man5t evid5ce :i* may be ref]r$ to 9 any future proce$+s4 ,nei!r sulphide ( antimony nor any o!r comp\nd ( antimony yields a metallic mirror or r+ :5 treat$ 9 ?is way4 ,less ?an #a_/cjj gr4 ( trisulphide ( ars5ic ?us gives a v di/9ct & beautiful mirror2 & ev5 #a_/ejj gr4 a cle>ly p]ceptible "o4 ,voltaic ,te/4 ,! wires f ! opposite poles ( a voltaic batt]y are imm]s$ or br\ght 9 contact ) a little ( ! ars5i\s solution plac$ 9 a capsule or on a piece ( w9d[ glass4 ,if ars5ic be pres5t x is develop$ at ! negative pole2 & if ?is be =m$ ( copp] wire1 x becomes :it5$ & assumes ! appe>ance ( poli%$ /eel or silv]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! =mation ( ars5ide ( copp]4 ,detection ( ,ars5ic 9 ,organic ,mixtures4 ,( ! te/s ^? :i* act by produc+ col\r$ precipitates are only applicable1 ) any degree ( c]ta9ty1 to p]fectly limpid & col\rless liquors4 ,^? dep5d+ on ! extrication ( ars5iurett$ hydrog5 are p>tially free f ?is inconv5i5ce2 b ev5 "h1 if ! suspect$ liquid be m ?an slightly *>g$ ) organic matt]1 s mu* fro?+ ensues1 z to r5d] ! process ne>ly unmanageable4 ,9 ?is respect ,re9s*'s ,te/ possesses advantages ov] all o!rs1 z x may be appli$ ev5 to col\r$ liquids conta9+ a consid]able quantity ( organic matt]1 )\t ^! be+ subject$ to any prelim9>y process1 & )\t dang] ( failure4 ,9 "s cases also1 z ) liquids possess+ only a slight degree ( consi/5cy or col\r1 ! ars5ic may be sep>at$1 aft] simple filtration & acidulation ) hydro*loric acid1 by a /ream ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! r$uction-te/ is only applicable to solid ars5i\s acid1 or to comp\nds ( ars5ic obta9$ by means ( o!r te/s or processes4 ,9 toxicological exam9ations ! poison is almo/ always to be s\ght = 9 mixtures load$ ) organic matt]1 & "u o!r conditions ev5 m emb>rass+4 ,soon aft] ars5ic is swall[$ x ent]s ! circulation1 contam9ates ! v>i\s tissues1 localises itself 9 c]ta9 visc]a1 & is elim9at$ 9 ! excretions4 ,h5ce x becomes necess>y n only to exam9e ! solids & liquids 9 :i* x is suspect$ ! poison has be5 adm9i/]$1 ! vomit$ matt]1 & ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* & prim vi1 b also1 9 fatal cases1 ! /oma* itself1 ! liv]1 blood1 muscles1 & m especially ! ur9e4#hj ,9 su* cases ! /oma* is ! "p fir/ laid op51 & a c>eful exam9ation is made ( its cont5ts & coats 9 ord] to detect any undissolv$ p>ticles ( ! poison1 a pocket l5s be+ employ$1 if necess>y1 9 ! se>*4 ,if any p>ticles1 h[ev] m9ute1 are f\nd !y are c>efully collect$ & submitt$ to ! r$uction-te/4 ,if ! rev]se be ! case1 ! /oma* 7cut into small pieces71 toge!r ) its cont5ts1 is submitt$ to "s fur!r process1 to obta9 a solution suitable = ! application ( ! usual te/s4 ,! liv]1 also "s muscle1 & any o!r portion ( ! body t may be select$1 are likewise sep>ately treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,we h "h bo? solid & liquid organic matt] to op]ate on1 & ! problem = solution is ! ab/raction ( _! ars5ic 9 ! simple/ & mo/ c]ta9 mann]1 & 9 a =m 9 :i* its pres5ce may be demon/rat$ by te/s4 ,?is subject has long engag$ ! att5tion ( ! mo/ em95t *emi/s & toxicologi/s1 & v>i\s plans h be5 propos$ = ! purpose1 among :i* ! foll[+ appe> to be ! mo/ valuable & t usually adopt$3-- ,footnote #hj3 ,absorb$ ars5ic m p>ticul>ly localises itself 9 ! liv]1 9 :i* x may g5]ally be f\nd 9 f #ab to #ae h\rs aft] adm9i/ration4 ,! liv] also g5]ally reta9s traces ( ars5ic long aft] x has be5 elim9at$ f ! o!r visc]a & ! muscul> tissues4 7,re9s*47 ,solids 7z ! /oma*1 liv]1 c47 are cut into small fragm5ts & boil$ 9 a glass vessel ) wat] acidulat$ ) ab\t #a-d? ( its volume ( hydro*loric acid1 until ! tissues or fragm5ts are entirely brok5 d[n into flakes or gra9s1 :5 ! :ole1 aft] filtration1 is aga9 heat$ to ! boil+-po9t1 & te/$ z describ$ "u ,re9s*'s te/ 7see ,,antimony74 ,liquids d n require ?is prep>ation4 ,re9s*'s te/ is inapplicable :51 z sometimes happ5s1 ! ars5ic s\ght aft] may be 9 ! /ate ( "o ( ! sulphides--ei!r z orpim5t or realg>--a n improbable cont+5cy1 :5 x is rememb]$ t1 al?\gh ars5i\s anhydride or :ite ars5ic is ! =m mo/ g5]ally us$ = crim9al or suicidal purposes1 ! yell[ & ! r$ v>ieties be+ l>gely employ$ 9 work%ops :]e fireworks are manufactur$1 h n unfrequ5tly be5 _h rec\rse to4 ,aga91 :5 ! exam9ation ( a corpse long buri$ & dis9t]r$ takes place1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! ars5i\s anhydride tak5 by ! deceas$ has1 by ! decomposition ( ! body1 become conv]t$ into sulphide4 ,9 ^! cases ! hydro*loric acid necess>y = ! p]=mance ( ,re9s*'s te/ fails to effect ! solution ( ! sulphide4 ,mr ,bly? says3 ,x is f\nd t ! po/-mortem *ange into orpim5t is nev] q complete1 s t = ! detection ( ars5ic 9 solid organic sub/ances1 su* z ! tissues ( ! body1 ! be/ g5]al me?od is mo/ decid$ly to conv]t ! ars5ic1 if pres5t1 into ! volatile *loride2 & accord+ to ,dr ,taylor1 !re is always suffici5t ars5ic 7if pres5t at all7 un*ang$ into sulphide to ensure success4 ,! only necess>y caution is t ! sub/ance be ?or\ghly dri$1 & t ! reag5ts be pure4 ,aft] dry+ x is plac$ 9 a retort ) fum+ hydro*loric acid1 & sl[ly di/ill$ by ! heat ( a s&-ba?4 ,! di/illate conta9s *loride ( ars5ic 7if ars5ic 0 pres5t71 & may be submitt$ to fur!r te/s4 ,e/im4 ,?is may be effect$ 9 v>i\s ways3-- #a4 ,,gravimetrically3--,ars5ic is usually ,,weigh$ "u ! =m ( ars5ate ( lead1 ars5ate ( sesquioxide ( iron1 t]sulphide ( ars5ic1 7metallic7 ars5ic1 or 7directly7 z ars5i\s anhydride4 ,! la/ ?ree only1 z ! m simple & conv5i5t1 w be notic$ "h3-- ,z trisulphide3--,! :ole ( ! ars5ic be+ precipitat$ by a /ream ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 ) ! necess>y precautions1 9 ! mann] already notic$1 ! precipitate1 aft] be+ c>efully collect$1 wa%$1 & dri$1 is purifi$ by r$issolv+ x 9 pure ammonia wat]1 & evaporat+ ! result+ solution 9 a weigh$ wat* glass or capsule by ! heat ( a wat]-ba?4 ,x is !n dri$ at a temp]ature n above #bab ,fahr41 & f9ally weigh$4 ,ea* gra9 ( ! t]sulphide s f\nd corresponds to #hjdhg gr4 ( ars5i\s acid1 or #fa gr4 ( metallic ars5ic4 ,z 7metallic7 ,ars5ic3--,obta9$ by "o ( ! processes already giv54 ,ea* gr4 repres5ts #acb gr4 ars5i\s acid4 ,z ,ars5i\s anhydride3--,obta9$ 9 a weigh$ capsule or tube1 ei!r by ! cry/allisation or sublimation te/4 ,! weight is ! answ] s\ght = ars5i\s anhydride4 ,ea* gr4 ( ?is is equiv4 to #gegeh gr4 ( metallic ars5ic4 ,,volumetrically4 7,me?od ( ,f4 ,mohr47 ,?is dep5ds on ! fact t an aque\s solution ( ars5i\s acid1 or ( an alkal9e ars5ite1 :5 mix$ ) an excess ( saturat$ solution ( pure bic>bonate ( soda & a little />*-pa/e1 has its ars5i\s acid conv]t$ into ars5ic acid by a solution ( iod9e4 ,a /&>d solution ( iod9e is1 !re=e1 an appropriate ars5im'et] = ! above mixture4 ,! solution ( iod9e is add$ until ! blue />*-reaction j beg9s to appe>1 ! ars5i\s solution hav+ be5 previ\sly exactly neutralis$ ) pure c>bonate ( soda if acid1 or ) pure hydro*loric acid if alkal9e4 ,! results are accurate :5 no sub/ance capable ( oxidis+ or decompos+ iod9e is pres5t 9 ! liquid te/$4 ,phys4 eff41 c4 ,ars5i\s anhydride or :ite ars5ic is alike de/ructive to vegetable & animal life4 ,se$s soak$ 9 any b a v weak solution ( x lose _! p[] ( g]m9ation1 & buds plung$ 9 x become incapable ( exp&+ into fl[]s4 ,:5 appli$ to ! leaves1 roots1 or /ems1 absorption takes place1 & ! plant soon p]i%es4 ,on combu/ion x evolves ! *>act]i/ic g>lic-l od\r ( ars5ic1 & ars5ic may be discov]$ 9 its sub/ance by *emical te/s4 ,accord+ to ,jg]1 ,gilg5krantz1 & ,p]eira1 a few ( ! l[] ord] ( ! alg are occasionally develop$ 9 solutions ( ars5i\s acid4 ,to all animals1 f ! infusoria up to man1 ars5ic proves delet]i\s1 al?\gh 9 diff]5t degrees1 ! highe/ susceptibility ( its effects exi/+ 9 man on acc\nt ( ! sup]iority ( 8 developm5t4 ,9 all ( !m dea? is prec$$ by inord9ate actions & increas$ evacuations1 especially f ! muc\s surfaces4 ,difficult respiration1 ?ir/1 vomit+1 & convulsions are ! lead+ symptoms :i* gradually develope !mselves z we approa* ! high] grades ( ! sy/em4 7,jg]47 ,9 v small or !rapeutical doses1 prop]ly adm9i/]$1 x is a valuable m$ic9e1 & acts z a tonic1 alt]ative1 & antispasmodic att5uant1 & ext]nally z an es*>otic4 ,9 slightly increas$ m$ic9al doses1 or long-cont9u$ small doses1 nausea1 vomit+1 purg+1 grip+1 debility1 emaciation1 & all ! effects ( sl[-poison+1 occur 9 succession--a gradual s9k+ ( ! p[]s ( life1 )\t any viol5t symptom2 a nameless feel+ ( illness1 failure ( ! /r5g?1 an av]sion to food & dr9k1 & to all ! enjoym5ts ( life4 ,r$ness ( ! conjunctiva & eyelids1 heada*e & gidd9ess1 spasms1 eczemat\s eruptions1 numbness & p>alysis ( ! limbs1 & ptyalism1 are also frequ5t & well-m>k$ symptoms ( sl[ poison+ by ars5ic4 ,9 an excessive or poison\s dose ! symptoms are rapid & viol5t1 usually indicat+ extreme ga/ro-inte/9al inflammation & disord] ( ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em1 & (t5 occasion+ dea? 9 f "o to ?ree days4 ,! smalle/ fatal dose f\nd record$ by ,*ri/ison is #d-a_/b gr41 tak5 9 solution4 ,! subject 0 a *ild #d ye>s old1 & dea? occurr$ 9 six h\rs4 #b-a_/b gr4 de/roy$ a robu/ girl 9 #cf h\rs4 7,le!by47 #b gr41 9 solution1 are suspect$ to h caus$ ! dea? ( a full-gr[n woman4 #b or #c gr4 may be a fatal dose4 7,dr ,a4 ,taylor47 ,not)/&+ ^! facts mu* l>g] quantities h be5 tak51 "u peculi> circum/ances1 ) comp>ative impunity2 & cases are n want+ 9 :i* ev5 enorm\s quantities h produc$ v trifl+ effects4 ,! dose = animals is--,,cattle1 #e to #aj gra9s4 ,,horse1 #e to #aj gra9s4 ,,%eep1 #a to #b gra9s4 ,,pig1 #a_/b to #b gra9s4 ,,dog1 #a_/ae? to #a_/aj? ( a gra94 ,"u all circum/ances ars5i\s anhydride is1 und\bt$ly1 "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! m9]al poisons2 & 9 :atev] =m or way x is introduc$ into ! sy/em x ex]ts ! same delet]i\s influ5ce4 ,9 all cases1 9 suffici5t doses1 its action is to increase ! secretions1 dim9i% ! contractility ( ! volunt>y muscles1 & to produce convulsions1 pro/ration & dea?4 ,ars5ic is a non-accumulative1 irritant poison1 & ex]ts no decid$ *emical or corrosive action on ! tissues4 7,taylor47 ,pois41 c4--,symp4 ,^! sometimes beg9 to appe> )9 half an h\r aft] ! poison has be5 tak51 or ev5 soon]2 b mu* m g5]ally1 n until aft] ! lapse ( "s h\rs4 ,!y usually comm5ce ) nausea & di/ress at ! /oma*1 foll[$ by ?ir/1 (t5 int5se1 & a s5se ( burn+ heat 9 ! b[els2 !n come on con/riction ( ! oesophagus1 viol5t vomit+1 sev]e colic pa9s1 t5esmus1 & excessive & pa9ful purg+1 ! /ools be+ occasionally bloody2 b pa91 vomit+1 c41 d n inv>iably occur4 ,! pulse is g5]ally quick1 small1 feeble1 & irregul>--sometimes sc>cely p]ceptible1 & ! he>t's action is irregul> & tumultu\s4 ,! tongue is dry & furr$2 ! respiration difficult & pant+2 ! ur9o-g5ital app>atus is (t5 affect$2 !re is pa9 & difficult micturition1 & sometimes entire suppression ( ur9e2 fa9t+s1 coldness ( ! limbs1 & cold sweats1 ) o!r signs ( debility1 int]v5e4 ,it*+1 & eczemat\s eruptions ( ! sk91 trembl+1 pa9ful cramps1 & contractions ( ! extremities1 & viol5t convulsions (t5 foll[2 & aft] ^!1 a great] or less pro/ration ( /r5g?1 :i* induces a deceitful calm4 ,at l5g? ! he>t's action abates1 ! sk9 becomes suffus$ ) a cold clammy sweat1 & ! suff]] dies f exhau/ion4 ,! progress1 succession1 & precise "* ( ! symptoms are modifi$ by ! idiosyncrasy ( ! individual1 ! quantity ( ! poison1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x has be5 tak52 & are seldom all pres5t 9 ! same p]son4 ,treatm4 ,if vomit+ has comm5c$ x %\ld be promot$ by tickl+ ! ?roat1 & adm9i/]+ a l>ge quantity ( gelat9\s hydrat$ p]oxide ( iron1 or o!r appropriate antidote1 9 divid$ doses1 mix$ ) a l>ge quantity ( w>m or tepid wat]1 /rongly sweet5$ ) sug>4 ,if vomit+ has n comm5c$1 :i* is r>e1 x mu/ be excit$ by adm9i/]+ #ae to #bj gr4 ( sulphate ( z9c1 or ipecacuanha 7or 9 ! abs5ce ( ^!1 a teaspoonful ( fl\r ( mu/>d7 9 a tumbl] ( tepid wat]1 & tickl+ ! ?roat z be=e4 ,if ^! means fail 9 rapidly induc+ copi\s vomit+1 ! dose mu/ be repeat$1 or ! /oma*-pump _h rec\rse to4 ,altoge!r z mu* z #af to #ah oz4 ( ! hydrat$ p]oxide ( iron may be adm9i/]$4 ,if ! poison has be5 swall[$ sev]al h\rs previ\sly1 & h5ce may h pass$ ! pylorus1 a /rong dose ( ca/or oil or a purgative cly/] may be adm9i/]$1 &1 aft] its action1 ano!r cly/] conta9+ ! antidote4 ,z soon z ! /oma* & b[els are cle>$1 diuretics & sudorifics %\ld be giv5 9 abundance4 ,la/ly1 any rema9+ irritation mu/ be reliev$ by demulc5t & soo?+ rem$ies2 or if urg5t1 by slight g5]al or local ble$+1 :i* _c be e>li] practis$ )\t dang]2 & opium1 camphor1 & e!r1 foll[$ by tonics1 may be _h rec\rse to1 to recruit ! sy/em4 ,lesions4 ,r$ness & inflammation ( ! :ole prim vi2 & sometimes ( ! m\?1 fauces1 & oesophagus1 b m usually ! contr>y4 ,sometimes also1 ?\gh seldom1 !re is no m>k$ appe>ance ( inflammation 9 ! /oma* & inte/9es4 ,! /oma* is usually highly inject$1 & frequ5tly m>k$ ) extravasations2 lungs gorg$ ) blood2 muc\s l9+ ( tra*ea r$d5$2 he>t g5]ally flabby1 & exhibit+ deep r$ or blacki% /a9s1 & ! "r cavities m or less load$ ) blood2 ! conjunctiva is sometimes v vascul>2 & r$ness1 extravasation ( blood1 & effusion ( s]um is occasionally se5 9 ! bra94 ,! blood is frequ5tly1 ?\gh n inv>iably1 fluid aft] dea?1 & d>k col\r$4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ! muc\s membrane ( ! /oma* & inte/9es is l9$ ) a multitude ( brilliant po9ts or gra9s1 :i* h be5 mi/ak5 = ars5i\s anhydride2 b :i*1 accord+ to ,orfila1 are compos$ ( fat & album54 ,plac$ on burn+ coals1 !y decrepitate on dry+1 & produce a species ( explosion or detonation4 ,^! gra9s are also met ) 9 ! /oma* ( p]sons :o h n be5 poison$4 ,dige/$ 9 wat]1 ! liquid obta9$ f !m does n %[ ! pres5ce ( ars5ic :5 submitt$ to reag5ts4 ,ant4 ,9 ! ord] ( _! assum$ effici5cy3--,,moi/ ,,p]oxide ,,( ,,iron4--,see "u ! prep>ations ( ,,iron 7,ars5ici ,antidotum1 ,g474 ,hydrat$ or gelat9\s sesquioxide or p]oxide ( iron 7= an adult--a tablespoonful1 9 wat]1 e #h or #aj m9utes until #ab or #af oz41 or m1 h be5 tak574 ,hydrat$ sulphide ( iron 7z ! la/74 ,gelat9\s hydrate ( magnesia 7z ! la/74 ,calc9$ magnesia 7tak5 z ! fir/74 ,salad or olive oil1 or almond oil1 & oil or fats g5]ally 7ad libitum71 are all highly effective 9 less5+1 if n de/roy+ ! action ( ars5i\s anhydride4#ha ,album5 7:ite ( egg71 or liquids conta9+ x 79 cold wat]1 ad libitum74 ,milk1 :eat-fl\r1 oatmeal gruel 7) wat]1 ad libitum74 ,lime wat]1 ) milk 7z ! la/74 ,*alk1 ) milk & wat] 7z ! la/74 ,infusion or decoction ( b>k1 or bett]1 ( nut-galls 7z ! la/74 ,sug> or syrup 7ad libitum74 ,see ,treatm4 7above72 also ! above sub/ances "u _! respective heads4 ,footnote #ha3 ,dr ,blondlot1 9 a pap] communicat$ to ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 has come to ! conclusion t ! slighte/ quantity ( greasy matt] 9 contact ) ars5i\s anhydride r$uces its solubility to ab\t #a-bj? ( :at x 0 be=e4 ,?is expla9s at once :y1 9 c]ta9 judicial inve/igations1 ars5ic has be5 s\ght = 9 va9 9 ! liquid cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 :5 ! food consi/$ p>tly ( fatty sub/ances1 su* z bro?1 milk1 c4 ,x likewise expla9s h[ ars5i\s anhydride1 tak5 9 p[d]1 may sometimes rema9 a long "t 9 ! /oma* be=e x produces any delet]i\s effect2 s9ce1 9 su* cases1 its action is h9d]$ by ! pres5ce ( fatty matt]4 ,juggl]s (t5 swall[ ars5ic ) impunity1 because1 accord+ to ,dr ,blondlot1 !y previ\sly take ! precaution to dr9k milk & eat fat bacon4 ,h5ce1 9 cases ( poison+ by ars5ic1 oils & fatty sub/ances may be adm9i/]$ z real antidotes1 capable ( susp5d+ ! action ( ! poison = a consid]able "t1 until m radical means ( effect+ a cure c be appli$4 ,! p engag$ 9 "s ( ! ars5ic-works reg>d salad oil z almo/ a c]ta9 antidote to ?is poison4 ,uses1 c4 ,ars5i\s anhydride & its comp\nds are ext5sively employ$ 9 ! arts & m$ic9e4 ,x is us$ by ! dy]1 x furni%es ! arti/ ) sev]al ( 8 mo/ beautiful pigm5ts1 & ! glass-mak] & enamell] ) a flux or mat]ial to :it5 & decol\r _! w>es4 ,9 agriculture1 x is us$ 79 solution7 z an anti-smut = se$-:eat2 & z an anti-v]m9 lotion or dipp+ = %eep & cattle4 ,9 small 7!rapeutical7 doses x is a valuable rem$y 9 int]mitt5t fev]s1 *ronic sk9 diseases 7especially lepra & psoriasis71 & 9 sev]al n]v\s affections 7z neuralgia1 epilepsy1 *orea1 tetanus1 c474 ,x is ! active +r$i5t ( ! ta/eless ague-drop2 ( ,f[l]'s & ,pe>son's solutions2 & 9 ! ,tanjore pills1 long celebrat$ 9 ,india = ! cure ( ! bite ( ! cobra di capello & o!r v5om\s s]p5ts1 z well z ( hydrophobia4 ,x has be5 giv5 9 syphilis1 *ronic rheumatism1 typhus1 & sev]al o!r diseases1 ) m or less advantage4 ,cauti\sly adm9i/]$ 9 ph?isis1 x frequ5tly re/ores ! appetite & /r5g? & greatly ret>ds1 & 9 "s cases arre/s1 ! progress ( ! disease4 ,x has be5 rec5tly us$ to relieve too?a*e aris+ f c>ies4 ,ext]nally1 x is employ$ 9 ! =m ( p[d]1 lotion1 & o9tm5t1 = ! cure ( canc]4 ,plunkett's o9tm5t1 ,pte arsnicale1 ,davidson's ,rem$y = ,canc]1 & sev]al o!r l prep>ations1 owe _! activity to ars5i\s anhydride4 ,wat] 9 :i* :ite ars5ic has be5 /eep$ has become a favorite cosmetic wa% ) _m ladies1 s9ce its assum$ prop]ty ( s(t5+ ! sk9 0 ann\nc$ 9 a c]ta9 popul> p]iodical4 ,x is also ! prime +r$i5t 9 ! papi] m\re1 a popul> fly pap]4 ,its use1 :e!r int]nal or ext]nal1 is1 h[ev]1 att5d$ ) consid]able dang] 9 unskilful h&s1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 nev] be adopt$ b "u prop] advice4--,dose1 #a_/bj to #a_/h gr41 made into pills ) crum ( bread & lump sug>2 or 9 solution1 #c to #e or #f drops1 twice or ?rice daily1 gradually & cauti\sly increas$ to #ab1 or ev5 #ae drops4 ,z a rule1 ars5ical prep>ations %\ld be tak5 soon aft] a meal1 & by no means on an empty /oma*4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,! dose %\ld be susp5d$1 or greatly r$uc$1 z soon z ! conjunctiva is affect$ 7,hunt72 or if dryness ( ! m\? or ?roat1 or irritation ( ! /oma* or b[els1 ensues4 ,mr ,macullo* f\nd ! pills m efficaci\s ?an ! solution2 !y act diff]5tly1 & _c be sub/itut$ = "o ano!r4 ,ars5ic is a favorite tonic & alt]ative ) f>ri]s1 :o (t5 adm9i/] x v c>elessly to horses1 to ! s]i\s injury ( ^! animals4 ,x is also a favorite ) grooms1 :o h imbib$ ! notion t small doses ( x contribute to improve ! condition ( ! sk94 ,! be/-in=m$ vet]9>ians1 h[ev]1 ei!r :olly avoid x1 or use x ) v great caution4#hb--;,dose 7= a ,,horse71 #b to #e or #f gr41 twice or ?rice daily2 9 f>cy or gl&]s1 #aj to #ab gr4 ,9 solution x is (t5 employ$ z a wa% or dipp+ to de/roy v]m9 9 cattle & %eep2 b its use is n free f dang]1 p>ticul>ly to ! %eph]ds or dipp]s4 ,footnote #hb3 ,z a !rapeutic ag5t = horses1 ars5i\s acid c be well disp5s$ )4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 employ$ by "s z a tonic1 9 doses ( f #aj to #bj gr4 daily2 & by o!rs z a v]mifuge4 ,:5 injudici\sly adm9i/]$ dea? has be5 ! result4 ,by ^? ( ! old s*ool x is extoll$ z a cau/ic1 & a v p[]ful "o d\btlessly x is2 b !re is ?is disadvantage att5d+ its use--we _c control its action1 &1 (t5times1 a mo/ ext5sive & pa9ful w\nd is caus$ by x4 ,occasionally x is resort$ to = ! eradication ( w>ts2 al?\gh a bett] plan is to extirpate !m at once ) ! knife4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ?is is inadmissible1 #a "p ( ars5i\s acid1 9 v f9e p[d]1 may be mix$ ) #d p>ts ( l>d1 & a 7small7 portion ( ! comp\nd appli$1 ) friction1 ov] & ar\nd ! excresc5ce e o!r day1 = ?ree or f\r times4 ,?is w excite su* a p[]ful sl\gh+ action1 t 9 ab\t #aj days ! w>ts w be ?r[n (f4 7,pr(4 ,morton47 ,g54 comm5t>y4 ,! necess>y l5g? ( ! prec$+ article1 ow+ to ! great importance ( ! subject 9 its relations to toxicology & m$ical jurisprud5ce1 has left u little space = fur!r rem>k "h4 ,9 addition to :at has be5 said on ars5ical te/+1 x may be useful to caution ! read] ( ! absolute necessity ( only employ+ te/s & reag5ts :i* are !mselves absolutely pure2 & 9 :i* ! op]ator has1 by p]sonal exam9ation1 fail$ to detect ! slighte/ trace ( ars5ic4 ,comm]cial sulphuric1 nitric1 & hydro*loric acids1 pota%1 soda1 nitre1 iron1 & z9c1 frequ5tly conta9 ars5ic2 f :i*1 h[ev]1 !y may be fre$ by *emical processes2 or !y may be pur*as$ 9 ! pure /ate f respectable deal]s 9 *emicals4 ,b no assurance ( ! v5d] %\ld be reg>d$ z a pro( ( _! purity4 ,9 all judicial inve/igations ! abs5ce ( ars5ic 9 ! sev]al te/s & reag5ts1 & ! app>atus employ$1 mu/ be demon/rat$ & sworn to4 ,we may fur!r add1 t ! results af=d$ by no s+le te/ c be dep5d$ on4 ,9 matt]s ( su* va/ importance1 ! mo/ ample confirmatory evid5ce mu/ be s\ght4 ,m>%'s1 ,re9s*'s1 ,lassaigne's1 ! sulphur1 & ! ,r$uction ,te/s1 & _! modifications1 are ^? n[ g5]ally pref]r$ by toxicological *emi/s2 ea* ( :i*1 ) its confirmatory te/s1 are amply suffici5t = ! indisputable id5tification ( ars5ic4 ,mod]n toxicologi/s h ab&on$ mo/ ( ! old processes = ! detection ( ars5ic1 & h adopt$ "o ( two1 :i* h be5 f\nd m exp$iti\s z well z m c]ta94 ,^! are ! te/s ( ,m>% & ,re9s*1 pref]ably ! latt]4 ,,h]apa?',s ,,me?od is to obta9 deposits by ,re9s*'s ,te/ on #d or #e pieces ( ,no4 #ac copp] wire2 ea* piece be+ ab\t #b-a_/b in*es long1 & previ\sly flatt5$ & plani%$ ) a poli%$ hamm] = ab\t "o half its l5g?4 ,! deposit1 ) "s ( ! adh]+ copp]1 scrap$ f "o ( ^! coat$ pieces1 is seal$ up h]metically 9 a tube = future production4 ,! scrap+s f ?ree pieces ( wire are sep>ately submitt$ to ! sublimation te/ 9 tubes b5t 9 ! =m ( an obtuse ,v capill>y at "o end1 & ab\t #c_/aj?s ( an in* 9 diamet] at ! o!r2 ! capill>y leg be+ ab\t ?ree times z long z ! l>g] "o4 ,! scrap+s are plac$ 9 ! b5t "p ( ! tube2 & ! flame ( a small _s lamp is s appli$ z to sl[ly drive ! sublimate into ! n>r[] portion ( ! tube1 :i* is held r high] ?an ! o!r4 ,if ! deposit s obta9$ be m]cury1 x cond5ses 9 :ite %9+ globules2--if lead or bismu?1 x does n rise b melts into a yell[i% glass1 :i* adh]es to ! copp]2 if tellurium1 x falls z a :ite amorph\s p[d]2 if antimony1 x does n rise at t l[ temp]ature2 b if x be ars5ic1 x sublimes z ars5i\s anhydride1 :i* cond5ses z m9ute octah$ral cry/als1 look+1 ) ! microscope1 l v transp>5t gra9s ( s&4 ,"o ( ^! tubes conta9+ ! sublim$ ars5i\s anhydride is !n seal$ up1 l ! fir/ "o1 = future production4 ,! capill>y "p ( ano!r tube conta9+ ! sublimate is !n cut (f1 & c>efully boil$ 9 a few drops 7#aj to #ae7 ( di/ill$ wat]2 &1 :5 cold1 #c or #d drops ( ! result+ solution is p\r$ on a plate ( :ite porcela91 & to ?is1 by means ( a glass rod1 "o drop ( solution ( ammoniacal sulphate ( copp] is add$4 ,! mixture is !n c>efully conduct$ on to a piece ( :ite filt]+-pap] set on ! surface ( a smoo?1 clean1 & dry *alk-/one1 by :i* ! moi/ure is absorb$1 & ! smalle/ portion ( ,s*eele's gre5 produc$ by ! te/ r5d]$ m conspicu\s4 ,! ammonio-nitrate ( silv] te/ is !n appli$1 9 a simil> mann]1 to #c or #d drops ( ! rema9+ solution2 aft] :i* ! pieces ( pap] ) ! spots are dri$1 & seal$ up 9 sep>ate tubes1 z be=e1 obs]v+ to exclude ! light f t conta9+ ! yell[ precipitate ( ars5ite ( silv]4 ,a /ream ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 is !n pass$ ?r\gh ! rema9+ tube conta9+ ! ars5ical sublimate1 by :i* ! latt] is conv]t$ into ! yell[ t]sulphide--?is too is seal$ up4 ,"h are n[ five te/s--! metal1 ! acid1 ars5ite ( copp]1 ars5ite ( silv]1 & yell[ t]sulphide ( ars5ic4 ,x is n[ well kn[n t c]ta9 soils conta9 ars5ic1 ei!r z ars5ite ( lime or sulphide ( ars5ic2 & :i*1 "u favorable circum/ances1 may p]meate or be absorb$ by a body1 aft] int]m5t4 ,9 judicial inve/igations foll[+ dis9t]m5t x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to exam9e portions ( ! cemet]y-e>? tak5 f ! grave1 z well z f p>ts m or less di/ant f x4 ,= ?is purpose ! e>? %\ld be ?or\ghly dri$ 9 a wat]-ba?1 dr5*$ ) pure & conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 & all[$ to /& = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! mixture is !n di/ill$1 & ! di/illate te/$ = ars5ic by ,re9s*'s or ,m>%'s te/4 ,%\ld ! product ( "o di/illation yield no evid5ce ( ars5ic1 x %\ld be return$ to ! retort1 if necess>y1 a second or ev5 a ?ird "t1 & ! di/illation repeat$4 ,! practice ( employ+ an alkal9e solution ( :ite ars5ic z an anti-smut /eep = :eat1 has lately arre/$ ! att5tion ( *emi/s4 ,m4 ,aud\>d /ates t he has detect$ traces ( ars5ic 9 ! crops rais$ f se$-:eat ?us treat$4 ,b t :i* appe>s to be likely to prove mu* m dang]\s is ! introduction ( ars5ic into crops by ! employm5t ( crude sup]phosphate ( lime z manure--a sub/ance (t5 ri* 9 ?is poison4 ,dr ,edmund ,davy positively /ates t ars5ic1 z x exi/s 9 artificial manures1 is tak5 up by plants gr[+ :]e ^? manures h be5 appli$6 ,he f\nd cabbages & turnips tak5 f fields manur$ ) sup]phosphate give unmi/akeable evid5ce ( be+ 'ars5iat$4' ,^! facts h "s important be>+s2 = ?\gh ! quantity ( ars5ic :i* occurs 9 su* manures is n l>ge :5 comp>$ ) _! o!r con/itu5ts1 & ! proportion ( t sub/ance :i* is ?us add$ to ! soil mu/ be necess>ily small1 /ill plants dur+ _! gr[?1 z 9 ! case ( ! alkal9e & e>?y salts1 take up a consid]able quantity ( ?is sub/ance4 ,fur!r1 z ars5ic is well kn[n to accumulate 9 soils1 ?\gh n an accumulative poison 9 ! animal sy/em1 ! effects aft] "s "t w probably be1 t vegetables rais$ on ^? cont9u\sly s manur$ w ultimately be f\nd to conta9 su* a proportion ( ars5ic z w ex]cise an injuri\s effect on ! heal? ( man & animals4 ,! /atem5t ( ,m4 ,aud\>d has be5 disput$ by ,m4 ,gir>d91 because he fail$ to detect ars5ic 9 corn "u ! circum/ances2 & x is also d5i$ by ,dr ,a4 ,s4 ,taylor1 & o!rs2 b our own exp]im5ts1 v c>efully p]=m$1 confirm ! ass]tions ( bo? ,aud\>d & ,davy4 ,! ultimate consequ5ces ( p\r+ into ! ,?ames su* enorm\s quantities ( dis9fectants contam9at$ ) ars5ic1 z has be5 done dur+ ! la/ ?ree or f\r ye>s1 is ano!r matt] des]v+ consid]ation1 & "o :i* has be5 ably po9t$ out by ,dr ,le!by1 9 8 reports z ,(fic] ( ,heal? to ! ,city ( ,london4 ,dr ,lois has f\nd ars5ic1 (t5 9 l>ge quantities1 9 ord9>y brass1 & brass ut5sils2 & we h ourselves repeat$ly f\nd ars5ic 9 ! ,britannia-metal1 ,g]man-silv]1 & o!r *eap :ite alloys at pres5t 9 su* g5]al use4 ,! prec$+ facts are recomm5d$ to ! c>eful att5tion ( m$ical juri/s4 ,by an ,act ( ,p>liam5t#hc x is provid$--#a4 ,t e v5d] ( ars5ic %all1 be=e ! deliv]y ( ! same to ! cu/om]1 ent] 9 a book or books kept = ! purpose1 ! date ( sale1 "n1 & resid5ce ( ! pur*as]1 9 full1 8 or h] condition or occupation1 ! quantity s sold1 & ! purpose or purposes = :i* x is requir$1 9 a =m set =? 9 ! s*$ule to ! ,act2 :i* =m or s*$ule %all be sign$ by ! v5d]1 & by ! said pur*as]1 unless he be unable to write1 :5 su* fact %all be record$ 9 ! said s*$ule by ! v5d]2 & ?is s*$ule1 :5 a witness is requir$ to ! sale1 %all also be> 8 signature1 toge!r ) 8 place ( abode3--#b4 ,ars5ic is n to be sold to a /rang]1 unless 9 ! pres5ce ( a witness acqua9t$ ) bo? v5d] & pur*as]3--#c4 ,no p]son to sell ars5ic unless x be previ\sly mix$ ) at lea/ #a oz4 ( soot or #a_/b oz4 ( indigo to ! p\nd2 unless su* admixture w\ld be injuri\s to ! object = :i* x is int5d$1 :5 n less ?an #aj lbs4 is to be sold at any "o "t3--#d4 ,p5alty = evad+ ! ,act1 ei!r z v5d]1 pur*as]1 or witness1 #bj3--e4 ,act n to ext5d to ars5ic us$ 9 comp\nd+ prescriptions nor to ! :olesale trade3--#f4 ,! ^w 'ars5ic' to include 'ars5i\s anhydride1' & ! ars5ites1 ars5ic acid & ! ars5iates1 & all o!r col\rless poison\s prep>ations ( ars5ic4 ,see ,,ars5ic1 ,,ars5ic ,,acid1 ,,lotions1 ,,pills1 ,,%eep-,,dipp+1 ,,soaps1 ,,solutions1 ,,:eat-,,/eeps1 ,,iron1 ,,potassa1 ,,soda1 & o!r ,bases1 c4 c4 7also bel[74 ,footnote #hc3 #af8 ,vict41 c4 xiii1 #ahea4 ,self-detect'+ ,ars5i\s ,anhydride4 ,prep4 7,dr ,cattell47--#a4 ,ord9>y :ite ars5ic to :i* is add$ a small quantity ( a mixture ( dry calomel & quick-lime2 or ( dri$ sulphate ( iron & p[d]$ gall-nuts4 ,! product is :ite1 b imm$iately turns black :5 mix$ ) liquids3--#b4 ,z ! la/1 b add+ a mixture ( ?or\ghly dri$ sulphate ( iron & f]rocyanide ( potassium4 ,/rikes a blue3--#c4 ,z la/1 b us+ dri$ phosphate ( sodium & dri$ sulphate ( iron4 ,/rikes a gre54 ,propos$ z a me?od ( prev5t+ ars5ic be+ us$ z a poison4 ,,ars5ical ,,pigm5ts1 ,,effects ,,(4 ,! composition ( ^? sub/ances :i* are comp\nds ( copp] ) ars5i\s1 v frequ5tly comb9$ ) acetic acid1 w be f\nd "u ,,gre5 ,,pigm5ts1 "u _! respective comm]cial names ( ,,s*eele',s ,,gre51 ,,m9]al ,,gre51 ,,em]ald ,,gre51 & ,,s*we9furt ,,gre54 ,! purity ( t9t & durability ( ^! ars5ical salts h1 n unnaturally1 caus$ !m to be employ$ 9 _m bran*es ( indu/ry1 ! products ( :i* are ev]y:]e ar\nd u1 & z ! col\r+ mat]ial ( ^!1 !y are plac$ 9 conditions v favorable to _! be+ tak5 into ! /oma* or lungs4 ,?is w be app>5t :5 we "n a few ( ! mat]ials 9 :i* !y are employ$3--waf]s1 c&les1 wall-pap]s1 w9d[ curta9s1 confection]y4 ,a curi\s illu/ration ( ! risks att5d+ _! use may be cit$ f ! ',m$ical ,times & ,gazette' ( ,april1 #ahed1 :i* /ates t "s loaves f\nd to conta9 ars5ic 7 discov]$ on inquiry to h got ! dang]\s intrud] f hav+ be5 all[$ to /& on %elves fre%ly pa9t$ a bright gre5 col\r4 ,ars5ical-col\r$ waf]s may be pron\nc$ free f dang]1 s long z !y are kept out ( ! rea* ( *ildr52 & al?\gh ! ars5ical vap\rs giv5 (f by burn+ a gre5 wax tap] w\ld n be suffici5t to induce toxic results1 ! fact ( ! extreme s5sibility ( "s p to ! action ( ?is poison1 :5 tak5 9 by ! lungs1 r5d]s ! use ( ^! tap]s a v objectionable "o1 p>ticul>ly if !y are g5]ally employ$ 9 a h\sehold4 ,! burn+ ( wax c&les1 col\r$ ) ars5ical gre51 is1 ( c\rse1 /ill m /rongly to be condemn$1 because f its sup]ior mass1 :5 comp>$ ) ! tap]1 ! c&le gives (f a great] am\nt ( ! poison\s fumes4 ,an ars5ical tap] weigh+ #agfi gra9s 0 f\nd ^u analysis by ,mr ,bolas1 late ( ,*>+ ,cross ,hospital1 to conta9 #jbgf gra9s ( ars5i\s acid4 ,a ,*ri/mas tree1 says ,mr ,bly?1 brilliantly illum9at$ ) ,*ri/mas c&les1 may be tak5 z an extreme in/ance ( ! dang] likely to arise f ?is s\rce4 ,t ! employm5t ( ars5ical gre5 9 ! manufacture ( sweetmeats 0 n ab&on$ 9 #ahgc may be evid5c$ f a circum/ance quot$ by ,mr ,bly? 9 8 int]e/+ "w on ',hygine4' ,dur+ ! ,*ri/mas ( #ahgc a l>ge cake 9 :i* 0 imb$d$ a gre5 c>d labell$ = ! bairnies1 0 seiz$ 9 a bak]'s %op at ,gre5ock4 ,! c>d 0 coat$ ) sug>1 & on be+ submitt$ to analysis1 0 f\nd to conta9 #gjd gra9s ( ars5i\s acid4 ,a curi\s case1 illu/rat+ ! effect ( ars5ical wall-pap]s1 is furni%$ by ,dr ,dalzell1 ( ,malv]n4 ,he 0 att5d+ a lady ill ) sc>let fev]1 & dur+ ! attack h] husb& occupi$ a small b$room4 ,! fir/ night he slept 9 x 8 slumb]s 7 mo/ unrefre%+ & di/urb$ by horrible dreams1 & on ris+ 9 ! morn+ he felt languid & weak1 _h lo/ 8 appetite1 & _h a dull heada*e4 ,t[>ds ! ev5+ ^! unpleasant symptoms _h ne>ly vani%$4 ,on ! second night 7:5 he occupi$ ! same dormitory7 & on ! day foll[+ ! same disagreeable symptoms return$4 ,he !n *ang$ 8 b$room1 & =?) !y tr\bl$ him no m4 ,a s]vant1 :o next occupi$ ! *amb]1 0 affect$ z h] ma/] _h be54 ,dr ,dalzell suspect+ ! wall-pap] z ! cause1 exam9$ x1 & f\nd x to conta9 a l>ge quantity ( ars5ic4 ,"s little "t s9ce ,mr ,bolas exam9$ a sample ( wall-pap] conta9+ #bgec gra9s ( ars5i\s acid 9 ! squ>e foot1 & 9 ?is case ! pigm5t 0 s loosely fix$ t ! slighte/ friction 0 suffici5t to deta* a portion & diffuse x ?r\gh ! air4 ,nor is ?is surpris+ :5 we consid] h[ slightly ! ars5ical col\r is atta*$ to ! surface ( ! pap]1 z well z h[ easily x may become lib]at$ f x by ! desiccation ( ! air ( ! room :5 heat$ by a fire4 ,?is may be exemplifi$ by draw+ ! sleeve ( a black or d>k-col\r$ coat ov] an ars5ical wall-pap]1 & obs]v+ ! gre5 deposit t is left on ! g>m5t4 ,aft] ?is we %all be prep>$ = ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,hamb]g drew1 by means ( aspirators1 ! air ( a room1 ! walls ( :i* 7 pap]$ ) a v old gre5 pap]1 ?r\gh v>i\s tubes conta9+ cotton wool & silv] nitrate4 ,on exam9ation sc>cely any solid p>ticles c\ld be discov]$4 ,! cotton-wool 0 fus$ ) sodium nitrate & c>bonate1 & gave a little f]ric oxide & a trace ( ars5ic1 b ! solution ( nitrate ( silv] gave decid$ evid5ce ( ars5ic1 z well z ( sulphide ( silv]4 7',ph>4 ,j\r4'7 ,n _m ye>s s9ce ,pr(essor ,fleck %[$ t ! ars5i\s acid 9 ! ,s*we9furt gre51 :5 9 contact ) moi/ organic sub/ances1 & especially />*-siz+1 =ms ars5iurett$ hydrog51 :i* diffuses 9 ! room1 & :i* is no d\bt ! cause ( "s ( ! cases ( ars5ical poison+ f gre5 pap]s4 ,s t a contr>y condition to a dry atmosph]e1 viz4 a moi/ or damp "o1 may also lead to results ne>ly1 if n q z objectionable1 :5 rooms are pap]$ ) ars5ical pap]s4 ,we h ,mr ,bly?'s ^w = ! ass]tion1 t ! mo/ dang]\s ( ! ars5ical pap]s1 viz4 ^? cov]$ ) a ?ick1 unv>ni%$1 loosely coh]5t lay] ( ,seheele's gre5 are mo/ frequ5tly to be met ) 9 our nurs]ies1 :]e ! b$s are plac$ next ! wall1 & :]e ! attrition ( ! b$clo!s frequ5tly removes portions ( ! poison\s col\r+ matt]4 ,! f9e cupro-ars5ical du/ :i* ?us becomes diffus$ ?r\gh ! room1 n[ & !n produces 9 *ildr5 symptoms resembl+ ^? ( viol5t cat>rh4 ,"s ( ! wall-pap]s ( ^! nurs]ies h be5 f\nd to yield #ah gra9s ( ars5i\s acid 9 a squ>e foot4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! use ( ars5ical pigm5ts is by no means re/rict$ to gre5 wall-pap]s4 ,v rec5tly an analytical *emi/ exam9$ a great numb] ( samples ( wall-pap]s ( diff]5t col\rs1 & 0 surpris$ to f9d ars5ic 9 mo/ ( !m4 ,)9 ! la/ ye> ! writ] exam9$ ! pigm5t :i* he c\ld dis5gage )\t mu* difficulty f a v small piece ( gre5 musl9 w9d[ curta91 & f\nd x yield a l>ge quantity ( ars5ic4 ,9 ,p>is alone !re are m ?an #ae1jjj p :o e>n _! liv+ by mak+ artificial fl[]s1 a qu>t] at lea/ ( ^! work]s be+ engag$ 9 t bran* ( ! manufacture 9 :i* ,s*we9furt gre5 is us$4 ,f ! in/ances already adduc$ ( ! ill effects caus$1 al?\gh 9 a mild degree1 by occasional & accid5tal exposure to ars5ical pigm5ts1 we %all be prep>$ to le>n t ! dang] & ! damage to heal? is v mu* m int5sifi$ :51 z 9 ! case ( ^! poor artisans1 ! workman is con/antly h&l+ ! deadly mat]ial1 & incessantly inhal+ an atmosph]e lad5 ) its p>ticles4 ,dr ,v]nois has publi%$ a mo/ int]e/+ description1 :i* we subjo91 ( ! artificial fl[]-mak] at "w4 ,he says3--,^! gre5s are =m$ ei!r f ars5ite ( copp] alone1 or mix$ 9 v>iable proportions ) acetate ( copp] 7,engli% gre574 ,ars5ical gre5s are employ$ to col\r diff]5t h]bs1 to t9t ! fabric de/9$ to prep>e ! leaves ( artificial fl[]s1 z !y are pa9t$ directly on ! leaves or petals ( fl[]s work$ on clo?s ( v>i\s textures4 ,= ^! v>i\s purposes !y buy ! ,s*we9furt or ! ,engli% gre5 7v]t ,anglaise71 ei!r 9 p[d] or 9 aque\s solution1 & add to x1 accord+ to ! effect desir$1 a c]ta9 quantity ( ,fl&]s glue1 />*1 gum1 honey1 or turp5t9e4 ,sometimes x is appli$ 9 ! dry /ate1 9 ord] to spr9kle x ov] ! ?+s already col\r$ by ! ars5ical gre54 ,!y frequ5tly also1 9 ord] to modify ! col\r1 mix ) x a c]ta9 quantity ( *romate ( lead or picric acid4 ,! prep>ation ( h]bs is c>ri$ on z foll[s3--,! workman plunges into a %all[ vessel1 conta9+ a suffici5tly liquid solution ( ,s*we9furt gre51 "o or sev]al /alks ( natural plants1 p]fectly dri$1 & agitates !m quickly1 seiz+ !m by _! roots ) a pair ( =ceps4 ,?is op]ation1 :i* is t]m$ '/eep+1' /a9s ! f+]s1 ! arms1 ! p]son1 & ! clo!s ( ! workman1 & ! surr\nd+ objects are cov]$ ) traces ( ?is k9d ( pa9t4 ,! plants ?us prep>$ are hung on a l9e1 & !re all[$ to dry = ?irty-f\r or =ty-eight h\rs4 ,at ! end ( t "t all ! /alks are ga!r$ & =m$ into bundles1 :i* are us$ f9ally = b\quets4 ,(t5 en\gh1 to satisfy "s freak ( fa%ion1 !y are spr9kl$ ) p[d]$ ars5ite ( copp]4 ,?is is ! p[d]+4 ,! b\quet-"w con/itutes "o ( ! pr9cipal dang]s2 = ! col\r+ matt] n hav+ be5 fix$ by any mordant1 deta*es itself 9 ! =m ( a f9e du/1 :i* p5etrates ! sk9 ( ! h&s1 & :i* ! workman brea!s con/antly4 ,?is dang] is /ill m increas$ :5 he h&les b\quets cov]$ ) ars5ical p[d]4 ,at o!r times1 h[ev]1 9 ! manufacture ( ! plants1 ! ,s*we9furt gre5 is dilut$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( turp5t9e4 ,9 ?is way ! col\r takes a smoo? appe>ance1 n alt]$ by contact ) wat]1 & does n escape imm$iately 9 ! =m ( p[d] by g5tle h&l+2 b :5 x is ?or\ghly dry x falls to ! gr\nd 9 little flakes1 & may aga9 rise 9 ! air ) ord9>y du/4 ,?us ! dang] is modifi$1 a little ret>d$1 b always exi/s4 ,!re are !n 9 ?is speciality ( ! flori/ ! op]ations ( /eep+1 dry+1 p[d]+1 & arrang+ ! fl[]s = b\quets1 :i* 9 _! details place ! workman or ! pur*as] "u ! m or less direct1 & m or less active influ5ce ( ars5ical salt4 ,?is p>ticul> indu/ry is ex]cis$ "u conditions :i* r5d] x /ill m injuri\s2 = x is freely practis$ by a numb] ( poor workpeople1 by h\seholds liv+ 9 "o or two rooms1 ill-v5tilat$1 ill-light$1 & :i* !y nev] sweep1 & ( :i* ! floor l ! furniture1 & l ! clo?+ ( ! workpeople1 is cont9ually impregnat$ by pigm5t & cov]$ ) ars5ical du/4 ,! prep>]s ( ! clo? de/9$ = ! manufacture ( ! artificial leaves by ! aid ( ars5ical gre5s1 compreh5d ! portion ( ! "w mo/ expos$ to delet]i\s action4 ,!y use ars5ite ( copp] alone1 mix$ pr9cipally ) />*1 & 9 r>e in/ances associat$ ) acetate ( copp] 9 v>iable proportions4 ,"s use euble1 a mixture ( picric acid & ( gre5i% indigo1 9 :i* !y /eep _! /uffs4 ,o!r manufactur]s use fabrics prep>$ ) hot solutions by ord9>y dy]s4 ,accord+ to ! hue :i* ! ,s*we9furt dy] wi%es to obta91 ! workman comm5ces by giv+ ! /uff a yell[ %ade1 by plung+ x into a solution ( picric acid & pure alcohol4 ,he squeezes x betwe5 8 f+]s1 9 ord] to completely impregnate x & dries x4 ,x is ?is prelim9>y op]ation :i* /a9s ! workman's f+]s yell[4 ,frequ5tly ! latt] mixes picric acid by gr9d+ x ) ! ,s*we9furt gre51 & applies ?is pa/e imm$iately to ! fabric4 ,! pa/e is prep>$ by knead+ ! ,s*we9furt gre51 already treat$ ) wat]1 ) a solution ( />* ?ick en\gh1 yet suffici5tly liquid1 to be easily spread on ! clo?4 ,dur+ ?is work+ up ! pa/e ! f+]s1 arms1 & h&s ( ! workman are cov]$ ) ars5ical solution4 ,?is be+ ready1 ! workman lays out 8 /uff1 di/ributes ! pa/e ov] x1 !n beats x betwe5 8 h&s1 9 ord] to make ! col\r+ matt] ?or\ghly p5etrate ! clo?4 ,! long] x is beat5 ! bett] is ! quality ( ! article4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation ! sk9 ( ! h&s & arms is completely impregnat$ ) ! solution4 ,sometimes ! clo?1 hav+ be5 t\*$ "h & !re ) ars5ical pa/e1 is atta*$ to a hook 9 ! wall1 & twi/$ diff]5t ways--wrung z x 74 ,9 ?is way a v uni=m col\r+ is obta9$4 ,?is process is z bad to ! workman z ! =m]4 ,la/ly1 a process :i* is g5]ally practis$ consi/s 9 plac+ ! fabric1 /a9$ or n ) picric acid1 on a wood5 table1 & di/ribut+ on bo? sides ! ars5ical prep>ation ) a bru%1 & !n beat+ ! /uff ) a ?ick rubb]4 ,9 ?is way ! h&s & arms ( ! workman are mu* less expos$ to ! pa/e ?an 9 ! prec$+ processes4 ,aft] ! bru%+ & beat+ ( ! fabric comes ! dry+1 to :i* op]ation att5tion mu/ next be direct$4 ,once impregnat$ ) ! gre5 col\r by :atev] process1 ! pieces 9 squ>es ( ab\t #a metre #ej c5t4 are hung on wood5 frames1 furni%$ ) tee?1 on :i* ! bord]s ( ! clo? are transfix$4 ,dur+ ?is simple op]ation ! workm5 /a9 !mselves mu*4 ,:5 ! /uffs are deta*$ f ! squ>es !y are fold$1 & f e crease falls a f9e du/1 :i* may !n be c>ri$ into ! muc\s membranes4 ,! workm5 !n are liable to all ! accid5ts ( ! manufactur]s ( fl[]s1 especially 9 ! op]ations ( knead+ ! pa/e1 or dur+ ! beat+1 bru%+1 dry+1 & fold+ ( ! clo?s4 ,f ! h&s ( ! fabricator ! fabrics are v (t5 imm$iately consign$ to ! manufactur]s ( artificial fl[]s1 :o press !m1 figure !m 7t is to say1 make ! n]ves71 arm !m ) a wire1 & m\nt !m ) fl[]s4 ,x may be at once und]/ood h[ mu* all ! manipulations ,i h j m5tion$ are liable to develop ! ars5ical du/4 ,! pa/e has n be5 fix$ on ! /uffs by any mordant2 ! />* ) :i* x is mix$ has giv5 x a v brittle consi/5ce1 & has pr$ispos$ x to be easily deta*$ f ! clo?4 ,! /amp+ is effect$ by putt+ a c]ta9 numb] ( fold$ pieces "o above ! o!r1 & submitt+ !m to ! pressure ( a /amp+ in/rum5t4 ,repeat$ bl[s ( ?is in/rum5t deta* ! pa/e 9 scales1 & cov] ) du/ ! f+]s & p]son ( ! workman4 ,a s]ies ( small packets are tak5 f ! /amp+ press1 :i* conta91 /rongly press$ toge!r1 f twelve to tw5ty-f\r leaves4 ,!y are pass$ on to ano!r workman1 :o is *>g$ ) ! fold+4 ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ by hold+ ! little bundle ( leaves betwe5 ! ?umb & index f+] ( ! left h&4 ,! ?umb ( ! "r h& presses ! edges quickly & %>ply s z to sep>ate ! leaves "o f ano!r1 z y sep>ate ! leaves ( a book rec5tly b\nd4 ,dur+ ?is process /ill m du/ escapes4 ,!n comes ! figur+1 :i* by reason ( successive bl[s appli$ to ea* leaf cov]s ! body ( ! op]ator ) ! same pulv]ul5t mat]ial4 ,fix+ a wire to ! leaves at _! l[e/ "p by ! aid ( gum foll[s t op]ation4 ,!n ! leaves are arrang$ toge!r 9 doz5s1 & pass$ to ! b\quet manufactur]s1 :o m\nt !m4 ,f !nce !y g to ! mill9]s1 :o adapt !m to diff]5t articles ( dress1 & sell !m to ! public4 ,?r\gh all ?is s]ies ( trans=mations !re are ! same manipulations1 ! same production ( du/1 ! same action on ! sk9 & muc\s membrane1 only 9 a decreas+ degree1 f ! fir/ prep>] to ! mill9]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a process ( prep>+ ! clo? :i* dim9i%es notably ! sev]ity & frequ5cy ( ! evils ( ! ,s*we9furt gre54 ,x is t :i* imm$iately aft] ! dry+ ( ! /uffs submits !m at once to ! cal5drage4 ,?is op]ation causes ! ars5ical pa/e to p5etrate me*anically into ! fibres ( ! /uff1 & gives x a smoo? & glaz$ aspect1 :i* only p]mits imp]fectly ! production ( ! ars5ical du/4 ,?is process r5d]s ! successive work+s ( ! clo? less injuri\s1 b x w\ld be an error to consid] x z in(f5sive4 ,dur+ ! action ( ! press1 & especially dur+ ! sep>at+ & ! fix+ ( ! fl[]s1 a notable quantity ( ! toxic du/ is /ill produc$4 ,h[ev] well prep>$ ! fabrics may be1 y h only to te> x1 to deta* ! coat+ "u ! =m ( a palpable p[d]4 ,x is only necess>y to add t ! wax+ ( ! leaves1 aft] !y h be5 sep>at$ & figur$1 & be=e putt+ !m into b\quets1 con/itutes a protect+ envelope aga9/ ! effects ( ! p[d]$ coat+ = workm5 :o !n h&le !m1 z well z = wom5 :o we> !m2 b ?is film ( wax is only appli$1 comp>atively speak+1 to a small numb] ( leaves1 = x alt]s ! gre5 & vivacity ( its col\r4 ,9 ! prep>+ ( ! /uffs 9 ! process ( dry+1 ,dr ,v]nois says3--,a new condition & s]i\s results appe>4 ,! multiplicity ( %>p po9ts fix$ 9 ! wood5 squ>es inevitably pricks & scrat*es ! sk9 ( ! workm54 ,an inoculation ( ! ars5ical salt imm$iately takes place1 z if x _h be5 practis$ exp]im5tally4 ,! sk9 irritates & inflames1 a vesicle fir/1 !n a l>ge pu/ule cov]s ! orifice ( ! prick1 & und]goes all ! /ages ( inflammation1 :i* produces suppuration & (t5 gangr5e1 bel[ :i* a deep & pa9ful ulc]ation is develop$--all ! m t$i\s to heal z ! inoculation is r5ew$ f day to day4 ,! action ( picric acid mix$ ) ! pa/e c only augm5t & aggravate ! irritation ( ! w\nds4 ,if ! ulc]ations are num]\s ! workm5 may absorb ! ars5i\s acid & be liable to s]i\s results4 ,i h se5 a c]ta9 numb] ( workm5 ) gl&ul> enl>gem5ts "u ! armpits1 & ! h&s 9 su* a /ate t !y 7 oblig$ to come to ! hospital1 :]e !y 7 only cur$ aft] "o or sev]al mon?s ( treatm5t4 ,! aspect ( ! h& 0 !n *>act]i/ic to ! gre5i%-yell[ t9t ( all ! sk91 & especially ( ! palm> aspect ( ! h&s4 ,to ! gre5i% cru/ "u ! nails 0 ne>ly always add$ a yell[ col\r ( ! nails1 produc$ by ! repeat$ contact ) picric acid4 ,:5 we add a g5]ally diffus$ ery!ma1 !n a s]ies ( black po9ts1 or ( inflam$ pu/ules1 & sometimes a :itl[1 we %all h a fai?ful repres5tation ( ! evils :i* mo/ frequ5tly pres5t !mselves 9 ! prep>]s ( /uffs1 = artificial fl[]s t9t$ ) ,s*we9furt gre54 ,among/ ! endeav\rs to c\nt]act ! evils entail$ ^u ! work]s 9 ?is bran* ( indu/ry may be m5tion$ ! attempt to sub/itute *rome = ,s*we9furt gre51 z ! less poison\s ( ! two sub/ances1 & ! +5i\s process ( ,m4 ,br>d-,z5zil91 :i* consi/s 9 directly incorporat+ ! ars5ical col\r+ matt] ) a specially prep>$ collodion4 ,,ar',,s5ide4 ,syn4 ,,ars5',,iuret2 ,,ars5iure',,tum 7-i-u-71 ,l42 ,,ars,,niure1 ,fr4 ,a comb9ation ( ars5icum ) a metal 7includ+ hydrog571 9 def9ite proportion4 ,,ar',,s5ite 7-nite74 ,syn4 ,,ar',,s5is1 ,l42 ,,ars5ite1 ,fr42 ,,ars5igs,,ure ,,salz1 ,g]4 ,a salt ( ars5i\s acid4 ,,art4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ars 7g541 ar'tis2 pl41 ar'tes71 ,l42 ,greek3te*n1 7te*'ne71 ,gr42 ,,kun/1 ,g]4 ,prim>ily1 /r5g?1 p[]1 & h5ce also m5tal /r5g?1 skill2 ! application ( k or p[] to effect a desir$ purpose2 ! p[] or ability ( do+ some?+ n taught by nature or in/9ct2 practical skill guid$ by rules4 ,,sci5ce is k--,,art1 practical skill 9 apply+ ?is k4 ,,art is appli$ sci5ce2 :il/ ,,sci5ce is k obta9$ by obs]vation1 exp]i5ce1 & ratioc9ation4 ,?is di/9ction is n[h]e m fully se5 ?an )9 ! doma9 ( *emi/ry1 :]e k1 d$uction1 great p[] ( g5]alisation1 & great exp]tness are necess>y elem5ts ( success4 ,art has fill$ ! _w ) luxuries1 conv5i5ces1 & com=ts2 & art--! ,,arts--useful or f9e--are ! safe/ & sure/ civilis]s ( our race4 ,see ,,sci5ce4 ,,artesian ,,well4 ,a cyl9drical p]=ation bor$ v]tically d[n ?r\gh "o or m /rata ( ! e>? till x rea*es a por\s b$ ( gravel conta9+ wat]1 ?is fluid be+ plac$ "u su* incumb5t pressure t x rises up ! p]=ation ei!r to ! surface1 or to a conv5i5t height = ! op]ation ( a pump4 ,:5 !y rise to ! surface ^! wells are call$ sp\t+ or fl[+4 ,! "n ( ^! wells is tak5 f ,artois1 a prov9ce 9 ! ,dep>tem5t du pays de ,calais1 :]e _! use 0 reviv$4 ,!y h be5 9 use = a long "t 9 ,italy & 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! accompany+ draw+ repres5ts ! mann] 9 :i* ra9 may be suppos$ to di/ribute itself :5 x falls ^u a portion ( ! surface ( our globe4 ,! figure repres5ts a geological section1 %[+ ! succession ( ! diff]5t /rata4 ,illu/ration ,! figure is suppos$ to repres5t two b$s1 ,a1 ,b1 m por\s1 & consequ5tly m absorb5t ?an ! rocks by :i* !y are int]/ratifi$4 ,! cond5s$ dews & ra9s fall+ ^u ! di/ant hills pass rapidly by ! outcrops ( ! /rata to ! l[] levels1 until ! entire mass becomes ?or\ghly saturat$ ) wat]4 ,suppos+ two su* b$s z are repres5t$ 9 ! section to exi/1 fully *>g$ ) wat]1 x is evid5t t if we bor$ d[n into !m ?r\gh ! rocks z repres5t$ at ,c1 ,d1 ! wat] w\ld rise ?r\gh ^? wells or bor+s1 & spr+ out 9 ! =m ( a jet to su* a height above ! surface z is due to ! height ( ! hills f :i* ! wat] has be5 obta9$4 ,! f\nta9 d]iv$ f ,b w\ld necess>ily fl[ z mu* high] z t d]iv$ f ! b$ ,a1 z is ! height ( ,b above ,a4 ,= p>ticul>s z to ! modes ( con/ruct+ artesian wells1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ',trait sur les puits ,artesi5s1' by ,m ,gami]1 & to ',considrations ,gologiques et physiques sur la ?orie des puits =cs1 ou fonta9es ,artsi5nes1' by ,m4 le ,vicomte ,h]ic>t de ,?ury1 & to ',rudim5t>y ,treatise on ,well-digg+1 ,bor+1 c41' by ,j4 ,g4 ,sw9dell1 & also to ,ure's ',diction>y ( ,arts1 ,manufactures & ,m9es1' edit$ by ,mr ,rob]t ,hunt4 ,,ar?ani',,t9e 7-t7in74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,artaniti',,ne2 ,,ar?aniti',,na1 ,l4 ,a peculi> sub/ance fir/ obta9$ by ,m4 ,salad91 by ! action ( alcohol on ! tub]\s /ems ( ! h]b ar?rani'ta1 or s[-bread4 ,x is acrid1 col\rless1 & cry/all9e1 & imp>ts its acridity to ! plant4 ,,ar',,ti*oke4 ,syn4 ,,c9',,ara1 ,,cyn',,ara2 ,,scol',,ymus1 ,l42 ,,arti*aut1 ,fr42 ,,artis*ocke1 ,g]4 ,! cyn>a scol7ymus 7,l9n471 a ?i/le-l p]5nial plant ( ! nat4 ord4 ,composit 7,,dc474 ,hab4 ,s\!rn ,europe2 b n[ ext5sively cultivat$ 9 our g>d5s1 = its 'bottom1' or ! sweet fle%y receptacle ( its fl[]s1 :i* is eat5 z a pot h]b4 ,^! are soak$ 9 brisk boil+ 9 wat]1 /alk-ends upp]mo/1 until t5d]2 & take #a_/b to #a h\r accord+ to _! age4 ,sometimes !y are pres]v$ 9 br9e 7,,pickl$ ,,arti*okes72 & also aft] depriv+ !m ( ! '*oke' & sp9y hairs & blan*+ !m by imm]sion 9 boil+ wat]1 by dry+ 9 ! sun 7,,dri$ ,,arti*okes2 ,,culs ,d',,arti*aut1 ,fr471 by :i* !y reta9 _! flav\r = "s "t4 ,infusion ( ! fl[]s1 us$ ) r5net4 ,z an escul5t ! arti*oke resembles asp>agus 9 its g5]al prop]ties2 b x is said to be m nutriti\s1 & ev5 m diuretic4 ,arti*okes1 ,j]u'salem4 ,! helian?us tub]osus 7,l9n471 a p]5nial plant ( ! sun-fl[] family1 & q di/9ct f ! prec$+4 ,hab4 ,! ,brazils4 ,! appellation ,j]usalem is believ$ to be a corruption ( ! ,italian ^w girasole--a sunfl[]1 to :i* botanical family ! plant belongs4 ,x is cultivat$ 9 ,engl& = cul9>y purposes4 ,roots 7tub]s7 resemble ! arti*oke 9 flav\r2 b are consid]$ f> f :olesome1 be+ apt to produce flatul5ce & dyspepsia4 ,!y are diuretic1 & imp>t ! od\r ( turp5t9e to ! ur9e4 ,!y are cook$ by boil+ 7#ae to #be m9utes1 accord+ to size71 or fry+2 9 ! =m] case s]v$ ) melt$ butt]4 ,!y are also s]v$ ma%$1 l turnips4 ,! fl[]s yield a volatile oil resembl+ t ( turp5t9e4 ,composition ( ! ,j]usalem arti*oke f an analysis by ,pay51 ,poisot1 & ,fevry3-- ,nitrog5\s matt] #ca ,sug> #adg ,inul9 #ai ,pectic ,acid #ji ,pect9 #jd ,cellulose #ae ,fatty matt] #jb ,m9]al matt] #ac ,wat] #gfj ----- #ajjj ,f ! above x w be se5 t ?is escul5t conta9s no nitrog54 ,,artificial ,,foods4 ,see ,,f>9a4 ,,as>abac',,ca 77as-7a-74 ,syn4 ,,z',,arum1 ,a4 ,,europ',,um3 7,l9n471 ,,n>',,dus ,,monta',,na991 c41 ,l42 ,,as>et1 ,a4 ,d',,europe1 ,,cab>et1 ,,az>um ,c41 ,,n>d ,,sauvage1 ,,oreille ,d',,homme1 c41 ,fr42 ,,hazelwurtzel1 ,g]4 ,! ,greek3 as>on ( ,dioscorides1 a small r\nd1 h>d1 /emless1 h>dy h]bace\s plant1 be>+ *ocolate-col\r$ fl[]s2 & ( ! nat4 ord4 ,ari/olo*ie 7,,dc474 ,x gr[s freely 9 c5tral ,france1 & is f\nd 9 woods & %ady places 9 ,lanca%ire1 ,we/morel&1 & o!r p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,hab4 ,europe1 betwe5 #cg & #fj latitude4--,root rhizome 7,,z',,ari ,,ra',,dix7 has a pepp]-l od\r & an acrid ta/e3--,leaves 7,a4 ,,fo',,lia7 less odor\s1 ?\gh bitt]-ta/$1 acrid1 & aromatic2 =m]ly (fic9al 9 ! ph>macopoeias3--,:ole plant 7,,as>abacca ( ! %ops7 nauseant1 emetic1 & purgative4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ipecacuanha x 0 ! common emetic 7#f to #i ( ! gre5 leaves 9 :ey72 b1 ow+ to ! viol5ce ( its action1 x has long fall5 into disuse4 ,its common "n 9 ,france 7,,cab>et1 or public-h\se plant7 is said to h aris5 f its frequ5t employm5t to relieve ! /oma* ( ^? :o _h drunk too h>d4 ,x is n[ almo/ solely us$ z a /]nutatory or errh9e1 & is probably "o ( ! be/4 ,accord+ to ,grg]#hd1 as>abacca conta9s ?ree volatile1 oily pr9ciples1 :i* may be obta9$ by di/illation ) wat]3--,,volatile ,,oil 7o'leum z'ari73--,,z',,arite1 an od\rless1 ta/eless1 & cry/all9e solid2 fusible & volatilisable1 yield+ :ite & v irritat+ fumes3--,,z',,arum-,,cam',,phor1 diff]+ *iefly f ! la/ 9 be+ precipitat$1 by wat]1 f its alcoholic solution 9 cubes or six-sid$ prisms1 in/ead ( delicate flexible ne$les4 ,also a br[ni%1 bitt]1 cry/allisable pr9ciple 7,,z',,ar9e1 ,,z',,arum-,,bit',,t]71 :i* is soluble 9 alcohol4 ,footnote #hd3 ,gobel & ,kemze1 ',ph>m4 ,wa>5k1' #ahcj-a4 ,uses1 ,dose1 c4 ,dri$ leaves1 #bj to #cj gr41 or root1 #aj to #ab gr42 z a purge or emetic4 ,z an errh9e--leaves1 #c to #e gr42 root1 #a to #c gr42 9 p[d]1 snuff$ up ! nose e day1 or e o!r day1 at b$time4 ,x excites irritation & a copi\s wat]y dis*>ge1 m or less mucul5t1 :i* frequ5tly cont9ues to fl[ = sev]al days1 & occasionally proves highly useful 9 c]ta9 affections ( ! bra91 eyes1 m\?1 nose1 e>1 & ?roat1 on ! pr9ciple ( c\nt]-irritation4 ,x has be5 f\nd p>ticul>ly s]viceable 9 cephalalgia 7heada*e71 ob/9ate heada*e1 *ronic oph?almia 7inflammation ( ! eyes71 & "s o!r le?>gic affections4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,9 dimness ( sight 7especially t aris+ f fatigue or conge/ion71 deafness1 & slight p>alytic affections ( ! m\?1 tongue1 lips1 or eyelids1 n ( a s]i\s organic "*1 & p>ticul>ly 9 *ronic e>a*e1 x also sometimes af=ds relief aft] o!r rem$ies h fail$4 ,x con/itutes ! basis ( sev]al ,,cephalic ,,snuffs1 ,,as>abacca-,,snuff1 ,,b>on ,,mck9sey',s ,,m$ic9al ,,p[d] 7or ,,snuff71 & sev]al o!r l no/rums1 :i* are mu* extoll$ by _! v5d]s1 & sold at m>vell\sly high prices4 ,see ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es1 ,,p[d]s1 ,,snuffs1 c4 7also bel[74 ,,z',,ar9 7-r7in74 ,c#bj;,h#bf,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,as>one4 ,a species ( /e>opt51 discov]$ by ,grtz1 9 as>abacca4 ,x has an aromatic ta/e & an od\r resembl+ camphor1 & is said to be emetic4 ,x is probably a mixture ( as>um-camphor & "s p>tially oxidis$ volatile oil4 7,see above47 ,z'ar9e 7( ,grg]74 ,syn4 ,,as>i',,na1 ,l4 ,! cry/allisable bitt] pr9ciple ( as>abacca1 notic$ above4 ,x is said to greatly resemble cytis9e4 ,,z',,arite 7-rite74 ,see ,,as>abacca4 ,,asbes',,tos4 ,syn4 ,,asbes',,tus 7,greek3 asbe/os1 incombu/ible1 unconsumable1 ,gr471 ,,amian?',,u1 ,,la',,pis ,a41 c41 ,l42 ,,asbe/e1 ,,amiante1 ,fr42 ,,asbe/1 ,,/e9fla*s1 ,g]4 ,9 m9]alogy1 a s(t1 fibr\s sub/ance1 compos$ ( flexible or ela/ic filam5ts :i*1 9 _! mo/ highly develop$ =m1 greatly resemble ^? ( flax or silk1 & :i* be> exposure to a v consid]able degree ( heat )\t suff]+ decomposition4 ,x has be5 propos$ to clo! our firem5 9 dresses ( asbe/os2 b )\t fre$om ( respiration c\ld be insur$ 9 a heat$ & poison\s atmosph]e1 ?is envelope w\ld be ( little s]vice4 ,gloves are sometimes made ( x1 = hold+ r$-hot crucibles4 ,x is also us$ z a filt]+ m$ium = corrosive liquids4 ,a k9d ( felt made ( asbe/os is n[ us$ z a sub/itute = wire gauze to support beak]s1 retorts1 c41 ov] lamps4 ,v>4 ,( ^! !re are sev]al2 z ,,am',,ian? or ,,elas',,tic ,,asbe/os1 ,,lig',,ni=m ,a41 ,,m\nta9-,,cork1 ,m4-,,lea!r1 ,m4-,,wood1 c42 v>y+ f a grey1 br[n1 or gre5 col\r1 to pure :ite1 & f extreme flexibility & s(tness1 to rigidity & h>dness1 z indicat$ by ! respective names4 ,,asc>is ,,lumbricoides4 ,a p>asite belong+ to ! g5us entozoa1 commonly kn[n z ! r\nd worm1 & f\nd 9 ! inte/9es ( man1 ! horse1 ! ox1 ! pig1 & "s o!r ( ! l[] animals4 ,x is ( a greyi%-r$ col\r & 9 size & g5]al appe>ance l ! common e>?worm4 ,*ildr5 are v frequ5tly infe/$ by !m4 ,_! usual habitat is ! small inte/9es4 ,b !y are occasionally f\nd 9 ! /oma*1 & h be5 kn[n to transport !mselves into ! gall-ducts1 frontal s9uses1 no/rils1 & m\?4 ,! males are small] ?an ! females & mu* m r>e4 ,! females produce eggs 9 great numb]s1 b x is d\btful if ! "y are ev] develop$ 9 ! inte/9e 9 :i* ! p>5t worm dwells4 ,x is probable t ! ova ga9 access to ! inte/9es ( ! animals ( :i* !y ev5tually become ! pe/s f v>i\s out] s\rces4 ,!y are said to be v frequ5t 9 p]sons :o p>take mu* ( raw leaves & roots4 ,dr ,pat]son1 ( ,lei?1 notic$ t families :o drank c]ta9 wat] f a well suppli$ f a dirty pool1 :i* conta9$ v>i\s v]mi=m animalcules1 7 mu* infe/$ ) ?is p>ticul> species ( inte/9al worm2 :il/ o!rs 9 ! same /reet1 :o _h rec\rse to a diff]5t wat] supply1 entirely escap$4 ,= m$ic9al treatm5t1 see ,,worms4 ,,asc>is ,,my/ax4 ,a p>asitic r\nd worm infe/+ ! cat4 ,x has be5 also occasionally f\nd 9 man4 ,,a%4 ,syn4 ,,frax',,inus1 ,l42 ,,fr,,ne1 ,fr42 ,,es*e1 ,g]4 ,! popul> "n ( sev]al species ( valuable h>dy trees be>+ apetal\s fl[]s 7except 9 ! 'fl[]+ a%'71 belong+ to ! nat4 ord4 ,oleace 7,,dc471 & g54 ,frax9us2 b appropriately !-- ,a%4 ,syn4 ,,comm',,on ,,a%2 ,,frax',,inus1 ,f4 ,,excel',,sior 7,l9n471 ,f4 ,,apet',,ala 7,lamb471 ,f4 ,,or',,nus 7,scop471 ,l42 ,,fr,,ne1 ,f4 ,,commun1 ,fr42 ,,geme9e ,,es*e1 ,g]4 ,a l>ge tree common to our woods & h$ges2 timb] 7,,a% or ,,a%-,,wood7 us$ by c>p5t]s1 cab9et-mak]s1 & ma*9i/s1 & mu* e/eem$ = its great t\ghness & ela/icity2 b>k febrifuge1 diuretic1 resolv5t1 & tonic2 has be5 successfully exhibit$ 9 agues2 se$s acrid1 bitt]1 & diuretic2 leaves purgative1 diuretic1 & febrifuge2 sometimes us$ in/ead ( s5na4 ,9 s\!rn ,europe x exudes an inf]ior k9d ( ,,manna1 & its m$ic9al prop]ties are mu* great] ?an 9 our climate4--,dose4 7,leaves7 #a_/d oz4 to #a-a_/b oz4 7made into an infusion71 z a purge2 se$s1 #a dr41 z a diuretic1 c4 ,a%1 ,fl['er+4 ,syn4 ,,man',,na-,,a%2 ,,frax',,inus ,,or',,nus 7,l9n471 ,l4 ,a small tree ( s\!rn ,europe4 ,yields ,,manna4 ,! 'r\nd'-leav$ fl[]+-a%' 7,,cala',,brian-,,a%2 ,,frax',,inus ,,rotundifo'',,lia1 ,lam>ck7 is a small] v>iety ( ! prec$+1 & a native ( ,calabria & ! ,levant4 ,said to yield ! be/ ,,manna4 ,! 'small'-leav$ fl[]+-a%' 7,,frax',,inus ,,p>vifo'',,lia1 ,lam47 is ano!r manna-yield+ species1 indig5\s to ,asia ,m9or4 ,,a%4 ,a%es 7:i* see74 ,,a%-,,balls4 ,! a%es ( l&-plants1 especially f]ns1 damp$ & made into balls4 ,us$ z a sub/itute = soap 9 wa%+1 & 9 clean+ pa9t4 ,,a%',,ery4 ,am]4 ,a place :]e pota% or pe>la% is made or kept4 ,,a%',,es4 7-7iz74 ,eng4 pl4 ,syn4 ,,a%2 ,,ci',,nis1 ,l42 ,,c5dres 7pl471 ,fr42 ,,as*e1 ,g]4 ,! rema9s ( any?+ burn$4 ,9 antiquity1 ! rema9s ( a body consum$ on ! fun]al pyre2 & h5ce1 figuratively1 ! rema9s ( ! dead4 ,! ^w1 9 ,engli%1 has prop]ly no s+ul>2 al?\gh 'a%' is v commonly he>d2 & is n[ almo/ exclusively us$ 9 composition1 z 9 pe>la%1 pota%1 soda-a%1 c4 ,a%es4 ,9 comm]ce1 ! residuum ( ! combu/ion ( vegetable sub/ances conta9+ ei!r c>bonate ( potassium 7'l&-plants'71 or c>bonate ( sodium 7'm>9e plants'71 & f :i* ! comm]cial alkalies are obta9$4 ,_! value dep5ds ^u _! ri*ness 9 'alkali1' :i* is det]m9$ 9 ! mann] expla9$ "u ,,alkalimetry4 ,! ^w is also commonly employ$ z a g5]al t]m = ! crude c>bonates ( pota% ( comm]ce 7:i* see74 ,a%es ( ,plants4 ,see foll[+ page1 on :i* w be f\nd a table giv+ ! *emical composition ( ! a%es ( a few well-kn[n plants us$ z food = m5 & animals4 ,see also ,,manures1 ,,plants1 ,,vegetation1 c4 ,a c>eful det]m9ation ( ! a% ( diff]5t sub/ances is ( great use to ! analy/1 by enabl+ him to detect adult]ation2 = in/ance1 almo/ e plant on be+ burnt yields a v con/ant am\nt ( a%1 & n alone ! quantity is con/ant1 b ! diff]5t proportions ( ! v>i\s compon5ts are also1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 tol]ably unv>y+4 ,_m plants h ! p[] ( extract+ f ! soil c]ta9 elem5ts2 = in/ance1 ! a% ( ! tobacco conta9s li?ium2 tea1 manganese2 seawe$1 iod9e4 ,x seems by no means improbable t by ! exam9ation ( ! a%es ( plants by means ( ! spectroscope new elem5ts may be discov]$4 ,app5d$ is a %ort li/ ( ! am\nt ( a%1 conta9$ 9 a few important sub/ances3-- ,total ,a%4 ,cay5ne pepp]1 f #e to #f p] c5t4 ,*icory #e ,cocoa #c to #d ,c(fee #d ,fl\r #g to #ae ,mu/>d #c to #de ,pepp] #dc to #e ,rice #e ,tea #ef ,turm]ic #e to #f ,! a%es ( plants are employ$ by ! agriculturi/ accord+ z ! nature & proportion ( ! diff]5t salts !y conta9 is suit$ to ! soil & to ! crops x is desir$ to raise4 ,m4 ,,s\lange ,,bod9 says t a%es hold ! middle place betwe5 /able-dung & pa/ure manure4 ,!y act me*anically by divid+ soils t are too compact1 hygroscopically by absorb+ moi/ure1 & !y appe> to h an action simil> to lime 9 accel]at+ ! decomposition ( ! m\ld4 ,!y also probably ex]cise a /imulat+ effect on ! soil4 ,9 ! case ( l[-ly+ l&s !y are p>ticul>ly suit$ = v damp clayey soils4 ,9 ,pic>dy ! a%es ( turf are made use (2 9 ,engl&1 ! l[ c\ntries & ! nor? ( ,france1 coal a%es are employ$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,r$ ,:eat ,turnip ,peas4,beans4,clov]4,sa9fo94,gra94,/raw4 ,b>ley4,oats4 ,root4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,potassa #dbdc #cfgb #ahdd #caij #bigf #ajea #bjjg #aggj #bcgj ,soda #cbg #jad #bgi 444 #ebf #ajc #def #chd #adge ,lime #egc #abjf #cejb #bdcj #bhh #eia #adh #ced #aahb ,magnesia #eib #fjj #aaia #ejc #aajf #abe #gde #gcc #cbh ,sesquioxide ( ,iron #jdd #jfe #jih #jfa #jbc #jjg #jea #jdi #jdg ,sulphuric acid #fbc #dbh #cia #cbh #jaa #bad #jgi #aaj #afac ,silica #agd #aeb #djc #cbb #bbc #gceg #cbgc #chdh #bfi ,c>bonic acid #dch #afc #abib #aebj #jbb 444 444 444 #ajdg ,phosphoric acid #biib #ccgd #ehb #ice #dhba #eea #cafi #bfdf #ica ,*loride ( potassium 444 444 444 #fbd 444 444 444 #jib 444 ,*loride ( sodium 444 #cbf #dac #jgh 444 444 444 444 #gje ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,total am\nt #iiifajjjj #iiie #iiif #iiif #iiii #iiih #iiif #iiic ,p]-c5tage ( dry a% 9 dry sub/ance #bfj #bij #ghg #fcg #bje 444 #bej #bej #fjj ,p]-c5tage ( a% 9 ! fre% sub/ance #bbd #bed #fgg #efe #aha 444 #bbe #bbg #jge ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,lettuce ,leaves ,olive- ,turnip ,beet ,c>rot,pota- & tree ,clupea ,leaves4 ,root4 ,root4toes4 ,/alks4 ,wood4 ,hops4 ,hay4 ,spr\ts4 #he #hf #hg #hh #hi #ij ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,potassa #aaef #bafh #cgee #beda #bbcg #bjfj #bdhh #aaic #agbc ,soda #abdc #cac #abfc 444 #ahej 444 444 #ajg #aai ,lime #bhdi #aij #igf #bcd #ajdc #fcjb #baei #adgf #bceg ,magnesia #bfb #agi #cgh #dag #efh #bca #dfi #ecj #cja ,sesquioxide ( ,iron #cjb #jeb #fgd #jej #bhb 444 #age #bge #jbh ,sulphuric acid #ajcf #cad #fcd #dga #che #cji #gbg #jbj 444 ,silica #hjd #adj #jgf #cfd #aahf #chb #aiga #ecdc 444 ,c>bonic acid #fah #aebc #aeae 444 444 444 #bag 444 444 ,phosphoric acid #dhe #afe #hcg #ajch #ich #dgg #addg #fcd #dceb ,*loride ( potassium 444 444 444 #abdj 444 #aji 444 444 444 ,*loride ( sodium #abda #diea #dia ,trace #aeji 444 #cdb #bbg #aaai ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,total am\nt #iiif #iiif #iiiiajjjj #iiii #ajjjj #iiie #ajjjjajjjj ,p]-c5tage ( dry a% 9 dry sub/ance #afdj #aacb #eab #dhf 444 #jeh #eie #fig 444 ,p]-c5tage ( a% 9 ! fre% sub/ance #aig #ajb #jgg 444 444 444 444 #fae 444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,footnote #he3 ,griep5k]l4 ,footnote #hf3 ,griep5k]l4 ,footnote #hg3 ,a4 ,mll]4 ,footnote #hh3 ,way4 ,footnote #hi3 ,hub]t4 ,footnote #ij3 ,way4 ,coal a%es1 :5 mix$ ) excrem5t1 besides dis9fect+ ! latt]1 make an excell5t manure4 ,,asp>',,ag9 7-7a-j7in74 ,c#d;,h#h,n#b,o#c4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,al!',,ine1 ,,asp>',,amide1 ,,mal',,amide992 ,,asp>agi',,na1 ,,asp>agi',,num1 ,l42 ,,ag,,d,,le1 ,fr42 ,,sp>gel/(f1 ,g]4 ,a peculi> azotis$ pr9ciple discov]$ by ,vauquel9 & ,robiquet 9 asp>agus1 & s9ce f\nd 9 ! potato1 m>%-mall[1 liquorice1 climb+ vet*1 & sev]al o!r plants4 ,_m plants :i* d n naturally conta9 x may be made to yield x by gr[+ !m 9 d>k damp cell>s2 :il/ _m :i* only normally conta9 x 9 v small quantities are f\nd to yield mu* m :5 all[$ to vegetate 9 ! same mann]4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ,,asp>agus-,,spr\ts3--,! express$ juice1 aft] be+ heat$ to ! boil+-po9t 7to coagulate album57 & c>efully skimm$ & filt]$1 is evaporat$1 at a g5tle heat1 to a syrupy consi/5ce1 & !n ab&on$ to spontane\s evaporation 9 a w>m dry atmosph]e = sev]al days2 ! result+ cry/als be+ purifi$ by cauti\s wa%+ ) v cold wat] or v /rong alcohol1 re-solution1 & re-cry/allisation4 ,! foll[+ are *eap] & m conv5i5t processes4 #b4 ,f ,,m>%mall[-,,root3--a4 ,! root 7*opp$ small1 or grat$7 is mac]at$ = sev]al days 9 milk ( lime1 9 ! cold2 ! filt]$ liquid precipitat$ ) c>bonate ( ammonium1 & ! cle> solution evaporat$ 9 a wat]-ba?1 & o!rwise treat$ z be=e4 b4 ,f ! express$ juice1 #b p>ts2 milk ( lime1 #a "p2 agitat$ well toge!r2 ! liquid portion1 aft] "s h\rs1 be+ decant$1 filt]$1 & evaporat$1 c41 z be=e4 #c4 ,f ! ,,etiolat$ ,,%oots ,,( ,,vet*es3--,! express$ juice ( ! "y %oots :5 f #b or #c to ev5 #ab or #ae in*es long1 is g5tly simm]$ = #h or #aj m9utes1 to coagulate ! album52 &1 aft] /ra9+ or cl>ification1 ! cle> liquid is g5tly evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a ?9 syrup1 & set aside to cry/allise1 z be=e4 ,! result+ br[n cry/als are purifi$ by wa%+ ) v cold wat]1 re-solution 9 boil+ wat]1 & re-cry/allisation1 z 9 ,no4 #a2 or1 & :at is bett]1 ! hot liquid1 be=e evaporation to a syrup1 is dige/$ = a %ort "t ) a little pure animal *>coal 9 co>se p[d]1 & !n filt]$1 :5 l>ge & beautifully :ite cry/als are obta9$ by ! fir/ op]ation4#ia ,an excell5t & v economical process4 ,footnote #ia3 ,?is use ( animal *>coal may also be advantage\sly ext5d$ to ! o!r =mul4 ,mr ,c4 ,g4 ,williams1 9 ,ure's ',dict4 ( ,arts1 ,m41 ,m41' #d? ed41 directs ! %oots to be us$ :5 ( a l5g? ( #b in*es2 b "s au?orities recomm5d !m to be ( #i1 #ab1 or ev5 #ae in*es4 ,! selection mu/1 h[ev]1 9 _m cases1 dep5d ^u circum/ances & conv5i5ce4 ,prop41 c4 ,cry/als brilliant1 transp>5t1 col\rless1 "r rhombic prisms2 neutral to te/-pap]2 non-basic2 hav+ a fa9t1 cool+1 & sc>cely nause\s ta/e2 sc>cely soluble 9 cold wat]2 freely soluble 9 hot wat]2 insoluble 9 /rong alcohol & e!r2 solution unaffect$ by alkal9e sulphurets1 oxalate ( ammonia1 acetate ( lead1 or infusion ( galls2 triturat$ ) quick-lime1 ammonia is evolv$2 heat$ to #bab ,fahr4 ! cry/als lose two equiv4 or #ab ( wat]2 heat$ ) wat] "u pressure 9 a clos$ vessel1 or boil$ along ) an acid or an alkali1 or dissolv$ 9 a sac*>9e liquid & !n submitt$ to f]m5tation x is conv]t$ into ammonium & asp>tic acid2 aque\s solutions ( asp>ag9 & asp>tic acid treat$ ) a curr5t ( nitr\s acid evolve pure nitrog51 ) ! =mation ( malic acid :i* rema9s 9 solution4 ,x 0 call$ asp>amide "u ! impression t x is asp>tite ( ammonia m9us #a atom ( wat]2 & malamide1 = simil> !oretical reasons4 ,uses4 ,x is s$ative & diuretic4--,dose1 #a to #f gr42 9 dropsies1 he>t-affections1 c4 ,,asp>',,agus4 ,l41 ,eng4 ,9 botany1 a g5us ( l[1 sp9y plants1 ) scale-l leaves1 _m ( :i* are %rubs & climb]s1 ( ! nat4 ord4 ,asp>age 7,,dc4742 ,liliace 7,l9dl474 ,! foll[+ species1 :i* is t be/ kn[n 9 ,engl&1 is1 h[ev]1 an exception to ?is description1 z x is nei!r climb+ nor sp9ose4 ,asp>agus ,(fic9a'lis4 ,l9n42 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,asp>',,agus1 ,,comm',,on ,a41 ,,g>d',,en ,a42 ,,sp>',,agus1 ,,sp>',,r[-,,grass1 ,,sp]',,agedagg]2 ,,asp]ge1 ,fr42 ,,sp>gel1 ,g]4 ,a well-kn[n p]5nial plant1 & "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ delicate ( our cul9>y vegetables4--,"y %oots1 f ! und]gr\nd eyes 7,,turio',,nes ,,asp>',,agi1 ,l471 ! asp>agus ( our tables2 diuretic2 communicate a peculi> foetid od\r to ! ur9e1 &1 :5 eat5 9 excess1 occasion bloody ur9e & accel]ate fits ( g\t2 =m]ly e/eem$ emm5agogue & aphrodisiac4--,root 7,,ra',,dix ,,asp>',,agi1 ,l471 prop]ties resemble ^? ( ! "y %oots1 b /rong]2 "o ( ! five 'great] ap]i5t roots' 7,,rad',,ices ,,ap]i5',,tes ,,qu9'',,que ,,majo'',,res1 ,l47 ( old ph>macy4 ,! tops & roots1 ?\gh no long] (fic9al 9 ! ,briti% ,ph>macopoeias1 are bo? occasionally employ$ z popul> rem$ies 9 dropsy & /one--! fir/ be+ eat5 9 ! usual way at table2 & ! second made into an infusion or decoction 7#a_/b oz4 to ! p9t71 tak5 ad libitum4 ,z an article ( food1 asp>agus1 9 mod]ation1 is bo? :olesome & nutriti\s4 ,x is cook$ by simply boil+ x r quickly until t5d]1 l ! o!r s(t gre5 vegetables2 & is ei!r s]v$ up pla91 or on toa/ ) melt$ butt] or sauce ,holl&aise 9 a boat 7,soy]2 ,rundell47 ,:5 v small & gre51 x is frequ5tly dress$ & s]v$ l gre5-peas1 ! t5d] portion ( ea* %oot be+ cut into bits ( equal size1 & ab\t #a-crd ( an in* long4 7,miss ,acton47 ,*oice1 c4 ,! l>ge grass is g5]ally pref]r$2 al?\gh ! small] has ! fulle/ flav\r = a di%4 7,soy]47 ,unlike o!r plants1 ! asp>agus (fic9alis has n produc$ a s+le well-m>k$ p]man5t v>iety by cultivation4#ib ,footnote #ib3 ,! "y %oots ( polygona'tum 7,solomon's ,seal71 & o!rs1 h be5 sub/itut$ = asp>agus4 7,l9dley's ',veg4 ,k+41' #crd ed41 #bjc47 ,asp>agus ,petr'a4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,rock'-,,asp>',,agus2 ,,corruda2 ,,asp>',,agus ,,acutifo'',,lia1 ,l12 ,,corrude1 ,fr4 ,resembles ! la/ 9 its g5]al qualities2 b is said to conta9 m asp>ag94 ,,asp>',,amide 7-m7id74 ,see ,,asp>ag94 ,,asp>',,tic ,,acid4 ,,hc#d;,h#f,,no#d4 ,syn4 ,,malam',,ic ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,asp>',,ticum1 ,l42 ,,acide ,,asp>tique1 ,fr4 ,an acid fir/ obta9$1 by ,plisson1 f asp>ag91 by boil+ x along ) hydrate ( lead or ( magnesia4 ,its salts are call$ ,,asp>',,tates 7,eng41 ,fr42 ,,asp>',,tas1 ,l4 s+47 ,see ,,asp>ag94 ,,z',,p5 7-p7en74 ,syn4 ,,asp991 ,,trem',,bl+ ,,pop',,l>d\ble-dagg]2 ,,pop',,ulus ,,trem',,ula 7,l9n471 ,l42 ,,tremble1 ,fr42 ,,aespe 7spe71 c4 ,g]4 ,a l>ge tree1 ( ! nat4 ord4 ,am5tace2 7,,dc471 n uncommon 9 ! moi/ woodl&s ( ,engl&1 & f\nd native on _m ( ! ,scotti% m\nta9s4 ,x d]ives its "n f ! trembl+ motion ( its leaves1 :i*1 ow+ to ! peculi> flatt5+ ( ! leaf/alks1 are agitat$ by ! slighte/ impulse ( ! air4 ,b>k & leaves conta9 ,,pop',,ul9 associat$ ) ,,sal',,ic94 ,bo? b>k & leaves h be5 us$ ) advantage 9 /rangury & int]mitt5ts4 ,,asphalt' 7-f7alt'74 ,asphaltum4 ,,asphalt',,um4 ,l41 prim4 ,gr4 ,syn4 ,,asphalt'1 ,,compact ,,bitum51 ,,m9]al ,,pit*1 ,,jew',s ,,pit*1 ,,foss',,il ,,bitu',,m51 ,,vit',,reus ,b41 c42 ,,asphal',,tus1 ,,bitum5 ,,fos',,sile 7-e-le71 ,b4 ,,juda',,icum1 ,b4 ,,sol',,idum1 ,b4 ,,vit',,reum1 ,,mu',,miadagg]1 ,m4 ,,m9]a',,lis991 c41 ,l42 ,,asphalte1 ,,bitume ,,massif1 ,b4 ,,solide1 ,,poix ,,juive1 c41 ,fr42 ,,asphalt1 ,,erdpe*1 ,,jud5pe*1 c41 ,g]4 ,a black1 h>d1 brittle1 & glossy v>iety ( bitum5 f\nd on ! %ores ( ! ,dead ,sea 7h5ce call$ ,la'cus ,asphalti'tes71 on & ne> ! %ores ( ! ,great ,pit* ,lake ( ,tr9idad1 & z a m9]al product 9 v>i\s o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,prop41 c4 ,melts )\t decomposition1 &1 :5 pure1 burns )\t residue4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f o!r v>ieties ( bitum5 by its m difficult fusibility1 & by its fracture be+ clean1 con*oidal1 & vitre\s4 ,di/ill$ by itself x yields ab\t #cf ( a peculi> bitum9\s oil 7crude ,,petrol5e71 toge!r ) combu/ible gases1 traces ( ammonia & wat]4 ,to anhydr\s alcohol x yields #e ( a yell[ res91 soluble 9 rectifi$ _s & e!r2 by dige/+ ! residuum 9 e!r1 a fur!r #gj ( a br[ni%-black res9 is obta9$1 :i* is freely soluble 9 ! volatile oils & 9 ab\t #e times its weight ( m9]al naph?a4 ,! portion 7#be7 left undissolv$ by e!r is v soluble 9 ! oils ( turp5t9e & petroleum4 ,^! ?ree res9\s pr9ciples dissolve altoge!r1 :5 dige/$1 9 ! oils ( anise1 rosem>y1 & turp5t9e1 & 9 ! fix$ oils4 7,john47 ,accord+ to o!rs1 asphaltum consi/s almo/ entirely ( asphalt5e4 7,b\ss+ault47 ,p>anaph?al9e has be5 f\nd 9 "s v>ieties4 7,m4 ,laur5t47 ,av]age sp4 gr4 #a to #afh4 ,by friction x af=ds negative electricity4 ,x is soluble 9 oil ( turp5t9e1 b5zole1 m9]al & coal-t> naph?a1 ! fix$ oils1 solutions ( ! cau/ic alkalies1 & sev]al o!r liquids1 by ! aid ( heat4 ,s\rces4 ,t ( comm]ce is *iefly obta9$ f ! %ores ( ! ,dead ,sea2 b mu* ( t ( ! %ops is a spuri\s article ( ! mo/ wor?less "*4 ,a %ort "t s9ce "s specim5s ( ! pure/ & mo/ beautiful description1 f ! ,great ,bitum5 ,lake ( ,tr9idad1 7 giv5 u by our respect$ & v5]able fri5d1 ! late ,e>l ( ,dundonald1 :o /at$ t ! supply ( bo? liquid & indurat$ bitum5s1 ( e grade ( quality1 0 unlimit$ f t s\rce2 b t ow+ to injudici\s importations ( inf]ior k9ds 7^? mo/ easily %ipp$71 a prejudice _h be5 creat$ aga9/ !m 9 ! ,london m>ket4 ,our p]sonal inve/igations h s9ce confirm$ ! accuracy ( ^! /atem5ts4 ,uses4 ,! f9] v>ieties are *iefly us$ z a 'glaz+ col\r' by arti/s1 & 9 ! manufacture ( black v>ni%es & japans4 ,! inf]ior k9ds are appli$ to ! same purposes z ord9>y solid bitum54 ,! ,egyptians us$ x 9 embalm+ "u ! "n ( ,,mu',,mia2 & ! ,babylonian build]s are said to h employ$ x1 z a cem5t1 9 lieu ( mort>4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 d\btful :e!r ! h>d semi-vitre\s v>iety ( bitum51 prop]ly t]m$ 'asphaltum1' 0 t :i* 0 ?us employ$2 its pres5t h>dness be+ probably due to "t4 ,z a m$ic9e x is /imulant2 & x 0 =m]ly us$ z an +r$i5t 9 c]ta9 pla/]s & o9tm5ts4 ,see ,,bitum51 ,,pit*1 c4 ,a mixture ( asphalt1 *alk1 s&1 gr\nd s&/one1 c41 is us$ z a pavem5t = mak+ wat]-tight tanks & cov]s1 z a coat+ = gas & wat] pipes1 & = v>i\s o!r simil> purposes4 ,sometimes ! pit*y residue obta9$ by di/ill+ (f ! m volatile portions ( gas t> is employ$ to replace ! asphalt 9 ! =ego+ mixture2 ! product is call$ artificial or gas-t> asphalt4 ,asphaltum1 ,facti''ti\s 7-t7i%-'7us74 ,syn4 ,,asphal',,tum ,,facti'',,tium1 ,l4 ,t ( ! %ops1 :5 n an inf]ior k9d ( true asphaltum1 is commonly made f ! bottoms ( ,b>badoes t>1 & o!r m9]al bitum5s1 by heat+ !m until q h>d4 ,sometimes a little ,scio turp5t9e1 balsam ( copaiba1 or ev5 common res91 is add$4 ,col\r1 h>dness1 c41 inf]ior to ^? ( native asphaltum4 ,asphaltum1 ,liq'uid4 ,syn4 ,,prep>$' ,,asphaltum2 ,,asphal',,tum ,,liq',,uidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,scio turp5t9e1 #b oz42 melt2 add asphaltum 79 p[d]71 #a oz42 mix1 cool a little1 & r$uce ) hot oil ( turp5t9e4 #b4 7,wilson's47 ,asphaltum1 #a_/b lb42 melt2 add ( hot balsam ( copaiba1 #a lb42 &1 :5 mix$1 ?9 x ) hot oil ( turp5t9e4 ,bo? are us$ z 'black japan' or 'v>ni%1' & z a 'glaz+ col\r' by arti/s4 ,,asphyx',,ia 7-f7ik'-%'7a2 -f7iks'-e-7ad\ble-dagg]74 ,l41 ,gr4 ,syn4 ,,asphyx',yd\ble-dagg] 7-e71 ,eng42 ,,asphyxie1 ,fr42 ,,pulslosigkeit1 ,,s*e9tod1 ,gr4 ,lit]ally1 abs5ce ( pulse2 h5ce1 a fa9t+ fit2 app>5t lifelessness4 ,its use is n[ g5]ally conf9$ to a susp5sion ( vitality f "s cause int]rupt+ respiration1 b 9 :i* life is n actually ext9ct1 & may1 "u favorable circum/ances1 be reviv$4 ,asphyxia is commonly divid$ into f\r v>ieties by nosologi/s3-- #a4 ,,asphyxia ,,algida3--,cause4 ,exposure to int5se cold4--,symp4 ,c\nt5ance pale1 livid1 & %rivell$2 limbs rigid4 #b4 ,,asphyxia ,,elec',,trica3--,cause4 ,/roke ( lightn+ or electricity4--,symp4 ,c\nt5ance pale1 limbs flexible1 blood incoagulable4 #c4 ,,asphyxia ,,mephit',,ica3--,cause4 ,inhalation ( irrespirable gases or fumes4--,symp4 ,c\nt5ance pallid1 lips wan1 c4 #d4 ,,asphyxia ,,suffocatio',,nis3--,cause4 ,suffocation or /rangulation1 z f dr[n+1 hang+1 c4--,symp4 ,c\nt5ance turgid & livid4 ,treatm41 c4 ,no g5]al rules c be giv5 exactly suitable to ea* v>iety4 ,:5ev] x is possible to procure m$ical aid1 x %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be imm$iately s\ght1 z ! delay ( ev5 a s+le m9ute may r5d] x unavail+4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( susp5d$ animation ! pr9cipal object is to effect a re/oration ( ! respiratory & circulatory functions2 ! =m] ( :i* has be5 arre/$ by ! ext]nal condition ( ! pati5t2 ! latt] by ! contact ( morbidly c>bonis$ blood ) ! capill>y vessels ( ! lungs4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be attempt$ is ! re/oration ( w>m? by active friction ) ! w>m h&s1 flannels1 c42 ! second1 ! re-e/abli%m5t ( natural respiration by an available means1 ( :i*1 p]haps1 none is simpl] or bett] ?an alt]nate pressure & its relaxation1 appli$ to ! ?orax & abdom51 s z to induce expiration fir/1 & inspiration imm$iately aft]w>ds1 by ! natural action & ela/icity ( ! ribs & diaphragm4 ,cold wat] may also be sudd5ly da%$ on ! face & g5]al surface previ\sly w>m$ by ! frictions1 9 ! hope ( induc+ a m decid$ inspiration4 ,if ^! measures fail1 artificial respiration %\ld be promptly _h rec\rse to4 7,dr ,m>%all ,hall47 ,! w>m ba?1 & slight electrical %ocks1 or cont9u$ /ream+ electricity1 may also be appli$4 ,see ,,*>coal1 ,,cold1 ,,dr[n+1 ,,hang+1 ,,respiration 7,artificial71 ,,sew]s-,,gas1 ,,/rangulation1 ,,suffocation1 c4 ,,asphyx',,iat$4 ,syn4 ,,asphyxia',,tus1 ,l42 ,,asphyxi1 ,fr42 ,,asphyktis*1 ,,s*e9todt1 c41 ,g]4 ,affect$ ) or lab\r+ "u asphyxia4 7,see above47 ,,asp',,icdagg]4 ,spike lav5d] or ,fr5* lav5d]2 also ! male lav5d]1 spica n>di1 or pseudo-n>dus ( old writ]s4 ,aspic4 ,9 cook]y1 savory jelly extract$ f ! succul5ce ( meat4 7,soy]47 ,prep4 7,miss ,acton47 ,calf's feet1 #b 9 no42 veal1 #d lbs42 ham1 #c lb42 onions1 #b 7l>ge72 c>rots1 #c2 wat]1 #a gall42 boil #e or #f h\rs1 or until r$uc$ to less ?an "o half1 /ra91 & :5 cold1 put ! jelly into a /ew-pan ) ! :ites ( #d eggs well beat51 a l>ge bun* ( sav\ry h]bs1 #c blades ( mace 79 %r$s71 a teaspoonful ( :ite pepp]corns1 & salt1 q4 s42 keep x well /irr$ until pretty hot1 !n let x g5tly simm] = ab\t #ae m9utes1 &1 aft] settl+1 pass x ?r\gh a jelly-bag till q cle>4 ,aft] cool+ a little1 x is fit = use2 or x may be all[$ to cool & be at any "t remelt$4 ,fr5* cooks commonly flav\r x ) t>ragon-v9eg>1 add$ aft] cl>ification4 ,uses1 c4 ,cold p\ltry1 game1 fi%1 plov]s' eggs1 truffles1 & v>i\s dress$ vegetables1 ) _m o!r ?+s (t5 elaborately prep>$1 & highly ornam5tal1 are m\ld$1 & s]v$ 9 x1 especially at l>ge djen]s & simil> repa/s4 ,x is also mu* us$ to decorate rais$ pies & hams1 & = _m o!r purposes4#ic ,footnote #ic3 ,miss ,acton's ',mod]n ,cook]y1' ,longmans1 #ahfj81 p4 #ajd4 ,,aspirator4 ,an app>atus = draw+ a /ream ( air ?r\gh a tube or o!r vessel4 ,!re are sev]al =ms ( aspirator2 t inv5t$ by ,brunn] is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,x consi/s ( two equal cyl9drical vessels plac$ "o above ! o!r1 & communicat+ by tubes :i* c be op5$ or clos$1 s t :5 ! wat] has run f ! upp] to ! l[] vessel1 ! app>atus turn+ = ! purpose on a horizontal axis may be inv]t$ s z to br+ ! empty vessel to ! bottom & ! full "o to ! top2 ! wat] may !n aga9 be made to fl[ )\t ! tr\ble ( refill+4 ,see ,,air1 ,,analysis ,,(4 ,,ass 77ass74 ,syn4 ,,z',,inus1 ,l42 ,,ane 7ne71 ,fr42 ,,esel1 ,g]4 ,! e'quus z'inus 7,l9n471 a well-kn[n animal f\nd almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,,assaf,,oe,,tida4 ,l4 & ,eng4 ,syn4 ,,assafetida1 ,,devil',s ,,dung1 ,eng42 ,,assaf,,oe,,tida ,,gummi1 ,l42 ,,/9kas&1 ,,/9k5d] ,,as&1 ,,teufels-,,dreck1 ,g]4 ,a gum res9 exud$ f ! excis$ root ( n>!x assafoetida 7,b4 ,p472 f f]ula assafoefida1 & probably f f]ula ,p]sica4 ,x yields its virtues to alcohol1 & =ms a cle> t9cture1 :i* becomes milky on ! addition ( wat]4 ,x is import$ into ,europe f ,p]sia1 vi ,bombay1 9 cases1 mats1 & casks4 ,comp4 ,assafoetida conta9s f #d to #e ( a peculi> volatile oil1 & f #ej to #fj ( res9 ( a :iti% col\r1 turn+ rose-r$ & r$di%-br[n by exposure to ! air1 & giv+ a gre5i% solution ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,br&e resolv$ ?is res9 into two o!rs--"o soluble 9 e!r2 ! o!r insoluble 9 t m5/ruum4 ,pur4 ,! assafoetida ( ! %ops is g5]ally 9 masses ( a :iti%1 r$di%1 or violet hue1 =m$ pr9cipally ( adh]+ te>s or gra9s1 possesses a peculi> foetid1 alliace\s od\r1 & =ms an emulsion ) wat] 9 all proportions4 ,hot sulphuric acid black5s x & =ms a d>k blood-r$ liquid1 sulphur\s fumes be+ evolv$4 ,?is solution dilut$ ) wat]1 & !n saturat$ ) potassa1 has a blue col\r1 :i* is mo/ visible by reflect$ light4 ,dige/$ fir/ 9 alcohol1 & aft]w>ds 9 weak _s-&-wat]1 ! residuum %\ld n exce$ #af4 ,sp4 gr4 #acbe to #accj4 ,x is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) inf]ior gums1 & ) *alk1 clay1 s&1 c4 ,! pure/ & be/ is t :i* is cle>1 ( a m or less pale-r$ col\r1 full ( :ite te>s1 & v foetid4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,assafoetida is /imulant1 antispasmodic1 emm5agogue1 expectorant1 aphrodisiac1 & an!lm9tic1 & is ! mo/ p[]ful ( all ! foetid gum-res9s4 ,x is adm9i/]$ ) advantage 9 sev]al ut]9e diseases1 hy/]ia1 *orea1 flatul5t colic1 hoop+-c\gh1 infantile convulsions1 spasmodic a/hma1 & "s o!r affections ( a spasmodic & convulsive "*4--,dose1 #e or #f to #cj gr42 9 pills1 or pref]ably made into an emulsion2 z an enema1 #b dr41 ) w>m wat]1 q4 s4--,dose = ,animals4 ,simil> to ,assafoetida4 ,"s ori5tal nations e/eem x highly z a condim5t4 ,! ,brahm9s use x aga9/ flatul5ce1 & to correct ! coldness ( _! vegetable food4 ,9 ,p]sia ! leaves ( ! plant are eat5 z salad2 & ! root1 aft] be+ roa/$4 ,9 cook]y x is n[ frequ5tly employ$ z a sub/itute = g>lic4 ,i am assur$ by an exp]i5c$ ga/ronome t ! f9e/ reli% :i* a beef-/eak c possess may be communicat$ by 7slightly7 rubb+ ! gridiron on :i* ! /eak is to be cook$ ) assafoetida4#id ,footnote #id3 ,p]eira1 ',mat4 ,m$4 ,!rap41' #d? ed41 iii1 #agg4 ,,assaf,,oe,,tida1 ,,prep>$4 ,z ,,ammoniacum1 ,,prep>$4 ,,assam>4 ,a sub/ance describ$ by ,rei*5ba*1 & f\nd by him 9 ! cru/ ( bread4 ,x possesses ! faculty ( ret>d+ tissue metamorphosis4 ,,assay' 7-sa74 ,syn4 ,,essai 7anc41 asaie71 ,fr4 ,,pr,,fung1 c41 ,g]4 ,lit]ally1 a 'trial' or exam9ation4 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! det]m9ation1 by any *emical means1 ( ! ri*ness ( a sub/ance 9 its ess5tial mat]ial or m valuable +r$i5t2 m p>ticul>ly appli$ to quantitative analyses ( ! comm]cial alkalies1 blea*+-p[d]1 oxide ( manganese1 ores1 & o!r l articles t are employ$ on ! l>ge scale4 ,9 docimacy & metallurgy ! det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( metal 9 any ore1 alloy1 or o!r metallic comp\nd1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! 'dry way1' or by ! process ( cupellation2 & m especially ( ! quantity ( pure gold1 or pure silv]1 conta9$ 9 co91 bullion1 & ! comm]cial alloys & ores ( ^! metals4 ,! sub/ance assay$994 ,see ,,assay+1 c4 ,,assay',,+4 ,syn4 ,,assay'1 ,,doc',,imacy 7d7oos'-7 ,,docimas',,tic ,,art2 ,,c\pellation1 ,fr42 ,,abtreib5 ,,auf ,,d] ,,capelle1 ,g]4 ,! art ( assay1 or ( det]m9+ ! quantity ( gold & silv] 9 ores & alloys ( ^! metals1 9 ! 'dry way1' or by cupellation4 ,x diff]s f *emical analysis 9 m]ely furni%+ ! quantity ( ! preci\s metal conta9$ 9 ! sample exam9$2 in/ead ( ! nature & proportions ( all1 or any1 ( ! +r$i5ts 9 ! comp\nd1 at ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,illu/ration3 a1 a1 ,roll]s on :i* ! furnace re/s4 b1 ,a%-pit4 c1 ,"o ( ! a%-pit damp]s4 d1 ,grate support+ ! muffle-plate4 e1 ,muffle conta9+ ! cupels4 f1 ,! m\?-plate1 ^u :i*1 dur+ use1 is pil$ ignit$ pieces ( *>coal1 by :i* ! m\? ( ! furnace is clos$1 & heat$ air made to pass ov] ! cupels4 h1 ,int]ior ( furnace conta9+ *>coal4 i1 i1 ,walls ( ! furnace4 k1 ,moveable *imney = regulat+ ! draught4 ,mat]ials1 ,app>41 c4 ,^! are--furnace1 muffle1 cupels1 *>coal1 c41 all ( :i* mu/ be provid$ & prop]ly arrang$ = use be=e an assay c be made3-- ,! ,,fur',,nace employ$ at ! ,royal ,m9t & at ,goldsmi?s' ,hall1 ,london1 is figur$ 9 section 9 ! above fig41 & has ! foll[+ dim5sions3--,total height1 #b-a_/b feet2 f ! bottom to ! grate1 #f in*es2 grate1 muffle-plate1 & b$ ( loam t cov]s x1 #c in*es2 space betwe5 ! grate & ! bottom ( ! funnel or *imney1 #ba-a_/b in*es2 funnel1 #f in*es4 ,a furnace ( any o!r %ape & size may be employ$1 provid$ x af=ds a suffici5t heat1 & all[s ( ! easy introduction ( ! muffle4 ,! ,,muff',,le 7m7uf'l7 is a vessel made ( clay 7see engr471 & furni%$ ) an op5+ to admit ( ! introduction ( ! cupels1 & ! complete inspection ( ! process4 ,x is plac$ on ! muffle-plate 7see above71 by :i* x is introduc$ into ! furnace4 ,illu/ration ,! ,,cu',,pel 7ku'-p7el7 is a small1 por\s1 %all[ crucible1 usually made ( bone a%es or burnt horn4 ,! p[d] 7slightly moi/5$ ) wat]7 is plac$ 9 a circul> /eel m\ld1 & aft] be+ press$ d[n tight1 is f9i%$ (f ) a ramm] hav+ a convex face ( poli%$ /eel1 :i* is =cibly /ruck ) a mallet1 until ! mass becomes suffici5tly h>d & adh]5t4 ,! newly =m$ cupel is !n c>efully remov$ & expos$ 9 ! air = a =tnight or ?ree weeks to dry4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts a cupel 9 section1 & fig4 #b ! tongs us$ = *>g+ x4 ,! be/ weight = cupels ranges betwe5 #ahj & #bjj gr4 ,^? us$ at ! ,royal ,m9t are made ( ! calc9$ cores ( ox-horns4 ,illu/ration ,proc4 ( ,ass4 ,! muffle1 ) ! cupels prop]ly arrang$ on ! 'muffle-plate1' is plac$ 9 ! furnace1 & ! *>coal add$ & light$ at ! top by means ( a few ignit$ pieces ?r[n on la/4 ,aft] ! cupels h be5 expos$ = ab\t half an h\r1 & h become :ite-hot1 ! lead 7see bel[7 is put into !m by means ( ! tongs4 ,z soon z ?is becomes bright r$ & 'circulat+1' z x is call$1 ! specim5 = assay1 wrapp$ 9 a small piece ( pap] or lead-foil1 is add$4 ,! fire is n[ kept up /rongly until ! metal ent]s ! lead & circulates well1 :5 ! heat1 slightly dim9i%$1 is s regulat$ t ! assay appe>s convex & m gl[+ ?an ! cupel itself1 :il/ ! 'undulations' circulate 9 all directions1 & ! middle ( ! metal appe>s smoo?1 ) a m>g9 ( li?>ge :i* is freely absorb$ by ! cupel4 ,:5 ! metal becomes bright & %9+1 or1 9 te*nical language1 beg9s to 'light51' & prismatic hues sudd5ly fla% across ! globules1 & undulate & cross ea* o!r1 foll[$ by ! metal becom+ v brilliant & cle>1 & at l5g? fix$ & solid 7call$ ! 'bright5+'71 ! sep>ation is end$ & ! process complete4 ,! cupels are !n drawn to ! m\? ( ! muffle1 & all[$ to cool sl[ly4 ,:5 q cold1 ! result+ 'button1' if ( silv]1 is remov$ by ! pli]s or tongs f ! cupel1 & aft] be+ flatt5$ on a small anvil ( poli%$ /eel1 ) a poli%$ /eel hamm]1 to deta* adh]+ oxide ( lead1 & clean$ ) a small h>d bru%1 is v accurately weigh$4 ,! weight is t ( ! pure silv]2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! weight ( ! alloy be=e cupellation1 & t ( ! button ( pure metal1 repres5ts ! proportion ( alloy 9 ! sample exam9$4 7,see bel[47 ,9 ! case ( gold1 ! 'button' has to und]go ! subsequ5t op]ations ( qu>tation1 p>t+1 & anneal+1 be=e x is weigh$1 z describ$ "u t metal4 ,assay]'s weights1 c4 ,! mat]ials us$ 9 assay+ are accurately weigh$ 9 a balance ( ! mo/ susceptible description2 & ! weights are giv5 9 t]ms ( ! 'notation' employ$ by assay]s4 ,! 'f95ess1' 'ri*ness1' or 'degree ( purity' ( gold is express$ 9 c>ats4 ,pure gold is spok5 ( z #bd c>ats f9e2 & any o!r sample conta9+ 9 #bd p>ts only #ab1 #ah1 #bb1 c41 p>ts ( pure gold1 is said to be ( z _m c>ats f9e4 ,e c>at is nom9ally divid$ into #d 'assay-gra9s1' ea* assay-gra9 into 'qu>t]s1' & ea* qu>t] into 'eigh?s' 7 #a_/cb c>at71 giv+ #gfh reports = gold4 ,on ?is sy/em fractional alloys are commonly spok5 ( z ( s _m 'c>ats & ?irty-seconds f9e4' ,! real quantity tak5 = assay1 te*nically t]m$ ! 'assay-p\nd1' is1 h[ev]1 v small1 g5]ally ei!r #ab gr4 or #f gr41 :i* makes ea* assay]'s eigh?-gra91 or report1 equal to ei!r ! #a_/fd or #a_/abh gr4 ,troy1 z ! case may be4 ,! nom9al assay]'s gold c>at is #ab gr4 ,! j\rney-weight ( gold is #ae lbs4 ,troy 7 #gja sov]eigns #adjb half-sov]eigns74 ,! 'f95ess1' 'ri*ness1' or 'purity' ( silv] 0 =m]ly express$ 9 p5nyweights2 b is n[ g5]ally reckon$ 9 #ajjj?s1 :i* admits ( great] accuracy4 ,pure silv] 0 said to be silv] ( #ab p5nyweights4 ,if x conta9$ #a1 #b1 or #c p>ts ( alloy1 x 0 t]m$ silv] ( #aa1 #aj1 or #i p5nyweights1 z ! case might be4 ,e assay]'s p5nyweight 0 nom9ally divid$ into #bd gr41 & h5ce gave #bhh f9e gra9s1 or 'reports1' = silv]4 ,! f95ess ( specim5s conta9+ odd gra9s 0 giv5 9 p5nyweights & f9e gra9s4 ,! 'assay-p\nd' = silv]1 on ?is sy/em1 may be #bd ,troy gr41 :5 #b real gra9s are equal to #a 'f9e p5nyweight1' & #a_/ab real gr4 equal to #a 'f9e-gra94' ,9 ! decimal me?od pure silv] is #ajjj4 ,! usual weight ( silv] tak5 = ! 'assay-p\nd1' :5 ! f95ess is reckon$ 9 #ajjj?s1 is #bj ,troy gr41 e real gra9 ( :i* repres5ts #ej_/ajjj? ( f95ess2 & s on ( small] divisions4 ,! m9t j\rneyweight ( silv] is #fj lbs4 ,troy 7#cibj %ill+s1 or a l value 9 o!r d5om9ations74 ,ratio4 ,cupellation1 :i* is ! di/9ctive & mo/ important op]ation 9 assay+ gold & silv]1 is f\nd$ ^u ! feeble aff9ity :i* ^! metals h = oxyg51 9 comp>ison ) copp]1 t91 & o!r *eap] metals2 & on ! t5d5cy :i* ^! latt] metals h to oxidise rapidly 9 contact ) lead at a high temp]ature1 & to s9k ) x into any por\s e>!n vessel1 9 a ?91 glassy or vitri=m /ate4 ,! conditions ess5tial to ! success ( ! process1 & :i* are f\nd 9 ! preci\s metals1 are--t ! metal f :i* we wi% to "p ! oxides mu/ n be volatile2 & t x %\ld also melt & =m a button at ! heat ( cupellation2 = o!rwise x w\ld cont9ue dissem9at$1 atta*$ to ! portion ( oxide spread ov] ! cupel1 & incapable ( be+ collect$4#ie ,footnote #ie3 ,ure's ',dict4 ( ,arts1 ,m41 ,m41' #e? ed41 i1 #bad4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,! art ( assay+ requires v great c>e1 skill1 & exp]i5ce1 = its due ex]cise2 & f ! co/l9ess ( ! preci\s metals1 & _! g5]al employm5t = co91 jewelry1 plate1 c41 is ( ! utmo/ importance bo? to individuals & gov]nm5ts4 ,su* is ! extreme delicacy ( ! op]ation ( cupellation t1 )\t ! requisites allud$ to1 x is m likely to fail ?an to give reliable results4 ,an assay is ?\ght to be good :5 ! 'button' or 'bead' sep>ates readily f ! cupel1 has a r\nd =m1 ) a brilliant upp] surface1 & ! l[] "o granul> & ( a dead metallic lu/re4 ,:5 ! upp] surface is 'dead' & 'flat1' too mu* heat has be5 employ$2 & 9 ! case ( silv]1 "s ( ! metal may h be5 lo/ by fum+ or absorption4 ,:5 ! bead adh]es to ! cupel1 or is spongy1 v>iegat$1 or has scales ( li?>ge /ill adh]+ to x1 ei!r too little heat has be5 us$1 or ! process has be5 /opp$ be=e ! assay 0 complete4 ,! rem$y is re-exposure to heat 9 ! cupel1 add+ a little p[d]$ *>coal or a few small pieces ( pap]1 & cont9u+ ! heat until ! metal 'bright5s' & 'circulates' freely4 ,! lead employ$ mu/ be absolutely pure1 or t te*nically call$ 'poor lead1' &1 = ?is purpose1 is commonly prep>$ by ! r$uction ( ref9$ li?>ge mix$ ) "s c>bonace\s matt]1 by heat2 b1 accord+ to ! late ,t4 ,h4 ,h5ry1 lead r$uc$ f ! li?>ge ( comm]ce usually conta9s f #aj to #ae dwt4 ( silv] p] ton4 ,^! rem>ks apply equally to gold & silv]4 ,! process ( assay+ by ! cupel1 h[ev] skilfully conduct$1 gives mu* less accurate results1 especially ) silv]1 ?an ! me?od ( *emical analysis1 (t5 t]m$ 'humid' or 'volumetrical assay1' :il/ x is1 9 all cases1 mu* m tr\blesome & exp5sive1 & ) comp\nds conta9+ only small quantities ( ! preci\s metals1 is n to be dep5d$ on4 ,see ,,gold1 ,,silv]2 also ,,c>at1 ,,cupellation1 ,,p>t+1 ,,liquation1 ,,qu>tation1 ,,ref9+1 c4 7& bel[74#if ,footnote #if3 ,^? desir\s ( fur!r in=mation on ! subject ?an t conta9$ 9 ?is "w1 are ref]r$ to ,mit*ell's ',manual ( ,assay+1' & to ! v>i\s memoirs ( ,gay-,lussac1 ,*audet1 ,d',arcet1 ,tillet1 ,br&e1 ,ure1 ,h5ry1 & o!rs4 ,assay ( ! ,t\*4 ,! f95ess ( ,,jewelry1 & ( small quantities ( ,,gold :i* x is ei!r impossible or inconv5i5t to assay accord+ to ! usual me?od1 is g5]ally det]m9$ by means ( t\*-ne$les & t\*-/ones4 ,! =m] are made 9 sets1 conta9+ gold ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess1 & diff]5tly alloy$ ) copp] & silv]4 ,! latt] are usually ( black basalt2 b pieces ( good black pott]y answ] ! purpose v well4 ,! mode ( us+ !m is to m>k ! /one ) ! sample "u exam9ation1 & to comp>e its appe>ance1 h>dness1 col\r1 c41 ) t produc$ by "o or m ( ! ne$les4 ,:5 ! two are simil>1 ! quality or 'f95ess' is consid]$ to be ! same4 ,! m>ks are !n fur!r exam9$ by heat+ ! 't\*-/one' to r$ness1 & moi/5+ ! /rokes ) aqua=tis1 :5 ! appe>ance result+ f oxidation1 c41 diff] accord+ to ! nature & quantity ( ! alloy4 ,a ne>ly simil> me?od is sometimes adopt$ ) ,,silv]2 b ! *>act]i/ics are sc>cely s di/9ct ) ! metal4 7,see above47 ,hu'mid ,assay+1 ,humid ,assay4 ,t]ms appli$ to ! e/imation ( ! quantity ( gold & silv] 9 ores & alloys 9 ! moi/ way1 m especially by ! me?od kn[n z volumetrical analysis4 ,see ,,gold 7,,e/im471 ,,silv] 7,e/im471 ,,volumetrical ,,analysis1 c4 ,,assimila',,tion4 ,eng4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,assimila',,tio1 ,l42 ,,aneigung1 ,,v],,hnli*ung1 c41 ,g]4 ,9 physiology1 ! conv]sion ( food into nutrim5t1 & f9ally into ! sub/ances :i* compose ! bodies ( animals & plants2 ! function ( nutrition4 ,,a/h5',,ic4 ,syn4 ,,a/h5',,icus1 ,l42 ,,a/h,,nique1 ,d,,bile1 ,fr42 ,,s*wa*1 ,g]4 ,weak2 debilitat$4 ,9 pa?ology1 an epi!t ( diseases 7,,a/h5',,ic ,,diseases7 accompani$ by great & well-m>k$ debility4 ,,a/h5',,opy4 ,syn4 ,,a/h5o',,pia1 ,l4 ,9 pa?ology1 incapacity to keep ! eyes fix$ on ne> or small objects = any l5g? ( "t )\t confusion ( vision4 ,! common causes are ov]-ex]tion ( ! eyes1 p>ticul>ly by artificial light1 or by a v brilliant "o1 or dur+ convalesc5ce2 conge/ion ( ! ocul> vessels2 debilitat+ dis*>ges or indulg5ces2 & g5]al n]v\s debility1 h[ev] produc$4 ,x appe>s to consi/ 9 weakness ( ! app>atus by :i* ! eye is adju/$ = ! vision ( ne> objects2 & along ) ?is !re is an irritable /ate ( ! ret9a1 connect$ 9 "s mann] ) a t5d5cy to int]nal conge/ion ( ! eyes4#ig ,! treatm5t may consi/ ( re/ to ! eyes1 & ablution ( !m 9 cold wat]1 ) su* o!r ef=ts to re/ore _! tone & ! g5]al heal? z are notic$ "u ,,amaurosis4 ,! prospect ( complete cure1 :5 ! cause is n removable1 is unfavorable2 b ev5 :5 confirm$ ! disease is n likely to end 9 bl9dness4 ,! use ( convex spectacles ( v l[ p[] w g5]ally be f\nd s]viceable4 ,see ,,eye1 ,,spectacles1 ,,vision1 c4 ,footnote #ig3 ,t4 ,w4 ,jones1 ',defects ( ,sight1' ,lond41 #ahef2 p4 #hb4 ,,a/h',,ma 77a/'m7a#ih74 ,eng41 ,g]41 ,l41 ,gr4 ,syn4 ,,a/hme1 ,fr42 ,,engbr,,/igkeit1 ,g]4 ,9 pa?ology1 a well-kn[n disease com+ on by fits1 & *>act]is$ by %ortness & difficulty ( brea?+1 accompani$ by a :eez+ s\nd1 c\gh1 /ricture & tightness ( ! *e/1 ) o!r l symptoms4 ,^! gradually increase until ! pati5t c no long] rema9 9 a recumb5t position1 be+1 z x 71 ?reat5$ ) imm$iate suffocation2 & !y g5]ally t]m9ate1 aft] ! lapse ( a few h\rs1 9 copi\s expectoration4 ,! attack usually comm5ces t[>ds ev5+1 & ! symptoms increase 9 urg5cy dur+ ! night--(t5 occurr+ sudd5ly aft] ! fir/ sleep--until at l5g?1 on ! approa* ( morn+1 a remission takes place1 &1 9 all probability1 ! pati5t1 worn out & exhau/$1 falls into a s\nd sleep4 ,on awak+ 9 ! morn+ he /ill feels ! 'tightness' at ! *e/1 brea!s ) "s difficulty1 :i* is increas$ by mov+1 & _c lie 9 b$ unless 8 head & %\ld]s are greatly rais$4 ,aft] a repetition ( ! fits = "s nights1 !y at l5g? mod]ate1 & aft] m consid]able remissions1 pass (f at la/1 leav+ ! pati5t 9 8 usual /ate ( heal? = a "t1 or until fre% excit+ causes produce a return ( ! disease4 ,= an ev5+ or two previ\s to ! fit ! pati5t g5]ally feels dr[sy1 indol5t1 & l[-spirit$1 & exp]i5ces a s5sation ( fulness ab\t ! /oma*1 ) heada*e1 g5]al uneas9ess1 & indige/ion--^! are ! premonitory symptoms4 ,footnote #ih3 ,a/h'ma 7) ? fully s\nd$71 z giv5 by ,kn[les1 is difficultly pron\nceable1 & is n[ obsolete4 ,a/hma is pr9cipally conf9$ to ! lat] p]iods ( life1 & appe>s 9 _m cases to be h]$it>y4 ,x is g5]ally sev]e/ 9 ! heat ( summ]1 or 9 ! foggy or damp or w9dy wea!r ( w9t]4 ,! fits v>y 9 duration f two to sev]al h\rs4 ,sometimes copi\s expectoration comm5ces e>ly1 :i* has l$ to ! division ( a/hma1 by nosologi/s1 into two k9ds--dry1 n]v\s1 or spasmodic a/hma 7,,a/hma ,,sic',,cum1 ,l47 & humid a4 7,a4 ,,hu',,midum1 ,l474 ,! excit+ causes ( a/hma are exposure to sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature1 p>ticul>ly f heat to cold2 un:olesome effluvia1 h>d dr9k+1 heavy meals1 indige/ion1 viol5t ex]cise1 & cold1 damp1 foggy1 & sometimes w9dy wea!r4 ,treatm4 ,a dry1 w>m1 & airy situation z a resid5ce %\ld1 if possible1 be s\ght4 ,! use ( flannel next ! sk91 & tepid or w>m ba?+ is also advantage\s4 ,! b[els %\ld be kept regul> by mild ap]i5ts1 & ! /oma* pres]v$ 9 ord] by ! adoption ( a light & :olesome diet2 p>ticul>ly avoid+ excess 9 ei!r eat+ or dr9k+4 ,! sev]ity ( ! p>oxysm may be g5]ally less5$ by adopt+ ! sitt+ po/ure1 & inhal+ ! vap\r ( hot wat] or ( an infusion ( *amomile4 ,small doses ( camphor1 e!r1 & opium1 frequ5tly repeat$1 may also be tri$4 ,! inhalation ( ! vap\r ( a little t> liquefi$ by heat is said to (t5 produce consid]able relief4 ,! fumes aris+ f ! sl[ combu/ion ( por\s pap] dipp$ 9 a solution ( nitre1 & dri$1 h also be5 recomm5d$4 ,! fumes ( a piece z big z "o's h& be+ plac$ on an e>!nw>e plate1 & ignit$1 pres5tly become s5sible ?r\gh\t ! room2 & )9 a qu>t] ( an h\r _! influ5ce 9 _m cases is r5d]$ evid5t1 9 cle>+ ! passages & gradually op5+ ! air tubes4 ,( calm+ vap\rs t ( *lor(orm is1 h[ev]1 ! "o likely1 9 respect ( its soo?+ p[]1 to sup]s$e all o!rs4 ,inspir$ 9 mod]ate quantity1 f> less ?an is requisite to produce g5]al ins5sibility1 x has be5 f\nd ( s+ul> efficacy 9 allay+1 at once1 ! spasmodic di/ress ( an a/hma-fit4 ,b x is a rem$y too pot5t & subtle to be entru/$ to ! discretion ( ! pati5t himself4 7,dr ,watson72 unless1 inde$1 he well und]/&s its prop]ties & nature1 & has "s fri5d ne> him to re/ra9 8 us+ x too freely--a ?+ he is1 un=tunately1 (t5 tempt$1 by ! urg5cy ( ! symptoms1 to d4 ,ble$+ is an imprud5t op]ation 9 e species ( a/hma 7,dr ,bree72 & has (t5 prov$ highly injuri\s1 especially 9 eld]ly p]sons4 ,x is only 9 full ple?oric habits1 or :5 ! p>oxysms are v sev]e1 & att5d$ ) signs ( conge/ion ( ! lungs & bra91 indicat$ by lividity ( ! c\nt5ance1 /upor1 extreme dyspnoea1 c41 t blood %\ld be tak52 & !n only by 'cupp+' betwe5 ! %\ld]s1 or by lee*es to ! *e/4 ,emetics & active purgatives mu/ also be avoid$ dur+ ! p>oxysm2 at :i* "t co/iv5ess may be be/ remov$ by an ap]i5t cly/] conta9+ assafoetida4 ,at o!r times1 emetics 7( ipecacuanha7 & diaphoretics1 foll[$ by mild purgatives1 may be adm9i/]$ ) advantage2 inde$1 an emetic1 tak5 a few h\rs be=e an imp5d+ fit1 w frequ5tly prev5t its accession4 ,dyspeptic symptoms mu/ be treat$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,*alk & opium w a/oni% ! a/hmatic1 by ! excell5ce ( _! effects :5 ! irritation proce$s f dyspepsia ( ! fir/ passages only4 7,dr ,bree47 ,! same au?ority also /ates t v9eg>1 sep>ately adm9i/]$1 c\nt]acts ! flatul5ce & di/5sion ( ! /oma*4 ,v>i\s o!r rem$ies h be5 recomm5d$ = a/hma2 among :i* are ! smok+ ( tobacco & /ramonium4 ,9 us+ ! latt] h]b1 ! root & l[] p>ts ( ! /em are *opp$ up & plac$ 9 ! b[l ( a common tobacco-pipe1 & a few :iffs are occasionally tak54 ,dr9k+ at ! same "t %\ld be avoid$4 ,lately lobelia inflata 7,indian tobacco7 has be5 highly extoll$ 9 a/hma1 9 doses (--t9cture1 #bj or #cj drops1 to #b teaspoonfuls--p[d]1 #e to #ae or #bj gr42 tak5 at ! comm5cem5t or %ortly be=e ! accession ( ! fit1 & repeat$ aft] ! int]val ( an h\r1 if nausea or expectoration does n int]v5e4 ,sir ,john ,floy] is said to h be5 cur$ ( an a/hma ( #fj ye>s' /&+1 at ! age ( #hj1 by ! con/ant use ( v /rong c(fee4 ,sir ,john ,pr+le adopt$ ! same rem$y ) great success4 ,he rem>ks1 ,"o quality occurr$ to me :i* ,i h obs]v$ ( t liquor 7c(fee71 confirm+ :at y h said ( its s$ative p[]s4 ,x is ! be/ abat] ( p]iodic a/hma :i* ,i h se54 ,! c(fee us$ ought to be ! be/ ,mo*a1 newly burnt1 & made v /rong imm$iately aft] gr9d+ x4 ,i commonly ord] an ounce = "o di%1 :i* is to be repeat$ ) fre% c(fee aft] ! int]val ( a qu>t] or half an h\r2 & :i* ,i direct to be tak5 )\t milk or sug>4#ii ,footnote #ii3 ',lett] to ,dr ,p]cival4' ,v rec5tly cig>s & cig>ettes ( datura tatula1 ,l9n4--a peculi> species ( /ramonium--h be5 prep>$ by ,messrs ,savory & ,moore2 & are /rongly recomm5d$ by ,drs ,watson1 ,la?am1 ,f]gusson1 & _m o!r physicians ( em95ce1 z ! v be/ rem$y yet introduc$ = a/hma4 ,a *ange ( diet & habits1 & p>ticul>ly a *ange ( resid5ce1 w (t5 produce a m>k$ improvem5t 9 a/hmatic pati5ts1 & ev5 effect a cure1 :5 m$ic9es h fail$4 ,! use ( b>k & bitt]s1 or mild *alybeate tonics 7:5 n contra-indicat$71 t5ds to improve ! tone ( ! sy/em1 & may be adopt$1 9 ne>ly all cases1 ) p]fect safety4 ,see ,,ba?1 ,,air 7,compress$71 ,,cig>s1 ,,datura1 c4 ,treatm5t = ,horses4 ,e!r & belladonna2 *lorodyne2 inhalation ( *lor(orm2 or amyl nitrite2 subcutane\s injection ( morph9e or atrop9e2 ars5ic2 & regul> dige/ible diet4 ,a/hma1 ,gr9d'er's4 ,see ,,melanosis4 ,,a/hma ,,cure4 #a4 7,dr ,aubre1 ,f]te ,vidame1 ,eure et ,loire1 ,france47 ,decoction ( s5ega 7#aj p>ts ( ! root71 #bej p>ts2 iodide ( potassium1 #ej p>ts2 extract ( opium1 #d p>ts2 simple syrup1 #ejj p>ts2 weak _s1 #bjj p>ts4 ,col\r$ ) "s co*9eal t9cture4 7,hag]47 ,accord+ to a lat] analysis by ,s*rppel1 ?is rem$y is ?us compos$3--,iodide ( potassium1 #i p>ts2 ,fr5* lactuc>ium1 #a "p2 wat]1 #bhh p>ts2 simple syrup1 #dh p>ts2 *loric e!r1 #a-a_/b "p4 #b4 7,kubale1 ,klits*dorf1 ne> ,bunzlau47 ,?is is a solution ( iodide ( potassium1 bromide ( potassium1 & sug> 9 wat]1 /rongly col\r$ ) a co*9eal t9cture conta9+ alum4 ,x is suppli$ 9 six bottles1 numb]$ #a to #f1 ,no4 #a be+ ! weake/1 & ,no4 #f ! /ronge/ 9 ! iodide & bromide4 ,9 ,no4 #c1 = example1 we f\nd3--,iodide ( potassium1 #e grms42 sug>1 #b-a_/b grms42 alum1 #a_/c grm42 co*9eal col\r+ matt]1 #a_/b grm42 wat]1 #bjj grms4 7,hag]47 ,,a/hma ,,tea 7,dr ,orlen74 ,recomm5d$ = difficulty ( brea?+1 dry c\ghs1 loss ( sleep1 loss ( appetite1 c4 ,liquorice1 #h p>ts2 m>%mall[ root1 #f p>ts2 ,icel& moss1 #e p>ts2 a sort ( buckbean1 #b p>ts2 horeh\nd1 #b p>ts4 7,s*dl] & ,selle47 ,,a/hmatic ,,pa/illes 7,s4 ,kittel's1 n[ ,daniel ,:ite ,co41 ,new ,york74 ,set fire to ! pa/illes & inhale ! smoke4 ,an analysis f\nd 9 #ajj p>ts3--,nitrate ( pota%1 #bja p>ts2 impure res9 ( scammony1 #ce p>ts2 gum & sug>1 #ce p>ts2 *>coal1 plant-/ems1 & leaves1 #djg p>ts4 7,dr ,fleck47 ,,a/r9',,g5t 7-tr7inje'-74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,a/r9',,g5s1 ,l42 ,,zusamm5zieh5d1 ,g]4 ,t /rait5s or causes wr9kl+ or con/riction4 ,9 ph>macology1 an epi!t ( sub/ances or ag5ts 7,,a/r9',,g5ts2 ,,a/r+5',,tia1 ,l47 :i* con/rict animal fibre & coagulate album9\s fluids1 & !reby obviate relaxation & *eck excessive secretion or dis*>ges4 ,9 mod]n use1 ! ^w1 bo? z an adj4 & sub/41 is *iefly appli$ to int]nal rem$ies1 ^? ( a l "*1 employ$ ext]nally1 be+ usually t]m$ '/yptics1' 'desiccants1' c4 ,! pr9cipal a/r+5ts are--alcohol1 alum1 *alybeates 7g5]ally71 sulphate ( copp]1 sulphate & p]*loride ( iron1 acetate & diacetate ( lead1 lime1 bi*loride ( m]cury1 nitrate ( silv]1 vegetable a/r+5ts 7see bel[71 acetate1 c>bonate1 *loride1 oxide1 & sulphate ( z9c1 c4 ,see ,,desiccants1 ,,/yptics1 ,,tonics1 c4 ,a/r+5ts1 ,m9'eral4 ,see ,,a/r+5t 7above74 ,a/r+5ts1 ,veg'etable4 ,( ^! ! pr9cipal are--alkanet1 bi/ort1 cate*u1 ! c9*ona b>ks & _! alkaloids1 dragon's blood1 ,fr5* or r$ rose1 galls1 k9o1 logwood1 ma/i*e1 oak-b>k1 r$ s&]s wood1 rhatany1 torm5til1 tannic acid1 gallic acid1 & areca nut4 7,see above47 ,a/r+5t ,pr9'ciple4 ,a t]m =m]ly re/rict$ to tann92 b n[ commonly appli$ to ! a/r+5t matt] ( any vegetable4 ,,atmom',,et]4 ,syn4 ,,atmidom',,et]2 ,,atmom',,etrum1 c41 ,l42 ,,atmom,,tre1 c41 ,fr4 ,9 *emi/ry & meteorology1 an in/rum5t = measur+ ! rate ( evaporation f a humid surface4 ,x is ( v simple con/ruction1 & possesses "s practical value4 ,x consi/s ( a long glass graduat$ tube divid$ into in*es1 hav+ atta*$ to ! bottom a holl[ ball made ( por\s e>!nw>e1 simil> to t us$ 9 wat] bottles4 ,:5 us$1 wat] is p\r$ 9 at ! top until x rises to ! z]o po9t ( ! scale4 ,! outside ( ! por\s ball be+ always cov]$ ) dew1 ! m rapidly ! evaporation takes place1 ! m quickly w ! wat] fall 9 ! tube4 ,,at',,mosph]e 7-fere74 ,syn4 ,,atmosphe'',,ra1 ,l42 ,,atmosph,,re1 ,fr42 ,,atmosph,,re1 ,,dun/kreis1 ,g]4 ,prim>ily1 a 'vap\r-sph]e1' appr41 ! assemblage ( respirable gas & ari=m vap\rs :i* surr\nd ! e>?2 fig41 any surr\nd+ m$ium or influ5ce4 ,comp41 ,*em4 prop41 ,pur41 ,uses1 c4 ,see ,,air 7,atmosph]ic74 ,me*anical prop]ties ( ! atmosph]e3-- ,,col\r3--,! prevail+ col\r ( ! atmosph]e is blue2 at consid]able elevations ?is blue t9t is lo/1 & ! sky appe>s deep black4 ,! preval5ce ( blue is ref]r$ to ! great] facility ) :i* ! blue & violet rays are reflect$1 :il/ ! gl[+ t9ts ( morn+ & ev5+ are conceiv$ to arise f ! r$ rays possess+ great] mom5tum ?an ! o!r rays ( ! spectrum4 ,,d5sity3--,! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e dim9i%es ) ! di/ance f ! e>?'s surface1 & ?is is ! duplicate ratio ( ! altitude4 ,?us1 if at a giv5 altitude ! d5sity ( ! air is only "o half :at x is at ! level ( ! sea1 at twice t elevation x possesses only "o f\r? t d5sity4 ,on ?is fact dep5ds ! application ( ! b>omet] to ! det]m9ation ( ! elevation or depression ( any po9t above or bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 tak5 z a /&>d4 ,d5sity ( ! ,atmosph]e at ,diff]5t ,elevations4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,graham4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,height above ! level,volume ,height ( ! ( ! ,sea 9 miles4 ( ,air4 ,b>omet]4 ---------------------------------------- -- #j #a #cj #bgje #b #ae #eda #d #ge #haae #h #cge #ajhb #af #ahge #acebe #cb #icge #afbc #fd #dfhge ---------------------------------------- -- ,,height1 c43--,if ! d5sity ( ! air 7 uni=m ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t1 ! height ( ! atmosph]e1 measur$ by a correspond+ column ( m]cury1 w\ld be b>ely #e-a_/d miles4 ,z1 h[ev]1 its d5sity decreases ) ! di/ance f ! e>?'s surface1 its real height mu/ be consid]ably great]4 ,kepl] f\nd t ! reflection & refraction ( ! sun's rays by ! atmosph]e1 produc+ twilight1 ceases :5 t lum9>y desc5ds #ah degrees bel[ ! horizon1 :5ce x is calculat$ t ! atmosph]e _c h a great] altitude ?an #de miles4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is reason to believe t x _c be mu* less ?an ?is sum4 ,) a good air-pump air may be r>efi$ #cjj times2 suppos+ ?is to be ! utmo/ limit to :i* r>efaction c be c>ri$1 ! atmosph]e w\ld /ill ext5d to an altitude ( above #dj miles4 ,:e!r1 9 a /ate ( extreme t5uity 9 :i* its gross] prop]ties are lo/1 x ext5ds indef9itely into space1 0 =m]ly a subject ( controv]sy4 ,t its b\nd>ies are limit$1 & t x belongs exclusively to our e>? appe>s almo/ c]ta94 ,we are w>rant$ 9 conclud+ t ! atoms ( air are n inf9itely divisible1 & consequ5tly t ! atmosph]e has a limit2 & ! limit mu/ be situat$ at t height above ! e>? :]e ! gravitation ( ! atoms is j equal to ! =ce ( _! repulsion4#ajj ,"u ord9>y circum/ances ! m]cury ( ! b>omet] falls ab\t "o in* = e #ajjj feet ( elevation4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,br&e's ',dict4 ( ,lit41 ,sci41 ,art4' ,,pressure3--,! weight or pressure ( ! atmosph]e is %[n by ! rise ( wat] 9 ! b>rel ( ! common 'lift+ pump' & ! susp5sion ( ! m]curial column 9 ! tube ( ! b>omet]4 ,! la/ af=ds a ready means ( det]m9+ ! actual pressure ( ! air1 ! column ( m]cury1 & ! column ( air by :i* x is susp5d$1 resembl+ two weights 9 equilibrio1 at ! opposite extremities ( ! same balance4 ,! mean height ( ! b>omet] at ! level ( ! sea1 9 ,engl&1 is #bhf in*es 7 ab\t #cc-a_/b feet ( wat]72 & z a cubic in* ( m]cury weighs #cdbeib gr41 or #dhief lb41 x foll[s t ! weight ( a column ( m]cury ^: base is a squ>e in* is #adf lbs4 avoirdupois4 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e is n m]ely d[nw>ds1 b is equally diffus$ 9 all directions1 & ex]ts a mo/ p[]ful effect 9 ! economy ( organic be+s4 ,on ! surface ( ! body ( an adult ( ord9>y size 7say #ae sq4 feet1 or #bafj in*es71 x am\nts to ! enorm\s weight ( #ca1ecf lbs41 :i* is n s5sible1 only because x is balanc$ by ! =ce ( ! ela/ic fluids 9 ! int]ior ( ! body4 ,7 ?is equilibrium to be sudd5ly de/roy$1 ! consequ5ce w\ld be1 ei!r t ! body w\ld be in/antly torn to pieces ) explosive viol5ce1 or t x w\ld be cru%$ "u ! ov]:elm+ weight t w\ld sudd5ly fall ^u x4 ,ev5 ! comp>atively slight v>iations ( atmosph]ic pressure :i* occur ) *anges ( w9d1 wea!r1 & season1 ex]cise a p]ceptible effect on ! functions ( life4 ,mean pressure ( ! ,atmosph]e at ! level ( ! ,sea1 9 diff]5t latitudes1 at #cb ,fahr41 express$ 9 in*es ( m]cury4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,lat4 ,height ,lat4 ,height ,lat4 ,height 7in*es74 7in*es74 7in*es74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #j #biicj #dj #cjjai #ed-a_/b #biibf #aj #biige #de #cjjjj #fj #bihjc #bj #cjjfd #di #biigh #fd #bifjf #cj #cjajh #ea-a_/b #bieea #fg #bifgc ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,temp]ature3--,! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 indep5d5tly ( *anges aris+ f v>iations ( latitude & season1 dim9i%es1 l its d5sity1 ) its elevation4 ,9 g5]al1 e #ajj y>ds ( asc5t causes ! temp]ature to fall #a ,fahr4 ,see ,,air 7,atmosph]ic71 ,,epidemics1 ,,v5tilation1 c4 ,atmosph]e4 ,9 eng9e]+ & pneumatics1 ! pressure ( a column ( m]cury at #j ,c5t4 or #cb ,fahr41 :i* is #gf c5timtres or #biibah in*es high1 at ! mean level ( ! sea 9 latitude #de1 tak5 z a /&>d ( t ex]t$ by o!r ela/ic fluids4 ,9 practice ?is is assum$ to be #ae lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 "u a b>ometrical pressure ( #cj in*es4 ,?us1 /eam or air cond5s$ s z to ex]t a pressure ( #cj lbs4 p] sq4 in* is said to be ( two atmosph]es2 at #de lbs41 ( ?ree atmosph]es1 c4 ,,at',,om 7-7um74 ,atomic ,weight1 ,atomic ,!ory4 ,syn4 ,,at',,omus1 ,l42 ,,atome1 ,fr42 ,,atom1 ,,un!ilb>e ,,!il*51 ,g]4 ,,atomic ,,weight4 ,:5 ! elem5ts unite *emically1 !y inv>iably d s 9 ! proportions by weight repres5t$ by ! numb]s atta*$ to !m 9 ! foll[+ table1 or 9 multiples ( ^! proportions4 ,dalton acc\nt$ = ?is law by suppos+ t ! con/itu5t p>ticles ( matt] are indivisible1 & believ$ t1 if x 7 possible to place su* p>ticles 9 ! balance1 _! relative weights w\ld be f\nd to correspond ) ! numb]s giv5 9 ! table4#aja ,9 o!r words1 ! t]m atom1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,greek ,greek3 atomos1 indivisible1 is appli$ 9 mod]n *emi/ry to ! smalle/ quantity by weight ( an elem5t :i* is capable ( exi/+ 9 a *emical comp\nd1 hydrog5 be+ tak5 z unity4 ,footnote #aja3 ,/rictly speak+1 ,dalton1 ! inv5tor ( ! ,atomic ,!ory1 did n adopt ! precise numb]s giv5 9 ! table1 b o!rs1 :i*1 h[ev]1 be> a v simple relation to !m4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,"n4 ,symbol4 ,atomic ,atomic weight4 volume4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,alum9um ,al #bge ,,antimony ,sb #abb ,,ars5ic ,z #ge #a_/d ,,b>ium ,ba #acg ,,bismu? ,bi #bjh ,,boron ,b #aa ,,brom9e ,br #hj #a ,cadmium ,cd #aab #b ,csium ,cs #acc ,,calcium ,ca #dj ,,c>bon ,c #ab ,c]ium ,ce #ib ,,*lor9e ,cl #cee #a ,,*romium ,cr #ebe ,,cobalt ,co #ehh ,,copp] ,cu #fce ,didymium ,d #if ,,fluor9e ,f #ai #a ,gluc9um ,g #ad ,,gold ,au #aifg ,,hydrog5 ,h #a #a ,indium ,9 #gd ,,iod9e ,i #abg #a ,,iridium ,ir #aih ,,iron ,fe #ef ,lan?anum ,l #ib ,,lead ,pb #bjg ,li?ium ,li #g ,,magnesium ,mg #bd ,,manganese ,mn #ee ,,m]cury ,hg #bjj #b ,molybd5um ,mo #ib ,,nickel ,ni #ehh ,niobium ,nb #igf ,,nitrog5 ,n #ad #a ,osmium ,os #aii ,,oxyg5 ,o #af #a ,,palladium ,pd #ajfe ,,phosphorus ,p #ca #a_/d ,,plat9um ,pt #aigd ,,potassium ,k #ci ,,rhodium ,rh #ajd ,rubidium ,rb #hee ,ru!nium ,ru #ajd ,sel5ium ,se #gi #a ,,silicon ,si #bhe ,,silv] ,ag #ajh ,,sodium ,na #bc ,,/rontium ,sr #hge ,,sulphur ,s #cb #a ,tantalum ,ta #acge ,tellurium ,te #abh ,?allium ,tl #bjd ,?orium ,? #bcae ,,t9 ,sn #aah ,,titanium ,ti #ej ,,tung/5 ,w #ahd ,,uranium ,u #abj ,vanadium ,v #eab ,yttrium ,y #fh ,,z9c ,zn #fe #b ,zirconium ,zr #ij ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,atomic ,,volume4 ,! volume or space occupi$ by ! atomic weights ( gases at a temp]ature ( #fj ,f41 & "u a pressure ( #cj in*es ( ! b>omet]1 comp>$ ) t occupi$ by "o "p by weight ( hydrog5 "u ! same conditions4 ,9 ! same table ! mo/ important elem5ts are di/+ui%$ by ! l>ge/ type1 ^? next 9 importance by m$ium type1 & ^? ( r>e occurr5ce1 or ( :i* we "k b little1 by ! smalle/ type4 ,,atomic ,,weights4 ,see ,,atom4 ,,aton',,ic4 ,syn4 ,,aton',,icus1 ,l42 ,,atonique1 ,fr42 ,,atonis*1 ,,s*laff1 ,g]4 ,weak2 debilitat$2 defici5t 9 tone or /r5g?4 ,9 pa?ology1 appli$ to diseases or conditions ( ! body 7,,atonic ,,diseases2 ,,atony7 9 :i* debility is ! lead+ feature4 ,9 ph>macology1 ,,atonics are ag5ts :i* relax or l[] ! tone ( ! sy/em4 ,,at',,ony4 ,syn4 ,,ato',,nia1 ,l42 ,,atonie1 c41 ,fr41 ,g]4 ,9 pa?ology1 loss ( tone1 relaxation1 morbid dim9ution ( vital en]gy or p[]2 commonly appli$ to debility ( any k9d4 ,,at',,rophy 7-fe74 ,syn4 ,,atro',,phia1 ,l42 ,,atrophi1 c41 ,fr42 ,,atrophie1 ,g]4 ,9 pa?ology1 wa/+ or emaciation1 ) loss ( /r5g?1 & unaccompani$ by fev] or o!r s5sible cause2 defective nutrition2 decl9e4 ,classif41 ,causes1 c4 ,x is ei!r local1 z 9 ! case ( a limb :i* is small1 imp]fectly develop$1 or )]$2 or g5]al1 affect+ ! :ole body4 ,,g5',,eral ,,atrophy appe>s to dep5d on defici5t nutrition1 aris+ f a want ( due balance betwe5 ! functions ( assimilation & absorption1 or f pr(use evacuations dra9+ (f ! mat]ials necess>y = ! support ( ! body4 ,9 ! =m] case only may x be reg>d$ z an indep5d5t disease4 ,,lo',,cal ,,atrophy commonly arises f "s cause :i* less5s ! normal circulation ( blood 9 ! "p2 or f a dim9ution ( ! n]v\s influ5ce1 z 9 p>alysis4 ,g5]al atrophy is mo/ frequ5t 9 infancy1 *ildhood1 & old age4 ,9 ! fir/ two x may be (t5 trac$ to bad nurs+1 worms1 or a scr(ul\s ta9t2 & n unfrequ5tly to cont9ually inhal+ impure or damp air4 ,9 adults1 ! causes are impair$ dige/ion & imp]fect action ( ! *ylif]\s organs1 & sometimes diseas$ action ( ! liv]4 ,9 _m cases x results f ! use ( tobacco4 ,treatm4 ,?is consi/s 9 a close att5tion to diet 7:i* %\ld be lib]al & nutriti\s71 ex]cise1 clo?+1 v5tilation1 w>m?1 c41 ) g5tle /imulants1 & *alybeate tonics :]e n contra-indicat$2 &1 9 ! case ( adults1 ! mod]ate use ( pure g5]\s w9e or malt-liquor4 ,among special rem$ies1 bo? 9 ?is disease & anmia1 may be m5tion$ pure sweet cod-liv] oil1 :i* seldom fails to arre/ or greatly ret>d ! progress ( ! disease1 & 9 v _m cases effect an entire cure4 ,:5 ?is affection is symptomatic ( any o!r disease1 z worms1 /oma* or liv] compla9ts1 c41 ! removal ( ! latt] mu/ ( c\rse be fir/ attempt$4 ,see ,,an,,mia1 ,,*lorosis1 ,,tabes1 c4 ,,atro'',,pia 7trope'y'7a74 ,c#cd;,h#bc,,no#f4 ,l42 ,b4 ,p4 ,syn4 ,,at',,rop9e 7-p92 sometimes atro'p7ined\ble-dagg]71 ,eng41 ,fr42 ,,atropi',,na1 ,,atro'',,pium991 ,l4 ,an alkaloid discov]$ by ,br&es 9 at'ropa belladon'na or deadly night%ade4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p4 ,process47 ,take ( belladonna-root1 rec5tly dri$1 & 9 co>se p[d]1 #b lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 #aj p9ts2 slak$ lime1 #a oz42 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 c>bonate ( pota%1 ( ea* a suffici5cy2 *lor(orm1 #c fl4 oz42 purifi$ animal *>coal1 a suffici5cy2 di/ill$ wat]1 #aj fl4 oz4 ,mac]ate ! root 9 #d p9ts ( ! _s1 = #bd h\rs1 ) frequ5t /irr+4 ,transf] to a displacem5t app>atus1 & exhau/ ! root ) ! rema9d] ( ! _s by sl[ p]colation4 ,add ! lime to ! t9cture plac$ 9 a bottle1 & %ake !m occasionally sev]al times4 ,filt]1 add ! dilut$ sulphuric acid 9 v feeble excess to ! filtrate1 & filt] aga94 ,di/il (f ?ree f\r?s ( ! _s1 add to ! residue ! di/ill$ wat]1 evaporate at a g5tle heat1 b z rapidly z possible1 until ! liquor is r$uc$ to "o ?ird ( its volume & no long] smells ( alcohol2 !n let x cool4 ,add v cauti\sly1 ) con/ant /irr+1 a solution ( c>bonate ( pota% s z ne>ly to neutralise ! acid1 c>e1 h[ev]1 be+ tak5 t an excess is n us$4 ,set to re/ = six h\rs1 !n filt]1 & add c>bonate ( pota% 9 su* quantity t ! liquid %all acquire a decid$ alkal9e reaction4 ,place 9 a bottle ) ! *lor(orm2 mix well by frequ5tly repeat$ brisk agitation1 & p\r ! mix$ liquids into a funnel furni%$ ) a glass /op-cock4 ,:5 ! *lor(orm has subsid$1 draw x (f by ! /op-cock1 & di/il x on a wat]-ba? f a retort connect$ ) a cond5s]4 ,dissolve ! residue 9 w>m rectifi$ _s2 dige/ ! solution ) a little animal *>coal3 filt]1 evaporate1 & cool until col\rless cry/als are obta9$4 #b4 ,express$ juice ( belladonna is evaporat$ ov] a wat]-ba? to ! consi/5ce ( an extract1 & !n triturat$ 9 a m>ble or porcela9 mort> ) a /rong solution ( cau/ic potassa2 ! result+ mass is dige/$ & well agitat$ = "s "t1 at ! temp]ature ( #ge to #hj ,fahr41 ) b5zole1 q4 s42 &1 aft] repose1 ! b5zole-solution is c>efully sep>at$1 & its volatile hydroc>bon is di/ill$ (f by ! heat ( a wat]-ba?2 ! residuum 9 ! retort is n[ exhau/$ ) wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 & ! result+ 'acid-solution1' aft] filtration1 precipitat$ ) c>bonate ( soda2 ! precipitate is crude ,,atropia1 :i* is collect$ on a filt]1 press$ betwe5 folds ( bibul\s pap]1 & dri$2 aft] :i* x is purifi$ by "o or m re-solutions1 9 alcohol1 & cry/allisations1 :i* may or may n be modifi$ 9 ! mann] notic$4 ,! proportion ( potassa %\ld be ab\t #a dr4 to e qu>t ( ! express$ juice4 ,an excell5t & economical process4 ,! product is #jc to #d ( ! weight ( ! plant f :i* ! juice has be5 obta9$4 #c4 7,me9 & ,liebig47 ,belladonna-root 7fre%-dri$ & co>sely p[d]$7 is exhau/$ by alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #jhbb72 slak$ lime 7#a "p = e #bd ( ! dri$ root employ$7 is !n add$ to ! t9cture1 & ! :ole dige/$1 ) agitation1 = #bd h\rs2 sulphuric acid is next add$1 drop by drop1 to slight excess1 &1 aft] filtration1 r m ?an "o half ! _s is remov$ by di/illation2 a little wat] is n[ add$ to ! residue1 & ! rema9d] ( ! alcohol evaporat$ z quickly z possible by a g5tle heat2 aft] aga9 filt]+1 ! liquid is r$uc$ by fur!r evaporation to ! #a_/ab? "p ( ! weight ( ! root employ$1 & a conc5trat$ solution ( potassa dropp$ into ! cold liquid 7to ?r[ d[n a d>k greyi%-br[n matt]71 c>efully avoid+ excess or r5d]+ ! liquid 9 ! slighte/ degree alkal9e2 9 a few h\rs ! liquid is aga9 filt]$1 & c>bonate ( potassa add$ z long z a precipitate 7,,atropia7 falls2 aft] a fur!r int]val ( f #ab to #bd h\rs1 ?is precipitate is collect$ & dra9$ 9 a filt]1 & aft] pressure betwe5 folds ( blott+-pap]1 dri$ by a v g5tle heat4 ,x is purifi$ by mak+ x into a pa/e ) wat]1 aga9 squeez+ x betwe5 ! folds ( blott+-pap]1 dry+ x1 re-dissolv+ x 9 #e times its weight ( alcohol1 decol\r+ x ) pure animal *>coal1 di/ill+ (f great] "p ( ! alcohol1 & evaporation & cry/allisation by a v g5tle heat2 or only ab\t "o half ! _s is di/ill$ (f1 & #c or #d times its volume ( wat] gradually agitat$ ) x1 ! result+ milky liquid be+ !n heat$ to boil+1 & all[$ to cool v sl[ly1 :5 ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ,,atropia cry/allises out aft] a few h\rs4 ,! same may be effect$ by at once agitat+ #f or #h volumes ( wat] ) ! alcoholic solution1 & sett+ aside ! mixture = #ab to #bd h\rs1 by :i* "t ! cry/allisation w be complet$4 ,?is process orig9at$ ) ,s\beiran1 0 improv$ by ,me91 & subsequ5tly1 ) slight modifications1 adopt$ by ,liebig4 ,! product is ab\t #jc ( ! weight ( root op]at$ on4 #d4 7,b\*>dat & ,coop]47 ,! filt]$ t9cture is precipitat$ ) iod9e dissolv$ 9 an aque\s solution ( iodide ( potassium1 ! result+ iodurett$ hydriodate ( atropia1 decompos$ by z9c-&-wat]1 ! metallic oxide sep>at$ by means ( c>bonate ( potassa1 & ! alkaloid ?us obta9$ dissolv$ 9 alcohol & cry/allis$4 #e4 7,mr ,luxton47 ,! dry leaves ( belladonna are g5tly boil$ = #b h\rs 9 di/ill$ wat] j suffici5t to cov] !m1 & ! result+ decoction is /ra9$ ?r\gh a co>se clo? into a l>ge precipitat+ j>2 ?is process is repeat$ ) a second quantity ( di/ill$ wat]1 & ! two decoctions mix$2 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid is n[ add$ 9 ! proportion ( #b dr4 to e p\nd ( leaves op]at$ on1 by :i* ! vegetable album5 ( ! decoction is precipitat$1 & ! liquid becomes cle> & %]ry-col\r$2 ! cle> liquor is n[ decant$ or syphon$ (f1 &1 if necess>y1 filt]$2 ! filtrate is n[ decompos$ by ei!r pass+ a /ream ( gase\s ammonia ?r\gh x1 or by susp5d+ 9 x a lump ( c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,! effect is t ! liquid turns black1 & cry/als ( ,,atropia are sl[ly =m$ & deposit$4 ,at ! expiration ( a day or two1 ! sup]natant "m-liquid is remov$ ) a syphon1 & ! cry/als ?r[n on a filt] to dra9 & dry4#ajb ,x may be purifi$ by re-solution & cry/allisation4 #a lb4 ( leaves yields #dj gr42 or at ! rate ( fully #eg4 ,footnote #ajb3 ',ph>m4 ,j\rn41' #ahed-e1 p4 #bji84 #f4 7,rab\rd947 ,to ! cry/allis$ juice ( ! plant 7previ\sly heat$ to coagulate its album51 filt]$1 & all[$ to cool71 #a qu>t1 is add$ ( cau/ic potassa #a dr41 & aft]w>ds ( *lor(orm #a oz42 ! :ole is !n agitat$ well1 & aft] half an h\r's repose1 ! sup]natant liquor is p\r$ f ! discol\r$ *lor(orm1 :i*1 aft] be+ wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat] z long z x gives any col\r to t liquid1 is plac$ 9 a small retort1 & ! *lor(orm di/ill$ (f by ! heat ( a wat]-ba?2 ! residuum is dissolv$ 9 a little wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 & precipitat$ ) c>bonate ( potassa1 9 slight excess2 ! precipitate is r$issolv$ 9 alcohol1 & ! solution1 by spontane\s evaporation1 yields cry/als ( ,,atropia4 #g4 7,ure47 ,f ! express$ juice ( ! fre%1 or ! wat]y extract ( ! dry plant1 by treat+ x ) cau/ic soda1 9 slight excess1 & !n agitat+ ! mixture ) #a-a_/b times its volume ( e!r2 ! ,,atropia tak5 up by ! e!r is aga9 deposit$ aft] repose = "s "t1 & is !n purifi$ by repeat+ ! treatm5t ) fre% e!r z (t5 z necess>y4 #h4 ,fre%ly precipitat$ hydrate ( magnesia is add$ to ! coagulat$ & filt]$ express$ juice1 & ! mixture evaporat$ to dryness1 z quickly z possible1 9 a wat]-ba?2 ! residuum is pulv]is$ & dige/$ 9 /rong alcohol1 & ! cle> liquid all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly4 ,! cry/als may be purifi$ by repeat$ re-solutions 9 alcohol4 ,prop41 ,te/s1 c4 ,! cry/als obta9$ f hot conc5trat$ solutions1 col\rless1 transp>5t1 silky prisms2 f solutions 9 dilute _s1 silky ne$les1 l ^? ( disulphate ( qu99e4 ,x is col\rless2 has a bitt]1 acrid1 & some:at metallic ta/e2 dissolves 9 #bjj p>ts 7#cjj p>ts--,?omson7 ( cold & #ej to #ed p>ts ( boil+ wat]1 9 #a-a_/b p>ts ( cold alcohol1 & 9 #be p>ts ( cold1 & #f p>ts ( boil+ e!r2 x has an alkal9e reaction1 fuses at ab\t #aid ,fahr41 is slightly volatile at common temp]atures1 & freely rises 9 vap\r at #bab ,fahr42 at high] temp]atures x volatilises ) p>tial decomposition2 ) ! acids x =ms salts1 ( :i* sev]al are cry/allisable4 ,te/s4--#a4 ,nitric acid =ms ) x a yell[ solution3--#b4 ,) cold sulphuric acid x gives a col\rless solution1 :i* becomes r$ only :5 heat$3--#c4 ,aque\s solutions ( atropia & its salts are--a1 turn$ r$ by t9cture ( iod9e--b1 gives a citron-yell[ precipitate ) t]*loride ( gold--c1 a floccul5t :iti% precipitate ) t9cture ( galls1 &--d1 a yell[i%-:ite "o ) bi*loride ( plat9um3--#d4 ,heat$ ) cau/ic potassa or soda1 x suff]s decomposition1 & ammonia is evolv$3--#e4 ,a weak solution cauti\sly appli$ to ! eyelid or conjunctiva1 produces dilation ( ! pupil la/+ = sev]al h\rs4 ,pur41 c4 ,alkaloid prep>$ f ! root ( atropa belladonna4 ,cry/als2 :ite1 9 ! =m ( prisms2 soluble 9 wat] & rectifi$ _s4 ,x leaves no a% :5 burn$ ) free access ( air 7,b4 ,p474 ,phys4 eff4 ,x is a v p[]ful n>cotico-acrid poison4#ajc ,its effects are simil> to ^? ( belladonna1 b consid]ably m p[]ful4 ,a v m9ute 7impond]able7 quantity appli$ to ! eye is suffici5t to dilate ! pupil4 7,p]eira47 ,! #a_/ab to #a_/aj gr4 (t5 causes v s]i\s effects 9 ! human subject4 ,! #a_/f? ( a gra9 accel]ates ! pulse1 affects ! bra91 causes dryness ( ! ?roat1 difficulty ( deglutition1 dilation ( ! pupil1 dimness ( sight1 gidd9ess1 /rangury1 numbness ( limbs1 s5se ( =mication 9 ! arms1 rigidity ( ?ighs1 depression ( pulse1 & sometimes feebl5ess or loss ( voice4 ,^! symptoms cont9ue = f #ab to #bd h\rs4 ,9 l>g] doses dea? ensues4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,a c]ebro-sp9al poison4--,taylor4 ,ant41 c4 ,^! may be simil> to ^? describ$ "u ,,belladonna & ,,alkaloid4 ,uses4 ,*iefly z an ext]nal ag5t1 z a sub/itute = belladonna1 to cause dilation ( ! pupil2 & z a local an/hetic or anodyne1 especially 9 facial neuralgia4 ,int]nally1 x has be5 occasionally giv5 9 hoop+-c\gh1 *orea1 & a few o!r n]v\s diseases4--,dose1 #a_/cj gr41 gradually increas$ to #a_/bj1 or1 occasionally1 ev5 #a_/ae gr4 9 solution1 or made into a pill ) liquorice p[d] & honey1 or syrup1 or us$ end]mically2 = a collyrium1 #a gr4 to wat] #a oz41 a few drops only be+ appli$ to ! eye at a "t1 ! greate/ caution 9 ea* case be+ obs]v$4 ,x is also employ$ to make ! sulphate4 ,9 disp5s+ x a s+le drop ( acetic acid1 or dilute sulphuric acid1 w be f\nd to facilitate & ensure its p]fect solution4 ,see ,,belladonna & ,,belladon9e4 ,atropia1 ,sul'phate (4 ,syn4 ,,atro',,pia ,,sul',,phas1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,take ( atropia1 #abj gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #d fl4 dr42 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 a suffici5cy4 ,mix ! atropia ) ! wat] & add ! acid gradually1 /irr+ !m toge!r until ! alkaloid is dissolv$ & ! solution is neutral4 ,evaporate x to dryness at a temp]ature n exce$+ #ajj4 ,*>act]s & ,te/s4--,a col\rless p[d]1 soluble 9 wat]1 =m+ a solution :i* is neutral to te/-pap]1 & :5 appli$ to ! eye dilates ! pupil z ! solution ( atropia does4 ,x leaves no a% :5 burn$ ) free access ( air4 ,int5d$ = ext]nal application4 ,x is a p[]ful poison4 ,uses1 c4 ,! same z ^? ( ! pure alkaloid4--,dose1 #a_/be to #a_/bj gr41 ei!r 9 solution or pills2 #a to #c gr4 to wat] #a fl4 oz41 z a collyrium1 ( :i* a few drops seldom fail to produce full dilation ( ! pupil 9 ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r2 #a to #b gr4 to l>d #a dr4 =ms an excell5t o9tm5t 9 neuralgic affections4 ,obs4 ,sulphate ( atropia 7:i* is int5d$ = ext]nal use only7 is r difficult to cry/allise1 z x has a t5d5cy to assume an amorph\s or gum-l condition4 ,x is m soluble ?an ! pure alkaloid2 &1 l x1 is a t]rific poison4 ,,atropia1 ,,val]ianat4 ,! ,p>is ,codex directs ?is salt to be prep>$ z foll[s3--,dissolve val]ianic acid 9 e!r1 & add atropia j suffici5t to saturate ! acid4 ,let ! e!r evaporate4 ,,atrop',,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,atrop',,icum1 ,l4 ,! "n giv5 by ,ri*t] to a volatile cry/allisable sub/ance1 possess+ acid prop]ties1 f\nd 9 atropa belladonna or deadly night%ade4 ,9 _m respects x resembles b5zoic acid1 f :i*1 h[ev] x is di/+ui%$ by n precipitat+ ! salts ( iron4 ,,atropi',,na1 ,at'rop9e4 ,see ,,atropia4 ,,at',,t>4 ,see ,,otto & ,,volatile ,,oils4 ,,attelettes 7-l7ets'74 ,fr4 ,9 cook]y1 small skew]s1 g5]ally ( silv]1 ) ornam5tal heads4 ,! t]m is also appli$ to small di%es 7,,entr,,es1 c47 9 :i* ! articles are m\nt$ on attelettes4 ,small fi%1 z smelts1 are (t5 s]v$ 9 ?is way4 ,see ,,aiguillette4 ,,att5',,uant 7-u-7ant74 ,syn4 ,,att5',,uans1 ,l42 ,,att,,nuant1 ,fr42 ,,v]d,,nn5d1 ,g]4 ,t makes ?91 or less d5se or viscid2 dilut+4 ,9 m$ic9e1 appli$ to rem$ies 7,,att5',,uants1 ,,span,m',,ics7 :i* are suppos$ to act by ?9n+1 dilut+1 or impov]i%+ ! blood4 ,,att5ua',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,att5ua',,tio1 ,l42 ,,att,,nuation1 ,fr42 ,,v]d,,nnung1 ,g]4 ,a ?9n+ or dim9i%+2 a r$uc+ 9 consi/5ce4 ,9 m$ic9e1 see ! adj4 7above72 9 brew+1 ! decrease ( ! d5sity ( worts dur+ f]m5tation1 aris+ f ! gradual conv]sion ( _! 'sac*>9e' 7sug>7 into alcohol4 ,see ,,brew+1 ,,di/illation1 ,,worts1 c4 ,,attrac',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,attrac',,tio1 ,l42 ,,anziehung1 ,g]4 ,! p[] t draws toge!r matt] & resi/s its sep>ation4 ,t =ce :i* attracts bodies t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & :i* keeps on its surface ^? t are movable1 is call$ ,,gravity1 or ! attraction ( gravitation4 ,x is ex]t$ at s5sible1 (t5 at imm5se1 di/ances1 & det]m9es ! figure & motions ( ! planets & comets1 & causes ! desc5t ( heavy bodies to ! gr\nd4 ,?is =ce x is :i* conf]s ! prop]ty ( weight ^u matt]4 ,t =ce :i* unites p>ticles ( ! same k9d ( matt]1 s z to cause !m to assume ! condition ( solid or liquid masses1 e4g4 p>ticles ( *alk to =m a mass ( *alk1 p>ticles ( wat] to =m a mass ( wat]1 is call$ ,,cohesion1 or ! ,,attraction ,,( ,,cohesion4 ,t =ce :i* b9ds toge!r diff]5t sub/ances )\t *ang+ _! prop]ties1 z :5 pa9t /icks to wood1 ink to pap]1 c41 is call$ ,,adhesion1 or ! ,,attraction ,,( ,,adhesion4 ,,capill>y ,,attraction is a modification ( adhesion1 & is *>act]is$ by be+ ex]t$ betwe5 liquids & ! int]nal surfaces ( tubes & p]vi\s bodies4 ,! absorption ( wat] by a sponge1 ! asc5t ( oil 9 ! wick ( a lamp1 are examples ( ?is p[]4 ,! ,,*emical ,,=ce or ,,aff9ity diff]s f all o!r k9ds ( attraction 9 be+ ex]t$ betwe5 def9ite & con/ant quantities 7atoms7 ( matt]1 usually ( dissimil> natures1 & produc+ comb9ations possess+ prop]ties diff]5t f ^? ( _! compon5ts4 7,see ,,aff9ity47 ,?is =ce1 z well z cohesion & adhesion1 is ex]t$ at di/ances s small z to be immeasurable4 ,! t]ms ,,elec',,tric ,,attraction & ,,magnet',,ic ,,attraction are employ$ 9 physics to d5ote ph5om5a :i* we imp]fectly und]/&1 & :i* op]ate betwe5 bodies at s5sible di/ances1 & simulate ^? ( ! attraction ( gravitation4 ,,attri'',,tion 7tr7i%'-7un74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,attri'',,tio1 ,l42 ,,abreibung1 ,,aufreibung1 ,g]4 ,9 me*anics1 ! we>+ away ( p>ts by friction4 ,9 m$ic9e1 a graze1 abrasion1 or solution ( cont9uity ( ! cuticle1 or ! act :i* causes x4 ,9 surg]y1 ! cru%+ or te>+ away ( any ext]ior portion ( ! body by viol5ce4 ,see ,,abrasion1 ,,anti-,,attrition1 ,,friction1 c4 ,,aurantia',,ce 7-%e-e74 ,lat42 ,,dc4 ,! orange tribe4 ,9 botany1 an ext5sive & important natural ord] ( exog5\s trees & %rubs1 f\nd exclusively 9 ! temp]ate & tropical p>ts ( ! ,old ,_w1 & unkn[n 9 a wild /ate 9 ,am]ica4 ,! fruit is pulpy1 succul5t1 sub-acid1 & eatable1 & sep>at$ into cells by membran\s p>titions1 & is cov]$ ) a lea!ry aromatic sk9 or r9d4 ,"s ( ! g5]a embrace plants ( great beauty & utility4 ,a few ( ! ,indian species are climb]s4 ,! g5us ,,cit',,rus1 :i* includes ! orange1 lemon1 citron1 lime1 b]gamot1 & %addock1 is t be/ kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,,auran'',,ti9 7-%e-7in74 ,syn4 ,,hesp]id92 ,,auran',,t9e99 7-t7in71 ,eng41 ,fr42 ,,aurantii',,na1 c41 ,l4 ,! bitt] pr9ciple ( ! peel ( oranges & lemons4 ,prep4 ,! ext]ior or yell[ peel ( ! ,seville orange 7c>efully sep>at$ f ! :ite matt]1 & air-dri$7 is /eep$ 9 hot wat]1 & ! filt]$ liquor g5tly evaporat$ to dryness4 ,prop41 c4 ,x possesses ! bitt] prop]ties ( ! peel )\t any ( its glut9osity or fragrance1 & is said to agree bett] ) delicate /oma*s4 ,x may be tak5 9 wat] ei!r ) or )\t ! addition ( a little sug> or capillaire1 or dissolv$ 9 w9e4 ,,au'',,ric 7aw'- or awr'-74 ,syn4 ,,auri',,cus1 ,l4 ,( or relat+ to gold1 or conta9+ x1 or =m$ f x4 ,,aurif',,er\s4 ,syn4 ,,au'',,rif]1 ,,aurif',,erus1 ,l42 ,,aurif,,re1 ,fr42 ,,goldhaltig1 ,g]4 ,91 m9]alogy1 t yields or conta9s gold2 z aurif]\s s&1 a4 qu>tz1 c4 ,,auripigm5',,tumdagg]4 ,l4 ,lit]ally1 pa9t ( gold2 appr41 native orpim5t4 ,see ,,ars5ic4 ,,auro-,,*lo'',,rides 7klore'-idz74 ,comp\nds ( t]*loride ( gold ) *lorides ( o!r bases4 ,!y may be prep>$ by mix+ ! t]*loride ( gold ) ! *loride ( ! base1 9 atomic proportions1 & sett+ aside ! solution to cry/allise4 ,prop41 c4 ,mo/ ( ! auro-*lorides cry/allise 9 prisms1 dissolve 9 bo? alcohol & wat]1 h an orange or yell[ col\r1 & are decompos$ at a r$ heat4 ,,auro-,,cy',,anides 77idz74 ,9 *emi/ry1 comp\nds ( cyanide ( gold ) cyanides ( o!r bases4 ,!y may be =m$ 9 a simil> mann] to ! auro-*lorides4 ,auro-cyanide ( potassium is mu* us$ 9 electro-gild+4 ,,aurora ,,borealis4 ,?is lum9\s ph5om5on1 :i* is occasionally se5 9 our own c\ntry on cle> fro/y nights1 & mu* m frequ5tly & vividly by ! dwell]s 9 m nor!rn latitudes1 has be5 suppos$ to h an electrical orig91 & to be occasion$ by ! passage ( electricity ?r\gh ! r>efi$ /rata ( ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e f ! poles t[>ds ! equator4 ,b physici/s look ^u ?is explanation z unsatisfactory1 & inadequate to acc\nt = ! effects produc$4 ,! hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 seems to d]ive "s support f ! foll[+ fact3-- ,if "o ( ,gassiot's vacuum tubes be br\ght ne> to a p[]ful electrical ma*9e1 bo? :ile ! ma*9e is 9 motion & = "s "t aft]1 fla%es ( light may be se5 pass+ f ! wire at "o end ( ! tube to ! o!r extremity1 :i* fla%es be> a great resemblance to ! auroral rays4 ,! great d\bt1 h[ev]1 is :e!r ! conditions necess>y to ! production ( ! aurora are simil> to ^? prevail+ dur+ ?is exp]im5t1 a d\bt n less5$ by ! difficulty ( satisfactorily acc\nt+ = ! r>efi$ /ate ( ! atmosph]e :i* is assum$ to exi/4 ,! =ms :i* ! aurora assumes are v v>i$ & ( great beauty2 !re appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be "s g5]al simil>ity 9 its aspect at ! same locality4 ,its appe>ance is briefly z foll[s3--,a d+y aspect 9 ! heav5s 9 a nor!rnly direction is usually ! precursor ( ! aurora2 & ?is gradually becomes d>k] 9 col\r1 & assumes ! =m ( a circul> segm5t surr\nd$ by a lum9\s ar*1 & re/+ at ea* end on ! horizon4 ,?is d>k segm5t pres5ts ! appe>ance ( a ?ick cl\d1 & is frequ5tly se5 z su* 9 ! fad+ twilight1 be=e ! auroral light manife/s itself4 ,! d5sity ( ?is segm5t mu/1 h[ev]1 be v inconsid]able1 z />s may sometimes be se5 %9+ brightly ?r\gh x4 ,?is d>k segm5t is b\nd$ by a lum9\s ar* ( a bluei%-:ite col\r1 :i* v>ies 9 bread? f #a to #f diamet]s ( ! moon1 hav+ ! l[] edge %>ply def9$1 & ! upp] edge only :5 ! bread? ( ! ar* is small4 ,?is ar* may be consid]$ to be a "p ( a lum9\s r+1 elevat$ at a consid]able di/ance above ! e>?'s surface & hav+ its c5tre correspond+ ) "s po9t ne> ! nor? pole4 ,! prec$+ description indicates ! g5]al features ( ! appe>ance ( ! aurora borealis2 b sev]al auroras h be5 describ$ :i* pres5t$ /rik+ peculi>ities4 ,sometimes ! ph5om5on assum$ ! =m ( "o or m curta9s ( light1 dep5d+ f d+y cl\ds ^: folds 7 agitat$ to & fro z if by ! w9d4 ,sometimes ?is curta9 appe>$ to consi/ ( sep>ate ribbons ( light1 arrang$ side by side 9 gr\ps ( diff]5t l5g?s1 & atta9+ _! greate/ brilliancy at ! l[] edges4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! aurora borealis seldom assumes ! di/9ctness & brilliancy :i* *>act]ise its appe>ance 9 nor!rn latitudes1 b ! description ?us giv5 indicates ! type to :i* su* appe>ance ( ! meteor m or less approa*es4 ,dur+ ! w9t] t prevails 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]es ! inhabitants ( ! arctic zone are depriv$ = mon?s toge!r ( ! sun's light1 & _! long dre>y night is reliev$ by ! light emanat+ f ?is beautiful meteor1 :i* %9es ) great frequ5cy & brilliancy 9 ^? regions4 ,a rem>kable connection has be5 obs]v$ betwe5 ! aurora & ! e>?'s magnetism1 ! magnetic ne$le %[+ great di/urbance dur+ a display ( ! aurora4 ,! ar*es ( ! aurora mo/ commonly trav]se ! sky at "r angles to ! magnetic m]idian1 ?\gh deviations f ?is direction are n r>e4 ,sir ,j4 ,frankl9 f\nd t ! di/urbance ( ! ne$le 0 n always proportionate to ! agitation ( ! aurora1 b 0 always great] :5 ! quick motion & vivid light 7 obs]v$ to take place 9 a hazy atmosph]e4 ,! aurora is mo/ frequ5t & vivid 9 high latitudes1 t[>ds ei!r pole1 b ! meteor is n conf9$ to ^! p>ts1 z ,dr ,hook] /ates t "o ( ! mo/ brilliant displays he ev] witness$ 0 "u ! tropical sky ( ,india2 & o!r obs]v]s h record$ in/ances ( its appe>ance 9 ! equatorial di/ricts ( ! globe4 ,! attitude ( ! aurora v>ies consid]ably2 !re appe>s to be little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t x frequ5tly occurs at small elevations4 ,bo? ,frankl9 & ,p>ry record in/ances :]e x appe>$ bel[ ! level ( ! cl\ds1 :i* !y describe z hav+ be5 hidd5 beh9d ! masses ( its light1 & z reappe>+ :5 ! meteor vani%$4 ,x w\ld seem t !re are two di/9ct k9ds ( aurora "o dep5d5t ^u local causes1 z 9 ! cases la/ giv51 :ile 9 ! o!r causes are probably cosmical1 & ! auroral effects are se5 at v di/ant po9ts ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,,aurora ,,pomade4 ,= promot+ ! action ( ! sk94 ,cocoa butt] ) orris4 ,,autog',,en\s 7t7oj'-74 ,syn4 ,,autoge'',,neal2 ,,autog',,enus 7t7oj'74 ,l4 ,self-g5]at+ or affect+2 act+ )\t ! aid ( =eign matt]4 ,9 anatomy1 c41 develop$ f di/9ct & indep5d5t c5tres2 z p>ts or processes4 ,among metalli/s1 x d5otes a me?od ( jo9+ metals by fus+ ! p>ts 9 contact1 by means ( a flame ( hydrog51 or ( a mixture ( hydrog5 & common air1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a fusible alloy or sold]4 ,lead1 & ev5 ord9>y h>d sold]s1 are1 h[ev]1 sometimes s employ$1 & ! "n1 ?\gh improp]ly1 reta9$4 ,,automat',,ic4 ,syn4 ,,automati',,cus1 ,,autom',,atus1 ,l42 ,,automatique1 ,fr42 ,,automatis*e1 ,g]4 ,self-act+ or self-mov+1 or t seems to be s2 me*anical2 ( or resembl+ an automaton4 ,9 physiology1 involunt>y1 appli$ to functions :i* are p]=m$ )\t ! op]ation ( ! w2 z ! movem5ts 9 respiration1 ! contractions & dilations ( ! he>t1 ! p]si/5t contraction ( ! sph9ct]s1 c4 ,9 me*anics1 c41 mov+ & act+ f conceal$ ma*9]y2 also1 z appli$ to ma*9]y1 self-regulat+ & direct+1 )9 ! limits prescrib$ by its au?or1 ?\gh mov$ by ext]nal p[]4 ,to ! la/ class belongs ! self-act+ ma*9]y ( our flax & cotton mills1 our eng9e]+ e/abli%m5ts1 c42 9 :i* ! elem5tal p[]s are made to animate1 z x 71 millions ( complex organs1 infus+ into =ms ( wood1 iron1 & brass1 an ag5cy resembl+ t ( intellig5t be+s4 ,! manufactures 9 :i* su* ma*9]y is employ$ are t]m$ ! ,,automatic ,,arts4 ,,autopsy4 ,lit]ally1 p]sonal obs]vation or exam9ation2 ocul> view4 ,! t]m1 h[ev]1 is n[ appli$1 r loosely1 to a po/-mortem inve/igation4 ,a po/-mortem may be p]=m$ ) ! object ( endeav\r+ to asc]ta9 ! cause ( dea? 9 a m$ico-legal inquiry1 or 9 ! fur!rance ( ! /udy ( pa?ology4 ,x is also a prelim9>y to embalmm5t1 & is sometimes _h rec\rse to z a means ( sav+ ! *ild :5 a woman dies 9 full pregnancy4 ,9 ,france no po/-mortem exam9ation is p]mitt$ to take place until at lea/ #bd h\rs aft] dea?1 ?is delay be+ en=c$ z a safegu>d aga9/ ! possibility ( ! body op]at$ ^u be+ /ill alive4 ,9 ,engl& no po/-mortem c be made )\t ! cons5t ( ! fri5ds ( ! deceas$1 unless by w>rant f a coron]2 al?\gh 9 _m public in/itutions ?is cons5t is disp5s$ )4 ,:5ev]1 h[ev]1 a prison] dies 9 gaol an inque/ & po/-mortem are held on ! body4 ,an autopsy is to be disc\rag$ 9 cases :]e a p]son has di$ f infecti\s disease2 b %\ld ! law require x to be und]tak51 dis9fectants bo? dur+ & aft] ! op]ation %\ld be lib]ally _h rec\rse to4 ,,autumnal ,,fev]4 ,?is t]m is *iefly employ$ by ,am]ican m$ical writ]s to designate typhoid fev]1 because ( its preval5ce 9 ! autumn4 ,,auxilion4 ,a packet ( small pla/]s = ! pa9less & radical cure ( corns4 ,ea* pla/] is to be worn = ab\t a week1 & !n ! horny pu/ule is to be remov$ ) a %>p knife4 ,! pla/] is a comp\nd ( #a "p ( res9 pla/] & #b p>ts ( lead pla/]1 & is likely to promote ! removal & solution ( ! ?ick sk9 ( ! corns4 7,hag]47 ,,ava4 ,syn4 ,,kava-,,kava4 ,! native names ( ! root1 a species ( pip]1 ! pip] me?y/icum1 cultivat$ 9 ,tahiti1 ,hawaii1 ! ,society & ,tongan ,isl&s1 ! natives ( :i* make x into an intoxicat+ dr9k4 ,x is said to h be5 us$ 9 ,france ) excell5t effect 9 gonorrhoea2 & a t9cture ( x has be5 /rongly recomm5d$ bo? = ext]nal & int]nal adm9i/ration 9 g\t4 ,= m$ic9al purposes x is us$ 9 ! =m ( infusion1 a dra*m ( ! scrap$ root be+ mac]at$ 9 a qu>t ( wat] = five m9utes4 ,its action appe>s to v>y ) ! am\nt tak52 9 small doses x is g5]ally /at$ to act z a /imulant & tonic1 b :5 tak5 9 l>ge doses x produces an intoxication :i* diff]s f t caus$ by alcohol1 9 be+ ( a sil5t & dr[sy nature accompani$ by incoh]5t dreams 7',ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1' ,augu/ #ai?1 #ahgf1 :i* consult = fur!r in=mation4'7 ,,ave',,na4 ,l4 ,! oat2 oats4 ,,ave',,n9 7-n7in74 ,syn4 ,,av5a',,ine99 77av-e-7 ,,av5i',,na1 c41 ,l42 ,,av,,n9e1 c41 ,fr4 ,a nitrog5\s comp\nd1 analog\s to1 & probably id5tical )1 case91 obta9$ f oats1 & on :i* its nutritiv5ess *iefly dep5ds4 ,prep4 ,! gra91 r$uc$ to ! /ate ( p[d] or meal1 is wa%$ on a sieve1 & ! milky liquid1 aft] be+ all[$ to deposit its />*1 is heat$ to ab\t #bjj ,fahr41 to coagulate ! album52 :5 cold1 acetic acid is add$ z long z a :ite p[d] falls1 :i* is ,,av592 ?is is collect$ on a filt]1 dra9$1 & dri$ by a g5tle heat4 ,,av5',,tur91 ,avant'ur9 7-u-r7in2 -v7ong-too--,kn[les & ,sm>t74 ,eng4 ,fr4 ,a beautiful iridesc5t v>iety ( rock cry/al1 m9utely spangl$ ?r\gh\t ) yell[ scales ( mica 7,,av5tur91 ,a4 ,,qu>tz74 ,a v>iety ( felsp> 7,a4 ,,felsp>7 ( some:at simil> appe>ance is f\nd 9 ! ,cont95t & ! ,p59sula1 ( :i* ! f9] k9ds are call$ ,a4 ,,ori5tale & ,,pi]re ,,de ,,soleil by ! lapid>ies4 ,bo? v>ieties are n[ imitat$ by ! glass & porcela9 manufactur]s4 ,see ,,glass1 ,,glaze1 ,,pa/e1 c4 ,a',,vi>y 7-ve-74 ,syn4 ,,avia'',,rium1 ,l42 ,,voli,,re1 ,fr42 ,,vogelhaus1 ,,vogelhecke1 ,g]4 ,a place = keep+ birds2 g5]ally appli$ to an enclos$ space or build+ 9 :i* birds are kept1 or br$1 on acc\nt ( _! r>ity1 plumage1 or song2 & n = food4 ,situa41 c4 ,= exotic birds1 a place %\ld be select$ :]e ! temp]ature c be ma9ta9$ at a prop] degree ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & :i* is well protect$ f ! wea!r4 ,?is is commonly done by *oos+ a space atta*$ to ! summ]h\se or hot-h\se4 ,:5 ! avi>y is only int5d$ = birds ( climates simil> to our own1 any "p ( ! op5 g>d5 may be *os51 & a portion clos$ 91 ei!r ) trellis-"w or wire-"w1 or nett+2 c>e be+ tak5 to provide1 9 "s easily accessible portion ( x1 full protection f vicissitudes ( wea!r & season4 ,nor mu/ cleanl9ess1 & due v5tilation & protection f f\l air or noxi\s fumes1 be left unatt5d$ to4 ,,avignon' ,,b]ries 77av-ve5-yong74 ,fr5* b]ries4 ,,av',,oirdupois' 77av-7er-du-pois'74 ,! common weight ( #af oz4 or #gjjj gr4 to ! lb41 us$ 9 ^! realms = all k9ds ( goods1 except jewelry & ! preci\s metals1 & m$ic9es 9 disp5s+1 or z ord]$ 9 ! ',briti% ,ph>macopoeia' ( #ahfg4 ,,ax',,is4 ,l41 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,axe1 ,fr42 ,,a*se1 ,g]4 ,prim>ily1 t on or ar\nd :i* any?+ acts or p]=ms2 an axle or axle-tree4 ,9 anatomy1 t on or ar\nd :i* any organ or "p re/s1 gravitates1 or c5tres4 ,9 a/ronomy1 ! diamet] on or ab\t :i* a cele/ial body revolves4 ,9 botany1 "p or p>ts ab\t :i* p>ticul> organs are arrang$2 an imag9>y l9e pass+ f ! base to ! apex ( a p]ic>p c4 ,9 cry/allography1 imag9>y l9es pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tral po9ts ( a cry/al1 & ab\t :i* ! molecules or p>ticles ( matt] compos+ x may be conceiv$ to be symmetrically built up4 ,9 geology1 ! c5tre ( a m\nta9-gr\p4 ,9 me*anics1 ! /raight l9e1 real or imag9>y1 ab\t :i* any body oscillates or revolves4 ,see ,,cry/al1 c4 ,,ax',,le1 ,ax'le-tree 77aks'l74 ,syn4 ,,essieu1 ,fr42 ,,axe 7am rade71 c41 ,g]4 ,9 me*anics1 ! p91 rod1 or mat]ial l9e1 on :i* a :eel1 c41 turns4 ,see ,,anti-,,attrition1 ,,friction1 c4 ,,ax',,unge 7-7unje74 ,syn4 ,,axun',,gia1 ,l4 ,prim>ily1 ':eel-grease1' ! l>d or fat ( an animal2 re/rict$ 9 ph>macy to hog's l>d4--,,axungia ,,cura',,ta1 ,a4 ,,prep>a',,ta1 is prep>$ or wa%$ hog's l>d 7:i* see74 ,,ay]',s ,,pills4 ,sold 9 long wood5 boxes1 ea* conta9+ #be pills1 cov]$ ) sug> & />*1 & compos$ ( pepp]1 colocyn?1 gamboge1 & aloes4 7,hag]47 ,,azadira*ta ,,indica4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,nim or ,m>gosa ,tree4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,habitat4 ,common ?r\gh\t ,india2 (t5 cultivat$ 9 g>d5s4 ,(fic9al p>ts4--#a4 ,! b>k 7,azadira*t cortex1 ,nim b>k74 ,x v>ies mu* 9 appe>ance1 accord+ to ! size & age ( ! tree produc+ x4 ,! b>k f ! trunk ( a tree above ?ree or f\r ye>s ( age is cov]$ ) a ?ick scaly epid]mis1 & v>ies 9 ?ickness f #a_/d to #a_/b in*4 ,t f ! small] bran*es is smoo?1 ( a dulli% purple col\r1 m>k$ by longitud9al l9es ( a%-col\r$ epid]mis1 f #a_/h? to #a_/ab? ( an in* ap>t4 ,! inn] lay] ( ! b>k1 ( a :iti% col\r 9 ! fre% /ate1 is p[]fully bitt]1 f> m s ?an ! out] d>k-col\r$ lay]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 possesses a great] am\nt ( a/r+5cy4 ,x conta9s a cry/allisable pr9ciple 7m>gos9e7 & an a/r+5t pr9ciple 7cate*974--#b4 ,! fre% leaves 7,azadira*t folia1 ,nim leaves74--,prop]ties4 ,b>k a/r+5t tonic & antip]iodic2 leaves /imulant4--,!rapeutic uses4 ,9 int]mitt5t & o!r p>oxysmal fev]s1 9 g5]al debility1 & convalesc5ce aft] febrile & o!r diseases1 ! b>k has be5 employ$ ) success4 ,! leaves =m a useful application to ulc]s & sk9 diseases :5 a mild /imulant is requir$4--,dose4 ,( ! p[d]$ b>k1 a dra*m ?ree or f\r times a day4 ,prep>ations4 ,,decoction ,,( ,,nim ,,b>k 7,decoctum ,azadira*t74 ,take ( ! inn] lay] ( nim b>k1 bruis$1 #b oz42 wat]1 a p9t & a half4 ,boil = #ae m9utes1 & /ra9 :il/ hot4--,dose4 ,z an antip]iodic1 f #a-a_/b to #c fl4 oz41 e second h\r previ\s to an expect$ p>oxysm4 ,z a tonic1 #a or #b fl4 oz4 twice or ?rice daily4 ,z ?is decoction soon decomposes 9 hot wea!r1 x %\ld be prep>$ fre% = use :5 requir$4 ,,t9cture ,,( ,,nim ,,b>k 7,t9ctura ,azadira*t74 ,take ( ! inn] lay] ( nim b>k1 bruis$1 #b-a_/b oz42 pro( _s1 #a p9t4 ,mac]ate = sev5 days 9 a clos$ vessel1 ) occasional agitation2 /ra91 press1 filt]1 & add suffici5t pro( _s to make #a p9t4 ,x may also be prep>$ by p]colation 9 ! same mann] z ,t9cture ( ,calumba1 q4 v4--,dose4 ,f #a_/b to #b fl4 dr4 z a tonic4 ,,poltice ,,( ,,nim ,,leaves 7,cataplasma ,azadira*t74 ,take ( fre% nim leaves a suffici5cy2 bruise & moi/5 ) tepid wat]4 ,a good /imulant application to indol5t & ill-condition$ ulc]s4 ,%\ld x cause pa9 & irritation1 z x sometimes does1 equal p>ts ( rice-fl\r & l9se$-meal may be add$4 ,! bitt] oil ( ! se$s is held 9 high repute by ! natives z an an!lm9tic1 & z an ext]nal application 9 rheumatism4 ,x is also said to be an insecticide4 ,,azo]y?',,ryn 7-r7i?'-r7in74 ,a sub/ance obta9$1 by ,kane1 f ar*il4 ,x is insoluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 & wat]2 b is v soluble 9 alkal9e lyes1 to :i* x imp>ts a port-w9e col\r4 ,,azo',,ic4 ,syn4 ,,az,,ot',,ic2 ,,azo',,icus1 ,,az,,ot',,icus1 c41 ,l4 ,lifeless2 :olly de/itute ( organic life4 ,9 geology1 c41 appli$ to /rata :i* d n conta9 organic rema9s4 ,,azolit',,m9 77az-o-l7it'-m7in74 ,a d>k-r$ sub/ance obta9$1 by ,kane1 f litmus1 ( :i* x =ms a l>ge portion ( ! col\r+ matt]4 ,x is insoluble 9 alcohol1 & 9 wat] unless alkalis$4 ,,az',,ote99 77az'ote2 a'-zote74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,azo',,tum991 ,l42 ,,azot991 ,g]4 ,nitrog5 7because x is unfit = respiration1 i4e4 de/roys life74 ,,azot',,ic4 ,syn4 ,,azot',,icum1 ,l42 ,,azotique1 ,fr42 ,,azotis*1 ,g]4 ,( or l azote1 or conta9+ x or =m$ f x2 irrespirable2 de/ructive to life4--,,azotic ,,aciddagg] is nitric acid2 ,a4 ,,gasdagg]1 nitrog54--,,azo',,t\s ,,aciddagg] 0 nitr\s acid4 ,,az',,otis$ 7-tizd74 ,syn4 ,,nitrog5is$1 ,conta9+ azote or nitrog52 a common epi!t ( nitrog5\s sub/ances us$ z food4 ,,az',,ure 77azh'-ure2 a'zhure--,kn[les1 ,sm>t1 ,walk]74 ,syn4 ,c,,ru',,leum1 ,l42 ,,azur1 ,fr42 ,,hellblau1 ,,himmelblau1 ,g]4 ,9 dye+ & pa9t+1 sky-blue2 also ! "n ( "o or m pigm5ts :i* possess ?is col\r4 ,see ,,blue ,,dyes1 ,,blue ,,pigm5ts1 ,,smalts1 ,,ultram>9e1 c4 ,,az',,ure-,,/one4 ,lapis lazuli4 ,,az',,urite 7-ite74 ,9 m9]alogy1 lazulite2 blue mala*ite2 sometimes1 lapis lazuli 7! "n be+1 un=tunately1 v loosely appli$ by diff]5t writ]s74 ,,az',,ym\sdagg] 7-e-m7us74 ,syn4 ,,az',,ymus1 ,l4 ,unleav5$2 unf]m5t$2 z sea-biscuit4 ,unleav5$ bread 0 =m]ly t]m$ ,,az',,ymedagg] 7-e-me7 & ,,az',,ymusdagg] by !ologi/s4 ,,bab',,lah4 ,! r9d or %ell ( ! fruit ( mimosa c9]>ia4 ,accord+ to ,dr ,ure1 x conta9s a consid]able quantity ( gallic acid1 "s tann91 a r$ col\r+ pr9ciple1 & an azotis$ sub/ance1 & is ! article import$ f ! ,ea/ ,indies & ,s5egal "u ! "n ( ,,neb-,,neb4--,us$ z a *eap dye-/uff = v>i\s %ades ( drab & grey4 ,,bac',,ca 7b7ak'-7a74 ,l42 pl41 bac'c1 b7ak'-se4 ,a b]ry4 ,,back4 ,d41 bak1 a b[l or ci/]n4 ,syn4 ,,bac4 ,9 brew+1 a l>ge1 op51 flat res]voir or ci/]n2 commonly t 9 :i* wort is cool$4 ,9 di/illation1 ! vessel into :i* ! wort is pump$ f ! cool]s1 9 ord] to be 'work$' ) yea/4 ,! ,,liquor-,,back 9 a brew]y1 di/ill]y1 or rectify+ h\se is ! wat] res]voir or ci/]n4 ,,backs4 ,9 ! lea!r trade1 ! ?icke/ & /\te/ portion ( ! hide1 us$ = sole-lea!r4 ,,bacon 7ba'-kn74 ,w41 baccun1 prob4 f ,g]41 ba*e1 a wild s[2 old ,fr41 = dri$ fle% or pork--,craig4 ,! fle% ( sw9e salt$ & dri$1 & subsequ5tly ei!r smok$ or n4 ,! t]m is usually re/rict$ to ! sides & belly s prep>$2 ! o!r p>ts ( ! animal hav+ di/9ctive names4 ,sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 ! t]m is ext5d$ to ! fle% ( be>s1 & ( o!r l animals1 cur$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,qual41 c4 ,:5 bacon has be5 prop]ly prep>$ f "y & well-f$ animals1 & is nei!r '/ale' nor 'ru/y1' x =ms a v :olesome & excell5t article ( food1 especially adapt$ = a light or ha/y meal1 or z a reli% = bread or vegetables4 ,= p]sons ) a weak /oma*1 & = invalids1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 to cook x )\t injur+ its flav\r1 or r5d]+ x indige/ible4 ,?is is be/ effect$ by cutt+ x into slices ( mod]ate ?ickness1 & c>efully broil+ or toa/+ x2 avoid+ dress+ x too ha/ily1 too sl[ly1 or too mu*4 ,! common practice ( cook+ x 9 almo/ waf]-l slices1 until x becomes br[n & crisp1 r5d]s x n m]ely indige/ible1 b also a mo/ f]tile s\rce ( he>tburn & dyspepsia4 ,fri$ bacon is rem>kably /rong1 & is h5ce m likely to (f5d ! /oma* ?an :5 x is broil$1 or pref]ably toa/$ be=e ! fire2 ! la/ be+1 ( all o!rs1 ! be/ way ( dress+ x s z to pres]ve its delicacy & flav\r4 ,g\rm&s1 h[ev]1 (t5 e/eem1 z 'une bonne b\*e1' bacon dress$ 9 ! flame aris+ f ! dropp+ ( its own fat4 ,*oice4 ,good bacon has a ?9 r9d1 & an agreeable od\r1 ! fat has a firm consi/5ce & a slightly r$di% t+e2 ! lean is ( a pleas+ r$ col\r1 is t5d]1 & adh]es1 :il/ raw1 /rongly to ! bone4 ,:5 ! fat is yell[1 x is ei!r 'ru/y' or becom+ s1 & %\ld be avoid$4 ,! /reaky p>ts are n only ^? :i* are mo/ e/eem$1 b are ! mo/ :olesome4 ,bacon %\ld be broil$ or toa/$ 9 front ( ! fire4 ,! ra%]s %\ld be 9 ?9 slices1 & ! r9d %\ld be remov$4 ,! melt$ fat f ! bacon %\ld nev] be wa/$4 ,to p>take ( all broil$ meats 9 p]fection !y %\ld be s]v$ up z soon z !y are tak5 (f ! gridiron4 ,,bact]ium 7,,bact]ion1 a little rod74 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,cohn1 ( ,breslau1 ^u ! nature ( ?is organism1 ! idea previ\sly ent]ta9$ by ,ehr5b]g & o!rs z to its animal orig9 has be5 long ab&on$1 & microscopi/s n[ v g5]ally reg>d x z belong+ to ! vegetable k+dom4 ,x is probably "o ( ! l[e/ & mo/ simple =ms ( vegetable or animal life1 & consi/s ( an envelope m or less enclos+ protoplasm--! nitrog5\s sub/ance f :i* ! cell nucleus is =m$4 ,dr ,lionel ,beale v c>efully cru%$ a v l>ge bact]ium :ile "u obs]vation by ! microscope1 & :5 ! ext]nal membrane 0 ruptur$ ! protoplasm 0 se5 to escape1 & to exhibit :at ,dr ,beale reg>ds z vital movem5t4 ,9 =m1 bact]ia may be ei!r globul>1 rod-%ap$1 egg-%ap$1 or filam5t\s4 ,cohn has describ$ a v>iety pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( bead$ *a9s1 or aggregations4 ,bact]ia v>y consid]ably 9 size1 "s be+ z mu* z #a_/cjjj? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 :il/ o!rs are less ?an #a_/ajjjj?1 & are only visible by ! aid ( a glass ( v high p[]1 su* z ! #a_/ej? ( an in* objective4 ,dr ,beale says1 ,! g]ms f :i* ! little p>ticles spr+ are f> m m9ute & m difficult to id5tify4 ,!y appe> z m9ute specks1 ! l>ge/ ( !m exhibit+ a circul> outl9e1 & probably be+ sph]ical4 ,! smalle/ are too m9ute to be disc]n$ ) ! highe/ magnify+ p[]s at our comm&4 ,if a specim5 ( fluid 9 :i* ^! p>ticles are rapidly gr[+ & multiply+ be c>efully exam9$1 _m po9ts w be obs]v$ to appe> f "t to "t4 ,aft] wat*+ ) great c>e = a consid]able "t a giv5 spot ,i h assur$ myself t new p>ticles actually come into exi/5ce2 & t "o does n1 aft] int5tly wat*+ = a "t & conc5trat+ ! att5tion ^u a c]ta9 space1 m]ely see "o com+ into view "o aft] ano!r1 z /> aft] />4 ,! mat]ial 9 :i* ! m9ute g]ms ( bact]ia are imb$d$1 & :i*1 at lea/ 9 "p1 consi/s ( =m$ mat]ial produc$ by ! bact]ia1 is mu* s(t] ?an ! matt] ( :i* ! capsule ( fungi consi/s4 ,x is1 p]haps1 almo/ z s(t z mucus4 ,i believe t ev5 ! mo/ m9ute bact]ium g]m is surr\nd$ by a lay] ( su* s(t =m$ matt]1 9 :i* v m9ute p>ticles ( bioplasm 7protoplasm7 divide & subdivide be=e !y atta9 ev5 ! #a_/ajjjjj? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,:51 !re=e1 bact]ia 9 an e>ly /age ( developm5t dry1 x is n possible to id5tify !m4 ,:5 moi/5$1 ! dry mass swells up1 & ! bioplasm 9 ! s(t mucus-l matt] gr[s1 ea* p>ticle produc+ a fre% inve/m5t ( =m$ mat]ial1 & !n if ! conditions are favorable1 ! g]ms ei!r at once divide & subdivide = a "t1 or gr[ into p]fect bact]ia1 :i* move freely & gr[ & multiply 9 ?is m advanc$ /age ( developm5t4 ,bact]ia increase by bisection1 & :5 ! surr\nd+ conditions are favorable _! rate ( production is m>vell\s4 ,x has be5 comput$ t an individual bact]ium w g5]ate ne>ly #ag1jjj1jjj ( its fell[s )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! v probable vegetable orig9 & nature ( bact]ia insi/$ ^u by ,pr(essor ,cohn n only appe>s to d]ive great support f 8 rese>*es into ! metamorphoses !y und]go dur+ developm5t1 c41 b also f _! behavi\r ) c]ta9 *emical reag5ts4 ,= in/ance1 x 0 f\nd t boil+ !m 9 solution ( pota% _h no effect1 & also :5 treat$ ) sulphuric acid & iod9e !y deport$ !mselves some:at z cellul9 does "u l circum/ances2 al?\gh f _! extreme m9ut5ess any *anges t take place 9 _! tissue are v difficult to obs]ve4 ,ano!r rem>kable analogy pres5t$ betwe5 bact]ia & plants is ! mann] 9 :i* !y bo? assimilate ! elem5ts ( :i* !y are built up2 = !y d]ive _! nitrog5 n f previ\sly exi/+ album9\s comp\nds1 b f ammonia4 ,!y may be made to develop !mselves 9 any fluid if ! fluid conta9s an organic sub/ance 9 :i* c>bon is pres5t1 a nitrog5\s sub/ance :i* ne$ n be organic1 & a phosphate4 ,!y appe> to d]ive _! c>bon by ! decomposition ( almo/ any sub/ance1 conta9+ ?is elem5t except c>bonic acid1 & !y w obta9 _! nitrog5 f a nitrate1 ! nitrate becom+ r$uc$ to ! /ate ( a nitrite4 ,a k ( ^! facts w ( c\rse indicate ! me?od to be foll[$ if we wi% to obta9 bact]ia4 ,all t we h to d is to prep>e a liquid t fulfils ! conditions j /at$4 ,dr ,j4 ,burdon ,s&]son gives ! foll[+ =mula = "o3--,phosphate ( potassium #a_/b p] c5t41 sulphate ( magnesium1 #a_/b p] c5t41 dissolve 9 wat] hav+ a trace ( phosphate ( calcium 9 susp5sion1 & !n add a p] c5t4 ( t>trate ( ammonium1 & boil ! mixture4 ,if prop]ly boil$ ! liquid w be free f bact]ia2 b ! contact ( almo/ any organic sub/ance1 = example1 a drop ( wat]1 a p9* ( hay1 a morsel ( meal1 c41 w cause _! appe>ance4 ,! t5acity ( life exhibit$ by ! bact]ia is extremely great4 ,dr ,beale says1 ,extreme dryness does n de/roy !m1 & !y )/& a temp]ature f> bel[ ! freez+ po9t2 & t "u adv]se circum/ances !y rema9 dormant1 & are n de/roy$ by a degree ( heat :i* is fatal probably to e o!r liv+ organism4 ,ba/ian says t ! g]ms ( bact]ia are de/roy$ at a temp]ature ( #afj ,f41 b o!rs are ( op9ion t "u c]ta9 circum/ances ^! g]ms are n kill$ at #bab1 & t !y may increase & multiply aft] hav+ be5 expos$ to ?is degree ( heat4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall inde$ has %[n t 9 "o exp]im5t heat+ = a qu>t] ( an h\r at a temp]ature ( #bcj ,f4 0 insuffici5t to de/roy !m1 :il/ 9 ano!r ! five m9utes' exposure ( an atmosph]e conta9+ !m to ! inc&esc5ce ( ! voltaic curr5t fail$ to kill !m4 ,cohn relates t manufactur]s ( pots ( pres]v$ peas at ,lubek h s9ce #aheh be5 oblig$ to cook !m 9 a solution ( #bh p] c5t4 ( salt1 at a temp]ature ( #bbf ,f41 to prev5t ! putrefaction ( _! cont5ts1 z 9 w>m ye>s ne>ly half ! pots 7 f\nd to be spoil$4 ,9 exp]im5ts made 9 conjunction ) ,dr ,h>e1 ,cohn f\nd t 9 infusions boil$ = less ?an fifte5 m9utes organisms 71 )\t exceptions1 develop$4 ,some:at l[] temp]ature prov$ fatal to ! great majority ( bact]ia4 ,^? t surviv$ 7 all f\nd to belong to ! g5us ,bacillus1 & among bacilli to ! species ,bacillus subtilis4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,drs ,f]ri] & ,burdon ,s&]son w\ld seem to %[ t bact]ia d n nom9ally exi/ 9 ! fluids & tissues ( ! body1 b t _! pres5ce 9 ! animal fluids may be trac$ to ext]nal surface contam9ation ) ord9>y wat]1 ! ext5t ( _! developm5t be+ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( ! contam9ation4 ,!y cont5d t diff]5t v>ieties ( wat] possess diff]5t degrees ( :at !y t]m ! 'zymotic p[]4' ,!y exam9$ ! wat]s suppli$ by ! sev]al ,london wat] companies1 & !y f\nd !m to consi/ ( v>y+ degrees ( bact]ian impurity4 ,!y ass]t t all except fre%ly di/ill$ wat] teems ) invisible g]ms ( bact]ia4 ,writ+ ( ! univ]sality ( ! pres5ce ( bact]ia & bact]ian g]ms1 ,dr ,beale rem>ks3--,x w\ld be difficult to say :]e bact]ium g]ms d n exi/4 ,9 air1 9 wat]1 9 ! soil adh]+ to t9y p>ticles ( e k9d1 9 e region ( ! e>?1 f ! poles to ! equator1 !y are f\nd4 ,9 ! sub/ance ( ! tissues--nay1 9 ! cells ( almo/ all plants1 & 9 ! int]/ices ( ! tissues ( _m animals--bact]ia g]ms exi/4 ,i "k n :at "p ( ! body ( man & ! high] animals is entirely de/itute ( p>ticles :i* "u favorable circum/ances develop into bact]ia4 ,^u ! sk9 & ! surface ( ! muc\s membranes !y exi/ 9 pr(usion1 & !y ab\nd 9 ! m\? & 9 ! follicles & gl&s4 ,dr ,eb]?1 ( ,zuri*1 /ates t he has f\nd on ord9>y sweat small oval-%ap$ bact]ia :i* are frequ5tly unit$ 9 /r+s ( two or ?ree1 & end[$ ) r active movem5ts4 ,! au?or ?9ks t !y v likely conduce to produce c]ta9 *emical modifications ( sweat4 ,drs ,f]ri] & ,s&]son appe> to h satisfactorily prov$ t fungi are n develop$ f microzymes1 & t _! app>5t association is "o ( juxtaposition only4 ,!y give ! foll[+ reasons = adopt+ ?is conclusion3--7#a7 ,! quick appe>ance ( torula cells 9 ,pa/eur's solution :5ev] x is expos$ to ! air1 & ! rapid developm5t & luxuriant fructification ( ! high] =m 7p5icillium7 %[ t s f> z ! *emical composition ( ! liquid is conc]n$1 !re exi/ 9 x all ! conditions favorable to ! process4 7#b7 ,:5 precautions are tak5 to prev5t contam9ation by impure surfaces or liquids1 ! developm5t :i* ends 9 p5icillium goes on f fir/ to la/ )\t ! appe>ance ( microzymes4 7#c7 ,:5ev] x is possible to impregnate ! te/-liquid ) microzymes1 )\t at ! same "t introduc+ torula cells or g]ms1 ! developm5t ( ! =m] beg9s & cont9ues by itself )\t any trans=mation into ! latt]4 ,?us fungi are n develop$1 not)/&+ ! pres5ce ( microzymes 9 ! same liquid 9 :i*1 microzymes be+ abs5t1 b air hav+ access1 !y appe> ) ! greate/ read9ess4 ,z we h already se5 ! g]ms ( bact]ia exi/ l>gely 9 air2 ! exp]im5ts ( ,hill]1 ( ,b]l91 w\ld seem to negative ! !ory ( ,f]ri] & ,s&]son1 z !y t5d to %[ t bact]ia h little influ5ce on putrefaction4 ,we are indebt$ to ,dr ,lionel ,beale = ^! illu/rations1 :i* are tak5 f 8 v int]e/+ "w on ',disease ,g]ms4' ,illu/ration ,hill]'s exp]im5ts t5d to %[ t putrefaction is indep5d5t ( ! pres5ce ( bact]ia1 t bact]ia c develop 9 liquids su* z ur9e )\t produc+ its decomposition1 & t ! degree ( _! developm5t & ! rate ( _! multiplication dep5d ^u ! am\nt ( assimilable mat]ial4 ,! foll[+ is ! def9ition giv5 to ! ^w 'microzyme' 7:i* occurs above7 by its orig9ator1 ,dr ,s&]son3 ,i propos$ ! ^w 'microzyme' z a conv5i5t g5]al t]m = ! fir/ organic =ms :i* pres5t !mselves 9 organic nitrog5\s liquids :5 ab\t to und]go spontane\s decomposition4 ,f ! exp]im5ts ( ,b*amp x appe>s t "u "s circum/ances ! "m ( v9eg>1 a conglom]ation ( microzymes1 c be trans=m$ into bact]ia1 & "u o!r circum/ances into a cellul> f]m5t :i* c excite normal alcoholic f]m5tation 9 cane sug>4 ,subsequ5t rese>*es h %[n t ! conv]se ( ?is is also true1 & t ! cellul> f]m5t may be trans=m$ into microzymes & bact]ia4 ,a mixture ( />* & yea/ kept at a temp]ature ( #bd to #ce soon liquefies1 & ! yea/ und]goes rem>kable *anges4 ,! cells swell1 become transp>5t1 & gradually disappe>4 ,myriads ( microzymes ( great agility spr+ into exi/5ce1 !n vibrios appe>1 & z ^! increase ! microzymes dim9i%4 ,! vibrios 9 _! turn are succe$$ by myriads ( bact]ia1 & f9ally ! bact]ia disappe>1 leav+ no?+ b microzymes1 s+le or c\pl$ toge!r4 ,dur+ ^! *anges a small quantity ( gas is dis5gag$1 no butyric acid is =m$1 & b little acetic or lactic acids4 ,z !n ! "m ( v9eg> :5 *ang$ into bact]ia becomes lactic or butyric f]m5t1 & :5 trans=m$ into cellul> matt] becomes alcoholic f]m5t1 & z be] yea/ becomes lactic or butyric f]m5t :5 r$uc$ to microzymes1 vibrios1 or bact]ia1 x is evid5t t ! prop]ty ( be+ a f]m5t ( any p>ticul> nature does n dep5d ess5tially ^u ! nature ( ! f]m5t1 b ^u its organisation or /ructure4 ,a contributor to ! ',m$ical ,times & ,gazette' ( ,febru>y #bnd1 #ahgh1 advances ! op9ion t _m ( ! bact]ia are only p>ts ( a plant :i* has o!r =ms & o!r modes ( gr[? & propagation :5 n conf9$ to ! liv+ organism or to fluids1 & reg>ds ! bact]ium z a transitional or provisional & n z a p]man5t =m1 b an abnormal phase ( life ?ru/ ^u ! plant by accid5t4 ,,bact]ia ,,z ,,orig9ators ,,( ,,disease4--,! rese>*es ( _m em95t microscopi/s & physiologi/s af=d abundant evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( bact]ia 9 ! blood ( p]sons affect$ ) v>i\s infecti\s diseases4 ,= in/ance1 ,core & ,feltz1 ( ,/rasb\rg1 f\nd a l9k$ bact]ium 9 ! blood ( ^? attack$ ) septicmia1 typhoid1 & pu]p]al fev]s4 ,! same inve/igators also discov]$ bact]ia 9 ! blood ( pati5ts suff]+ f sc>let fev]2 ?is blood :5 inject$ into ! ve9s ( rabbits set up a fev]i% disease t prov$ fatal4 ,aga91 9 ! blood ( man & ! %eep attack$ ) smallpox1 a bact]ium ( ! globul> or sph]e-%ap$ v>iety 0 f\nd by ,keb]1 ,halli]1 & ,zurn4 ,bact]ia h also be5 f\nd 9 ! blood dur+ measles1 & 9 ! spl5ic apoplexy ( %eep & cattle4 ,!y h likewise be5 id5tifi$ 9 diph!ritical exudations bo? f ! kidneys & womb1 z well z 9 ! blood dur+ an attack ( rheumatic fev]1 & !y are und\bt$ly pres5t 9 ! same fluid dur+ _m fev]i% disord]s4 ,drs ,lewis & ,cunn+ham fail$ to discov] !m 9 ! blood ( *ol]a pati5ts4 ,pr(essors ,cohn & ,ko* /& prom95tly =w>d z ! advocates ( ! g]m !ory ( disease by bact]ia4 ,pr(essor ,cohn divides ! bact]ia into gr\ps1 g5]a1 & species1 & assigns to ea* species a diff]5t function4 ,= in/ance1 he consid]s ! f]m5t ( contagion to be due to ! pres5ce ( a v>iety ( ! sph]e-%ap$ bact]ium--"o ( 8 gr\ps4 ,he divides ! :ole gr\p into ?ree--! *romog51 zymog51 & pa?og51 ! bact]ia ( pigm5tation1 ( f]m5tation1 & ( contagion1 respectively4 ,he says ^? organisms are exce$+ly m9ute1 d>ki% or col\r$ granules1 s small z to be immeasurable4 ,!y frequ5tly pres5t ! appe>ance ( bead$ *a9s or ! =m ( aggregations4 ,!y are motionless & are occasionally f\nd ) ! ,bact]ium t]mo 9 putrefy+ organic liquids4 ,messrs ,*auveau & ,s&]son h discov]$ a bact]ium 9 vacc9e lymph :i* believ]s 9 ! g]m !ory class among ! pa?og5 bact]ia1 & :i* !y h nam$ ! ,micrococcus vacc94 ,among/ ! pa?og5 bact]ia !y also include ! ,micrococcus dip!ricus & ,micrococcus septicus1 ! =m] f\nd 9 ! epi!lium ( c]ta9 organs dur+ c]ta9 =ms ( pymia1 & ! latt] 9 ! mili>y eruption ( typhus1 pymia1 & o!r diseases4 ,! *romog5 or pigm5t>y bact]ia h occasionally be5 ! means ( work+ miracles4 ,sev]al in/ances ( bread exud+ blood1 "u sup]natural circum/ances1 are relat$ by ,rivola4 ,ehr5b]g f\nd ?is col\r on "s bread 9 ! h\se ( a pati5t :o _h di$ ( *ol]a1 & he asc]ta9$ ! pigm5t to be due to ! pres5ce ( ! ,monas prodigiosa1 small r\nd bodies :i* ,pr(essor ,cohn classes ) ! micrococci1 a v>iety ( ! sph]e-%ap$ bact]ium4 ,! rec5t inve/igations ( ,ko* 7 direct$ to ! cause ( spl5ic fev]1 & ,cohn on exam9+ 8 specim5s f\nd t !y 7 examples ( ,bact]ia ( ! species call$ ,bacillus an?racis1 :i* seems to pres5t little or no diff]5ce to ! ,bacillus subtilis ( hay infusions4 ,ko* f\nd t bacilli increase ) enorm\s rapidity 9 ! blood1 & 9 ! fluid ( tissues ( liv+ animals1 by develop+ 9 l5g? & divid+ transv]sely4 ,! animals employ$ 7 *iefly mice1 & a small incision be+ made at ! root ( ! tail1 z m9ute a drop z possible ( ! fluid conta9+ ! bacilli 0 inject$ into ! sy/em4 ,! sple5 inv>iably became enorm\sly swoll51 & fill$ ) a l>ge numb] ( cry/all9e-look+ rods ( v>y+ size1 nev] exhibit+ movem5t or spore =mation2 !y increas$ 9 numb]s solely by division4 ,! numb] ( bacilli f\nd 9 ! blood v>ies 9 diff]5t animals2 ?us 9 ! gu9ea-pig x 0 enorm\s1 sometimes exce$+ t ( ! blood-corpuscles2 9 ! rabbit mu* small]1 s t sometimes sev]al drops _h to be exam9$ be=e any 7 f\nd1 9 ! m\se (t5 nil4 ,9 ! blood ( dead animals or o!r suitable fluids ! bacilli gr[ to v long /raight lepto?orax-l filam5ts 7)9 c]ta9 limits ( temp]ature1 & ) ! pres5ce ( air71 :ile ! =mation ( num]\s spores goes on at ! same "t4 ,kohl believes t x is to ! pres5ce ( ! spores t ! occurr5ce ( spl5etic fev] appe>s to be ref]able4 ,:5 liv+1 inoculation ) !m always produc$ ! disease2 b if kill$1 z by dry+1 or a high temp]ature1 inoculation fail$2 x 0 necess>y ei!r t liv+ spores %\ld be pres5t1 or t ! filam5ts %\ld be capable ( g5]at+ spores1 9 ord] t ! disease %\ld be propagat$ by inoculation4 ,ko* tri$ :e!r ! poison\s bacilli spores c\ld ga9 entrance ?r\gh ! dige/ive organs1 b f\nd t mice & rabbits c\ld eat !m ) impunity4 ,ko* draws att5tion to ! simil>ity ( spl5ic fev] to typhus & *ol]a4 ,he says x pres5ts analogies to typhus 9 its dep5d5ce on soil-wat]1 its pref]5ce = l[ gr\nds1 its sporadic occurr5ce ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & its developm5t into an epidemic 9 ! late summ] & autumn4 ,l *ol]a1 aga91 he says1 x is connect$ ) soil-wat]1 & x also agrees ) *ol]a 9 ! po9t :i* has be5 s well made out by ,pett5k(]1 t on bo>d %ip an int]val ( ?ree or f\r weeks is suffici5t to prev5t its fur!r developm5t4 ,h5ce ,ko* is dispos$ to hope t ! contagium ( typhus & *ol]a may /ill be discov]$ 9 ! =m ( "s ,s*izophyte or sph]oidal bact]ium1 ?\gh practical obs]v]s h hi!rto s\ght = !m 9 va94 ,_m pa?ologi/s1 h[ev]1 refuse to accept ! accuracy ( ^! d$uctions1 & reg>d ! pres5ce ( bact]ia 9 ! blood & tissues dur+ disease z ( no significance2 :il/ !y d5y t x is satisfactorily prov$ t !y are ! cause ( disease4 ,dr ,lionel ,beale says3--,*anges 9 ! processes ( dige/ion are soon foll[$ by ! multiplication ( bact]ia 9 e "p ( ! alim5t>y canal1 & )9 a few h\rs c\ntless millions may be develop$4 ,!y multiply 9 ! secretions "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 almo/ z soon z ^! are =m$1 & ,i h adduc$ evid5ce to %[ t bact]ia g]ms exi/ ev5 9 heal?y blood4 ,9 ! v sub/ance ( "s cells ,i h se5 !m1 & 9 _m cases 9 :i* little granules h be5 disc]n$ 9 connection ) biopla/s4 ,!re is reason to believe t "s ( !m are really bact]ia g]ms1 passive z long z ! high] life is ma9ta9$ 9 its integrity1 b ready to gr[ & multiply ! in/ant a *ange favorable to !m1 & adv]se to u1 %all occur4 ,& aga9 he rem>ks3--,bact]ia prey ^u morbid /ructure1 & ^u ! sub/ances result+ f ! dea? ( bioplasm 7protoplasm74 ,we ought n1 !re=e1 to be surpris$ at _! exi/5ce 9 disease4 ,!y are f\nd 9 great numb]s among/ pus-corpuscles :i* h ceas$ to live1 & !y gr[ & multiply ) great rapidity 9 fluids :i* conta9 disease g]ms1 z soon z ^! beg9 to lose _! specific p[]s & to und]go decomposition4 ,see ,,g]ms4 ,,bad'',,g] 7b7aj'-7er74 ,syn4 ,,me',,les1 ,l42 ,,blaireau1 ,fr42 ,,da*s1 ,g]4 ,! ur'sus me'les 7,l9n471 "o ( ! plantigrade c>nivora1 a burr[+ nocturnal animal1 common 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,s9ce ! extirpation ( ! be>1 ! badg] is ! sole repres5tative ( ! urs9e family 9 our indig5\s zoology4 ,its habits are nocturnal1 in(f5sive1 & slo?ful2 its food consi/s ( roots1 e>?-nuts1 fruits1 ! eggs ( birds1 insects1 reptiles1 & ! small] quadrup$s2 its noxi\s qualities are consequ5tly few & ( slight mom5t1 & by no means ju/ify ! ext]m9at+ w> un9t]mitt5tly wag$ aga9/ x4 7,br&e47 ,its muscul> /r5g? is great1 its bite prov]bially p[]ful2 & a dog mu/ be tra9$ & enc\rag$ to ent] will+ly into combat ) x4 7,id47 ,uses1 c4 ,! fle% ( ! badg] is priz$ z food2 ! sk9 us$ = pi/ol furniture2 ! hair made into bru%es4 ,! ,am]ican badg] is commonly call$ ! ,,gr\nd-,,hog4 ,! ,cape badg] produces ,,hyraceum 7:i* see74 ,,bad',,iane 7-e-7ahn74 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,bad',,ian1 ,b4-,,se$4 ,/>-anise se$4 ,,badi'',,geon 7b7a-d7izh'one2 b7ad'-e-zh7und\ble-dagg]1 or b7a-d7ij'7und\ble-dagg]--,sm>t74 ,among op]atives & arti/s1 any cem5t us$ to fill up holes & to cov] defects 9 _! "w4 ,among /atu>ies1 a mixture ( pla/] & free-/one is commonly us$ = ?is purpose2 among jo9]s & c>p5t]s1 a mixture ( sawdu/ & glue1 or ( :it+ & glue2 & among coop]s1 "o ( tall[ & *alk4 ,! "n is also giv5 to a /one-col\r$ mixture us$ = ! fronts ( h\ses1 & said to be compos$ ( wood-du/ & lime1 slak$ toge!r1 /one p[d]1 & a little o*re1 umb]1 or si5na2 ! :ole be+ mix$ up ) weak alum wat] to ! consi/5ce ( pa9t1 & laid on 9 dry wea!r4 ,,bael4 ,nat4 ,syn4 ,,indian ,,bael1 ,,bel992 ,,bael1 ,b4 ,,9',,dicus1 ,,be',,la1 ,b4 ,,9',,dica1 ,l4 ,! oeg'le m>melos 7,correa2 cratva m41 ,l9n47 "o ( ! ,aurantiace 7,,dc474 ,dri$ half-ripe fruit import$ f ! ,e4 ,indies1 "u ! "n ( ,,indian ,,bael4 ,a/r+5t & refrig]ant2 highly extoll$ 9 *ronic dys5t]y1 di>rhoea1 ,engli% *ol]a1 & relaxations g5]ally4 ,x is also us$ 9 bili\s fev]s1 hypo*ondriasis1 melan*olia1 c4 ,root-b>k1 /em-b>k1 & express$ juice ( ! leaves1 p>ticul>ly ! fir/1 also us$ 9 ! same cases 9 ,india4 ,ripe fruit fragrant & delici\s2 us$1 9 ! ,e4 ,i41 z a w>m ca?>tic1 & reg>d$ z a c]ta9 cure = habitual co/iv5ess4 ,mucus ( ! se$s us$ by pa9t]s z size2 also z a cem5t4 ,unripe fruit us$ to dye yell[4 ,x is g5]ally adm9i/]$ "u ! =m ( ,,decoction or ,,extract 7:i* see74 ,,bagasse' 7-g7as'74 ,fr4 ,! dry refuse /alks ( ! sug> cane z !y leave ! cru%+-mill4--,us$ z fuel 9 ! colonial sug>-h\ses4 ,,bagg',,+4 ,! clo? or mat]ials ( :i* bags or sacks are made4 ,9 agriculture1 appli$ to a me?od ( reap+ corn by a *opp+1 in/ead ( a draw+ cut4 ,see ,,rats1 c4 ,,bahia ,,p[d]4 ,see ,,ar>oba4 ,,bahr',s ,,non-,,poison\s ,,m$ical ,,snuff4 ,a snuff l>gely adv]tis$ 9 ! ,b]l9 j\rnals1 compos$ *iefly ( p[d]$ galls4 7,hag]47 ,,ba9-,,m>ie4 ,fr4 ,9 old *emi/ry1 a wat] ba?2 also1 sometimes1 a s& ba?4 ,9 cook]y1 a %all[ vessel conta9+ heat$ wat]1 9 :i* saucepans1 c41 are plac$1 :5 x is necess>y ei!r to make !m hot1 or to keep !m s1 )\t all[+ !m to boil4 ,x is extremely useful 9 mak+ sauces1 w>m+ s\ps & small di%es1 & :5 d9n]s are delay$ aft] !y are ready to be s]v$4 ,,ba'',,k+ 7bake'-74 ,syn4 ,,action ,,de ,,cuire ,,au ,,f\r1 ,fr4 ,! process ( cook+1 or ( heat+1 dry+1 & h>d5+ any sub/ance 9 an ov5 or kiln1 or by ! rays ( ! sun2 ! art or trade ( a bak]d\ble-dagg]2 also te*nically1 a bat* or ov5ful1 or ! quantity bak$ at once 7 ,,f\rn,e1 ,fr474 ,9 cook]y1 bak+ is1 p]haps1 ( all o!rs1 ! *eape/1 mo/ conv5i5t1 & be/ way ( dress+ d9n]s = small families1 :]e a good dome/ic ov5 is at h&4 ,?\gh ! flav\r ( bak$ meat is g5]ally consid]$ b>ely equal to t ( ! same p>ts roa/$1 !re are "s jo9ts & di%es to :i* x appe>s p>ticul>ly suitable4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ legs & lo9s ( pork1 legs & %\ld]s ( mutton1 fillets ( veal1 c4 ,a bak$ pig1 if x has be5 occasionally ba/$1 & ! heat has n be5 too great1 eats equal to a roa/ "o4 ,geese & ducks treat$ 9 ! same way are also excell5t4 ,a bak$ h>e :i* has be5 ba/$ ) raw milk & butt] also eats well2 & s d v>i\s pieces ( beef1 especially ! buttock4 ,cooks tell u t ?is la/ %\ld be spr9kl$ ) a little salt = a day or two be=e dress+ x1 & aft] be+ wa%$ is pref]ably bak$1 along ) ab\t a p9t ( wat]1 9 a glaz$ e>!n pan ti$ ov] ) writ+ pap]1 '?ree or f\r times ?ick4' ,a bak$ ham is said to be pref]able to a boil$ "o2 to be t5d]]1 full] ( gravy1 & f9] flav\r$4 ,x %\ld be soak$ 9 wat] = ab\t an h\r1 wip$ dry1 & cov]$ ) a co>se ?9 pa/e or batt]4 ,ord9>y di%es require simil> treatm5t 9 bak+ to t giv5 !m :5 roa/$4 ,= dome/ic use1 :]e ! kit*5-range does n include a really good ov51 ! portable articles kn[n z a ',,dut*-,,ov51' & an ',am]ican ov51' =m an excell5t sub/itute1 admirably adapt$ = small jo9ts1 p\ltry1 c41 all ( :i*1 :5 ^! ut5sils are skilfully employ$1 possess a delicacy & flav\r fully equal to ! same :5 roa/$2 :il/ n m ?an "o half ! fire is requir$ = ! purpose4 ,accord+ to ,miss ,acton !y also answ] excell5tly = delicate sweet pudd+s1 & = cakes4 ,see ,,bread1 ,,cakes1 ,,roa/+1 c4 ,bak+ ,p['d]4 ,see ,,p[d]s4 ,bak+ ,p[d]1 ,am]ican4 ,= mak+ light pa/ry4 ,t>t>ic acid & *alk4 7,rei*>dt47 ,bak+ ,p[d]1 ,borwick's ,g]man1 is an artificial f]m5tation p[d]1 comp\nd$ ) co>se maize-fl\r4 7,gdike47 ,bak+ ,p[d]1 ,goodall's1 is a comp\nd ( #b p>ts ( rice fl\r ) #a "p ( a mixture ( t>t>ic acid & bic>bonate ( soda4 7,k4 ,bos*an47 ,bak+ ,p[d] or ,yea/ ,p[d]1 ,pr(essor ,hors=d's 7,cambridge1 ,u4,s474 ,?is is a p[d] suppli$ 9 two packets4 ,! "o conta9s an acid phosphate ( lime & magnesia made up ) a c]ta9 quantity ( fl\r1 & ! o!r is bic>bonate ( soda1 ) a little *loride ( potassium4 ,,bal',,ance4 ,z 9 ! process ( :at is t]m$ gravimetric analysis ! *emi/ has to det]m9e ! weights ( ! diff]5t sub/ances employ$ z well z f\nd1 x w be self-evid5t t = 8 results to be tru/wor?y ! balance he employs mu/ be p]fectly accurate & reliable4 ,! accompany+ draw+1 f ,roscoe1 repres5ts a common =m ( *emical balance4 ,illu/ration ,! app>atus consi/s ( a p]=at$ brass beam 7,,aa71 vibrat+ ab\t its c5tre1 at :i* is fix$ a triangul> knife-edge ( agate 7,c72 ?is re/s ^u a horizontal agate plane atta*$ to ! upright brass pill>4 ,to ea* end ( ! beam light brass pans 7,,bb7 are hung1 ea* pan be+ susp5d$ by an agate plane1 ^u an agate knife-edge fix$ on ! end ( ! beam at ,,dd4 ,?is arrangem5t is r5d]$ necess>y 9 ord] to r$uce z mu* z possible ! friction ( ! edges on _! supports1 :i* friction1 if un*eck$1 w\ld s]i\sly impair ! s5sibility ( ! balance4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! agate edges be+ worn away by con/antly rubb+ on ! agate planes1 ! beam & ! ends 7,,dd7 are support$ by ! brass arm 7,,ee71 :5 ! balance is n 9 use1 s t ! agate surfaces are n 9 contact4 ,! beam & pans are releas$ :5 requir$ by turn+ ! h&le 7,f74 ,! movem5t ( ! brass arm 7,,ee7 is accompani$ by means ( a rod desc5d+ ?r\gh ! upright brass pill>1 & re/+ on a simple ecc5tric1 by ! turn+ ( :i* by ! h&le 7,f7 x may be gradually rais$ or l[]$4 ,! sub/ance to be weigh$ 7held by a tube1 wat* glass1 c47 is plac$ 9 "o ( ! pans1 & weights add$ "o by "o 9 ! o!r1 until ! beam is 9 equilibrium3 ?is is asc]ta9$ by ! long po9t]7,g7 oscillat+ to an equal di/ance on ea* side ( ! c5tral m>k or index1 ?is latt] be+ subdivid$ into equal spaces1 s t ! oscillations c be measur$4 ,a _s level is also a necess>y app5dage to ! in/rum5t1 s9ce x enables ! op]ator to place ! beam on an exactly horizontal level4 ,! beam ( ! balance is g5]ally graduat$ into decimals4 ,?is saves ! tr\ble ( plac+ a weight on ! scale1 s9ce x enables ! op]ator to weigh ! milligramme & its fractions by susp5d+ a c5tigramme rid] or hook on or betwe5 ! indicat$ po9ts ( a graduat$ l9e4 ,! balance is enclos$ 9 a glass case1 :i* s]ves n only to protect x f du/1 b to all[ ( ! weigh+ be+ c>ri$ on away f ! out] air1 9 :i* ! preval5ce ( draughts proves a s\rce ( consid]able annoyance to ! weigh]4 ,! front ( ! scale case g5]ally consi/s ( ?ree p>ts1 viz4 a fix$ c5tre piece & two lat]al frames or doors1 all ( c\rse ( glass4 ,x is ( importance t ! air inside ! balance case %\ld be p]fectly dry1 s9ce a humid atmosph]e w\ld n only affect ! weight ( _m hygroscopic sub/ances :5 plac$ 9 ! pans1 b likewise be liable to attack ! in/rum5t itself4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ^! casualties a small beak] conta9+ oil ( vitriol1 or *loride ( calcium1 or fre%ly-burnt lime1 %\ld be kept 9 ! case4 ,a balance capable ( weigh+ #gj or #hj grammes 9 ea* scale w be f\nd to meet ! ne$s ( mo/ *emi/s4 ,fres5ius says1 ,! ,,accuracy ( a balance dep5ds ^u ! foll[+ conditions3 a4 ,! fulcrum mu/ be plac$ above ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! beam4 b4 ,! susp5sion po9ts ( ! scales mu/ be on an exact level ) ! fulcrum4 c4 ,! beam mu/ be suffici5tly /rong & inflexible to be> )\t b5d+ ! greate/ weight t ! con/ruction ( ! balance admits (4 d4 ,! arms ( ! balance mu/ be ( equal l5g?2 i4e4 ! po9ts ( susp5sion mu/ be equidi/ant f ! fulcrum or po9t ( support4 ,! ,,s5sibility or ,,delicacy ( a balance dep5ds ^u ! foll[+ conditions3 a4 ,! friction ( ! edges ^u _! supports mu/ be z slight z possible4 b4 ,! c5tre ( gravity mu/ be z ne> z possible to ! fulcrum4 c4 ,! beam mu/ be z light z possible4 ,! foll[+ are ! te/s giv5 by ! same au?ority = ! accuracy & s5sibility ( a balance3 #a4 ,! balance is 9 ! fir/ place accurately adju/$1 if necess>y1 ei!r by ! regulat+ screws1 or by means ( t9foil1 & a milligramme weight is !n plac$ 9 "o ( ! scales4 ,a good & practically useful balance mu/ turn di/9ctly ) ?is weight2 a delicate *emical balance %\ld indicate ! "o t5? ( a milligramme ) p]fect di/9ctness4 #b4 ,bo? scales are load$ ) ! maximum weight ! con/ruction ( ! balance w admit (2 ! balance is !n accurately adju/$1 & a milligramme add$ to ! weight 9 "o scale4 ,?is ought to cause ! balance to turn to ! same ext5t z 9 #a4 ,9 mo/ balances1 h[ev]1 x %[s some:at less on ! index4 #c4 ,! balance is accurately adju/$ %\ld x be necess>y to e/abli% a p]fect equilibrium betwe5 ! scales by load+ ! "o ) a m9ute portion ( t9foil 7?is t9foil mu/ be left rema9+ ^u ! scale dur+ ! exp]im5t72 bo? scales are !n equally load$1 say ) ab\t fifty grammes ea*1 & if necess>y ! balance is aga9 adju/$ 7by ! addition ( small weights1 c474 ,! load ( ! two scales is !n int]*ang$1 s z to transf] t ( ! "r scale to ! left1 & vice v]s4 ,a balance ) p]fectly equal arms mu/ ma9ta9 its absolute equilibrium ^u ! int]*ange ( ! weights ( ! two scales4 #d4 ,! balance is accurately adju/$2 x is !n arre/$1 subsequ5tly set 9 motion1 & aga9 all[$ to recov] its equilibrium2 ! same process %\ld be repeat$ sev]al times4 ,a good balance mu/ inv>iably reassume its orig9al equilibrium4 ,a balance ( :i* ! end edges af=d too mu* play to ! hook re/+ ^u !m1 s z to all[ ! latt] slightly to alt] its position1 w %[ p]ceptible diff]5ces 9 diff]5t trials4 ,?is fault1 h[ev]1 is possible only ) balances ( defective con/ruction4 ,a balance to be p]fectly useful = ! purposes ( quantitative analysis mu/ /& ! fir/1 second1 & la/ ( ^! te/s4 ,a slight inequality ( ! arms is ( no great consequ5ce1 s9ce ?is may be readily & completely rem$i$ by ! mann] ( weigh+4 ,see ,,weights4 ,balance1 ,hydro/at'ic4 ,see ,,specific ,,gravity4 ,balance1 ,tor'sion4 ,a delicate in/rum5t1 inv5t$ by ,c\lomb1 = measur+ ! int5sities ( ! electrical & magnetic =ces4 ,,bald',,ness 7bawld'-74 ,syn4 ,,cal',,vitas1 ,,calvi'',,ties 7v7i%'-e-ez71 ,l42 ,,calvitie1 ,,*auvet1 ,fr42 ,,kahlheit1 ,,kahlkopf1 ,,kahlk,,pfigheit1 ,g]4 ,prim>ily1 abs5ce or loss ( any natural cov]+2 appr41 de/itution or loss ( hair1 m especially ( t ( ! top & =e-"p ( ! head4 ,9 botany1 abs5ce ( be>d or awn4 ,grey hair & baldness dep5d5t on old age are natural consequ5ces ( man's infirmity1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z evid5ce ( fail+ vig\r1 r ?an 9 ! light ( a disease4 ,premature loss ( hair may be induc$ by v>i\s causes4 ,x is common aft] sev]e fev]s1 & is frequ5tly caus$ by ext]nal pressure1 friction1 or viol5ce1 & by su* o!r local actions & conditions :i*1 :5 long cont9u$1 int]rupt ! normal functions ( ! sk94 ,p]sons ) a consumptive1 scorbutic1 scr(ul\s1 or syphilitic ta9t1 or ( a g5]al bad habit ( body1 frequ5tly lose _! hair e>ly4 ,9 ^! cases x probably arises f debility or p>alysis ( ! cutane\s vessels1 & ! consequ5t insuffici5t nutrition ( ! hair-bulbs4 ,:5 x occurs 9 p]sons "u ! middle age1 & app>5tly enjoy+ good heal?1 x may be (t5 trac$ to ! p]nici\s practice ( con/antly we>+ a h>d non-v5tilat+ hat1 or to disord]$ /oma*1 habitual smok+ or h>d dr9k+1 irregul> habits1 or late h\rs4 ,excessive anxiety or grief1 & int5se /udy & ?\ghtfulness1 also t5d to promote ! e>ly decay ( ! hair4 ,! natural baldness ( ! ag$1 & frequ5tly ! premature baldness ( e>li] ye>s1 arises f ! gradual att5uation ( ! scalp1 :i* ultimately becomes too ?9 to af=d room = ! p]=mance ( ! functions ( ! hair-produc+ organs1 & too scantily suppli$ ) blood = _! due nutrition & support4#ajd ,footnote #ajd3 ,9 su* cases x w be f\nd t1 ow+ to ?is att5uation1 ! scalp cov]s a l>g] portion ( ! skull ?an previ\sly2 & t its sides h some:at rec$$ f ! top ( ! head1 s t ! roots ( ! rema9+ hair desc5d l[] t[>ds ! =ehead1 temples1 & back ( ! neck1 ?an :5 ! p>ts 7 9 vigor\s heal?4 ,?is may be p]ceiv$ by apply+ ! op5 h& to ! "p1 & !n g5tly clos+ ! f+]s1 :5 ! scalp may be drawn into its orig9al position1 & w !n appe> loose & wr9kl$ ov] ! occiput1 c42 & ?is 9 a mann] v diff]5t to :at occurs :5 ! top ( ! head is cov]$1 or well-cov]$1 ) hair4 ,treatm4 ,! baldness ( s5ility & t aris+ f ! p]man5t injury or de/ruction ( ! hair-bulbs1 admit ( no cure1 not)/&+ ! daily assurances ( adv]tis+ impo/ors to ! contr>y4 ,9 o!r cases1 :5 a disposition to baldness exi/s1 %[n by ! hair fall+ (f 9 l>ge quantities1 or ceas+ to gr[ ) its usual vig\r & rapidity1 ! frequ5t b g5tle use ( ! hair-bru%1 & ( any bl& /imulat+ oil1 pomade1 or wa%1 if adopt$ 9 "t1 w g5]ally prove suffici5t to arre/ ! progress ( decay1 &1 v frequ5tly1 to re/ore ! hair to its pri/9e condition4 ,! head may be advantage\sly wa%$ 9 cold wat]1 at lea/ once a day2 or :at is bett]1 a %[] ba? may be tak5 on ris+ 9 ! morn+4 ,%\ld ?is plan n succe$1 ! head1 or ! upp] "p ( x1 may be %av$1 & a wig1 or a scalp1 adopt$ = a "t4 ,! effect ( keep+ ! hair closely cropp$ or %av$ is to make x gr[ ?ick]1 /iff]1 & /rong]1 & ?is (t5 :5 all o!r means fail4 ,among m active & less common rem$ies = baldness may be m5tion$--mild /ream+ electricity1 /imulant fom5tations1 can?>idis$1 iodurett$1 phosphorett$1 c41 oils & lotions1 a night-cap t1 )\t press+ injuri\sly on ! head1 lifts1 z x 71 ! scalp into its natural position1 c41 all ( :i* are notic$ else:]e4 ,! celebrat$ ,john ,wesley recomm5d$ rubb+ ! "p morn+ & ev5+ ) a raw onion until x became r$1 & !n apply+ a little honey4 ,! v5dors ( ,r[l&'s ',macass> ,oil' recomm5d ! head to be rubb$ ) a t[el 7or hair-bru%71 until some:at r$1 ea* "t be=e apply+ _! no/rum2 & ! advice is c]ta9ly good1 z indep5d5t ( ! /imulus ?us giv5 to ! sk91 & ! increas$ fl[ ( blood ?r\gh ! m9ute vessels ( ! scalp1 x is r5d]$ m absorb5t & s5sitive to ! action ( m$icam5ts4 ,at ! same "t ! read] mu/ be caution$ aga9/ plac+ any reliance on ext]nal applications1 unless he assi/s _! action by due att5tion to diet1 ex]cise1 v5tilation1 & su* o!r matt]s z t5d to promote ! g5]al heal? & vig\r ( ! body4 ,! sub/ances usually employ$ to m$icate hair-cosmetics1 ! g5]al managem5t ( ! hair1 & ! =mul = v>i\s applications to promote its gr[?1 pres]vation1 & beauty1 are notic$ 9 ! articles ,,hair1 ,,hair-,,cosmetics1 ,,pomades1 ,,oils1 ,,wa%es1 c41 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$4 ,,bale5' 7-lene'74 ,fr4 bale9e4 ,! fi%]'s "n = :alebone4 ,,ball 7bawl74 ,eng41 ,g]41 ,sw$4 ,syn4 ,,balle1 ,,b\le1 ,fr42 ,,bal1 ,,bol1 ,dau42 ,,glob-,u-,,lus1 ,,pi',,la1 ,l4 ,9 comm]ce1 vet]9>y m$ic9e1 p]fum]y1 c41 appli$ to v>i\s sub/ances made up into a globul>1 sph]oidal1 or ev5 a cyl9drical =m1 z a%-balls1 horse-balls1 soap-balls1 c4 ,,balloon' 7-loon'74 ,syn4 ,,ballon1 ,fr41 ,g]4 ,any holl[ sph]ical body ( :i* ! sides are extremely ?9 or att5uat$ 9 comp>ison ) its diamet] or bulk4 ,9 aro/atics1 a ma*9e or app>atus = elevat+ & su/a9+ bodies 9 ! air4 ,9 *emi/ry1 a globul> glass-receiv]1 ) ei!r "o or two necks 7 ,,gros ,r,,ciei5t1 ,,fr42 ,,grosse ,r41 ,g]474 ,9 pyrote*ny1 a holl[ case or ball ( pa/ebo>d fill$ ) fire-works or combu/ibles1 :i* explodes 9 ! air on be+ fir$ f a mort>4 ,balloon4 ,9 aro/ation1 a bag or holl[ pe>-%ap$ vessel1 made ( v>ni%$ silk or o!r light mat]ial1 & inflat$ ) "s gas or vap\r light] ?an ! air1 z hydrog51 c>burett$ hydrog51 heat$ air1 c41 s z to rise & float 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 fill$ ) gas x is call$ by way ( di/9ction an ,,air-,,balloon 7aro/at1 c41 ,fr41 lufball1 luft-s*iff1 c41 ,g]472 :5 ) heat$ air1 a ,,fire-,,balloon or ,,montgolfi] ,b4 7ballon feu1 c41 ,fr474 ,9 ! e>ly days ( aro/ation1 & inde$ = "s ye>s aft]w>ds1 balloons 7 inflat$ ) hydrog5 gas1 obta9$ by ! action ( sulphuric acid & wat] on iron fil+s or small fragm5ts ( iron2 b ?is me?od ( fil+ !m ultimately gave place to ! *eap] & m conv5i5t supply af=d$ by ! gas-light companies4 ,( late ye>s1 ! coal-gas furni%$ by ! gas-works has be5 g5]ally1 if n solely1 us$ = ! inflation ( balloons4 ,! pr9ciples ( balloon+ may be ref]r$ to ! well-kn[n diff]5ce 9 ! specific gravity ( bodies1 & to ! physical prop]ties ( ! atmosph]e4 ,pure hydrog51 weigh$ at ! level ( ! sea1 is ab\t #af times light] ?an common air2 b :5 prep>$ on ! l>ge scale1 & conta9+ wat]1 & o!r impurities1 x is only f #g to #aa times light] ?an ! atmosph]e4 ,a globe ( atmosph]ic air ( #a foot 9 diamet]1 "u l circum/ances1 weighs #a_/be lb42 a simil> globe ( hydrog5 7reckon+ x only z #f times light] ?an common air1 w1 !re=e1 h an asc5sional =ce ( #a_/cj lb474 ,n[1 ! weight ( ! body ( air :i* a balloon displaces mu/ exce$ ! gross weight ( ! balloon & all its app5dages1 9 ord] = ! latt] to asc5d 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! two weights expresses ! asc5sional =ce4 ,! aro/atic p[] ( balloons is proportional to _! dim5sions1 9 ! ratio ( ! cubes ( _! diamet]s4 ,?us1 x appe>s t a balloon ( #fj feet diamet] fill$ ) common hydrog5 w asc5d ) a weight ( ne>ly #gjjj lbs41 besides ! gas case2 :il/ "o ( only #a-a_/b foot 9 diamet] w b>ely float1 ow+ to ! less proportionate volume ( gas to ! weight ( ! case conta9+ x4 ,9 r\nd numb]s ! buoyancy ( a balloon may be reckon$ z equal to #a oz4 = e cubic foot ( hydrog5 x conta9s1 less ! weight ( ! case & app5dages4 ,! c>burett$ hydrog5 suppli$ by ! gas-works is mu* heavi] ?an hydrog5 gas1 & consequ5tly mu* less buoyant1 = :i* due all[ance mu/ be made4 ,t :i* possesses ! lea/ illum9at+ p[] is ! lighte/1 & consequ5tly ! be/ adapt$ = aro/ation4 ,! fabric ( :i* ! cases ( air-balloons are made is /rong ?9 silk1 cov]$ ) an ela/ic v>ni% ( dry+ oil or india rubb]1 or1 :at is bett]1 a solution ( india rubb] 9 ei!r *lor(orm or bisulphide ( c>bon2 ! nett+ is ( /rong light silk or flax5 cord2 & ! c> ( basket-"w4 ,fire-balloons1 on ! small scale1 are g5]ally made ( silv]-pap]1 & are inflat$ ) ! fumes ( burn+ _s ( w9e1 by means ( a sponge dipp$ 9 t liquid1 & susp5d$ j )9 ! m\? ( ! app>atus4 ,ow+ to ! increas+ r>ity ( ! atmosph]e z we asc5d f ! e>?'s surface1 balloon cases are made v mu* l>g] ?an is requir$ to conta9 ! necess>y quantity ( gas1 to all[ = its expansion z x rises into a r>] m$ium4 ,a cubical foot ( gas measur$ at ! level ( ! sea occupies a space ( two feet at an elevation ( #c-a_/b miles4 ,! foll[+ ,table w prove useful to ! amateur aronaut or ballooni/3-- ,,table %[+ ! relations betwe5 ! diamet]s1 surfaces1 & capacities ( sph]es4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,diamet]s4 ,surfaces4 ,cubical cont5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #a #cada #ebc #b #abefg #dahh #c #bhbgd #adacg #d #ejbfe #ccea #e #ghed #fede #aj #cadaei #ebcf #ae #gjfi #agfga #bj #abeff #dahi #be #aifce #haha #cj #bhbg #adacg #dj #ejbf #cceaj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,see ,,atmosph]e1 ,,gas1 ,,hydrog51 ,,p>a*ute1 ,,v>ni%1 c4 ,,balloon',,+d\ble-dagg]4 ,syn4 ,,balloon',,rydagg]994 ,! act1 art1 or practice ( asc5d+ or travell+ 9 balloons2 aro/ation4 ,a ,,balloon',,i/d\ble-dagg] is an aronaut 7p>ticul>ly an amateur or en?usia/ic "o74 ,,balls4 ,! application ( ?is t]m 9 comm]ce1 p]fum]y1 vet]9>y m$ic9e1 c41 has be5 already notic$4 7,see ,,ball47 ,! foll[+ may be ins]t$ "h3-- ,balls1 ,al'mond 7ah'-m7und74 ,syn4 ,,b\les ,d',,am&e1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sp]maceti1 #d oz42 :ite wax 7pure7 #h oz42 oil ( almonds1 #a p9t2 melt !m toge!r 9 a glaz$ e>!nw>e-vessel1 by ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 & :5 ! mixture has cool$ a little1 add ess5tial oil ( almonds1 & express$ oil ( mace1 ( ea* #b dr42 /ir assidu\sly until x beg9s to cool1 & !n p\r x into ! m\lds1 :i* may be ounce-gallipots ) smoo? bottoms 7v slightly w>m$71 :5 x w =m beautiful hemisph]ical cakes4 ,v f9e4 #b4 ,h>d cl>ifi$ suet1 #a-a_/d lb42 :ite wax1 #a_/d lb42 ess4 oil ( almonds1 #a-a_/b dr42 oil ( cloves 7or ( pim5to71 #a_/b dr42 z be=e4 ,uses1 c4 ,to s(t5 ! sk91 & 9 w9t] to prev5t *aps & *ilbla9s4 ,sometimes ^! balls are col\r$1 :i* is done :il/ ! mixture is 9 ! liquid /ate4 ,a ri* p9k or r$ may be giv5 by a little alkanet-root or dragon's blood2 a yell[1 by palm oil or annotta2 a blue1 by a little f9ely p[d]$ indigo2 & a gre51 ) sp9age 7/eep$ 9 ! oil be=e use71 or a few gra9s ( v]digris4 ,! mo/ appropriate t9t = !m is a pale yell[ or amb]4 ,balls1 ,b>ges 7-razhe'74 ,syn4 ,,b\les ,,de ,,b>,,ges1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,extract ( soap-wort1 #c oz42 good glue or gelat91 #a-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #d oz42 dissolve ) heat1 & add ( sulphide ( calcium1 #f oz42 common salt1 #a oz4 7bo? 9 p[d]72 mix ?or\ghly1 & =m ! mass into balls weigh+ #b-a_/b oz4 ea*1 add+ a little p[d]$ gum1 if requir$1 to ?ick5 x1 & us+ p[d]$ />* to roll !m 94 #b4 ,gelat91 #h oz42 sulphide ( calcium1 #ab oz42 common salt1 #b oz42 wat]1 q4 s42 aft] solution & admixture1 add c>bonate ( soda & ,ca/ile soap1 ( ea* 79 p[d]71 #b-a_/b oz4 ,"o ball is add$ to ! wat] ( a ba? = an adult1 to be us$ z a sub/itute = t ( ,b>ges4 ,balls1 ,bitt]4 ,prep4 #a4 ,p[d]$ g5tian1 #b lbs42 extract ( g5tian1 #a lb42 gra9s ( p>adise 7gr\nd71 #a_/b lb4 syrup1 q4 s42 mix ) heat1 & divide into half-p\nd rolls4 ,= ,,ale4 #b4 ,to ! above add ( ,spani%-juice1 #a-a_/b lb42 previ\sly s(t5$ ) a little boil+ wat] ,= ,,port] & ,,/\t4 ,bo? are us$ by fraudul5t brew]s2 & by publicans 9 r$uc+ _! be]4 ,balls1 ,black'+4 ,prep4 #a 7,bailey's74 ,gum-tragacan?1 #a oz42 wat]1 #d oz42 dissolve1 add ( sug> c&y1 #d oz42 & aft]w>ds1 ivory-black & ,prussian blue 79 v f9e p[d]71 ( ea* #b oz42 neat's foot oil1 #b fl4 oz42 ?or\ghly incorporate1 & evaporate by a g5tle heat1 con/antly /irr+1 until ( a prop] consi/5ce1 !n p\r x into oil$ m\lds4 #b4 ,gum-arabic1 moi/ sug>1 & ivory-black1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 lamp-black1 #a_/d lb42 glue 7melt$ ) a little wat]71 #b oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t1 or q4 s42 neat's foot oil1 #a_/d p9t2 z be=e4--,us$ by ! %oemak]s1 h>ness-mak]s1 c41 to black5 & poli% lea!r4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,heel4 ,balls1 ,bree*'es4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,sc\r+4 ,balls1 ,bronze4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,copy+4 ,balls1 ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,cam',,phor-,,cakes1 ,,*ap'-,,ballsd\ble-dagg]1 ,,*il',,bla9 ,b4d\ble-dagg]1 c42 ,,glob',,uli ,,camphora',,ti1 ,,plac5',t ,,camphora',t1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sp]maceti & :ite wax1 ( ea* #b oz42 almond or olive oil1 #a_/d p9t2 melt toge!r by a g5tle heat1 add ( camphor 79 small pieces71 #a oz42 :5 dissolv$1 /ir until p>tly cold1 & !n p\r x into m\lds1 z direct$ "u ,,almond-,,cakes 7above74 #b4 ,cl>ifi$ suet1 #a lb42 sp]maceti & :ite wax1 ( ea*1 #c oz42 camphor1 #b oz42 z be=e4 #c4 ,sp]maceti c]ate 7,ph4 ,l471 #a lb42 sp]maceti1 #b oz42 camphor1 #a-a_/b oz42 z be=e4 #d4 ,to ei!r ( ! above add ( balsam ( ,p]u1 #a_/d to #a_/b oz42 &1 aft] solution1 ei!r /ra9 ! mixture ?r\gh musl91 or all[ x to settle1 & decant ! cle> portion f ! dregs4 ,use1 c4 ,a popul> prev5tive ( *app+ & *ilbla9s4 ,a little is well rubb$ into ! sk91 previ\sly wa%$ clean & wip$ dry4 ,"s p]sons add col\r & sc5t2 b !y are g5]ally sold )\t ei!r4 ,! only suitable col\rs are amb]1 p9k1 or yell[4 ,! be/ p]fumes are allspice1 amb]gris1 cassia1 cloves1 mu%1 nutmeg1 rondoletia1 vanilla1 & violets4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,almond 7ant74 ,balls1 ,clo!s4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,sc\r+4 ,balls1 ,contray]'va4 ,syn4 ,,la',,pis ,,contray]',v1 ,,glob',,uli ,c41 ,l4 ,comp\nd contray]va-p[d] made into balls ) gum-wat]4 ,an obsolete prep>ation1 once 9 great repute z a /imulant1 tonic1 diaphoretic1 & absorb5t4 ,balls1 ,cop'y+4 ,^! h a simil> composition to 'heel-balls' 7see bel[74 ,= ,,black1 ! be/ col\r+ matt] is lamp-black or plumbago ) ab\t half its weight ( indigo2 = a ,,bronze-,,col\r1 bronze-p[d] is sub/itut$2 & = a mell[ ,,br[n1 burnt t]ra di ,si5na4 ,^! %\ld be all 9 v f9e p[d]4 ,! semi-fluid mass is p\r$ into small flat cyl9drical m\lds--pap] pill-boxes answ] ! purpose well4--,us$ by arti/s & amateurs to copy inscriptions1 monum5tal brasses1 & o!r slightly rais$ or sunk5 patt]ns2 ! ball be+ rubb$ ov] ! pap] previ\sly laid flat on ! design1 & held securely 9 its place4 ,!y are sometimes r5d]$ m p]man5t by damp+ ! wrong side ) a sponge dipp$ 9 wat]1 /rong _s1 or oil ( turp5t9e2 or by pass+ ! wrong side ov] a hot iron held ) ! face upw>ds4 ,balls1 ,cosmet'ic4 ,see ,,savonettes1 c4 7also above74 ,balls1 ,cream4 ,see ,,savonettes1 ,,soap ,,balls1 c4 ,balls1 ,dog4 ,see ,,dogs4 ,balls1 ,gas'coign's4 ,syn4 ,,glob',,uli ,,gascoig',,nii1 ,l4 ,gascoign's p[d] made up into small balls ) ?9 mucilage4 ,see ,,p[d]s4 ,balls1 ,heel4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ulla?orne's47 ,bees' wax1 #a lb42 suet1 #d oz42 melt toge!r1 & /ir 9 ( ivory-black 7v f9ely p[d]$71 #d oz42 lamp-black 7sift$71 #c oz42 gum arabic & sug>-c&y1 ( ea* 79 v f9e p[d]7 #b oz42 &1 :5 ?or\ghly mix$ & p>tly cold1 p\r ! composition into t9 or lead5 m\lds4 #b4 ,to ! la/ add ( res91 #c oz42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #b oz4 #c4 ,h>d suet & bees' wax1 ( ea* #d oz42 p[d]$ gum1 sug> c&y1 & ,v5ice turp5t9e1 ( ea* #a oz42 ivory-black & lamp-black1 ( ea* #b oz42 z be=e4 #d4 ,suet & bees' wax1 ( ea* #d oz42 lamp-black & br[n sug>1 ( ea* #h oz42 common size1 #e oz42 melt toge!r & /ir until incorporat$4 ,uses1 c4 ,employ$ to black lea!r1 & m especially by %oemak]s = ! edges ( ! soles2 ! ball be+ fir/ rubb$ on1 & ! "p aft]w>ds smoo!d ov] ) a burni%] or poli%$ iron tool g5tly heat$4 ,also us$ by arti/s to copy inscriptions1 basso relievos1 c4 ,to produce a good article1 ! gum1 col\r+ matt]1 & sug>1 mu/ be 9 ! /ate ( extremely f9e p[d]1 & ! mixture v c>efully made2 no lumps be+ left4 ,"s p]sons dissolve ! gum 9 a little wat]1 & !n /ir ! mixture ov] ! fire until x acquires ! prop] consi/5ce = m\ld+ 7z 9 ,no4 #d1 above72 b ! fir/ is acc\nt$ ! be/ me?od4 ,balls1 ,horse4 ,see ,,vet]9>y ,,m$ic9e1 c4 ,balls1 ,m>tial4 ,syn4 ,,glob',,uli ,,m>tia',,les1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,^? ( ! ,p4 ,cod4 consi/ ( t>t>is$ iron mix$ ) aromatics1 & made up into small globul> masses4 #b4 7,,b\les ,,de ,,nancy47 ,equal p>ts ( iron fil+s & r$ t>t>1 9 f9e p[d]1 made into balls ) pro( _s or br&y4 ,bo? are us$ z *alybeate tonics1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( pills or dissolv$ 9 hot wat]4 ,seldom employ$ 9 ,engl&4 ,balls1 ,physic4 7,vet4 ,m$47 ,see ,,masses4 ,balls1 ,p\ltry4 ,see ,,p\ltry4 ,balls1 ,sc5t4 ,see ,,pa/ils 7,toilet71 ,,p]fum]y1 ,,pomambra1 ,,sc5ts1 c4 ,balls1 ,sc\r+4 ,syn4 ,,bree*',,es ,,balls1 ,,clo!s ,b41 ,,c>pet ,b41 c4 ,prep4 #a4 ,curd soap 7slic$71 #a lb42 wat]1 #b oz42 melt 9 a wat] ba?1 or a glue-pot1 & :5 cool$ a little1 add ox-gall & oil ( turp5t9e1 ( ea*1 #e-a_/b oz42 mix well & roll or m\ld ! mass into balls or cakes4 #b4 ,full]'s e>?1 #b lbs42 curd-soap1 #a lb42 beat to a /iff pa/e ) ox-gall1 q4 s4 #c4 ,s(t soap & full]'s e>?1 equal p>ts1 beat up ) a little oil ( turp5t9e1 & ei!r ) or )\t a little ess5ce ( lemons4--,obs4 ,! above are us$ to remove pa9t1 grease1 & dirt f clo?1 c>pets1 c4 ,! spot1 fir/ moi/5$ ) hot wat]1 is rubb$ ) ! cake1 & all[$ to soak a few m9utes1 or to become ne>ly dry1 :5 x is well rubb$ ) a little w>m wat] & a bru% or piece ( wooll5 clo?1 & aft]w>ds r9s$ 9 clean wat]1 & f9ally rubb$ dry & smoo!d (f ) a piece ( dry clo? or a dry bru%4 ,! la/ =mula produces ! composition s commonly v5d$ ab\t ! /reets ( ,london 9 p5ny cakes4 #d4 ,:it+ & pipe-clay1 equal p>ts2 wat]1 q4 s4 ,us$ = soldi]s' belts1 tr\s]s1 c4 #e4 ,pipe-clay1 #b lbs42 full]'s e>?1 #a lb42 :it+1 #a_/b lb42 wat]1 q4 s4 #f4 ,ba? brick1 #a lb42 pipe-clay1 #b lbs42 s(t soap1 #a_/d lb42 ox-gall1 #a_/b p9t4 #g4 ,to ! la/ add ( pumice-/one1 9 v f9e p[d]1 #f oz4--,obs4 ,! la/ f\r are us$ = clo? & lea!r1 especially = drab & light-col\r$ coats1 tr\s]s1 lea!r bree*es1 belts1 & gloves4 ,rose p9k1 yell[ o*re1 umb]1 ,iri% slate1 or o!r l col\r+ matt]1 may be add$ to produce any desir$ t9t4 ,:ite pepp]1 cloves1 c41 are also occasionally add$ to drive away mo?s & insects2 & orris root1 or ess5ce ( b]gamot or ( lemon-grass1 z p]fume4 ,balls1 ,sweet4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,sc5t 7ant74 ,balls1 ,tan4 ,! muddy s$im5t ( tan-pits made into balls or lumps4--,us$ by ! poor = summ] fuel4 ,balls1 ,wa%4 ,see ,,savonettes1 ,,soap1 c4 ,,balm 7bahm74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum1 ,l42 ,,baume1 ,fr42 ,,balsam1 ,g]4 ,prim>ily1 balsam 7( :i* x is a contraction72 =m]ly & /ill popul>ly appli$ to any?+ assum$ to be soo?+1 heal+1 or g5ial 9 its action1 p>ticul>ly if also aromatic or fragrant2 b *iefly to m$ic9es & liqueurs1 suppos$ to possess ^! prop]ties4 ,see ,,balsams1 ,,liqueurs1 ,,quack ,,m$ic9es1 c4 ,balm4 ,syn4 ,,com',,mon ,,balm1 ,,g>',,d5 ,b42 ,,melis',,sa1 ,l42 ,,baume1 ,m,,lisse1 ,fr4 ,! melis'sa (fic9a'lis 7,l9n471 an aromatic p]5nial h]b1 a native ( ! s\? ( ,europe1 b commonly cultivat$ 9 our g>d5s4 ,x is reput$ to be diaphoretic1 diuretic1 emm5agogue1 exhil>at+1 n]v9e1 & /oma*ic2 & "u ! =m ( infusion 7,,balm-,,tea7 has long be5 a popul> rem$y 9 hypo*ondriacal1 hy/]ical1 & n]v\s affections1 & 9 am5orrhoea & *lorosis4 ,x is /ill sometimes ord]$ z a dr9k 9 fev]s & 9 hypo*ondriasis4 ,balm ( a ,?\s& ,fl[]s4 ,*&l] says ?is is a ?ick yell[ emulsion1 free f injuri\s metallic +r$i5ts4 ,balm ( ,:ite ,lilies1 = pres]v+ & beautify+ ! sk9 7,h4 ,a4 ,hoadley1 ,new ,york74 ,?is1 also accord+ to ,*&l]1 is a r$-col\r$ wat] conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( *alk 9 susp5sion1 b ) no injuri\s metallic +r$i5t4 ,,bal',,sam 7bawl'-s7am2 -s7umd\ble-dagg]--,kn[les1 ,walk]74 ,eng41 ,g]4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum 7b7al'-71 ,l42 ,,baume1 ,fr4 ,orig9ally1 any /rong-sc5t$ oleo-res9\s vegetable juice or exudation1 ( ab\t ! fluidity ( treacle1 & suppos$ to possess m$ic9al virtues4 ,9 mod]n *emi/ry & ph>macy1 any vegetable production :i* is ei!r semi-liquid1 or :i* naturally becomes concrete1 & :i* conta9s ei!r b5zoic acid1 or c9namic acid1 comb9$ ) res9 & aromatic ess5tial oil4 ,sev]al ( ! sub/ances popul>ly t]m$ balsams conta9 no b5zoic acid1 & are consequ5tly n[ class$ ) ! turp5t9es4 ,?is di/9ction1 h[ev]1 is f> f be+ univ]sally adopt$1 & a late high au?ority def9es balsams to be ,exudations f plants1 :i* are liquid or s(t solid1 & consi/ ( a sub/ance resembl+ a res91 ei!r comb9$ ) b5zoic acid1 or ) an ess5tial oil1 or bo?4 7,br&e47 ,! lead+ prop]ties ( ! true natural balsams are--,insolubility 9 wat]1 almo/ entire solubility 9 alcohol1 & p>tial solubility 9 e!r & 9 ! volatile & fix$ oils2 ! possession ( a p[]ful1 & g5]ally1 an agreeable od\r1 a hot1 res9\s or t]eb9?9ate ta/e1 & ! usual /imulant & tonic prop]ties ( ! mild] turp5t9es4 ,di/ill$ ) wat]1 e!real oil & "s acid pass ov]1 & ! residuum consi/s *iefly or entirely ( acid-res94 ,! ,,true ,,balsams1 z ^? ( b5zo9 ,p]u1 /yrax1 & tolu1 & ! celebrat$ ,*9ese v>ni%-balsam1 conta9 ei!r b5zoic or c9namic acid4 ,among ^? falsely t]m$ balsams1 are copaiba1 opobalsam1 ,japan lac-v>ni%1 & "s ( ! turp5t9es4 ,! foll[+ li/ includes mo/ ( ! sub/ances1 natural & artificial1 :i* pass1 or h pass$1 "u ! "n ( balsams3#aje-- ,footnote #aje3 ,= articles & prep>ations (t5 call$ 'balsams'1 & n f\nd "u ?is head1 see ,,elixirs1 ,,oils1 ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es1 ,,p]fum]y1 ,,t9ctures1 c4 c4 ,balsam1 ,ac\s'tic4 ,see ,,drops4 ,balsam1 ,am]'icandagg]4 ,balsam ( ,p]u4 ,balsam1 ,an'odyne4 ,syn4 ,,soo?',,+ ,,balsam2 ,,bal',,samum ,,ano',,dynum 7-d7in-71 ,b4 ,,tranquil',,lans1 ,l42 ,,baume ,,anod91 ,b4 ,,tranquille1 ,b4 ,,tranquillisant1 c41 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,bate's47 ,see ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es4 #b4 7,guy's47 ,a vuln]>y balsam inv5t$ by ,guy1 ( ,caliac1 once 9 great repute1 b n[ obsolete4 ,x consi/$ ( aloes1 amb]1 ammoniacum1 balsam ( ,p]u1 bdellium1 c>anna1 ca/or1 galbanum1 labdanum1 myrrh1 olibanum1 /orax1 tacamahaca1 & ,v5ice turp5t9e1 dige/$ 9 alcohol4 #c4 7,b4 ,,tranquillans1 ,p4 ,cod47 ,fre% leaves ( belladonna1 h5bane1 night-%ade1 tobacco1 poppy1 /ramonium1 ( ea* two ounces2 dri$ leaves ( co/]m>y1 rosem>y1 rue1 & sage1 ( ea* half an ounce2 dri$ tops ( wormwood1 hyssop1 sweet m>joram1 pepp]m9t1 buckbean1 & ?yme1 ( ea* half an ounce2 fl[]s ( lav5d] & eld]1 ( ea* half an ounce2 olive oil1 fifty ounces4 ,heat ! gre5 plants 9 ! oil g5tly until all _! wat] is dissipat$2 keep on ! fire until ! oil becomes ( a gre5 col\r1 & :il/ /ill hot1 mix 9 ! o!r plants1 c>efully dri$1 & cut up4 ,dige/ = twelve h\rs on a wat] ba?1 /ra91 & filt]4 #d4 7,,baume ,,tranquille ,,de ,,*omel47 ,h5bane1 h\nd's tongue1 & tobacco1 ( ea* #a lb42 :ite w9e1 #c p9ts2 boil d[n to a qu>t2 press1 /ra91 & add to ! hot '/ra9$ liquor' ( olive oil1 #a qu>t1 & aga9 boil4 ,balsam1 ,ap'oplexy4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,apoplec',,ticum1 ,b4 ,,ad ,,apoplec',,ticos 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,amb]1 civet1 musk1 ,p]uvian balsam1 & "s volatile oils1 made into a balsam4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd7 ,express$ oil ( nutmeg1 #a oz42 liquefy by a g5tle heat1 & /ir 9 ( ! oils ( cloves1 lav5d]1 & rosem>y1 ( ea*1 #a_/b dr42 oil ( amb]1 #aj drops2 balsam ( ,p]u1 #a dr4 ,bo? 7 =m]ly us$ to ano9t ! head & no/rils ( apoplectic pati5ts1 & 7 believ$ to be ( great efficacy4 ,balsam1 ,asiat'icdagg]4 ,balm ( ,gilead4 ,balsam1 ,bate's4 ,see ,,balsam1 ,,anodyne4 ,balsam1 ,b]l91 = burns1 cuts1 bruises1 & w\nds ( e k9d1 sores & ulc]s1 fro/-bites1 c4 ,*loride ( lime ) impure glyc]9e4 ,balsam ,bilf+]1 = rheumatism & g\t4 ,black soap1 #be grms42 wat]1 #dj grms42 _s ( w9e1 #aj grms42 camphorat$ _s1 #aj grms42 liquor ammoni cau/ic1 #bj grms42 t9ct4 capsici1 #e grms4 7,s*dl]47 ,balsam1 ,brazilian4 ,balsam ( copaiba4 ,balsam1 ,calaba'4 ,syn4 ,,tacamaha',,ca4 ,a fragrant res9\s sub/ance produc$ by calophyl'lum cal'aba1 or ,santa ,m>ia tree4 ,balsam1 ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,cam',,phorat$ ,,balsam2 ,,bal',,samum ,,camphora',,tum1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,z camphor-l9im5t1 ,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,b4 ,,ace',,ticum ,c41 ,san*ez's ,,g\t-,b43--,pelleti]47 ,curd-soap & camphor1 ( ea* #e drs42 oil ( ?yme1 #b scru42 acetic e!r1 #e oz42 dige/ toge!r 9 a /opp]$ bottle until ! solids are dissolv$4 ,recomm5d$ z an efficaci\s anodyne l9im5t 9 c]ta9 =ms ( rheumatism & g\t4 ,balsam1 ,c'ada4 ,see ,,turp5t9es4 ,balsam1 ,cana'ry4 ,a volatile oleag9\s sub/ance obta9$ by di/illation f draco-ceph'alum ,moldavi'cum4 ,balsam1 ,c>pa'?ian4 ,riga ,balsam4 ,balsam1 ,cephal'ic4 7,saxon47 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,cephali',,cum ,,saxon',,icum1 ,l4 ,a liquid prep>ation obta9$ f ! ess5tial oils ( amb]1 lav5d]1 m>joram1 nutmeg1 p5nyroyal1 rue1 sage1 c41 di/ill$ toge!r4 ,once 9 high repute2 b long disus$ 9 ,engl&4 ,balsam1 ,*il'bla94 ,see ,,l9im5ts4 ,balsam1 ,*i'na ,v>ni%4 ,! aromatic v>ni%-l exudation ( au'gia s95'sis1 us$ by ! ,*9ese z a v>ni% or lacqu]1 = :i* purpose x is1 p]haps1 unequall$4 ,x is highly fragrant1 & ab\nds 9 b5zoic acid4 ,balsam1 ,comm&'er'sdagg]4 ,comp\nd t9cture ( b5zo94 ,balsam1 ,copalm'4 ,liquid-amb>4 ,balsam ,egyp'tian4 ,balm ( ,mecca4 ,balsam1 ,eye1 ,augsburg4 ,r$ oxide ( m]cury1 #ge grm42 extract ( belladonna1 #e grm42 t9cture ( opium1 #e grm42 fatty sub/ance1 #g grms4 7,hag]47 ,balsam1 ,eye 7,mll]1 ,b]l974 ,r$ oxide ( m]cury1 #e p>ts2 opium1 #c p>ts2 unsalt$ butt]1 #ajj p>ts4 ,balsam1 ,eye1 7,mll]'s ,wid[1 ,b]l974 ,r$ oxide ( m]cury1 #b grm42 unsalt$1 unusually rancid1 butt]1 #aj grms4 ,balsam1 ,fe'male4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,embryo',,num1 ,a',,qua ,e41 ,l4 ,an obsolete prep>ation made by dige/+ misletoe1 civet1 musk1 & sev]al o!r aromatics1 9 a mixture ( w9e & v>i\s m$icat$ wat]s1 & submitt+ ! :ole to di/illation4 ,=m]ly tak5 bo? int]nally & ext]nally1 z a tonic = bo? foetus & "m2 & p>ticul>ly to prev5t abortion1 c4 ,balsam1 ,fri'ar's4 ,comp\nd t9cture ( b5zo94 ,balsam1 ,g5'oa4 ,locatelle's balsam4 ,balsam1 ,glyc'er9 7gl7is'-74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,gl7,y,,c]i',n1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,to :ite wax & sp]maceti1 ( ea*1 #a oz42 almond oil1 #a_/b lb42 melt$ toge!r1 add ( glyc]91 #b oz42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #a_/b oz42 & /ir or agitate until ne>ly cold4 #ab or #ae drops ( otto ( roses may be sub/itut$ = ! balsam4--,us$ to s(t5 & :it5 ! sk91 & to prev5t *aps & *ilbla9s4 ,balsam1 ,god'bold's ,vegetable4 ,see ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es4 ,balsam1 ,g\l>d's'4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,g\l>',,dii1 ,b4 ,,satur',,ni1 ,l42 ,,baume ,,de ,,g\l>d1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,van ,mons47 ,acetate ( lead 79 f9e p[d]1 & q dry7 is triturat$1 = "s "t1 ) hot oil ( turp5t9e1 9 a heat$ mort>1 or until no m w dissolve2 aft] repose1 & :il/ /ill hot1 ! cle> portion is decant$4 ,recomm5d$ z a useful application to f\l & pa9ful ulc]s1 & to scalds & burns4 ,balsam1 ,gre54 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,vir',,ide1 c41 ,l42 ,,baume ,,v]t1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,l9se$-oil1 #f lbs42 gum-elemi1 #a lb42 heat !m toge!r2 add ( p[d]$ v]digris1 #c oz41 or q4 s4 to imp>t a ri* gre5 col\r1 &1 aft] repose1 decant ! cle> portion4 #b4 ,l9se$ oil /rongly col\r$ ) v]digris4 ,bo? 7 =m]ly mu* us$ by surgeons z det]g5ts4 ',gre5-oil' or 'oil ( eld]-leaves' is n[ commonly sold = x4 ,a natural balsam1 br\ght f ,p]u1 & produc$ by *lorox'ylon v]ticilla'tum1 is also popul>ly call$ ,,gre5 ,,balsam 7( ,p]u74 ,balsam1 ,guaiacum4 7,ph4 ,lond4 #agde47 ,guaiac1 #a lb42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #c dr42 rect4 _s1 #b p9ts4 ,balsam1 ,gurgun' 7-goon'7 ,syn4 ,,gurgi',,na ,,balsam1 ,,wood-,,oil 7( ,india74 ,f dipt]oc>'pus tri'n]vis1 & o!r species1 by apply+ a sl[ fire to a not* or w\nd made 9 ! trunk4 ,has a mix$ smell ( copaiba & naph?a4 ,prop]ties & dose simil> to ^? ( balsam ( copaiba4 ,sp4 gr4 #ifb to #ifd4 ,see ,,copaiba & ,,wood-,,oil4 ,balsam1 ,hill's1 ( ,honey4 ,see ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es4 ,balsam1 ,hung>ian4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,hung>',,icum1 ,l4 ,a t]eb9?9ate exudation f ! extremities ( ! bran*es ( pi'nus pumil'io 7,willd47 or m\nta9-p9e4 ,x is also obta9$ by pressure f ! 'cones' ( ! same tree4 ,balsam1 ,iodurett$4 ,see ,,l9im5ts4 ,balsam1 ,japan ,v>ni%4 ,syn4 ,,japan ,,lacq',,u]4 ,exudes f incisions made 9 ! trunk ( melanorrhoe'a usitatis'sima1 accord+ to ,walli*2 or /agma''ria1 av]nicif'lua accord+ to ,l9dley4 ,x con/itutes ! celebrat$ lac-v>ni% ( ! ,japanese4 ,x diff]s f t ( ,*9a1 & f ! true balsams1 9 n conta9+ b5zoic acid4 ,x is extremely acrid & irritant2 & ev5 its fumes affect ! eyes & respiration4 ,balsamdagg]1 ,jews'4 ,balm ( ,gilead4 ,balsam ( ,life1 ,pr(essor ,cook's4 ,recomm5d$ especially = too?a*e & sk9 diseases4 ,borax1 #bj p>ts2 boil+ wat]1 #bej p>ts2 camphor1 #a-a_/b "p4 7,hag]47 ,balsam1 ,locatelle's'4 ,syn4 ,,locatel',,li',s ,,balsam2 ,,bal',,samum ,,locatel',,li1 ,b4 ,,lucatel',,li1 ,b4 ,,ital',,icum1 ,b4 ,,g5(e',v1 c41 ,l4 v>4 ,prep4 #a4 7,orig9al ,=mula47 ,olive oil1 #f oz42 yell[ wax1 #d oz42 %]ry w9e1 #e fl4 oz42 r$ s&]s 79 v f9e p[d]71 #d dr42 simm] !m toge!r until ! moi/ure is ne>ly evaporat$1 !n add ( ,/rasburgh turp5t9e1 #f oz42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #b dr42 /ra9 ?r\gh l951 & /ir until ne>ly cold4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,olive oil1 #bd fl4 oz42 yell[ wax1 #a lb42 melt1 & add ( ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #a-a_/b lb42 &1 :5 cool$ a little1 fur!r add1 p[d]$ dragon's blood1 #a oz42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #b oz42 & /ir until cold4 #c4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,olive oil1 #af fl4 oz42 ,v5ice turp5t9e & yell[ wax1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 r$ s&]s1 #f dr4 ,uses1 c4 ,a once highly e/eem$ pectoral1 & /ill occasionally us$1 by ! l[] classes1 9 ph?isis & *ronic c\ghs 7mix$ ) an equal weight ( cons]ve ( roses71 & z a mild /imulat+ o9tm5t4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 or m4 ,balsam1 ,m]cu''rialdagg]4 ,o9tm5t ( nitrate ( m]cury4 ,balsam1 ,metz's4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,vir',,ide ,,met5',,sium1 ,l42 ,,baume ,,v]t ,,de ,,metz1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,guib\rt47 ,l9se$ oil & olive oil1 ( ea* #f oz42 oil ( laurel-b]ries1 #a oz42 common turp5t9e1 #b oz42 melt by a g5tle heat1 & add ( v]digris #c dr42 aloes1 #b dr42 sulphate ( z9c1 #a-a_/b dr4 7all 9 p[d]72 mix well1 /ra9 or p\r ! liquid into a bottle1 & add oil ( junip]1 #d dr42 oil ( cloves1 #a dr4 ,us$ on ! ,cont95t z a common det]g5t dress+ to w\nds & ulc]s4 ,balsam1 ,mex'icandagg]4 ,balsam ( ,p]u4 ,balsam1 ,nat'uraldagg]4 ,t :i* exudes f plants1 z oppos$ to ^? =m$ by art4 ,balsam1 ,n]'v9e4 ,see ,,o9tm5ts4 ,balsam1 ,odontal'gic4 ,see ,,drops4 ,balsam1 ,opodel'doc4 ,see ,,opodeldoc 7,fr5*74 ,balsam1 ,pec'toral4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,pectora',,le1 ,l42 ,,baume ,,pectoral1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,t9cture ( tolu & comp\nd t9cture ( b5zo91 ( ea*1 #b oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #d oz42 mix4 ,dose1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful1 night & morn+2 9 *ronic c\ghs1 ho>s5ess1 c4 #b1 #c4 ,see ,,balsam ,,( ,,honey1 ,b4 ,,( ,,horeh\nd1 c4 ,balsam1 ,p]siandagg]4 ,fri>'s ,balsam4 ,balsam1 ,p]u''vian4 ,see ,,balsam ,,( ,,p]u4 ,balsam1 ,poly'*re/4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,poly*re/on4 7,e4 #agde47 ,guaiacum1 #f oz42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #a_/b oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #cb oz4 ,dige/ 9 a s& ba? = #d days1 & add oil ( sassafras1 #b dr4 ,balsam1 ,pos]'s 7,e4 ,gross1 ,breslau71 = *ronic & local rheumatism4 ,a yell[ liquid1 compos$ (3--,oil ( rosem>y1 #d grms42 camphor1 #aj grms42 t9cture ( ants1 #ae grms42 t9cture ( can?>ides1 #e grms42 _s ( w9e1 #ij grms42 t9cture ( saffron1 #aj drops4 7,hag]47 ,balsam1 ,potsdam 7aromatic balsamic p]fume74 ,liquid /orax1 #d grms42 cloves1 #b grms42 oil ( cloves1 #c grms42 oil ( cassia1 #a grm42 oils ( b]gamot1 lemon1 & lav5d]1 aa1 #b grms42 oil ( curl$ m9t1 #a_/d grm42 rectifi$ _s1 #bjj grms42 mac]ate & filt]4 7,hag]47 ,balsam1 ,riga4 7re'-74 ,syn4 ,,c>pa',,?9a ,,balsam2 ,,bal',,samum ,,c>pa?',,icum1 ,b4 ,,lib',,ani1 c41 ,l42 ,,baume ,,de ,,c>pa!s1 ,fr4 ,a pellucid :ite fluid obta9$ by c>eful di/illation f ! "y %oots ( pi'nus cem'bra 7,l9n47 or ,sib]ian /one-p9e4 ,x mu* resembles oil ( junip]2 &1 l t article1 is p[]fully diuretic4 ,x is reg>d$ z vuln]>y1 & is highly e/eem$ by "s 9 spra9s & bruises4 ,! bottoms ( oil ( junip] are commonly sold = x 9 ! %ops4 ,! _s di/ill$ f p9e-tops 7spiritus turionum p9i7 is also frequ5tly1 al?\gh incorrectly1 call$ ,,biga ,,balsam4 ,balsam1 ,san*ez's ,g\t4 ,see ,,balsam1 ,,camphorat$4 ,balsam1 ,soo?'+4 ,see ,,balsam1 ,,anodyne4 ,balsam1 ,/4 ,g5evieve4 ,?ick turp5t9e1 #e p>ts2 olive oil1 #cj p>ts2 bees' wax1 #be p>ts2 sp]maceti1 #e p>ts2 camphor1 #a "p2 r$ s&]s1 #d p>ts4 ,balsam1 ,/4 ,john ,long's 7l9im5t71 us$ = application to ! *e/ 9 cases ( ph?isis1 is a ?ick emulsion compos$ (3--,turp5t9e1 #be p>ts2 yolk ( eggs1 #ej p>ts2 conc5trat$ v9eg>1 #e p>ts2 rose wat]1 #ae p>ts2 & a few drops ( ess5ce ( lemon4 ,balsam1 ,/oma*'ic 7-m7ak'-74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,/oma*',,icum1 ,l42 ,,baume ,,/oma*ique1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,slesv4-,hols4 #ahca47 ,oils ( cloves1 mace1 wormwood1 & pepp]m9t1 ( ea* #a dr42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #b dr42 oil ( nutmeg1 #b oz42 mix4 #a to #e or #f drops1 on sug>1 or dissolv$ 9 _s4 ,balsam1 ,syr'ian4 ,balsam ( ,mecca4 ,balsam1 ,?ibaut's4 ,see ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es4 ,balsam1 ,too?'a*e4 ,see ,,drops1 c4 ,balsam1 ,traumat'ic4 ,comp\nd t9cture ( b5zo94 ,balsam1 ,tur'key4 ,syn4 ,,tur',,key ,,balm4 ,! di/ill$ oil ( ! dracocephalum moldavicum4 ,balsam1 ,tur'l+ton's4 ,see ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es4 ,balsam1 ,univ]'sal4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,univ]sa',,le1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,slesv4-,hols4 #ahca47 ,rape oil 7rec5t71 #a-a_/b lb42 yell[ wax1 #a_/b lb42 acetate ( lead 79 f9e p[d]71 #c oz42 p[d]$ camphor1 #a_/b oz42 melt$ toge!r2 obs]v+ to triturate ! acetate ) a small portion ( ! oil be=e add+ x to ! mixture1 & n to add ! camphor until ! heat is r$uc$ a little4--,obs4 ,?is "n has also be5 giv5 to 'comp\nd c]ate ( lead1' & ev5 to 'c]ate ( acetate ( lead4' ,balsam1 ,v]va9'sdagg]4 ,comp\nd t9cture ( b5zo94 ,balsam1 ,w\nd4 ,sev]al vuln]>y prep>ations h be5 s call$2 b ,,fri>',s ,,balsam 7comp4 t9ct4 ( b5zo97 is t usually int5d$4 ,balsam ( ,ac\'*i4 ,a yell[i% aromatic liquid1 ( a t]eb9?9\s nature & consi/5ce1 obta9$ f ! w\nd$ bran*es & %oots ( ! icica het]ophylla 7,,dc474 ,x is highly e/eem$ z vuln]>y by ! ,c>ibs ( ,guiana4 7,l9dley47 ,balsam ( ,alpi'nus4 ,balm ( ,gilead2 because ,prosp] ,alp9us wrote a le>n$ 787 treatise on x4 ,balsam ( ,am'b]4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,succ9i1 ,l42 ,,baume ,d',,ambre1 ,fr4 ,! article to :i* ?is t]m is usually appli$ has be5 already notic$4 ,oil ( amb] 0 also =m]ly s call$2 & ! same "n has be5 giv5 to ! foll[+ & o!r l prep>ations by _! inv5tors3-- #a4 7,radius47 ,oil ( amb]1 #d fl4 oz42 oil ( myrrh1 #b fl4 oz2 oil ( turp5t9e1 #a fl4 oz42 mix ) a g5tle heat4 #b4 7,bate47 ,see ,,balsam ,,anodyne4 ,!y are all /imulant & antispasmodic1 & are us$ ei!r int]nally or z a friction1 l oil ( amb]4 ,balsam ( ,arc'u4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,arc',i1 ,l42 ,,baume ,d',,arc,,u1 ,fr4 ,a dige/ive o9tm5t =m]ly 9 great repute1 & /ill mu* employ$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,x is n[ sup]s$$ 9 ,engl& by ! comp4 elemi o9tm5t ( ! ,ph>macopoeias4 ,9 ! orig9al =mula1 boil+ wat]1 #d p>ts1 7 ord]$ to be /irr$ 94 ,balsam ( ,c'ada4 ,see ,,turp5t9es4 ,balsam ( ,cloves4 ,syn4 ,,aromat',,ic ,,balsam ,,( ,,cloves2 ,,bal',,samum ,,c>yophyl',,li1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bories47 ,oil ( cloves & oil ( nutmeg1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 _s ( junip] b]ries1 #c oz42 mix4 ,rubefaci5t & diuretic4--,us$ *iefly z a /imulat+ friction4 ,int]nally1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful4 ,balsam ( ,copai'ba4 ,see ,,copaiba4 ,balsam ( ,f]n4 ,oil ( male f]n4 ,balsam ( ,fiov>5'ti4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,fiov>5',,ti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #af oz42 amb]1 elemi1 galbanum1 myrrh1 /yrax1 & tacamahaca1 ( ea* #c oz42 aloes1 #a oz42 bay-b]ries1 #d oz42 c9namon1 cloves1 galangal1 g+]1 nutmegs1 & z$o>y1 ( ea* #a-a_/b oz42 dittany ( ,crete1 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #h lbs42 mac]ate a week & di/il (f #g lbs4 ,! di/ill$ _s con/itutes ?is notable prep>ation (1 pr(ess$ly1 _m virtues4 ,x is reput$ aromatic1 diuretic1 antispasmodic1 & /imulant4 ,"o ( its applications is z a collyrium--a drop or two be+ rubb$ on ! palm ( ! h&s1 :i* are !n held to ! eyes1 s z to cov]1 )\t t\*+ !m--9 *ronic oph?almia1 conjunctivitis1 c4 ,balsam ( ,gil'ead4 ,see ,,balsam ,,( ,,mecca4 ,balsam ( ,gua'iacum 7gwa-y7a-74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,guai',,aci1 ,b4 ,,guaiaci',,num1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agde47 ,gum-guaiacum1 #a lb42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #c dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2 dige/ #aj days & filt]4 ,diaphoretic1 ar?rodynic1 & anodyne4--,dose1 #cj to #fj drops1 9 milk or wat]2 9 agues1 rheumatism1 c4 ,ext]nally1 reput$ also anti-suppurative4 ,balsam ( ,honey4 ,syn4 ,,pec',,toral ,,balsam1 ,p4 ,b4 ,,( ,,honey2 ,,bal',,samum ,,mel',,lis1 ,b4 ,,pectora',,le1 ,b4 ,p4 ,,mellis1 ,l42 ,,baume ,,de ,,miel1 c41 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,balsam ( tolu1 #a lb42 honey 7f9e/71 #b-a_/b lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 #a gall42 turm]ic1 #a oz42 make a t9cture4 #b4 ,to ! la/1 be=e mac]ation1 add ( p[d]$ opium1 #b oz4 #c4 7,hill's47 ,see ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es4 ,uses1 c4 ,a good pectoral 9 colds1 tickl+ *ronic c\ghs1 ho>s5ess1 c41 :5 unaccompani$ ) fev]4--,dose4 ,= an adult1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful1 twice or ?rice a day2 an occasional dose ( "s mild ap]i5t be+ also tak54 ,t9cture ( balsam ( tolu1 or a mixture ( ! t9ctures ( tolu & b5zo91 is frequ5tly sold 9 ! %ops "u ! "n ( 'balsam ( honey4' ,see ,,pectoral ,,balsam1 c4 ,balsam ( ,hore'h\nd4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,m>ru',,bii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,extracts ( horeh\nd & liquorice1 ( ea* #b oz42 hot wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 dissolve1 & :5 cold1 add ( p>egoric1 #c_/d p9t2 oxymel ( squills1 #f oz42 t9cture ( b5zo91 #b oz42 honey1 #aj oz42 &1 aft] ?or\gh admixture1 /ra9 ?r\gh flannel4 #b4 7,=d's47 ,see ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es4 ,uses1 c4 ,a popul> pectoral4--,dose1 c41 same z ( ,,balsam ,,( ,,honey 7above74 ,balsam ( ,h\mi''ri4 ,nat4 ,f humir'ia balsamif'era1 or ! h\miri-tree ( ,guiana4 ,x resembles 'balsam ( umiri' produc$ by ano!r tree ( ! same g5us4 7,see bel[47 ,balsam ( ,lead4 ,see ,,balsam1 ,,g\l>d',s4 ,balsam ( ,life4 ,syn4 ,,balm ,,( ,,life2 ,,bal',,samum ,,vi',t1 ,l42 ,,baume ,,de ,,vie1 ,,elix',,ir ,,de ,,vie1 c41 ,fr4 ,sev]al comp\nd m$ic9es h be5 call$ by ?is "n4 ,^? ( ,gabius1 ,h(fman1 & ,turl+ton1 are notic$ "u ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es 7:i* see74 ,! foll[+ are di/9ct prep>ations3-- #a4 ,,baume ,,de ,,vie ,,ext]ne3--,soap l9im5t1 #b p>ts2 oil ( turp5t9e1 #a "p2 mix4 ,/imulant & rubefaci5t4 ,us$ ) friction4 #b4 ,,baume ,,de ,,vie ,,purgatif2 ,elixir de vie3--a4 7,briett47 ,socotr9e aloes & saffron1 ( ea*1 #b drs42 rhub>b1 #f drs42 liquorice-root1 #a oz42 pro( _s or br&y1 #a_/b p9t2 dige/ a week1 & filt]4 b4 7,orig9al ,sw$i% =mula47 ,aloes1 #i drs42 ag>ic1 g5tian1 rhub>b1 saffron1 !riaca1 & z$o>y1 ( ea* #a dr42 pro( _s or br&y1 #a qu>t4 ,a mild /oma*ic purge4--,dose4 #a to #f drs4 ,t9cture ( rhub>b-&-aloes 7,ph4 ,e47 is commonly sub/itut$ = x4 ,see ,,elixirs4 ,balsam ( ,liq'uorice4 ,see ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es4 ,balsam ( ,mec'ca4 ,syn4 ,,balm ,,( ,,gil',,ead1 ,b4 ,,( ,,mec',,ca1 ,,opobal',,sam 7-bawl'-71 ,,jews' ,,balsamdagg]1 ,,oil ,,( ,b4dagg]1 c41 ,eng42 ,,bal',,samum 7b7al'-7 ,,gilead5',,se1 ,b4 ,,mec',,ca1 ,,opobal',,samum 7-b7al'-7 c41 ,l42 ,,baume ,,de ,,la ,,mecque1 ,b4 ,,de ,,mecca991 ,b4 ,,de ,,jud,e1 ,,opobalsamum1 c41 ,fr4 ,,bal',,samum ,,gypti',,acumdagg]1 ,b4 ,,alpi',,nidagg]1 ,b4 ,,antiquo'',,rum ,,g5ui',,numdagg]1 ,b4 ,,asiat',,icumdagg]1 ,b4 ,,syri',,acumdagg]1 ,o',,leum ,,bal',,samidagg]1 c41 ,l4 ,a fragrant oleo-res9\s sub/ance1 obta9$ f balsamod5'dron gilead5'se 7,kun?42 amy'ris gilead5'sis1 ,l9n42 a4 opobal'samum1 ,=sk71 a middle-siz$ tree ( ! nat4 ord4 ,t]eb9?ac 7,,dc471 gr[+ 9 ,arabia ,felix1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,egypt4 ,x is ! ,,balm ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ! ,greek3 balsamon ( ,!ophra/us & ,dioscorides4 ,x is *emically class$ ) ! turp5t9es4 ,prop41 c4 ,:5 fre% x is turbid & :iti%1 b becomes by degrees transp>5t1 ( a ri* gold5 col\r1 & slightly ?ick]2 & by exposure1 ev5tually solid4 ,x possesses a p5etrat+ & delicate fragrance2 ta/es %>p1 bitt]1 spicy1 & some:at a/r+5t2 is n entirely soluble 9 rectifi$ _s1 b dissolves m or less completely 9 bo? ! fix$ & volatile oils1 :i* !n assume ! fragrance ( ! balsam4 ,a drop let fall on hot wat] spreads itself ov] ! :ole surface1 l a film ( oil1 & aga9 contracts on ! wat] cool+4 ,?is1 ) its fragrance1 is ! common te/ ( its g5u95ess 9 ,turkey4 ,! inf]ior qualities1 or ^? ( comm]ce1 are g5]ally opaque & ?ick1 rapidly res9ify+ & turn+ ( a dull yell[ by age4 ,:5 appli$ to ! sk9 x causes r$ness & swell+4 ,x 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z possess+ ! mo/ v>i$ & exalt$ virtues1 p>ticul>ly z an antiseptic1 /imulant1 vuln]>y1 & n]v9e2 & its fumes 7 suppos$ to prev5t b>r5ness4 ,x is /ill highly priz$ 9 ! ,ea/ z a cosmetic & p]fume2 & is said to be unequall$ = giv+ a heal?y gl[ to ! complexion & promot+ ! gr[? ( ! hair4 ,its m$ic9al qualities are int]m$iate to ^? ( ! aromatic turp5t9es & balsam ( tolu4--,dose4 ,f #c to #f1 or ev5 #aj or #ab drops4 ,obs4 ,accord+ to ,bruce1 & o!rs1 ! be/ balm ( ,gilead is a spontane\s exudation f ! tree2 a second quality is obta9$ by cutt+ ! b>k ) an axe1 & receiv+ ! juice :i* exudes 9 a small e>!n bottle4 ,a l>ge bran* is said to produce n m ?an #c or #d drops a day2 & ev5 ! mo/ res9\s trees seldom yield m ?an #fj drops daily4 ,h5ce its sc>city & co/l9ess4 ,bo? v>ieties are held 9 su* high e/imation by ! ,turks & ,egyptians1 t none ( !m are export$ z an article ( comm]ce4 ,t :i* is s5t to ,engl& is obta9$ by boil+ ! leaves & "y twigs ( ! balsam tree 9 wat]1 & is reject$ by ! ,ori5tals z wor?less4 ,mo/ ( t sold 9 ! %ops ( ,engl& is entirely spuri\s 7see bel[74 ,! cosmetics rec5tly s mu* adv]tis$ z ',,balm ,,( ,,mecca' d n conta9 ev5 a trace ( ?is article2 nor d we believe t !re is a s+le drop ( ! g5u9e balm to be pur*as$ 9 ,london4 ,! foll[+ =mul are curr5t 9 ! trade = ,fac''titi\s ,balm ( ,mecca3-- #a4 ,gum-b5zo9 7bright1 co>sely p[d]$71 #d oz42 liquid /yrax 7f9e/71 #c oz42 balsam ( tolu1 #b oz42 ,canadian balsam1 #a-a_/b p9t2 are mix$ toge!r 9 a flask1 & expos$ 7clos$7 to ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 ) frequ5t agitation1 until ! liquid is saturat$2 :5 cold1 ! cle> portion is decant$1 & a suffici5t quantity ( ! oils ( lemon1 cassia1 rosem>y1 nutmeg1 & vanilla1 add$ to give x a /rong aromatic od\r4 #b4 ,f gum-b5zo9 & balsam ( ,p]u1 ( ea* #a oz42 vanilla & nutmeg1 ( ea* 7cut small7 #a dr42 ,canadian balsam1 #a_/b p9t2 dige/$ z be=e1 & "s ess5tial oils add$ to ! decant$ liquid4 ,balsam ( ,nut'meg4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,myris',,tic1 ,b4 ,,nucis',t4 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg47 ,express$ oil ( nutmeg 7--8 mace71 #c oz42 olive oil1 #a oz42 yell[ wax1 #a_/b oz42 melt !m toge!r by a g5tle heat1 p\r ! mixture into pap] m\lds1 &1 :5 cold1 cut ! mass up into cakes4 ,balsam ( ,p]u' 7roo'74 ,syn4 ,,p]u',,vian ,,balsam2 ,,bal',,samum ,,p]uvia',,num 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 & ,d471 ,l42 ,,baume ,,du ,p,,r\1 ,b4 ,,p]uvi51 ,fr42 ,,p]uvianis*] ,,balsam1 ,g]4 ,a balsam obta9$ f ,myroxylon ,p]eir 7,myrosp]mum ( ,sonsonate74 ,x exudes f ! trunk ( ! tree aft] x has be5 scor*$ & remov$4 ,f ,salvador1 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,b4 ,p4 ,prop41 c4 ,a *ocolate-col\r$ or a r$di%-br[n liquid1 ( ! consi/5ce ( treacle1 possess+ a bitt]i%1 r pung5t ta/e1 & an agreeable aromatic od\r some:at simil> to t ( a mixture ( vanilla & b5zo94 ,x is reput$ /imulant1 tonic1 & expectorant1 & has long be5 a popul> rem$y 9 *ronic a/hma1 cat>rh1 & o!r pulmon>y affections1 debility1 c4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 pr9cipally us$ z an +r$i5t 9 pomades1 hair-oils1 lip-salves1 & o!r cosmetics1 9 :i* x is only inf]ior to 'balm ( ,mecca1' & 9 comp\nd p]fum]y4 ,x is also us$ to sc5t loz5ges1 pa/ils1 & *ocolate & liqueurs2 = ^! la/1 *iefly z a sub/itute = 'vanilla' :5 x is sc>ce & de>4--,dose1 #aj or #ab to #cj gr4 7ev5 #a dr4 is sometimes giv571 ei!r on sug>1 or made into a bolus ) liquorice p[d]1 or into an emulsion ) honey1 mucilage1 or yolk ( egg4 ,pur41 ,te/s1 c4--#a4 ,! sp4 gr4 %\ld n be l[] ?an #aae2 nor high] ?an #aaf3--b4 ,e!r dissolves x readily & completely3--#c4 ,soluble 9 #e p>ts ( rectifi$ _s3--#d4 ,x %\ld und]go no dim9ution 9 volume :5 agitat$ ) wat]3--#e4 #ajj gr41 by its b5zoic or c9namic acid1 %\ld saturate n less ?an #g-a_/b gr4 ( pure cry/allis$ c>bonate ( soda3--#f4 ,sulphuric acid conv]ts x into res91 artificial tann91 or *>coal1 accord+ to ! quantity employ$2 if1 on add+ wat]1 a brittle res9 is n =m$1 "s fix$ oil 7probably ca/or oil7 is pres5t3--#g4 ,treat$ ) nitric acid1 "s hydrocyanic acid is =m$1 b5zoic acid sublimes1 & ! residual matt] is artificial tann93--#h4 ,! alkalies & _! c>bonates =m ) x a ?icki% semi-cry/all9e mass1 :i*1 on be+ treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 deposits a peculi> res9\s matt]1 ) cry/als ( b5zoic & c9namic acid3--#i4 ,if a few drops are di/ill$1 &1 :5 iod9e is add$ to ! di/illate1 an explosion results1 x has be5 adult]at$ ) 'copaiba'3--#aj4 ,! g5u9e balsam conta9s ab\t #f-a_/b ( b5zoic 7c9namic7 acid3--#aa4 7,hag]74 ,if two or ?ree cubic c5timtres ( balsam ( ,p]u be %ak5 ) five or six cubic c5timtres ( petroleum _s1 ! mixture sep>ates ^u be+ all[$ to /& into a black-br[n lay]1 & a limpid & col\rless or slightly yell[i% lay]1 & is easily decant$4 ,if ! balsam be adult]at$1 ?is latt] lay] is turbid & col\r$1 :ile ! visc\s residue :i* sep>ates is m fluid1 :i* r5d]s decantation m difficult4 ,sometimes ! br[n residue is pulv]ul5t4 ,obs4 ,balsam ( ,p]u 0 =m]ly v g5]ally adult]at$1 & (t5 entirely factiti\s2 b1 ow+ to its pres5t r$uc$ price1 ?is is n[ only conf9$ to a few ( ! mo/ unpr9cipl$ v5d]s4 ,! foll[+ =mul = ?is purpose are /ill extant 9 ! trade3-- ,balsam ( ,p]u1 ,facti''ti\s3--,f gum-b5zo9 79 co>se p[d]71 #c lbs42 dissolv$ 9 ! lea/ possible quantity ( rectifi$ _s1 & !n mix$ ) balsam ( tolu1 #a lb42 & liquid /yrax1 #b oz42 subsequ5tly add+ ( rectifi$ _s1 q4 s4 ,balsam1 ,r$uc$ ,p]uvian3--#a4 ,balsam ( ,p]u1 #c lbs42 balsam ( tolu1 #b lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 q4 s4 to r$uce x to a prop] consi/5ce3--#b4 ,balsam ( ,p]u1 #c lbs42 gum-b5zo9 7dissolv$ 9 a little rectifi$ _s71 #a lb42 z be=e4 ,x is occasionally met ) l>gely adult]at$ ) liquid /yrax4 ,balsam ( ,rackasi'ri4 ,syn4 ,,balsam ,,( ,,rakasi',,ra2 ,,bal',,samum ,,rackasiri1 ,b4 ,,racazzi',r1 ,b4 ,,rhadasi',,ri4 ,a species ( balsamic turp5t9e1 said to be obta9$ f ! burs]a balsamif]a 7,p]s471 an ,indian tree ( ! natural ord] ,t]eb9?ace4 ,x has a slightly bitt] ta/e1 adh]es to ! tee? :5 *ew$1 &1 :5 heat$1 smells l balsam ( tolu4 ,x has be5 extoll$ z possess+ ! virtues ( copaiba 9 an exalt$ degree4 ,! no/rum v5d$ "u ! "n ( ,,balm ,,( ,,rackasiri by c]ta9 quacks1 simply consi/s ( ,engli% g91 col\r$1 sweet5$1 & aromatis$4 ,balsam1 ,saturn9e4 7,bate47 ,acetate ( lead #dj oz42 oil ( turp5t9e #ab oz4 ,dige/ = "s days4 ,balsam ( ,soap4 ,soap-l9im5t4 ,balsam ( ,soap 7,e!''real74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,sapo',,nis ,,!'',,reum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cott]eau47 ,ca/ile soap 7p[d]$7 & camphor1 ( ea* #a dr42 oil ( ?yme1 #aj drops2 acetic e!r1 #a oz42 dissolve 9 a close vessel ) ! aid ( a g5tle heat1 & decant ! cle> portion4 ,us$ z an embrocation or l9im5t 9 g\t1 rheumatism1 c4 ,balsam ( ,/4 ,john's ,wort4 ,see ,,oils4 ,balsam ( ,/o''rax4 ,liquid-amb> or /yrax4 ,balsam ( ,sul'phur4 ,see ,,oils4 ,balsam ( ,sul'phur1 ,anisat$4 7,ph4 ,ed94 #agbb74 ,orig9ally made by dige/+ "o "p ( sulphur2 ?ree ( turp5t9e2 & f\r ( oil ( anise$4 ,a mixture ( "o "p ( oil ( anise$ ) ?ree or f\r ( balsam ( sulphur is usually sold = x4 ,balsam ( ,sul'phur ) ,turp5t9e4 ,dige/ "o "p ( sulphur ) ?ree ( oil ( turp5t9e till dissolv$4 ,simil> comp\nds 7 =m]ly made ) sulphur & ,b>badoes t>1 & ) ! empyreumatic oils ( amb]1 b5zo91 c4 ,balsam ( ,syri'acum4 ,see ,,balsam ,,( ,,mecca4 ,balsam ( ,tolu' 7-l'oo74 ,syn4 ,,tolu' ,,bal',,sam992 ,,bal',,samum ,,toluta',,num 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,b4 ,,de ,,to',l1 ,l42 ,,baume ,,de ,,tolu1 ,fr42 ,,tolutanis*] ,,balsam1 ,b4 ,,von ,,tolu1 c41 ,g]4 ,balsam fl[+ f ! incis$ trunk ( myrosp]'mum toluif'erum4 7,b4 ,p47 ,! tree :i* produces x is a native ( ! m\nta9s ( ,tolu1 ,turbaco1 c41 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,:5 fir/ br\ght ov] x is s(t & t5aci\s1 b by age & c>eless keep+ becomes h>d1 & ev5 brittle1 some:at simil> to res94 ,x is p]fectly soluble 9 alcohol & 9 e!r1 & gives out its acid 7b5zoic or c9namic7 to wat]4 ,its od\r is fragrant1 ?\gh less p[]ful ?an t ( ei!r /yrax or balsam ( ,p]u2 & x has a pleasant sweeti% ta/e4 ,x s(t5s "u ! tee?1 melts readily1 & burns ) an agreeable od\r4 ,z a m$ic9e x is a /imulat+ expectorant1 &1 z su*1 is employ$ 9 *ronic bron*ial affections unaccompani$ ) inflammatory action4 ,x has long be5 a popul> pectoral4 ,syrup ( ,tolu is an agreeable & common adjunct to pectoral mixtures1 &1 ) ,tolu loz5ges1 is (t5 s]viceable 9 tickl+ c\ghs4 ,x is also us$ by confection]s1 p]fum]s1 c41 & 9 fumigat+ pa/ils4--,dose1 #e to #bj1 or ev5 #cj gr41 dissolv$ 9 _s1 or made into an emulsion4 ,pur4 ,?is is %[n by its p]fect solubility 9 rectifi$ _s1 =m+ a transp>5t t9cture1 & by its od\r4 ,:5 adult]at$ x has a weak] smell1 is only p>tially soluble 9 alcohol1 & ! t9cture =m$ ) t fluid is opaque4 ,! pres5ce ( colophony 7or lac71 accord+ to ,ulex1 may be detect$ by ! balsam1 in/ead ( dissolv+ 9 sulphuric acid1 swell+ up1 black5+1 & dis5gag+ sulphur\s fumes4#ajf ,ca/or oil may be detect$ 9 ! way notic$ "u ,,balsam ,,( ,,p]u4 ,footnote #ajf3 ',ar*iv d] ,ph>m41' #ahee4 ,balsam ( ,tolu1 a ,factiti\s1 0 =m]ly met ) 9 trade1 made ( equal p>ts ( orange-lac & :ite sug>1 r$uc$ to a prop] consi/5ce ) rectifi$ _s1 & 'br\ght up' ) "s t9cture ( b5zo91 & a few drops ( ! oils ( cassia & nutmeg dissolv$ 9 a little ess5ce ( vanilla4 ,balsam ( ,tur'p5t9e 7-tine74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,t]eb9',,?91 ,l4 ,a "n =m]ly giv5 to ,/rasburgh1 ,v5ice1 & o!r l turp5t9es4 ,balsam ( ,tur'p5t9e 7,emolli5t74 ,syn4 ,b4 ,,t]eb9?9a',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,olive oil1 #f oz42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #b oz42 yell[ wax1 #a oz42 balsam ( ,p]u1 oil ( nutmeg1 & camphor1 ( ea* #b dr4 ,a /imulant emolli5t2 9 contusions1 ulc]ations1 engorgem5ts1 nephritic pa9s1 c4 ,balsam ( ,umi''ri4 ,nat4 ,by incision1 f ! humir'ia floribun'dum 7,m>t471 or ! umiri-plant ( ,p>a4 ,x is fragrant1 limpid1 ( a pali%-yell[ col\r1 & 9 its m$ic9al prop]ties is said to comb9e ^? ( ! balsams ( copaiba & ,p]u4 ,,balsam',,ic 7b7al-74 ,syn4 ,,balsam',,icus1 ,,balsa',,meus1 ,,balsam',,inus1 ,l42 ,,balsamique1 ,fr42 ,,balsamis*1 ,g]4 ,( ! nature ( balsam1 or conta9+ or resembl+ x2 bl&1 soo?+1 heal+2 balmy4 ,,bamboo' 7-boo'74 ,nat4 ,syn4 ,,bambu',,sa1 ,l42 ,,bambon1 ,fr42 ,,bambus1 ,,bambusrohr1 ,,indianis*] ,,rohr1 ,g]4 ,! "n ( sev]al species ( ! g5us 'bambusa1' b appr4 ( b4 arund9a'cea or 'common bamboo4' ,see ,,bambusa4 ,bamboo'-habit 7-h7ab-74 ,a species ( 'life-pres]v]1' or 'float1' us$ 9 ,*9a & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 consi/+ ( f\r pieces ( bamboo ti$ toge!r s z to =m a squ>e4 ,,bambu',,sa4 ,endl4 ,! bamboo4 ,9 botany1 a g5us ( magnific5t arboresc5t grasses1 ( ! nat4 ord] ,gram9e 7,,dc471 hav+ holl[ jo9t$ /ems1 ( a h>d woody texture1 ext]nally coat$ ) silice\s matt]1 & sometimes secret+ a simil> silice\s sub/ance 7,,taba%e]'7 9 _! int]nal cavities4 ,!y are all ( rapid gr[?1 & v>y 9 height f #f to #aej feet4 ,!re1 is1 p]haps1 sc>cely any o!r plant besides ! palm :i* s]ves = s _m purposes useful to man1 z ! v>i\s species ( bamboo4 ,its gra9 is us$ = bread2 ! "y %oots are eat5 l asp>agus1 & are also pickl$2 ! small] /alks are made into walk+ canes1 umbrella & p>asol /icks1 flutes1 c42 :il/ its fibres are manufactur$ into clo?1 & ev5 pap]4 ,x is employ$ ext5sively 9 ! con/ruction ( h\ses1 bridges1 ma/s = boats1 dome/ic furniture1 boxes1 mats1 baskets1 ut5sils ( v>i\s k9ds1 f5ces1 wat] pipes & vessels1 quicksilv] bottles1 c41 & = num]\s o!r purposes connect$ ) ev]yday life4 ,9 localities :]e ord9>y surgical appliances are n at h&1 spl9ts1 ( any requir$ l5g? or size1 c be made ) v little delay1 f ! /ems ( ! bamboo4 ,! old] & dri] /ems are to be pref]r$ = ?is purpose4 ,! g5us is conf9$ to ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies & tropical ,am]ica4 ,see ,,cane1 ,,pickles1 ,,taba%e]1 c4 ,,bana',,na 7na'- or -nah'-74 ,nat4 ,! mu'sa sapi5'tum 7,l9n471 a species ( planta92 also its fruit4 ,! ,banana conta9s ab\t #bg p] c5t4 ( solid matt]1 & has ne>ly ! same nutritive value z rice4 ,x is l>gely consum$ 9 ! tropics1 :]e ! common all[ance = a lab\r] is #f-a_/b lbs4 ( ! fre% fruit or #b lbs4 ( ! dry meal1 ) a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( salt meat or fi%4 ,x is sometimes fri$ 9 slices & (t5 made into pres]ves4 ,composition ( ! ,pulp ( ,ripe ,bananas 7,,cor5w9d]74 ,nitrog5\s matt] #dhbj ,sug>1 pectose1 organic acid1 & traces ( />* #aifeg ,fatty matt] #jfcb ,cellulose #jbjj ,sal9e matt] #jgia ,wat] #gcijj ------- #ajjjjj ,see ,,planta94 ,,banc\l1 ,,nuts ,,(4 ,?is nut is ! se$ ( a tree belong+ to ! ,euphorbiaci1 ( :i* two or ?ree species occur 9 ,ceylon1 ,co*9-,*9a1 ,new ,cal$onia1 ,b\rbon1 c4 ,x is compos$ ( a h>d & woody endoc>p1 & ( an oily k]nel1 conta9+3-- ,wat] #ejjj ,oil #fbage ,nitrog5\s matt] #bbfec ,non-nitrog5\s matt] #fhbg ,m9]al matt] #ccde ------- #ajjjjj ,nitrog5 #cfbe ,?is cake1 aft] expression ( ! oil1 conta9s #i p] c5t4 ( nitrog51 & #d p] c5t4 ( phosphoric acid1 & is consequ5tly ( high value z a manure4 ,! express$ oil is purgative1 b z a lamp-oil x is sup]ior to colza4 ,un=tunately ! k]nel =ms only #cc p] c5t4 ( ! entire weight ( ! nut4 ,h5ce1 be=e x c become an article ( comm]ce1 x mu/ be decorticat$ at ! place ( its bir?4 7,cor5w9d]47 ,,b&',,age 7aje74 ,syn4 ,,deliga',,tio1 ,,fas'',,cia1 ,,liga',,m51 ,,ligatu'',,ra1 ,,v9ctu'',,ra1 ,l42 ,,b&age1 ,,b&e1 ,fr42 ,,b9de1 ,,v]b&1 ,g]4 ,9 surg]y1 ! fillet1 roll]1 or clo?s1 us$ to support p>ts1 to ex]t pressure on !m1 or to reta9 dress+s 9 _! prop] places4 ,b&ages are usually =m$ ( long n>r[ slips ( calico or l951 &1 occasionally1 ( flannel1 :i* are g5]ally made into a roll 7,,roll]7 ( mod]ate size1 s z to be ! m conv5i5tly h&l$ & appli$4 ,!y are ei!r ,,simple1 z ! cir'cul>1 ! spiral1 or ! unit'+ b&age2 or ,,comp\nd1 z ! ,t-b&age1 susp5'sory b41 c4 ,! application ( b&ages1 z 9 ! dress+ ( w\nds1 ulc]s1 c41 ?\gh ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce1 is (t5 v c>elessly & badly done4 ,! =m & nature ( ! "p1 & ! object 9 view1 %\ld always receive consid]ation2 z %\ld also ! condition ( ! pati5t aft] _! application--:e!r ( repose1 ex]cise1 or lab\r4 ,ord9>y +5uity w supply ! re/4 ,! safe/1 simple/1 & mo/ effective means ( fa/5+ !m is1 9 mo/ cases1 furni%$ by a common ne$le & ?read or cotton4 ,b&age1 ,mus't>d4 ,a wooll5 roll] soak$ 9 a mixture ( ! be/ fl\r ( mu/>d & w>m wat]1 ( ! consi/5ce ( fre% cream1 ! excess ( moi/ure be+ expell$ by g5tle pressure4--,us$ to envelope ! body1 or a limb1 by repeat$ly fold+ x r\nd ! "p2 9 ! cold /ages ( *ol]a1 & 9 o!r cases requir+ an en]getic /imulant4 ,o!r m$icam5ts1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( a /imulat+ & anodyne "*1 are sometimes appli$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,see ,,embrocations1 ,,lotions1 ,,p\ltices1 c4 ,,b&an',a4 ,ind4 ,syn4 ,,b&an',,na4 ,a h&k]*ief1 orig9ally f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 hav+ :ite spots on a r$1 blue1 or o!r d>k gr\nd4 ,9 calico-pr9t+1 a 'dis*>ge /yle' 9 imitation ( ! ,indian b&anas4 ,! fabric1 _m folds ?ick1 is plac$ betwe5 lead5 plates hav+ ! patt]n cut out ( !m2 hydraulic pressure is !n appli$1 & a cle> solution ( *loride ( lime =c$ ?r\gh1 foll[$ by a /ream ( pure wat]4 ,,b&',,ol9e 7-l7in2 -lened\ble-dagg]74 ,see ,,fixature4 ,,bane4 ,poison2 any?+ delet]i\s or de/ructive2 a ^w (t5 f\nd jo9$ to ano!r1 9 ! popul> & vulg> names ( plants & disease1 to d5ote _! "*2 z ,,bane'-,,b]ry1 ! h]b ,*ri/oph]2 ,,bane'-,,wort1 deadly-night%ade2 ,,%eep',s ,,bane1 ! rot2 c4 ,,bang1 ,bangue 7b7ang'74 ,nat4 ,see ,,hemp1 ,,indian4 ,,ban',,ian 7b7an'-y7an74 ,! fi'cus ,9'dicus 7,l9n471 or ,indian fig4 ,! fruit & "y bran*es yield "o species ( gum-lac2 & bo? ! juice & b>k are us$ m$ic9ally4 ,among sailors1 ,,banian' ,,days are ^? on :i* but*]'s meat is n s]v$ up at d9n]4 ,,bann',,ock 7-7uk74 ,9 ,scotl& & ! nor!rn c\nties ( ,engl&1 a flat r\nd cake made ( oat1 rye1 or b>ley meal1 bak$ on an iron plate ov] ! fire1 or on ! hot he>?4 ,,b>bs4 ,syn4 ,,lampas1 ,,skew4 ,?is occurs 9 horses f two to f\r ye>s old1 & arises f a little inflammation ( ! ridges t pass along ! palate1 above & beh9d ! incisor tee?1 occasionally prev5t+ ! animal f eat+ & sett+ up slight fev]4 ,! be/ treatm5t is to sc>ify ! enl>g$ ridges freely ) a lancet or p5knife1 & to give = a "t bran ma%es1 soak$ gra91 & o!r s(t food4 ,,b>',,b]ry4 ,syn4 ,,pep',,p]idge-,,bu%d\ble-dagg]1 ,,?orny ,,box'-,,tree992 ,,b]',,b]is1 ,b4 ,,vulga'',,ris 7,l9n471 ,l42 ,,ep9e-,,v9ette1 ,,v9etti]1 ,fr42 ,,b]b]itze1 ,g]4 ,a p]5nial bu% or %rub common 9 woods & h$ges4 ,b]ries 7,,b>',,b]ries1 ,,pep',,p]idges71 gratefully acid1 cool+1 & a/r+5t2 us$ 9 pa/ry1 b require1 accord+ to _! degree ( rip5ess1 f "o half _! weight to an equal weight ( sug>4 ,bo? b>k & b]ries 7 =m]ly e/eem$ 9 jaundice1 bili>y flukes1 c4 ,! cru%$ b]ries ) wat] =m a refre%+ fev]-dr9k4 ,! root dyes a fugitive yell[4 ,see ,,b]b]9e1 ,,jams1 ,,pres]ves1 c4 ,,b>ege 7b>ge1 b7ar-razhe'74 ,fr4 ,a light wooll5 fabric s nam$ f hav+ be5 fir/ made 9 ! valley ( ,b>ges4 ,( late ye>s ,p>is has become celebrat$ = its b>ges2 b ^! are g5]ally wov5 ) ! 'w>p' ( silk1 & ! 'wo(' ( wool4 ,9 ! common imitations ( ! %ops1 ! 'w>p' is g5]ally ( cotton4 ,,b>eg9e 7b>g9e74 ,see ,,glair9e4 ,,b>il',,la4 ,eng41 ,g]41 ,l41 ,sp4 ,syn4 ,,s',d ,,c>',,bonas ,,v5a',,le1 ,l42 ,,b>ig'',,lia1 ,,b>il',,lor1 ,sp41 ,lev42 ,,b>ille1 ,,s\de1 ,fr4 ,! alkal9e residuum ( ! combu/ion ( salsola1 salicornia1 *5opodium1 & o!r species ( ! ord] ,*5opodiace4 ,^! plants1 :i* are cultivat$ on ! sea-coa/ = ! purpose1 are cut d[n :5 ripe1 dri$1 & burn$ 9 heaps1 on iron b>s laid across pits dug 9 ! e>?4 ,! alkali & sal9e matt] conta9$ 9 !m is ?us fus$1 & fl[s into ! cavity bel[1 =m+1 :5 cold1 a h>d grey or blui% por\s mass :i* is ,,b>illa4 ,comp4 ,c>bonate1 sulphate1 *loride1 & sulphide ( sodium1 c>bonate & sulphate ( calcium1 alum9a1 silica1 oxide ( iron1 & imp]fectly consum$ c>bonace\s matt]1 ) a little iod9e & brom9e4 ,! proportion ( soda v>ies 9 diff]5t v>ieties3-- ,,alicant' ,,b>illa2 obta9$ *iefly f sev]al species ( salso'la & f *5opo'dium setig'erum 7-t7ij'-71 c42 conta9s f #be to #dj ( c>bonate ( soda4 7,guib\rt47 ,,cana'',,ry ,b42 f salso'la ka'li4 7,l\don47 ,fr5* b>illas3-- a4 ,,n>bonne' ,b41 ,,salicor2 f salicor'nia ann'ua or h]ba'cea2 conta9s #ad to #ae ( c>bonate ( soda4 b4 ,b4 ,,( ,,aiguemortes1 ,,blanquette2 f mix$ plants2 conta9s #c to #h ( c>bonate ( soda4 7,guib\rt47 c4 ,,nor',,m&y ,b41 ,n4 ,,soda2 f fuci4 ,,sic',,ily ,,b>illa 7s7is'-74 ,pr9cipally f salso'la sati'va2 furni%es #ee ( c>bonate ( soda4 7,fe47 ,good b>illa1 on ! av]age1 conta9s ab\t #bj ( real or available alkali1 *iefly "u ! =m ( c>bonate1 besides sulphates1 muriates1 c4 ,assay4 ,see ,,alkalimetry4 ,uses1 c4 ,b>illa is *iefly us$ 9 ! manufacture ( soap & glass2 b ! gross quantity import$1 ?\gh annually increas+1 only rea*$ #ed1fjh cwt4 9 #ahef2 :il/ ! exports ( soda 9 ! same ye> rea*$ to ab\t #a1ejj1jjj cwt41 & 9 #ahei to above #b1jjj1jjj cwt4 ,?is enorm\s quantity 0 *iefly furni%$ by our home manufactories4 ,b>illa is *iefly import$ f ,spa91 ,sicily1 ,t5]iffe1 & ! ,levant2 b s9ce ! introduction ( ,le ,blanc's process = obta9+ soda f common salt1 its importance & value has consid]ably less5$4 ,see ,,kelp1 ,,soda1 c4 ,,b>ium4 ,ba4 ,a metallic radical or elem5t1 ( :i* b>yta is ! *ief oxide1 & some:at ext5sively di/ribut$4 ,fir/ obta9$ 9 #ahjh by ,sir ,h4 ,davy4 ,prep>$ f b>yta by /rongly heat+ x 9 an iron tube1 ?r\gh :i* ! vap\r ( potassium is convey$2 ! r$uc$ b>ium be+ subsequ5tly extract$ f ! mix$ residuum by quicksilv]1 :i* is aft]w>ds driv5 (f 9 a small gre5-glass retort1 9 a vap\r ( m9]al naph?a4 ,prop41 c4 ,greyi%-:ite1 approa*+ silv] 9 col\r & lu/re2 decomposes wat]1 & gradually oxidises 9 ! air1 ) ! =mation ( ! ord9>y oxide 7,,b>yta74 ,x is malleable1 fusible "u a r$ heat2 burns 9 contact ) air ) a deep r$ light1 & has ! sp4 gr4 #dgj4 ,salts4 ,b>ium =ms num]\s salts1 :i* are all ei!r col\rless or :ite1 except a few1 ^: acids are col\r$1 z ! *romate1 manganate1 c4 ,"s ( !m are soluble 9 wat]2 "o or two only are soluble 9 alcohol1 & t v sp>+ly2 & 7) ! exception ( ! sulphate7 !y are all extremely poison\s4 ,!y may be prep>$ by saturat+ solutions ( ! acids ) ei!r b>yta-wat]1 or c>bonate ( b>ium2 & "s ( !m may be prep>$ by d\ble decomposition4 ,! v>i\s soluble b>ium salts are kn[n by ! foll[+ reactions1 & !y are all 7except ! sulphate7 soluble ei!r 9 wat] or 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 except ! nitrate & *loride1 :i* are n soluble 9 aque\s solutions ( _! respective acids4 ,_! solutions give an imm$iate heavy :ite precipitate ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & ) solutions ( ! sulphates1 :i* is insoluble 9 dilute acids & solutions ( ! alkalies & ( ! salts ( ammonia1 t ) a solution ( sulphate ( lime be+ v s5sitive1 & *>act]i/ic3--,hydr(luosilicic acid gives a v *>act]i/ic col\rless cry/all9e & quickly subsid+ precipitate1 only slightly soluble 9 hydro*loric acid & nitric acid2 alcohol1 9 equal volume1 be+ add$1 s ha/5s & completes ! reaction1 t ! filtrate is unaffect$ by sulphuric acid3--,*romate ( potassium gives a bright yell[ precipitate 9 neutral solutions1 soluble 9 hydro*loric acid & 9 nitric acid1 b insoluble 9 acetic acid3--,cau/ic potassa or soda 7:5 q free f c>bonate71 & cau/ic ammonia1 cause no precipitate1 except 9 highly conc5trat$ solutions3--,alkal9e c>bonates give a heavy :ite precipitate ) b>yta-wat] or a solution ( b>yta1 & :i* is all b insoluble 9 wat]1 & freely soluble 9 dilute hydro*loric acid3--,heat$ ) pro( _s1 or pyroxilic _s1 ! b>ium salts give a gre5i%-yell[ t+e to ! flame3--,! b>ium salts1 & p>ticul>ly ! *loride1 :5 expos$ on a plat9um wire to ! inn] flame ( ! bl[pipe1 col\r ! out] flame yell[i%-gre53--,insoluble sulphate ( b>ium may be mix$ ) p[d]$ *>coal1 & expos$ = a %ort "t to a full r$ heat1 :5 sulphide ( b>ium w be =m$1 :i* is freely soluble 9 wat]1 & :i*1 aft] be+ neutralis$ ) hydro*loric acid1 or acetic acid1 w yield a solution suitable to ! application ( ! usual te/s4 ,! c>bonate1 & ! salts ( b>ium ) ! organic acids1 are all conv]tible into pure b>yta by exposure to a bright r$ heat4 ,b>yta is di/+ui%$ f lime & f magnesia by its great solubility 9 hot wat]1 & by ! entire insolubility ( its sulphate2 f /rontia1 by be+ precipitat$ by hydr(luosilicic acid1 & by n giv+ a r$ col\r to ! flame ( alcohol2 f alum9a1 by its cau/icity & alkal9e reaction1 & by n be+ precipitat$ f its solution 9 wat] by ammonium sulphydrate4 ,pois41 c4 ,! sulphate1 ow+ to its insolubility1 is ! only salt ( b>ium :i* is n poison\s4--,symp4 ,nausea1 vomit+1 pa9s 9 ! head1 r++ 9 ! e>s1 v]tigo1 & int]mitt+ cramps & convulsions2 ! respiration is frequ5tly susp5d$ = sev]al mom5ts1 & ! pupil is g5]ally dilat$4 ,! symptoms1 h[ev]1 (t5 v>y1 & are n v di/9ctive4--,treatm41 ,ant41 c4 ,vomit+1 foll[$ by copi\s draughts ( wat] s\r$ ) sulphuric acid1 or sulphate ( soda 7,glaub]-salt7 or sulphate ( magnesia 7,epsom-salt71 dissolv$ 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat]4 ,:5 c>bonate ( b>ium has be5 swall[$1 a mixture ( "o ( ! above sulphates & weak v9eg> %\ld be tak5 aft] ! vomit+1 9 ord] t a soluble b>ium salt may be fir/ =m$1 on :i* ! alkal9e sulphate w act m readily4 ,subsequ5t irritation may be soo!d by opium or morphia1 & antiphlogi/ics4 ,b>ium1 ,ac'etate (4 ,ba7,c#b;,h#c,o#b74 ,syn4 ,,b>y',t ,,ace',,tas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f dilute sulphuric acid1 neutralis$ ) c>bonate ( b>ium1 & ! solution evaporat$ & cry/allis$4 ,v soluble 9 wat]2 insoluble1 or ne>ly s1 9 rectifi$ _s4--,uses1 ,dose1 c4 ,same z ! *loride4 ,x is seldom employ$4 ,b>ium1 ,arse''niate (4 ,ba#c7,,po#d7b4 ,syn4 ,,b>y',t ,,arse'',,nias1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,a solution ( *loride ( b>ium is add$ to ano!r ( ars5iate ( potassium or sodium1 & ! precipitate collect$1 wa%$1 & dri$4 ,by dissolv+ ?is salt 9 a solution ( ars5ic acid1 & cry/allis+1 ,,b9>se'',,niate ,,( ,,b>ium is obta9$4 ,has be5 recomm5d$ 9 c]ta9 sk9 diseases1 & 9 ph?isis complicat$ ) scr(ula4--,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/d gr4 ,b>ium1 ,ar's5ite (4 ,ba7,as,o#b7b4 ,syn4 ,,b>y',t ,,ar',,s5is1 ,l4 ,v slightly soluble4--,use1 c4 ,z ! la/4 ,b>ium1 ,bromide (4 ,ba,br#b4 ,syn4 ,,ba'',,rii ,,bromi',,dum1 ,l42 ,,bromure ,,de ,,b>yum1 c41 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,boil a solution ( protobromide ( iron ) moi/ c>bonate ( b>ium1 9 slight excess2 filt]1 evaporate to dryness1 & heat ! residuum to r$ness4 ,by c>eful evaporation ( its aque\s solution x may be obta9$ 9 cry/als4 ,x is soluble 9 bo? alcohol & wat]1 & its physiological prop]ties resemble ^? ( iodide ( b>ium4 ,b>ium1 ,c>bonate (4 ,ba,c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,b>y',,ta2 ,,b>y',t ,,c>',,bonas1 ,l42 ,,c>bonate ,,de ,,b>yte1 c41 ,fr42 ,,kohl5saures1 ,,b>yt1 c41 ,g]4 ,a heavy :ite mass or p[d]1 v ne>ly insoluble 9 wat]1 & decompos$ by ne>ly all ! acids4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! crude /ate abundantly 9 nature1 b c only be obta9$ absolutely pure by add+ an alkal9e c>bonate to a solution ( *loride ( b>ium1 or by saturat+ ! hydrate ) c>bonic anhydride1 & 9 ei!r case wa%+ & dry+ ! precipitate4 ,native c>bonate ( b>ium 7)]ite7 is ord]$ 9 ! ph>macopoeias1 & is suffici5tly pure = mak+ ! b>ium salts1 ! only purpose to :i* x is !re9 appli$4 ,uses4 ,9 ph>macy1 c41 *iefly to prep>e b>ium salts4 ,9 *emi/ry1 to sep>ate c]ta9 metallic oxides :5 occurr+ toge!r 9 solutions4 ,9 ! arts1 z a base = c]ta9 delicate col\rs1 z an +r$i5t 9 plate-glass1 9 ! manufacture ( beet sug>1 c4 ,x is n us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,x is extremely poison\s4 ,b>ium1 ,bisulphide4 ,?is sub/ance may be obta9$ z a f9e yell[-col\r$ product by %ak+ a solution ( b>ium *loride ) a mixture ( ammonium sulphide & c>bon disulphide4 ,x is insoluble 9 alcohol1 soluble 9 wat]1 & rapidly dissolv$ by slightly acidulat$ wat]4 ,b>ium1 ,*loride (4 ,ba,cl#b4b;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,*loride ,,( ,,b>ium2 ,,b>ii ,,*loridum1 ,l42 ,,*lorure ,,de ,,b>yum1 ,,*lorhydrate ,,de ,,b>yte1 c41 ,fr42 ,,salzs,,ure ,,s*w]]de1 ,,*lorb>ium1 ,g]4 ,neutralise a hot dilute solution ( hydro*loric acid ) c>bonate ( b>ium1 evaporate d[n1 & cry/allise4 ,sulphide ( b>ium c be sub/itut$ = ! c>bonate4 ,if requir$ *emically pure1 gase\s hydro*loric acid is transmitt$ ?r\gh a conc5trat$ solution ( common or impure *loride ( b>ium1 z long z a precipitate =ms2 ! result+ cry/all9e p[d]1 :i* is ne>ly ! :ole ( ! *loride ( b>ium pres5t1 is collect$ on a filt]1 &1 aft] dra9+1 is wa%$ repeat$ly ) small quantities ( pure hydro*loric acid1 until ! wa%+s1 dilut$ ) wat]1 & precipitat$ ) sulphuric acid1 give a filtrate :i*1 ^u evaporation 9 a plat9um capsule or a wat*-glass1 leaves no residue2 ! la/ traces ( acid hav+ be5 remov$ by a little alcohol appli$ 9 a l mann]1 ! p[d] is at once dri$1 & !n c>efully pres]v$ f ! air4--,us$ 9 analysis4 ,prop41 c4 ,cry/als1 flat1 f\r-sid$ tables1 col\rless & transp>5t2 sometimes d\ble eight-sid$ pyramids2 slightly effloresc5t 9 dry w>m air1 b o!rwise p]man5t2 decrepitate :5 heat$1 & lose _! wat] ( cry/allisation2 fuse at a r$ heat2 volatilise at a :ite heat2 insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid & 9 alcohol1 slightly soluble 9 rectifi$ _s1 & v soluble 9 wat]2 wat] at #fj dissolves #dc-a_/b ( ! cry/als1 & ne>ly #cg ( ! dry salt2 & :5 boil+ #ge ( ! =m]1 & ab\t #ff ( ! latt]2 a saturat$ boil+ solution 7#bbc ,fahr47 conta9s #ajj p>ts ( wat]1 & #gh p>ts ( ! cry/allis$ salt4 ,! cry/als conta9 #b atoms ( wat]2 & a =mula ( ,ba,cl#b #b;,aq4 ,uses1 ,phys4 eff41 c4 ,9 *emi/ry1 x is employ$ z a te/ = sulphuric acid & ! soluble sulphates4 ,9 m$ic9e1 x has be5 employ$1 bo? int]nally & ext]nally1 z an alt]ative1 resolv5t1 & deob/ru5t1 9 scr(ula1 gl&ul> swell+s1 & enl>gem5ts1 scirrh\s canc]1 sk9 diseases1 c42 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! fir/ ) m>k$ b5efit4 ,9 l>ge doses x is poison\s4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,b4 ,brodie1 its action on animals is analog\s to t ( ars5ic4 ,locally1 x acts z an irritant4 ,a v weak solution1 us$ z a lotion1 (t5 proves s]viceable 9 h]petic eruptions1 & z a collyrium 9 scr(ul\s oph?almia4 ,dose1 #a_/b gr4 ?rice a day1 9 wat]1 gradually increas$ to #b or #c gr4 ,b>ium1 ,*lorate (4 ,ba7,cl,o#c7b4 ,syn4 ,,*lorate ,,( ,,b>y',,ta2 ,,b>y',t ,,*lo'',,ras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f a solution ( *loric acid neutralis$ ) fre%ly precipitat$ c>bonate ( b>ium2 ! result+ solution1 aft] filtration1 be+ cry/allis$ by evaporation4 ,by pass+ *lor9e ?r\gh /rong milk ( hydrate or ( c>bonate ( b>ium1 9 ! same way z 9 mak+ *lorate ( potassium4 ,prop41 c4 ,soluble 9 #d p>ts ( cold wat]4 ,us$ 9 pyrote*ny1 & to make *loric acid4 ,b>ium1 ,f]rocy'anide (4 ,ba#b;,fe,c#f,n#f4 ,syn4 ,,ba'',,rii ,,f]rocyani',,dum1 ,l4 ,f pure f]rocyanide ( iron dige/$ 9 b>yta wat]4 ,by c>eful evaporation1 effloresc5t prismatic cry/als may be obta9$1 soluble 9 #d-a_/b p>ts ( wat]4 ,b>ium1 ,fluoride (4 ,ba,f#b4 ,syn4 ,,ba'',,rii ,,fluori',,dum1 c41 ,l4 ,a :ite p[d]1 =m$ by dige/+ fre%ly precipitat$ c>bonate ( b>ium 9 hydr(luoric acid1 9 excess4 ,b>ium1 ,hydrate (4 ,ba7,,ho7#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydrate ,,( ,,b>yta2 ,,b>yt ,,hydras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by dige/+ cau/ic b>yta1 or b>ium oxide1 ) a little wat]1 or ignit+ g5tly ! cry/allis$ hydrate4 ,x c be obta9$ cry/allis$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,f a conc5trat$ solution ( ei!r nitrate or *loride ( b>ium1 precipitat$ ) a r /rong solution ( pure potassa1 or ( pure soda1 p]fectly free f c>bonic acid4 #b4 ,a /rong solution ( sulphide ( b>ium is boil$ ) successive portions ( black oxide ( copp]1 until x ceases to give a black precipitate ) a salt ( lead2 ! liquid1 aft] filtration1 yields cry/als ( ! hydrate on cool+4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,=ms a bulky :ite p[d]1 conta9+ #aj-a_/b ( wat] ( hydration1 :i* x reta9s ev5 aft] ignition4 ,9 ?is /ate x is soluble 9 #bj p>ts ( cold wat]1 & 9 #b p>ts ( boil+ wat]4 ,! hot saturat$ solution1 z x cools1 deposits abundantly column> cry/als 7,,crys',,tallis$ ,,hydrate ,,( ,b471 :i* conta9 #ea-a_/b ( wat]1 ( :i* !y lose1 by dry+ & ignition1 #hh-c_/d 7 #d-c_/d ( _! weight71 be+ r$uc$ to ! /ate ( ! common or amorph\s hydrate4 ,( all ! bases x has ! /ronge/ aff9ity = bo? sulphuric & c>bonic acid1 & h5ce its solution 7,,b>y',,ta-,,wat]7 & ^? ( its neutral salts 7nitrate or *loride7 =m our mo/ s5sitive te/s = ^! sub/ances4 ,sp4 gr4 #dc to #dg4 ,! cry/allis$ hydrate is conv]t$ into ! ord9>y hydrate at a g5tle heat1 & ?is la/ fuses at a l[ r$ heat )\t los+ its wat] ( hydration1 :i* x only sl[ly & ) difficulty beg9s to "p ) at high] temp]atures4 ,9 *emi/ry1 its uses are1 = ! mo/ "p1 simil> to ^? ( ,,b>ium1 ,,oxide ,,(4 ,b>ium1 ,iodide (4 ,ba#b;,i4 ,syn4 ,,ba'',,rii ,,iodi',,dum1 ,l42 ,,iodure ,,de ,,b>yum1 c41 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dissolve sulphide ( b>ium 9 wat]1 & add iod9e 7gradually7 9 excess2 aft] ! reaction is complete1 filt]1 & ei!r evaporate to dryness1 or cry/allise4 #b4 ,dige/ fre%ly precipitat$ c>bonate ( b>ium1 9 excess1 9 a hot solution ( protiodide ( iron2 filt] & evaporate to dryness2 !n re-dissolve & cry/allise4 #c4 ,by saturat+ hydriodic acid ) oxide or c>bonate ( b>ium4 ,prop41 c4 ,a :ite or greyi%-:ite mass1 or acicul> cry/als 7accord+ to ! mode ( its prep>ation72 v soluble 9 wat] & 9 alcohol2 & decompos$ by exposure to ! air4 ,x has be5 highly recomm5d$ z an alt]ative1 resolv5t1 & liquefaci5t1 p>ticul>ly 9 scr(ula1 gl&ul> swell+s1 *ronic inflammations1 & ! o!r affections 9 :i* *loride ( b>ium & iod9e are giv54--,dose1 #a_/ab? to #a_/h? gr4 7gradually & cauti\sly increas$ to #a gr471 9 di/ill$ wat]1 #b or #c times a day4 ,ext]nally1 z an o9tm5t 7#c or #d gr41 to l>d1 #a oz471 z an application to scr(ul\s swell+s4 7,biett47 ,x possesses all ! irritant1 corrosive1 & poison\s prop]ties ( ! *loride1 b 9 a mu* m viol5t degree4 ,b>ium1 ,nitrate (4 ,ba7,,no#c7b4 ,syn4 ,,nitrate ,,( ,,b>yta2 ,,b>y',t ,,ni',,tras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,z ! acetate or *loride ( b>ium1 sub/itut+ pure nitric acid = acetic or hydro*loric acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,transp>5t1 col\rless octah$rons1 :i* are anhydr\s1 insoluble 9 alcohol1 & require ab\t #h p>ts ( cold wat]1 & ab\t #c p>ts ( boil+ wat]1 = solution4 ,uses4 ,9 *emi/ry1 to prep>e b>yta1 & z a te/ = sulphuric acid & ! soluble sulphates2 & 9 pyrote*ny1 to give a gre5 t+e to flame4 ,b>ium1 ,oxalate (4 ,ba,c#b,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,ox',,alate ,,( ,,b>yta2 ,,b>y',t ,,ox',,alas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by precipitat+ a b>ium salt ) oxalate ( ammonium4 ,v ne>ly insoluble4 ,b>ium1 ,oxide (4 ,ba,o4 ,syn4 ,,b>yta1 ,,b>y',,tes1 ,,cau',,/ic ,,b>yta991 ,,ox',,ide ,,( ,,ba'',,rium1 ,,protox',,ide ,,( ,b41 ,,heav',y ,,e>?2 ,,b>yte1 ,,oxide ,,de ,,b>ium1 ,,t]re ,,pesantedagg]1 c41 ,fr42 ,,b>yt1 ,,b>yt]de1 ,,s*w]]de1 c41 ,g]4 ,"o ( ! e>?s discov]$ by ,s*eele 9 #aggd4 ,s\rces4 ,sulphate & c>bonate ( b>ium are abundant m9]als1 =m+ ! 've9-/one' ( _m lead m9es4 ,x is f ! latt] t b>yta & ! b>ium salts are almo/ exclusively obta9$4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a mixture ( c>bonate ( b>ium & *>coal 7bo? 9 f9e p[d] & moi/5$7 is /rongly ignit$1 = "s "t1 9 a porcela91 ,hessian1 or black-lead crucible1 & !n all[$ to cool out ( contact ) ! air1 f :i* x mu/ also be subsequ5tly c>efully pres]v$4 #b4 7,pure47 ,cry/allis$ nitrate ( b>ium is calc9$ 9 a capaci\s cov]$ porcela9 or ,hessian crucible1 at a bright r$ heat1 until r$ 7nitr\s7 vap\rs are no long] dis5gag$1 ev5 on rais+ ! temp]ature2 & ! residuum1 z soon z ! temp]ature has fall5 suffici5tly1 b :il/ /ill w>m1 is at once transf]r$ to a bottle1 z be=e4 #c4 ,m4 ,ros5?iel's process is f\nd$ ^u ! decomposition ( sulphide ( b>ium dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat] by oxide ( z9c4 ,cau/ic b>yta & sulphate ( z9c are =m$4 ,prop4 ,a greyi%-:ite1 spongy1 e>?y-look+ mass1 fusible only be=e ! oxyhydrog5 bl[pipe2 highly cau/ic1 corrosive1 & alkal9e1 & slak+1 l quick-lime1 on ! addition ( wat]1 b ) ! evolution ( m heat4 ,b>ium1 ,p]oxide (4 ,ba,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,deutox',,ide ,,( ,,b>ium2 ,,ba'',,rii ,,b9ox',,ydum1 c4 ,l42 ,,b9oxide ,,de ,,b>yum1 c41 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,pure b>yta is heat$ to full r$ness 9 a porcela9 tube1 & a /ream ( pure dry oxyg5 pass$ ov] x z long z ! gas is absorb$4 ,b>yta1 #d p>ts1 is heat$ z above 9 a plat9um crucible1 & *lorate ( potassium1 #a "p1 gradually add$ to x2 ! *loride ( potassium =m$ along ) ! b9oxide be+ aft]w>ds wa%$ away ) cold wat]4 ,prop41 c4 ,grey or greyi%-:ite2 ) wat] x =ms a hydrate1 :i* is slightly soluble 9 wat]1 & undecompos$ by x 9 ! cold4 ,x is int]e/+ *iefly 9 its relations ) p]oxide ( hydrog5 & ! oxyg5is$ acids ( ,m4 ,?n>d4 ,b>ium1 ,phosphate (4 ,ba7,,po#d7b4 ,prep4 ,9 a simil> mann] to ! oxalate1 :i* x resembles 9 be+ an almo/ insoluble :ite p[d]4 ,b>ium1 ,sulphate (4 ,ba,s,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,sulphate ,,( ,,b>yta1 ,,heav',y ,,sp>1 ,,bolo'',,gnian ,s41 ,,cawk 7mi72 ,,b>y',t ,,sul',,phas 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,spa',,?ium ,,pond]o',,sum1 c41 ,l42 ,,sulfate ,,de ,,b>yte1 ,,spa? ,,pesant1 c41 ,fr42 ,,s*wefelsaures ,,b>yt1 ,,s*w]spa?1 c41 ,g]4 ,?is salt is f\nd native1 (t5 9 beautiful tabul> cry/als1 b m frequ5tly 9 :ite or r$di%-:ite masses4 ,x is also occasionally prep>$ artificially1 z a pigm5t & *emical1 by decompos+ a solution ( *loride ( b>ium ) dilute sulphuric acid1 or ) a solution ( sulphate ( sodium2 ! result+ precipitate be+ collect$1 well wa%$1 & dri$4 ,prop41 c4 ,:5 pure1 or free f iron1 its p[d] is :ite4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]1 & ne>ly insoluble 9 all o!r m5/rua2 be=e ! bl[pipe x decrepitates1 fuses ) great difficulty 7by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f ! sulphates ( /rontium & calcium71 & ultimately melts into a h>d1 :ite enamel4 ,mix$ ) *>coal1 & heat$ to r$ness 9 a cov]$ crucible1 x is r$uc$ to sulphide ( b>ium4 ,x is readily decompos$ by fusion ) alkal9e c>bonates2 also v slightly s by _! cold solutions2 b ultimately completely1 ?\gh sl[ly1 by _! boil+ solutions4 ,sp4 gr4 #dc to #dge4 ,uses4 ,*iefly z a pigm5t 7,,p]',,man5t ,,:ite71 & to adult]ate :ite-lead2 = :i* purposes ! native sulphate is commonly well wa%$1 fir/ 9 v dilute sulphuric acid1 & aft]w>ds 9 pure wat]1 to remove any iron :i* may contam9ate x1 & impair its :it5ess4 ,x is also us$ to =m sulphide ( b>ium2 &1 9 pyrote*ny1 in/ead ( ! m exp5sive nitrate4 ,b>ium1 ,sulphide (4 ,ba,s4 ,syn4 ,,sul',,phide ,,( ,,b>ium1 ,,sul',,phuret ,,( ,,b>yta2 ,,ba'',,rii ,,sulphure',,tum1 c41 ,l42 ,,sulfure ,,de ,,b>yum1 c41 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,sulphate ( b>ium1 well dri$ & 9 f9e p[d]1 #c p>ts2 p[d]$ *>coal or p[d]$ coal1 #a "p2 ! mixture is press$ tightly into an e>!n crucible1 & ! cov] be+ fitt$ on1 x is expos$ = #a-a_/b to #b h\rs1 to a bright r$ heat2 aft] x has cool$1 ! black mass ?us obta9$ is p[d]$1 & boil$ 9 wat]1 & ! result+ solution all[$ to cry/allise4 ,"s au?orities recomm5d =m+ ! mix$ p[d]s into a /iff pa/e ) oil1 or oil ( turp5t9e1 be=e calc9ation2 b ?is is n at all necess>y4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,cry/als1 ?9 & ne>ly col\rless plates1 conta9+ comb9$ wat]2 v soluble 9 hot wat]1 less s 9 cold wat]2 & rapidly decompos$ by exposure to ! air4 ,x is pr9cipally us$ to =m ! ,,b>ium ,,salts1 & 9 organic analysis4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 its prep>ation to expose ! solution to ! air z little z possible4 ,,sulphides ( a high] grade may be =m$ by boil+ ?is comp\nd ) sulphur2 b !y possess little practical int]e/4 ,b>ium1 ,sulphite (4 ,ba,s,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,sul',,phite ,,( ,,b>yta4 ,prep4 ,by te/+ a soluble b>ium salt ) sodium sulphite1 & wa%+ ! precipitate4 ,insoluble4 ,b>ium1 ,t>trate (4 ,ba,c#d;,h#d,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,t>',,trate ,,( ,,b>yta4 ,prep4 ,l t ( oxalate ( b>ium4 ,:ite p[d]4 ,slightly soluble4 ,,b>k4 ,eng41 ,dan4 ,syn4 ,,cor',,tex1 ,l42 ,,corce1 ,fr42 ,,baumr9de1 ,,r9de1 ,g]4 ,! r9d or ext]ior cov]+ ( vegetables1 correspond+ to ! sk9 ( animals4 ,x consi/s ( !--cu'ticle or epid]m'is--cellul> sub/ance1 conta9+ col\r+ matt]1 c41 &--li'b]1 ! inn] or true b>k4 ,! la/ is =m$ ( woody fibre 9 great quantity1 int]mix$ ) cellul> tissue4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! annual gr[? ( a tree1 ! b>k sep>ates spontane\sly f ! wood1 9 ord] to make room = ! new matt] =m+ b5ea?4 ,x ?us increases by ye>ly lay]s1 & gradually p]i%es on ! outside1 ow+ to di/5sion1 f ! gr[? ( ! int]ior portion4 ,its physiological uses are num]\s & important4 ,x is ! depository ( _m ( ! secretions ( plants1 & x acts z a liv+ filt]1 sep>at+ secretions f ea* o!r1 & all[+ a "p ( !m to pass (f horizontally ?r\gh ! m$ull>y processes on _! way to ! c5tre ( ! tree4 ,b its pr9cipal (fices appe> to be to act z a protection to ! t5d] wood1 & z a *annel = ! sap 9 its desc5t f ! leaves4 ,true b>k only exi/s 9 exog5s & gymnosp]ms2 9 endog5s its place is suppli$ by cortical integum5ts1 :i* _c be sep>at$ f ! adjac5t wood1 )\t viol5ce4 7,l9dley47 ,accord+ to ,liebig1 ! *>act]i/ic +r$i5ts f\nd 9 b>k are excrem5titi\s--sub/ances evid5tly expell$ by ! liv+ organism4 ,true wood yields only #be to #b ( a%2 :il/ ! b>k ( "s trees give #f1 #aj1 to #ae times m2 & ^!1 l ! organic con/itu5ts1 diff] mat]ially 9 _! composition & *>act]s4 ,! uses ( diff]5t species ( b>k 9 m$ic9e & ! arts are well kn[n4 ,,c9*ona-,,b>k is invaluable 9 fev]s2 ,,oak-,,b>k furni%es ! tann] ) "o ( ! mo/ important mat]ials ( 8 trade2 & ! t5aci\s fibres ( o!r v>ieties are manufactur$ into cordage & textile fabrics4 ,b>ks %\ld be collect$ at t season 9 :i* !y c be mo/ easily sep>at$ f ! wood1 :i*1 ) a few exceptions1 is late 9 ! spr+2 because at ?is "t ! active pr9ciples deposit$ 9 _! cells are mo/ abundant4 ,,oak-,,b>k1 collect$ 9 spr+1 conta9s f\r times z mu* a/r+5t matt] z t collect$ 9 w9t]4 ,b>k4 7,9 m$ic9e47 ,see ,,c9*ona4 ,b>k4 7,9 tann+47 ,see ,,oak4 ,b>k1 ,jes'uit's4 ,c9*ona-b>k4 ,b>k1 ,salt ( 7,ess5tial74 ,see ,,extracts & ,,salts4 ,,b>',,ley4 ,syn4 ,,hor',,deum1 ,l42 ,,orge1 ,fr42 ,,g]/e1 ,g]41 ,anglo-,s4 ,a well-kn[n gra91 ! produce ( sev]al species ( ! g5us hordeum4 ,v>41 ,cult41 c4 ,^? pr9cipally cultivat$ 9 ,engl& are--,,two'-,,r[$1 ,,long'-,,e>$1 or ,,comm',,on ,,b>ley 7hor'deum dis'ti*on1 ,l9n472 ,,spr+'-,,b>ley1 ,,squ>e'-,b41 or ,,b]e 7h4 vulga''re1 ,l9n472 & ,,six'-,,r[$ ,,b>ley1 ,,w9t] ,b41 ,scot* ,,b]e or ,,bigg 7h4 hexas'ti*on1 ,l9n474 ,,put',,ney1 ,,sprat1 or ,,batt',,l$ore ,b4 7h4 zeocriton1 ,l9n471 is ano!r species less frequ5tly met )4 ,( ea* ( ! above !re are sev]al v>ieties4 ,9 ,spa9 & ,sicily1 two crops ( b>ley are obta9$ 9 a ye>2 b1 9 c\ntries s f> nor? z ,brita91 x produces only "o1 & is a delicate species ( gra94 ,9 ,engl& x is g5]ally adopt$ z a succession crop on light l&s1 foll[+ turnips or gre5 crops4 7,l\don47 ,! 'yield' p] acre v>ies f #bh to #fd bu%els1 & is usually f #bh to #dj bu%els4 ,! av]age weight p] bu%el is #ej to #ea lbs42 b ! be/ ,norfolk & ,essex samples weigh #ec to #ed lbs4 p] bu%el4 ,comp4 ,! lead+ con/itu5ts ( b>ley are ne>ly simil> to ^? ( :eat1 b x is sc>cely s ri* 9 nitrog5is$ matt]4 ,accord+ to ,e9h(1 ! ripe ,,se$s or ,,gra9s are compos$ (-- ,meal #gjje ,husk #ahge ,moi/ure #aabj ------ #ajj ,accord+ to ,john/on1 av]age f9e ,,b>ley-,,meal conta9s-- ,/>* #fh ,album51 glut51 c4 #ad ,fatty matt] #b ,a% or sal9e matt] #b ,wat] #ad ---- #ajj ,accord+ to ,pay51 dri$ b>ley possesses ! foll[+ composition-- ,nitrog5\s matt] #abif ,/>* #ffdc ,dextr9 #ajjj ,fatty matt] #bgf ,cellulose #dge ,m9]al matt] #caj ------ #ajjjj ,accord+ to ,dr ,ure1 ! sp4 gr4 ( ,,engli% ,,b>ley is #abe to #acc 7av]age1 #abce71 & ! weight ( ! husk is ab\t #a-f?2 t ( ,,bigg1 #abbg to #abfe1 & weight ( husk1 #b-i?s4 ,! analyses ( ! foll[+ v>ieties ( b>ley1 gave z ! composition ( ! a%es ( ! gra9s3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,unkn[n ,*evali] ,f ,*evali] ,b>ley ,moldavia ,b>ley ---------------------------------------- ------- ,pota% #baad #bjgg #cgee #ggj ,soda #def #ajf #jcf ,lime #afe #adh #aba #ajcf ,magnesia #gbf #gde #ajag #abf ,sesquioxide ( iron #bac #jea #ajb #adf ,sulphuric acid #aia #jgi #jbg #bii ,silica #cjfh #cbgc #bdef #gjgg ,phosphoric acid #bhec #cafi #chfd #aii ,*loride ( ,sodium #aaj #adg #aaj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,9 ! ',j\rnal ( ! ,agricultural ,society' = #ahgc is a report by ,messrs ,lawes & ,gilb]t ( tw5ty ye>s' exp]im5ts ) b>ley4 ,! soil ( a field at ,ro?amp/ead1 9 :i* ! b>ley _h be5 gr[n = tw5ty ye>s1 consi/$ ( heavy loam1 ) a subsoil ( clay re/+ on *alk1 & 0 previ\s to ! b>ley be+ plant$ almo/ exhau/$ by cropp+4 ,! produce 0 f\nd to be greate/ dur+ ! abs5ce ( dr\ght & sudd5 alt]ations ( temp]ature1 ! r cool b uni=m season ( #ahed giv+ ! heavie/ crops4 ,! yield f f>m-y>d manure & nitrate ( soda 0 f\nd 9 dry seasons to be r l>g] ?an t f ammonia salts4 ,b>ley manur$ ) phosphates 0 f\nd to rip5 "o to two weeks e>li] ?an :5 ! phosphate 0 omitt$4 ,! av]age produce p] acre ( a few ( ! pr9cipal plots is giv5 bel[4 ,! ammonium salts are /at$ to be a mixture ( equal p>ts ( sulphate & *loride2 ! alkali salts consi/ ( ! sulphates ( potassium1 sodium1 & magnesium2 ! c9]ials consi/ ( alkali salts1 plus sup]phosphate3 ,,key3 ,a3 ,dress$ ,corn4 ,b3 ,/raw & ,*aff4 ,c3 ,total ,produce4 ,d3 ,corn to #ajj ,/raw4 ,e3 ,weight p] ,bu%el ( ,dress$ ,corn4 ,f3 ,produce ( second #aj yrs4 ov] or "u fir/ #aj yrs4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,manures p] ,acre4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- bu%els4 cwts4lbs4 lbs4p] cwt4 ,unmanur$ #bj #aa-c_/dbdedhffebc- #bcf ,mix$ c9]ials #bg-a_/b #ad-c_/hcafbifdecd- #bjb ,ammonium salts1 #bjj lbs4 #cb-a_/b #ah-a_/bciaihibeba- #ig ,ammonium salts1 #bjj lbs41 & alkali salts #ce #bj-c_/ddcaghfcebh- #ec ,ammonium salts1 #bjj lbs41 & sup]phosphate #dg #bg-e_/hegfjhfhece #bg ,ammonium salts1 #bjj lbs41 & c9]ials #df-a_/d #bh-a_/behaghcbedj- #c ,rape cake 7mean #acjj lbs47 #de-a_/d #bf-g_/heegahgcech ,f>my>d manure1 #ad tons #dh-a_/d #bh-a_/deicchheedc #adh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,! au?ors direct att5tion to ! results obta9$ by us+ ! c9]ial manure alone1 z illu/rat+ ! uns\ndness ( ! old m9]al !ory1 accord+ to :i* plants 7 suppos$ to possess a suffici5t s\rce ( nitrog5 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,!y f\nd a great] crop yield$ by b>ley ?an :eat1 :5 no manures 7 employ$1 z well z :5 c9]ials 7 employ$1 a fact :i* !y attribute to b>ley be+ bett] able ?an :eat to supply itself ) nitrog51 not)/&+ ! deep] roots ( ! latt]4 ,!y /ate t ) bo? :eat & b>ley ! produce is sl[ly fall+ (f "u ^! circum/ances4 ,) ammonium salts alone1 & ) nitrate ( sodium alone1 !re is mu* less fall+ (f ?an :5 no nitrog5\s manure is us$4 ,! fall+ (f 0 lea/ ) ! nitrate4 ,! nitrate gives a r l>g] crop = ! same am\nt ( nitrog5 suppli$1 & !y f\nd ?is to hold :5 bo? nitrate & ammonia are appli$ ) c9]ials4 ,! addition ( sup]phosphate to ammonium salts or sodium nitrate greatly increases ! produce2 ! fur!r addition ( potassium1 sodium1 & magnesium salts !y f\nd almo/ )\t effect4 ,! inf]5ce 0 t ! b>ley _h obta9$ an ample supply ( pota% f ! natural soil1 b an insuffici5t supply ( phosphoric acid4 ,:5 ammonium salts are us$ alone1 & ! quantity ( ammonia does n exce$ #ej lbs4 p] acre1 #cfh lbs4 ( ammonia w yield an av]age increase ( #a bu%el ( corn & #fc lbs4 ( /raw--total1 #aae lbs42 ! extremes 9 #bj ye>s 7 #bbe-ahje lbs4 ,:5 ammonium salts are appli$ ) sup]phosphate1 #bba lbs4 ( ammonia w produce ! same result2 ! extremes 7 #adg-ecf lbs4 ,silicate ( sodium _h be5 appli$ = eight ye>s & a half to half ! b>ley plots receiv+ ammonia2 no increase has result$ :]e ammonia & sup]phosphate are employ$2 b on ! o!r ?ree plots an increase _h tak5 place1 :i*1 9 ! case ( ! plot receiv+ only ammonia & alkali salts1 is v consid]able4 ,! au?ors ?9k ?is irregul> reaction seems to %[ t ! silicate has n produc$ its effect by furni%+ silica to ! crop1 b by "s reaction ^u ! plant-food ( ! soil4 ,! rape cake suppli$ mu* m nitrog5 ?an ! ammonium salts1 & also "s phosphates & pota%4 ,rape cake alone gives a bett] return ?an ei!r ammonium salts or sodium nitrate appli$ alone2 b :5 ! ?ree manures are mix$ ) sup]phosphate1 ! results = equal am\nts ( nitrog5 %[ ! rape cake to be decid$ly inf]ior4 ,f ! above exp]im5ts x is inf]r$ t a supply ( c>bonace\s matt] does n increase ! crop ( b>ley4 ,a f>m-y>d manure conta9+ ab\t #jfd p] c5t4 ( nitrog5 suppli$ f> m plant food ?an any ( ! o!r manures4 ,on an av]age ( tw5ty ye>s x 0 f\nd t ab\t #h lbs4 ( ammonia 9 ! =m ( dung w\ld produce a bu%el ( b>ley1 ) its equival5t ( /raw4 ,9 all cases :i* 7 comp>able x 0 f\nd t b>ley appropriates m ( ! nitrog5\s manure ?an :eat1 save ) f>my>d manure4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( nitrog5 appli$ by manure is n tak5 up by ! crop4 ,exp]im5ts 9 ! b>ley field prov$ t l>ge residues f ammonium salts & sodium nitrate %[ a small b di/9ct effect ^u succe$+ crops1 ! influ5ce ext5d+ ov] _m ye>s4 ,f an exam9ation ( ! dra9age wat]s f l&s dress$ ) ! nitrates ( ammonium & sodium1 ! au?ors conclude t ammonium salts1 z well z sodium nitrate1 w be m economically appli$ 9 ! spr+ ?an 9 ! w9t]4 ,manures conta9+ organic nitrog5 are cle>ly n s liable to loss f dra9age4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made on ! gr[? ( b>ley aft] turnips1 & also 9 an ord9>y f\r-c\rse rotation4 ,aft] gr[+ turnips t5 ye>s consecutively ) purely c9]ial manures1 & c>t+ (f ! produce1 ! yield ( b>ley 0 mu* small] ?an 9 ! exp]im5tal field1 :]e b>ley 0 gr[n aft] b>ley4 ,! turnips1 ?\gh v small crops1 _h exhau/$ ! soil ( nitrog5 to a great] ext5t ?an corn crops w\ld h done4 ,on "o plot :]e rape cake _h be5 appli$ to ! turnips1 ! produce ( b>ley 0 #h-a_/d bu%els m ?an :5 none _h be5 us$4 ,9 ! rotation exp]im5ts b>ley 0 gr[n aft] turnips 7c>t$ (f71 & 0 foll[$ by beans & :eat4 ,9 "o s]ies all ! crops 7 unmanur$2 9 ano!r ! turnips receiv$ sup]phosphate2 9 a ?ird ! turnips receiv$ an abundant c9]ial & nitrog5\s manure4 ,! mean produce ( ! six crops ( b>ley obta9$ 9 tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( rotation 0 z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,dress$ ,/raw & ,"* ( ,rotation4 ,corn4 ,*aff4 ---------------------------------------- ------ bu%els4 cwt4 ,unmanur$ cont9u\sly #ch-c_/h #ba-c_/d ,sup]phosphate = turnips only #bi-c_/h #af-a_/b ,mix$ manure = turnips only #dd-c_/h #be-a_/d ---------------------------------------- ------ ,mean produce ( unmanur$ b>ley 9 b>ley #ba-a_/b #ab-a_/h field dur+ ! same season ---------------------------------------- -------- ,! unmanur$ turnips 7 s v small 9 quantity1 t ! b>ley 9 ! fir/ s]ies 0 practically gr[n aft] a fall[2 ?is b>ley1 h[ev]1 0 a mu* l>g] crop ?an t gr[n aft] turnips manur$ ) sup]phosphate only1 ! available nitrog5 ( ! soil 9 ?is case be+ exhau/$ by ! turnips4 ,9 ! la/ s]ies ! residue ( ! abundant manure appli$ to ! turnip crop suffices to produce a good crop ( b>ley4 ,qual41 ,uses1 c4 ,its employm5t & value z food1 & 9 ! manufacture ( malt1 are well kn[n4 ,x =ms good :olesome bread well adapt$ = p]sons :o live luxuri\sly2 b :i*1 = ! ab/emi\s & ! delicate1 is inf]ior to t made ( :eat1 z x is r less nutriti\s1 & less easy ( dige/ion1 & commonly proves laxative to ^? unaccu/om$ to its use4 ,b>ley-fl\r & b>ley-meal are also m p]i%able ?an :eat-fl\r2 be+ v apt to acquire a hot nause\s ta/e1 :i* ev5 ! heat ( ! ov5 does n remove4 ,9 a m$ical po9t ( view1 b>ley is reg>d$ z ! milde/ & lea/ irritat+ ( ! c]eals4 ,x has always be5 9 high e/imation z a demulc5t & emolli5t4 ,! decoction 7,,b>',,ley-,,wat]71 made ) pe>l b>ley1 is a common & useful dr9k 9 inflammatory diseases1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? ( ! *e/ & ur9>y organs4 ,among ! ,anci5ts1 decoctions ( b>ley 7,greek3 kra?7 7 ! pr9cipal alim5ts & m$ic9es employ$ 9 acute diseases4 ,b>ley 0 ext5sively cultivat$ by ! ,romans & _m o!r nations ( antiquity1 z well z by ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,gaul4 ,! ,greeks are said to h tra9$ _! a?letes on x4 ,! be/ te/s ( ! g5u95ess ( b>ley are its col\r1 fre$om f du/1 grit1 & insects4 ,! microscope w lead to ! detection ( any *eap] gra9s if mix$ ) x4 ,x is r>ely adult]at$1 al?\gh x is said to be ext5sively us$ = ! purpose ( sophi/icat+ :eat1 annatto1 & roll liquorice4 ,illu/ration3 ,b>ley ,/>*4 ,b>ley1 ,cau'/ic4 ,sabadilla4 ,b>ley1 ,pat'ent4 ,syn4 ,,f>i',,na ,,hor',,dei1 ,l4 ,pe>l b>ley r$uc$ to f9e p[d] by gr9d+ 9 a mill4 ,b>ley1 ,pe>l4 ,syn4 ,,pe>l',,ed ,,b>ley992 ,,hor',,deum ,,decorticatum 7,b4 ,p471 ,l42 ,,orge ,,p]l1 ,fr42 ,,p]l5graup51 ,g]4 ,! se$s ( hordeum di/i*on depriv$ ( ! husks4 ,t ( comm]ce is usually made by /eam+ spr+-b>ley1 to s(t5 ! sk91 !n dry+ x1 & gr9d+ x 9 a mill ) ! /ones set wide ap>t1 s z to r\nd & poli% ! gra9s1 & to sep>ate ! :ole ( ! husk except t left 9 ! furr[ ( ! se$4 ,,scot* ,,pe>l-,,b>ley & ,,fr5* ,,b>ley resemble ! la/1 b are small]1 be+ g5]ally made f w9t]-b>ley or bigg4 ,,f>o ,,de ,,orzo is ano!r v>iety made f sprat-b>ley4 ,see ,,b>ley 7above74 ,b>ley1 ,scot*4 ,syn4 ,,hull$ ,,b>leyd\ble-dagg]1 ,,pot-,b4d\ble-dagg]2 ,,hor',,deum ,,munda',,tum1 ,l42 ,,orge ,,mond1 ,fr42 ,,g]/5graup51 ,,graup51 ,g]4 ,! gra9s depriv$ ( ! husk by a mill1 z notic$ above1 b less completely1 & )\t r\nd+ !m4 ,,b>',,ley ,,sug>4 ,see ,,confection]y1 & ,,sug>4 ,,b>m4 ,see ,,yea/4 ,,b>om',,et] 7b>os1 weight2 metron1 measure74 ,syn4 ,,wea!r-,,glassd\ble-dagg]2 ,,b>om',,etrum1 ,l42 ,,b>om,,tre1 ,fr42 ,,b>omet]1 ,,wett]glas1 ,g]4 ,an in/rum5t = measur+ ! weight or pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,torricelli1 ( ,flor5ce1 ,a4,d4 #afdc4 ,! b>omet] is made ( sev]al =ms1 b ! pr9ciple ( its con/ruction1 ) ! exception ( ! an]oid b>omet]1 is ! same 9 ea*1 & ess5tially consi/s ( a column ( fluid 7usually m]cury7 support$ 9 vacuo1 9 a glass tube1 by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e on its surface4 ,! annex$ figures exhibit ! pr9cipal v>ieties at pres5t kn[n2 sev]al ( :i* h be5 propos$ ) ! view ( improv+ ! orig9al in/rum5t1 ei!r by increas+ its range1 or its portability4 ,none1 h[ev]1 equal 9 simplicity1 *eapness1 & usefulness1 ! old =ms propos$ by ,torricelli1 & repres5t$ by ! figs4 #a #b4 ,to avoid confusion1 ! graduat$ scales & cases ( ! in/rum5ts are n %[n4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,torricelli's ci/]n b>omet]4 #b4 syphon #c4 ,huyg5's b>omet]4 #d4 modifi$4 #e4 ,:eel b>omet]4 #f4 ,b]n\lli's syphon b>omet]4 #g4 ,am9ton's conical #h4 ,gay ,lussac's #i4 modifi$ by ,m4 ,bunt54 a1 ,tube conta9+ a column ( m]cury4 b1 ,m]curial ci/]n4 c1 ,a column ( m]cury support+ ano!r ( wat]1 d4 e1 e1 ,weights1 "o ( :i* floats on ! surface ( ! m]cury1 & by means ( ! cord f moves ! index g4 h1 ,graduat$ dial4 k1 ,capill>y hole drill$ lat]ally to admit air4 ,! con/ruction ( a b>omet] requires ! utmo/ skill & c>e ( a practis$ arti/1 & w !re=e be seldom und]tak5 by ! amateur or exp]im5tali/--a fact :i* r5d]s x unnecess>y = u to ent] into ! details "h4 ,9 ! *oice ( 8 in/rum5t ! pur*as] mu/ greatly dep5d on ! kn[n exp]i5ce & integrity ( ! manufactur]2 z no?+ b l5g!n$ use1 & frequ5t comp>isons ) o!r in/rum5ts1 c possibly prove its excell5ce4 ,an ord9>y b>omet]1 h[ev] c>efully made1 is f\nd to suff] gradual det]ioration1 f ! ext]nal air ins9uat+ itself betwe5 ! m]cury & ! glass tube1 by :i* ! p]fection ( ! vacuum is de/roy$4 ,v>i\s plans h be5 propos$ to rem$y ?is inconv5i5ce & s\rce ( error4 ,pr(4 ,daniell =ms ! bottom "p ( ! tube1 to ! ext5t ( ab\t #a_/crd ( an in*1 ( solid plat9um1 weld$ to ! glass4 ,?is plan has prov$ completely satisfactory4 ,dr ,ure proposes ! use ( plat9um-foil = ! same purpose4 ,be=e pur*as+ an in/rum5t x is z well to asc]ta9 t ?is has be5 done4 ,9 ^? call$ ',,/&>d ,,b>omet]s' ! scale is movable & adju/able by a delicate screw1 s z to enable ! obs]v] to br+ ! l[] po9t or z]o 7#j7 ( ! scale co9cid5t ) ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n4 ,exact contact is readily effect$ by mak+ ! po9t1 & its image z se5 by reflection f ! surface ( ! m]cury1 to co9cide4 ,9 ?is case ! ci/]n is made ( glass4 ,provid$ ! ivory scale be connect$ ) ! z]o-po9t ) a /rip ( brass1 correction z to temp]ature is v ne>ly effect$ by ?is simple adju/m5t4 ,! ,,:eel-,,b>omet] is *iefly s]viceable z a dome/ic or l& wea!r-glass4 ,( ! _m =ms ( m]curial b>omet]1 t p]haps kn[n z ,=t9's is ! be/4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t ! ci/]n & ! l[] portion ( ! tubes is %[n 9 ! annex$ figure4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! ci/]n is made ( boxwood1 ) a movable lea!r bottom b b1 & a glass cyl9d]1 b1 is ins]t$ into x above1 all except ! glass be+ encas$ 9 brass4 ,9 ! bottom ( ! brass box a screw1 ,c1 works on ! upp] end ( :i* ! lea!r re/s1 s t by elevat+ or depress+ ?is screw1 ! bottom ( ! ci/]n1 & ) x ! ci/]n level ( ! m]cury1 c also be rais$ or depress$ at pleasure4 ,a small ivory p91 p1 end+ 9 a po9t is fix$ to ! upp] frame ( ! ci/]n1 & :5 an obs]vation is made1 ! surface ( ! m]cury is made to co9cide ) ! po9t ( ! p9 z ! /&>d level f :i* ! b>ometric column is to be measur$4 ,! tube ( ! b>omet]1 ! upp] "p ( :i* is %[n 9 ! l[] figure1 is enclos$ 9 "o ( brass1 :i* has two directly opposite slits 9 x = %[+ ! height ( ! column1 & on ! sides ( ^! ! graduation is m>k$4 ,a brass coll>1 d1 d1 slides ^u ! tube ) a v]ni]1 v1 v1 m>k$ on x = read+ ! height ) ! greate/ exactness & 9 :i* two oblong holes are cut1 a little wid] ?an ! slits 9 ! brass tube4 ,:5 a read+ is tak5 ! coll> is s plac$ t ! la/ /reak ( light is cut (f by ! two upp] edges ( ! holes or until !y =m a tang5t to ! convex m]curial curve4 ,by ?is means ! obs]v] is sure t 8 eye is on a level ) ! top ( ! column & t ! read+ is tak5 exactly = ?is po9t4 ,=t9's b>omet] is g5]ally arrang$ s z to be portable1 9 :i* case ! screw1 c1 is s5t 9 until ! m]cury fills ! :ole ci/]n1 by :i* ! air is kept f ent]+ ! tube dur+ transport1 ! lea!r yield+ suffici5tly at ! same "t to all[ = expansion = increase ( temp]ature4 ,x packs 9 a case :i* s]ves z a tripod :5 ! in/rum5t is m\nt$ = use4 ,on ?is tripod x is susp5d$ ab\t ! middle1 sw++ ^u two axles at "r angles to ea* o!r1 s t ! ci/]n may act ! "p ( a plummet1 9 keep+ ! tube v]tical--! position ess5tial to all measurem5ts4#ajg ,footnote #ajg3 ,*amb]s's ',encyclopdia4' ,h[ to ,manage a ,b>omet]4--,x is ( ! fir/ importance to h ! in/rum5t hung p]fectly p]p5dicul>4 ,?is is be/ effect$ by means ( a plummet l9e4 ,x %\ld be plac$ 9 a good light1 b protect$ f direct sunlight & also f ra94 ,if air %\ld accid5tally f9d its way into a common ci/]n b>omet]1 x may be got rid ( by fir/ fix+ ! ivory pi/on1 s z to prev5t ! escape ( ! m]cury1 !n by means ( ! screw rais+ ! m]curial column ne>ly to ! top ( ! tube1 !n by sl[ly inv]t+ ! in/rum5t & tapp+ ! ci/]n g5tly1 ! air may !n p]haps asc5d to ! ci/]n & ?us escape4 ,9 transport+ a b>omet] f place to place x is be/ to c>ry x by h&2 & if pack$ x is almo/ ne$less to say t ! float mu/ be firmly fix$ & ! m]curial column rais$ by means ( ! screw1 s z to prev5t any escape ( ! metal4 ,read+ ! ,b>omet]4--,! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n mu/ fir/ be br\ght by means ( ! screw to ! 'z]o1' & !n ! v]ni] mu/ be screw$ up s t its horizontal edge =ms a tang5t to ! m]curial curve4 ,! v]ni] is an in/rum5t = read+ (f ! graduat$ scale ( ! b>omet] correctly to #a_/ajj? or #a_/ejj? ( an in*4 ,bu*an gives ! foll[+ description ( ! v]ni] & ( ! me?od ( us+ x3 ,x consi/s 7see figures a & b7 ( a piece simil> to ! scale ( ! b>omet] along :i* x slides4 ,x w be obs]v$ f figure a t t5 divisions ( ! v]ni] are exactly equal to elev5 divisions ( ! scale1 t is1 to elev5 t5?s ( an in*4 ,h5ce ea* division ( ! v]ni] is equal to a t5? ( an in*1 toge!r ) a t5? ( a t5?1 or a hundr$?1 or to t5 hundr$?s1 & "o hundr$?1 t is1 to elev5 hundr$?s ( an in*4 ,simil>ly two divisions ( ! v]ni] are equal to tw5ty-two hundr$?s ( an in*1 :i* express$ z a decimal fraction is #jbb in*1 ?ree divisions ( ! v]ni] is #jcc in*1 c4 ,suppose ! v]ni] set z previ\sly describ$--t is1 hav+ ! z]o l9e ( ! v]ni] a tang5t to ! convex curve ( ! m]cury 9 ! column4 ,if ! v]ni] & scale occupy ! relative positions z 9 figure a1 !n ! height ( ! b>omet] is #cjjj in*es1 b if !y /& z 9 figure b1 we set ab\t read+ x 9 ?is way3 7#a7 ,! z]o ( ! v]ni] be+ betwe5 #bi & #cj1 ! read+ is m ?an #bi in*es1 b less ?an #cj in*es1 & we obta9 ! fir/ figure #bi in*es4 7#b7 ,c\nt+ ! t5?s ( an in* f #bi upw>ds we f9d t ! v]ni] indicates m ?an sev5 t5?s & less ?an eight t5?s1 giv+ ! second figure sev5 t5?s or #jg in*4 7#c7 ,ca/+ ! eye d[n ! scale to see ! po9t at :i* a division ( ! scale & a division ( ! v]ni] lie 9 "o & ! same /raight l9e1 we obs]ve ?is to take place at l9e #i ( ! v]ni]2 ?is gives ?is la/ figure n9e hundr$?s or #jji in*1 & plac+ all ^! figures 9 "o l9e we f9d t ! height ( ! b>omet] is #bigi in*es4 ,?is sort ( v]ni] gives read+s true to ! hundr$? ( an in*4 ,if ! in* be divid$ into half t5?s or tw5tie?s1 & tw5ty-five divisions ( ! v]ni] equal tw5ty-f\r divisions ( ! scale1 x foll[s t ! diff]5ce ( ^! divisions is two ?\s&?s ( an in*4 ,illu/ration ,a /ill m divid$ v]ni] is always us$ ) ! be/ b>omet]s1 & ?\gh a little tr\blesome to read at fir/1 yet if ! me?od ( read+ ! simpl] "o j describ$ be und]/ood1 ! difficulty w be easily ov]come4 ,uses1 c4 ,! b>omet] is employ$ = asc]ta9+ ! am\nt ( atmosph]ical refraction 9 a/ronomical calculations1 = measur+ altitudes1 & 9 progno/icat+ ! wea!r4 ,= ! la/ purpose1 on l&1 x sometimes proves a false prophet2 b at sea1 its monitions are highly tru/wor?y4 ,z a m]e wea!r-glass1 ! indications1 z read (f f ! scale ( ! in/rum5t1 are g5]ally suffici5tly accurate2 b 9 all obs]vations connect$ ) meteorology1 altitudes1 a/ronomy1 c41 c]ta9 corrections mu/ be made2 ! height ( ! m]cury be+ influ5c$ bo? by ! size ( ! tube & by ! temp]ature ( ! air by :i* x is surr\nd$1 z well z by v>iations 9 ! weight or pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 7,see bel[47 ,b>ometrical ,corrections3-- #a4 ,z to ,,capill>ity3--,?is applies to all ci/]n-b>omet]s =m$ ( tubes ( v small diamet]s1 ow+ to ! m]cury assum+ a convex surface 9 ! tube4 ,z ! tube increases 9 diamet]1 s ! depression ( ! m]cury less5s4 ,h5ce1 ! int]ior diamet] ( a b>omet] %\ld1 9 e case1 exce$ "o-f\r? ( an in*4 7,br&e47 ,syphon b>omet]s t h ea* ( _! legs ( equal size1 require no correction1 z ! depression is equal at bo? ends4 ,,table ( ,b>ometrical ,corrections = ,,capill>ity1 f ! ',encycl4 ,brit4' -------------------------------------- ,diam4 ( ,tube4 ,depression4 -------------------------------------- #aj in*4 #adjc in*4 #ae #jhfc #bj #jeha #be #jdjg #cj #jbib #ce #jbaa #dj #jaec #de #jaab #ej #jjhc #fj #jjdd #gj #jjbc #hj #jjab -------------------------------------- #b4 ,z to ,,temp]ature3--,^! dep5d on ! expansion ( ! m]cury1 & ( ! scale on :i* ! divisions are m>k$4 ,! rule = r$uc+ an obs]v$ height to ! correspond+ height at ! freez+-po9t1 or #cb ,fahr41 ! usual /&>d temp]ature1 is--,subtract #aajjjj? "p ( ! obs]v$ height ( ! b>omet] = e degree ( ,fahr4 above #cb at ! "t ( ! obs]vation4 ,or-- 7obs4 t4 - #cb7 obs4 h4 #jjja corr4 req4 ,measurem5t ( ,heights by ! ,b>omet]4--,:5 a b>omet] is at ! foot ( a m\nta91 ! pressure x su/a9s is great] ?an t to :i* x is subject$ at ! top1 by ! weight ( ! column ( air int]v5+ betwe5 ! top & ! bottom4 ,! height c be obta9$ f ! foll[+ table by calculat+ ! numb] ( feet :i* mu/ h be5 asc5d$ to cause ! obs]v$ fall2 & !n mak+ a correction = temp]ature by multiply+ ! numb] obta9$ f ! table1 :i* may be call$ ,a1 by ! foll[+ =mula3 t is ! temp]ature ( ! l[] & t' ( ! upp] /ation3-- #a 77t t' - #fd7 _/ #ijj7 ,a4 ,to l[] ! b>omet] f #ca 94 to #cj #heg feet mu/ be asc5d$4 #cj #bi #hhf #bi #bh #iah #bh #bg #iea #bg #bf #ihf #bf #be #ajbe #be #bd #ajfh #bd #bc #aaac #bc #bb #aafa #bb #ba #abaf #ba #bj #abgf #bj #ai #acda #ai #ah #adac ,a v complex =mula is giv5 by ma!maticians = f9d+ v ne>ly ! true height ( a m\nta9 f b>ometrical & !rmometrical obs]vations made at its base & summit4 ,! foll[+ rule by ,mr ,ellis w be f\nd to give v ne>ly ! same results3--,multiply ! diff]5ce ( ! b>ometric read+s by #eb1djj1 & divide by ! sum ( ! b>ometric read+s4 ,if ! result be #ajjj1 #bjjj1 #cjjj1 #djjj1 or #ejjj1 add #j1 #jb1 #f1 #ad1 respectively4 ,subtract #b-a_/crd times ! diff]5ce ( ! temp]ature ( ! m]cury4 ,multiply ! rema9d] by a numb] obta9$ by add+ #hcf to ! sum ( ! temp]atures ( ! air & divid+ by #ijj4 ,a correction mu/ also be giv5 = latitude1 :i* c be done by ! annex$ table4 ----------------------------------- ,latitude4 ,factor4,latitude4 ,factor4 ----------------------------------- #hj #jiigea #ce #ajjjij #ge #jiiggj #cj #ajjbfe #gj #jiigig #be #ajjagj #fe #jiihcj #bj #ajjbjc #fj #jiihfh #ae #ajjbcj #ee #jiiiaj #aj #ajjbdi #ej #jiiied #e #ajjbfa #de #ajjjjj #j #ajjbfe #dj #ajjjdf ----------------------------------- ,=t9's & ,gay-,lussac's b>omet]s are employ$ = measur+ heights4 ,! an]oid c be us$ = altitudes rea*+ to #ejjj feet4 ,a delicate in/rum5t w regi/] = z small an asc5t z #d feet4 ,! ,b>omet] z a ,wea!r-glass4--,g5]ally speak+ :5 ! m]curial column 9 ! b>omet] falls1 'ra9' is indicat$1 & 'fair wea!r' :5 x rises4 ,:5 x cont9ues /eady1 a cont9uance ( ! wea!r at ! "t is reg>d$ z ! =eca/2 :5 l[1 ! wea!r is g5]ally brok5 or bad2 & :5 high1 x is fair & settl$4 ,a /orm is usually prec$$ by a sudd5 fall 9 ! m]curial column1 ! viol5ce ( ! /orm be+ 9 proportion to ! sudd5ness ( ! fall4 ,an un/eady b>omet] indicates an unsettl$ condition ( wea!r1 :il/ a gradual *ange 9 x indicates ! approa* ( "s p]man5t condition ( x4 ,! /ate & direction ( ! w9d has also to be tak5 into consid]ation :5 /udy+ ! *anges ( ! b>omet]1 & =ms an important elem5t 9 ! calculations ( ! meteorologi/1 ea* diff]5t w9d indicat+ v>iations ( wea!r4 ,! connection betwe5 *anges ( wea!r & ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e does n seem to h be5 satisfactorily e/abli%$4 ,"o ( ! reasons assign$ = ! m]curial column 9 ! b>omet] be+ l[] 9 wet ?an 9 f9e wea!r is t s long z aque\s matt] rema9s 9 ! air 9 ! =m ( ela/ic vap\r1 its t5sion assi/s 9 support+ ! b>ometric column1 b t :5 ?is aque\s vap\r is precipitat$ 9 ! =m ( ra91 ?is t5sion is lo/ or remov$1 & ! column !re=e falls4 ,! correspond5ce betwe5 wet & f9e wea!r & an elevation & depression ( ! b>omet] seems1 h[ev]1 equally1 if n m1 dep5d5t on ! nature ( ! w9ds ?an on ! prec$+ cause4 ,9 we/]n ,europe1 ! s\? & s\?-we/]n w9ds1 :i* are ! ra9-br++ w9ds1 are w>m w9ds4 ,n[1 a column ( w>m air to be ( ! same weight z "o ( cold air mu/ necess>ily be high]1 b ?is _c well be ! case 9 ! atmosph]e1 = no soon] does ! w>m column rise by its lightness above ! surr\nd+ level ( ! upp] surface ( ! arial ocean1 ?an x fl[s ov] & becomes ne>ly ( ! same height z ! cold air ar\nd x4 ,! int]*ange tak+ place less int]rupt$ly1 & consequ5tly less sl[ly1 9 ! high] /rata ?an 9 ^? ne> ! gr\nd1 x is "s "t be=e ! equilibrium1 ?us di/urb$1 is re/or$2 & mean:ile ! b>omet] keeps l[ "u ! pressure ( a r>] atmosph]ic column4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! nor!rly & ea/]ly w9ds1 be+ comp>atively cold & dry1 are accompani$ by fair wea!r & a high b>omet]4 ,x is ?us to ! w>m?1 & n to ! moi/ure ( ^! w9ds1 t ! pressure is to be ascrib$4#ajh ,footnote #ajh3 ,*amb]s's ',encyclopdia4' ,b>omet]1 ,an'eroid4 ,an in/rum5t inv5t$1 or at lea/ p]fect$1 by ,m4 ,vidi1 ( ,p>is1 9 :i* ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e is measur$ )\t ! employm5t ( a fluid1 z 9 ! ord9>y b>omet]4#aji ,ext]nally1 x some:at resembles 9 appe>ance a c>riage clock or a %ip's *ronomet]2 int]nally1 x consi/s ( a small air-tight cyl9drical box1 =m$ ( ?9 corrugat$ copp] plates1 & p>tially exhau/$ ( air1 ! sides ( :i* yield to ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e2 ! effect be+ regulat$ by a spr+1 multipli$ by a sy/em ( lev]s1 & ultimately record$ by ! index on a graduat$ dial4 ,comp5sation = *anges ( temp]ature are self-effect$1 ) almo/ p]fect accuracy1 by ! ela/ic =ce ( ! spr+ be+ s adju/$ to t ( ! air 9 ! cyl9d]1 t ! loss ( =ce 9 ! "o & ! increas$ expansive =ce ( ! o!r %all1 indep5d5tly ( *anges ( atmosph]ic pressure1 pres]ve ! lev] 9 equilibrio4 ,footnote #aji3 ,an in/rum5t f\nd$ on ! same pr9ciple1 & ( ne>ly simil> con/ruction 0 describ$ by ,m4 ,cont1 9 #agih1 9 ! ',bull4 des ,sci4 ,nat41' t4 i1 ,no4 xiii1 p4 #ajf4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! indications ( ! an]oid b>omet] closely correspond to ^? ( ! m]curial b>omet] at ord9>y ranges2 ! diff]5ces nev] exce$+ #ja ( an in*4 ,x is s extremely s5sitive t an asc5t or desc5t ( only a few feet is di/9ctly indicat$ by x2 :il/ its portability adapts x = s]vice 9 situations = :i* an ord9>y b>omet] is unfitt$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is liable to move by j]ks1 & ! ela/icity ( ! spr+1 & consequ5tly ! z]o-po9t ( ! scale1 has be5 f\nd to be sometimes affect$ by "t & a r\gh j\rney4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is necess>y to comp>e x occasionally ) "s /&>d m]curial b>omet]1 to det]m9e its am\nt or rate ( v>iation1 if any4 ,illu/ration ,b>omet]1 ,phi'al4 ,?is amus+ philosophic toy is made by cutt+ (f ! rim & "p ( ! neck ( a common glass-phial ) a file4 ,! phial is !n ne>ly fill$ ) wat]1 ei!r pure or t+$ blue or r$2 & ! f+] be+ plac$ on its m\?1 x is inv]t$1 & susp5d$ 9 a v]tical position by means ( a piece ( tw9e or wire1 :5 ! f+] is )drawn4 7,see engr47 ,9 dry wea!r ! "u surface ( ! wat] rema9s level ) ! neck ( ! bottle1 or ev5 concave2 9 damp wea!r1 on ! contr>y1 a drop appe>s at ! m\? & cont9ues enl>g+ until x falls1 & is !n foll[$ by ano!r 9 ! same way4 ,b>omet]1 ,fitzroy4 ,?is1 :i* is a v *eap in/rum5t1 is made on ! syphon pr9ciple1 b ! ci/]n is =m$ by ! l[] limit1 :i* is bl[n into a bulb4 ,b>omet]1 ,port'able4 ,! mo/ accurate are ^? ( ,gay-,lussac & ,bunt51 & aft] !m ! an]oid4 ,!y %\ld be set on univ]sal jo9ts1 & well balanc$4 ,! common in/rum5t made ) a box & lea!r ci/]n seldom cont9ues long correct4 ,b>omet]1 ,:eel4 ,! common =m ( ! in/rum5t hav+ a dial-face & h&s4 ,= fur!r in=mation 9 connection ) ! above subject ! read] is ref]r$ to ! 'articles' ,,an]oid1 ,,atmosph]e1 ,,gas1 ,,heights1 ,,/eam1 ,,/orm-,,glass1 ,,vap\r1 ,,wea!r1 c4 ,,b>',,oscopedagg] 7-skope74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,b>osco',,pium1 ,l4 ,a b>omet]2 sometimes appli$ to ! :eel-b>omet] ( ,hooke4 ,,b>',,ras4 ,! concrete res9\s exudation f ! b>k ( fir-trees4 ,t f pi'nus m>it'ima is call$ ,,galipot4 ,,b>se4 ,prov9cial4 ,! common p]*4 ,,b>',,wood4 ,a r$ dye-wood import$ f ,angola & o!r p>ts ( ,africa4 ,x closely resembles cam-wood & s&]s-wood 9 its col\r+ matt] be+ ( a res9\s nature1 & sc>cely soluble 9 wat]4 ,9 dye+ ?is difficulty is obviat$ by tak+ advantage ( ! /rong aff9ity exi/+ betwe5 x & ! proto-salts ( t9 & iron4 ,?us1 by /rongly impregnat+ ! goods ) proto*loride ( t91 ei!r ) or )\t ! addition ( suma*1 accord+ to ! %ade ( r$ desir$1 & !n putt+ !m into a boil+ ba? conta9+ ! rasp$ wood1 ! col\r is rapidly giv5 out & tak5 up1 until ! :ole ( ! t9 9 ! fibres ( ! clo? is saturat$1 & ! goods become ( a ri* bright hue4 ,9 l mann] ! d>k r$ ( b&ana h&k]*iefs is commonly giv5 by a mordant ( acetate ( iron foll[$ by a boil+ ba? ( ?is dye-/uff4 ,see ,,dye+1 ,,mordants1 c4 ,,basalt' 7b7a-s7olt'74 ,eng41 ,g]4 ,syn4 ,,basal',,tes 7-s7al'-tez71 ,l42 ,,basalte1 ,fr4 ,9 geology1 c41 a species ( trap-rock1 ess5tially compos$ ( ! m9]als felsp> & augite4 ,x is ( a f9e compact texture1 ( a d>k-gre51 grey1 or black col\r1 & usually occurs 9 regul> columns1 ( :i* ! ,giants' ,causeway & ! ,isl& ( ,/affa furni% magnific5t examples4 ,x is fusible2 & :5 rapidly cool$ =ms a d>k brittle glass2 b :5 sl[ly cool$ reta9s its orig9al beauty & h>dness almo/ unimpair$4 ,messrs ,*ance1 ,bro!rs1 ( ,birm+ham1 h avail$ !mselves ( ?is prop]ty to apply x to decorative & ornam5tal purposes4 ,_! process is to melt ! mat]ial#aaj 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 &1 :5 suffici5tly fluid1 to p\r x into r$-hot m\lds ( s& encas$ 9 iron boxes4 ,! correspond+ adj4 is ,,basalt',,ic 7-solt'-2 ,,basal',,ticus1 -s7al'-1 ,l42 ,,basaltique1 ,fr474 ,footnote #aaj3 ,r[ley-rag is us$ by ! ,messrs ,c42 z beside ord9>y basalt1 gre5/one1 :9/one1 & o!r simil> m9]als1 possess ! same prop]ty4 ,,base4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ba',,sis 7pl41 ba'ses71 ,l41 ,gr42 ,,grund1 ,,grundfl,,*e1 ,g]4 ,9 *emi/ry x 0 =m]ly1 & is n[ occasionally1 appli$ to metallic oxides :i* possess ! prop]ty ( =m+ salts ) acids4 ,! alkaloids are also designat$ organic bases4 ,9 ph>macy1 ! *>act]i/ic or pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 any m$ic9e or comp\nd prep>ation2 or t on :i* its qualities or efficacy dep5ds4 ,,bas',,il 7-b7az'-74 ,syn4 ,,sweet ,,bas',,il1 ,,cit',,ron ,b42 ,,basil',,icum1 ,l42 ,,basilic1 ,fr42 ,,basilikum1 ,g]4 ,! oc'ymum 77os'-7 basil'icum 7,l9n471 an annual aromatic h]bace\s plant1 ( ! nat4 ord4 ,labiat 7,,dc474 ,x is a native ( ,india1 b is l>gely cultivat$ 9 e "p ( ,europe z a pot-h]b4 ,leaves /rong-sc5t$2 popul>ly reput$ emm5agogue2 mu* us$ to flav\r salads1 s\ps1 c41 especially 9 ,fr5* cook]y4 ,mock-turtle s\p d]ives its peculi> flav\r f ?is h]b2 z also did ! orig9al ,fett]-lane sausages1 once s highly e/eem$ by cockney g\rm&s4 ,9 ,india x is commonly employ$ z an anodyne 9 *ildbir?4 ,bas'il 7b7az'-74 ,syn4 ,,bas',,an2 ,,basane1 ,fr4 ,a %eep-sk91 tann$2 p>ticul>ly "o dress$ on ! gra9 side1 = book-b9d+4 ,,basil',,icon4 ,see ,,c]ates & ,,o9tm5ts4 ,,bas',,ket 7b7as'-74 ,syn4 ,,coph',,inus 7k7of'-71 ,l42 ,,pani]1 ,,corbeille1 c41 ,fr42 ,,korb1 ,g]4 ,,baskets are g5]ally ,,/a9$ or ,,col\r$ ) ! simple liquid dyes us$ = /raw or wood2 & t1 = v>iegat$ "w1 ! twigs1 aft] be+ c>efully peel$1 wa%$1 & wip$ dry or slightly air-dri$1 are /a9$ be=e be+ wov54 ,see ,,osi]s1 c4 ,,bassd\ble-dagg]4 ,prov94 ,! l9d5-tree2 also a hassock or mat made ( its inn] b>k4 ,see ,,ba/4 ,bassia butyracea4 ,a tree gr[+ 9 ! sub-tropical ,himalayas4 ,! se$s yield by expression a concrete oil1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,fulwa ,butt]1 :i* does n become rancid by keep+4 ,x is held 9 high e/eem 9 ,india z an ext]nal application 9 rheumatic & o!r pa9ful maladies4 ,,bas',,sor9 7-r7in74 ,syn4 ,,bassori',,na1 ,l4 ,a sub/ance fir/ notic$1 by ,vauquel91 9 ,bas'sora-gum4 ,see ,,gum1 ,,insoluble1 ,,tragacan?9e1 c4 ,,ba/ 7b7a/74 ,syn4 ,,bass 7:i* see74 ,! inn] b>k ( ! l9d5 tree or tiel tree2 also matt+1 c41 made ( x4 ,,bas',,t>ds 7-t7ardz74 ,syn4 ,,bas',,t>d ,,sug',,ar 7%7o7og'-71 ,,pieces1 c4 ,9 sug>-ref9+1 impure or damag$ sug> result+ f ! heat & *emicals us$ 9 ! process ( manufacture1 & :i* w n pay = purify+4 ,,ba'',,syl 7base'7il74 ,9 *emi/ry1 any simple or comp\nd body1 act+ z a basic radical4 ,,batata ,convolvulus batatas1 or ,,sweet ,,potato4 ,?is is a native ( ! ,ea/ ,indies1 b is n[ cultivat$ 9 all tropical & sub-tropical c\ntries = ! sake ( its tub]s1 :i* are highly e/eem$ z an article ( food4 ,!y are eat5 ei!r roa/$ or boil$1 & are sweet1 :olesome1 & nutriti\s1 al?\gh some:at laxative4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica ! ,batata1 next to maize1 =ms ! pr9cipal diet ( ! poor] classes4 ,! plant 0 introduc$ into ,engl& by ,sir ,francis ,drake & ,sir ,john ,hawk9s2 b !y d n be> ! cold ( our w9t]s1 & if gr[n "h are rais$ 9 hot-h\ses1 :]e !y may be obta9$ )\t difficulty v>y+ f #a lb4 to #b lbs4 9 weight4 ,!y ?rive bett] 9 ! s\? ( ,europe4 ,! tub]s conta9 ab\t #cb p] c5t4 ( solid matt]1 #af ( :i* is />*1 #aj sug>1 #ae album51 #aa gum1 #jc fat1 #bi m9]al matt]4 ,! leaves are us$ z a boil$ vegetable4 ,,ba? 7bah?74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum1 ,l42 ,,ba91 ,fr42 ,,bad1 ,g]41 ,sax4 ,a place = ba?+2 a vessel or receptacle1 natural or artificial1 conta9+ or adapt$ to conta9 wat]1 & us$ to ba! 94 ,9 ar*itecture & hygi5e1 a build+ fitt$ up = & appropriat$ to ba?+4 ,con/r41 c4 ,"h "o ( ! fir/ subjects :i* mu/ engage our att5tion is ! selection ( ! mat]ial ( :i* ! ba? is to be =m$4 ,= ,,fix$ ,,ba?s poli%$ :ite m>ble has always be5 9 fav\r1 ow+ to its cleanl9ess & beauty4 ,= ?is purpose1 slabs ( suffici5t ?ickness & free f flaws or cracks %\ld be *os52 & !y %\ld be securely & prop]ly b$d$ 9 good wat]-tight cem5t1 9 a well-season$ wood5 case4 ,! objections to m>ble1 indep5d5t ( its co/l9ess1 are1 t x is apt to get yell[ or discol\r$1 & to lose its poli%1 by frequ5t & c>eless use2 & t ! re/oration ( its surface to its orig9al purity1 is a matt] ( consid]able exp5se & difficulty4 ,x is also only fitt$ to conta9 wat] )1 at ! mo/1 soap1 weak alkalies or alkal9e c>bonates1 aromatics1 or neutral organic pr9ciples2 & _c be employ$ ) wat] m$icat$1 h[ev] slightly1 ) acids1 sulphurets1 iod9e1 *lor9e1 sal9es 7o!rs ?an ^? j nam$71 or calorific sub/ances4 ,z a *eap] mat]ial ?ick slabs ( ,wel% slate are (t5 sub/itut$ = m>ble2 b ev5 ?is sub/ance is attack$ by *emicals1 ?\gh mu* m sl[ly4 ,a l9+ ( l>ge ,dut* tiles is sometimes us$3 b "h ! jo9ts are v apt to leak4 ,= ba?s adapt$ to all ! requirem5ts ( heal? & disease1 & :i* are at ! same "t durable & comp>atively inexp5sive1 we mu/1 !re=e1 seek fur!r4 ,porcela91 glass1 & h>d glaz$ /one-w>e h be5 propos$1 & are ev5 sometimes us$ = ba?s2 b !y possess ! disadvantages ( be+ fragile1 & v liable to crack :5 fill$ ) hot wat] 9 cold wea!r4 ,w$gewood-w>e is v beautiful & durable2 b is exp5sive1 & ba?s =m$ ( x c only be obta9$ on special ord]4 ,/\rbridge-w>e1 z produc$ ( late ye>s1 is ! only product ( ! pott]'s art t appe>s entirely to meet ! case2 b ev5 ?is yields 9 durability to enamell$ iron z a mat]ial = ba?s adapt$ to all liquids & temp]atures1 & to r\gh or c>eless usage4 7,see engr4 #a47 ,! bett] qualities ( ,,port',,able ,,ba?s 7see engr4 #b7 are g5]ally made ( copp]4 ,/\t t9n$ or galvanis$ iron1 & ev5 /\t block-t9 ?ickly cov]$ ) wat]pro( pa9t or japan1 are also employ$2 b ?\gh less exp5sive ?an copp]1 !y h ! disadvantage ( be+ mu* less durable4 ,all ^! sub/ances are1 h[ev]1 readily act$ on by *emicals4 ,a durable & *eap portable ba?1 adapt$ to all purposes1 mu/1 !re=e1 l a fix$ "o1 be made ( "o or o!r ( ! mat]ials already notic$4 ,= ,,m$',,icat$ ,,ba?s l>ge wood5 tr\ghs are frequ5tly employ$1 p>ticul>ly = acidulat$1 iodurett$1 & sulphurett$ ba?s4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,! arrangem5ts = supply+ cold & hot wat] mu/ necess>ily greatly dep5d on circum/ances1 & ! quantity requir$4 ,= a s+le fix$ ba?1 or ev5 = two or ?ree ( !m1 ! common circulat+ wat]-heat] or boil]1 plac$ 9 "s ap>tm5t on a r l[] level ?an ! ba?1 is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ conv5i5t2 b :]e ?is is n atta9able ! wat] may be run1 by means ( a pipe1 f a boil] situat$ on a some:at high] level4 ,9 ei!r case a supply ( cold wat] mu/ also be at h&1 & convey$ 9 a l mann]1 to enable ! ba? to be r$uc$ to any requir$ temp]ature4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 z 9 our public ba?s1 :]e num]\s ba?s are 9 con/ant use dur+ ! day1 ! hot wat] is be/ suppli$ f a l>ge ci/]n some:]e above ! level ( ! ba?-rooms1 & :i* is heat$ by a coil ( pipe suppli$ ) high-pressure /eam f a boil] situat$ on a l[] level1 z ! gr\nd floor or basem5t4 ,! hot & ! cold wat]1 convey$ by sep>ate pipes ( ab\t #a-a_/b in* diamet]1 unite 9 a two-way cock close to ! ba?1 s z to ent] x toge!r1 by :i* only "o ap]ture 9 ! end ( ! ba? is requir$ = ! purpose4 ,! ba? is empti$1 & excess ( wat] remov$1 by a grat$ ap]ture 9 ! bottom1 also /opp$ by a cock :i*1 l ! =m]1 has h&les or keys s plac$ z to be accessible to ! att5dant outside ! ba?-room1 z well z to ! ba!r1 :il/ ! dang] ( ov]fl[+ is obviat$ by a two-in* wa/e-pipe1 op5+ into ! ba? at ab\t two in*es f ! top4 ,= heat+ portable ba?s1 s _m plans are 9 use1 & h be5 sugge/$1 & ev5 pat5t$1 t ! read] _c possibly be at a loss = "o to suit 8 p>ticul> case4 ,a small grate = burn+ *>coal is ! "o mo/ commonly adopt$2 b :]e atta9able1 a r+ or cross ( small inflam$ gas-jets1 is m cleanly & manageable4 ,:5 ! ba? consi/s ( a wood5 tub1 or any o!r deep vessel1 a simple & inexp5sive app>atus br\ght out 9 ,am]ica1 "u ! title ( ! ',,ital',,ian ,,ba?'-,,w>m]' 7see engr4 #c71 & made ( ?9 %eet-iron1 w occasionally be f\nd useful4#aaa ,footnote #aaa3 ,a small ca/-iron 'horse' ) ?ree legs 7n %[n 9 ! engr47 to support ! 'w>m]' ab\t #b in*es above ! bottom ( ! ba?-tub1 & to keep x /eady & upright1 is usually sold ) x4 ,illu/ration3 #c4 a1 ,ba?-tub4 b1 ,! l>g] arm ( ! w>m+-tube by :i* ! *>coal is introduc$1 & by :i* ! fumes fly (f4 c1 ,! small] arm to admit air to support ! combu/ion4 d1 ,! fire grate1 to support ! burn+ *>coal4 ,?is situation & ! m9or details connect$ ) ! com=t & conv5i5ce ( ! ba?1 mu/ greatly dep5d on ! "* ( ! build+1 & ! sum to be devot$ to ! purpose4 ,:5 possible1 ! ba?-room %\ld always be on ! same floor z ! b$rooms1 ( easy access to !m1 & s situat$ & arrang$1 t a pl5tiful & con/ant supply ( pure wat] c be ensur$1 & ! wa/e wat] remov$ )\t tr\ble or inconv5i5ce4 ,! basem5t /ory %\ld always be avoid$2 =1 z obs]v$ by ,dr ,ure1 !re is a coldness & dampness belong+ to x1 9 almo/ all wea!rs1 :i* is nei!r agreeable nor salubri\s4 ,! ranges ( ! temp]ature ( wat] appropriate to ! respective ba?s1 accord+ to ! common nom5clature1 are %[n 9 ! foll[+ ,table3-- ------------------------------------ ,"n4 ,temp]ature4 ,fahr4 ------------------------------------ ,cold ba? #cc to #ge ,temp]ate ba? #ge #hb ,tepid ba? #hb #ij ,w>m ba? #ij #ih ,hot ba? #ih #aab ------------------------------------ ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,! importance1 & inde$ ! absolute necessity ( frequ5t p]sonal ablution1 has be5 already insi/$ on & expla9$4 ,b h[ev] important & b5eficial ! use ( wat] 9 ?is way may be1 ! effects aris+ f ! imm]sion ( ! body 9 t liquid1 z 9 ! practice ( ba?+1 are f> m ext5sive & complete4 ,:at ! "o does usefully b n completely1 ! o!r accompli%es readily1 satisfactorily1 & p]fectly4 ,!re is no absolute succ$aneum = ! entire ba?4 ,its physiological effects are peculi> to itself1 & ( ! utmo/ importance 9 pa?ology & hygi5e4 ,! practice ( we>+ flannel1 ! daily use ( clean l951 ! m]e wa%+ ( ! m expos$ p>ts ( ! body1 are b poor attempts at cleanl9ess1 )\t ! occasional1 if n frequ5t1 entire subm]sion ( ! body 9 wat]4 ,nor %\ld ! action ( judici\s ba?+ 9 ! promotion ( p]sonal com=t & p]sonal beauty be =gott54 ,intellectual & moral vig\r are also gradually1 b mat]ially1 influ5c$ & promot$ by ! b5eficial action ( ba?+ on ! sy/em2 = m9d & consci5ce be+ l9k$ to matt] 9 ! 'h\se we live 91' become p]turb$1 or le?>gic1 9 almo/ exact accordance ) ! fluctuations ( our physical heal?4 ,! neglect ( ba?+ 9 ?is c\ntry is1 to u1 an absolute enigma4 ,we are always talk+ ab\t heal?1 & cont9ually pr(ess+ to be seek+ x2 b ! practical applications ( ! pr9ciples :i* we advocate1 & ! doctr9es :i* we tea*1 are1 un=tunately1 ! exceptions & n ! rule4 ,our recomm5dation ( ba?+ applies *iefly to ! w>m ba? & ! tepid ba?1 :i* are alike adapt$ to ! delicate & ! robu/1 & to e condition ( climate & season4 ,cold ba?+1 9 ?is climate1 is only suit$ to ! mo/ heal?y & vigor\s1 & c only be safely practis$ dur+ ! w>m] mon?s ( ! ye>1 & 9 a mass ( wat] suffici5t to p]mit ( ! heat ( ! body be+ ma9ta9$ by swimm+ or o!r active ex]cise4 ,! plunge & %[] ba?s are p>tial exceptions to ^! rem>ks2 :il/ sea-ba?+1 = ! reasons giv5 else:]e1 comes "u ano!r category4 ,?is la/1 on acc\nt ( its /imulative & p5etrat+ p[]1 may be plac$ at ! head ( ^? means :i* reg>d ! c>e ( ! sk92 & x c]ta9ly supplies "o ( ! fir/ wants ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 by op5+ ! pores1 & !reby re-invigorat+ ! :ole n]v\s sy/em4 ,besides its great p[] 9 cases ( disease1 x may be employ$ by ^? :o are p]fectly well1 z ! means mo/ agreeable to nature = /r5g!n+ ! body & pres]v+ ! heal?4 ,ano!r important advantage :i* sea-ba?+ has ov] ba?+ 9 fre% wat] is1 t p]sons seldom take cold f indulg+ 9 x4 ,= old p1 or ^? ( middle age1 ! cold ba? is n to be recomm5d$1 or if tak51 consid]able caution is requir$ 9 us+ x4 ,by su* p]sons1 also1 ba?+ 9 v hot wea!r1 or 9 ! sea1 %\ld likewise be prud5tly practis$4 ,= ^!1 ! w>m or tepid sponge-ba? w be f\nd ! mu* saf] me?od4 ,x sometimes happ5s t1 bo? ) ! old & "y1 ! cold ba? gives rise to heada*e1 palpitation1 %ortness ( brea?1 loss ( appetite1 or great languor4 ,:5ev] any ( ^! effects are produc$1 ! ba? %\ld be at once giv5 up4 ,! be/ "t = tak+ a cold ha? or = swimm+ is 9 ! morn+1 n too e>ly1 b :5 ! sun is well up4 ,imm]sion is be/ practis$ aft] a light meal1 b n imm$iately foll[+ "o4 ,aft] breakfa/1 f #aj a4m4 to noon1 are ! pref]able h\rs4 ,%\ld ! ba!r be unable to swim1 :5 go+ into ! sea or into a riv]1 he %\ld keep briskly mov+ all ! "t 8 body is imm]s$ 9 ! wat]4 ,if 9 a room bodily friction mu/ be sub/itut$ = ex]cise4 ,a desirable gl[ may (t5 be produc$ by rubb+ ! body ) ei!r a r\gh t[el1 a fle%-bru%1 or a pair ( horsehair gloves4 ,! above rem>ks are meant to apply only to p]sons 9 av]age heal?4 ,weakly & delicate p]sons1 ev5 )\t any disease ab\t !m1 w\ld always d well to consult _! m$ical advis] be=e tak+ to cold ba?+4 ,we may add1 t = ba?+ to produce its be/ effects ! wat] %\ld be s(t & pure1 & good soap sp>+ly1 b regul>ly1 employ$ :5ev] ! sk9 requires x4 ,see ,,ablution & ,,wa%-,,h\ses4 ,! m$ical & hygi5ic prop]ties ( ba?s are notic$ bel[1 "u _! respective names3-- ,ba?4 ,9 *emi/ry1 c41 a vessel or app>atus conta9+ "s m$ium 9 :i* ! vessel hold+ ! sub/ance to be heat$ is imm]s$1 in/ead ( be+ expos$ to ! direct action ( ! fire2 by :i* means a limit$ & uni=m temp]ature may be ensur$4 ,! highe/ temp]ature t c be giv5 to any sub/ance conta9$ 9 a vessel plac$ 9 ano!r ( boil+ wat]1 is ab\t #bje or #bjf ,fahr42 b by add+ #a_/e? "p ( common salt to ! ba?1 a heat ( fully #bab may be obta9$4 ,ba?s ( fusible metal1 saturat$ solutions ( salt1 s&1 & 7on ! l>ge scale7 /eam1 are also us$ = ! same purpose4 ,a ba? ( oil may be safely heat$ to ab\t #ejj ,fahr4 )\t suff]+ decomposition1 & w be f\nd an exce$+ly appropriate & conv5i5t s\rce ( heat 9 _m processes4 ,! simple/ & mo/ conv5i5t =m ( wat] ba? is t af=d$ by rais+ wat] to ! boil+ po9t 9 a copp] bas9 plac$ ov] a gas lamp1 & support+ ! vessel to be heat$ ov] ! bas91 by means ( a circul> hoop ( copp] re/+ on ! top ( ! bas94 ,by ?is means ! l[] surface ( ! di% or vessel to be heat$ is br\ght 9 contact ) ! /eam4 ,copp] bas9s1 fitt$ ) a s]ies ( conc5tric copp] r+s1 s z to r5d] ! bas9 capable ( support+ di%es ( diff]5t sizes1 are made = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration ,= dry+ _m sub/ances an air ba? is requir$4 ,! accompany+ cut repres5ts a conv5i5t =m ( air ba?4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9drical copp] vessel 7,a71 ! cov] ( :i* is moveable1 & has two ap]tures1 ! middle "o 7,e7 s]v+ = ! escape ( vap\r1 & ! lat]al "o 7,c7 = ! ins]tion ( a !rmomet]4 ,! vessel hold+ ! sub/ance to be heat$ re/s on a r+ )9 ! box1 support$ on a tripod4 ,a l>g] air ba?1 by means ( :i* sev]al small vessels c be heat$ at once1 is se5 bel[4 ,air-ba?s are sometimes surr\nd$ ) a jacket1 & may be conv]t$ into wat] or oil ba?s1 accord+ z ! jacket is fill$ ) ei!r ( ! fluids4 ,= a ,table ( ,boil+-po9ts1 see ,,ebullition4 ,an air-ba? ( con/ant temp]ature betwe5 #ajj & #bjj ,c4 has be5 contriv$ by ,spr5gel4 ,x consi/s ( an ord9>y hot-wat] ov5 made ( %eet-lead autog5\sly sold]$1 & fill$ ) dilute sulphuric acid boil+ at ! requir$ temp]ature4 ,9 ord] t ! temp]ature may rema9 con/ant1 ! wat] :i* di/ils f ! dilute sulphuric acid is cond5s$ & all[$ to fl[ back aga9 into ! ba? by means ( a worm ( lead cool$ by ! atmosph]e1 or a long v]tical metal or glass tube4 ,illu/ration ,ba?4 ,9 m$ic9e1 ! m$ium 9 :i* ! body1 or a "p ( x1 is ba!d or imm]s$1 = "s object beyond t ( m]e p]sonal cleanl9ess or enjoym5t2 ! composition1 use1 or temp]ature ( ! m$ium be+ g5]ally indicat$ by "s epi!t1 z 9 ! in/ances bel[4 ,:5 only ! la/ is po9t$ out1 pure wat] is1 ( c\rse1 int5d$ to be us$4 ,ba?s are divid$ by m$ical writ]s into classes1 & ev5 m9or subdivisions1 9 a mann] :i* is m +5i\s ?an useful4 ,!y are said to be ,,simple :5 wat] or its vap\r =ms ! ba?2 & ,,comp\nd :5 ! wat] or vap\r is m$icat$ by ! addition ( o!r sub/ances 7,,com',,p\nd ,,ba?s2 ,,bal',,nea ,,compos',,ita1 ,l474 ,! latt] class is also subdivid$ into ,,!rapeu',,tic ,,ba?s 7,,m$',,icat$ ,,ba?s2 ,,bal',,nea ,,m$ica',,ta1 ,b4 ,,!rapeu',,tica1 ,l472 & ,,nutrit',,ive ,,ba?s 7,b4 ,,nutri5',,tia1 ,b4 ,,nutri'',,tia991 ,b4 ,,nutrito'',,ria991 ,l474 ,?us1 besides ! ord9>y wat] & vap\r ba?s1 ! m$ical uses ( :i* are h]eaft] notic$1 we h ,,w9e'-,,ba?s1 ,,milk'-,,ba?s1 ,,s\p'-,,ba?s1 c4 7us$ to convey n\ri%m5t1 or to su/a9 ! body1 z 9 occlusion ( ! oesophagus1 c]ta9 diseases ( ! /oma*1 c472 ,,*lo'',,r9e ,,ba?s1 ,,sul',,phur\s ,b41 ,,m]cu'',,rial ,b41 c4 7us$ 9 sk9 diseases1 syphilis1 c472 ,,aromat',,ic & ,,*alyb',,eate ,,ba?s 7employ$ z tonics72 & ,,acid ,,ba?s 7sometimes us$ to remove ! effects ( m]cury74 ,on ! ,cont95t a v>iety ( sub/ances are employ$ to m$icate ba?s1 :i* are seldom or nev] s us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! quantity ( any m$ic9al sub/ance us$ to m$icate a ba?1 = an adult1 may be1 9 g5]al1 = ea* gallon ( wat] employ$1 ab\t ! same z t :i* is us$ to =m a half-p9t lotion ( m$ium or r weak /r5g?4 ,?us2 tak+ ! quantity ( bi*loride ( m]cury to =m ! lotion at #e gr41 & t ( sulphurat$ pota% at #a_/b dr41 ! quantity requir$ = a ba? ( #cj to #dj galls4 w be ab\t #b-a_/b dr4 ( ! fir/1 & ab\t #a-c_/d oz4 ( ! second ( ^! sub/ances4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 dep5ds on ! nature ( ! case1 ! l5g? ( ! imm]sion1 ! p]iods ( recurr5ce1 & ! int5d$ numb] ( repetitions4 ,9 ! case ( v active rem$ies x w be safe/ & be/ to beg9 ) less ?an 7say #a_/d to #a_/c7 ! quantity ?us indicat$4 ,m$icat$ ba?s are1 9 ne>ly all cases1 tak5 w>m or fully tepid4 a/]ism ,9 ! foll[+ ba?s ! quantity ( ! +r$i5ts ord]$1 :5 n o!rwise indicat$1 is t prop] = an ord9>y full-siz$ ba? = an adult2 viz41 f #dj to #fj galls4 ,^? :i* d n conta9 volatile sub/ances may be us$ m ?an once2 & _m ( !m sev]al times by add+ a small quantity ( fre% +r$i5ts to keep up _! /r5g?4 ,ba?1 ,acid 77as'-74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,ac',,idum 77as'-71 ,l4 ,see ,,hydro*loric1 ,,nitric1 ,,nitro-,,hydro*loric1 & ,,sulphuric ,,acid ,,ba?s 7bel[74 ,enamell$1 h>d-glaz$1 or wood5 vessels mu/ be us$ ) all ( !m4 ,ba?1 ,air4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,pneumat',,icum1 ,l43--a4 7,cold47 ,simple exposure ( ! body1 9 a /ate ( nudity1 = a %ort "t to ! atmosph]e4 ,tonic1 anodyne1 & s$ative2 9 febrile excitem5t1 n]v\s irritability1 & re/lessness accompani$ by a quick or full pulse1 c4 ,safe & (t5 v effective4 ,x w frequ5tly induce sleep :5 all o!r means fail4 b4 7,hot3--,,assa1 ,a4 ,,suda',,tio1 ,l47 ,an ap>tm5t to :i* dry heat$ air is admitt$4 ,sometimes ! arrangem5t is su* t ! air is n inhal$4 ,/imulant2 sudorific2 m s ?an ev5 ! vap\r ba?2 produces copi\s p]spiration1 be+1 inde$1 ! mo/ p[]ful & c]ta9 diaphoretic kn[n4 ,x has be5 advantage\sly employ$ 9 *ol]a 7= :i* its advocates /ate t x is almo/ a specific71 conge/ive fev]s1 *ronic rheumatism1 contractions1 /iff jo9ts1 p>alysis1 scaly sk9-diseases1 dropsical swell+s1 & mo/ ( ! cases 9 :i* ! vap\r ba? is usually employ$4 ,! temp]atures are--z a sudorific1 #he to #aje ,fahr42 z a /imulant1 #ajj to #acj4 ,:5 n inhal$ x may be (t5 rais$1 ) advantage1 #ae to #be high]4 ,see ,,ba?1 ,,turki%4 c4 7,compress$47 ,recomm5d$1 by ,m4 ,t>b]ie1 9 aphonia1 c4 ,x has rec5tly be5 employ$ 9 a/hma1 ph?isis1 & "s o!r l diseases1 ) extraord9>y success1 at ,b5 ,rhydd+4 d4 7,r>efi$47 ,appli$ locally4 ,revulsive2 resembles ,,cupp+1 ,,dry 7:i* see74 ,ba?1 ,al'kal9e4 ,syn4 ,,al',,kalis$ ,,ba?2 ,,bal',,neum ,,alkali',,num1 ,b4 ,,alkaliza',,tum1 ,l4 ,c>bonate ( pota% 7salt ( t>t>71 #c_/d lb4 ,9 it*1 prurigo & *ronic sk9 diseases accompani$ ) dryness & irritation1 acute g\t1 li?ic gravel1 scurvy1 di>rhoea1 c4 ,scot* soda1 #a lb41 is sometimes sub/itut$ = ! 'pota%'2 b is less effective1 & is !oretically objectionable4 ,ba?1 ,al'um4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,alu',,m9is1 ,l4 ,alum 79 p[d]1 or previ\sly dissolv$ 9 hot wat]71 #c_/d lb4 to #a-a_/b lb41 or ev5 #b lbs4 ,9 tr\blesome excoriations1 ext5sive burns1 ob/9ate vesicul> eruptions1 di>rhoea1 c42 also 9 ob/9ate piles & prolapsus ani4 ,see ,,ba?1 ,,a/r+5t4 ,ba?1 ,ammoni'acal4 ,see ,,hydro*lorate ,,( ,,ammonia ,,ba? 7bel[74 ,ba?1 ,animal4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,anima',,le1 ,l4 ,! sk9 or any "p ( an animal j kill$1 wrapp$ r\nd ! body or a limb4 ,once mu* e/eem$2 n[1 happily1 disus$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,ba?1 ,antimo''nial4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,antimonia',,le1 ,l4 ,t>t>-emetic1 #a to #b oz4 7,s\beiran47 ,9 lumbago & c]ta9 sk9 diseases2 also z a c\nt]-irritant4 ,ba?1 ,antipso''ric4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,antipso'',,ricum1 ,l4 ,see ,,ba?1 ,,sulphurett$ 7also o!rs74 ,ba?1 ,aromat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,aromat',,icum1 ,l4 ,balm1 *amomile1 lav5d]1 m9t1 rosem>y1 sage1 ?yme1 ) any o!r l aromatic h]bs 7at w71 ( ea* a h&ful1 mix$ toge!r & /eep$ 9 a 7cov]$7 pail ( boil+ or v hot wat]1 = an h\r1 & !n /ra9$1 ) pressure1 into ! ba?4 ,sometimes #b or #c oz4 ( sal-ammonia1 a #a_/d lb4 ( alum1 or #a lb4 ( common salt1 is also add$4 ,occasionally us$ 9 cutane\s affections1 *ronic rheumatism1 di>rhoea1 dyspepsia1 /iff-jo9ts1 c42 also 9 debility aris+ f loss ( blood1 sp]matorrhoea1 suppressions1 hy/]ia1 hypo*ondriasis1 c4 ,! ,,aromatic ,,vap\r ,,ba? is made by caus+ ! vap\r to pass ?r\gh ! h]bs4 ,ba?s1 ,aromatic ,malt 7,j4 ,h(f1 ,b]l974 ,witt/e9 says ^! consi/ ( co>sely cru%$ b>ley malt at six times its sell+ value4 ,ba?1 ,a/r9'g5t4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,a/r9',,g5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,mo/47 ,alum 7#b to7 #d lbs42 dissolve 9 boil+ wat]2 & add1 :ey1 #f or #h pailfuls1 or q4 s4 ,9 ext5sive burns1 piles1 prolapsus ani1 c4 ,see ,,ba?1 ,,alum1 ,,ba?1 ,,oakb>k1 c4 ,ba?1 ,balsamic4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,balsam',,inum1 ,l4 ,bordeaux turp5t9e & t>1 ( ea* #b lbs4 7or ( t> alone1 #c to #d lbs472 hot wat]1 #f or #g galls42 /ir cont9u\sly until ne>ly cold1 !n add ! cle> portion to wat] q4 s4 to =m a ba?4 ,9 mumps1 prurig9\s diseases ( ! sk91 eczema1 impetigo1 c4 ,ba?1 ,b>ges 7,factiti\s74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,b>etg95',,se 7,factitium71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,cry/allis$ sulphide ( sodium1 #c-a_/b oz42 *loride ( sodium1 #a-a_/b oz42 gelat9e 7dissolv$71 #d oz4 #b4 7,tr\sseau ,reveil47 ,dry sulphide ( potassium1 #d oz42 wat]1 #af oz42 dissolve1 & add ! solution to ! ba?2 !n fur!r add1 ( sulphuric or hydro*loric acid1 #a_/b oz41 previ\sly dilut$ ) wat]1 #h oz4 ,9 it*1 moi/ sk9 diseases1 *ronic di>rhoea1 *ronic rheumatism1 lead colic1 c4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,wat]s1 c4 ,ba?1 ,b5zo'ic4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,b5zo',,icum1 ,l4 #a4 ,b5zo9 79 p[d]71 #a_/b lb42 wat] 7at #ij7 q4 s4 ,9 irritations1 hy/]ia1 hypo*ondriasis1 c4 ,x is also reput$ to be feebly aphrodisiac4 #b4 ,a common w>m ba?1 ) a little p[d]$ b5zo9 laid on a heat$ plate ne> ! ba!r1 s t ! fumes may be inhal$4 ,slightly soo?+ or anodyne2 9 *ronic l>yngitis1 relax$ uvula1 c4 ,ba?1 ,bi*lo''ride ( ,m]'cury4 ,see ,,ba?1 ,,m]curial4 ,ba?1 ,bran4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,fur',,furis1 ,l4 ,bran1 #e to #g lbs42 boil+ wat]s1 #b or #c galls42 dige/$ toge!r = an h\r1 or boil$ = #ae m9utes2 ! /ra9$ liquid be+ add$ to ! ba?4 ,emolli5t2 9 dry & scaly sk9 disease1 & to allay it*+ & surfacial irritation2 also to promote suppuration1 c4 ,ba?1 ,brom9e4 ,! sal9e wat]s ( ,kreuzna* conta9 bromides4 ,! salts d]iv$ f ! evaporation ( ^! wat]s are import$ into ?is c\ntry1 & are employ$ 9 ba?s4 ,or ! foll[+ sub/itute may be us$3--,artificial sea-salt1 #aa lbs42 bromide ( potassium1 #d oz42 mix1 & let ! above be add$ to a ba? conta9+ suffici5t wat] = imm]sion4 ,! brom9e ba? is m especially us$ = tum\rs ( e k9d4 ,x requires to be cont9u$ 9 = a long "t4 ,:5 ! pati5t does n possess ! conv5i5ces = tak+ ! ba?1 flannels dipp$ 9 a /rong solution ( ! salt & wrung out may be appli$ wet to ! abdom5 = "s h\rs daily4 ,ba?1 ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,cam',,phor1 ,b4 ,,camphoratum1 ,l4 ,camphor1 #c or #d dr41 co>sely p[d]$1 & plac$ on a plate heat$ by boil+ wat]1 9 ! ba?room4 ,anodyne1 anaphrodisiac1 & diaphoretic2 9 spasmodic a/hma1 *ronic c\gh1 relaxation ( ! uvula1 ardor ur91 n]v\s irritability1 c4 ,ba?1 ,c>bon'ic4 ,syn4 ,,c>bon',,ic ,,acid ,,ba?2 ,,bal',,neum ,,c>bon',,icum1 ,b4 ,,ac',,idum ,,c>bonicum1 ,l4 #a4 ,c>bonic acid gas appli$1 by means ( a suitable app>atus1 to prev5t its be+ respir$4 ,antiseptic1 diaphoretic1 & excitant to ! vascul> sy/em2 9 am5orrhoea1 *lorosis1 hy/]ia1 scr(ula1 canc]\s & o!r ulc]s 7p>ticul>ly f\l ones71 c4 #b4 ,wat]1 at #ej ,fahr41 *>g$ ) ! gas4 ,p[]fully antiseptic & s$ative2 9 f\l ulc]s1 gangr5e1 c4 ,ba?1 ,*lo''ride ( ,ammo''nium4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,ammo'',,nii ,,*lori',,di1 ,b4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,hydro*lora',,tis1 ,l4 ,sal-ammoniac1 #b to #c lbs41 or ev5 #d lbs4 ,9 *ronic inflammations1 gl&ul> enl>gem5ts & indurations1 *ronic rheumatism & affections ( ! jo9ts1 leucorrhoea1 *ilbla9s1 fro/-bites1 c4 ,ba?1 ,*lo''ride ( ,soda4 ,solution ( *lor9at$ soda1 #a-a_/b lb42 wat]1 #cj galls4 ,ba?1 ,*lo''r9e4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,*lor9',,ii1 ,b4 ,,*lor9a',,tum1 ,l4 ,tepid wat] to :i* a little *lor9e has be5 add$4 ,antiseptic1 /imulant1 & subsequ5tly s$ative & antiphlogi/ic2 9 it*1 f\l & gangr5\s ulc]s1 *ronic liv] affections1 c4 ,*loride ( lime is commonly sub/itut$ = *lor9e4 #b4 7,mag5die2 ,wallace47 ,*lor9e gas 7obta9$ f salt1 #a-a_/b oz42 oil ( vitriol & wat]1 ( ea* #a oz42 & black oxide ( manganese1 #a_/b oz4 to #a oz47 dilut$ ) air1 at a temp]ature ( #ajd to #aej ,fahr41 & appli$1 by means ( a suitable app>atus1 = #aj m9utes to #a_/b an h\r2 e possible precaution be+ tak5 to prev5t x be+ inhal$4 ,9 *ronic liv] affections1 gradually & cauti\sly increas+ ! +r$i5ts to ?ree times ! above quantity1 & decreas+ ! dilution ) air until ! gas is us$ ne>ly pure4#aab ,footnote #aab3 ,a dang]\s rem$y 9 c>eless or unskilful h&s2 & ev5 ) ! exp]i5c$ n always free f dang]4 ,! writ] ( ?is article once ne>ly lo/ 8 life f a s+le inspiration ( ! gas :i* accid5tally escap$ its prop] limits4 ,t]rific spasms ( ! glottis & a convulsive c\gh imm$iately came on1 & la/$1 ) m or less sev]ity1 = ne>ly #ad h\rs4 ,ba?1 ,cold4 ,syn4 ,,balneum ,,frig',,idum 7-fr7ij'-71 ,,frigida'',,rium1 ,l42 ,,ba9 ,,froid1 ,fr4 ,wat]1 fre%1 sal9e1 or m9]al1 at a temp]ature v>y+ f #cc to ab\t #ge2 b usually und]/ood to apply to wat] betwe5 #ej & #gj ,fahr4 ,:5 bel[ #ej x is consid]$ v cold4 ,at a temp]ature rang+ f #fj to ab\t #ge x is commonly us$ by ! heal?y & vigor\s z a luxury1 & = cleanl9ess4 ,! imm$iate effects ( ! cold ba? are a s5sation ( cold 7spe$ily foll[$ by "o ( w>m?71 contraction ( ! cutane\s vessels1 pal5ess ( ! sk91 dim9ution ( p]spiration1 & r$uction ( ! volume ( ! body4 ,%iv]+1 &1 z ! wat] rises to ! *e/1 a k9d ( convulsive sobb+1 are also exp]i5c$4 ,cont9u$ imm]sion r5d]s ! pulse small1 & ultimately imp]ceptible1 & ! respiration difficult & irregul>4 ,a feel+ ( inactivity succe$s2 ! jo9ts become rigid & inflexible2 pa9 9 ! head1 dr[s9ess1 & cramps1 come on2 ! temp]ature ( ! body falls rapidly2 & fa9tness1 foll[$ by dea?1 ensues4 ,its prim>y effects con/itute ! ,,%ock--its second>y effects1 ! ,,reaction or ,,gl[4#aac ,h5ce x is t imm]sion ( ! body 9 wat] bel[ ab\t #fe ,fahr4 _c be tol]at$ = any l5g? ( "t )\t su* a loss ( animal heat z frequ5tly to induce highly s$ative & depress+ effects1 f :i* ! con/itution does n readily recov]4 ,wat] at a temp]ature ( bel[ ab\t #ej ,fahr4 c only be safely us$ z a plunge-ba?4 ,! s$ative effects ( sea & m9]al wat]s is mu* ?an t ( pure wat]1 or ( spr+ or riv] wat]4 ,footnote #aac3 ,p]eira1 ',mat4 ,m$4 & ,!rap41' #d? ed41 i1 #bi4 ,! cold ba?1 m$ically consid]$1 is tonic1 /imulant1 & re/orative1 :5 judici\sly tak51 & :5 n too long cont9u$ or too (t5 repeat$4 ,:5 b5eficial1 ! pati5t feels a pleasant gl[ on ! surface ( ! body imm$iately foll[+ x4 ,if a s5sation ( coldness or %iv]+ ensues1 x acts injuri\sly1 & %\ld n be repeat$4 ,! duration ( ! imm]sion may v>y f #b to #ae m9utes1 ! precise "t dep5d+ ^u ! temp]ature ( ! wat] & ! feel+s ( ! ba!r2 ! long] p]iod be+ only prop] 9 f9e wea!r1 & :5 accompani$ by swimm+ or viol5t ex]cise4 ,z a rem$ial ag5t1 ! cold ba? is pr9cipally recomm5d$ to increase ! tone & vig\r ( ! sy/em2 & is contra-indicat$ :5 !re is a t5d5cy to apoplexy1 or to *ronic affections1 functional or organic1 ( ! he>t1 lungs1 or kidneys4 ,x %\ld nev] be tak5 :5 ! p]son feels *illy1 languid1 or depress$2 or if dr[s9ess & %iv]+ foll[ x4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] ( ! riv]s & ! coa/s ( ,engl& ranges1 9 summ]1 f #ee to #gj or #gb ,fahr4 ,ba?1 ,creosote4 ,creosote1 #b dr42 glyc]91 #b oz42 boil+ wat]1 "o gall4 ,to be add$ to #bi galls4 ( wat]4 ,ba?1 ,d\*e4 ,see ,,ba?1 ,,%[]1 ,,d\*e1 c4 ,ba?1 ,dry4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,siccum1 ,l4 ,! imm]sion ( ! body 9 any dry mat]ial1 z a%es1 salt1 s&1 c4 ,,e>?-,,ba?+1 z adm9i/]$ by ! once notori\s quack1 ,dr ,graham1 0 ( ?is k9d4 ,9 ! sudatorium or sweat+ room ( ! anci5ts ! body 0 imm]s$ 9 heat$ s&4 ,ba?1 ,elec'tric4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,elec',,tricum1 ,l4 ,! pati5t1 plac$ on an insulat$ /ool1 is put 9 contact1 by means ( a metallic wire1 ) ! prime conductor ( an electrical ma*9e 9 action4 ,! surface ( ! body is ?us r5d]$ electro-positive1 & ! surr\nd+ air1 by induction1 electro-negative4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ 9 *ronic rheumatism1 scirrh\s tum\rs1 c4 ,ba?1 ,electro-*emical 7( ,dr ,capl974 ,?is is f\nd$ on ! supposition t all diseases arise f ! pres5ce ( m9]al1 or o!r extrane\s morbific matt]1 9 "s organ1 or ! :ole organism1 & :i* is capable ( removal by electrolysis4 ,! pati5t is plac$ 9 an appropriately arrang$ voltaic ba?1 & !re saturat$ ) ! electric fluid4 ,?is decomposes ev]y?+ :i* is =eign to ! organism1 ! vital p>ts be+ protect$ by ! law ( cons]vation belong+ to e organic production4 ,^! =eign sub/ances are said to be ?us c>ri$ out ( ! sy/em by ! electric curr5t1 & to be fix$ & plat$ on ! copp] 9 ! same way1 & accord+ to ! same law & pr9ciple 7only rev]s$71 z 9 ! process ( electro-plat+4#aad ,footnote #aad3 ',hi/4 ,records ( ! ,electro-*em4 ,ba?1' by ,mons4 ,j4 ,f4 ,j4 ,capl91 ,m4,d4 ,baillire1 #ahfj4 ,ba?1 ,fec'ula4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,am',,yli1 ,b4 ,f,c',,ul1 ,l4 ,potato-/>* or :eat-/>*1 #a to #d lbs42 boil+ wat] q4 s4 to dissolve4 ,resembles ! ,,bran-,,ba?4 ,ba?1 ,f]ru'g9\s4 ,syn4 ,,*alyb',,eate ,,ba?2 ,,bal',,neum ,,f]rug9',,eum1 ,b4 ,,*alybeatum1 ,l4 #a4 ,gre5 sulphate ( iron1 #a to #b lbs4 ,a well-t9n$ copp]1 wood51 or japann$ ba? may be us$4 ,9 g5]al debility :5 *alybeates are indicat$1 & ! /oma* w n be> iron2 also 9 piles & prolapsus4 ,! /a9s on ! t[els us$ to wipe ! pati5t may be remov$ by at once soak+ !m 9 wat] acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid4 #b4 7,iodurett$47 ,see ,,ba? ,,( ,,iodide ,,( ,,iron4 ,ba?1 ,foot4 ,syn4 ,,p$ilu',,vium1 ,l4 ,w>m 7or hot74 ,revulsive1 c\nt]-irritant2 9 colds1 m5/rual & hmorrhoidal suppressions1 rheumatism1 /iffness ( ! ankles1 t5d] feet1 c4 ,a little common salt1 fl\r ( mu/>d1 or sal-ammoniac1 is (t5 add$ to r5d] x m /imulant1 to prev5t 'tak+ cold1' c4 ,see ,,feet1 c4 ,ba?1 ,gelat'in\s4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,gelat9o',,sum1 ,b4 ,,gelat9',,ii1 ,l4 ,gelat9 or f9e ,salisbury glue1 #c or #d lbs42 dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 #b galls41 or q4 s42 & add$ to a w>m ba?4 ,at ! ',hospital = ,cutane\s ,diseases' #h lbs4 ( pat5t size are us$ = a ba? ( #cj to #ce galls4 ,emolli5t2 =m]ly1 b errone\sly1 consid]$ nutritive4 ,us$ 9 sk9 diseases2 g5]ally comb9$ ) sulphur4 ,see ,,ba?1 ,,b>,,ges4 ,ba?1 ,glyc'er9e 7gl7is'74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,glyc]9',,ii1 ,b4 ,g4 ,,compos',,itum1 ,l4 ,glyc]9e1 #b lbs42 gum arabic 7dissolv$71 #a lb4 ,us$ z a soo?+ emolli5t1 9 it*+1 dryness1 irritation1 & h>dness ( ! sk91 c4 ,:]e exp5se is an object1 #c or #d lbs4 ( good honey1 & #a oz4 ( salt ( t>t>1 =m an excell5t sub/itute = ! glyc]9e4 ,ba?1 ,hem'lock4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,co',,nii1 ,l4 #a4 ,dri$ hemlock-leaves 7or h]b71 #d to #f h&fuls2 wat]1 #a gall42 infuse #b h\rs1 & /ra94 ,! "p to be imm]s$ 91 or ba!d )1 ! w>m infusion1 obs]v+ n to apply x if ! sk9 is uns\nd2 or x may be add$ to ! wat] ( a ba? 9 ! usual mann]4 ,9 g\t1 canc]1 *ronic rheumatism1 & c]ta9 sk9 diseases4 #b4 7,cut4 ,hosp47 ,extract ( hemlock1 #b oz42 />*1 #a lb42 boil+ wat]1 #a gall42 dissolve4 ,= a ba? ( ab\t #cj galls4 ,z ! la/4 ,ba?1 ,hip4 ,syn4 ,,cox,,lu',,vium1 ,l4 ,usually w>m2 sometimes fully w>m1 or some:at hot4 ,9 inflammatory1 spasmodic1 & *ronic affections ( ! abdom9al & pelvic visc]a2 9 suppress$ & pa9ful m5/ruation1 hmorrhoids1 /rangury1 prolapsus1 is*uria1 c42 also z a sub/itute = a full ba?1 :5 ?is la/ is contra-indicat$ by "s affection ( ! lungs1 he>t1 bra91 or great vessels4 ,l full ba?s1 x may be (t5 advantage\sly m$icat$4 ,see ,,bidet4 ,illu/ration ,ba?1 ,hot4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,cal',,idum1 ,,calda'',,rium1 ,l42 ,,ba9 ,,*aud1 ,fr4 ,usual temp]ature1 #ih to #ajf ,fahr4 ,! hot ba? has a rem>kably tranquillis+ effect ^u ! n]v\s sy/em1 produc+ a /rong t5d5cy to quietude & sleep4 ,x also acts z a p[]ful antispasmodic1 & by det]m9+ ! blood to ! surface ( ! body t5ds to relieve visc]al inflammation & conge/ion4 ,9 *ronic affections aris+ f ! action ( cold & damp & f exhau/$ en]gy1 9 /iff jo9ts1 rheumatism1 neuralgia1 di>rhoea1 & num]\s o!r affections1 its effects are (t5 rapid & rem>kable4 ,at high temp]atures x /rongly /imulates ! art]ial sy/em1 & ar\ses n]v\s en]gy & vital action1 produc+ excessive excitem5t & turgesc5ce1 foll[$ by copi\s p]spiration1 :i* has be5 (t5 f\nd successful 9 *ol]a1 p>alysis1 c4 ,if ! imm]sion be too long cont9u$1 or ! ba? be injudici\sly employ$1 lassitude1 debility1 & somnol5cy ensue1 & ! good effect ( ! ba? is m or less lo/4 ,9 ^! cases viol5t ?robb+ & pa9ful di/5sion ( ! vessels ( ! head1 ) a di/ress+ feel+ ( suffocation & anxiety1 are premonitory symptoms ( imp5d+ apoplexy1 an accid5t :i* sometimes1 ?\gh seldom1 foll[s its improp] use4 ,ba?1 ,hydro*lo''rate ( ,ammonia4 ,see ,,ba?1 ,,*loride ,,( ,,ammonium4 ,ba?1 ,hydro*lo''ric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,muriat',,ic ,,acid ,,ba?2 ,,bal',,neum ,,hydro*lo'',,ricum1 ,b4 ,,acidum ,h41 ,b4 ,,muriat',,icum1 c41 ,l4 ,comm]cial hydro*loric acid1 #a to #c lbs4 79 *ronic liv] affections72 or #c to #f fl4 oz4 79 prurigo & li*574 ,ba?1 ,hydrosul'phurett$4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,hydrosulphure',,tum1 ,l4--#a4 ,a tepid sulphurett$ ba?1 ) ! addition ( hydro*loric acid1 #b or #c fl4 dr41 imm$iately be=e imm]sion4 ,9 rheumatism1 *ronic sk9 diseases1 hoop+-c\gh1 & c]ta9 =ms ( p>alysis3--#b4 ,a tepid ba? to :i* #c to #f fl4 oz4 ( 7liquid7 hydrosulphate ( ammonia is add$ imm$iately be=e use4 ,us$ z ! la/4 ,x (t5 acts almo/ z a specific 9 hoop+-c\gh & c]ta9 brea? ailm5ts4 ,ba?1 ,i'od9e ( ,i'ron4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,f]',,ri ,,iodi',,di1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,pi]qu947 ,iodide ( iron1 #a_/b oz4 to #b oz4 ,9 am5orrhoea1 leucorrhoea1 *lorosis1 scr(ula1 c42 gradually increas+ ! quantity ( ! iodide until #d oz41 or m1 is us$ = a ba?4 ,ba?1 ,i'od9e4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,iod9',,ii1 ,l43--#a4 ,iod9e1 #c to #e dr42 dry silice\s s&1 #b oz42 triturat$ toge!r until r$uc$ to f9e p[d]1 & !n agitat$ ) ! wat] ( a tepid ba? = #aj or #ae m9utes4 #b4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,iod9e1 #d dr42 liquor ( potassa1 #d oz42 wat]1 #b p9ts2 dissolve2 = a ba? ( #cj galls4 ,9 sk9 diseases complicat$ ) scr(ula1 gl&ul> enl>gem5ts1 am5orrhoea1 c4 ,ba?1 ,io'durett$4 ,syn4 ,,io',,durat$ ,,ba?1 ,i',,odis$ ,b41 ,,comp\nd ,,iod9e-,b41 c42 ,,bal',,neum ,,iodure',,tum1 ,b4 ,,iodura',,tum991 ,b4 ,,potas'',,sii ,,sup]iodi',,di1 c41 ,l4 ,lugol1 ! lead+ au?ority on ?is subject1 employs ?is ba? ( ! diff]5t /r5g?s1 c41 %[n 9 ! foll[+ tables3-- a4 ,,= ,,adults3-- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,degree4 ,iod9e4 ,iodide ( ,wat] = ! ,potassium4 ba?4 ---------------------------------------- -------- dr4 dr4 gal4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #a #b to #b-a_/b #d to #e #ej ---------------------------------------- -------- #b #b #c #d #f #fj ---------------------------------------- -------- #c #c #c-a_/b #f #g #ge ---------------------------------------- -------- b4 ,,= ,,*ildr53-- ---------------------------------------- - ,age4 ,iod9e4 ,iodide ( ,wat]4 ,potassium4 ---------------------------------------- - gr4 gr4 gal4 ---------------------------------------- - #d to #g #cj to #cf #fj to #gb #i ---------------------------------------- - #g #aa #dh #gb #if #add #ah ---------------------------------------- - #aa #ad #gb #if #add #aib #ca ---------------------------------------- - a/]ism ,! dry +r$i5ts ( ! fir/ ,table are to be dissolv$ 9 a p9t ( wat]1 & ( ! second1 9 #a_/b p9t ( wat]1 be=e add+ !m to ! ba?4 ,9 scr(ul\s affections & ! o!r cases 9 :i* ! ext]nal use ( iod9e or ! iodides is indicat$4 ,enamell$ w>e1 /onew>e1 or wood5 vessels mu/ be employ$4 ,ba?1 ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,cum ,,cal',,ce1 ,l4 ,lime1 #c lbs42 slak$1 & add$ to ! ba?4 ,9 g\t1 li?ic dia!sis1 it*1 c4 ,see ,,ba?1 ,,vap\r4 ,ba?1 ,m]cu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,antisyphilit',,ic ,,ba?2 ,,bal',,neum ,,m]curia',,le1 ,b4 ,,hydr>',,gyri ,,bi*lori',,di1 ,b4 ,,antisyphilit',,icum1 c41 ,l42 ,,ba9 ,,m]curiel1 ,b4 ,,antisyphilitique1 c41 ,fr4 ,bi*loride ( m]cury1 9 f9e p[d]1 #a to #c dr41 hot wat]1 #a p9t2 agitate toge!r until solution is complete1 be=e add+ !m to ! ba?1 ! 'wat]' ( :i* 7conta9$ 9 an enamell$ or wood5 vessel7 mu/ be s(t 7ra97 & pure4 ,at ! ',cutan4 ,hosp4' hydro*loric acid 7 #a_/crd ! weight ( ! *loride7 is commonly add$2 & at ! ',fr4 hospitals1' an equal1 or r m ?an an equal weight1 ( sal-ammoniac4 ,^! additions facilitate ! solution ( ! *loride1 & ret>d its decomposition by any slight impurity 9 ! wat] =m+ ! ba?4 ,uses1 c4 ,9 syphilitic affections1 ei!r ) or )\t sk9 disease2 9 *ronic rheumatism1 swell$ jo9ts1 & *ronic sk9 diseases g5]ally1 :]e ! use ( m]cury is indicat$1 & ! rem$y is reject$ by ! /oma*2 especially 9 ^! affections 9 wom5 & *ildr5 7= ! la/1 proportionately r$uc$ 9 /r5g? & quantity74 ,also us$ 9 x1 & to de/roy p$iculi on ! body4 ,ba?1 ,met'al4 ,see ,,ba? 79 ,*emi/ry71 ,,fusible ,,metal1 c4 ,ba?1 ,mud4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,lu',,teum1 ,b4 ,,lu',,ti1 ,l4 ,mud-ba?+ 7,,illuta',,tion7 0 common among ! anci5ts4 ,! slime ( riv]s1 & ! mud on ! sea-%ore1 7 especially priz$ = ?is purpose4 ,! ,t>t>s & ,egyptians /ill employ ba?s ( ?is description 9 hypo*ondriasis1 scr(ula1 & scurvy4 ,at ,franz5bad1 9 ,g]many1 an acidul\s species ( black bog-e>? f\nd !re1 is beat5 up ) w>m wat] to a semi-liquid consi/5ce1 & us$ z a ba?4 ,?is is said to r5d] ! sk9 sat9-l & s(t2 & to be useful 9 debility1 & 9 p>alytic affections ( a g\ty orig94 ,9 ,france1 hot dung 7,,dung ,,ba?7 is occasionally us$ 9 rheumatism2 & 9 ,pol&1 9 syphilis4 ,! husk ( grapes & ! refuse ( olives1 aft] und]go+ a p>tial f]m5tation1 h be5 successfully employ$ 9 ,france aga9/ acute rheumatism4#aae ,footnote #aae3 ,mrat & ,de ,l5s1 ',dict4 ,univ4 de ,mat4 ,md4' ,ba?1 ,muriat'ic4 ,see ,,ba?1 ,,hydro*loric ,,acid4 ,ba?1 ,mus't>d4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,s9a',,pis1 ,l43--#a4 ,fl\r ( mu/>d1 #b lbs42 w>m wat]1 #a gall42 make a ?9 s\p2 9 fifte5 m9utes p\r x into a co>se l95 bag or clo?1 & press out ! liquid1 :i* is to be /irr$ up ) ! ba?4 ,9 *ol]a1 di>rhoea simulat+ *ol]a1 c42 also to cause reaction2 ! pati5t rema9+ 9 ! ba? until a some:at pa9ful s5se ( burn+ & irritation is exp]i5c$3--#b4 ,fl\r ( mu/>d1 #c to #h oz42 z be=e4 ,us$ z a g5tle /imulant to excite ! sk91 & promote its heal?y action1 c4 ,ba?1 ,ni'tro-hydro*lo''ric4 ,syn4 ,,ac',,id ,,ba?d\ble-dagg] 77as'-71 ,,nitro-,,muriat',,ic ,b4991 ,n4 ,a4 ,b4992 ,,bal',,neum ,,nitro-,,hydro*lo'',,ricum4 ,b4 ,,ac',,idi 77as'-71 ,b4 ,a4 ,,nitro-,,hydro*lo'',,rici1 ,b4 ,a4 ,,nitro-,,muriat',,ici991 c41 ,l43--#a4 ,wat] slightly acidulat$ ) ! acid1 s t its s\rness to ! ta/e is ab\t t ( common v9eg>4 ,accord+ to ,a9slie1 #a oz4 ( acid is suffici5t = #a gall4 ( wat]4#aaf ,o!r =mul 9 use are-- ,footnote #aaf3 ',mat4 ,m$4 ,indica1' ii1 #cdj4 #b4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,nitric acid1 #a-a_/b lb42 hydro*loric acid1 #a lb42 = a ba? ( #fj to #gj galls4 #c4 7,s\beiran47 ,nitro-hydro*loric acid1 #d to #af fl4 oz42 accord+ to ! case4 #d4 7,dr ,scott47 ,nitric acid1 #b fl4 oz42 hydro*loric acid1 #c fl4 oz42 wat]1 #e fl4 oz42 mix4 #a-a_/b to #b fl4 oz4 to ea* gall4 ( wat] = a g5]al ba?2 #c fl4 oz4 to ! gall4 = a foot1 knee1 or sponge ba?4 ,uses1 c4 ,9 its weak] =ms1 9 sk9-diseases dep5d+ on disord]$ liv]2 9 o!rs1 *iefly 9 liv] compla9ts1 & to relieve ! pa9 on ! pass+ ( gall-/ones4 ,x mu/ be conta9$ 9 an enamell$ or wood5 vessel1 & may be us$ z a hip1 knee1 or foot-ba?2 a knee-ba? be+ ! "o g5]ally adopt$ 9 ,engl&4 ,dr ,scott1 ( ,bombay1 :o fir/ br\ght ?is ba? into notice1 once plung$ ! ,duke ( ,well+ton up to 8 *9 9 "o1 9 ,india1 & ?us cur$ him ( a sev]e hepatic affection4 ,9 its /rong] =m x causes t+l+ & prick+ ( ! sk91 & a peculi> ta/e 9 ! m\?1 & affects ! gums & saliv>y gl&s1 (t5 produc+ pl5tiful ptyalism1 )\t :i*1 inde$1 its advocates reg>d its action z incomplete4 ,"t ( application1 #ae to #bj m9utes daily1 = a =tnight or ?ree weeks2 & aft]w>ds1 e second or ?ird day4 ,ba?1 ,oak-,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,qu]',c,s1 ,b4 ,,qu]',,ci1 ,l4 ,oak-b>k1 #c or #d h&fuls = a *ild2 #aj to #ae = an adult2 made into a decoction1 & /ra9$ ) pressure into ! ba?4 ,9 hmorrhoids1 prolapsus1 leucorrhoea1 h]nia1 di>rhoea1 ill-condition$ & ble$+ ulc]ations1 c4 ,drs ,elaess]1 ,eb]le1 & ,flet*] h successfully employ$ x 9 ! int]mitt5ts ( infancy & *ildhood1 tabes mes5t]ica or scr(ula1 c4 ,x has also prov$ useful 9 ph?isis4 ,ba?1 ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,oleo',,sum1 ,l4 ,olive or o!r oil 7hot71 /rongly aromatis$ ) ! oils ( cassia1 cloves1 nutmegs1 c$ron1 & junip]2 & dige/$ = a week on amb]gris & vanilla1 ( ea* 7bruis$71 ab\t #aj gr4 to ! gallon4 ,us$1 9 ! ,ea/1 to ano9t ! body1 z a pres]vative aga9/ ! plague & o!r contagi\s diseases2 also z a full ba? or hip-ba?1 ! imm]sion be+ = #ae to #cj m9utes4 ,ba?1 ,pneumat'ic4 ,see ,,ba?1 ,,air4 ,ba?1 ,sal9e' 7,gelat9\s74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,sali',,no-,,gelat9o',,sum1 ,l42 ,,ba9 ,,de ,,plombi,,res1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,common salt & ,fl&]s glue1 ( ea* #b lbs42 wat]1 #a gall42 dissolve sep>ately1 & add ! solutions to ! ba?4 ,9 scr(ula1 c4 ,ba?1 ,salt4 ,see ,,ba?1 ,,sal9e1 ,,ba?1 ,,sea1 c4 ,ba?1 ,s&4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,are',n1 ,l42 ,,ba9 ,,de ,,sable1 ,fr4 ,see ,,ba? 79 ,*emi/ry71 ,,ba?1 ,,dry1 c4 ,ba?1 ,sea4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,m>i',,num1 ,l42 ,,ba9 ,,m>91 ,fr4 ,imm]sion 9 ! sea or 9 rec5t sea wat] 7temp]ate1 tepid1 w>m1 or hot74 ,ow+ to ! sal9e matt] :i* x conta9s1 x possesses /imulant1 alt]ative1 & resolv5t prop]ties1 sup]add$ to ^? ( pure wat] at ! correspond+ temp]ature4 ,:5 tak51 9 summ]1 on our coa/s1 ! reaction & gl[ foll[ m spe$ily & c]ta9ly ?an aft] a common wat] ba?2 & x may be tak5 ) great] safety1 & = a long] p]iod4 ,x (t5 proves v s]viceable 9 diseases accompani$ ) debility1 9 ph?isis1 scr(ula1 gl&ul> enl>gem5t1 c4 ,a w>m or hot sea-wat] ba? is "o ( ! mo/ re/orative imag9able2 (t5 remov+ ! effects ( fatigue & exposure--exhau/ion1 /iff jo9ts1 cramps1 rheumatism1 c4--l a *>m4 ,unless "u sanction ( a m$ical man1 boys & girls %\ld nev] be all[$ to ba? 9 ! sea aft] ! end ( ,septemb]4 ,see ,,ba? 7above71 ,,wat]s1 c4 ,ba?1 ,sea4 7,factiti\s74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,m>i',,num ,,facti'',,tium1 ,l4 ,artificial sea-wat]1 or r a sub/itute = sea-wat]1 = ?is purpose1 is commonly prep>$ by add+ ab\t #c ( common salt to ord9>y wat]4#aag ,! foll[+ are1 h[ev]1 m s]viceable imitations3-- ,footnote #aag3 ,or 7say7 = small quantities-- #a-a_/d oz4 to ! qu>t2 #e oz4 to ! gallon4 ,& = l>ge quantities1 z a full ba?-- #b lbs4 to e #g gallons4 #a4 ,z above1 ) ! addition ( #a dr4 ( iodide ( potassium to e #c or #d galls4 ( wat]4 #b4 7,cutan4 ,hosp474 ,common salt1 #h lbs42 sulphate ( magnesia1 #b lbs42 *loride ( calcium1 #a lb42 wat]1 #ej to #fj galls4 #c4 ,salt1 a h&ful2 wat]1 a pailful2 fl\r ( mu/>d1 #a oz4 ,= a foot-ba?4 ,ba?1 ,%['er4 ,syn4 ,,implu'',,vium1 ,,bal',,neum ,,p5',,sile1 c41 ,l42 ,,d\*e1 ,fr4 ,simil> 9 its effects to ! cold ba? or plunge-ba?2 b )\t _m ( its advantages4 ,x is less al>m+ to n]v\s p]sons1 & less liable to produce cramp1 ?an imm]sion 9 cold wat]2 :il/ ! reaction or gl[ foll[s m spe$ily & c]ta9ly4 ,x is consid]$ ! be/ & safe/ mode ( cold ba?+1 & is (t5 highly s]viceable 9 n]v\s affections4 ,a good plan is to all[ ! wat] to rema9 9 ! b$room all night1 by :i* any undue degree ( coldness is remov$4 ,tepid wat] may be comm5c$ )2 & at fir/1 9 extreme cases1 ! pati5t may /& 9 hot or w>m wat] at ! "t ( tak+ ! ba?4 ,! reaction foll[+ its use is greatly promot$ by friction ( ! surface ) dry r\gh t[els4 ,illu/ration ,ba?1 ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,sapo',,nis1 ,l4 ,:ite soap1 #b to #c lbs42 wat]1 #c qu>ts2 dissolve by heat1 & add x to a w>m ba?4 ,det]g5t1 lubricat+1 & discuti5t2 9 it* & o!r sk9 diseases1 c4 ,ba?1 ,spon''g+ 7sp7unje'-74 ,?is title expla9s itself4 ,9 ! spong+ ba? ex]cise & ablution are comb9$1 & its employm5t by p]sons ( s$5t>y habit is highly advantage\s4 ,ba?1 ,sulphur4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,sul',,phuris1 ,l4 #a4 ,fl[]s ( sulphur1 #a_/b to #a lb42 wat]1 a pailful2 mix1 agitate occasionally = #ab to #bd h\rs1 & !n add ! :ole to an ord9>y ba?4 ,useful 9 v>i\s mild1 b ob/9ate1 sk9 diseases4 ,its occasional employm5t1 ev5 9 heal?1 seldom fails to r5d] ! sk9 s(t1 smoo?1 & delicate4 ,soap may be us$ ) x4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,b4 ,s4 ,,compos',,itum1 ,l47--a4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,precipitat$ sulphur1 #b lbs42 hyposulphite ( soda1 #a_/b lb42 wat]1 #a gall42 dissolve1 & add ( sulphuric acid1 #a dr4 ,"o p9t to e #cj galls4 ( wat]4 ,9 v>i\s sk9 diseases 7see bel[74 b4 ,see ,,ba?1 ,,sulphurett$4 ,ba?1 ,sul'phur\s4 ,syn4 ,,sul',,phur\s ,,acid ,,ba?2 ,,bal',,neum ,,sulphuro',,sum1 ,b4 ,,sul',,phurisd\ble-dagg]1 ,l4 ,f sulphur1 #a_/b oz41 spr9kl$ on a hot plate plac$ "u or ne> ! pati5t2 ! prop] precautions be+ tak5 z direct$ "u ,,*lor9e ,,ba?4 ,9 it*1 lepra1 psoriasis1 c4 ,cleanly1 b seldom us$1 *iefly on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( ba?s requir$ to prove s]viceable4 ,see ,,ba?1 ,,sulphurett$4 ,ba?1 ,sul'phurett$4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,sulphuret',,um1 ,b4 ,,sulphura',,tum1 ,b4 ,,sulphu'',,reum1 c41 ,l42 ,,ba9 ,,sulfur1 c41 ,fr4 #a ,sulphurat$ pota%1 #a oz42 = e #aj or #ab galls4 ( wat] employ$4 ,sometimes sulphurat$ soda1 or 79 ! ,g]4 hosp47 suphurat$ lime1 is ! sulphur-salt employ$4 #a_/b dr4 ( sulphuric acid is also occasionally add$ to ! ba?2 b ?is increases its foetor1 )\t add+ mu*1 if any?+1 to its curative p[]2 :il/1 )\t c>e1 ! evolv$ gas may imp$e respiration4 #b4 7,gelat9\s2 ,,gelat',,ino-,,sul',,phur\s ,b42 ,b4 ,s4 ,,gelat9o',,sum1 ,l47 ,fl&]s glue1 #a-a_/b to #b lbs42 dissolv$ & add$ to a 'sulphurett$ ba?4' ,recomm5d$1 by ,dupuytr51 z a sub/itute = ! ',b>ges ba?4' ,obs4 ,! sulphur or sulphurett$ ba?1 "u any ( its =ms1 is a p[]ful rem$y 9 almo/ e description ( sk9 disease4 ,leprosy1 ! mo/ ob/9ate ( all1 has be5 completely cur$ by x2 ! common it* requires only "o or two applications to eradicate x entirely2 all ! scurfy & moi/ sk9 affections1 local irritation1 pimples1 inflammatory pat*es1 c41 spe$ily yield to its influ5ce2 scr(ula1 &1 inde$1 all ^? affections 9 :i* ! w>m or vap\r ba? is s]viceable1 also d]ive p[]ful assi/ance f ! sulphur ba?4 ,ba?1 ,tem'p]ate4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,temp]a',,tus991 ,l4 ,ba?1 ,tep'id4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,tep',,idum1 ,b4 ,,egel',,idum1 ,,tepida'',,rium1 ,l42 ,,ba9 ,,ti,,de c41 ,fr4 ,approa*es ! w>m ba? 9 its hyginic & m$ical prop]ties2 & is1 p]haps ! "o be/ adapt$ = ! m]e purposes ( p]sonal cleanl9ess4 ,9 ! spaci\s public tepid ba?s ( ,london1 swimm+ may be safely indulg$ 9 ev5 9 cold wea!r4 ,ba?1 ,tum'ble4 ,an obsolete =m ( ! %[] ba?4 ,ba?1 ,turk'i%4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,tur',,cicum1 ,l4 ,a hot vap\r ba? or sweat+ ba?1 ) mass+ or %ampoo+1 end+ ) a w>m ba? or w>m ablutions & friction4 ,! ,,egyptian1 ,,p]sian1 & ,,russian ,,ba?s are ess5tially simil>4 ,9 ! ,,anglo-,,turki% ,,ba?1 rec5tly introduc$ to ?is c\ntry1 hot dry air :olly takes ! place ( vap\r4 ,see ,,ba?1 ,,air 7ant74 ,ba?1 ,turp5t9e4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,t]eb9?9a',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,t4 ,smi?47 ,camph9e 7rectifi$ oil ( turp5t9e71 #a_/d to #a_/b p9t2 ,scot* soda1 #b lbs42 oil ( rosem>y1 #a_/b dr42 = an adult4 ,x calms ! pulse1 s(t5s ! sk91 & r5d]s ! p]spiration fre]4 ,ba?1 ,va'p\r4 ,syn4 ,,dew'-,,ba?992 ,,bal',,neum ,,va',,poris1 ,b4 ,,ro'',,risdagg]1 ,,z',,sa ,,suda',,tio1 ,a4 ,,vapora',,tio1 ,,vapora'',,rium991 ,l42 ,,ba9 ,,de ,,vapeurs1 ,fr4 ,! vap\r ( hot wat]1 ei!r pure or m$icat$4 ,! simple/ =m ( vap\r ba? is1 p]haps1 produc$ by plac+ "s wet clo?s1 or spr9kl+ a little wat] on two or ?ree heat$ bricks1 laid "u a *air on :i* ! pati5t is seat$2 bo? ! pati5t & :ole app>atus be+ cov]$ ) a %eet or blanket1 or1 bett] /ill1 a spaci\s wat]pro( cloak1 to keep 9 ! heat$ vap\r4 ,a l>ge lump ( quick-lime1 set 9 a pan or an old iron pot & spr9kl$ ) a little wat]1 or else wrapp$ up 9 a ?ick co>se t[el :i* has be5 previ\sly soak$ 9 wat]1 may be sub/itut$ = ! hot bricks2 & (t5 advantage\sly s4 ,! slak+ ( ! lime & ! consequ5t evolution ( vap\r may be kept up or r5ew$1 :5 necess>y1 by spr9kl+ on a little m wat]4 ,?is =ms ! ,,poor ,,man',s ,,vap\r ,,ba? ( ! ,fr5*4 ,dr ,s]res has sugge/$1 z some?+ app>5tly orig9al1 t a lump ( quick-lime1 wrapp$ 9 a wet clo? & cov]$ ) a dry "o1 be plac$ on ea* side ( ! pati5t2#aah & ! :ole be+ cov]$ up all[$ to rema9 until copi\s p]spiration is e/abli%$4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be recollect$ t by none ( ^! m9or contrivances c ! temp]ature ( ! vap\r1 & its supply1 be regulat$1 z 9 a p]fect ba?1 ev5 a portable "o1 su* z is %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,footnote #aah3 ,9 b$ 7671 says ! ,dr2 b surely "o :o c\ld only af=d su* a ba? w\ld f9d x difficult to obta9 a fre%1 dry b$2 :il/ x w\ld be equally improp] = him to lie 9 a wet or damp "o4 ,illu/ration ,! foll[+ are ! temp]atures1 c41 ( ?is ba?3#aai-- ,footnote #aai3 ,! temp]atures ( ba?s giv5 "h1 & previ\sly are ^? n[ g5]ally adopt$ 9 ! pr(ession4 ,see ,dr ,=bes's ',cycl4 ( ,prac4 ,m$41' vol4 i1 #bfe2 ,p]eira's ',mat4 ,m$41' i1 #ag2 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,temp]ature ( ,vap\r1 ,fahr4 ---------------------------- ,brea!d4 ,n brea!d4 ,tepid vap\r ba? #ij to #ajj #if to #ajf ,w>m #ajj #aaj #ajf #abj ,hot #aaj #acj #abj #afj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,uses1 c4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful diaphoretics kn[n1 & is almo/ specific 9 ne>ly all ^? cases :]e9 w>m or hot ba?+ proves advantage\s4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ c]ta9 ag5ts exi/+ 9 cases ( *ronic rheumatism1 contract$ muscles & t5dons1 /iffness ( jo9ts1 indurations1 dys5t]y1 di>rhoea1 suppressions1 c4 ,in/ances are num]\s 9 :i* ! lame h ?r[n aside _! crut*es & ! b$ridd5 h aga9 mix$ ) ! _w aft] a few applications ( ?is ba?4 ,x is no uncommon ?+ to he> a pati5t />t & %riek ) agony be=e ent]+ ! ba?1 & to receive 8 congratulations & ?anks on 8 com+ out4 ,!y (t5 exclaim--,x is wond]ful4 ,i c\ld n h believ$ x6#abj ,footnote #abj3 ,culv]well ',on ,ba?s & ,ba?+4' ,ba?1 ,w>m4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,cal',,idum1 ,b4 ,,calid',,ulum1 ,b4 ,,!rma',,le1 ,,!rm',a1 c4 ,l41 ,,ba9 ,,!rmal1 ,b4 ,,*aud1 c41 ,fr4 ,a ba? at a temp]ature equal1 or ne>ly equal1 to t ( ! human body4 ,! s5sations att5dant ^u imm]sion 9 a w>m ba? are mo/ delici\s4 ,its fir/ effect is to increase ! circulation ( ! blood1 & to det]m9e x to ! sk94 ,aft] a few m9utes an agreeable & univ]sal increase ( heat is exp]i5c$2 ! face & head are g5]ally soon b$ew$ ) p]spiration2 a pleas+ & prevail+ calm1 bo? m5tal & physical1 foll[s2 & aft] rema9+ 9 x "s #ab or #ae m9utes ! effect is ( ! mo/ refre%+ & happy "*4 ,! idea t ! w>m ba? is relax+ is errone\s4 ,x is only s :]e p]sons rema9 9 x too long1 or take x too frequ5tly4 ,nor are ^? :o indulge 9 x m liable to take cold ?an o!rs4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are less liable1 unless !y wilfully expose !mselves1 insuffici5tly clad 7p>ticul>ly ab\t ! neck & *e/71 to draughts ( cold air4#aba ,footnote #aba3 ,we h be5 = _m ye>s accu/om$ to take ba?s at #ih to #ajj ,fahr41 9 all wea!rs & seasons1 ev5 dur+ our sev]e/ w9t]1 & on leav+ ! ba? h (t5 be5 engag$1 = h\rs1 mov+ ab\t 9 ! op5 air1 ev5 until midnight1 )\t 'cat*+ cold1' or ! slighte/ inconv5i5ce4 ,h[ev]1 we d n recomm5d o!rs to foll[ our practice )\t due c>e4 ,z a rem$ial ag5t1 ! w>m ba? is adapt$ to g5]al torpor ( ! sy/em1 liv] & b[el compla9ts1 hypo*ondriasis1 hy/]ical affections1 morbid suppressions1 dryness ( ! sk91 ne>ly all cutane\s & n]v\s diseases1 *ronic rheumatism1 c4 ,z a tonic or /imulant aft] excessive fatigue1 great m5tal excitem5t1 or physical ex]tion1 x is unequall$1 & furni%es "o ( ! mo/ :olesome1 & at ! same "t luxuri\s s\rces ( refre%m5t we are acqua9t$ )4 ,to ^? :o are pa/ ! m]idian ( life1 :o h dry sk9s & beg9 to be emaciat$1 ! w>m ba? = half an h\r1 twice a week1 ,i believe to be em95tly s]viceable 9 ret>d+ ! advances ( age4 7,d>w947 ,! heal?y longevity ( ! late ,duke ( ,well+ton1 aft] a p]iod ( exposure & trials equal to ! entire life ( _m individuals1 has be5 by "s1 & we ?9k correctly1 ma9ly attribut$ to ! free & con/ant use ( ! w>m ba?4 ,a w>m ba? frequ5tly gives great relief to infants suff]+ f grip+ or flatul5ce4 ,see ,,ba? 7ant71 c4 ,ba?1 ,wa't]4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,a',,qu1 ,b4 ,,aquo',,sum1 ,b4 ,,ma'',,ri1 ,b4 ,,ma'',,ris1 ,l42 ,,ba9m>ie1 ,fr4 ,a wat] ba?2 9 *emi/ry & cook]y1 appli$ to a ba? ( hot or boil+ wat]4 ,see ,,ba? 79 *emi/ry71 ,,ba9m>ie1 c4 ,,ba?',,+ 7ba?-74 ,see ,,ba?4 ,,ba? ,,metal4 ,a species ( brass hav+ ! foll[+ composition3-- #a4 ,z9c1 #c p>ts2 copp]1 #af p>ts2 melt$ toge!r "u *>coal4 #b4 ,f9e brass1 #cb p>ts2 spelt]1 #i p>ts4 ,see ,,brass & ,,alloys4 ,,ba? ,,pipe4 ,see ,,pipes4 ,,ba?1 ,,vi*y 7,,artificial74 ,bic>bonate ( soda1 #ag oz42 wat]1 #fj galls4 ,,ba?s & ,,wa%',,h\ses4 ,see ,,ba?4 ,,batt]4 ,+r$i5ts beat5 toge!r s z to =m a semi-fluid mass4 ,9 cook]y1 a semi-fluid pa/e1 :i* becomes h>d 9 dress+1 =m$ ( fl\r1 & milk or wat]1 or a mixture ( !m1 enri*$ & flav\r$ ) eggs1 butt]1 & 7frequ5tly7 spices1 currants1 c41 at w4 ,us$ = fry+ vegetables1 fillets1 c41 & z a mat]ial = fritt]s & pancakes2 also to =m pudd+s1 :i* are ei!r bak$ alone1 or "u meat2 & to cov] v>i\s articles dur+ ! op]ation ( cook+ !m4 ,miss ,acton gives ! foll[+ =mul3--#a4 7,= ! ,fry+-pan47 ,butt]1 #b oz42 boil+ wat] 7ne>ly7 #a_/d p9t2 mix1 & /ir 91 gradually1 ( cold wat]1 #c_/d p9t2 :5 q smoo?1 mix x by degrees1 v smoo?ly ) f9e dry fl\r1 #c_/d lb42 add+ 7= fruit7 a small p9* ( salt 7b m = meat or vegetables72 j be=e use1 /ir 9 ! :ites ( two eggs 7or ! :ite & yelk ( "o71 & fry until light & crisp4 ,9 humble cook]y ! eggs may be omitt$4 #b4 7,= ,pudd+s47 ,eggs 7yelk & :ite71 ab\t #d 9 no42 fl\r1 #a_/b lb42 milk1 q4 s4 ,obs4 ,:5 fruit1 c41 are add$1 ! batt] mu/ be made ?ick] ?an :5 none is us$1 to prev5t x s9k+4 ,:5 suffici5tly dress$ x %\ld cut smoo?ly & n /ick to ! knife4 ,eggs increase its firmness4 ,,batt',,ery4 ,9 frictional electricity1 a s]ies ( ,leyd5 j>s s arrang$ z to admit ( be+ *>g$ & dis*>g$ toge!r4 ,see ,,electricity1 c4 ,batt]y4 ,9 electro-*emi/ry1 galvanism1 c41 a pair1 or s]ies ( pairs1 ( 'excit$' metallic plates1 s arrang$ z to act 9 unison1 produc+ an electrical curr5t by *emical decomposition4 ,,baume 7,baum74 ,see ,,areomet]4 ,baume ,n]val4 ,see ,,o9tm5ts4 ,,bauxite4 ,a f]rug9\s alum9ic hydrate conta9+ #eed p] c5t4 ( alum9a & #dde ( f]ric oxide4 ,x is met ) 9 r\ndi% masses 9 ! cry/all9e lime/one ( ,baux 7h5ce its "n7 ne> ,arles1 9 ,france4 ,bauxite is "o ( ! s\rces ( alum4 ,,bay4 ,see ,,sweet ,,bay4 ,,bay ,,ess5ce4 ,,bay ,,rum4 ,?is comp\nd1 :i* is l>gely employ$ z a p]fume 9 ,am]ica1 & is "o ( ! articles ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates' ,ph>macopoeia1 is1 :5 g5u9e1 import$ f ! ,we/ ,indies1 :]e x is said to be prep>$ by di/ill+ rum1 ) ! leaves ( ! bayb]ry tree4 ,m ?an ?ree f\r?s1 h[ev]1 ( ! bay rum consum$ is und\bt$ly an imitation ( ! import$ ess5ce1 & is a me*anical mixture ( ! volatile oil ( ! bayb]ry tree1 rum1 & _s2 sometimes ) ! addition ( aromatic spices & v>i\s col\r+ matt]s4 ,! volatile oil f :i* ?is la/ prep>ation is made is frequ5tly adult]at$ to a l>ge ext5t4 ,mr ,ro!r1 an ,am]ican *emi/1 /ates t 9 "o sample alone he f\nd ab\t fifty p] c5t4 ( fix$ oil4 ,! import$ rum is f> sup]ior 9 po9t ( fragrance to ! artificial4 ,:5 mix$ ) wat] ! g5u9e ess5ce rema9s cle>1 :il/ ! imitation almo/ always becomes turbid or milky4 ,mr ,ro!r f9ds ! foll[+ =mula to yield a satisfactory product1 & "o mu* /rong] 9 aroma ?an ! import$ p]fume3 ,oil ( bayb]ry tree #a fl4 oz4 & ml xx4 ,jamaica rum #a p9t ,/rong alcohol #d p9ts o4m4 ,wat] #c ,mix ! rum1 alcohol1 & wat]1 !n add ! oil2 mix1 & filt]4 ,bay ,rum4 ,"o ( ! highly valu$ ,am]ican head-wa%es1 pleasant 9 use1 cool+ & cleans+1 & promot+ ! gr[? ( ! hair4 ,x is prep>$ by di/ill+ rum f ! leaves ( ,myrica acris 7call$ ,bayb]ry 9 ,am]ica74 ,,bdel',,lium 7d7el'-y7um74 ,! comm]cial "n ( two gum-res9s3-- ,bdellium1 ,af'rican4 ,syn4 ,,bdellium1 ,,africa',,num1 ,l4 ,f ! heudola'tia africa'na 7,guillem471 a t]eb9?ace\s tree1 ( ,s5egal4 ,bdellium1 ,9'dian4 ,syn4 ,,9',,dian ,,myrrh1 ,,false ,m42 ,,bdellium 7( ,scripture72 ,,bdellium ,,9',,dicum1 ,l4 ,f am'7yris commiph'ora 7,roxb471 or balsamod5'dron ,roxbur'gii1 a t]eb9?ace\s tree ( ,india4 ,prop41 c4 ,once consid]$ slightly deob/ru5t2 sometimes us$ z a pectoral & emm5agogue1 &1 ext]nally1 z a /imulant & suppurative4 ,x is n[ seldom met ) 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,bdellom',,et] 7d7el-74 ,syn4 ,,me*an',,ical ,,lee*2 ,,bdellom',,etrum1 ,l42 ,,bdellom,,tre1 ,fr4 ,9 surg]y1 a contrivance comb9+ ! pr9ciple ( ! cupp+-glass1 sc>ificator1 & exhau/+-syr+e 9 "o small in/rum5t4 ,,bea*',s 7,dr7 ,specific aga9/ ,hemorrhoids & ,/oma* ,compla9ts ( all k9ds4 ,a t9 box conta9+ ab\t #afj grammes ( a f9e sulphur-yell[ p[d]1 & imb$d$ 9 x a vial ) #dj grammes ( a br[n cle> fluid4 ,! p[d] is a mixture ( #g p>ts ( wa%$ fl[]s ( sulphur1 #b-a_/b p>ts cream ( t>t>1 #a_/f "p ( an inf]ior k9d ( rhub>b1 f9ely p[d]$4 ,! drops consi/ ( a solution ( br[n sug> 9 /rong _s1 ) traces ( v>i\s e!rs4 7,hag]47 ,,bead 7bede74 ,syn4 ,,glob',,ulus1 ,,sph,r',,ula1 c41 ,l42 ,,gra9 7de colli]71 c41 ,fr42 ,,be!1 ,,p]le1 c41 ,g]4 ,a little ball or sph]oid pi]c$ = /r++2 any v small globul> bodyd\ble-dagg]2 a bubble 7d\ble-dagg] or te*474 ,a numb] ( ! fir/ m\nt$ on a ?read or ribbon =m a '/r+ ( beads' or '*aplet4' ,mat]ials1 ,manufac41 c4 ,beads are (t5 =m$ ( coral1 gems1 jet1 pe>ls1 porcela91 rock-cry/al1 c42 b mu* m frequ5tly ( :ite & col\r$ glass4 ,! mode 9 :i* ^! la/ are produc$ is z foll[s3--,glass tubes1 appropriately ornam5t$ by col\r1 reticulation1 c41 are drawn out 9 v>i\s sizes1 & f #ajj to #bjj feet 9 l5g?4 ,^! tubes are cut into two-feet l5g?s1 & !n1 by means ( a /eel knife1 divid$ into pieces hav+1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! same l5g? z diamet]4 ,! result+ small fragm5ts or cyl9d]s are next well /irr$ ) a mixture ( s& & wood a%es1 9 ord] to prev5t ! closure ( ! p]=ations & _! adh]+ toge!r dur+ ! subsequ5t "p ( ! process4 ,!y are !n plac$ 9 a revolv+ cyl9d] & gradually heat$ until !y become suffici5tly sph]ical4 ,!y are next sift$ f ! s& & a%es1 sort$ into sizes1 fir/ by means ( sieves1 & aft]w>ds by h&1 & are la/ly ei!r put up 9 weigh$ p>cels or /rung by wom5 & *ildr5 = ! m>ket4 ,! manufacture ( coral1 gems1 jet1 & m9]als g5]ally1 into beads1 belongs to ! lapid>y4 ,uses4 ,*iefly to =m necklaces1 bracelets1 & o!r articles ( p]sonal ornam5t2 by mill9]s to decorate head-dresses1 c42 & = o!r l purposes4 ,!y are also employ$ among ,ca?olic & ,mohamm$an nations = devotional purposes2 & among savage tribes 9 lieu ( money4 ,!y are /ill sometimes worn z amulets4 ,see ,,bugle1 ,,coral1 ,,glass1 ,,pa/e1 ,,pe>ls1 c4 ,beads1 ,jum'ble 7bedz74 ,! dri$ se$s ( a'brus precator'ius 7,l9n47 or ,jamaica wild liquorice4 ,h>d & indige/ible2 acc\nt$ cephalic & oph?almic by ! vulg>4 ,beads1 ,lo'vi's4 ,syn4 ,,specif',,ic-,,grav',,ity ,,beads4 ,small holl[ sph]es ( glass c>efully adju/$ & numb]$1 9 sets1 int5d$ to sup]s$e ! hydromet] 9 det]m9+ ! d5sity ( fluids4 ,!y are us$ by dropp+ !m into ! liquid1 9 succession1 until "o is f\nd t exhibits indiff]5ce z to buoyancy1 & w float "u ! surface at any po9t at :i* x may be plac$4 ,! numb] on ?is ball indicates1 9 ?\s&?s1 ! sp4 gr4 s\ght4 ,!y are p>ticul>ly s]viceable 9 ! hurry ( ! comm]cial laboratory1 & h ! advantage ( be+ applicable to v small quantities ( liquid2 b _! use1 ( c\rse1 requires ! same precautions1 & ! results obta9$ ! same corrections = deviations f ! normal temp]ature1 z ) o!r in/rum5ts4 ,see ,,hydromet]1 ,,specific ,,gravity1 c4 ,bead4 ,syn4 ,,bead',,+d\ble-dagg]4 ,9 ar*itecture1 cab9et-"w1 c41 any small m\ld+ or cont9u$ projection ( :i* ! v]tical section is semicircul>4 ,bead 7( ,liquors74 ,te*4 ,! small bright iridesc5t bubbles1 possess+ "s slight degree ( p]man5ce1 :i* =m on ! surface ( alcoholic liquors ( suffici5t /r5g?1 :5 agitat$4 ,see ,,alcoholometry1 ,,pro(1 c4 7also bel[74 ,,bead',,+4 ,9 ! liquor-trade1 any?+ add$ to comm]cial spirits to cause !m to c>ry a 'bead' & to hang 9 pe>ly drops ab\t ! sides ( ! glass or bottle :5 p\r$ out or %ak54 ,! popul> notion be+ t _s is /rong 9 proportion z x 'beads1' ! object is to imp>t ?is prop]ty to weak _s1 s t x may appe> to ! eye to be ( ! prop] /r5g?4 ,v>i\s =mul are curr5t among ! 'kn[+ ones' ( ! trade1 mo/ ( :i* are unsci5tific1 & _m ( !m absolutely ineffective4 ,! foll[+ are ^? n[ usually employ$3-- ,prep4 #a4 ,oil ( sweet almonds & oil ( vitriol1 ( ea* #a oz42 rub !m toge!r 9 a glass1 porcela91 or w$gewood-w>e mort> or bas91 add+1 by degrees1 ( cru%$ lump-sug>1 #a oz42 cont9ue ! trituration until ! mixture becomes pa/y1 !n add1 gradually1 suffici5t rectifi$ _s 7/ronge/7 to r5d] ! :ole p]fectly liquid2 p\r x into a qu>t bottle1 & wa% out ! mort> twice1 or (t5]1 ) a little fre% _s1 until ab\t #a p9t ( rectifi$ _s has be5 employ$1 add+ ! wa%+s ea* "t to ! bottle2 la/ly1 cauti\sly %ake ! bottle 7loosely cork$7 until admixture appe>s complete1 & !n set x aside 9 a cool place4 ,= use1 ?is comp\nd 7aft] agitation7 is ?r[n into a two-gallon c or measure1 :i* is !n fill$1 f a tap1 ) ! _s to be 'bead$1' :5 ! :ole is ?r[n into ! cask1 & ! measure wa%$ out by refill+ x & return+ x two or ?ree times2 aft] :i* ! cont5ts ( ! cask are well 'rummag$ up1' ,g9 is usually 'f9$' a few h\rs aft]w>ds2 b x is bett] n to add ! 'f9+s' = two or ?ree days4 ,o!r spirits are all[$ to become 'f9e' by simple repose4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,h>tley1 & o!rs1 ?is quantity is suffici5t = #ajj galls4 ( any _s2 b x is m commonly us$ = a pun*eon ( #hj to #he gallons4 #b4 ,oil ( vitriol1 #b to #c oz42 rectifi$ _s1 7/ronge/71 #a p9t2 cauti\sly agitate !m toge!r 9 a loosely cork$ qu>t bottle2 9 #b or #c h\rs add ano!r p9t ( rectifi$ _s1 & aga9 agitate4 ,x w be fit = use 9 a week2 z be=e4 #c4 ,sulphuric e!r1 #a_/b lb42 /ronge/ rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2 mix4 ,may be us$ at once1 z be=e2 b if o!rwise1 %\ld be kept1 l ! la/1 closely cork$1 & 9 a cool place4 #d4 ,soapwort-root 7sapon>ia (fic9alis71 bruis$ or rasp$ small1 #a lb42 rectifi$ _s & wat]1 ( ea* #a_/b gall42 mac]ate 9 a cork$ j>1 ) occasional agitation1 = #h or #aj days1 /ra9 ) pressure1 &1 aft] a few days' repose1 decant ! cle> portion4 ,us$ z be=e4 ,obs4 ,! above are n injuri\s :5 employ$ = 'bead+1' s9ce ! quantity employ$ is mu* too small to injure ! :olesom5ess ( ! liquor4 ,! fraud consi/s 9 _! be+ us$ to disguise ! pres5ce ( #aj to #ab ( wat]1 :i* is ?us sold at ! price ( _s4 ,beyond a c]ta9 degree ( dilution !y fail1 h[ev]1 to produce ! int5d$ effect1 ! bubbles becom+ 'soapy1' & )\t ! requisite p]man5ce4 ,! addition ( a little p[d]$ :ite sug> 7#a_/b oz4 to #a-a_/b oz4 p] gall47 increases ! efficacy ( all ( !m4 ,?is may be dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 if any is add$ at ! "t2 b its effect on ! hydromet] mu/ be recollect$4 ,see ,,alcoholometry1 ,,g91 ,,_s 7,managem5t (71 c4 ,,beak',,er 7beke'-74 ,syn4 ,,beak',,er-,,glass4 ,9 *emi/ry1 a beak$ cup or glass1 m or less ( ! tumbl]-patt]n1 us$ to collect precipitates & to heat liquids 94 ,illu/ration ,,beal99 7bele74 ,syn4 ,,b\ton1 ,,pu/ule1 ,fr4 ,a pimple or pu/ule2 a small inflam$ tum\r4 ,,beam 7beme74 ,see ,,balance1 ,,scales1 c4 ,,beam'-,,tree4 ,syn4 ,,:ite ,,beam-,,tree4 ,! 'pyrus aria' or wild pe>4 ,wood1 h>d1 compact1 & t\gh2 us$ = axle-trees1 naves & cogs ( :eels1 c4 ,,bean 7bene74 ,sax41 ,eng4 ,syn4 ,,fa',,ba1 ,l42 ,f,,ve1 ,fr42 ,,bohne1 ,g]4 ,! g5]al "n ( legum9\s se$s1 z also ( ! plants :i* produce !m2 appr41 fa'ba vulgar'is 7,mn*4#abb v7icia faba1 ,l9n47 or common ,,g>',,d5-,,bean1 phase'olus multiflor'u 7,willd47 or ,,sc>let-,,runn',,er1#abc & ph4 vulg>is 7,sav471 ,,fr5* ,,bean1 ,,kid',,ney-,b41 or ,,h>',,icot 7-ko71#abd ) _! v>ieties1 all ( :i* are annuals cultivat$ 9 our g>d5s--! fir/ *iefly = its se$s--! o!rs bo? = _! gre5 pods & ripe se$4 ,! "n is also (t5 popul>ly appli$1 z an appellative1 to ! fruit or se$s ( o!r plants :i*1 9 size & appe>ance1 resemble common beans1 z notic$ bel[4 ,footnote #abb3 ,v>4 ,greek3 b1 ,,horse'-,,bean 7fa'ba equi'na1 f4 mi'nor1 c41 ,l47 ,footnote #abc3 ,v>4 ,greek3 a1 phase'olus cocc9'eus 7r$-fl[]$72 ,greek3 b1 ph4 albiflor'u 7:ite fl[]$74 ,footnote #abd3 ,v>4 ,greek3 a1 ph4 unic'olor 7se$s ( "o col\r72--,greek3 b1 ph4 fascia'tus 7se$s /rip$7 or ,,ze',,bra-,,/rip$ ,,bean2--,greek3 g1 ph4 v>iega'tus or ,,speck',,l$ ,,bean3--,greek3 d1 ph4 na'nus or ,,dw>f'-,,bean4 ,^? pr9cipally cultivat$ 9 our g>d5s are ! small ,,lis',,bon1 ,,s&',,wi*1 ,,span',,i%1 ,,tokay'1 ,,w9d',,sor1 & ,,maz',,agan 7f nor? ,africa71 ) almo/ innum]able sub-v>ieties ( ea*4 ,! exquisite p]fume ( beans 9 blossom is ref]r$ to by ! poet ,?omson3-- ,arabia _c boa/ a sweet] gale4 ,prep>ations includ+ _! fragrant pr9ciple are highly priz$ 9 mod]n p]fum]y4 ,qual41 c4 ,! pods eat5 9 ! gre5 /ate1 prop]ly dress$1 are reg>d$ z antiscorbutic & :olesome2 b are apt to produce flatul5ce1 unless comb9$ ) spices4 ,9 ! dri$ or ripe /ate !y are r difficult ( dige/ion1 & v apt to di/5d ! /oma* & inte/9es ) w9d4 ,?is objection does n exi/1 to ! same ext5t1 to _! use 9 ! =m ( fl\r or meal4 ,! am\nt ( nutriti\s nitrog5\s matt] 9 beans r exce$s t 9 :eat1 & indep5d5tly ( a disposition to produce con/ipation 9 "s habits1 & be+ r less easy ( dige/ion1 !y mu/ be consid]$ ne>ly z :olesome z t c]eal4 ,! ,london mill]s & bak]s use imm5se quantities ( bean fl\r to adult]ate _! fl\r & bread4 ,?is sophi/icant may be detect$ by ! appe>ance x pres5ts "u ! microscope4 ,! me%es ( cellul9 are v mu* l>g] ?an ^? ( ! f\r? coat ( :eat1 ) :i* x has be5 sometimes conf\nd$1 & ! />* gra9s pres5t a totally diff]5t appe>ance4 ,!y are oval or r5i=m1 or ) "o end slightly l>g]2 !y h no well-def9$ hilum or r+s1 b _m h a deep c5tral longitud9al cleft runn+ 9 ! long] axis1 & occupy+ two ?irds or ?ree f\r?s ! l5g?1 b nev] rea*+ completely to ! end2 ?is cleft is sometimes a l9e1 sometimes a *asm1 & occasionally second>y clefts abut ^u x at p>ts ( its c\rse2 sometimes1 in/ead ( a cleft1 !re is an irregul>-%ap$ depression4 ,if a little liquor potass be add$ ! cellul9 is se5 m cle>ly4 ,if ! fl\r be add$ to a little boil+ wat]1 ! smell ( bean becomes evid5t4 ,illu/ration ,gre5 beans 7pods or legumes7 are cook$ by simply ?r[+ !m into boil+ wat]1 & simm]+ !m until q t5d]1 tak+ ! precaution ( remov+ ! lid ( ! saucepan1 a 'p9*' ( salt ( t>t>1 or a little common salt1 be+ usually add$ to pres]ve _! gre5 col\r4 ,"y & small ones take f #ab to #ah m9utes--l>ge or old] ones long]4 ,! fir/ are m]ely 'topp$ & tail$' ) a knife be=e be+ dress$2 ! o!rs require also ! 'side /r+s' to be drawn (f1 & to be cut obliquely into pieces ( a loz5ge =m1 or else to be split l5g?wise into /rips1 & !n divid$ once across4 ,old ones nev] boil t5d]4 ,w9dsor beans1 & o!r %ell$ beans1 take #ae to #cj m9utes accord+ to age4 ,^! la/ are sometimes sk9n$ aft] be+ dress$4 ,all ( !m are commonly 's]v$ up1' or eat51 ) melt$ butt]4 ,beans1 al?\gh ri* 9 nitrog5\s1 are defici5t 9 c>bonace\s con/itu5ts2 h5ce x is curi\s to note h[ almo/ inv>iably !y are :5 eat5 comb9$ ) "s sub/ance ri* 9 c>bon4 ,! ,h9doo1 = in/ance1 mixes l5tils ) rice & ghee or a =m ( cl>ifi$ butt]4 ,9 ,yucatan & ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( c5tral ,africa1 :]e a black bean is ext5sively us$ z food1 !y are well boil$ 9 wat]1 & eat5 ) pepp]1 salt1 & pork4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 beans & bacon always appe> at table toge!r1 & h done s = c5turies4 ,see ,,legum9os1 ,,pulse1 c4 7also bel[74 ,bean1 ,alg>o'ba4 ,see ,,alg>oba4 ,bean1 ,e>?4 ,am]ican e>?-nut4 ,bean1 ,fr5*2 ,horse-bean2 ,kidney-bean2 c4 ,see ,,bean 7ant74 ,composition4 7,e9h(47 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,kidney ,field beans4 beans4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,wat] #bcj #aef ,album5oid bodies #bcf #aag ,/>*1 sug>1 gum1 c4 #ddg #ehc ,oil & fat #jg #b ,husk #gj #ajj ,salts 7a%7 #aj #dd ---------------------------------------- --- #ajj #ajj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,bean1 ,/4 ,ignatius's4 ,! poison\s se$ ( ! fruit ( ,igna'tia amar'a1 ,l9n42 /r7y*'nos ,igna'tii1 ,b]g42 a tree indig5\s to ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4--,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,simil> to ^? ( nux vomica4 ,conta9s ,/ry*n9e 7:i* see74 ,,be> 7b>e74 ,syn4 ,,ur',,sus1 ,l42 ,,ours1 ,fr42 ,b,r1 ,g]42 ,,b]a1 ,sax4 ,9 zoology1 a ,cuvi]ian g5us ( ! 'plantigrade c>nivora1' ( sev]al species1 f\nd bo? 9 ! ,old & ,new ,_w4 ,^? g5]ally kn[n "u ! "n are omnivor\s or frugivor\s4 ,! sk9 ( ! ,am]ican black be> 7ursus ,am]ica'nus1 ,pallas7 0 =m]ly highly priz$1 & fet*$ an extravagant price4 ,! br[n be> 7u4 arc'tos1 ,l9n47 supplies ! ,kams*atkans1 & "s o!r nor!rn races1 ) _m ( ! necess>ies1 & ev5 ! com=ts ( life4 ,! fat or grease 7,,be>',s ,,grease2 ,,ad',,eps ,,ur',,si1 ,l47 ( all ! common species has long be5 highly e/eem$ = promot+ ! gr[? ( ! human hair2 b app>5tly )\t suffici5t reason4 ,! mass ( t sold "u ! "n 9 ,engl& is simply hog's l>d or veal fat1 or a mixture ( !m1 v>i\sly sc5t$ & slightly col\r$4 ,! quantity annually consum$ 9 ,great ,brita91 & export$1 is e/imat$ at _m tons2 be+ a l>g] quantity ?an all ! be>s at pres5t procurable 9 ,europe w\ld supply1 if slaught]$ & /ripp$ ( _! fat4 ,,be>',,b]ry1 ,be>'s ,bil'b]ry1 c4 ,see ,,uva ,,ursi4 ,,be>',s ,,grease4 ,see ,,be> 7above71 ,,hair ,,cosmetics1 ,,m>r[1 ,,pomades1 c4 ,,be>d 7beerd74 ,sax41 ,eng4 ,syn4 ,,b>',,ba1 ,l42 ,,b>be1 ,fr42 ,,b>t1 ,g]41 ,dan42 ,,ba>d1 ,dut4 ,! hair ( ! lips & *92 b appr41 only ! la/--t on ea* lip be+ di/+ui%$1 9 toilet-nom5clature1 by a sep>ate "n4 ,9 popul> botany & zoology1 any be>d-l app5dage2 ! 'awn' ( corn or grass2 ! 'gills' or brea?+ organs ( oy/]s & o!r bivalves1 c4 ,be>d-cultivat+ ,pomade1 ,roy]'s 7,roy] ,co41 ,b]l974 ,an o9tm5t ( #a "p pulv4 c9*on4 rub41 & #a-a_/b p>ts ( a hair pomade conta9+ wax4 7,hag]47 ,be>d-cultivat+ ,t9cture 7,b]gmann1 ,ro*litz74 ,a spiritu\s extract ( "s agreeable b>k1 mix$ ) a little oil ( rosem>y & ?yme4 7,witt/e947 ,be>d-cultivat+ ,t9cture1 ,roy]'s 7,roy]1 ,b]l974 #aj grammes kit*5 salt1 #aej grammes ,fr5* br&y1 fictiti\s & fuselly1 & #b grammes t9cture ( mace4 7,s*dl]47 ,be>d ,t9cture1 ,am]ican 7,te9ture am]ica9e p\r la b>be71 = dye+ ! be>d black4 ,?ree fluids4 ,no4 #a1 nitrate ( silv] solution2 ,no4 #b1 t9cture ( galls2 ,no4 #c1 sodium sulphide solution4 ,,be>d',,ed4 ,syn4 ,,b>ba',,tus1 ,l42 ,,b>bu1 ,fr42 ,,b>tig1 ,g]4 ,9 anatomy1 botany1 & zoology1 hav+ a be>d1 or a be>d-l app5dage2 prickly1 b>b$1 jagg$2 awn$4 ,,bea',,v]1 7be'-7 ,syn4 ,,cas',,tor1 ,l42 ,,ca/or1 ,,bi,,vre1 ,fr42 ,,bib]1 ,g]4 ,! fi'b] cas'tor 7,l9n471 an animal belong+ to ! rod5tia ( ,cuvi]1 & rem>kable = ! great +5uity :i* x ex]cises 9 ! con/ruction ( its lodges or habitations4 ,hab4 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,^? ( ! =m] are burr[]s2 ^? ( ! latt]1 build]s4 ,! fur has long be5 employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! be/ quality ( hats 7,,beav] ,,hats74 ,! fat 0 (fic9al 9 ! ,ph4 ,l4 #afah4 ,ca/or 7,,ca/o'',,reum7 is obta9$ f ?is animal4 ,,be',,be]9e 7bebe'-7er-9d\ble-dagg]74 ,c#ai;,h#ba,,no#c4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,bi',,bir9e 7be'-b7er-7in72 ,,bebe]i',,na1 ,,bibiri',,na1 c41 ,l4 ,a peculi> alkaloid1 discov]$ by ,dr ,rodie1 9 ! b>k & se$s ( ! beeb]u1 bibiri1 or gre5-he>t tree 7nectan'dra ,rodi'i1 ,s*omb471 ( ,briti% ,guiana2 & s9ce m9utely exam9$ by ,maclagan & ,tilley1 & by ,von ,planta4 ,prep4 #a4 ,t ( comm]ce1 :i* g5]ally conta9s "s sipir9e 7--8 alt]$ bebe]9e71 & a little lime1 is g5]ally fir/ obta9$ 9 ! =m ( sulphate1 by a process analog\s to t employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( sulphate ( qu99e2 & f ?is salt x is precipitat$ by ! addition ( ammonia or an alkali4 #b4 7,pure47 ,by precipitat+ ! sulphate ) ammonia1 wa%+ ! precipitate ) v cold wat]1 & triturat+ x1 :il/ /ill moi/1 ) fre% hydrat$ oxide ( lead2 next dry+ ! mixture by a g5tle heat1 exhau/+ ! residuum ) alcohol1 di/ill+ (f ! alcohol1 & treat+ ! la/ residuum ) e!r2 ! e!real solution on evaporation leaves pure bebe]9e1 "u ! =m ( a :ite or yell[i%-:ite1 res9\s-look+ sub/ance1 :i* is pure :ite :5 p[d]$4 ,prop41 c4 ,amorph\s2 uncry/allisable2 non-volatile2 bitt]-ta/$2 inodor\s2 unalt]able 9 ! air2 v slightly soluble 9 wat]2 v soluble 9 alcohol2 less s 9 e!r2 reaction alkal9e2 :5 q pure1 melts at #cee ,fahr41 & on cool+ =ms a vitre\s or semi-vitre\s mass 7,w9ckl]72 at a high] temp]ature x suff]s decomposition2 ignit$ on plat9um-foil1 x burns )\t leav+ any c>bonace\s residue2 neutralises acids =m+ uncry/allisable salts1 mo/ ( :i* are soluble 9 wat]4--,prod4 ,f ! b>k1 #ae to #age2 dri$ se$1 #be 7ne>ly74 ,use1 c4 ,bebe]u-b>k has be5 propos$ & occasionally employ$ z a sub/itute = c9*ona b>k1 & bebe]9e = qu99e1 9 ! usual cases2 b :e!r z a tonic1 febrifuge1 or antip]iodic1 !y appe> less p[]ful & c]ta9 ?an ^! la/4--,dose1 #b to #ab gr4 or m4 7,see bel[47 ,sul'phates ( ,bebe]9e4 ,( ^! !re are two1 bo? ( :i* are obta9$ 9 a simil> mann] to ! ,ph4 ,e4 =mula = sulphate ( qu99e1 & m]ely diff] 9 ! am\nt ( acid f9ally left 9 comb9ation ) ! alkali3-- #a4 ,sulphate4 ,syn4 ,,neu',,tral ,,sulphate ,,( ,,bebe]9e2 ,,bibiri',n ,,sul',,phas1 c41 ,l4 ,easily soluble 9 wat]4 ,conta9s #hfd ( bebe]9e1 & #acf ( sulphuric acid4 #b4 ,subsul'phate4 ,syn4 ,,bas',,ic ,,sulphate ,,( ,,bebe]9e1 ,,disul',,phate ,,( ,b42 ,,bib]i',n ,,subsul',,phas1 c41 ,l4 ,soluble 9 alcohol2 sp>+ly soluble 9 wat] unless acidulat$4 ,conta9s #ijh ( bebe]9e1 & #ib ( sulphuric acid4 ,?is is ! sulphate ( bebe]9e ( comm]ce1 & ! "o usually employ$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,x is g5]ally met ) 9 ?9 br[ni%-yell[ scales1 :i* are =m$ 9 a simil> mann] to ^? ( ammonio-citrate ( iron4--,dose4 ,z a tonic1 #a to #c gr42 z a febrifuge or antip]iodic1 #e to #bj gr42 9 simil> cases to ^? 9 :i* disulphate ( qu99e is employ$4 ,,be*',,amel 7b7e%'-7a-m7eld\ble-dagg]#abe74 ,syn4 ,b,,*amel1 ,fr4 ,9 ,fr5* cook]y1 a f9e :ite sauce1 ess5tially consi/+ ( conc5trat$ veal gravy or veal consomm & cream1 ) or )\t flav\r+4 ,see ,,sauces4 ,footnote #abe3 ,?us z ,engli%4 ,,be',,*ic99 7-k7ik74 ,syn4 ,,be',,*\sdagg]2 ,,be',,*icus 7b7ek'-d\ble-dagg]71 ,l42 ,b,,*ique1 ,fr42 ,,hu/5d1 c41 ,g]4 ,9 m$ic9e1 c41 ( or = a c\gh2 pectoral2 also sub/41 appli$ to rem$ies 7,,be',,*ics2 ,,be',,*ica1 ,l47 us$ to relieve c\gh4 ,,b$4 ,eng41 ,d41 ,sax4 ,syn4 ,,lit1 ,,c\*e1 ,fr42 ,,bett1 c41 ,g]42 ,,cubi',,le1 ,,lec',,tus1 ,,lec',,tulus1 ,,graba',,tus1 c41 ,l4 ,a c\*2 t 9 or on :i* we sleep2 t on :i* any?+ is g5]at$1 deposit$1 or re/s4 ,b$ curta9s & valances are bo? unnecess>y & objectionable z b$ app5dages1 & z su* %\ld be disc>d$4 ,be=e mak+ ! b$ 9 ! morn+ ! blankets & %eets %\ld be /ripp$ (f & all[$ to rema9 = an h\r or two 9 a curr5t ( air1 on ! back ( a *air or "s o!r conv5i5t support4 ,if x does n ra91 or is n too damp1 !y are be/ plac$ ne> ! w9d[4 ,! night dress :i* has be5 slept 9 %\ld be expos$ 9 ! same mann]2 & on go+ to b$ x w\ld be f\nd a good plan1 :5 remov+ ! inn] ve/ :i* has be5 worn dur+ ! day1 to turn x inside out1 & to hang x ov] ! footbo>d ( ! b$4 ,"u ord9>y conditions ! %eets %\ld be *ang$ e week4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t on an av]age a ?ird ( a human be+'s exi/5ce may be said to be pass$ 9 b$1 ! importance ( 8 dormitory be+ kept scrupul\sly clean w be self evid5t4 ,e b$room %\ld !re=e be well swept out ea* day1 & ! floor dilig5tly scrubb$ once a week4 ,) ! exception ( a small /rip beside ! b$1 ! room %\ld conta9 no c>pet2 a piece ( ,new ,zeal& matt+1 be+ less able to reta9 du/1 is pref]able to c>pet+4 ,! door & w9d[s ( ! b$-*amb] %\ld be kept m or less op5 dur+ ! day1 s z to ensure a ?or\gh draught ( air ?r\gh ! room1 & all slops & cont5ts ( *amb] ut5sils %\ld be imm$iately remov$4 ,no plants %\ld be all[$ 9 ! b$room4 ,!re is no bett] =m ( mattress ?an "o made ( horsehair1 bo? = *ildr5 & adults4 ,! pill[s %\ld also be made ( ! same mat]ial4 ,bo? pill[s & mattress %\ld be tak5 to pieces once a ye>1 & _! cont5ts well v5tilat$ by exposure to ! air4 ,:5 a *ild is ricketty1 weak 9 ! neck1 incl9$ to /oop1 or at all crook$1 a pill[ is be/ disp5s$ )4 ,cotton %eets h two advantages ov] l95 ones--!y are m absorb5t1 & feel less cold4 ,9 cases ( sickness ! com=table con/ruction ( ! pati5t's b$1 z well z ! adoption ( su* means z %all ensure z mu* z possible its effici5t v5tilation1 are matt]s ( prim>y import4 ,h5ce because x p]mits ( a m ?or\gh circulation ( air ?an any o!r k9d1 ! horsehair mattress calls ev5 m imp]atively = adoption ?an 9 heal?4 ,x may be plac$ ^u ! fea!r or wool b$1 & %\ld x be f\nd too r\gh1 or caus+ any discom=t1 "o or two blankets may be plac$ ov] x4 ,! /raw palliass %\ld at ! same "t be remov$4 ,bo? %eets & pill[ cases %\ld be frequ5tly *ang$1 m especially 9 fev]s4 ,if ! pati5t p]spire v pr(usely1 fre% %eets & pill[ cases %\ld be suppli$ e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,if soil$ by evacuation ( any k9d1 x is mo/ important t !y %\ld be *ang$ at once1 & s ) ! night dress4 ,9 all cases ( eruptive & o!r fev]s1 & contagi\s diseases1 all articles ( we>+ app>el 7und]clo?+1 z well z %eets1 pill[ cases1 h&k]*iefs1 c47 %\ld :5 remov$ be plac$ 9 a vessel & cov]$ ) wat]4 ,9 ! articles on air & vitiat$ air ! evil effects ( ill-v5tilat$ dormitories h be5 adv]t$ to4 ,e b$room %\ld if possible conta9 an enclos$ fireplace hav+ free access to ! *imney4 ,fail+ ?is a s]ies ( little holes ab\t ! size ( a %ill+ %\ld be bor$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! door1 & ! upp] sa% ( ! w9d[ %\ld be op5$ to ! ext5t ( two or ?ree in*es4 ,on ! connection ( ,,b$s & ,,b$d+ ) com=t & heal?1 see ,,cotton1 ,,damp1 ,,fea!rs1 ,,l951 ,,sleep1 ,,v5tilation1 ,,v]m91 c42 also bel[4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,illu/ration3 #b4 7,op5$47 ,illu/ration3 #c4 7,clos$47 ,b$1 ,air4 ,b$s1 pill[s1 cu%ions1 c41 :5 prop]ly con/ruct$ & inflat$ ) air1 are clean1 luxuri\s1 & heal?y sub/itutes = ^? 9 common use4 ,= ?is purpose ! air-pro( "p %\ld be =m$ ( sep>ate cells or tubes1 arrang$ 9 ridges 7see engr471 or 9 any simil> mann] to admit ( free v5tilation2 & 9 ! case ( b$s1 or ( cu%ions = ! sick1 two or ?ree folds ( flannel1 or blanket1 or ( any loose por\s fabric1 %\ld be plac$ betwe5 !m & ! "u %eet or ! p]son ( ! sleep] or pati5t4 ,)\t ?is precaution1 discom=t & re/lessness1 excessive w>m? & p]spiration & ev5 b$-sores1 are apt to foll[ _! use by invalids1 :5 badly con/ruct$4 ,to obviate ^! objections to articles ( ?is class commonly sold1 a new "o has be5 produc$ "u ! "n ( ! ',,incom',,p>able ,,b$' 7,aycb\rn's ,pat5t71 :i* is ?or\ghly applicable to all purposes--dome/ic1 m$ical1 naval1 or milit>y--& sup]ior to any fea!r1 flock1 or spr+ b$1 h[ev] good or c>efully made up4 ,?is b$ consi/s ( an out] case made ( ord9>y b$-tick+ divid$ int]nally into num]\s sep>ate cells1 into ea* ( :i* is plac$ a suitably con/ruct$ bag1 :i* may be ei!r :olly or p>tially fill$ ) air or wat]2 ! latt] ei!r hot or cold4 7,see engr4 #b1 #c47 ,x is incapable ( bur/+1 & is v agreeable to lie on4 ,x reta9s its %ape1 saves ! "t1 tr\ble1 & we> & te> ord9>ily be/[$ or produc$ by s]vants 9 daily toss+ ab\t "o ( d[n or fea!rs1 is easily wa%$ & kept clean1 all[s all ! v5tilation ess5tial to heal?1 & is s portable t x may be easily pack$ 9 a c>pet-bag4 ,9 almo/ an in/ant x may be conv]t$ into six1 or m1 sep>ate life-pres]v]s2 & :at is equally important x w /& any climate4 ,hi!rto ! use ( air-b$s & wat]-b$s has be5 almo/ exclusively conf9$ to ! upp] & weal?y classes1 & to hospital practice2 b ! mod]ate prices#abf at :i* ,aycb\rn's b$s1 cu%ions1 c41 are sold1 place ^! luxuries1 & 9 _m cases--absolute necessities--)9 ! rea* ( ! masses ( ! p4 ,footnote #abf3 ,^! are less ?an ^? ( fea!r b$s ( correspond+ dim5sions4 ,b$1 ,wat]4 ,wat]-b$s1 cu%ions1 c41 are *iefly employ$ = pati5ts lab\r+ "u b$-sores1 p>alysis1 sp9al affections1 c41 or :o are ! subjects ( active surgical treatm5t 9 :i* equable support = ! body or a limb is absolutely necess>y4 ,_! con/ruction & use are simil> to ^? previ\sly notic$1 except t1 in/ead ( be+ inflat$ ) air1 !y are fill$ ) wat]1 ei!r w>m or tepid4 ,= ! b$ridd51 & = long-cont9u$ use g5]ally1 !y are mu* inf]ior to air-b$s4 ,see ,,air-,,b$ 7above74 ,b$4 ,syn4 ,,/ra',,tum1 ,l42 ,,/rate1 c41 ,fr42 ,,s*i*t1 c41 ,g]4 ,9 geology1 a m9]al lay]1 seam1 or /ratum1 ?ick or ?94 ,b$4 ,9 horticulture1 a small plot ( l&1 usually rais$ a little above ! g5]al surface1 9 :i* fl[]s1 or o!r plants1 are rais$ or gr[n4 ,,b$d+1 ,,purification ,,(4 ,to be effici5tly dis9fect$1 b$d+ mu/ be tak5 to pieces & subject$ to dry heat4 ,?is la/ condition c only be satisfactorily c>ri$ out 9 l>ge ov5s or dis9fect+ *amb]s4 ,any local au?ority may provide a prop] place & necess>y appliances = ! dis9fection ( b$d+4 ,any local au?ority may direct ! det5tion ( b$d+1 clo?+1 c41 :i* h be5 expos$ to infection1 & may give comp5sation = ! same4 ,any p]son giv+1 l5d+1 sell+1 transmitt+ or expos+ b$d+1 clo?+1 rags1 c41 :i* h be5 expos$ to infection1 is liable to a p5alty n exce$+ #e4 ,b$d+ or ,litt]4 ,! foll[+ is f ,col4 ,fitzwygram's useful "w1 ',horses & ,/ables1' ,"o great item 9 a horse's com=t1 & consequ5tly 9 8 aptitude to c>ry fle%1 is a good b$4 ,e horse %\ld be b$d$ d[n at mid-day4 ,z reg>ds economy ( /raw1 x is ess5tial n to give ! horse a *ance ( eat+ x4 ,) ?is view no fre% /raw %\ld be plac$ )9 8 rea*4 ,! fre% /raw %\ld be br\ght 9 fir/1 & put n m]ely at ! bottom1 b also 9 re> ( ! /all2 !n ! old litt] %\ld be br\ght 9 & put at ! top & 9 front4 ,! horse w n readily eat at1 & by ! foll[+ morn+ ! new /raw w h become some:at ta9t$1 & may !n be mix$ & dri$ along ) ! re/4 ,aga91 great c>e %\ld be tak5 9 ! morn+ to ?or\ghly %ake up & cleanse ! b$d+ f dung2 & any p>ts :i* may h become rott5 %\ld be ?r[n out4 ,good /raw rapidly det]iorates if ^! precautions are n tak54 ,on ! o!r h& c>eless s]vants (t5 ?r[ away along ) ! bad p>ts mu* good b$d+ :i* might be dri$ & us$ aga94 ,b$d+ %\ld be tak5 up1 & turn$ ov] at lea/ twice 9 ea* =5oon1 s z to expose e "p to ! dry+ & purify+ influ5ce ( ! sun & air4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a mi/ake to expose x ov]-mu* to ! action ( a v hot sun1 z x makes x too dry & brittle4 ,see ,,horse4 ,,b$',,egu> 7-e-gahr74 ,syn4 ,b,d,,gu> 7or ,,g>1 ,fr4 ,sweet-bri> sponge 7:i* see74 ,,bee 7be74 ,syn4 ,,hive-,,bee1 ,,hon',,ey-,b4 7h7un'-71 ,,domes',,tic ,b42 ,a',,pis1 ,l42 ,,abeille1 ,a4 ,,mellifique1 c41 ,fr42 ,,bi5e1 ,,honigbi5e1 c4 ,g]4 ,! a'-pis mellif'ica 7,l9n42 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 "o ( ! hym5op't]a be/ kn[n & mo/ useful to man4 ,^? desir\s ( /udy+ ! habits & economy ( bees are ref]r$ to ! works ( ,hub] & ,latreille2 & = _! managem5t to ,mr ,cobbett's little book on ! subject4 ,see ,,apis1 ,,hive1 ,,honey1 ,,wax1 c4 ,,bee'-,,bread4 ,! poll5 ( fl[]s collect$ by bees z food = _! "y4 ,,bee'-,,glue1 ,syn4 ,,prop',,olis1 ,l41 ,fr4 ,! res9\s matt] ) :i* bees cem5t ! combs to ! hives1 & close up & repair ! cells4 ,,bee* 7be*e74 ,syn4 ,,bee*'-,,tree2 ,,fa',,gus1 ,l2 ,h,,tre1 ,h4 ,,commun1 ,fr42 ,,bu*e1 ,,geme9e ,b41 ,g]4 ,! fa'gus sylvat'ica 7,l9n471 a magnific5t ,engli% =e/-tree1 ( ! nat4 ord4 ,am5tace 7,,dc474 ,fruit 7,,bee*'-,,ma/1 ,b4-,,nuts71 us$ to fe$ sw9e1 &1 sometimes1 9 ob/9ate heada*es1 & 9 gravel compla9ts2 yields oil by expression2 inn] b>k occasionally us$ 9 hectic fev]s4 ,wood 7,,bee*1 ,b4-,,wood71 h&some & v h>d1 b brittle & p]i%able1 & p>ticul>ly liable to become worm-eat52 its durability is increas$ by /eep+ x1 :5 fre%-hewn1 = "s "t 9 wat]2 *iefly us$ by cab9et-mak]s1 coa*-build]s1 millwrights1 & turn]s2 &1 sometimes1 by coop]s2 also burnt = *>coal4 ,,beef 7befe74 ,syn4 ,,*aire ,,de ,b,,oe,,uf1 ,,du ,b,,oe,,uf1 ,fr42 ,,r9dfleis*1 c41 ,g]42 ,,bu',,bula1 ,,ca'',,ro ,,bo',,vis1 c41 ,l4 ,! fle% ( bov9e animals1 g5]ally2 b ord9>ily only t ( ! dome/ic ox1 c[1 or bull4 ,qual4 ,good beef is highly :olesome & nutriti\s2 & is well adapt$ to p]sons ( good appetite1 or t lab\r or take mu* ex]cise4 ,= ! delicate1 especially ^? suff]+ f debility1 p>tial anmia1 am5orrhoea1 & simil> ailm5ts1 x is1 p]haps1 sup]ior to e o!r k9d ( animal food4 ,if cook$ s z to be left full ( gravy1 x sits lightly on ! /oma*1 & its fat proves ev5 m dige/ible ?an t ( ei!r veal or mutton4 ,x has be5 prov$ t "u-done beef is "o ( ! causes ( tapeworm4 ,*oice4 ,,ox-,,beef is kn[n by hav+ a f9e smoo?1 op5 gra91 a lively & agreeable r$ col\r1 & a t5d] texture1 ) ! fat ( a pleas+ pale :iti%-yell[ or b slightly yell[1 & ! suet :ite & h>d4 ,:5 f9e & well f$1 ! fle% is int]-gra9$ or m>bl$ ) fat4--,,c[-,,beef has a clos] gra9 ?an ox-beef1 & ! lean is ( a deep] r$4--,,bull-,,beef is clos] /ill1 ! fat d>k1 h>d1 & sk9ny1 ! lean ( a deep co>se r$1 & x has a /rong smell & flav\r4--,,heif] ,,beef resembles ox-beef1 except 9 be+ small]1 (t5 an advantage2 b x lacks ! ri* flav\r ( ! fle% ( full-gr[n ox54 ,jo9ts1 ,managem41 c4 ,beef is ,,cur$1 ,,salt$1 & ,,dress$1 9 all ! ways common to ! o!r meats2 ! only c>e necess>y be+ 9 ! selection ( ! appropriate jo9t or "p4 ,! ribs1 sirlo91 rump1 & ve9y piece are ! prop] jo9ts = ,,roa/+ or ,,bak+4 ,! buttock or r\nd1 edge-bone1 second r\nd or m\se-buttock1 brisket1 flank1 %\ld] or leg-(-mutton piece1 & ! clod1 ^? g5]ally ,,boil$1 ,,/ew$1 or ,,salt$4 ,! *oice/ ,,/eaks are cut f ! middle ( ! rump2 ! next be/ f ! ve9y piece1 or f ! *uck-rib4 ,9 summ]1 excell5t ones may also be cut f ! %\ld]4 ,9 ,france1 /eaks cut f ! sirlo9 7)\t bone7 are pref]r$ to all o!rs1 & are exce$+ly delicate & t5d]4 ,! neck may be ei!r /ew$ or boil$1 & is mu* us$ to make s\p & gravy4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 ! r\nd1 :5 f9e1 & well hung1 is also (t5 roa/$ or bak$4 ,accord+ to ,miss ,acton1 ! f9e/ "p ( ! sirlo9 is ! *ump-end1 :i* conta9s ! l>g] portion ( ! fillet2 ( ! ribs1 ! middle ones4 ,beef is 9 season dur+ ! :ole ye>1 b is f9e/--:5 x is mo/ reli%$--dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 :51 ow+ to ! temp]ature ( ! air1 x may be 'hung' a long "t1 & ?us increas$ 9 t5d]ness & flav\r4 ,see ,,ox1 ,,bak+1 ,,boil+1 ,,ess5ces1 ,,roa/+1 ,,salt+1 ,,tea1 c4 7also bel[74 ,beef1 ,alamode'4 ,syn4 ,b,,oe,,uf ,,la ,,mode1 ,fr4 ,! true 'beef la mode' is made z foll[s2 & is n a m]e k9d ( ri* /ew1 su* z is daily sold "u ! "n 9 ! 'cook-%ops' ( ,london3-- #a4 7,m4 ,alexis ,soy]47 ,rump1 sirlo91 or rib ( beef 7ab\t7 #ab lbs42 l>d x ?r\gh ) #aj or #ab long pieces ( fat bacon2 put x into an e>!n pan ) a calf's foot1 #d onions1 #b c>rots 7slic$71 a bun* ( p>sley1 #b bay leaves1 #b sprigs ( ?yme1 #b cloves1 #a_/b teaspoonful ( pepp]1 #a d4 ( salt1 #d w9e-glassfuls ( %]ry1 #d d4 ( wat]1 & #a lb4 ( /reaky bacon 7cut into small squ>es72 place on ! cov]1 make x air-tight r\nd ! edges ) a little fl\r-pa/e1 & expose x 9 a mod]ate ov5 = ab\t #d h\rs4 ,di% up ) ! vegetables & bacon plac$ ta/efully r\nd x1 ! gravy 7skimm$7 be+ p\r$ ov] all4 ,or x may be eat5 cold1 9 :i* case ! pan %\ld n be op5$ until ! :ole has ?or\ghly cool$4 #b4 7,mrs ,rundell47 ,rump ( beef 7or any "p ( ! beef :i* w /ew well71 #c or #d lbs42 trim x1 & cut (f ! fat2 add sev]al sorts 7accord+ to ta/e7 ( sweet h]bs *opp$ v f9e1 a little %alot1 & a great deal ( spice 7cay5ne1 :ite pepp]1 allspice1 cloves1 & mace2 or mix$ spices71 & put !m1 ) v9eg>1 into a sauc] t has be5 rubb$ ) g>lic2 add fat bacon cut into long slips2 l>d ! beef regul>ly on bo? sides1 & rub x ov] ) ! h]bs & spices2 next fl\r x1 & add a small piece ( butt]1 & a p9t ( wat]2 bake x 9 an ov5 until ?or\ghly 'done1' !n /ra9 ! gravy1 & s]ve x up ) pickles on ! top4 ,excell5t ei!r hot or cold4 ,obs4 ,miss ,acton--a high au?ority 9 ^! matt]s--tells u1 t #g or #h lbs4 ( beef1 ?us treat$1 takes #d to #e h\rs to dress x prop]ly2 & t if a /ew-pan be us$1 x %\ld be z ne>ly ! size ( ! meat z possible1 ! :ole be+ all[$ to simm] v g5tly1 & ! meat turn$ :5 half done4 ,%e also /ates t veal dress$ 9 ?is way is ev5 bett] ?an beef2 b1 ( c\rse1 x takes less "t 9 cook+4 ,beef1 ,col'l>$4 ,prep4 #a4 7,miss ,acton47 ,! piece ( beef is rubb$ ) a little co>se sug>1 & set aside = two or ?ree days2 x is !n slightly salt$ 7ab\t #a oz4 ( salt1 conta9+ a little saltpetre1 to ea* lb4 ( meat72 & all[$ to re/ #h to #aj days2 ! bones & t\gh] sk9 are next remov$1 & ! "u side is spr9kl$ ?ickly ) p>sley & o!r sav\ry h]bs 7%r$ small71 aft] :i* x is v tightly roll$ up1 secur$ ) a clo?1 & b\nd z closely z possible ) broad tape4 ,a piece ( #h lbs4 w require ab\t #e h\rs' g5tle boil+1 & %\ld be plac$1 9 ! same /ate1 :il/ /ill hot1 "u a heavy weight1 or 9 a press1 = a few h\rs4 ,! ribs1 or 7bett]7 ! ?9ne/ "p ( ! flank1 is g5]ally select$4 ,! la/ %\ld be 'hung' 9 a damp place = a day or two be=e cur+ x4 #b4 7,mrs ,rundell47 ,f /ew$ %9 ( beef & ox-tail1 re-/ew$ ) a glassful ea* ( w9e & ket*up1 & "s ( ! old bro?1 & !n p\r$ into m\lds4 ,sweet h]bs1 slic$ eggs1 & pickles1 may be add$ at w4 ,beef1 ,dut*1 ,hung ,beef4 ,! r\nd1 rump1 ve9y-piece1 or ?ick flank1 cur$1 = #aj or #ab days1 ) dry salt to :i* a little saltpetre & "s sug> & black pepp] has be5 add$2 & aft]w>ds 'hung' = use4 ,x eats well if boil$ t5d] ) gre5s or c>rots4 ,if to be grat$ or %r$1 z ,dut*1 & eat5 z a reli% on bread & butt]1 !n cut a lean bit1 boil x till extremely t5d]1 & :ile hot put x "u a press4 ,:5 cold1 fold x 9 a %eet ( pap]1 & hang x 9 a v dry place4 ,x w !n keep two or ?ree mon?s4 ,beef1 ,pott'ed4 ,see ,,pott$ ,,meats1 c4 ,beef1 ,spic$ 7spi/'74 ,salt$ beef :5 spices 7usually black pepp] & allspice7 h be5 add$ to ! salt1 c41 us$ 9 cur+ x4 ,see ,,beef1 ,,coll>$ 7above74 ,beef ,tea4 ,an extract manufactur$ at ,b]l91 :i* conta9s ! nutritive matt] ( ! fle% 9 ! highe/ /ate ( pot5cy4 ,a pale blood-r$767 jelly1 :i* w n keep long1 & aft] a "t passes into a /ate ( odor\s putrefaction4 7,a4 ,bu*n]47 ,,be] 7bere74 ,syn4 ,,bi,,re1 ,fr42 ,,bi]1 ,d41 ,g]42 ,,birra1 ,x42 ,,c]evi'',,sia 7-v7izh'-'7a71 ,,c]vi'',,sia 7,pl9y71 ,c4 ,,lupula',,ta99 7i4e4 hopp'd or mod]n b471 ,,vi',,num ,,anglic',,anum991 ,v4 ,,hordea',,ceum99 7-%'7um71 ,,zy',,?um99 7or -,,?us992 ,greek3 zy?os1 ,gr471 c41 ,l42 ,,b]e1 ,,be]e1 ,sax42 ,,bir1 ,w4 ,an aque\s infusion ( malt$ gra9 :i*1 aft] be+ boil$ ) hops1 has und]gone ! v9\s f]m5tation2 malt-liquor4 ,! ^w ,,be] is n[ ! common g5]ic t]m = all f]m5t$ malt-liquors1 &1 inde$1 = all o!r bev]ages prep>$ by a process ( brew+4 ,:5ev] ! t]m is us$ 9 a special s5se1 x is ) a descriptive prefix1 z1 = example1 spruce be]1 g+] be]1 c4 ,hi/4 ,ale & w9e are fabl$ to h be5 inv5t$ by ,bac*us2 ! =m]1 9 ,egypt1 :]e ! soil & climate w\ld n p]mit ( ! cultivation ( ! grape4 ,h]odotus ascribes ! orig9 ( ! art ( brew+ to ,isis1 ! wife ( ,osiris1 & notices zy?um ,greek3 zy?os1 a be] obta9$ f b>ley4 ,malt-liquor 0 und\bt$ly employ$ z a bev]age 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/2 &1 probably1 v mu* e>li]4 ,x5ophon di/9ctly alludes to x 9 8 fam\s retreat 7,b4,c4 #dja74 ,ari/otle speaks ( 'be] drunk5ness1' & ,!ophra/us calls x 'b>ley-w9e4' ,! ,romans le>n$ ! art ( brew+ f ! ,egyptians1 & gave ! liquor ?us made ! appropriate "n ( c]evisia 7quasi ,c]]isia71 f its be+ ! product ( corn1 ! gift ( ,c]es4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ be] ( anci5t times 0 ! ,pelus'ian pota'tion1 s nam$ aft] a t[n at ! m\? ( ! ,nile :]e be] 0 prep>$ 9 great p]fection4 ,! use ( be] 0 likewise kn[n to ! anci5t ,gauls & ,g]mans1 & probably also to mo/ o!r anci5t nations inhabit+ ! temp]ate zone4 ,pl9y says ,zy?um is made 9 ,egypt1 ce'lia & ce''ria 9 ,spa91 & _m o!r sorts 7( be]7 9 ,gaul4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 ale 0 e>ly kn[n & valu$ z a bev]age4 ,! art ( its prep>ation appe>s to h be5 obta9$ ei!r f ! ,romans or ! ,saxons4 ,accord+ to ,v]/egan1 ,?is excell5t & heal?some liquor1 be]e1 anci5tly call$ ale1 z ( ! ,danes x yet is1 0 ( ! ,g]mans inv5t$ & br\ght into use4 ,aleh\ses are m5tion$ 9 ! laws ( ,ina1 k+ ( ,wessex 7,a4,d4 #fhj74 ,aleboo?s 7 regulat$ by law1 ,a4,d4 #gbh4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! #ac? c5tury ale 0 drunk g5]ally 9 ,engl&4 ,by a /atute ( ,james ,,iii1 ( ,scotl&1 x 0 made a capital (f5ce to mix w9e ) be] 7,a4,d4 #adhb74 ,9 #adib1 a lic5ce 0 grant$ to a brew] at ,gre5wi* to export #ej tons ( t ale call$ be] or b]e2 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two app>5tly be+1 t ! latt] 0 flav\r$ ) wormwood or o!r bitt]s2 :]eas ale 0 n4 ,ale 0 orig9ally made f b>ley-malt & yea/ alone1 & ^? :o put 9 any?+ else 7 held to sophi/icate ! liquor4 ,hops 7 introduc$ ,a4,d4 #aebd2 & to ?is date mod]n1 or hopp'd be]1 may be trac$4 ,by /atute ( ,james ,i ! ale call$ b]e 0 tax$1 & "o qu>t ( ! be/ !re( ord]$ to be sold = a p5ny 7,a4,d4 #afaj74 ,aleh\ses 7 fir/ lic5s$ 9 #afba1 & dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii 71 toge!r ) all malt-liquor1 plac$ "u ! control ( ! ,excise 7,a4,d4 #affj74 ,by ! ,/atutes #a #d ,w4 ,,iv 7#ahcd71 previ\s enactm5ts respect+ malt liquors & _! sale 7 r$uc$ to _! pres5t =m4 ,be] is n[ ! common bev]age 9 all ,european c\ntries :]e ! v9e is n a subject ( ru/ic husb&ry4 ,qual4 ,pure malt-liquor :i* has und]gone suffici5t f]m5tation is p]haps1 :5 tak5 9 mod]ation1 "o ( ! mo/ :olesome bev]ages t c be drunk4 ,ale is ! mo/ nutriti\s v>iety1 &1 :5 mod]ately mature1 is ! "o be/ adapt$ to ! debilitat$ & delicate2 b good port]1 ow+ to be+ less ri* 9 extractive & gummy matt]1 & f be+ slightly a/r+5t f high-dri$ or scor*$ malt be+ us$ 9 its prep>ation1 occasionally agrees bett] ) bili\s con/itutions & ! dyspeptic4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 dep5ds on acquir$ ta/e & habit4 ,! mo/ :olesome1 & p]haps ! lea/ exceptionable bev]ages obta9$ f malt1 are ^? kn[n z ,ea/-,india1 ,scot*1 & ,bav>ian ales1 :5 hone/ly prep>$ & n highly 'bitt]$' ) ! hop1 z is1 un=tunately1 n[ s g5]al4 ,a late writ] has describ$ good be] z nutriti\s1 f ! sug> & mucilage :i* x conta9s2 exhil>at+1 f its _s2 & /r5g!n+ & n>cotic1 f its hops4 ,p]eira says1 ,be] is a ?ir/-qu5*+1 refre%+1 intoxicat+1 & slightly nutriti\s bev]age4 ,its effects1 :5 tak5 injudici\sly1 or 9 excess1 = ! mo/ "p resemble ^? ( o!r intoxicat+ liquors--disease1 mis]y1 & crime2 & ^! 9 direct proportion z x deviates f ! true /&>d ( purity & excell5ce4 ,all m$ical au?orities agree 9 disc\nt5anc+ ! use ( be] = infants & *ildr54 ,wat] or milk ) ! *ild's meals are ! be/ bev]ages = !m4 ,v>4 ,! num]\s v>ieties ( malt liquor met ) 9 comm]ce may be resolv$ into two great classes--,,ale & ,,port]4 ,,ale ( all k9ds is brew$ *iefly f pale malt1 & is g5]ally ( a light amb] col\r4 ,,pale ,,ale is manufactur$ f ! f9e/ & lighte/ dri$ malt1 & ! *oice/ hops1 ! latt] 9 excess4 ,,mild ,,ale diff]s f pale ale 9 be+ sweet]1 /rong]1 & almo/ free f ! flav\r ( ! hop4 ,,bitt] ,,ale or ,,bitt] ,,be] has1 z a rule1 less body ?an pale ale1 & is m highly hopp$4 ,,table ,,be] is a weak liquor commonly conta9+ ?ree or f\r times ! proportion ( wat] usually pres5t 9 ord9>y be] or ale4 ,,port] diff]s f ale *iefly 9 its be+ artificially col\r$ by ! use ( roa/$ malt1 :i* also imp>ts to x a peculi> bitt] flav\r4 ,9 po9t ( /r5g? x /&s ab\t midway betwe5 light & /rong ales1 al?\gh frequ5tly brew$ ( a /r5g? v slightly above t ( table be]4 ,,/\t1 ,,br[n ,,/\t1 c41 are simply ri*] or /rong] descriptions ( port]1 & may be said to h ne>ly ! same relation to ! high] qualities ( mild ale t port] holds ) reg>d to pale ale or bitt] be]4 ,9 ,london1 ,,port] is call$ ,,be]2 &1 inde$1 9 all p>ts ( ! k+dom1 ! prevail+ bev]age ( ?is k9d consum$ by ! masses1 ( :atev] class1 commonly goes by ! "n ( be]4 ,! two great classes ( malt liquor above ref]r$ to1 are1 indep5d5tly ( m]e diff]5ces ( /r5g?1 excell5ce1 & comm]cial value1 practically subdivid$ into an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( v>ieties4 ,e c\nty1 e t[n1 & almo/ e brew]1 is di/+ui%$ by ! production ( a diff]5t-flav\r$ be]1 readily p]ceiv$1 & highly appreciat$ by _! respective vot>ies4 ,^! diff]5ces may be trac$ to--v>iations 9 ! quantity & quality ( ! mat]ials employ$ 9 _! manufacture--! temp]ature ( ! wat] us$ = ma%+--! duration ( ! boil+--! temp]ature at :i* ! f]m5tation is conduct$1 & ! ext5t to :i* x is c>ri$1 toge!r ) num]\s o!r circum/ances1 :i*1 ?\gh usually ( an accid5tal & unc]ta9 "*1 are nev]!less suffici5t to affect ! flav\r & quality ( a brew+4 ,among ^!1 ^? dep5d+ on ! condition ( ! build+1 ! locality1 ! app>atus1 ! wat]1 ! managem5t1 c41 are n ! lea/ important4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 :5 ! same quantity & quality ( mat]ials are employ$1 & ! same "t all[$ = ! maturation ( ! liquor1 ! *ief causes ( ?is div]sity w be f\nd to dep5d on ! wat] us$ 9 ! brew+1 & ! me?od foll[$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! malt4 ,?us1 ,bav>ian1 ,scot*1 & ,burton ales diff] 9 /yle f o!r ales *iefly f be+ f]m5t$ at a l[] temp]ature1 & f ! wat] employ$ 9 ! brew+ be+ t usually d5om9at$ 'h>d1' :il/ port] & /\t diff] f all ^! because !y are brew$ f a mixture ( pale & roa/$ malt4 ,x is f causes l ^!1 ?\gh app>5tly trivial1 t ! _m v>ieties ( malt liquor met )1 at ! pres5t day1 orig9ate4 ,! p]-c5tage 9 ,engli% be]s ( malt extract 7dextr9 & sug> glucose7 is lea/ 9 bitt]1 & highe/ 9 ! sweet ales4 ,! hop extract 7lupul9 & hop res97 is 9 mu* small] am\nt4 ,! alcohol v>ies consid]ably1 z does also ! free acidity4 ,! album9\s matt] 9 mo/ be]s does n av]age m ?an #je p] c5t4 ,! salts1 :i* consi/ ( alkal9e *lorides & phosphates1 & "s e>?y phosphates1 av]age #ja to #jb p] c5t4 ,ammoniacal salts are f\nd 9 small quantities4 ,c>amel & assam> are f\nd 9 ! d>k be]s & port]s4 ,c>bonic acid is always m or less pres5t4 ,! av]age is #ja to #jb p>ts by weight p] c5t41 or ab\t #a-c_/d cubic in*es p] ounce4 ,volatile & ess5tial oils are also pres5t4 ,,p>kes says1 ,adopt+ means numb]s2 "o p9t 7#bj oz47 ( be] w conta9-- ,alcohol #a ounce4 ,extractive 7dextr971 sug>1 c4 #ab 7#ecd gra9s74 ,free acid #be gra9s4 ,salts #ac ,! foll[+ be] analyses are giv5 by ,pr(essor ,,wanklyn3 ,bass's bottl$ bitt] ale conta9s 9 #ajj cubic c5timtres3 #ec grams ( alcohol4 #eeb organic residue4 #jcf a%4 ,a sample ( draught ale1 co/+ #b;d4 p] p9t 9 ,london1 conta9$ 9 #ajj cubic c5timtres3 #dg grams ( alcohol4 #eh organic residue4 #jcb a%4 ,a sample ( ,london port] 9 #ajj cubic c5timtres conta9$3 #cc grams ( alcohol4 #cde organic residue4 #jcj a%4 ,a l>ge numb] ( analyses rec5tly made %[ t 9 ! v>i\s classes ( malt liquor sold 9 ,london !re is a v>iation 9 ! am\nt ( alcohol cont5ts f #chg to #hda p] c5t4 ( absolute alcohol by weight1 ^! two extremes correspond+ to #ih & #bah fluid ounces ( absolute alcohol 9 ! p9t ( be]4 ,! am\nt ( extract v>ies f #baf to #accb p] c5t4 by weight1 or f #gc to #bgg ounces p] p9t ( be]1 z w be se5 f ! accompany+ table4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,p]-c5tage ( ,con4 vols41 p] p9t4 ----------------------,orig9al ,malt1 ------------------------ ,k9d ( ,malt ,liquor4 ,specific,alcohol,extract,acetic,gravity p] ,alcohol1,extract,acid1 ,gravity4 ,acid4 ( ,wort4 b>rel4fl4 oz4 ounces4gra9s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,burton ale 7,allsopp's7 #ajdjch #hbe #accb #cb #aabafc #dej #baf #bgg #biab ,bass's b>ley w9e #ajcbca #hda #aage #bc #aaadgh #dbe #bah #bdb #bjgg ,ed9burgh ale #ajjffc #dda #ceh #ai #ajdhch #agg #aab #gb #afgc ,gu9ness's /\t #ajaeea #fha #fag #bd #ajghjf #bhh #agd #abe #bacb ,truman1 ,hanbury1 ,co4's port] #ajacaf #djb #eab #bd #ajeacc #aij #ajc #aja #babg ,:itbread's port] #ajadjd #dbh #eae #ah #ajedaa #bjj #aji #ajc #aeig ,ho>e's port] #ajabii #dah #ejd #ah #ajebdb #aid #ajf #ajc #aeie ,p]ry's ale #ajjfdh #chg #cfe #ad #ajdehb #afi #jih #jgc #gig ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,! relative proportions ( alcohol & extract 9 be] w also h "s influ5ce on its fitness 9 a m$ical po9t ( view = c]ta9 p]sons2 & 9 "s in/ances ?9 dry be]1 t has _h ! f]m5tation c>ri$ s f> z to r$uce ! am\nt ( extract to a m9imum1 may be v pref]able to be] conta9+ a l>g] am\nt ( extract4 ,9 ?is respect "s samples ( ! ,pre/onpans' be] are rem>kable = ! small proportion ( extract !y conta94 ,9 reg>d to ! nutritive value ( be]1 ov] & above ! /imulant & tonic actions due to ! alcohol & to ! bitt] pr9ciple ( ! hop1 x is wor? notice t a p9t ( pale ale conta9s f #a_/b an ounce to an ounce ( solid extract1 :ile mild & old ale conta9 f #a-a_/aj to #b-c_/d ounces 9 ! p9t4 ,! am\nt ( free acid 9 ,briti% be] appe>s to be uni=mly l>g] ?an 9 ! ,vi5nese & ,bav>ian be] rec5tly introduc$ "h1 & sometimes x is v mu* l>g]4 ,?is free acid is repres5t$ 9 ! tables z acetic acid2 b !re is reason to believe t be] probably conta9s lactic acid or o!r fix$ acids1 toge!r ) a sub/ance analog\s to glucic acid1 :i*1 accord+ to ,graham1 ,h(fmann1 & ,r$wood1 appe>s to be produc$ 9 ! f]m5tation ( be] wort1 z practis$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!re appe>s to be great diff]5ces 9 ! quality ( be] sold by publicans at a giv5 price4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ! v>iation 9 ! pale ale sold at f\rp5ce p] p9t is f #djh to #gaj p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 & f #cbb to #gec p] c5t4 ( extract2 9 ! mild ale sold at twop5ce p] p9t x is f #ddc to #efb p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 & f #eja to #eef p] c5t4 ( extract2 & 9 old ale sold at f\rp5ce p] p9t x is f #fbj to #hca p] c5t4 ( alcohol1 & f #def to #fb p] c5t4 ( extract4 ,^! diff]5ces repres5t respectively #aeh1 #bg1 & #di bu%els ( malt p] b>rel ( be]4 ,f ! great alcoholic /r5g? ( "s k9ds ( old ale !y p>take m ( ! nature ( w9e ?an ( be]1 9 ! usual s5se ( ?is t]m4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 q equal 9 t respect to mo/ ( ! *eap] w9e import$ f ! ,cont95t1 :ile 9 flav\r & g5]al "* old ale1 su* z t brew$ at ,burton-on-,tr5t & 9 ,scotl&1 is f> sup]ior to any w9e ( ! k9d ref]r$ to1 :i* c be sold "h at a price ev5 d\ble t ( ! be/ old ale4 ,?is k9d ( ale1 h[ev]1 is b r>ely sold by publicans4--,dr ,,paul4 ,mat]ials1 ,manuf41 c4 ,see ,,malt1 ,,hops1 ,,brew+1 c4 ,purity4 ,! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( good be] are transp>5cy1 a f9e col\r1 an agreeable semi-v9\s flav\r1 & ! prop]ty ( rema9+ = sev]al h\rs expos$ 9 a glass or cup )\t becom+ 'flat' or insipid4 ,if ! mat]ials us$ 7 good1 if ! brew+ 0 skilfully conduct$1 if ! liquor has be5 c>efully /[$ 9 p]fectly sweet casks or vessels1 9 a suitable cell>1 = a suffici5t "t1 & has n be5 tamp]$ )1 ?is w almo/ always be ! case4 ,h5ce col\r1 transp>5cy1 & flav\r1 & ! p[] ( resi/+ exposure1 are te/s ( ! purity & quality ( be]1 :i* %\ld n be lightly treat$4 ,!re are none m simple & effectual2 &1 toge!r ) a good 'palate1' & a close obs]vance ( its effects on ! head & on ! /oma*1 w readily di/+ui% pure & :olesome be] f 'doctor$' & inf]ior liquor4 ,if1 !re=e1 we f9d a sample ( be] possess+ ! above qualities & 9 good condition1 & on te/+ x = its alcohol & sac*>9e matt]1 f9d ^! sub/ances 9 su* quantities z fairly to repres5t ! am\nt ( malt :i* %\ld h be5 us$ 9 ! brew+ ( su* a liquor1 we may1 9 ! abs5ce ( pro( to ! contr>y1 inf] x to be pure2 because ! object = :i* adult]ation is practis$--! sav+ ( malt & hops--did n exi/ 9 ?is case4 ,to demon/rate ! purity ( be] requires an elaborate & tr\blesome analysis1 :i* c only be p]=m$ by ^? accu/om$ to *emical op]ations4 ,good & pure be] %\ld conta9 no?+ b :at exi/s 9 ! malt1 ! hops1 & ! wat]1 f :i* x is brew$1 or :i* is produc$ f !m 9 ! processes ( 'ma%+1' 'f]m5tation1' & 'maturation4' ,adult]ation4 ,until ! ye> #ahfb no?+ 0 all[$ to ent] into ! composition ( be] b malt & hops2 & ! ,act #ef ,geo4 ,,iii1 cap4 #eh1 imposes a p5alty ( #bjj on any brew]1 deal]1 or retail] ( be]1 :o %all receive1 or h 9 8 possession1 or use1 or mix )1 or put into any worts or be] any molasses1 honey1 liquorice1 vitriol1 quassia1 cocculus indicus1 gra9s ( p>adise1 ,gu9ea-pepp]1 or opium1 or any extract or prep>ation ( ^! sub/ances1 =1 or z a sub/itute =1 malt or hops2 & a fur!r p5alty ( #ejj on any druggi/1 or v5d] (1 or deal] 9 drugs1 or *emi/1 or o!r p]son :atev]1 :o %all sell1 s5d1 or deliv] to any lic5s$ brew]1 c41 any ( ! above mat]ials4 ,h[ev]1 by ! ,act #be ,vic41 cap4 #bb1 s4 #bj1 s mu* ( ! above is repeal$ z relates to hops4 ,?is ,act provides t-- ,on & aft] ! #af? ,sept41 #ahfb1 s mu* ( an ,act pass$ 9 ! #ef? ye> ( ! reign ( ,k+ ,george ! ,?ird1 cap4 #eh1 & ( an ,act pass$ 9 ! #g? & #h? ye>s ( ! reign ( ,k+ ,george ! ,f\r?1 cap4 #eb1 & ( any o!r ,act relat+ to ! rev5ue ( excise1 z imposes any excise p5alty ^u any brew] (1 or deal] 91 or retail] ( be]1 = receiv+ into1 or hav+ 9 8 possession1 or us+ or mix+ ) any worts or be]1 any article =1 or z a sub/itute = hops1 or z prohibits ! sale ( any su* article to ! said p]sons1 %all be1 & is h]eby repeal$3 provid$ always1 t no?+ h]e9 conta9$ %all be con/ru$ to ext5d to repeal any su* p5alty or prohibition s f> z reg>ds any article :i* may be us$ z a sub/itute = malt1 not)/&+ t x may be also a sub/itute = hops4 ,prior to ?is an ,act 7#aj ,vic41 c4 #e7 _h be5 pass$ all[+ brew]s to use sug> "u c]ta9 re/rictions4 ,z ! law n[ /&s1 a brew] may use hops1 quassia1 wormwood1 g5tian1 or any o!r simple bitt]2 b he is =bidd5 to use any sub/itute = malt1 su* z unmalt$ gra91 sug> 9 a liquid /ate1 molasses1 or any sub/ance :i* w\ld give pung5cy or intoxicat+ prop]ties to ! be]1 su* z cocculus indicus1 gra9s ( p>adise1 tobacco1 c4 ,x is a well-kn[n & au!nticat$ fact1 t be] is commonly & sometimes dang]\sly adult]at$4 ,! cupidity ( fraudul5t brew]s & publicans frequ5tly induces !m to introduce o!r +r$i5ts ?an malt & bitt]s into _! liquors1 ) a view ( giv+ !m a false appe>ance & /r5g?4 ,?us1 to give pung5cy--capsicum1 gra9s ( p>adise1 g+]1 c41 h be5 add$2 to give intoxicat+ prop]ties--opium1 cocculus indicus1 tobacco1 c42 z a sub/itute = malt--molasses1 treacle1 col\r+1 honey1 c42 to imp>t a false appe>ance ( age--sulphuric acid1 alum1 gre5 vitriol1 glyc]91 mu/>d1 c42 to remove acidity--pe>la%1 soda1 *alk1 c42 & to imp>t a fro?y head--alum1 foots1 table-salt1 c4 ,! publicans g5]ally 'r$uce' _! /rong be] ) wat] 7:i* !y call 'liquor'71 & add treacle1 toge!r ) a mixture ( copp]as1 salt1 & alum 7t]m$ 'head+'71 to make x be> a fro?y head4 ,! *eap be] sold 9 _m ( ! l[ tav]ns ( ,london is made by divid+ ! cont5ts ( two butts betwe5 ?ree butts1 fill+ !m up ) wat]1 & add+ a bladd] ( port]-extract 7te*nically t]m$ ',p4 ,e1'7 to ea*4 ,?is ',p4 ,e1' is a mixture ( p[d]$ cocculus1 ,spani% juice1 c>amel1 capsicum1 c41 boil$ up ) treacle & wat] to ! consi/5ce ( a ?9 extract1 & !n put into bullocks' bladd]s4 ,exam41 ,te/s1 c4 ,! analysis ( be]1 bo? qualitative & quantitative1 z already notic$1 is a matt] ( consid]able difficulty4 ,we %all !re=e def] its consid]ation until we come to ! article ,,port]1 z t description ( be]1 on acc\nt ( its col\r1 is n only ! "o mo/ difficult to exam9e1 b also ! "o mo/ frequ5tly adult]at$4 ,see ,,ale1 ,,brew+1 ,,hops1 ,,malt1 ,,port]1 c4 ,be]1 ,am'b]4 ,syn4 ,,amb]4 ,a liquor1 =m]ly mu* drank 9 ,london1 brew$ f a mixture ( #c p>ts ( amb] malt1 & #a "p ( pale malt1 ) ab\t #f lbs4 ( hops to ! qu>t]4 ,x 0 g5]ally 'tapp$' )9 a few days aft] x _h done 'work+1' & 0 *iefly us$ mix$ ) bitt]s1 or made into ',,purl1' ,be]1 ,:eat'en1 ,:eat'-malt ,be]4 ,see ,,mum4 a/]ism ,besides malt liquor1 or ,,be] prop]ly s call$1 a some:at simil> bev]age1 ?\gh ( inf]ior quality1 may be prep>$ f any vegetable sub/ance ri* 9 />* & sug>1 z notic$ 9 our article on ,,brew+4 ,c]ta9 summ] bev]ages also pass "u ! "n2 b 9 bo? ! cases ref]r$ to1 ! "n ( ! *>act]i/ic +r$i5t1 or t ( ! vegetable employ$1 is always conjo9$2 z 9 pea-%ell be]1 potato-be]1 g+]-be]1 c4 ,examples ( "s ( ^! are giv5 bel[3-- ,be]1 ,g9'g]4 ,syn4 ,,c]evis',,ia 7-v7izh'-7 ,,z+ib',,eris1 ,c4 ,,z+ib]a',,ta991 ,c4 ,,cum ,,z+ib',,ere99 7-7er-e71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,lump-sug>1 #a lb42 good unblea*$ ,jamaica g+] 7well-bruis$71 #a oz42 cream ( t>t>1 #c_/d oz4 7or t>t>ic acid1 #a_/b oz472 #b or #c lemons 7slic$72 boil+ wat]1 #a gall42 mac]ate1 ) frequ5t /irr+1 9 a cov]$ vessel1 until b>ely lukew>m1 !n add ( yea/1 #a-a_/b or #b oz4 7ab\t #b_/crds ( a w9e-glassful71 & keep x 9 a mod]ately w>m place1 to excite a brisk f]m5tation2 ! next day rack or decant ! liquor1 & /ra9 x ?r\gh a jelly-bag or flannel2 all[ x to "w = ano!r day1 or two1 accord+ to ! wea!r2 !n skim x1 aga9 decant or /ra91 & put x into bottles1 ! corks ( :i* %\ld be 'wir$' d[n4 #b4 ,good :ite sug>1 #ah to #bd lbs42 lemon-juice or lime-juice1 #a qu>t2 f9e/ ,n>bonne honey1 #a or #b lbs42 bruis$ ,jamaica g+]1 #a-a_/b lb42 pure s(t wat] 7t has be5 boil$1 & !n all[$ to settle71 q4 s4 ,boil ! g+] 9 #c galls4 ( ! wat] = half an h\r2 !n add ! sug>1 ! juice1 & ! honey1 ) suffici5t wat] 7see above7 to make ! :ole measure #ah-a_/d galls41 & /ra9 ! mixture z be=e4 ,:5 ! liquor has become almo/ cold1 add ! :ite ( #a egg1 & #a_/b fl4 oz4 ( ess5ce ( lemon1 & /rongly agitate ! cask or vessel = ab\t half an h\r4 ,aft] /&+ #c to #f days1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 bottle x1 & place ! bottles on _! sides 9 a cell>1 j z is done ) w9e or be]4 ,x w be ready = use 9 ab\t #c weeks1 & w keep good = sev]al mon?s4 ,if want$ = imm$iate use1 ab\t #a_/b p9t ( yea/ may be add$1 z 9 =mula #a2 b !n x w n keep s well1 or be q s transp>5t & free f deposit4 ,! lemon juice & ess5ce ( lemon may be replac$1 at w1 by cream ( t>t> 79 p[d]7 or t>t>ic acid1 #d oz42 & lemons 7slic$7 #a-a_/b to #b doz42 add$ ) ! sug>1 c42 b ! orig9al =mula is pref]able4--,prod4 #ah galls4 #bd doz4 #a_/b-p9t bottles1 or #cj doz4 ord9>y siz$ ones4 #c4 ,,extemporane\s3--a4 ,into ea* bottle put conc5trat$ ess5ce ( g+]1 #a drop2 simple syrup or capillaire1 #a_/b oz4 7or 9 lieu ( !m1 syrup ( g+] & simple syrup1 ( ea* a dess]t-spoonful72 & fill ) arat$ soda-wat] at ! 'bottl+ ma*9e1' 9 ! usual way4 ,v sup]ior4 b4 ,into ea* bottle put two or ?ree lumps ( sug>1 fill !m to ! prop] height ) pure wat]1 ?r[ 9 7quickly7 an eff]vesc+ g+]-be] p[d]1 & in/antly cork ! bottle1 & secure ! cork ) wire4 ,use4 ,z a cool+ & refre%+ dr9k 9 w>m wea!r2 & z a re/orative aft] h>d dr9k1 fatigue1 c4 ,obs4 ,! products ( all ! above =mul1 if well manag$1 are excell5t2 ^? ( ,no4 #b1 & #c;a41 ( ! v f9e/ description1 mu* /rong] & sup]ior to n9e t5?s ( t sold = ! be/ 9 ! %ops4 ,!y are (t5 call$1 by way ( di/9ction1 ,,limo'',,niat$ ,,g+]-,,be]1 ,,imp]ial ,g4-,b41 c4 ,*eap] articles are made by omitt+ "s ( ! +r$i5ts1 & p>ticul>ly a portion ( ! sug>4 ,! g+]-be] v5d$ at #a;d4 & #b;d4 a bottle1 ) t kn[n z ,,g+] ,,pop1 ,,impe'',,rial ,,pop1 c41 are g5]ally made ) moi/ sug> 7#a_/b to #c_/d lb4 to ! gall471 & m]ely flav\r$ ) a little co>se g+]4 ,no4 #b1 made ) #b lbs4 ( sug> to ! gall4 may be kept #b ye>s1 if n bottl$ = six mon?s1 & well-/or$2 & ) #c lbs4 to ! gall41 = #d ye>s1 :5 x =ms a spl5did article 7,,g+]-,,*ampagne74 ,be]1 ,p9e4 ,see1 ,,be] ,,spruce4 ,be]1 ,spruce4 ,syn4 ,,c]evis',,ia 7-v7izh'-7 ,,abi',,etis1 ,c4 ,,abieti',,na1 ,c4 ,,abiet',,ica991 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sug>1 #a lb42 ess5ce ( spruce1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a gall42 mix well1 & :5 ne>ly cold1 add ( yea/ #a_/b a w9e-glassful2 & ! next day bottle l g+]-be]4 #b4 ,ess5ce ( spruce1 #a_/b p9t2 pim5to & g+] 7bruis$71 ( ea* #e oz42 hops1 #a_/b lb42 wat]1 #c galls42 boil ! :ole = #aj m9utes1 !n add ( moi/ sug>1 #ab lbs4 7or good treacle1 #ad lbs472 w>m wat]1 #aa galls42 mix well1 &1 :5 only lukew>m1 fur!r add ( yea/1 #a p9t2 aft] ! liquid has f]m5t$ = ab\t #bd h\rs1 bottle x4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,diuretic & antiscorbutic4 ,reg>d$ by "s p]sons z an agreeable 'summ]-dr9k1' & (t5 f\nd useful dur+ long sea-voyages4 ,:5 made ) lump-sug> x is call$ ,,:ite ,,spruce-,,be]2 :5 ) moi/ sug> or treacle1 ,,br[n ,,spruce-,,be]4 ,an inf]ior sort is made by us+ less sug>1 or m wat]4 ,if made ) #a-a_/d to #a-a_/b lb4 ( lump-sug> p] gall41 & )\t yea/1 9 a simil> mann] to t describ$ "u ,,g+]-,,be] 7,no4 #b71 x may be kept a twelvemon? or long] 9 a mod]ately cool place4 ,be]1 ,sug>4 ,syn4 ,,c]evis',,ia 7-v7izh'-7 ,,sac',,*>i1 ,l4 ,f moi/ sug> 7#a to #b lbs4 to ! gall47 & a little hops2 z treacle-be]4 ,be]1 ,trea'cle 7tre'kl-74 ,syn4 ,,c]evis',,ia ,f',,cis ,,sac',,*>i1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f treacle or molasses1 #c_/d to #b lbs4 p] gall4 7accord+ to ! desir$ /r5g?72 hops1 #a_/d to #c_/d oz42 yea/1 a table-spoonful2 wat]1 q4 s42 treat$ z bel[4 #b4 ,hops1 #a-a_/b lb42 cori&]s1 #a oz42 capsicum-pods 7cut small71 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #h galls42 boil = #aj or #ae m9utes1 & /ra9 ! 'liquor' ?r\gh a co>se sieve into a b>rel conta9+ treacle1 #bh lbs42 !n ?r[ back ! hops1 c41 into ! copp]1 & reboil !m1 = #aj m9utes1 ) a second #h galls4 ( wat]1 :i* mu/ be /ra9$ into ! b>rel1 z be=e2 next 'rummage' ! :ole well ) a /\t /ick1 add ( cold wat] #ba galls4 7suffici5t to make ! :ole measure #cg galls471 &1 aft] aga9 mix+1 /ir 9 #a_/b a p9t ( good fre% yea/2 la/ly1 let x rema9 = #bd h\rs 9 a mod]ately w>m place1 aft] :i* x may be put into ! cell>1 & 9 two or ?ree days 'bottl$1' or 'tapp$' on 'draught4' ,9 a week x w be fit to dr9k4 ,v sup]ior4--,prod4 #a b>rel1 or #cf gallons4 ,= a /rong] be]1 #cf lbs41 or ev5 #a_/b cwt41 ( treacle1 may be us$4 ,x w !n keep good = a twelvemon?4 ,obs4 ,a :olesome dr9k2 b "o apt to prove laxative :5 tak5 9 l>ge quantities4 ,see ,,brew+1 ,,be]1 ,,g+]1 ,,p[d]s1 c4 ,,be]s4 7,9 ph>macy47 ,syn4 ,,c]evis',i 7-v7izh'-e-e7 ,,m$ica',t1 ,l4 ,! g5]al nature & prep>ation ( ^! articles h be5 already notic$4#abg ,!y are little employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! +r$i5ts %\ld be s proportion$ t f #a_/d to #a_/b a p9t may =m ! prop] dose4 ,! foll[+ are examples3-- ,footnote #abg3 ,see ,,ales 7,m$icat$74 ,be]1 ,antiscorbu'tic4 ,syn4 ,,c]evis',,ia ,,antiscorbu',,tica1 ,l42 ,,sap9ette'1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod4 #ahci7 ,scurvy-grass & buds ( ! spruce-fir1 ( ea* #a oz42 horse-radi% root1 #b oz4 7all fre%1 & bruis$ or slic$72 new ale or be]1 #c-a_/b p9ts 7say1 #a_/b gall472 mac]ate #d days1 press1 & /ra9 = use4 #b4 7,ph4 ,ca/r4 ,ru?4 #ahdj47 ,horse-radi% 7fre%71 #d lbs42 junip] b]ries1 #c lbs42 root ( calamus aromaticus & buds ( p9us abies1 ( ea* #a lb42 g+]1 #a oz42 syrup 7( br[n sug>71 #f lbs42 be]1 #abj lbs4 7say1 #ab galls472 mac]ate #d days1 or until x f]m5ts1 !n decant1 /ra91 & add ( cream ( t>t>1 #a_/b lb42 t9cture ( mu/>d 7fl\r ( mu/>d #b oz41 to pro( _s #ab oz471 #e lbs4 7say1 #a_/b gall474 ,9 scurvy1 c4 ,be]1 ,c9*o'na4 ,syn4 ,a',,gue-,,be]1 ,,b>k'-,,be]2 ,,c]evis',,ia ,,c9*o',n1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,bruis$ c9*ona-b>k1 #a oz42 pro( _s or br&y1 #b oz42 mix2 ! next day add ( new be]1 #a qu>t1 & 9 #c days decant or filt]4--,dose1 #b or #c w9e-glassfuls4 #b4 7,mutis47 ,c9*ona1 #d oz42 sug>1 #b lbs42 boil+ wat]1 #e p9ts2 :5 lukew>m1 f]m5t ) a little yea/1 z = g+]-be]4--,dose1 #a or #b w9e-glassfuls4 #c4 7,ph4 ,f]r>a47 ,bruis$ ,p]uvian b>k1 #a-a_/b oz42 c9namon1 #b dr42 nutmeg 7rasp$71 #g dr42 sug>1 #be oz42 yea/1 #b oz42 wat]1 #e p9ts2 mix1 f]m5t1 decant1 & /ra91 z be=e4--,dose1 #c or #d w9e-glassfuls4 ,!y are all adm9i/]$ dur+ ! int]mission ( ague4 ,be]1 ,pipsissewa4 ,syn4 ,,c]vis',,ia ,,*imaph',,ile1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,j4 ,p>ri%47 ,pipsissewa 7*imaphila umbellata71 #a_/b lb42 wat]1 #a gall42 boil1 /ra91 add ( sug>1 #a lb42 p[d]$ g+]1 #a_/d oz42 yea/1 q4 s42 & f]m5t1 /a91 & bottle1 z = g+]-be]4 ,9 scr(ul\s affections2 especially ( ! jo9ts4--,dose4 ,half a tumbl]ful4 ,x is a favorite rem$y ) "s ,am]ican practition]s4 ,be]1 ,s>sap>il'la4 ,syn4 ,,lis',,bon ,,di',,et-,,be]1 ,,span',,i% ,,j>ave2 ,,c]evis',,ia ,,s>',z1 ,c4 ,,s>sap>il',l1 ,,infu',,sum ,s4 ,,p>a',,tum ,,f]m5tatio',,ne1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,comp\nd extract ( s>sap>illa1 #a-a_/b oz42 hot wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve1 & :5 cold1 add ( good pale or ,ea/-,india ale1 #g p9ts4 #b4 ,s>sap>illa 7slic$71 #a lb42 guaiacum-b>k 7bruis$ small71 #a_/d lb42 guaiacum-wood 7rasp$71 & liquorice root 7slic$71 ( ea* #b oz42 anise$ 7bruis$71 #a-a_/b oz42 mez]eon root-b>k1 #a oz42 cloves 7cut small71 #a_/d oz42 moi/ sug>1 #c-a_/b lbs42 hot wat] 7n boil+71 #i qu>ts2 mix 9 a clean /one j>1 & keep x 9 a mod]ately w>m room 7%ak+ x twice or ?rice daily7 until active f]m5tation sets 91 !n let x repose = ab\t a week1 :5 x w be fit = use4 ,obs4 ,x is said to be sup]ior to ! o!r prep>ations ( s>sap>illa z an alt]ative or purifi] ( ! blood1 p>ticul>ly 9 old affections4 ,t usually made has g5]ally only "o half ! above quantity ( sug>1 = :i* treacle is (t5 sub/itut$2 b 9 ei!r case x w n keep well2 :]eas1 ) prop] caution1 ! products ( ! above =mul may be kept = "o1 or ev5 two ye>s4 ,no yea/ mu/ be us$4--,dose4 ,a small tumbl]ful #c or #d times a day1 or (t5]4 ,be]1 ,/oma*'ic4 ,syn4 ,,m$',,icat$ ,,purl2 ,,c]evis',,ia ,,/oma*',,ica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,qu9cy47 ,c5taury-tops & ,roman wormwood1 ( ea* #d h&fuls2 g5tian root 7bruis$71 #b oz42 ! yell[ peels ( #f ,seville oranges2 ,spani% angelica-root & ,w9t]'s l>d1 ( ea* 7bruis$7 #a oz42 new ale1 or be]1 #c qu>ts 7say1 #a gall472 dige/ = a few days1 z be=e4 ,"o or two w9e-glassfuls e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & an h\r be=e a meal4 ,be]1 ,sulphu''ric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,sulphuric ,,lemonade2 ,,c]evisia ,,acidi ,,sulphu'',,rici1 ,c4 ,,anticol',,ica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,treacle be]1 or o!r weak mild be] or ale1 to :i* a little conc5trat$ sulphuric acid has be5 add$1 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #a dr4 to e #h or #aj p9ts2 ! :ole be+ well agitat$ toge!r1 & all[$ a few h\rs to settle4 #b4 ,treacle1 #ad lbs42 bruis$ g+]1 #a_/b lb42 cori&]1 #a_/b oz42 capsicum & cloves1 ( ea* #a_/d oz42 wat]1 #ab-a_/b galls42 yea/1 #a p9t2 proce$ z = g+]-be]1 & :5 ! f]m5tation is ne>ly ov]1 add ( oil ( vitriol1 #a-a_/b oz4 7dilut$ ) #h times its weight ( wat]71 & ( bic>bonate ( soda1 #a-a_/b oz4 7dissolv$ 9 a little wat]74 ,x is fit to dr9k 9 #c or #d days4 ,uses1 c4 ,x is tak5 ) great b5efit by work]s 9 lead1 especially by ^? employ$ 9 :ite lead works2 also 9 cases ( lead colic1 poison+ by lead or its salts1 c4 ,a tumbl]ful twice or ?rice daily4 ,x is bo? h>mless & :olesome4 ,be]1 ,t>4 ,syn4 ,,c]evis',,ia ,,pi',,cis1 ,c4 ,p4 ,,liq',,uid1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,duhamel47 ,bran1 #b p9ts2 t>1 #a p9t2 honey1 #a_/b p9t2 wat]1 #f p9ts2 mix1 & g5tly simm] toge!r = #c h\rs2 :5 lukew>m add ( yea/1 #a_/b p9t2 let x f]m5t = #cf h\rs1 & /ra94 ,pectoral1 anti-a/hmatic1 anti-ph?isic1 c4--,dose4 ,"o w9e-glassful be=e ea* meal1 9 bron*ial & *e/ diseases1 & incipi5t consumption4 ,see ,,be]s 7,9 ,ph>macy2 above74 ,,bees',,w+4 ,! second or pseudo-cru/ s mu* admir$ 9 port & a few o!r w9es1 & :i* =ms 9 !m only :5 kept = "s "t aft] ! fir/ or true cru/ has =m$4 ,x consi/s ( m9ute1 glitt]+1 float+ p>ticles or lamell ( t>t>1 pur]1 & fre] f a/r+5t matt]1 ?an t deposit$ 9 ! fir/ cru/4 ,see ,,cru/1 ,,w9es1 c4 ,,beet 7bete74 ,syn4 ,,be',,ta1 ,l42 ,,biet1 ,d42 ,,bette1 ,fr42 ,,beete1 ,,mangold1 ,m4-,,kraut1 ,g]42 ,,bietola1 ,x4 ,! common "n ( plants ( ! g5us 'beta1' & ! nat4 ord4 ,*5opod 7,,dc474 ,!re are said to be only two di/9ct species cultivat$--beta vulgar'is & b4 hort5'sis--ea* ( :i* occurs 9 sev]al v>ieties2 ^? ( ! fir/1 & :i* we h *iefly to consid]1 produc+ a l>ge fle%y root 7,,beet'-,,root1 ,,man-,,gold-,r42 ,,ra',,dix ,,be',t1 ,l42 ,,bett]ave1 ,fr42 ,,ro! ,r,,be1 c41 ,g]471 :i* is bo? sweet & succul5t2 ^? ( ! o!r1 only succul5t leaves4 ,! v>ieties mo/ useful1 & n[ ! mo/ ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,engl&1 are ( comp>atively rec5t introduction2 field-beet1 ! mangold-wurzel ( ! ,g]mans1 hav+ be5 only br\ght "u ! notice ( our agriculturi/s t[>ds ! end ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,beet1 ,field4 ,see ,,beet1 ,,hybrid 7bel[74 ,beet1 ,hy'brid4 ,syn4 ,,common ,,beet1 ,,field'-,b42 ,,be',,ta ,,hy',,brida1 ,b4 ,,vulg>'',,is1 ,h42 ,l42 ,,bette ,,commune1 ,,bett]ave ,c41 ,,rac9e ,d',,abondance1 ,r4 ,,de ,,disette1 c41 ,fr42 ,,mangold1 ,m4-,,wurzel1 ,,mangel-,w41 c41 ,g]4 ,a v>iety ( beta vulg>is 7,l9n471 & t usually cultivat$ by ,engli% f>m]s4 ,root r$ on ! outside1 :ite inside2 *iefly gr[n z w9t]-food = cattle1 be+ va/ly sup]ior to turnips4 ,x has be5 us$ 9 ,g]many z a sub/itute = bread 9 times ( sc>city4 ,leaves dress$ & eat5 l sp9a*4 ,beet1 ,r$4 ,syn4 ,,cu',,l9>y ,,beet1 ,,g>d5 ,b41 ,,beet'-,,radi%1 ,,beet'-,,rave1 c42 ,,be',,ta ,,ru',,bra1 ,b4 ,,vulg'',,aris ,r41 ,l42 ,,bett]ave1 c41 ,fr42 ,,ro! ,r,,be1 c41 ,g]4 ,root t5d]1 well-flav\r$1 & ( a ri* r$ col\r ?r\gh\t1 & h5ce mu* us$ 9 salads1 pickles1 & cook]y2 also made into a cons]ve1 jam1 or confection4 ,! k9ds mo/ e/eem$ = salads are ! small r$ & ! yell[i%-r$ v>ieties ( ,ca/elnaud>i4 ,beet1 ,sea4 ,syn4 ,,be',,ta ,,m>it',,ima1 ,l4 ,said to be ! be/ v>iety = dress+ z sp9a*4 ,beet1 ,:ite4 ,syn4 ,,be',,ta ,,al',,ba1 ,b4 ,,vulga'',,ris ,a41 ,b4 ,,ci',,cla1 ,l42 ,,bette ,,blan*e1 ,,poir,e1 c41 ,fr4 ,a sub-v>iety ( ! r$ beet4 ,root :ite1 & h5ce pref]r$ = mak+ sug>2 t ) a purple cr[n be+ ! mo/ e/eem$4 ,obs4 ,! prec$+ v>ieties ( beet resemble ea* o!r 9 _! g5]al prop]ties4 ,!y are all antiscorbutic1 det]g5t1 emolli5t1 & nutriti\s2 & _! roots conta9 ab\t #h ( sug>1 :i*1 by prop] treatm5t1 may be obta9$ f !m ( excell5t quality4 ,! grat$ root is sometimes us$ to dress bli/]s & f\l ulc]s4 ,:5 slic$1 & dri$ 9 a malt-kiln1 a v palatable be] may be brew$ ) x4 ,! leaves ( ea* v>iety are dress$ & eat5 l sp9a*4 ,! roots1 = ! table1 aft] be+ c>efully wa%$1 are dress$ :ole--nei!r scrap$ nor cut--&1 accord+ to _! size & age1 require f #a to #d h\rs' simm]+ or bak+4 ,!y are mo/ly s]v$ 9 slices1 cold1 int]m+l$ ) o!r w9t] salad vegetables4 ,see ,,brew+1 ,,cattle1 ,,salads1 ,,sug>1 c4 7also ant74 ,,beet ,,root4 ,see ,,beet4 ,,bee',,tle 7be'tl74 ,syn4 ,,sc>',,abdagg]991 ,,sc>',,abeedagg]99 7-be72 ,,sc,,rab',,u1 ,l42 ,,esc>bot1 ,,sc>abe1 ,fr42 ,k,,f]1 ,g]42 ,,betel1 ,sax4 ,9 zoology1 ! common "n ( an ext5sive g5us ( insects 7sc>ab'u1 ,l9n471 ( num]\s species4 ,x is also popul>ly appli$ to all coleopt]\s insects1 or su* z h h>d or %elly w+-cases1 especially to ^? ( a d>k or obscure col\r4 ,! common pe/s ( our kit*5s & basem5t floors :i* pass famili>ly "u ! "n ( beetles1 black beetles1 or cockroa*es1 belong to ! ord] or?opt]a1 & n to ! coleopt]a or beetle tribe1 z ! "n implies4 ,see ,,insects1 c4 ,black ,beetle2 ,domes'tic beetle4 ,see ,,blatta1 ,,cockroa*1 c4 ,blis't]+ ,beetle4 ,see ,,can?>ides4 ,,bell4 ,syn4 ,,campa',,na1#abh ,,campan',,ula1#abi ,,no',,la991#acj ,,t9t9nab',,ulum1#aca ,l42 ,,clo*e1 ,,clo*ette1#acb ,,grelot1#acc ,fr42 ,,glocke1 ,,s*elle1 c41 ,g]42 ,,bell1 ,,bella1 ,,belle1 ,sax4 ,a holl[ vessel or body1 usually ( ca/ metal1 ) a wide cup-l m\? exp&+ outw>ds1 s =m$ z to emit s\nd :5 susp5d$ & /ruck ) a h>d sub/ance4 ,! ^w is also appli$1 ei!r alone or 9 composition1 to sub/ances hav+ ! figure ( a bell2 z bells 7( fl[]s71 bell-animal1 b4-fl[]1 b4-glass1 c4 ,footnote #abh3 ,appropriately1 a l>ge bell susp5d$ or adapt$ = susp5sion2 z t ( a *ur*1 c4 ,footnote #abi3 ,a small bell4 ,footnote #acj3 ,id4 ,footnote #aca3 ,id42 appr41 "o susp5d$ z a door-bell1 s]vants' bell1 c4 ,footnote #acb3 ,a little bell1 a h&-bell4 ,footnote #acc3 ,a little r\nd-bell4 ,=m1 ,manuf41 c4 ,bells ( ! common & well-kn[n %ape1 ) a ?ick lip or s\nd-b[1 are ! mo/ effective kn[n in/rum5ts = produc+ a l\d & musical s\nd1 su* z y want :5 y erect a l>ge public clock1 or put up a peal ( *ur*-bells4 ,aft] try+ a numb] ( exp]im5ts1 at ,messrs ,w>n]'s1 ,i am q satisfi$ t !re is no?+ to be ga9$ by deviat+ mat]ially f ! e/abli%$ proportions ( ! be/ old bells4#acd ,?is view is borne out by ! rese>*es ( ! ,gov]nm5t commission]s#ace :o visit$ ! ,p>is ,exhibition1 :o report1 t among ! 'f\nd]s' ( ,france & ,belgium1 !re are no traditions ( ! art1 nor any discov]ies or appliances ( mod]n sci5ce1 t5d+ to ! improvem5t ( bells1 or to provide effici5t sub/itutes = !m2 nor is !re any kn[n improvem5t on ! e/abli%$ mode & usual mat]ial 7,,bronze or ,,bell-,,metal7 = ca/+ !m4 ,sir ,c4 ,b>ry1 inde$1 accord+ to ,mr ,d5nison1 seem$ r impress$ ) ! m]its ( ca/-/eel bells2 b bo? ,pr(4 ,:eat/one & ,mr ,d5nison diff] f him 9 op9ion4 ,und\bt$ly "s ca/-/eel bells1 ( small size1 h be5 produc$1 capable ( yield+ s\nds ( extraord9>y cle>ness & ri*ness1 b1 9 mo/ cases1 ow+ to ! difficulty 9 giv+ ! peculi> molecul> condition to ! metal ess5tial to a high degree ( sonor\sness1 _! tones are comp>atively h>% & disagreeable4 ,well-anneal$ glass (f]s a *eap] & bett] mat]ial ?an /eel = l>ge bells up to a c]ta9 size1 :il/ its tones are exquisite4 ,z ! dep? ( ! tone ( a bell dep5ds *iefly ^u ! dim5sions & weight ( ! s\nd-b[1 x appe>s likely t by direct+ our exp]im5ts to ! increase ( ^!1 & ! dim9i%+ ( ! ?ickness ( ! metal 9 ! o!r p>ts1 ! quantity ( metal requir$ to produce l>ge bells might be v greatly r$uc$4 ,! s\nd ( an ,indian gong t may be easily held susp5d$ by ! h& is always ri* & usually z l\d & deep z a bell ( ord9>y con/ruction :i* x w\ld take sev]al m5 to lift4 ,! ,*9ese (t5 use bells made ( porcela94 ,small h&-bells = ! toilet & b\doir are (t5 made ( silv]1 & !n yield tones :i* are rem>kably s(t1 cle>1 & pleas+4 ,! tongue1 clapp]1 or hamm]1 ( bronze bells %\ld be ( iron2 & /eel bells1 ( bronze4 ,glass & porcela9 bells require ! /rik+ "p ( ! tongue to be ( box-wood1 ! prop] weight be+ giv5 by a ball ( iron ca/ on ! rod imm$iately above x1 & a simil> "o screw$ on ! end ( ! rod imm$iately bel[ x4 ,9 all cases ! hamm]-head1 pref]ably globul>1 %\ld /rike ! bell ne> ! v]ge1 & %\ld be free f projections or asp]ities4 ,footnote #acd3 ,lecture on ! ',=m ( ,bells1' deliv4 at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 by ,mr ,b4 ,d5nison1 to :om ! ,gov]nm5t intru/$ ! con/ruction ( ! 'great bells' = ! ,new ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,footnote #ace3 ,pr(4 ,:eat/one & ,sir ,*>les ,b>ry4 ,! ca/+1 c41 ( bells is ess5tially simil> to t ( o!r articles 9 bronze1 ( correspond+ size1 & p>ticul>ly ( cannon4 ,see ,,bell-,,metal1 ,,bronze1 c4 ,,bell'-,,metal4 ,syn4 ,s ,,campana'',,rum1 ,l42 ,m,,tal ,,de ,,clo*e1 ,fr42 ,,glock5gut1 ,,glock5speise1 ,g]4 ,! alloy1 usually bronze1 ( :i* bells1 c41 are made4 ,! composition ( bell-metal v>ies consid]ably1 z may be se5 bel[3-- #a4 7,/&>d47 ,copp]1 #gh p>ts2 t91 #bb p>ts2#acf fus$ toge!r & ca/ 9 ! mann] describ$ "u ,,bronze4 ,! mo/ sonor\s ( all ! alloys ( copp] & t94 ,x is easily fusible1 & has a f9e compact gra91 & a vitre\s-con*oidal & yell[i%-r$ fracture4 ,accord+ to ,klapro?1 ! f9e/-ton$ ,indian gongs h ?is composition4 ,footnote #acf3 ,! result+ alloy probably conta9s #g ,cu ,sn4 #b4 7,f\nd]'s ,/&>d47 ,copp]1 #gg p>ts2 t91 #ba p>ts2 antimony1 #b p>ts4#acg ,slightly pal] & inf]ior to ,no4 #a4 ,footnote #acg3 ,m antimony1 or "s o!r metal1 is (t5 add$1 z subsequ5tly notic$2 b always to ! injury ( ! alloy z bell-metal4 #c4 ,copp]1 #hj p>ts2 t91 #bj p>ts4#ach ,v deep-ton$ & sonor\s4 ,us$ 9 ,*9a & ,india = ! l>g] gongs1 tam-tams1 c4 ,footnote #ach3 ,equal to ab\t #h ,cu ,sn4 ,9 "s gongs ! proportion ( t9 is s l[ z #bb1 or ev5 #bj p>ts1 to #ajj p>ts ( copp]4 #d4 ,copp]1 #gh to #hj p>ts2 t91 #bb to #bj p>ts4 ,usual composition ( ,*9ese cymbals1 tam-tams1 c4 #e4 ,copp] #ge 7 #c7 p>ts2 t91 #be 7 #a7 p>ts4#aci ,some:at brittle4 ,9 fracture1 semi-vitre\s & blui%-r$4 ,us$ = *ur* & o!r l>ge bells4 ,footnote #aci3 ,ne>ly equal to #f ,cu ,sn4 #f4 ,copp]1 #hj p>ts2 t91 #aj-a_/d p>ts2 z9c1 #e-a_/b p>ts2 lead1 #d-a_/d p>ts4 ,engli% bell-metal1 accord+ to ,?omson4 ,inf]ior to ! la/2 ! lead be+ apt to =m isolat$ drops1 to ! injury ( ! uni=mity ( ! alloy4 #g4 ,copp]1 #fh1 p>ts2 t91 #cb p>ts4#adj ,brittle2 fracture con*oidal & a%-grey4 ,be/ proportions = h\se-bells1 h&-bells1 c42 = :i*1 h[ev]1 #b ( copp]1 & #a ( t91 is commonly sub/itut$ by ! f\nd]s4 ,footnote #adj3 ,equal to ab\t #d ,cu ,sn4 #h4 ,copp]1 #gb p>ts2 t91 #bf-a_/b p>ts2 iron1 #a-a_/b "p4 ,us$ by ! ,p>is h\ses = ! bells ( small clocks or p5dules4 #i4 ,copp]1 #gb p>ts2 t91 #bf p>ts2 z9c1 #b p>ts4 ,us$1 l ! la/1 = v small bells4 #aj4 ,copp]1 #gj p>ts2 t91 #bf p>ts2 z9c1 #b p>ts4 ,us$ = ! bells ( repeat+ wat*es4 #aa4 ,melt toge!r copp]1 #ajj p>ts2 t91 #be p>ts4 ,aft] be+ ca/ into ! requir$ object1 x %\ld be made r$ hot1 & !n plung$ imm$iately into cold wat] 9 ord] to imp>t to x ! requisite degree ( sonor\sness4 ,= cymbals & gongs4 #ab4 ,melt toge!r copp]1 #hj p>ts2 t91 #bj p>ts4 ,:5 cold x has to be hamm]$ out ) frequ5t anneal+4 #ac4 ,copp]1 #gh p>ts2 t91 #bb p>ts4 ,?is is sup]ior to ! =m]1 z x c be roll$ out4 ,= tom-toms & gongs4 #ad4 ,melt toge!r copp]1 #gb p>ts2 t91 #bf to #ef p>ts2 iron1 #add "p4 ,us$ 9 mak+ ! bells ( p5dules or ornam5tal ,p>isian clocks4 ,= clock-bells4 ,conclud+ rem>ks4 ,ca/+s 9 bell-metal are all m or less brittle2 &1 :5 rec5t1 h a col\r v>y+ f a d>k a%-grey to greyi%-:ite1 :i* is d>ke/ 9 ! m cupre\s v>ieties1 9 :i* x turns some:at on ! yell[i%-r$ or blui%-r$4 ,! l>g] ! proportion ( copp] 9 ! alloy1 ! deep] & grav] ! tone ( ! bells =m$ ( x4 ,! addition ( t91 iron1 or z9c1 causes !m to give out _! tones %>p]4 ,bismu? & lead are also (t5 add$ to modify ! tone1 :i* ea* metal affects diff]5tly4 ,! addition ( antimony & bismu? is frequ5tly made by ! f\nd] to give a m cry/all9e gra9 to ! alloy4 ,all ^! additions are1 h[ev]1 prejudicial to ! sonor\sness ( bells1 & ( v d\btful utility4 ,rapid refrig]ation increases ! sonor\sness ( all ^! alloys4 ,h5ce ,m4 ,d',arcet recomm5ds ! 'pieces' to be heat$ to a *]ry-r$ aft] !y are ca/1 & aft] hav+ be5 sudd5ly plung$ into cold wat]1 to be submitt$ to well-regulat$ pressure by skilful hamm]+1 until !y assume _! prop] =m2 aft] :i* !y are to be aga9 heat$ & all[$ to cool sl[ly 9 ! air4 ,?is is ! me?od adopt$ by ! ,*9ese ) _! gongs1 c41 a cas+ ( %eet-iron be+ employ$ by !m to support & protect ! pieces dur+ ! exposure to heat4 ,9 a g5]al way1 h[ev]1 bells are =m$ & complet$ by simple ca/+4 ,?is is necess>ily ! case ) all v l>ge bells4 ,:]e ! quality ( _! tones is ! *ief object s\ght aft]1 ! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to use comm]cially pure copp]4 ,! pres5ce ( a v little lead or any simil> metal greatly less5s ! sonor\sness ( ?is alloy2 :il/ t ( silv] increases x4 ,?is la/ metal has be5 detect$ 9 _m old *ur* bells rem>kable = ! ri*ness ( _! tones--articles ( silv] plate hav+ be5 ca/ into ! crucibles ( ! f\nd]s1 z votive (f]+s1 by ! pi\s ,*ri/ians ( =m] ages4 ,! specific gravity ( a l>ge bell is seldom uni=m ?r\gh\t its :ole sub/ance2 nor c ! sp4 gr4 f any giv5 proportion ( its con/itu5t metals be exactly calculat$ ow+ to ! _m int]f]+ circum/ances4 ,! ne>] ?is uni=mity is approa*$1 or 9 o!r words1 *emical comb9ation is complete1 ! m durable & f9] ton$ w be ! bell4 ,9 g5]al x is f\nd necess>y to take ab\t #a-aj? m metal ?an ! weight ( ! int5d$ bell1 or bells1 9 ord] to all[ = wa/e & scorification dur+ ! op]ations ( fus+ & ca/+4 ,see ,,bell1 ,,bronze1 ,,copp]1 c4 ,,belladon',,na 7-d7on'7a71 ,x41 ,sp41 ,port42 ,eng41 ,l41 ,g]42#ada ,b4 ,p4 ,syn4 ,,dead',,ly ,,night',,%ade1 ,,dwale2 ,,bell$ame1 ,,belladonne1 c41 ,fr42 ,t,,dtli*] ,,na*ts*att51 ,,tollk]s*e1 ,,tollkraut1 ,,wolfskirs*e1 c41 ,g]42 ,,at',,ropa ,,le?a',,lis991 ,,sola',,num ,,furio',,sum991 ,s4 ,,le?a',,le991 ,s4 ,,mania',,cum991 ,s4 ,,melanoc]',,asusdagg]1 c41 ,l41 ,bot4 v>4 ,lit]ally1 fair lady2 9 mat]ia m$ica1 botany1 c41 ! usual "n 7adopt$ f ! ,ital47 ( at'ropa belladonn'a 7,l9n471 an indig5\s1 poison\s1 p]5nial1 h]bace\s plant1 ( ! nat4 ord4 ,solan 7,,dc72 ,solanace1 ,endl41 7,l9d474 ,x fl[]s 9 ,june & ,july1 & its droop+1 purple blossoms are common ornam5ts ( our h$ges & wa/es :]e ! soil is calc>e\s4 ,x is suppos$ to be ! 'insane root' ( ,%akespe>e4#adb ,footnote #ada3 ,z a borr[$ ^w4 ,footnote #adb3 ',macbe?1' ,act ,i1 ,sc5e #c4 ,! p>ts ( ?is plant us$ 9 m$ic9e & ph>macy are ! fre% leaves & bran*es to :i* !y are atta*$2 also ! leaves sep>ate f ! bran*es1 c>efully dri$1 ( atropa belladonna2 ga!r$1 :5 ! fruit has begun to =m1 f wild or cultivat$ plants 9 ,brita9 7,b4 ,p474 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,e "p ( ?is plant conta9s ,,atro',,pia1 & is consequ5tly highly poison\s4 ,e "p1 except ! b]ries1 is foetid :5 bruis$1 & ( a d>k & lurid aspect1 indicative ( its deadly n>cotic quality4#adc ,its b]ries1 :i* are ( a glossy violet-black1 & ( ! size ( a small *]ry1 are sweet-ta/$1 & n at all nause\s4 ,*ildr5 & tir$ travell]s & soldi]s1 allur$ by _! beauty & ! abs5ce ( disagreeable flav\r1 h frequ5tly be5 induc$ to eat !m2 b 9 all cases poison+1 (t5 fatal1 has foll[$ ! indulg5ce4#add ,belladonna is1 h[ev]1 9 qualifi$ h&s a safe & mo/ valuable m$ic9e4 ,its *ief use is z an anodyne1 antispasmodic1 s$ative1 & discuti5t1 & p>ticul>ly to dim9i% s5sibility & allay pa9 & n]v\s irritation 9 a v>iety ( diseases--neuralgia1 ar?ritic & migratory rheumatic pa9s1 pa9ful ulc]s1 canc]1 spasmodic rigidity1 /rictures1 & contractions 7especially ( ! bladd] & ut]us71 ang9a pectoris1 iritis1 epilepsy1 *orea1 hoop+-c\gh1 hy/]ia1 mania1 fev]s1 ph?isis1 a/hma1 c42 also z a prophylactic ( sc>let-fev]1#ade hydrophobia1 & salivation1 z a resolv5t 9 enl>g$ & indurat$ gl&s 7p>ticul>ly :5 pa9ful71 z an ag5t to produce dilation ( ! pupil dur+ surgical exam9ations & op]ations1 c41 c4 ,x is employ$ bo? int]nally & ext]nally1 & 9 v>i\s =ms1 z is notic$ "u its 'prep>ations' else:]e4 ,dose4 ,( ! p[d]1 #a_/b to #a gr4 twice a day1 gradually & cauti\sly increas$ until dryness ( ! ?roat or dilation ( ! pupil occurs1 or ! head is affect$4 ,footnote #adc3 ,p]eira1 #d? ed41 vol4 ii1 #ede4 ,footnote #add3 ,"o hundr$ & fifty ,fr5* soldi]s 7 ?us poison$ at ,pirna1 ne> ,dresd54 7,orfila1 ',tox4 ,gn4'7 ,footnote #ade3 ,( #bjbg p]sons :o took x1 & 7 expos$ to ! contagion ( sc>let fev]1 #aidh escap$4 7,bayle1 ',bibl4 ,?rap41' t4 ii4 p4 #ejd47 ,( #abjj soldi]s :o took x only #ab became affect$4 7,opp5heim1 ',lond4 ,m$4 ,gaz1' vol4 xiii1 #had47 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 h[ev]1 except among homoeopa?s1 x has n f\nd mu* fav\r z a prophylactic4 ,pois41 c4 ,belladonna & its prep>ations are poison\s to all animals1 b v mu* m s to ! c>nivora ?an to ! h]bivora4 ,x also acts z a poison on vegetables4 ,treatm4 ,ant41 c4 ,^! may be ! same z ^? employ$ 9 poison+ by aconite1 atropia1 & opium4 ,! /oma* mu/ be cle>$ z soon z possible1 foll[$ by active purgation4 ,un=tunately emetics h sc>cely any action1 &1 !re=e1 mu/ be giv5 9 l>ge doses1 assi/$ by tickl+ ! fauces1 c4 ,if copi\s vomit+ does n rapidly foll[1 ! /oma*-pump may be _h rec\rse to4 ,:5 ! poison has be5 remov$ f ! /oma*1 copi\s & cont9u$ draughts ( a/r+5t vegetable solutions 7weak decoction ( galls or oak-b>k1 or /rong c(fee or gre5-tea71 %\ld be p]si/$ 9 = "s "t2 foll[$ by l draughts ( wat] s\r$ ) any mild vegetable acid 7z v9eg>1 lemon-juice1 citric or t>t>ic acid1 c47 ,detec4 ,! cont5ts ( ! /oma* or vomit$ matt] may be se>*$ = ! b]ries1 leaves1 se$1 or portions ( ! root2 all ( :i* are easily recognisable4 ,! usual physiological & *emical te/s ( atropia may also be appli$ to ^! & to ! organic liquids suppos$ to conta9 ! poison4 ,see ,,alkaloid1 ,,atropia1 ,,extracts1 ,,o9tm5ts1 ,,t9ctures1 ,,vegetable ,,juices1 c4 ,,belladonn9e4 ,syn4 ,,atropia1 :i* see4 ,,bell',y 7-e74 ,! abdom5 7:i* see74 ,,belts4 ,9 _! connection ) heal? & disease1 see ,,b&age1 ,,dress1 ,,/ays1 c4 ,,b5$ict9e',s ,,heal+-,,pla/] 7,haub]74 #ce grammes ( a d>k br[n pla/]1 prep>$ by dige/+ toge!r #a "p li?>ge ) #b p>ts olive oil until !y become blacki%-br[n1 !n add+ #d p>ts yell[ wax1 conta9+ ! heat = a %ort "t1 & !n p\r+ out4 7,witt/e947 ,,b5gal' 7-gawl'74 ,a ?9 fabric ( silk & hair int]wov51 orig9ally f ,b5gal4 ,b5'gal ,light4 ,a firework us$ z signals4 ,see ,,fires 7col\r$74 ,b5'gal ,/ripes4 ,cotton clo?1 wov5 ) col\r$ /ripes1 orig4 f ,b5gal2 g+ham4 ,,b5',,jam9dagg]994 ,b5zo94 ,,b5',,z5e4 ,see ,,b5zol4 ,,b5',,z9e 7-z7in74 ,b5zol4 ,,b5',,zoate 7-zo-ate74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,b5',,zo,s1 ,l4 ,a salt 9 :i* "o atom ( b5zoic acid is replac$ by a metal or o!r basic radical4 ,! b5zoates may1 9 g5]al1 be easily prep>$ by ei!r neutralis+ ! acid ) ! base1 or by d\ble decomposition4 ,mo/ ( !m are m or less soluble 9 wat]1 & cry/allisable4 ,^? ( ! alkalies & ammonia are v soluble1 & r difficult to cry/allise4 ,see ,,b5zoic ,,acid & ! respective bases4 ,,b5',,zo5e994 ,see ,,tuluole4 ,,b5zo',,ic ,,acid 7-zo'-7ik74 ,,hc#g;,h#e,o#b ,syn4 ,,fl[]s ,,( ,,b5zo9'2 ,,hy',,drat$ ,,b5',,zoyl2 ,,acidum ,,b5zo',,icum 7,b4 ,p472 ,,acide ,,b5zo,,que1 ,,fleurs ,,de ,,b5jo91 c41 ,fr42 ,,b5zoes,,ure1 c41 ,g]4 ,a sub/ance :i* is commonly /at$ to be ! *>act]i/ic con/itu5t ( ! two balsams4 ,pure oil ( bitt] almonds suff]s gradual conv]sion into ?is acid by exposure to ! air4 ,prep4 ,! acid ( comm]ce is pr9cipally obta9$ f gum-b5zo91 ei!r by sublimation 7dry way71 or by dissolv+ x out by means ( an alkali1 or an alkal9e e>? 9 ! =m ( a salt 7moi/ way72 b *iefly by ! fir/ me?od4 #a4 ,by ,,sublimation3-- a4 ,good b5zo91 cru%$ small or 9 ! /ate ( co>se p[d]1 is plac$ 9 a cyl9drical iron pot ) a flat bottom1 & f #h to #i in*es 9 diamet]1 s z to =m a lay] ( f #a to #b in*es deep4 ,! op5 end ( ! pot is next cov]$ ) a %eet ( s(t & loose blott+-pap]1#adf :i* is atta*$ to ! rim ) pa/e4 ,a cone1 cap1 or cyl9d] =m$ ( /rong ?ick pap] 7c>tridge pap]71 op5 at its l[] end1 is !n plac$ ov] ! top ( ! pot1 includ+ ! blott+-pap]2 & ?is is also atta*$ ) pa/e & /r+4 ,! app>atus1 ?us prep>$1 is !n plac$ on a s& ba?1#adg & expos$ = #d to #f h\rs to a g5tle & uni=m heat4 ,x is next remov$ f ! s& ba?1 &1 :5 x has suffici5tly cool$1 inv]t$1 & ! /r+ deta*$1 :5 cry/als ( b5zoic acid are f\nd 9 ! pap] cone4 ,if1 ow+ to want ( c>e 9 manipulat+1 ! product is ei!r col\r$ or empyreumatic1 x mu/ be envelop$ 9 sev]al folds ( bibul\s pap]1 !n submitt$ to p[]ful pressure1 & aft]w>ds resublim$4 ,! simple =m ( app>atus figur$ 9 ! engrav+ answ]s well on ! small scale1 & is t recomm5d$ by ,dr ,mohr4 ,footnote #adf3 ,felt--,liebig4 ,footnote #adg3 ,on an iron plate on :i* s& has be5 spread--,ph4 ,bor4 ,illu/ration b4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahej47 ,! sublim+ pot is ord]$ to be ( %eet-iron4 ,x is to be fitt$ into a circul> hole 9 a %eet ( pa/ebo>d1 & a coll> ( t[ int]pos$ betwe5 x & ! flange1 s z to produce a ne>ly air-tight junction4 ,! pap] receiv] or cap is to be cyl9drical1 op5 at "o end & ab\t #ah in*es high1 ) a diamet] at lea/ twice t ( ! pot2 & x is to be secur$ 9 an inv]t$ position on ! pa/ebo>d1 & fa/5$ to x by slips ( pap] & fl\r-pa/e4 ,a c\ple ( in*es ( ! pot is to be pass$ ?r\gh a correspond+ hole 9 a plate ( %eet-t91 :i* is to be kept f contact ) ! pa/ebo>d by ! int]position ( a few corks2 & a heat#adh only j suffici5t to melt ! b5zo9 is to be appli$ = at lea/ six h\rs4 ,footnote #adh3 ,t ( a gas-flame is recomm5d$4 ,a r+ ( v small gas-jets answ]s bett]4 c4 7,process adopt$ at ,apo!c>ies' ,hall1 ,london47 ,! be/ gum-b5zo9 is put into an iron pot1 set 9 brickwork ov] a suitable small fire-place 7or flue71#adi & communicat+ by a conical metal neck1 ) a wood5 box 7te*nically t]m$ a 'h\se'7 l9$ ) :ite blott+-pap]1 z a receiv] = ! fl[]s4 ,a piece ( f9e musl91 or ( bibul\s pap]1 is int]pos$ betwe5 ! top ( ! sublim+-pot & ! receiv]1 to prev5t ! sublimate fall+ back into ! =m]4 ,! sublimation is conduct$ r rapidly1 & ! acid cond5ses 9 beautiful :ite1 s(t1 flexible cry/als1 :i* are at once ready = ! m>ket4 ,:5 ! process is conduct$ m sl[ly1 ! product is proportionately scaly4 ,footnote #adi3 ,a pan ) a /eam-jacket answ]s well1 & is v manageable4 ,obs4 ,good samples ( b5zo9 yield f #aj to #ab1 or ev5 #ab-a_/b1 ( 'fl[]s' or 'acid ( ! fir/ sublimation4' ,?is1 aft] be+ press$ 9 blott+-pap] & aga9 sublim$1 gives #h-a_/b to #aj ( ne>ly pure b5zoic acid4 ,! loss aris+ f a second sublimation is ?us s great t ! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid its necessity4 #b4 ,9 ! ,,moi/ ,,way3-- a4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf2 ,s*eele's ,process47 ,equal p>ts ( b5zo9 & hydrate ( lime1 9 f9e p[d]1 are intimately mix$ toge!r & boil$ = ab\t an h\r1 ) #dj p>ts ( wat]2 ! liquor1 aft] filtration1 is evaporat$ to #a_/e?1 & ! lime saturat$ ) hydro*loric acid2 ! b5zoic acid cry/allis$ out z ! liquor cools1 & is !n ei!r wa%$ ) v cold wat]1 & dri$ by a g5tle heat1 or x is dri$ & sublim$ 9 ! mann] already expla9$4 ,! product ( ! sublimation is extremely :ite & pure4 ,obs4 ,an economical & productive process2 b1 to ensure success1 a p]fect mixture ( ! dry +r$i5ts mu/ be fir/ made2 z o!rwise ! b5zo9 runs into a solid mass 9 ! boil+ wat]1 & ! op]ation fails4 ,prod4 #a lb4 ( 7gum7 b5jam9 yields #a oz4 #f dr4 #b scr4 ( fl[]s4 7,gray47#aej ,footnote #aej3 ,a quantity :i*1 9 our own exp]im5ts1 we 7 nev] able to obta94 b4 7,process ( ,/oltze47 ,! b5zo9 is dissolv$ 9 #c times its weight ( alcohol1 ! solution introduc$ into a retort1 & a solution ( c>bonate ( soda 9 weak _s-&-wat]1 is gradually add$1 until all ! free acid pres5t is neutralis$2 wat]1 equal to ab\t twice ! weight ( ! b5zo9 employ$1 is next p\r$ 91 & ! alcohol remov$ by di/illation4 ,! float+ res9 is n[ skimm$ (f ! residual liquid & wa%$ ) a little wat]1 & ! wa%+s add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! retort1 :i* w deposit cry/als ( b5zoate ( soda on cool+1 & m by subsequ5t evaporation4 ,f ?is salt ! b5zoic acid is obta9$ by saturat+ ! alkali ) an acid 7z ! hydro*loric71 & by subsequ5t sublimation ( ! crude precipitat$ cry/als4 #c4 ,o!r ,me?ods3-- a4 ,ord9>y hippuric acid is v g5tly boil$1 = ab\t #ae m9utes1 9 nitric acid#aea 7sp4 gr4 #adb72 wat] is !n add$1 & ! solution all[$ to cool & cry/allise4 ,! cry/als are collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) a little v cold wat]1 dri$ by pressure 9 bibul\s pap]1 & la/ly1 purifi$ by sublimation1 z be=e4 ,footnote #aea3 ,hydro*loric acid z well z sulphuric acid also conv]t hippuric acid into b5zoic acid2 z does likewise a suffici5t degree ( heat4 ,see ,,hippuric ,,acid4 b4 ,f ! ur9e ( horses1 c[s1 & o!r gram9ivor\s animals1 9 a simil> way to t by :i* hippuric acid is obta9$1 only all[+ ! ur9e to acquire a slight degree ( putridity be=e evaporation1 :i* la/ %\ld be effect$ by a heat slightly "u t ( ebullition4 ,! crude acid ?us obta9$ is purifi$ z previ\sly direct$4 ,obs4 ,l>ge quantities ( b5zoic acid are said to be obta9$ 9 ?is way on ! ,cont95t2 b1 ow+ to ! process be+ clumsily conduct$1 x is g5]ally ( inf]ior quality1 & h5ce unsaleable4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 by skilful purification1 be r5d]$ q equal to t obta9$ f gum b5zo94#aeb ,footnote #aeb3 ,a manufactory ( sal-ammoniac1 ne> ,magdeburgh1 :i* uses ur9e1 is able to supply fl[]s ( b5jam9 by ! cwt4 7,gray47 ,prop4 ,:5 obta9$ by sublimation b5zoic acid =ms s(t1 light1 fea!ry1 :ite1 flexible cry/als1 :i* are transp>5t or semi-transp>5t1 ) m or less ( a "m-(-pe>l lu/re2 :5 by sl[ly cool+ its aque\s solution1 or by precipitation f a solution ( a b5zoate1 x =ms ei!r ?9 plates or scales1 or a dazzl+ :ite cry/all9e p[d]4 ,x is inodor\s :5 cold1#aec b acquires a fa9t balsamic od\r :5 g5tly w>m$2 fuses at ab\t #bab ,fahr41 & beg9s to sublime freely at a temp]ature a little above x1 b does n boil until heat$ to ab\t #dfj2 burns ) a bright yell[ flame2 is v soluble 9 alcohol1 dissolves 9 ab\t #bjj p>ts ( cold wat]1 & ab\t #be p>ts ( boil+ wat]2 resi/s ! action ( ord9>y nitric acid ev5 :5 boil+2 & =ms salts 7,,b5',,zoates7 ) ! bases4 ,sp4 gr4 #jffg4 ,its vap\r1 :i* is v suffocat+ & irritat+1 has a d5sity ( #dbg4 ,add$ to fat & fatty sub/ances x ei!r prev5ts1 or greatly ret>ds1 ! accession ( rancidity4 ,footnote #aec3 ,t ( ! %ops usually smells slightly ( b5zo91 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( a trace ( volatile oil4 ,te/1 c4 ,x may be recognis$--#a4 ,by its physical prop]ties 7appe>ance1 fusibility1 volatility1 od\r1 c47 already enum]at$3--#b4 ,by its ready solubility 9 solutions ( ! alkalies2 & by be+ precipitat$ f ^! solutions1 on ! addition ( "o ( ! /rong] acids1 "u ! =m ( a dazzl+ :ite p[d]1 :i* is only sp>+ly soluble 9 cold wat]3--#c4 ,by its neutral salts ) ! alkalies1 or its neutral solution 9 an alkali1 giv+ a bulky1 fle%-col\r$ precipitate ) p]*loride ( iron1 :i* is insoluble 9 wat]3--#d4 ,by its solution n be+ precipitat$ by acetate ( lead until aft] neutralisation ) a fix$ alkali1 :5 ! acetate produces a :ite1 floccul5t precipitate3--#e4 ,by a mixture ( alcohol1 ammonia1 & solution ( *loride ( b>ium1 nei!r di/urb+ a solution ( ! free acid1 nor t ( "o ( its salts ) ! alkalies4 ,x is *emically di/+ui%$ f c9namic acid by n yield+ ess5tial oil ( almonds :5 x is di/ill$ ) oxidis+ ag5ts1 z *romic acid or a mixture ( bi*romate ( potassium & sulphuric acid2 & f succ9ic acid1 by its diff]5t deportm5t ) sesqui*loride ( iron 7,te/ #c1 ant71 & ) a mixture ( alcohol1 ammonia1 & solution ( *loride ( b>ium 7,t4 #e1 ant74 ,e/im4--#a4 ,by weigh+ x z b5zoic acid1 obta9$ ei!r by precipitation1 or by v c>eful sublimation 9 a glass app>atus3--#b4 ,by neutralis+ its alcoholic or aque\s solution1 by ! usual me?od ( acidimetry3--#c4 ,by precipitat+ its neutral solution ) acetate ( lead1 or ) sesqui*loride ( iron1 & weigh+ ! c>efully wa%$ & dri$ precipitate ei!r z b5zoate ( lead1 or z f]ric b5zoate4 ,pur41 c4 ,:ite cry/all9e silky plates & ne$les1 h an aromatic od\r4 ,solubility 9 cold wat]1 #a 9 #cjj2 9 boil+ wat]1 #a 9 #ab2 9 _s1 #a 9 #d4 ,also soluble 9 cau/ic alkalies & lime4 ,borax consid]ably increases its solubility 9 wat]2 #a ( b5zoic acid & #a ( borax are soluble 9 #ajj ( wat]4 ,x sublimes )\t residue :5 heat$4 ,x is sometimes met ) adult]at$ ) hippuric acid1 :i* may be easily detect$ by its alt]$ =m1 by its dim9i%+ solubility 9 cold wat]1 & by its exhal+ an od\r ( tonqu9-beans1 & aft]w>ds ( hydrocyanic acid1 :5 sublim$4 ,! pres5ce ( succ9ic acid may be readily detect$ by its greatly increas$ solubility 9 cold wat]2 t ( sug>1 n only by its increas$ solubility1 & p>tial volatility1 b also by ! od\r ( c>amel be+ evolv$ on ! application ( suffici5t heat1 & ! residuum be+ black & c>bonace\s2 t ( camphor1 by its peculi> od\r :5 g5tly heat$4 ,sp]maceti1 specially prep>$ = ! purpose1 is also an occasional adult]ant1 easily detect$ by its insolubility & o!r well-kn[n prop]ties4 ,all ^! sub/ances ei!r de/roy or lack ! prop] cry/all9e =m ( b5zoic acid1 :i* is "o ( ! be/ pro(s ( its purity4 ,!y also greatly increase its sp4 gr4 ,uses1 c4 ,its *ief use 9 m$ic9e is z a /imulant & expectorant4 ,x is an +r$i5t 9 ! comp\nd t9cture ( camphor 7p>egoric elixir7 ( ! ph>macopoeia4--,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 dissolv$ 9 wat] by ! aid ( a little ammonia or potassa2 9 old c\ghs1 c4 ,,b5zoic ,,al',,cohol4 ,a peculi> oily fluid1 discov]$ by ,m4 ,cannizz>o1 & obta9$ by ! action ( an alcoholic solution ( potassa on pure oil ( bitt] almonds4 ,,b5zo9'1 ,b4 ,p4 7-zoyn'2 zo'-7in74 ,syn4 ,,gum-,,b5zo999d\ble-dagg]1 ,,b5',,jam9dagg]991 ,,gum-,b4dagg]992 ,,b5z,i',,num1 ,l41 ,b4 ,p42 ,,b5jo91 ,fr42 ,,b5z,e1 ,g]4 ,! balsamic res9 exud$ f incisions made 9 ! /em ( ! /yrax b5zo91 a native ( ,sumatra1 ,java1 ,borneo1 ,laos1 & ,siam4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( b5zo9 are 9 ! m>ket2 two only1 h[ev]1 are *iefly us$ 9 m$ic9e1 "o 9 agglut9at$ masses1 ! o!r 7f ,siam71 9 te>s1 be+ ! pur] & hav+ ! /rong] od\r4 ,prop41 c4 ,od\r agreeable1 & some:at l t ( vanilla1 b m balsamic2 fracture con*oidal2 lu/re greasy2 sp4 gr4 #ajfc to #ajib4 ,x fuses at a g5tle heat & exhales :ite fumes1 :i*1 on cond5sation1 are f\nd to be b5zoic acid contam9at$ ) a little volatile oil4 ,alcohol dissolves ! l>g] portion ( x1 e!r mu* less1 & ! volatile & fix$ oils only a little4 ,x conta9s f #i to #ah1 or 7occasionally7 ne>ly #bj1 ( b5zoic acid1 accord+ to ! quality4 ,x burns ) an agreeable od\r4 ,! res9 & its alcoholic solution /rike a bright r$ col\r ) oil ( vitriol1 & a gre5 col\r ) *loride ( iron4 ,b5zo9 has occasionally be5 sold by fraudul5t deal]s aft] its b5zoic acid has be5 remov$ by ! wet me?od4 ,:5 ! gum has be5 ?us treat$ x w n %[ ! agglut9at$ te>s1 ^u fracture1 :i* commonly di/+ui%es x :5 intact4 ,uses1 c4 ,x is *iefly employ$ 9 p]fum]y1 & z an +r$i5t 9 inc5se1 fumigat+ pa/illes1 c42 also 9 c\rt-pla/]1 9 c]ta9 cosmetics1 & to sc5t ! v>ni% us$ = snuff-boxes1 walk+-/icks1 c4 ,z a m$ic9e1 its g5]al effects resemble ^? ( ! o!r true balsams1 & ( b5zoic acid4--,dose1 #e or #f to #bj1 or ev5 #cj gr41 9 p[d]1 & usually 9 comb9ation ) "s o!r rem$y2 *iefly 9 *ronic pulmon>y & bron*ial affections1 :5 occurr+ 9 torpid habits1 & unaccompani$ by inflammatory symptoms or ga/ric irritation4 ,also z a fumigation 9 ! same diseases1 hoop+-c\gh1 c4 ,l b5zoic acid1 x is us$ to prev5t rancidity 9 o9tm5ts1 pomades1 & o!r fatty prep>ations4 ,,b5zo9um4 ,see ,,b5zo94 ,,b5',,zol 7-zole74 ,c#f;,h#f4 b5z7o97-oleum4 ,syn4 ,,b5',,z5e991 ,,b5',z7,i,,ne1 ,,b5',z,o,,le991 ,,hydr7,i,,de ,,( ,,phe',n7,y,l991 ,,phe',,nedagg]1 c42 ,,b5zo',,leum1 ,l42 ,,b5z9e1 ,fr42 ,,b5z,l1 ,g]4 ,a peculi> e!real hydroc>bon discov]$1 by ,f>aday1 among ! products ( ! de/ructive di/illation ( :ale oil & o!r organic sub/ances 7,a4,d4 #ahbe72 & subsequ5tly %[n1 by ,mits*]li*1 to =m ! pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 ! di/illate procur$ by ! action ( heat on a mixture ( b5zoic acid & hydrate ( lime4 ,9 #ahdi1 ,mr ,c4 ,b4 ,mansfield#aed discov]$ its pres5ce 9 coal-t> naph?a1 f :i* ! b5zol ( comm]ce is n[ *iefly1 if n :olly1 obta9$4 ,footnote #aed3 ,?is un=tunate *emi/ lo/ 8 life 7,feb4 #be1 #ahee71 9 consequ5ce ( be+ sev]ely burn$ :il/ exp]im5t+ on b5zol4 ,prep4 #a4 ,,pure3--a4 ,a mixture ( b5zoic acid1 #a "p2 fre%-slak$ lime1 #c p>ts2 is submitt$1 9 a coat$ glass or e>!nw>e retort1 to a heat sl[ly rais$ to r$ness2 ! oily portion ( ! result+ di/illate is !n sep>at$ f ! wat]1 & c>efully rectifi$1 ) ! prop] precautions1 at a temp]ature n exce$+ #aij ,fahr4 ,! product is usually /at$ to be pure b5zol2 b to ensure ?is x may be submitt$ to "o refrig]ation & rectification1 9 ! mann] & at ! temp]ature notic$ bel[4 b4 ,f good comm]cial b5zol1 agitat$ ) #a-d? or #a-e? ( its weight ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 &1 aft] repose & decantation1 rectifi$ at a temp]ature "u #aie ,fahr42 ! result+ di/illate is expos$ to a temp]ature bel[#aee #cb ,fahr41 & ! mass ( cry/als t =m are ?r[n on a funnel1 kept at ! same temp]ature1 to dra91 aft] :i* !y are press$ betwe5 folds ( bibul\s pap]1#aef & !n all[$ to liquefy by simple exposure1 9 a close vessel1 to ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! product1 aft] rectification at a temp]ature n exce$+ #aij1 is ne>ly pure b5zol4 ,x may be r5d]$ absolutely pure by repeat+ ! refrig]ation a second & a ?ird "t1 foll[$ by a f9al rectification at #ahj-ahe ,fahr4 ,footnote #aee3 ,pref]ably consid]ably bel[4 ,if ! di/illate be n ri* 9 b5zol1 a temp]ature s l[ z #h or #aj1 or ev5 #d-e1 ,fahr4 may be necess>y or1 at all ev5ts1 advantage\s4 ,footnote #aef3 ,filtration "u pressure is ?\ght by "s *emi/s to be pref]able4 ,= ?is purpose a ',be>t's ,c(fee-pot' 7or a simil>ly con/ruct$ app>atus71 0 (t5 employ$ by ,mansfield1 & is recomm5d$ by ,pr(4 ,muspratt4 #b4 ,,comm]cial3--,by submitt+ light coal-t> naph?a to di/illation1 ei!r at once1 or aft] x has be5 agitat$ ) a little oil ( vitriol1 & decant$1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! temp]ature does n exce$ #bjj ,fahr4 ,a draw+ & description ( ! app>atus inv5t$ by ,mansfield = ! prep>ation ( b5zol f coal-t> naph?a is giv5 bel[4 ,illu/ration ,a is ! /ill plac$ on a furnace ,r2 ,c is fill$ ) cold wat]4 ,z soon z ! oil 9 ! /ill boils1 ! vap\rs are cond5s$ 9 ,b1 & fl[ back into ,a2 ?is cont9ues until ! wat] 9 ,c has be5 heat$ to a c]ta9 temp]ature1 :5 ! vap\rs are cond5s$ 9 ! cool] ,d1 ! liquid fl[+ at n into ! c>boy ,s4 ,z soon z ! wat] 9 ,c beg9s to boil1 all ! sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! coal-t> naph?a & volatile at #bab ,fahr4 are cond5s$ & collect$ 9 ,s4 ,a v pure b5zol is obta9$ by ?is app>atus4 ,by op5+ ! tap m1 ! hydroc>bons :i* boil ov] #bab ,fahr4 c be rectifi$4 ,! /opcock i is us$ = op5+ ! /ill4 ,9 ! b5zol works ! app>atus %[n bel[ is employ$4 ,a is ! /ill1 ,b ! cond5s]1 ,c a wat]-tank4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation ! wat] 9 ,c is heat$ by means ( ! /eam-pipe ,d :i* communicates ) ! /eam boil]4 ,! tube ,g is atta*$ to ! /ill2 i is a contrivance = fill+1 b = empty+ x4 ,! cond5s$ wat] is c>ri$ (f by means ( ,h4 ,by freez+ b5zol & press+ ! solid sub/ance obta9$1 x may be r5d]$ q pure4 ,illu/ration ,prop4 ,pure b5zol is a cle>1 col\rless1 v mobile liquid1 hav+ a /rong1 *>act]i/ic1 & r agreeable e!real od\r4 ,x is neutral to te/-pap]2 exce$+ly volatile at all temp]atures2 insoluble 9 wat]2 miscible ) alcohol & ) e!r2 highly inflammable2 burns ) a brilliant flame1 emitt+ cl\ds ( smoke1 :i* rapidly cond5se & fall z a %[] ( f9e sooty1 c>bonace\s matt]2 boils at #agf ,fahr42#aeg solidifies1 at #cb1 to a sn[y :ite camphor-l mass1 or :5 v sl[ly refrig]at$1 to beautiful transp>5t cruci=m leaflets1 :i* aggregate toge!r into =ms resembl+ f]n-fronds2 remelts at #dj-a ,fahr42 & :5 solidifies burns1 l camphor1 )\t previ\s fusion4 ,sp4 gr4 #hej2aeh sp4 gr4 ( vap\r1 #bggj4aei ,x is unaffect$ by ! ord9>y hydrat$ acids1 & has no action on ! alkal9e metals4 ,highly conc5trat$ nitric acid readily dissolves x1 & f ?is solution nitrob5zol is precipitat$ on ! addition ( wat]4 ,its vap\r is dang]\sly inflammable1 &1 :5 mix$ ) ! air1 is highly explosive4 ,its solv5t p[] ext5ds ov] a num]\s li/ ( sub/ances4 ,comm]cial b5zol has a less agreeable od\r1 & n unfrequ5tly a slight col\r1 ) o!r modifications ( ! prop]ties j enum]at$1 dep5d+ on ! relative am\nt ( impurities conta9$ 9 x4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,f[nes1 ,mansfield1 ,muspratt1 & o!rs2 #ahf--,mits*]li* #ahg--,mr ,c4 ,g4 ,williams 79 ,ure's ',dict4 ( ,a4 ,m41 ,m41' #e? ed474 7,see next note47 ,footnote #aeh3 ,williams1 ,ure1 ,muspratt2 #hhe--;,f[nes1 ,mits*]li*4 ,! diff]5t sp4 gr4 & boil+-po9ts assign$ to b5zol1 by au?ors1 c only be acc\nt$ = by samples ( diff]5t degrees ( purity hav+ probably be5 exam9$4 ,! numb]s giv5 9 ! text are ^? n usually adopt$2 b we are n prep>$ to say1 t !y are def9itely settl$4 ,on ! contr>y1 we ?9k x n unlikely t fur!r inve/igations may %[ t ! app>5tly great] levity ( ! b5zole obta9$ f naph?a may arise f ! pres5ce ( "s o!r hydroc>bon :i* has hi!rto escap$ detection4 ,footnote #aei3 ,!oretically1 #bgch4 ,pur4--#a4 ,x %\ld be col\rless1 )\t action on ei!r litmus or turm]ic pap]1 & h ! boil+-po9t1 sp4 gr41#afj c4 already indicat$3--#b4 ,a few drops ?r[n on a slip ( glass or a piece ( :ite pap] %\ld rapidly & entirely evaporate by simple exposure to ! air )\t leav+ a /a9 beh9d1 or evolv+ any disagreeable or =eign od\r3--#c4 ,agitation ) a little sulphuric acid %\ld n discol\r x3--#d4 ,x %\ld n p]ceptibly lose weight or volume by agitation ) a little cold wat]4 ,footnote #afj3 ,if x has a less sp4 gr4 ?an #hej1 x is probably adult]at$ ) ! naph?a obta9$ f ! ,torbane-hill m9]al or ,boghead-coal1 ( :i* ! sp4 gr4 is only #gej4 ,detec4--#a4 ,f ! physical & o!r prop]ties already enum]at$3--#b4 ,by conv]t+ x into anil9e & !n te/+ x accord+ly4 ,= ?is purpose a little ( x is dissolv$ 9 conc5trat$ nitric acid1 & ! nitrob5zol ?us =m$ is precipitat$ by ! addition ( wat]4 ,! fluid is !n agitat$ ) e!r1 to dissolve out ! nitrob5zol1 & ! result+ e!real solution is mix$ ) an equal bulk ( alcohol & hydro*loric acid & a little granulat$ z9c at once add$4 ,hydrog5 is evolv$1 & by its action ! nitro-comp\nd is conv]t$ into anil9e4 ,! liquid is next alkalis$ ) potassa 9 excess1 & ! alkal9e fluid agitat$ ) e!r4 ,! e!real solution1 on evaporation1 leaves a residue 7anil9e71 :i*1 aft] ! addition ( a little wat]1 may be te/$ ) a few drops ( solution ( *loride ( lime1 :5 a *>act]i/ic purple col\r w be develop$1 provid$ ! orig9al liquor 0 b5zole1 or conta9$ x4 ,9 ?is way v m9ute traces ( b5zol may be detect$4 ,uses1 c4 ,9 its impure or comm]cial =m1 *iefly z a solv5t = gutta p]*a & india rubb]2 b x leaves ! fir/ 9 a spongy1 friable /ate1 & ! latt] glut9\s or /icky1 unless heat is appli$ to x = "s "t2 also z a solv5t 9 ! manufacture ( v>ni%es1 z a dilu5t 9 lieu ( oil ( turp5t9e1 = oil-pa9ts1 z a mat]ial = ! production ( artificial light1 c41 c4 ,9 ! pure or ne>ly pure =m x is l>gely employ$ 9 ! laboratory & 9 *emical analysis z a solv5t ( _m res9s1#afa ma/ic1 wax1 camphor1 fat1 ! fix$ & ess5tial oils1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 iod9e1 sev]al ( ! alkaloids1#afb c41 c4 ,"u ! "n ( ,,b5z9e & ,,b5z9e-,,collas x has be5 rec5tly ext5sively v5d$ = ! removal ( spots ( grease1 pa9t1 c41 f wov5 fabrics1 :i* x does mo/ readily & completely1 )\t detrim5t to ! mat]ial4 ,z a s\rce ( artificial light x has be5 ! subject ( innum]able applications & pat5ts4 ,x may be burn$ 9 a 'wickless' lamp1 provid$ a prop] cap-burn] be employ$4 ,alcohol or pyroxilic _s conta9+ #a-crd1 or ev5 #a-d? ( x1 burns ) a ri* :ite flame4 ,air driv5 ?r\gh x becomes suffici5tly inflammable to s]ve z illum9at+ gas2 :il/ ord9>y coal-gas by m]ely pass+ ov] x yields a flame ( greatly increas$ brilliancy2 b 9 all ^! applications ! greate/ possible c>e is necess>y to prev5t accid5ts4#afc ,see ,,naph?a 7,coal-t>74 ,footnote #afa3 ,anime & copal are sc>cely affect$ by x 9 ! fluid /ate1 b readily dissolve 9 its vap\r at ! po9t ( cond5sation4 ,footnote #afb3 ,p>ticul>ly qu99e1 :i* x dissolves readily1 b n c9*on9e4 ,h5ce x is invaluable = ! sep>ation ( !m4 ,x may be economically & conv5i5tly sub/itut$ = e!r 9 ! prep>ation ( _m alkaloids1 ) ! advantage ( be+ applicable 9 _m cases 9 :i* e!r _c be employ$4 ,footnote #afc3 ,workm5 con/antly expos$ to ! vap\r ( b5zol are v subject to n]v\s irritability1 &1 :]e ! ap>tm5t is ill-v5tilat$1 ev5 fits ( n]v\s pro/ration & trembl+1 ( a truly al>m+ "*4 ,9 two or ?ree cases :i* we h se51 ! symptoms1 to ! inexp]i5c$ eye1 closely resembl$ ^? occasionally result+ f ! long-cont9u$ use ( v m9ute doses ( /ry*nia1 or ( ! alcoholic extract ( nux vomica4 ,b5zol1 ,nitrate (4 ,see ,,nitro-,,b5zol4 ,,b5zol9e4 ,a product ( ! fractional di/illation ( ,am]ican rock oil4 ,if us$ = burn+ purposes1 c>e %\ld always be tak5 to use a sponge lamp1 s z to ensure ! b5zol9e vap\r 7:i* is extremely inflammable7 be+ well dilut$ ) air :5 burnt4 ,,b5zoyl4 ,c#g;,h#e,o4 ,! radical ( an ext5sive s]ies ( comp\nds1 ( :i* ! hydride1 ,c#g;,h#e,,oh 7ess5tial oil ( bitt] almonds71 & b5zoic acid1 ,,hc#g;,h#e,o#b are ! mo/ important memb]s4 ,b5zoyl1 ,hy'dride (4 ,c#g;,h#e,,oh4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,bitt] ,,almonds1 ,,ess5tial ,,oil ,,( ,,bitt] ,,almonds1 ,,volatile ,,oil ,,( ,,bitt] ,,almonds4 ,prep4 #a4 ,! crude oil ( bitt] almonds is agitat$ ) a mod]ately dilute solution ( proto*loride ( iron :i* has be5 previ\sly mix$ ) fre% hydrate ( lime 9 excess1 & ! :ole1 aft] hav+ be5 plac$ 9 a retort connect$ ) a suitable receiv]1 is subject$ to di/illation4 ,! oil passes ov] mix$ ) wat]1 f :i* x is easily sep>at$ aft] repose4 ,by subject+ x to a second agitation & di/illation ) a fre% mixture ( ! proto*loride & hydrate1 &1 aft] c>eful sep>ation f ! wat] :i* di/ils ov] ) x1 all[+ x to rema9 = "s h\rs 9 contact ) fragm5ts ( fus$ *loride ( calcium1 to free x f all traces ( adh]+ wat]1 ! product w be ne>ly *emically pure1 provid$ ! :ole process has be5 conduct$ ) z little access ( air z possible4 #b4 7,liebig47 ,agitate ! crude oil ( bitt] almonds ) m]curic oxide 9 slight excess1 &1 aft] a few days' contact1 rectify ! oil f a little fre% oxide4 ,! product is q pure :5 ! process is prop]ly manag$4 ,! bicyanide ( m]cury ?us =m$ may be ei!r employ$ z su*1 or reconv]t$ into oxide ( m]cury & hydrocyanic acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,a r ?91 col\rless liquid1 ( great refractive p[] & *>act]i/ic & agreeable od\r2 soluble 9 #ce p>ts ( wat]2 miscible 9 all proportions ) alcohol & e!r2 x boils at #cef ,fahr42 on exposure to ! air x rapidly absorbs oxyg51 & becomes conv]t$ into a mass ( cry/allis$ b5zoic acid2 heat$ ) solid hydrate ( potassa hydrog5 is evolv$1 & b5zoate ( potassium =m$2 ) ! alkal9e bisulphites x =ms beautiful cry/all9e comp\nds4 ,its flame1 & t ( its vap\r1 is bright b v smoky4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajdc4 ,x diff]s f ! crude or common oil ( bitt] almonds *iefly 9 ! abs5ce ( hydrocyanic acid1 & consequ5tly 9 n be+ poison\s4 ,x has h5ce be5 propos$ z a sub/itute = ! crude oil z a flav\r+ +r$i5t 9 cook]y1 confection]y1 liqueurs1 c42 b is unfitt$ = ! purpose1 ow+ to ! rapid det]ioration x suff]s unless x be kept absolutely exclud$ f ! air4 ,=miate ( ,hydride ( ,b5zoyle4 ,see ,,=mob5zoic ,,acid4 ,,b]',,b]9e 7-e574#afd ,c#bj;,h#ag,,no#d4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,b>',,b]7,i,,ne991 ,,b]',,b]ite99 7( ,?omson72 ,,b]b]i',,na1 ,l4 ,a sub/ance discov]$ by ,bu*n] & ,h]b]g] 9 ! root ( ! common b>b]ry %rub 7b]'b]is vulga'ris1 ,l9n472 & subsequ5tly1 by ,bdeck]1 9 calumba-root2 & m rec5tly by ,mr ,p]r9s1 9 ! calumba-wood 7m5isp]mum f5e/ratum7 ( ,ceylon1 :i* conta9s a consid]able quantity ( x4 ,footnote #afd3 ,?is sub/ance mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ,,beeb]9e or ,,bib]9e 7:i* see74 ,prep4 #a4 ,a s(t wat]y extract ( ! root1 or ( ! wood1 is dige/$ 9 rectifi$ _s1 ) trituration1 z long z any?+ is tak5 up2 ! result+ t9cture1 aft] repose1 is filt]$1 & ! alcohol gradually di/ill$ (f until ! residuum has ! consi/5ce ( a ?9 syrup4 ,! cry/als :i* =m z ! liquid cools are dra9$ 9 a funnel1 wa%$ ) a few drops ( ice-cold wat]1 press$ dry 9 bibul\s pap]1 & !n purifi$ by solution & cry/allisation1 fir/ 9 rectifi$ _s1 & next 9 di/ill$ wat]4 #b4 ,by dige/+ ! root1 or ! wood 7co>sely p[d]$7 9 rectifi$ _s1 & !n proce$+ z be=e4 ,prop4 ,b]b]9e may be class$ ) ! azotis$ col\r+ sub/ances2 or1 f its composition & its possess+ feeble basic prop]ties1 ) ! alkaloids4 ,x cry/allises 9 f9e ne$les1 or 9 /ellat$ prisms1 :i* are yell[1 od\rless1 v bitt]-ta/$1 neutral to te/-pap]1 & conta9 #ab equiv4 ( wat]4 ,at #bab ,fahr4 x acquires a r$ col\r2 b recov]s its normal yell[ on cool+4 ,a mu* high] temp]ature decomposes x1 yell[ vap\rs be+ evolv$4 ,x is freely soluble 9 boil+ wat] & 9 alcohol1 f ei!r ( :i* solutions x may be readily obta9$ 9 cry/als4 ,x requires #ejj p>ts ( wat] at #fj to dissolve x1 & v mu* m at l[] temp]atures4 ,its solutions are yell[2 t 9 alcohol appe>s gre5 by reflect$ light4 ,! conc5trat$ m9]al acids de/roy x4 ,its salts are m or less soluble4 ,uses1 c4 ,*iefly 9 m$ic9e1 9 simil> cases to ^? 9 :i* ! use ( calumba-root is indicat$4 ,x has be5 highly recomm5d$ 9 dyspepsia & he>tburn1 9 di/urb$ action ( ! liv]1 &1 comb9$ ) iron 7lactate1 phosphate1 or hyposulphite71 9 *lorosis1 anmia1 c4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,alt91 x is an effectual rem$y = ! mucal1 col\rless di>rhoea1 & ! d]angem5t ( ! ur9>y secretions :i* commonly foll[ *ol]a4--,dose1 #c to #aj gr42 9 l>g] doses x proves laxative4 ,see ,,calumba1 c4 ,,b]5izon 7,dr ,*>les ,wortley74 ,a prep>ation = promot+ ! gr[? ( ! hair4 ,balsam ( ,p]u #c grammes1 ca/or oil #c grammes1 t9ct4 c9*ona #d grammes1 _s #he grammes1 rosewat] #dj grammes4 7,s*dl]47 ,,b]g',,amot4 ,syn4 ,,b]gamo',,ta1 ,l42 ,,b]gamote1 ,fr42 ,,b]gamotte1 ,fr41 ,g]4 ,! b]gamot-lemon1 or fruit ( cit'rus b]'ga'mia2 also sometimes1 colloquially1 ! fragrant oil obta9$ f its r9d4 ,see ,,oils 7,volatile74 ,,b]gbalsam--,,m\nta9 ,,balsam 7( ,g4 ,s*midt1 ,b]l974 ,recomm5d$ = hemorrhoids1 want ( appetite1 heada*e1 con/ipation1 c4 ,rhub>b #b p>ts1 cortex frangul #aj p>ts1 milfoil fl[]s 7,a*illea millefolium7 #a "p1 tansy #a "p1 cry/allis$ soda #a-a_/b p>ts2 be dige/$ = "s h\rs 9 w>m wat]1 ! fluid express$ made up to #bf p>ts1 #cj p>ts ( sug> dissolv$ 9 x1 & la/ly mix$ ) #ag p>ts ( rectifi$ _s4 7,hag]47 ,,b]',,ry 7b7er'-re74 ,syn4 ,,bac',,ca 7pl4 bac'c1 -se71 ,l42 ,,baie1 ,fr42 ,,be]e1 ,g]4 ,any small succul5t or pulpy fruit conta9+ sev]al nak$ se$s or granules4 ,9 botany1 an indehisc5t p]ic>p or se$-vessel1 pulpy1 _m-cell$1 & _m-se$$1 ! se$s be+ nak$1 & = a "t connect$ by a sl5d] membrane1 f :i* !y become deta*$ at maturity1 & !n rema9 disp]s$ ?r\gh ! pulp4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by its figure1 c41 into sev]al v>ieties4 ,! lead+ b]ries employ$ 9 dome/ic economy & ! arts are notic$ 9 _! alphabetical places 7:i* see74 ,,b]',,yl 7b7er-r7il74 ,syn4 ,,aquam>9e' 7rene72 ,a',,qua-,,m>i',,na1 ,,b]yl',,lus1 ,l42 ,,aigue-,,m>9e1 ,b,,ril1 ,fr42 ,,b]yll1 c41 ,g]42 ,,sm>agd1 ,x4 ,a beautiful m9]al1 :i*1 9 its ri*] =ms1 is class$ ) ! gems4 ,x is usually ( a gre5 col\r ( v>i\s %ades1 pass+ into honey-yell[ & sky-blue4 ,x is alli$ 9 composition to ! em]ald2 b occurs 9 mu* l>g] cry/als ?an t gem1 & owes its col\r to oxide ( iron in/ead ( oxide ( *romium4 ,accord+ to ,gmel9 its composition is--,silica1 #fhg2 alum9a1 #agf2 gluc9a1 #acd2 r$ oxide ( iron1 #bd4 ,o!r 7previ\s7 au?orities /ate t x conta9s fully #ad ( gluc9a1 #b ( lime1 & #a ( oxide ( iron4 ,! f9e/ b]yls come f ,dauria on ! fronti]s ( ,*9a1 f ,sib]ia1 & f ,brazil4 ,"s ( gigantic size h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,u4,s41 at ,ackwor? & ,gran?am1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 & at ,royal/on1 ,mass4 ,"o ( ^! measur$ #cb #bb #ae in*es1 & weigh$ #bijj lbs42 ano!r1 #ab #bd #de in*es1 & weigh$ #ajgf lbs4 ,apatite or ,saxony b]yl1 *rysolite or pi]re d'asp]ge1 col\r$ fluor-sp>1 & ev5 natural cry/als ( phosphate ( iron1 are (t5 work$ up by ! lapid>ies & pass$ (f z b]yls1 or false b]yls1 em]alds1 topazes1 c4 ,see ,,gems1 ,,pa/es1 c4 ,,b]yl',,la994 ,see ,,gluc9um1 ,,oxide ,,(4 ,,b]yl',,lium994 ,see ,,gluc9ium4 ,,beta9e4 ,c#e;,h#aa,,no#ba4 ,an alkaloid occurr+ 9 ! juice ( ! mangold-wurzel4 ,s*eibl] prep>es x z foll[s3--,! express$ juice ( ! mangold-wurzel1 /rongly acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 is mix$ ) a solution ( sodium phosphotung/ate2#afe ! result+ precipitate conta9+ album51 col\r+ matt]1 woody fibre1 & a small quantity ( ! base1 is filt]$ z quickly z possible1 & ! filtrate1 mix$ ) a fre% quantity ( ! precipitant1 is left to itself = eight or t5 days4 ,x !n gradually deposits on ! bottom & sides ( ! vessel a cry/all9e precipitate1 :i* is r9s$ ) a little wat] & treat$ ) milk ( lime1 :]eby insoluble calcium phosphotung/ate is produc$1 :ile ! beta9e rema9s 9 solution4 ,! filt]$ liquid fre$ f lime by c>bonic acid1 & evaporat$1 leaves impure beta9e1 :i* may be purifi$ by recry/allisation f alcohol1 ) help ( animal *>coal4 ,footnote #afe3 ,prep>$ by dissolv+ sodium bitung/ate 9 ord9>y phosphoric acid1 add+ hydro*loric acid1 & decant+ ! cle> solution f ! precipitate !reby produc$4 ,a hydro*lorate1 a sulphate1 an auro*loride1 & a plat9ic *loride ( beta9e h be5 prep>$4 ,,be',,tel 7be'tl74 ,eng41 ,g]4 ,syn4 ,,be',,tle1 ,,be',,tel-,,tree1 ,b4 ,,pepp]-,,tree2 ,b,,tel1 ,fr42 ,,wass]pfeff]1 c41 ,g]42 ,,pi',,p] ,,be',,tel 7,l9n471 ,,*avica ,,betle 7,miquel71 ,l4 ,a climb+ plant ( ! nat4 ord4 ,pip]ace1 common 9 ,india & ! ,ea/4 ,its leaves1 :i* some:at resemble ^? ( ! citron1 are bitt]1 /oma*ic1 tonic1 /imulant1 & sialogogue4 ,betel4 ,a common ma/icatory 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e x is *ew$ 9 ! same way z tobacco is by ,europeans & ,am]icans1 b mu* m g5]ally1 be+ reg>d$ by ! ,malays1 ,sumatrans1 c41 z an absolute necess>y ( life4 ,x is commonly =m$ by divid+ areca-nuts#aff into f\r or six equal p>ts or slices1 "o ( :i* is roll$ up1 ) a little *unam1#afg 9 a sirih or leaf ( ! pip]-betel1#afh & !n con/itutes a 'quid' ready = use4 ,footnote #aff3 ,9 _m cases suitable pieces ( ! :ole fruit1 includ+ ! husk1 are us$2 & 9 o!rs only ! husk 7,,p9ang72 !re be+ diff]5t /r5g?s & qualities ( 'betel' employ$4 ,footnote #afg3 ,lime made by burn+ %ells4 ,footnote #afh3 ,9 "s cases1 ! leaf ( *avica siriboa 7,miq471 :i* possesses simil> prop]ties1 is employ$4 ,prop41 c4 ,betel1 9 ^? accu/om$ to its use1 produces a species ( pleas+ excitem5t or intoxication1 /imulates ! action ( ! saliv>y gl&s1 /oma*1 & kidneys1 corrects acidity1 dim9i%es cutane\s p]spiration1 re/ra9s excessive dis*>ges1 increases ! p[] ( physical ex]tion & endurance1 mod]ates ! effects ( climate1 & appe>s to act z a g5]al tonic on ! sy/em4 ,x d>k5s ! tee?1 & t+es ! saliva z well z ! m\? & lips ( a bright r$ col\r4 ,9 ^? unhabituat$ to its use x causes gidd9ess1 a/r+es & excoriates ! m\? & fauces1 & tempor>ily dead5s ! s5se ( ta/e4 ,! ,indians conceive t x pres]ves & fa/5s ! tee?1 cleanses & /r5g!ns ! gums1 sweet5s ! brea?1 cools ! m\?1 assi/s respiration1 & acts z a g5]al aphrodisiac on bo? sexes4 ,p]on /ates t he pres]v$ 8 heal? dur+ a long & v try+ voyage by ! habitual use ( betel1 :il/ 8 companions1 :o did n use x1 di$ mo/ly ( dys5t]y4#afi ,footnote #afi3 ',voyage aux ,t]res ,au/rales4' ,,be',,tel-,,nut4 ,syn4 ,,are',,ca-,,nut2 ,,nux ,,are',c ,,cat',,e*u1 ,n4-,,be',,tel1 c41 ,l4 ,! se$ ( ! cate*u-palm 7are'ca1 cat'e*u1 ,l9n471 dive/$ ( ! husk or fibr\s p]ic>p4 ,! :ole fruit 7,,areca-,,nut ( comm]ce7 is ab\t ! size ( a small egg2 ! husk$ nut is ( ! size ( a l>ge nutmeg4 ,! :ole fruit is rem>kable = its n>cotic or intoxicat+ p[]4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 ?\ght d\btful :e!r its intoxicat+ effect is n ow+ to ! pip]-leaf 9 :i* x is wrapp$ :5 eat5 7*ew$71 r ?an to any special prop]ty ( its own4 ,see ,,areca ,,cate*u4 ,,bettnass51 ,rem$y = ,incont95ce ( ,ur9e 7prep>$ by ,dr ,kir*h(f]1 9 ,kappel by ,/4 ,galle74 ,?irty p[d]s1 ea* consi/+ ( #b grammes f]ri c>bonas1 #d grammes ergot pulv41 #jc grammes extract4 sem4 /ry*ni4 aquos4 ,! prescription = ! embrocation runs--,_s s]pylli #abj grammes1 t9ct4 sem4 /ry*ni4 #fj grammes1 liq4 ammon4 #ae grammes4 7,hag]47 ,,bet',,ul9e 7-u-l7in2 be-tu74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,betuli',,na1 ,l4 ,a cry/all9e sub/ance obta9$ f ! b>k ( ! :ite bir* 7be't7ula al'ba1 ,l9n474 ,,be',,zo> 7-zore74 ,eng41 ,l4 indecl42 prim4 ,p]s4#agj ,syn4 ,,be',,zo>-,,/one2 ,,bezo,r',,dus1 ,,la',,pis ,,bezo,r',,dicus1 c41 ,l42 ,b,,zo>1 ,b,,zo>d1 ,fr42 ,,bezo>/e91 ,g]4 ,! "n ( pret]natural concretions f\nd 9 ! /oma*1 inte/9es1 c41 ( c]ta9 animals1 & =m]ly suppos$ to possess ! mo/ extraord9>y antidotal p[] & m$ic9al virtues4 ,s f>1 inde$1 did ?is belief ext5d1 t o!r sub/ances reg>d$ z antidotes 7 call$ ,,bezo>',,dicsdagg]1 or o!rwise nam$ aft] !m2 :il/ ! adj4 ,,bezo>',,dicdagg] 7b7ez-7 & ,,bezo>',,ticaldagg] 7bzo>dique1 ,fr42 bezo>'dicus1 ,l471 came to be synonym\s ) antidotal4 ,c]ta9 bezo>s 7 once valu$ at ev5 t5 times _! weight 9 gold4 ,!y 7 n only tak5 int]nally1 b also worn z amulets4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 long s9ce fall5 into disuse 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,footnote #agj3 ,"s au?orities d]ive ?is ^w f badzahr or pazah>1 ,p]sian comp\nds imply+ 'antidote to poison1' o!rs1 f pas5g1 or pasahr1 ! "n ( ! goat 9 ,p]sia4 ,mayne's notation--bez o>1 is unusual2 & sev]al ( 8 analogues1 synonymes1 c41 are incorrectly giv5 78 mispr9t$74 ,among ! lead+ bezo>s ( old m$ic9e are-- ,bezo>1 ,g]'man4 ,syn4 ,,be',,zo,r ,,g]man',,icum1 ,b4 ,,capri',,num1 ,l4 ,f ! ,alp9e goat4 ,bezo>1 ,hu'man4 ,syn4 ,b4 ,,hom',,inis1 ,l4 ,falsely /at$ to be f\nd occasionally 9 man4 ,bezo>1 ,microcos'mic4 ,syn4 ,b4 ,,microcos',,micum1 ,l4 ,human ur9>y calculi4 ,bezo>1 ,mon'key4 ,syn4 ,b4 ,,sim'1 ,,la',,pis ,s41 ,l4 ,f c]ta9 species ( ape or monkey1 obta9$ by giv+ an emetic4 ,bezo> ,occid5'tal4 ,syn4 ,,we/',,ern ,b42 ,b4 ,,occid5ta',,le1 ,l4 ,f\nd 9 ! f\r? /oma* ( ! *amois or wild goat ( ,p]u1 c42 or1 accord+ to o!rs1 ( a species ( antelope4 ,bezo>1 ,ori5'tal4 ,syn4 ,,ea/',,ern ,b42 ,b4 ,,ori5ta',,le1 ,,lapis ,b4 ,,ori5ta',,lis1 ,l4 ,f ! f\r? /oma* ( ca'pra ga'grus1 a species ( goat inhabit+ ! m\nta9s ( ,p]sia1 c4 ,bezo>1 ,ox4 ,syn4 ,b4 ,,bovi',,num1 ,l4 ,f ! ox1 & o!r bov9e animals4 ,bezo>1 ,por'cup9e4 ,syn4 ,b4 ,,hys',,tricis1 ,b4 ,,hys',,tricus1 ,,la',,pis ,h41 ,l4 ,,porci',,nus1 c41 ,l4 ,said to be f\nd 9 ! gall-bladd] ( ! ,indian porcup9e4 ,*iefly f ,malacca4 ,has an int5sely bitt] ta/e1 :i* x imp>ts to wat]4 ,bezo>1 ,we/'ern4 ,see ,,occid5tal ,,bezo> 7ant74 ,( ! prec$+1 ^? f ! /oma* ( rum9ants v>y 9 size f t ( a bean to t ( a h5's egg1 & h a composition & appe>ance closely imitat$ by ! foll[+ =mula1 ! product ( :i* is commonly sold = !m3-- ,bezo>1 ,facti''ti\s4 ,prep4 ,f pipe-clay1 or clay & *alk1 equal p>ts1 made into a /iff pa/e ) ox-gall2 a little hair or wool be+ add$1 & ! result+ mixture press$ by ! h&s into small masses ( a flatt5$ sph]oidal or egg-l =m4 ,^! give a yell[ t9t to pap] rubb$ ) *alk1 & a gre5 "o to quick-lime1 :i* te/s are us$ = g5u9e bezo>s4 ,l ! latt]1 !y are antacid or absorb5t1 :i* is probably ! only virtue !y possess4 ,among/ '*emical bezo>s' n[ obsolete ev5 on ! ,cont95t 7-- ,bezo>1 ,ar'g5t9edagg]2 ,b4 ,,luna'',,re1 ,l4 ,made by di/ill+ butt] ( antimony ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,once highly e/eem$ 9 epilepsy & head diseases4 ,bezo>1 ,m9'eral2 ,b4 ,,m9]a',,le1 ,l4 ,p[d] ( alg>o? deflagrat$ ) nitre 9 a r$-hot crucible1 & !n well wa%$ ) wat]4 ,once us$ z a diaphoretic4 ,o!r simil> prep>ations 7 ,b4 ,,jovia',,le 7f t971 & ,b4 ,,m>tiale 7f iron74 ,bezo>1 ,sat'urn9e1 ,b4 ,,( ,,lead2 ,b4 ,,satur',,ni1 ,l4 ,made by di/ill+ a mixture ( oxide ( lead1 butt] ( antimony1 & nitric acid4 ,once highly e/eem$ 9 diseases ( ! sple54 ,,bhaurta4 ,9 ,indian cook]y1 a di% made ( ma%$ potatoes & onions1 /rongly spic$ ) capsicum1 & sometimes also ) curry-p[d]1 %ap$ 9 a m\ld1 & !n slightly bak$4 ,,bibas',,ic4 ,syn4 ,,bibas',,icus1 ,l42 ,,bibasique1 ,fr4 ,9 *emi/ry1 hav+ two bases1 or two atoms ( ! base or basic radical 9 its composition4 ,see ,,acid1 ,,nom5clature1 ,,salt1 c4 ,,bib',,eron 7b7ib'-rong74 ,fr4 ,a suck+-bottle or 'artificial "m4' ,see ,,bottles4 ,,bi',,bir9e 7be'-74 ,see ,,bebe]9e4 ,,bib',,ul\s 7-u-74 ,syn4 ,,bib',,ulus1 ,l42 ,,spongieux1 ,fr4 ,absorptive2 spongy4 ,,bic>',,bonate4 ,a salt 9 :i* only half ! hydrog5 9 7hypo!tical7 c>bonic acid 7,h#b;,,co#c7 is replac$ by a metal1 e4g4 bic>bonate ( sodium1 ,na,h,c,o#c4 ,,bice 7bise71 ,syn4 ,,blue ,,bice4 ,see ,,blue ,,pigm5ts4 ,bice1 ,gre54 ,see ,,gre5 ,,pigm5ts4 ,,bickel',,s*] ,,!e1 = con/ipation1 flatul5ce1 hemorrhoids1 loss ( appetite1 /oma* compla9ts1 & simil> diseases4 ,cassia lignea & anise1 ( ea* #c p>ts2 cum9 & f5nel se$1 ea* #d p>ts2 s5na leaves1 #bj p>ts2 to be bruis$ toge!r4 7,selle & ,hag]47 ,,bi',,d]y 7be'-74 ,syn4 ,,vi',,dry4 ,an alloy ( :i* ! *ief seat ( ! manufacture is ! city ( ,bid]'1 ne> ,hyd]abad1 ,india4 ,x 0 fir/ br\ght "u ! notice ( ! ,briti% public at ! ,int]national ,exhibition ( #ahea1 :]e _m articles made ( x 7 greatly admir$ = ! elegance ( _! =ms1 & ! gracefulness ( _! engrav$ & en*as$ patt]ns4 ,prep4 #a4 ,z9c1 #ca p>ts2 copp] & lead1 ( ea* #b p>ts2 melt$ toge!r1 ) ! usual precautions1 "u a mixture ( res9 & beeswax1 to prev5t oxidation4#aga ,footnote #aga3 ,^! are v ne>ly ! proportions :i* ,dr ,hamilton says he saw us$ 9 ,india4 #b4 7,dr ,heyne47 ,copp]1 #h p>ts2 lead1 #b p>ts2 t91 #a "p2 melt$ toge!r1 z be=e4 ,= use1 ! result+ alloy is remelt$1 & to e #c p>ts ( x #af p>ts ( z9c are add$4 ,prop41 c4 ,col\r betwe5 t ( pewt] & z9c2 does n corrode by exposure to air or damp2 yields little to ! hamm]1 & c only be brok5 by extreme viol5ce4 ,x possesses a conv5i5t degree ( fusibility1 above t ( z9c & t91 b mu* l[] ?an t ( copp]4 ,= ! turn] x is usually ca/ 9 m\lds ( bak$ clay2 b o!rwise 9 m\lds ( iron or o!r h>d metal4 ,! beautiful black col\r :i* ! f9i%$ articles possess is imp>t$ by dipp+ !m into a solution ( sal-ammoniac1 saltpetre1 sea-salt1 & blue vitriol4 ,see ,,brass1 ,,bronze1 ,,pewt]1 c4 ,,bidet' 7b7id-7et'2 -a'--,fr474 ,an article ( b$room furniture conv5i5tly =m$ = lav+ ! l[] "p ( ! body4 ,besides ! value ( its use z an in/rum5t ( p]sonal cleanl9ess & heal?1 x (f]s a ready means ( m$icat+ ! p>ts1 (t5 highly s]viceable 9 piles1 prolapsus1 affections ( ! scrotum & pro/ate gl&1 /rangury1 is*uria1 suppress$ or difficult m5/ruation1 c4 ,see ,,ablution1 ,,ba?s1 c4 ,,bielefeld] ,,tropf5--,,bielefield] ,,drops 7,bansi74 ,a spiritu\s extract ( wormwood1 unripe oranges1 rhub>b1 casc>illa1 cloves1 & g5tian4 7,hag]47 ,,bi5',,nial 7bi-7en'-y'7al74 ,syn4 ,,bi5',,nis1 ,l42 ,,bi5nal1 ,,bisannuel1 ,,de ,,deux ,,ans1 ,fr42 ,,zweij,,hrig1 ,g]4 ,occurr+ once 91 or la/+1 two ye>s4 ,9 botany & g>d5+1 appli$ to plants t d n produce fl[]s & se$ until ! second ye> or season ( _! gr[?1 & :i* !n die2 sub/41 a bi5nial plant4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! bi5nials1 l t ( ! annuals1 may be prolong$ by art2 inde$1 _m ( !m1 by c>efully remov+ ! fl[]s ere ! se$-vessels beg9 to =m1 may be made to bloom a second season1 & ev5 = sev]al seasons foll[+1 l p]5nials4 ,see ,,annuals1 ,,fl[]s1 ,,plants1 c4 ,,biff',,94 ,a bak$ apple1 flatt5$ by pressure4 ,prep4 ,! apples are plac$ 9 a cool ov5 #f or #g times 9 succession1 & flatt5$ ea* "t by g5tle pressure1 gradually appli$1 z soon z !y are s(t en\gh to be> x2 aft] :i* !y are tak5 out1 & z soon z cold put on clean di%es or glass plates4 ,! s\r or t>t v>iety ( apples is ! be/ = bak+4 ,if ! process be well manag$1 ! appe>ance ( ! prep>$ fruit is v ri* & ! flav\r delici\s4 ,,bil',,b]ry4 ,! :ortleb]ry4 ,bilb]ry1 ,be>'s4 ,uva ursi4 ,,bile4 ,syn4 ,,bi',,lis1#agb ,,*o',,le1#agc ,,fel1#agd ,l42 ,,bile1 ,,fiel1 ,,galle1 ,fr42 ,,galle1 c41 ,g]4 ,a bitt] fluid secret$ by ! liv]1 f v5\s blood2 9 "p fl[+ f ! inte/9es1 & 9 "p regurgitat+ into ! gall-bladd]4 ,its composition is ( a v complex "*2 & its uses 9 ! animal economy appe> to be--to sep>ate ! *yle f ! *yme1 to promote ! dige/ion & assimilation ( oleag9\s sub/ances1 & to assi/ 9 excit+ ! p]i/altic action ( ! inte/9es4 ,! fces appe> to owe _! col\r *iefly to ! pres5ce ( bile2 z1 )\t x1 !y possess a dirty pipe-clay col\r4 ,sev]al ( ! sub/ances :i* ent] into its composition1 or :i* are =m$ f ^? :i* d s1 are notic$ else:]e1 "u _! respective names4 ,its analysis1 detection1 & uses 9 ! arts are giv5 "u ,,gall4 ,footnote #agb3 ,prop]ly1 ! 'gall' aft] x leaves ! 'gall-bladd]'--a s5se reta9$ 9 its ,engli% analogue4 ,footnote #agc3 ,greek3 ,*ol1 ,gr4 ,footnote #agd3 ,/rictly1 ! gall-bladd] ) ! gall4 ,bile 7( ,animals74 ,see ,,gall4 ,,bile1 ,bil'i\sness4 ,"u ^! t]ms are popul>ly includ$ all ^? slight affections ( ! /oma* usually accompani$ ) d]angem5t ( ! head & b[els1 app>5tly aris+ f excess ( bile4 ,p]sons subject to attacks ( ?is description %\ld be p>ticul>ly c>eful to avoid excess 9 bo? eat+ & dr9k+1 & %\ld m especially %un ^? articles ( food & ^? liquors :i*1 f exp]i5ce1 !y f9d are apt to disagree ) !m4 ,a mutton *op1 slightly "u-dress$1 is an excell5t article = ! breakfa/1 or ! lun*1 ( bili\s pati5ts2 & good beef or mutton1 ei!r broil$ or roa/$1 s t ! gravy be reta9$1 is bett] = d9n] ?an _m di%es app>5tly m delicate4 ,^!1 ) fre% game & v5ison1 =m a good v>iety f :i* to *oose a bill ( f>e4 ,new be] & port] %\ld be p>ticul>ly avoid$1 z well z boil$ meat1 /ews1 s\ps1 greasy or ri* pudd+s1 mu* butt] or fat1 & mo/ articles ( pa/ry1 z !y are v indige/ible1 &1 by ov]task+ ! p[]s ( ! /oma*1 v apt to d]ange x4 ,/rong *eese1#age salads 7p>ticul>ly cucumb]s71 ov]-ripe or unripe fruit1 new bread & rolls1 cabbages & gre5 vegetables1 & especially peas1 beans1 nuts1 almonds1 & ! l1 are also objectionable = p>ties ) delicate /oma*s or a bili\s t5d5cy4 ,! bread eat5 by su* p]sons %\ld be p]fectly free f alum1 & pref]ably prep>$ ) meal reta9+ ! :ole ( ! bran 9 x2 & %\ld be two days1 or at ! lea/ "o day old4 ,! quantity ( animal food p] day1 except = ! labori\s1 %\ld be limit$ to f #f or #h to #ab oz42 & w>m slops ( all k9ds1 except mod]ately /rong tea & c(fee1 %\ld be tak5 z seldom z possible1 &1 9 g5]al1 avoid$ altoge!r4 ,ev5 cocoa & *ocolate prove injuri\s to ! delicate & bili\s4 ,out-door ex]cise & pl5ty ( fre% air are ess5tial to ! heal? ( su* p]sons4 ,^? :o indulge 9 !m freely are nev] attack$ ) affections ( ?is k9d1 unless x be aft] gluttonis+ or heavy dr9k+4 ,above all ?+s heavy & late supp]s %\ld be ab&on$2 inde$1 ! bett] plan is to take no?+ m ?an a h>d biscuit1 or dry cru/1 aft] tea4 ,footnote #age3 ,rott5 *eese is absolute poison to ! bili\s4 ,9 g5]al1 attacks ( bile may be prev5t$ by ! ex]cise ( mod]ate judgm5t & temp]ance 9 liv+2 & 9 ^? hi!rto subject to !m by ! occasional use ( an aloetic1 m]curial1 or sal9e ap]i5t2 & !y may be g5]ally rapidly remov$ by an emetic1 foll[$ by a dose ( ca/or oil1 ,epsom salts1 or ,seidlitz p[d]4 ,a tumbl] ( pure cold wat] tak5 on retir+ to re/1 & ano!r 7or ev5 two7 on ris+ 9 ! morn+1 w (t5 remove bo? ! t5d5cy & ! fit1 :5 all ! usual rem$ies h fail$4 ,see ,,ab]ne?y ,,m$ic9es1 ,,antibili\s1 ,,dyspepsia1 ,,/oma* ,,affections1 c4 ,,bilh>zia ,h,,matobia4 ,a fluke-l p>asite4 ,x is bisexual4 ,! body ( ! male is ?read-%ap$1 r\nd1 :ite1 & flatt5$ ant]iorly4 ,! female is ?9 & delicate4 ,?is creature 0 discov]$ 9 ! portal ve9 & bladd] ( man by ,bilh>z1 ( ,cairo1 aft] :om x 0 nam$4 ,x is especially preval5t 9 ^? :o dwell by ! banks ( ! ,nile1 & is also v frequ5tly met ) among/ ! inhabitants ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,x is ! cause ( v s]i\s di/urbance 9 ! human economy1 & n infrequ5tly ( dea?4 ,! ma9 symptoms ( ! disease ?is dang]\s p>asite sets up are ^? :i* po9t to d]angem5t ( ! ur9>y organs2 b its effects are n conf9$ to ^!1 s9ce !re seems little room to d\bt t x is ! *ief cause ( ! dys5t]y s preval5t 9 ,egypt1 ! eggs ( ! diatoma be+ f\nd deposit$ )9 ! inte/9al vessels1 or b5ea? ! exudations ( ! swoll5 muc\s membrane4 ,dr ,h>ley has f\nd ! ova 9 ! ur9e ( p]sons affect$ ) hmaturia at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,:5 dea? ensues f ! pres5ce ( ?is p>asite ! po/-mortem appe>ances are v>i\s4 ,9 ! b[els1 conge/ion1 deposits ^u ! muc\s membrane1 & ext5sive ulc]ations1 deg5]ation & atrophy ( ! kidneys1 dep5d5t ^u an infiltrat$ /ate ( ! uret]s1 & block+ ( ! portal ve91 due to ! pres5ce ( myriads ( ! p>asites1 are "s ( ! mo/ important pa?ological *anges4 ,,bil',,i>y ,,affections 7-y7ar-e74 ,see ,,bile 7ant71 ,,calculi1 ,,jaundice1 ,,liv]1 c4 ,,bi',,l9e 7-l7in74 ,syn4 ,,bili',,na1 ,l4 ,?is "n has be5 loosely appli$ to two sub/ances3--#a4 ,bile1 or pure bile1 fre$ f ! mucus ( ! gall-bladd]1 & g5tly evaporat$ to dryness4 ,a gummy pale yell[ mass1 :ite :5 p[d]$3--#b4 ,tauro-*olalic or *oleic acid4 ,see ,,gall1 c4 ,,bil',,i\s 7-y7us74 ,syn4 ,,bilio',,sus1 ,l42 ,,bilieux1 ,fr42 ,,gallig1 ,,galli*t1 c41 ,g]4 ,p]ta9+ to1 caus$ by1 full (1 or hav+ excess ( bile4 ,see ,,bile1 ,,bili\sness4 ,,biliph',,e9e 7-e-7in74 ,*olepyrrh9e4 ,,biliv',,erd9e 7-d7in74 ,a gre5 col\r+ matt]1 id5tical ) *lorophyll1 f\nd 9 bile1 & 9 ! gre5 dejections ( *ildr54 ,,bill ,,( ,,f>e4 ,9 cook]y1 dome/ic economy1 c41 a li/ ( ?+s ready dress$ or prep>$ = ! table 7,,c>te1 ,c4 ,d',,un ,,re/aurant1 ,,m5u1 c41 ,fr472 also a li/ ( articles ( food 9 season4 ,= ,tables ( ! latt]1 see ,,food4 ,,bi',,n>y4 ,syn4 ,,b9a'',,rius1 ,l42 ,,b9aire1 ,fr4 ,consi/+ ( two p>ts4 ,9 *emi/ry1 comp\nd$ ( two elem5ts1 or ( two bodies p]=m+ ! function ( elem5ts4 ,,b9oc',,ul> 7-u-74 ,hav+ two eyes4 ,9 optics1 ( or ) two eyes1 z b9oc'ul> v7i''sion2 or =m$ ) two eye-pieces or tubes1 s z to be us$ ) two eyes1 z a b4 mi'croscope1 b4 tel'escope1 c4 ,,bir*4 ,syn4 ,,be',,tula1 ,l42 ,,b\leau1 ,fr42 ,,birke1 ,g]4 ,! common "n ( trees ( ! g5us be'tula2 appr41 b4 al'ba 7,l9n471 or :ite bir*2 also its wood4 ,see ,,betul9e1 & bel[4 ,,bir*1 ,,black4 ,syn4 ,,*]',,ry ,b41 ,,sweet ,b41 ,,m\nt',,a9 ,,mahog',,any2 ,,betul5',,ta1 ,l4 ,a =e/ tree ( ,n4 ,am]ica4 ,wood us$ = cab9et "w2 b>k yields a volatile oil simil> 9 od\r & ta/e to t ( gual!ria2 juice obta9$ by tapp+1 sac*>9e1 & yields ,,bir*-,,sug>4 ,bir*1 ,:ite4 ,syn4 ,,bir*1 7or7 ,,common ,b42 ,,be',,tula1 ,l4 ,a tree f\nd 9 ! woods ( ,engl&4 ,wood nei!r v h>d nor durable2 leaves =m]ly us$ 9 it* & dropsy2 b>k febrifuge1 yields a pyroligne\s oil by di/illation4 ,see ,,oils 7& above74 ,,bird#agf ,eng41 ,sax4 ,syn4 ,a',,vis1 ,l42 ,,oiseau1 ,fr42 ,,vogel1 ,g]4 ,any f[l or animal ( ! fea!r$ k9d4 ,9 fa%ionable & g\rm&ic cant1 appr4 a p>tridge4 ,see ,,birds 7bel[74 ,footnote #agf3 ,prop]ly1 a '*ick5' or '"y fly+ animal1'--,x is rem>kable1 z obs]v$ by ,web/]1 t a nation %\ld lay aside ! prop] g5]ic "n ( fly+ animals--'f[l' 7fugel1 fugl1 ,sax42 vogel1 ,g]41 ,dut42 fugl1 ,dan42 fogel1 ,sw42 f ! root ( ! ,lat41 fugio1 fugo71 & sub/itute ! "n ( ! "y ( ^? animals z ! g5]ic t]m4 ,,bird',,lime4 ,syn4 ,,vis',,cus1 ,l42 ,,glu1 ,fr42 ,,vogelleim1 ,g]4 ,prep4 ,! middle b>k ( ! holly 7ga!r$ 9 ,june or ,july7 is boil$ = #f to #h h\rs 9 wat]1 or until x becomes q s(t & t5d]2 ! wat] is !n dra9$ (f1 & x is plac$ 9 a heap1 9 a pit und]gr\nd 7commonly on lay]s ( f]n71 & cov]$ ) /ones4 ,"h x is left to f]m5t = #b or #c weeks1 & wat]$1 if necess>y1 until x assumes a mucilag9\s /ate4 ,x is next p\nd$ 9 a mort> until r$uc$ to a uni=m mass1 :i* is !n well knead$ ) ! h&s 9 runn+ wat]1 until all ! refuse matt] is work$ out4 ,x is1 la/ly1 plac$ 9 an e>!n vessel1 & cov]$ ) a little wat]2 9 :i* /ate x may be pres]v$ f season to season4 ,9 ab\t a week x is fit = use4 ,prop4 ,gre5i% col\r$3 v gluey1 /r+y1 & t5aci\s2 :5 air-dri$1 brittle & pulv]isable1 b capable ( gradually assum+ its previ\s viscosity :5 moi/5$4 ,uses4 ,to cov] twigs to cat* birds1 & o!r small animals4 ,x is said to be discuti5t1 b is n[ nev] employ$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,obs4 ,birdlime may also be made f mi/letoe b]ries1 ! "y %oots ( ! eld]1 ! b>k ( ! wayf>+-tree1 & "s o!r vegetables1 by a simil> process to t above describ$4 ,%\ld any ( x /ick to ! h&s x may be remov$ by means ( a little oil ( turp5t9e4 ,a k9d ( factiti\s birdlime is made by boil+ l9se$ oil ei!r )1 or )\t1 a little yell[ res91 until x =ms a viscid1 /r+y pa/e :5 cold4 ,?is is *iefly us$1 spread on pap] or clo?1 to cat* insects4 ,see ,,fly-,,pap]s1 c4 ,,birds4 ,syn4 ,a',,ves1 ,l4 ,birds1 besides _! value z food1 play an important "p 9 ! economy ( organic nature1 & p>ticul>ly 9 t ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,!y are ! be/ fri5ds ( ! agriculturi/ & ! g>d5]2 & _! pres5ce1 9 numb]s1 appe>s ess5tial to keep d[n ! innum]able races ( insects t prey ^u our c]eals1 fruits1 & cul9>y vegetables4 ,m4 ,flor5t ,prevo/1 :o has = fifty ye>s presid$ ov] ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum ( ,p>is1 & :o has1 l ! anci5t ,roman augurs1 exam9$ ! entrails & /oma* ( f[ls ) sci5tific curiosity1 av]s1 z ! result ( 8 long exp]i5ce1 t birds1 ( :atev] sort1 are an unmitigat$ bless+ to ! f>m]1 & t ! detritus & organic p>ticles f\nd by inspection ( !m 9 :ole hecatombs1 :i*1 by ! assi/ance ( ! ,royal ,=e/ ,rang]s1 he has sacrific$ on ! alt> ( utility1 %[ an imm5se prepond]ance ( insect corpuscula 9 _! dige/ive organs1 :il/ ! traces ( c]eal or o!r valuable products are inf9itesimal 9 comp>ison4 ,x is f\nd t ev5 sp>r[s1 rooks1 & owls--?ree ( ! fea!r$ tribe ! mo/ p]secut$ by ! f>m]--are1 9 reality1 ! fai?ful & vigilant cons]vators ( 8 fruits & crops4 ,9 "o ( ! small] /ates ( ,g]many1 :]e1 ow+ to public rew>ds be+ giv5 to _! de/roy]s1 ! :ole race ( sp>r[s 7 ext]m9at$1 ! crops fail$ to su* an al>m+ ext5t t x became necess>y to (f] l>ge premiums = ! re9troduction ( ^! useful birds f o!r p>ts4 ,9 "s ( ! agricultural di/ricts ( ,france1 :]e ! de/ruction ( small birds has be5 c>ri$ on ) rel5tless activity = ye>s1 insects h s prodigi\sly multipli$ z to attack ev]y?+ gre5 ar\nd !m4 ,ev5 ! =e/ trees are1 9 _m cases1 d5ud$ ( leaves by !m1 & are rapidly p]i%+4 ,v5om\s species ( cat]pill>s1 previ\sly sc>cely kn[n except to entomologi/s1 h n[ become common2 & cases ( *ildr5 los+ _! lives f attacks ( !m :il/ birdne/+ h be5 publi%$ 9 newspap]s4#agg ,9 our own c\ntry ! ext5sion ( sp>r[-clubs--associations disgraceful to ! boa/$ intellig5ce ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--?reat5s simil> results4 ,already ! g>d5] f9ds 8 fruit-crops less5+ ye> by ye>2 & t _m ( !m1 p>ticul>ly ( ! small] & sweet] fruits1 h become s prec>i\s1 t !y n[ sc>cely pay = cultivation4 ,9 our own neighb\rhood1 :]e small birds h = "s ye>s be5 de/roy$ by bu%els at a "t1 x is almo/ impossible to raise a currant1 gooseb]ry1 *]ry1 or plum2 :il/ se$l+ fl[]s & cul9>y vegetables (t5 entirely disappe> on ! fir/ night aft] be+ plant$1 or are s completely depriv$ ( ! succul5t portion ( _! leaves & /ems1 t ! rema9+ skeleton ( network 9 a few days )]s & dies4 ,b ?is is n all--! columns ( our diurnals br+ u cont9ual reports ( fail+ gra9-crops 9 ! neighb\rhoods 9 :i* ^! bird-clubs h exi/$ = any l5g? ( "t1 & t ev5 on l& previ\sly rem>kable = its f]tility4#agh ,did ?is loss fall only on ! b5ight$ be+s :o s wilfully ca/ back ! bless+s ( an all-wise protect+ ,provid5ce1 x w\ld be a j retribution2 b1 un=tunately1 x affects ! :ole nation1 & ?reat5s1 ere long1 unless arre/$ by legislation1 to prove a national calamity4 ,! only app>5t rem$y = ! evil1 at pres5t1 is ! diffusion ( in=mation t5d+ to %[ t ! f>m] & ! g>d5]1 9 de/roy+ small birds1 de/roy _! be/ fri5ds4 ,footnote #agg3 ,a /rik+ fatal case ( ?is description is giv5 9 ! ',times' ( ,june #ab1 #ahfb4 ,footnote #agh3 ,see ! ',times' & o!r lead+ 'j\rnals' = #ahfb4 ,= fur!r in=mation respect+ birds1 see ,,aves1 ,,bird 7ant71 ,,game1 ,,g]man ,,pa/e1 ,,ne/s 7,edible71 ,,p\ltry1 ,,putrefaction1 ,,taxid]my1 ,,truss+1 c4 ,,birk5balsam--,,bir* ,,balsam 7,dr ,fri$rei* ,l5giel74 ,a cosmetic aga9/ wr9kles1 small-pock m>ks1 freckles1 mole spots1 r$ noses1 acne1 c4 #e grammes wat] glass1 #b grammes pota%1 #a gramme soap1 #e grammes gum arabic1 #aj grammes glyc]91 #djj grammes wat]4 7,s*dl]47 ,,bis',,cot94 ,fr4 ,a small biscuit4 ,9 cook]y1 c41 a species ( confection made ( eggs1 fl\r1 m>malade1 & sug>1 v>i\sly comp\nd$ & flav\r$ accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! op]ator4 ,,bis',,cuit 7-k7it74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,buccella',,tum1 ,,pa',,nis ,,bis ,,coc',,tus1 ,l42 ,,swieback1 ,g]42 ,,biscotto1 ,x42 ,,bizco*o1 ,sp4 ,lit]ally1 'twice-bak$1' appr41 a well-kn[n v>iety ( h>d1 dry1 unleav5$ bread1 made 9 ?9 flat pieces4 ,^? prep>$ = seam5 7,,sea'-,,biscuits1 ,,cap',,ta9',s ,b4#agi7 are compos$ ( fl\r & wat] only4 ,:5 made ( f9e fl\r & a few c>away se$s are add$1 !y are commonly call$ ,,ab',,erne',,?y ,,biscuits4 ,fancy biscuits g5]ally conta9 a little sug> & butt]1 to :i* almonds1 c>aways1 mace1 g+]1 lemon1 & o!r articles1 te*nically call$ 'flav\r+s1' are frequ5tly add$4 ,footnote #agi3 ,a capta9's biscuit diff]s f a common 'sea biscuit' 9 be+ made ( f9] fl\r4 ,prep4 ,on ! small scale1 biscuits are made by =m+ ! fl\r & wat] into a d\gh by ! common process ( h&-knead+1 occasionally assi/$ ) a lev]1 z 9 mak+ ord9>y bread4 ,! d\gh is !n roll$ into a %eet1 & cut into pieces ( ! desir$ size & =m4 ,^!1 aft] be+ /amp$1 are expos$ to ! heat ( a mod]ately quick ov51 :5 a few m9utes 7#ab to #ah1 accord+ to _! size7 are suffici5t to bake !m4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 ! :ole manual process1 f prep>+ ! d\gh to ! po9t at :i* ! newly-made biscuits are ready = bak+ is n[ g5]ally p]=m$ by ma*9]y4 ,! articles s prep>$ are commonly kn[n 9 trade z ',,ma*9e-,,made ,,biscuits1' & are n only mu* *eap]1 b ( fully equal quality to ^? 'made by h&4' ,9 ! bakeh\ses ( h] ,maje/y's ,victuall+ ,y>ds at ,dept=d1 ,gosport1 & ,plym\?1 ! +5i\s ma*9]y inv5t$ by ,mr ,t4 ,t4 ,grant is employ$4 ,^! e/abli%m5ts are said to be capable ( produc+ annually above #hjjj tons ( sea-biscuits1 at a sav+ ( upw>ds ( #ab1jjjl4 a ye>1 f ! co/ t w\ld h be5 incurr$ = ! purpose on ! old sy/em4 ,"u ! latt] x is /at$ t wages1 & we> & te> ( ut5sils1 co/ ab\t #as4 #f;d4 p] cwt4 ( biscuit2 :il/ "u ! new sy/em ! co/ is only #e;d4 ,! all[ance ( biscuit to ea* seaman 9 ! royal navy is #a lb4 p] day2 or1 on ! av]age1 six biscuits4 ,biscuits ,depuratifs 7,olivi]7 are made ) meal1 milk1 & sug>4 ,ea* biscuit conta9s #a c5tigramme corrosive sublimate4 7,foy47 ,biscuits1 ,fancy4 ,! v>ieties ( ^! are almo/ innum]able4 ,9 a pr9t$ li/ n[ be=e u we obs]ve ! names ( upw>ds ( "o hundr$ diff]5t k9ds4 ,^! are produc$ by v>y+ ! numb] & proportions1 ( ! +r$i5ts us$ 9 _! composition1 & ! =m & size 9 :i* !y are turn$ out ( h&4 ,!y are fur!r modifi$ by ! relative heat ( ! ov51 z well z ! l5g? ( "t !y are all[$ to rema9 9 x4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be wa/e ( space to give p>ticul> directions = ! prep>ation ( ea*4 ,! proportion ( butt] & sug>1 or ei!r ( !m1 may be f #a oz4 & upw>ds1 to fl\r1 #a lb42 accord+ to ! degree ( ri*ness desir$4 ,9 a few cases milk1 or eggs1 or bo?1 are introduc$4 ,! 'flav\r+s' embrace a wide range ( sub/ances--bitt] almonds1 c>aways1 cassia1 c9namon1 g+]1 mace1 nutmeg1 lemon1 orange-peel1 orange-fl[] wat]1 ess5ce ( pea* k]nels1 vanilla1 c41 c42 _m ( :i* give _! "n to ! biscuit4--,,ar',,r[-,,root ,,biscuits are usually made ( equal p>ts ( arr[-root & fl\r2 ,,meat'-,,biscuits1 f ab\t #a "p ( lean meat 7m9c$ small & pulp$7 beat5 to a d\gh ) ab\t #b p>ts ( fl\r1 & a little season+1 no wat] be+ add$2#ahj ,,soda ,,biscuits1 by add+ #a to #b dr4 ( c>bonate ( soda to ea* lb4 ( fl\r4 ,9 mo/ o!r cases1 ! m]e inspection ( ! biscuit w convey to ! exp]i5c$ biscuit-bak] & cook suffici5t in=mation to enable him to produce an exactly simil> "o1 or at lea/ a v close imitation4 ,! ri*e/ k9d ( ,,sponge-,,biscuits1 z we are in=m$1 are made z foll[s3--,add ! :ites & yelks ( #ab eggs1 previ\sly well beat51 to #a-a_/b lb4 ( f9ely p[d]$ sug>1 & :isk x until x rises 9 bubbles1 !n add #a lb4 ( ! f9e/ pa/ry-fl\r1 & ! grat$ r9d ( #b lemons4 ,put x into '%apes1' sift a little sug> ov] !m1 & bake !m 9 butt]$ t9 m\lds1 9 a mod]ately quick ov51 = ne>ly half an h\r4#aha ,footnote #ahj3 ,= ! ,,meat-,,biscuits us$ 9 ! navy1 & by travell]s1 see ,,meat4 ,footnote #aha3 ,a few fancy biscuits w be f\nd notic$ 9 _! alphabetical places4 ,see ,,cracknels1 ,,mac>oons1 c4 ,biscuits ,purgatifs 7,c>oz74 ,ea* biscuit conta9s #b decigrammes scammony4 7,reveil47 ,biscuits ,purgatifs 7,sulot74 ,ea* biscuit conta9s #f decigrammes scammony4 ,biscuits ,purgatifs et ,v]mifuges 7,f]d4 ,grf1 ,as*ba*7 conta9 #a_/d gramme res9a scammonii 9 ea*4 ,biscuits ,purgatifs et ,v]mifuges au ,calomel 7,sulot74 ,!re are #c decigrammes ( calomel 9 ea*4 7,reveil47 ,biscuits ,v]mifuges la ,santon9e 7,sulot47 ,ea* biscuit conta9s #e c5tigrammes ( san ton94 7,reveil47 ,,biscuits1 ,,dev',,il$1 9 cook]y1 are capta9's biscuits 7or any simil> k9d7 butt]$ on bo? sides1 pepp]$ well1 & !n cov]$ on "o side ) a slice ( good *eese =m$ into a pa/e ) made mu/>d2 ! :ole be+ season$ ) a little cay5ne pepp] is1 la/ly1 grill$4 ,*opp$ an*ovies1 or ess5ce ( an*ovies1 is a good addition4 ,,bismu?4 ,bi4 ,,bismu?1 ,,eta9 ,,de ,,glace1 ,fr42 ,,bismu?1 ,,wismu?1 ,w4-,,metall1 ,g]4 ,"o ( ! metals4 ,illu/ration3 ,bismu? furnace 9 section4 a1 ,eliquation-tube4#ahb b1 ,end at :i* x is *>g$4 c1 ,end f :i* ! metal fl[s4 d1 ,receiv+-pan4 e1 ,wat]-tr\gh4 f1 ,grate1 c4#ahc g1 g1 ,draught-holes4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,sev]al ( ^! tubes are usually set side by side toge!r4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,usually "o to ea* eliquation-tube4 ,s\rces4 ,bismu? occurs 9 ! m9]al k+dom 9 ! metallic /ate 7,,na',,tive ,,bismu?71 & 9 comb9ation ) sulphur 7,,bis',m7,u,,?7,i,,ne71 & ) oxyg5 7,b4 ,o',,*re1 c474 ,t ( comm]ce is mo/ly import$ f ,saxony1 :]e x is *iefly obta9$ f native bismu? by ! simple process ( eliquation4 ,! ore1 sort$ by h& f ! gangue1 & brok5 into pieces ( ab\t ! size ( nuts1 is introduc$ into ! ignit$ iron pipes ( ! furnace 7see engr47 until ^! latt] are fill$ to ab\t "o half _! diamet] & to ?ree f\r?s ( _! l5g?4 ,f ^! ! liquefi$ metal is all[$ to fl[ into iron pans conta9+ "s coal-du/1 & f ^! into a tr\gh ( wat]1 9 :i* x is granulat$ & cool$4 ,x is subsequ5tly remelt$ & ca/ into m\lds s z to =m 'b>s' v>y+ 9 weight f #be to #ef lbs4 ea*4 ,9 ?is /ate x usually conta9s a small admixture ( ars5ic1 iron1 lead1 & sulphur2 f ! fir/ ( :i* x may be fre$ by exposure = "s "t1 "u *>coal1 at a dull r$ heat4 ,x is be/ obta9$ 9 a pure condition by heat+ to r$ness1 9 a cov]$ crucible1 a mixture ( oxide1 or subnitrate ( bismu?1 ) half its weight ( *>coal4 ,prop4 ,col\r greyi%-:ite ) a r$di% t9t2 cry/all9e2 v brittle 7may be p[d]$72 melts at ab\t #dhj ,fahr41 & does n re-solidify until cool$ to #f or #g bel[ ?is po9t2 x volatilises at a /rong heat1 &1 9 close vessels1 ! fumes cond5se un*ang$ 9 cry/all9e lam92 little act$ on by ! air1 b :5 expos$ to x at a high temp]ature burns ) a fa9t blue flame1 emitt+ yell[ fumes :i* cond5se into a yell[ pulv]ul5t oxide2 :5 sl[ly cool$1 9 l>ge masses1 x =ms l>ge cubic cry/als or octah$rons ( great beauty2 nitric acid1 some:at dilute1 dissolves x freely4 ,x is highly diamagnetic4 ,sp4 gr4 #ih to #ihc1 :i*1 by c>eful hamm]+1 may be increas$ to #ihhbg4 ,a b> ( bismu?1 :5 heat$ f #cb to #bab1 exp&s exactly #a_/gaj 9 l5g?4 ,uses1 c4 ,bismu? ent]s into ! composition ( ,,/]eotype-,,metal1 ,,sold]1 ,,pewt]1 ,,fusible ,,metals1 & sev]al o!r alloys4 ,add$ to o!r metals x r5d]s !m m fusible4 ,an alloy ( t91 nickel1 bismu?1 & silv] is said to h9d] iron f ru/+4 ,a mixture ( bismu?1 lead1 & t9 is mu* employ$ = tak+ impressions f dies1 =m+ m\lds1 & = o!r purposes4 ,bismu? salts are usually insoluble1 or decompos$ by any quantity ( wat] into free acid & a basic salt4 ,!y are ne>ly all col\rless1 &1 except ! *loride1 m volatile4 ,!y are easily recognis$ by ! foll[+ reactions3-- ,_! saturat$ or conc5trat$ solutions giv+ a :ite precipitate on dilution ) wat]3--,sulphurett$ hydrog5 black5s !m1 or gives a black precipitate3--,! nitric solution is unaffect$ by ! addition ( sulphuric acid3--,*romate ( potassium gives a yell[ precipitate1 :i* diff]s f t f lead1 by be+ soluble 9 nitric acid1 & insoluble 9 potassa4 ,von ,kobbell takes a mixture ( potassium iodide & fl[]s ( sulphur 9 equal proportions1 & heats ! :ole on *>coal be=e ! bl[pipe2 ! production ( bright sc>let1 v volatile bismu? iodide ensues1 ev5 :5 only traces ( bismu? are pres5t4 ,= a me?od ( volumetrically e/imat+ bismu?1 consult a pap] by ,mr ,pattison ,muir1 9 ! ',j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1' ,april1 #ahgf4 ,bismu?1 ,c>'bonate4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,mix nitric acid1 f\r fluid ounces1 ) ?ree fluid ounces ( di/ill$ wat]1 & add 9 successive portions purifi$ bismu?1 9 small pieces1 two ounces4 ,:5 eff]vesc5ce has ceas$ apply = t5 m9utes a heat approa*+ ebullition2 !n decant ! solution f any insoluble matt]4 ,evaporate to two fluid ounces1 & add ?is 9 small quantities at a "t to a cold filt]$ solution ( six ounces ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 9 two p9ts ( di/ill$ wat]1 con/antly /irr+4 ,collect precipitate on a calico filt]2 wa% till wa%+s pass ta/eless4 ,remove wat] by slight pressure ( ! h&s1 & dry at a heat n exce$+ #aej4--;,dose1 #e to #bj gra9s4 ,bismu?1 ,*lorides (3 ,basic ,*lo''ride4 ,bi#c;,cl#h4 ,syn4 ,,sub*lo'',,ride ,,( ,,bismu?1 ,,pe>l'-,,p[d]2 ,,bismu',,?i ,,sub*lori',,dum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,a dilute solution ( hydro*loric acid is dropp$ into ano!r ( bismu? 7prep>$ by dissolv+ t metal 9 nitric acid72 & ! result+ precipitate1 aft] be+ well wa%$ 9 pure wat]1 is dri$ 9 ! %ade4--,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,simil> to ^? ( ! subnitrate4 ,*lo''ride4 ,bi,cl#c4 ,syn4 ,,t]*lo'',,ride ,,( ,,bismu?4 ,prep4 ,a mixture ( corrosive sublimate1 #b p>ts2 bismu?1 #a "p2 7bo? 9 p[d]7 is expos$ to heat until all ! 'm]cury' pres5t is expell$1 aft] :i* x is at once put into bottles4 ,a greyi%-:ite1 granul> sub/ance4 ,bismu?1 ,nitrates (3 ,basic1 ,nitrate4 ,bi,o,n,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,pe>l-,,:ite1 ,,bismu? ,,subnitrate2 ,,bismu?i ,,subnitras1 ,b4 ,,bismu?i ,,nitras1 ,l42 ,,blanc ,,de ,,f>d1 ,b4 ,d',,espagne991 c41 ,fr42 ,,p]lweiss1 ,,s*m9kweiss1 c41 ,g]4 ,prep4 ,bismu?1 #a oz42 nitric acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #c p9ts2 mix #a fl4 oz4 ( ! wat] ) ! acid1 & dissolve ! bismu? 9 ! mixture2 ?r[ ! solution into ! rema9d] ( ! wat]1 &1 aft] repose1 p\r (f ! sup]natant liquor1 dra9 ! p[d] t has subsid$ on a l95 clo?1 wa% x ) di/ill$ wat]1 & dry x ) a g5tle heat4 ,prop4 ,a pe>ly :ite1 inodor\s p[d]1 insoluble 9 wat]1 b freely soluble 9 nitric acid2 long exposure to a /rong light turns x greyi%4 ,:5 prep>$ f a neutral solution1 x consi/s ( v f9e microscopic cry/all9e lam92 b :5 prep>$ f acid solutions1 ) less wat]1 ! cry/als are acicul>1 & m silky & lu/r\s4 ,:5 moi/5$ x exhibits an acid reaction ) litmus pap]4 ,pois41 c4 ,l ! o!r salts ( bismu?1 x causes vomit+1 purg+1 gidd9ess1 cramp1 ins5sibility1 c4 ,no c]ta9 antidote is kn[n4 ,! treatm5t may consi/ ( an emetic1 foll[$ by ! copi\s use ( emolli5t dr9ks1 z weak bro?1 b>ley wat]1 milk & wat]1 c42 & subsequ5tly1 :5 necess>y to prev5t inflammation1 by a l[ diet & ap]i5ts4 ,uses1 c4 ,9 m$ic9e1 z a s$ative1 an a/r+5t1 or tonic1 & an antispasmodic1 9 *ronic affections ( ! /oma* unaccompani$ by organic disease ( t organ1 & app>5tly ( a n]v\s "*2 p>ticul>ly 9 ga/rodynia1 tr\blesome sickness & vomit+1 pyrosis or wat]bra%1 & g5]ally 9 ga/ro-inte/9al affections att5d$ ) fluxes2 also 9 int]mitt5t fev]1 spasmodic a/hma1 c4--,dose1 #e to #aj1 or ev5 #bj gr4 ,ext]nally1 made into an o9tm5t ) #d p>ts ( l>d1 x has long be5 employ$ 9 c]ta9 *ronic sk9 diseases4 ,"u ! "n ( ,,pe>l-,,:ite x is commonly us$ by ladies z a cosmetic2 b x is /at$ t x injures ! sk91 produc+1 aft] a "t1 p>alysis ( its m9ute vessels1 r5d]+ x yell[ & lea!r-l--an effect :i*1 un=tunately1 x is usually attempt$ to conceal by its fre] & m frequ5t application4 ,9 v l>ge doses x is poison\s4 ,bo? ! basic nitrate & ! basic *loride ( bismu? pass "u ! names ( ,,pe>l-,,:ite & ,,pe>l-,,p[d]1 ow+ to _! extreme :it5ess & beauty4 ,t ( ! druggi/s1 h[ev]1 is usually ! =m]2 t ( ! p]fum]s usually ! latt]1 b n unfrequ5tly bo?4 ,bismu? ,p[d]1 = beautify+ ! sk9 & remov+ freckles4 7,f ,nor? ,am]ica47 ,consi/s ( calcium c>bonate1 ) mu* clay1 & is free f injuri\s metals4 7,*&l]47 ,bismu?1 ,purifi$4 7,ph4 ,br47 ,put bismu?1 #aj ounces1 & #a ounce ( p[d]$ nitrate ( pota%1 into a crucible1 & heat !m until bo? are fus$4 ,cont9ue ! heat1 con/antly /irr+1 = fifte5 m9utes1 or till ! salt has solidifi$ into a slag above ! metal4 ,remove ! salt1 add nitrate ( pota%1 #a ounce1 to bismu? 9 crucible1 & repeat ! process4 ,p\r ! fus$ bismu? into a suitable m\ld1 & let x cool4 ,nitrate4 ,bi7,,no#c7c4 ,syn4 ,,neutral ,,nitrate1 ,,t]nitrate4 ,purifi$ bismu? 79 small fragm5ts71 #b oz42 nitric acid1 #f oz42 dissolve ) heat1 add+ m acid1 if necess>y1 to effect entire solution ( ! metal2 to ! result+ solution add half its volume ( di/ill$ wat]1 filt] ?r\gh p[d]$ glass1 & evaporate until cry/als =m4 ,use4 ,*iefly 9 *emi/ry1 & z a s\rce ( ! pure oxide & ! subnitrate4 ,bismu? ,oxides3-- ,bismu?\s ,oxide4 ,bi#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,t]oxide ,,( ,,bismu?1 ,,protoxide ,,( ,,bismu?4 ,f ei!r ! neutral or ! basic nitrate1 by exposure1 9 a crucible1 to g5tle ignition4 ,pure4 ,a /raw-yell[ p[d]1 ( r difficult solubility4 ,,hy',,drat$3--,by gradually dropp+ an acid solution ( bismu?\s nitrate into a conc5trat$ solution ( potassium hydrate p]fectly free f c>bonic acid1 & wa%+ & dry+ ! result+ precipitate4 ,pure4 ,a ri*-look+ :ite p[d]4 ,prop41 c4 ,fuses at a high temp]ature1 & !n acts z a p[]ful flux on silice\s matt] )\t itself imp>t+ col\r1 a prop]ty ( :i* ! enamell] & gild] has long avail$ himself4 ,l ! basic nitrate1 x has be5 us$ z an antispasmodic & z a cosmetic4 ,sp4 gr4 #hbaa to #hcee4 ,bismu?ic ,oxide4 ,bi#b,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,bismu?ic ,,anhydride1 ,,bismu?ic ,,acid4 ,susp5d t]oxide ( bismu? 9 a /rong solution ( potassa1 & pass *lor9e ?r\gh ! mixture until decomposition is complete2 treat ! p[d] ) dilute nitric acid 7to remove any undecompos$ t]oxide71 aft] :i* wa% x 9 cold wat]1 & dry x4 ,prop41 c4 ,a r$di% p[d]1 soluble 9 wat]4 ,its salts1 ( :i* little are kn[n1 are call$ ,,bis',,mu?ates4 ,:5 heat$ x loses oxyg51 & a bismu?ate ( bismu? is =m$4 ,bismu?\s ,sulphide4 ,bi#b,s#c4 ,?is comp\nd occurs native 7,,bis',m7,u,,?7,i,,ne71 & may be easily prep>$ artificially by ei!r fus+ its elem5ts toge!r1 or by pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh a solution ( nitrate ( bismu?4 ,bismu?\s ,val]ianate4 ,syn4 ,,bismu',,?i ,,val]ia',,nas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,an acid solution ( nitrate ( bismu? is decompos$ ) a solution ( val]ianate ( soda 9 wat] conta9+ a little free val]ianic acid2 ! precipitate is c>efully wa%$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,recomm5d$ z sup]ior to ! subnitrate 9 "s =ms ( ga/rodynia1 dyspepsia1 int]mitt5ts1 c4--,dose1 #b to #f gr41 or m4 ,,bis',,tre 7-t]74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,bi/]1 ,g]4 ,prep4 #a4 ,! mo/ compact1 be/ col\r$1 & well-burnt portions ( ! soot ( bee*wood1 or ( peat1#ahd are select$1 r$uc$ to p[d] & sift$ ?r\gh a v f9e lawn sieve4 ,x is !n dige/$ 9 cle> w>m wat] = sev]al h\rs1 ) frequ5t /irr+2 aft] :i* x is all[$ to settle1 :5 ! liquid portion is decant$ f ! s$im5t4 ,?is process is repeat$ a second1 & ev5 a ?ird "t4 ,! pa/e is next p\r$ into a tall n>r[ vessel1 :i* is !n fill$ ) pure cold wat]1 & well agitat$4 ,! gross] p>ts only are n[ all[$ to subside1#ahe & ! sup]natant liquor1 conta9+ ! f9] portion ( ! ,,bi/re 9 susp5sion1 is p\r$ (f into ano!r vessel1 :]e x is left to deposit its cont5ts4 ,! deposit is next collect$1 & c>efully dri$ & p[d]$2 or x is only p>tially dri$1 & at once made into cakes ) gum-wat] or is+lass-size1 & !n all[$ to dry & h>d5 = sale4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,! fir/ is usually employ$ 9 ,engl&4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,two or ?ree m9utes suffice = ?is purpose4 #b4 7,dr ,mac,culloch47 ,! t>-l liquid obta9$ f ! dry di/illation ( wood is aga9 c>efully di/ill$ until all volatile matt] has pass$ ov]1 & a brittle1 pit*-l residuum is obta9$1 :i* is ei!r br[n or black accord+ to ! "t & temp]ature employ$2 aft] :i* ! heat is /ill fur!r prolong$1 b ) increas$ c>e1 until ! brittle sub/ance becomes pulv]ul5t & c>bonace\s4 ,x is !n gr\nd & elutriat$ ) pure cold wat]1 z be=e4 ,uses1 c4 ,z a wat] col\r to t9t draw+s1 9 ! same way z ,indian ink1 to :i* x is e/eem$ sup]ior :5 ! subjects are int5d$ to be aft]w>ds t9t$ ) o!r col\rs4 ,x occupies ! same place among wat] col\rs t br[n-p9k does 9 oil4 ,accord+ to ,dr ,mac,culloch1 bi/re f wood-t>1 :5 c>efully prep>$1 has great dep? & beauty ( col\r1 ) all ! f9e prop]ties ( sepia2 b t if ! :ole ( ! oils & acids h n be5 remov$ by ! process1 x is apt to collect 9 little flocks :i* int]f]e ) its use4 ,,bites & ,,/+s4 ,syn4 ,,mor',s,u,s 7-,s,u,s1 s+47 ,,et ,,ic',t,u,s 7-,t7,u,s1 s471 ,l4 ,! treatm5t ( ! bites ( non-v5om\s & non-rabid animals is ! same z t ( ord9>y lac]at$ or punctur$ w\nds1 z ! case may be2 t ( ! bites & /+s ( v5om\s & rabid animals1 s]p5ts1 insects1 c41 (t5 require1 9 addition1 ! use ( special antidotes to de/roy ! virus or to prev5t its absorption1 or to neutralise its effects :5 absorb$ & to promote its elim9ation f ! sy/em4 ,! bites & /+s ( ,,ants1 ,,bees1 ,,wasps1 ,,hornets1 & simil> insects common to ?is climate may be treat$ by wa%+ ! "p ) _s ( h>t%orn or dilute liquor ( ammonia or eau de luce1 or a weak solution ( *loride ( lime4 ,%\ld consid]able inflammation ensue1 & ! "p become mu* swoll51 a ?+ t r>ely occurs1 lee*es may be appli$1 & a cool+ purgative giv54 ,! /+s ( v5om\s reptiles may be simil>ly treat$1 except+ t ! /r5g? ( ! solutions ( ammonia1 *loride ( lime1 c41 %\ld be /rong] ?an 9 ! =m] case1 s z to produce "s pa9 & sm>t+4 ,9 cases :]e ! v5om is ( a v poison\s description1 ! w\nd %\ld be fir/ well wa%$ ) wat] ( ammonia1 & aft]w>ds se>$ ) lun> cau/ic 9 e "p1 includ+ ! int]ior & deep-seat$ portions4 ,9 extreme cases ! surface ( ! w\nd1 bo? int]nal & ext]nal1 may be remov$ ) ! knife2 or1 9 ! case ( a small jo9t1 z a f+]1 ! injur$ portion may be amputat$4 ,prior to ! use ( ! wa%es or cau/ic1 dry-cupp+ or suction ) ! m\? may be _h rec\rse to ) great advantage4 ,a ligature plac$ on ! limb1 above ! w\nd1 z soon z possible aft] ! accid5t1 w imp$e ! absorption ( ! poison :il/ ! o!r treatm5t is 9 progress4 ,a simil> plan may be foll[$ aft] ! bite ( a dog suppos$ to be mad4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 lately ass]t$ by "o ( our mo/ celebrat$ vet]9>ians t he & 8 colleagues h be5 repeat$ly bitt5 by dogs t h aft]w>ds be5 prov$ to be mad1 b f hav+ fe>lessly appli$ cau/ic to ! p>ts !y h escap$ un9jur$4 ,! poison ins]t$ by ! /+s & bites ( sev]al v5om\s reptiles is s rapidly absorb$1 & ( s fatal a description1 z frequ5tly to occasion dea? )9 a v %ort space ( "t1 & be=e any rem$y or antidote1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 c be appli$4 ,b ev5 9 ^! extreme cases x is probable t absorption1 & consequ5tly ! rapidity ( ! action ( ! poison1 might be consid]ably imp$$ or less5$ by ! imm$iate application ( a ligature above ! "p1 z be=e describ$1 ! pati5t accompany+ ! treatm5t by swall[+ a l>ge quantity ( liquid1 by :i* p>tial ple?ora w\ld be produc$1 & ! functions ( ! absorb5ts = a "t ne>ly-susp5d$4 ,a few m9utes ?us ga9$ w\ld p]mit ( ! application ( appropriate antidotes1 by :i* ! poison might be neutralis$ be=e x w\ld become necess>y to remove ! ligature1 :il/ ! kidneys w\ld be 9 full action4 ,un=tunately1 ^! w\nds are g5]ally inflict$ 9 p>ts ( ! _w :]e precaution>y measures are seldom ?\ght (1 & g5]ally at times :5 p are lea/ prep>$ to meet !m1 z well z s sudd5ly & unexpect$ly z to /agg] ev5 ^? obs]v]s :o may be 9 no absolute dang] !mselves4 ,su* is ! bite ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,,co',,bra ,,di ,,capel',,lo1 aga9/ :i* two ,asiatic 7ars5ical7 pills are (t5 prescrib$ by ! ,h9doos2 b :i* are g5]ally sc>cely swall[$ be=e ! poison ( ! s]p5t has r5d]$ ! pati5t a /iff5$ corpse4 ,eau de luce1 a favorite rem$y 9 ,india1 :5 lib]ally employ$ bo? int]nally & ext]nally1 is said to prove sometimes m successful4 ,! bite ( ! ,,puff-,,add] is ( a simil>1 or ev5 a m fatal description ?an t ( ! cobra4 ,:5 ! v5om ( any ( ^! animals or ( a rabid dog is once fully absorb$ into ! sy/em1 !re appe>s to be no treatm5t t c save ! pati5t4 ,a bottle ( ,madeira w9e or #a_/b a p9t ( br&y or rum dilut$ ) twice its weight ( wat]1 drank 9 two doses ab\t #c or #d m9utes ap>t1 is a popul> rem$y 9 ,india 9 su* cases4 ,its effect is to imp$e absorption4 ,! secret antidote s long successfully employ$ by ,mr ,und]wood1 ! 'snake-k+' ( ,au/ralia1 = ! bites ( ! ,,:ip-,,snake & ! ,,diamond-,,snake1 two ( ! mo/ v5om\s ( t region1 is n[ positively ass]t$ to be ! common male f]n 7polypo'dium fi'lix mas1 ,l9n474 ,( ! p[d]$ root1 or pref]ably1 ( ! gre5 leaves ( ?is plant ne>e/ ! root1 he prep>es a sort ( decoction1 or bro?1 :i* he takes or adm9i/]s lib]ally4 ,a m conv5i5t prep>ation w\ld1 p]haps1 be a t9cture prep>$ by dige/+ #a oz4 ( ! dri$1 or #c oz4 ( ! fre% leaves 7bruis$71 9 a p9t ( pro( _s or /rong br&y or rum = a =tnight2 z 9 ?is /ate x c\ld be kept = any l5g? ( "t1 if well cork$1 )\t det]ioration4 ,= ,,horses ,,& ,,cattle4 ,mr ,f9lay ,dun recomm5ds ammonia solution2 solution ( cau/ic pota%2 c>bolic acid2 prussic acid & *lor(orm4 ,see ,,hydrophobia1 ,,poisons1 ,,snake-,,bites1 ,,/+s1 ,,v5om1 ,,w\nds1 c4#ahf ,footnote #ahf3 ,notices ( sev]al *emical & neurotic antidotes1 ( great promise1 w also be f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ?is volume4 ,! names ( ! respective animals may likewise be ref]r$ to4 ,,bitt',,er4 ,eng41 ,g]4 ,syn4 ,,ama'',,rus1 ,l42 ,,am]1 ,fr4 ,ta/+ l wormwood1 quassia1 or o!r simil> vegetables2 sub/41 a bitt] plant1 b>k1 or root 7 ,,ama'',,rum1 ,l42 see bel[74 ,bitt] ,app'led\ble-dagg]4 ,colocyn?4 ,bitt] ,cup4 ,a cup or tumbl] =m$ by ! turn] out ( quassia wood4 ,liquor1 by /&+ 9 x a %ort "t1 becomes bitt] & /oma*ic4 ,!y are n[ common 9 ! %ops4 ,bitt] ,e>?994 ,magnesia4 ,bitt] ,h]bs4 ,see ,,bitt]s 7infr7 & ,,species 7,bitt]74 ,bitt] ,saltdagg]1 ,bitt] ,pur''g+-salt4 ,sulphate ( magnesia4 ,bitt'er-sweet4 ,woody night%ade4 ,bitt'er-wortd\ble-dagg] 7-w7urt74 ,g5tian4 ,,bitt',,ern4 ,! '"m-wat]' or 'bitt] liquor' ( salt-works f :i* ! *loride ( sodium 7sea-salt7 has be5 sep>at$ by cry/allisation4 ,bitt]n4 ,an intoxicat+ poison\s mixture sold by ! brew]s' druggi/s1 compos$ ( #a "p ea* ( extract ( quassia & p[d]$ sulphate ( iron1 ) #b p>ts ( extract ( cocculus indicus1 #d p>ts ( ,spani% liquorice1 & ab\t #h p>ts ( treacle2 ! liquorice be+ fir/ boil$ ) a little wat] until dissolv$1 & ! solution evaporat$ to a prop] consi/5ce be=e add+ ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,us$ by fraudul5t brew]s & publicans to imp>t a false bitt] & app>5t /r5g? to _! liquors4 ,,bitt',,ers 7-7erz74 ,syn4 ,,ama'',,ra1 c41 ,l4 ,vegetable bitt]s are commonly reg>d$ z tonic & /oma*ic1 & to improve ! appetite :5 tak5 occasionally & 9 mod]ation4 ,! be/ "t is e>ly 9 ! morn+1 or half an h\r or an h\r be=e a meal4 ,an excessive1 or a too prolong$ use ( !m1 t5ds to weak5 ! /oma*1 & to induce n]v\sness4 ,!y %\ld n be tak5 = a long] p]iod ?an ab\t #h or #aj days at a "t1 all[+ a simil> p]iod to elapse be=e aga9 hav+ rec\rse to !m4 ,among ! mo/ useful & g5]ally employ$ bitt]s are--calumba1 casc>illa1 *amomiles1 g5tian1 hops1 orange peel1 quassia1 & wormwood4 ,bitt]s4 ,9 ! liquor-trade1 a comp\nd prep>$ by /eep+ vegetable bitt]s1 & "s aromatics z flav\r+1 9 weak _s1 = "s #h or #aj days2 a little sug> or syrup be+ subsequ5tly add$ to ! /ra9$ or decant$ t9cture4 ,9 t ( ! tav]ns & g9-%ops ! m5/ruum is usually g91 or pla9 _s r$uc$ to a correspond+ /r5g?4 ,,bran',,dy-,,bitt]s & ,,w9e'-,,bitt]s are prep>$ 9 a simil> way ) common ,briti% br&y1 or "s *eap :ite w9e 7,cape or rais971 z ! case may be4 ,ea* mak] has usually 8 own =mul1 :i* he modifies to suit ! price & ! palate ( 8 cu/om]4--,?is class ( liquors has be5 ju/ly *>g$ ) be+ ! f]tile cause ( habitual intemp]ance1 ( disease1 & ev5 ( dea?6 ,_! occasional use z tonics or /oma*ics is also objectionable1 ow+ to ! tra%1 & ev5 delet]i\s sub/ances1 :i* s frequ5tly ent] into _! composition4 ,see ,,liqueurs4 ,,bitu',,m54 ,eng41 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,bitume1 ,fr42 ,,erdpe*1 ,,erd!]1 c41 ,g]4 ,a t]m ( a v compreh5sive "*1 &1 9 g5]al1 v loosely appli$1 includ+ a v>iety ( inflammable m9]al sub/ances1 consi/+ ( v>y+ proportions ( hydroc>bons1 hav+ a /rong smell & diff]+ 9 consi/5ce1 all ! v>ieties be+ f\nd 9 ! e>?1 ( :i* asphaltum1 naph?a1 & petroleum may be m5tion$ z examples4 ,asphalt is v ext5sively dissem9at$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica4 ,consid]able quantities are export$ f ! ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s1 & f ! ,dead ,sea1 9 ,juda2 h5ce its comm]cial "n1 ',jewi% bitum51' or ',jew's pit*4' ,! diff]5t k9ds v>y greatly 9 quality1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( e>?y matt] & o!r impurities conta9$ 9 !m2 !y may all1 h[ev]1 be r$uc$ to a /ate ( equal purity by boil+ or mac]at+ !m 9 hot wat]1 by :i* means ! e>?y & silice\s matt]s are m or less completely remov$4 ,^! latt] fall to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 & ! bitum5 rises to ! surface1 or =ms clots on ! sides ( ! boil]1 :5 x is skimm$ (f1 & ?r[n into a l>ge cool]1 :]e m wat] sep>ates4 ,at ! ,seyssel & ,be*elbronn bitum5 works ! bitum5 s obta9$ is ?r[n into l>ge cauldrons & boil$ = "s "t1 by :i* means ! volatile products & wat] accompany+ x are driv5 (f1 & ! rema9+ s& & impurities fall to ! bottom ( ! cauldron1 leav+ ! purifi$ asphalt 9 ! =m ( a ?ick fatty pit*1 9 :i* /ate x comes into ! m>ket or is appli$ to v>i\s purposes4 ,9 ! foll[+ table we give ! composition ( a few bitum5s3 ,c>bon1 ,hydrog51 ,oxyg51 ,nitrog5 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,visc\s bitum5 ( ,be*elbronn #hhj #abj -- -- ,virg9 bitum5 ( ,be*elbronn #hhj #aaj -- #aj ,liquid bitum5 f ,hatt51 ,l[] ,rh9e #hhj #aaf -- #jd ,solid bitum5 ( ,coxatambo1 ne> ,cu5a1 9 ,p]u #hhg #ig #af ,annex$ is a table ( ! analysis ( sev]al asphalts1 c5tesimally repres5t$3-- ,bitum5 ( ,bitum5 ( ,bitum5 ( ,pont de ,*ateau1 ,bitum5 ( ,mona/i]1 ,ba/5nes4 ,auv]gne4 ,abruzzi4 ,haute ,loire4 ,crude4 ,pure4 ,crude4 ,pure4 ,oily matt]s #bjj -- -- -- -- #gj ,c>bon ,bitum5 #cg #gfac #gge #ggfd #hah #ce ,hydrog5 -- #ida #if #ghf #hd -- ,nitrog5 -- #abd #ajb #aj -- ,oxyg5 -- #abff #je #hce #hh -- ,wat] -- -- -- -- -- #de ,gas & vap\r -- -- -- -- -- #dj ,qu>tz s& & mica -- -- -- -- #fjj ,clay #gfc -- -- -- -- ,f]rug4 #baj ,a%es -- #ahj -- #eac -- -- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- #ajjj #ajjj #ajjj #ajjj #ajjj #ajjj ,! solid bitum5s are n[ ext5sively employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( bitum9\s ma/ic or cem5t & simil> compositions1 :i* are us$ = ! l9+ ( wat]-ci/]ns1 & = v>i\s o!r hydraulic purposes2 z also = ro(s1 floors1 roads1 pavem5ts1 c4 ,= ! la/ purpose ! native v>ieties ( 'asphaltic rock1' consi/+ ( a mixture ( bitum5 & calc>e\s e>?1 :5 temp]$ ) a prop] quantity ( cru%$ granite1 or calc>e\s s& or gravel1 is f\nd to be ! mo/ sub/antial & durable4 ,! plan foll[$ 9 lay+ d[n su* pavem5ts 9 ,p>is1 :]e !y h be5 ! mo/ ext5sively adopt$1 is--,! gr\nd hav+ be5 made uni=mly smoo?1 is edg$1 9 ! usual mann]1 ) curb-/ones ris+ ab\t #d in*es above its level1 & !n cov]$1 to ! dep? ( #c in*es1 ) concrete 7made ) ab\t #a-f? "p ( good hydraulic lime71 :i* is well press$ ^u its b$1 ! surface be+ subsequ5tly smoo!d ov] ) a v ?9 coat+ ( hydraulic mort>4 ,on ?is1 :5 p]fectly dry1#ahg ! 'bitum9\s ma/ic1' r5d]$ semi-fluid by be+ cauti\sly heat$ 9 a suitable iron cauldron1#ahh is ev5ly spread ov] s z to =m a lay] ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*1 or = less solid "w1 half an in* ?ick4 ,"s co>se s& is la/ly sift$ ov] & press$ d[n on ! surface1 :5 ! "w is complete2 & 9 a few days ! pavem5t becomes suffici5tly compact & solid to be ?r[n op5 to foot pass5g]s4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,on ?is po9t dep5ds ! success ( ! "w4 ,absolute dryness is a s9e qu non 9 ! process4 ,! ma/ic mu/ also be laid d[n 9 dry wea!r4 ,if laid 9 wet1 damp1 or ev5 foggy wea!r1 x w be liable to sep>ate f its b$1 & gradually to break up4 ,?is is :y s mu* ( ! asphalt & bitum9\s pavem5t laid d[n 9 ,london has prov$ a failure4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,x is "h t ! mixture ( ! bitum5 7previ\sly cru%$ suffici5tly small to pass ?r\gh me%es #aj to ! in*7 is made ) ! s& or gravel2 a small portion ( m9]al t> or coal-t> 7#c to #g or #h7 be+ commonly add$ to promote _! fusion & complete union4 ,an important precaution to be obs]v$ 9 mak+ asphalt pavem5ts or roads is to boil ! bitum5 :i* is employ$ ?or\ghly1 s z to expel ! wat] & volatile oils1 :i* if all[$ to rema9 are f\nd to r5d] ! ma/ic m liable to be affect$ by ! extremes ( heat & cold1 z well z less able to /& ! we> & te> ( traffic4 ,cl>idge's ,process4 ,?is consi/s 9 fus+ ! blocks ( ma/ic 9 a suitable boil]1 simil> to t se5 9 fig4 #a1 & 9 add+ a quantity ( m9]al t>1 9 ! proportion ( #a lb4 to e cwt4 ( ! ma/ic4 ,! t> is fir/ fus$ 9 ! boil]1 #ef lbs4 ( ! ma/ic are !n introduc$1 & ! :ole repeat$ly /irr$ s z to prev5t ! =mation ( a deposit4 ,:5 ! cont5ts ( ! boil] are melt$1 ! cauldron is cov]$ ov] = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 aft] :i* ! rema9d] ( ! ma/ic is add$1 & its fusion proce$$ ) z be=e1 ! process be+ repeat$ until ! boil] is full1 all[+ an int]val ( f t5 to fifte5 m9utes betwe5 ea* op]ation4 ,:5 ! ma/ic is suffici5tly fluid x w drop freely f ! /irr]1 & jets ( light smoke are obs]v$ to issue f x4 ,if /iff ma/ic be requir$1 ! proportion ( t> is less5$1 & a quantity ( co>se grit or riv] s&1 to ! am\nt ( #bj or #cj lbs4 to ! cwt41 is add$4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,9 lay+ ! asphalt ! greate/ att5tion & c>e mu/ be paid to ! prep>ation ( a solid & dry f\ndation4 ,?is is usually accompli%$ by remov+ or ramm+ ! loose e>?1 & plac+ ^u ! b$ a lay] ( co>se s& mix$ ) p[d]$ lime/one1 9 ! proportion ( sev5 p>ts ( ! =m] to "o ( ! latt]1 & ! :ole is press$ or beat5 solid2 ^u ?is a second lay] ( f9] mat]ials is laid compact$ & levell$2 ! b$ ?us prep>$ is all[$ to dry be=e coat+ x ) ma/ic4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! mann] 9 :i* ord9>y asphalt+ is laid d[n4 ,9 ?is figure ,c is ! b$ ( co>se concrete1 ,b ! second & f9] lay] ( ! same mat]ial1 & ,a ! sup]ior lay] ( asphalt4 ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,! base or concrete mu/ be p]fectly dry :5 ! ma/ic is p\r$ on1 or ! "w w be a failure1 = ! moi/ure w be conv]t$ into /eam1 :i*1 issu+ ?r\gh ! fluid ma/ic1 w cause ! =mation ( holes 9 ! latt] or bli/] x1 & ultimately ! surface w crack4 ,to c\nt]act 9 "s measure ! evil aris+ f ! =mation ( /eam1 f9e c9d] du/ is sift$ ov] ! b$ ( concrete previ\s to ! application ( ! ma/ic4 ,:5 asphalt+ susp5sion bridges1 a %eet ( canvas is usually spread ov] ! concrete4 ,9 asphalt+ damp places1 su* z cell>s & f\ndations1 a brick inv]t is always laid 9 asphalt b5ea? ! concrete4 ,?is is done by plac+ ! bricks 9 r[s1 at ! prop] dep? & slope1 & p\r+ a coat+ ( asphalt ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick ^u !m4 ,be=e ! ma/ic solidifies1 ! bricks are sep>at$ a little by pass+ a knife betwe5 !m1 ?us af=d+ ! ma/ic an op5+ by :i* to seal up m ?or\ghly ! connection4 ,! concrete is aft]w>ds laid ^u ?is b$1 & ! lay] ( ma/ic ^u ?is 9 ! usual way4 ,! ?ickness ( ! lay] ( ma/ic v>ies accord+ to ! attrition to :i* x is to be subject$2 b ! usual dep? is f a qu>t] to "o & a qu>t] in*4 ,artificial ,asphalt4 ,?is is prep>$ f coal t> by di/ill+ (f ! volatile oils :i* hold ! t> 9 solution1 ! result be+ t a k9d ( fatty pit* is left1 :i* mu/ be boil$ until a sample1 :5 cool$1 becomes ne>ly solid4 ,! op]ation may be accompli%$ 9 ! op5 air1 b if ?is means ( evaporation be adopt$1 ! process is att5d$ ) a v unpleasant od\r1 & ! volatile oils are dissipat$4 ,^! volatile oils are us$ = ! prep>ation ( v>ni%1 = lubricat+ ma*9]y1 & = ! manufacture ( a sup]ior k9d ( lampblack4 ,!y h also be5 employ$ to increase ! illum9at+ p[] ( coal-gas1 :i* purpose !y accompli% by imp>t+ _! vap\rs to gas pass$ ov] !m :5 !y are plac$ 9 %all[ vessels4 ,v>i\s =ms ( pat5t app>atus h be5 design$ = ?is purpose4 ,:5 x is requir$ to collect ! oils1 ! coal t> is plac$ 9 a retort made ( %eet iron1 ) a convex bottom1 :i* is plac$ imm$iately ov] a fire4 ,! products ( ! combu/ion aft] /rik+ ! bottom ( ! retort circulate r\nd x1 !n proce$ "u a second boil] to heat ! t> conta9$ 9 x1 & f :i* ! retort is repl5i%$ :5 necess>y4 ,?is vessel1 :5 ?ree qu>t]s full1 conta9s ne>ly #bd cwts4 ( t>2 x %\ld be p]fectly emb$d$ 9 masonry2 ! capital itself by :i* ! volatile products escape %\ld be surr\nd$ ) mat]ials t are bad conductors ( heat1 su* z a%es4 ,b = ?is precaution ! volatile oils w\ld become cond5s$1 & fall back into ! evaporat+ vessel4 ,! volatile oils are collect$ by be+ made to pass ?r\gh a tube cool$ by a curr5t ( wat]1 ?is tube runn+ 9 a direction ! rev]se ( t pursu$ by ! vap\rs1 & t]m9at+ 9 a clos$ vessel1 :i* acts z ! receptacle = ! oils4 ,a tube bran*+ f ! boil] conducts ! uncond5s$ products outside ! build+ 9 :i* ! di/illation is conduct$4 ,:5 ! t> has be5 boil$ suffici5tly long to give x ! requisite consi/5ce1 x is remov$ by means ( a pipe into a ?ird hemisph]ical boil] ( ca/-iron4 ,to prep>e ! bitum9\s ma/ic directly f ?is fatty pit*1 ! latt] is kept 9 a /ate ( fusion1 & *alk 9 suffici5t quantity is !n add$4 ,if ! *alk be previ\sly heat$1 gr\nd to a co>se p[d]1 & sift$1 ! mixture is effect$ m rapidly & satisfactorily4 ,! asphalt becomes ! m solid ! great] ! proportion ( *alk add$2 on ! o!r h&1 x becomes less ela/ic & m brittle4 ,! asphalt is m\ld$ z foll[s3--,a long table is cov]$ ) ca/-iron plates1 surr\nd$ ) a framework1 :i* is subdivid$ into eight or t5 equal comp>tm5ts by means ( rules ( ab\t six in*es 9 height1 introduc$ v]tically into grooves =m$ at equal int]vals 9 ! long sides ( ! frame4 ,! eight or t5 m\lds obta9$ by ?is means are coat$ int]nally ) a pa/e compos$ ( sixty p>ts ( wat] & =ty ( *alk4 ,?is comp\nd prev5ts ! ma/ic adh]+ to ! sides ( ! m\ld1 & ensures its be+ easily deta*$4 ,two b>rels1 or #i cwts4 ( t>1 lose by di/illation "o f\r? ( _! weight1 ! loss consi/+ ( #a cwt4 #c qrs4 #ae lbs4 ( volatile oils1 & #a qr4 #ac lbs4 ( wat]4 ,sometimes gr\nd or f9e s& ent]s into ! composition ( asphalt 9 proportions equal to ! *alk2 b 9 "s cases only half z mu* s& z *alk is us$4 ,9 ! manufacture ( asphalt x is v important t ! cont5ts ( ! cauldron %\ld be /irr$ dur+ fusion1 n only to prev5t ! t> adh]+ to ! bottom1 & s gett+ burnt1 b to ensure ! +r$i5ts be+ br\ght into intimate comb9ation1 & a homog5e\s & smoo? comp\nd be+ produc$4 ,z soon z ! :ole is ?or\ghly incorporat$1 ! prop] consi/5ce atta9$1 & ! vap\rs ( ! volatile oils & wat] come (f 9 v m9ute quantities1 ! asphalt is run (f into ! m\lds be=e describ$1 & :5 suffici5tly set may be remov$1 & is ready = use4 ,dr ,g4 ,h4 ,smi? has pat5t$ a process = mak+ artificial asphalt1 wat]pro( concrete1 c41 :i* promises to become ( great value 9 ! con/ruction ( sea walls1 docks1 & h>b\r works1 c4 ,dr ,smi?'s inv5tion consi/s 9 fill+ up ! int]/ices ( any por\s sub/ance1 su* z brick1 burn$ or unburn$ clay1 s(t /ones1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 c41 ) pit* or t> :i* has be5 boil$ to su* a consi/5ce t ! pores or cells ( ! mat]ial us$ are completely fill$ ) solid matt] :5 cold4 ,o!r hydroc>bons1 res9s1 or gums may be us$ in/ead ( pit* or t>2 b x is ess5tial t ! saturat+ sub/ances1 ?\gh naturally fluid or semifluid1 c be s *ang$ by boil+ t !y lose _! fluidity :5 cold2 or !y mu/ be1 ?\gh h>d "u all ord9>y temp]atures ( ! atmosph]e1 capable ( r$uction by heat or o!rwise to a fluid condition1 s t !y w p5etrate ! por\s mat]ials4 ,! asphalto-bitum5 m9e ( ! ,val de ,trav]s1 9 ! ,canton ( ,neuf*tel1 is said to be ! ri*e/ & mo/ ext5sive 9 ! _w ( its p>ticul> class4 ,! calc>e\s bitum5 :i* x yields conta9s #bj ( ne>ly pure bitum51 & #hj ( c>bonate ( lime2 & x has a sp4 gr4 7#baae7 approa*+ t ( ord9>y bricks4 ,! ',val de ,trav]s ,company1' & ! ',ba/5ne & ,gaujac ,company1' are1 x is said1 ^? :i* h hi!rto be5 ! mo/ successful 9 lay+ d[n asphalto-pavem5ts4 ,see ,,asphaltum1 ,,petroleum1 c4 ,bitum51 ,ela/ic4 ,syn4 ,,m9',,eral ,,ca\',,t*\c 7koo'-*7o7ok71 ,,el',,at]ite4 ,a r r>e species ( bitum51 diff]+ *iefly f ! o!r solid v>ieties 9 be+ ela/ic4 ,bitum51 ,liq'uid4 ,petroleum4 ,,bitu',,m9\s4 ,syn4 ,,bitutm7,i,,no',,sus1 ,l42 ,,bitum9eux1 ,fr42 ,,erdpe*ig1 ,g]4 ,( bitum51 or resembl+ or conta9+ x4 ,,bix',,e9e 7-e-7in74 ,! r$ col\r+-pr9ciple ( annotta4 ,x is obta9$ by treat+ bix9e ) liquid ammonia1 ) subsequ5t free contact ( air4 ,prop41 c4 ,:5 pure1 a ri* deep-r$ p[d]1 soluble 9 alcohol & 9 alkalies1 & turn$ blue by sulphuric acid4 ,x appe>s to be oxidis$ bix9e4 ,,bix94 ,! r$ res9\s col\r+ matt] ( annatto4 ,bolley & ,mylius prep>e x by dige/+ ! dri$ alcoholic extract ( annatto ) e!r2 repeat$ly treat+ ! lea/ soluble portion 7:i* conta9s ! great] "p ( ! col\r+ matt]7 ) hot e!r2 dissolv+ ! rema9d] 9 alcohol2 precipitat+ ! alcoholic solution ) lead acetate2 decompos+ ! wa%$ precipitate ) sulphurett$ hydrog52 extract+ ! col\r+ matt] !refrom by hot alcohol2 & precipitat+ ! alcoholic solution ) wat]4 ,,bix',,ine 7-7in74 ,! yell[ col\r+-pr9ciple ( annotta4 ,prep4 ,a solution ( annotta is precipitat$ ) a solution ( acetate ( lead2 ! precipitate1 aft] hav+ be5 wa%$ 9 cold wat]1 is decompos$ by sulphurett$ hydrog52 ! decant$ liquor or filtrate yields cry/als by cauti\s evaporation4 ,prop41 c4 ,yell[i% :ite1 turn+ full yell[ by exposure to air2 soluble 9 wat]1 & freely s 9 alcohol & 9 alkal9e solutions2 by oxidation x is conv]t$ into bixe9e4 ,= a correct k ( bo? ( ^! sub/ances we are indebt$ to ,m4 ,preiss]4 ,,black4 ,syn4 ,a',,t]1#ahi ,,ni',,g]1 ,l42 ,,noir1 ,fr42 ,,s*w>z1 ,g]42 ,,blac1 ,,bl,c1 ,sax4 ,9 dye+1 c41 ( ! col\r ( lamp-soot1 or ( night2 sub/41 a black col\r4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,black1 deep black2 z oppos$ to albus1 :ite4 ,black ,a%4 ,! wa/e lye ( ! soapmak]s is evaporat$ 9 l>ge iron boil]s1 ! salt sep>at$ z x falls d[n1 & !n heat$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 until x is p>tially decompos$ & fus$1 :5 x is run into iron pots to cool4 ,x is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( alum & common soap4 ,black ,col'ours 7k7ul'-74 ,see ,,black ,,pigm5ts4 ,black ,draught4 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,s5na 7,comp\nd74 ,black ,drop4 ,see ,,drops1 ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es1 c4 ,,black ,,dye4 ,syn4 ,,te9te ,,noire1 ,fr42 ,,s*w>ze ,,f>be1 ,g]4 ,! foll[+ are ! processes & mat]ials n[ commonly employ$ 9 dye+ black3-- a4 ,= ,,cotton3-- #a4 ,! goods1 previ\sly dy$ blue1 are /eep$ = ab\t #bd h\rs 9 a decoction ( gall-nuts or suma*1 !n dra9$1 r9s$ 9 wat]1 & pass$ ?r\gh a ba? ( acetate ( iron = a qu>t] ( an h\r2 !y are next aga9 r9s$ 9 wat]1 & expos$ = "s "t to ! air2 aft] :i* !y are pass$ a second "t ?r\gh ! ba?1 to :i* a little m iron-liquor is previ\sly add$4 ,! :ole process is repeat$1 if necess>y1 accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! %ade ( black desir$4 #b4 ,! goods are /eep$ 9 a mordant ( acetate ( iron1 work$ well1 & !n pass$ ?r\gh a ba? ( madd] & logwood = #b h\rs4 ,less p]man5t ?an ,no4 #a4 ,obs4 ,ab\t #b oz4 ( co>sely p[d]$ galls1 or #d oz4 ( suma*1 are requir$ = e p\nd ( cotton1 9 ! process ( gall+4 ,! fir/ %\ld be boil$ 9 ! wat]1 9 ! proportion ( ab\t #a_/b gal4 ( wat] to e lb4 ( cotton4 ,! suma*-ba? is bett] made by m]e infusion ( t dye-/uff 9 v hot wat]4 #c4 7,= #aj lbs4 ( clo?47 ,! goods are put into a boil+ ba? made ( #c lbs4 ( suma*1 & all[$ to /eep1 ) occasional 'work+1' until ! liquor is p]fectly cold2 !y are next pass$ ?r\gh lime wat]1 &1 aft] hav+ dra9$ = a few m9utes1 imm$iately transf]r$ to & work$ = an h\r 9 a w>m solution ( #b lbs4 ( copp]as2 aft] free exposure to ! air = ab\t an h\r !y are aga9 pass$ ?r\gh lime wat]1 &1 aft] dra9+1 'work$' = an h\r 9 a ba? made ) #c lbs4 ( logwood1 & #a lb4 ( fu/ic2 !y are !n 'lift$1' & #a_/d lb4 ( copp]as be+ add$1 !y are return$ to ! ba?1 'work$' well = ab\t #cj m9utes1 & f9i%$4 ,good & deep4 ,obs4 ,in/ead ( copp]as iron-liquor may be us$1 obs]v+ to take #a-a_/b p9t ( ! latt] 7( ! ord9>y /r5g?7 = e lb4 ( ! =m] ord]$ above4 b4 ,= ,,flax & ,,l953-- ,?is1 = ! mo/ "p1 closely resembles t employ$ = cotton2 b1 9 "s cases1 a mordant ( iron-liquor1 or ( copp]as1 foll[$ by pass+ ! goods ?r\gh lime-wat]1 & exposure to ! air1 prec$es ! dye-ba?4 c4 ,= ,,silk3-- ,silk goods are dy$ mu* 9 ! same way z wooll5s1 b ! process is conduct$ ) less heat3-- #a4 ,a ba? ( nut-galls is giv5 = #ab to #cf h\rs1 occasionally work+ ! goods !re92 !y are next tak5 out1 r9s$1 & well air$1 aft] :i* !y are pass$ = a few m9utes ?r\gh a ba? conta9+ sulphate ( iron1 & are !n aga9 dra9$1 r9s$1 & air$4 ,! /eep 9 ! nut-gall ba? may be repeat$1 if necess>y1 foll[$1 z be=e1 by ! iron-ba? previ\sly repl5i%$ ) a little fre% copp]as4 ,! :ole quantity ( galls to be tak5 = #a lb4 ( silk v>ies ) _! quantity f #a_/b to #c_/d lb41 t ( ! copp]as 7= ! fir/ ba?71 f #c to #d oz4 #b4 7,= #a cwt4 ( silk47 ,boil #bb lbs4 ( bruis$ ,aleppo galls1 = #b h\rs1 9 #ij to #ajj galls4 ( wat]1 obs]v+ to add boil+ wat] f "t to "t1 to comp5sate = t lo/ by evaporation2 to ! cle> ba? add #cb lbs4 ( copp]as1 #g lbs4 ( iron-fil+s1 & #ba lbs4 ( gum2 dige/ ) agitation = #a h\r1 & :5 ! +r$i5ts are dissolv$1 pass ! silk 7previ\sly prep>$ 'gall$' ) #a_/crd ( its weight ( gall-nuts7 ?r\gh ! ba? = ab\t an h\r2 !n r9se & air x well2 next leave x 9 ! dye-ba? = #f to #ab h\rs2 & ?is imm]sion or /eep may be repeat$1 if necess>y1 at w4 ,?is is said to be ! process commonly adopt$ = velvet at ,g5oa & ,t\rs4 #c4 7,= #e lbs4 ( silk47 ,turn ! goods = an h\r ?r\gh a mordant =m$ ( #a lb4 ( copp]as & #b oz4 ( nitrate ( iron 7dy]'s71 ) suffici5t wat]2 aft] r9s+ 9 cold wat] & air+ !m1 '"w' !m = an h\r 9 a decoction made ( #e lbs4 ( logwood & #a lb4 ( fu/ic2 !n lift !m f ! ba?1 add #b oz4 ( copp]as1 reimm]se1 & '"w' !m well = #aj or #ae m9utes long]2 la/ly1 r9se1 air1 & f9i%4 ,a full deep black4 #d4 7,= #e lbs47 ,= ! mordant use #a_/b lb4 ( copp]as2 r9se1 & air2 = ! 'dye-ba?1' a decoction ( #d lbs4 ( logwood to :i* #a_/b p9t ( /ale ur9e has be5 add$2 aft] 'lift+' ! goods add #b oz4 m ( copp]as to ! ba?1 & "w = #ae m9utes1 z be=e4 ,a good black4 ,by add+ #b oz4 ( dy]'s nitrate ( iron to ! mordant ! same +r$i5ts w give a deep black2 & by sub/itut+ a little :ite soap = ! ur9e1 & omitt+ ! addition ( copp]as to ! logwood-ba?1 x w give a blue-black4 ,! la/ may also be produc$ by fir/ dye+ ! goods deep blue z ) 'prussiate1' & omitt+ ! ur9e & soap1 9 :i* case "o half only ( ! logwood w be requir$4 d4 ,= ,,wool3-- ,to produce a good p]man5t black on wool or wooll5 goods1 !y mu/ be fir/ dy$ ( a deep blue 9 ! indigo-vat1 or1 m *eaply1 by ! ,prussian-blue process4 ,:5 ! goods are co>se or common1 & price is an object1 !y are g5]ally 'root$' in/ead ( be+ 'blu$4' ,?is consi/s 9 giv+ !m a dun or br[n col\r ) ! husks ( walnuts or ! roots ( ! walnut-tree1 or ) o!r l *eap a/r+5t sub/ances4 #a4 7,= #a cwt4 ( wool47 ,good logwood-*ips1 #bj lbs41 & ,aleppo-galls1 #ah lbs42 are inclos$ 9 a co>se bag1 & boil$ ) wat]1 q4 s41 = #e or #f h\rs2 #a_/crd ( ?is decoction is !n transf]r$ into ano!r copp]1 ) v]digris1 #b lbs41 & a suffici5t quantity ( wat] hav+ be5 add$1 ! goods 7previ\sly dy$ d>k blue7 are pass$ ?r\gh ! liquor = two h\rs1 at a heat slightly bel[ ! boil+-po9t4 ,! goods are next lift$ & dra9$1 ano!r #a_/crd ( ! decoction ( logwood & galls1 ) copp]as1 #i lbs41 add$ to ! boil]1 aft] :i* ! fire is l[]$1 & z soon z ! copp]as is dissolv$1 ! clo? is return$ to ! ba?1 & aga9 well 'work$' = at lea/ an h\r4 ,x is !n tak5 out1 ?or\ghly air$1 & ! rema9+ #a_/crd ( ! decoction add$1 ) suma*1 #bj lbs4 ,! :ole is !n br\ght to a boil1 & sulphate ( iron1 #b lbs41 toge!r ) a pailful ( cold wat]1 ?r[n 92 aft] :i* ! goods are put 9 a ?ird "t1 & 'work$' = "o h\r2 !y are !n tak5 out1 r9s$1 air$1 & aga9 pass$ ?r\gh ! ba? = ano!r h\r4 ,aft] be+ ?or\ghly r9s$1 ! goods are at once ei!r 'full$1' dri$1 & fold$1 or are fur!r s(t5$ & beautifi$ by pass+ !m = #ae m9utes ?r\gh a hot weld-ba? 7n boil+71 :5 !y are r9s$1 c4 7b n 'full$'71 z be=e4 ,a beautiful ?\gh exp5sive dye4 ,) managem5t ! above quantities ( ! +r$i5ts w dye #a-a_/d or ev5 #a-a_/b cwt4 ( wool4 #b4 7,= #a cwt47 ,! clo? 7previ\sly dy$ blue7 is 'gall$' ) #e lbs4 ( nut-galls1 & !n dy$ 9 a ba? made ) #cj lbs4 ( logwood1 to :i* ab\t #e lbs4 ( copp]as has be5 add$2 aft] :i* x is r9s$1 air$1 & 'full$1' z be=e4 ,?is is said1 by ,lewis1 to be ! usual proportions & plan adopt$ by ! ,engli% dy]s4 #c4 7,= #a cwt47 ,make a ba?1 z be=e1 ) fu/ic1 #b lbs42 logwood1 #e lbs42 & suma*1 #aj lbs42 "w ! 7blu$7 clo? = #c h\rs at ! boil+ heat1 or ne> x2 lift x out1 add sulphate ( iron1 #aj-a_/b lbs41 & :5 dissolv$1 pass ! clo? ?r\gh x = #b h\rs2 r9se1 air well1 & aga9 pass ! goods ?r\gh ! ba? = an h\r2 la/ly1 r9se until ! wat] runs cle>4 ,inf]ior to ! la/1 b less exp5sive4 #d4 7,= #a cwt41 )\t previ\s blue+ or 'root+1'7--a4 ,"w ! goods at ab\t #bjj ,fahr4 = #a h\r1 9 a ba? made ) #f to #g lbs4 ( cam-wood2 lift1 add #f-a_/b lbs4 ( copp]as1 & aga9 "w ! goods = an h\r1 aft] :i* )draw ! fire1 & all[ !m to /eep = #aj or #ab h\rs2 next dra9 & r9se !m1 & "w !m 9 a second ba? made ) #fj lbs4 ( logwood = #a-a_/b h\r2 lift1 add #c lbs4 ( copp]as1 & aga9 "w = an h\r2 la/ly1 r9se1 air1 & f9i%3--b4 ,! goods are fir/ work$1 = ab\t two h\rs1 9 a ba? ( #c lbs4 ( fu/ic1 9 :i* #e lbs4 ( bi*romate ( pota% & #d lbs4 ( alum h be5 dissolv$2 aft] exposure to ! air = ab\t an h\r & ?or\gh r9s+ !y are work$ = a second two h\rs 9 a ba? made ) #de lbs4 ( logwood1 #c-a_/b lbs4 ( b>wood or cam-wood1 & #c lbs4 ( fu/ic2 !y are !n lift$1 & #c lbs4 ( copp]as hav+ be5 add$ to ! ba?1 are aga9 imm]s$ & work$ = half an h\r to an h\r4 #e4 7,= #aj lbs4 ( wool or w4 clo?47 ,"w ! goods = #a_/b an h\r 9 a ba? ( #a_/b lb4 ( cam-wood2 lift1 add #g or #h oz4 ( copp]as1 & aft] work+ !m = #bj m9utes1 )draw ! fire1 & leave !m 9 ! liquor = #aj or #ab h\rs2 next r9se !m 9 cold wat]1 dra91 & !n "w !m = an h\r 9 a ba? made ) #e lbs4 ( logwood1 to :i* #a p9t ( ur9e has be5 add$2 lift1 add #d oz4 ( copp]as1 "w !m = half an h\r long]1 &1 la/ly1 wa% & dry !m4 #f4 7,= #g lbs47 ,take ( galls 7bruis$71 #a_/d lb42 logwood *ips1 #a-a_/b lb42 = ! ba?2 boil or "w ! goods = #b h\rs1 take !m out1 add ( copp]as1 #a_/d lb42 & :5 x is dissolv$1 "w ! goods ?r\gh ! liquor = at lea/ #b h\rs1 keep+ ! ba? ne>ly boil+2 aga9 take !m out1 wa%1 & air2 !n add #a oz4 m ( copp]as to ! ba?1 & pass ! clo? ?r\gh x = ano!r h\r2 la/ly1 air1 r9se1 & f9i%4 #g4 7,= #e lbs47 ,= ! fir/ ba?--bi*romate ( pota%1 #h oz42 alum1 #f oz42 fu/ic1 #d oz42 = ! second ba?--logwood1 #d lbs42 b>wood & fu/ic1 ( ea* #d oz42 to :i* add1 aft] ! lift1 copp]as1 #d oz42 ! process be+ conduct$ z 9 #d1 b4 ,?is1 z well z ! two =mul imm$iately prec$+ x1 is p>ticul>ly suit$ to articles ( dress dy$ 9 ! small way1 at home4 ,:5 ! articles are only re-dipp$1 z x is call$1 a proportionately small] quantity ( ! +r$i5ts may be tak54 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,9 dye+ black1 p>ticul>ly on wool1 x is absolutely necess>y to take ! goods out ( ! dye-ba? sev]al times1 & to expose !m to ! air4 ,?is is call$ air+ !m1 & is done to all[ ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e to act ^u ! +r$i5ts ( ! dye1 & especially on ! iron2 z )\t ?is action ( ! air a good col\r _c be produc$4 ,! usual proportions employ$ by ! dy]s ( ,engl& are #e lbs4 ea* ( galls & copp]as & #cj lbs4 ( logwood = e cwt4 ( clo?2 b ^! weights are frequ5tly increas$ = *oice goods1 j z !y are always less5$ = common ones4 ,! o!r a/r+5t sub/ances us$ z sub/itutes = galls 9 dye+ black are tak5 9 quantities proportionate to _! respective /r5g?s1 t ( good ,aleppo gall-nuts be+ ref]r$ to z a /&>d4 ,! ,g]man wool-dy]s usually comm5ce _! process ) a mordant ( ,salzburg vitriol 7#c p>ts7 & argol 7#a "p72 & aft] exposure ( ! goods 9 a cool place = #bd h\rs1 "w !m 9 a ba? ( logwood 7#e to #f p47 & fu/ic 7#b p472 aft] :i* ! ba? is re/or$ by ! addition ( v]digris 7#a_/d p47 dissolv$ 9 v9eg> & ! goods aga9 work$ ?r\gh x = ab\t #a_/b an h\r4 ,?is is = #bj p>ts weight ( wool or clo?4 ,black m>9os are usually mordant$ 7hot7 ) ab\t #a_/aj? ( _! weight ( copp]as1 & !n air$ = #bd h\rs2 aft] :i* !y are dy$ 9 a boil+ ba? made ) ab\t #a_/b _! weight ( logwood ) ! addition ( ab\t #b ( argol or t>t>4 ,z black is ! %ade mo/ commonly attempt$ by amateur dy]s1 x may be "h necess>y to call _! att5tion to :at is said on mix$ fabrics 9 our article on ,,dye+2 s9ce an inatt5tion to ?is po9t w inevitably cause ! failure ( _! ef=ts4 ,accord+ to ,muspratt1 a mix$ fabric ( silk & wooll5 may be dy$ black by "o process1 z foll[s3--,"w ! goods an h\r 9 a solution ( #h oz4 ea* ( t>t> & copp]as1 & wa% out2 "w = #ae m9utes 9 a decoction ( #d lbs4 ( logwood2 lift1 add #a oz4 ( bi*romate ( pota%1 "w = #a_/b an h\r1 & dry4 ,& a mix$ fabric ( cotton1 silk1 & wooll53--,/eep = six h\rs 9 a ba? made ( #b lbs4 ( suma*2 !n "w = an h\r 9 a solution ( #f oz4 ea* ( t>t>1 sulphate ( copp]1 & copp]as2 wa%1 & "w #a_/b an h\r 9 a decoction ( #d lbs4 ( logwood2 lift1 add to ! ba? #a oz4 ( copp]as2 "w t5 m9utes1 wa%1 & dry4 ,if a v deep black be requir$1 #a lb4 ( b>k is to be add$ ) ! logwood4 ,see ,,dye+1 ,,mordants1 c4 ,,black ,,jack4 ,?is t]m is appli$ to burnt sug>1 :i* is us$ to col\r bev]ages1 & m p>ticul>ly = ! adult]ation ( c(fee4 ,x is also kn[n "u ! "n ( c(fee ref9$1 & z su* is v5d$ 9 t9 cani/]s4 ,x is moreov] employ$ to give col\r to v9eg>1 br&y1 & rum4 ,butt]1 ) :i* wat] has be5 l>gely incorporat$1 is also kn[n z ,black ,jack4 ,see ,,c>amel4 ,,black ,,lead 7l7ed74 ,see ,,plumbago4 ,,black ,,pig',,m5ts4 ,syn4 ,,pigm5',,ta ,,ni',,gra1 ,l4 ,! pr9cipal black pigm5ts ( comm]ce are obta9$ by c>bonis+ organic sub/ances 7p>ticul>ly bones71 by exposure to a dull r$ heat1 9 cov]$ vessels out ( contact ) ! air2 or by collect+ ! soot =m$ dur+ ! combu/ion ( unctu\s1 res9\s1 & bitum9\s matt]s4 ,arti/s & amateurs also prep>e1 on ! small scale1 a v>iety ( blacks1 _m ( :i* are n procurable at ! col\r-%ops4 ,?is !y effect ei!r by ! c>bonisation ( sub/ances n usually employ$ = ! purpose1 or by simply r$uc+ to p[d] c]ta9 m9]al productions select$ on acc\nt ( ! peculi> %ades ( col\r :i* !y respectively possess4 ,"s ( ! la/ might1 h[ev]1 be m appropriately class$ ) br[ns4 ,! foll[+ li/ embraces mo/ ( ^! articles3-- ,black1 ,an'imal4 ,bone-black4 ,black1 ,anil9e4 ,see ,,t> ,,col\rs4 ,black1 ,bee*'4 ,c>bonis$ bee*-wood4 ,black1 ,blue'4 ,v9e-twigs dri$ & !n c>efully c>bonis$1 9 cov]$ vessels1 until ( ! prop] %ade4 ,t ( ! anci5ts 0 made ( w9e-lees4 ,pit-coal1 c>efully burnt at a :ite heat1 !n qu5*$ 9 wat]1 dri$ & well-gr\nd1 =ms a *eap1 good1 & durable blue-black1 fit = mo/ ord9>y purposes4 ,see ,,frank=t-,,black4 ,black1 ,bone'4 ,syn4 ,i',,vory-,,black 7( comm]ce72 ,,c>',,bo ,,os',,sis1 ,,os ,,u',,tum ,,ni',,grum1 ,e',,bur ,u4 ,n4 7v5a'le71 c41 ,l42 ,,noir ,d',,os1 c41 ,fr42 ,,kno*5s*w>tz1 c41 ,g]4 ,c>bonis$ bones r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,t ( comm]ce is usually ! residuum ( ! di/illation ( bone-_s4 ,inf]ior to true ivory-black2 hav+ a slight1 b peculi> r$di% t+e1 f :i* ! latt] is q free4 ,besides its use z a pigm5t1 x is ext5sively employ$ 9 mak+ black+1 z a mat]ial = ! m\lds ( f\nd]s1 z a cl>ifi] & blea*] ( liquids1 c4 ,see ,,ivory-,,black & ,,*>coal1 ,,animal4 ,black1 ,cas'sel1 ,cologne'-,black4 ,ivory-black4 ,black1 ,coal'4 ,see ,,blue-,,black & ,,newca/le-,,black4 ,black1 ,composi''tion 7z7i%'-7un-74 ,! select$ portion ( ! residuum ( ! process ( mak+ prussiate ( pota% f blood & ho(s4 ,us$ bo? z a pigm5t & to decol\r organic solutions1 :i* x does bett] ?an bone-black4 ,black1 ,cork'4 ,spani%-black4 ,black1 ,flo''rey1 ,,flor,e ,d',,inde4 ,! dri$ scum ( ! dy]'s wood-ba?4 ,a sup]ior blue-black4 ,black1 ,frank'=t1 ,,noir ,,de ,,franc=t4 ,f v9e-twigs dri$1 c>bonis$ to a full black1 & !n gr\nd v f9e4 ,an excell5t black pigm5t2 also us$ by ! copp]-plate pr9t]s to make _! ink4 ,see ,,blue-,,black4 ,black1 ,h>ts'horn4 ,resembles ivory-black1 :i* is n[ usually sold = x4 ,x 0 =m]ly prep>$ by c>bonis+ ! residuum ( ! di/illation ( _s ( h>t%orn4 ,black1 ,i'vory4 ,syn4 ,,c>',,bo ,,eb',,oris1 ,e',,bur ,,u',,tum ,,ni',,grum1 ,l42 ,,noir ,d',,ivoire1 c41 ,fr42 ,,elf5be9s*w>tz1 ,,kohle ,,von ,,elf5be91 ,g]4 ,f wa/e fragm5ts & turn+s ( ivory1 by c>eful exposure 9 cov]$ crucibles1 avoid+ excess ( heat or ov]-burn+4 ,! :ole hav+ be5 all[$ to become q cold1 ! crucibles are op5$ & _! cont5ts r$uc$ to f9e p[d]4 ,= ! fir/ quality only ! ri*e/ col\r$ portion ( ! *>coal is select$1 & ?is1 aft] be+ p[d]$1 is gr\nd ) wat] on porphyry1 wa%$ on a filt] ) w>m wat]1 & !n dri$4 ,a v ri* & beautiful black4 ,x is bright] ?an ev5 pea*-/one black1 & is q free f ! r$di% t+e ( bone-black4 ,) :ite-lead x =ms a ri* pe>l-grey4 ,see ,,bone-,,black4 ,black1 ,jamai'ca 7-ma'-74 ,sug>-black4 ,black1 ,lamp'4 ,syn4 ,,fuli',,g ,,luc]',n1 ,f4 ,,pi',,nea1 c41 ,l42 ,,noir ,,de ,,fum,e1 c41 ,fr42 ,,ki5russ1 c41 ,g]4 ,prep4 #a4 7,on ! small scale47 ,a conical funnel ( t9-plate furni%$ ) a small pipe to convey ! fumes f ! ap>tm5t1 is susp5d$ ov] a lamp f$ ) oil1 tall[1 coal-t>1 or crude naph?a1 ! wick be+ l>ge & s arrang$ z to burn ) a full smoky flame4 ,l>ge spongy1 mu%room-l concretions ( an exce$+ly light1 v black1 c>bonace\s matt]1 gradually =m at ! summit ( ! cone1 & mu/ be collect$ f "t to "t4 ,! funnel %\ld be unit$ to ! smoke-pipe by means ( wire1 & no sold] %\ld be us$ = ! jo9ts ( ei!r4 #b4 7,comm]cial47 ,on ! l>ge scale1 lamp-black is n[ g5]ally made by burn+ bone-oil 7previ\sly fre$ f its ammonia71 or common coal-t>1 & receiv+ ! smoke 9 a suitable *amb]4 ,9 ! pat5t$ process ( ,messrs ,m>t9 & ,grafton ! coal-t> is viol5tly agitat$ ) lime-wat] until ! two are well mix$1 aft] :i* x is all[$ to subside1 & ! lime-wat] hav+ be5 drawn (f1 ! t> is wa%$ sev]al times ) hot wat]4 ,aft] subsid5ce & decantation x is put into /ills1 & rectifi$4 ,! crude naph?a 9 ! receiv] is !n put into a long ca/-iron tube furni%$ ) num]\s l>ge burn]s1 und]nea? :i* is a furnace to heat ! pipe to ne>ly ! boil+ po9t4 ,ov] ea* burn] is a sort ( funnel :i* goes into a ca/-iron pipe or ma91 :i* ?us receives ! smoke f all ! burn]s4 ,f ?is ma9 ! smoke is convey$ by l>ge pipes to a succession ( boxes or *amb]s1 & !nce into a s]ies ( l>ge canvas bags arrang$ side by side1 & connect$ toge!r at top & bottom alt]nately4 ,fifty to eighty ( ^! 'bags' are employ$2 ! la/ "o be+ left op5 to admit ( ! escape ( ! smoke1 :i* has ?us be5 made to trav]se a space ( ab\t #djj y>ds4 ,z soon z ! bags conta9 any consid]able quantity ( black !y are remov$ & empti$4 ,! black deposit$ 9 ! la/ bag is ! f9e/ & be/1 & x becomes progressively co>se z x approa*es ! furnace4 ,obs4 ,! /ate ( m9ute division 9 :i* ! c>bon exi/s 9 good lamp-black is su* z _c be giv5 to any o!r matt]1 n ev5 by gr9d+ x on porphyry1 or by 'elutriation' or 'wa%+ ov]' ) wat]4 ,on ?is acc\nt x goes a great way 9 e k9d ( pa9t+4 ,x may be r5d]$ dri] & less oily by g5tle calc9ation 9 close vessels1 :5 x is call$ burnt lamp-black1 & may !n be us$ z a wat]-col\r2 or its greas9ess may be remov$ by ! alkali-treatm5t notic$ "u ,indian ink4 ,x is ! basis ( ,indian ink1 pr9t]'s ink1 & mo/ black pa9ts4 ,russian lamp-black is ! soot produc$ by burn+ ! *ips ( res9\s deal4 ,x is objectionable *iefly f be+ liable to take fire spontane\sly :5 left = "s "t moi/5$ ) oil4 ,black1 ,manganese' 7-neze'-74 ,native b9oxide ( manganese4 ,durable & dries well4 ,black1 ,new'ca/le4 ,f ! ri*]-look+ v>ieties ( pit-coal by gr9d+1 & elutriation4 ,br[n black or1 9 ?9 lay]s1 deep br[n4 ,x is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ useful br[n ! arti/ c place on 8 palette2 be+ rem>kably cle>1 n s w>m z ,v&yke-br[n1 & s]v+ z a %ad[ = blues1 r$s1 & yell[s1 :5 glaz$ ov] !m4 ,x seems almo/ c]ta9 t ,titian made l>ge use ( ?is mat]ial4 ,see ,,blue-,,black 7ant74 ,black1 ,opor'to4 ,c>bonis$ w9e-lees4 ,black1 ,pa'ris1 ,,noir ,,de ,,p>is4 ,f turn]'s bone-du/1 treat$ z = ivory-black4 ,works well bo? 9 oil & wat]4 ,x is commonly sold = real ivory-black1 & = burnt lamp-black4 ,black1 ,pea*-/one4 ,f ! /ones or k]nels ( pea*es1 *]ries1 & o!r simil> fruits1 treat$ z = ivory-black4 ,a bright1 ri* black2 works well ) oil2 ) :ite-lead & oil x makes old grey4 ,black1 ,pit'coal4 ,newca/le-black4 ,black1 ,prus''sian 7pr7u%'-7an74 ,composition-black4 ,black1 ,rice'4 ,rice-*>coal4 ,inf]ior4 ,black1 ,rus''sian4 ,see ,,lamp-,,black4 ,black1 ,soot' 7s7o7ot'-74 ,! soot ( coal-fires1 gr\nd & sift$4 ,us$ 9 common pa9t1 & to col\r :itewa%2 ) ,v5etian-r$ & oil1 x makes *ocolate-col\r2 also us$ to make grey mort>4 ,black1 ,span'i%4 ,f cork-cutt+s c>bonis$1 z bone-black4 ,resembles ,frank=t-black1 b works s(t]4 ,black1 ,sug'ar 7%7o7og'-74 ,c>bonis$ moi/ sug>4 ,has little body1 b = wa%+ draw+s is equal 9 mell[ness to ,indian ink & bi/re4 ,black1 ,sun'd]l&4 ,newca/le-black4 ,black1 ,tur'n]'s4 ,p>is-black4 ,black1 ,v9e'-twig4 ,frank=t-black4 ,black ,:eat' 7hwete'-7 ,c>bonis$ :eat4 ,x has a good col\r1 a full body1 & dries h>d & quickly ) oil4 ,,black',,b]ry4 ,! popul> "n ( ru'bus frutico'sus 7,l9n47 or ! common 'bramble4' ,fruit 7,,black',,b]ries2 ,m,,res ,,de ,,ronce1 ,fr471 antiscorbutic & :olesome1 b 9 excess apt to sick52 twigs us$ 9 dye+ black2 root a/r+5t1 =m]ly us$ 9 hoop+-c\gh4 ,blackb]ry1 ,am]'ican4 ,! ru'bus villo'sus 7,ait474 ,root a/r+5t & tonic2 (fic9al 9 ! ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,black ,,pudd+4 ,a pudd+ made ( ! blood ( ! pig1 mix$ ) groats & fat4 ,x conta9s ab\t #aa p] c5t4 ( nitrog5\s matt]4 ,,black',,+4 ,syn4 ,,cirage 7des bottes71 ,,noir 7p\r les s\li]s71 ,fr42 ,,s*w,,rze1 ,,s*uhs*w,,rze1 ,g]4 ,an article too well kn[n to require description4 ,hi/41 c4 ,black+1 & o!r poli%es = lea!r1 7 und\bt$ly 9 common use among ! anci5ts2 b ! comp\nd to :i* we n[ m p>ticul>ly apply ! "n is ( comp>atively mod]n inv5tion4 ,! latt] appe>s to h be5 fir/ introduc$ into ,engl& f ,p>is1 dur+ ! reign ( ,*as4 ,,ii1 b 0 n 9 common use among ! masses ( our population mu* be=e ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,! g5]al & /ill increas+ use ( black+ z a poli% = boots & %oes by all classes ( ! inhabitants ( civilis$ c\ntries1 has giv5 an ext5t & importance to its manufacture :i* a /rang] to ! subject w\ld sc>cely be l$ to suspect4 ,! pr9cely e/abli%m5ts ( "s ( ! firms :o comp\nd ?is sable article _c fail to h arre/$ ! att5tion ( ! pass5g] ?r\gh ! /reets ( ?is great metropolis2 :il/ ! enorm\s =tune acquir$ by "o ( _! late memb]s1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 bequea!d by him = purposes ( *>ity & philan?ropy1 has inve/$ bo? ! donor & 8 craft ) an int]e/ & notoriety :i* !y did n previ\sly possess4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! consumption ( black+ is great] ?an at any =m] p]iod2 & ( ?is1 z ( _m o!r articles1 ,engl& is ! pr9cipal manufactory = ! _w1 alike di/+ui%$ = ! ext5t ( h] trade & ! excell5t quality ( ?is product ( h] indu/ry4 ,9 tru?1 ,engl& excels all o!r nations 9 ! manufacture ( common %oe-black+2 & p]haps 9 no o!r c\ntry is an equal att5tion paid to ! cleanl9ess & appe>ance ( ! ext]nal clo?+ ( ! feet4 ,prep4 ,i4 ,,liquid ,,black+3-- #a4 ,take ( bone-black1 #af p>ts2 treacle1 #ab p>ts2 oil ( vitriol1 #c p>ts2 sp]m oil1#aij #b p>ts2 gum-arabic1 #a "p2 /rong v9eg>1 or s\r be]1 #dh to #ej p>ts#aia 7all by weight72 place ! bone-black 9 a capaci\s wood51 /one-w>e1 or enamell$ iron vessel1#aib add ! oil1 & rub !m well toge!r2 next gradually add ! treacle1 & actively & pati5tly gr9d or rub ! mass1 aft] ea* addition1 until ! oil is p]fectly kill$1 & f9ally = "s "t aft]w>ds1 to ensure complete admixture2 !n cauti\sly dilute ! vitriol ) ab\t ?ree times its bulk ( wat]1 & add x1 9 sep>ate portions1 to ! =m] mixture1 obs]v+ to /ir ! :ole toge!r1 z rapidly z possible1 on ea* addition ( ! acid1 & = "s m9utes aft] ! :ole is add$1 s z to r5d] ! mass ?or\ghly smoo? & homog5e\s2 let x /&1 cov]$ ov]1 = two or ?ree days1 or long]1 /irr+ x1 9 ! mean "t1 = #ae or #bj m9utes daily2 la/ly1 hav+ dissolv$ ! gum 9 ! v9eg>1 add ! solution gradually to ! re/1 & /ir ! :ole toge!r briskly = "s "t1 & aga9 daily = #c or #d days4 ,x may be fur!r dilut$1 at w1 ) a little m v9eg> or be]1 or ) wat]2 b unnecess>y or excessive dilution %\ld be avoid$1 z ! ri*ness & quality ( ! black+ become proportionately r$uc$4 ,if all ! +r$i5ts 7except ! vitriol7 be made hot be=e admixture1 ! %9+ quality ( ! product w be greatly improv$1 & ! process may be %ort5$4#aic ,footnote #aij3 ,sp]m oil is commonly reg>d$ z ! be/ = black+2 b pale seal oil is ?\ght by "s to be q z good4 ,! cod-liv] oil ( ! curri]s1 if cle>1 is less exp5sive1 & probably bett] ?an ei!r ( !m4 ,common olive oil1 & ref9$ rape oil1 are1 h[ev]1 ^? mo/ g5]ally us$ by ! black+-mak]s4 ,footnote #aia3 ,t is1 #c to #c-a_/b times ! weight ( ! ivory-black4 ,footnote #aib3 ,metallic vessels mu/ be avoid$4 ,footnote #aic3 ,by tak+ ! 'p>ts' ord]$ 9 ?is & ! o!r =mul z s _m #a_/d lbs41 lbs41 #a_/d cwts41 or cwts41 ! proportions ( ea* +r$i5t = any quantity ( black+1 f a #a_/d ( a lb41 or a #a_/d p9t1 up to #b tons1 or ne>ly #dej galls41 w be at once se52 & s on ( ev5 l>g] quantities4 ,see ,conclud+ ,rem>ks 7infr74 #b4 ,ivory-black1 #af p>ts2 treacle1 #h p>ts2 oil ( vitriol1 #d p>ts2 7dilut$ )7 wat]1 #b p>ts2 oil1 #b p>ts2 gum-arabic1 #a "p2 s(t wat] 7= ! f9al dilution1 in/ead ( v9eg>71 #fd p>ts2 mix$1 c41 z be=e4 ,excell5t4 #c4 ,z ! la/2 b tak+ only #f p>ts ( treacle1 #a "p ( oil1 & omitt+ ! gum-arabic4 ,good4 ,a common] article ( liquid black+ does n sell4 #d4 7,bryant & ,james's ,,india-,,rubb] ,,liquid ,,black+4 ,pat5t dat$ #ahcf47 ,take ( india rubb] 79 small pieces71 #ah oz42 hot rape oil1 #i lbs4 7say #a gall472 dissolve2 to ! solution add ( ivory-black 79 v f9e p[d]71 #fj lbs42 treacle1 #de lbs42 mix ?or\ghly2 fur!r add ( gum-arabic1 #a lb41 dissolv$ 9 v9eg> 7,no4 #bd71 #bj galls42 r$uce ! :ole to a p]fect /ate ( smoo?ness & admixture by trituration 9 a pa9t-mill2 ?r[ ! comp\nd into a wood5 vessel1 & add1 v gradually1 ( sulphuric acid1 #ab lbs42 cont9ue ! /irr+ = #a_/b an h\r1 repeat+ x daily = #ad days2 !n add ( gum-arabic 79 f9e p[d]71 #c lbs42#aid aga9 mix well1 & repeat ! /irr+ = #a_/b an h\r daily = #ad days long]1 :5 ! liquid black+ w be ready = use or = bottl+4 ,! quality is v excell5t2 b ?is1 probably1 does n dep5d on ! pres5ce ( ! india rubb]1 b on ! g5]al correctness ( ! proportions1 & ! c>e & complet5ess ) :i* !y are mix$4 ,footnote #aid3 ,?is %\ld be g5tly rubb$ ?r\gh a sieve1 held ov] ! black+ by "o p]son1 :il/ ano!r /irs ! mass assidu\sly ) ! spatula4 #e4 7,)\t ,vitriol47 ,take ( ivory-black 79 v f9e p[d]71 #b lbs42 treacle1 #a-a_/b lb42 sp]m oil1 #a_/d p9t2 mix1 z be=e2 !n add ( gum-arabic1 #a oz42 7dissolv$ 97 /rong v9eg>1 #a_/b p9t2 mix well2 ! next day fur!r add ( good v9eg>1 or /rong s\r be]1 #c to #d p9ts 7or q4 s472 /ir briskly = a #a_/d ( an h\r1 & aga9 once a day = a week4 ,excell5t4 ,a *eap]1 b inf]ior article1 may be made by ! r$uctions & omissions notic$ above4 #f4 ,f pa/e-black+ 7see bel[71 by r$uc+ x ) suffici5t v9eg>1 s\r be]1 or wat]1 to give x ! liquid =m4#aie ,footnote #aie3 ,x is sometimes conv5i5t to prep>e liquid black+ 9 ?is way f a /ock ( 'pa/e-black+' already on h&4 ,,ii4 ,,pa/e ,,black+3-- #a4 ,qualities f good to sup]-excell5t may be made f any ( ! prec$+ =mul1 by simply omitt+ ! f9al dilution ) ! v9eg>1 s\r be]1 or wat]1 !re9 ord]$ at ! end ( ! process4 #b4 7,bryant & ,james's ,,india-,,rubb] ,,pa/e ,,black+4--,pat5t dat$ #ahcf47 ,( india-rubb] oil1 ivory black1 treacle1 & gum-arabic1 ! same z = _! liquid black+ 7see ,i1 #d1 above71 b dissolv+ ! la/ 9 only #ab lbs4 7say #e qu>ts71 in/ead ( #bj galls4 ( v9eg>2 gr9d+ to a smoo? pa/e 9 a col\r-mill1 & !n add+ ( oil ( vitriol1 #ab lbs4 z be=e4 ,! mass is to be /irr$ daily = a week1 :5 x w be fit = use1 or pott+4#aif ,excell5t4 ,footnote #aif3 ,! f9al addition ( ! #c lbs4 ( p[d]$ gum1 ord]$ 9 ! =mula ( _! liquid black+1 is n m5tion$ by ! pat5tees2 & we !re=e presume !y d n int5d x to be made4 ,if made1 x %\ld be at ! end ( ! week1 & ! daily /irr+ mu/ !n be cont9u$ = ano!r week4 ,?is addition1 or omission1 enables u to produce two qualities f ! same =mula4 #c4 ,ivory-black1 #a cwt42 treacle1 #bh lbs42 rape oil 7or o!r *eap oil71 #a gall42 mix1 z be=e2 !n add ( oil ( vitriol1 #ba lbs42 7dilut$ )7 wat]1 #b galls42 mix !m quickly & ?or\ghly by =cible /irr+ ) a /rong wood5 spatula1 & z soon z admixture is complete1 b :il/ /ill fum+1 put ! cov] on ! tub1 & leave x till ! next day1 :5 7)\t fur!r /irr+7 x w be fit = use or sale4#aig ,good ord9>y4 ,us$ = packets & t9s4 ,footnote #aig3 ,! object "h is to make ! product z spongy & light z possible1 s t ! pur*as] may fancy he has a great deal = 8 money4 #d4 ,z ! la/2 b add+ ) ! ivory-black1 c41 #ad to #bh lbs4 ( coal-soot#aih 7sift$71 omitt+ "o half ( ! oil1 & dilut+ ! vitriol ) an extra gall4 ( wat]4 ,inf]ior4 ,*iefly us$ = #a;d4 & #a_/b;d4 packets4#aii ,footnote #aih3 ,?is is also to give bulk4 ,footnote #aii3 ,a /ill m common article is v5d$ 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 & 9 ,scotl&1 9 :i* ! oil is omitt$ altoge!r4 ,! sale ( su* black+s 787 is disreputable1 :5 x is rememb]$ t a really good article may be made = #b;d4 to #b-a_/b;d4 p] lb4 #e4 7,,g]man ,,black+74 ,ivory-black1 #a "p2 treacle1 #a_/b "p2 sweet oil1 #a_/h "p2 mix1 z be=e2 !n /ir 9 a mixture ( hydro*loric acid1 #a_/h "p2 oil ( vitriol1 #a_/d "p 7ea* sep>ately dilut$ ) twice its weight ( wat] be=e mix+ !m74 ,?is =ms ! ord9>y pa/e-black+ ( ,g]many1 accord+ to ,liebig4 #f4 7,)\t ,vitriol47 ,z ,i1 #e 7ant72 b ) ! omission ( ! la/ #a_/b gall4 ( 'v9eg>4' ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4--,to produce a fir/-rate article ( black+ x is absolutely necess>y t ! +r$i5ts be ( ! be/ quality1 & us$ 9 ! prop] proportions2 & t ! ord] ( _! admixture1 & ! g5]al manipulations1 be conduct$ "u ord9>y circum/ances1 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! fir/ ( ! above =mul4 ,! proportions ( ! treacle & ! oil 7! mo/ exp5sive ( ! +r$i5ts7 %\ld n be /9t$2 &1 inde$1 t ( ! latt] may be safely increas$ 9 quantity1 )\t mat]ially affect+ ! poli%1 & ) manife/ advantage z f> z ! s(tness & durability ( ! lea!r to :i* x is appli$ is conc]n$4 ,! manipulations requir$ 9 ! manufacture ( bo? pa/e-black+ & liquid black+ are ess5tially ! same2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two articles1 :5 ! same mat]ials are us$1 dep5d+ entirely on ! quantity ( liquid add$4 ,?us1 z notic$ be=e1 by dilut+ pa/e-black+ ) wat]1 v9eg>1 or be]-bottoms1 x may be conv]t$ into liquid black+ ( a ne>ly simil> quality2 &1 by us+ less fluid matt]1 ! +r$i5ts ( liquid black+ w produce pa/e black+4 ,"o ?+ mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$1 & t is1 t ! ivory-black us$ = liquid black+ %\ld be r$uc$ to a mu* f9] p[d] ?an = pa/e black+2 z1 if ?is is n att5d$ to1 x is apt to settle at ! bottom1 & to be ) difficulty aga9 diffus$ ?r\gh ! liquid4 ,p]sons :o object to ! use ( black+ conta9+ oil ( vitriol may employ =mula ,i1 #e1 or ,,ii1 #f 7above74 ,! vitriol1 h[ev]1 greatly contributes to promote ! %9+ prop]ties ( ! black+2 &1 9 small quantities1 or 9 ! prop] proportion1 is n s injuri\s to ! lea!r z "s p]sons h repres5t$2 z x :olly unites itself to ! lime ( ! bone-phosphate conta9$ 9 ! ivory-black1 & is ?us neutralis$1 insoluble sulphate ( lime1 & an acid phosphate or sup]phosphate1 be+ =m$4 ,x is ! latt] t gives ! acidity to a well-made sample ( black+1 & n ! sulphuric acid orig9ally add$ to x4 ,9 ?is way ! l>g] portion ( ! ivory-black is r$uc$ to a /ate ( extremely m9ute division1 & ) ! o!r +r$i5ts =ms a /rongly adhesive pa/e1 :i* cl+s to ! surface ( ! lea!r1 & is susceptible ( receiv+ a high poli% by friction :5 9 a sc>cely dry /ate4 ,?is is ! reason :y lamp-black %\ld nev] be employ$ = black+ to ! exclusion ( ! necess>y proportion ( bone-black1 z x has no e>?y base to absorb or neutralise ! acid1 :i*1 if left 9 a free /ate1 w\ld prove v hurtful to ! lea!r4 ,oil ( vitriol is n[ employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( all ! m celebrat$ & exp5sive black+s2 & t simply because no o!r sub/ance is kn[n s effici5t1 & s little injuri\s to ! lea!r4 ,9 ! common black+s ( ,g]many1 hydro*loric acid is (t5 us$ to ! entire exclusion ( oil ( vitriol2 b black+ s prep>$ possesses sev]al disadvantages f :i* t ( ,engl& is free4 ,9 ! be/ ,g]man black+s only a small portion ( ?is acid is us$1 z may be se5 by ref]5ce to =mula ,,ii1 #e 7above74 ,! addition ( :ite-(-egg1 is+lass1 & simil> articles#bjj to black+1 always proves injuri\s1 z !y t5d to /iff5 ! lea!r & to make x crack1 )\t at all improv+ its poli%+ prop]ties4 ,ev5 gum-arabic1 9 quantity1 is on ?is acc\nt objectionable4 ,oil has an opposite t5d5cy1 &1 z already /at$1 ! quantity commonly us$ may be increas$ ) advantage4 ,res9 oil %\ld be p>ticul>ly avoid$4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,9 ,scotl&1 fl\r-pa/e s\r$ by keep+ is (t5 sub/itut$ = "p ( ! treacle 9 ! common black+s2 ) ! effect1 h[ev]1 ( greatly impair+ _! poli%+ qualities1 & caus+ ! lea!r to rapidly become /iff & to crack4 ,fur!r1 su* black+ w n keep1 (t5 gr[+ m\ldy & h>d 9 two or ?ree weeks4 ,dr ,ure has recomm5d$ ! use ( a little copp]as#bja 9 black+2 ) ! object1 we presume1 ( /rik+ a black ) ! tan 9 ! lea!r2 b except ) new1 or ne>ly new lea!r1 ?is effect w\ld n occur1 :il/ its pres5ce1 if n objectionable1 w\ld o!rwise be useless4 ,footnote #bja3 ,! proportion recomm5d$ by ,dr ,ure is #a_/d oz4 to ea* lb4 ( bone-black1 dissolv$ 9 #aj p>ts ( wat]1 & to be add$ ) ! vitriol4 ,! only improvem5t t has be5 introduc$ 9 ! manufacture ( black+ s9ce ! e>ly days ( ! celebrat$ ,day ,m>t9 is1 a few h\rs aft] ! conclusion ( ! mixture ( ! +r$i5ts 7b be=e add+ ! v9eg>1 if any71 to simm] ! :ole v g5tly1 = ab\t #h or #aj m9utes1 obs]v+ to /ir x assidu\sly all ! "t4 ,! fire mu/ !n be )drawn1 & ! pan cov]$ ov] until x is q cold1 :5 half an h\r's lu/y /irr+ w f9i% ! process4#bjb ,9 ?is way a degree ( maturity & brilliancy w be imp>t$ to ! product1 :i*1 )\t ! application ( heat1 x w\ld take mon?s to acquire1 if1 inde$1 x ev] rea*$ x4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,a capaci\s enamell$ ca/-iron boil]1 ) a concave bottom1 %\ld be us$ = ?is purpose2 9 :i* case ! +r$i5ts c be mix$ 9 x1 & ?us ! tr\ble ( removal avoid$4 ,if a common copp] or ca/-iron boil] be employ$1 ! black+ mu/ n be all[$ to rema9 9 x long] ?an necess>y to give x ! 'simm]1' at ! conclusion ( :i* x %\ld be turn$ out into a wood5 tub or vat to cool4 ,z x is g5]ally m conv5i5t to measure ?an to weigh liquids1 x may be useful to rem9d ! read] t1 9 r\nd numb]s1 #a gal4 ( oil weighs #i-a_/d lbs4 #a s\r be] #aj-a_/d #a v9eg> #aj #a wat] ,we may "h fur!r rem>k t ! black+s ( diff]5t h\ses v>y consid]ably 9 "s ( _! prop]ties2 z also d ^? ( ev5 ! same mak] by age4 ,"s black+s dry (f rapidly & give a v brilliant poli% ) v little lab\r2 :il/ o!rs take a little long] to 'dry (f1' & some:at m lab\r to poli% !m4 ,! =m] are be/ adapt$ to ha/y use1 & :5 a v brilliant surface is desir$2 ! latt] :5 dep? ( poli%1 )\t extreme brilliancy1 satisfies ! we>]4 ,! fir/ be/ meets ! requirem5ts ( fa%ionable life2 ! la/ ^? ( ! middle classes & p$e/rians expos$ to dirt1 mud1 & ! v>i\s vicissitudes ( travell+ & wea!r4 ,to ! "o belong ! 'black+s' ( ,ev]ett1 ,day ,m>t91 c42 to ! o!r1 ^? ( ,w>r51 ,bryant ,james1 & mo/ ( ! small] manufactur]s1 ) ne>ly all ! pa/e-black+ ( ! m respectable %ops4 ,"t1 h[ev]1 equalises ! qualities ( ^! two classes4 ,black+s :i* are crude1 moi/1 & oily lose ^! prop]ties1 & become dri] & m brilliant by age4 ,! practice ( sev]al ( ! fir/-class ,we/-end boot & %oe mak]s is nev] to use a black+ :i* !y h n _h 9 _! /ock at lea/ a twelvemon?4 ,black+1 bo? liquid & pa/e1 %\ld be /or$ 9 a cool & mod]ately dry cell>2 & :5 9 use %\ld be kept cork$ or o!rwise exclud$ f ! air4 ,exposure or desiccation de/roys mo/ ( its be/ qualities4 ,! pres5t annual value ( ! black+ consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom is e/imat$ at #efb1ejjl41 or ab\t #d-a_/b;d4 p] head = ! :ole population2 :ile ! collective ye>ly value ( t export$ is ab\t #ce1jjjl4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,black+1 ,,bone-,,black1 ,,boots ,,& ,,%oes1 ,,lea!r1 ,,sulphuric ,,acid1 c42 also bel[4 ,black+1 ,automat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,self-,,%i'',,n+ ,,black+1 ,,span',,i% ,,japan1 c4 ,prep4 #a4 ,gum-arabic1 #d oz42 treacle or co>se moi/ sug>1 #a-a_/boz42 good black ink1 #a_/d p9t2 /rong v9eg>1 #b oz42 rectifi$ _s ( w9e & sweet oil1 ( ea* #a oz42 dissolve ! gum 9 ! ink1 add ! oil1 & rub !m 9 a mort> or %ake !m toge!r = "s "t1 until !y are ?or\ghly unit$2 !n add ! v9eg>1 & la/ly ! _s4 #b4 ,lamp-black1 #c_/d oz42 indigo 79 f9e p[d]71 #a dr42 put !m 9 a mort>1 or bas91 & rub !m ) suffici5t mucilage 7made by dissolv+ #d oz4 ( gum 9 #a_/d p9t ( /rong v9eg>7 to =m a ?9 pa/e2 add v gradually ( sweet oil1 #a oz42 & triturate until _! union is complete1 add+ t[>d ! end ! re/ ( ! mucilage2 !n fur!r add ( treacle1 #a-a_/b oz42 & aft]w>ds1 successively1 ( /rong v9eg>1 #b oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a oz42 la/ly1 bottle = use4 #c4 ,mix ! :ites ( #b eggs ) a table-spoonful ( _s ( w9e1 #b l>ge lumps ( sug> 7cru%$71 & suffici5t f9ely p[d]$ ivory-black to give ! requir$ col\r & ?ickness1 avoid+ excess4 ,obs4 ,! above are *iefly us$ = dress boots & %oes4 ,! fir/ two are appli$ to ! lea!r ) ! tip ( ! f+]1 or a sponge1 & !n all[$ to dry out ( ! du/4 ,! ?ird is commonly laid on ) a sponge or s(t bru%1 & :5 almo/ dry or h>d may h its poli% height5$ ) a bru% or s(t rubb]1 aft] :i* x is left = a few h\rs to h>d54 ,x may also be us$ to revive ! fad$ black lea!r seats & backs ( old *airs4 ,!y all possess great brilliancy = a "t2 b are only adapt$ to clean1 dry wea!r1 or indoor use4 ,!y %\ld all be appli$ to ! lea!r z ?9ly z possible1 z o!rwise !y soon crack (f4 ,black+1 ,h>'ness4 ,good glue or gelat9e1 #d oz42 gum-arabic1 #c oz42 wat]1 #c_/d p9t2 dissolve by heat2 add ( treacle1 #f oz42 ivory-black 79 v f9e p[d]71 #e oz42 & g5tly evaporate1 ) con/ant trituration1 until ( a prop] consi/5ce :5 cold2 :5 ne>ly cold put x into bottles1 & cork !m d[n4 ,= use1 ! bottle may be w>m$ a little to ?9 x1 if necess>y4 ,does n resi/ ! wet4 #b4 ,mutton suet1 #b oz42 bees-wax 7pure71 #f oz42 melt1 add ( sug> c&y 79 f9e p[d]71 #f oz42 s(t soap1 #b oz42 lamp-black1 #b-a_/b oz42 indigo 79 f9e p[d]71 #a_/b oz42 :5 ?or\ghly incorporat$1 fur!r add ( oil ( turp5t9e1 #a_/d p9t2 & p\r x into pots or t9s4 #c4 ,bees'-wax1 #a lb42 s(t soap1 #f oz42 ivory-black1 #a_/d lb42 ,prussian blue1 #a oz42 7gr\nd 97 l9se$ oil1 #b oz42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #a_/b p9t2 to be mix$1 c41 z be=e4 ,obs4 ,! above are us$ by lay+ a v little ( !m on ! lea!r1 ev5ly spread+ x ov] ! surface1 & !n poli%+ x by g5tle friction ) a bru%1 or a s(t-rubb]4 ,! la/ two are wat]pro(4 ,num]\s compositions ( ! class are v5d$ by ! saddl]s & oilm51 b ! mass ( !m are un*emical mixtures1 badly prep>$1 & cause disappo9tm5t to ^? :o use !m4 ,su* is n ! case ) ! products ( ! above =mul1 if we may rely on ! /atem5ts ( ^? :o h employ$ !m = ye>s4 ,! la/ two are suitable = bo? h>ness & c>riage lea!r4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,heel1 c4 ,,bladd',,er4 ,syn4 ,,ves',,ica1 ,l42 ,,vessie1 ,fr42 ,,blase1 ,,blatt]1 ,g]4 ,9 anatomy1 c41 a ?9 membran\s sac or bag1 9 an animal1 s]v+ z a receptacle = "s secret$ fluid2 appr41 ! ur9>y bladd]4 ,see ,,calculus1 ,,inflammation1 ,,rupture1 c4 ,bladd'ers4 7,9 comm]ce47 ,! bett] qualities ( ^! articles are prep>$ by cutt+ (f ! fat & loose membranes atta*$ to !m1 & wa%+ !m fir/ 9 a weak solution ( *loride ( lime1 & aft]w>ds 9 cle> wat]2 !y are !n bl[n out & submitt$ to /rong pressure by roll+ !m "u ! arm1 by :i* !y become consid]ably l>g]2 !y are next bl[n q tight1 dri$1 & ti$ up 9 doz5s4 ,common] qualities are m]ely empti$1 ! loose fat remov$1 & !n bl[n out1 & /rung up to dry4 ,us$ *iefly by druggi/s & oilm5 to tie ov] pots1 bottles1 & j>s1 & to conta9 pill-masses1 h>d extracts1 & o!r simil> sub/ances2 also 9 surg]y1 to cov] w\nds1 sore heads1 c4--,obs4 ,bladd]s %\ld nev] be pur*as$ unless p]fectly dry & air-tight2 z1 if ! rev]se be ! case1 !y w nei!r keep nor prove useful1 b w rapidly become rott5 & evolve a mo/ (f5sive od\r4 ,if pur*as$ :il/ damp1 !y %\ld be at once hung up 9 a curr5t ( air1 s z to dry z soon z possible4 ,,bla999 7blane74 ,a boil2 a sore2 a pu/ule4 ,,blanc 7bl7ong74 ,fr4 ,9 cook]y1 a di% :i*1 accord+ to ,mrs ,rundell1 is =m$ ( grat$ bacon & suet1 ( ea* #a lb42 butt]1 #a_/b lb42 #b lemons2 #c or #d c>rots 7cut into dice72 #c or #d onions2 & a little wat]2 ! :ole be+ simm]$ = a %ort "t1 ) or )\t ! addition ( a glass ( %]ry or m>sala1 be=e s]v+4 ,,blan*',,+4 ,syn4 ,,c&ica',,tio1 ,,dealba',,tio1 c41 ,l42 ,,blan*im5t1 c41 ,fr42 ,,blei*51 c41 ,g]4 ,a :it5+1 or mak+ :ite2 a gr[+ :ite4 ,9 "s cases x means decortication4 ,see ,,almonds1 ,,blea*+1 ,,decoloration1 c4 ,blan*+4 ,9 cook]y1 an op]ation int5d$ to imp>t :it5ess1 plumpness1 & s(tness1 to jo9ts ( meats1 p\ltry1 tongues1 palates1 c4 ,x is usually p]=m$ by putt+ ! articles into cold wat]1 :i* is !n gradually rais$ to ! boil+ po9t1 :5 !y are at once tak5 out1 plung$ into cold wat]1 & left !re until q cold4 ,!y are subsequ5tly remov$ & wip$ dry1 ready = be+ dress$4 ,obs4 ,! op]ation ( blan*+ meat1 al?\gh x r5d]s x m sightly accord+ to ! notions ( fa%ionable life1 at ! same "t less5s its nutritive qualities1 by ab/ract+ a portion ( ! soluble sal9e matt] :i* x conta9s1 especially ! phosphates1 & ?us deprives x ( "o ( ! pr9cipal features :i* di/+ui% fre% meat f salt$ meat4 ,animal food1 be=e be+ dress$1 may be wa%$ or r9s$ 9 cold wat] )\t injury1 provid$ x be quickly done2 b x _c be soak$ 9 wat] at any temp]ature mu* bel[ ! boil+-po9t )\t ! surface1 & ! p>ts ne> x1 be+ r5d]$ less nutriti\s4 ,wa%+ meat :5 fir/ receiv$ f ! but*] is1 inde$1 a necess>y act ( cleanl9ess2 b soak+ x = "s "t 9 wat] is unnecess>y1 & = ! reasons /at$ %\ld be avoid$4 ,/rong acetic acid 7conc5trat$ v9eg>7 p\r$ on or rubb$ ov] h>d lean meat gradually r5d]s x s(t & gelat9\s4 ,ord9>y h\sehold v9eg> has ! same effect1 b 9 a less degree4 ,t\gh meat ?us treat$ = a %ort "t be=e dress+ x becomes m t5d] & dige/ible1 ?\gh some:at less nutriti\s2 :il/ ! ta/e & flav\r ( ! v9eg> is remov$ by ! heat subsequ5tly employ$ 9 dress+ x4 ,,blancmange'4 7blo-m7ongzh'd\ble-dagg]47 ,syn4 ,,blancmang] 7bl7ong-m7ong-zha71 ,fr4 ,lit]ally1 :ite food2 9 cook]y1 a confect$ :ite jelly4 ,x is commonly prep>$ by simm]+ #a oz4 ( is+lass1 #b or #c oz4 ( lump sug>1 & a little flav\r+1#bjc 9 ab\t a p9t ( milk1 until ! fir/ is dissolv$1 :5 ! :ole is ?r[n into a jelly-bag1 & ! /ra9$ liquor is all[$ to cool & solidify2 x is next remelt$ by a g5tle heat1 &1 :5 ne>ly cold1 p\r$ into m\lds1 :i* h be5 previ\sly rubb$ ) a little salad oil & !n wip$ out aga94 ,footnote #bjc3 ,?is may be #e or #f bitt] almonds 7grat$71 or a little c9namon1 orange1 or lemon peel1 c41 at w4 ,sometimes ^! are omitt$1 & a little orange-fl[] wat]1 rose-wat]1 or ess5ce ( vanilla1 add$ to ! remelt$ jelly4 ,obs4 ,good gelat9e1 or /rong calves' feet jelly1 is (t5 sub/itut$ = ! is+lass4 ,at o!r times ! jelly is made ) ab\t #a_/b p9t ( wat] 7in/ead ( milk71 :5 #a_/b p9t ( almond-milk1 or ( cream1 is add$ to ! remelt$ jelly4 ,sometimes gr\nd rice or arr[-root is employ$ 9 lieu ( is+lass1 :5 ! product is call$ ,,rice-,,blancmange1 or ,,we/-,,indian ,b41 z ! case may be4 ,,transpa'',,r5t ,,blancmange#bjd is m]ely cl>ifi$ is+lass-jelly1 flav\r$4 ,see ,,cream 7,/one71 ,,is+lass1 & ,,jelly4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,a misnom] ( ! confection]s & cooks4 ,,blanquette' 7blang-ket'74 ,fr4 ,9 cook]y1 a species ( :ite fricasee4 ,x is also ! "n ( a delicate species ( :ite w9e1 & ( a p>ticul> sort ( pe>4 ,,bla/',,+4 ,9 civil & milit>y eng9e]+1 ! disruption ( rocks1 c41 by ! explosion ( gunp[d]1 or o!r l mat]ial4 ,,bla/',,+ ,,p[d]s 7,melville & ,call['s74 ,prep4 #a4 7,,p[d] ,,no4 #a47 ,*lorate ( potassa1 #b p>ts2 r$ sulphuret ( ars5ic1 #a "p2 to be sep>ately c>efully r$uc$ to p[d]1 & lightly mix$ toge!r1 scrupul\sly avoid+ ! use ( iron in/rum5ts1 p]cussion1 mu* friction1 ! slighte/ contact ) acids1 or exposure to heat4 #b4 7,,p[d] ,,no4 #b47 ,*lorate ( potassa1 #e p>ts2 r$ sulphuret ( ars5ic1 #b p>ts2 f]rocyanide ( potassium 7prussiate ( pota%71 #a "p2 z ,no4 #a4 #c4 7,,p[d] ,,no4 #c47 ,*lorate ( potassa & f]rocyanide ( potassium1 equal p>ts4 ,obs4 ,^! comp\nds are n p]man5tly injur$ by ei!r salt or fre% wat]1 m]ely requir+ to be dri$ to rega9 _! explosive "*4 ,!y possess fully eight times ! =ce ( ord9>y p[d]4 ,"o ( _! advantages1 especially to ! und]gr\nd m9]1 is ! v trifl+ am\nt ( smoke produc$ by _! explosion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! extreme facility ) :i* !y explode by attrition1 contact ) a /rong acid1 & a slight elevation ( temp]ature1 r5d] !m unsuit$ to mo/ ( ! purposes ( ord9>y gunp[d]4 ,on ?is acc\nt !y %\ld only be prep>$ 9 small quantities at a "t1 & ) ! utmo/ caution4 ,mr ,call[1 ! inv5tor ( !m1 lo/ sev]al ( 8 f+]s1 & 0 r5d]$ a cripple = life1 by an explosion ( ! k9d ref]r$ to1 :i* occurr$ only a few weeks aft] ! seal+ ( 8 pat5t4 ,a /raw1 or small /rip ( wood1 only slightly wett$ ) oil ( vitriol1 & appli$ to a small heap ( ! p[d]1 produces in/antane\s explosion4 ,capta9 ,wyn&'s ',saxifrag9e' is compos$ ( nitrate ( b>yta1 #gf p>ts2 *>coal1 #bb p>ts2 & nitre1 #b p>ts4 ,s*ultze's wood-gunp[d] is compos$ ( granulat$ wood treat$ ) a mixture ( nitric & sulphuric acid1 aft]w>ds impregnat$ ) a solution ( nitre4 ,m4 ,budi% has inv5t$ a me?od by :i* ?is wood-gunp[d] may be compress$ into a solid sub/ance1 ex]t+ great p[] & free f dang] by transport4 ,li?(racteur1 a :ite bla/+ p[d] us$ 9 ,belgium1 is a sub/ance simil> to gun-cotton4 ,messrs ,n5may] & ,fehleis5's haloxyl9 is compos$ ( *>coal1 nitre1 & yell[ prussiate ( pota%4 ,see ,,gun-,,cotton1 ,,gunp[d]1 ,,m9+1 c4 ,,blatta ,,ori5talis4 ,! common cockroa*1 orig9ally import$ f ! ,ea/1 belongs to ! family ( or?opt]\s insects2 & may be class$ among/ ! mo/ (f5sive & objectionable ( dome/ic pe/s4 ,x is extremely voraci\s1 n only dev\r+ all k9ds ( provisions1 b attack+ & consequ5tly de/roy+ silk1 flannel1 & ev5 cotton fabrics1 9 ! abs5ce ( any?+ m eatable4 ,! cockroa* is nocturnal 9 its habits1 & exce$+ly active & swift ( movem5t4 ,its flatt5$ =m enables x to ins9uate itself easily into crevices1 & s to escape detection4 ,! ,am]ican cockroa* 7,blatta ,am]icana7 is l>g] ?an ! above4 ,a /ill l>g] species 7,blatta gigantea7 is f\nd 9 ! ,we/ ,indies :]e x is kn[n by ! "n ( ! drumm]4 ,x is s call$ f ! tapp+ noise x makes on wood1 ! s\nd s produc$1 :5 jo9$ 9 by sev]al ( ! creatures 7z x usually is7 be+ suffici5t to de/roy ! slumb]s ( a h\sehold4 ,cockroa*es may be poison$ by means ( waf]s made ( r$ lead1 or caught by sme>+ a piece ( wood ) treacle1 & float+ x on a broad bas9 ( wat]4 ,:5 ! fires & lights are ext+ui%$ !y issue f _! holes1 & fall into ! bas9 9 _! ef=ts to rea* ! bait4 ,! *9ks & holes f :i* !y come %\ld also be fill$ up ) unslak$ lime1 & "s lime %\ld also be spr9kl$ ab\t ! gr\nd4 ,old ,g]r>d says !y avoid any place 9 :i* ! leaves ( ! mulle9 are /rewn ab\t4 ,! ,blatta ,ori5talis1 :i* 0 =m]ly suppos$ to possess rem$ial p[]s1 & 0 h5ce employ$ 9 m$ic9e by ! m anci5t !rapeuti/s1 has lately f\nd advocates = 8 readmission into ! animal mat]ia m$ica4 ,he is report$1 :5 made into a t9cture1 to act z a diuretic1 & to yield a cry/all9e body possess$ ( simil> prop]ties1 b 9 a m conc5trat$ =m4 ,"s ( ! ,am]ican j\rnals report t he may be giv5 9 ! =m ( p[d] or infusion 7f #ae to #cj gr47 #c or #d times a day1 9 dropsy1 & to increase ! secretion ( ur9e z well z ( p]spiration4 ,,blea*',,+1 7ble*e'-74 ,syn4 ,,de,,lba',,tio 7-%'o71 ,,insola',,tio1#bje c41 ,l42 ,,blan*im5t1 ,,blan*issage1 ,fr42 ,,blei*51 ,g]4 ,! process by :i* ! col\r ( bodies1 natural or acquir$1 is remov$1 & by :i* !y are r5d]$ :ite or col\rless4 ,x is m p>ticul>ly appli$ to ! decolorisation ( textile filam5ts1 & ( clo?s made ( !m4 ,footnote #bje3 ,blea*+ by exposure 9 ! sun4 ,hi/4 ,blea*+ is a v anci5t art1 z passages ref]r+ to x 9 ! e>li] sacr$ & pr(ane writ]s fully te/ify4 ,x _h probably rea*$ a high degree ( excell5ce among ! inhabitants ( ! fir/ ,assyrian empire1 & 0 c]ta9ly practis$ 9 ,egypt long be=e ! comm5cem5t ( writt5 hi/ory4 ,we may fairly assume t f9e :ite l95 =m$ "p ( ! raim5t1 :i*1 toge!r ) jewels ( gold1 & jewels ( silv]1 & preci\s ?+s1 ,abraham s5t z pres5ts to ! beautiful ,rebekah & h] family1#bjf fully ?ree c5turies & a half be=e ! ,exodus4 ,subsequ5tly1 9 ,scripture1 we h special m5tion ( f9e l951 :ite & clean4 ,h]odotus1 ! e>lie/ ,greek hi/orian1 tells u1 t ! ,babylonians wore :ite cloaks2#bjg & 9 ,a!nu we read ( %9+ f9e l951 z oppos$ to t :i* 0 raw or unblea*$4#bjh ,at ?is e>ly p]iod1 & = _m c5turies aft]w>ds1 ! op]ations ( wa%+1 full+1 & blea*+ 7 n di/9ctly sep>at$4 ,! common sy/em ( wa%+ foll[$ by dry+ 9 ! sun1 adopt$ by ! anci5ts1 is a process :i* ( itself1 by frequ5t repetition1 decolorises ! raw mat]ials ( textile fabrics1 & ?us mu/ inevitably h taught !m ! art ( 'natural blea*+' ( a "* simil> to t practis$ 9 ,europe up to a comp>atively v rec5t p]iod4 ,& ?is appe>s1 accord+ to ! au?ority ( anci5t au?ors1 to h be5 ! case4 ,wa%+ or /eep+ 9 alkal9e & ammoniacal lyes1 or 9 milk ( lime1 foll[$ by exposure 9 ! sun1 =m$ ! *ief basis ( _! sy/em2 :il/ wooll5s1 !n z n[1 7 treat$ ) soap & full]'s e>?1 or ) pott]'s clay1 m>l1 ,cimolian e>?1 or o!r l m9]al4 ,ur9e 0 highly e/eem$ among !m2 & we are told t 9 ! "t ( ! emp]or ,vespasian1#bji & und\bt$ly long be=e x1 clo?s 7 sulphur$4 ,inde$1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 sulphur+ 0 (t5 _h rec\rse to 9 ord9>y wa%+1 z well z 9 ! blea*+ process4#baj ,footnote #bjf3 ,g54 xxiv1 #ec2 ,b4,c4 #aheg4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,h]od41 i1 #aie4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,a!n41 ix1 #gg4 ,footnote #bji3 ',hi/4 ,nat41' xxv1 #eg1 c4 ,footnote #baj3 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,footnote omitt$ by publi%]4 ,blea*+ cont9u$ to be practis$ ) no ess5tial *ange ( its pr9ciples until ! discov]y ( *lor9e1 to :i* we %all pres5tly ref]4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury ,holl& obta9$ ! be/ "n = blea*+4 ,! process pass$ !n to ,irel& & ,scotl&1 & !nce into ,engl&4 ,x 0 ev5 cu/om>y to s5d goods f ?is c\ntry to be blea*$ 9 ,holl&4 ,! fir/ attempt to vie ) ,holl& 0 made1 9 ,scotl&1 9 #agdi4 ,! fir/ /eps t[>ds ! mod]n or *emical sy/em ( blea*+ 7 ! inve/igations ( ,b]?ollet on *lor9e1 9 #aghd1 b :i* 7 n communicat$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy until ! ye> #aghg4 ,! k ( ! use ( *lor9e z a blea*] 0 soon aft]w>ds br\ght to ?is c\ntry by ! ,duke ( ,gordon1 & by ,pr(4 ,copel& ( ,ab]de51 & ?r\gh !m 0 practically appli$ by ,messrs ,milnes ( t place4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,james ,watt1 a correspond5t ( ,b]?ollet1 successfully introduc$ its use 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,glasg[1 & !n g5]\sly laid a /atem5t ( ! results be=e ! ,man*e/] manufactur]s4 ,9 en=c+ ! importance ( ! new sub/ance & process on ^! g5tlem51 he 0 ably foll[$ & second$ by ,dr ,h5ry4 ,9 #agih1 ,mr ,*>les ,t5nant1 ( ,glasg[1 obta9$ a pat5t = a new blea*+ liquor prep>$ by saturat+ lime wat] ) *lor9e2 & ano!r1 9 #agii1 = dry *loride ( lime1 a sub/ance :i* is /ill pref]r$ z a blea*] to all o!r prep>ations ( *lor9e4 ,! new or cont9u\s process ( blea*+1 z x is call$1 & t :i* is at pres5t 9 g5]al use 9 all ! *ief blea*-works ( ,lanca%ire1 0 introduc$ by ,mr ,david ,b5tley1 ( ,p5dleton1 & pat5t$ by him 9 #ahbh4 ,proc4 ,blea*+ is commonly said to be natural :5 exposure to light1 air1 & moi/ure =ms ! lead+ "p ( ! process2 & to be *emical :5 *lor9e1 *loride ( lime1 sulphur\s acid1 or o!r l sub/ances are employ$4 ,9 "s cases1 z ) l951 ! two processes are comb9$4 ,! subject requires to be notic$ "u sep>ate heads1 dep5d+ on ! mat]ial op]at$ on3-- ,i4 ,,blea*+ ( ,cotton3--,cotton is m easily blea*$1 & appe>s to suff] less f ! process ?an mo/ o!r textile sub/ances4 ,on ! old plan x 0 fir/ 7#a7 ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 w>m wat]1 to remove ! weav]'s pa/e or dress+2 !n 7#b7 'buck$' or 'b[k$' 7boil$7 9 a weak alkal9e lye1 or 9 milk ( lime1 to remove col\r+1 fatty1 & res9\s matt]s1 insoluble 9 simple wat]2 & aft] be+ 7#c7 aga9 well wa%$1 0 7#d7 spread out ^u ! grass1 or blea*+ gr\nd1 & freely expos$ to ! jo9t action ( light1 air1 & moi/ure 7te*nically call$ 'cr(t+'74 ,! op]ation ( 'buck+' 9 an alkal9e lye1 wa%+1 & exposure 0 repeat$ z (t5 z necess>y1 :5 ! goods 7 7#e7 's\r$' or imm]s$ 9 wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 aft] :i* !y 7#f7 receiv$ a f9al ?or\gh wa%+ 9 clean wat]1 & 7 7#g7 dri$1 f9i%$1 & fold$ = ! m>ket4 ,f ! l5g? ( ! exposure ^u ! blea*+ gr\nd ?is me?od is apt to injure ! texture ( ! clo?2 & f ! numb] ( op]ations requir$ is necess>ily exp5sive & t$i\s4 ,x is !re=e n[ v g5]ally sup]s$$ by ! sy/em ( *emical blea*+ briefly describ$ bel[4 ,9 ! ,,*emical ,,sy/em ( blea*+ ! goods are 'wa%$' & 'buck$' z on ! old plan1 !n submitt$ to ! action ( a weak solution ( *loride ( lime1 & aft]w>ds pass$ ?r\gh wat] s\r$ ) hydro*loric or sulphuric acid1 :5 !y h only to be ?or\ghly wa%$1 & to be dri$ & f9i%$1 = ! entire completion ( ! process4 ,! new or cont9u\s process1 be=e ref]r$ to1#baa is ! me?od ( *emical blea*+ at pres5t 9 ! mo/ g5]al use2 &1 inde$1 x has ne>ly sup]s$$ all o!r me?ods4 ,9 ?is sy/em ! pieces1 previ\sly tack$ toge!r endwise s z to =m a *a91 are drawn1 by ! motion ( roll]s1 9 any direction1 & any numb] ( times1 ?r\gh e solution to ! action ( :i* x is desir$ to expose !m1 & ?is entirely & completely "u ! control ( ! op]ator4 ,footnote #baa3 ,see ',hi/4' 7ant74 ,! foll[+ ,table exhibits an outl9e ( ! sev]al op]ations 9 ! improv$ =m ( ! cont9u\s process z practis$ by ,messrs ,mc,naughten1 ,b>ton1 & ,?om1 at ,*orley1 & 9 mo/ o!r l>ge blea*-works3-- #a4 ,prelim9>y op]ations3--a4 ,! 'pieces'#bab are sep>ately /amp$ ) ! pr9t]'s "n1 a solution ( silv]1 or sometimes coal-t>1 be+ employ$ = ! purpose4 ,footnote #bab3 ,usually ab\t #cj y>ds ea*4 b4 ,!y are tack$ toge!r endwise ei!r by h& or a ma*9e1 s z to =m "o cont9u\s piece ( #cjj to #cej y>ds 9 l5g?1 accord+ to ! weight ( ! clo?4 c4 ,!y are s+$4#bac ,footnote #bac3 ,g5]ally on "o side only2 b = goods to be subsequ5tly f9ely pr9t$1 on bo? sides4 ,= v f9e pr9t+ ! nap is sometimes remov$ by %e>+ in/ead ( 's+e+1' an +5i\s & effective ma*9e be+ employ$ = ! purpose4 d4 ,!y are cru%$ into a rope-l =m by draw+ !m ?r\gh a smoo? ap]ture1#bad ! surface ( :i* is g5]ally ( glass or porcela9--! rope-=m be+ giv5 !m to enable ! wat] & o!r liquids to p5etrate ! goods m easily1 & to all[ !m to be laid 9 loose coils 9 ! ki]s4 ,footnote #bad3 ,su* ap]tures are also us$ in/ead ( pulleys1 9 ! transf] ( ! rope f place to place4 #b4 ,! pieces are buck$ or boil$ 9 milk ( lime#bae = #ab to #ad h\rs1#baf foll[$ by r9s+ or cleans+ 9 ! wa%+-ma*9e4 ,footnote #bae3 ,! common proportions are ab\t #a lb4 ( quick-lime slak$ & r$uc$ to milk1 ) #b galls4 ( wat]1 = e #ad or #ae lbs4 ( clo?4 ,footnote #baf3 ,?is is done 9 a l>ge iron boil] furni%$ ) a p]=at$ false bottom ( wood1 & te*nically t]m$ a 'ki]4' #c4 ,!y are s\r$ 9 wat] acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1#bag & aga9 wa%$2 simil> ma*9es be+ employ$ = ea*4 ,footnote #bag3 ,?is dilute acid or acidulat$ wat] has usually ! sp4 gr4 #ajaj or #b ,twaddle4 #d4 ,!y are buck$ or boil$ = #ae or #af h\rs 9 a solution ( res9ate ( soda1#bah & !n wa%$ z be=e4 ,footnote #bah3 ,made ) ab\t #ag lbs4 ( soda-a% & #c lbs4 ( res91 ) wat]1 #ej galls41 to e #bj or #ba lbs4 ( clo?4 #e4 ,!y are *emick$ by be+ laid 9 a wood51 /one1 or slate ci/]n1 :5 a solution ( *loride ( lime#bai is pump$ ov] !m1 s z to run ?r\gh ! 'goods' into a vessel bel[1 f :i* x is return$ on !m by cont9u$ pump+1 s t ! clo? lies 9 x = #a or #b h\rs2 x is !n wa%$4 ,footnote #bai3 ,te*nically call$ '*emick4' ,! /r5g? ( ! solution is usually ( ! sp4 gr4 #ajjbe1 or #a_/b ,twaddle4 #f4 ,!y are buck$ or boil$1 = #d or #e h\rs1 9 a solution ( #a lb4 ( cry/allis$ c>bonate ( soda1 dissolv$ 9 #e galls4 ( wat]1 to e #ce lbs4 ( clo?2 & wa%$4 #g4 ,!y are aga9 '*emick$1' z be=e2 & wa%$4 #h4 ,!y are s\r$ 9 v dilute hydro*loric acid2#bbj & !n left on '/illages'#bba = #e or #f h\rs4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,sp4 gr4 #ajabe1 or #b-a_/b ,twaddle4 ,footnote #bba3 ,l[ /ools or props to keep !m f ! gr\nd4 #i4 ,!y are1 f9ally1 ?or\ghly wa%$1 well squeez$ betwe5 roll]s1 dri$ ov] /eam-heat$ t9-cyl9d]s1 />*$ or dress$1 & f9i%$4 ,?is is ! usual process = good calicos1 ,musl9s1 & o!r light goods1 are h&l$ r m c>efully2 :il/ = common] ones ! six? & sev5? op]ations are g5]ally omitt$4 ,! :ole usually occupies #e days2 b by us+ ,mr ,b>l['s high-pressure /eam ki]s1 x may be p]=m$ 9 two days4 ,y>ns1 c41 may be blea*$ 9 a simil> mann] by fir/ loop+ ! ske9s toge!r4 ,obs4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ reliable au?orities1 ! /r5g? ( cotton-fibre is n impair$ by its be+ boil$ = two h\rs 9 milk ( lime1 "u ord9>y pressure1 out ( contact ) ! air2 nor1 accord+ to ! blea*]s1 ev5 by sixte5 h\rs boil+ at ! /r5g? ( #dj lbs4 p] #ajj galls4 ,x is said t lime is less injuri\s ?an 'soda4' ,solution ( cau/ic soda1 sp4 gr4 #ajcj1 does n injure x1 ev5 by boil+ "u high pressure2 b1 9 practice1 soda-a%1 or c>bonate ( soda1 is us$1 & ?is only 9 ! second buck+1 & 9 ! ?ird1 if !re be "o4 ,! /r5g? n[ nev] exce$s #be lbs4 ( ! cry/als to ! #ajj galls41 & is usually less4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t imm]sion = #h h\rs 9 a solution ( *loride ( lime conta9+ #c lbs4 to ! #ajj galls41 foll[$ by s\r+ 9 sulphuric acid ( ! sp4 gr4 #ajfg1 or = #ah h\rs 9 acid ( #ajce1 does n injure x4 ,by ! improv$ me?od ( previ\sly treat+ ! goods ) lime or alkalies1 little *loride ( lime is requir$4 ,inde$1 x is said t :]e #cjj lbs4 7 =m]ly employ$1 #cj to #dj lbs4 only are n[ us$4 ,at ! same "t x is "r to m5tion1 t ?\gh a solution at #a_/b ,twaddle is usually reg>d$ z ! be/ & safe/ /r5g?1 yet 9 "s blea* works1 p>ticul>ly = inf]ior & less t5d] goods1 ?is is greatly increas$1 ev5 up to #e1 ! p]iod ( imm]sion be+ proportionately r$uc$1 z x is n safe to expose ! goods long to ! action ( su* p[]ful solutions4 ,) ! high] /r5g?s !y are pass$ rapidly ?r\gh ! liquid ) ! cal5d]1 suffici5t "t only be+ all[$ to soak !m ?or\ghly2 !n imm$iately ?r\gh ! acid or s\r+1 foll[$ by wa%+ z be=e4 ,9 ,scotl& & ,irel& ! wa%+ is g5]ally p]=m$ by wa%-/ocks2 :il/ 9 ,lanca%ire1 da%-:eels1 or wa%+ ma*9es ) squeez]s1 are almo/ always us$ = ! purpose4 ,cotton loses ab\t #a-bj? ( its weight by blea*+4 ,,ii4 ,,blea*+ ( ,l953--,l95 may be blea*$ 9 a simil> way to 'cotton1' b ! process is mu* m tr\blesome & t$i\s1 ow+ to its great] aff9ity = ! col\r+ matt] exi/+ 9 x 9 ! raw /ate4 ,"u ! old sy/em1 sev]al alt]nate buck+s ) pe>la% or pota% & l5g!n$ exposure on ! field1 ) "o or two s\r+s1 & a f9al scrubb+ ) a /rong la!r ( s(t soap1 con/itut$ ! *ief details ( ! process4 ,9 ?is way a high degree ( :it5ess1 ?\gh n an absolutely pure or sn[ :ite1 0 ultimately produc$4 ,grass-blea*+ or cr(t+ is /ill ext5sively us$ = l952 b x is m g5]ally employ$ only = a limit$ "t1 & 9 comb9ation ) a modification ( ! sy/em at pres5t almo/ univ]sally adopt$ = cotton goods2 :il/1 9 "s cases1 cr(t+ is omitt$ altoge!r1 & ! blea*+ conduct$ :olly by ! latt] process4 ,! foll[+ ,tables exhibit ! outl9es ( ! new sy/em z at pres5t practis$ 9 ,irel& & ,scotl&3-- a4 ,= pla9 %eet+s3-- #a4 ,!y are buck$ = #ab or #ae h\rs 9 a lye made ) ab\t #a lb4 ( pe>la% 7or soda-a%7 to e #ef lbs4 ( clo?1 & wa%$4 #b4 ,cr(t$ = ab\t #b days4 #c4 ,buck$ 9 milk ( lime4 #d4 ,turn$1 & ! buck+ cont9u$1 "s fre% lime & wat] be+ add$2 & wa%$4 #e4 ,s\r$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid at #b ,twaddle4 #f4 ,buck$ ) soda-a% = ab\t #aj h\rs1 & wa%$4 #g4 ,cr(t$1 z be=e4 #h4 ,buck$ aga9 ) soda-a%1 z be=e4 #i4 ,cr(t$ = ab\t #c days4 #aj4 ,exam9$1 ! :ite ones tak5 out1 & ! o!rs aga9 buck$ & cr(t$4 #aa4 ,scald$ or simm]$ 9 a lye ( soda-a% ( ab\t only #b-crds ! =m] /r5g?1 & wa%$4 #ab4 ,*emick$1 = #b h\rs1 at #a_/b ,twaddle1 wa%$1 & scald$4 #ac4 ,aga9 *emick$1 z be=e4 #ad4 ,s\r$ = #d h\rs1 z 9 ,no4 #e2 wa%$1 & f9i%$4 ,?is occupies #ac to #ae days1 accord+ to ! wea!r4 b4 ,= %irt+s1 c43--,z ! prec$+1 b ) some:at weak] solutions4 c4 ,= goods to be subsequ5tly pr9t$3-- #a4 ,buck$ 9 milk ( lime = #aj or #ab h\rs4 #b4 ,s\r$ 9 dilute hydro*loric acid ( #b ,tw41 = #c to #e h\rs1 & wa%$4 #c4 ,buck$ ) res9ate ( soda = ab\t #ab h\rs4 #d4 ,goods turn$1 reboil$ z be=e1 & wa%$4 #e4 ,*emick$ at #a_/b ,tw41 = #d h\rs4 #f4 ,s\r$ at #b ,tw41 = #b h\rs1 & wa%$4 #g4 ,buck$ ) soda-a% = ab\t #aj h\rs1 & wa%$4 #h4 ,*emick$ z 9 ,no4 #e4 #i4 ,s\r$1 z at ,no4 #f1 = #c h\rs2 wa%$1 & dri$4#bbb ,footnote #bbb3 ,! /r5g?s ( ! solutions1 :5 n o!rwise /at$1 are ab\t ! same z ^? giv5 "u ,,cotton 7ant74 ,obs4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 blea*+ l95 arises f ! fact t its col\r+ matt] is insoluble 9 acid or alkal9e solutions until x has be5 long act$ ^u by light1 air1 & moi/ure1 z 9 ! common process ( grass-blea*+4 ,*lor9e ha/5s ! op]ation2 b1 un=tunately1 x c only be employ$ t[>ds ! end ( ! process2 z :5 e>li] us$1 ! col\r ( ! raw clo? becomes set1 & irremovable4 ,to obviate ?is difficulty ,mr ,f4 ,m4 ,j5n+s1 ( ,cork1 has lately#bbc introduc$ ! jo9t use ( an alkali & an alkal9e hypo*lorite 7*loride7 9 ! place ( ! ord9>y *loride ( lime4 ,he prep>es a ba? ( solution ( soda at #e ,twaddle1 :i* he raises by ! addition ( *loride ( soda 7or ( pota%7 to #f or #g1 & 9 ?is he /eeps ! clo? 7aft] ! fir/ buck+ & s\r+7 = "s h\rs1 heat1 or con/ant squeez+ betwe5 roll]s1 be+ _h rec\rse to1 to facilitate ! action4 ,s\r+ & wa%+ foll[1 :5 ! goods are aga9 put into ! alkal9e & *loride ba?1 z be=e2 aft] :i* !y are s\r$1 & buck$ aga9 ) soda4 ,^! la/ ?ree op]ations are repeat$ until ! clo? is almo/ :ite1 :5 cr(t+ = "o half to "o f\r? ! "t requir$ by ! usual me?od r5d]s x fit = ! f9al buck+1 & f9i%+4 ,inde$1 x is said t if ! process be v c>efully manag$ x r5d]s cr(t+ unnecess>y4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,pat5t dat$ #ahei4 ,raw l95 loses ab\t #a-crd ( its weight 9 blea*+4 ,,iii4 ,silk3--,silk is usually blea*$ by fir/ /eep+ x1 & !n boil+ x 9 solutions ( :ite soap 9 wat]1 aft] :i* x is subject$ to repeat$ r9s+s1 a little indigo-blue1 or ar*il1 be+ add$ to ! la/ wat] to give x a pe>ly appe>ance4 ,:5 requir$ to be v :ite 7z = gloves1 /ock+s1 c471 ! goods are cauti\sly submitt$1 = #b or #c h\rs1 to ! action ( ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur1 & !n f9i%$ by r9s+1 z be=e4 ,obs4 ,boil+ or sulphur+ is n requir$ = ! :ite silk ( ,*9a4 ,raw silk loses f #d to #e oz4 p] lb4 by blea*+4 ,,iv4 ,wool3--,9 blea*+ raw wool x is fir/ depriv$ ( ! yolk or peculi> natural v>ni% ) :i* x is cov]$4 ,= ?is purpose x is /eep$ & /irr$ = ab\t #bj m9utes 9 r w>m wat] 7#ace--adj ,fahr471 ei!r ) or )\t ! addition ( #a-d? "p ( /ale ur9e2 aft] :i* x is plac$ 9 baskets to dra91 & soon aft]w>ds ?or\ghly r9s$ 9 a /ream ( wat]1 :5 x is aga9 all[$ to dra91 & x is hung up to dry4 ,! fur!r op]ations dep5d on circum/ances1 wool be+ sometimes :it5$ 9 ! fleece1 or 9 ! y>n1 b /ill m frequ5tly & ext5sively n till wov54 ,:5 x is int5d$ to s5d x 9 ! fir/ two =ms :ite to m>ket1 x is hung up or spread out1 :il/ /ill wet1 & sulphur$ 7see bel[72 aft] :i* x is ei!r at once r9s$ = "s "t 9 cold wat]1 or is previ\sly treat$ ) a v weak ba? ( s(t soap4 ,9 ! case ( wooll5 fabrics ! op]ations ( purify+ or :it5+ ! wool1 beyond ! removal ( ! yolk1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 mix$ up ) ! weav+ & work+ ( x4 ,! pieces leave ! h&s ( ! weav] ( a d+y grey col\r1 load$ ) oil1 dirt1 & dress+4 ,!y !n pass to ! full+-mill1 :]e !y are treat$ ) full]'s e>? & soap1 (t5 prec$$ ) ammonia or /ale ur9e1 aft] ea* ( :i* !y are well wa%$ out or sc\r$ ) cold wat]1 & are !n ready = ! dy]4 ,:5 x is int5d$ to obta9 !m v :ite1 or to dye !m ( a v delicate %ade1 !y are commonly sulphur$2 aft] :i* !y are wa%$ or mill$ 9 cold wat] = "s h\rs1 a little f9ely gr\nd indigo be+ add$ t[>ds ! end1 to increase _! :it5ess2 an addition also made :5 ! clo? is suffici5tly :ite )\t ! sulphur+ process4 ,! usual mode ( ,,sulphur+ wooll5 goods is to hang !m up on pegs or rails1 or1 9 ! case ( fleece-wool1 to spread x ab\t1 at ! upp] "p ( a close1 l(ty room or *amb]1 call$ a sulphur-/ove4 ,9 ea* corn] ( ?is room is set a ca/-iron pot conta9+ sulphur1 :i*1 aft] ! introduction ( ! goods1 is set on fire1 :5 ! door at ! l[] "p ( ! *amb] is %ut tight & clay$4 ,?is is commonly done ov]-night2 & by ! morn+1 ! blea*+ be+ f9i%$1 ! goods are remov$1 wa%$1 & azur$4 ,sulphur+1 unless v skilfully manag$1 imp>ts a h>% feel to wooll5 goods1 :i* is be/ remov$ by a v weak ba? ( soap-&-wat] 7lukew>m72 b ! action ( soap 9 "p reproduces ! previ\s yell[i%-:ite t+e4 ,mill+ ) cold1 or lukew>m wat]1 t+$ ) indigo1 is ! be/ sub/itute4 ,obs4 ,raw wool loses f #ce to #de ( its weight by sc\r+1 & #a to #b m 9 ! subsequ5t op]ations ( ! blea*]2 ! loss be+ 9 direct proportion to ! f95ess ( ! /aple4 a/]ism,! above are ! f\r pr9cipal applications ( ! art ( blea*+2 b1 9 te*nical language1 ! words blea*+1 blea*]1 blea*]y1 blea*-works1 c41 :5 employ$ alone1 are und]/ood to h ref]5ce only to cotton & l954 ,?is has aris5 f ! enorm\s ext5t ( ^! manufactures1 & f ! process ( blea*+ !m =m+ a bus9ess entirely di/9ct f t ( weav+1 dye+1 or pr9t+ !m4 ,! foll[+1 ) ! exception ( ! fir/1 are ( comp>atively m9or importance & int]e/3-- ,v4 ,mat]ials = ,pap]3--,old rags = ! manufacture ( pap]1 & pap]-pulp1 are n[ almo/ univ]sally blea*$ ) *lor9e or *loride ( lime2 ! =m] be+ g5]ally us$ 9 ,france1 & ! latt] 9 ,engl&4 ,! process usually consi/s 9 7#a7 boil+ 9 an alkal9e lye to remove grease & dirt1 7#b7 wa%+1 7#c7 press+1 7#d7 devil+ or te>+ up ! press$ cake into f9e %r$s or pulp1 7#e7 *emick+1 ) agitation1 = ab\t an h\r1 9 a cle> solution ( *loride ( lime1#bbd foll[$ by 7#f7 wa%+1 7#g7 s\r+ ) dilute hydro*loric acid at #a or #b ,tw41 or treatm5t ) a solution ( "s anti*lor1 or bo?1 & 7#h7 a f9al wa%+ & press+4 ,= ! common k9ds ( pap]1 ! op]ations includ$ 9 ,no4 #g are omitt$2 b unless ! :ole ( ! lime-salt be remov$ f ! pulp1 ! pap] made ( x is liable to turn br[n & become rott5 by age4 ,9 "s cases rags are blea*$ be=e be+ divid$ & pulp$4 ,cotton-wa/e is blea*$ 9 a simil> way to rags4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,! '/r5g?' v>ies ) ! col\r & quality ( ! rags4 ,f #b to #d lbs4 p] cwt4 ( rags is a common proportion2 b = dy$ & pr9t$ rags z mu* z #g or ev5 #h lbs4 p] cwt4 are (t5 employ$4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to prolong ! process ) a weak] solution1 ?an to ha/5 x by us+ ! *loride 9 excess4 ,l>ge rectangul> ci/]ns ( wood1 or ( slate1 are commonly employ$ z ! blea*-vessels4 ,ci/]ns ( wood1 or brick-"w l9$ ) gutta p]*a or ) asphalto-bitum51 are employ$ 9 "s pap]-mills1 & answ] admirably4 ,9 ,france1 ! *lor9e1 9 a gase\s =m1 is pass$ f ! g5]ators into ! blea*-ci/]ns conta9+ ! pulp1 :i* 9 ?is case mu/ be fitt$ ) close cov]s4 ,,vi4 ,pr9t$ ,pap]1 z ,books1 ,engrav+s1 ,maps1 c4--,^! :5 /a9$ or discol\r$ may be :it5$ by 7#a7 wett+ !m ) pure clean wat]1 7#b7 plung+ !m into a dilute solution ( *loride ( lime1 7#c7 pass+ !m ?r\gh wat] s\r$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & !n 7#d7 ?r\gh pure wat] until e trace ( acid be remov$4 ,?is process may be fur!r improv$ by fur!r dipp+ !m into a weak solution ( "s anti*lor1 & aga9 wa%+ !m1 be=e f9ally dry+ !m4 ,x is only r>e & valuable orig9al works or specim5s ( art t are wor? ?is treatm5t1 :i*1 ow+ to ! v nature ( pap]1 requires consid]able address to manage4 ,9 _m cases a suffici5t degree ( r5ovation may be effect$ by simply expos+ ! articles1 previ\sly slightly moi/5$1 to ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur1 foll[$ by pass+ !m ?r\gh a vessel ( pure wat]4 ,,vii4 ,/raw1 ,/raw-plait1 & articles made ( !m1 are1 on ! l>ge scale1 usually blea*$ by 7#a7 a hot /eep or boil 9 a weak solution ( cau/ic soda1 or a /rong] "o ( soda-a%1 foll[$ 7#b7 by wa%+ & 7#c7 by exposure to ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur4 ,to effect ! la/1 ! goods are susp5d$ 9 a close *amb] connect$ ) a small /ove1 9 :i* brim/one is kept burn+4 ,on ! small scale1 a l>ge *e/ or box is commonly employ$4 ,a piece ( brick1 or an old box-iron heat]1 heat$ to dull r$ness1 is plac$ at ! bottom ( an iron crock or e>!n pan1 a few fragm5ts ( roll sulphur ?r[n on1 ! lid in/antly clos$1 & ! :ole left = "s h\rs4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid inhal+ ! fumes1 :i* are v delet]i\s z well z disagreeable & annoy+4 ,/raw goods are n[ also frequ5tly blea*$ by ! use ( a weak solution ( *loride ( lime1 or ( wat] /rongly s\r$ ) oxalic acid or ev5 oil ( vitriol1 foll[$ by v c>eful r9s+ 9 clean wat]2 b "h1 z 9 ! =m] case1 ! natural v>ni%1 dirt1 grease1 c41 mu/ be fir/ remov$ by alkalies or soap1 to enable ! *lor9e or acid to act on ! fibres4 ,,viii4 ,wax4 ,wax is blea*$ by fir/ melt+ x at a l[ temp]ature 9 a cauldron1 f :5ce x is all[$ to run out by a pipe at ! bottom into a capaci\s vessel fill$ ) cold wat]4 ,?is vessel is fitt$ ) a l>ge wood5 cyl9d]1 :i* turns ^u its axis2 & ! melt$ wax falls ^u ?is cyl9d]4 ,! surface ( ! cyl9d] be+ always wet1 ! wax does n adh]e to x1 b becomes solid1 assum+ ! =m ( ribbons z x does s1 & 9 ?is %ape becom+ di/ribut$ ?r\gh wat] 9 ! tub4 ,! wax is !n remov$ & plac$ ^u l>ge frames /ret*$ ^u l95 clo?1 :i* are support$ ab\t #ah in*es above ! gr\nd1 & erect$ 9 a situation expos$ to ! air1 dew1 & sun4 ,! sev]al ribbons ?us plac$ on ! frame %\ld n exce$ an in* & a half1 & !y ought to be s mov$ ab\t f "t to "t z t ea* "p may be equally expos$4 ,if ! wea!r be favorable ! wax w become :ite 9 a few days4 ,x is aga9 remelt$1 =m$ into ribbons1 & expos$ z be=e4 ,^! op]ations are cont9u$ 9 until ! wax is completely blea*$1 aft] :i* x is melt$ & run into m\lds4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,! !ory ( blea*+1 not)/&+ ! giant /rides ( *emi/ry dur+ ! la/ #bj ye>s1 rema9s /ill unsettl$2 & h5ce ! processes employ$ are /ill1 = ! mo/ "p1 empirical4 ,x appe>s probable t *lor9e acts by unit+ ) ! hydrog5 ( ! wat]1 or ( o!r comp\nds pres5t1 or probably ) t ( bo?1 & t x is ! oxyg5 ?us lib]at$1 & :il/ 9 ! nasc5t /ate1 t is ! true op]ative ag5t4 ,h5ce blea*+ by *lor9e1 or by ! hypo*lorites1 may be reg>d$ z an oxidation ( ! col\r+ matt]2 b :e!r ! *lor9e or ! oxyg5 effects ?is oxidation is ( little practical importance--! result be+ ! same--! de/ruction ( ! comp\nd1 & ! removal ( ! col\r t dep5ds on its exi/5ce4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! blea*+ p[] ( sulphur\s acid is due to x z an oxidis+ or a deoxidis+ ag5t2 b ! la/ is probably ! case1 ) a l de/ruction ( ! comp\nd con/itut+ ! col\r+ matt]4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be suppos$ t sulphur\s acid acts z an oxidis]1 z x appe>s to d :5 x decomposes sulphurett$ hydrog52 or x may act by simply alt]+ ! comp\nd by ins]t+ itself1 a view receiv+ "s support f ! fact t wool :it5$ by sulphur+ may be re/or$ to ne>ly its previ\s col\r by m]ely treat+ x ) soap or alkalies4 ,! blea*+ p[] ( light dep5ds on its act9ic or *emical rays1 :i*1 l *lor9e1 appe> to act z an oxidis+ ag5t4 ,*lorates1 *romates1 *romic acid1 manganates1 c41 h be5 propos$ z blea*+ ag5ts = textile filam5ts & fabrics1 b )\t success or practical advantage4 ,imm]sion 9 wat] m or less /rongly impregnat$ ) sulphur\s acid has1 h[ev]1 be5 successfully sub/itut$ = ! common sulphur+ process1 p>ticul>ly = silk4 ,to avoid ! injury ( ! goods by sp>ks1 & by drops ( wat] highly saturat$ ) sulphur\s acid fall+ f ! ro(1 ,mr ,?om has inv5t$ a me?od ( pass+ !m rapidly ?r\gh1 or keep+ !m 9 con/ant motion 9 ! sulphur+ *amb]4 ,8 app>atus is con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! wa%+-ma*9e1 ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur be+ us$ in/ead ( wat]4 ,m4 ,tessie du ,motay has propos$ a new me?od = blea*+4 ,he takes ab\t equal p>ts ( p]manganate ( soda & sulphate ( magnesia1 & dissolves !m 9 lukew>m wat]4 ,! tissues1 previ\sly fre$ f grease1 are to be plung$ into ?is ba? until !y are cov]$ ) a br[n coat+4 ,!y are !n to be plac$ 9 a ba? ( sulphuric acid at #d p] c5t41 & r9s$ aft] ! br[n matt] is remov$4 ,!y may be f9ally pass$ ?r\gh sulphur\s acid4 ,mr ,ramsay's me?od consi/s 9 spr9kl+ ) wat] equal p>ts ( *loride ( lime & sulphate ( magnesia1 :5 hydro*lorate ( magnesia is =m$4 ,x may be rem>k$ t none ( ! m mod]n me?ods ( blea*+ h be5 f\nd1 :5 r$uc$ to practice1 to be *eap]1 bett]1 or m advantage\s to "w ?an ^? sanction$ by long exp]i5ce & use4 ,fur!r in=mation 9 connection ) blea*+ w be f\nd "u ! heads ,,act9ism1 ,,blan*+1 ,,calico-,,pr9t+1 ,,*>coal1 ,,*lorides 7,blea*+71 ,,*romates1 ,,*romic ,,acid1 ,,hypo*lorites1 ,,hypo*lor\s ,,acid1 ,,light1 ,,r9s+1 ,,spots & ,,/a9s1 ,,sulphuration1 ,,wa%+1 c42 also "u ,,bones1 ,,engrav+s1 ,,fat1 ,,fea!rs1 ,,horn1 ,,ivory1 ,,oil1 ,,pap]1 ,,pr9t$ ,,books1 ,,rags1 ,,sponge1 ,,/raw-,,plait1 ,,tall[1 ,,wax1 c4#bbe ,footnote #bbe3 ,an accurate description ( ! app>atus & ma*9]y employ$ 9 blea*-works1 ) num]\s engrav+s1 w be f\nd 9 ,ure's ',dict4 ( ,arts1 ,manuf4 ,m9es1' #e? ed41 i1 #cah-cea1 c4 ,blea*+ ,liq'uid4 ,solution ( *loride ( lime4 ,blea*+ ,p['d]4 ,*loride ( lime4 ,blea*+ ,salts4 ,! comm]cial hypo*lorites4 ,,ble>'-,,eye 7blere'-i74 ,syn4 ,,lippitu',,d1 ,l42 ,,*assie1 ,,lippitude1 ,fr4 ,an exudation ( a puri=m matt] f ! m>g9s ( ! eyelids1 :i* are r$1 tumid1 & pa9ful2 & frequ5tly1 dur+ ! night1 glu$ toge!r by ! dis*>ge4 ,treatm4 ,mild a/r+5t collyria1 z ^? ( sulphate ( z9c or alum 7#f or #h gr4 to #a oz4 ( wat]74 ,an o9tm5t =m$ ( #a "p ( ! o9tm5t ( nitrate ( m]cury 7,ph4 ,l471 dilut$ ) #aa p>ts ( sweet wa%$ l>d1 may be advantage\sly appli$ nightly1 by means ( a camel-hair p5cil1 ! smalle/ quantity possible only be+ us$4 ,excess 9 eat+ & dr9k+ %\ld be avoid$1 & "s ap]i5t m$ic9e tak54 ,,bleak 7bleke74 ,syn4 ,,blayd\ble-dagg]1 ,,bleyd\ble-dagg]1 7bla74 ,! cypri'nus albur'nus 7,l9n471 a small riv]-fi%1 ! scales ( :i* are us$ 9 mak+ artificial pe>ls 7:i* see74 ,,bleb4 ,a vesicle or bli/]4 ,9 "s /ates ( g5]al d]angem5t ( heal? ?is arises spontane\sly4 ,x %\ld be treat$ 9 ! same way z scalds4 ,,ble$',,+ 7blede'-74 ,9 ! s5se ( a fl[ or loss ( blood1 see ,h,,morrhage2 9 t ( bloodlett+1 see ,,cupp+1 ,,lee*+1 ,,v5esection1 c4 ,ble$+ ,piles4 ,take e morn+ ap]i5t doses ( milk ( sulphur1 !n a small teaspoonful ( confection ( black pepp] e day4 ,wa% ext]nally ) a sponge & cold wat]4 ,apply comp\nd gall4 o9tm5t to ! piles if ext]nal4 ,ble$+ f ! ,air ,passages & ,lungs4 ,let ! pati5t at once g to b$1 & keep p]fectly quiet1 avoid+ movem5t ( any k9d z mu* z possible4 ,adm9i/] dilute acids 9 frequ5tly repeat$ doses1 ) five drops ( t9cture ( digitalis4 ,! b[els %\ld be kept op5 by means ( ,epsom salts 9 infusion ( roses4 ,give ic$ dr9ks & let solid ice be suck$4 ,mu/>d pla/]s may be appli$ to ! *e/4 ,a morphia loz5ge may n[ & !n be suck$ gradually away1 z well z a small piece ( sal prunella4 ,! c\gh mu/ be allay$ by ! adm9i/ration ( small doses ( morphia 9 gum wat] or b>ley wat]4 ,all food %\ld be tak5 cold4 ,! treatm5t t we h indicat$ 9 ! la/ two =ms ( hmorrhage is int5d$ = ! exclusive guidance ( emigrants or ( o!rs s plac$ z to be unable to summon prompt m$ical aid4 ,:]ev] ?is c be obta9$ no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 at once seek+ x4 ,ble$+ f ! ,nose4 ,apply cold wat] conta9+ ice1 if obta9able4 ,x %\ld be s appli$ to ! nose z to cause a %ock4 ,a cold piece ( metal1 su* z a key1 plac$ on ! nak$ back sometimes /ops ! hmorrhage4 ,if nei!r ( ! above means succe$ inject ) a syr+e a solution ( alum or sulphate ( z9c 7t5 gra9s to ! ounce71 or snuff up ! no/rils "s gallic acid1 p[d] ( pomegranate1 k9o1 or cate*u1 mix$ ) />*4 ,a plug ( l9t may also be dipp$ 9 ei!r ( ! above solutions1 or roll$ 9 ! p[d]s1 & pu%$ up ! no/rils1 or "s t9cture ( p]*loride ( iron1 prop]ly dilut$ & appli$ on a piece ( l9t1 may be tri$4 ,ble$+ f ! ,/oma*4 ,syn4 ,,hematemesis4 ,9 ?is case ! blood is vomit$ usually 9 clots ( a d>k col\r4 ,x %\ld be notic$ :e!r x comes f ! back ( ! nose or ?roat4 ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 p]fect repose 9 b$1 & 9 ! adm9i/ration ( dilute sulphuric acid 9 infusion ( roses1 ) sal9e ap]i5ts4 ,if ^! fail to give relief1 tann9 & kram]ia may be tri$1 & small doses ( laudanum or five gra9s ( alum may be giv5 e f\r h\rs4 ,if 9 pa91 add to x #a_/d gra9 ( acetate ( morphia4 ,all food & dr9ks %\ld be tak5 cold1 ! latt] ic$4 ,p]nitrate ( iron 9 f #aj to #cj m9im doses is a valuable rem$y4 ,,bl5de 7bl7end74 ,a "n appli$ to sev]al m9]als2 appr41 z9c-bl5d1 or native sulphuret ( z9c--! black jack ( m9]s4 ,,blight 7blite74 ,see ,,mildew1 & ,,plants 7,diseases (74 ,,bl9d',,ness 7blind'-74 ,syn4 ,,ablep',,sia1 ,c',,citas1 c41 ,l42 ,,aveuglem5t1 ,c,,cit1 ,fr42 ,,bl9dheit1 ,g]4 ,deprivation or want ( sight4 ,bl9dness may be cong5ital1 or born ) a p]son2 or x may arise f accid5t1 ext]nal viol5ce1 or disease4 ,9 ! latt] x may frequ5tly be reliev$ by m$ical & surgical treatm5t4 ,see ,,amaurosis1 ,,cat>act1 ,,eyes1 ,,oph?almia1 ,,vision1 c4 ,bl9dness1 ,day4 ,syn4 ,,night'-,,sight2 ,n7,y,,ctalo',,pia1 ,l4 ,a disease ( ! eye 9 :i* vision is pa9fully acute or m or less ext9ct 9 a /rong light1 z t ( day2 b cle> & pleasant 9 ! dusk ( ev5+ & at night4 ,its *ief causes are excessive exposure ( ! eyes to ! direct influ5ce ( v /rong or gl>+ light1 or to heat1 or bo? ( !m toge!r2 & is (t5 "o ( ! sequel ( oph?almia 7:i* see74 ,bl9dness1 ,night4 ,syn4 ,,day'-,,sight2 ,,hem]alo',,pia1 ,l4 ,an affection ( ! eye1 ! rev]se ( ! prec$+1 9 :i* objects are cle>ly se5 only 9 broad daylight4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! compla9t ! pati5t cont9ues to be able to see1 ?\gh less cle>ly1 = a %ort "t aft] sunset1 & ev5 by moonlight1 & p]haps di/9ctly by bright c&le light2 b aft] a %ort "t ?is p[] is lo/4 ,x mo/ frequ5tly occurs 9 hot climates1 & l[ latitudes at sea4 ,its *ief causes are fatigue & exposure ( ! eyes to ! gl>e ( ! tropical sun1 probably c\pl$ ) ga/ric d]angem5t4 ,9 "s cases x is cong5ital1 & is !n g5]ally incurable4 ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 avoid+ excit+ causes1 & endeav\r+ to re/ore ! tone ( ! /oma*1 & ! g5]al heal?1 by ! usual me?ods4 ,! eyes at ! same "t %\ld be topically m$icat$ by ! frequ5t use ( cold wat]1 or mild a/r+5t collyria4 ,see ,,oph?almia 7,*ronic74 ,,blis',,t]4 ,syn4 ,,pap',,ula1 ,,pus',,tula1 ,l42 ,,pu/ule1 ,,vessie1 c41 ,fr42 ,,blase1 ,,blatt]1 ,g]4 ,a bladd] or vesicle caus$ by ! deposition ( s]\s fluid betwe5 ! cuticle & ! d]ma or true sk91 occasion$ by ! application ( a vesicant1 or by a burn1 scald1 or friction4 ,bli/]4 ,syn4 ,,vesicato'',,rium1 ,l42 ,,epispa/ique1 ,,vesicatoire1 ,fr42 ,,blas5-,,pfla/]1 ,b4-,,/(f1 ,g]4 ,a sub/ance :i* vesicates or raises bli/]s2 9 pop4 lang41 a vesicat+ pla/] or simil> application4 ,! use ( bli/]s is v anci5t1 & appe>s to date back long prior to ! "t ( ,hippocrates4 ,inde$1 _! value z cutane\s /imulants & c\nt]-irritants appe>s to h be5 recognis$ by ! m$ical faculty ( all nations d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,x is a pr9ciple suffici5tly e/abli%$ ) reg>d to ! liv+ sy/em1 t :]e a morbid action exi/s1 x may (t5 be remov$ by induc+ an action ( a diff]5t k9d1 z a /ate ( excitem5t or irritation1 9 ! same or a neighb\r+ "p4 ,9 ?is way is expla9$ ! utility ( bli/]s 9 local inflammation & spasmodic action1 & x is ?is pr9ciple :i* regulates _! application 9 pneumonia1 ga/ritis1 hepatitis1 phr5itis1 ang9a1 rheumatism1 colic1 spasmodic affections ( ! /oma*1 c4--diseases 9 :i* !y are employ$ ) ! mo/ m>k$ advantage4 ,a simil> pr9ciple exi/s ) respect to pa92 excit+ "o pa9 (t5 relieves ano!r4 ,h5ce bli/]s frequ5tly give relief 9 neuralgia1 too?a*e1 & o!r l pa9ful affections4 ,la/ly1 bli/]s1 by _! op]ation1 communicate a /imulus to ! :ole sy/em1 & raise ! vig\r ( ! circulation4 ,h5ce1 9 "p1 _! utility 9 fev]s ( ! typhoid k9d1 ?\gh 9 su* cases !y are us$ ) /ill m advantage to obviate or remove local inflammation4 ,bli/]s are commonly prep>$ ) can?>ides pla/]1 or ) "s o!r prep>ation ( can?>ides2 &1 9 ! =m] case1 usually h _! surface spr9kl$ ov] ) p[d]$ ,spani% fly2 :il/ ! bli/]+ surface is surr\nd$ ) a m>g9 spread ) common adhesive pla/]1 = ! purpose ( caus+ !m to adh]e to ! "p to :i* !y are appli$4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! action ( ! can?>ides ^u ! muc\s membrane ( ! bladd]1 or ur9>y organs1 !y are also (t5 spr9kl$ ) a little p[d]$ camphor1 or bett] /ill1 are moi/5$ ) camphorat$ e!r1 :i*1 on its evaporation1 leaves a ?9 lay] ( camphor on ! surface2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! lay] be n too ?ick1 z 9 t case ! pla/] w\ld n take effect4 ,) a l object1 a piece ( ?9 book-musl9 or tissue-pap] 7silv]-pap]7 is frequ5tly plac$ betwe5 ! bli/]+ surface ( ! pla/] & ! sk92 ! efficacy ( :i* may be /ill fur!r height5$ by fir/ soak+ ! musl9 or pap] 9 olive or almond oil4 ,! usual "t an ord9>y bli/] ( can?>ides pla/] is all[$ to rema9 9 contact ) ! sk9 is f #aj to #ab h\rs4 ,x is !n g5tly remov$4 ,! subsequ5t treatm5t dep5ds on ! object 9 view4 ,:5 x is n wi%$ to ma9ta9 a dis*>ge f ! bli/]$ surface1 ! vesicle is cut ) ! po9t ( a pair ( scissors at its mo/ dep5d+ "p1 to let out ! fluid :i* x conta9s1 foll[$ by a dress+ ( sp]maceti or o!r simple o9tm5t2 b :5 ! case requires ! bli/] to be kept op51 or to be conv]t$ into a p]petual bli/]1 z x is sometimes call$1 ! :ole ( ! deta*$ cuticle is c>efully remov$ ) ! scissors1 & ! "p is dress$ ) ei!r ! o9tm5t ( can?>ides or ( sav9e1 at fir/ m or less dilut$ ) l>d or simple o9tm5t1 ) an occasional dress+ ( res9 c]ate4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,cr[!r1 ! bli/]$ surface is be/ kept clean by daily fom5tation ) w>m wat]4 ,( late ye>s1 to obviate ! unpleasant effects occasionally aris+ f ! common bli/]1 v>i\s comp\nds hav+ can?>ides = _! base1 z well z fabrics spread ) !m1 h be5 br\ght be=e ! public4 ,^! are notic$ h]eaft]4 ,see ,,pla/]1 ,,vesicants1 c4 ,bli/]s1 ,extempora''ne\s4 ,among ! be/ ( ^! may be m5tion$ ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,a piece ( l9t dipp$ 9 ! /ronge/ v9eg> ( can?>ides1 & imm$iately aft] its application to ! sk91 cov]$ ov] ) a piece ( /rapp+1 or pref]ably a piece ( %eet gutta p]*a or oil$ silk1 to prev5t evaporation4 ,raises a bli/] 9 f #e to #h m9utes4 #b4 ,conc5trat$ acetic acid1 appli$ 9 ! same way1 has a simil> effect4 #c4 7,dr ,d>cq47 ,into a flat wat* glass p\r f #h to #aj drops ( highly conc5trat$ liquor ( ammonia2 cov] ! liquid ) a small piece ( l95 ( r less diamet] ?an t ( ! glass1 & at once apply ?is little app>atus to ! previ\sly %av$ sk94 ,! :ole mu/ be kept 9 its place by means ( mod]ate pressure ) ! f+]s1 until a r$ r+1 ab\t #b c5timtres 9 bread?1 is obs]v$ r\nd ! glass1 :5 x is c]ta9 t vesication is effect$4 ,sometimes sc>cely #cj seconds are necess>y = obta9+ ! result4 ,! app>atus may !n be remov$1 & ! bli/]$ "p treat$ 9 ! usual mann]2 ! dress+ be+ accord+ to ! object 9 view4 #d4 7,tr\sseau47 ,bibul\s pap] slightly wett$ ) a little ( ! e!real extract ( can*>ides1 & in/antly appli$ to ! sk91 ! :ole be+ cov]$ ) a piece ( common adhesive pla/] to prev5t evaporation4 #e4 ,boil+ wat] appli$ by means ( a suitably %ap$ tube1 ! adjac5t p>ts be+ at ! same "t protect$ f injury4 ,in/antane\s4 ,bli/]1 ,horse4 ,see ,,vet]9>y ,,m$ic9es4 ,bli/]991 ,p]pet'ual4 ,see ,,bli/] 7ant74 ,,blis',,t]+4 ,syn4 ,,ves',,icans1 ,,vesicato'',,rius1 ,l42 ,,epispa/ique1 ,v,,sicant1 ,v,,sicatoire1 ,fr42 ,,blas5zieh5d1 c41 ,g]4 ,9 m$ic9e1 c41 t vesicates or raises bli/]s :5 appli$ to ! sk94 ,bli/]+ ,pa'p]1 ,plas't]1 ,tis''sue 7t7i%-u71 c4 ,see ,,pla/]s1 ,,vesicants1 c4 ,,bloat',,er4 ,see ,,blote4 ,,blonde4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,blond'-,,lace4 ,silk-lace4 ,! "n is n[ also appli$ to cotton-lace edg$ ) silk4 ,= ! mode ( clean+ x & gett+ x up1 see ,,lace & ,,musl94 ,,blood 7bl7ud74 ,syn4 ,,san'',,guis1 ,l42 ,,sang1 ,fr42 ,,blut1 ,g]4 ,! g5]al circulat+ fluid ( animals1 & t on :i* ! n\ri%m5t & gr[? ( _! bodies dep5d1 & f :i* all ! secretions are =m$4 ,x is w>m & r$ 9 v]tebrat$ animals2 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 cold & :ite 9 ! inv]tebrata4 ,9 man & all o!r mammals1 & 9 birds--! two highe/ classes ( ! animal k+dom--! blood1 ?\gh collectively =m+ b "o circulat+ /ream1 v>ies consid]ably 9 appe>ance accord+ to ! "p or vessels 9 :i* x is f\nd4 ,t conta9$ 9 ! left side ( ! he>t1 & 9 ! art]ies1 possesses a v brilliant sc>let col\r1 & is call$ arte''rial blood2 :il/ t f\nd 9 ! "r side ( ! he>t1 & 9 ! ve9s1 has a d>ki% purple col\r1 & is call$ ve'n\s blood4 ,! two1 h[ev]1 diff] little f ea* o!r 9 _! *emical prop]ties & composition2 ! mo/ m>k$ po9t ( diff]5ce be+ t v5\s blood holds c>bonic acid 9 solution1 :il/ oxyg5 pr$om9ates 9 ! blood ( ! art]ies4 ,! fibr9e ( v5\s blood is also soluble 9 a solution ( nitrate ( potassa2 :il/ t ( art]ial blood is insoluble 9 t m5/ruum4 ,comp4 ,blood consi/s ( a transp>5t & ne>ly col\rless fluid 7plas'ma1 se''rum1 s7eralbu'm571 9 :i* float ab\t a c\ntless multitude ( microscopic r\nd r$ bodies 7blood-discs1 blood-corpuscles71 to :i* its col\r is due1 accompani$ by a few col\rless globules 7:ite blood-corpuscles7 ( a some:at l>g] size4 ,! r$ corpuscles are f\nd1 on m m9ute exam9ation1 to consi/ ( an envelope conta9+ a solution ( hmatos94 ,prop4 ,^! are1 = ! mo/ "p1 well kn[n4 ,x has an alkal9e reaction1 a sal9e & r disagreeable sweeti% ta/e1 & :5 newly drawn evolves a peculi> od\r or halitus1 :i* almo/ imm$iately disappe>s4 ,z x cools & on repose x coagulates1 ow+1 accord+ to "s1 to ! spontane\s solidification ( ! fibr9e4 ,! foll[+ table1 bas$ ^u ! obs]vations ( ,s*midt & ! analysis ( ,lehmann1 is giv5 by ! latt]1 z repres5t+ ! av]age quantitative relation ( ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( normal blood4 ,x w be notic$ t ! blood is "h reg>d$ z compos$ ( two portions1 "o consi/+ solely ( ! r$ p>ticles1 & ! o!r ( ! liquid1 9 :i* ^! r$ corpuscles are susp5d$1 t]m$ ! liquor sangu9is1 :i* consi/s ( ! s]um hold+ fibre 9 solution3-- ,sp4 gr4 ( ,blood-corpuscles1 #ajhhe4 #ajjj p>ts blood-corpuscles conta9-- ,wat] #fhhjj ,solid con/itu5ts #cabjj consi/+ (-- ,hmat9 7) iron7 #afge ,globul9 & cell membrane #bhbbb ,fat #bca ,extractive matt]s #bfj ,m9]al sub/ances 7)\t iron7 #hab ,*lor9e #afhf ,sulphuric anhydride 7,,s#c7 #jjff ,phosphoric anhydride 7,p#b,o#e7 #aacd ,potassium #ccbh ,sodium #ajeb ,oxyg5 #jffg ,calcium phosphate #jaad ,magnesium phosphate #jjgc ,sp4 gr4 ( ,liquor ,sangu9is1 #ajbh4 #ajjj p>ts ( liquor sangu9is conta9-- ,wat] #ijbij ,solid con/itu5ts #igaj consi/+ (-- ,fibr9 #dje ,album5 #ghhd ,fat #agb ,extractive matt]s #cid ,m9]al sub/ances #hee ,*lor9e #cfdd ,sulphuric anhydride 7,,s#c7 #jaae ,phosphoric anhydride 7,p#b,o#e7 #jaia ,potassium #jcbc ,sodium #ccda ,oxyg5 #jdjc ,calcium phosphate #jcaa ,magnesium phosphate #jbbb ,! a% ( blood conta9s ab\t #fhd p] c5t4 ( f]ric oxide4 7,lehmann47 ,! foll[+ table gives ! results ( ! av]age composition ( human blood 9 man & woman1 accord+ to ! analyses ( ,becqu]el & ,rodie3 ,male4 ,female4 ,specific gravity ( defibr9at$ blood #ajfjj #ajege ( s]um #ajbhj #ajbgd ,wat] #ggijj #giajj ,fibr9 #bbj #bbj ,s]ol9 #jjb #jjb ,phosphoris$ fat #jdi #jdf ,fatty ,matt]s #afj #afb ,*ole/]9 #jji #jji ,saponifi$ fat #ajj #aje ,album5 #fidj #gjej ,blood-corpuscles #adaaj #abgbj ,extractive matt]s #fhj #gdj ------- ------- #ajjjaj #ajjjjb ------- ------- ,sodium *loride #caj #cij ,salts ,o!r soluble salts #bej #bij ,e>?y phosphates #jcc #jce ,metallic iron #jeg #jed ----- ----- #fej #gfi ,! blood also conta9s1 9 solution1 oxyg51 nitrog51 c>bonic acid1 z well z a free alkal9e c>bonate1 urea1 & small traces ( alcohol h also be5 detect$ 9 normal blood4 ,! foll[+ report ( a commission compos$ ( ,,mm4 ,mialhe1 ,mayel1 ,le=t1 & ,cornil1 appo9t$ to devise ! be/ me?od = ! exam9ation ( blood /a9s1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgc4 ,! foll[+ translation ( ! report appe>$ 9 ! ',*emical ,news' ( ,decemb] #e?1 #ahgc4 #a/4 ,:5 ! /a9 is ( rec5t date1 or suppos$ to be s1 ! r$ corpuscles %\ld be p>ticul>ly exam9$1 & e c>e tak5 to pres]ve !m )\t *ange4 ,! /a9s mu/ n be wa%$ ) wat]1 s t ! hmat9 may n be alt]$4 ,aft] insi/+ on ! microscopic *>act]s ( ! blood /a9s1 isolat$ or comp>$ ) ^? ( v>i\s animals1 ! commission enum]ates ) c>e ! fluids :i* are de/ructive or pres]vative ( blood-corpuscles4 ,among ! fir/1 wat]1 & p>ticul>ly hot wat]1 acetic1 gallic1 hydro*loric1 & sulphuric acids2 & ( alkalies1 pota% & soda1 ev5 9 weak solution1 & e!r & *lor(orm1 also _m o!r reag5ts1 s alt] ! blood-corpuscles z to cause !m to entirely disappe>4 ,alcohol1 *romic & picric acids1 & bi*romate ( pota%1 pres]ve ! corpuscles1 ?\gh !y alt] _! =m4 ,! pres]vative fluids are ^? ^: composition approa*es ne>e/ to s]um1 su* z ! iodis$ s]um ( ,s*ultze1 an excell5t prep>ation made ) amniotic fluid1 to :i* are add$ a few drops ( ! t9cture ( iod9e1 s z to give x ! col\r ( :ite w9e2 or1 bett]1 a fluid compos$ ?us2 :ite ( egg1 #cj grams2 di/ill$ wat]1 #bgj grams2 & *loride ( sodium1 #dj grams2 or ev5 a fluid conta9+ #je p] c5t4 ( *loride ( sodium1 or #e or #f p] c5t4 ( sulphate ( sodium4 ,if ! /a9s be wett$ & s(t5$ by ^! fluids1 & !n exam9$1 :ite & r$ corpuscles & fibroid p>ticles w be obs]v$4 #bnd4 ,9 m difficult cases1 :5 ! microscope1 ow+ to ! alt]ations :i* "t has effect$ 9 ! hmat91 c give b vague in=mation1 exam9ation by ! spectroscope & *emical analysis enables u to arrive at precise results4 ,! use ( ^! means be+ less kn[n1 & also m delicate1 requires special /udy4 #a4 ,spectrum analysis4 ,col\r+ matt]s h ! p[] ( absorb+ c]ta9 col\r$ rays ( :ite light--! same always = ! same sub/ance4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ^u :i* spectroscopic exam9ation is bas$4 ,if into any analys+ tube fill$ ) wat] a few drops ( solution ( hmoglob9 be introduc$1 till x has ! col\r ( pea*-blossoms1 ! lum9\s rays ( ! spectrum pass+ ?r\gh ?is fluid pres5t two b&s ( absorption1 9 ! l9es ,d & ,e ( ,frau5h(]1 9 ! yell[ & ! gre54 ,! same fact w\ld be obs]v$ if a few drops ( blood 7 sub/itut$ = hmoglob9 9 ! analysis4 ,9 a case ( d\bt ! hmoglob9 ( ! blood c\ld be r$uc$ by add+ to ?is latt] a r$uc+ body4 ,de/roy$ hmoglob9 has a diff]5t spectrum f oxyg5at$ hmoglob91 a s+le absorption b& z l>ge z ! two =m] b&s unit$1 & a little to ! left ( ,frau5h(]'s l9e ,d4 #b4 ,9 blood 9 a /ate ( decomposition1 or :i* has be5 treat$ ) acids or cau/ic alkalies1 hmoglob9 is *ang$ into a new sub/ance2 hmat9 is =m$1 :i*1 comb9$ ) hydro*loric acid1 gives def9ite cry/als4 ,9 ord] to obta9 !m we mu/ proce$ ?us3--,a small fragm5t ( dri$ blood is plac$ on a glass slide2 x is dissolv$ 9 a drop ( wat]1 & a m9ute portion ( sea-salt add$4 ,x is cov]$ ) a ?9 slide1 & pure acetic acid is made to pass betwe5 ! two slides1 & x is heat$ ov] a _s-lamp to boil+-po9t2 acetic acid is aga9 add$1 & x is heat$ afre%2 & ?is is repeat$ till ! cry/als are obta9$4 ,!y are rhomboidal1 ( a dirty br[n col\r1 q *>act]i/ic1 & require to be se5 ) a magnify+ p[] ( ?ree hundr$ or f\r hundr$ diamet]s4 ,) ! smalle/ quantity ( blood ^! two reactions c always be produc$--! spectrum exam9ation & ! cry/als ( hydro*lorate ( hmat92 & !y are s c]ta9 t ! exi/5ce ( "o alone enables "o to affirm ! pres5ce ( blood4 #c4 ,! ?ird process1 ?\gh n s exact z ! prec$+1 ought1 nev]!less1 nev] to be neglect$4 ,if to a v small quantity ( blood dissolv$ 9 a little wat] be add$ a few drops ( t9cture ( guaiacum & ( b9oxide ( hydrog51 a p]si/5t blue col\r is imm$iately produc$2 b ?is v s5sitive reaction c be obta9$ ) o!r organic matt]1 su* z nasal mucus1 saliva1 c42 x !re=e only gives a probability4 ,we mu/ proce$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,a t9cture ( guaiacum is prep>$ ) alcohol at #hc degrees1 & guaiacum res92 a mixture ( sulphuric e!r & b9oxide ( hydrog5 is also made1 & enclos$ 9 a /opp]$ bottle1 & kept "u wat] 9 ! d>k4 ,?is prep>ation is less liable to *ange ?an pure oxyg5at$ wat]s4 ,! object /a9$ ) blood1 if x be :ite1 is put into a little cup1 !n moi/5$ ) wat] to dissolve out ! blood /a91 & wa%$ 9 di/ill$ wat]2 ?is wat] is !n submitt$ to ! action ( ^! reag5ts4 ,if ! ?+ /a9$ be col\r$1 & ! /a9 little or n at all visible1 x mu/ be moi/5$1 & !n press$ betwe5 two or ?ree %eets ( :ite blott+-pap]1 & tri$ fir/ ) ! guaiacum4 ,if ! /a9 be ( blood a r$di% or br[n spot w =m on ! pap]4 ,"o ( ! %eets %\ld be treat$ ) ammonia1 & ! /a9 w become crimson or gre54 ,a second %eet treat$ ) t9cture ( guaiacum & ozonis$ e!r w give a blue col\r m or less int5se1 accord+ to ! quantity ( ! blood4 ,to recapitulate3--#a4 ,if ! /a9s or scales ( blood appe> rec5t1 ! corpuscles may1 aft] ! necess>y precautions1 be exam9$ "u ! microscope1 & _! pres5ce1 diamet]1 c4 obs]v$1 :i* w enable "o to diagnose ! orig9 ( ! blood1 :e!r human or animal4 #b4 ,if ! /a9s be old & ! blood *ang$1 ! reaction ) ! t9cture ( guaiacum w\ld make ! pres5ce ( blood probable2 b its actual pres5ce _c be affirm$ )\t spectrum exam9ation or ! production ( cry/als ( hydro*lorate ( hmat92 "o ( ! two is suffici5t4 ,x is unnecess>y to add t ^! reactions d n %[ :e!r ! blood is human or animal4 ,bullocks' blood has ( late ye>s1 m especially 9 ,france1 come into use z a rem$y = anmia & pulmon>y ph?isis4 ,a correspond5t1 writ+ f ,p>is to ! ',m$ical ,times & ,gazette' 9 #ahgb1 says3 ,x is a curi\s sight to see ! numb] ( pati5ts ( bo? sexes & ( all ranks & ages1 :o flock to ! slaught]-h\se e morn+ to dr9k ( ! /ill fum+ blood ( ! ox5 slaught]$ = ! table4 ,i 0 /ruck ) ! facility ) :i* "y ladies take to x1 & ,i h he>d _m say t !y pref] x to cod-liv] oil4 ,9 a pap] read 9 #ahgb be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,p>is by ,m4 ,b\ss+ault1 detail+ 8 rese>*es into ! composition ( blood1 ! au?or express$ 8 surprise t bullock's blood 0 n m g5]ally us$ z a food1 z x conta9s all ! con/itu5ts ( a p]fect alim5t4 ,accord+ to ! above *emi/1 ( all nutritive sub/ances ! blood ( animals conta9s ! l>ge/ am\nt ( iron4 ,9 man1 ,b\ss+ault f\nd 9 #ajj grammes ( blood #ea milligrammes ( iron2 9 t ( ! ox1 #ee milligrammes2 ( ! pig1 #ei milligrammes2 & 9 t ( ! frog1 #db milligrammes4 ,b x 0 n only 9 r$ blood t iron 0 f\nd1 ,b\ss+ault detect$ x 9 :ite blood also2 & he f\nd ! blood ( snails to conta9 z mu* iron z t ( ! ox or calf4 ,a simple & +5i\s me?od = ! !rapeutic adm9i/ration ( ! s]um ( ! blood ( %eep & ox5 has be5 lately devis$ by ,dr ,francis ,va*]1 ! m$ical (fic] ( ,birk5head4 ,dr ,va*] takes ! blood ( ^! animals1 all[s x to /& until x clots1 removes ! clot1 & dries x at a g5tle heat 9 a hot-air *amb]4 ,by ?is means he obta9s a ne>ly od\rless & comp>atively ta/eless p[d]1 :i* is t5 times ! /r5g? ( fre% s]um4 ,to ?is prep>ation he gives ! "n s]um sangu9is exsiccatum4 ,he believes t 8 dri$ s]um w prove a valuable nutri5t 9 consumption1 scr(ula1 diabetes1 & loss ( fle%4 ,uses1 c4 ,t ( bullocks is employ$ = ! cl>ification ( w9es & syrups2 also 9 ! prep>ation ( adhesive cem5ts1 z ! vehicle 9 co>se pa9t = outdoor "w1 z a manure1 z a blea*+ p[d]1 to make pure animal *>coal1 & = sev]al o!r purposes4 ,! blood ( %eep1 pigs1 & bullocks1 mix$ ) fl\r or oatmeal1 & season$1 is eat5 by ! common p1 b x is r indige/ible1 & apt to induce disease4 ,gut-sk9s /uff$ ) ?is mixture =m black pudd+s4 ,bullock's blood1 dri$ by exposure 9 ?9 lay]s to a curr5t ( air1 at a heat "u #abe1 & !n r$uc$ to p[d]1 is export$ 9 l>ge quantities to ! colonies1 :]e x is us$1 z a 'cl>ifi]1' 9 ! sug>-works4 ,dri$ at a temp]ature rang+ betwe5 #bab to #bbj1 !n co>sely p[d]$1 & ! du/y portion sift$ (f1 x is mu* us$ by fraudul5t deal]s to adult]ate gra9-musk4 ,see ,,*>coal 7,,animal71 ,,globul91 ,h,,matos91 ,,plasma1 ,,s]um1 ,,/a9s1 ,,vision1 c4 ,blood-purify+ ,tea1 ,g\t & ,rheumatic 7,franz ,wilhelm1 ,neunkir*574 ,equal p>ts ( s5na leaves1 s>sap>illa root1 liquorice1 rad4 tritici1 r$ s&alwood1 bitt]sweet /alks1 cut small & mix$4 7,hag]47 ,blood-purify+ ,tea 7,f4 ,kll]1 ,graz74 ,s5na leaves1 #cb p>ts2 guaiacum wood1 #aj p>ts2 junip] wood1 re/h>r[ root1 rad4 tritici1 d&elion root1 *icory root1 ( ea* #h p>ts2 ald] b>k1 #c p>ts2 sassafras1 #b p>ts2 />-anise1 #e p>ts1 dirty & worm-eat51 r\ghly *opp$1 & mix$4 7,hag]47 ,blood1 ,spit't+ (4 ,see ,h,,moptysis4 ,blood1 ,vom'it+ (4 ,see ,,/oma* ,,diseases4 ,,blood'-,,root4 ,syn4 ,,r$'-,,root1 ,,puccoon'2 ,,sangu9a'',,ria1 ,l4 ,! sangu9ar'ia ,canad5'sis 7,l9n471 a papav]ace\s plant ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 also its root 7,,sangu9a'',,ria1 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 :i* is ! "p us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,juice1 blood-r$1 us$ 9 dye+4 ,9 small doses 7#c to #e gr47 x is /imulant1 diaphoretic1 & expectorant2 9 l>ge ones 7#aj to #bj gr471 n>cotic1 emetic1 & purgative4 ,! p[d] is sometimes us$ z an es*>otic4 ,see ,,sangu9>9e4 ,,blood',,/one4 ,a h>d compact v>iety ( hmatite us$ to =m burni%]s4 ,! "n is also appli$ by lapid>ies to ! heliotrope4 ,,bloom4 ,9 p]fum]y1 c41 a "n giv5 to sev]al calorific sk9-cosmetics1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are examples3-- ,bloom ( ,almonds 7ah'-m7undz74 ,syn4 ,,al',,mond-,,bloom4 ,prop4 ,boil #a oz4 ( gr\nd ,brazil-wood 9 #b-a_/b p9ts ( s(t wat] = #cj m9utes1 add+ ! juice ( two lemons t[>ds ! end2 /ra91 & add #c_/d oz4 ( is+lass1 #a_/d oz4 ( p[d]$ co*9eal1 #a oz4 ( alum1 & #a_/b oz4 ( borax2 boil aga9 = #d or #e m9utes1 & /ra9 ?r\gh musl94 ,glass or e>!nw>e vessels mu/ be us$1 z metals injure its col\r4 ,bloom ( ,roses4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dri$ r$ rose leaves1 #a-a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse 9 glass or e>!nw>e = #b h\rs1 press out ! liquor1 & add ! juice ( #c l>ge lemons2 ! next day filt]1 or decant ! cle> portion4 ,bo? ! above %\ld be kept 9 a cool place1 o!rwise !y soon spoil4 ,a little _s ( w9e 7#c or #d fl4 oz4 to ! p9t7 is sometimes add$ to !m to remove ?is objection4 ,!y are greatly inf]ior to ! foll[+3-- #b4 ,c>m9e1 #a_/d oz42 /rong liquor ( ammonia 7n weak] ?an #ijj71 #a oz42 put !m into a /opp]$ bottle1 set x 9 a cool place1 & occasionally agitate x = two or ?ree days1 to effect a solution2 !n add ( rose-wat]1 #a p9t2 &1 aft] admixture1 fur!r add ( esprit de rose1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 pure rectifi$ _s1 #a fl4 oz42 aga9 well agitate1 & set ! :ole aside = a week2 la/ly1 decant ! cle> portion f ! dregs 7if any71 = use or sale4 ,v f9e4 ,a *eap] article is made by omitt+ a portion ( ! c>m9e1 & ! :ole ( ! esprit & _s2 & a /ill inf]ior "o by sub/itut+ #a-a_/b oz4 ( silv]-gra9 co*9eal 79 p[d]7 = ! c>m9e1 ) dige/ion = a week 9 ! ammonia previ\sly dilut$ ) "o half ( ! wat]4 ,bloom ( ,y\?1 or ,liquid ,pe>l 7,g4 ,w4 ,laird1 ,new ,york74 ,a col\rless liquid hold+ 9 susp5sion #cd p] c5t4 ( z9c oxide entirely free f lead4 7,*&l]47 ,,blote4 ,to prep>e or cure by dry+ & smok+2 n[ only appli$ to fi%4 ,,blo',,t]4 ,syn4 ,,bloat',,er4 ,a blot$ fi%2 appr41 a h]r+ slightly salt$1 & only v slightly dri$ & smok$4 ,,bl[',,pipe 7blo'-74 ,syn4 ,,*alumeau1 ,fr42 ,l,,?rohr1 ,g]4 ,an in/rum5t by means ( :i* ! flame ( a c&le or lamp1 or a gas-jet1 is direct$ ^u any sub/ance plac$ to receive x1 :i* is ?us subject$ to an int5se heat4 ,! bl[pipe is to ! arti/ & ! exp]im5tali/ :at ! w9d-furnace is to ! artisan2 b x is proportionately m p[]ful1 conv5i5t1 & economical4 ,beg9n]s are usually unable to ma9ta9 a cont9u$ /ream ( air f ! jet ( ?is in/rum5t1 al?\gh ! do+ s is really a v simple affair4 ,! op]ation m]ely dep5ds on a little artifice 9 us+ x1 :i* is m difficult to describe ?an to acquire4 ,! effect int5d$ to be produc$ is a cont9ual /ream ( air = _m m9utes1 if necess>y1 )\t int]ruption1 ev5 = an in/ant4 ,?is is done by simply apply+ ! tongue to ! ro( ( ! m\?1 s z to int]rupt ! communication betwe5 ! m\? & ! passage ( ! no/rils2 by :i* means ! op]ator is at lib]ty to brea! ?r\gh ! nose1 at ! same "t t by ! muscles ( ! lips he =ces a cont9u$ /ream ( air f ! ant]ior "p ( ! m\? ?r\gh ! bl[pipe4 ,:5 ! m\? beg9s to be empty x is repl5i%$ by ! lungs 9 an in/ant1 :ile ! tongue is )drawn f ! ro( ( ! m\?1 & replac$ aga9 9 ! same mann] z 9 pron\nc+ ! monosyllable tut4 ,9 ?is way ! /ream ( air may be cont9u$ = a long "t )\t fatigue1 provid$ ! flame be n urg$ too impetu\sly2 & ev5 %\ld x be s urg$ no o!r inconv5i5ce w be felt ?an t ( slight fatigue ( ! muscles ( ! lips4 ,! hotte/ portion ( ! flame produc$ by ! action ( ! bl[pipe is at ! tip ( ! out] :ite flame1 :i* has also ! prop]ty ( rapidly burn+ or oxidis+ sub/ances plac$ 9 x :i* are susceptible ( su* a *ange2 & x is h5ce commonly call$ ! ,,oxidis+ ,,flame4 ,! int]ior blue flame is1 = a l reason1 call$ ! ,,deoxidis+ or ,,r$uc+ ,,flame1 z x possesses ! prop]ty ( extract+ oxyg5 f mo/ bodies capable ( be+ s affect$4 ,sub/ances to be submitt$ to ! action ( ! bl[pipe-flame are plac$ on a support1 :i* is ei!r a piece ( *>coal1 or a wire or small spoon ( plat9um1 gold1 or silv]1 z ! case may require4 ,sometimes a plate ( cyanite is us$4 ,p9e-wood *>coal is pref]r$ = ?is purpose2 & ! sides1 n ! ends ( ! fibres1 are pres5t$ to ! flame4 ,:5 a v int5se heat is requir$1 ! sub/ance op]at$ on %\ld n exce$ ! size ( half a pepp]corn4 ,sev]al *>act]i/ic col\r reactions may (t5 be obta9$ 9 ! exam9ation ( a sub/ance = analysis1 by fus+ a small portion ( x1 ) a bead ( microcosmic salt1 & expos+ x = "s "t to ! out] flame ( ! bl[pipe4 ,if ! sub/ance dissolve readily 9 ! salt & r copi\sly to a cle> bead :il/ hot1 & is ( a blue col\r by c&le light incl9+ to violet1 x d5otes ,,cobalt4 ,if x be gre51 ^u cool+ blue2 9 ! r$uc+ flame aft] cool+1 r$--,,copp]4 ,if gre51 p>ticul>ly f9e on cool+1 unalt]$ 9 ! r$uc+ flame1 ,,*romium4 ,if br[ni% r$1 on cool+ light yell[ or col\rless2 9 ?is r$uc+ flame1 r$ :il/ hot1 yell[ :il/ cool+1 !n gre5i%--,,iron4 ,if r$di% to br[ni% r$1 on cool+ yell[ to r$di% yell[ or col\rless2 9 ! r$uc+ flame unalt]$--,,nickel4 ,if yell[i%-br[n1 on cool+ light yell[ or col\rless2 9 ! r$uc+ flame almo/ col\rless1 & blacki%-grey on cool+--,,bismu?4 ,if light yell[i% to opal1 :5 cold1 r dull2 9 ! r$uc+ flame :iti%-grey--,,silv]4 ,if ame?y/-r$1 especially on cool+2 col\rless 9 ! r$uc+ flame1 n q cle>--,,manganese4 ,if ! bead rema9s cle> on cool+1 ,,antimony1 ,,alum9a1 ,,z9c1 ,,cadmium1 ,,lead1 ,,lime1 & ,,magnesia are indicat$1 ! latt] five :5 add$ 9 some:at l>ge proportion to ! microcosmic salt1 give enamel :ite beads4 ,! bead ( oxide ( ,,lead saturat$ is yell[i%4 ,if ! bead becomes enamel-:ite on cool+1 ev5 :]e only a small portion ( ! p[d] has be5 add$ to ! microcosmic salt--,,b>yta & ,,/rontia are indicat$4 ,if ! sub/ance dissolves 9 ! microcosmic salt sl[ly & only 9 small quantity1 ! bead be+ col\rless & rema9+ s aft] cool+1 ! undissolv$ portion look+ semi-transp>5t1 & if ^u ! addition ( a little sesquioxide ( iron x acquires ! *>act]i/ic col\r ( an iron bead--?is d5otes ,,silicic ,,acid4 ,= produc+ extreme degrees ( heat ! flame is bl[n ) a jet ( oxyg5 gas1 ! in/rum5t be+ !n call$ an ,,oxyg5 ,,bl[pipe2 or a mixture ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 is burn$1 :5 x is call$ an ,,oxy-,,hydrog5 ,,bl[pipe4 ,! heat produc$ by ! la/ is s great t no sub/ance c /& exposure to x1 ev5 ! mo/ refractory native comp\nds be+ imm$iately fus$4 ,gold is volatilis$1 & iron is rapidly consum$ ! in/ant x is plac$ 9 ! flame4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,hemm+'s safety-jet = ! oxy-hydrog5 bl[pipe4 a1 ,pipe convey+ oxyg5 gas4 b1 hydrog5 gas4 c1 ,ball /uff$ ) f9e wire-gauze4 e1 ,jet 7int]nal diamet] #a-hj? ( an in*74 #b4 ,black's bl[pipe4 #c4 ,b]gman's #d4 ,pepy's #e4 ,wolla/on's #f4 ,oxy-hydrog5 bl[pipe4 ,! pr9cipal v>ieties ( ! bl[pipe 9 g5]al use are figur$ 9 ! engrav+s above4 ,beside ! above !re are sev]al o!r v>ieties ( ! bl[pipe occasionally employ$2 "o 9 :i* ! air is expell$ by ! pressure ( a column ( wat]1 & h5ce call$ ! ,,hydro/atic ,,bl[pipe2 ano!r1 9 :i* ! flame is bl[n ) ! vap\r ( boil+ alcohol1 is nam$ ! ,,_s-,,bl[pipe4 ,bl[pipe1 ,h]apa?4 ,= seal+ & b5d+ glass tubes & con/ruct+ glass app>atus ( v>i\s =ms1 x is conv5i5t to h ! bl[pipe m\nt$ on a fix$ support1 & :5 a flame ( consid]able p[] is requir$1 ! bla/ mu/ be suppli$ by bell[s work$ ) ! foot4 ,a v conv5i5t =m ( bl[pipe = ^! purposes is t inv5t$ by ,h]apa?1 & repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ figure1 a is a flexible tube atta*$ to a /op-cock 7b71 :i* communicates ) a tube 7c d71 b5t at "r angles at d1 :]e a ,t-%ap$ tube 7e f g7 slips on by means ( ! piece f4 ,! bl[-pipe jet 7h i7 passes into ! long] arm ( ! ,t-piece1 & fits some:at tightly2 k l is a second piece ( flexible tube1 t]m9at+ 9 a m\?piece1 or connect$ ) a bl[+ app>atus4 ,on turn+ on ! gas1 x passes 9 ! direction m>k$ by ! arr[s1 & is to be inflam$ at e4 ,on bl[+ ) ! m\?1 or by means ( a pair ( bell[s1 into ! tube k l1 ! ignit$ gas takes ! =m ( a bl[-pipe flame ( great p[]1 ! nature ( :i* is entirely "u control by means ( ! /op-cock b1 & also by regulat+ ! quantity ( air suppli$ ?r\gh ! tube 7k l74 ,! ,t-%ap$ piece is movable at f1 s t ! jet may be direct$ to any position4 ,! app>atus may be m\nt$ on a heavy foot1 & connect$ ) ! gas-supply1 by means ( ! flexible tube1 s t x c be plac$ 9 any requir$ position on ! laboratory table2 or x may be p]man5tly fix$ on a table specially devot$ to ! purpose1 & hav+ b5ea? x a pair ( bell[s work$ by a treadle4 ,illu/ration ,a simple & inexp5sive app>atus = supply+ a cont9u\s bla/ ( air = bl[pipe or o!r purpose is figur$ bel[4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a t9 tube 7to :i* is fix$ a bran* tube op5 to ! air71 ?r\gh :i* wat] may be driv5 f a supply tap into a prop]ly fitt$ bottle4 ,air becomes ?us entangl$ ) ! wat] 9 its c\rse ?r\gh ! tube1 & c>ri$ ) x into ! bottle4 ,! wat] is !n got rid ( by means ( a syphon1 & ! air is conduct$ by an ela/ic tube to ! bl[-pipe4 ,illu/ration3 ,a1 ,b1 ,t9 tube1 eighte5 in*es long1 half-in* diamet]4 ,c1 ,d1 ,t9 tube1 ?ree in*es long1 "o ?ird-in* diamet]1 ins]t$ at "r angles4 ,e1 ,f1 ,t9 tube1 long en\gh to rea* ! level ( ,a1 "o ?ird-in* diamet]1 ins]t$ at an angle ( #de4 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 ,siphon1 half-in* diamet]4 ,k1 ,l1 ,air tube1 "o ?ird-in* diamet]4 ,m1 ,india-rubb] tube to convey away ! air4 ,to set ! app>atus 9 action1 connect ! tube ,c ,d ) a wat] tap by means ( a piece ( ela/ic tub+1 & turn on ! wat]2 p9* ! tube ,m = a few mom5ts betwe5 ! ?umb & f+] until ! syphon has begun to act4 ,a bla/ ( air w at once be felt at ! extremity ( ,m4 ,,blub',,b]4 ,syn4 ,,ad',,eps ,,bal,,na'',,rum1 ,l42 ,,graisse ,,de ,,bale9e1 ,fr4 ,! s(t fat ( :ales1 & ( o!r l>ge sea-animals1 f :i* ! oil 7,,tra9' ,,oil1 ,,:ale' ,,oil7 is obta9$ by heat4 ,blubb]1 ,sea4 ,! popul> "n ( sev]al species ( m>9e animals ( ! g5us m$usa1 hav+ a body resembl+ a l>ge mass ( jelly4 ,!y are v pl5tiful 9 "s p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ,engl&1 & are said to =m a ri* & *eap manure = pa/ure & arable l&4 ,!y are us$ at ! rate ( ab\t #a ton to e #bj or #cj loads ( m\ld1 toge!r ) a *aldron ( lime1 p] acre4 ,9 #c or #d mon?s ! l& is usually f\nd 9 prime condition4 ,pil*>ds1 & o!r fi% t sw>m ^u our coa/s1 & = :i* !re is n a ready m>ket1 may be us$ 9 ! same way1 & are mu* ri*]1 be+1 :5 prop]ly manag$1 b little inf]ior to guano4 ,,blue 7bl'oo74 ,syn4 ,c,,ru',,leus1 ,l42 ,,bleu1 ,fr42 ,,blau1 ,g]4 ,( ! col\r ( ! cle> sky1 or ( any %ade ( x1 :e!r light] or d>k]2 sub/41 a blue col\r1 blu5ess 7,,col',,or ,c,,ru',,leus1 ,l472 or a blue1 col\r+ mat]ial or pigm5t 7,c,,ru',,leum1 ,l474 ,blue ,dye4 ,syn4 ,,te9te ,,bleue1 ,fr42 ,,blau ,,f>be1 ,g]4 ,! mo/ p]man5t blue is t giv5 by indigo1 & p>ticul>ly by :at is call$ ! 'indigo-vat4' ,a v>iety ( %ades1 ( great beauty1 & consid]able p]man5ce1 may also be giv5 by ! ',prussian-blue process4' ,*eap] blues are commonly dy$ ) logwood4 ,ea* ( ^! is notic$ at l5g? "u _! respective heads4 ,! foll[+ are also employ$1 & are well adapt$ = common goods1 on ! small scale & = dome/ic use4 #a4 ,give ! goods a mordant ( alum1 or ( acetate ( alum9a 7'r$ liquor'71 !n r9se !m well1 & boil !m 9 a ba? ( logwood1 to :i* a small quantity ( blue vitriol has be5 add$2 la/ly1 r9se & dry4 #b4 ,boil ! goods = a %ort "t 9 a ba? ( logwood2 !n add to ! liquor t>t> & v]digris1 9 ! proportion ( #a oz4 ( ea* to e lb4 ( logwood employ$2 & aga9 boil = a %ort "t4 #c4 ,give ! goods a mordant ( t>t>2 lift1 add a little *romate ( pota%2 aga9 "w = #ae or #bj m9utes1 & r9se2 next boil 9 a ba? ( logwood1 add+ t[>ds ! la/ a few gra9s m ( ! *romate2 aga9 boil1 & f9i%4 ,! :ole quantity ( *romate us$ %\ld n exce$ #a_/d oz4 to ea* lb4 ( logwood tak5 = ! ba?4 ,v d>k4 #d4 ,bilb]ries1 eld]-b]ries1 mulb]ries1 privet-b]ries1 & sev]al o!r l vegetable sub/ances1 may be us$ to dye blue1 z above1 in/ead ( logwood4 ,obs4 ,by increas+ ! proportion ( alum or r$-liquor ! col\r v]ges on purple2 & by employ+ a little acetate ( iron or gre5 copp]as1 ! d>k] %ades ( blue are produc$4 ,v]digris1 blue vitriol1 & alkalies1 turn x m on ! blue2 :il/ a mordant ( t9 imp>ts a violet ca/4 ,if mu* m *romate be us$ ?an t ord]$ ! result is a blue-black4 ,see ,,dye+1 ,,indigo1 ,,logwood1 ,,mordants1 ,,prussian ,,blue1 c4 ,blue ,pig'm5ts4 ,syn4 ,c,,ru',,lea1 c41 ,l4 ,! prep>ation ( ! pr9cipal blue pigm5ts ( comm]ce is describ$ "u _! respective names4 ,9 ! foll[+ li/ ^? = :i* directions are giv5 are ( a miscellane\s & less usual "*4 ,az'ure4 ,syn4 ,azure ,blue4 ,a "n frequ5tly giv5 to smalts4 ,t ( ! oil-pa9t] is ultram>9e2 t ( ! anci5ts is notic$ bel[4 ,see ,,ultram>9e1 c4 ,blue1 ,b>?'s4 ,see ,,indigo1 ,,sulphate ,,(4 ,blue1 ,b]l94 ,prussian blue4 ,blue1 ,bice4 ,native blue c>bonate ( copp]1 prep>$ by gr9d+ & elutriation4 ,t ( ! %ops is g5]ally a factiti\s comp\nd made f smalts4 ,blue1 ,c>m9e4 ,see ,,c>m9e & ,,indigo1 ,,sulphate ,,(4 ,blue1 ,*>'coal4 ,c>bonis$ v9e-/alks are triturat$ ) an equal weight ( salt ( t>t> or pe>la%1 ! mixture put into a crucible1 & heat$ ov] ! fire until x ceases to swell1 ! mass be+ kept well /irr$ all ! "t2 :5 cold1 x is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! excess ( alkali saturat$ ) dilute sulphuric acid4 ,! liquid becomes blue1 & a d>k precipitate falls d[n1 :i* turns ( a brilliant blue col\r :5 dri$ & cauti\sly heat$4 ,blue1 ,*i'na4 ,syn4 ,roy'al ,smalts4 ,! crude oxide ( cobalt1 or zaffre1 is gr\nd ) an equal weight ( pota%1 & ab\t eight times its weight ( felsp>1 ! mixture submitt$ to fusion 9 a crucible1 & :5 cold r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]4 ,us$ to pa9t pott]y1 & z a blue pigm5t4 ,blue1 ,co'balt4 ,syn4 ,cobalt'ic ,az'ure4 ,?is is commonly prep>$ by "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ =mul3-- #a4 ,zaffre1 #a lb41 is dissolv$ 9 nitric acid 7dilut$ ) an equal weight ( wat]71 #c_/d lb41 by dige/ion = "s h\rs2 ! solution is evaporat$ ne>ly to dryness1 & ! residuum r$issolv$ 9 w>m wat]2 to ?is solution1 aft] filtration1 a solution ( phosphate ( soda is add$ z long z a precipitate =ms2 ?is la/ is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) cold wat]1 & mix$1 :il/ /ill moi/1 ) #h times its weight ( fre%-precipitat$ hydrate ( alum9a2 ! pa/e is !n dri$1 & expos$ to a *]ry-r$ heat 9 a crucible1 aft] :i* ! mass is cool$ & r$uc$ to a v f9e p[d]4 #b4 ,a solution ( nitrate ( cobalt is precipitat$ ) ammonia-alum1 & ! precipitate wa%$1 dri$1 & expos$ to a *]ry-r$ heat1 z be=e4 ,! products ( ! above =mul are v beautiful & p]man5t4 ,see ,,cobalto-,,ultram>9e4 ,egyp'tian ,az'ure4 ,alexan'drian ,frit1 ,azure ( ! ,anci5ts4 ,a mixture ( c>bonate ( soda1 #a lb42 calc9$ fl9ts1 #a-a_/b lb42 copp] fil+s1 #a_/d lb4 7all 9 f9e p[d]72 fus$ toge!r 9 a crucible = #b or #c h\rs1 & :5 cold1 r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]4 ,a beautiful & un*angeable sky-blue col\r4 ,us$ 9 bo? oil & fresco pa9t+2 & z a sub/itute = smalts1 ( :i*1 inde$1 x is a v>iety4 ,9'digo 7:i* see74 ,blue1 ,i'ron4 ,f]'ric blue4 ,ord9>y phosphate ( iron prep>$ by precipitat+ a solution ( protosulphate ( iron ) ano!r ( phosphate ( soda1 ! result+ p[d] be+ wa%$1 & dri$ at a g5tle heat4 ,a lively sky-blue col\r1 b )\t mu* dep? or body4 ,blue1 ,lake4 ,see ,,lakes & ,,indigo1 ,,sulphate ,,(4 ,blue1 ,molybde'num4 ,f sulphuret ( molybd5um1 dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & "s t9 fil+s & a little muriatic acid add$4 ,aft] dige/ion = "s "t ! cle> liquid is p\r$ (f1 & evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! result+ p[d] is !n mix$ ) moi/ hydrate ( alum9a 7z 9 mak+ cobalt blue71 heat$ to a v dull r$1 & :5 x has aga9 become cold1 r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,us$ bo? z a pa9t & an enamel-col\r4 ,blue1 ,m\n'ta94 ,native c>bonate ( copp]1 mix$ ) m or less e>?y matt]1 r$uc$ to f9e p[d]4 ,t ( ! %ops is (t5 factiti\s4 ,blue1 ,p>'is4 ,prussian blue4 ,blue1 ,p['d]4 ,smalts4 ,blue1 ,prus''sian 7:i* see74 ,blue1 ,que5's4 ,see ,,?umb-,,blue 7bel[74 ,blue1 ,san'd]'s4 ,ultram>9e-a%es4 ,blue1 ,sax'on4 ,saxon ,az'ure4 ,a comp\nd ( hydrate ( alum9a & ,prussian blue1 prep>$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,to sulphate ( iron1 #a oz42 & alum1 #h oz42 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #a gall42 add1 simultane\sly1 sep>ate solutions ( prussiate ( pota% & common pe>la%1 until !y cease to produce a precipitate2 aft] repose collect ! deposit1 wa% x well ) wat]1 & dry x4 #b4 ,a solution ( sulphate ( iron is precipitat$ ) ano!r ( prussiate ( pota%1 & in/antly mix$ ) ! precipitate :i* has j be5 obta9$ by treat+ a solution ( alum ) a solution ( pe>la%2 ! mix$ precipitates be+ f9ally treat$ z be=e4 ,smalts 7:i* see2 also ,,*9a-,,blue & ,,egyptian ,,azure1 above74 ,blue1 ,?n>d's4 ,see ,,ultram>9e 7,cobaltic74 ,blue1 ,?umb'4 ,cake'-blue1 ,cr[n'-blue1 ,fig'-blue1 ,knob'-blue1 ,me*'l5burg-blue1 7mek'-71 ,que5's-blue1 ,/one-blue1 c4 ,names giv5 to ! lump-blue us$ 9 laundries1 :i* v>y accord+ to ! quality & ! p>ticul> =m giv5 to x4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a mixture ( p[d]$ />* ) suffici5t indigo 79 impalpable p[d]7 to give ! necess>y col\r1 made into a /iff d\gh ) />*-pa/e1 & !n =m$ into lumps or cakes ( ! desir$ size & %ape1 & dri$4 ,?is =ms ! ord9>y 'wa%]woman's blue' ( ! %ops4 #b4 ,z ! la/1 b sub/itut+ cruleo-sulphate ( potassa or blue c>m9e#bbf = ! 'p[d]$ indigo' ord]$ 9 ! la/ =mula4 ,v f9e4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,see ,,indigo 7,sulphate (74 #c4 ,z ,no4 #a1 b sub/itut+ :it+ = ! p[d]$ />* & weak size1 or a decoction ( ,iri% moss = ! />*-pa/e4 ,inf]ior4 ,uses1 c4 ,employ$ by laundresses to imp>t a fa9t blue t+e to l951 9 ord] to increase its app>5t :it5ess4 ,! common =ms giv5 to x are t ( small balls ( ab\t #c_/d to #a in* 9 diamet]2 ! same1 b r l>g]1 & p9*$ ) ! ?umb & f+] 9 ?ree directions1 s z to leave correspond+ depressions 7,,?umb-,,blue72 & cakes1 :i* are cut out ( ! mass1 previ\sly roll$ into a %eet1 by a suitably %ap$ cutt]4 ,blue1 ,turnbull's4 ,f]ridcyanide ( iron 7:i* see2 also ,,turnbull',s ,,blue74 ,blue ,v]dit]4 ,see ,,v]dit]4 ,ultram>9e' 7-rene'71 ,u4-blue4 ,see ,,ultram>9e4 ,,blu%',,+4 ,syn4 ,,ru',,bor1 ,,rube',,d1 ,l4 ,9 physiology1 c41 ! r$ gl[ on ! *eeks or face occasion$ by confusion1 ba%fulness1 surprise1 or %ame4 ,blu%+ is caus$ by a sudd5 increase 9 ! quantity & velocity ( ! blood 9 ! capill>ies1 occasion+ _! turgesc5ce2 &1 consequ5tly1 a height5+ ( ! natural pale-r$di% hue ( ! sk94 ,x is ref]able to sudd5 m5tal emotions ( an excit+ "*1 su* z surprise1 confusion1 consci\sness ( slight1 injury1 or indignity1 & ! l4 ,emotions ( a depress+ "* frequ5tly produce an opposite effect4 ,?is is t]m$ pallor1 & dep5ds on ! ru% ( blood f ! sk9 & surface ( ! body ^u ! int]nal organs4 ,! fir/1 ?\gh (t5 unpleasant1 is nev] dang]\s2 ! la/ always s4 ,! cure ( ! habit ( blu%+ consi/s 9 p]si/+ ef=ts to ma9ta9 a suffici5t degree ( pres5ce ( m9d & self-confid5ce to p]mit ( reflection1 or a calm view ( ! excit+ circum/ance1 in/ead ( s9k+ into a /ate ( tempor>y m5tal imbecility & helpless confusion4 ',,blut&rang ,,und ,,luftrohr5-,,v]s*leimung' 7rem$y = conge/ion & ob/ruction ( ! air-vessels71 manufactur$ & sold by ! inv5tor1 ,c4 ,tnz]1 #ah1 ,kessel/rasse1 ,b]l91' is ! title ( a twelve-page pamphlet4 ,= cold 9 ! head1 ! app>atus1 :i* consi/s ( a small l95 cu%ion to b9d ov] ! m\?1 is moi/5$ ) #aj to #ae drops ( ! fluid4 ,! fluid 7#aej grammes7 is a mixture ( _s ( w9e & acetic e!r1 9 :i* "s arnica1 milfoil1 c41 h be5 mac]at$4 7,hag]47 ,,blu!nh>z--,,fl[] ,,res9 7,kwizda1 ,korn5burg74 ,aga9/ b>r5ness 9 dome/ic animals4 ,a mixture ( #i p>ts p[d]$ ,b]gundy pit* ) #a "p p9e poll51 #c_/d oz4 7,hag]47 ,,bo>ds1 to make ,:ite4 ,bo>ds may be r5d]$ :ite & clean by scrubb+ !m1 in/ead ( ) soap1 ) a mixture compos$ ( "o "p ( fre%ly slak$ lime & ?ree p>ts ( :ite s&4 ,,bockbi]ess5z1 = ! artificial imitation ( bockbi]4 ,a t9cture ( #a "p lupul91 #b p>ts pyroligne\s acid1 & #h p>ts _s ( w9e4 7,hag]47 ,,bog ,,spav94 ,9 horses1 a di/5sion ( ! bursa or %ea? ( ! true hock jo9t4 ,mr ,f9lay ,dun prescribes re/2 high-heel$ %oe1 fom5tation1 cold wat]1 spr+ truss1 c\nt]-irritation1 fir+-iron2 seton4 ,,boil 7boyl74 ,syn4 ,,furun',,culus1 ,l42 ,,furoncle1 ,fr42 ,,beule1 ,,eit]/ock1 ,g]4 ,9 surg]y1 a well-kn[n inflammatory tum\r1 ( a sup]ficial & m or less tempor>y "*1 :i* g5]ally t]m9ates by suppuration4 ,boils 7furun'culi7 g5]ally attack ! heal?y & robu/ dur+ ! p]iod ( y\? & e>ly manhood1 & seldom tr\ble p]sons :o h arriv$ at ! middle age ( life4 ,treatm41 c4 ,:5 boils beg9 to appe>1 & exhibit p]si/5cy by daily enl>gem5t & increas+ pa91 suppuration %\ld be promot$ by w>m p\ltices ( bread & l9se$-meal1 to :i* a little fat or oil may be add$1 to prev5t _! gett+ h>d4 ,if p\ltices are inconv5i5t1 w>m & /imulat+ embrocations1 or exposure to ! vap\r ( hot wat]1 or ! application ( /imulat+ pla/]s1 may be adopt$ in/ead4 ,:5 ! tum\r is suffici5tly 'ripe1' ! matt] %\ld be evacuat$ by g5tle pressure1 & ! w\nd dress$ ) a little simple o9tm5t spread on a piece ( clean l9t or l954 ,! diet may be full & lib]al until ! maturation ( ! tum\r & ! dis*>ge ( ! matt]1 :5 x %\ld be less5$1 & ! b[els kept g5tly op5 by sal9e purgatives1 z ,epsom-salt or cream ( t>t>4 ,:5 !re is a disposition 9 ! con/itution to ! =mation ( boils1 ! b[els %\ld be kept at all times regul>1 & tonics1 z b>k or /eel1 _h rec\rse to1 ) ! frequ5t use ( sea-ba?+ :5 possible4 ,an occasional dose ( ! ,ab]ne?y m$ic9es 7:i* see7 also (t5 prev5ts _! recurr5ce4 ,a c\rse ( s>sap>illa may be likewise tak5 ) advantage4 ,see ,,abscess1 ,,tum\rs1 c4 ,dr ,sydney ,r+] prescribes a #a_/af? gra9 ( sulphide ( sodium1 mix$ ) sug> ( milk1 ?ree or f\r times a day on ! tongue2 b ?is %\ld only be adm9i/]$ "u m$ical sup]vision4 ,treatm5t = ,,horses & ,,cattle4--,fom5tations2 p\ltices conta9+ belladonna1 cold wat]1 c>bolic acid dress+1 c\nt]-irritants1 laxatives1 sulphites1 & *lorates4 ,,boil',,ers4 ,see ,,incru/ation & ,,/eam4 ,,boil',,+4 ,9 cook]y1 ! op]ation ( dress+ food 9 wat] at ! po9t ( ebullition1 or "o v closely approa*+ x4 ,! practice ( cook+ animal food by boil+1 al?\gh exce$+ly simple1 & (t5 mo/ conv5i5t1 is nei!r judici\s nor economical :5 ! bro? or liquid 9 :i* x has be5 dress$ is to be reject$ z wa/e2 z 9 ?is way ! mo/ nutriti\s portion ( ! fle% ( animals1 consi/+ ( soluble sal9e & o!r matt] requir$ = ! =mation ( bone1 & ! nutrition ( ! muscul> tissues1 c41 is to a great ext5t lo/4 ,?is p>ticul>ly applies to small pieces s dress$1 & to ^? pres5t+ a l>ge surface to ! action ( ! wat] 9 proportion to _! weight4 ,l>ge pieces ( meat suff] less 9 proportion ?an small] ones1 = ! same reason2 b ev5 ) !m ! outside %\ld be reject$1 z x is bo? insipid & innutriti\s comp>$ ) ! int]ior portion4 ,to r$uce ! solv5t & det]iorat+ action ( ! wat] to ! l[e/ possible po9t1 ! articles to be boil$ %\ld n be put into ! wat] until x is 9 a /ate ( full ebullition1 :i* %\ld be ma9ta9$ = #e or #f m9utes aft]w>ds1 by :i* "t ! surface & ! p>ts ly+ imm$iately b5ea? x w h become1 to a c]ta9 degree1 h>d5$1 & w !n act z a protective %ield to ! inn] portion ( ! mass4 ,! boil+ be+ cont9u$ = #e or #f m9utes cold wat] is add$1 until ! temp]ature becomes ab\t #aej ,f41 & ! cook+ ( ! jo9t is c>ri$ on at ?is heat until ! meat is done3 meat loses ne>ly a f\r? ( its weight 9 boil+1 salt meat1 :i* is int5d$ to be eat5 cold1 %\ld be all[$ to cool 9 ! wat] 9 :i* x has be5 boil$4 ,! practice ( dress+ meat by putt+ x into cold wat]1 :i* is !n gradually rais$ to ! boil+-po9t1 _c be too mu* c5sur$4 ,a #a_/d ( an h\r p] lb4 = dress+ "y meat1 p\ltry1 & small pieces1 & #bj m9utes p] lb4 = old1 t\gh1 & l>g] ones are ! usual times all[$ by cooks = ! purpose4 ,see ,,b\illi1 ,,food1 c4 ,,boil',,+-,,po9t4 ,see ,,ebullition4 ,,bois ,,durce 7bwah d7ur-sa74 ,fr4 ,! sub/ance inv5t$ 9 ,france1 & to :i* ?is "n is giv51 is made f sawdu/1 :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( a high temp]ature & ! enorm\s pressure ( #fjj tons1 acquires a degree ( h>dness v mu* exce$+ t ( ord9>y wood4 ,x has a v f9e gra91 & is unaffect$ by atmosph]ical v>iations2 b its pr9cipal m]it is its adaptation to m\ld+1 s t by ! mo/ economical processes =ms & impressions are giv5 to x :i* x w\ld require1 9 any o!r way1 consid]able lab\r & workman%ip4 ,,bolas4 ,sweet light cakes :i*1 accord+ to ,mrs ,rundell1 are prep>$ z foll[s3--,into fl\r1 #b lbs41 p\r ( w>m milk1 #c_/d p9t1 a small teacupful ( yea/1 & #f eggs2 make a d\gh1 add ( butt] #a lb4 7by degrees71 & set x 9 a w>m place to rise = an h\r2 !n mix 9 ( p[d]$ sug> #a lb42 & make ! mass into cakes2 put ^! into cups or t9s previ\sly well butt]$1 & ornam5t ! top ) c&i$ orange or lemon peel2 la/ly bake !m4 ,see ,,cakes4 ,,boldo 7nat4 ord4 ,monimiace74 ,a %rub gr[+ 9 ! ,*ilian ,&es4 ,! b>k is us$ 9 tann+1 & ! wood makes a good *>coal4 ,x is report$ to be useful 9 affections ( ! liv] & dige/ive organs4 ,x has be5 employ$ z a tonic 9 cases :]e qu99e is inadmissible4 ,9 l>ge doses x provokes vomit+4 ,! p[d] ( ! dri$ leaves is a /]nutatory4 ,see a pap] by ,m4 ,claude ,v]ne1 translat$ into ! ',ph>m4 ,j\rn41' #crd s]ies1 v1 #dje4 ,,bole4 ,syn4 ,,bo',,lus1 ,l42 ,,t]re ,,bolaire1 c41 ,fr4 ,! "n ( sev]al argillace\s m9]als1 v>y+ 9 col\r f :ite to yell[1 r$1 & br[n1 :i* !y owe *iefly to iron4 ,see ,,o*res & ,,r$ & ,,br[n ,,pigm5ts4 ,,bolog'',,na ,,phi',,al 7-lawn'-y7a74 ,see ,,phials4 ,,bo',,lus1 ,l41 ,eng4 ,syn4 ,,bol1 ,fr4 ,boluses1 9 ph>macy & m$ic9e1 are small1 r\ndi% masses ( m$ic9al sub/ances1 :i* are tak5 9 ! same mann] z pills1 :i* !y resemble1 except 9 _! l>g] size4 ,^? p]sons :o object to swall[+ !m 9 _! common /ate may wrap !m 9 s(t pap]1 or introduce !m into ! empti$ husks ( rais9s or grapes4 ,boluses 7bo'li1 ,l47 are prep>$ ) ! same +r$i5ts1 & 9 a simil> mann] to pills 7:i* see74 ,bolus1 ,guaiacum 7,,horne74 ,guaiacum res9 #a_/b dra*m1 eld] rob1 en\gh to make into a bolus4 ,=m]ly giv5 9 qu9sy4 ,bolus = ,ague4 7,! bolus ad qu>tanum ( ! ,fr5* ,hospital74 ,p]uvian b>k #a ounce2 c>bonate ( pota% #a dra*m2 t>t>is$ antimony #ae gra9s2 syrup1 a suffici5t quantity1 "o to be tak5 e f\r h\rs dur+ ! int]mission4 ,bolus1 ,v]mifuge 7,dr ,campbell74 ,basilie p[d] "o scruple1 cons]ve ( wormwood1 a suffici5t quantity to make into "o bolus = an adult4 7,,foy47 ,p[d]$ pomegranate root #a dra*m1 assafoetida half a dra*m1 croton oil #c or #d drops1 syrup suffici5t4 ,divide into #ae boluses2 #e daily = tapeworm4 7,,fr5* ,,hospital47 ,wormse$ #a scruple1 calomel #e gra9s1 camphor #ae gra9s1 syrup suffici5t4 ,make into #c doses2 "o1 two1 or ?ree 9 ! day4 ,,bon'-,,bon 7bong'-bong74 ,fr4 ,a sug>plum4 ,see ,,confection]y & ,,sug>plums4 ,,bonbons ,,v]mifuges ,,( ,,g>oz4 ,a bonbon conta9+ #ae c5tigrammes ( scammony1 & #b c5tigrammes ( santon94 7,reveil47 ,,bone4 ,syn4 ,os1 ,l41 ,fr42 ,,be91 ,,kno*51 ,g]42 ,b,n1 ,sax4 ,! h>d sub/ance =m+ ! int]ior skeleton ( animals1 or any s+le "p ( x4 ,comp4 ,accord+ to ,b]zelius3-- ,human bones4 ,ox bones4 ,animal matt] soluble 9 boil+ wat] #cbag #cccj ,vascul> sub/ance #aac ,phosphate ( calcium1 ) a little fluoride ( calcium #ecjd #egce ,c>bonate ( calcium #aacj #che ,phosphate ( magnesium #aaf #bje ,*loride ( sodium & o!r salts #abj #cde -------- -------- #ajj #ajj ,! soluble animal matt] is *iefly fat & gelat94 ,uses1 c4 ,! bones ( animals are employ$ = v>i\s purposes 9 ! arts1 manufactures1 & dome/ic economy4 ,^? ( good meat =m mo/ excell5t mat]ials = mak+ s\ps & gravies1 z is well kn[n to e cook4 ,9 ,france1 s\p is ext5sively made by subject+ bruis$ bones to a /eam heat ( #b or #c days' cont9uance4 ,9 ,engl& ! same is commonly effect$ 9 an iron ,pap9's dige/]4 ,:5 ! e>?y matt] ( a bone is dissolv$ out by dige/+ x 9 a l>ge quantity ( v dilute hydro*loric acid1 a lump ( gelat9e is obta9$1 :i*1 aft] be+ well wa%$ ) wat]1 is equal to is+lass = all ! purposes ( mak+ s\ps & jellies4 ,! foll[+ is ! process recomm5d$ by ,pr\/ = mak+ ! be/ ( bones1 9 hospitals1 gaols1 & simil> e/abli%m5ts3-- ,! bones1 cru%$ small1 are to be boil$ = #ae m9utes 9 a kettle ( wat]1 & ! fat 7:i* is fit = all common purposes7 skimm$ (f z soon z cold4 ,! bones are !n to be gr\nd1 & boil$ 9 #h to #aj times _! weight ( wat] 7( :i* t already us$ mu/ =m a "p71 until half ( x is wa/$1 :5 a v nutriti\s jelly w be obta9$4 ,iron vessels %\ld alone be us$ 9 ?is process1 z ! jelly & s\p act ^u copp]1 brass1 & ! o!r common metals4 ,! bones ( fre% meat are ! mo/ productive2 ^? ( boil$ meat come next1 :il/ ^? ( roa/$ meat sc>cely af=d any jelly4 ,z 'bon+' meat be=e cook+ is n[ a v g5]al practice1 a quantity ( fre% bones may always be obta9$4 ,bones are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ,,wr\ght1 ,,turn$1 ,,blea*$1 & ,,dy$ 9 a simil> mann] to ivory1 b ) less c>e1 ow+ to _! inexp5sive & co>s] "*4 ,be=e be+ submitt$ to any ( ^! op]ations !y are1 h[ev]1 fir/ submitt$ to long boil+1 to deprive !m ( grease4 ,! bones ( liv+ animals may be dy$ by mix+ madd] ) _! food4 ,! bones ( "y pigeons may ?us be t+$ ( a rose col\r 9 #bd h\rs1 & ( a deep sc>let 9 #c days2 b ! bones ( adult animals take a =tnight to acquire ev5 a rose col\r4 ,! bones ne>e/ ! he>t become t+$ ! soone/4 ,9 ! same way extract ( logwood t+es ! bones ( "y pigeons purple4 ,see ,,blea*+1 ,,dye+1 ,,ivory1 c4 ,9 all manufactur+ processes 9 :i* bones are op]at$ ^u1 f\l vap\rs1 unless special precautions are obs]v$1 w be ?r[n (f1 to ! great annoyance & discom=t ( ^? liv+ ne> ! build+ :]e ! op]ations are p]=m$4 ,to avoid ?is ! (f5sive vap\rs %\ld always be c>ri$ by a flue made = ! purpose into ! furnace-fire1 & !re consum$4 ,b ?is w n rem$y ano!r s\rce ( annoyance :i* arises f ! disgu/+ /5* caus$ by ! putrefaction ( ! fle% adh]+ to ! bones1 :i* lie 9 heaps ab\t ! premises4 ,! trade ( a bone-boil] comes "u ! head ( (f5sive trades 7see ',public ,heal? ,acts1' s4 #aab-aad71 & is "u ! control & regulation ( an urban sanit>y au?ority1 :i* has also ! p[] ( prev5t+ ! bone-boil+ be+ c>ri$ on )9 its di/rict if x ?9ks prop]4 ,,bone'-,,a%4 ,impure triphosphate ( calcium1 obta9$ by calc9+ bones to :it5ess1 & r$uc+ ! a% to f9e p[d]4 ,us$ to make pure phosphate ( calcium1 to =m cupels1 c42 also sold = burnt h>t%orn4 ,,bone'-,,du/4 ,syn4 ,,bone-,,manure4 ,bones 7previ\sly boil$ = _! grease7 gr\nd to diff]5t degrees ( co>s5ess1 9 a mill4 ,x is s[n along ) ! se$ 9 a drill4 ,:eat ?us treat$ is said to yield #cj to #ej p] c5t1 m weight 9 /raw & gra9 ?an by ! common me?ods4 ,turnip & o!r light soils x r5d]s m ?an ord9>ily productive4 ,bone manure is mu* us$ 9 ! we/ ( ,york%ire1 ,hold]ness1 & ,l9coln%ire4 ,! usual quantity p] acre is #gj bu%els1 :5 us$ alone2 b :5 mix$ ) a%es or o!r common manure1 #cj bu%els p] acre is said to be en\gh4 ,:5 co>se1 & appli$ 9 ! same mann] z o!r manures1 x has be5 f\nd to rema9 upw>ds ( sev5 ye>s 9 ! gr\nd1 ! productiv5ess ( :i* x has increas$ dur+ ! :ole "t4 ,,bone'-,,glue4 ,see ,,gelat94 ,,bone'-,,grease4 ,f refuse bones1 bruis$1 boil$ 9 wat]1 & ! bro? skimm$ :5 cold4 ,prod4 #a_/h? to #a_/d? ( ! weight ( ! dry bones4 7,pr\/47 ,us$ = mak+ soap & c&les4 ,see ,,*>coal1 ,,animal4 ,,bone'-,,phosphate4 ,see ,,tribasic ,,phosphate ,,( ,,lime4 ,,bone'-,,%av+s4 ,syn4 ,,bone'-,,du/ 7,turn]s'71 ,,bone-,,turn+s4 ,?is1 by boil+ ) wat]1 yields a beautiful jelly1 :i* is ne>ly equal to t produc$ f h>t%orn & ivory %av+s1 = :i* x is v frequ5tly sold4 ,us$ to make jellies & blancmanges1 to /iff5 /raw bonnets1 c4 ,,bone-,,spav94 ,a bony enl>gem5t on ! ant]o-int]nal p>ts ( ! hock 9 horses4 ,9 rec5t cases x is be/ to apply cold applications1 b 9 protract$ & *ronic cases1 hot fom5tations w be f\nd be/4 ,9 case ( ^! fail+1 rec\rse %\ld be _h to bli/]+ or fir+1 or if ne$ be to a seton4 ,,book',,b9d+ 7-bind-74 ,al?\gh a full description ( ! v>i\s op]ations ( ?is well-kn[n art1 or h&icraft1 does n prop]ly fall )9 ! prov9ce ( ?is "w1 a brief notice ( !m w probably1 9 _m cases1 prove useful to ! amateur & ! emigrant3-- ,! process ( b9d+ books is divid$ into sev]al di/9ct op]ations1 :i*1 9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts1 are usually p]=m$ by diff]5t p]sons2 su* a me?od be+ f\nd to produce great] exp$ition1 & bett] "w1 ?an :5 ! :ole is done by "o p]son4 ,! %eets receiv$ f ! h&s ( ! pr9t] are-- #a4 ,fold$1 :i* is done correctly by obs]v+ ! 'm>ks' or 'signatures' at ! bottom ( ! pages4 ,z ! %eets are fold$ !y are laid ^u ea* o!r 9 prop] ord]1 & are ready to und]go-- #b4 ,! op]ation ( beat+4 ,?is is p]=m$ by ei!r lay+ !m ^u a l>ge /one & /rik+ !m ) a heavy smoo!d-fac$ hamm]1 or by pass+ !m ?r\gh a roll+-press4 ,! =m] me?od is usually adopt$ 9 ! small way1 & ! latt] on ! l>ge scale4 ,illu/ration #c4 ,! %eets are next fa/5$ to b&s1 :i* is done by tak+ !m up "o by "o1 & sew+ !m to pieces ( cord1 /ret*$ 9 a little frame screw$ or fa/5$ to ! c\nt] or table1 call$ ! sew+ press4 7,see engr47 ,! numb] ( b&s us$ is g5]ally #f = a folio1 #e = a qu>to1 & s on proportionally1 less ?an #d be+ seldom employ$ ev5 = small sizes4 ,! ends ( ! cords be+ cut (f to )9 ab\t #b in*es ( ! back1 ! %eets are ready =-- #d4 ,glue+4 ,! back be+ knock$ into %ape ) a hamm]1 & ! %eets plac$ 9 ! cutt+-press1 :i* is !n slightly screw$ up1 melt$ glue is ?9ly & ev5ly appli$4 ,aft] a %ort "t1 to p]mit x to become suffici5tly set & h>d1 ! book is remov$ f ! press1 & ! back prop]ly adju/$ ) a hamm]1 :5 x is aga9 put into ! cutt+-press1 :]e x is screw$ up v tight1 & is !n ready =-- #e4 ,cutt+4 ,! in/rum5t employ$ = ?is purpose is ( a peculi> %ape1 & call$ a pl\gh or pl\gh-knife1 :i* consi/s ( a /\t flat knife1 d\ble-edg$ at ! 'cutt+ po9t1' firmly set 9 a k9d ( frame1 9 :i* x may be adju/$ by screws4 #f4 ,affix+ ! bo>ds4 ,! b&s are n[ scrap$ out f9e at ! ends1 & fa/5$ to ! pa/ebo>d int5d$ to =m ! cov]s1 :i* is !n prop]ly adju/$1 & fur!r %ap$1 if necess>y1 ) a l>ge pair ( %e>s4 ,! edges n[ und]go ! op]ation (-- #g4 ,spr9kl+1 gild+1 or o!r adornm5t4 ,! fir/ is p]=m$ ) a /iff bru% made ( hog's bri/les1 dipp$ 9 ! col\r2 ! bru% be+ held 9 ! "o h&1 & ! hairs mov$ ) ! o!r1 s z to scatt] ! col\r 9 m9ute drops equally ov] ! surface4 #h4 ,! ext]nal cov]+ ( lea!r1 fancy clo?1 or pap]1 is n[ appli$1 hav+ be5 previ\sly soak$ 9 pa/e1 to make x prop]ly adh]e4 ,"o or m ( ! blank leaves ( ! book are next pa/$ aga9/ ! inside ( ! cov]1 to scre5 ! ends t are turn$ ov] :5 ! book is f9i%$2 or = *oice "w1 is h&$ to a 'f9i%]' =-- #i4 ,lett]+1 gild+1 c4 ,ord9>y gold-leaf is appli$ by means ( :ite ( egg1 ! patt]n be+ giv5 by pressure ) heat$ brass tools1 hav+ ! design or lett]s on _! surfaces4 ,! :ole is !n glaz$ ov] ) :ite ( egg & poli%$4 #aj4 ,burni%+ book edges4 ,?is is p]=m$ ) a wolf's or dog's too?1 or a /eel burni%]4 ,place ! books 9 a screw press1 ) bo>ds on ea* side ( !m1 & o!r bo>ds di/ribut$ betwe5 ea* volume4 ,fir/ rub ! edges well ) ! too? to give !m a lu/re4 ,aft] spr9kl+1 or /a9+1 or :5 ! edges h become dry1 burni% ! front2 !n turn+ ! press1 burni% ! edges at ! top & bottom ( ! volume4 ,burni% ! gilt edges 9 ! same mann]1 aft] hav+ appli$ ! gold2 b obs]ve 9 gild+ to put ! gold fir/ ^u ! front1 & all[ x to dry2 & on no acc\nt comm5ce ! burni%+ until ! gold is q dry4 ,! succession ( ! above op]ations sometimes slightly v>ies ) ! workm51 & ) ! nature ( ! b9d+4 ,! exam9ation ( a b\nd book dur+ _! p]usal w1 h[ev]1 r5d] ! :ole q famili> to ! read]4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( b9d+1 ( :i* only ! foll[+ des]ve notice "h3-- ,,bo>ds4 ,a book r loosely done up1 )\t cutt+ ! edges1 & cov]$ ) col\r$ pap] or clo?1 is said to be 9 'bo>ds4' ,,clo?1 ,,clo?-,,b9d+4 ,?is is ! /yle ( b9d+ 9 :i* ! majority ( works are n[ issu$4 ,x admits ( great neatness & ev5 beauty1 is *eap1 & :5 well execut$ is v durable4--,! prep>$ clo? 7h>d-glaz$ or v>ni%$ calico71 cut by a patt]n to ! prop] size1 is pass$ rapidly betwe5 ! engrav$ cyl9d]s ( a roll+-press1 by :i* ! design is giv5 to x4 ,pa/e is n[ appli$ to ea* piece ( clo?1 :i* is !n plac$ ov] ! volume previ\sly prep>$ to receive x4 ,9 _m cases ! cov]s are prep>$ sep>ately be=e be+ emboss$1 & are aft]w>ds fa/5$ 9 ! f9i%$ /ate to ! book by means ( a piece ( canvas or calico previ\sly affix$ to its back = ! purpose1 :5 all t is requir$ is to pa/e ! ends ( x to ! inside ( ! bo>ds1 ) ! la/ blank leaf ov] x4 ,books 9 clo? are seldom cut at ! edges1 unless !y are o!rwise highly f9i%$4 ,,half-,,b9d+4 ,books =w>d$ 9 bo>ds1 & f9i%$ ) lea!r backs & corn]s1 are said to be 'half-b\nd4' ,,lea!r-,,b9d+4 ,a book is only said to be 'b\nd1' or 'fully-b\nd1' :5 bo? its backs & sides are :olly cov]$ ) "o piece ( lea!r4--,! lea!r is wett$ by imm]sion 9 wat]1 wrung or squeez$1 /ret*$ on a smoo? bo>d1 cut to ! prop] size1 p>$ ?9 on ! edges1 & cov]$ ) pa/e4 ,x is !n appli$ to ! book 7previ\sly =w>d$ 9 bo>ds1 & cut71 drawn tightly ov] x1 turn$ d[n on ! inside1 rubb$ smoo? ) a fold+-/ick1 & o!rwise adju/$2 aft] :i* x is plac$ 9 "s suitable situation1 at a di/ance f a fire1 to dry4 ,r\gh calf requires to be damp$ on ! gra9 side ) a sponge & wat] be=e pa/+ & cov]+4 ,russia-lea!r is well soak$ 9 wat] = an h\r1 tak5 out1 beat51 & rubb$2 aft] :i* ! pa/e is well work$ into ! fle% side be=e cov]+4 ,morocco is fir/ 'gra9$' by rubb+ x on a bo>d1 ) ! gra9 side inside1 &1 aft] be+ pa/$1 left to soak = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r2 aft] :i* x is drawn on ) a piece ( wooll5 clo?1 to pres]ve ! gra94 ,roan is ei!r soak$ 9 wat]1 or left to soak :5 pa/$4 ,,s*ool-,,b9d+4 ,orig9ally appli$ to s*ool-books /rongly sewn & 'done up' 9 %eep-sk91 :i* 0 ei!r left ( a pla9 br[n1 or spr9kl$ or m>bl$ ) copp]as wat]4 ,simil> works ( a *eap] class are n[ (t5 'done up' 9 canvas1 br[n-holl&1 & ev5 co>se & /rong col\r$ glaz$ calico4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,num]\s pat5ts = improvem5ts 9 b9d+ books1 sev]al ( :i* possess v great m]it & usefulness1 h be5 obta9$ dur+ ! la/ #cj ye>s4 ,among ^!1 "o kn[n z ',hancock's ,pat5t ,b9d+1' f its extreme novelty1 simplicity1 durability1 & inexp5siv5ess1 des]ves a pass+ notice "h4 ,by ,mr ,wm4 ,hancock's me?od ! %eets are fold$ 9 d\ble leaves1 & by be+ prop]ly plac$ toge!r & adju/$ 7by sett+ !m v]tically1 ) ! edges =m+ ! back ( ! book d[nw>ds1 9 a concave m\ld s =m$ t :il/ giv+ %ape x may leave ! :ole bread?1 & ne>ly ! :ole l5g? expos$71 & firmly secur$ by a few turns ( pack?read1 ! book is subject$ to ! action ( a press1 & a /rong & quick-dry+ solution ( india rubb] is sme>$ ov] ! back ) ! f+]1 :5 ! :ole is left = #c or #d h\rs1 or long]1 to dry4 ,! op]ation is repeat$ z (t5 z necess>y1 aft] :i* fillets ( clo? are cem5t$ on ) ! same v>ni%1 & ! book is ready to h ! bo>ds atta*$4 ,! %eets ( books t _c be fold$ 9 'd\ble leaves' may be /rongly /it*$ ?r\gh1 sep>ately1 be=e adju/+ !m 9 ! m\ld4 ,9 ?is way sev]al ( ! usual op]ations ( b9d+ are disp5s$ )4 ,we mo/ will+ly be> te/imony to ! /r5g? & durability ( ?is me?od1 z well z to ! great conv5i5ce x af=ds 9 all[+ ! books to op5 p]fectly flat ^u a table1 or to be di/ort$ 9 any possible mann]1 )\t injury to _! backs4 ,x is1 und\bt$ly1 ! be/ way ( b9d+ books = travell]s4 ,! ,editor ( ! la/ edition ( ?is "w once _h a l>ge trunk ( books1 among :i* 0 a massive volume b\nd on ,hancock's plan4 ,all ! re/ 7 ne>ly torn to pieces by a few mon?s' j\rney1 b ?is "o rema9$ un9jur$ ev5 aft] five ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t x accompani$ him 9 8 travels1 ext5d+1 collectively1 to upw>ds ( #bc1jjj miles4 ,see ,,gild+1 ,,m>bl+1 ,,spr9kles1 ,,/a9s1 c4 ,,boonekamp ,,( ,,maagbitt]4 ,dri$ orange b]ries1 #ajj grammes2 bitt] orange peel1 #cj grammes2 g5tian root1 #fj grammes2 casc>illa b>k1 #cj grammes2 turm]ic1 #ae grammes2 c9namon1 #be grammes2 cloves1 #ae grammes2 rhub>b1 #g-a_/b grammes2 #ij p] c5t4 _s1 #gej grammes3 wat]1 #afej grammes2 />-anise oil1 #dj drops2 sug>1 #bej grammes2 dige/$1 express$1 & filt]$4 7,hag]47 ,,boots & ,,%oes4 ,! clean+ ( boots & %oes =ms no unimportant "p ( ! dome/ic duties ( a l>ge e/abli%m5t2 z on x be+ prop]ly p]=m$ dep5d bo? _! appe>ance & durability4 ,a vot>y ( ,/ ,crisp91 9 :om we place consid]able reliance1 assures u t to effect ?is object 9 ! be/ /yle1 all t is necess>y is to employ v little black+ 7m]ely en\gh to moi/5 ! surface ( ! lea!r71 & to bru% x (f :il/ /ill damp4 ,nev] make ! surface wet1 nor all[ ! black+ to dry be=e apply+ ! poli%+ bru%4 ,= ?is purpose a portion only ( ! boot or %oe %\ld be att5d$ to at a "t4 ,! dirt is1 ( c\rse1 to be c>efully bru%$ (f be=e apply+ ! black+4 ,:5 x is desir$ to re/ore ! %ape ( a boot or %oe1 z well z to clean x1 boot trees may be us$4 ,( ! bru%es1 we are told t !re %\ld be at lea/ ?ree--"o 7dirt bru%7 ) bri/les /iff1 b n wiry nor scrat*y1 to remove mud & dirt2 ano!r 7black+-bru%71 ) f9e1 flexible hair1 & pl5ty ( x1 = apply+ ! black+2 & a ?ird 7poli%+-bru%71 cov]$ ) long1 f9e1 spr+y1 & slightly /iff hair1 = giv+ ! poli%4 ,! employm5t ( inf]ior or worn-out bru%es is said to be false economy1 & proves p>ticul>ly de/ructive to ! light] classes ( lea!r4 ,! occasional use ( a little oil or grease to ! upp]s ( boots & %oes increases _! s(tness & durability1 z well z ! 'dep?1' b n ! brilliancy ( ! poli%1 f common black+4 ,= ?is purpose "s good tall[ or 'dubb+' may be us$2 ! absorption be+ aid$ by a v g5tle heat4 ,! soles or bottoms ( new boots & %oes may be ?or\ghly saturat$ ) simil> sub/ances1 by :i* means _! durability w be fully d\bl$4 ,! common practice among ! %oemak]s is to moi/5 ! surface ( ! lea!r ) a wet sponge be=e apply+ ! oil or grease2 by :i* 7!y say7 its pores are op5$ & its absorb5t p[]s increas$4 ,v>ni% = ,boots & ,%oes4--#a4 ,boil toge!r 9 a pipk9 "o p9t ( l9se$ oil2 #a_/b lb4 ( mutton suet1 ! same quantity ( beeswax1 & a small piece ( res92 & :5 ! mixture becomes milk-w>m1 apply x ) a hair bru%4 ,aft] two applications ! articles w become wat]pro(4 ,great caution mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 melt+ ! above +r$i5ts1 le/ ! mixture boils ov]1 & s give rise to a conflagration4 #b4 ,common t> may be made w>m & bru%$ ov] ! soles ( boots or %oes4 ,^! latt] are !n put ne> ! fire s t ! t> may be absorb$4 ,:5 ! absorption has tak5 place1 a second or ?ird application may be giv5 ) advantage4 ,?is application is n suitable = ! upp] lea!rs4 #c4 ,india-rubb] v>ni% w be f\nd v useful = ano9t+ ! upp] lea!r ( boots & %oes2 b ! l[] p>ts1 :i* are expos$ to ! we> & te> caus$ by friction ) ! gr\nd1 are b little b5efit$ by its application4 ,pat5t-lea!r boots & %oes are be/ clean$ ) a little sweet oil or milk 7pref]ably ! fir/71 ! dirt hav+ be5 previ\sly remov$ 9 ! usual way4 ,india-rubb] golo%es & ov]%oes may be clean$ ) a sponge or bru%1 & wat]1 c>e be+ tak5 n to wet ! l9+s4 ,! same applies to gutta p]*a4 ,see ,,black+1 ,,lea!r1 ,,wat]pro(+1 c4 ,! reasons :y boots & %oes s commonly cause corns1 & fatigue1 & give pa9 9 we>1 are expla9$ 9 our article on ! ,,feet 7:i* see74 ,p>am\nt 9 importance to ! appe>ance ( boots or %oes on ! we>] is ! desid]atum1 n only ( hav+ !m s made z to ensure p]sonal com=t 9 walk+1 b additionally to h !m s con/ruct$ z to protect ! feet f wet dur+ damp & ra9y wea!r4 ,! evils aris+ f gett+ ! feet damp _c be ov]/at$2 among/ !m are to be includ$--cold1 c\gh1 bron*itis1 inflammation ( ! lungs1 & rheumatism4 ,9 ^? inh]it+ a con/itutional consumptive ta9t1 a cold caught f we>+ damp or leaky boots has v frequ5tly be5 kn[n to h precipitat$ ! disease1 t has end$ 9 m or less spe$y dea?4 ,h5ce arises n only ! duty ( *ang+ damp boots or %oes z soon z ev] ! opportunity (f]s1 b ! wisdom ( adopt+ ! prev5tive precaution ( we>+ !m ( su* /\t con/ruction z to be imp]vi\s to wat] dur+ ra9y wea!r4 ,if ! dang]s aris+ f a neglect ( ?is advice are visit$ ) su* s]i\s consequ5ces ^u adults & gr[n p]sons1 !y affect infants & *ildr5 ) ev5 f> great] int5sity1 because ( ! mu* m t5d] & s5sitive organisation ( ! latt]4 ,x !re=e behoves e "m n only to see t h] *ildr5 are %od ) good ?ick boots or %oes1 b to take especial c>e t :5ev] ^! are damp !y are remov$ at once4 ,mr ,*avasse1 9 8 excell5t "w1 ',c\nsel to a ,"m1' recomm5ds boots = walk+ out ( doors & %oes = ! h\se4 ,he adds1 t ! con/ant we>+ ( boots 9 ! h\se is weak5+ to ! ankles1 z weak5+ z tight lac+ is to ! wai/2 inde$ x acts mu* 9 ! same way1 namely1 by wa/+ away1 by pressure1 ! ligam5ts ( ! ankles1 z /ays wa/e away ! muscles ( ! wai/4 ,9 support ( 8 argum5t he quotes ,dr ,humphrey1 :o says1 ,! notion is 9 bo? in/ances =tifi$ by ! fact t ^? p]sons :o h be5 accu/om$ to ! pressure ei!r ^u ! ankle or ^u ! wai/1 feel a want ( x :5 x is remov$1 & are uncom=table )\t x4 ,!y =get1 or are unconsci\s1 t ! feel+ ( ! want has be5 eng5d]$ by ! appliance1 & t _h !y nev] resort$ to ! latt]1 !y w\ld nev] h exp]i5c$ ! =m]4 ,! d$uction to be drawn f ,dr ,hut*9son's op9ion is t no m f]tile s\rce ( weak ankles exi/s ?an t ( we>+ lac$ boots dur+ *ildhood4 ,boots ) ela/ic sides1 z ex]t+ mu* m equal pressure1 & all[+ full scope = ! ankles to play1 are f> pref]able to tightly lac$-up boots4 ,,boot-,,p[',,d]4 ,fr5* *alk r$uc$ to p[d] by scrap+ or grat+4 ,us$ to facilitate ! 'gett+ on' ( new or tight boots1 a little ( x be+ rubb$ on ! insides ( ! backs1 heels1 & in/eps4 ,,boot-,,top ,,liq',,uid4 ,syn4 ,,boot'-,,top ,,composi'',,tion4 ,!re are num]\s articles ( ?is class extant1 b1 ) few exceptions1 !y are mo/ un*emical mixtures1 n infrequ5tly conta9+ +r$i5ts :i* are ei!r unnecess>y1 or oppos$ to ! action ( ! re/4 ,! foll[+ are examples3-- ,prep4 a4 ,,:ite-,,top3--#a4 ,oxalic acid & :ite vitriol1 ( ea* #a oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 dissolve4 ,x is appli$ ) a sponge1 ! lea!r hav+ be5 previ\sly wa%$ ) wat]2 aft] a %ort "t x is wa%$ (f ) wat]1 :5 ! boot-tops are ei!r dri$ 9 a curr5t ( air or by a g5tle heat2 !y are la/ly ei!r poli%$ ) a bru%1 s z to appe> l new lea!r1 or !y are left r\gh1 z ! case may require4 #b4 ,s\r milk1 #a qu>t2 butt] ( antimony1 cream ( t>t>1 t>t>ic acid1 & burnt alum1 ( ea* #b oz42 mix4 #c4 ,s\r milk 7skimm$71 #c p9ts2 cream ( t>t>1 #b oz42 alum & oxalic acid1 ( ea* #a oz4 #d4 ,alum1 cream ( t>t>1 magnesia1 & oxalic acid1 ( ea* #a oz42 salt ( sorrel & sug> lead1 ( ea* #a_/d oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t4 ,! prec$+ are = :ite tops4 b4 ,,br[n-,,top3--,alum1 annatto1 & oxalic acid1 ( ea* #a oz42 is+lass & sug> ( lead1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 salt ( sorrel1 #a_/d oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil = #aj m9utes4 c4 ,saffron1 #ae gra9s2 boil+ wat]1 #b oz42 infuse & /ra94 ,add t9cture ( rhub>b #a-a_/b oz42 conc5trat$ infusion ( rhub>b1 to make up to #d oz4 ,,boracic ,,acid 7-r7as'-74 ,h#c;,,bo#c4 ,syn4 ,,boric ,,acid1 ,,s$ative ,,saltdagg]1 ,s4 ,s4 ,,( ,,vit',,rioldagg]2 ,,acidum ,,boracicum 7-r7as'-71 ,l42 ,,acide ,,boracique1 ,a4 ,,borique1 ,fr42 ,,boraxs,,ure1 c41 ,g]4 ,! pure acid is obta9$ f common borax4 ,t ( comm]ce is extract$ f ! boracic acid lagoons ( ,tuscany4 ,prep4 #a4 ,borax1 #a "p2 boil+ wat]1 #d p>ts2 dissolve1 & add sulphuric acid until ! solution acquires a di/9ctly acid reaction1 = :i* purpose ab\t #a_/b ! weight ( ! borax w be requir$4 ,z ! solution cools1 cry/als ( ,,boracic ,,acid w be deposit$4 ,^! may be purifi$ by plac+ !m on a filt]1 & wa%+ !m ) a little v cold wat]1 foll[$ by re-solution1 9 boil+ wat]1 & recry/allisation4 ,ne>ly pure4 #b4 ,z ! la/1 b sub/itut+ hydro*loric acid = ! sulphuric acid1 !re ord]$4 ,v ne>ly pure4 #c4 ,by expos+ ! product ( ! fir/ cry/allisation ( ei!r ( ! prec$+ =mul to heat 9 a plat9um crucible1 & r$issolv+ & recry/allis+ ! residuum4 ,*emically pure4 ,us$ 9 analysis4 ,prop41 c4 ,od\rless2 bitt]-ta/$2 dissolves 9 #be times its weight ( cold wat]1 & 9 #c times its weight ( boil+ wat]2 v soluble 9 alcohol1 :i* !n burns ) a bright gre5 flame2 r$d5s litmus2 br[ns turm]ic-pap] 7prop]ties *>act]i/ic ( ?is sub/ance72 :5 /rongly heat$ x =ms a brittle glass 7,,vitrifi$ ,,boracic ,,acid7 on cool+4 ,! cry/allis$ acid conta9s #c atoms1 or #dce ( wat]4 ,its salts are call$ ,,bo'',,rates4 ,uses4 ,boracic acid 0 once adm9i/]$ int]nally1 9 l>ge doses1 z an anodyne1 antispasmodic1 & s$ative1 b is n[ sc>cely ev] employ$ z a m$ic9e4 ,! crude acid is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( borax2 ! pure acid 9 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 *emicals4 ,boracic acid is ext5sively us$ 9 ,sw$5 & o!r c\ntries = ! pres]vation ( milk4 ,meat :i* has be5 soak$ 9 a solution ( ! acid = a few seconds1 & milk to :i* a small quantity has be5 add$1 w keep mu* long] ?an !y w\ld o!rwise d4 ,9 ,sw$5 alone boracic acid to ! am\nt ( #ge1jjjl4 0 consum$ 9 "o ye>4 ,x is said to be a p]fectly h>mless antiseptic4 ,,boracic ,,anhydride4 ,see ,,boric ,,anhydride4 ,,borate4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,bo'',,ras1 ,l42 ,,boraxs,,ure ,,salze1 ,g]4 ,a salt 9 :i* ! hydrog5 ( boracic acid is replac$ by a basic radical4 ,! borates may be =m$ by ei!r dige/+ ! hydrate ( ! base 9 a solution ( ! acid1 ) ! assi/ance ( heat1 or f a solution ( borax & a soluble salt ( ! base1 by d\ble decomposition4 ,!y are all decompos$ by ! /rong] acids4 ,te/s4 ,! borates may be te/$ by dige/+ !m 9 a slight excess ( oil ( vitriol1 evaporat+ ! result+ solution to dryness1 p[d]+ ! residuum1 & dissolv+ x 9 alcohol2 ! result+ solution possesses ! prop]ty ( burn+ ) a gre5 flame if ! sample exam9$ 0 a borate1 or conta9$ a notable quantity ( "o4 ,see ,,boracic ,,acid4 ,,borax4 ,eng41 ,fr42 ,g]41 ,l41 ,b4 ,p4 #b,na,b,o#b4;,b#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,bibo'',,rate ,,( ,,s',,da1 ,,bo'',,rate ,,( ,s991 ,,subbo'',,rate ,,( ,s4dagg]1 ,,gold ,,sold]dagg]991 ,,ref9$' ,,t9c',,aldagg]992 ,,s',d ,,bibo'',,ras1 ,s4 ,,bo'',,ras1 ,l42 ,,*rysocolle1 c41 ,fr42 ,,boraxsaures ,,natron1 c41 ,g]4 ,c,o,mmercial biborate ( soda4 ,borax is obta9$ ei!r by purify+ native borate ( soda 7,,t9c',,al1 ,,t9c',,ar71 or by saturat+ crude boracic acid ) ! alkali4 ,x is nev] prep>$ on ! small scale unless = *emical analysis4 ,prop4 ,cry/als1 six-sid$ prisms1 :i* conta9 #aj equiv4 ( wat]1 & effloresce 9 dry air2 soluble 9 #bj p>ts ( cold1 & 9 #f p>ts ( boil+ wat]2 solution has an alkal9e reaction on te/-pap]2 by heat x loses its wat] ( cry/allisation1 & at a high] temp]ature fuses to a glass-l sub/ance 7see bel[74 ,pur4 ,?is may be asc]ta9$ by det]m9+ ! quantity ( sulphuric acid requir$ to neutralise a giv5 weight ( ! sample "u exam9ation1 z indicat$ by litmus pap]4 ,common salt & alum are frequ5tly mix$ ) borax to l[] ! value4 ,! fir/ may be detect$ by a solution 9 hot wat] giv+ a curdy-:ite precipitate ) nitrate ( silv]1 soluble 9 ammonia2 ! la/1 by wat] ( ammonia1 giv+ a bulky-:ite pulv]ul5t precipitate4 ,! =m] mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! :ite pulv]ul5t precipitate ( borate ( silv]1 :i* is ?r[n d[n f pure borax4 ,uses1 c4 ,borax is ext5sively employ$ z a flux = metals1 = sold]+1 & 9 m$ic9e4 ,int]nally x is diuretic1 s$ative1 emm5agogue1 & refrig]ant1 9 doses ( #ae to #dj gr42 ext]nally1 made into a g>gle = sore ?roat1 & 9 p[d] z a det]g5t 9 aph?1 & ulc]ations ( ! mon?4 ,dissolv$ 9 rose-wat]1 x is us$ z a cosmetic2 & mix$ ) ab\t #h times its weight ( l>d1 =ms a useful o9tm5t 9 piles & sore nipples4 ,! ',comptes ,r5dus' 7lxxx1 #dgc7 conta9s ! results ( "s exp]im5ts made by ,m4 ,s*netzl]1 ) ! view ( te/+ ! antif]m5tative & anti-putrefactive prop]ties ( borax4 ,:5 ! leaves ( ! ,elodea ,canad5sis 7 plung$ into a conc5trat$ solution ( borax1 ! liv+ matt] ( ! cell 0 kill$1 & ! same result foll[$ ) ! fre% leaves & spores ( ! ,vau*]ia clavata1 ! spores ( ! grape fungus 7,oidium sac*>i71 & ( yea/ m\lds1 c4 ,infusoria1 rotif]a1 & entomo/raca1 plac$ 9 wat] conta9+ borax1 quickly ceas$ to move & !n di$4 ,! l>v ( frogs plac$ 9 a solution ( borax 7 kill$ 9 less ?an an h\r aft] imm]sion4 ,m4 ,s*netzl] ?9ks ! d$uction to be drawn f ^! facts is t borax ought to act antagoni/ically to f]m5tation1 if ?is latt] be a *emical ph5om5on accompli%$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! life ( ! yea/4 ,to te/ ! correctness ( ?is hypo!sis exp]im5ts 7 und]tak5 ) a view ( det]m9+ ! action ( borax ^u f]m5table matt]s4 ,ripe grapes & currants aft] be+ kept two ye>s 9 a conc5trat$ solution ( borax1 9 a clos$ vessel1 pres5t$ no trace ( f]m5tation1 al?\gh1 h[ev] well pres]v$1 !y 7 n eatable4 ,z a c\nt] te/ grapes 7 plac$ 9 a well-clos$ vessel fill$ ) ord9>y wat]1 :5 aft] a "t1 accord+ to ! temp]ature1 f]m5tation took place1 ) evolution ( c>bonic acid4 ,?irty cubic c5timtres ( fre% milk 7 plac$ 9 a te/ tube ) "o gram ( borax4 ,! cream quickly =m$ a r ?ick lay] on ! upp] portion4 ,al?\gh ! te/ tube 0 clos$ by a cork a m\ld 0 =m$ ^u ! cream1 b ! rema9d] ( ! liquid und]w5t no acid f]m5tation1 & reta9$ dur+ sev]al mon?s ! appe>ance ( v cle> cream$ milk1 & al?\gh aft]w>ds "u ! influ5ce ( summ] heat ! liquid became p]fectly limpid1 & deposit$ ! case9 z a s(t :ite matt]1 nei!r ! deposit nor ! liquid _h an acid ta/e1 & aft] ?ree mon?s !y /ill _h ! od\r ( fre% milk4 ,fre% milk put into a well-clos$ tube )\t borax und]w5t f]m5tation 9 two or ?ree days4 ,a piece ( %eep's bra9 treat$ ) p[d]$ borax1 aft] eight days1 al?\gh x evolv$ sulphurett$ hydrog51 gave no indications ( putrefaction1 & aft] reta9+ a s(t consi/5ce dur+ "s mon?s1 became h>d & almo/ horny )\t any disagreeable smell4 ,a p\nd ( beef 0 plac$ 9 a conc5trat$ solution ( borax1 9 a t9 case n h]metically seal$4 ,! liquid into :i* ! col\r+ matt] ( ! blood1 & "s ( ! soluble nitrog5\s sub/ances ( ! meat _h diffus$1 0 ?ree times remov$ dur+ a ye> & a half1 & ! meat wa%$ ) cold wat]2 b at ! end ( ! above "t x _h n ! lea/ od\r ( putrefaction4 ,x 0 ( a yell[i% col\r1 b s(t & t5d] z fre% meat4 ,remov$ f ! borax solution ! meat rema9$ 9 ! same /ate 9 ! air4 ,beef1 veal & portions ( %eeps' bra9s 7 plac$ 9 a vessel :i* 0 fill$ ) solution ( borax & h]metically seal$4 ,! liquid soon became cle> r$1 & ?is col\r rema9$ dur+ sev]al mon?s )\t alt]ation4 ,! meat pres5t$ n ! lea/ disagreeable smell z long z excess ( air 0 prev5t$4 ,meat plac$ 9 wat] 9 a flask h]metically seal$ became rott5 9 a few days4 ,! peculi> od\r ( ! meat pres]v$ 9 borax 9 contact ) air ! au?or consid]s to be due to ! decomposition ( matt]s :i* result f ! metamorphosis ( sub/ances t con/itute ! muscul> & int]muscul> fibre4 ,al?\gh probably ! use ( borax w n be applicable to ! pres]vation ( meat = cul9>y purposes1 ! au?or consid]s t x may be economically sub/itut$ = alcohol 9 ! pres]vation ( anatomical specim5s4 ,moreov]1 its p[] ( susp5d+ life 9 ! l[] organisms w\ld seem to indicate its probable utilisation 9 ! treatm5t ( w\nds1 c4 ,9 support ( ! above views z to ! antiseptic prop]ties ( borax1 ,m4 ,s*netzl] ref]s to a lett] f an ,engli% travell] 9 ,cali=nia1 :o !re obs]v$ t 9 a soil conta9+ borax ! c>cass ( a horse _h1 = f\r mon?s1 rema9$ )\t decomposition1 ! fle% cont9u+ p]fectly fre%1 & ! eye reta9+ its cle>ness & brightness4 ,= mo/ ( ! propos$ applications ( salicylic acid to ! pres]vation ( milk1 & ! products d]iv$ f x1 x is affirm$ t borax is equally efficaci\s1 & has ! advantage ( be+ *eap] & m conv5i5t4 ,borax1 ,glass (4 ,borax dri$ at a g5tle heat1 & !n melt$ by increas+ ! heat until x =ms a vitre\s mass on be+ cool$4 ,us$ 9 sold]+1 & z a flux1 p>ticul>ly 9 bl[pipe exp]im5ts4 ,,bo'',,ric ,,acid4 ,see ,,boracic ,,acid4 ,,boric ,,anhydride4 ,b#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,anhydr\s ,,boracic ,,acid1 ,,boracic ,,anhydride1 ,,boric ,,oxide4 ,! only kn[n oxide ( boron4 ,x c be produc$ by burn+ boron 9 oxyg51 9 ! air1 or 9 nitr\s oxide1 b is mo/ easily & economically prep>$ by /rongly heat+ boracic acid s z to deprive x ( wat]4 ,x is a brittle vitre\s solid1 n volatilis$ by heat except 9 ! pres5ce ( wat]4 ,dissolves 9 wat]1 =m+ boracic acid4 ,its alcoholic solution burns ) a gre5 flame1 l t ( boracic acid4 ,,bo',,ron4 ,b4 ,! base ( boracic acid4 ,x 0 discov]$ by ,homb]g 9 #agjb2 b1 f attract+ little notice1 0 soon =gott54 ,x 0 r$iscov]$1 almo/ simultane\sly1 by ,sir ,h4 ,davy & by ,gay-,lussac & ,?n>d1 9 #ahjg-h4 ,prep4 ,boron is prep>$ by a process simil> to t employ$ to obta9 silicium3--,potassium & p]fectly dry boracic acid1 or1 pref]ably1 boro-fluoride ( potassium1 intimately mix$ toge!r1 are plac$ 9 a glass adopt]-tube1 & submitt$ to a l[ r$ heat4 ,:5 cold1 ! loose cork t fa/5$ its m\? is remov$1 & hot wat] p\r$ 91 9 successive portions1 until ! :ole matt] is deta*$ & all its soluble portion dissolv$2 ! liquid is next all[$ to settle1 & ! precipitate wa%$ fir/ ) a solution ( sal-ammoniac1 & aft]w>ds ) alcohol2 ! residuum 7boron7 is la/ly dri$ 9 a capsule1 & put into a well-/opp]$ phial4 ,prop41 c4 ,a solid1 ta/eless1 & inodor\s p[d]1 ( a d>k greyi%-br[n col\r4 ,) sulphur x unites at high temp]atures1 =m+ sulphurets 7sulphides ( boron72 & :5 plac$ 9 *lor9e gas x spontane\sly inflames1 & a gase\s *loride ( boron is =m$4 ,! comp\nds ( boron ) basic radicals are t]m$ ,,borides4 ,obs4 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! rec5t discov]ies 9 *emi/ry are ^? ( ,,mm4 ,wohl] & ,deville1 relative to silica & boron4 ,ea* ( ^! sub/ances is n[ prov$ to exi/ 9 ?ree v diff]5t /ates1 analog\s to ! ?ree kn[n /ates ( c>bon1 namely1 *>coal1 graphite1 & diamond4 ,! la/ ( ^! /ates is1 ( c\rse1 ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,cry/allis$ boron possesses a h>dness1 brightness1 & refractive p[] comp>able to ^? ( ! diamond2 x burns 9 *lor9e1 )\t residue1 & ) circum/ances resembl+ ^? ( ! combu/ion ( diamond 9 oxyg52 x is n act$ on by any ( ! acids1 & appe>s to be ! lea/ alt]able ( all ! simple bodies4 ,its p[d] is already us$ 9 ! arts1 in/ead ( diamond-du/2 & x seems n improbable t1 :5 obta9$ by ! *emi/ 9 cry/als ( a l>g] size1 x may rival ev5 ! diamond z a gem4 ,"s late exp]im5ts by ,wohl] & ,deville seem to h e/abli%$ ! fact1 t ! s-call$ graphitoidal boron is really a boride ( alum9ium4 ,its =mation on fus+ alum9ium ) amorph\s boron or boric oxide appe>s to take place m p>ticul>ly :5 ! heat appli$ is nei!r v /rong nor long cont9u$4 ,boron1 ,t]flu'oride (4 ,see ,,fluoboric ,,acid4 ,,bo?riocephalus ,,cordatus4 ,leuck>t 0 ! fir/ to describe ?is creature1 :i* is a p>asitic worm infe/+ ! human inte/9es4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* m commonly met ) 9 dogs ?an 9 man4 ,! annex$ engrav+ depicts--b1 ! head 7back view71 magnifi$ five diamet]s2 b'1 upp] "p ( body & head1 magnifi$ two diamet]s2 a is a portion ( ! worm1 natural size4 ,see ,,bo?riocephalus ,,latus4 ,illu/ration ,,bo?riocephalus ,,latus4 ,a p>asitic worm infe/+ ! human inte/9es4 ,al?\gh class$ ) ! tapeworms1 x diff]s ess5tially f tnia4 ,! head is ( an elongat$ =m1 compress$ ) an ant]ior obtuse prom95ce into :i* ! m\? op5s4 ,illu/ration ,! animal has ! p[] ( elongat+ & contract+ ! neck1 s t x appe>s sometimes %ort1 sometimes long4 ,! jo9ts or segm5ts comm5ce ab\t ?ree in*es f ! head2 ! ant]ior ones are ne>ly squ>e1 b ! rema9d] are mu* elongat$ transv]sely4 ,ea* segm5t conta9s on its flat surface two orifices1 ! ant]ior connect$ ) a male1 ! po/]ior ) a female organ ( g5]ation4 ,! p>asite is ( a br[n col\r1 & f six to tw5ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,^? :o are affect$ by ?is worm nev] pass ! s+le segm5ts f ! b[els1 b void !m 9 *a9s ( _m l9ks4 ,! ova are also frequ5tly to be met ) 9 ! fces2 !y are ( an ovoid %ape2 ! capsule is p]fectly transluc5t1 & ! yolk is di/+ui%able4 ,! yolk und]goes segm5tation1 & ultimately develops an embryo ) six hooks at ! ant]ior extremity1 cas$ 9 a mantle /udd$ ) vibratory cilia1 & ! lid ( ! capsule !n op5s up2 & ! embryo escapes4 ,if !y d n obta9 access to ! inte/9es ( an animal )9 a week1 !y lose _! ciliat$ mantle & p]i%4 ,dr9k+-wat] is suppos$ to be ! *ief if n ! only m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! p>asite ga9s admissions to ! inte/9es 9 man4 ,x seems to be unkn[n 9 ,engl&1 except :5 import$2 b is common 9 ,russia1 ,sw$51 ,norway1 ,lapl&1 ,f9l&1 ,pol&1 & ,switz]l&4 ,,bots4 ,! l>v ( ! gad-fly4 ,! eggs are deposit$ by ! female fly on ! horse's %\ld] & on p>ts ( ! body )9 rea* ( ! tongue1 by :i* !y are c>ri$ to ! m\? & f9d _! way to ! /oma*4 ,!y usually resi/ all attempts to expel !m4 ,! mo/ promis+ treatm5t consi/s 9 rubb+ d[n 9 hot wat] ab\t #b or #c drms4 ea* ( aloes & assafoetida2 & :5 ! solution has cool$1 add+ to x #a oz4 ea* ( turp5t9e & e!r4 ,repeat ?is dose two or ?ree times a week1 omitt+ ! aloes if necess>y4 ,,bot',,tles 7b7ot'lz74 ,see ,,glass1 ,,infancy1 ,,lactation1 ,,phials1 c4 ,,bott',,l+ 7b7ot'l-7ing47 ,see ,,corks1 ,,malt ,,liquors1 ,,w9e1 c4 ,,b\gie 7boo'-zhe74 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ce',,reus1 ,,c]e',,olus1#bbg ,,c&e',,la ,,probato'',,ria991 ,l4 ,9 surg]y1 a long sl5d] in/rum5t1 orig9ally ( wax1#bbh introduc$ into ! ure?ra1 oesophagus1 or rectum1 9 /ricture & o!r diseases ( ^? organs4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,prop]ly1 a 'little b\gie4' ,footnote #bbh3 ,h5ce ! "n4 ,prep4 #a4 7,pr(4 ,pickel's47 ,amb] 7melt$71 #a "p2 boil$ oil1 #c p>ts2 mix1 cool a little1 & fur!r add ( oil ( turp5t9e1 #a "p2 spread ! mixture1 at #c successive int]vals1 ^u loose spun-silk cord or web2 dry 9 a heat ( #aej ,fahr41 & repeat ! process until ! in/rum5t has acquir$ ! prop] size2 la/ly1 poli% x1 fir/ ) pumice-/one1 & aft]w>ds ) tripoli & oil4 ,?is is ! orig9al receipt ( ! once celebrat$ ,fr5* pr(essor ,pickel1 & is /ill g5]ally us$1 slightly modifi$1 on ! ,cont95t4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 9 ,p>is1 a little ca\t*\c1 equal to ab\t #a_/bj? ( ! weight ( ! oil employ$1 is g5]ally add$4 ,= ! be/ ,,elas',,tic ,,b\gies ! process usually occupies f #f to #h weeks1 to all[ full "t = ! dry+ & h>d5+ ( ! composition4 ,:5 ! b\gie is requir$ to be holl[1 a piece ( poli%$ metallic wire is introduc$ into ! axis ( ! silk2 or t9-foil is roll$ r\nd ! wire & ! composition appli$ z be=e4 ,:5 dry & h>d ! wire is )drawn4 #b4 7,hunt]'s47 ,yell[ wax1 #b p>ts2 r$ lead1 #c p>ts2 olive oil1 #f p>ts2 sl[ly boil$ toge!r until comb9ation takes place2 /rips ( s(t l95 7r wid] at ! "o end ?an ! o!r7 are !n dipp$ into ! composition1 roll$ up firmly1 & f9i%$ (f on a poli%$ slab4 #c4 7,pid]it's47 ,olive oil1 #a "p2 wax1 #f p>ts2 z be=e4 #d4 7,bell's47 ,lead-pla/]1 #aa p>ts2 yell[ wax1 #d p>ts2 olive oil1 #a "p4 #e4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,wax1 #ab p>ts2 ,*io turp5t9e1 #d p>ts2 r$ sulphide ( m]cury1 #a "p4 #f4 ,,ca\',,t*\c ,,b\gies3--,9 ,france1 :]e e!r is comp>atively inexp5sive1 ^! are made by apply+ an e!real solution ( india rubb] to ! silk or foil prep>$ z be=e4 ,9 ,engl&1 naph?a 01 until rec5tly1 employ$ in/ead ( 'e!r1' b x furni%es a v inf]ior product4 ,n[ bisulphuret ( c>bon is g5]ally us$ z ! solv5t4 ,sometimes /rips ( india rubb]1 previ\sly boil$ 9 wat]1 or t h _h _! edges s(t5$ by moi/5+ !m ) a little e!r1 or bisulphuret ( c>bon1 are w\nd r\nd ! 'wire or foil1' & kept 9 _! place by a piece ( tape appli$ ov] !m4 ,!y are aft]w>ds c>efully smoo!d (f & poli%$4 #g4 ,,gutta-,,p]',,*a ,,b\gies3--,^! are =m$ ( gutta p]*a 7previ\sly s(t5$ by imm]sion 9 boil+ wat]71 by roll+ x betwe5 plates ( poli%$ glass or m>ble4 ,:5 skilfully prep>$ f ! be/ 7uncol\r$7 gutta p]*a1 !y are admirable in/rum5ts4 ,a b\gie ( ?is description1 ( mod]ate size1 & slightly oil$1 or wett$ ) glyc]9 or gum-wat]1 may be pass$ ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! ure?ra ( a heal?y p]son )\t caus+ ! slighte/ pa94 ,gutta-p]*a ca!t]s 7holl[ b\gies7 are /ill m flexible & easily introduc$1 & may rema9 9 ! ure?ra = a long "t )\t caus+ irritation2 an important advantage 9 su* matt]s4 ,! read] _c1 h[ev]1 be too c>eful to avoid ^? made ( col\r$ gutta p]*a1 :i*1 un=tunately1 rapidly become v brittle by age4 ,^? orig9ally manufactur$ 9 ?is mat]ial 7 col\r$ black1 & 7 con/antly break+ :il/ 9 use--a disa/] f :i* sev]al s]i\s & ev5 fatal cases ensu$4 ,!re is no su* dang] to be dread$ f ^? made ( ! uncol\r$ mat]ial :5 ( good quality4 ,,b\les ,,de ,,nancy4 ,see ,,balls 7,m>tial74 ,,b\illi4 ,fr4 ,a "n frequ5tly appli$ by cooks to di%es ( boil$ or /ew$ meat1 z a ref9em5t on its pla9 ,engli% synonymes4 ,?us1 beef b\illi1 beef 9 b\illi1 c41 mean /ew$ or boil$ beef1 c4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! "n is la franais1 s mu/ be ! 'accompanim5ts1' :i* g5]ally consi/ ( h]bs & vegetable season+ 9 great] quantity & v>iety ?an is usually deem$ ess5tial = an humble di% ( ,engli% boil$ or /ew$ meat4 ,,b\illon 7bool'-yong74 ,fr4 ,9 cook]y1 bro?1 s\p4 ,,b\quet' 7boo-ka'74 ,fr4 ,a nosegay4 ,9 p]fum]y1 highly sc5t$ spirits 7esprits7 adapt$ = ! h&k]*ief are commonly call$ b\quets4 ,! foll[+ are examples3-- ,b\quet d',am\r4 ,prep4 ,f esprits de rose1 jasm91 violette1 & cassie 7fl[]s ( acacia f>nesiana71 ( ea* #b p>ts2 ess5ces ( musk & amb]gris1 ( ea* #a "p2 mix1 & filt]4 ,b\quet de la ,re9e4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ess5ce ( b]gamot1 #a dr42 ,engli% oil ( lav5d]1 #be drops2 oil ( cloves1 aromatic v9eg>1 & ess5ce ( musk1 ( ea* #aj drops2 alcohol1 #a fl4 oz42 mix4 #b4 ,oils ( b]gamot & lav5d]1 ( ea* #cj drops2 n]oli1 #ae drops2 oils ( v]b5a & cloves1 ( ea* #e drops2 ess5ces ( musk1 amb]gris1 & jasm91 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 rectifi$ _s ( w9e 7/ronge/1 sc5tless71 #b fl4 oz42 mix4 ,a mu*-e/eem$ p]fume4 ,,bra',,gras4 ,t>1 black res91 & ! dregs ( /ra9$ res91 melt$ toge!r4 ,,bra9 7brane74 ,syn4 ,,bra9sd\ble-dagg]2 ,,c]',,ebrum1 ,l42 ,,c]veau1 ,fr42 ,,gehirn1 ,,hirn1 ,g]4 ,! s(t :iti% mass ( n]ve-matt] conta9$ 9 ! skulls ( animals1 &1 9 man1 suppos$ to be ! seat ( ! s\l & ! m9d4 ,bra9s4 7,9 cook]y47 ,!re appe>s to be sc>cely any?+ :i* is at all eatable t ! +5uity & ta/e ( ! mod]n cook does n appropriate to 8 purposes1 & clo! ) delectability1 or trans=m into some?+ execrable4 ,we obs]ve t our *ef de cuis9e--no unimportant p]sonage--has tax$ e visc]a & br\ght toge!r e novelty & da9ty to hum\r & excite ! appetite4 ,animals :i* 7 guiltless ( bra9s :il/ liv+1 are f\nd by him to possess excell5t ones :5 dead1 f :i* he prep>es a v>iety ( m9iature di%es :i* are truly novel & invit+4 ,let frugal h\sewives = ! future c>efully value _! bra9s1 & apply !m to useful purposes 9 a d\ble s5se4 ,:5 clean$1 wa%$1 blan*$1 & flav\r$ ) ! necess>y season+1 !y may be =m$ into a v>iety ( hors-d'oeuvres cr$itable to any table4 ,mrs ,rundell tells u t beat up ) a little :ite pepp] & salt1 a sage-leaf or two 7scald$ & f9ely *opp$71 & ! yelk ( an egg1 & fri$1 !y make excell5t cakes1 fritt]s1 c4 ,,bramaelixir--,,g5u9e ,,asiatic ,,/oma* ,,bitt] 7,*4 ,rama ,ay51 ,hamburg74 ,c>damoms1 c9namon1 cloves1 ( ea* #ae grammes2 galangal1 g+]1 z$o>y1 pepp]1 ( ea* #cj grammes2 wormwood oil1 #ae drops2 #ij p] c5t4 _s1 #hcj grammes2 wat]1 #ccj grammes2 dige/ & filt]4 7,hag]47 ,,bran4 ,syn4 ,,fur',,fur1 ,l42 ,,bran1 ,,son1 ,fr42 ,,kleie1 ,g]4 ,! inn] husk or prop] coat ( ! c]eal gra9s1 sift$ f ! fl\r2 appr41 t ( :eat4 ,comp4 #ajj p>ts ( bran conta9 album9oid bodies1 #achj2 oil1 #eef2 />*1 fibre1 c41 #fafg2 a%1 #faa2 wat]1 #abhe4 ,uses1 c4 ,! bran ( :eat1 diffus$ ?r\gh hot wat]1 is l>gely employ$ by ! calico-pr9t]s to remove ! col\r+ matt] f ^? p>ts ( _! goods :i* are n mordant$4 ,a h&ful mix$ ) a pail ( w>m wat] =ms an excell5t emolli5t foot-ba?4 ,infus$ 9 hot wat] 7bran-tea71 & sweet5$1 x =ms a popul> demulc5t1 mu* us$ 9 c\ghs & ho>s5ess1 & :i*1 tak5 9 quantity1 proves g5tly laxative4 ,x also =ms an excell5t manure1 &1 f conta9+ ! ammonio-magnesian phosphate1 is especially adapt$ z a 'dress+' = potatoes4 ,x is frequ5tly mix$ ) fl\r1 & made into bread 7bran-bread71 :i* is eat5 by ! poor] ord]s = economy1 & by ! high] classes because x is recomm5d$ by ! faculty z be+ m :olesome ?an :ite :eat5-bread4 ,bran ,ma%4 ,put half a peck ( bran or poll>d into a bucket & p\r on to x en\gh scald+ wat] to wet x ?or\ghly2 /ir well ) a /ick or "w ) ! h&s2 & let x /&1 cov]$ up1 till new-milk w>m4 ,if a horse is n 9 "w on ,sunday1 x is a good cu/om to give x on ,saturday ev5+ a bran ma% 9 lieu ( a fe$ ( corn4 ,bran ma% is cool+ & slightly laxative4 ,! bran %\ld always be fre%ly gr\nd4 ,:5 int5d$ to be nutritive1 oats %\ld be scald$ ) ! bran4 ,,br&i%',s ,,alkal9e 7,liqueur de potasse des ,anglais1 ,solutio ,alkal9a ,anglica71 us$ 9 ,engl& to add to meat & vegetables ab\t to be cook$1 to help 9 draw+ tea & c(fee1 & z a m$ic9e to neutralise acidity ( ! /oma* & lubricate ! dige/ive passages die ,v]danungswege s*lpfrig] zu ma*54 ,prep>ation3--,crude c>bonate ( pota% #c p>ts1 wood a%es #a "p1 quicklime #a "p1 w>m wat] #dj p>ts4 ,add to ! wat] ! lime1 c>bonate1 & a%es1 dige/ "o day1 & filt]4 7,hag]47 ,,br&re?',s ,,pills1 mu* us$ z a purg+ pill 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 consi/ ( gamboge1 podophyll91 ! inspissat$ juice ( pokeb]ries1 saffron adult]at$ ) turm]ic1 p[d]$ cloves1 & pepp]m9t oil4 ,gamboge is /at$ to be pres5t 9 ,br&re?'s pills on ! au?ority ( two ,am]ican druggi/s & "o deal]4 ,! action ( ! pills does n1 h[ev]1 correspond ) t +r$i5t1 = 9 two p]sons five pills produc$ no loose /ools4 7,hag]47 ,,bran',,dy4 ,syn4 ,,spir',,itus ,,gal',,licus1 ,s4 ,,vi',,ni ,,gal',,lici 7-si2 ,b4 ,p471 ,a',,qua ,,vi',tdagg]991 ,l42 ,,eau-,,de-,,vie1 ,fr42 ,,branntwe91 ,,cognac1 ,g]42 ,,bran',,dyw9edagg]4 ,a well-kn[n spiritu\s liquor obta9$ by ! di/illation ( ! w9e ( grapes4 ,! "n is also (t51 ?\gh improp]ly1 giv5 to ! _s di/ill$ f o!r liquors1 & p>ticul>ly f ! f]m5t$ juice ( fruits2 b 9 ?is case usually ) "s qualify+ epi!t4 ,:5 fir/ di/ill$1 br&y1 l o!r spiritu\s liquors1 is col\rless 7,,:ite ,,br&y71 & cont9ues s if kept 9 glass or /onew>e2 b if /or$ 9 new oak casks1 z is usually ! case1 x gradually acquires a yell[i% t9t f ! wood 7,,pale ,,br&y74 ,! deep col\r t ?is _s frequ5tly possesses :5 x rea*es ! consum] is imp>t$ to x by ! addition ( a little burnt sug> 7c>amel74 ,cate*u1 or t]ra japonica1 9 p[d] or solution1 is also sometimes add$ to give a r\ghness to ! _s4 ,! orig9al int5tion 0 m]ely to imitate ! appe>ance acquir$ by br&y f great age1 :5 kept 9 wood2 b 9 process ( "t ! ?+ has come to be ov]done4 ,! natural col\r :i* ! _s receives f ! cask1 h[ev] long x may be kept 9 x1 nev] exce$s a light amb] t9t1 ab\t equal to t ( pale ,jamaica rum4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 w n[ please ! public ta/e b a _s ( lively & full 'br&y-col\r1' z x is call$4 ,! consequ5ce is t m col\r+ is commonly add$ ?an is compatible ) a ri* appe>ance or a v f9e flav\r4 ,! br&ies mo/ e/eem$ 9 ,engl& are import$ f ,france1 & are ^? ( ,cognac & ,armagnac1 ! pref]5ce be+ g5]ally giv5 to ! =m]4 ,! br&ies ( ,ro*elle & ,bordeaux come next 9 quality2 :ile ^? obta9$ f ,portugal1 ,spa91 & ,italy are v inf]ior4 ,! con/itu5ts ( pure br&y are alcohol & wat]1 toge!r ) small quantities ( a volatile oil1 acetic acid1 acetic e!r1 oenan?ic e!r1 col\r+ matt]1 & tann94 ,x is f ! pres5ce ( ! two e!rs t ! _s d]ives its *>act]i/ic smell & flav\r4 ,! am\nt ( absolute alcohol 9 br&y v>ies f #de to #ee p] c5t4 ,:5 fir/ import$ x is g5]ally #a or #b ov]-pro(1 b its /r5g? decreases by age1 & by ! "t x is tak5 f ! bond$ /ore = sale1 x is seldom /rong] ?an #c or #d "u-pro(4 ,pure br&ies ( ! be/ quality1 ev5 :5 new1 seldom exce$ pro(1 & are g5]ally a little bel[ x4 ,! reason ( ?is is t !y are b slightly rectifi$1 z r$i/illation t5ds to injure ! e!real oils1 ^u :i* ! flav\r ( ! br&y dep5ds4 ,! quality & flav\r ( ! br&y import$ f ,france v>y1 & (t5 consid]ably1 f t :i* is drunk at ! be/ tables on ! ,cont95t2 ?is pr9cipally arises f x be+ prep>$1 or1 z x is te*nically t]m$1 'made up1' = ! ,london m>ket2 :i* means l[]+ x by ! addition ( pla9 _s1 col\r+1 c4 ,?is is done to any ext5t desir$ by ! ,engli% pur*as]1 & ! quantity & prices ( ! sub/ances s add$ are regul>ly set out 9 ! invoice4 ,! /r5g? at :i* =eign br&y is sold 9 ,engl& v>ies f pro( to #cc "u-pro(4 ,9 l>ge quantities1 & f bond1 ! /r5g?1 ( c\rse1 dep5ds mu* ^u ! age & quality ( ! _s2 a f9e old br&y be+1 p]haps1 #ae or #ag u4 p41 :ile "o ( ! la/ ye>'s v9tage1 ( a common] quality1 may be z /rong z #b u4 p41 or ev5 #a u4 p4 ,^! matt]s are famili> to e exp]i5c$ br&y deal]4 ,9 ,france !re are sev]al v>ieties ( br&y1 :i* are kn[n by names descriptive ( _! qualities1 s\rce1 & /r5g?s3-- ,eau-de-vie suprieure is obta9$ f pale :ite w9es by skilful di/illation1 & is rem>kable = its ri* & delicate flav\r4 ,x =ms ! f9e/ v>iety ( ,,cognac ,,br&y1 bo? ':ite' & 'pale1' ( ! ,engli% dr9k]1 be+ seldom artificially col\r$4 ,its deepe/ t9t1 ?\gh long kept 9 wood1 nev] exce$s a pale amb]2 & h5ce1 ev5 :5 ?us col\r$1 x is frequ5tly call$ ':ite br&y' by ! un9itiat$4 ,eau-de-vie ord9aire1 or common br&y1 is di/ill$ f inf]ior or spoilt :ite or r$ w9es2 av]age sp4 gr4 ab\t #jidgf 7f #bb to #bg u4 p474 ,x =ms ! 'ord9>y br&y' ( ! tav]ns & hotels2 &1 aft] be+ 'made up' ) pla9 _s to #a or #b u4 p41 a v l>ge portion ( t :i* is export$4 ,( ea* ( ! above v>ieties !re are num]\s degrees ( qualities1 :i* are fur!r increas$ 9 numb] by _! admixture1 & by ! addition to !m ( pla9 _s4 ,eau-de-vie de m>c4 ,f ! lees ( s\r1 damag$1 & inf]ior r$ w9es1 ! m>c or cake ( grapes1 c41 di/ill$ by a quick fire1 to drive ov] z mu* ess5tial oil & flav\r+ matt] z possible4 ,co>se flav\r$ & inf]ior4 ,us$ *iefly to mix ) o!r br&y1 or to flav\r pla9 _s4 ,eau-de-vie seconde4 ,! weak _s t passes ov]1 aft] ! receiv] has be5 *ang$4 ,v weak & inf]ior4 ,eau-de-vie preuve d',holl&e4 ,sp4 gr4 #ida to #idb 7#ah to #bj u4 p474 ,! common /r5g? at :i* br&y is retail$ 9 ,france1 & t at :i* x /&s ! 'pro(' or 'bead4' ,eau-de-vie preuve d'huile4 ,sp4 gr4 #iahe 7ab\t #bc ,baum1 or #a-a_/d o4 p472 pure1 olive oil j s9ks 9 x4 ,x is ! /ronge/ br&y kept = retail sale 9 ,france4 ,eau-de-vie =te4 ,f common br&y di/ill$ at a l[ temp]ature4 ,x answ]s to our _s ( w9e4 ,sp4 gr4 #hci 7#ch ,baum1 or #ee o4 p474 ,esprit de v9 is br&y or _s1 c>efully rectifi$ to #hfa 7#bh ,baum1 or #db o4 p41 & upw>ds74 ,pur41 c4 ,! me?od ( det]m9+ ! /r5g? ( br&y is expla9$ "u ',,alcoholometry1' ,( ! l>ge quantity ( ?is liquor consum$ 9 ,engl&1 we c assure ! read] t a small fraction only escapes adult]ation4 ,pure ,fr5* br&y is inde$ an article q unatta9able by ! small consum]4 ,! br&y ( our %ops & tav]ns is n only sy/ematically 'l[]$' a little 7) _s ( w9e or ,briti% br&y7 by ! :olesale deal]1 b x und]goes a l process1 b to a mu* great] ext5t1 at ! h&s ( ! retail]4 ,! only me?od to obta9 p]fectly pure br&y is ei!r to take x direct f ! bond /ore1 or to buy x ( "s kn[n respectable p>ty1 & to pay a price t (f]s no inducem5t to di%one/y4 ,:5 ?is _c be done1 ,briti% br&y _h bett] be at once pur*as$1 by :i* money w be sav$1 & a m :olesome article obta9$4 ,fr5* br&y1 z already notic$1 is commonly 'l[]$' ) wat]1 malt br&y1 & _s ( w9e1 by :i* its orig9al flav\r is m or less weak5$ & injur$4 ,?is species ( adult]ation is be/ detect$ by ! palate4 ,ano!r1 & no v uncommon fraud practis$ by ! retail]s1 is to r$uce _! br&y ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]4 ,z a natural consequ5ce _! liquor suff]s s greatly 9 flav\r1 & its defici5cy 9 alcohol becomes s app>5t1 t !y soon see ! necessity ( ei!r ab&on+ ! nef>i\s practice1 or resort+ to o!rs ( a less h>mless "* to disguise x4 ,! latt] alt]native is commonly adopt$4 ,an excess ( burnt sug> is imm$iately introduc$ into ! _s1 foll[$ by sundry portions ( cay5ne pepp]1 gra9s ( p>adise1 horse-radi%1 acetic e!r1 c41 to give x a pung5cy & 'make-believe /r5g?' t passes mu/] ) ! petty consum]4 ,?is fraud may be detect$ by g5tly evaporat+ a little ( ! suspect$ liquor 9 a spoon or glass capsule1 :5 ! acrid matt]1 col\r+1 & sug> w be left beh9d1 & may be readily detect$ by _! flav\r1 sweetness1 glut9osity1 c4 ,a little p]fectly pure br&y evaporat$ 9 a simil> mann] 7on a wat*-glass1 = in/ance71 m]ely leaves a trifl+ discoloration on ! surface ( ! glass4 ,g5u9e ,fr5* br&y always r$d5s blue litmus pap]1 f conta9+ a little acetic acid2 ! old col\r$ v>ieties are also black5$ by a solution ( a p]salt ( iron4 ,ano!r te/ = c>amel 7burnt sug>7 is1 let a small quantity ( ! br&y be well %ak5 ) "o six? ( its volume ( :ite ( egg1 & ! precipitate =m$ all[$ to deposit1 or be remov$ by filtration2 ! cle> liquid ought to be col\rless4 ,%\ld c>amel be pres5t1 h[ev]1 x w reta9 its col\r4 ,sometimes br&y is contam9at$ ) a small quantity ( lead or copp] d]iv$ f ! app>atus or ut5sils ) :i* x has be5 prep>$ or measur$4 ,sug> ( lead has also sometimes be5 us$ by ! ignorant deal] to cl>ify x4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! highly delet]i\s sub/ances may be detect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- #a4 ,,copp]3--a4 ,a small piece ( clean poli%$ iron or /eel imm]s$ 9 ! suspect$ liquid = a %ort "t 7) agitation7 becomes coat$ ) a film ( metallic copp]1 :5 t metal is pres5t4 ,to facilitate ! precipitation ( ! metal1 ! sample "u exam9ation may be slightly acidulat$ ) a few drops ( pure acetic acid4 ,m9ute traces ( copp] may sometimes be detect$ on ! surface ( ! iron ) a l5s1 :i* w\ld be pass$ ov] unnotic$ by ! nak$ eye4 b4 7,bttg]47 ,a little ( ! br&y is to be agitat$ ) a few drops ( pure olive oil4 ,! latt] w acquire a gre5 col\r if copp] be pres5t4 #b4 ,,lead3--a4 ,hydrosulphuric acid & sulphide ( ammonium produce a black precipitate or discoloration 9 br&y conta9+ lead4--b4 ,a solution ( sulphate ( soda 7,glaub]-salts71 or wat] s\r$ ) sulphuric acid1 produces a heavy :ite precipitate1 :i* turns black :5 moi/5$ ) sulphide ( ammonium4 #c4 ,me?ylat$ _s is detect$ by rubb+ a little ( ! suspect$ br&y on ! h&s1 & !n draw+ a long brea? ) ! h&s ov] ! m\?4 ,! peculi> od\r ( ! me?ylat$ _s1 if pres5t1 !n becomes evid5t4 ,?is is a te/1 h[ev]1 requir+ practice & exp]i5ce4 #d4 ,,to ,,det]m9e ,,! ,,alcoholic ,,/r5g?4--,put #ajj c4 c4 ( ! br&y into a small retort1 or into a flask1 ) a lat]al tube1 & di/il to dryness1 or ne>ly s1 cond5s+ ! di/illate by means ( a suitable receiv]1 & let ! alcohol by means ( ! processes detail$ "u ,,alcoholometry4 ,! br&y may be r\ghly te/$ = fusel oil by burn+ a little ( x 9 a di%1 & depress+ ov] ! flame a sauc] or o!r cold piece ( porcela94 ,if a black /a9 is left1 "s ( ! l[] alcohols are v probably pres5t1 & %\ld be look$ = by di/ill+ half a p9t ( ! _s1 & exam9+ ! lat] = heavi] products4 ,! v9ic alcohol be+ ! mo/ volatile comes ov] fir/1 ! heavi] fusel oil rema9+ until ! lat] /ages4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,9 ! 'trade1' ! addition ( wat] 7'liquor'7 to _s is te*nically call$ 'r$uc+1' :il/ absolute adult]ation is kn[n "u ! que/ionable "n 'improv+4' ,bo? ( ^! op]ations h n[ be5 s long practis$ ) impunity z to =m ! lead+ qualifications dem&$ 9 a cell>man4 ,! foll[+ =mul = 'r$uc+' br&y are ^? ( two l>ge :olesale deal]s1 :o consid] !mselves mu* m hone/ ?an _! bre?r5 9 ! same l9e3 #a4 ,cognac br&y 7#aj u4 p471 #bj galls42 ,briti% br&y 7#ag u4 p471 #e galls42 wat]1 #d-a_/b galls4 ,/r5g? ( mixture1 #be u4 p4 #b4 ,to #gb galls1 ( full-flav\r$ ,fr5* br&y 7#e u4 p47 are add$ #aj galls1 ( _s ( w9e 7#eh o4 p472 #be galls4 ( wat]1 & #a p9t ( good col\r+4 ,! :ole is !n well 'rummag$ up1' & all[$ to /& = two days1 :5 x is fit = use4 ,/r5g? ( mixture1 #bb u4 p4 ,a liqueur1 sold 9 ,london "u ! "n ( br&y improv]1 or br&y ess5ce1 consi/s ( a ?9 sug> syrup1 flav\r$ ) acetic e!r & ess5ce ( cay5ne1 & col\r$ ) burnt sug>4 ,x is said to height5 ! true ,cognac flav\r1 & re/ore lo/ alcoholic /r5g?4 ,br&y1 ,briti%4 ,syn4 ,,malt ,,br&y1 c4 ,= a long "t ?is liquor 0 di/ill$ f spoil$ w9e & ! dregs ( w9e1 bo? ,briti% & =eign1 mix$ ) be]-bottoms1 spoil$ rais9s1 & simil> sub/ances4 ,malt & molasses _s 7 aft]w>ds employ$1 z at ! pres5t day1 = ! purpose2 b x 0 long consid]$ z an unp>donable & wick$ misuse ( ^! articles4 ,mod]n exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 has prov$ t pure malt _s is1 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! mo/ conv5i5t1 if n ! be/ k9d1 to =m ! basis ( an imitation br&y4 ,prep4 #a4 ,to #ab galls4 ( malt _s 7f9e/ & flav\rless7 at pro(1 add1 ( wat]1 #e galls42 crude r$ t>t> or w9e-/one1 #c_/d lb4 7previ\sly dissolv$ 9 #a gall4 ( boil+ wat]72 acetic e!r1 #f fl4 oz42 ,fr5* w9e-v9eg>1 #b qu>ts2 ,fr5* plums 7bruis$71 #e lbs42 %]ry w9e-bottoms1 #a_/b gall42 mix 9 a %]ry or ,fr5*-br&y cask1 & let !m /& = ab\t a mon?1 frequ5tly 'rummag+ up' ! liquor ) a /ick2 next draw ov] #ae galls4 ( ! mixture f a /ill furni%$ ) an agitator4 ,put ! 'rectifi$ _s' into a clean1 fre%-empti$ ,cognac-br&y cask1 & add ( t9cture ( cate*u1 #a p9t2 oak %av+s1 #a lb42 & _s col\r+1 #a_/b p9t2 agitate occasionally = a few days1 & !n let x repose = a week1 :5 x w be fit = use4 ,prod41 #ae galls1 ( ,,br&y1 #ag u4 p4 ,age greatly improves x4 #b4 ,malt _s 7z be=e71 #ii galls42 r$ t>t> 7dissolv$71 #g lbs42 acetic e!r1 #a_/b gall42 w9e-v9eg>1 #e galls42 bruis$ rais9s or ,fr5* plums1 #ad lbs42 bitt]-almond cake 7bruis$ & /eep$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 twice its weight ( wat]1 :i* mu/ be us$ ) x71 #a_/d lb42 wat]1 q4 s42 mac]ate z be=e1 & draw ov]1 ) a quick fire1 #abj galls4 ,to ! di/ill$ _s add a few lbs4 ( oak %av+s2 #b lbs4 ( p[d]$ cate*u 7made into a pa/e ) hot wat]71 & _s-col\r+ q4 s42 & 'f9i%' z 9 ! la/4 ,prod41 #abj galls1 ( _s1 fully #ag u4 p4 ,equal 9 quality to ! la/4 #c4 ,clean _s 7#ag u4 p471 #ajj galls2 nitr\s e!r1 #b qu>ts2 cassia buds 7gr\nd7 #d oz42 bitt]-almond meal1 #e oz42 orris-root 7slic$71 #f oz12 p[d]$ cloves1 #a oz42 capsicum1 #a-a_/b oz42 good v9eg>1 #c galls42 br&y col\r+1 #c p9ts2 p[d]$ cate*u1 #b lbs42 full-flav\r$ ,jamaica rum1 #b galls4 ,mix 9 an empty ,cognac 'piece1' & mac]ate = a =tnight1 ) occasional /irr+4 ,prod41 #ajf galls41 at #ba or #bb u4 p4 #d4 ,malt _s 7#ag u4 p471 #ajj galls42 cate*u1 #b lbs42 t9cture ( vanilla1 #a_/b p9t2 burnt sug> col\r+1 #a qu>t2 good rum1 #c galls42 acetic or nitr\s e!r1 #b qu>ts4 ,mix z ! la/4 #e4 ,clean _s 7#ag u4 p471 #hi galls42 high-flav\r$ ,cognac1 #aj galls42 oil ( cassia1 #b dr42 oil ( bitt] almonds1 #c dr42 p[d]$ cate*u1 #a lb42 cream ( t>t> 7dissolv$71 #a-a_/d lbs42 ,beaufoy's conc5trat$ acetic acid1 #a_/b gall42 sug> col\r+1 #b to #c p9ts2 good rum1 #a gall4 ,:5 ! above mixtures are di/ill$1 ! ,fr5* br&y1 col\r+1 & cate*u1 %\ld be add$ to ! di/ill$ _s4 #f4 ,to pla9 _s 7col\r$71 at #ag u4 p41 add a little t9cture ( cate*u1 & a suffici5t quantity ( eau-de-vie de m>c1 or ( ! oil di/ill$ f w9e-lees1 to flav\r x4 ,obs4 ,! oil ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ =mula is obta9$ by di/illation f ! lees ( w9e1 ei!r dri$ & made up into cakes1 or 9 _! wet /ate1 mix$ ) ab\t #g or #h times _! weight ( wat]4 ,?is oil %\ld be kept dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 z x is o!rwise apt to lose its flav\r4 ,br&y f any "p ( ! _w may be v closely imitat$ by di/ill+ ! oil f ! lees ( ! w9es produc$ 9 t p>ticul> di/rict4 ,:]e black tea is *eap1 z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 x is v commonly employ$ to imp>t ! r\ghness ( br&y to ! col\r$ _s1 & ! subsequ5t addition ( a little 'flav\r+' greatly improves x4 ,a really good article ( cid]-_s ?us treat$ =ms a passable 'mock br&y4' ,9 conclusion1 we may rem>k t1 z ! /r5g? & quality ( +r$i5ts frequ5tly v>y1 & success dep5ds greatly on skill 9 manipulation1 mu* mu/ be left to ! exp]i5ce1 judgm5t1 & discretion ( ! op]ator4 ,9 all cases he mu/ recollect t a c]ta9 degree ( 'age' is absolutely necess>y to give a high "* to any _s4 ,inde$1 to age 9 ! "o case1 & its abs5ce 9 ! o!r1 may be ref]r$ ! reasons :y ,fr5* br&y & ,briti% br&y1 ap>t f m]e %ades ( flav\r1 s mat]ially diff]4 ,! production ( a flav\r$ ,briti% _s closely resembl+ ,fr5* br&y is a subject well wor?y ( ! att5tion ( ! +5i\s *emi/1 rectifi]1 & cell>man1 z a matt] ( pr(it2 & ( ! amateur1 z af=d+ an int]e/+ field = useful & amus+ exp]im5t4 ,br&y1 ,c>'away4 ,a species ( cordial commonly prep>$ z foll[s3--#a4 ,c>away-se$s 7bruis$71 #d oz42 lump sug>1 #b lbs42 ,briti% br&y1 #a gall42 mac]ate a =tnight1 occasionally %ak+ ! bottle4--#b4 ,sug>1 #a lb42 c>aways 7bruis$71 #a oz42 #c bitt] almonds 7grat$72 _s-col\r+1 #a oz42 pla9 _s or g9 7#bb u4 p471 #a_/b gall42 z be=e4 ,"s p]sons omit ! col\r+4 ,br&y1 ,*]'ry4 ,prep4 #a4 ,br&y & *]ries 7cru%$71 ( ea* #a gall42 let !m lie toge!r = #c days1 !n express ! liquor1 & add #b lbs4 ( lump sug>2 9 a week or two decant ! cle> portion = use4 #b4 ,to ! la/ add #a qu>t ( raspb]ry juice1 & #a_/b a p9t ( orange-fl[] wat]4 ,bo? ! above are excell5t4 #c4 ,treacle1 #a cwt42 _s 7#de u4 p471 #da galls42 bitt] almonds 7bruis$71 #a lb4 7or m or less to ta/e72 cloves1 #a oz42 cassia1 #b oz42 mac]ate a mon?1 frequ5tly /irr+4 ,?is is ! article n[ commonly v5d$ 9 ! %ops & at /alls = *]ry br&y4 #d4 ,g]man *]ry juice #ae galls42 pure rect4 spirits1 #bj galls42 syrup1 #e galls42 oil ( bitt] almonds1 #a dra*m4 ,obs4 ,equal "p ( fully ripe ,morello *]ries & black *]ries produce ! ri*e/ cordial4 ,"s p]sons prick ea* *]ry sep>ately ) a ne$le in/ead ( cru%+ !m2 9 :i* case !y reta9 !m 9 ! liquor1 & s]ve up a few ( !m 9 ea* glass4 ,! plan nam$ 9 ! fir/ =mula is1 h[ev]1 t usually adopt$4 ,on ! small scale1 ! fruit is commonly bruis$ betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,a portion only 7if any7 ( ! /ones 9 ! *]ries %\ld be cru%$1 to imp>t a nutty flav\r4 ,see ,,liqueurs4 ,br&y1 ,ci'd]4 ,f cid] & p]ry2 also f ! m>c ( apples & pe>s f]m5t$4 ,x is v l>gely manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica & ,canada1 :]e x may be pur*as$ = ab\t #bs4 #a;d4 a gallon4 ,see ,,briti% ,,br&y 7above74 ,br&y1 ,dant'zic4 ,f rye1 gr\nd ) ! root ( calamus aromaticus4 ,x has a mix$ flav\r ( orris & c9namon4 ,br&y1 ,gu]n'sey4 ,beet-root _s flav\r$4 ,br&y1 ,lem'on4 ,prep4 #a4 ,fre% lemons 7slic$71 #a doz52 br&y1 #a gall42 mac]ate = a week1 press out ! liquor1 & add ( lump sug>1 #a lb4 #b4 ,pro( _s1 #g galls42 ess5ce ( lemon1 #c dr42 sug>1 #e lbs42 t>t>ic acid1 #a oz42 7dissolv$ 97 wat]1 #b galls42 turm]ic p[d] or _s-col\r+1 a dess]t-spoonful2 z be=e4 ,sometimes milk is add$ to ! above1 9 ! proportion ( #a qu>t 7boil+ hot7 to e gallon4 ,br&y1 ,malt4 ,see ,,briti% ,,br&y4 ,br&y1 ,or'ange4 ,z lemon br&y1 b employ+ oranges4 ,br&y1 ,pale4 ,?is article has be5 already ref]r$ to4 7,see p4 #ccg47 ,t ( ! g9-%ops & publicans is g5]ally a spuri\s article1 made by mix+ toge!r ab\t equal p>ts ( good br[n ,fr5* br&y1 clean _s ( w9e1 & s(t wat]1 & all[+ ! :ole to /& until ! next day to 'f9e d[n4' ,if ! fir/ is #i u4 p41 & ! second #eh o4 p41 ! product w be #ag u4 p4 ,any defici5cy ( /r5g? is made up by add+ a little m _s ( w9e4 ,br&y1 ,pat'ent4 ,! article s mu* bepuff$ "u ?is "n1 by c]ta9 h\ses1 is m]ely v clean malt-_s mix$ ) ab\t #a-g? ( its bulk 7or less7 ( /rong-flav\r$ ,cognac1 & a little col\r+4 ,br&y1 ,pea*4 ,f pea*es1 by f]m5tation & di/illation4 ,mu* us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e pea*es are v pl5tiful1 & consequ5tly *eap4 ,a cordial _s "u ! same "n is prep>$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,f pea*es1 slic$ & /eep$ 9 twice _! weight ( ,briti% br&y or malt-_s1 z 9 mak+ *]ry br&y4 #b4 ,bitt] almonds 7bruis$71 #c oz42 pro( _s 7pale71 #aj galls42 wat]1 #c galls42 sug>1 #e or #f lbs42 orange-fl[] wat]1 #a_/b a p9t2 mac]ate = #ad days4 ,add br&y-col\r+1 if requir$ d>k]4 ,br&y1 ,rais'9 7ra'zn74 ,see ,,_s 7,rais974 ,br&y1 ,rasp'b]ry 7r7az'-74 ,f raspb]ries1 z direct$ "u ,,*]ry ,,br&y4 ,sometimes a little c9namon & cloves are add$4 ,! only addition1 h[ev]1 t really improves ! flav\r or b\quet is a little orange-fl[] wat]1 a v little ess5ce ( vanilla1 or a s+le drop ( ess5ce ( amb]gris4 ,br&y1 ,:ite4 ,see ,,br&y 7p4 #ccg7 & ,,pale ,,br&y 7ant74 ,,brass4 ,syn4 ,s1 '',,ris ,,metal',,lum1 ,l42 ,,aira91 ,,laiton1 ,,cuivre ,,jaune1 ,fr42 ,,erz1 ,,mess+1 ,g]42 ,,br,s1 ,sax4 ,a well-kn[n alloy ( copp] & z9c4 ,prep4 ,brass is n[ g5]ally manufactur$ by plung+ copp]1 9 slips1 into z9c melt$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! =m] metal rapidly comb9es ) ! fluid mass1 & ! addition is cont9u$ until an alloy some:at difficult ( fusion is =m$1 :5 ! rema9d] ( ! copp] is at once add$4 ,! brass ?us obta9$ is brok5 into pieces1 & remelt$ "u *>coal1 & a prop] addition ( ei!r z9c or copp] made1 to br+ x up to ! col\r & quality desir$4 ,x is next p\r$ into m\lds ( granite4 ,be=e be+ submitt$ to ! roll+-press = r$uction to ?9 plates x und]goes ! op]ation ( anneal+4 ,! proportions ( ! metals =m+ ?is alloy are v>i$ accord+ to ! desir$ col\r1 & ! purposes to :i* x is to be appli$4 ,! foll[+ =mul are f\nd$ *iefly on analyses ( /&>d brasses & yell[ metals1 made expressly = ?is "w4 ,small fractions are omitt$2 ! ne>e/ :ole numb]s be+ g5]ally tak53-- a4 ,,f9e ,,brass3--#a4 ,copp]1 #b p>ts2 z9c1 #a "p2 ei!r comb9$1 z expla9$ above1 or ! two metals sep>ately melt$1 sudd5ly p\r$ toge!r1 & unit$ by vigor\s /irr+4 #b4 ,copp]1 #g p>ts2 z9c1 #c p>ts4 ,bright yell[2 malleable4 #c4 ,f9e copp]1 #d p>ts2 z9c1 #a "p4 ,deep] col\r$ ?an ! la/2 an excell5t & v useful alloy4 b4 ,,malleable ,,brass3--#a4 ,copp]1 #cc p>ts2 z9c1 #be p>ts2 z be=e4 #b4 ,copp]1 #c p>ts2 z9c1 #b p>ts4 ,^! alloys are malleable :il/ hot4 c4 ,,r$ ,,brass4 ,?is "n is commonly appli$ to all ^? alloys :i* d n conta9 m ?an #ah to #bj ( z9c4 ,9 ! deep]-col\r$ =eign v>ieties 7,,r$ ,,tom',,bac7 ! p]-c5tage ( copp] occasionally am\nts to #hh1 #ij1 or ev5 #ib4 d4 ,,yell[ ,,brass4 ,see ,,f9e ,,brass 7above74 e4 ,,button-,,brass3--#a4 ,copp]1 #h p>ts2 z9c1 #e p>ts4 ,?is is ! ',,plat9' ( ! ,birm+ham mak]s4 #b4 ,yell[ brass1 #af p>ts2 z9c1 #b p>ts2 t91 #a "p4 ,pal] ?an ! la/4 #c4 ,copp]1 #be p>ts2 z9c1 #bj p>ts2 lead1 #c p>ts2 t91 #b p>ts4 ,pale2 us$ = common buttons4 f4 ,,= ,,f9e ,,ca/+s3--#a4 ,z f9e brass1 accord+ to ! col\r desir$4 7,see above47 #b4 ,copp]1 #fb p>ts2 z9c1 #ce p>ts2 lead1 #b p>ts2 t91 #a "p4 #c4 ,copp]1 #fj p>ts2 z9c1 #cf p>ts2 t91 #d p>ts4 ,bo? ! la/ two are r pale & brittle4 #d4 ,copp]1 #ij p>ts2 z9c1 #g p>ts2 t91 #b p>ts2 lead1 #a "p4 ,ri* deep col\r4 #e4 ,copp]1 #ia p>ts2 z9c1 #e p>ts2 t91 #c p>ts2 lead1 #a "p2 z ! la/4 g4 ,= ,,gild+3--#a4 ,z f9e brass 7above74 #b4 ,copp]1 #fd p>ts2 z9c1 #cb p>ts2 lead1 #c p>ts2 t91 #a "p4 #c4 ,copp]1 #hb p>ts2 z9c1 #ah p>ts2 t91 #c p>ts2 lead1 #a "p4 h4 ,= ,,sold]3--#a4 ,f9e brass1 #ab p>ts2 z9c1 #f p>ts2 t91 #a "p2 melt$ toge!r4 #b4 ,brass1 #b p>ts2 z9c1 #a "p2 z be=e4 #c4 ,brass1 #c p>ts2 z9c1 #a "p4 ,v /rong4 ,us$ = sold]+ tubes & o!r l purposes requir+ great /r5g?4 ,! above alloys =m ! ',,h>d ,,sold]' ( ! brazi]s4 ,= c]ta9 purposes a little silv] is add$ to !m1 :5 ! comp\nd receives ! "n ( ',,silv]-,,sold]1' i4 ,= ,,turn+3--#a4 ,f9e brass1 #ih p>ts2 lead1 #b p>ts2 melt$ toge!r4 #b4 ,copp]1 #fa p>ts2 z9c1 #cf p>ts2 lead1 #c p>ts4 #c4 ,copp]1 #fe p>ts2 z9c1 #cc p>ts2 lead1 #b p>ts4 j4 ,= ,,wire3--#a4 ,copp]1 #gb p>ts2 z9c1 #bh p>ts2 ! result+ alloy be+ subsequ5tly prop]ly anneal$4 #b4 ,copp]1 #fd p>ts2 z9c1 #cd p>ts2 z be=e4 #c4 ,to ! la/ add ( lead1 #b p>ts4 ,anal4 ,?is may be briefly describ$ z foll[s3-- a4 #ajj gr4 ( ! alloy is dige/$ 9 nitric acid4 ,! insoluble portion is p]oxide ( t91 e #gd gr4 ( :i*1 :5 wa%$ & dri$1 conta9 #eh gr4 ( metallic t94 b4 ,sulphuric acid is add$ to ! nitric solution z long z a :ite precipitate falls2 aft] a "t ! precipitate is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) a mixture ( wat] & alcohol1 & ignit$ 9 a porcela9 crucible4 ,e #aeb gr4 ( ! residuum repres5ts #ajd gr4 ( metallic lead4 c4 ,! liquid filt]$ f ! precipitate ( sulphate ( lead is treat$ ) a /ream ( sulphurett$ hydrog52 ! precipitate is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) wat] mix$ ) a little sulphurett$ hydrog51 dri$1 & dige/$ 9 pure nitric acid until ! sulphur :i* sep>ates acquires its natural full yell[ col\r2 ! result+ solution is next dilut$ ) wat]1 & reprecipitat$ ) potassa1 ! :ole be+ boil$ until ! precipitat$ oxide ( copp] becomes ( a deep br[n or black2 x is !n collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$ 9 a plat9um crucible1 & weigh$ !re9 imm$iately aft] x becomes cold4 ,e #dj gr4 ( oxide ( copp] ?us obta9$ repres5ts #cb gr4 ( pure copp]4 d4 ,! liquid p\r$ f ! precipitate ( sulphide ( copp] is boil$ = ab\t a m9ute1 :5 x is precipitat$ ) a solution ( c>bonate ( sodium2 ! :ole is !n boil$ = a few m9utes1 & ! precipitat$ oxide ( z9c collect$1 wa%$1 dri$1 & ignit$4 ,e #dj gr4 ( ?is oxide conta9s #cb gr4 ( metallic z9c4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,9 ! adoption ( 8 =mula ! op]ator %\ld be entirely l$ by ! object he has 9 view4 ,! l>g] ! proportion ( copp]1 ! deep] w be ! col\r1 & ! great] ! d5sity1 &1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! t\ghness ( ! alloy4 ,z9c less5s ! specific gravity & col\r4 ,t9 gives x h>dness & gra92 :il/ lead t\gh5s x1 & r5d]s x fitt] = turn+4 ,^! facts are kn[n to e exp]i5c$ brass-f\nd]4 ,see ,,alloys1 ,,copp]1 ,,mosaic ,,gold1 ,,pr9ce',s ,,metal1 ,,tombac1 c4 ,,brass ,,ba? 7,,= ,,electro-,,plat+74 ,= /eel1 wr\ght & ca/ iron1 & t92 us+ ord9>y cyanide ( potassium4 ,dissolve toge!r 9 #ad p9ts ( di/ill$ or ra9 wat]3--,bisulphite ( soda1 #g oz42 cyanide ( potassium 7conta9+ #ge p] c5t4 ( real cyanide71 #ag oz42 c>bonate ( soda1 #cd oz4 ,to ?is solution add ! foll[+1 made up to #c-a_/d p9ts ( wat]3--,acetate ( copp]1 #d-a_/b oz42 neutral proto*loride ( z9c1 #c-a_/b oz42 ! two liquors become col\rless :5 mix$4 ,ammonia mu/ n be us$ = brass electro-plat+ ba?s = iron1 especially = solutions work$ 9 ! cold4 ,,brass ,,ba? 7,,= ,,electro-,,plat+74 ,= z9c4 ,pure or ra9 wat]1 #d-a_/b gallons2 bisulphite ( soda1 #bd-a_/b oz42 cyanide ( potassium 7conta9+ #ge p] c5t4 ( cyanide71 #ce oz4 ,to ?is add ! foll[+ solution3--,wat]1 #i p9ts2 acetate ( copp] & proto*loride ( z9c1 ea* #ab-a_/b oz42 liquid ammonia1 #ad oz4 ,! filt]$ ba? is col\rless1 & gives1 "u ! action ( ! batt]y1 a brass deposit ( a v f9e %ade1 v>y+ f r$ to gre51 by increas+ ! proportion ( copp] or t ( z9c4 ,,brass'-,,col\r4 ,syn4 ,,brass-,,pigm5t1 ,b4-,,bronze4 ,prep4 #a4 ,gr9d copp] fil+s1 or ! precipitat$ p[d] ( copp]1 ) a little r$ o*re4 ,r$-col\r$4 #b4 ,gold-col\r$ brass1 or ,dut* leaf1 r$uc$ to a v f9e p[d]4 ,yell[ or gold col\r$4 ,obs4 ,be=e application ^! p[d]s are mix$ up ) pale v>ni%1 no m be+ work$ up at once ?an is want$ = imm$iate use4 ,!y are also appli$ by du/+ !m ov] any surface previ\sly cov]$ ) v>ni% to make !m adh]e4 ,,brass-,,pa/e4 ,prep4 #a4 ,s(t soap1 #b oz42 rott5-/one1 #d oz42 beat5 to a pa/e4 #b4 ,rott5-/one made into a pa/e ) sweet oil4 #c4 ,rott5-/one1 #d oz42 oxalic acid 79 f9e p[d]71 #a oz42 sweet oil1 #a-a_/b oz42 turp5t9e1 q4 s4 to make a pa/e4 ,obs4 ,! above are us$ to clean brass-"w1 :5 nei!r v>ni%$ nor lacqu]$4 ,! fir/ & la/ are be/ appli$ ) a little wat]2 ! second ) a little _s ( turp5t9e or sweet oil4 ,bo? require friction ) s(t lea!r4 ,see ,,brass-,,"w1 ,,pa/es1 c4 ,,brass ,,plat+4 ,by simple dipp+4 ,a col\r resembl+ brass is giv5 to small articles ( iron or /eel by a long /irr+ 9 a susp5d$ tub conta9+ ! foll[+ solution3--,wat]1 #a qu>t2 sulphate ( copp]1 & proto*loride ( t9 cry/allis$1 ab\t #a-e? ( an oz4 ea*4 ,! %ades are modifi$ by v>y+ ! proportions ( ! two salts4 ,,brass-,,/a94 ,prep4 #a4 ,%eet-brass 7cut into small pieces7 is expos$ to a /rong heat = #b or #c days1 !n p[d]$1 & aga9 fur!r expos$ 9 a l mann] = sev]al days2 ! :ole is !n r$uc$ to f9e p[d]1 & expos$1 a ?ird "t1 to heat1 te/+ x occasionally1 to see if x be suffici5tly burnt4 ,:5 a little ( x1 fus$ ) glass1 makes ! latt] swell & fro? up1 ! process is complete4 ,x imp>ts to glass a gre5 t9t1 pass+ into turquoise4 #b4 ,equal p>ts ( plate-brass & sulphur are /ratifi$ toge!r 9 a crucible1 & calc9$1 until !y become friable2 ! :ole is !n r$uc$ to p[d]1 & expos$ to heat z be=e4 ,?is imp>ts a calc$ony r$ or yell[ t+e to glass by fusion2 ! precise %ade ( col\r be+ modifi$ by ! mode ( us+ x4 ,obs4 ,! common practice 9 ! glass-h\ses is to conduct ! calc9ation by expos+ ! metal1 plac$ on tiles1 9 ! le] or anneal+ ar* ( ! furnace2 a plan bo? conv5i5t & economical4 ,,brass'-,,"w4 ,articles ( brass & copp]1 :5 n v>ni%$ or lacqu]$1 may be clean$ & poli%$ ) sweet oil & tripoli1 rott5-/one1 or p[d]$ ba?-brick1 appli$ ) friction on flannel1 & 'f9i%$ (f' ) lea!r2 due c>e be+ tak5 to ensure ! abs5ce ( any?+ gritty1 :i* w\ld scrat* & disfigure ! surface ( ! metal4 ,a /rong solution ( oxalic acid 9 wat] gives brass a f9e col\r4 ,vitriol & spirits ( salts make brass & copp] v bright1 b ! poli% ?us obta9$ soon t>ni%es1 & ! articles consequ5tly require m frequ5t clean+4 ,a /rong lye ( ro*e alum & wat] also improves ! appe>ance ( brass4 ,9 all cases :]e acids or sal9e matt] has be5 us$1 ! metal %\ld be at once well r9s$ 9 clean wat]1 & !n wip$ dry1 & f9ally dry poli%$ ) s(t lea!r4 ,,brass ,,inlaid-,,"w may be clean$ ) tripoli & l9se$ oil1 appli$ by a rubb] ( felt or lea!r2 ! :ole be+ aft]w>ds ?or\ghly rubb$ (f1 & !n f9i%$ ) clean s(t lea!r4 ,! ornam5ts ( a ,fr5* clock1 & simil> articles1 are said to be be/ clean$ ) bread-crumb1 c>efully rubb$1 s z n to injure ! wood-"w4 ,,ormolu ,,c&le/icks1 ,,lamps1 & ,,bran*es1 may be clean$ ) soap & wat]4 ,,lacqu]$ & ,,gild$ ,,articles are spoil$ by frequ5t rubb+1 & by acids & alkal9e leys4 #a4 ,a f9e col\r may be giv5 to ,,brass ,,ornam5ts1 :5 n gilt or lacqu]$1 ) a little sal-ammoniac1 9 f9e p[d]1 moi/5$ ) s(t wat]4 ,! articles mu/ be aft]w>ds rubb$ dry ) bran & :it+4 ,ano!r plan is to wa% ! brass-"w ) a /rong lye ( ro*e alum 7#a oz4 to wat] #a p9t71 & aft] r9s+ x 9 clean wat] & dry+ x1 to f9i% x (f ) f9e tripoli4 ,^! processes give to brass ! brilliancy ( gold4 ,see ,,brass-,,pa/e4 #b4 ,a gold v>ni% = giv+ a beautiful gild+ to brass & bronze objects is prep>$ f #af grams ( %ell-lac1 #d grams ( dragon's blood1 #a gram ( turm]ic-root1 & #ccb grams ( rectifi$ _s ( w9e4 ,! v>ni% is ?9ly /rok$ ov] ! surface ) a sponge1 ! metal be+ w>m$ ov] a small coal fire4 ,! surface at fir/ appe>s dull1 b soon aft] x appe>s z if mo/ beautifully gild$4 ,! ready-prep>$ spiritu\s v>ni% mu/ be pres]v$ 9 well-/opp]$ vessels4--,d+l]'s ,j\rnal4 ,,brass',,+4 ,syn4 ,,brass-,,coat+4 #a4 ,copp]-plates & copp]-rods may be cov]$ ) a sup]ficial coat+ ( brass by simply expos+ !m1 9 a heat$ /ate1 to ! fumes giv5 (f by melt$ z9c at a high temp]ature4 ,! coat$ plates & rods are roll$ into ?9 %eets or drawn into wire4 ,! spuri\s gold wire ( ,lyons is said to be made 9 ?is way4 #b4 ,vessels ( copp] may be coat$ ) brass1 int]nally1 by fill+ !m ) wat] /rongly s\r$ ) hydro*loric acid1 add+ "s amalgam ( z9c & cream ( t>t>1 & !n boil+ ! :ole = a %ort "t4 ,?is plan may be usefully appli$ 9 c]ta9 cases to copp] boil]s 9 laboratories1 & to o!r purposes4 #c4 ,by ! electrotype 7:i* see74 ,,braunet9ctur--,,qu9sy ,,or ,,br[n ,,t9cture 7,nets*1 ,raus*au71 an embrocation = ! l>ynx1 is a mixture ( #c p>ts oil ( cloves & #a "p creosote4 7,hag]47 ,accord+ to ,leimba* #a "p creosote ) #c p>ts ( a spiritu\s t9cture ( co*9eal p]fum$ ) oil ( cloves4 ,,brawn4 ,a bo> or its fle%4 ,:5 "y1 ! horny p>ts feel mod]ately t5d]4 ,if ! r9d is h>d1 x is old4 7,mrs ,rundell47 ,also 9 cook]y1 ! fle% ( ! bo>1 or ( sw9e1 coll>$ s z to squeeze out z mu* ( ! fat z possible1 boil$1 & pickl$4 ,brawn1 ,mock4 ,prep4 7,mrs ,rundell47 ,take ! head & belly-piece ( a "y pork]1 well saltpetr$2 split ! head & boil x2 take out ! bones & cut x to pieces2 !n take #d ox-feet1 boil$ t5d]1 & cut !m 9 ?9 pieces2 lay !m 9 ! belly-piece ) ! head cut small2 roll x up tight ) %eet t91 & boil x #d or #e h\rs4 ,:5 x comes out set x up on "o end1 put a tr5*] on x 7)9 ! t971 press x d[n ) a heavy weight1 & let x /& all night4 ,! next morn+ take x out ( ! t9 & b9d x ) a fillet1 put x 9 cold salt-&-wat]1 & x w be fit = use2 x w keep a long "t1 if fre% salt-&-wat] are put into x ab\t once e f\r days4 ,,braxy4 ,inflammation ( ! b[els 9 %eep1 *iefly affect+ "y %eep4 ,x is mo/ frequ5t dur+ w9t]1 & occurs 9 expos$ wet localities4 ,! symptoms are re/lessness1 ?ir/1 t5d]ness along ! sp9e or belly1 & con/ipation4 ,treatm5t4 ,ble$ e>ly1 & give #c oz4 ca/or oil2 #h gra9s ( calomel2 #a_/b oz4 ( laudanum2 #c oz4 treacle2 beat up ) two eggs1 & mix$ ) ab\t #f oz4 ( w>m wat]2 let ?is be repeat$ 9 half doses e six h\rs4 ,?is %\ld be comb9$ ) cly/]s & hot fom5tations to ! belly4 ,if1 aft] two days1 no b5efit %\ld be d]iv$1 give ?rice daily1 #e gra9s ( calomel1 #bj gra9s ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 & #a-a_/b dram ( laudanum1 9 gruel4 ,! animal %\ld be remov$ to a %$ or %elt]$ place4 ,,brazil ,,nuts4 ,! p>ticul> tree yield+ ^! nuts 7! ,b>?oletia excelsa7 is a native ( ,brazil1 :5ce ! nuts are export$ to ! ye>ly annual am\nt ( ab\t #fj1jjj bu%els4 ,:5 ! k]nels ( ! nuts are submitt$ to pressure !y yield an oil 9 great repute = dome/ic purposes & = export1 ea* p\nd ( ! nuts yield+ n9e ounces ( ! oil1 valu$ at two %ill+s ! p\nd4 ,accord+ to ,m>tius1 ?is oil consi/s ( #gd p] c5t4 ( elde91 & #bf p] c5t4 ( /e>94 ,! f9ely lam9at$ inn] b>k ( ! trunks is also a valuable article ( comm]ce1 especially adapt$ = ! caulk+ ( %ips & b>ges1 & is wor? ab\t eighte5 %ill+s ! cwt4 ,! foll[+ analysis by ,cor5w9d] gives ! composition ( ! k]nels tak5 f ! nuts :5 9 a fre% condition3 ,wat] #hjj ,oil #fefj ,nitrog5\s matt]s #aeca ,non-nitrog5\s organic matt]s #gci ,phosphoric acid #ace ,lime1 pota%1 silica1 c4 #bce #cgj ------ #ajjjj ,,brazil'-,,wood 7-zele'-74 ,syn4 ,,brazild\ble-dagg]2 ,,lig',,num ,,brazili5',,se1 ,l42 ,,bois ,,de ,,br,,sil1 ,fr4 ,a dye-/uff furni%$ by sev]al species ( trees ( ! g5us csalp9'ia1 & mu* us$ 9 dye+ v>i\s %ades ( r$4 ,! usual practice is to boil x = "s h\rs 9 h>d spr+-wat]1 & to keep ! result+ decoction = "s "t1 or until x und]goes a species ( f]m5tation2 z x is ?us f\nd to yield m p]man5t & beautiful col\rs ?an :5 employ$ fre%4 ,! foll[+ are examples ( its application3-- a4 ,= ,,cotton3-- #a4 ,! goods are fir/ boil$ 9 a ba? ( suma*1 next work$ ?r\gh a weak mordant ( solution ( t91 & !n run ?r\gh ! ,brazil ba? lukew>m4 ,?is gives a bright r$4 #b4 ,! goods are alum$1 r9s$1 next mordant$ ) solution ( t91 r9s$ aga91 & !n turn$ ?r\gh ! ,brazil dye ba?4 ,?is gives a rose col\r4 b4 ,= ,,l953--,?is1 = ! mo/ "p1 is simil> to t adopt$ = cotton4 c4 ,= ,,silk3--,! goods1 aft] be+ alum$ 9 ! same way z wool1 b at a l[] temp]ature1 are r9s$1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! ,brazil-wood ba? lukew>m4 d4 ,= ,,wool3--,! goods are fir/ /eep$ or boil$ 9 a weak mordant ( alum & t>t>1 = #a h\r1 & !n all[$ to lie 9 ! cold liquor = #b or #c days1 ) frequ5t mov+ ab\t2 !y are la/ly boil$ 9 ! ,brazil-wood ba? = ab\t #a_/b an h\r4 ,obs4 ,! %ades ( col\r giv5 ) ,brazil-wood may be modifi$ by v>y+ ! /r5g? ( ! ba?1 ! mordant1 c4 ,! addition ( a little alum turns x on ! purple4 ,a little alkali add$ to ! ba?1 or pass+ ! goods1 aft] be+ dy$1 ?r\gh wat] hold+ a little alkali 9 solution1 produces :at is call$ false crimson4 ,a deep crimson is obta9$ by add+ a little logwood to ! ,brazil-wood ba?4 #a lb4 ( ,brazil-wood1 #a_/b oz4 ( alum1 & #b oz4 ( t>t>1 are suffici5t to dye f #bj to #bh lbs4 ( cotton1 accord+ to ! dep? ( %ade requir$4 ,see ,,dye+1 ,,r$ ,,dyes1 c4 ,,brazi',,l94 ,syn4 ,,breze'',l7,i,,ne1 ,,sapan'7,i,,ne4 ,! col\r+ matt] ( ,brazil-wood4 ,x =ms small orange-col\r$ ne$les1 soluble 9 bo? wat] & alcohol4 ,alkalies turn x violet2 acids1 yell[4 ,bolly has %[n x to be id5tical ) ! col\r+ matt] ( ,sapan-wood4 ,,bra'',,z+4 ,! op]ation ( unit+ pieces ( copp]1 brass1 iron1 c41 by means ( h>d sold]4 ,proc4 ,! edges1 aft] be+ fil$ or scrap$ q clean1 are cov]$ ) a mixture ( h>d sold] & p[d]$ borax1 made into a pa/e ) wat]4 ,! :ole is !n all[$ to dry1 & is aft]w>ds expos$1 9 a cle> fire1 to a heat suffici5t to melt ! sold]4 ,see ,,autog5\s1 ,,sold]+1 ,,sold]s1 c4 ,,bread 7br7ed74 ,syn4 ,,pa',,nis1 ,l42 ,,pa91 ,fr42 ,,brod1 ,g]42 ,,brood1 ,dut42 ,,br,d1 ,dan41 ,sw$42 ,,breod1 ,sax4 ,loaves or cakes made f gr\nd corn1 & con/itut+ ! /aple article ( food ( all civilis$ nations4 ,?is important article ( food is made ( ! fl\r ( diff]5t c]eal gra9s1 b only ^? t conta9 glut5 admit ( conv]sion into light or spongy bread4 ,9 ?is respect :eat-fl\r is sup]ior to all o!rs4 ,:5 ?is fl\r is made into a pa/e or d\gh ) wat]1 & ! d\gh1 previ\s to bak+1 is left = "s "t 9 a mod]ately w>m place1 a /ate ( f]m5tation comes on1 ow+ to ! sug> ( ! fl\r gradually und]go+ ! process ( conv]sion into alcohol1 9 e respect simil> to t :i* takes place dur+ ! f]m5tation ( w9e & be]4 ,9 ?is process a l>ge quantity ( c>bonic acid gas is lib]at$1 & ! t\ghness ( ! d\gh prev5t+ its escape1 ! :ole mass becomes puff$ up & spongy1 & a light por\s pa/e is =m$1 ! porosity ( :i* is /ill fur!r increas$ by ! heat ( ! ov54 ,! natural process ( f]m5t+ ! d\gh j describ$ is1 h[ev]1 t$i\s & unc]ta91 :il/ ! d\gh has a t5d5cy to run into ! acet\s f]m5tation1 & to acquire a s\r & disagreeable ta/e1 by :i* x is r5d]$ less nutriti\s & less easy ( dige/ion4 ,?is has l$ to ! use ( a f]m5t :i* produces a simil> condition m spe$ily1 & ) great] c]ta9ty4 ,leav5 or d\gh 0 orig9ally employ$ = ?is purpose1 & ! bread s made 0 h5ce call$ ,,leav5$ ,,bread4 ,at ! pres5t "t b>m or yea/ is almo/ univ]sally us$ = ?is purpose4 ,all t is ess5tial to make a loaf ( bread is to add a prop] quantity ( yea/ to ! d\gh1 & to all[ x to rema9 = a %ort "t 9 a w>m place1 & z soon z x rises or becomes spongy1 to subject x to ! process ( bak+4 ,9 prep>+ 8 d\gh1 ! mod]n bak] takes a "p ( ! wat] ne$$ = ! bat*1 & hav+ r5d]$ x tepid or lukew>m 7#hj to #ij ,fahr47 by ! addition ( boil+ wat]1 dissolves 8 salt 9 x1 & adds ! yea/1 toge!r ) a portion ( ! fl\r4 ,) ^! he =ms a ?9 d\gh1 :i* he sets aside 9 a mod]ately w>m place provid$ = ! purpose1 & te*nically call$ ! 'knead+ tr\gh1' 'prov]1' or 'try]1' :]e x soon beg9s to f]m5t & swell up4 ,?is process is call$ 'sett+ ! sponge1' & accord+ to ! proportion ! wat] 9 x be>s to ! :ole quantity t is to be us$1 x receives ! "n ( ':ole1' 'half1' or 'qu>t] sponge4' ,"h ! sponge heaves & swells1 & ultimately ! surface bur/s & subsides1 & if n *eck$ swells aga9 & aga9 9 a simil> mann] & w\ld cont9ue to d s until ! :ole ( ! 'sac*>9e matt]' 0 de/roy$1 & ! d\gh _h become s\r4 ,! bak] is c>eful1 h[ev]1 to /op x be=e x has communicat$ a s\rness to ! mass4 ,aft] ! fir/1 or1 at ! fur!/1 aft] ! second or ?ird 'dropp+ ( ! sponge1' he adds ! rema9+ quantity ( fl\r1 wat]1 & salt1 necess>y to =m ! 'bat*1' & !n kneads ! :ole until x becomes suffici5tly t\gh & ela/ic to be> ! pressure ( ! h& )\t adh]+ to x4 ,! 'd\gh' is n[ left to itself = a few h\rs1 dur+ :i* ! f]m5tation /ill goes on4 ,! inflat$ mass is !n aga9 knead$1 cut into pieces1 weigh$1 & %ap$ into loaves4 ,9 an h\r or two ^! unbak$ loaves swell up to ne>ly d\ble _! =m] size1 & are !n plac$ 9 ! ov5 & bak$4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation !y cont9ue = a "t to increase 9 size1 9 consequ5ce ( ! dilation ( ! p5t-up gas by ! heat4 ,at l5g? ! f]m5tation is *eck$1 & ! d\gh becomes too solid to admit ( fur!r alt]ation4 ,su* are ! pr9ciples & practice ( ! art ( bak+4 ,! op]ations are precisely ! same on bo? ! small & ! l>ge scale1 & !re=e ne$ n be sep>ately describ$4 ,! knead+ ( ! d\gh by h& is n only a v labori\s process1 b x is unheal?y & additionally objectionable on acc\nt ( its be+ uncleanly4 ,add$ to ?is1 ! uni=m quality ( ! d\gh is n to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,al?\gh x is impossible to p]=m by ma*9]y any lab\r :i* absolutely requires ! t\* ( ! human h&1 bread-knead+ ma*9es h be5 introduc$ :]ev] ! mak+ ( only "o & ! same k9d ( bread is requir$4 ,among/ ! num]\s k9ds ( ma*9es devis$ = bread-mak+1 is ,clayton's4 7,see cut47 ,! con/itu5ts ( ! d\gh are plac$ 9 ! cyl9d]1 ,a1 m\nt$ 9 ! framework1 b b1 & provid$ ) holl[ axles1 c & d1 turn+ 9 _! be>+s at e4 ,! int]ior ( ! cyl9d] is fitt$ ) ! framework1 f1 :i* may be made to revolve by ! aid ( ! axles1 g & h4 ,! two halves ( ?is framework are connect$ toge!r by ! diagonal knives i1 i1 :i*1 :5 ! ma*9]y revolves1 "w up ! d\gh2 ! tr\gh or out] cyl9d] revolves 9 ! opposite direction to ! revolution ( ! framework4 ,! crank1 o1 is connect$ ) ! axle ( ! tr\gh or out] cyl9d]1 ! crank1 p1 ) t ( ! inn] framework2 z ! two cranks are turn$ 9 opposite directions1 !y imp>t opposite movem5ts to tr\gh & framework4 ,! revolv+ ( ! ma*9]y may be p]=m$ by "o man by ! aid ( "o crank1 s9ce ! axle1 h1 ( ! crank1 o1 :i* is fitt$ to ! inn] frame by means ( ! holl[ axle-tree1 & revolves along ) x1 c>ries a conically %ap$ :eel1 m1 fitt$ to ! :eel k1 :i*1 be+ connect$ ) l1 causes ! tr\gh also to revolve2 :5 !re=e ! :eel m turns t[>ds ! "r1 ! :eel t w revolve t[>ds ! left4 ,ano!r knead+ ma*9e is t ( ,mr ,/ev5s4 ,x is employ$ at ! ,holborn ,union1 :]e m ?an #ejjj lbs4 ( bread are made e week by "o man & two boys4 ,illu/ration ,adult4 ,! adult]ation ( bo? fl\r & bread is c>ri$ to a fe>ful ext5t1 m especially 9 ,london4 ,! bak]'s fl\r is v (t5 made ( ! wor/ k9ds ( damag$ =eign :eat2 & o!r c]eal gra9s1 & p>ticul>ly beans1 are mix$ ) !m 9 gr9d+ !m into fl\r4 ,9 ?is capital no few] ?an six di/9ct k9ds ( :eat5 fl\r are br\ght into ! m>ket--f9e fl\r1 seconds1 middl+s1 f9e middl+s1 co>se middl+s1 & tw5ty-p5ny fl\r4 ,among ! pr9cipal sub/ances :i* h be5 prov$ to h be5 us$ to adult]ate :eat-fl\r & bread are ! foll[+3-- 9999,alum4 99,ammonia 7,sesquic>bonate74 9999,beans4 99,bone du/4 99,*alk4 ,clay4 ,copp] 7,sulphate74 ,lime 7,sulphate f ! soda wat] mak]s74 99,magnesia 7,c>bonate74 99,pla/] ( ,p>is4 99,pota% 7,c>bonate & bic>bonate74 9999,potatoes4 9999,rice4 9999,soda 7,c>bonate & sesquic>bonate74 99,/>* 7,potato74 9999,wat] 79 excess74 ,z9c 7,sulphate74 ,( ^! sub/ances1 ^? m>k$ ?us 7997 are v frequ5tly us$2 & ^? m>k$ ?us 799997 almo/ univ]sally s4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( *emical analysis ! unalum$ loaf may be r\ghly di/+ui%$ f ! alum$ "o by ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3 x is nei!r s :ite1 s bulky1 nor s symmetrical2 x bites %ort]1 & x is free f ! s\r ta/e :i* accompanies ! pres5ce ( alum4 ,aga91 unalum$ bread a day or two old w be f\nd to crumble ) great read9ess2 alum$ bread1 h[ev] old1 crumbles1 on ! contr>y1 ) difficulty4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,accum1 ! smalle/ quantity ( alum t c be employ$ ) effect to produce :ite1 light1 & por\s bread1 f ! inf]ior k9ds ( fl\r commonly us$ by ! bak]s1 is f #c to #d oz4 to a sack ( fl\r weigh+ #bhj lbs4 ,b ,dr ,p4 ,m>kham /ates t ! ord9>y bread ( ! ,london bak] is made ( "o sack or #e bu%els ( fl\r2 #h oz4 ( alum2 #d lbs4 ( salt2 #a_/b gall4 ( yea/2 & ab\t #c galls4 ( wat]4 ,our own analyses1 ext5d+ to _m hundr$ samples ( ,london bread1 z well z ^? ( o!r *emi/s1 %[ t ev5 ?is l>ge quantity ( alum is (t5 v mu* exce$$ by ! bak]s4 ,alkal9e sub/ances1 z ! c>bonates ( ammonia1 soda1 & pota%1 are (t5 employ$ to realise ! important consid]ation ( produc+ light & por\s bread f spoil$1 or1 z x is te*nically call$1 s\r fl\r4 ,! fir/ salt becomes tempor>ily conv]t$ into a gase\s /ate dur+ ! op]ation ( bak+1 caus+ ! d\gh to swell up 9 m9ute bubbles1 :i* ?us r5d] x light & por\s2 ! salt itself be+ at ! same "t1 = ! mo/ "p1 volatilis$4 ,alum is add$1 n only ) a l int5tion1 b also to enable ! d\gh to c>ry m wat]4 ,!re are sev]al in/ances ( convictions on record ( mill]s & bak]s hav+ us$ gypsum1 *alk1 & pipeclay 9 ! manufacture ( _! goods4 ,a g5tleman lately writ+ f ! ,nor? ( ,engl& says t he f\nd 9 "o sample ( fl\r :i* he rec5tly exam9$ upw>ds ( #af ( gypsum2 & 9 ano!r1 #ab ( ! same e>?4 ,a few ye>s s9ce x 0 discov]$ t "s ( ! bak]s 9 ,france & ,belgium add$ blue vitriol to _! d\gh to make x take m wat]1 9 ! same way z ! ,engli% bak] uses alum4 #a oz4 ( ?is sulphate 0 dissolv$ 9 a qu>t ( wat]1 & a w9e-glassful ( ?is solution add$ to ! wat] necess>y to make ab\t #ej #d-lb4 loaves4 ,?is enorm\s crime 0 soon detect$1 & des]v$ly caus$ ! ru9 ( its he>tless p]petrators4 ,exam4 ,! foll[+ are ! me?ods employ$ = ! discov]y ( ! pr9cipal sophi/icants ( bread1 & z ! *ief ( ^!1 & ! "o mo/ difficult ( id5tification is alum1 we h giv5 prom95ce to ! processes n[ g5]ally adopt$ = ! detection ( ?is article3-- #a4 ,,alum3--a4 7,rob9e & ,p>isot47 ,ab\t #a_/d lb4 ( ! suspect$ bread 7some:at /ale or dry7 is r$uc$ to crumbs1 mac]at$ = #b or #c h\rs 9 cold wat]1 & !n squeez$ ?r\gh a clean piece ( :ite l954 ,! liquid is next evaporat$ to dryness at a /eam-heat1 ! residuum r$issolv$ 9 a little hot wat]1 & ! solution filt]$4 ,liquor ( ammonia or a solution ( sal-ammoniac1 & a solution ( *loride ( b>ium add$ to ! filt]$ liquid1 give a :ite precipitate :5 ,,alum is pres5t4 ,:5 ne>ly ! :ole ( ! alum has suff]$ decomposition 9 ! loaf1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 ! foll[+ process is requir$3-- b4 7,m4 ,kuhlman47 #d or #e oz4 ( bread are r$uc$ to a%1 :i* is p[d]$ & treat$ ) nitric acid1 ! mixture evaporat$ to dryness1 & ab\t #a oz4 ( hot wat] add$4 ,a little cau/ic potassa is add$ to ! la/ solution 7unfilt]$71 ! :ole boil$ a few m9utes1 & pass$ ?r\gh a filt]4 ,! filtrate is next te/$ ) a solution ( sal-ammoniac1 & ! :ole aga9 boil$ = #b or #c m9utes4 ,if a precipitate =ms x is alum9a2 e #ej gr4 ( :i* are equival5t to #ccb gr4 ( cry/allis$ alum4 c4 ,! suspect$ sample is wett$ ) a weak solution ( logwood1 or1 pref]ably1 ( co*9eal4 ,pure bread is only slightly /a9$ by ?is solution2 bread conta9+ alum /rikes a lav5d]1 lilac1 or purple col\r1 accord+ to ! quantity ( ! adult]ant pres5t4 ,if x acquires a pe>l-grey or blui% t9t1 "s alkali 7pota%1 soda1 or ammonia7 is pres5t4 d4 7,j4 ,a4 ,wanklyn47 #ajj grams ( bread are inc9]at$ 9 a plat9um di%1 capable ( hold+ ! :ole quantity at once4 ,! inc9]ation is manag$ at a comp>atively l[ temp]ature1 & takes "s f\r or five h\rs2 ! plat9um di% be+ heat$ by means ( a l>ge ,buns5 burn]1 abundantly suppli$ ) air4 ,x is well to cont9ue ! ignition until ! bread-a% is ne>ly completely burnt1 & x is advisable to weigh ! di% conta9+ ! a%4 ,! weight ( ! a% %\ld n s5sibly exce$ #b grams4 ,! a% hav+ be5 obta9$ is !n moi/5$ ) #c c4 c4 ( pure /rong hydro*loric acid1 & !n "s #bj to #cj c4 c4 ( di/ill$ wat] is add$1 & ! :ole is boil$1 filt]$1 & ! precipitate wa%$ sev]al times ) boil+ wat]4 ,9 ?is mann] a precipitate consi/+ ( a silica1 toge!r ) "s unburnt c>bon1 is left on ! filt]1 :il/ ! filtrate conta9s ! phosphates4 ,! precipitate1 :i*1 aft] be+ burnt1 consi/s ( silica1 is weigh$4 ,! filtrate is mix$ ) #e c4 c4 ( ammonia 7sp4 gr4 #jhhj71 :]eby x is r5d]$ p[]fully alkal9e & opaque1 ow+ to ! precipitation ( ! phosphates4 ,x is f9ally mix$ gradually ) "s #bj c4 c4 ( /rong acetic acid1 & z ! acid is be+ p\r$ 91 x is to be obs]v$ t ! liquid is alkal9e & opaque1 until "s #e c4 c4 ( ! acid h be5 add$2 t :5 ab\t #aj c4 c4 h be5 add$ ! liquid is acid & mu* cle>]1 & t at lea/ #aj c4 c4 ( /rong acetic acid are add$ aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( a di/9ctly acid reaction4 ,! liquid is !n boil$ & filt]$1 & ! precipitates1 consi/+ ( phosphates ( alum9a & iron1 well-wa%$ ) boil+ wat]1 ignit$ & weigh$4 ,! la/ /ep is ! det]m9ation ( ! iron 9 ! weigh$ precipitate1 & ?is is accompli%$ ei!r by r$uction & titration ) /&>d solution ( p]manganate 9 ! well kn[n mann]1 or else by a col\r process1 viz41 by trituration ) f]rocyanide ( potassium4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ ! am\nt ( iron 9 ! precipitate ( mix$ phosphates1 x is only necess>y to calculate x into phosphate ( iron1 & to subtract ! weight ( phosphate ( iron f ! total weight ( ! mix$ phosphates1 & ! diff]5ce is ! phosphate ( alum yield$ by #ajj grams ( ! bread4 ,! foll[+ results h be5 obta9$ by apply+ ! above-describ$ process to samples ( bread presum$ to be free f alum3-- ,f #ajj grams ( ,bread4 ,precipitate ,bread-a%4 ,silica4 insoluble 9 acetic acid4 ,grams4 ,grams4 ,grams4 ,a #adjh 444 #jjaj ,b #acgh 444 #jjjf ,c #agcj #jjah #jjaj ,d #afbj #jjcb #jjad ,e 444 444 #jjab 7#a7;,f #achc #jjcj #jjab 7#b7;,f #acbd #jjbe #jjad ,! precipitate insoluble 9 acetic acid conta9$ 9 e in/ance a l>ge proportion ( iron1 b 9 "s cases at lea/ did n :olly consi/ ( phosphate ( iron4 ,on d$uct+ ! quantity ( phosphate ( iron f ! total phosphates insoluble 9 acetic acid1 !re rema9s a residue ( "s five or six milligrams4 ,x w\ld !re=e appe> t unalum$ bread is liable to conta9 a m9ute trace ( alum9a1 :i*1 express$ z phosphate ( alum9a 7,al#b,o#c,,po#e71 equals five or six milligrams p] #ajj gra9s ( bread1 or #jjje p] c5t4 ,if ! alum correspond+ to ?is phosphate be calculat$1 x w be se5 t #ajj grams ( unalum$ bread may appe> to conta9 #jjbb grams ( alum2 or express$ on ! #d-lb4 loaf1 !re may appe> to be #f grams ( alum 9 x4 ,?is agrees v fairly ) ,dr ,dupr's obs]vation4 e4 7,j4 ,c4 ,?re%47 ,! au?or /ates t ?is process requires only a few h\rs1 & quotes exp]im5ts1 %[+ ! accuracy ( ! results3-- ,take #abej gr4 ( bread 7f middle ( loaf7 or fl\r1 & *> ?or\ghly 9 a plat9um di% or on foil ov] a gas lamp4 ,p[d] ! *> & mix x ) suffici5t pure /rong hydro*loric acid to make a ?9 cream4 ,boil g5tly = a few m9utes1 !n add #ajj c4 c4 ( wat]1 & cont9ue ! ebullition a few m9utes long]4 ,dilute to #aej c4 c41 /ir well1 & filt] (f #abj c4 c41 :i* w conta9 ! alum9a f #ajjj gr4 ( ! bread or fl\r4 ,to ?is filtrate add a slight excess ( solution ( ammonia1 boil = a few seconds4 ,!n let ! precipitate subside1 & decant ! sup]natant fluid4 ,add boil+ wat] to ! s$im5t1 & aga9 set aside to settle1 & decant ! cle> fluid4 ,pass ! fluids ?r\gh a small filt] to collect any p>ticles ( ! precipitate :i* may h be5 susp5d$ !re91 & ?r[ ! filtrate away4 ,n[ add to ! p>tially wa%$ precipitate ab\t a gram ( pure cau/ic pota% 7or soda71 w>m1 & pass ! solution ?r\gh ! same filt] employ$ = ! previ\sly decant$ fluids4 ,wa% ! filt] ) hot wat]1 to :i* a little ,,kho may be add$1 & proce$ to precipitate ! alum9a 9 ! filtrate by add+ a few drops ( dilute phosphoric acid & excess ( pure acetic acid4 ,heat ! solution & precipitate to ! boil+ po9t1 & !n wa% ! latt] by decantation & filtration4 ,f9ally dry1 ignite1 & weigh4 ,! weight ( ! result+ ,al#b,,po#d 9 grams1 multipli$ by #djj1 w give ! am\nts ( ammonia alum 9 gra9s pres5t 9 "o p\nd ( ! bread or fl\r4 f4 7,mr ,crookes47 ,! bread ( :i* at lea/ #ejj gra9s %\ld be tak5 is fir/ to be inc9]at$ on a plat9um or porcela9 di%1 until all volatile organic matt] has be5 expell$1 & a black c>bonace\s a% rema9s4 ,! temp]ature mu/ n be rais$ mu* beyond ! po9t necess>y to effect ?is4 ,p[d] ! coal ?us obta9$ & add ab\t ?irty drops ( oil ( vitriol1 & heat until vap\rs beg9 to rise2 :5 suffici5tly cool1 add wat]1 & boil = t5 m9utes4 ,filt] & evaporate ! filtrate until ! fumes ( sulphuric acid beg9 to be evolv$1 :5 #aj gr4 ( metallic t9 & an excess ( nitric acid mu/ be add$1 toge!r ) wat]1 drop by drop1 until action betwe5 ! acid & metal comm5ces4 ,:5 all ! t9 is oxidis$1 add wat]1 & filt]4 ,evaporate ! filtrate until fumes ( sulphuric acid are aga9 visible1 :5 m wat] mu/ be add$1 & ! liquid aga9 filt]$ if necess>y4 ,to ! cle> solution n[ add t>t>ic acid1 !n ammonia 9 excess1 & sulphide ( ammonium4 ,evaporate ! liquid conta9+ ! precipitate susp5d$ to x1 9 a di%1 until all ! smell ( sulphide ( ammonium has disappe>$4 ,filt]1 evaporate to dryness1 & ignite to get rid ( ! organic matt]4 ,p[d] ! black a%1 boil x 9 mod]ately /rong hydro*loric acid1 filt]1 add a cry/al ( *lorate ( pota%1 & boil = a m9ute4 ,n[ add *loride ( ammonium & ammonia1 & boil = five m9utes4 ,if at ! end ( t "t any precipitate is obs]v$1 x w be alum9a4 ,f ! filt]$ solution1 if oxalate ( ammonia be add$1 ! lime w be precipitat$2 & if to ! filtrate f ?is1 ammonia & phosphate ( soda be add$1 ! magnesia w come d[n4 ,dr ,dupr is ( op9ion t no bak] %\ld be f9$ 9 ^: bread ! am\nt ( alum9a f\nd corresponds ) less ?an #aj gra9s ( pota% alum 9 ! #b-lb4 loaf1 unless !re is direct evid5ce ( adult]ation by alum indep5d5t ( ! result ( analysis4 ,mr ,crookes says1 ,by treatm5t ) a trace ( alum1 fl\r ) a d\btful s\ndness is end[$ ) s\ndness4 ,= ?is purpose a proportion ( alum is requir$ :i* does n exce$ #bj gra9s to a #d-lb4 loaf4 #b4 ,,copp]3--a4 ,moi/5 ! suspect$ bread ) a few drops ( a solution ( f]rocyanide ( potassium4 ,x w assume a p9ki%-br[n col\r if copp] be pres5t4 b4 ,a little ( ! bread may be /eep$ 9 hot wat]1 or1 bett] /ill1 9 wat] s\r$ ) a little nitric acid1 & ! cle> liquor squeez$ or p\r$ (f1 & te/$ ) f]rocyanide ( potassium1 z be=e4 #c4 ,,magnesia3--,bread adult]at$ ) magnesia1 on dige/ion 9 hot wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 furni%es a liquid :i* gives a :ite precipitate :5 te/$ ) a solution ( ei!r c>bonate ( potassa or ( c>bonate ( soda1 especially on boil+4 #d4 ,,soda2 ,,potassa3--,hot wat] aft] dige/ion on ! a%es or *>coal turns turm]ic pap] br[n4 ,! liquid may be evaporat$ to dryness1 r$issolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 slightly acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & te/$ ) bi*loride ( plat9um4 ,if a yell[ cry/all9e precipitate =ms1 ei!r at once or aft] "s h\rs1 x is pota%2 o!rwise ! alkali pres5t is soda4 #e4 ,,*alk1 ,,:it+1 ,,burnt ,,bones1 ,,pla/] ,,( ,,p>is1 & simil> sub/ances are easily detect$ by calc9+ a little ( ! fl\r or bread 9 a clean op5 vessel1 :5 ! am\nt ( a% left w indicate ! quantity ( adult]ation4 ,! quantity ( ! a% left by g5u9e bread or fl\r is v trifl+ inde$1 ab\t #b4 ,microscopic ,*>act]s ( ,bread4 ,:5 bread is plac$ "u ! microscope1 />* cells1 brok5 up into angul> masses1 or greatly enl>g$1 & /r+y masses ( glut5 are usually visible2 besides ^!1 :5 a microscope ( high p[] is employ$1 bact]ia ( ! rod-%ap$ v>iety may frequ5tly be detect$1 ! s\rce ( ^! be+1 probably1 ! yea/4 ,great caution & dilig5t obs]vation are necess>y to gu>d aga9/ ! fall+ into ! s]i\s error ( mi/ak+ ! _m curi\s =ms ! brok5-up :eat />* pres5ts = adult]ants4 ,by practice & ! con/ant exam9ation ( ! *>act]s ( unadult]at$ bread1 comb9$ ) a practical k ( ! appe>ance diff]5t />* gra9s pres5t1 aft] be+ m or less *ang$ 9 %ape by cook+1 ! microscopi/ may id5tify rice-fl\r1 bean-fl\r1 & ,indian millet4 ,b>ley fl\r & potatoes1 h[ev]1 are v difficult ( detection4 ,!re is v little diff]5ce 9 ! %ape ( ! b>ley-/>* granule & t ( ! :eat1 & 9 ! process ( bread-mak+ ! potato granules are s *ang$ z to confuse all _! di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,bone-du/ & a few o!r m9]al adult]ations may be detect$ by ! microscope4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,a numb] ( processes are us$ by cooks & confection]s to make ! diff]5t v>ieties ( fancy bread1 cakes1 pudd+s1 c41 :i* v>y accord+ to ! peculi> *>act]i/ic x is desir$ to communicate to !m2 b none ( ^! articles prop]ly belong to ! trade ( ! common bak]4 ,?us1 "s k9ds ( cakes & pa/es are made to eat '%ort1' z x is call$1 or are r5d]$ less t5aci\s1 & a species ( brittl5ess imp>t$ to !m by ! addition ( />*1 rice-fl\r1 or sug>4 ,9 pa/ry a simil> effect & peculi> lightness is produc$ by butt] or l>d1 :il/ 9 "s articles :ite ( egg1 gum wat]1 is+lass1 & o!r adhesive sub/ances1 are add$ to produce an exce$+ly light & por\s mass4 ,! *ief v>ieties ( bread at pres5t 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry are kn[n accord+ to _! %apes1 z--,,bricks1 ,,coburg1 ,,cottage1 ,,bat*1 ,,fr5* ,,rolls1 & ,,rye ,,bread4 ,^! v>y 9 _! quality1 *iefly accord+ to ! fl\r ( :i* !y are =m$1 & _! v>i\s flav\rs dep5d ^u ! heat ( ! ov5 9 bak+4 ,! be/ ,,:ite ,,bread is made f ! pure/ :eat-fl\r2 ord9>y ,,:eat5 ,,bread1 ( fl\r conta9+ a little ( ! f9e/ bran2 ,,seconds1 f fl\r conta9+ a /ill l>g] proportion ( bran2 & common ,,h\sehold ,,bread1 f fl\r produc$ by gr9d+ ! :ole sub/ance ( ! gra91 )\t any sep>ation ( ! bran4 ,! la/ v>iety is und\bt$ly ! mo/ :olesome & nutriti\s1 al?\gh t lea/ frequ5tly us$4 ,,symnel-,,bread1 ,,man*et or ,,roll-,,bread1 & ,,fr5* ,,bread are v>ieties made ( ! pure/ fl\r1 f ! f9e/ :eat1 a little milk be+ usually add$ = rolls1 & butt] & eggs = *oic] purposes4 ,sev]al o!r m9or k9ds ( bread are also made1 v>i$ by ! addition ( sundry trifles1 z sug>1 currants1 & o!r palatable +r$i5ts4 ,! ,,scot* ,,%ortbread is made f a v ?ick d\gh1 to :i* butt]1 sug>1 orange-peel1 & spices are add$1 accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! mak]4 ,9 ! manufacture ( :ite bread f damag$ or inf]ior fl\r a l>ge quantity ( alum is employ$ by ! fraudul5t bak]1 z already notic$2 b ) ! 'be/ fl\r' no alum is requir$4 ,! utmo/ beauty1 spong9ess1 & sweetness may be giv5 to bread )\t ! addition ( "o p>ticle ( alum1 provid$ ! be/ mat]ials alone ent] into its composition4 ,z su* mat]ials are seldom employ$ by ! bak]s1 ! usual practice is to introduce #d or #e oz4 ( alum to e sack ( fl\r1 or ab\t #a oz4 to ea* bu%el2 & v frequ5tly fully d\ble ?is quantity ( alum is employ$4 ,b ev5 ?is enorm\s quantity is (t5 n ! :ole ( ! alum pres5t 9 common bread2 = ! mill]1 9 ord] to *eat ! bak]1 puts 9 ! 'doctor1' 9 ! %ape ( #d to #f oz4 ( alum to ! sack1 :il/ ! bak]1 unconsci\s ( ?is victimisation1 subsequ5tly uses a d\ble dose ( alum 9 ord] to *eat 8 cu/om]s4#bbi ,! me?od ( detect+ ?is p]nici\s adult]ation has be5 already expla9$4 ,! prop] quantity ( salt is #d lbs41 & nev] m ?an #e lbs41 to ! sack1 or #a lb4 p] bu%el4 ,"o sack ( ! be/ fl\r1 ) #d or #e lbs4 ( salt1 yields ab\t #cfj lbs4 ( good bread2 & a sack ( seconds1 #cde to #cej lbs4 ( bread2 ea* be+ mod]ately bak$4 ,if ! loaves are well-bak$ or ov]-bak$1 ! product w be f #cde to #cej lbs4 only2 b if !y are slack-bak$ or "u-bak$1 f #cgj lbs4 to #che lbs4 ( crumbl+ bread may be obta9$ f #a sack ( good :ite fl\r4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,! common excuse ( ! bak]s = us+ alum is1 t )\t x ! bread is n suffici5tly :ite to please _! cu/om]s1 & t ! bat*es are n easily p>t$ into loaves aft] bak+2 b ,liebig has %[n t cle> lime-wat]1 :i* is p]fectly h>mless1 w effect ! same object if sub/itut$ = ! simple wat] us$ to make ! d\gh4 ,! att5tion ( *emi/s has1 at v>i\s times1 be5 direct$ 9 se>* ( "s me?od to rectify or less5 ! effects ( bad h>ve/+ & improp] /orage on gra91 s t a damag$ or inf]ior article might be r5d]$ s]viceable1 & available = human food4 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,davy recomm5ds ! addition ( #a_/d oz4 ( c>bonate ( magnesia to ab\t e #c lbs4 ( s\r1 melt$1 heat$1 & simil>ly damag$ fl\r4 ,?is sub/ance mat]ially improves ! quality ( ! bread1 ev5 :5 made f ! wor/ new seconds fl\r2 :il/ x is said to be p]fectly h>mless2 & ! bread s prep>$1 = tempor>y use1 is c]ta9ly unobjectionable4 ,:at effects w\ld arise f ! daily consumption ( su* bread = sev]al mon?s has n be5 det]m9$2 b x is d\btful :e!r x w\ld prove salut>y4 ,inde$ !re are suffici5t reasons = condemn+ ! adoption ( su* bread 9 ! g5]al diet ( a p = any v l5g!n$ p]iod4#bcj ,our own exp]im5ts 9 bread-mak+1 ext5d+ ov] a long p]iod ( ye>s1 lead u to pref] c>bonate or bic>bonate ( soda = ! purpose4 ,!oretically1 ! correspond+ salts ( potassa w\ld be pref]able4 ,a mixture ( equal p>ts ( ! bic>bonates ( potassa & ( soda w1 p]haps1 ultimately be f\nd to be m useful ?an ei!r sub/ance us$ sep>ately4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,see ,,goiture1 ,,magnesia1 c4 ,9 times ( sc>city & fam9e v>i\s sub/ances1 besides ! fl\r ( ! c]eals1 h be5 made into bread1 or h be5 mix$ ) x1 9 ord] to less5 ! quantity ( ! =m] requir$ by ! p4 ,= ?is purpose1 almo/ e amylace\s vegetable at once pl5tiful & *eap has1 9 its turn1 be5 eag]ly appropriat$4 ,acorns1 bee*-ma/1 ! legum9\s se$s1 num]\s />*y bulb\s roots1 & simil> sub/ances1 h be5 employ$1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( meal1 or made into an emulsion or jelly1 :i* has be5 us$ in/ead ( wat] to =m ! fl\r ( bread-corn into a d\gh4 ,at su* times bran1 ! mo/ nutriti\s & valuable portion ( ! gra91 al?\gh usually reject$ z wor?less1 has be5 reta9$ 9 ! fl\r1 & has ev5 be5 add$ to x 9 excess4 ,birk5may]1 a brew] ( ,con/ance1 dur+ a p]iod ( sc>city1 succe$$ 9 manufactur+ bread f ! f>9ace\s residue ( be] 7brew]'s gra9s74 #aj lbs4 ( ?is sub/ance1 rubb$ to a pa/e1 ) #a_/b lb4 ( yea/1 #e lbs4 ( ord9>y meal1 & a h&ful ( salt1 produces #ad lbs4 ( ,,black ,,bread1 :i* is said to be bo? sav\ry & n\ri%+4 ,! nutriti\s quality ( brew]'s gra9s is %[n by _! ext5sive employm5t at ! pres5t day z food = pigs & cattle1 & p>ticul>ly = mil* c[s4 ,9 l mann] ,icel&1 ,c>raghe51 & o!r mosses1 h be5 made into bread1 ei!r alone1 or mix$ ) fl\r or meal4 ,!y are us$1 9 ! fir/ case1 9 ! /ate ( meal1 9 ! same way z fl\r2 9 ! second case1 #g lbs4 ( moss are direct$ to be boil$ 9 #aj or #ab galls4 ( wat]1 & ! result+ glut9\s liquid or jelly to be employ$ to make #gj lbs4 ( fl\r into d\gh1 :i* is !n f]m5t$ & bak$ 9 ! usual way4 ,x is said t fl\r ?us produces fully d\ble its weight ( good h\sehold bread4 ,a simpl] plan is to mix #a lb4 ( li*5 meal ) #c or #d lbs4 ( fl\r2 ! bitt]ness ( ! li*5 hav+ be5 fir/ extract$ by soak+ x 9 cold wat]4 ,bread s prep>$ has ( late be5 highly recomm5d$ = ! delicate & dyspeptic4 ,! mod]n bak] is 9 ! habit ( mix+ l>ge quantities ( potatoes ) 8 bread1 :5ev] he c pur*ase !m at pay+ prices4 ,mealy potatoes are select$1 & are c>efully ma%$ or pulp$1 & ! dry fl\r is work$ into ?is pulp or d\gh1 :i* is !n mix$ ) ! sponge 9 ! usual mann]4 ,= inf]ior bread1 equal weights ( potato pulp & dry fl\r are (t5 us$4 ,bread s prep>$ eats '%ort1' & is defici5t 9 spong9ess1 & 9 t f9e yell[i%-:ite t9t :i* =ms "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( pure :eat5 bread1 ,m rec5tly1 rice boil$ ) wat] to a jelly has got into v ext5sive use among ! bak]s4 ,a 'sponge' is made ) a portion ( ! jelly ?ick5$ ) "s fl\r1 & ! :ole process is conduct$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 except t ! f]m5tation is g5]ally m sl[ly conduct$ & all[$ to proce$ = a long] p]iod4 ,fl\r s treat$ yields fully #ej m bread ?an :5 m]ely mix$ up ) yea/ & wat]4 ,?is con/itutes ! process ( ,messrs ,morian1 ,m>t91 & ,j\rnet1 ( ,p>is1 :i* 0 te/$1 a few ye>s s9ce1 at ,m>ylebone ,workh\se4 ,! exp]im5t succe$$1 b ! only result to ! public has be51 t ! common bak]s h adopt$ ! plan1 & n[ v g5]ally sur*>ge _! bread ) su* an excess ( wat] t1 9 _m cases1 x only possesses two ?irds ! am\nt ( n\ri%m5t :i* x did be=e ! publication ( ! sy/em j ref]r$ to4 ,un=tunately1 ! cupidity ( di%one/ tradesm5 appe>s to be cont9ually impell+ !m to avail !mselves ( ! ex]tions ( philan?ropi/s & ! discov]ies ( sci5ce1 9 ord] to increase _! pr(its1 reg>dless alike ( ! quality ( _! commodities & ! heal? ( _! cu/om]s4 ,bread conta9+ an excess ( wat] rapidly becomes s\r & m\ldy1 & is apt to disord] ! dige/ive functions ( ^? :o eat x4 ,f ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr ,colquh\n1 x appe>s t ! />* ( fl\r is p>tially conv]t$ into sug> dur+ ! process ( f]m5t+ & bak+ ! d\gh1 & ?us contributes to ! sweetness ( ! bread4 ,he proposes to add to ! fl\r1 arr[-root1 ! f>9a ( potatoes1 & simil> amylace\s sub/ances1 made into a jelly ) hot wat]1 = ?is purpose4 ,dr ,p]cival has recomm5d$ ! addition ( salep ) ! same int5tion4 #a oz4 ( salep1 dissolv$ 9 #a qu>t ( wat]2 #b lbs4 ( fl\r2 #hj grs4 ( salt2 & #b oz4 ( yea/1 gave #c lbs4 #b oz4 ( good bread4 ,! same weight ( mat]ials1 )\t ! salep1 gave only #b-c_/d lbs4 ,if too mu* salep is add$1 x gives its peculi> flav\r to ! bread4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! above sub/itutions1 & to ! relative quantity ( bread produc$ f any giv5 weight ( fl\r1 ! read] %\ld rememb] t ! m]e increase ( ! weight or bulk ( ! product does n c>ry ) x a correspond+ increase ( ! nutritive elem5ts conta9$ 9 ! fl\r4 ,^! rema9 ! same 9 all cases2 & j 9 proportion z ! product1 9 bread1 is great]1 w be ! decrease 9 ! value ( su* bread z food4 ,s also ) potatoes1 rice1 & o!r f>9ace\s & pulpy sub/ances us$ z sub/itutes = :eat-fl\r4 ,_! pov]ty 9 nitrog5\s matt]1 or fle%-=m]s1 is s great1 t ! greatly increas$ quantity requir$ z food to support ! body1 ap>t f m]e inconv5i5ce1 m ?an comp5sates = _! app>5t l[ price4 ,?us1 good :eat5 bread1 at #b;d4 p] lb41 is m ?an twice z *eap z potatoes at #a;d42 =1 assum+ #b lbs4 ( ! fir/ z a day's food1 #aj lbs4 ( ! la/ w be requir$ = ! same purpose2 & ev5 ?is l>ge quantity w sc>cely effect ! desir$ object4 ,liebig has demon/rat$ t1 reg>d be+ _h to ! nutritive p[] ( :eat1 x is1 "u all ord9>y circum/ances1 ! *eape/ article ( food provid$ by nature = man4 ,we h n ent]$ into p>ticul>s respect+ ov5 managem5t1 because1 on ! l>ge scale1 x is ?or\ghly und]/ood by e practical bak]4 ,= ! in/ruction ( ! busy h\sewife1 h[ev]1 we may /ate t ! ov5 %\ld always be suffici5tly heat$ be=e ! bread is put into x1 9 ord] t ! gas conta9$ 9 ! cells ( ! 'sponge' may be exp&$ z rapidly z possible by ! heat1 & ! result+ light mass quickly r5d]$ suffici5tly solid to prev5t its subsequ5t collapse4 ,! heat %\ld also be ma9ta9$ at ne>ly ! same temp]ature dur+ ! :ole ( ! "t ! bread is submitt$ to its action4 ,9 g5]al1 ) ord9>y kit*5 ov5s prop]ly heat$1 #cj m9utes' bak+ is suffici5t = "o-p\nd loaves & cakes2 & #ae m9utes 9 addition = e p\nd aft] ! fir/ = l>g] ones4 ,?us1 a #a lb4 loaf requires #a_/b h\r2 a #b lb4 loaf #c_/d h\r2 & a #d lb4 loaf1 #a-a_/d h\r4 ,x is ! common ambition ( ! ,engli% bak] to give t peculi> t9t to ! cru/ ( 8 bread 9 ! process ( bak+ :i* is s highly e/eem$ by connoisseurs1 & s successfully produc$ by ! ,vi5nese & ,p>isians4 ,x has be5 long kn[n at ,vi5na t if ! he>? ( an ov5 be clean$ ) a moi/5$ wisp ( /raw1 ! cru/ ( bread bak$ 9 x imm$iately aft]w>ds pres5ts a beautiful yell[ t9t4 ,x 0 !nce inf]r$ t ?is peculi>ity dep5ds on ! vap\r1 :i* be+ cond5s$ on ! ro( ( ! ov51 falls back on ! bread4 ,at ,p>is1 9 ord] to secure ) c]ta9ty s desirable an appe>ance1 ! he>? ( ! ov5 is g5]ally laid s z to =m an incl9$ plane1 ) a rise ( ab\t #aa in*es 9 #c feet2 & ! ar*$ ro( is built l[] at ! end ne>e/ ! door1 z comp>$ ) ! fur!r extremity4 ,:5 ! ov5 is *>g$ ! entrance is clos$ ) a wet bundle ( /raw4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! /eam is driv5 d[n on ! bread1 & a gold5-yell[ cru/ is giv5 to x1 z if x _h be5 previ\sly cov]$ ) ! yolk ( an egg4 ,pure :eat5 bread is "o ( ! mo/ :olesome articles ( food1 & has be5 ju/ly t]m$ ! '/aff ( life1' & a c]ta9 proportion ( x %\ld be tak5 at e meal4 ,new & ,/ale ,bread4--,z has be5 j /at$1 bread :i* has be5 kept = #bd h\rs aft] bak+ is m dige/ible1 & !re=e pref]able to t :i* has be5 newly bak$4 ,?is latt] exhibits a well-kn[n ela/ic appe>ance1 & possesses a c]ta9 degree ( moi/ure :i* r5d]s its ta/e m agreeable to mo/ p]sons ?an bread :i* has be5 kept = a day or two1 & has become firm] & dri] 9 appe>ance1 & :i* is commonly t]m$ /ale4 ,x is v g5]ally suppos$ t ?is *ange 9 prop]ties 9 bread :i* has be5 kept = a few days1 is ow+ to ! loss ( wat]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,! crum ( newly bak$ bread :5 cold conta9s ab\t #de p] c5t4 ( wat]1 & t ( /ale bread conta9s almo/ exactly ! same proportion4 ,! diff]5ce 9 prop]ties betwe5 ! two is due simply to diff]5ce 9 molecul> arrangem5t4 ,b\ss+ault f\nd t a loaf :i* _h be5 kept = six days1 ?\gh x _h become v /ale1 _h n lo/ m ?an #a p] c5t4 ( its weight :5 new4 ,! same loaf 0 !n plac$ 9 ! ov5 = an h\r1 & at ! end ( t "t x _h acquir$ all ! prop]ties & appe>ance ( new bread1 al?\gh dur+ ! second bak+ x lo/ #c-a_/b p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t a portion ( bread 0 all[$ to become /ale :5 enclos$ 9 a tight case1 to prev5t loss ( wat] by evaporation2 x 0 !n heat$1 & 0 ?us re/or$ to ! condition ( new bread2 ^! effects 7 produc$ alt]nately1 _m times 9 succession1 ^u ! same piece ( bread2 a heat ( ab\t #aca ,f4 0 f\nd to be suffici5t to conv]t /ale into new bread4 ,e p]son :o has se5 a ?ick slice ( /ale bread toa/$ may h satisfi$ himself t ! crum has dur+ ?is op]ation be5 conv]t$ into ! same condition z t ( new bread4 ,fungi4 ,:5 bread has be5 kept a few days & has become /ale1 c]ta9 species ( fungi %[ !mselves 9 x3 ^! are ! p5icillium glaucum1 :i* is ! gre5 m\ld ( *eese2 ! f]m5tum c]ivisi or yea/ fungus2 ! oidium auriantiacum or orange-r$ m\ld2 ! pucc9ia gram9is & o!rs4 ,excess ( salt add$ to ! bread prev5ts ! developm5t ( ^! fungi4 ,diseases aris+ f ! employm5t ( uns\nd ,fl\r & ,bread4--,! fl\r may be ergotis$ or gr[n1 & f]m5t+ f ! pres5ce ( fungi4 ,all ! poison\s symptoms ( ergot are induc$ f cont9u\sly p>tak+ ( bread made ) ergotis$ fl\r4 ,dry gangr5e is "o ( ! mo/ virul5t =ms ( poison+ caus$ by p>tak+ ( ergotis$ bread4 ,sev]e inte/9al d]angem5t is an accompanim5t ( ! mild] =ms ( poison+4 ,ergot is m frequ5tly pres5t 9 rye fl\r ?an 9 :eat4 ,f]m5t+ bread is a f]tile s\rce ( dyspepsia1 :il/ acid bread causes di>rhoea4 ,?is latt] malady is also caus$ by ! pres5ce 9 bread ( ! oidium aurantiacum4 ,pr(essors ,v>nell & ,tuson /ate t m\ldy oats1 ! m\ld be+ caus$ by a fungus 7! asp]gillus71 h giv5 rise to p>alytic symptoms 9 horses1 s t ! pres5ce ( ^! fungi 9 oats us$ = mak+ bread %\ld always be reg>d$ ) consid]able caution4 ,x has n be5 demon/rat$ t ! ac>us s common 9 fl\r has _h any injuri\s effect :5 eat54 ,:5 well f]m5t$ & bak$ bread is v easy ( dige/ion4 ,x %\ld nev] be eat5 until x has /ood at lea/ #bd h\rs aft] be+ tak5 out ( ! ov54 ,:5 new]1 bread is apt to disagree ) ! /oma*1 frequ5tly produc+ indige/ion1 bili\sness1 di>rhoea1 dyspepsia1 & o!r l ailm5ts4 ,bread prep>$ f meal conta9+ ! :ole ( ! bran is ! mo/ nutriti\s & dige/ible1 & %\ld alone be giv5 to *ildr5 & gr[+ p]sons1 & eat5 by ! dyspeptic & delicate4 ,"y infants %\ld nev] be f$ ^u bread4 ,see ,,aleuromet]1 ,,alum1 ,,fl\r1 ,,:eat1 c4 ,bread1 ,arat$4 ,! be/ description ( unf]m5t$ bread is t manufactur$ by ! process ( ,dr ,,daugli%4 ,! me?od ( manufacture has ?is advantage3--,dur+ ! :ole ( ! op]ation nei!r ! fl\r nor ! d\gh comes into contact ) ! fle% ( ! workman4 ,= a full description ( ! me?od ( prep>+ ?is article1 see ,watts' ',dic4 ( ,*emi/ry4' ,see ,,bread1 ,,unf]m5t$4 ,bread1 ,am]'ican4 ,f ,am]ican b>rel$ fl\r4 #ad lbs4 ( ,am]ican fl\r w make #ba-a_/b lbs4 ( bread2 :]eas ! be/ sort ( ,engli% fl\r produces only #ah-a_/b lbs4 ( bread4 7,mrs ,rundell47 ,?is arises f ! sup]ior quality ( ! :eat us$ 9 its production2 & also f its be+ kiln-dri$ be=e gr9d+1 by :i* mu* wat] is driv5 (f4 ,bread1 ,bee4 ,! matt] collect$ by bees to =m ! bottom ( ! hive4 ,x resembles a mixture ( res9 & wax4 ,its fumes 7 =m]ly ?\ght to be anti-a/hmatic4 ,bread1 ,bran4 #a4 ,f ! :ole meal1 )\t sift+ out any ( ! bran4 #b4 ,by add+ ab\t #c oz4 ( bran to e lb4 ( ord9>y fl\r4 ,bread1 ,cassava1 is made f ! root ( ! manihot1 by fir/ express+ ! juice1 !n gr9d+ ! residue into a co>se meal1 & bak+ x 9 ! =m ( cakes ^u ?9 iron plates4 ,:5 /eep$ 9 oil1 & flav\r$ ) cay5ne1 & slightly broil$ ^u a gridiron1 x is n unpalatable4 ,bread1 ,extemporane\s4 ,see ,,bread1 ,,unf]m5t$4 ,bread1 ,fr5*4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f f9e fl\r1 z ! be/ :ite bread4 ,= ! bett] k9ds1 & = ^? int5d$ = rolls & small fancy bread1 ! sponge & d\gh is commonly wett$ ) milk & wat]1 &1 occasionally1 a v little butt] is add$4 ,:5 ! rolls or small fancy loaves h la9 9 a quick ov5 ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r1 turn !m on ! o!r side = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r long]4 ,!n take !m out & *ip !m ) a knife1 :i* w make !m look spongy1 & ( a f9e yell[2 :]eas rasp+ takes (f ?is f9e col\r1 & r5d]s _! look less invit+4 #b4 ,,fr5* ,,s\p-,,bread4 ,f f9e fl\r1 b employ+ fully d\ble ! usual quantity ( salt4 ,x is bak$ 9 ?9 loaves1 s z to be ne>ly all cru/1 by :i* means x becomes m soluble 9 hot s\p4 ,bread1 ,hick's ,pat'ent4 ,?is is ord9>y bread bak$ 9 an ov5 s arrang$ t ! vap\rs aris+ dur+ ! process are cond5s$ 9 a suitable receiv]4 ,! cond5s$ liquor is a crude1 weak _s1 produc$ dur+ ! f]m5tation ( ! d\gh1 & possesses little comm]cial value2 inde$1 insuffici5t to pay = ! exp5ses att5d+ its collection4 ,besides :i*1 ! bread prep>$ "u ?is pat5t 0 reject$ by ! vulg>1 :o flock$ to ! %ops ( ! neighb\r+ bak]s1 :o pr(ess$ to sell _! bread ) ! g9 9 x4 ,bread1 ,h\sehold4 ,?is "n is commonly giv5 to bread made ) fl\r f :i* only ! co>s] portion ( ! bran has be5 remov$2 & to bread prep>$ f a mixture ( fl\r & potatoes4 ,! foll[+ are examples3-- #a4 7,rev4 ,mr ,haggett47 ,remove ! flake-bran f fl\r1 #ad lbs42 boil ! bran 9 #a gall4 ( wat] until r$uc$ to #g p9ts2 /ra91 cool1 & knead 9 ! fl\r1 add+ salt & yea/ z = o!r bread4 ,v :olesome4 #b4 ,fl\r1 #g lbs42 mealy potatoes 7well ma%$71 #c lbs42 z be=e4 ,objectionable = ! reasons already giv54 ,bread1 ,leav'en$4 7l7ev'-74 ,us+ leav5 in/ead ( yea/1 & 9 ! same way4 ,ab\t #a lb4 to ea* bu%el ( fl\r is usually suffici5t4 ,! m leav5 us$1 ! light] ! bread made ) x w be2 & ! fre%] & sweet] ! leav51 ! less s\r w x ta/e4 ,leav51 except among ! ,jews & sailors1 is n[ sup]s$$ by yea/4 ,bread1 ,london ,:ite4 ,! common proportions ( ! ,london bak]s are--,fl\r1 #a sack2 common salt1 #d-a_/b lbs42 alum1 #e oz42 yea/1 #d p9ts2 w>m wat] = ! sponge 7ab\t71 #c galls4 ,! process has be5 already notic$4 ,bread1 ,p>is ,:ite4 ,! foll[+ has be5 h&$ to u z ! plan commonly adopt$ by ! ,p>is bak]s = _! be/ :ite bread3--,on #hj lbs4 ( ! d\gh 7be=e ! yea/ 0 add$7 f ye/]day's bak+1 z mu* lukew>m wat] is p\r$ z w be requir$ to make #cbj lbs4 ( fl\r into a r ?9 d\gh2 z soon z ?is has ris51 #hj lbs4 are tak5 out & res]v$ 9 a w>m place z leav5 = ! next day's bak+2 #a lb4 ( dry yea/1 dissolv$ 9 w>m wat]1 is !n add$ to ! rema9+ portion1 & ! :ole lightly knead$2 z soon z x has suffici5tly ris51 x is made into loaves1 & %ortly aft]w>ds bak$2 ! loaves be+ plac$ 9 ! ov5 )\t t\*+ ea* o!r1 s t !y may become cru/y all r\nd4 ,bread1 ,unf]m5t$4 ,syn4 ,,extemporane\s ,,bread4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ,jones's pat5t fl\r4 ,v :olesome & excell5t2 inde$1 :5 skilfully made & bak$1 almo/ equal to ,fr5* bread4 #b4 ,f ,sewell's pat5t fl\r4 ,slightly inf]ior to ! la/4 #c4 ,to ea* lb4 ( fl\r add1 sep>ately1 #a-a_/d dr4 ( bic>bonate ( soda1 & #a dr4 ( t>t>ic acid 7bo? p]fectly dry1 & 9 v f9e p[d]72 rub !m well toge!r ) ! h&s until ?or\ghly incorporat$2 !n =m ! :ole into a d\gh ) wat]1 z quickly z possible1 & at once bake 9 a quick ov54 ,ab\t #h or #i oz4 ( wat] are requir$ = e lb4 ( fl\r4 ,answ]s well :5 exp]tly manag$4 #d4 ,fl\r1 #a lb42 bic>bonate ( soda1 #a dr42 mix2 make a d\gh ) wat]1 q4 s41 to :i* #a dr4 ( hydro*loric acid 7comm]cial7 has be5 add$1 & fur!r proce$ z be=e4 #e4 ,:it+'s ,,pat5t ,,bread3--,?is closely resembles ! la/4 ,! proportions are--,fl\r1 #g lbs42 c>bonate ( soda & hydro*loric acid1 ( ea* #a oz42 wat]1 #b-c_/d p9ts4 ,?is me?od 0 sugge/$ by ,dr ,h5ry 9 #agig1 & 0 pat5t$ by ,dr ,:it+ 9 #ahcf4 ,if ! proportions be n obs]v$1 or ! mixture be n p]fect1 ! quality ( ! bread suff]s4 ,! action ( ! acid on ! soda =ms common salt 9 ! loaf4 #f4 ,,ammoni',,acal ,,bread3--,c>bonate ( ammonia1 #c_/d to #a oz42 cold wat]1 q4 s42 dissolve1 add ( fl\r1 #g lbs42 & make a d\gh1 :i* mu/ be =m$ into loaves & bak$ imm$iately1 z be=e4--,obs4 ,to ensure success ! c>bonate %\ld be rec5t1 & free f bic>bonate1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is kn[n by its be+ :ite & p[d]y1 & ( inf]ior pung5cy4 ,if any ( ! la/ salt be pres5t1 ! bread w h a yell[i% col\r1 & a slightly alkal9e or ur9\s flav\r4 ,! process answ]s be/ = small loaves1 cakes1 & fancy bread4 ,by employ+ pure c>bonate ( ammonia in/ead ( ! comm]cial sesquic>bonate1 ! process succe$s admirably1 & ! result+ bread is mo/ :olesome4 ,a late writ] recomm5ds ! use ( bic>bonate ( ammonia1 b evid5tly does s 9 ignorance1 z 9 practice x is inapplicable1 z ! au?or v]ifi$ by num]\s c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts4 #g4 ,x has be5 at v>i\s times propos$ to knead ! d\gh ) wat] highly *>g$ ) c>bonic acid1 on :i* ,dr ,ure obs]ves t ! result+ bread w be some:at spongy4 ,he /ates t he endeav\r$ to make bread 9 ?is way1 b nev] c\ld succe$ 9 produc+ a light spongy loaf4 ,! quantity ( gas 9 ! wat] is mu* too trifl+ = ! purpose1 & ! great] "p ( x escapes 9 ! process ( mak+ ! d\gh1 ev5 ?\gh all ! mat]ials be well cool$1 & ! op]ation conduct$ 9 a cold place4 ,! only way ( obviat+ ! difficulty is to conduct ! knead+ 9 a tr\gh "u consid]able atmosph]ic pressure1 & at a v l[ temp]ature1 by means ( ma*9]y1 z is done by ,dr ,daugli%1 ^: me?od is n[ protect$ by lett]s pat5t4 ,?is me?od is n1 h[ev]1 adapt$ ei!r to dome/ic use or ! small scale4#bca ,footnote #bca3 ,= a full description ( ,daugli%'s process1 see ,watts' ',dic4 ( ,*emi/ry4' ,obs4 ,unf]m5t$ bread has be5 /rongly recomm5d$ z be+ m :olesome1 & g5]ally bett] adapt$ to bili\s & dyspeptic pati5ts1 ?an f]m5t$ bread4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be confess$1 t ! unf]m5t$ bread commonly met ) has a slight 'raw-gra9' ta/e1 :i* is v disagreeable to "s p]sons4 ,b ?is ta/e is n necess>ily pres5t1 be+ *iefly dep5d5t on bad manipulation1 ! use ( inf]ior fl\r1 & insuffici5t bak+4 ,! process ( f]m5tation d\btless modifies ! condition ( ! />* & glut5 ( ! d\gh1 & r5d]s !m easi] ( dige/ion4 ,?is species ( bread is sadly adult]at$ ) a v>iety ( indescribable messes4 ,see ,,biscuits1 ,,bread 7ant71 ,,fl\r1 ,,g+]bread1 c4 ,bread ,fruit 7,artoc>pus incisa1 nat4 ord] ,gram9ace74 ,! tree yield+ ! bread-fruit is a native ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 & ! ,isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,x is pr9cipally compos$ ( />*1 sug>1 & wat]1 e #ajj p>ts conta9+ #hj ( wat]4 ,! fruit is ga!r$ :5 ! />* is 9 a mealy condition2 x is !n peel$1 wrapp$ 9 leaves1 & bak$ by plac+ x betwe5 hot /ones4 ,x !n has ! ta/e ( sweetbread4 ,! natives ( ! c\ntries :]e ?is fruit is f\nd practise a me?od = pres]v+ x1 :i* consi/s 9 all[+ ! nitrog5\s p>ts ( ! fruit to putrefy 9 wat]-tight pits4 ,!y ?us obta9 a mass resembl+ s(t *eese 9 consi/5ce1 & ?is1 :5 requir$ to be eat51 is bak$ 9 ! same mann] z ! fre% fruit4 ,,break',,fa/ 7br7ek'-74 ,syn4 ,,j5taculum ,l42 ,d,,je,,n]1 ,d,,je,n1 ,fr42 ,,fr,,h/,,ck1 ,g]4 ,! fir/ meal ( ! day2 or ! food s]v$ at x4 ,! morn+ meal--! 'e>ly bit' ( ! ,g]mans--is p]haps ! mo/ important "o ( ! day4 ,accord+ to ,erasmus ,wilson1 x is usually tak5 at eight or n9e4 ,! prop] "t = ! purpose mu/1 h[ev]1 dep5d ^u t at :i* ! p>ty rises4 ,ab\t an h\r1 to an h\r & a half1 aft] leav+ ! b$1 w g5]ally be f\nd ! mo/ appropriate "t = breakfa/1 & appe>s to be ! "o po9t$ out by nature1 & ! mo/ conducive to heal?4 ,by t "t ! p[]s ( ! sy/em h fully recov]$ f ! inactivity ( sleep1 & ! functions ( ! /oma* & o!r visc]a h aga9 come into full play4 ,! appetite is excit$ & seeks appeas+1 & bo? in/9ct & reason direct u to ! social bo>d4 ,if ab/95ce be n[ prolong$1 ! physical & m5tal en]gies1 unsupport$ by ! supply ( food :i* indirectly gives !m bir?1 gradually less51 & incipi5t exhau/ion ensues4 ,! fluids ( ! /oma* & ! small] inte/9es beg9 to act ^u ! coats ( ^? visc]a in/ead ( on ! food1 & an unpleasant feel+ ( hung] or a loss ( appetite comes on1 ) all its depress+ consequ5ces4 ,:5 breakfa/ _c be tak5 )9 a reasonable p]iod aft] ris+1 ! gap %\ld be fill$ up by *ew+ a cru/1 a biscuit1 or ! l4 ,a raw egg or two1 suck$ f ! %ell1 or brok5 into a teacup & drank1 w be f\nd mo/ valuable = ?is purpose4 ,raw milk1 *eese1 salt$ food1 & o!r indige/ible matt]1 %\ld be p>ticul>ly avoid$ at ?is e>ly p]iod ( ! day4 ,! articles ( food to be *os5 = ! breakfa/-table mu/ dep5d entirely on ! /ate ( ! heal?1 ! occupations1 c41 ( ^? assembl$ r\nd x4 ,c(fee appe>s to be1 by common cons5t1 ! fav\rite bev]age4 ,= ! delicate1 ! bili\s1 & ! "y1 x %\ld nei!r be tak5 too /rong1 nor v weak1 & %\ld be s(t5$ d[n ) milk or cream1 & well sweet5$ ) sug>4 ,tea is m apt to affect ! n]ves & /oma* ?an pure un*icori$ c(fee4 ,gre5 tea1 tak5 ?us e>ly 9 ! day1 (t5 acts z an absolute poison1 ?\gh a sl[ "o4 ,we h se5 sev]e fits ( vomit+ & exhau/ion foll[ its use4 ,! solid food = breakfa/ %\ld be easy ( dige/ion1 & nutriti\s4 ,females1 *ildr51 & p]sons lead+ a s$5t>y life1 %\ld conf9e !mselves to a suffici5t quantity ( good meal-bread ) only a mod]ate quantity ( butt]1 to :i* an egg1 or a small ra%] ( mild bacon1 may be advantage\sly add$4 ,= v "y *ildr5 !re is no bett] breakfa/1 :]e x agrees ) !m1 ?an scald+-hot new-milk p\r$ on slic$ bread1 ) a slice or two ( bread & butt] to eat ) x4 ,p>ties engag$ 9 active occupations may ext5d _! exploits some:at f>!r1 & add to ?is bill ( f>e a little ham or cold meat4 ,:5 an undue "t w elapse be=e ! lun*eon or d9n]1 & p>ticul>ly dur+ ! cold] season ( ! ye>1 ! broil$ leg ( a f[l1 an "u-dress$ mutton *op1 or a little t5d] beef-/eak1 w be f\nd1 by ! p>ties la/ ref]r$ to1 mo/ useful2 nay1 9 _m cases1 invaluable4 ,b excess mu/ be p>ticul>ly avoid$4 ,! object is to take en\gh food to ma9ta9 ! sy/em 9 full en]gy & vig\r1 & p>ticul>ly to avoid (f5d+ ! /oma* by ov]load+ x2 a mis=tune easily effect$ at ! breakfa/ table4 ,old comm]cial travell]s--m5 wise 9 ! my/]ies ( life & its enjoym5ts--are scrupul\sly c>eful to make a good1 b n a heavy breakfa/1 be=e comm5c+ ! ardu\s duties ( ! day4 ,see ,d,,je,,n]1 ,,meals1 c4 ,breakfa/ ,p['d]4 ,syn4 ,,rye'-,,c(fee1 ,,dill5',,ius',s ,c41 ,,hunt',s ,,econom',,ical ,,breakfa/ ,,p[d]1 c4 ,rye1 roa/$ along ) a little fat1 aft] ! mann] ( c(fee4 ,x 0 once sold at #bs4 #f;d4 ! lb41 & 0 =m]ly ext5sively us$ z a sub/itute = =eign c(fee1 ( :i* x is "o ( ! *eape/ & be/4 ,s9ce ! r$uction ( duty on c(fee x has ne>ly fall5 into disuse1 unless x be by ! groc]s to adult]ate t article4 ,,brea/ 7,sore74 ,see ,,nipples4 ,brea/ ,pang4 ,syn4 ,,ang9a ,,pectoris4 ,symptoms4--,a sudd5 pa9 occurr+ 9 ! p>ts cov]$ by ! brea/-bone & ! ?roat1 accompani$ ) a feel+ ( suffocation1 & ! appreh5sion ( imm$iate dea?4 ,! pa9 sometimes ext5ds d[n ! arms & ?r\gh ! back4 ,summon a m$ical man )\t a mom5t's loss ( "t4 ,p5d+ 8 spe$y arrival give a dra*m ( e!r ) "o ?ird ( a gra9 ( acetate ( morphia4 ,apply hot applications to ! *e/ & /oma*2 likewise friction to ! *e/1 back1 & sides ) spirits4 ,if ! relief be only p>tial1 ! dose ( e!r may be repeat$ aft] tw5ty m9utes4 ,,brea? 7,fetid74 ,sc>cely any?+ is m disagreeable or disgu/+ ?an a /9k+ brea?4 ,v>i\s means h be5 propos$ to remove ?is annoyance1 dep5d+ pr9cipally on ! adm9i/ration ( aromatics1 :i* by _! od\r smo!r x = a "t2 b ^! require cont9ual repetition1 & are liable to int]f]e ) ! functions ( dige/ion4 ,! real cause ( /9k+ brea? may g5]ally be trac$ to a diseas$ /oma*1 or to decay$ tee?4 ,:5 ! =m] is ! case1 mild ap]i5ts %\ld be adm9i/]$2 & if ^! d n succe$1 an emetic may be giv51 foll[$ by an occasional dose ( ! ,ab]ne?y-m$ic9es4 ,:5 rott5 tee? are ! cause1 !y %\ld be ?or\ghly cleans$1 & !n '/opp$1' or if ?is is impracticable1 !y %\ld be remov$4 ,:5 ?is is impossible or inconv5i5t1 ! evil may usually be less5$ by keep+ !m scrupul\sly clean4 ,dirty tee? also (t5 cause ! brea? to smell2 & h5ce ! use ( ! too?-bru% %\ld be a daily habit4 ,occasionally r9s+ out ! m\? ) a little clean wat] to :i* a few drops ( solution ( *loride ( lime1 or ( *loride ( soda1 has be5 add$1 is (t5 an effective me?od4 ,m\?-wa%es ( ,condy's fluid1 & also ( c>bolic acid1 bo? v greatly dilut$1 =m useful rem$ies2 z d also *lorate ( pota% & tannic acid 9 ! =m ( m\?-wa%es4 ,z a too?-p[d]1 fre%-burnt *>coal1 & p>ticul>ly areca-nut *>coal1 is )\t comp>ison ! be/4 ,loz5ges1 su* z ! foll[+1 h be5 /rongly recomm5d$ to sweet5 & purify ! brea?3--,gum-cate*u1 #b oz42 :ite sug>1 #e oz42 orris p[d]1 #a oz42 n]oli1 #e or #f drops2 make !m into a pa/e ) mucilage1 & divide ! mass into v small loz5ges4 #bj or #cj drops ( oil ( cloves may be sub/itut$ = ! orris & n]oli1 at w4 ,"o or two may be suck$ at pleasure4 ,:5 ! brea? ( a *ild or infant1 usually s sweet & fre%1 smells unpleasantly1 x indicates /oma* d]angem5t ( "s sort4 ,v frequ5tly x is indicative ( worms4 ,see ,,ca*\ ,,aromatis1 ,,pa/ils1 c4 ,,brew',,+4 ,! art ( mak+ be]4 ,! only +r$i5ts all[$ by law to ent] into ! composition ( be] are malt1 sug>1 hops1 or any sub/itute = hops1 & wat]1 toge!r ) a little yea/4 ,! app>atus & ut5sils requir$ "u ! common sy/em1 9 brew+ be]1 are-- #a4 ,a copp] or boil] capable ( hold+ fully two ?irds ( ! quantity propos$ to be brew$2 ) a gauge-/ick to det]m9e ! numb] ( gallons ( fluid at any giv5 dep? !re92 & a wood5 cov] to place ov] x be=e ! boil+ comm5ces1 or :5 n 9 use4 ,a copp] capable ( hold+ n less ?an #adj galls4 is a conv5i5t size = brew+ a qu>t] ( malt1 & is commonly kn[n z a "o-qu>t] copp]4 #b4 ,a ma%-tub or ma%-tun capable ( conta9+ "o ?ird m ?an ! copp]4 #c4 ,"o or m tuns or vessels1 to f]m5t ! be] 94 #d4 ,?ree or f\r %all[ cool]s1 to r$uce ! wort z rapidly z possible to a prop] temp]ature = f]m5tation4 #e4 ,"o or two copp] or wood5 b[ls1 = bal+1 c4 #f4 ,a !rmomet] ) a scale rea*+ f bel[ #cb to a few degrees above ! boil+-po9t ( wat] 7say to #bbe or #bcj ,fahr474 #g4 ,a sac*>omet]1 = tak+ ! d5sity ( worts & be]4 #h4 ,a suitable numb] ( casks 7clean & sweet71 to conta9 ! be]4 #i4 ,"o or m l>ge funnels or tunn]s4 #aj4 ,two or m clean pails4 #aa4 ,a h&-pump ( a size proportionate to ! brew+4 #ab4 ,a mill1 = cru%+ ! malt4 ,brew]s1 = sale1 are re/rict$ by law to ! use ( mills ) pla9 metal roll]s4 ,^! articles w v>y 9 value f #aj1 upw>ds to _m hundr$s1 or ev5 ?\s&s1 accord+ to ! ext5t ( ! brew+2 b ! :ole ( !m necess>y = a private family may be b\ght = less ?an ! =m] am\nt1 z ! mill1 pump1 c41 may !n be disp5s$ )1 & ! re/ may be ( ! simple/ & lea/ exp5sive "* possible4 ,by prop] c>e !y w la/ = #cj or #dj ye>s1 & /ill cont9ue 9 a useful /ate4 ,prelim9>y proce$+s3-- ,! malt is *os5 accord+ to ! int5d$ "* ( ! brew+--pale1 amb]1 roa/$1 or any mixture ( !m1 z ! occasion may require4 ,x is bruis$ or cru%$ 9 a mill 7malt-mill7 be=e employ+ x 9 brew+1 t x may be ! m readily act$ on by ! wat]4 ,x %\ld n be gr\nd too small1 z x w\ld !n make ! wort ?ick1 & cause x to run ) difficulty f ! ma%-tun4 ,! cru%$ malt may advantage\sly lie = a few days 9 a cool situation1 by :i* x w attract a consid]able quantity ( moi/ure f ! air1 & be ! m easily exhau/$ by ! wat] us$ 9 ma%+4 ,pale malt may be us$ co>s] ?an amb] or br[n malt4 ,a bu%el ( good malt %\ld measure #a-a_/d bu%el :5 gr\nd2 & a qu>t] %\ld yield betwe5 #i-a_/b & #aj bu%els1 ! quantity slightly v>y+ accord+ to ! degree ( bruis+ x has und]gone4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 malt is gr\nd 9 cru%+ mills furni%$ ) pla9 iron roll]s2 on ! small scale1 by wood5 roll]s or mills work$ by h&4 ,= private brew+1 ! malt is g5]ally b\ght ready cru%$ or gr\nd1 = conv5i5ce sake4 ,! hops1 aft] be+ tak5 f ! 'pockets' or 'bag1' are crumbl$ ) ! h&s ready to be ?r[n into ! copp]4 ,= g5]al purposes ^? gr[n 9 ,k5t1 & ( ! pres5t season1 are pref]r$4 ,= ! f9] sorts ( ale1 ,ea/ ,k5t hops are commonly us$2 & :5 x is int5d$ to keep ! liquor = a long "t1 ^? kn[n by ! names ( ,c\ntry's1 ,alton's1 or ,f>nham hops1 are employ$4 ,! quantity ( hops requir$ by a giv5 measure ( malt v>ies f #b lbs4 to #bb lbs4 p] qu>t]1 accord+ to ! /r5g? or gravity ( ! wort1 ! "* ( ! be] int5d$ to be brew$1 & ! climate :i* ! be] may h to su/a94 ,export be] requires1 z a rule1 an exceptionally l>ge am\nt ( hops to enable x to be> )\t injury ! heat ( ! c\ntry to :i* x is %ipp$4 ,! foll[+ are ! usual proportions3-- ,table be] #b lbs4 #a qr4 ,mild ale or port] #d #a ,br[n /\t #e #a ,scot* ale 7be/7 #e #a ,/rong ale 7ord9>y7 #e-a_/b #a 7keep+7 #h #a ,bitt] ale #aj to #ad #a ,ea/ ,india ale 7export7 #ab #bb #a ,:5 a /rong1 co>se hop is us$1 a less quantity suffices = ! same /r5g? brew$1 b ! flav\r is always inf]ior4 ,! wat]1 :i* %\ld be cle>1 & free f all traces ( decompos+ animal & vegetable matt]1 mu/ be provid$ 9 abundance4 ,( late ye>s h>d wat] has be5 pref]r$ by _m brew]s1 on ! gr\nd t be] brew$ ) x is self-f9+1 & h5ce requires no artificial cl>ification ei!r 9 ! vat or cask4 ,h>d wat] is also mu* to be pref]r$ to s(t 9 brew+ /ock be]s2 s9ce by its r5d]+ ! album9\s matt]s conta9$ 9 ! ma% insoluble1 x prev5ts ! f]m5tation to :i* ^! w\ld o!rwise give rise1 & s assi/s 9 ! pres]vation ( ! be]1 & 9 keep+ x free f acidity4 ,! ,g]man brew]s1 h[ev]1 :o d n brew bev]ages int5d$ to be kept = any "t1 on ! contr>y1 employ a s(t wat]1 by :i* means ! album9\s sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! malt are r5d]$ soluble1 & become diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! be]1 & possibly add 9 "s measure to its nutritive qualities4 ,h>d wat]s are said to h ! prop]ty1 ov] s(t ones1 ( enabl+ ! be] to reta9 m sac*>9e matt]1 & h5ce to improve its flav\r & to give x m body4 ,! ales ( ,burton are pre-em95t = _! excell5t quality & keep+ prop]ties4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,burton !re are ext5sive b$s ( new r$ s&/one & gypsum1 by s9k+ wells into :i* ! ,burton brew]s obta9 ! wat] f :i* !y make _! be]s4 ,f ! subjo9$ analyses ( ,burton well wat]s x w be se5 t ?is wat] is a v h>d "o1 & conta9s1 besides o!r salts1 a v l>ge quantity ( sulphate ( lime4 ,analysis ( ! wat] us$ 9 ,messrs ,,allsopp',s brew]y 7,dr ,btt+]73-- ,am\nt ( +r$i5ts 9 ! imp]ial gallon1 repres5t$ 9 gra9s4 ,*loride ( sodium #ajab ,sulphate ( pota% #gfe ,sulphate ( lime #ahif ,sulphate ( magnesia #iie ,c>bonate ( lime #aeea ,c>bonate ( magnesia #agj ,c>bonate ( iron #jfj ,silica #jgi ------ #febh ,analysis ( wat] f a well at ! brew]y ( ,messrs ,,bass 7,coop]73-- ,c>bonate ( lime #iic ,sulphate ( lime #eddj ,*loride ( calcium #acch ,sulphate ( magnesia #jhc ------ #ghed ,! :ole ( ! wat] us$ 9 ! ,burton brew]ies is obta9$ f wells1 & n f ! riv] ,tr5t1 z 0 at "o "t errone\sly suppos$4 ,a factiti\s ,burton wat] may1 x is said1 be obta9$ by add+ sulphate ( lime & salt to any s(t wat]1 9 ! proportions /at$ 9 ! above analyses4 ,dr ,c4 ,graham is ( op9ion t1 al?\gh ! prop]ties ( ! ,burton well wat]s are v greatly due to ! l>ge quantity ( sulphate ( lime conta9$ 9 !m1 ! *lorides ( sodium & calcium are also important con/itu5ts4 ,! yea/ mu/ be fre% & good2 & all ! vessels & ut5sils p]fectly sweet & clean4 ,if ! latt] be neglect$1 ev5 ! mo/ skilful brew+ w prove a failure4 ,process ( brew+3-- #a4 ,,ma%+3--,! gr\nd or bruis$ malt plac$ 9 ! ma%-tun is mac]at$ = "s "t 9 hot wat]1 & ! infusion 7wort7 drawn (f f a hole 9 ! bottom1 ov] :i* a /ra9] or false bottom is plac$1 to prev5t ! malt pass+ out along ) ! liquor4 ,dur+ ! process ( ma%+ a peculi> pr9ciple conta9$ 9 ! malt1 call$ dia/ase1 reacts ^u ! />* ) :i* x is associat$1 & conv]ts x into grape-sug>4 ,! m completely ?is conv]sion is effect$ ! ri*] w be ! result+ wort 9 sug> or sac*>9e1 & ! /rong] & m alcoholic ! be] produc$ by its f]m5tation4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a desid]atum ) ! brew] to ma% at ! temp]ature :i* mo/ fully promotes ?is important object4 ,! be/ temp]ature = ?is purpose ranges betwe5 #aej & #agj ,fahr4 ,:5 m ?an "o ma% is made1 ! fir/ %\ld be some?+ l[] ?an ! fir/-nam$ temp]ature2 ! second may be f #age to #ahe2 & ! ?ird z high z #bjj ,fahr4 ,if ! fir/ ma%+ has be5 rightly conduct$1 ! :ole ( ! />* w be conv]t$ into sug>1 & ! action ( ! second & ?ird ma%+s is m]ely to wa% out any ( ! rema9+ sac*>9e matt] /ill exi/+ 9 ! cru%$ gra94 ,9 practice1 z soon z ! wat] 9 ! copp] acquires ! temp]ature ( #agj1 #de galls4 are run into ! ma%-tun1 & #a qu>t] ( cru%$ malt gradually add$ to x4 ,! :ole is n[ ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! ma% liquor1 by means ( o>s1 or ma*9]y1 ! agitation 7ma%+7 be+ cont9u$ = #cj or #dj m9utes1 :5 #cf galls4 m wat] f ! copp] are add$1 & ! :ole aga9 well agitat$1 z be=e4 ,! ma%-tun is n[ closely cov]$ up1 & ! ma% all[$ to repose = ab\t two h\rs1 9 ord] t ! dia/ase may ex]t its sac*>ify+ p[] ^u ! unconv]t$ />* ( ! malt4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! tap is set1 & ! wort run into ! 'und]back4' ,x g5]ally am\nts to ab\t #ej galls4 ,! second ma% is !n made ) ab\t #fj galls4 ( wat]1 at #ahe ,f41 & ! :ole process repeat$ z be=e4 ,aft] an h\r ! liquor is drawn (f1 & ! malt dra9$ ready = ! ?ird ma%4 ,?is "t only #ce galls4 ( wat] are add$ at #bjj ,f41 & ! :ole is seldom all[$ to /& long] ?an half an h\r4 ,x is !n run (f1 & ! malt all[$ to dra9 z dry z possible4 ,9 "s cases ! worts ( ! fir/ & second ma%es only are us$ = /rong be]2 t ( ! ?ird ma%+ be+ kept = table be]1 or z liquor to ma% a fre% quantity ( malt4 ,pale malt & mixtures ( malt & raw gra9 %\ld be ma%$ = a long] "t1 & at a some:at l[] temp]ature ?an br[n or high-dri$ malt4 ,in/ead ( mak+ second & ?ird ma%es z above describ$1 x has long be5 ! practice 9 ,scotl&1 & is n[ becom+ common 9 ,engl&1 to spr9kle ! surface ( ! gra9s 9 ! ma%-tun ) wat]1 at or ab\t ! temp]ature ( #ahj ,fahr41 by means ( a simple revolv+ in/rum5t t]m$ a 'sp>g]1' & to let ! liquor dra9 ?r\gh ! goods & run (f by ! tap ) ! la/ portions ( ! fir/ wort4 ,by ?is means ! :ole surface ( ! gra9 is cont9u\sly & regul>ly spr9kl$ ) hot wat]4 ,:5 sug> is us$ x may be ei!r mix$ ) ! malt 9 ! ma%-tun1 at ! "t ( ma%+1 or put into ! und]back1 j be=e sett+ ! taps1 & ! hot wort run ^u x4 ,! proportions ( malt & sug> v>y accord+ to ! quality ( ! latt]1 b1 on an av]age1 f #agj lbs4 to #bjj lbs4 ( good raw sug> may be tak5 z ! equival5t ( a qu>t] ( malt4 #b4 ,,boil+3--,! wort is next transf]r$ f ! und]back to ! copp]1 & heat$ to ! boil+-po9t z soon z possible1 ! object ( ?is exp$ition be+ to prev5t ! =mation ( acid 9 ! wort1 by exposure to ! air1 be=e und]go+ ! *anges :i* take place 9 ! copp]4 ,z soon z ! boil+ ( ! wort comm5ces ! hops are add$1 & ! boil+ is cont9u$ = ab\t #b or #b-a_/b h\rs4 ,a long] boil+ is highly objectionable1 ow+ to ! extraction ( a heavy1 res9\s bitt] f ! hop1 & ! dang] ( los+ ! volatile oil ^u :i* ! aroma dep5ds4 ,= mild be]s ! worts are seldom boil$ s long2 = /rong keep+ ales1 sometimes a little long]4 ,! boil+ is kn[n to be complet$ :5 ! liquor 'cle>s1' z x is call$1 & album9\s flocks s9k to ! bottom ( ! copp]4 ,! hops1 /ra9$ f ea* wort1 are return$ into ! copp] ) ! foll[+ "o4 ,! av]age loss by evaporation 9 ! process ( boil+ v>ies f #a_/f? to #a_/g? ( ! orig9al bulk ( ! wort4 ,! gravity increases at ! same "t 9 ab\t ! ratio ( #e to #d2 s t if ! gravity be1 at fir/1 say #cb lbs4 p] b>rel1 x w at ! end ( ! op]ation h ris5 to ab\t #dj lbs4 #c4 ,,cool+3--,! wort1 "u ! common sy/em1 is 'run (f' f ! copp] into ! 'hop-back1' ?r\gh a /ra9] :i* keeps back ! hops4 ,x is !n pump$ into l>ge squ>e %all[ vessels call$ 'cool]s1' :]e x is freely expos$ to a curr5t ( air to r$uce its temp]ature z quickly z possible1 9 ord] to avoid acidity or 's\r+4' ,9 #f or #g h\rs1 or soon]1 ! temp]ature %\ld fall to ab\t #fj ,fahr4 ,9 w>m wea!r ! dep? ( ! liquor 9 ! cool]s %\ld n exce$ #c or #d in*es2 & 9 cold wea!r n m ?an #e or #f in*es4 ,z soon z ! temp]ature has fall5 to ab\t #fj ! liquor is 'tunn$' & 'yea/$4' ,! loss by evaporation & cond5sation 9 ! cool]s v>ies f #ac to #ah galls4 p] qu>t]4 #d4 ,,f]m5tation3--,! cool$ wort is next run into ! f]m5t+ tuns or vessels 7gyle-tuns74 ,9 small brew+s ^! may be casks ) "o ( _! heads remov$2 b "u any =m !y mu/ n be m ?an #b_/crds fill$4 ,! yea/1 previ\sly mix$ ) a little wort1 & kept until ! :ole has begun to f]m5t 7te*nically t]m$ 'lobb'71 is n[ add$1 & aft] agitation ! vessel is cov]$ up1 & kept s1 until ! f]m5tation is well e/abli%$4 ,by ?is "t ! temp]ature has ris5 f #i to #ae4 ,! quantity ( yea/ employ$1 & ! temp]ature ( ! wort :5 x is add$1 diff] 9 diff]5t brew]ies & = diff]5t k9ds ( be]4 ,x seldom exce$s #b lbs4 p] b>rel unless ! wea!r is unusually cold1 or ! yea/ old or /ale1 :5 a l>g] proportion is requir$4 ,! ,scot* brew]s g5]ally take only #a gall4 ( yea/ to fully #d hhds4 ( wort4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! temp]ature at :i* ! yea/ is add$ v>ies f #ee to #fe ,fahr4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ! common temp]ature is #ea to #eb4 ,9 cold wea!r ! heat may be #e or #f high] ?an 9 mild & w>m wea!r1 & a little m yea/ may also be advantage\sly employ$4 ,9 cold wea!r ale is commonly tunn$ at #fj1 port] at #fd1 & weak] be]s at #fe or #gj ,fahr4 ,9 'w>m wea!r' /rong be] %\ld be #d or #e1 & o!r be]s #g or #h cool] ?an ! 'heats' j m5tion$4 ,on ! small scale1 #a to #a-a_/d p9t ( yea/ may be us$ to e b>rel ( /rong-be] wort1 & #c_/d p9t to e b>rel ( mild-be] wort4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! f]m5tation is indicat$ by a l9e ( small bubbles =m+ r\nd ! sides ( ! tun1 & 9 a %ort "t ext5d+ ov] ! :ole surface4 ,a 'cru/y head' soon =ms1 & !n a 'f9e rocky head1' foll[$ by a 'light fro?y' "o4 ,at l5g? ! head assumes a yea/y appe>ance1 ! col\r becomes yell[i% br[n1 & a v9\s od\r is develop$4 ,z soon z ?is la/ head beg9s to fall1 ! tun is skimm$ e #b or #c h\rs1 until no m yea/ is =m$4 ,! object ( ?is is1 n only to *eck ! viol5ce ( ! f]m5tation1 b also to remove a peculi> bitt]ness1 ) :i* ! fir/ portion ( ! yea/ is impregnat$4 ,! be] is !n put into casks1 or 'cleans$1' z x is call$4 ,a m9ute att5tion to e /age ( ?is process is necess>y to secure a f9e flav\r & a brilliant bev]age4 ,x may be reg>d$1 z a rule1 t ! l[] ! temp]ature1 & ! sl[]1 m regul>1 & less int]rupt$ ! process ( f]m5tation1 ! bett] w be ! quality ( ! brew+1 & ! less likely to *ange by age4 ,a little m yea/ is requir$ 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,:5 ! f]m5tation becomes slack 9 ! 'gyle-tun1' a little m 'lobb' is g5]ally add$1 & ! :ole is well 'r\s$ up1' ,on ! contr>y1 if ! temp]ature rises consid]ably1 or ! f]m5tation becomes too brisk1 ! wort is cool$ a little & skimm$1 or at once cleans$4 #e4 ,,cleans+3--,?is consi/s 9 runn+ ! be] f ! gyle-tun into casks1 or o!r vessels1 set slop+1 s t ! yea/ z x =ms way "w (f ! "o side ( ! top1 & fall into a vessel plac$ bel[ to receive x4 ,9 small brew+s ! be] is (t5 at once transf]r$ f ! gyle-tun to ! '/ore-casks1' :i* are slop$ a little until ! f]m5tation is ov]1 :5 !y are skimm$1 fill$1 & bung$4 ,! process ( cleans+ is g5]ally comm5c$ z soon z ! 'sac*>9e' 9 ! f]m5t+ wort falls to ab\t #aj lbs4 p] b>rel1 a degree ( att5uation :i* x usually rea*es 9 ab\t #dh h\rs4 ,"s brew]s add a little :eat-fl\r or bean-fl\r 7ab\t #a_/d lb4 p] b>rel7 to ! be] 9 ! gyle-tun1 %ortly be=e cleans+1 to quick5 ! dis*>ge ( yea/2 b x is n cle>ly asc]ta9$ :e!r su* a plan is advantage\s1 or ! contr>y4 #f4 ,,/or+3--,z soon z ! f]m5tation is conclud$1 :i* g5]ally takes f #f to #h days1 or long]1 ! cle> liquor is pump$ into ! /ore-casks or vats1 :i* are !n closely bung$1 & deposit$ 9 a cool cell>1 if n already !re1 to mature4 ,! pref]5ce1 :i* at pres5t exi/s 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 is = mild1 fre%ly-brew$ malt liquors2 ! good old or mature-vatt$ be] be+ n[ seldom met )4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is a s\rce ( increas$ pr(it to ! brew]1 z x enables him to turn ov] 8 capital m rapidly1 & saves ! risk & exp5se att5dant on long /orage4 #g4 ,,rip5+3--,aft] a p]iod v>y+ f "o to twelve mon?s or long]1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! brew+1 & ! condition ( ! cell>1 ! liquor w h become f9e1 & suffici5tly mature = use4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! casks1 c41 %\ld be occasionally exam9$ to see t !re is no leakage1 & to op5 ! v5t-holes1 %\ld any ooz+s appe> at ! jo9ts4 ,z equable a temp]ature z possible %\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 ! cell>1 by v5tilation1 on ! "o h&1 & ! employm5t ( artificial heat on ! o!r1 z circum/ances & seasonal *anges may r5d] necess>y4 #h4 ,,f9+ or ,,cl>ify+3--,be] :i* has be5 badly brew$ or badly /or$1 or :i* f o!r causes may be ?ick or muddy1 requires cl>ify+ by artificial means4 ,= a b>rel ab\t #a to #a-a_/b p9t ( brew]'s f9+s 7is+lass or fi%-gelat9 dissolv$ 9 s\r be]7 is put into a bucket1 & "s ( ! be] be+ gradually add$1 ! :ole is viol5tly agitat$ ) a :isk until a fro?y head is =m$4 ,! mixture is !n ?r[n into ! cask ( be]1 & well 'rummag$ up1' aft] :i* ! bung is replac$1 & ! liquor all[$ to repose = a week or t5 days4 ,sometimes ! above me?od is f\nd to fail ) weak & bad-condition$ be]4 ,:5 su* is ! case1 ! addition ( a teaspoonful ( sulphuric acid1 or a table-spoonful ( p[d]$ cate*u 7previ\sly dissolv$ 9 #a_/b a p9t ( boil+ wat]71 foll[$ by agitation = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 w g5]ally cause ! 'f9+s' to cl>ify ! liquor2 #b or #c oz4 ( t9cture ( cate*u 7mix$ ) a little wat]7 may be us$ 9 ! same way4 ,a h&ful ( hops1 previ\sly boil$ = five m9utes 9 a little ( ! be]1 & !n add$ to ! b>rel1 & ! :ole all[$ to /& = a few days1 be=e proce$+ to cl>ify x1 w g5]ally h a simil> effect1 & cause ! 'f9+s' to act ) c]ta9ty4 ,x is ! abs5ce ( ! prop] quantity ( a/r+5t matt] 9 be] t usually r5d]s !m ineffective4 ,m4 ,brescius employs tann9 = ! cl>ification ( be]4 ,to #ajjj litres ( be] he adds #adj gra9s ( tann9 dissolv$ 9 #c_/d ( a litre ( wat]1 :i* is ?or\ghly /irr$ up4 ,aft] ?ree or f\r days he adds "o litre ( is+lass or two ( gelat9 9 ! proportion ( #a kilo4 to #ajj litres4 ,! complete cl>ification requires ab\t eight days4 ,g54 comm5t>y4 ,! prec$+ is a concise acc\nt ( all ! ess5tial op]ations ( ! sy/em ( brew+ at pres5t practis$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 ext5sive & co/ly app>atus & ma*9]y are employ$ = ! purpose4 ,on ! small scale1 v>i\s modifications1 ( a m9or "*1 or ! sev]al processes h]e9 detail$1 are frequ5tly adopt$ accord+ to ! circum/ances or +5uity ( ! op]ator4 ,! pr9ciples & practice ( brew+ be] are1 h[ev]1 ess5tially ! same "u all ! conditions "h ref]r$ to4 ,9 ,scotl&1 only "o ma% is made1 & t at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ahj ,fahr41 ) "o ?ird ( ! quantity ( ! wat] requir$ = ! brew+4 ,! 'ma%-tun' is !n cov]$ up = ab\t half an h\r1 :5 ! wort is drawn (f1 & ! op]ation ( 'sp>g+' begun4 ,?is op]ation is cont9u$ until ! d5sity ( ! mix$ worts becomes adapt$ to produce ! quality ( ! ale !n "u process ( manufacture4 ,! 'gyle-tun' 7f]m5t+-tun7 is set at f #ej to #fj ,fahr41 ! f]m5tation be+ cont9u$ sl[ly = fifte5 to tw5ty days2 & ! ale is n 'cleans$' be=e ! degree ( att5uation falls to ab\t #a_/b lb4 p] day1 & n m ?an "o f\r? ( ! orig9al gravity ( ! wort rema9s4 ,scot* ale is ju/ly celebrat$ = its sup]ior quality4 ,its usual orig9al gravity is f #cd to #de lbs4 p] b>rel4 ,9 ,bav>ia1 a c\ntry rem>kable = ! excell5ce ( its be]1 ! wort is made to f]m5t at a l[ temp]ature1 until all ! sub/ances :i* fav\r acetification h be5 r5d]$ insoluble1 & h sep>at$ f ! liquor4 ,! f]m5tation is conduct$ 9 wide1 op51 %all[ vessels1 :i* af=d free & unlimit$ access to atmosph]ic oxyg52 & ?is 9 a situation :]e ! temp]ature does n exce$ #de to #fj ,fahr4 ,a sep>ation ( ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ?us takes place simultane\sly on ! surface1 & )9 ! :ole body ( ! liquid4 ,! cle>+ ( ! fluid is ! sign by :i* x is kn[n t ^! matt]s h sep>at$4 ,! f]m5tation usually occupies ?ree or f\r weeks1 & is conduct$ dur+ ! cool] portion ( ! ye> only1 & 9 a situation remov$ z mu* z possible f ! influ5ce ( atmosph]ical *anges ( temp]ature4 ,! s$im5t>y yea/ 7unt]hefe71 & n ! surface yea/ 7ob]hefe71 ( ! ,bav>ian f]m5t+ backs is employ$4 ,! be]s ( ,engl& & ,france1 z well z mo/ ( ^? ( ,g]many1 become gradually s\r by contact ) ! air4 ,?is defect1 z obs]v$ by ,liebig1 does n belong to ! be]s ( ,bav>ia1 :i* may be pres]v$1 at pleasure1 9 half-full casks1 z well z 9 full ones1 )\t suff]+ any mat]ial alt]ation4 ,?is preci\s quality mu/ be ascrib$ to ! peculi> process employ$ = f]m5t+ ! wort1 call$ by ! ,g]man *emi/s 'unt]ghrung1' or f]m5tation f bel[2 & :i* has solv$ "o ( ! f9e/ !oretical problems t _h long tax$ ! +5uity & pati5ce ( bo? ! sci5tific & practical brew]4 7,liebig47 ,! ',comptes ,r5dus1' lxxvii1 #aadj-aadh1 conta9s a pap] by ,m4 ,pa/eur on ! manufacture ( an 'unalt]able be]4' ,9 ?is communication he /ates t ! liability ( be] to turn s\r1 ropy1 c41 is due to ! pres5ce ( special f]m5ts d]iv$ f ! air1 & f ! mat]ials us$4 ,by boil+ ! infusion ( malt & hops1 cool+ out ( contact ) air1 & f]m5t+ ) pure yea/#bcb 9 vessels to :i* only c>bonic acid or pure air is admitt$1 a be] is produc$ ( sup]ior quality1 :i* may be pres]v$ )\t tr\ble = any "t4 ,ev5 a p>tial adoption ( ^! precautions is att5d$ ) valuable results4 ,9 prep>+ pure yea/ to />t )1 ! au?or makes use ( ! fact t oxyg5 fav\rs ! gr[? ( true yea/1 b h9d]s ! propagation ( ! o!r f]m5ts4 ,pure yea/ be+ obta9$1 ! be] is aft]w>ds f]m5t$ 9 an atmosph]e ne>ly de/itute ( oxyg51 z its quality is !reby improv$4 ,pure yea/ :5 kept 9 pure air und]goes no *ange1 ev5 at summ] temp]ature4 ,! mycod]ma v9i does n1 z ! au?or once ?\ght1 become *ang$ into be]-yea/ on subm]sion 9 a nutritive fluid2 "u ^! circum/ances x acts z an alcoholic f]m5t1 b does n propagate itself4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,m4 ,pa/eur does n /ate h[ ?is is to be obta9$4 ,9 ! ord9>y f]m5tation ( grape-juice & worts ^! liquids d n furni% a quantity ( alcohol equival5t to ! sug> :i* !y conta92 & ?is because a c]ta9 portion ( ! sug> s]ves = ! oxidation ( ! glut51 & is n trans=m$ l ! re/4 ,b :]ev] ! liquor has arriv$ at ! second p]iod ( trans=mation1 ! product 9 alcohol ought to be equival5t to ! quantity ( sug> pres5t1 z actually happ5s 9 all f]m5tations 7s$im5t>y7 :i* are n accompani$ ) a =mation1 b a disappe>ance ( ! yea/4 ,accord+ to ,dr ,ure1 worts furni%1 9 ! ,bav>ian brew]ies1 f #aj to #bj m alcohol ?an !y d by ! ord9>y process ( f]m5tation 7ob]ghrung71 or t excit$ by ! use ( 'ob]hefe' or top-yea/4 ,ea/-,india ,ale or ,pale ,ale1 = exportation1 is brew$ f worts ( a sp4 gr4 ( f #ajfc to #ajgj4 ,= ! be/ v>ieties1 #ae to #af lbs4 ( ! f9e/ ,ea/ ,k5t hops are us$ to e qu>t] ( pure malt4 ,! pale ale or bitt] be] ( ! publicans is commonly a v weak liquor 7m]e table be]71 highly bitt]$ ) ! hop1 & too (t5 ) quassia1 wormwood1 & o!r /ill m objectionable sub/ances4 ,! process n[ adopt$ by ! great brew]s ( pale ale at ,burton-on-,tr5t comb9es all ! mo/ admirable po9ts ( bo? ! ,bav>ian & ,scot* sy/ems ( brew+4 ,b]l9 ,:ite ale or ,pale be] is brew$ f :eat-malt mix$ ) ab\t #a_/f? "p ( b>ley-malt1 ! 'wort' be+ boil$ ) hops1 #a_/b lb4 to ! bu%el1 & slightly f]m5t$ ) 'top-yea/1' at a r high] temp]ature4 ,! desire ( evad+ ! duty l$ to ! discov]y ( its be+ only necess>y to employ #a_/crd1 or less1 ( ! gra91 9 ! =m ( malt2 ?is portion be+ suffici5t to conv]t into sug>1 9 ! process ( ma%+1 ! />* ( ! unmalt$ gra9 =m+ ! o!r "p4 ,?is plan answ]s well :5 ! wort is m]ely int5d$ = ! production ( 'gra9 _s1' b be] s made is insipid & inf]ior 9 quality to t brew$ :olly ( malt4 ,inf]ior k9ds ( be] h also be5 made f o!r +r$i5ts ?an b>ley-malt1 among :i* may be nam$ ! gra9 ( ! *eap] c]eals1 bran1 potatoes1 turnips1 beet-root1 c>rots1 p>snips1 pea-%ells1 & o!r vegetable sub/ances ri* 9 />* & sug>1 all ( :i* w produce be] by be+ ma%$ ) wat] 9 ! common way1 ) ab\t #i or #aj ( b>ley-malt4 ,"o qu>t] ( ! be/ b>ley-malt yields1 by skilful ma%+1 fully #hd lbs4 ( 'sac*>9e1' or soluble sweet extractive matt]4 ,?is conc5trat$ )9 ! compass ( "o b>rel 7#cc galls47 gives a sp4 gr4 ( #abcd4 ,9 ! process ( ma%+ ab\t #d_/g?s ( ?is quantity ( sac*>9e 7or #dh lbs47 is g5]ally c>ri$ (f 9 ! fir/ wort2 #b_/g?s 7or #bd lbs47 9 ! second wort2 & #a_/g? 7or #ab lbs47 9 ! ?ird wort2 ! /r5g?s ( ! worts be+ to ea* o!r respectively z #d1 #b1 #a4 ,! av]age gravity obta9$ by ! common brew]s f malt ( curr5t quality ranges f #hj to #ha lbs4 ,sug> may be us$ z a p>tial sub/itute = malt1 )1 9 mo/ cases1 "s degree ( sav+ to ! brew]1 & )\t injury to ! quality ( ! be]4 ,! k9d ( sug> to be us$ w dep5d on ! quality ( ! be] to be brew$1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t a bad sug> w n1 any m ?an bad malt1 yield a s\nd palatable be]4 ,f #agj lbs4 to #bjj lbs4 ( good raw sug> may be tak5 z ! av]age equival5t ( a qu>t] ( malt4 ,:5 ! process ( ma%+ has be5 prop]ly conduct$1 ! wort1 aft] leav+ ! cool]1 %\ld n be turn$ blue by t9cture ( iod9e1 or by iodide ( potassium mix$ ) a few drops ( nitric acid4 ,if x turns blue "s ( ! />* has escap$ conv]sion into sug>1 & is dissolv$ 9 ! liquor4 ,by multiply+ ! decimal "p ( ! numb] repres5t+ ! specific gravity ( a wort by #cfj 7! weight 9 p\nds ( a b>rel ( pure wat]71 we obta9 ! quantity ( sac*>9e p] b>rel1 correspond+ to ! giv5 sp4 gr42 & by divid+ ! jo9t weight ( sac*>9e & wat]1 p] b>rel1 by #cfj1 we obta9 ! specific gravity4 ,?us-- ,suppose a sample ( wort to h a specific gravity ( #ajee1 !n-- ,decimal ( sp4 gr4 #jee #cfj #aih lbs4 p] b>rel4 ,aga91 a b>rel ( wort weighs #cgih lbs41 t is1 #cfj lbs4 = ! weight ( a b>rel ( wat]1 & #aih lbs4 = ! weight ( sac*>9e 9 ! wat]1 !n-- #bigh #cfj #ajee specific gravity4 ,x is usually /at$ 9 works on brew+ t c]ta9 temp]atures mu/ be rea*$ by ea* v>iety ( be]1 dur+ ! progress ( ! f]m5tation1 9 ord] = ! liquor to acquire its *>act]i/ic flav\r4 ,?us1 x is /at$ t mild be] beg9s to acquire flav\r :5 ! heat ( f]m5tation arrives at #ge ,fahr41 increases at #hj1 & is highe/ at #ij1 b sometimes ev5 rea*es #ajj4 ,old ale is said to obta9 its be/ flav\r at a temp]ature n exce$+ #ge2 & port] at #gj ,fahr4 ,9 ord] to rea* ^! temp]atures ! worts are direct$ to be set at f #aj to #ae l[]1 ! rise be+ due to ! heat g5]at$ dur+ ! f]m5tation4 ,t ^! /atem5ts ref] pr9cipally to ! old me?ods ( brew+ is %[n by ! fact t "s ( ! brew]s ( ,bav>ia1 ,scotl&1 & ,burton-on-,tr5t produce ri* & high-flav\r$ liquors at temp]atures va/ly bel[ ^? above enum]at$4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ! fact mu/ n be conceal$1 t s9ce ! introduction ( ! new ,g]man sy/em ( brew+ into ,engl& ! g5]al "* ( its be]s1 z !y rea* ! consum]1 are inf]ior 9 /r5g? & flav\r to ^? ( a =m] p]iod4 ,we may n[ seek almo/ 9 va9 = ! f9e v9\s1 high-flav\r$1 invigorat+ old be]s v5d$ 9 our e>ly days by ! common publicans & tav]n-keep]s1 ( :om ! l>g] majority 7 _! own brew]s4 ,"u ! new sy/em ( *emical brew+1 z work$ by ^? huge monopoli/s1 ! 'great brew]s1' ! only object appe>s to be to obta9 ! l>ge/ quantity possible ( sac*>9e out ( ! qu>t] ( malt1 & to conv]t ?is into ! l>ge/ possible quantity ( be]1 ) little reg>d to flav\r or quality1 b an excessive "o = _! own pr(its4 ,9 due c\rse ?is liquor is =c$ on _! helpless t5ants ! publicans1 :o1 9 _! turn1 'r$uce' & 'doctor' ! liquor1 until1 by ! "t x rea*es ! consum]1 its insipidity & l[ /r5g? w\ld h l$ ev5 a brew]'s drayman ( ! la/ c5tury to ca/ x into ! k5nel4 ,! be/ times = brew+ are ! spr+ & autumn2 z at ^? p]iods ( ! ye> ! temp]ature ( ! air is su* z to p]mit ( ! easy cool+ ( worts suffici5tly l[1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to artificial refrig]ation1 or to ! use ( ma*9]y = ! purpose4 ,old ale _c be conv5i5tly brew$ 9 summ]4 ,be]s are class$ by ! brew]s into-- ,small be]s--made f worts n exce$+ ! sp4 gr4 #ajbe1 or #i lbs4 p] b>rel4 ,middl+s--made f worts ( ! sp4 gr4 #ajcj to #ajej1 & av]ag+ ab\t #ad lbs4 p] b>rel4 ,/rong be]s--made f worts ( ! sp4 gr4 #ajdj to #ajhj1 ext5d+ f ab\t #ce lbs4 p] b>rel upw>ds4 ,! d5sities ( ! worts employ$ = diff]5t k9ds ( be] v>y consid]ably1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ table3-- ,,table ( ! ,d5sities ( ,be]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,p\nds ,description4 p] ,specific ,gravity4 b>rel4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,burton ale1 ,class #a #dj to #dc #aaaa to #aabj #b #ce #dj #ajig #aaaa #c #bh #cc #ajgg #ajib ,ord9>y ale #be #bg #ajgj #ajge ,common #ba #ajeh ,scot* ale1 ,class #a #dj to #dd #aaaa to #aabb #b #cc #dj #ajib #aaaa ,port] 7ord9>y7 #ah #ajej 7good7 #ah to #ba #ajej to #ajeh 7d\ble7 8 to #bb #ajee #ajfj ,br[n /\t #bc #ajfd 7be/7 #bf #ajgb ,table be] #ab to #ad #ajcc to #ajci ,small 7com47 #f #ajag ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,exportation ,,( ,,be]3--,:5 be] is export$ f any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ei!r z m]*&ise or %ips' /ores1 ! brew] or export] ( su* be] is all[$ a c]ta9 drawback ( duty4 ,! am\nt is proportional to ! quantity ( malt or sug> inf]r$ to h be5 us$ 9 ! brew+ ( ! be]4 ,?us1 if ! orig9al specific gravity ( ! worts f :i* ! be] 0 brew$ 7 n less ?an #ajdj1 a drawback is grant$ ( #ds4 #c;d4 p] b>rel4 ,?is is equival5t to a return ( ! duty on #a-a_/b bu%els ( malt1 ) an all[ance ( #c;d4 = lic5ce duty1 n[ *>g$ 9 lieu ( ! aboli%$ hop duty4 ,= e additional #e degrees ( specific gravity1 f #ajdj to #aabe inclusive1 a fur!r sum ( #e;d4 p] b>rel is all[$4 ,= fur!r in=mation connect$ ) ! above subject ! read] is ref]r$ to ! sep>ate articles--,,ale1 ,,be]1 ,,dextr9e1 ,,dia/ase1 ,,f]m5tation1 ,,malt ,,liquors1 ,,port]1 ,,sac*>omet]1 ,,specific ,,gravity1 ,,wort1 ,,yea/1 c4 ,brew+ ,ut5'sils4 ,! cleans+ & pres]vation ( brew+ ut5sils1 be] casks1 c41 has frequ5tly engag$ ! att5tion ( practical m5 & brew]s' *emi/s4 ,to pres]ve !m sweet !y %\ld always be ?or\ghly clean$ be=e sett+ !m aside4 ,contact ) soap1 or any greasy mat]ial1 %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,a scrubb+-bru% & scald+-hot wat] are g5]ally suffici5t to clean !m4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to remove e p>ticle ( yea/ or fur on ! sides & bottom2 & aft] be+ well dra9$ !y %\ld be /[$ away 9 "s clean & cold situation1 prop]ly expos$ to ! fre% air4 ,%\ld !y become ta9t$ or m\ldy1 a /rong lye ( pe>l-a%1 common salt1 or quick-lime1 may be spread ov] !m1 scald+ hot1 ) a broom or scrubb+-bru%4 ,wa%+ !m ) oil ( vitriol dilut$ ) ab\t #g or #h times its bulk ( wat]1 is ano!r excell5t & v effective me?od4 ,fre%-burnt *>coal has also be5 employ$ = ! same purpose4 ,9 ea* case ! vessels mu/ be subsequ5tly ?or\ghly wa%$ out ) clean wat]1 z be=e4 ,/eam1 assi/$ by ! action ( a *a91 has be5 successfully appli$ to clean casks 9 sev]al brew]ies4 ,bisulphite ( lime has1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 be5 highly recomm5d$ = sweet5+ & clean+ vats1 casks1 c4 ,x is also said to prev5t be] f develop+ acidity4 ,see ,,casks1 ,,vats1 ,,sporokton1 c4 ,,bricks4 ,brick-mak+ sc>cely comes )9 ! prov9ce ( ?is "w4 ,9 connection ) hygi5e1 h[ev]1 we may call ! read]'s att5tion to ! sup]ior advantages ( bo? holl[ & wat]pro( bricks2 ! fir/1 = v5tilation & lightness2 ! la/1 = pres]v+ ! dryness & integrity ( our homes "u all ! vicissitudes ( climate1 season1 & wea!r1 ei!r on damp soils or dry ones4 ,workman's ,pat5t ,wat]pro( ,bricks receiv$ a /rong comm5datory notice f ! ,commission]s ( ! ,great ,int]national ,exhibition ( #ahea4 ,,brilliant9e4 #a4 ,ca/or oil1 #a "p2 eau de ,cologne1 #d p>ts4 ,mix4 #b4 ,honey1 #a oz42 glyc]91 #a_/b oz42 eau de ,cologne1 #a_/b oz42 _s ( w9e1 #b oz4 ,mix4 ,,br9e 7= ,meat74 ,prep4 #a4 ,a ne>ly saturat$ solution ( common salt1 #a lb42 & saltpetre1 #a oz42 9 s(t wat]4 #b4 ,to ! la/ add ( sug> or treacle1 #a_/b lb4 ,bay-salt is recomm5d$ :5 ! meat is to be kept = a v long p]iod4 ,meat pres]v$ 9 br9e t has be5 us$ = cur+ sev]al times is said to become poison\s4 ,see ,,pickl+1 c4 ,br9e1 ,r$-,cabbage4 ,r$-cabbage leaves /eep$ 9 a /rong solution ( common salt4 ,us$ z a te/ = acids & alkalies4 ,br9e1 ,vi'olet4 ,f ! petals ( ! blue violet1 z ! la/4 ,us$ z a te/ = acids4 ,,brio*e ,,pa/e 7bre-o%'74 ,9 cook]y1 a species ( pa/e1 or cru/1 prep>$ ( eggs & fl\r1 f]m5t$ ) yea/1 to :i* a little salt1 a l>ge quantity ( sug>1 & ab\t half z mu* butt] z ! weight ( ! fl\r us$1 are aft]w>ds add$1 & well work$ 94 ,us$ z an addition to s\p1 & z a cas+ = lob/]s1 patties1 eggs1 c4 ,,brisk',,ness4 ,! natural briskness & sp>kl+ ( f]m5t$ liquors dep5ds on ! gradual evolution ( c>bonic acid gas )9 ! body ( ! fluid1 by ! process ( f]m5tation4 ,see ,,malt ,,liquors1 ,,port]1 ,,w9es1 c4 ,,bris',,tles 7br7is'lz74 ,! /iff hair ( sw9e1 c4 ,!y are commonly /iff5$ by imm]sion = a %ort "t 9 alum-wat]2 & are dy$ by /eep+ !m = a %ort "t 9 any ( ! common dyes us$ = cotton or wool4 ,,britan',,nia ,,metal4 ,syn4 ,,tutania4 ,a sup]ior species ( pewt]1 us$ = teapots1 spoons1 c4 ,prep4 #a4 ,plate-brass1 bismu?1 antimony1 & t91 equal p>ts1 melt$ toge!r1 & ! result+ alloy add$ at discretion to melt$ t91 until x acquires ! prop] degree ( col\r & h>dness4 #b4 ,to ! fir/ alloy1 prep>$ z 9 ,no4 #a1 add "o fif? ( its weight ( metallic ars5ic1 be=e mix+ x ) ! melt$ t94 #c4 ,antimony1 #a "p2 brass1 #d p>ts2 t91 #e or #f p>ts2 melt$ toge!r4 ,see ,,que5',s ,,metal 7,,alloys71 ,,pewt]1 c4 #d4 ,t91 #aej p>ts2 copp]1 #c p>ts2 antimony1 #aj p>ts4 #e4 ,t91 #df-a_/b p>ts2 copp]1 #a "p2 antimony1 #c p>ts4 ,britannia ,metal = ,ca/+4 a4 ,t91 #ajj p>ts2 h>d5+ 7see bel[71 #e p>ts2 antimony1 #e p>ts4 b4 ,t91 #aje p>ts2 copp]1 #b p>ts2 antimony1 #ab p>ts4 ,britannia ,metal 7,be/7 = ,h&les4 ,t91 #adj p>ts2 copp]1 #b p>ts2 antimony1 #e p>ts4 ,britannia ,metal1 ,h>d5+ =4 ,t91 #a "p2 copp]1 #b p>ts4 ,britannia ,metal 7,be/7 = ,lamps1 ,pill>s1 & ,sp\ts4 ,t91 #ge p>ts2 copp]1 #a "p2 antimony1 #c-c_/d p>ts4 ,britannia ,metal = ,regi/]s4 ,t91 #be p>ts2 antimony1 #b p>ts2 h>d5+1 #b p>ts4 ,britannia ,metal = ,sp9n+4 ,t91 #be p>ts2 antimony1 #a "p2 h>d5+1 #a "p4 ,britannia ,metal 7,be/7 = ,spoons4 ,t91 #bj p>ts2 antimony1 #b p>ts2 h>d5+1 #a "p4 ,britannia ,metal = ,sp\ts4 ,t91 #df-a_/b p>ts2 copp]1 #a "p2 antimony1 #b p>ts4 ,,britannia ,,silv]4 ,"u ?is "n !re is1 or 01 (f]$ to ! public at ,vi5na1 & probably else:]e1 "u ! mislead+ recomm5dation t x is a p]fect sub/itute = silv]1 a het]og5e\s metallic composition1 9 ! =m ( spoons1 =ks1 c&le/icks1 cups1 c4 ,! ,britannia silv] is sometimes1 or always1 light1 silv]$1 ,britannia metal 7an alloy ( #hf t91 #aj antimony1 #c z9c1 #a copp]2 or ( #b copp]1 #f z9c1 #ba antimony1 #ga t92 or ( #ahd copp]1 #haij t91 #afbe antimony1 & #a z9c74 ,"o firm ann\nces t ,britannia silv] is silv]-:ite ?r\gh\t1 a col\r :i* c only be obta9$ 9 simil> alloys by ! addition ( ars5ic4 ,ano!r firm sells c&le/icks ( inf]ior packfong z ,britannia metal1 & ano!r actually sells t9n$ ,bessem] /eel-plate cups z gu>ante$ ,britannia silv]4 7,ack]man47 ,,brit',,i% ,,gum4 ,see ,,gum4 ,,briti% ,,w9es4 ,see ,,w9es4 ,,broc',,coli4 ,eng41 ,l41 ,g]4 ,syn4 ,,brocoli1 ,fr42 ,,broccolo1 ,x4 ,a well-kn[n sub-v>iety ( caulifl[]4 ,! qualities1 & ! mode ( dress+ broccoli1 are simil> to ^? ( cabbages1 notic$ else:]e4 ,see ,,vegetables 7,cul9>y71 c4 ,,brok5 ,,knees 7,,9 ,,horses74 ,! w\nd %\ld fir/ be ?or\ghly wa%$1 & !n sewn up1 & fom5t$ ) tepid wat]4 ,aft]w>ds cold-wat] dress+s conta9+ a little c>bolic acid may be appli$4 ,p]fect re/ is ess5tial1 &1 :]e necess>y1 spl9ts & sl+s mu/ be _h rec\rse to4 ,aft] ! w\nd has ?or\ghly heal$ bli/]s are recomm5d$ = re/or+ ! hair4 ,,brok5 ,,w9d 7,,9 ,,horses74 ,( ! _m rem$ies said to be useful 9 ?is malady few1 if any1 appe> to ex]cise any p]man5t advantage4 ,!re is no reason1 h[ev]1 :y a horse affect$ ) brok5 w9d %\ld n be made s]viceable if ! precaution be tak5 to put him to mod]ately sl[ "w1 if ! foll[+ precautions be foll[$4 ,8 food %\ld be giv5 him 9 small quantity & at frequ5t int]vals4 ,! oats %\ld be bruis$ & ! hay cut small1 & bo? be slightly damp$ be=e he p>takes ( !m4 ,?is diet>y may be v>i$ by small doses ( c>rots or turnips4 ,! am\nt ( fluids %\ld be re/rict$1 & he %\ld be f$ & wat]$ at lea/ an h\r be=e go+ to "w4 ,a mild physic ball %\ld also be occasionally adm9i/]$4 ,dogs suff]+ f a/hma %\ld be subject$ to ! same treatm5t4 ,to a full-siz$ dog t5 drops ea* ( e!r & t9cture ( belladonna may be giv5 e h\r dur+ an attack ( spasm until ! brea?+ becomes easi]4 ,,bro',,ma4 ,prep4 #a4 ,pure cocoa1 #a lb42 sug> & sago-meal1 ( ea* #d oz42 mix4 ,briti% arr[-root 7i4 e4 c>efully prep>$ potato-/>*7 is (t5 sub/itut$ = ! sago4 #b4 ,z ! la/1 b us+ f9e :eat fl\r 9 lieu ( sago-meal4 ,made into a bev]age 9 a simil> way to cocoa4 ,,bro',,mal4 ,c#b;,br#c;,,ho4 ,a col\rless1 oily liquid1 obta9$ by ! action ( brom9e on alcohol4 ,sp4 gr4 #ccd2 boil+ po9t above #bab ,f4 ,l *loral x yields a solid hydrate ) wat]4 ,because ( its p[]ful irritant prop]ties x seems unlikely to prove useful1 ei!r z a hypnotic or z an an/hetic4 ,,bro',,mide 7-m7id74 ,syn4 ,,bro',,muret991 ,,hydrobro',,mate992 ,,bromi',,dum1 ,,bromure',,tum1 ,,hydrobro',,mas1 ,l42 ,,bromide1 ,,bromure4 ,fr4 ,a *emical comp\nd ( brom9e ) ano!r radical4 ,prop41 c4 ,! soluble bromides give :ite precipitates ) nitrate ( silv]1 acetate ( lead1 & protonitrate ( m]cury4 ,t f ! fir/ ( ^! is insoluble 9 dilute nitric acid & 9 ammonia wat] unless conc5trat$2 & x has a slight yell[i% t+e1 *ang+ to a violet on exposure to ! light4 ,a few drops ( liquid *lor9e p\r$ ^u a bromide1 foll[$ by agitation ( ! mixture ) a little sulphuric e!r1 furni%es an e!real solution ( brom9e4 ,= ! o!r bromides see ! respective bases4 ,,bro',,m9e 7-m7in71 7bromos1 a /9k74 ,br4 ,syn4 ,,brome992 ,,bro',,mium1 ,,brom9',,ium1 ,l42 ,,br,,me1 ,fr4 ,an elem5t>y sub/ance1 discov]$ by ,m4 ,bal>d1 ( ,montpelli]1 9 #ahbf4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a curr5t ( gase\s *lor9e is pass$ ?r\gh ! uncry/allisable residuum ( sea-wat] call$ bitt]n1 :i* !n assumes an orange t9t1 9 consequ5ce ( brom9e be+ set free f its comb9ations2 sulphuric e!r is !n agitat$ ) x1 & ! mixture is all[$ to /&1 9 a close vessel1 until ! e!real portion floats ^u ! surface4 ,?is is a solution ( crude brom9e1 & = common purposes ! e!r may be at once evaporat$ by a v g5tle heat4 ,to r5d] x pure1 cau/ic potassa is add$ 9 excess to ! e!real solution1 or ! latt] is agitat$ ) a solution ( potassa1 by :i* means bromide & bromate ( potassium are =m$4 ,! :ole is evaporat$ to dryness1 & submitt$ to a dull r$ heat4 ,! residuum is next p[d]$ & mix$ ) pure p]oxide ( manganese2 ! mixture hav+ be5 plac$ 9 a retort1 sulphuric acid 7dilut$ ) half its weight ( wat]7 is p\r$ 94 ,r$ vap\rs imm$iately arise1 & cond5se into drops ( brom9e1 :i* are collect$ by plung+ ! neck ( ! retort ne>ly to ! bottom ( a small receiv] conta9+ a little v cold wat]4 ,! brom9e =ms a /ratum b5ea? ! wat]1 & may be collect$ & at once put into a /opp]$ bottle2 or x may be fur!r purifi$ by di/illation f dry *loride ( calcium4 #b4 ,leisl]'s pat5t = a me?od ( obta9+ brom9e consi/s 9 decompos+ ! lye conta9+ ! brom9e salt by heat+ x ) hydro*loric acid & bi*romate ( pota% 9 a lead5 /ill hav+ an e>!nw>e head4 ,! volatilis$ brom9e ) ! vap\r ( wat] is conduct$ into a receiv] conta9+ iron turn+s1 bromide ( iron1 :i* dissolves 9 ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! receiv]1 be+ =m$4 ,! bromide ( iron s produc$ is ei!r conv]t$ into o!r metallic bromides by ! usual processes1 or ! brom9e is obta9$ 9 a sep>ate /ate f ! iodide by treatm5t ) sulphuric acid & bi*romate ( pota%4 #c4 ,l>ge quantities ( brom9e are extract$ f ! "m liquor ( c>nallite1 a d\ble *loride ( magnesium ( potassium occurr+ 9 enorm\s quantities 9 a b$ ( clay 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,/assfurt1 ne> ,magdeburg4 ,! "m liquid ( ! c>nallite at #ce ,b4 is fir/ fre$ z mu* z possible f ! *loride ( calcium x conta9s1 by means ( refrig]ation4 ,x is next evaporat$ d[n until x acquires a d5sity ( #dj ,b4 ,frank says x _c be conc5trat$ to ! above ext5t1 because ( a wa/e ( brom9e result+ f ! =mation ( hydrobromic acid produc$ by ! decomposition ( ! lye1 ow+ to its be+ ov]heat$ at ! bottom ( ! pan4 ,^u be+ cool$ to #be ,c4 a quantity ( *loride ( magnesium cry/allises out1 :il/ ! rema9+ liquor conta9s f #jc to #je ( brom9e z bromide ( magnesium4 ,! liquor is !n put into a s&/one app>atus su* z is us$ = ! prep>ation ( *lor9e1 & ! requisite quantity ( manganese & hydro*loric acid be+ add$1 /eam is p\r$ into ! app>atus4 ,aft] ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r ! brom9e is evolv$ 9 ! =m ( vap\r1 :i* becomes cond5s$ by be+ made to pass ?r\gh a lead5 worm cool$ 9 wat]1 & is f9ally collect$ z liquid brom9e 9 ,woolff's bottles4 ,! crude brom9e s obta9$ is purifi$ by r$i/illation 9 glass retorts4 ,x is /at$ t ! s&/one app>atus c be *>g$ six times 9 #bd h\rs4 ,9 ord] to free ! brom9e f ! pres5ce ( any *loride x is %ak5 up ) a solution ( bromide ( potassium4 ,! *lor9e unites ) ! potassium1 =m+ *loride ( potassium & lib]at+ an equival5t quantity ( brom9e 9 s do+4 ,dr ,frank sugge/s ! use ( e>!nw>e worms 9 pref]5ce to lead5 ones1 ^! latt] be+ act$ ^u & corrod$ by liquid brom9e4 ,9 ,dr ,frank's brom9e works at ,/assfurt ! di/illation is conduct$ 9 cubic /onew>e vessels1 hav+ a capacity ( ab\t ?ree cubic metres4 ,^! vessels are surr\nd$ ) belts ( iron1 9 case ( ! occurr5ce ( fracture4 ,x 0 f\nd t few /ones answ]$ ! purpose requir$ ( !m1 z by reason ( _! por\s nature !y p]mitt$ ! *loride ( manganese =m$ dur+ ! di/illation to ooze ?r\gh4 ,to rem$y ?is ! /ones _h to be coat$ ) t>1 a process :i* entail$ a v s]i\s loss ( brom9e1 f ! =mation ( brom9e comp\nds ) ! hydroc>bons ( ! t>1 z well z a contam9ation ( ! brom9e ) ! t>4 ,subsequ5tly ,dr ,frank f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,porta ,we/phalia a /one :i* answ]$ ! purpose )\t requir+ ! previ\s objectionable & exp5sive prep>ation ) t>4 ,x seems t ! workm5 disc>d ! respirators :i* are provid$ = _! use 9 ! brom9e works1 & m]ely tie a clo? ov] ! m\? & nose 7sometimes neglect+ ?is precaution7 :5 decant+ ! brom9e4 ,to less5 ! evil effects ( ! vap\rs ^u ! heal? ( ! workm5 "u ^! circum/ances1 ! build+ is r5d]$ z airy z possible by be+ ?or\ghly v5tilat$ ?r\gh\t4 ,no workm5 afflict$ ) a/hma or ) any cat>rhal affection are employ$1 :il/ ^? engag$ are /rictly prohibit$ f tak+ spiritu\s liquids 9 any =m1 a cu/om :i* begets an irritability ( ! muc\s membranes1 :i* is f\nd to be exce$+ly dang]\s2 on ! contr>y1 a g5]\s diet1 & "o consi/+ ( an abundant use ( bacon & butt]1 0 f\nd v b5eficial4 ,brom9e is sometimes contam9at$ ) *lor9e1 iod9e1 & occasionally bromide ( c>bon4 ,a small quantity ( ! brom9e agitat$ ) a solution ( soda1 9 su* proportion t ! fluid is made v slightly alkal9e1 =ms a col\rless solution1 :i*1 if col\r$ by ! fur!r addition ( a small quantity ( ! brom9e1 does n become blue on ! subsequ5t addition ( a cold solution ( />*4 ,?is %[s ! abs5ce ( iod9e4 ,*lor9e may be detect$ by add+ a small quantity ( ! suspect$ brom9e to "s w>m solution ( pota% 9 a capsule1 evaporat+1 dry+ ! residue1 & di/ill+ ) bi*romate ( pota% & sulphuric acid4 ,bromide ( c>bon has a high] boil+-po9t ?an pure brom9e4 ,prop41 c4 ,a d>k1 r$di%-col\r$1 volatile liquid1 hav+ an od\r int]m$iate betwe5 t ( *lor9e & iod9e1 b mu* m suffocat+ & (f5sive4 ,x solidifies at ab\t #ai1 & boils at ab\t #ade ,fahr4 ,x is slightly soluble 9 wat]1 m s 9 alcohol1 & abundantly s 9 e!r4 ,its aque\s solution blea*es l *lor9e1 b less p[]fully4 ,) hydrog5 x =ms ,,hydrobro',,mic ,,acid2 & ) ! bases1 comp\nds call$ ,,bro',,mides4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #bigf2 t ( its vap\r1 #eci4 ,te/s4 ,x is readily recognis$ by its col\r1 od\r1 & volatility1 & by ! col\r ( its vap\r2 by its giv+ a yell[i%-:ite precipitate ) nitrate ( silv]1 :i* is turn$ violet by ! action ( light2 & by its solutions giv+ an orange or yell[ col\r to />*1 & a r$ t+e to solution ( *loride ( gold4 ,uses1 c4 ,brom9e possesses v simil> m$ic9al prop]ties to iod9e1 & has be5 adm9i/]$ 9 goitre1 scr(ula1 c41 9 ! =m ( an aque\s solution compos$ ( #a "p ( brom9e to #dj ( wat]1 ( :i* #e or #f drops is ! dose2 b x is m usually giv5 "u ! =m ( bromide ( potassium 7:i* see74 ,! comp\nds ( brom9e are also l>gely us$ 9 photography 9 ! manufacture ( c]ta9 coal-t> col\rs1 & 9 sci5tific *emi/ry ! solution has also be5 us$ z a lotion4 ,brom9e is a good dis9fectant4 ,x is v poison\s2 ! antidotes1 c41 resemble ^? = iod9e4 ,see ,,bromide1 ,,solutions1 c4 ,,bromo*loralum 7,tild5 ,co41 ,new ,york71 = ! removal ( bad smells1 z a dis9fectant1 & antiseptic4 ,a fluid1 sp4 gr4 #adc1 conta9+ #bge p] c5t4 ( solid matt]4 ,! latt] consi/s ( #ahe p] c5t4 ( alum9ium *loride1 ) *alk & a consid]able quantity ( alkal9e salts4 ,free brom9e is n pres5t4 7,h4 ,en8demann47 ,,brom(orm 7,c,h,br#c74 ,a col\rless liquid obta9$ by di/ill+ bromide ( calcium ) alcohol4 ,x has a sp4 gr4 ( #bij2 & boils at #cjef ,f41 emitt+ a vap\r hav+ a d5sity #hfcb4 ,x is some:at simil> 9 prop]ties to *lor(orm1 b mu* m irritat+2 h5ce x has be5 r>ely employ$ m$ic9ally4 ,,brom!e--,,bramble ,,tea 787--is a mixture ( #e p>ts lime fl[]s cum bracteis1 #e p>ts s5na leaves1 #e p>ts acacia fl[]s1 #h p>ts cort4 frangul1 & #b p>ts sassafras *ips4 7,hag]47 ,,broh*i',,tis 7br7ong-ki'74 ,l42 prim4 ,gr4 ,9 pa?ology1 inflammation ( ! muc\s l9+ ( ! bron*ia or small] ramifications ( ! w9dpipe4 ,9 its mild] =m x is popul>ly call$ a 'cold on ! *e/4' ,symp4 ,! usual symptoms are ho>s5ess1 dry c\gh1 & a slight degree ( fev]1 foll[$ by expectoration ( mucus1 at fir/ ?91 & aft]w>ds ?ick & copi\s4 ,9 ! sev]] =ms !re is m fev]1 c\gh1 & oppression at ! *e/1 c4 ,treatm4 ,x g5]ally yields to small & repeat$ doses ( ipecacuanha & antimonial diaphoretics2 a light diet & mild purgatives be+ at ! same "t adopt$1 b 9 e case x is saf] to h rec\rse to m$ical aid4 ,,horses4--,f9lay ,dun prescribes ! foll[+3--,t9cture ( aconite1 inhalation ( ! vap\r ( wat]1 e!r & belladonna1 c>bolic acid1 sulphur\s acid1 ma% diet1 sal9es1 *lorate ( pota%1 ! salts ( ammonia1 *loral hydrate1 mu/>d ext]nally1 w>m clo?+1 b cool air4 ,symptoms v simil> to ^? ( bron*itis are frequ5tly caus$ 9 calves & "y cattle by ! pres5ce 9 ! bron*ii ( ?readworms or fil>ia4 ,! cause is g5]ally remov$ by ! adm9i/ration ( a dose or two ( oil ( turp5t9e1 giv5 at int]vals ( a day or two4 ,,bron',,*ocele 7br7ong'-ko-sele74 ,see ,,goitre4 ,,bronze4 ,eng41 ,fr41 ,g]4 ,syn4 ,s1 ,l42 ,,bronzo1 ,x4 ,an alloy ( t9 & copp]1 rem>kable = ! exactness ( ! impressions :i* x takes by m\ld+ & /amp+1 z well z = its great durability4 ,x has h5ce be5 always ext5sively employ$ 9 ! ca/+ ( buts1 m$als1 /atues1 c4 ,9 anci5t times1 :5 ! manufacture ( /eel 0 ill-und]/ood1 cutt+ in/rum5ts 7 commonly made ( x4 ,x 0 also ! g5]al mat]ial ( co9s ( small value2 a use :i*1 ( late ye>s1 has be5 reviv$ 9 sev]al ( ! /ates ( ,europe1 & /ill m rec5tly 9 ! co9age ( ^! realms4 ,bell-metal1 gun-metal1 & speculum-metal are m]e v>ieties ( bronze4 ,prep4 ,on ! small scale ?is alloy is prep>$ 9 crucibles2 b = /atues & l>g] works on rev]b]atory he>?s4 ,! fusion ( ! mix$ metals is conduct$ z rapidly z possible "u p\nd$ *>coal1 & ! melt$ mass is frequ5tly /irr$ toge!r to produce a p]fect mixture be=e ca/+4 ,! proportions ( ! mat]ials s v>y 9 diff]5t ca/+s t x is almo/ impossible to say precisely :at quantities are ! be/4 ,! foll[+ are giv5 z examples3-- a4 ,= ,,edge-,,tools3--,copp]1 #ajj p>ts2 t91 #ad p>ts4 ,:5 skilfully h>d5$ & temp]$ ?is alloy is capable ( receiv+ an edge ne>ly equal to t ( /eel4 b4 ,= ,,gild+3--#a4 ,copp]1 #hb p>ts2 z9c1 #ah p>ts2 t91 #c p>ts2 lead1 #b p>ts4 #b4 ,f copp]1 #hc p>ts2 z9c1 #ag p>ts2 t91 #b p>ts2 lead1 #a "p4 c4 ,= ,,m$als3--#a4 ,copp]1 #hi p>ts2 t91 #h p>ts2 z9c1 #c p>ts4 ,?is alloy assumes a beautiful antique appe>ance by age1 & takes a %>p impression by /amp+4 #b4 7,m4 ,*audet47 ,copp]1 #ie p>ts2 t91 #d or #e p>ts4 ,?is is also excell5t = any small ca/+s4 d4 ,= ,,mort>s3--,copp]1 #ic p>ts2 lead1 #e p>ts2 t91 #b p>ts4 e4 ,= ,,/atu>y3--#a4 ,copp]1 #hh p>ts2 t91 #i p>ts2 z9c1 #b p>ts2 lead1 #a "p4 #b4 ,copp]1 #hb-a_/b p>ts2 z9c1 #aj-a_/b p>ts2 t91 #e p>ts2 lead1 #b p>ts4 ,^! are v ne>ly ! proportions ( ! celebrat$ /atue ( ,l\is ,,xv4 #c4 ,copp]1 #ij p>ts2 t91 #i p>ts2 lead1 #a "p4 #d4 ,copp]1 #ia p>ts2 t91 #i p>ts4 ,= a gold v>ni% = bronze objects ref] to ,,brass4 ,obs4 ,sev]al analyses h be5 made ( anci5t cutt+ in/rum5ts1 f :i* x appe>s t ! proportion ( t9 v>ies f #d to #ae2 a fact :i* t5ds to prove t m dep5ds ^u ! exact mode ( temp]+ ! alloy ?an on ! relative proportions ( ! +r$i5ts4 ,lead & z9c are inadmissible 9 bronze = ?is purpose4 ,"o or two p] c5t4 ( iron may1 nev]!less1 be add$ ) advantage4 ,! anci5t bronze us$ = spr+s conta9$ only #c to #d ( t94 ,! edges & lips ( bronze mort>s mu/ be c>efully temp]$ by heat+ !m to a *]ry r$1 & !n plung+ !m into cold wat]1 z unless s treat$ !y are v apt to be brok5 9 use4 ,see ,,bell-,,metal1 ,,brass1 ,,gun-,,metal1 c4 ,bronze'-p[d]4 ,syn4 ,,bronze4 ,a "n giv5 to v>i\s p[d]s hav+ a ri* metallic appe>ance1 :i* !y reta9 :5 appli$ on v>ni%1 or :5 mix$ ) x1 z 9 surface bronz+4 ,prep4 #a4 ,,gold-,,col\r$3--a4 ,f ,dut*-foil1 r$uc$ to an impalpable p[] by gr9d+4 ,*eap & looks well1 & is v durable :5 v>ni%$4 b4 ,f gold-leaf1 z ! la/4 c4 ,precipitat$ p[d] ( gold4 d4 ,f v]digris1 #h oz42 tutty p[d]1 #d oz42 borax & nitre1 ( ea* #b oz42 bi*loride ( m]cury1 #a_/d oz42 gr9d !m toge!r1 make ! mixture into a pa/e ) oil1 & !n fuse x2 :5 cold1 roll x into ?9 %eets or leaves1 & gr9d x z 9 ,no4 #a4 #b4 ,,iron-,,col\r$3--,plumbago1 9 f9e p[d]4 #c4 ,,r$3--,sulphate ( copp]1 #ajj p>ts2 c>bonate ( soda1 #fj p>ts2 mix1 & apply heat until !y unite into a mass2 !n cool1 p[d]1 & add ( copp] fil+s1 #ae p>ts2 aga9 well mix1 & keep ! comp\nd at a :ite heat = ab\t tw5ty m9utes2 la/ly1 :5 cold1 r$uce ! 'residuum' to an impalpable p[d]1 wa% x 9 pure wat]1 & dry x4 #d4 ,,silv]3--,bismu? & t91 ( ea* #a oz42 melt !m toge!r1 & add ( quicksilv]1 #a to #a-a_/b oz42 :5 cold1 p[d] x4 ,obs4 ,! above are us$ by pa9t]s1 japann]s1 c4 ,see ,,bisulphide ,,( ,,t9 7,,t971 ,,p[d]s1 c4 ,,bronz',,+4 ,! process ( giv+ a bronze-l1 or an antique metal appe>ance1 to ! surface ( copp]1 brass1 & o!r metals4 ,! foll[+ me?ods are recomm5d$ = ?is purpose3-- #a4 ,to ! surface ( ! article1 fir/ ?or\ghly clean$ & poli%$1 ev5ly apply ) a bru% ! common crocus p[d] 7'jewell]s' r\ge'71 previ\sly made into a smoo? pa/e ) wat]4 ,:5 dry1 place x 9 an iron ladle1 or on a common fire-%ovel1 & expose x ov] a cle> fire = ab\t "o m9ute2 la/ly1 :5 suffici5tly cold1 poli% x ) a plate-bru%4 ,?is gives a v ri* appe>ance1 simil> to t on tea-urns2 ! %ade dep5d+ on ! duration & ! degree ( heat employ$4 #b4 ,z ! la/1 b sub/itut+ f9ely p[d]$ plumbago = crocus p[d]4 ,equally beautiful1 b deep] col\r$ & m p]man5t ?an t produc$ by ,no4 #a4 #c4 ,z ! prec$+1 b employ+ mixtures ( plumbago & crocus 9 v>i\s proportions accord+ to ! %ade desir$4 #d4 ,a dilute solution ( liv] ( sulphur 7sulphurat$ pota%71 or ( hydrosulphate ( ammonia is appli$ ) a camel-hair p5cil to ! metal previ\sly slightly w>m$2 :5 dry1 ! surface is ei!r left r\gh or bru%$ (f4 ,if liv] ( sulphur has be5 us$1 x w be bett] to wa% x fir/ 9 clean hot wat]2 b )\t ! slighte/ friction4 ,?is gives ! appe>ance ( v antique bronze4 #e4 ,v]digris1 #b oz42 & sal-ammoniac1 #a oz42 are dissolv$ 9 v9eg>1 #a p9t2 & ! mixture is dilut$ ) wat] until x ta/es only slightly metallic1 :5 x is boil$ = a few m9utes1 & filt]$ = use4 ,copp] m$als1 c4 7?or\ghly clean7 are /eep$ 9 ! liquor at ! boil+-po9t until ! desir$ effect is produc$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to keep !m 9 x too long4 ,:5 tak5 out !y are c>efully wa%$ 9 hot wat]1 & dri$4 ,effect z ! la/4 #f4 ,v]digris & v]milion1 ( ea* #b oz42 alum & sal-ammonia1 ( ea* #e oz4 7all 9 f9e p[d]72 v9eg>1 q4 s4 to =m a ?9 pa/e4 ,?is is spread ov] ! surface ( ! copp]1 :i* is !n uni=mly w>m$ by ! fire1 & aft]w>ds well wa%$ & dri$4 ,! t9t may be deep5$ by repeat+ ! process4 ,! addition ( a little blue vitriol incl9es ! col\r to a *e/nut-br[n2 & a little borax to a yell[i%-br[n4 ,us$ by ! ,*9ese = copp] tea-urns1 c4 #g4 ,sal-ammonia1 #a oz42 cream ( t>t>1 #c oz42 common salt1 #c oz42 hot wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve2 !n add ( nitrate ( copp]1 #b oz41 dissolv$ 9 #a_/b a p9t ( wat]2 mix well1 & ) x repeat$ly moi/5 ! article 7plac$ 9 a damp situation7 by means ( a s(t bru%4 ,produces a v antique appe>ance4 #h4 ,salt ( sorrel1 #a oz42 sal-ammoniac1 #c oz42 di/ill$ v9eg>1 #a qu>t2 dissolve4 ,z ! la/4 ,mu* us$ = bronze figures4 #i4 ,a v weak solution ( bi*loride ( plat9um1 appli$ ) a hair p5cil or by imm]sion4 ,us$ = b9d+ screws1 hold]s1 & o!r small articles ( copp] & brass4 #aj4 ,sulphate ( iron & sulphate ( copp]1 ( ea* #a oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve2 wa% ! surface ( ! articles ) x2 let !m dry2 !n apply a solution ( v]digris1 #b oz4 dissolv$ 9 /rong v9eg>1 #a_/d p9t2 :5 dry1 poli% !m ) a s(t bru%1 & ei!r "s plumbago or colco?>4 ,us$ = t9 ca/+s4 #aa4 ,! articles 7prop]ly clean$7 are ei!r imm]s$ 91 or wa%$ ov]1 ) a solution ( sulphate ( copp] or ( v]digris4 ,9 a %ort "t !y acquire a coat+ ( pure metallic copp]1 & are !n wa%$4 ,?is only answ]s ) iron & /eel goods4 ,x is admirably suit$ = iron ca/+s4 #ab4 ,an antique appe>ance may be giv5 to silv] by ei!r expos+ x to ! fumes ( hydrosulphate ( ammonia1 or imm]s+ x = a v %ort "t 9 a solution ( hydrosulphate ( ammonia1 or 9 dilute nitric acid4 ,bronz+1 ,sur'face4 ,a t]m commonly appli$ to ! process ( imp>t+ a bronze-l or metallic appe>ance to ! prom95t portions ( ! surfaces ( figures made ( pap]1 wood1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 c4 ,x is effect$ by fir/ giv+ !m a coat ( oil-v>ni% or size1 & :5 ?is is ne>ly dri$1 apply+1 ) a 'dabb]' ( cotton1 or a camel-hair p5cil1 any ( ! ord9>y metallic bronze-p[d]s be=e ref]r$ to4 ,sometimes ! p[d] is plac$ 9 a little bag ( musl91 & du/$ ov] ! surface4 ,! articles %\ld be aft]w>ds v>ni%$4 ,pap] is bronz$ by mix+ ! bronze-p[d]s up ) a little weak gum-wat]1 & burni%+ ! surface :5 dry & h>d4 ,electrotypes1 to ,bronze4 ,gre54 ,/eep ! m$al or figure 9 a /rong solution ( common salt1 or sug>1 or sal-ammoniac1 = a few days2 wa% 9 wat]1 & all[ to dry sl[ly2 or susp5d x ov] a vessel conta9+ a small quantity ( blea*+ p[d]1 & cov] ov]4 ,! l5g? ( "t x is all[$ to rema9 w det]m9e ! dep? ( col\r4 ,br[n4 ,add f\r or five drops ( nitric acid to a w9e-glassful ( wat]4 ,! object is rubb$ ov] ) ?is g5tly1 & all[$ to dry1 & :5 dry subject$ to a gradual & equal heat2 ! surface w be d>k5$ 9 proportion to ! heat appli$4 ,black4 ,wa% ! surface ov] ) a little dilute solution ( hydrosulphate ( ammonia1 & dry at a g5tle heat4 ,,broom4 ,! common "n ( ! plant sp>'tium scopa''rium4 ,a useful diuretic2 ( great s]vice 9 dropsy4 ,see ,,decoction4 ,broom ,a%es4 ,f broom-/alks burnt4 ,=m]ly us$ z a diuretic 9 dropsy4 ,broom1 ,salt (4 ,obta9$ by dissolv+ broom a%es 9 wat]1 & filt]+ & evaporat+ ! solution4 ,x consi/s pr9cipally ( c>bonate ( potassa4 ,x 0 =m]ly us$ 9 dropsy1 & z an antacid1 c4 ,,bross ,,de ,,corail4 ,fr4 ,! root ( luc]ne 7m$icago sativa71 clean$1 dri$1 & hamm]$ at ! end4 ,us$ z a too?-bru%4 ,,bro?4 ,syn4 ,,jus 7coctis c>nibus71 ,,jus',,culum1 ,l42 ,,b\illon1 ,,jus1 ,fr42 ,,fleis*br,,he1 ,g]4 ,9 cook]y1 ! liquor 9 :i* fle% has be5 boil$4 ,bro? is di/+ui%$ f s\p by its inf]ior /r5g? & quantity ( season+1 c4 ,x conta9s mu* ( ! nutrim5t ( ! meat4 ,we extract ! foll[+ f ,dr ,le!by's "w ',on ,food'3-- ,a nutriti\s bro?1 conta9+ ! album5 ( ! meat or *ick51 may be obta9$ by infus+ a ?ird ( a p\nd ( m9c$ meat or *ick5 9 #ad oz4 ( cold wat]1 to :i* a few drops 7#d or #e7 ( muriatic acid & a little salt 7f #aj to #ah gra9s7 h be5 add$4 ,aft] dige/+ = an h\r or s1 x %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh a sieve1 & ! residue wa%$ ) five ounces ( wat]1 & press$1 ,! mix$ liquids ?us obta9$ w furni% ab\t a p9t ( cold extract ( meat1 conta9+ ! :ole ( ! soluble con/itu5ts ( ! meat 7album51 creat91 creat991 c471 & x may be drunk cold1 or slightly w>m$1 ! temp]ature n be+ rais$ above #ajj ,f41 = fe> ( coagulat+ ! album54 ,bro?1 ,scot*4 ,?is1 :i* is 9 v g5]al use among/ ! middle & work+ classes ( ,scotl&1 is made z foll[s3--,put into a pot ?ree qu>ts ( cold wat] along ) a cupful ( ,scot* b>ley1 & let x boil2 add two p\nds ( neck ( mutton4 ,all[ x to /ew g5tly = an h\r1 skimm+ occasionally4 ,!n add turnips cut 9 squ>es1 & onions slic$1 & c>rots & turnips uncut4 ,! half ( a small cabbage *opp$ 9 mod]ately f9e pieces may be put 9 in/ead ( all ^! vegetables2 & leeks may be us$ in/ead ( onions4 ,/ew ! :ole = an h\r long]4 ,! bro? is n[ ready4 ,season ) salt & s]ve 9 a ture54 ,! meat is s]v$ 9 a sep>ate di%1 ) ! uncut pieces ( turnip & c>rot & a little ( ! bro? z gravy4 ,any meat may be employ$ 9 ! same way4 ,bro?s & s\ps conta9 ! great] "p ( ! sal9e matt] ( ! meat1 ! cry/all9e pr9ciples1 viz4 creat9 & creat991 "s ( ! album5 & fat1 & an am\nt ( gelat91 dep5d5t ^u ! duration ( ! boil+ process4 ,!y also conta9 ne>ly all ! odor\s matt]s ( ! meat4 ,cold wat] extracts f "o six? to "o f\r? ( ! solid +r$i5ts ( meat4 ,! pres5ce ( a l>ge quantity ( highly nitrog5\s cry/all9e pr9ciples 9 bro?s & s\ps acc\nts = _! re/orative p[]s4 ,^!1 :i* are ! creat9 & creat991 be> a close resemblance to ! !9 ( tea & c(fee1 & ! !obrom9 ( cocoa1 9 _! physiological effects4 ,bro? is contra-indicat$ = *ildr5 at ! brea/1 z x n unfrequ5tly induces sickness1 disord]s ! b[els1 & induces fev]4 ,! same applies to beef tea4 ,:51 h[ev]1 bro? & beef tea are us$ z cly/]s 9 su* quantities t c be reta9$1 !y act mo/ b5eficially4 ,see ,,boil+1 ,,s\p1 c4 ,,br[n ,,dye4 ,e %ade ( br[n may be produc$1 almo/ at w1 by mixtures ( r$s & yell[s ) blues & blacks2 or directly by simple dyes4 ,! foll[+ are examples3-- a4 ,= ,,cotton3-- #a4 ,give ! goods a mix$ mordant ( acetate ( alum9a & acetate ( iron1 foll[$ by a ba? ( madd] or ( madd] & fu/ic4 ,excess ( acetate ( alum9a turns x on ! ,,am>an? ,,t9t2 ! acetate ( iron d>k5s x4 #b4 ,fir/ 'gall' ! goods1 !n turn !m = a %ort "t ?r\gh ! black ba?2 next give !m a mordant ( sulphate ( copp]1 !n pass !m ?r\gh a decoction ( fu/ic1 aft]w>ds ?r\gh a ba? ( madd]1 & aga9 ?r\gh ! solution ( sulphate ( copp]2 dra91 dry1 r9se well1 & f9i% ) a boil 9 soap & wat]4 ,?is gives a ,,*e/nut-,,br[n4 #c4 ,fir/ give ! goods a mordant ( alum1 !n a ba? ( madd]1 & next a ba? ( fu/ic to :i* a little gre5 copp]as has be5 add$4 ,?is gives a ,,c9namon-,,br[n4 b4 ,= ,,l953--,?is v>ies little f t commonly employ$ = cotton4 c4 ,= ,,silk3-- #a4 ,"o ( ! above mordants is foll[$ by a ba? made by mix+ equal p>ts ( ! decoctions ( logwood1 fu/ic1 & ,brazil-wood4 ,! %ade may be v>i$ by alt]+ ! proportions ( ! decoctions2 ,brazil-wood r$d5+1 logwood d>k5+1 & fu/ic yell[+1 ! t9t4 #b4 ,annotta1 #d oz42 & pe>la%1 #a lb42 are dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 q4 s42 ! silk is pass$ ?r\gh x = two h\rs1 !n tak5 out1 & squeez$ dry2 x is next pass$ ?r\gh a mordant ( alum1 & !n ?r\gh a ba? ( ,brazil-wood1 foll[$ by ano!r ( logwood to :i* a little gre5 copp]as has be5 add$4 d4 ,= ,,wool3-- #a4 ,boil ! clo? 9 a mix$ mordant ( alum1 common salt1 & wat]1 !n dye x 9 a ba? ( logwood to :i* a little gre5 copp]as has be5 add$4 #b oz4 ( alum1 & #a oz4 ( salt1 are requir$ = e lb4 ( wool4 #b4 ,boil ! goods 9 a mordant ( alum & sulphate ( iron1 !n pass !m ?r\gh a ba? ( madd]4 ,! m copp]as ! d>k] w be ! dye4 ,good proportions are #b p>ts ( alum & #c ( copp]as4 #c4 ,give a mordant ( alum & t>t>1 !n pass ! goods ?r\gh a madd] ba?2 next run !m ?r\gh a ba? ( galls & suma* or logwood to :i* a little acetate or sulphate ( iron has be5 add$4 #d4 ,mordant ! clo? z la/1 dye 9 a madd] ba?1 remove ! clo?1 add a little acetate or sulphate ( iron1 & aga9 pass x ?r\gh ! ba? z long z necess>y4 #e4 ,give ! clo? a light blue gr\nd ) indigo1 & !n a mordant ( alum2 r9se1 & la/ly run x ?r\gh a ba? ( madd]4 #f4 ,a mordant ( alum & t>t>1 foll[$ by1 fir/ a ba? ( madd]1 & aft]w>ds a ba? ( weld or fu/ic to :i* a little iron-liquor has be5 previ\sly add$4 ,9 ?is way e %ade1 f ,,mordor & ,,c9namon to ,,d>k ,,*e/nut1 may be produc$4 #g4 ,boil fu/ic-*ips1 #a lb41 = #b h\rs2 pass ! clo? ?r\gh ! ba? = #a h\r2 take x out & dra92 add ( gre5 copp]as1 #a-a_/d oz42 good madd]1 #d oz42 boil = a %ort "t1 & aga9 pass ! clo? ?r\gh ! ba?1 until x acquires ! prop] t9t4 ,,bronze-,,br[ns1 & e simil> %ade1 may be ?us giv5 by v>y+ ! proportions4 e4 ,! foll[+ are call$ ,,sub',,/antive or ,,direct ,,br[ns3-- #a4 ,decoction ( oak-b>k4 ,x dyes wool ( a fa/ br[n ( v>i\s %ades1 accord+ to ! quantity employ$4 ,a mordant ( alum bright5s x4 #b4 ,infusion or decoction ( walnut-peels4 ,dyes wool & silk a br[n1 :i* is bright5$ by alum4 #c4 ,horse-*e/nut-peels4 ,a mordant ( *loride ( t9 turns x on ! ,,bronze2 & sug> ( lead1 on ! ,,r$di%-,,br[n4 #d4 ,cate*u or ,t]ra ,japonica4 ,= cottons4 ,blue vitriol turns x on ! ,,bronze1 & gre5 copp]as d>k5s x1 :5 appli$ z mordants4 ,acetate ( alum9a z a mordant bright5s x4 ,! ,fr5* col\r1 ,,c>melite1 is giv5 ) #a lb4 ( cate*u1 #d oz4 ( v]digris1 & #e oz4 ( sal-ammoniac4 #e4 ,sulphate or *loride ( manganese4 ,dissolv$ 9 wat] ) a little t>t>ic acid1 x gives ! bronze t9t call$ ,,solitaire4 ,! /uff1 aft] be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! solution1 is turn$ ?r\gh a weak lye ( pota%1 & aft]w>ds ?r\gh ano!r ( *loride ( lime1 to height5 & fix x4 #f4 ,prussiate ( copp]4 ,?is gives a f9e ,,bronze or ,,yell[i%-,,br[n to silk4 ,a mordant ( blue vitriol is commonly fir/ giv51 foll[$ by a ba? ( prussiate ( pota%4 ,,br[n ,,pig',,m5ts4 ,! pr9cipal & mo/ useful ( ^! are--umb]1 t]ra di ,si5na 7bo? burnt & raw71 ,spani% br[n1 & "s ( ! o*res4 ,br[n1 ( almo/ any %ade1 may be made by ! admixture ( blacks ) r$s & yell[s1 or ) gre5s1 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,see ,,bi/re1 ,,black1 ,,newca/le1#bcc ,,o*res1 ,,sepia1 c4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,"u ,,black ,,pigm5ts4 ,br[n1 ,span'i%4 ,see ,,o*res4 ,,br[n ,,p9k4 ,see ,,yell[ ,,pigm5ts4 ,,br[n',,+4 ,9 cook]y1 a fluid prep>ation us$ to col\r & flav\r gravies1 s\ps1 c4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sug>1 #d oz42 & butt]1 #a oz42 are melt$ 9 a fry+-pan or ladle ) ab\t a tablespoonful ( wat]1 & ! heat is cont9u$ until ! :ole has turn$ ( a deep br[n2 ! heat is !n l[]$ a little1 & "s port w9e 7ab\t #a p9t7 is gradually p\r$ 92 ! pan is n[ remov$ f ! fire1 & ! mixture well /irr$ until ! roa/$ sug> is entirely dissolv$2 x is !n put into a bottle1 & #a_/b oz4 ea* ( bruis$ pim5to & black pepp]1 #e or #f %alots 7cut small71 a little mace & f9ely grat$ lemon peel1 & #a_/d p9t ( mu%room catsup1 add$4 ,! bottle is %ak5 daily = a week1 & ! cle> liquid1 aft] #e or #f days' repose1 decant$ into ano!r bottle4 ,ri* flav\r$1 b exp5sive4 #b4 ,z ! la/1 b us+ /rong be]1 or wat]1 in/ead ( w9e4 ,a glassful ( _s may be add$ aft] bottl+ x4 #c4 ,sug>-col\r+1 #a p9t2 salt1 #a_/d lb42 mu%room-catsup1 #a_/b p9t2 spice1 q4 s4 ,excell5t = all ord9>y purposes4 #d4 ,lump sug> 7p[d]$71 #b-a_/b lbs42 salad oil1 #a_/b lb42 heat z be=e2 !n add1 ( port w9e1 #a qu>t2 ,cape w9e1 #c qu>ts2 %alots1 #f oz42 mix$ spice1 #d oz42 black pepp]1 #c oz42 mace1 #a oz2 salt1 #a lb42 lemon juice1 #a p9t2 catsup1 #a qu>t2 mix well4 #e4 ,good _s-col\r+ or sug>-col\r+ & mu%room catsup1 ( ea* #a gall42 ,jamaica pepp]1 black pepp]1 & %alots1 ( ea* #d oz2 cloves1 cassia1 & mace1 bruis$1 ( ea* #c_/d oz42 boil 9 a cov]$ vessel = #e m9utes2 dige/ = #ad days1 & /ra94 #f4 ,col\r+1 #c p9ts2 mu%room catsup1 #a p9t2 common salt1 #c_/d lb42 ,*ili v9eg> 7/ronge/71 #a_/b p9t2 spice1 q4 s4 ,half a p9t ( ,briti% br&y or rum may be add$4 ,obs4 ,! above are excell5t additions to gravies1 s\ps1 c42 & ( !mselves =m mo/ admirable sauces = fi%1 meat1 & game4 ,br[n+ 7= ,gun-b>rels74 ,prep4 ,! foll[+ are curr5t =mul3-- #a4 ,blue vitriol1 #d oz42 t9cture ( *loride ( iron1 #b oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 dissolve1 & add aqua=tis & sweet _s ( nitre1 ( ea* #a oz4 #b4 ,blue vitriol & sweet _s ( nitre1 ( ea* #a oz42 aqua=tis1 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 z la/4 #c4 ,butt] ( antimony & sweet oil1 equal p>ts2 well %ak5 toge!r4 ,to be appli$ to ! iron previ\sly w>m$4 ,obs4 ,! above fluids are rubb$ on ! b>rel 7previ\sly well poli%$ & clean$ (f ) :it+ to remove ! oil71 & all[$ to rema9 on = "s h\rs1 or until ! next day1 :5 !y are rubb$ (f ) a /iff bru%4 ,! process may be repeat$1 if necess>y4 ,! b>rel is next wa%$ 9 wat] 9 :i* a little pe>la% or soda has be5 dissolv$1 & aft]w>ds well r9s$ 9 clean wat]2 x is !n poli%$1 ei!r ) ! burni%]1 or ) a bru% & beeswax4 ,sometimes a coat ( t\gh %ell-lac v>ni% is appli$4 ,,brucea 7-%'7a74 ,false cusp>ia 7:i* see74 ,,bru*balsam--,,rupture ,,balsam 7,dr ,tnz]74--,no4 #a4 ,comp\nd rosem>y c]ate1 nutmeg c]ate1 r$ ,johannis oil1 yell[ wax1 ( ea* #a "p2 fat1 #e p>ts4 ,no4 #b4 ,mixture ( nutmeg c]ate1 #ej p>ts2 tall[1 butt]1 ( ea* #aj p>ts1 melt$ & mix$ ) #be p>ts /ronge/ liquor potass4 ,no4 #c4 ,comp\nd rosem>y c]ate1 oil ( bayb]ries1 ( ea* #b p>ts2 nutmeg c]ate1 #d p>ts2 r$ ,johannis oil1 #f p>ts2 yell[ wax1 #c p>ts2 t9cture ( myrrh & t9cture ( aloes1 ( ea* #a_/b "p2 tr4 opii1 #a_/d "p1 melt$ & heat$ until ! _s has evaporat$4 7,hag]47 ,,bru*pfla/]--,,rupture ,,pla/] 7,krsi ,al!rr74 ,a spread pla/]1 ! mass consi/+ ( #e p>ts ,b]gundy pit* & #b p>ts turp5t9e4 7,walz & ,hag]47 ,bru*pfla/]--,rupture ,pla/] 7,casp> ,m5et74 ,ma*9e-made pap] cov]$ ) ?9 gauze1 & ?9ly spread ) a mass ( #i p>ts wax1 #c p>ts turp5t9e1 & #a "p elemi4 7,hag]47 ,,bru*salbe--,,rupture ,,c]ate 7,gottlieb ,/urz5egg]1 ,h]isau1 ,canton ,app5zell74 ,a mixture ( #ej p>ts fat & #a "p oil ( bayb]ries4 7,hag]47 ,,bru*e1 ruptures cur$ )\t m$ic9e1 op]ation1 or pa91 by ,lav$an1 *emi/4 ,a pelotte conta9+ 9 x z9c & copp] plate on :i* a solution ( ! p\dre electro*imique 7common salt7 is dropp$4 7,hag]47 ,,bru',,cia4 ,c#bc;,h#bf,n#b,o#d4 ,aq4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,bru',,c9e2 ,,bru',,c9a1 ,l4 ,an alkaloid discov]$ by ,pelleti] & ,cav5t\1 9 ! b>k ( bru'cia antidys5t]'ica1 & aft]w>ds associat$ ) /ry*nia1 9 nux vomica4 ,prep4 ,gr\nd nux vomica1 or ! b>k ( brucia antidys5t]ica1 is boil$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 & ! result+ decoction mix$ ) hydrate ( lime 79 excess72 ! crude precipitate ?us obta9$ is boil$ 9 alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hej71 & ! t9cture filt]$ :il/ hot4 ,a mixture ( crude /ry*nia & brucia is deposit$ z ! fluid cools1 & ! rema9d] is obta9$ by evaporation4 ,?is is p[d]$ & dige/$ 9 cold alcohol1 :i* dissolves out ! brucia2 ! solution furni%es cry/als on spontane\s evaporation4 ,x may be fur!r purifi$ by recry/allisation f alcohol4 ,prop4 ,soluble 9 #hej p>ts ( cold1 & ab\t #ejj p>ts ( hot wat]2 freely soluble 9 alcohol2 add$ to ! dilute acids until !y are neutralis$1 x =ms cry/allisable salts1 easily obta9$ by evaporation4 ,te/s4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f /ry*nia1 :i* 9 _m respects x resembles1 by its ready solubility 9 bo? dilute & absolute alcohol1 & its insolubility 9 e!r4 ,) nitric acid x /rikes a f9e r$ col\r1 :i* is remov$ by sulphurett$ hydrog5 & sulphur\s acid4 ,iodic acid1 *loric acid1 & *lor9e1 also turn x r$4 ,pr(essor ,sonn5s*e9 has succe$$ 9 conv]t+ brucia into /ry*nia4 ,he says--,brucia ,c#bc;,h#bf,n#b,o#d & ,/ry*nia ,c#ba;,h#bb,n#b,o#b diff] app>5tly consid]ably 9 _! composition2 b ! =m] may easily be conv]t$ into ! latt]4 ,ref]r+ to ! =mul x w be se5 t /ry*nia is produc$ by comb9+ brucia ) #d,o1 & elim9at+ #b;,h#b,o#a & #b;,,co#b4 ,?is is effect$ z foll[s3--,brucia is mod]ately heat$ ) #d to #e times its weight ( dilut$ nitric acid1 :5 a r$ col\ration w be produc$ & gases evolv$1 :i* cause 9 a mixture ( b>ium *loride & ammonia a :ite precipitate ( c>bonate ( b>ium4 ,! r$ solution is conc5trat$ 9 a wat]-ba?1 sup]-saturat$ ) potassa1 & agitat$ ) e!r1 :i*1 on spontane\s evaporation1 leaves a r$di% mass1 conta9+ a r$ col\r+ matt]1 a yell[i% res91 & an alkaloid :i* is obta9$ pure by dissolv+ 9 an acid & cry/allis+4 ,?is base has ! int5sity1 bitt] ta/e1 & o!r prop]ties ( /ry*nia1 gives ! *>act]i/ic reactions ) potassium *romate1 c]ium oxide1 & sulphuric acid1 & yields ) *lor9e ! sp>+ly soluble comp\nd4 ,! muriate cry/allises 9 f9e silky ne$les1 f :i* #ibj p] c5t4 ( *lor9e 0 obta9$4 ,! conv]sion ( brucia into /ry*nia is n only highly int]e/+1 b x is likewise ( great importance 9 =5sic analysis1 prov+ aga9 t 9 su* cases ! employm5t ( oxidis+ ag5ts is admissible only ) great caution4 ,a /ud5t :o _h receiv$ = analysis a mixture conta9+1 among o!r sub/ances1 brucia & nitrate ( lead1 employ$ ! process ( ,/as & ,otto = ! sep>ation ( ! alkaloids1 & f\nd /ry*nia in/ead ( brucia :i* _h be5 oxidis$ by ! lib]at$ nitric acid4 ,if /ry*nia is heat$ ) a /rong base l potassa1 soda1 or b>yta1 = "s "t1 9 a seal$ glass tube plac$ 9 a wat]-ba?1 a body is obta9$ :i* no long] %[s ! reactions ( /ry*nia1 b resembles brucia 9 its reactions4 ,! exp]im5ts on ?is decomposition1 :i* is likewise ( importance 9 =5sic analysis1 are n yet conclud$4 ,,bruise 7brooze74 ,syn4 ,,contu',,sio1 ,,contu',,sum1 ,l42 ,,contusion1 ,,meurtrissure1 ,fr42 ,,braus*e1 ,,quets*ung1 c41 ,g]4 ,a contusion2 b 9 popul> language appli$ *iefly to cases 9 :i* !re is an extravasation ( blood ow+ to ! rupture ( ! m9ute vessels1 ) consequ5t discoloration or tumefaction ( ! "p4 ,treatm5t4--,9 common cases1 suffici5tly s]i\s1 bruises may be rubb$ ) a little opodeldoc or soap-l9im5t2 or1 if ! inflammation be consid]able1 !y may be ba!d ) a little weak g\l>d wat]1 or ) v9eg> & wat]4 ,9 m sev]e cases lee*es may be appli$4 ,see ,,contusion4 ,treatm5t = ,animals4--,! same z = man4 ,,bruns',,wick ,,black4 ,see ,,v>ni%es4 ,,bruns',,wick ,,gre54 ,see ,,gre5 ,,pigm5ts4 ,,bru%es4 ,bru%es may be be/ wa%$ 9 a mod]ately cold weak solution ( borax4 ,!y %\ld aft]w>ds be r9s$ 9 cold wat] & dri$4 ,,bru/bonbons--,,pectoral ,,bonbons 7,fr41 ,/ollw]ck1 ,cologne74 ,c>age51 #c p>ts2 ,icel& moss1 #b p>ts2 r$ poppy petals1 #a-a_/b p>ts2 coltsfoot1 #a "p2 liquorice1 #b p>ts2 m>%mall[ root1 #b p>ts2 daisy 7,bellis p]5nis71 #a-a_/b p>ts2 ,s\*ong tea1 #a "p2 boil$ ) #bd p>ts ( wat] till r$uc$ to half1 & ! fluid aft]w>ds mix$ ) ref9$ sug>4 ,,bru/gelee--,,pectoral ,,jelly 7,daubitz1 ,b]l974 ,a yell[i%-br[n ne>ly cle> jelly1 ) a sweet1 weak anise1 foll[$ by a some:at bitt] ta/e1 made ( gelat91 #ab grammes2 sug>1 #fj grammes2 & a h]bal infusion1 #abj grammes2 ! latt] made f anise1 />-anise1 ,icel& moss1 c4 ,,bru/pulv]--,,pectoral ,,p[d] 7,beliol1 ,p>is74 ,= *ronic pa9s 9 ! *e/4 ,a mixture ( #ge p>ts milk-sug>1 #bj p>ts gum arabic1 #e p>ts ,ro*elle salt4 7,may]74 ,,bru/saft ,,prap>irt]--,,prep>$ ,,pectoral ,,juice 7,rudolph ,bttn]1 ,b]l974 ,= c\ghs1 ho>s5ess1 tightness ( ! *e/1 c4 ,an ord9>y pectoral tea made ( an infusion ( r$ poppy petals1 :i* is boil$ to a syrup ) sug> 7,hag]74 ,,bru/syrup ,,weis] ,,may]s*]--,,:ite ,,pectoral ,,syrup 7,g4 ,a4 ,w4 ,may]1 ,breslau74 #d p>ts p[d]$ radi% extract$ ) #e p>ts wat] 7accord+ to o!rs rose-wat]71 ! liquor express$ & filt]$4 #f p>ts ( ! cle> liquor dige/$ ) #aj p>ts ( sug> to make a syrup4 7,hag]47 ,frequ5tly no?+ b a simple solution ( sug>4 ,bru/syrup--,pectoral ,syrup 7,dr ,mo?74 ,a mixture ( syrup ( m>%mall[1 #ajjj p>ts2 extract ( horeh\nd1 #cj p>ts2 oxymel ( squills1 #ej p>ts2 aq4 amygd4 am>41 #be p>ts2 aqua4 fo5ic1 #ajj p>ts2 _s ( e!r1 #aj p>ts4 ,,bru/w>z5--,,mittel ,,zur ,,heilung ,,wund]4 ,miracul\s rem$y = heal+ sore nipples4 7,f ,p>is47 ,a dirty br[ni%-yell[1 some:at turbid liquid1 smell+ ( v9eg>1 & ) a ta/e bo? s\r & sweet4 ,a solution ( #a-a_/d p>ts li?>ge 9 #ajj p>ts v9eg>4 7,witt/e947 ,bru/w>z5--,mittel ,geg5 ,wunde4 ,sore nipple prev5tive4 7,f ,p>is47 ,acetic acid1 #a "p2 sug> ( lead1 #c p>ts2 camphor1 #e p>ts2 wat]1 #ajj p>ts4 7,t]reil47 ,,bru/w>z5balsam1 ,,riga]--,,riga',s ,,nipple ,,balsam4 ,a mixture ( ! yolk ( "o egg ) #aj to #ab grammes balsam ( ,p]u4 ,,bry',,on9 7-n7in74 ,a peculi> bitt] pr9ciple extract$ f ! root ( :ite bryony 7bryonia dioica1 ,jacq474 ,x is obta9$ f ! dry extract ( ! express$ juice1 by solution 9 alcohol1 filtration1 & cauti\s evaporation4 ,prop41 c4 ,a yell[i%-:ite mass4 ,x is a dra/ic purgative2 &1 9 l>ge doses1 poison\s4 ,x ent]s into ! composition ( sev]al quack m$ic9es4 ,,bubble-,,&-,,squeak4 ,9 cook]y1 a species ( olla podrida v>i\sly prep>$1 z ! mat]ials & fancy ( ! mak] dictate4 ,prep4 7,rundell47 ,take slices ( cold meat1 fry !m quickly until br[n1 & put !m into a di% to keep !m hot4 ,!n clean ! pan f ! fat2 put 9 x gre5s & c>rots 7previ\sly boil$ & *opp$ small72 add a little butt]1 pepp]1 & salt2 make !m v hot1 & put !m r\nd ! beef ) a little gravy4 ,cold boil$ pork is a bett] mat]ial = bubble-&-squeak ?an beef4 ,9 ei!r case ! slices %\ld be v ?9 & lightly fri$4 ,,bub',,ble ,,fev]d\ble-dagg]4 ,see ,,pemphigus4 ,,bu',,*u 7-ku74 ,! plant dios'ma cr5a'ta 7:i* see74 ,,buck',,bean or ,,bog',,bean4 ,! m5yan!s trifoliata4 ,see ,,infusions4 ,,buck+ham',s ,,dye = ! :isk]s2 manufactur$ by ,r4 ,e4 ,hall ,co41 ,na%ua1 ,n4,h4 ,?is :isk] dye is an ammoniacal solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 & consi/s ( #a_/b gramme nitrate ( silv]1 #b-a_/b grammes solution ( ammonia1 & #dj grammes di/ill$ wat]4 7,dr ,s*a*t74 ,,buck',,?orn4 ,syn4 ,,rham',,nus1 ,l4 ,! rham'nus ca?>'ticus 7,l9n474 ,b]ries 7,,bac',c ,,rham',,ni1 ,l471 ca?>tic2 juice ( ! b]ries 7,,suc',,cus ,r41 ,l47 is (fic9al 9 ! ,b4 ,p4 ,see ,,rhamn9e1 ,,syrups1 c4 ,,buck',,:eat4 ,see ,,:eat4 ,,bug4 ,syn4 ,,ci',,mex1 ,l42 ,,punais1 ,fr42 ,,wanse1 ,g]4 ,a "n popul>ly & v loosely appli$ to a va/ numb] ( insects t infe/ h\ses & plants2 9 zoology1 hemipt]\s insects ( ! g5us 'cimex1' ( :i* !re are _m hundr$ species2 appr41 ! b$-bug4 ,bug4 ,syn4 ,,b$'-,,bug1 ,,h\se'-,b41 ,,wall-,b41 ,,wall'-,,l\se991 c42 ,,ci',,mex ,,domes',,ticus1 ,c4 ,,lectula'',,rius 7,l9n471 ,l42 ,,punaise1 ,fr42 ,,bettwanze1 ,h,,uswanse1 ,g]4 ,an insect too well kn[n 9 all ! l>g] t[ns ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 & 9 ! huts ( squalid pov]ty ev]y:]e1 to require a description "h4 ,x is almo/ ! only species ( ! bug k9d t has undevelop$ w+s4 ,its introduction to ,engl& is believ$ to h occurr$ soon aft] ! great ,fire ( ,london 7,a4,d4 #afff74 ,human blood appe>s to be its fav\rite food2 b x w also eat gra91 se$1 fl\r1 dri$ pa/e1 size1 s(t deal1 bee*1 osi]1 c4 ,c$>1 mahogany1 & ! odor\s & h>d] woods are usually avoid$ by ?is insect4 ,aromatics1 p]fumes1 & /rong od\rs g5]ally are unfavorable to its propagation4 ,ext]m41 c4 ,v>i\s means h be5 adopt$ to prev5t ! accession1 & to de/roy or drive away1 ^! enemies ( tir$ nature's sweet re/or]1 balmy sleep4 ,among ! mo/ c]ta9 ( ^! is ?or\gh cleanl9ess & v5tilation4 ,! furniture brok]s put articles infe/$ ) ^! insects into a room ) doors & w9d[s fitt+ q close1 & subject !m to ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur or *lor9e gas4 ,9 ! small way poison\s wa%es are commonly resort$ to4 ,= ?is purpose no?+ is m effective ?an *loride ( lime or *loride ( z9c2 ! latt] be+ pref]able to ! o!r on acc\nt ( its be+ comp>atively sc5tless4 ,! foll[+ mixtures are 9 common use1 or h be5 recomm5d$ = ?is purpose3-- #a4 ,corrosive sublimate 79 p[d]7 & hydro*loric acid1 ( ea* #a oz42 hot wat]1 #c_/d p9t2 agitate !m toge!r until ! fir/ is completely dissolv$4 ,x is appli$ ) a pa9t-bru%1 obs]v+ to rub x well into ! cracks & jo9ts4 ,?is is ! common 'bug-wa%' ( ! %ops4 ,x is a deadly poison6 #b4 ,z ! la/1 b sub/itut+ #b oz4 ( sal-ammoniac = ! hydro*loric acid4 #c4 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 #a p9t2 camphor1 #b oz42 dissolve4 ,v cleanly & effective4 #d4 ,tobacco-wat]1 made by /eep+ #b oz4 ( good %ag 9 #a p9t ( w>m wat] = a few h\rs4 #e4 ,crude pyroligne\s acid4 #f4 ,coal-t> naph?a4 ,?is1 z well z ,no4 #c 7above71 %\ld nev] be us$ by c&le-light1 z x is excessively inflammable4 ,:5 ! smell ( ! common naph?a is objectionable1 b5zol or b5z9e may be us$ in/ead4 ,! celebrat$ no/rum v5d$ "u ! "n ( ',insecticide' is said to be no?+ b b5zol4 #g4 ,sulphurat$ pota% 79 p[d]71 #f oz42 s(t soap1 #a_/b lb42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #a_/d p9t or q4 s4 to make a species ( s(t o9tm5t4 ,! od\r ( ! la/ ?ree 7,nos4 #e1 #f1 #g7 is r p]si/5t & disagreeable2 b !y are v effective4 #h4 ,/rong m]curial o9tm5t1 s(t soap1 & oil ( turp5t9e1 equal p>ts1 triturat$ toge!r4 ,r greasy & dirty4 #i4 ,scot* or ,wel% snuff1 mix$ ) twice its weight ( s(t soap4 #aj4 ,sulphur1 or squills1 9 impalpable p[d]1 bl[n into ! cracks or jo9ts1 or scatt]$ 9 a f9e cl\d1 by means ( a holl[ ball or balloon ( vulcanis$ india rubb] fill$ ) x & furni%$ ) a small wood5 jet or m\?-piece1 or 9 any o!r conv5i5t mann]4 ,v cleanly & effective4 ,dumont's ',pat5t ,v]m9 ,kill]1' z well z ! :ole ho/ ( imitations ( x1 is ( ?is k9d4 ,obs4 ,out ( ! above li/ !re is ample room = selection4 ,! common practice is to take ! b$/ead or o!r piece ( furniture to pieces be=e apply+ !m4 ,^! pe/s exi/ only 9 dirty h\ses4 ,a c>eful h\sewife or s]vant w soon completely de/roy !m4 ,! sure/ me?od ( de/ruction is to cat* !m individually :5 !y attack ! p]son 9 b$4 ,:5 _! bite is felt1 in/antly rise & light a c&le & capture !m4 ,?is may be tr\blesome1 b if !re be n a great numb] a few nights w f9i% !m4 ,:5 !re is a l>ge numb]1 & !y h ga9$ a lodgm5t 9 ! timb]s1 take ! b$ 9 pieces1 & fill 9 all ! ap]tures & jo9ts ) a mixture ( s(t soap & ,scot* snuff4 ,a piece ( wick]-"w1 call$ a ,,bug-,,trap1 plac$ at ! head ( ! b$1 =ms a receptacle = !m1 & !n !y may be daily caught till no m are left4 ,oil-pa9t+ a wall is a sure means ( exclud+ & de/roy+ !m4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ^! insects are s fond ( n>r[-leav$ dittany or pepp]wort 7lepidium rud]ale71 t if a bun* ( x be susp5d$ ne> _! haunts !y w settle 9 x1 & may be ?us easily captur$4 ,x is said to be commonly us$ z a bug-trap 9 "s ( our rural di/ricts4 ,wat]1 p\r$ boil+ f ! sp\t ( a kettle into ! cracks & jo9ts1 is a cleanly & c]ta9 rem$y1 :i* we h (t5 se5 employ$2 s also is a jet ( /eam2 !y are bo? de/ructive to all insects1 & w be f\nd p>ticul>ly s to beetles4 ,! prop] "t = attack+ ^! pe/s is e>ly 9 ,m>*1 or %ortly be=e !y are reviv$ f _! dormant /ate by ! w>m wea!r4 ,see ,,insects4 ,bug1 ,h>ve/4 ,see ,,ac>i4 ,,bu',,gle 7bu'gl74 ,an elongat$ cyl9drical glass bead4 ,see ,,bead4 ,,build+ ,,/ones4 ,among/ ! calc>e\s & magnesian /ones us$ = build+ _m ( ! f9e-gra9$ & por\s v>ieties are liable to split into flakes aft] a few ye>s' exposure to ! atmosph]e1 ow+ to ! absorption by ! /one ( wat]1 :i*1 becom+ froz5 dur+ sev]e wea!r1 fractures ! /one by its expansion4 ,br>d inv5t$ a simple means ( asc]ta9+ :e!r a build+ /one is liable to ?is defect1 :i* consi/s 9 tak+ a smoo?ly-cut block ( ! /one1 "o or two in*es squ>e1 & plac+ x 9 a cold saturat$ solution ( sodic sulphate4 ,! temp]ature ( ! solution is gradually rais$ to ! boil+ po9t2 x is all[$ to boil = half an h\r1 & !n ! /one is left to cool 9 ! liquid4 ,:5 cold x is susp5d$ ov] a di%1 & once a day = a week or a =tnight plung$ = a few mom5ts into a cold saturat$ solution ( sodic sulphate1 & x is !n aga9 freely susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,! sulphate cry/allises 9 ! pores ( ! /one & splits (f fragm5ts ( x4 ,a simil> exp]im5t is made ^u an equal-siz$ mass ( /one :i* is kn[n to be free f ?is defect4 ,by ! comp>ative weight ( ^! fragm5ts 9 ! two cases ! t5d5cy ( ! /one to ! defect 9 "q may be e/imat$4 ,a /one t is plac$ 9 a build+ 9 a position simil> to t 9 :i* x is f\nd 9 ! qu>ry1 t is1 ) its seams ly+ horizontally1 is f\nd to resi/ ! wea!r mu* m successfully ?an "o t has n be5 s plac$4 ,,bun4 ,a well-kn[n k9d ( light1 sweet cake4 ,prep4 #a4 ,,ba?-,,buns3--,z #f1 b add+ a little c&i$ lemon & orange peel1 & putt+ a little grat$ peel & a few c>away comfits on ! top ( ea*4 #b4 ,,cross-,,buns3--,fl\r1 #b-a_/b lbs42 sift$ sug> #a_/b lb42 cori&] se$s1 cassia1 & mace1 ( ea* 7p[d]$7 a suffici5cy2 make a pa/e ) butt]1 #a_/b lb42 7dissolv$ 97 hot milk1 #a_/b p9t2 "w ) ?ree table-spoonfuls ( yea/2 set x be=e ! fire = an h\r to rise1 !n make x into buns1 & set !m be=e ! fire on a t9 = half an h\r2 la/ly1 bru% !m ov] ) w>m milk1 & bake !m to a nice br[n 9 a mod]ate ov54 #c4 ,,madeira-,,buns3--,butt]1 #h oz42 #b eggs2 fl\r1 #a lb42 p[d]$ sug>1 #f oz42 half a nutmeg 7grat$72 p[d]$ g+] & c>away se$s1 ( ea* #a_/b teaspoonful2 "w well toge!r1 !n add z mu* milk z requir$1 & f]m5t2 la/ly1 bake on t9s 9 a quick ov54 #d4 ,,pla9 ,,buns3--,fl\r1 #b lbs42 butt]1 #a_/d lb42 sug>1 #f oz42 a little salt1 c>away & g+]2 make a pa/e ) yea/1 #d spoonfuls1 & w>m milk1 q4 s42 z be=e4 #e4 ,,p5ny-,,buns3--,to ! la/ add ( currants1 well wa%$1 #a_/b lb42 & wat]1 /a9$ by /eep+ a little saffron 9 x1 q4 s41 to give a light yell[ t+e to !m4 #f4 ,,ri* ,,buns3--,f9e fl\r1 #c lbs2 sug>1 #a lb42 butt]1 #b lbs4 7melt$ & beat )7 rose wat]1 #d oz42 currants1 #a lb42 yea/1 #a_/d p9t2 z be=e4 ,obs4 ,! great secret 9 produc+ good buns is ! use ( sweet yea/ & ! be/ currants only1 & ?or\ghly wa%+ ^! la/ 9 a sieve or col&]1 to remove grit1 be=e add+ !m to ! d\gh4 ,,bunion 7-y7un74 ,a species ( corn or swell+ on ! ball ( ! great toe1 result+ f pressure1 & irritation by friction4 ,! treatm5t recomm5d$ = corns applies also to bunions2 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] ext5sion ( ! disease1 ! cure is m t$i\s4 ,a bunion may (t5 be effectually /opp$ & remov$ by p\ltic+ x1 &1 at ! prop] "t1 c>efully op5+ x ) a lancet4 ,see ,,corns4 ,,burette4 ,a graduat$ glass vessel employ$ 9 volumetric analysis = measur+ liquids4 #a4 ,! fir/ burette 0 inv5t$ by ,gay-,lussac1 a draw+ ( ^: in/rum5t is giv5 bel[4 ,x r>ely1 if ev]1 has a capacity great] ?an #ej cubic c5timetres1 & consi/s ( a n>r[ tube fus$ on to a wid] "o4 ,! l>g] tube is ab\t #cc c5timetres long1 ! graduat$ portion occupy+ ab\t #be c5timetres1 & its int]nal diamet] measures #ae millimetres2 ! n>r[ tube has a diamet] ( #d millimetres1 :i* 9 ! upp] b5t end decreases to #b millimetres4 ,:5 us$ ! in/rum5t %\ld be held 9 ! left h&1 ! bottom "p be+ all[$ to lean a little aga9/ ! *e/4 ,! op]ation is aid$ by giv+ ! in/rum5t f "t to "t a slight turn 9 ! direction ( its longitud9al axis1 !reby plac+ ! curve ( ! /\t alt]nately 9 a m v]tical1 alt]nately 9 a m horizontal position4 ,! volume mu/ n be read (f be=e ! surface ( ! liquid has atta9$ a con/ant height4 #b4 ,geissl]'s burette4 ,?is in/rum5t diff]s f ,gay-,lussac's 9 hav+ ! n>r[ tube inside1 in/ead ( outside ! wid] "o4 ,x is f\nd v conv5i5t 9 use1 & is less liable to fracture ?an ,gay-,lussac's4 #c4 ,mohr's burette1 :i* c be m easily & readily manag$ ?an ei!r ( ! two prec$+ ones1 is describ$ & figur$ "u ,,alkalimetry4 ,illu/ration3 ,gay-,lussac's ,burette & ,geissl]'s ,burette4 ,9 volumetric analysis ! me?od ( tak+ ! read+s ( ! burette is an op]ation ( great importance1 requir+ consid]able me?od & practice4 ,! fir/ proce$+ is to br+ ! eye to a level ) ! fluid1 & to adopt a fix$ & unalt]able /&>d ( :at is to be consid]$ ! surface4 ,if y hold a burette p>tly fill$ ) wat] betwe5 ! eye & a /rongly illum9$ wall1 ! surface ( ! fluid pres5ts ! appe>ance %[n 9 fig4 a4 ,if y hold close beh9d ! tube a %eet ( :ite pap] ) a /rong light fall+ on x1 ! surface ( ! fluid w pres5t an appe>ance simil> to t %[n 9 fig4 b4 ,9 bo? cases y h read (f at ! l[] bord] ( ! d>k zone1 ?is be+ ! mo/ di/9ctly m>k$ l9e4 ,its di/9ctness may be height5$ by adopt+ ,mohr's contrivance :i* consi/s 9 pa/+ on a %eet ( v :ite c>dbo>d a broad /rip ( black pap]1 & :5 read+ (f hold+ ?is close beh9d ! burette 9 a position to place ! bord] l9e betwe5 :ite & black f #b to #c millimetres bel[ ! l[] bord] ( ! d>k zone z %[n 9 figure c4 ,illu/ration3 a4 & b4 ,illu/ration3 c4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to hold ! pap] inv>iably 9 ! same position1 s9ce if x be held l[] d[n1 ! l[] bord] ( ! black zone w move high] up4 ,to te/ ! correctness ( ! graduation ( a burette proce$ z foll[s3--,fill ! in/rum5t up to ! highe/ division ) wat] at #fjh ,f41 !n let ! cubic c5timetres ( ! liquid fl[ out into an accurately weigh$ flask1 & det]m9e ! weight ( ^! t5 cubic c5timetres 9 ! usual way2 !n let ano!r quantity ( t5 cubic c5timetres fl[ out1 & weigh aga91 & repeat ! op]ation till ! cont5ts ( ! burette are exhau/$4 ,if ! in/rum5t is correctly graduat$1 e t5 cubic c5timetres ( wat] at #fjh ,f4 mu/ weigh #iiij grammes4 ,,burg',,l>ies4 ,! common precautions ( locks & bolts1 al>um-bells & fire-arms1 are frequ5tly f\nd useless 9 pres]v+ h\ses f burgl>s2 b a light 9 ! upp] "p ( ! h\se1 or a small dog on ! gr\nd-floor1 ) ! means ( runn+ into a place ( safety f its enemies1 has be5 seldom kn[n to fail4 ,a comb9ation ( ! two w\ld und\bt$ly be d\bly effective4 ,! b>k ( ! dog & ! fe> ( detection by ! approa* ( ! light w\ld det] ! majority ( rogues ( common pluck & feel+4 ,a dog out ( doors1 & consequ5tly accessible1 h[ev] l>ge & fi]ce1 is easily pacifi$ or sil5c$ by m5 ( ! class ref]r$ to4 ,,burls1 ,,removal ,,(1 f ,clo? & ,wool4 ,introduce ! wool or ! wooll5 goods into #ajj litres ( sulphuric acid at #f ,b41 9 :i* #ejj grams ( alum & #bej grams ( salt h be5 dissolv$4 ,"w 9 ?is ba? = "o or two h\rs1 dra9 9 ! c5trifugal1 & hang up at #ajj to #abj4 ,wa% = an h\r & a half 9 cle> wat]1 treat = two h\rs ) full]'s e>?1 soda & lime1 & wa% aga9 = two h\rs4 ,sulphuric acid is adapt$ only = :ites & indigo blues4 ,= col\r$ goods solutions ( *loride ( t91 & *loride ( manganese at #f ,b41 are recomm5d$4 ,,burns#bcd & ,scalds4#bce ,treatm4 ,:5 ! injury is sup]ficial & slight1 a little creosote may be appli$ to ! "p4 ,if a scald1 ! vesicle %\ld be fir/ pi]c$ ) a ne$le1 or :at is bett]1 snipp$ ) a pair ( scissors1 & ! wat] :i* x conta9s %\ld be !n g5tly squeez$ out4 ,:5 creosote is n procurable1 a l9im5t =m$ ( equal p>ts ( s(t soap1 basilicon o9tm5t1 oil ( turp5t9e1 & wat]1 may be us$ in/ead4 ,:5 ! "p feels v hot & pa9ful1 a p\ltice may be appli$1 on ! surface ( :i* a few drops ( creosote1 or ( ! l9im5t1 %\ld be spread ) a knife4 ,?is treatm5t w g5]ally succe$ 9 allay+ ! pa94 ,x may be foll[$ by a dress+ ( z9c o9tm5t1 or any o!r l simple emolli5t or unctu\s prep>ation4 ,creosote1 contr>y to :at is commonly ass]t$1 produces sc>cely any sm>t+ or pa92 :il/ x rapidly removes ! burn+ s5sation1 & ! *>r$ surface soon assumes a dry scabby appe>ance1 :i*1 by dress+ ) simple o9tm5t1 soon comes (f & leaves ! "p b5ea? 9 a s\nd & heal?y /ate4 ,if a p\ltice be appli$ x is be/ to keep x on until ! next day4 ,plung+ ! "p into v cold wat] imm$iately aft] ! receipt ( an injury ( ?is k9d w frequ5tly prev5t any fur!r rem$y be+ requir$4 ,flexible collodion pa9t$ ov] a burn =ms a good protective envelope4 ,9 all cases cool+ laxatives %\ld be adm9i/]$2 & ! diet %\ld be r l[ until ! inflammatory symptoms subside4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,,burn1 s4 s+42 ,,ambus',,tio1 ,l4 ,,br,,lure1 ,fr42 ,,br&1 ,,br&mahl1 ,g]4 ,footnote #bce3 ,see ,,scalds 7"u ,s74 ,treatm5t = ,animals4 ,c>bolic dress+1 exclusion ( air1 cotton wool1 l9se$ oil & lime wat]4 ,,burn+-,,glass4 ,see ,,l5s4 ,,butea ,,frondosa1 ,roxb4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,b5gal ,,k9o ,,tree4 ,habitat4 ,common all ov] ,india4--,(fic9al "p4 ,! inspissat$ juice obta9$ f ! /em by incision 7,bute ,gummi1 ,k9o ,b5gal5sis1 ,b5gal k9o74 ,x occurs 9 ! =m ( irregul> %9+ fragm5ts1 seldom z l>ge z a pea2 m or less mix$ ) adh]5t pieces ( greyi% b>k2 ( an int5se ruby col\r & a/r+5t ta/e2 soluble1 b n freely s1 9 wat] & 9 alcohol4 ,its a/r+5cy is due to ! pres5ce ( tannic & gallic acids4--,prop4 ,uses4 ,simil> to ^? ( k9o1 = :i* x has be5 f\nd an effici5t sub/itute4--,prep4 ,same z ^? ( k9o4 ,,butt]4 ,eng41 ,g]4 ,syn4 ,,buty',,rum1 ,l42 ,,beurre1 ,fr42 ,,but]1 ,,but]a1 ,sax4 ,! fatty matt] obta9$ f cream by *urn+ x4 ,manuf4 ,! process ( mak+ butt] by ! common op]ation ( *urn+ is extremely simple1 & is well kn[n4 ,! *ief objects to att5d to are ma9ta9+ a prop] temp]ature1 & a c]ta9 degree ( exposure to ! air4 ,extreme cleanl9ess mu/ also be obs]v$2 ! *urn & o!r ut5sils be+ frequ5tly scald$ out ) wat]4 ,:5 ! butt] is 'come1' x %\ld be put into a fre%-scald$ pan1 or tub1 :i* has be5 /&+ 9 cold wat]1 cold wat] p\r$ on x1 & aft] x has acquir$ "s h>dness1 x %\ld be well beat5 ) a flat bo>d until n ! lea/ ta/e ( ! butt]-milk rema9s1 & ! wat]1 :i* mu/ be (t5 *ang$1 becomes q col\rless & ta/eless4 ,a little salt may !n be work$ into x2 aft] :i* x may be weigh$ & made into '=ms1' :i* %\ld !n be ?r[n into cold wat] conta9$ 9 an e>!n pan provid$ ) a cov]4 ,9 ?is way nice & cool butt] may be obta9$ 9 ! hotte/ wea!r4 ,at ,dumb>ton ! newly sep>at$ butt] is put into a clean vessel1 & a corn sickle is drawn sev]al times crosswise ?r\gh x1 to extract any hairs t may adh]e to x4 ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ 9 v cold spr+ wat]1 & is foll[$ by ?or\ghly wa%+ x !re94 #aj oz4 ( salt are n[ add$ to e /one-weight ( ! butt]1 & well mix$ 94 ,9 ,devon%ire ! milk is g5]ally scald$ 9 copp] pans ov] a *>coal or wood fire1 & ! cream collect$ z soon z x rises1 or1 & m frequ5tly1 :5 ! :ole has got cold4 ,x is !n *urn$ 9 ! usual way4 ,on ! small scale ! butt] is commonly obta9$ f ?is cream by pati5tly work+ x ) ! h& 9 a %all[ pan or tub4 ,)\t c>e ! cream is apt to absorb "s ( ! fumes f ! *>coal1 :i* imp>t a peculi> ta/e to ! butt]4 ,?is is ! reason :y "s ( ! ,devon%ire butt] has a slight smoky flav\r4 ,x may be remov$ by ?or\gh wa%+ 9 cold wat]4 ,( late ye>s1 9 ! l>ge dairy-f>ms ( ,devon%ire1 cov]$ flues1 ) op5+s to receive ! bottoms ( ! pans1 h sup]s$$ op5 fires1 by :i* ! dang] ( contam9ation f ! fumes is remov$4 ,*oice4 ,fre% butt] has a pleasant od\r & is ( an equal col\r ?r\gh\t its sub/ance4 ,if x smells s\r1 ! butt]-milk has n be5 well wa%$ out2 & if x is /reak$ or ve9y1 x is probably mix$ ) /ale butt] or l>d4 ,a good way to try butt] is to ?ru/ a knife into x1 :i* %\ld n smell rancid & unpleasant :5 )drawn4 ,rancid & /ale butt]1 :5 eat5 9 quantity1 is capable ( produc+ dang]\s symptoms4 ,pur4 ,! *eap] k9ds ( butt] are frequ5tly adult]at$ ) common :eat-fl\r1 oatmeal1 pea-fl\r1 l>d1 & is sometimes mix$ ) suet & turnips1 z well z ) a l>ge quantity ( salt & wat]4 ,! trick is concoct$ betwe5 ! ,iri% factors & ! ,london deal]s4 ,! high] pric$ article is seldom mix$ ) any?+ beyond an excess ( salt & wat]1 not)/&+ ! ass]tions ( al>mi/s to ! contr>y4 ,! pres5ce ( l>d may be detect$ by ! flav\r & pal5ess ( ! col\r4 ,a little ( ! sample adult]at$ ) ! o!r sub/ances nam$1 if melt$ 9 a glass tube or phial1 w sep>ate into /rata1 :i* are v m>k$ :5 cold4 ,quantitative ,analysis ( ,butt]4--#a4 ,! foll[+ process = ! analysis ( butt]1 by ,mr ,a4 ,h4 ,all51 is extract$ f ! ',*emical ,news' 7xxxii1 #gg73--,! ,society ( ,public ,analy/s has adopt$ #hjjj p] c5t4 z ! l[e/ limit ( fat conta9$ 9 a g5u9e butt]4 ,! am\nt ( wat] is be/ asc]ta9$ by heat+ #e grams ( ! butt] 9 a small weigh$ beak] to a temp]ature ( ab\t #aaj or #abj ,c4 = an h\r or s4 ,"s *emi/s m]ely heat ! butt] on a wat] ba?4 ,accord+ to ! au?or's exp]i5ce1 p]fect dry+ is next to impossible at t temp]ature4 ,! dri$ butt] is next treat$ 9 ! beak] ) anhydr\s e!r1 or comm]cial b5zol9e4 ,! =m] liquid is exp5sive & inconv5i5tly volatile1 :ile x mu/ be us$ 9 a p]fectly anhydr\s condition 7to avoid solution ( ! salt71 & except :5 boil+ has b a limit$ solv5t p[] = butt]1 especially :5 adult]at$4 ,b5zol9e dissolves fat m readily ?an e!r2 x does n volatilise s rapidly at ord9>y temp]atures1 x is always anhydr\s & has ! advantage ( l[ price4 ,! b5zol9e employ$ by ! au?or is made by r$i/ill+ ! comm]cial article f a retort imm]s$ 9 a ba? ( boil+ wat]4 ,ab\t "o ?ird ( ! orig9al bulk usually comes ov] readily at #ajj ,c41 & has a gravity ( #jfhi4 ,on w>m+ ! beak] conta9+ ! b5zol9e ! dry butt] readily dissolves4 ,! liquid is p\r$ on a small dry filt] & wa%$ ) w>m b5zol9e1 ! filtrate be+ collect$ 9 a small wide beak]4 ,if ! filt] _h be5 previ\sly weigh$1 its increase ( weight1 aft] c>eful dry+1 w ( c\rse give ! quantity ( curd & salt 9 ! #e grams ( butt] tak54 ,except 9 cases 9 :i* extreme accuracy is desir$1 x is pref]able to scrape ! residue (f ! filt] & weigh x sep>ately4 ,! error 7ow+ to imp]fect removal7 only am\nts to "o or two t5?s p] c5t4 ( ! butt] tak54 ,z ! salt is accurately e/imat$ aft]w>ds1 ! loss falls on ! curd4 ,! salt may be det]m9$ by c>eful ignition ( ! filt] & residue1 ! incombu/ible matt] consi/+ almo/ :olly ( common salt1 :ile ! curd is asc]ta9$ by loss ( weight4 ,?is me?od is n to be recomm5d$2 = )\t great c>e "s ( ! salt w be volatilis$ & lo/1 ! error caus+ ! am\nt ( curd to appe> excessive4 ,ignition also r5d]s any fur!r exam9ation ( ! curd an impossibility4 ,a f> pref]able plan is to return ! weigh$ curd & salt to ! filt]1 & to wa% !m ) cold wat]4 ,! filtrate is made up to #ajj c4 c41 & ! salt is e/imat$ 9 a half ( x by titrat+ ) dec9ormal nitrate ( silv]4 ,! rema9+ portion ( ! solution c be employ$ = ! e/imation ( sug>1 if desir$4 ,?is is effect$ by inv]se titration ) ,fehl+'s copp] solution1 9 ! same way z grape sug>4 ,! e/imation ( sug> may sometimes be ( int]e/1 z a means ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! aque\s portion ( ! butt] consi/$ ( m]e wat] or ( s]um ( milk4 ,9 o!r words1 ! e/imation ( ! sug> may furni% a means ( asc]ta9+ :e!r an excess ( wat] 9 ! butt] is due to insuffici5t removal ( ! butt]-milk1 or to subsequ5t incorporation ( wat]4 ,e #jjja gram ( milk sug> repres5ts ab\t #jjbb ( av]age milk s]um4 ,! residue insoluble 9 cold wat] usually consi/s almo/ :olly ( case94 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! butt] has be5 adult]at$ ) ma%$ potatoes1 fl\r1 or o!r />*y matt]s--said to be occasionally employ$--!y w be f\nd "h4 ,! pres5ce ( />* 9 ! residue w1 ( c\rse1 be readily indicat$ by treat+ x ) hot wat]1 & te/+ ! cool$ liquid ) solution ( iod9e4 ,by press+ out a small portion ( ! butt] betwe5 two slips ( glass1 s z to obta9 a ?9 film1 & obs]v+ x "u ! microscope 7or by obs]v+ ! case\s residue aft] treatm5t ) cold wat]71 ! nature ( ! />* may be asc]ta9$4 ,! solution ( ! fatty matt] 9 b5zol9e is evaporat$ at #ajj ,c4 till x no long] decreases 9 weight4 ,! av]age proportion ( fatty matt] 9 butt] is ab\t #he p] c5t4 ,if less ?an #hj p] c5t4 ! butt] mu/ be consid]$ adult]at$4 ,x is evid5t t a c>eful e/imation ( ! p]-c5tage ( fatty matt] w\ld (t5 r5d] sep>ate e/imations ( ! wat]1 curd1 & salt unnecess>y2 = unless ! sum ( ! ?ree latt] con/itu5ts exce$$ #bj p] c5t4 ! butt] c\ld n be consid]$ z adult]at$1 unless by an admixture ( o!r fats4 ,an easy & rapid me?od ( e/imat+ ! fat 9 ! undri$ butt] is !re=e a great desid]atum2 b un=tunately no satisfactory me?od is at pres5t kn[n4 ,! indirect e/imation ( ! fat1 by subtract+ ! sum ( ! p]-c5tages ( wat]1 curd1 & salt f #ajjjj1 ought to agree ) ! direct e/imation ( fat )9 #je p] c5t41 & ! v>iation is (t5 mu* less4 #b4 ,dr ,dupr adopts ! foll[+ me?od3 ,ab\t #e grams ( ! dry filt]$ butt] fat are weigh$ 9 a small /rong flask2 #be c4 c4 ( a normal alcoholic soda solution are add$2 ! flask is clos$ by means ( a well-fitt+ cauot*\c /opp]1 firmly secur$ by a piece ( canvas & /r+1 & heat$ 9 a wat]-ba? = ab\t an h\r4 ,:5 cool ! flask is op5$1 ! cont5ts--:i* are semi-solid--c>efully liquefi$ by heat1 & wa%$ into a flask ) hot wat]4 ,?is flask is n[ heat$ = "s "t on a wat]-ba? to expel ! alcohol1 "s m hot wat] is add$1 & #be c4 c4 ( dilut$ sulphuric acid some:at /rong] ?an ! alkali us$1 are run 94 ,! cont5ts are all[$ to cool1 & ! acid aque\s solution bel[ ! cake ( fatty acids is pass$ ?r\gh a filt]4 ,! fatty acids 9 ! flask are wa%$ by hot wat] 9 ! mann] recomm5d$ by ,dr ,mut]1 i4e41 ea* "t all[$ to cool2 all ! wa%+s are pass$ ?r\gh a filt]4 ,! au?or uses no cambric1 b passes ev]y?+ ?r\gh pap]4 ,) c>e sc>cely any ( ! fatty acid w f9d its way into ! filt]4 ,aft] ! wa%+ ) wat] is complet$ & ! flask dra9$1 he wa%es any fatty acid t may be on ! filt] into ! flask by means ( a mixture ( alcohol & e!r on a wat] ba?1 & f9ally dries ! fatty acids 9 ! flask at a temp]ature ( #aje ,c4 ,! dry+ c be done readily if ! melt$ fat is n[ & !n %ak5 briskly1 s z to subdivide ! wat] z mu* z possible4 ,9 ?is way ! acids :5 once 9 ! flask are n tak5 out until _! weight has be5 tak51 ?us r$uc+ ! risk ( loss to a m9imum4 ,mean:ile ! acidity ( ! aque\s filtrate & wa%+s is e/imat$ by dec9ormal soda solution4 ,subtract+ f ! am\nt requir$ to ! proportion necess>y to neutralise ! excess ( acid add$ 9 decompos+ ! soap1 ! re/ repres5ts ! soluble fatty acids conta9$ 9 ! butt] tak51 & on ! assumption ( its be+ butyric acid1 we c1 ( c\rse1 calculate ! am\nt ( ?is acid pres5t4 ,:5 once ! equival5t ( ! soluble acids pres5t 9 butt] is fairly det]m9$1 ?is1 ( c\rse1 w h to be sub/itut$ = t ( butyric acid4 ,! results ?us obta9$ are v accurate1 & ! process is v simple 9 execution4 ,! au?or has satisfi$ himself by repeat$ exp]im5ts t ! alkal9ity ( ! alcoholic soda solution by itself is n alt]$ by ! process4 ,! au?or places no reliance on ! specific gravity te/1 z he f9ds t mutton dripp+1 & o!r fats likely to be us$ z adult]ants ( butt]1 may acquire a specific gravity above #iaa by be+ /rongly & repeat$ly heat$4 ,he ?9ks1 h[ev]1 t any sample ( butt] bel[ #iaa may safely be pron\nc$ adult]at$4 ,9 a subsequ5t note ,dr ,dupr /ates t he has effect$ ! saponification1 decomposition ( ! soap1 & ! wa%+ & dry+ ( ! fatty acids at ord9>y temp]ature1 ?us /ill fur!r r$uc+ ! risk ( break+ up ! high] into l[] acids4 ,! saponification is readily effect$ by us+ a suffici5cy ( alcoholic soda4 ,betwe5 f\r & five grams ( ! dry butt] fat 7 %ak5 up = sev]al m9utes ) #ajj c4 c4 ( normal alcoholic soda4 ,! butt] soon dissolves1 b aft] a "t ! solution gelat9ises to a cle> transp>5t mass4 7,! temp]ature ( ! laboratory at ! "t ( ^! exp]im5ts rang$ betwe5 #bb & #ej47 ,?is jelly is n[ all[$ to /& ov] night1 dur+ :i* "t ! smell ( butyric e!r1 v /rong at fir/1 entirely disappe>s4 ,9 "o ( ! exp]im5ts ! alcohol 0 all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly be=e ! acid 0 add$2 9 ! o!r 7made ) a diff]5t sample ( butt]7 ! soap 0 dissolv$ 9 ab\t half a litre ( wat]1 & at once decompos$ by ! addition ( hydro*loric acid4 ,! fatty acids :i* sep>at$ 9 :ite curdy masses 7 ?or\ghly wa%$ on a filt] ) cold wat]1 ab\t f\r litres1 dri$ 9 vacuo ov] oil ( vitriol1 & weigh$4 ,! results ( exp]im5t %[ t butt] fat yields ! same proportion ( insoluble fatty acids :5 saponifi$ ) or )\t ! aid ( heat4 #c4 ,mr ,gateh\se4 ,rapid ,me?od ( ,detect+ ! ,adult]ation ( ,butt] ) o!r ,fats4 ,! foll[+ comp>ative me?od is bas$ ^u ! insolubility ( potassium /e>ate 9 alkal9e solutions :5 ! /e>ate has be5 produc$ at high temp]atures3 ,be=e apply+ ! te/ x is ess5tial to remove all curd1 butt]-milk1 & salt1 by wa%+ ) hot wat] or dissolv+ 9 e!r4 ,tw5ty gra9s ( ! butt] are plac$ 9 a l>ge te/-tube "o ?ird full ) wat] boil$ ?or\ghly & all[$ to /& till ! fat sep>ates4 ,! fat is ei!r dissolv$ 9 e!r1 & aft] evaporation saponifi$1 or ! l[] lay] ( ! liquid is drawn (f by a pipette z foll[s3--,a ?9 glass tube is drawn out to a fairly f9e po9t & b5t at ! top to an obtuse angle4 ,:il/ ! butt] is /ill liquid ?is nozzle is ins]t$ into ! bottom ( ! te/-tube1 plac+ ! f+] ov] ! upp] end to prev5t any liquid f gett+ 9 till x rea*es ! bottom4 ,:5 fairly cold ! liquid may be )drawn by a pipette atta*$ to ! tube4 ,?is process c be repeat$ till ! wa%+s are free f *lorides4 ,! saponification is effect$ by heat+ ! purifi$ butt] ) #a_/c-a_/b ( its own weight ( pure solid potassium hydrate 7purifi$ by alcohol7 to a temp]ature above #dbj ,f42 apply+ ! heat g5tly at fir/1 & :5 ! fro?+ ceases1 heat+ x m /rongly1 till no fur!r app>5t action occurs4 ,! ultimate temp]ature dur+ saponification mu/ be kept above #djj = "s m9utes1 o!rwise ! /]ate =m$ w be soluble in/ead ( insoluble 9 ! alkal9e solution4 ,if ! butt] is pure1 ! col\r ( ! residue w be at ! utmo/ light yell[1 b %\ld ! butt] be adult]at$ to any ext5t1 x may be almo/ black4 ,too mu* reliance mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be plac$ on ! col\r4 ,aft] all[+ ! tube & its cont5ts to cool1 ! mass is boil$ ) successive portions ( di/ill$ wat] till #f oz4 7or #bjj c4 c47 altoge!r h be5 us$4 ,if ! butt] is pure1 a portion ( ?is solution p\r$ into a te/-tube w pres5t only a fa9t opalesc5ce2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! butt] is impure1 a decid$ opacity w be p]ceiv$1 ! degree dep5d+ ^u ! am\nt ( adult]ation4 ,! am\nt ( adult]ation 9 any sample is det]m9$ by fir/ obta9+ pure butt] & add+ to sep>ate portions ( x kn[n p]-c5tages ( l>d1 c4 ,ea* ( ^! c be saponifi$ z /at$ above2 !y are !n cork$ up 9 tubes ( equal diamet] & labell$ ) ! p]-c5tage ( l>d !y conta94 ,on comp>+ !m x w be se5 t #b p] c5t4 ( l>d c be cle>ly indicat$4 ,:5 a butt] is analys$ all t is want$ is to saponify1 make up to ! correct /r5g?1 & aft] cool+ p\r into a te/-tube & comp>e ) ! specim5 tubes4 #d4 ,dr ,r$wood4 ,! ,det]m9ation ( ! ,melt+ ,po9ts ( ,butt] & o!r ,fats4 ,! app>atus 9 ! =m be/ suit$ = g5]al use consi/s ( a bas91 two small beak]s1 & a !rmomet]4 ,! au?or uses an enamell$ iron bas9 ab\t six in*es 9 diamet]1 & ?ree & a half in*es deep4 ,9 ?is is plac$ a beak] f\r & a half in*es deep & ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & )9 ?is beak] is plac$ ano!r mu* small] "o1 support$ by its project+ rim on a disk ( t9plate or copp]1 ! out] edge ( :i* re/s on ! m\? ( ! l>g] beak]4 ,"s m]cury is put 9 ! small] beak] to ! dep? ( ab\t an in*1 & cold wat] into ! l>g] beak]1 s t its surface %all be half an in* or an in* high] ?an t ( ! m]cury4 ,a small drop ( ! fat :i* has be5 previ\sly melt$ & heat$ to sev]al degrees above its melt+-po9t1 b has be5 all[$ to cool aga9 to ne> its sett+ po9t1 is put on ! surface ( ! cold m]cury4 ,?is is be/ done by means ( a ?9 glass rod ab\t "o eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ! end ( :i* has be5 r\nd$ (f 9 ! bl[-pipe flame4 ,x is important t ! drop %\ld be v small1 & its temp]ature :5 plac$ on ! m]cury n mu* above its melt+ po9t1 = if x be too hot x w spread ov] ! surface ( ! m]cury1 :i* is n desirable4 ,if ! r\nd$ end ( ! rod be slightly dipp$ into ! melt$ fat1 & !n br\ght to ! surface ( ! m]cury1 a small hemisph]ical p>ticle w atta* itself !re & spe$ily congeal1 becom+ m or less opaque 9 do+ s4 ,! weight ( "o ( ^! hemisph]ical masses1 :i* %\ld n be m ?an ! eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 w be f #a_/ej to #a_/aj ( a gra94 ,hav+ plac$ ! drop ( fat ^u ! m]cury1 ! bulb ( a !rmomet]1 ) suffici5tly m9ute graduations1 is introduc$ into ! m]cury & hot wat] p\r$ into ! bas94 ,! heat is ?us communicat$ to ! cont5ts ( ! small beak] sl[ly ?r\gh ! wat] 9 ! l>g] beak]1 & ! rise ( temp]ature 9 ! m]cury may be easily regulat$1 & %\ld take place at ! rate ( ab\t "o degree p] m9ute4 ,! m]cury1 by virtue ( its comp>atively good conduct+ p[]1 acquires a uni=m temp]ature ?r\gh\t1 :i* is indicat$ by ! !rmomet]1 & at ! same "t communicat$ to ! fat4 ,! fat :5 ! temp]ature approa*es its melt+ po9t becomes p>tially transp>5t1 & if ! /em or elongat$ bulb ( ! !rmomet] be n[ br\ght up aga9/ x1 ! mom5t fusion takes place ! liquid fat w run into ! *annel =m$ by ! repulsion ( ! m]cury & ! outside ( ! !rmomet] tube4 ,?is process pres5ts ! foll[+ advantages3-- #a4 ,! heat-conduct+ p[] ( ! m]cury1 on :i* ! fat is plac$1 ensures ! equalisation ( ! temp]ature z indicat$ by ! !rmomet]1 & at ! same "t communicat$ to ! fat4 #b4 ,! direct contact ( ! fat ) ! m]cury1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a bad conduct+ m$ium1 su* z glass1 ensures a m imm$iate & correct indication ( ! temp]ature at :i* liquefaction takes place ?an w\ld o!rwise occur4 #c4 ,! m9ut5ess ( ! quantity ( fat op]at$ ^u r$uces to a m9imum ! "t occupi$ 9 its melt+1 & ?us facilitates ! det]m9ation ) exactness ( its melt+ po9t4 #d4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 prep>+ small tubes & *>g+ !m ) ! fat is sav$1 & sev]al exp]im5ts 9 succession may be easily & rapidly made ) ! same app>atus4 ,! au?or obs]v$ t 9 butt] z well z o!r fats1 su* z tall[s1 !re 7 at lea/ two melt+ po9ts1 dep5d5t ^u ! way 9 :i* ! fat _h be5 previ\sly subject$ to ! action ( heat1 & t !y may diff] 9 butt] to ! ext5t ( #c or #d ,f42 ! l[ melt+ po9t be+ t ( ! fat aft] x has be5 heat$ to sev]al degrees above its fir/ melt+ po9t1 & ! high] melt+ po9t be+ t ( fat :i* has be5 previ\sly melt$ to ! l[e/ possible temp]ature1 & !n imm$iately all[$ to congeal4 #e4 ,pr(essor ,wanklyn c>efully weighs "o gram ( butt]1 & heats x 9 a plat9um di% ( ! size %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure1 f f\r to six h\rs or ev5 m--9 %ort1 until x ceases to lose weight4 ,! loss ( weight is ! wat]1 :i* %\ld be calculat$ & express$ 9 p]-c5tages4 ,fat4 ,! dri$ butt] is n[ to be heat$ ) e!r 7! e!r %\ld be made to boil by float+ ! di% 9 hot wat]74 ,sev]al successive portions %\ld be tak51 ! :ole pass$ ?r\gh a filt]1 ! filt] well wa%$ ) e!r1 & ! filtrate evaporat$ to dryness & weigh$4 ,case9e & ,a%4 ,! residue f :i* ! fat & wat] h be5 extract$ is n[ to be tak51 c>efully weigh$1 !n burn$ d[n to a l[ r$ heat2 ! residue rema9+ is ! a%1 ! loss ! case9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,butt]-analys+ di%4 ,! am\nt ( a%1 practically speak+1 is ! salt1 b if !re be any d\bt z to its composition1 ! *lor9e maybe e/imat$ by a volumetric solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 & fur!r exam9$4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! composition ( a few g5u9e & o!r butt]s1 exam9$ accord+ to ! same1 or at lea/ to a simil> process to ! "o describ$3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,a%1 ,fat4 pr9cipally,wat]4,case9e4 ,quality4 ,salt4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,fre% ,devon%ire #hbg #aa #afb #afb ,good4 ,,wanklyn4 butt]4 ,norm&y butt]4 #hba #ah #afa #afa ,j]sey butt]4 #ghdia #hebh #ajdde #becf ,,angell ,,& ,,hehn]4 ,norm&y butt]4 #hbfdc #biae #icje #eacg ,butt] f ,v5tnor4#hfbhj #ffjj #chca #cbhi ,f\nd to be adult]at$ ) =eign fat4 ,butt] f ,london4 #hgej #aeei #bciha #fhhj ,adult]at$ ) wat]4 #dgaai #bfhi #dbceh #ghcd ,adult]at$ ) wat]1 & conta9s an excess ( curd4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- #f4 ,a ,me?od ( ,detect+ ,meat ,fats 9 ,butt]4 ,mr ,horsley1 writ+ to ! ',*emical ,news1' ,septemb]1 #ahgd1 says3--,my />t+ po9t is1 t fre% butt] is p]man5tly soluble 9 me?ylat$ e!r1 sp4 gr4 #jgcj at ! temp]ature ( #fe ,fahr4 ,b ) ! view ( see+ if any o!r sub/ance x may conta9 c\ld be precipitat$ f x1 ,i took1 say1 #bj or #be gra9s ( fre% butt]1 plac$ x 9 a small te/-tube1 & p\r$ ov] x "o dra*m ( me?ylat$ e!r1 & on cork+ ! tube x readily dissolv$ aft] a few m9utes' agitation4 ,i !n add$ #cj drops ( me?ylat$ alcohol1 #fc o4 p41 & agitat$ aga91 b no?+ 0 precipitat$4 ,i1 !re=e1 made ano!r exp]im5t ) #ae gra9s ( butt] & #aj gra9s ( prep>$ mutton fat1 dissolv$ !m 9 #a dra*m ( e!r fir/1 & add$ #cj drops ( alcohol1 :5 9 less ?an half an h\r ! fat 0 precipitat$ 9 a room heat$ to #fh ,fahr4 ,next1 9 ord] to see ! effects ^u mixtures ( kn[n fats1 su* z l>d1 beef1 mutton1 & tall[ fats prop]ly melt$ toge!r 9 proportions ( #fj gra9s ( butt] & #dj ( fat1 & /irr+ till cold1 ,i f\nd t ea* ( !m c\ld1 by a simil> proc$ure1 be precipitat$ 9 a few m9utes4 ,9 "o case1 t ( mutton1 ,i filt]$ (f ! e!real liquid1 & collect$ ! residue1 & obta9$ z mu* z #cj p] c5t4 ( :at _h be5 us$2 s t !re is no long] any d\bt ab\t easily detect+ fatty adult]ations 9 butt]4 ,la/ly1 ,i w\ld obs]ve t cry/allisation ( butt]1 out ( ! e!real solution at a l[] temp]ature ?an #fe1 mu/ n be mi/ak5 = ! fats precipitat$ by alcohol allud$ to1 z ! butt]1 besides be+ s mu* light]1 occupies ! upp] lay]1 & is diff]5t 9 "* & easily remelt$ by ! application ( ! w>m h& = a m9ute or s4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts h prov$ t half an h\r suffices to effect ! full precipitation ( fats f ! e!real solutions by ! addition ( #bj drops or s ( alcohol to ! dra*m ( e!r1 conta9+ n m ?an #be gra9s ( ! adult]at$ butt]2 aft] :i* ! tube %\ld be agitat$ & its cont5ts project$ on to a small d\ble filt]1 wa%$ ) a little alcohol1 & ! residue :il/ moi/ scrap$ (f1 & transf]r$ to a wat*-glass to dry4 ,9 ?is way loss by melt+ & absorption into ! pap] is obviat$4 ,! foll[+ 7 ! proportions ( fats ,i recov]$1 viz4-- ,l>d #fj p] c5t4 ,mutton fat #ge ,beef fat #ie ,! precipitat$ mutton fat is p[d]y1 & :ite z sn[4 ,l>d & beef are m adh]5t & greasy2 = t reason mutton makes ! firme/ comp\nd4 #g4 ,on ! ,cool+ ( ,fats4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh ,*emical ,society1 held on ,m>* #ac?1 #ahgh1 a pap] on ! above subject 0 read by ,mr ,treh>ne1 ,m4,b4,c4,m41 :]e9 ! au?or /ates3--,if equal bulks ( ! fats ( mutton1 beef1 pork1 & butt]1 & palm oil be heat$ to #ajj ,c4 9 small flasks fitt$ ) a !rmomet] ?r\gh ! cork1 & !n all[$ to cool by radiation "u ! same conditions = ea*1 temp]ature is f\nd to fall regul>ly to a c]ta9 po9t 7:i* is diff]5t = ea* ( ! facts above nam$7 & !n to rise to a c]ta9 turn+ po9t4 ,^! turn+ po9ts are approximately z foll[s3-- ,= ,mutton fat #dj ,c4 ,beef #bhe ,c4 ,pork #bfe ,butt] #bce ,palm oil #baj ,! ext5t ( ! rise 9 temp]ature is diff]5t 9 ea* fat1 be+ greate/ 9 t ( mutton1 & lea/ 9 t ( butt] & palm oil4 ,! ext5t ( ! rise is also great] )9 c]ta9 limits ! great] ! quantity ( fat employ$2 b z a rule ! turn+ po9t is pretty con/ant = ! same fat4 ,!re is also a little diff]5ce 9 ! turn+ po9ts & ! ext5t ( rise accord+ to ! "p ( ! c>case f :i* ! fat has be5 tak54 ,if temp]ature & "t be tak5 z co-ord9ates1 & ! rate ( cool+ be repres5t$ by curves1 ^! latt] w be *>act]i/ic ( ! respective fats4 ,a mixture ( equal p>ts ( mutton & butt] fats does n give a curve int]m$iate betwe5 ^? ( its two compon5ts2 b is su* z to indicate t less heat is giv5 out on cool+ 7to #bj ,c say7 ?an 9 ! case ( butt]1 :i*1 comp>$ ) mutton fat1 gives (f v little heat4 ,= fur!r in=mation on ! subject ( ',butt]' ! read] is ref]r$ to a ,report by ,mr ,bell--! pr9cipal ( ! ,*emical ,laboratory at ,som]set ,h\se--to ! ,bo>d ( ,inl& ,rev5ue1 includ$ 9 a return made to ! ,h\se ( ,commons 9 #ahgf4 ,pres]vation4 #a4 ,melt ! butt] 9 a /onew>e or a well-glaz$ e>!n pan set 9 a wat] ba? at a heat n exce$+ #ahj ,fahr41 & keep x heat$1 skimm+ x f "t to "t until x becomes q transp>5t2 !n p\r (f ! cle> portion into ano!r vessel1 & cool x z quickly z possible by plac+ ! vessel 9 v cold wat] or ice4 ,?is is ! me?od employ$ by ! ,t>t>s :o supply ! ,con/ant9ople m>ket4 ,9 ?is /ate x may be pres]v$ p]fectly fre% = #f or #i mon?s1 if kept 9 a close vessel & a cool place4 ,?is is ! plan s /rongly recomm5d$ by ,m4 ,?n>d4 ,mr ,eaton /ates t butt] melt$ by ! ,t>t>ian me?od1 & !n salt$ by ours1 w keep good & f9e-ta/$ = two ye>s4 #b4 ,saltpetre & :ite sug>1 ( ea* #a oz42 be/ ,spani% great-salt 7or ,*e%ire l>ge-gra9$ salt71 #b oz42 all 9 v f9e p[d]2 mix ?or\ghly1 & add #a oz4 ( ?is mixture to e lb4 ( butt]1 & ?or\ghly incorporate !m toge!r4 ,! butt] ?us prep>$ is !n to be tightly press$ into clean glaz$ e>!nw>e vessels 7or well-season$ casks71 s z to leave no vacuities4 ,?is plan is recomm5d$ by ,dr ,&]son1 :o decl>es t butt] s prep>$ w keep 9 a cool place = ye>s2 & w be> a voyage to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 if pack$ 7/[$7 s z n to melt4 ,x does n ta/e well be=e x has /ood = ?ree or f\r weeks1 aft] :i* x acquires a ri* m>r[-l flav\r1 :i* no o!r butt] ev] possesses4 ,a good me?od to pres]ve ! butt] f ! air is to fill ! pots to )9 an in* ( ! top1 !n to lay on x "s co>se-gra9$ salt to ! dep? ( a #a_/d to #a_/b an in*1 & la/ly to cov] ea* pot ) a slate1 plate1 or o!r flat article4 ,! salt by long keep+ runs to br9e1 :i* =ms an air-tight lay] on ! top ( ! butt]1 & may at any "t be v easily remov$ by turn+ ! pot on "o side4 #c4 ,fre% butt]1 #ba lbs42 salt1 #a lb42 saltpetre1 #a oz4 ,^! are ! common proportions = ! be/ salt butt] ( ! %ops4 #d4 ,fre% butt]1 #ah lbs42 salt1 #a lb42 saltpetre1 #a-a_/b oz42 honey or f9e br[n sug>1 #b oz4 ,sup]ior to ,no4 #c4 ,concl4 ,rem>ks4 ,x may be useful to "k t rancid butt] may be re/or$1 or1 9 all cases1 greatly improv$1 by melt+ x 9 a wat] ba? ) "s fre%-burnt & co>sely p[d]$ animal *>coal 7:i* has be5 ?or\ghly fre$ f du/ by sift+71 & /ra9+ x ?r\gh clean flannel4 ,a bett] & less tr\blesome me?od is to well wa% ! butt] fir/ ) "s good new milk1 & next ) cold spr+ wat]4 ,butyric acid1 on ! pres5ce ( :i* rancidity dep5ds1 is freely soluble 9 fre% milk4 ,! turnip-flav\r aris+ f ! c[s be+ f$ on turnips or cabbages is said to be remov$ by "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ me?ods3--#a4 ,:5 ! milk is /ra9$ into ! pans put to e #f galls4 #a gal4 ( boil+ wat]4--#b4 ,dissolve #a oz4 ( nitre 9 a p9t ( spr+ wat]1 & put a #a_/d p9t ( ! solution to e #ae galls4 ( milk4--#c4 ,keep back a #a_/d p9t ( ! s\r cream :5 y *urn1 & put x into a well-scald$ pot1 into :i* y are to ga!r ! next cream2 /ir t well1 & d s ) e fre% addition4 ,ea* ( ^! me?ods come on good au?ority1 b we are b\nd to say t our own exp]i5ce does n confirm _! con/ant success4 ,we h f\nd t ! addition ( a h&ful ( salt to ! wat] us$ to wa% ! butt] is z good a plan z any4 ,butt]1 ,an*o'vy4 ,f an*ovies 7bon$ & beat5 to a pa/e71 #a "p2 butt]1 #b p>ts2 spice1 q4 s4 ,butt]-col\r+ 7f ,p>is74 ,a mixture ( #dj p] c5t4 ( *rome yell[ ) "s fat col\r$ ) annatto4 7,flckig] & ,weil47 ,butt]1 ,cl>'ifi$4 ,fre% butt] melt$ 9 a wat] ba?1 all[$ to settle1 & ! cle> portion p\r$ into an e>!nw>e bas9 or pot1 set 9 cold wat]1 s z to cool x z quickly z possible1 )\t all[+ x to cry/allise4 ,x keeps a long "t )\t becom+ rank4 ,see ,,butt]1 ,no4 #a 7ant74 ,butt]1 ,hon'ey4 ,f9e ,n>bonne honey1 #b to #d oz42 mix$ ) good butt]1 #a lb4 ,us$ z a delicacy = *ildr51 & by ! sick & ag$4 ,butt]1 ,lem'on4 ,see ,,butt]1 ,,orange4 ,butt]1 ,melt'ed4 ,?is well-kn[n sauce may be prep>$ ( excell5t quality z foll[s3--,beat up ab\t #a oz4 ( f9e fl\r ) #d oz4 ( butt]1 9 ! cold1 until !y are ev5ly & ?or\ghly mix$1 !n add #d or #e table-spoonfuls ( hot milk1 put ! :ole into a small saucepan1 & cont9ue %ak+ x1 all 9 "o direction1 until x simm]s v g5tly2 la/ly1 remove x f ! fire1 & p\r x into ! butt]-boats = use4 ,^! la/ %\ld be fill$ ) hot wat]1 & !n empti$ & wip$ dry1 be=e putt+ ! melt$ butt] into !m4 ,see ,,sauces4 ,butt]1 ,or'ange4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f #f eggs1 #b oz4 ( p[d]$ sug>1 & #d oz4 ( butt]1 well beat5 toge!r ) a little orange-fl[] wat]4 ,sometimes #a or #b oz4 ( blan*$ almonds1 or ( almond-pa/e1 is add$4 #b4 ,butt]1 #a lb42 syrup ( orange peel1 #d oz4 ,bo? are eat5 z a delicacy4 ,,lemon ,,butt]1 is made 9 a simil> mann]4 ,butt] ( ,an'timony99d\ble-dagg]4 ,tri*loride ( antimony4 ,butt] ( ,caca'o4 ,see ,,co',,coa1 & ,,co',,coa-,,nut ,,oil4 ,butt] ( ,nut'megs4 ,collect$ f ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! /ill1 aft] ! di/illation ( ! ess5tial oil ( nutmegs4 ,butt] ( ,ro'ses4 ,obta9$ by di/ill+ damask roses4 ,x sep>ates sl[ly f ! wat] 9 ! receiv]4 ,x has little smell1 & is h5ce us$ to dilute ! od\r ( musk1 amb]gris1 & civet4 ,butt] ( ,wax4 ,prep>$ by di/ill+ bees'-wax4 ,a factiti\s k9d is also made4 ,butt] ( ,z9c99d\ble-dagg]4 ,*loride ( z9c4 ,butt] ,p[d] 7f ! ,adl]-,apo!ke ,emm]i* on ! ,rh9e74 ,bic>bonate ( soda4 7,dr ,u4 ,kreusl]47 ,butt] ,p[d] 7,lemmel1 ,s*leswig-,hol/e974 ,an impure bic>bonate ( soda1 col\r$ ) turm]ic4 7,hirs*b]g47 ,butt] ,p[d]1 ,s*uhr]'s 7,emil ,s*hr]1 ,mutzs*51 ,saxony74 ,?is1 x is claim$1 w consid]ably increase ! yield ( butt]1 %ort5 ! process ( *urn+1 & yield a product :i* w be firm ev5 9 ! height ( summ]1 well-flav\r$1 ( a h&some col\r1 & ( excell5t comm]cial value4 ,x consi/s ( a tol]ably pure comm]cial bic>bonate ( soda1 ) #a_/b p] c5t4 ( p[d]$ turm]ic4 7,dr ,pet]s47 ,butt] ,p[d]1 ,toml9son's 7,toml9son ,co41 ,l9coln1 ,engl&74 ,ord9>y bic>bonate ( soda1 col\r$ ) #c_/d p] c5t4 ( annatto4 7,dr ,k>mrodt47 ,butt]-pres]vative ,pa/e 7f ,spaa74 ,consi/s ( common salt1 #eb p>ts2 nitre1 #bc p>ts2 syrup1 #e p>ts4 7,witt/e947 ,,butt]9e4 ,a sub/ance kn[n "u ?is "n1 & int5d$ z a sub/itute = butt]1 is import$ into ?is c\ntry f ,new ,york4 ,( butt]9e ,dr ,,campbell ,,br[n rem>ks3--,9 g5]al appe>ance1 ta/e1 & consi/5ce1 x is v simil> to ord9>y butt]2 b not)/&+ t its solidify+ po9t is l[] ?an t ( "s butt]s1 x reta9s mu* ( ! peculi> crumbly texture & fracture ( dripp+4 ,x s(t5s at #gh ,f41 & melts at #hf4 ,:5 heat$ & sl[ly cool$ x obscures ! !rmomet] at #fb & solidifies at #fj4 ,x conta9s-- ,wat] #aabe to #he ,salt #ajc #ee ,curd #jeg #jf ,fat #hgae #hed ------ ------ #ajjjj #ajjjj ,! fat consi/s ( ole9e1 palmit9e1 m>g>9e1 a trace ( /e>9e1 & ab\t #e or #f p] c5t4 ( butt]4 ,:5 dissolv$ 9 ab\t f\r times its weight ( e!r1 & all[$ to evaporate spontane\sly1 x does n deposit any fat until m ?an half ( ! e!r has pass$ (f1 & if ! temp]ature is n bel[ #fj ! deposit is n solid4 ,! fir/ deposit :5 dri$ fuses at #ajh2 ! second deposit fuses at #hh1 & solidifies at #fd4 ,"u ! microscope butt]9e does n appe> to consi/ ( acicul> cry/als ( fat1 b ( irregul> masses1 conta9+ a few butt] globules1 p>ticles ( curd1 & cry/als ( salt4 ,) pol>is$ light ! irregul> cry/all9e /ructure is beautifully se51 & is cle>ly di/+ui%able f butt] :i* has be5 melt$ & recongeal$4 ,:5 old & rancid x acquires ! od\r & ta/e ( dripp+1 b x keeps long] undecompos$ ?an butt]4 ,:5 fre% x is a :olesome sub/itute = real butt]4 ,no "o c reasonably take exception to its sale4 ,butt]9e may be detect$ by ! foll[+ *>act]s3-- #a4 ,its crumbly fracture4 #b4 ,its loss ( col\r :5 kept melt$ = a %ort "t at #bab4 #c4 ,! behavi\r ( its e!real solution4 #d4 ,its action on pol>is$ light4 ,! ',am]ican ,*emi/' = #ahgf conta9s an int]e/+ pap] by ,mr ,h5ry ,mott on ! manufacture ( artificial butt]1 :i* is too l5g?y = ins]tion "h4 ,,butt]-,,milk4 ,! liquid t rema9s aft] ! butt] is sep>at$ f ! cream4 ,qual41 c4 ,butt]-milk left f ! *urn+ ( sweet cream is n only v delici\s1 b exce$+ly :olesome & nutriti\s4 ,x is eat5 ) fruit1 pudd+s1 & cakes1 & is said to possess ! prop]ty ( allay+ ! n]v\s irritability induc$ by excessive tea-dr9k+4 ,x is an admirable bev]age 9 rickets1 diabetes1 & _m /oma* affections4 ,an ,am]ican physician has rec5tly ass]t$ t x induces longevity4 ,see ,,milk4 ,,buttons4 ,see ,,brass1 ,,gild+1 c4 ,,bu',,tyrate4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,bu',,tyras1 ,l4 ,a salt 9 :i* ! hydrog5 ( butyric acid is replac$ by a basic radical4 ,butyrate ( ,b>ium4 ,prep4 ,saponify butt] ) a boil+ solution ( cau/ic alkali1 & decompose ! result+ soap by add+ a solution ( t>t>ic acid2 filt] & di/il2 neutralise ! di/illate ) hydrate ( b>ium1 & evaporate2 ! fir/ cry/als t =m are caprate ( b>ium2 ! next1 caproate ( b>ium2 & ! la/1 butyrate ( b>ium4 ,?is salt is v soluble 9 wat]1 & h5ce is easily sep>at$ f ! o!rs4--,use4 ,*iefly = mak+ butyric acid4 ,,butyric 7-t7ir'-74 ,syn4 ,,butyr',,icus1 ,l42 ,,butyrique1 ,fr4 ,( or f butt]4 ,,butyric ,,acid4 ,,hc#d;,h#g,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,b7,y,r',,icum1 ,l42 ,,acide ,,butyrique1 ,fr42 ,,butt]s,,ure1 ,g]4 ,an oily acid1 fir/ obta9$ by ,*evreul f butt]4 ,prep4 ,f butyrate ( b>ium or magnesium1 by add+ sulphuric acid 9 quantity n q suffici5t to decompose ! :ole ( ! salt2 ! cle> liquid1 filt]$ & di/ill$1 yields butyric acid1 f :i* ! wat] may be remov$ by dige/ion ) *loride ( calcium4 ,prop4 ,a ?9 col\rless liquid1 ( pung5t rancid od\r1 & s\r ta/e1 miscible ) wat] & alcohol4 ,x boils & di/ils un*ang$ at #cbg ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ifc4 ,see ,,e!rs4 ,,bu',,tyr9 7-974 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,an oily sub/ance exi/+ 9 butt]1 & ( :i* x =ms ! *>act]i/ic portion4 ,x 0 discov]$ by ,*evreul4 ,prep4 ,keep cl>ifi$ butt] 9 a porcela9 vessel1 at a heat ( #ff1 = "s days2 c>efully collect ! oily portion :i* sep>ates1 mix x ) an equal weight ( alcohol ( ! sp4 gr4 #gif1 & agitate x frequ5tly = #bd h\rs2 aft] repose p\r (f ! cle> portion1 & evaporate x2 treat ! oily residuum ) a little c>bonate ( magnesium1 to remove free acid1 & wa% (f ! butyrate ( magnesium1 ?us =m$1 ) wat]2 la/ly1 heat ! rema9+ fatty matt] 9 alcohol1 filt]1 & evaporate1 by a g5tle heat2 ! residuum is butyr94 ,,bux9e 7-7in74 ,a sub/ance detect$ by ,m4 ,faure 9 bux'u semp]'vir5s1 or ! common box-tree4 ,,cabbage4 ,syn4 ,,bras',,sica1 ,l42 ,,*\1 ,fr42 ,,kohl1 ,g]4 ,?is common escul5t1 & all its num]\s v>ieties1 are m]ely cultivat$ specim5s ( ! wild sea-cabbage ( our coa/s 7bras'sica ol]a'cea1 ,l9n471 "o ( an ext5sive & valuable g5us ( plants belong+ to ! nat4 ord4 ,crucif]4 ,aft] ! potato1 ! cabbage is d\btless m ext5sively us$ by ! masses ( ! p ?an any o!r fre% vegetable4 ,:5 "y1 & prop]ly dress$1 x =ms an agreeable & :olesome addition to animal food1 ! grossness ( :i*1 x is said1 x t5ds to correct4 ,x %\ld be eat5 only :5 fre% ga!r$ & fre% cook$2 & ! unconsum$ portion1 z well z ! wat] 9 :i* x has be5 boil$1 %\ld be at once ?r[n away4 ,p]sons tr\bl$ ) a weak dige/ion1 or :o h a t5d5cy to flatul5ce1 di>rhoea1 or worms1 w\ld d well to avoid !m4 ,_! use is p>ticul>ly s]viceable 9 scurvy1 & 9 num]\s sk9 diseases4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t cabbages1 caulifl[]s1 broccoli1 cel]y1 & sev]al o!r cul9>y vegetables1 may be pres]v$ 9 a fre% /ate = "s "t1 by cutt+ !m s t !y may h ab\t two in*es ( /em left bel[ ! leaves1 scoop+ out ! pi? z f> d[n z a small knife w rea*1 & !n susp5d+ !m p]p5dicul>ly by means ( a cord1 9 an inv]t$ position1 9 "s cool situation1 & daily fill+ up ! bottom "p ( ! /em ) clean cold wat]4 ,9 ?is way x is /at$ t a supply ( gre5 vegetables may be readily obta9$ dur+ a sev]e w9t]1 & on %ip-bo>d4 ,o!r me?ods1 includ+ ^? usually adopt$ ) ! same object1 are notic$ "u ,,vegetables 7,cul9>y74 ,cabbages1 broccoli1 c41 are dress$ by simply ?r[+ !m into boil+ wat]1 & simm]+ !m until t5d]4 ,a few m9utes is suffici5t = ?is purpose4 ,a p9* ( salt ( t>t>1 or ( c>bonate ( soda1 is commonly add$ to ! wat]1 to pres]ve ! gre5 col\r ( ! vegetables4 ,,ca*\ ,,aromatise 7k7a%oo 7ar7om7ateza74 ,fr4 ,a m\?-loz5ge int5d$ to sweet5 & p]fume ! brea?4 ,prep>ations ( ?is description are mu* us$ by smok]s & bac*anals4 ,! =m "u :i* !y are g5]ally prep>$ = sale is t ( #a-a_/b to #b gr4 pills1 neatly silv]$4 ,orig9ally !y 7 compos$ *iefly ( cate*u & sug>1 flav\r$ & p]fum$ ) ! /rong] aromatics2 b at ! pres5t day ! cate*u1 f :i* !y d]ive _! "n1 is n unfrequ5tly omitt$4 ,_! prep>ation is describ$ else:]e4 ,see ,,brea?1 ,,loz5ges1 ,,pa/ils1 c4 ,,cad',,mium4 ,cd4 ,eng41 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,klapro',,?ium4 ,a metal discov]$ by ,/romey] & ,h]mann1 9 ! ores ( z9c4 ,prep4 #a4 7,/romey]47 ,! cadmo-z9cic ore is dissolv$ 9 an excess ( dilute sulphuric or hydro*loric acid by heat2 a /ream ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 is pass$ ?r\gh ! solution1 ! result+ precipitate 7sulphide ( cadmium7 dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & ! solution evaporat$ to dryness2 ! residuum is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! solution precipitat$ ) c>bonate ( ammonium 9 excess1 & ! precipitate 7c>bonate ( cadmium7 collect$1 mix$ ) *>coal1 & heat$ to r$ness 9 a crucible app>atus s arrang$ z to cond5se ! fumes2 ! cadmium sublimes4 #b4 7,wolla/on47 ,a solution ( ! ore obta9$ z above is plac$ 9 a plat9um capsule1 & a piece ( metallic z9c is plung$ into x4 ,9 a %ort "t ! cadmium is precipitat$1 & atta*es itself to ! sides ( ! capsule1 :5 x is collect$1 wa%$1 & dri$4 #c4 7,h]apa?47 ,:5 z9c is obta9$ by di/ill+ its ores1 p] desc5sum1 ! fir/ portion ( ! metallic fumes evolv$ burn ) a br[ni% flame1 & deposit oxide ( cadmium1 :i* is subsequ5tly r$uc$ by di/illation ) *>coal4 ,?\s&s ( p\nds ( cadmium are ye>ly wa/$ at ! z9c works :i* might be easily collect$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,prop41 c4 ,resembles t9 9 mo/ ( its physical prop]ties1 be+ :ite1 s(t1 & malleable4 ,sp4 gr4 #hfa4 ,/romey] gives its melt+ po9t z #ddb ,fahr41 b ,dr ,wood1 an ,am]ican *emi/1 /ates t ! metal requires = its fusion ne>ly ! same heat z lead1 & gives x z ab\t #fjj ,fahr4 ,x volatilises at a some:at high] temp]ature1 giv+ (f orange-col\r$1 suffocat+ fumes1 :i*1 :5 inhal$ too freely1 leave a disagreeable1 sweeti%1 /yptic s5sation ^u ! lips1 & a p]si/5t brassy ta/e 9 ! m\?1 ) con/riction ( ! ?roat1 heav9ess 9 ! head1 & nausea4 ,! alloys ( cadmium are said to be brittle by almo/ all :o h treat$ ( !m1 b ,wood f\nd t _m 7 extremely t5aci\s1 z1 = in/ance1 ! comb9ation ( #b p>ts ( silv] & #a "p ( cadmium1 :i* is p]fectly malleable & v /rong4 ,! amalgam ( equal p>ts ( cadmium & m]cury is also highly malleable4 ,l bismu?1 cadmium has ! prop]ty ( promot+ fusibility 9 c]ta9 alloys2 ?us1 a rem>kable fusible metal may be =m$ by melt+ toge!r cadmium #a to #b p>ts1 lead #b p>ts1 & t9 #d p>ts4 ,te/s4 ,its ores & salts are recognis$ z foll[s3--#a4 ,mix$ ) c>bonate ( sodium1 & expos$ on a *>coal support to ! r$uc+ flame ( ! bl[pipe1 ! *>coal becomes almo/ in/antly cov]$ ) a r$di%-yell[ incru/ation ( oxide ( cadmium1 commonly =m+ a circle or zone4--#b4 ,cau/ic soda & potassa give a :ite precipitate 7hydrat$ oxide7 9 solutions conta9+ cadmium1 insoluble 9 excess ( ! precipitant4--#c4 ,ammonia gives a simil> :ite precipitate1 freely soluble 9 excess4--#d4 ,! alkal9e c>bonates give :ite precipitates 7c>bonate ( cadmium71 insoluble 9 excess4--#e4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog51 & sulphydrate ( ammonium1 give a bright yell[ precipitate 7sulphide ( cadmium71 :i* is insoluble 9 dilute acid1 alkalies1 sulphides1 & cyanide ( potassium1 b readily soluble 9 bo? hydro*loric acid & nitric acid1 especially ) heat4--#f4 ,! salts ( cadmium are readily di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ars5ic1 by ! precipitat$ sulphide be+ insoluble 9 ammonia1 & soluble 9 hydro*loric acid1 & be+ capable ( su/a9+ a :ite heat )\t sublim+4 ,cadmium1 ,c>'bonate (4 ,cd,c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,cad',,mii ,,c>',,bonas1 ,l4 ,f a solution ( sulphate or *loride ( cadmium1 & an alkal9e c>bonate2 ! precipitate be+ collect$1 wa%$1 & dri$ by a g5tle heat4 ,a :ite p[d]4 ,cadmium1 ,*lo''ride (4 ,cd,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydro*lo'',,rate ,,( ,,cadmium1 ,,mu'',,riate ,,( ,,cadmium2 ,,cad',,mii ,,*lori',,dum1 ,,cad',,mii ,,hydro*lo'',,ras1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,pure47 ,by dissolv+ c>bonate or oxide ( cadmium 9 hydro*loric acid1 & cry/allis+ by g5tle evaporation4 ,prismatic cry/als2 v soluble 9 wat]4 #b4 7,turn]47 ,by expos+ ! product ( ! la/ process to heat4 ,amorph\s4 #c4 ,f crude cadmium or its oxide1 & hydro*loric acid1 z la/4 ,cadmium1 ,i'odide (4 ,cd,i#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydri',,odate ,,( ,,cadmium2 ,,cad'',,mii ,,iodi',,dum1 ,c4 ,,hydrio',,das1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,crookes47 ,cadmium 9 fil+s #a "p1 pure iod9e #b p>ts1 are to be plac$ toge!r 9 a capaci\s flask1 ) alcohol suffici5t to cov] !m4 ,action comm5ces at once1 att5d$ ) consid]able evolution ( heat2 :5 x ceases1 heat ! mixture till x is col\rless2 !n filt] f a few gra9s ( cadmium :i* w rema9 undissolv$1 evaporate & cry/allise4 ,uses4 ,9 photography ?is salt has lately be5 employ$ ) great success = iodiz+ collodion4 ,be+ v /able1 x is n decompos$1 & ! collodion iodiz$ ) x pres]ves its s5sitiv5ess undim9i%$ dur+ _m mon?s4 7,see ,,collodion47 ,9 m$ic9e x is us$ occasionally z a sub/itute = iodide ( lead4 ,cadmium1 ,ox'ide (4 ,cd,o4 ,syn4 ,,protox',,ide ,,( ,,cadmium2 ,,cad',,mii ,,oxy',,dum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,hydrat$47 ,f sulphate or *loride ( cadmium1 & a solution ( cau/ic alkali2 obs]v+ to well wa% & dry ! precipitate4 ,a :ite p[d]1 freely soluble 9 acids4 #b4 7,anhydr\s47 ,by ignit+ ! hydrat$ oxide1 or ! c>bonate or nitrate ( cadmium4 ,t f ! fir/ two has a pale br[n col\r2 t f ! nitrate has a d>k br[n t9t & a semi-cry/all9e appe>ance4 ,! =m] has be5 propos$ to be us$ z a pigm5t4 ,cadmium1 ,sul'phate (4 ,cd,s,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,cad',,mii ,,sul',,phas1 ,,cad',,mium ,,sulphu',,ricum1 ,,klapro',,?rium ,,sulphu',,ricum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f c>bonate or oxide ( cadmium & dilute sulphuric acid1 z ! *loride4 #b4 7,cott]eau47 ,oxide ( cadmium1 #a oz42 sulphuric acid1 q4 s42 dissolve1 evaporate1 & cry/allise4 #c4 7,p]eira47 ,sulphuric acid1 #f-a_/b p>ts2 wat]1 #ae p>ts2 mix2 add cadmium1 #g p>ts2 dissolve1 evaporate to dryness1 r$issolve 9 wat]1 filt]1 & evaporate by a g5tle heat1 s t cry/als may =m4 ,prop41 c4 ,effloresc5t1 rectangul>1 prismatic cry/als2 v soluble 9 wat]2 ta/es a/r+5t4 ,x is ab\t #d times z /rong z sulphate ( z9c1 & is us$ 9 simil> cases4 ,dose1 #c to #aj gr4 ,ext]nally 7#a_/b to #c or #d gr4 to wat]1 #a oz472 9 specks ( ! eye1 opacity ( ! cornea1 *ronic oph?almia1 c4 ,z an o9tm5t1 #aj to #ab gr4 to l>d1 #a oz4 ,cadmium1 ,sul'phide (4 ,cd,s4 ,syn4 ,,cadmium ,,yell[4 ,?is occurs native z ,,gre5ock',,ite4 ,x may be prep>$ artificially1 ei!r by fus+ its elem5ts toge!r1 or by pass+ a /ream ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh a solution ( ! *loride1 nitrate1 or sulphate4 ,:5 prep>$ artificially1 x is ( a bright yell[ or orange col\r1 & is ( great value to ! arti/4 ,x has be5 us$ 9 mak+ fireworks4 ,see ,,fires1 ,col\r$4 ,cadmium1 ,yell[4 ,see ,,cadmium1 ,,sulphide ,,( 7above71 & ,,yell[ ,,pigm5ts4 ,c,,salp9a 7,,guil&9a7 ,,bonducella4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,habitat4 ,tropical portions ( bo? hemisph]es4--,(fic9al "p4 ,! se$s 7,bonducell sem9a1 ,bonduc se$s72 ( a some:at irregul> sub-sph]ical or ovoid =m1 usually f #e_/h to #f_/h ( an in* 9 diamet]1 smoo?1 h>d1 & lead-col\r$1 & conta9 an amylace\s :ite nucleus1 hav+ a bitt] ta/e4 ,!y conta9 a fix$ oil1 res91 & a bitt] pr9ciple4--,prop]ties4 ,tonic & antip]iodic4--,!rapeutic uses4 ,9 int]mitt5t fev]s2 also 9 debility1 & o!r cases requir+ tonics4--,dose1 #aj to #ae gra9s twice daily4 ,,comp\nd ,,p[d] ,,( ,,bonduc 7,pulvis ,bonducell compositus74 ,take ( bonduc se$s1 depriv$ ( _! %ells & p[d]$1 #a oz42 black pepp]1 p[d]$1 #a oz4 ,mix ?or\ghly1 & keep 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle4--,dose1 #ae to #cj gr41 ?ree times a day4 ,c,,sium4 ,eng41 ,l4 ,c4 ,a metal belong+ to ! alkal9e gr\p1 discov]$ by ,buns5 9 ! m9]al wat] ( ,durckheim by means ( ,,spectrum ,,analysis 7:i* see71 & s nam$ by him f csius1 greyi%-blue1 ! col\r ( its *>act]i/ic ray4 ,,caffe',,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,*loroge',,nic ,,acid4 ,a :ite p[d]1 discov]$ by ,runge 9 c(fee1 9 :i* x exi/s 9 comb9ation ) potassium 7caffeiate ( potassium71 & caffe9e1 & is !n v soluble 9 alcohol4 ,pfaff /ates t ! aroma ( c(fee is dep5d5t on ! volatilisation1 or1 r1 ! decomposition ( ?is acid4 ,,caffe',,ine4 ,c#h;,h#aj,n#d,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,caffe',,ina1 ,,?,,ine1 ,,gu>an9e4 ,a peculi> nitrog5is$ pr9ciple1 discov]$ by ,robiquet 9 c(fee4 ,x is1 moreov]1 ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( tea1 ( ,p>aguay tea1 & ( ,gu>ana1 infusions ( :i* are us$ z bev]ages 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! proportion ( caffe9e to ! p\nd 0 f\nd by ,liebig to be z /at$ bel[ 9 ! six descriptions ( c(fee nam$3-- ,m>t9ique #cb gra9s4 ,alex&rian #bb ,java #bb ,mo*a #bj ,cay5ne #ai ,/ ,dom9ique #af ,9 ,hyson tea x exi/s 9 ! proportion ( f #be to #cd p] c5t42 & 9 gunp[d] tea f #bb to #da4 ,9 ,p>aguay tea1 or mat z x is call$ 9 ,brazil1 & 9 ,gu>ana1 x exi/s 9 ! proportion ( #ac p] c5t4 ,prep4 #a4 ,co>sely p[d]$ raw or unroa/$ c(fee is boil$ 9 wat]1 & subacetate ( lead add$ to ! filt]$ decoction to ?r[ d[n ! extractive & col\r+ matt]2 ! excess ( lead is next precipitat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 & ! liquid filt]$ & evaporat$ by a g5tle heat2 ! residuum is dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 ! solution agitat$ ) fre%ly burnt animal *>coal1 filt]$1 evaporat$1 & cry/allis$4 ,by r$issolv+ ! product 9 hot alcohol1 x may be obta9$ 9 :ite1 %9+1 silky filam5ts1 z ! solution cools4 #b4 7,h4 ,j4 ,v]sman47 ,quick-lime1 #b lbs42 wat]1 q4 s4 to =m a hydrate2 raw c(fee 7bruis$71 #aj lbs42 mix1 put x into a displacem5t app>atus1 & cause alcohol ( #hj to p]colate ?r\gh ! mixture1 until ! fluid obta9$ no long] conta9s caffe9e2 ! mass 9 ! p]colator is !n r\ghly gr\nd to p[d]1 mix$ ) a fre% quantity ( quick-lime1 & ! process ( p]colation repeat$ ) fre% alcohol1 z be=e4 ,! _s is next di/ill$ f ! mix$ t9ctures 9 a retort1 & ! residuum wa%$ ) a little w>m wat] to remove ! oil2 ! evaporation is !n g5tly conduct$ until a cry/all9e mass is obta9$1 :i* is fur!r fre$ f adh]+ oil by pressure betwe5 folds ( blott+ pap]4 ,x is purifi$ by r$issolv+ x 9 boil+ wat] or hot alcohol1 c41 z be=e4 #c4 7,a4 ,vogel47 ,an extract ( p[d]$ c(fee is made ) comm]cial b5zol2 ?is be+ di/ill$ (f1 leaves an oil & caffe9e beh9d2 ! oil is !n remov$ by a little e!r or by hot wat]1 f :i* latt] liquid ! alkaloid cry/allises on cool+4 #d4 ,f a hot infusion ( tea-leaves by treatm5t ) subacetate ( lead & sulphurett$ hydrog51 z 9 process #a 7above74 #e4 7,f4 ,v4 ,gre5e47 ,p[d]$ gu>ana is intimately mix$ ) ?ree times its weight ( f9ely divid$ li?>ge1 & ! mixture boil$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 ! ebullition be+ cont9u$ until1 on all[+ ! temp]ature to fall bel[ ! boil+ po9t1 ! insoluble portion is f\nd to subside rapidly1 leav+ ! sup]natant liquid cle>1 bright1 & )\t col\r4 ,! quantity ( di/ill$ wat] requir$ w be f\nd to be ab\t a p9t = e fifte5 grams ( ! gu>ana us$ 9 ! exp]im5t1 & z ! boil+ has to be cont9u$ = sev]al h\rs be=e ! desir$ & all ess5tial sep>ation m5tion$ above takes place1 wat] mu/ be add$ f "t to "t to supply ! place ( t lo/ by evaporation4 ,:5 cool1 ! cle> liquid is decant$ ^u a filt]1 & :5 x has pass$ ?r\gh1 :i* x w be f\nd to d ) facility1 ! precipitate is to be transf]r$ to ! filt]1 & wa%$ ) boil+ wat]1 ! wa%+ to be cont9u$ z long z yell[i% precipitates are produc$ ) ei!r phosphomolybdic acid solution1 auric1 or plat9ic *loride4 ,a /ream ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas is n[ pass$ ?r\gh ! filtrate to remove ! small quantity ( lead t has be5 dissolv$1 & ! sulphide ?us =m$ sep>at$ by filtration4 ,! solution is evaporat$ on a wat] ba? to expel ! excess ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 filt]$ to remove a trace ( sulphur1 f9ally evaporat$ to ! cry/allis+ po9t1 & ! caffe9e :i* cry/allises out 9 cool+ remov$ f ! "m liquor & press$ betwe5 folds ( bibul\s pap]4 ,aft] be+ ?us treat$ ! cry/als w be f\nd to be p]fectly :ite4 ,on dilut+ ! "m liquor ) di/ill$ wat]1 filt]+1 & evaporat+1 a second crop ( cry/als are obta9$1 :i* are also p]fectly :ite1 aft] be+ press$ z above4 ,! cry/als are n[ dissolv$ 9 boil+ dilute alcohol1 filt]$1 & ! solution set aside to cry/allise by spontane\s evaporation4 ,! result+ cry/als ( caffe9e are p]fectly pure & col\rless4 #f4 7,o4 ,caillol & ,p4 ,caz5euve47 ,! foll[+ is a process = ! rapid prep>ation ( caffe9e3--,black tea is ?or\ghly s(t5$ ) f\r times its weight ( hot wat]2 a quantity ( calcium hydrate equal to t ( tea us$ is !n add$1 & ! :ole evaporat$ on a wat]-ba? to p]fect dryness4 ,! dry residue is exhau/$ ) *lor(orm 9 a displacem5t app>atus1 & ! *lor(orm recov]$ f ! p]colate by di/illation4 ,! residue left 9 ! retort is a mixture ( caffe9e & a res9\s sub/ance conta9+ *lorophyll4 ,on treat+ x ) hot wat]1 filt]+ & evaporat+ ! filtrate on a wat] ba?1 ! caffe9e is obta9$ 9 p]fectly :ite cry/als4 ,prop41 c4 ,soluble 9 #ajj p>ts ( cold wat]2 freely soluble 9 hot wat] & 9 wat] acidulat$ ) an acid2 slightly soluble 9 cold alcohol2 x fuses at #ceb ,fahr41 ta/es slightly bitt]1 & possesses feeble basic prop]ties4 ,) ! sulphuric & hydro*loric acids x =ms cry/allisable comp\nds4 ,! salts ( caffe9e may be made by dissolv+ x to saturation 9 ! dilute acid1 & evaporat+ ! solution by a v g5tle heat4 ,x =ms spl5did d\ble salts ) bi*loride ( plat9um & t]*loride ( gold4 ,uses4 ,caffe9e has be5 recomm5d$ 9 ^? pa9s t affect only "o side ( ! head 7hemicrania72 9 doses ( #a to #c gr4 ,its physiological action is v trifl+1 not)/&+ all t has be5 said to ! contr>y4 ,mr ,cooley took #bj gr4 daily ( pure caffe9e1 = above a mon?1 )\t exp]i5c+ any o!r effect ?an a v slight elevation ( spirits aft] ea* dose1 simil> to t produc$ by a small quantity ( spirits ( sal volatile4 ,x has be5 us$ lately ) d\btful success z an antidote to ! poison\s effects ( opium4 ,see ,,c(fee1 ,,tea1 c4 ,,caffe',,"o4 ,a br[n1 aromatic oil1 =m$ dur+ ! roa/+ ( c(fee4 ,,caj',,eput ,,oil4 ,see ,,oils 7,volatile74 ,,cakes4 ,a species ( fancy bread or trifle famili> to e "o4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! actual op]ation ( cake-mak+1 ! v>i\s mat]ials :i* are to ent] into _! composition und]go a c]ta9 am\nt ( prep>ation4 ,= ?is purpose e article is got ready ab\t an h\r previ\sly to its be+ want$1 & is plac$ be=e ! fire1 or ^u a /ove1 t x may become g5tly heat$4 ,)\t ^! precautions x is impossible to produce good cakes4 ,! fl\r is ?or\ghly dri$1 & w>m$4 ,! currants are nicely wa%$ 9 a hair sieve1 wip$ dry 9 a clo?1 & !n set be=e ! fire4 ,be=e use !y are du/$ ov] ) a little fl\r4 ,! sug> is rubb$ to a f9e p[d]1 & pass$ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,! eggs are well beat5 9 a bas91 & /ra9$4 ,! butt] is melt$ by be+ plac$ 9 a bas9 set 9 hot wat]1 & is aft]w>ds well beat5 up ) a little w>m milk4 ,! lemon peel is cut v ?91 & beat5 9 a mort> to a pa/e or p[d]1 ) lump sug>2 or = common purposes1 x is grat$4 ,! c>aways1 g+]1 & o!r flav\r+ +r$i5ts are pref]r$ 9 ! =m ( f9e p[d]1 or are made into an ess5ce1 by dige/+ !m 9 _s ( w9e2 ! fir/ is ! mo/ common me?od4 ,! milk & wat] is made lukew>m4 ,:5 all ^! ?+s are ready & h /ood a suffici5t "t1 !y are put into a pan1 "o aft] ano!r1 9 ! prop] ord]1 & well beat5 toge!r1 by :i* ! lightness ( ! cakes is consid]ably increas$4 ,9 plum cakes1 z well z 9 "s o!r v>ieties1 a little yea/ may be add$ aft] ! butt]1 & ! mass all[$ to rise a little1 & !n aga9 well knead$1 by :i* n only less butt] & eggs may be us$1 b ! products w be bo? light] & m :olesome4 ,good /ale bread1 well soak$ 9 hot milk or wat]1 & !n beat5 to a pa/e1 & pass$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve1 =ms an excell5t ?+ to mix up ! +r$i5ts )1 & produces a v light & nutriti\s cake4 ,cakes wett$ up ) milk are ri*]1 b d n keep s well z ^? )\t x2 !y get /ale soon]1 & !n 9 t /ate are f> f agreeable to ! palate4 ,a k9d ( fl\r prep>$ f maize or ,indian corn has be5 rec5tly introduc$ to ! notice ( cooks1 b x is bett] adapt$ = pudd+s ?an = cakes4 ,see ,,corn-,,fl\r4 ,cakes are pref]ably bak$ on flat t9s or 9 little t9 %apes1 :i* %\ld be fir/ well butt]$4 ,cakes %\ld be kept = /ore 9 t9 cani/]s2 wood5 boxes1 unless v well season$1 are apt to give !m an unpleasant ta/e4 ,br[n-pap] l9+s & wrapp]s %\ld be avoid$ = ! same reason4 ,see ,,biscuits1 ,,bread1 ,,bun1 ,,ic+1 ,,/a9s1 c4 ,cakes1 ,al'mond4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f sweet almonds 7blan*$ & beat5 to a smoo? pa/e71 fl\r & p[d]$ sug>1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 #g eggs1 & ! outside peel ( #d lemons 7%r$d$ small74 ,! almonds1 sug>1 lemon peel1 & eggs1 are beat5 toge!r1 until z :ite z sponge pa/e2 ! fl\r next work$ 91 & ! pa/e put into butt]$ m\lds1 & bak$ 9 a slack ov51 ) #h or #aj ?icknesses ( :ite pap] "u !m & "o or two ov] !m4 #b4 ,almonds1 #a lb42 sug>1 #a_/b lb42 rose wat] or orange-fl[] wat]1 #a_/d p9t2 fl\r1 #c_/d lb42 #c eggs2 z above4 ,"s p]sons ice ^! cakes4 ,cakes1 ,ban'bury4 ,prep4 ,f butt] & d\gh f]m5t$ = :ite bread1 ( ea* #a lb41 z 9 mak+ puff pa/e1 !n roll$ out v ?91 & cut into oval or triangul> pieces1 or o!r %apes4 ,on ^! are plac$ a mixture ( currants & moi/ sug>1 equal p>ts1 wett$ ) a little w9e or br&y1 & ! pa/e be+ clos$ up1 !y are plac$ on a t9 ) ! clos$ side d[nw>ds1 & bak$4 ,a little p[d]$ sug>1 flav\r$ ) c&i$ peel 7grat$71 or ess5ce ( lemon1 is sift$ ov] !m z soon z !y come out ( ! ov54 ,9 ! common cakes ( ! %ops ! br&y is omitt$1 & l>d is us$ = butt]1 b less ( x4 ,cakes1 ,ba?4 ,prep4 ,f butt]1 #a_/b lb41 fl\r1 #a lb41 #e eggs1 & a cupful ( yea/2 :5 ris51 add p[d]$ sug>1 #d oz41 & c>aways1 #a oz4 ,bake !m on t9s4 ,cakes1 ,*eese4 ,prep4 #a4 ,curdle "s w>m new milk ) r5net1 dra9 ! curd 9 a l95 bag1 & add #a_/d ( its weight1 ea*1 ( sug> & butt]1 #f eggs1 "s grat$ nutmeg1 & a little orange fl[] or rose wat]4 #b4 7,almond ,*eese ,cakes47 ,to ! above add z mu* blan*$ almonds1 beat5 to a smoo? pa/e1 z !re is butt]1 & an equal weight ( mac>oni4 #c4 7,lemon ,*eese ,cakes47 ,to ! fir/ =m add lemon peel 7grat$ f9e71 or ess5ce ( lemon1 q4 s4 ,cakes1 ,di'et4 ,syn4 ,,diet ,,bread4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dissolve sug>1 #a lb41 9 milk1 #a_/b p9t2 add #f eggs1 & :isk ! mixture to a full fro?1 !n cauti\sly /ir 9 fl\r1 #a lb41 beat x = #c_/d h\r1 & imm$iately bake x 9 a quick ov54 ,x may be bak$ :ole or divid$ into small cakes4 #b4 ,f f9e fl\r & p[d]$ sug>1 equal p>ts2 #f eggs2 & ! juice & r9d 7grat$7 ( #a lemon4 ,cakes1 ,drop4 ,prep4 ,eggs1 #a doz52 rosewat]1 #a table-spoonful2 p[d]$ sug>1 #a_/b lb42 f9e fl\r1 #a_/b lb42 & c>aways1 #a_/b oz4 ,drop x on waf] pap]1 & bake z be=e4 ,cakes1 ,g9'g]4 ,prep4 ,sug>1 #a lb42 p[d]$ g+]1 #d oz42 fl\r1 #b lbs42 wat]1 #a p9t2 butt]1 #a_/b lb42 c&i$ orange peel1 #h caps 7grat$74 ,cakes1 ,lem'on4 ,prep4 ,fl\r & sug>1 ( ea* #a lb42 eggs1 #a doz52 grat$ peel & juice ( #d lemons2 :isk ! eggs to a bright fro?2 !n gradually add ! re/4 ,cakes1 ,m>l'bor\gh4 ,prep4 ,beat #h eggs & #a lb4 ( p\nd$ sug> #c_/d h\r2 !n add f9e fl\r1 #a lb42 & c>away se$s1 #b oz4 ,cakes1 ,pla94 ,prep4 #a4 ,f fl\r1 #d lbs42 currants1 #b lbs42 butt]1 #a_/b lb42 c>away se$s1 #a_/d oz42 c&i$ lemon peel 7grat$71 #a oz42 yea/1 #a_/d p9t2 milk1 q4 s4 ,let x rise well be=e bak+4 #b4 ,bak]'s d\gh1 #b lbs42 currants1 #a lb42 butt]1 #a_/d lb42 #c eggs2 milk 7hot71 #a_/d p9t4 #c4 7,rundell47 ,bak]'s d\gh1 #d lbs42 butt] & moi/ sug>1 ( ea* #a_/d lb42 c>away se$s1 a small h&ful4 ,well "w x toge!r1 pull x into pieces ! size ( a gold5 pipp91 & "w x toge!r aga94 ,?is mu/ be done ?ree times1 or x w be 9 lumps1 & heavy :5 bak$4 #d4 7,ri*7 ,equal weights ( fl\r1 butt]1 sultana rais9s1 eggs1 currants1 & br[n sug>1 mix$ up ) milk1 & season$ ) c&i$ peel1 nutmeg1 c41 & bak$ 9 a quick ov54 ,?is resembles p\nd cake4 ,cakes1 ,plum4 ,prep4 #a4 7,good47 ,f butt]1 #a_/b lb42 dry fl\r1 #c lbs42 ,lisbon sug>1 #h oz42 plums & currants1 ( ea* #c_/d lb42 & "s pim5to1 f9ely p[d]$2 to be wett$ up ) #c spoonfuls ( yea/1 & a ,w9*e/] p9t ( new milk 7w>m$72 bake on a fl\r$ t9 half an h\r4 #b4 7,excell5t47 ,f fre% butt]1 sift$ sug>1 fl\r1 & currants1 ( ea* #a lb42 #ah eggs2 p[d]$ spices1 #b oz4 7viz4 cloves1 mace1 c9namon1 nutmeg1 & allspice72 slic$ almonds1 #d oz42 rais9s 7/on$ & *opp$71 #a_/b lb42 & a l>ge glass ( br&y2 bake 9 a hot ov54 ,:5 suffici5tly bak$ let ! ov5 cool1 & aft]w>ds put 9 ! cake & all[ x to rema9 = sev]al h\rs to dry4 7,rundell47 #c4 7,ri*47 ,take fre% butt] & sug>1 ( ea* #a lb42 fl\r1 #a-a_/b lb42 currants1 #b lbs42 a glass ( br&y2 sweetmeats & peels1 #a lb42 sweet almonds1 #b oz42 #aj eggs2 allspice & c9namon1 ( ea* #a_/d oz42 bake 9 a t9 hoop 9 a hot ov5 = #c h\rs1 & put #ab %eets ( pap] "u x to keep x f burn+4 7,mack5zie47 ,cakes1 ,port'ugal4 ,prep4 ,f fl\r1 p[d]$ sug>1 & fre% butt]1 ( ea* #a lb42 #aj eggs2 currants1 #a_/b lb42 & a little :ite w9e2 bake 9 small t9s only half fill$4 ,cake1 ,potato4 ,a p\nd ( cold potatoes1 a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( fl\r or oatmeal1 half a gill ( w>m milk 7) a qu>t] ( an ounce ( yea/ dissolv$ 9 x71 a little salt & butt]4 ,ma% ! potatoes1 add ! o!r +r$i5ts1 roll out ! pa/e an in* & a half or two in*es ?ick1 place x 9 a greas$ t91 & bake x4 ,cakes1 ,p\nd4 ,prep4 #a4 ,z plum cake2 b us+ #a lb4 ea* ( all ! +r$i5ts except ! spices4 #b4 ,us+ equal p>ts ( sug>1 fl\r1 currants1 & sultana rais9s1 & half t quantity ea* ( butt]1 br&y1 & c&i$ peel1 ) spices z requir$4 ,cakes1 ,que54 ,prep4 ,f ab\t #a lb4 ea* ( dri$ fl\r1 sift$ sug>1 wa%$ currants1 & butt]1 ) #h eggs2 ! :ole beat5 = an h\r1 made into a batt]1 & bak$ 9 little t9s1 teacups1 or sauc]s1 only half fill$4 ,a little f9e sug> is frequ5tly sift$ ov] !m4 ,nutmeg1 mace1 & c9namon are also sometimes add$4 ,cakes1 ,rat'ifia4 ,prep4 ,beat #a_/b lb4 ( sweet & #a oz4 ( bitt] almonds1 9 f9e orange1 rose1 or ratifia wat]2 mix 9 #a_/b lb4 ( p\nd$ sug>2 add ! :ites ( #d eggs 7well beat572 set x ov] a mod]ate fire 9 a pres]v+-pan2 /ir x "o way until x is pretty hot1 & :5 a little cool =m x into small rolls1 & cut x into ?9 cakes2 %ake "s fl\r lightly on !m1 give ea* a light tap1 put !m on sug> pap]s1 sift a little sug> on !m1 & put !m into a v slack ov54 ,cakes1 ,r\t4 ,prep4 ,f fl\r1 #b lbs42 butt]1 sug>1 & currants1 ( ea* #a lb42 #c eggs2 #a_/b p9t ( milk2 #b glasses ( :ite w9e2 & #a glass ( br&y2 drop !m on a t9 plate1 & bake !m4 ,cakes1 ,savoy4 ,prep4 ,f fl\r & sift$ sug>1 ( ea* #a lb42 #aj eggs2 & ! r9d ( a lemon 7grat$72 =m a batt] by degrees1 put x into m\lds1 & bake 9 a slack ov54 ,cake1 ,se$4 ,prep4 #a4 7,pla947 ,f fl\r1 #a_/d peck2 sug>1 #a_/b lb42 allspice1 #a_/d oz42 melt$ butt]1 #a_/b lb42 a little g+]2 milk1 #a_/b p9t2 yea/1 #a_/d p9t2 add se$s or currants2 & bake an h\r & a half4 #b4 7,good47 ,to ! prec$+ add ( butt] & sug>1 ( ea* #a_/b lb41 & wet x up ) milk previ\sly mix$ ) #f eggs4 #c4 7,ri*47 ,take ( fl\r1 #a-a_/b lb42 butt] & sug>1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 #h eggs2 #b oz4 ( c>away se$s1 #a grat$ nutmeg1 & its weight 9 c9namon4 ,bake #b h\rs 9 a quick ov54 #d4 7,scot*47 ,n9e eggs2 sug> & butt]1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 mix well toge!r1 !n add a little c9namon1 nutmeg1 & cloves2 #a_/d oz4 ( c>away se$s2 #a_/b lb4 ( c&i$ citron2 #a_/d lb4 ( c&i$ orange peel2 #a_/b lb4 ( blan*$ almonds 7p\nd$ f9e72 fl\r1 #c lbs42 & br&y1 #a_/d p9t4 ,cakes1 ,%rews'bury4 ,prep4 ,f fl\r1 #c lbs42 sug>1 #a lb42 a little c9namon & nutmeg2 #c eggs2 a little rose wat]2 & melt$ butt] en\gh to make x into a d\gh4 ,cakes1 ,s'da4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f fl\r1 #a lb42 bic>bonate ( soda1 #a_/d oz42 sug> & butt]1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 make a pa/e ) milk1 & add c&i$ orange1 lemon1 or citron peel1 or ! fre% peels grat$1 q4 s4 to flav\r4 #b4 ,to fl\r1 #a lb42 sug> & butt]1 ( ea* #b oz42 c&i$ peel1 #a_/b oz42 sesquic>bonate ( soda1 #c dr42 milk1 q4 s4 ,obs4 ,an equal weight ( c>bonate ( magnesia1 us$ in/ead ( ! soda1 also makes good cakes4 ,bo? are suitable to delicate /oma*s1 especially 9 dyspepsia1 ) acidity4 ,cakes1 ,sponge4 ,prep4 ,f #h eggs2 lump sug>1 #c_/d lb42 fl\r1 #a_/b lb42 wat]1 #a_/d p9t2 ! yell[ peel ( a lemon2 mix z foll[s3--,put ! lemon peel into ! wat]2 :5 ab\t to make ! cake1 put ! sug> into a saucepan1 p\r ! wat] & peel on x1 & let x /& by ! fire to get hot4 ,break ! eggs into a deep e>!n vessel t has be5 made q hot2 remove f ! heat1 :isk = a few m9utes2 make ! sug> & wat] boil up1 & p\r x v gradually boil+-hot ov] ! eggs2 cont9ue to :isk !m briskly until !y become ?ick & :ite2 add ! fl\r 7q w>m71 /ir x lightly 91 put ! pa/e into t9s l9$ ) :ite pap]1 & bake !m imm$iately 9 a mod]ately hot ov54 ,cakes1 ,tea4 ,syn4 ,,b5ton ,,cakes4 ,prep4 ,f fl\r1 #a lb42 butt]1 #d oz42 & milk1 q4 s42 bake on a hot he>? or sl[ ov5 plate4 #b4 ,to ! la/ add #b table-spoonfuls ( yea/4 ,cakes1 ,tip'sy4 ,prep4 ,small sponge cakes /eep$ 9 br&y1 & !n cov]$ ) grat$ almonds & c&i$ peel2 or almonds 7cut into spikes7 are /uck 9 !m4 ,!y are commonly pil$ on a di%1 surr\nd$ ) a cu/>d1 & cov]$ ) pres]ves dra9$ z dry z possible4 ,cakes1 ,wigg4 ,prep4 ,f #a_/b p9t ( w>m milk2 #c_/d lb4 ( f9e fl\r2 & #b or #c spoonfuls ( light yea/4 ,aft]w>ds "w 9 #d oz4 ea* ( sug> & butt]2 make x into cakes1 or wiggs1 ) z little fl\r z possible1 add a few c>away se$s1 & bake !m quickly4 ,cakes4 7,9 m$ic9e47 ,cakes h be5 us$ z a =m ( adm9i/]+ m$ic9al sub/ances to *ildr51 b h n be5 ext5sively employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry = ! purpose1 unless by quacks & 9 dome/ic practice4 ,9 prep>+ !m ! active +r$i5ts are add$ 9 su* proportions to ! common mat]ials ( a sweet cake t "o or two1 z ! case may be1 are suffici5t = a dose4 ,see ,,g+]bread1 ,,worm-,,cakes1 c4 ,,cala',,b> ,,bean4 ,syn4 ,,physo/igmatis ,,faba4 ,! se$ ( ,physo/igma v55osum4 ,! plant is a native ( ,we/]n ,africa1 :]e ! bean is us$ z an ordeal poison4 ,! bean itself is ab\t ! size ( a l>ge horse-bean1 ) a v firm1 h>d1 brittle1 %9+ coat ( a br[ni%-r$1 pale *ocolate1 or a%-grey col\r4 ,x has an irregul> kidney %ape1 ) flat surfaces & a r\nd$ bord]1 :i* is = ! mo/ "p boldly curv$1 & !re m>k$ ) a broad furr[1 ) ! c5tral rais$ raphe 9 ! c5tre1 & end+ at "o extremity 9 ! microphyle4 ,! k]nel consi/s ( two cotyl$ons4 ,x yields its prop]ties to alcohol1 & imp]fectly to wat]4 ,calab> bean has be5 us$ 9 cases ( /ry*nia poison+ & tetanus1 z well z 9 epilepsy & ,/4 ,vitus's dance4 ,! dose ( ! p[d]$ bean1 accord+ to ,royle1 is "o to f\r gra9s4 ,locally appli$ x produces contraction ( ! pupil4 ,until ! rese>*es ( ,h>nack & ,witk[sky ! ,calab> bean 0 suppos$ to owe its activity1 :5 int]nally adm9i/]$1 to ! pres5ce ( a p[]ful alkaloid call$ es]nia or physo/igma4 ,^! *emi/s1 h[ev]1 h lately succe$$ 9 discov]+ 9 ! bean1 9 addition to es]9a1 ano!r v pot5t alkaloid1 to :i* !y h giv5 ! "n calab>ia or calab>9e4 ,calab>9e appe>s to ex]t a physiological action antagoni/ic to t ( es]9e1 & s9ce ! comm]cial prep>ations ( ! drug consi/1 accord+ to ! above *emi/s1 ( mixtures ( ! two alkaloids 9 v>y+ proportions1 ! discordant effects frequ5tly obs]v$ to foll[ ! adm9i/ration ( any ( ! v>i\s prep>ations ( ! bean1 admit ( ready explanation4 ,:]ev] es]9e pr$om9at$ x appe>$ to suppress ! effects ( calab>9e2 on ! o!r h&1 if ?is latt] prepond]at$1 ! p>alys+ effect on ! sp9al cord o!rwise ex]cis$ by es]9e w\ld fail to be produc$4 ,! necessity ( hav+ prep>ations ( calab> free f calab>9e1 9 cases :]e ! drug is adm9i/]$ = tetanus1 w be app>5t :5 x is /at$ t calab>9e itself induces ! disease4 ,we quote ! foll[+ f ',new ,rem$ies' = ,june1 #ahgg3-- ,! well-kn[n manufactur+ *emi/1 ,e4 ,m]k1 9 ,d>m/adt1 has h]et(ore prep>$ & sold a sub/ance :i* 0 suppos$ to be ! only active pr9ciple ( calab>1 & :i* he call$ calab>9e1 b :i* 0 really es]9e or physo/igm9e4 ,he n[ accepts & confirms ! results ( ,h>nack's & ,witk[sky's rese>*es1 & has put bo? ( ! active pr9ciples ^u ! m>ket labell$ ) _! correct "n1 viz4 ',physo/igm9' 7or es]9e1 be+ ! same sub/ance :i* he =m]ly sold z calab>9e71 & ',calab>91' di/+ui%$ by ! addition ( ,h>nack's "n 7,h>nack's ',calab>9e'74 ,! att5tion ( physicians & ph>maci/s is p>ticul>ly direct$ to ! *ange ( appellations4 ,calab> bean is a p[]ful poison4 ,! antidotes are3--,diffusible /imulants2 ! hypod]mic injection ( ! #a_/ej? ( a gra9 ( sulphate ( atropia1 to be repeat$ if necess>y at ! end ( two h\rs2 & artificial respiration4 ,see ,,es]9e4 ,,cal',,am9e4 ,see ,,z9c 7,c>bonate (74 ,,calc9a',,tion4 ,! op]ation ( burn+ or roa/+ any solid body to expel its m volatile p>ts1 z ! conv]sion ( *alk into lime by ! expulsion ( c>bonic anhydride4 ,! roa/+ ( ! ores 9 ! fir/ /age ( ! ,wel% process ( copp] smelt+ & 9 ! ,silesian mode ( extract+ z9c is te*nically t]m$ ,,calc9ation4 ,! me?od ( conduct+ ! process ( calc9ation dep5ds on ! nature ( ! body op]at$ on4 ,_m sub/ances1 = delicate exp]im5ts1 are calc9$ ov] a _s lamp 9 a plat9um spoon or crucible2 o!rs1 9 iron vessels or e>!n crucibles1 plac$ 9 a common furnace4 ,:5 ! action ( ! air proves injuri\s1 z 9 ! manufacture ( *>coal1 ! process is p]=m$ 9 close vessels or *amb]s4 ,9 "s cases ! fuel is mix$ ) ! articles1 & !y are bo? burnt toge!r1 z 9 ! manufacture ( lime1 ! roa/+ ( ores1 c4 ,! process ( dry+ salts1 or driv+ (f _! wat] ( cry/allisation by heat1 is also frequ5tly call$ ,,calc9ation2 ?us we h calc9$ copp]as1 alum1 c4 ,,cal'',,c9]4 ,a rev]b]atory furnace us$ = ! calc9ation ( metallic ores1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,,copp] & ,,z9c 7:i* see74 ,,cal',,cium4 ,eng41 ,l4 ,ca4 ,! metal ( :i* ,,lime is an oxide4 ,?\gh x is a *emical curiosity :5 isolat$1 x is "o ( ! mo/ abundant sub/ances 9 nature1 =m+ a v l>ge portion ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,x occurs 9 comb9ation ) fluor9e z fluor-sp>2 ) oxyg5 & c>bonic acid z *alk1 lime/one1 & m>ble2 & ) oxyg5 & sulphuric acid z gypsum4 ,! metal 0 fir/ obta9$ f lime by ,sir ,h4 ,davy 9 #ahjh2 b little 0 kn[n ( its prop]ties until ,dr ,mat?iess5 =m$ x by ! electrolytic decomposition ( ! *loride ( calcium4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by ! action ( a p[]ful voltaic curr5t ^u a pa/e ( pure lime 9 contact ) m]cury1 z 9 ! orig9al me?od ( prep>+ b>ium4 #b4 ,by ! electrolysis ( *loride ( calcium 9 a /ate ( fusion4 #c4 7,c>on47 ,fus$ *loride ( calcium 9 p[d]1 #cjj p>ts2 di/ill$ z9c1 f9ely granulat$1 #djj p>ts2 sodium1 9 small pieces1 #ajj p>ts2 ! :ole plac$ 9 a crucible & heat$ to r$ness 9 an ord9>y furnace4 ,! action is v feeble at fir/1 b aft] "s "t z9c flames arise4 ,! heat mu/ n[ be mod]at$ to prev5t ! volatilisation ( ! z9c1 b at ! same "t x mu/ be ma9ta9$ z high z possible4 ,:5 ! crucible has rema9$ 9 ?is /ate = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r x may be )drawn4 ,on cool+1 a metallic button w be f\nd at ! bottom4 ,?is alloy ( z9c & calcium1 :i* g5]ally conta9s f #aj to #ae ( ! latt] metal1 mu/ be plac$ 9 a coke crucible & heat$ until ! :ole ( ! z9c is driv5 (f4 ,! alloy %\ld be 9 pieces z l>ge z possible4 ,:5 prop] precautions h be5 obs]v$ a button ( ,,calcium is obta9$1 only contam9at$ ) ! =eign metals conta9$ 9 ! z9c4 ,prop41 c4 ,! metal belongs to ! gr\p :i* includes ,,b>ium1 ,,/rontium1 & ,,magnesium2 x is ( a light yell[ col\r2 is r h>d] ?an lead1 & v malleable4 ,x melts at a r$ heat4 ,x t>ni%es 9 a day or two1 ev5 9 dry air1 & 9 contact ) moi/ air x breaks up l ord9>y lime4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #aee4 ,te/s4 ,salts ( calcium 9 solution produce a :ite precipitate ) c>bonate ( ammonium2 x becomes f> less volum9\s on heat+ ! solution1 & dissolves v readily 9 hydro*loric acid4 ,sulphuric acid1 :5 add$ to conc5trat$ solutions1 gives an imm$iate :ite precipitate2 if ! solution is n conc5trat$1 ! precipitate may sep>ate gradually1 9 m9ute cry/als2 & if x is v dilute1 no precipitation w take place1 because sulphate ( lime is soluble 9 ab\t #ejj times its weight ( wat]4 ,) neutral solutions1 ev5 :5 v dilute1 oxalate ( ammonium gives a copi\s :ite precipitate1 soluble 9 mo/ dilute acids4 ,calcium1 ,acetate (4 ,add prep>$ *alk to acetic 7or purifi$ pyroligne\s7 acid till fully saturat$2 filt] & evaporate1 t cry/als may =m4 ,diuretic4 ,dose1 #aj to #bj gra9s4 ,calcium1 ,acid ,phosphate (4 ,syn4 ,,sup]phosphate ,,( ,,lime1 ,,soluble ,,acid ,,phosphate4 ,ca,h#d1b,,po#d4 ,?is may be procur$ by treat+ bone-e>? ) two ?irds ( its weight ( oil ( vitriol1 z 9 ! prelim9>y /age ( ! extraction ( phosphorus4 ,x is ext5sively us$ z a manure = turnips4 ,calcium1 ,bibasic ,phosphate4 ,ca#b;,h#b,p#b,o#h #c;,h#b,o4 ,dissolve #fjh grams ( cry/allis$ calcium *loride 9 #ajjj grams ( di/ill$ wat]1 & add gradually to ?is solution #ajjj grams ( sodium phosphate1 dissolv$ 9 #aj1jjj grams ( wat]4 ,all[ ! precipitate to deposit1 & wa% x five or six times ) #aj litres ( wat] ea* "t2 dra9 ! precipitate on a moi/5$ clo?4 ,z soon z its consi/5ce p]mits1 deta* f x irregul> pieces1 & place !m to dry 9 ! op5 air ^u filt]+ pap]2 ! spontane\s desiccation is suffici5tly rapid4 ,f ',=mul = ,new ,m$icam5ts adopt$ by ! ,p>is ,ph>maceutical ,society4' ,calcium1 ,bro'mide (4 ,ca,br#b4 ,syn4 ,,cal',,cii ,,bromi',,dum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,mag5die47 ,to a solution ( bromide ( iron add hydrate ( calcium 9 slight excess2 filt]1 evaporate to dryness1 r$issolve 9 wat]1 & aga9 filt]1 & evaporate4 ,calcium1 ,c>bonate (4 ,see ,,*alk4 ,calcium1 ,*lo''ride (4 ,ca,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,cal',,cii ,,*lori',,dum 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,hydro*loric acid & wat]1 ( ea* #aj fl4 oz42 *alk1 #e oz42 evaporate ! solution until ! salt becomes solid1 & dry ! residue at ab\t #djj ,f4 ,x is obta9$ 9 solution z a residuum 9 mak+ sev]al prep>ations ( ammonia1 z ! liquor & c>bonate1 & 9 mak+ c>bonic acid by ! action ( hydro*loric acid on m>ble4 ,! residuum is conc5trat$ & set aside to cry/allise1 or evaporat$ to dryness4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,?is salt cry/allises 9 col\rless1 /riat$1 hexagonal prisms1 t]m9at$ by v acute po9ts4 ,x is v soluble 9 alcohol & wat]1 ! latt] ev5 at #cb dissolv+ m ?an its own weight1 & at #fj ?ree or f\r times its weight ( ?is salt4 ,:5 heat$1 ! cry/als und]go wat]y fusion4 ,:5 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 !y produce great cold2 & h5ce are frequ5tly employ$ z an +r$i5t 9 ,,freez+ ,,mixtures4 ,^! cry/als conta9 ne>ly half _! weight ( wat]4 ,!y are v deliquesc5t1 pass+ readily into ! liquid /ate1 & =m+ :at us$ to be call$ oleum calcis1 or oil ( lime4 ,! anhydr\s *loride is h>d & friable2 slightly transluc5t2 totally & readily soluble 9 wat]1 &1 l ! cry/allis$ salt1 v deliquesc5t4 ,9 ! laboratory *loride ( calcium1 ei!r fus$ or m]ely dri$1 is cont9ually us$ = dry+ gases & = absorb+ ! wat] f e!real & oily liquids 9 organic analysis4 ,! unfus$ is n[ g5]ally pref]r$ = ?is purpose1 z x is m por\s ?an ! fus$4 ,! salt is also us$ 9 ! rectification ( alcohol1 & to =m a ba? = heat+ /onew>e /ills & o!r app>atus liable to be crack$ on ! s& ba?4 ,z a *emical reag5t x is employ$ *iefly 9 detect+ c]ta9 organic acids4 ,z a m$ic9e x has be5 giv5 9 "s scr(ul\s & gl&ul> diseases4 ,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,see ,,solutions4 ,calcium1 ,flu'oride (4 ,ca,f#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydr(lu',,orate ,,( ,,lime4 ,?is occurs native z ! m9]al call$ fluor-sp>4 ,x is f\nd 9 beautiful cry/als 9 ! lead m9es ( ,al/on ,moor & ,d]by%ire1 & 9 ! concretion>y cry/all9e masses kn[n z ,blue ,john or ,d]by%ire sp> at ,ca/leton4 ,x may be prep>$ by ! action ( hydr(luoric acid ^u lime1 z direct$ "u ,,b>ium1 ,,fluoride ,,(4 ,calcium ,hypophosphite4 ,ca,p#b;,h#d,o#d4 ,mix milk ( lime 7#a 9 #e7 9 porcela9 capsule plac$ 9 a s& ba?1 ) half its weight ( phosphorus 9 small pieces1 & heat x to ebullition1 op]at+ 9 ! op5 air or "u a *imney ) a good draught4 ,spontane\sly inflammable phosphurett$ hydrog5 is giv5 (f1 ! vap\r ( :i* %\ld be avoid$4 ,add f "t to "t a little w>m wat]1 to replace t :i* has evaporat$4 ,discont9ue ! heat :5 ! phosphorus has disappe>$--t is1 :5 inflammable bubbles cease to be produc$4 ,if ! phosphorus rema9 9 excess1 add m milk ( lime1 & cont9ue ! heat until ! complete disappe>ance ( ! metalloid4 ,all[ ! liquor to cool & !n filt]2 !n saturate x ) a curr5t ( c>bonic acid gas to elim9ate any excess ( lime rema9+ uncomb9$4 ,filt] aga91 & conc5trate ! liquor 9 a wat] ba? to dryness1 keep+ ! temp]ature bel[ #ajj ,c41 to avoid detonations4 ,pres]ve ! salt f ! air 9 well-clos$ bottles4 ,f ',=mul = ,new ,m$icam5ts adopt$ by ! ,p>is ,ph>maceutical ,society4' ,calcium1 ,i'odide (4 ,ca,i#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydri',,odate ,,( ,,lime2 ,,cal',,cii ,,iodi',,dum1 ,,calcis ,,hydrio',,das1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,mag5die47 ,f a solution ( protiodide ( iron & hydrate ( calcium1 z direct$ "u iodide ( b>ium4 #b4 ,dissolve lime or c>bonate ( lime 9 hydriodic acid4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,x is a deliquesc5t salt1 easily soluble 9 wat]1 & has a bitt]i% ta/e4 ,x has be5 us$ 9 scr(ul\s affections1 int]nally1 9 doses rang+ f #a_/h to #b gr41 ?rice daily1 & ext]nally 9 o9tm5ts conta9+ #b dr4 or less to ! oz4 ,calcium1 ,lactophosphate4 ,?is product ought n to be employ$ except 9 ! /ate ( solution 9 wat] or 9 syrup4 ,9 ! pa/y or solid /ate its solubility v>ies1 & x is always an indef9ite comp\nd4 ,solution4 ,bibasic phosphate ( lime1 #ag grams2 conc5trat$ lactic acid1 z little z possible2 di/ill$ wat]1 #ifd grams4 ,susp5d ! phosphate c>efully 9 ! di/ill$ wat]1 add ! lactic acid1 all[ solution to g on = "s m9utes1 & filt]4 ,f ',=mul = ,new ,m$icam5ts adopt$ by ! ,p>is ,ph>maceutical ,society4' ,calcium1 ,oxide (4 ,see ,,lime4 ,calcium1 ,phosphate (4 ,syn4 ,,calcis ,,phosphas 7,ph4 ,b474 ,dige/ bone-a%1 #d oz41 9 hydro*loric acid1 #f fl4 oz41 dilut$ ) a p9t ( wat]1 until x is dissolv$4 ,filt] ! solution1 if necess>y2 add wat]1 #a p9t1 & aft]w>ds solution ( ammonia 7,ph4 ,b471 #ab fl4 oz41 or a suffici5t quantity1 until ! mixture acquires an alkal9e reaction1 & hav+ collect$ ! precipitate on a calico filt]1 wa% x ) boil+ di/ill$ wat] z long z ! liquid :i* passes ?r\gh occasions a precipitate :5 dropp$ into solution ( nitrate ( silv] acidulat$ ) nitric acid4 ,dry ! wa%$ product at a temp]ature n exce$+ #bab ,f4 ,calcium1 ,phos'phide (4 ,syn4 ,,phosphu',,ret ,,( ,,lime2 ,,cal',,cii ,,phosphure',,tum1 ,c4 ,,phosphi',,dum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by pass+ ! vap\r ( phosphorus ov] lime 79 small fragm5ts7 heat$ to r$ness 9 a porcela9 tube4 ,a br[ni% sub/ance1 suppos$ to be a m]e me*anical mixture ( phosphide & phosphate ( calcium4 ,?r[n into wat]1 x suff]s in/ant decomposition1 & phosphurett$ hydrog5 gas escapes4 ,calcium1 ,sulphides (4 ,calcium =ms ) sulphur at lea/ ?ree diff]5t comp\nds3-- #a4 ,calcium1 ,protosul'phide (4 ,ca,s4 ,prep4--a4 ,f sulphate ( lime1 expos$ at a high temp]ature to a /ream ( hydrog5 gas4--b4 ,f dri$ gypsum1 #be p>ts2 lampblack or f9ely p[d]$ *>coal1 #d p>ts2 calc9$ toge!r at a /rong heat 9 a cov]$ crucible4 #b4 ,calcium1 ,bisulphide (4 ,ca,s#b4 ,prep4 ,f sulphur & quick-lime1 equal p>ts2 wat]1 q4 s42 slake ! lime1 add ! sulphur1 & boil until a solution is obta9$1 :i* on cool+ deposits cry/als4 #c4 ,calcium1 ,p5tasulphide (4 ,ca,s#e4 ,prep4 ,z ! la/1 b increas+ ! quantity ( sulphur1 & cont9u+ ! boil+ = a long] p]iod4 ,little is kn[n ab\t x4 #d4 ,calcium1 ,sulphate (4 ,see ,,gypsum4 #e4 ,calcium1 ,comm]cial ,sulphuret (4 ,syn4 ,,comm]cial ,,sulphide ,,( ,,calcium4 ,prep4--a4 ,z #a1 b 7above74 b4 ,sulphur1 #a "p2 hydrate ( lime1 #c p>ts2 wat]1 #b-a_/b p9ts2 boil x until x solidifies on cool+1 !n p\r x out on a cold m>ble slab1 & :5 solid break x into pieces & pres]ve x 9 a well-cork$ bottle4 c4 7,guib\rt47 ,quick-lime1 #g p>ts2 sulphur1 #d p>ts2 mix1 & heat ! comp\nd = ab\t #b h\rs 9 a cov]$ crucible4 d4 7,cott]eau47 ,quick-lime1 #b p>ts2 sulphur1 #a "p2 wat]1 #e p>ts2 z #d1 b 7above74 ,obs4 ,! precise composition ( ! la/ ?ree prep>ations is unc]ta94 ,!y are acrid1 cau/ic1 /imulant1 & diaphoretic4 ,dose1 #a to #c gr4 ,sulphide ( calcium has be5 us$ z a depilatory by apply+ x made into a pa/e ) wat]1 & wa%+ x (f 9 ab\t #a_/d ( an h\r4 ,made into an embrocation1 x has be5 /rongly recomm5d$ 9 g\t1 scabies1 c4 ,its solution yields pure sulphur on ! addition ( hydro*loric acid4 ,,calcula',,tions 7,useful74 #a4 ,to f9d ! ,value ( a ,doz5 ,articles4 ,take ! price 9 p5ce z %ill+s1 & if !re are any f>?+s 9 ! price1 add ?reep5ce = ea*4 ,?us #bs4 #h;d41 or #cb p5ce p] y>d1 is #a #abs4 p] doz54 #b4 ,to f9d ! ,value ( ,"o ,hundr$ ,articles4 ,= e f>?+ take z _m p5ce & twice z _m %ill+s4 ,?us1 #a-a_/d;d4 ea* is--#e;d41 & #ajs4 #ajs4 #e;d4 p] hundr$4 #c4 ,to f9d ! ,value ( a ,p\nd at any price p] ,ounce4 ,take ! price 9 f>?+s z %ill+s1 & divide by ?ree4 ,?us1 #e-a_/d;d4 p] ounce is #ba f>?+s2 tak5 z %ill+s1 #ba #c #gs4 p] p\nd4 #d4 ,to f9d ! ,value ( an ,ounce at any price p] ,p\nd4 ,take ! %ill+s z f>?+s1 & multiply by ?ree4 ,?us1 at #fs4--#f #c #ah f>?+s1 or #d-a_/b;d4 p] ounce4 ,obs4 ,by rev]s+ ,nos4 #a & #b1 ! price ( a s+le article or p\nd may be f\nd f ! price p] doz5 or hundr$4 ,= sev]al o!r calculations1 useful 9 dome/ic economy1 *emi/ry1 c41 see ,,brew+1 ,,decimals1 ,,equival5ts1 ,,measures1 ,,p]-,,c5tage1 ,,weights4 ,,cal',,culus4 ,syn4 ,,/one4 ,9 m$ic9e1 a h>d concretion =m$ )9 ! animal body by ! deposition ( matt]s :i* usually rema9 9 solution4 ,! concretions mo/ commonly f\nd are ^? =m$ 9 ! kidneys or bladd]1 & t]m$ ur9>y calculi1 & ^? =m$ 9 ! gall-bladd] or bili>y ducts1 :i* are call$ bili>y calculi4 ,ur9>y calculi are 9 mo/ cases compos$ ( sub/ances :i* are con/itu5ts ( heal?y ur9e1 su* z uric acid1 urate ( ammonia1 & ! phosphates ( lime & magnesia2 !y are1 h[ev]1 sometimes compos$ ( sub/ances :i* are met ) 9 unheal?y ur9e1 su* z oxalate ( lime1 cy/9e1 c4 ,bili>y calculi1 or gall-/ones1 usually conta9 f #ej to #hj p] c5t4 ( *ole/]91 a cry/allisable fatty body1 con/itut+ a nev] fail+ +r$i5t 9 heal?y bile1 ! re/ ( ! concretion be+ made up ( bili>y res9 & col\r+ matt]1 ) a small quantity ( inorganic salts4 ,calculus or /one 9 ! bladd]1 :i* is a preval5t disease 9 ,norfolk1 bo? among m5 & %eep1 has be5 attribut$ to ! use ( ! h>d wat] ( ! di/rict4 ,bo? ( ^! give rise to v pa9ful symptoms1 & may ev5 ?reat5 life4 ,see ,,*ole/]94 ,,calefaci5ts4 ,applications t excite w>m?4 ,,cal',,end>4 ,syn4 ,,cal5da',,rium1 ,l42 ,,cal5',,dri]1 ,fr4 ,a table ( all ! days ( ! ye>1 arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( days & weeks1 to :i* are g5]ally add$ c]ta9 a/ronomical indications & dates ( great civil & religi\s ev5ts4 ,! mo/ rem>kable cal5d>s are ! ,hebrew cal5d>1 ! cal5d> ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,roman1 or ,julian cal5d>1 ! ,gregorian cal5d> 7n[ adopt$ by all ,*ri/ian peoples except ! ,greeks & ,russians71 & ! ,fr5* ,republican cal5d>1 :i*1 hav+ rema9$ 9 =ce ab\t ?irte5 ye>s1 0 aboli%$ by ,napoleon ,i on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahjf4 ,cal5d>1 ,p]pet'ual4 ,a table :i* furni%es ! g5]al indications necess>y to con/ruct a cal5d> = any ye>1 & to resolve1 )\t error1 _m difficulties connect$ ) ! v]ification ( dates4 ,,cal',,end]+4 ,! process ( f9i%+ by pressure ! surface ( l95 or cotton goods4 ,x is usually p]=m$ by pass+ ! fabric betwe5 cyl9d]s press$ toge!r ) great =ce4 ,x is necess>y t "o ( ! cyl9d]s1 at lea/1 %all be ( a mat]ial comb9+ consid]able h>dness ) a slight degree ( ela/icity2 = ?is purpose ! pap] cyl9d] is us$4 ,x is made by =cibly compress+ a numb] ( circul> discs ( ?ick pa/ebo>d1 ea* ) a squ>e hole 9 ! c5tre1 ^u an iron axis1 s z to =m a solid cyl9d]1 :i* is turn$ p]fectly smoo? & true 9 a la!4 ,! pap] cyl9d] usually works aga9/ a holl[ roll] ( copp] or iron1 heat$ by /eam or metallic heat]s4 ,be=e ! f9al roll+ 9 ! cal5d]+ ma*9e ! fabric is lightly smoo!d by pass+ ov] w>m cyl9d]s4 ,cotton goods are />*$1 & a fictiti\s appe>ance ( /\tness is sometimes giv5 to !m by employ+ />* ?ick5$ ) pla/] ( ,p>is1 porcela9 clay1 or a mixture ( ^!4 ,wat]+ is a beautiful effect1 produc$ by means ( a hot cyl9d] ) a patt]n rais$ ^u x4 ,glaz+ is produc$ by comb9$ rubb+ & pressure1 ! roll]s be+ made to move ) unequal velocities1 s t "o side ( ! fabric is rubb$ z well z press$ by ! roll] ^: surface moves ) ! great] spe$4 ,a copp] cyl9d] is pref]r$ = glaz+1 & is made s hot t if ! ma*9e /ops x burns ! goods4 ,! old me?od ( glaz+ consi/$ 9 burni%+ ! surface ( ! fabric ) a poli%$ fl9t4 ,,cal',,ico4 ,see ,,cotton4 ,cal'ico ,pr9t+4 ,! art ( produc+ figur$ patt]ns ^u calico by means ( dyes & mordants topically appli$ by wood5 blocks1 copp] plates1 or engrav$ cyl9d]s4 ,! goods are ei!r directly pr9t$ 9 col\r1 or receive _! patt]ns by be+ run ?r\gh a col\r+ matt] or mordant1 :5 ! dye is only produc$ ^u t portion ( ! gr\nd previ\sly prep>$ = x4 ,( late ?is sy/em ( dye+ has be5 ext5d$ to silk & wooll5s4 ,! mordants are ?ick5$ ) "s glut9\s sub/ance1 z fl\r1 />*1 or gum1 to r5d] !m adhesive & to prev5t _! spread+4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal /yles ( calico-pr9t+1 ea* requir+ a diff]5t me?od ( manipulation3-- ,9 ! madd]1 fa/ col\r1 or *9tz /yle1 ! mordants are appli$ to ! :ite clo?1 & ! col\rs are br\ght out 9 ! dye ba?4 ,?is is ! me?od commonly foll[$ = p]man5t pr9ts4 ,9 ! padd+ or plaquage /yle1 ! :ole clo? is pass$ ?r\gh a ba? ( "s p>ticul> mordant1 & diff]5t mordants are aft]w>ds pr9t$ on x be=e submitt+ x to ! dye ba?4 ,by ?is means ! col\r ( ! gr\nd & patt]n is v>i$4 ,l ! la/1 x is mu* us$ = g[n pieces1 c4 ,9 ! res]ve or resi/-pa/e /yle1 :ite or col\r$ figures are produc$ by cov]+ ^? p>ts ) a composition :i* resi/s ! g5]al dye aft]w>ds appli$ to =m ! gr\nd ( ! patt]n4 ,9 ?is /yle ! dye ba? is indigo1 or "s o!r sub/antive col\r4 ,! dis*>ge1 or rongeant /yle1 is ! rev]se ( ! prec$+2 x exhibits bright figures on a d>k gr\nd1 :i* are produc$ by pr9t+ ) acidul\s or dis*>ge mordants aft] ! clo? has be5 pass$ ?r\gh ! col\r+ ba?4 ,/eam-col\r pr9t+ consi/s 9 pr9t+ ! calico ) a mixture ( dye extracts & mordants1 & aft]w>ds expos+ x to ! action ( /eam4 ,_s-col\r pr9t+ is a me?od by :i* brilliant col\rs are produc$ by a mixture ( dye extracts & solution ( t91 call$ by ! dy]s spirits ( t94 ,pigm5t pr9t+ consi/s 9 apply+ su* col\rs z ultram>9e1 mag5ta1 or anil9e purple1 to ! clo?1 & fix+ !m by su* ag5ts z case91 album51 or solution ( india rubb]4 ,?is /yle ( pr9t+ has be5 develop$ to a great ext5t s9ce ! introduction ( ! spl5did mauves & purples obta9$ f anil9e4 ,= fur!r in=mation on ?is subject ! read] is ref]r$ to ,ure's ',diction>y ( ,arts1 ,manufactures1 & ,m9es1' ,calv]t's ',dye+ & ,calico ,pr9t+1' edit$ by ,/5h\se & ,groves2 ,wagn]'s ',cl9ical ,te*nology1' & ,crooke's ',practical ,h&book ( ,dye+ & ,pr9t+1' :]e he w f9d ! sev]al processes ( calico pr9t+ fully treat$ on1 & mo/ ably & accurately describ$4 ,to ent] l>gely into ! subject 9 ?is "w might amuse ! read]1 b w\ld be ( no practical value2 z calico pr9t+ is an art only practis$ on ! l>ge scale1 & by m5 :o obta9 _! :ole k ( x 9 ! laboratories & pr9t+ rooms ( ! factories4 ,,cal',,omel4 ,see ,,m]cury 7,*lorides (74 ,,calotro',,pis ,,proce',,ra41 ,,calotro',,pis ,,gigan',,tea41 7,ind4 ,ph474 ,syn4 ,,mud>4--,habitat4 ,"o or o!r ( ^! species1 ev]y:]e 9 ,india4--,(fic9al "p4 ,! root-b>k1 dri$ 7calotropis cortex74 ,small flat or ar*$ pieces1 br[ni% ext]nally1 yell[-greyi% int]nally1 peculi> smell1 & mucilag9\s1 nause\s1 acrid ta/e4 ,its activity appe>s to reside 9 a peculi> extractive matt] nam$ mud>9e4--,prop]ties4 ,alt]ative tonic2 diaphoretic1 &1 9 l>ge doses1 emetic4--,!rapeutic uses4 ,9 leprosy1 con/itutional syphilis1 m]curial ca*exia1 syphilitic & idiopa?ic ulc]ations1 9 dys5t]y1 di>rhoea1 & *ronic rheumatism1 x has be5 us$ ) alleg$ b5efit4 ,p[d] ( ,mud>4 7,pulvis ,calotropis47 ,take ( ! roots ( mud>1 collect$ 9 ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may f s&y soils1 a suffici5cy2 c>efully remove1 by wa%+1 all p>ticles ( s& & dirt1 & dry 9 ! op5 air1 )\t exposure to ! sun1 until ! milky juice conta9$ 9 x becomes s f> inspissat$ t x ceases to fl[ on incisions be+ made 9 x4 ,! b>k is !n to be c>efully remov$1 dri$1 & r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,pres]ve 9 well-cork$ bottles4--,dose4 ,z an alt]ative tonic1 #c gra9s1 gradually increas$ to #aj gra9s or m1 ?rice daily4 ,z an emetic1 f #a_/b to #a dra*m4 ,,cal',,otype4 ,see ,,photography4 ,,calum',,ba4 ,syn4 ,,calumb ,,radix1 ,b4 ,p4 ,,calum',,ba-,,root2 ,,kalumb1 ,h9d4 ,! root ( a plant ( ,ea/]n ,africa1 ext5sively us$ 9 m$ic9e z a /oma*ic & mild tonic4 ,dose1 #aj to #bj gra9s1 ?ree or f\r times a day4 ,! botanical "n ( ?is plant is ,jateorhiza palmata1 or ,cocculus palmatus4 ,see ,,calumb9e 7bel[72 also ,,infusions & ,,t9ctures4 ,,calum',,ba ,,wood4 ,?is wood1 :i* is us$ z a tonic by ! ,c+alese1 is n ! produce ( ! true calumba plant1 b ( ,m5isp]mum f5e/ratum4 ,x conta9s ! alkaloid ,,b]b]9e 7:i* see74 ,,calum',,b9e4 ,syn4 ,,calom',,b9e1 ,calum'b9a4 ,a bitt] sub/ance discov]$ by ,witt/ock 9 calumba root4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dige/ calumba root 79 co>se p[d]7 9 wat] acidulat$ ) acetic acid2 express1 filt]1 boil to "o half1 aga9 filt]1 add c>bonate ( calcium1 9 slight excess1 & evaporate to dryness 9 a wat] ba?2 r$uce ! residuum to p[d]1 & dige/ x 9 boil+ alcohol2 ! latt] w deposit cry/als ( ,,calumb9e on cool+4 #b4 7,witt/ock47 ,evaporate t9cture ( calumba root 7made ) rectifi$ _s7 to dryness2 dissolve ! residuum 9 wat]1 & agitate ! solution ) an equal bulk ( e!r2 aft] repose = a %ort "t1 decant ! e!real portion1 di/il (f mo/ ( ! e!r1 & set ! liquid aside to cry/allise4 ,prop41 c4 ,impure calumb9e occurs z a yell[-br[n mass2 :5 pure1 x =ms rhombic prismatic cry/als or delicate :ite ne$les2 x is only slightly soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 & wat]2 #dj p>ts ( boil+ rectifi$ _s take up only #a "p ( calumb9e4 ,its be/ solv5t is acetic acid2 x is also soluble 9 acidulat$ & alkalis$ wat]4 ,nei!r nut-galls nor metallic salts affect its solution4 ,conc5trat$ sulphuric acid dissolves x1 & assumes fir/ a yell[1 & !n a r$ col\r4 ,its prop]ties indicate t weak v9eg> or s\r w9e w\ld be ! be/ m5/ruum = extract+ ! m$ic9al virtues ( calumba root4 ,dose1 #a to #c gr4 twice a day z a tonic & /oma*ic1 9 dyspepsia1 debilitat$ /oma*1 bili\s vomit+1 c42 & 9 ! lat] p]iods ( dys5t]y & di>rhoea4 ,,calx4 ,?is t]m 0 =m]ly appli$ to ! residuum ( ! combu/ion ( any sub/ance2 or to any sub/ance :i* _h be5 expos$ to a /rong heat4 ,see ,,calc9ation1 ,,lime1 c4 ,,camboge'4 ,see ,,gamboge4 ,,cam',,era ,,lu',,cida4 ,l4 & ,eng4 ,:5 a ray ( light 7r7 falls ^u a quadrangul> glass prism 7a71 x is b5t by two reflections 7at c & d71 & ?r[n upw>ds :]e x may be receiv$ by ! eye1 to :i* x w appe> describ$ on ! table or %eet ( pap] 7f7 plac$ to receive x4 ,! po9t ( a p5cil us$ to trace any object on ! pap] c also be se51 & by its means ! picture c be easily copi$4 ,:5 ! prism is m\nt$ on a /&1 & a ?9 brass plate ) a small hole ?r\gh x = ! eyepiece adju/$ !reto1 x =ms ! ,,cam]a ,,lucida ( ! opticians4 ,! image may be magnifi$ or less5$ by plac+ a l5s s z ei!r to int]cept ! rays be=e !y /rike ! prism1 or be=e !y rea* ! eye4 ,an +5i\s p]son w readily be able to set up ?is in/rum5t1 ?an :i* a m useful "o _c exi/4 ,illu/ration ,,cam',,era ,,obscu'',,ra4 ,l4 & ,eng4 ,an optical in/rum5t = produc+ ^u a scre5 ! image ( a field ( view m or less ext5sive4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,bapti/a ,porta 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,! pr9ciples & con/ruction ( ! cam]a obscura may be ?us describ$3--,a convex l5s 7,b7 is plac$ 9 a hole admitt+ ! light into a d>k5$ box or *amb] 7,a71 :i*1 fall+ on a :ite gr\nd 7,d71 produces an inv]t$ picture ( e object )9 its range4 ,! image ?us =m$ may be re/or$ to its natural position1 by all[+ ! rays ( light to pass ?r\gh two l5ses in/ead ( "o1 or by receiv+ ! rays on a mirror plac$ at an angle ( #de1 :5 ! image w be ?r[n on ! floor 9 its orig9al position4 ,! picture may be view$ ?r\gh an oblong ap]ture cut 9 ! box1 or ! exp]im5t may be p]=m$ 9 a d>k5$ room1 by plac+ ! l5s 9 a hole 9 ! %utt]1 & all[+ ! image to fall on ! wall1 or on a %eet ( :ite pap] /ret*$ to receive x4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! simple/ =m1 :5 int5d$ = tak+ views or portraits1 ! image is ?r[n ^u a mirror plac$ at an angle ( #de1 & re/+ on ! bottom ( ! box1 by :i* means x is ?r[n upw>ds aga9/ a plate ( glass1 also plac$ at a simil> angle4 ,on ?is is laid a piece ( semi-transp>5t trac+ pap]1 on :i* ! object is di/9ctly se5 pa9t$1 & may be trac$ out ) a p5cil4 ,:5 ! cam]a is us$ 9 photography1 slides are provid$ to reta9 ! s5sitive pap] 9 ! prop] position 9 ! box or d>k *amb] to receive ! image1 & ! :ole app>atus is adju/$ ) screws1 & slides ( ! mo/ delicate description4 ,a*romatic glasses are also employ$4 ,see ,,photography4 ,,cam',,ph9e4 ,! "n giv5 by ! trade to rectifi$ oil ( turp5t9e :5 sold = burn+ 9 lamps1 9 ord] t pur*as]s may n be aw>e ( ! inflammable "* ( ! liquid4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( ! hydro-c>bon oils f coal1 %ale1 & petroleum1 camph9e has be5 little us$ = burn+4 ,to rectify ! turp5t9e1 x is pass$ 9 vap\r ?r\gh a solution ( cau/ic pota%1 soda1 or lime2 or ?r\gh sulphuric acid4 ,,cam',,phor4 ,c#aj;,h#af,o4 ,syn4 ,,cam',,phire1 ,,lau',,rel ,,cam',,phor2 ,,campho',,ra1 ,b4 ,p4 ,a cry/all9e sub/ance f\nd 9 _m plants2 ?\gh only obta9$ 9 l>ge quantities f two1 namely1 ,camphora (fic9>um & ,dryobalanops aromatica4 ,! fir/1 commonly kn[n z ! laurel camphor tree ( ,*9a & ,japan1 yields ! camphor ( comm]ce2 ! latt]1 ! ,sumatra or ,borneo camphor1 & ! peculi> fluid kn[n z liquid camphor4 ,x is f\nd t sev]al ( ! ess5tial oils1 by c>efully di/ill+ (f ab\t "o ?ird _! volume1 yield a species ( camphor4 ,by collect+ ?is1 & r$i/ill+ ! rema9d] ( ! oil #b or #c times1 a f>!r quantity ( camphor may be obta9$4 ,oil ( rosem>y1 treat$ 9 ?is way1 yields ab\t #aj ( camphor2 oil ( sweet m>joram ! same2 oil ( sage yields #ac2 oil ( lav5d]1 #be4 ,by keep+ ! oils loosely cork$1 & 9 a cool place1 !y produce a l>g] portion ( ?is camphor4 ,anise$ camphor is ! congealable portion ( oil ( anise$1 sep>at$ f ! liquid oil1 :i* x resembles 9 od\r & flav\r4 ,camphor1 ,am'b]4 ,see ,,pyret9e 7,cry/allis$74 ,camphor1 ,com'm]cial 7,crude74 ,! produce ( ! laurel camphor tree1 br\ght to ,europe *iefly f ,*9a & ! isl& ( ,=mosa1 9 ! =m ( greyi% gra9s1 aggregat$ into crumbl+ cakes4--,prep4 ,! ,*9ese & ,japanese extract ! camphor by cutt+ ! wood into small pieces1 & boil+ x ) wat] 9 iron vessels1 :i* are cov]$ ) l>ge e>!n capitals or domes1 l9$ ) rice /raw4 ,z ! wat] boils1 ! camphor is volatilis$ along ) ! /eam1 & cond5ses on ! /raw4 ,cam'phor1 ,comm]cial 7,ref9$74 ,syn4 ,,:ite ,,camphor2 ,,campho',,ra1 ,b4 ,p4 ,prep4 #ajj p>ts ( crude camphor are mix$ ) #b p>ts ea* ( quick-lime & animal *>coal1 bo? 9 p[d]1 & ! mixture is plac$ 9 a ?91 globul>1 glass vessel1 sunk 9 a s& ba?4 ,! heat is !n cauti\sly appli$1 & ! vessel gradually & c>efully rais$ out ( ! s& z ! sublimation goes on4 ,:5 ! process is complete1 ! sublim+ vessel is remov$ & all[$ to cool4 ,obs4 ,! :ole process ( ref9+ camphor requires great c>e & exp]i5ce to ensure its success4 ,if conduct$ too sl[ly1 or at a heat "u #cge ,fahr41 ! product is f\nd to be flaky1 & consequ5tly unsaleable1 )\t remelt+ or sublim+4 ,an improvem5t on ! common me?od is simply to sublime ! above mixture 9 any conv5i5t vessel furni%$ ) a l>ge & well-cool$ receiv]1 & to remelt ! product 9 close vessels "u pressure1 & to cool ! liquid mass z rapidly z possible4 ,prop41 c4 ,a :ite1 semi-cry/all9e solid1 v volatile at common temp]atures2 freely soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 bisulphuret ( c>bon1 b5zol1 oils1 & acetic acid1 & suffici5tly s 9 wat] 7ab\t #a-a_/d gr4 to #a oz471 to imp>t its *>act]i/ic smell & ta/e2 #ajj p>ts ( alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hjf7 dissolve #abj p>ts ( camphor2 conc5trat$ acetic acid dissolves twice its weight ( camphor2 av]age sp4 gr4 #iij4 ,x fuses at #cdg1 boils at #djj ,fahr41 & :5 set fire to1 burns ) a bright flame4 ,x evaporates sl[ly at ord9>y temp]atures1 & cry/allises on ! inside ( bottles4 ,:ile float+ on wat] x und]goes a curi\s rotatory movem5t4 ,uses1 c4 ,camphor is s$ative1 n>cotic1 anodyne1 diaphoretic1 & anaphrodisiac4 ,dose1 #b to #aj gr4 9 ! =m ( pill or bolus1 or made into an emulsion ) yolk ( egg1 mucilage1 or almonds4 ,9 ov]doses x is poison\s4 ,! be/ antidote is opium or w9e1 prec$$ by an emetic4 ,x is also us$ ext]nally 9 o9tm5ts1 l9im5ts1 & embrocations4 ,camphor is frequ5tly put into w>drobes & clo!s-trunks1 to keep away insects2 x is us$ to make ! :ite />s & fire ( ! pyrote*ni/2 & by ! v>ni%-mak] to increase ! solubility ( copal & o!r gums4 ,mix$ ) six times its weight ( clay1 & di/ill$1 x suff]s decomposition1 & yields a yell[1 aromatic1 volatile oil1 smell+ /rongly ( ?yme & rosem>y1 :i* is mu* us$ by ! :olesale druggi/s & p]fum]s to adult]ate "s ( ! m co/ly ess5tial oils1 & by ! fancy soap-mak]s to sc5t _! soaps4 ,camphor may be beat5 9 a mort> = "s "t1 )\t be+ r$uc$ to p[d]1 b if x be fir/ brok5 ) ! pe/le1 & !n spr9kl$ ) a few drops ( rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 x may be readily pulv]is$4 ,by add+ wat] to an alcoholic or e!real solution ( camphor1 ?is drug is precipitat$ "u ! =m ( an impalpable p[d] ( exquisite :it5ess4 ,te/s4 ,pure camphor is entirely soluble 9 rectifi$ _s1 oils1 & /rong acetic acid2 a fragm5t plac$ on a heat$ spoon or 9 a w>m situation w :olly disappe>1 & ! evolv$ fumes w be highly fragrant 7camphorace\s71 & be free f an acid or t]eb9?9ate od\r4 ,9 an alcoholic solution ( natural camphor ammonia gives b a slight precipitate1 :i* is dissolv$ on %ak+ ! mixture2 a simil> solution ( artificial camphor "u ! l treatm5t gives a floccul5t precipitate1 :i* rema9s undissolv$4 ,see ,,camphor1 ,,factiti\s 7bel[74 ,camphor1 ,facti''ti\s4 ,syn4 ,,hydro*lorate ,,( ,,tur',,p5t9e1 ,,hydro*lorate ,,( ,,camph5e1 ,,artificial ,,camphor4 ,prep>$ by pass+ dry hydro*loric acid gas into pure oil ( turp5t9e1 cool$ by a freez+ mixture or p\nd$ ice4 ,aft] a "t a :ite1 cry/all9e mass is =m$1 :i* mu/ be dra9$1 & dri$ by pressure betwe5 folds ( bibul\s pap]4 ,x may be purifi$ by solution 9 alcohol4 ,prop41 c4 ,x has a camphorace\s ta/e & od\r2 burns ) a gre5i%1 sooty flame1 & :5 bl[n out evolves a t]eb9?9ate od\r2 heat$ a little above ! boil+-po9t ( wat]1 slight fumes ( hydro*loric acid gas are p]ceptible4 ,camphor1 ,hydro*lo''rate (4 ,syn4 ,,mu'',,riate ,,( ,,camphor2 ,,campho',r ,,hydro*lo'',,ras1 ,l4 ,by pass+ hydro*loric acid gas ov] camphor1 9 small fragm5ts1 until x ceases to be absorb$4 ,camphor1 ,liq'uid4 ,syn4 ,,camphor ,,oil2 ,o',,leum ,,campho',r1 ,l4 ,a pale yell[i%1 limpid fluid1 :i* exudes f ,dryobalanops aromatica1 a tree gr[+ 9 ,sumatra & ,borneo1 :5 deep incisions are made 9 ! trunk4 ,x is suppos$ t ! cry/all9e ,,sumatra ,,camphor 7see bel[7 is deposit$ f ?is fluid4 ,! liquid camphor has some:at ! od\r ( ,,cajeput ,,oil1 & might1 no d\bt1 be b5eficially employ$ = ! same purpose4 ,x is sometimes import$ into ,europe4 ,camphor1 ,monobromat$4 ,c#aj;,h#ae,o#a;,br4 ,co>sely p[d]$ camphor is introduc$ into a flask ( ab\t t5 times ! capacity ( ! am\nt x is int5d$ to prep>e4 ,a f9e /ream ( brom9e is !n all[$ to fall ^u ! p[d] ) cont9ual agitation2 ! addition ( brom9e ceases :5 ! camphor is liquefi$4 ,a l>ge long abductor tube is !n fitt$ to ! flask1 & ! o!r end plung$ into an alkal9e solution1 :i* w absorb ! vap\r t w\ld o!rwise incommode ! op]ator4 ,! flask is plac$ 9 a wat] ba? t is rais$ to ebullition1 :5 ! reaction soon comm5ces4 ,?is is at fir/ r active1 !re be+ an abundant evolution ( hydrobromic gas1 & "s vap\r ( brom9e & undecompos$ camphor4 ,! liquid1 :i* is at fir/ d>k br[n 9 col\r1 acquires an amb] col\r & ! evolution ( gas sudd5ly slack5s4 ,! op]ation %\ld be c>ri$ out at a temp]ature betwe5 #hj & #ij ,c4 ,! amb]-col\r$ liquid t rema9s 9 ! flask solidifies ^u cool+1 & appe>s !n z a slightly citr9e-col\r$ friable mass4 ,x is purifi$ by treat+ x sev]al times ) boil+ #ij to #ie alcohol1 filt]+ ! liquor1 & leav+ x to cry/allise4 ,! cry/als are to be dri$ 9 ! air ^u unsiz$ pap]4 ,dr ,b\rneville advises monobromat$ camphor to be adm9i/]$ ei!r 9 ! =m ( pills1 made up ) cons]ve ( roses1 or ( a mixture rubb$ up ) mucilage ( gum arabic & syrup4 ,he gives x 9 doses v>y+ f twelve to ?irty c5tigrams daily4 ,:]e x _c be tak5 by ! m\? he injects ! foll[+ solution subcutane\sly3--,monobromat$ camphor #c gr41 alcohol #ce gr41 glyc]9 #bb gr4 ,camphor1 ,nitrate (4 ,syn4 ,,camphor ,,oil2 ,o',,leum ,,campho',r ,,facti'',,tium1 ,l4 ,prep>$ by dissolv+ camphor 9 nitric acid1 9 ! cold4 ,camphor1 ,sul'phite (4 ,f camphor & sulphur\s acid gas1 z hydro*lorate ( camphor4 ,camphor1 ,suma'tra4 ,syn4 ,,bor',,neo ,,camphor1 ,,h>d ,c41 ,,dragon',s ,,bra9 ,,p]fume4 ,obta9$ f ,dryobalanops aromatica1 be+ f\nd 9 natural fissures or crevices ( ! wood4 ,x resembles ord9>y camphor 9 mo/ prop]ties1 b its od\r is n ( s diffusible a nature4 ,?is k9d is n se5 9 ,european comm]ce4 ,,camphor ,,cakes4 ,see ,,balls 7,camphor74 ,,camphor',,ic ,,acid4 ,h#b;,c#aj;,h#ad,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,camphor',,icum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f camphor1 #a "p2 & nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #acc71 #d p>ts2 di/ill$ toge!r 9 a glass retort1 ) a gradually increas+ heat1 until vap\rs cease to be evolv$2 ! camphor t has volatilis$ is !n add$ to t 9 ! retort1 along ) #d or #e p>ts m ( nitric acid1 & ! process repeat$ aga9 & aga91 until #bj p>ts ( acid h be5 consum$1 :5 crude camphoric acid cry/allises out ( ! rema9+ liquor on cool+4 ,! cry/als are purifi$ by wa%+ ) cold di/ill$ wat]1 solution 9 boil+ wat]1 & evaporat+ ! solution until a pellicle =ms2 cry/als ( pure camphoric acid are =m$ z ! liquid cools4 ,prop41 c4 ,small1 col\rless1 lamell> or acicul> cry/als2 acid2 bitt]2 fusible at #aeh ,fahr42 sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]2 soluble 9 alcohol2 alcoholic solution n precipitat$ by wat]1 :i* di/+ui%es camphoric acid f b5zoic acid4 ,its salts are call$ ,,camphorates4 ,! soluble camphorates may be made by dige/+ ! c>bonate or hydrate ( ! metal 9 a hot solution ( ! acid1 & ! insoluble camphorates by d\ble decomposition4 ,by di/illation1 camphoric acid yields a col\rless1 cry/all9e1 neutral sub/ance1 :i* has be5 improp]ly call$ anhydr\s camphoric acid4 ,,cam',,wood4 ,?is dye-/uff resembles ,brazil wood 9 its prop]ties1 & is us$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,,c',,ada ,,balsam4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,canad5',,se1 ,,t]eb9?',,ina ,,canad5',,sis1 ,l4 ,a ?ick1 viscid oleo-res9 obta9$ f ! ,abies balsamea 7,l9dley71 a tree ( common gr[? 9 ,canada & ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e4 ,x is mu* employ$ z a m$ium = m\nt+ microscopic objects4 ,:5 pure x is p]fectly transp>5t1 has an agreeable od\r 7n t]eb9?9ate71 & is :olly soluble 9 rectifi$ oil ( turp5t9e1 ) :i* x =ms a beautiful glassy & col\rless v>ni%1 mu* us$ = prep>+ a semi-transp>5t copy+ pap]4 ,a mixture ( #c p>ts ( ,canada balsam & "o ( wax1 if add$ to pile masses1 is said to h ! effect ( b9d+ toge!r ! compon5t p>ts ( ! mass1 & ( keep+ ! piles made f x s(t & 9 good %ape4 ,canada ,balsam1 ,facti''ti\s4 ,syn4 ,,balsamum ,,canad5se ,,facti'',,tium1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,yell[ res91 #c lbs42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #a gall42 dissolve1 & add ess5ce ( lemon1 #b dr42 oil ( rosem>y1 #a-a_/d dr4 #b4 ,to ! la/ add ( nut oil1 #a p9t4 ,bo? are sold 9 ! %ops = ,canada balsam4 ,,c',,dies4 ,see ,,c&y+4 ,,c',,dles4 ,c&le-mak+1 once a rude & noisome trade1 has1 s9ce ! rese>*es ( ,*evreul & ,branconnot into ! nature ( ! fats1 develop$ into "o ( ! mo/ important bran*es ( sci5tific indu/ry1 ! progressive improvem5ts 9 :i*1 accompani$ by a correspond+ *eap5+ & imm5sely increas$ effici5cy 9 "o ( our *ief means ( artificial illum9ation1 h add$ greatly to ! com=t & enjoym5t ( e civilis$ community4 ,c&les are ei!r dipp$1 m\ld$1 or roll$4 ,! *eap] sorts ( tall[ c&les are =m$ by ! fir/ process1 & wax c&les by ! la/2 all ! o!r k9ds are m\ld$4 ,! m\lds are tubes ( pewt]1 well poli%$ on ! inside1 eight or m be+ fitt$ into a frame1 ! upp] "p ( :i* =ms a tr\gh to receive ! melt$ c&le mat]ial4 ,:5 9 ! m\lds ! c&les are inv]t$2 9 o!r words1 ! bottom ( ea* m\ld corresponds to ! top ( ! c&le4 ,! wick passes ?r\gh a small hole at ! l[] extremity ( ! tube1 & is held 9 ! axis by a little b> plac$ across ! top4 ,at ! factories ( ,price's ,pat5t ,c&le ,company ! frames ( m\lds are rang$ close toge!r 9 long b5*es1 & are fill$ ) hot c&le mat]ial f c>s runn+ along little railways above !m4 ,:5 q cold ! c&les are )drawn4 ,! plan ( pull+ !m out "o by "o ) ! aid ( a bodk9 has be5 sup]s$$ at ! factories above m5tion$1 by ! +5i\s device ( bl[+ !m out ) compress$ air4 ,! wicks ( ord9>y tall[ c&les are made ( ! rov+s ( ,turkey ske9-cotton1 #d or m ( :i*1 accord+ to ! int5d$ ?ickness ( ! wick1 are w\nd on a reel1 f :i* !y are aga9 run (f1 & cut into ! prop] l5g?s4 ,( late ye>s ! wicks ( ! be/ c&les h be5 made 9 su* a way t !y d n require snuff+4 ,?is object is effect$ by caus+ ! wick to b5d ov]1 & its end to fall outside ! flame1 :]e x is expos$ to ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,?is b5d+ ov] is v>i\sly br\ght ab\t4--#a4 ,by twi/+ ! wick ) "o /r& %ort] ?an ! re/1 :i*1 be+ slightly /ret*$ dur+ ! m\ld+ ( ! c&le1 contracts aga9 & b5ds ! wick :5 ! fat melts4 #b4 ,by plait+ ! cotton into a flat wick1 :i* naturally takes ! requir$ curve4 ,su* a wick is g5]ally dipp$ 9 a solution ( borax1 :i* pres]ves x f be+ act$ ^u by ! flame except at its extreme po9t at ! edge ( ! flame4 ,a v f9e wire is sometimes includ$ 9 ! plait$ wick4 #c4 ,9 ,palm]'s pat5t two-wick$ c&les1 :i* 7 =m]ly mu* us$ 9 lamps1 ! wicks are saturat$ ) subnitrate ( bismu? gr\nd up ) oil2 !y are !n twi/$ tightly r\nd a wire1 :i* is )drawn aft] ! c&le is m\ld$4 ,9 burn+1 ! ends gradually untwi/ & /& out ( ! flame on ei!r side4 ,o!r devices are said to be employ$4 ,! wicks ( c&les %\ld be free f knots & inequalities1 z well z f adh]+ p>ticles ( cotton1 ! pres5ce ( all ( :i* are ! cause ( ! gutt]+ "o frequ5tly sees 9 a burn+ c&le4 ,! f9] ! ?read ( :i* ! wick is compos$ ! m complete w be ! combu/ion ( ! melt$ fatty mat]ial4 ,unless ! above precautions are att5d$ to1 9 select+ ! wick1 x w n be s entirely consum$ z x ought to be4 ,c&les1 ,com'posite4 ,m\ld c&les =m$ ( a mixture ( ! h>d fatty acid obta9$ f palm oil & ! /e>9e ( cocoa-nut oil4 ,!y 7 introduc$ 9 #ahdj4 ,o!r compositions are occasionally us$1 su* z a mixture ( sp]maceti & h>d :ite tall[1 to :i* a little blea*$ res9 is add$4 ,c&les1 ,m$'icat$4 ,^! h be5 propos$ z a conv5i5t means ( diffus+ ! active pr9ciples ( c]ta9 volatile sub/ances ?r\gh ! atmosph]e1 & = complete & p>tial fumigations4 ,!y are seldom employ$ 9 ,engl&4 ,c&les1 ,m]cu''rial4 ,f ! r$ sulphide or ! grey oxide ( m]cury mix$ ) wax1 & a wick ( cotton ins]t$ !re94 ,recomm5d$ by ,mr ,colles = p>tial m]curial fumigation4 ,!y are burnt "u a glass funnel ) a curv$ neck1 ! upp] orifice ( :i* is direct$ to ! diseas$ "p4 ,c&les1 ,p>'aff94 ,f ! beautiful transluc5t sub/ance p>aff9 7:i* see74 ,^! c&les surpass all o!rs 9 elegance1 & are entirely free f od\r & greas9ess4 ,! light produc$ by #ih lbs4 ( p>aff9 c&les is equal to t ( #abj lbs4 ( sp]maceti1 or #ach lbs4 ( wax1 or #add lbs4 ( /e>ic1 or #aee lbs4 ( ! be/ composite c&les 7,le!by74 ,!y are sometimes delicately t9t$ ) r$1 mauve1 violet1 crimson1 & rose col\r4 ,anil9e col\rs w n dissolve 9 p>aff94 ,/e>ic acid1 h[ev]1 is a solv5t = !m1 & accord+ly :5 ! c&les are t9t$ ) ! coal-t> col\rs ^! are previ\sly dissolv$ 9 ! /e>ic acid1 always mix$ ) ! p>aff94 ,?is insolubility ( ! anil9e col\rs 9 p>aff9 has be5 sugge/$ z a te/ = ! purity ( ?is hydroc>bon1 & ( its fre$om f /e>ic or o!r fatty acids4 ,= col\r+ p>aff9 c&les black ! p>aff9 is heat$ ne>ly to ! boil+ po9t ) anac>dium %ells or nuts1 :i* dissolve readily 9 ! heat$ p>aff94 ,! ,belmont9e ,c&les ( ,price's ,pat5t ,c&le ,company are =m$ ( ! p>aff9 ( ,rangoon t>4 ,previ\s to ! p>aff9 be+ made into c&les1 x is necess>y t x %\ld be purifi$ & blea*$4 ,_m processes = effect+ ^! ends h be5 devis$4 ,9 ! works ( ,price's ,c&le ,company ! me?od kn[n z ,hodge's is _h rec\rse to4 ,?is consi/s 9 fir/ free+ ! crude p>aff9 f ! co>s] impurities1 melt+ x1 ca/+ x into cakes1 & all[+ x to cool suffici5tly sl[ly1 s z to =m well-def9$ cry/als4 ,! cakes are !n plac$ ^u a b$ ( "s por\s & absorb5t mat]ial1 & subject$ to a temp]ature n suffici5t to melt ! p>aff91 b only ! liquid hydroc>bons & o!r m easily fus$ bodies1 ! latt] runn+ (f f betwe5 ! cry/als ( ! p>aff91 & be+ absorb$ by ! por\s sub/ance ^u :i* ! p>aff9 re/s4 ,?is process is repeat$ until ! removal ( ! liquid hydroc>bons f ! solid p>aff9 has be5 satisfactorily accompli%$4 ,if x be requisite to subject ! p>aff9 to fur!r purification1 ! foll[+ me?od is frequ5tly adopt$4 ,! p>aff91 previ\sly melt$ by /eam1 is plac$ 9 a tank1 ) f #e to #aj p] c5t4 ( /rong sulphuric acid1 & ! mixture agitat$ = "s h\rs by means ( air 7! "t dep5d+ on ! quality ( ! p>aff971 ! sulphur\s acid fumes result+ f ! reaction be+ c>ri$ (f by a suitable contrivance4 ,aft] ! agitation is complet$1 ! p>aff91 aft] be+ all[$ to /& = "s "t1 is decant$ into a suitable vessel conta9+ animal *>coal1 ) :i* x is dige/$ = "s h\rs4 ,^u ! subsid5ce ( ! *>coal ! p>aff9 is drawn (f if at all turbid1 & is pass$ ?r\gh a funnel heat$ by means ( a /eam jacket4 ,ano!r me?od1 ! inv5tion ( ,messrs ,=dr$1 ,lambe1 ,/]ry1 = ! decolorisation ( ! p>aff9 employ$ 9 c&le manufacture1 consi/s 9 dige/+ ! p>aff9 at a temp]ature ( #bcj ,f4 ) ab\t #ab ( p[d]$ full]'s e>?4 ,( late ?is process has supplant$ ! *>coal "o2 & x may be employ$1 no matt] by :at means ! previ\s purification ( ! p>aff9 has be5 c>ri$ out4 ,! p>aff9 & full]'s e>? are to be well agitat$ toge!r1 & :5 ! latt] has fall5 d[n ! cle> p>aff9 is decant$ f x4 ,! inv5tors affirm t _! process answ]s q z well if m>l clay1 or any o!r simil>ly con/itut$ & equally abundant natural sub/ance be sub/itut$ = full]'s e>?2 & t no matt] :i* ( ^! bodies is employ$1 !y may be re-us$1 & any adh]+ p>aff9 be remov$ by wa%+ ) agitation1 or by o!r suitable contrivances4 ,messrs ,smi? ,field's pat5t = ! removal ( ! col\r+ matt]s ( ! p>aff9 consi/s 9 ! employm5t ( silicite ( magnesium4 ,! pat5tees /ate t ! successful issue ( ! op]ation dep5ds n only ^u ! c>eful prep>ation ( ! salt us$1 b ^u its be+ dri$ at a temp]ature ( z exactly z possible #bab ,f4 ,! c>eful prep>ation be=e insi/$ on ( ! magnesium salt1 :i* is procur$ by ! d\ble decomposition ( magnesium1 sulphate1 & sodium silicate1 includes its ?or\gh wa%+ f adh]+ sodium sulphate previ\s to its desiccation4 ,if ?is precaution be neglect$1 ! porosity ( ! silicate w be impair$1 & its blea*+ effect m or less int]f]$ )2 & fur!r1 ! pat5tees /ate t if ! wa%$ silicate be heat$ to r$ness1 its decol\ris+ p[] w also be lo/4 ,x appe>s t ! p>aff9 employ$ 9 mak+ ! c&les consi/s ( a mixture ( p>aff9s hav+ diff]5t melt+ po9ts4 ,! foll[+ are ! melt+ po9ts ( "s ( ! *ief v>ieties ( p>aff93-- ,p>aff9 f ,boghead coal at #de to #eb ,c4 ,br[n coal #ef ,c4 ,peat #dfg ,c4 ,rangoon oil or t> #fa ,c4 ,ozok]it #fee ,c4 ,p>aff9 c&les conta9 f #e8 to #ae p] c5t4 ( /e>91 ?is addition be+ made = ! purpose ( dilut+ ! p>aff9 z well z = rais+ ! melt+ po9t ( ! p>aff9 :]e ?is is l[4 ,! /e>91 moreov]1 s]ves to pres]ve ! rigidity ( ! c&le 9 ! c&le/ick1 & to prev5t its b5d+ out ( ! upright position4 ,p>aff9 c&les are always m\ld$1 b previ\s to ?is be+ done ! m\lds mu/ be heat$ to a temp]ature above ! melt+ po9t ( ! p>aff92 ?is may v>y f #fj1 #gj1 & #hg ,c41 accord+ to ! p>aff9 employ$4 ,! m\lds hav+ be5 fill$ ) ! melt$ p>aff9 are1 aft] "o or two mom5ts only1 plung$ into cold wat]1 :5 ! c&le imm$iately becomes solid4 ,unless ?is 7 done ! c&le w\ld be spoilt1 ow+ to ! cry/allisation ( ! p>aff94 ,a ?9 wick is requir$ = p>aff9 c&les4 ,c&les1 ,sp]mace'ti4 ,f sp]maceti 7:i* see74 ,^! are v delicate 9 appe>ance1 b r exp5sive4 ,!y burn well1 b z ! melt+ po9t ( sp]maceti is l[1 #abj ,fahr41 !y w n be> c>ry+ ab\t 9 ! h& )\t gutt]+4 ,!y are g5]ally adult]at$ ) /e>ic acid or h>d :ite tall[4 ,9 c&le-mak+ sp]maceti is usually mix$ ) #c p] c5t4 ( wax or p>aff9 to de/roy its highly cry/all9e /ructure2 x is m\ld$ 9 ! usual way ) plait$ wicks t require no snuff+4 ,occasionally ! sp]maceti c&les are ca/ )\t any admixture ( wax1 ! m\lds be+ rais$ to a high] temp]ature j z ) /e>ic acid4 ,"s manufactur]s1 9 ord] to make ! sp]maceti appe> l wax1 use gamboge to give ! desir$ t9t2 su* c&les are kn[n z transp>5t wax4#bcf ,sp]maceti c&les are l>gely consum$ 9 ,india4 ,footnote #bcf3 ',*emi/ry1 ,!oretical1 ,practical1 & ,analytical4' ,c&les1 ,/e>'ic4 ,"u ?is head we may place ! v>i\s sorts ( c&les m\ld$ f ! h>d fatty acids ( bo? animal & vegetable orig94 ,! pr9cipal s\rces :5ce ,briti% manufactur]s d]ive _! acids are tall[1 palm oil1 & cocoa-nut oil4 ,! processes employ$ = sep>at+ !m are g5]ally describ$ "u ,/e>ic ,acid4 ,c&les =m$ ( ! fatty acids c n[ be prep>$ s z to imitate & almo/ rival ^? ( wax & sp]maceti2 & !y are q z *eap z ! ne>ly obsolete m\ld c&les =m$ ( common tall[4 ,!y are extremely h>d2 !y d n grease ! h&s1 & !y burn away brightly & /eadily1 )\t giv+ (f any (f5sive od\r4 ,uncol\r$1 !y are sn[y :ite1 b a yell[ t9t is frequ5tly giv5 !m by gamboge4 ,c&les1 ,tal'l[4 ,f ord9>y tall[ or f tall[ :i* has be5 fre$ f mu* ( its oleic acid by pressure4 ,^! h s unpleasant an od\r & are s apt to gutt]1 t !y w probably ultimately disappe> f use4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 sold at s l[ a price1 t among ! l[] classes !y mu/ long reta9 _! hold4 ,= dip c&les ! wicks are imm]s$ 9 melt$ tall[1 & aft] rubb+ ) ! h&s are plac$ /raight & all[$ to h>d51 aft] :i* !y are arrang$ ^u ! broa*es ready = dipp+4 ,= m\ld c&les ! la/ op]ation is omitt$4 ,great c>e is tak5 to select a cotton t yields ! lea/ possible quantity ( a% aft] burn+4 ,9 ! process ( dipp+1 ! dipp+ ci/]n be+ fill$ ) tall[ ( a prop] temp]ature f ! boil]1 "o ( ! broa*es cov]$ ) wicks is plac$ ^u ! end ( ! dipp+ beam1 & press$ d[n g5tly into ! melt$ fat2 x is !n )drawn1 ! bottoms ( ! c&les j t\*$ aga9/ a bo>d plac$ on "o side ( ! ci/]n = ! purpose1 & ! frame remov$ to ! rack4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ until ! c&les acquire a suffici5t size1 :5 !y are f9ally cool$1 sort$1 weigh$1 & /rung 9 p\nds = sale4 ,! m\ld c&les once 9 common use 7 made ( ! f9] k9ds ( tall[ only2 a mixture ( #c p>ts ( %eep1 ) #a "p ( ox suet1 be+ pref]r$4 ,see ,,wax4 ,c&les1 ,wax4 ,^! are mo/ frequ5tly made by p\r+ melt$ :ite wax on to ! wicks1 :i* are hung ^u frames & cov]$ ) metal tags at ! ends to protect ! cotton f ! wax 9 ^? p>ts4 ,! frames are made to turn r\nd1 & melt$ :ite wax is p\r$ fir/ d[n "o wick1 & !n ! next1 & s on4 ,:5 ! wicks h be5 subject$ to ?is op]ation once & h become suffici5tly cool$1 !y h a second1 & !n a ?ird coat giv5 !m1 until !y are ( ! requir$ ?ickness4 ,! c&les are next roll$ into prop] %ape on a m>ble slab or wood5 bo>d4 ,! conical top is m\ld$ by prop]ly-%ap$ tubes1 & ! bottoms are cut (f & trimm$4 ,wax c&les are n[ seldom m\ld$1 b if s ! same processes are foll[$ z = /e>ic & p>aff9 c&les4 ,! l>ge alt> c&les1 :i* frequ5tly weigh f ?irty to =ty p\nds1 are made by h&4 ,wax ,tap]s4 ,^!1 :i* are ( v>i\s degrees ( ?ickness1 are n made ( pure wax1 b ( wax 7usually vegetable wax7 & tall[1 ! latt] be+ add$ to give !m flexibility4 ,:5 !y are requir$ to be col\r$1 res9 & turp5t9e are add$ to ! tall[4 ,= fur!r p>ticul>s1 consult ,wagn]'s ',*emical ,te*nology1' ,,c&le-,,mak+4 ,,c&le ,,nuts4 ,! k]nels ( ! ale>ites triloba1 ! c&leb]ry tree1 a plant gr[+ 9 mo/ tropical c\ntries4 ,! nuts :5 dri$1 & /uck ^u a re$1 are us$ by ! natives ( ! ,polynesian ,isl&s z a sub/itute = c&les4 ,!y conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( pure palatable oil1 :i* is sometimes us$ by arti/s z a dry+ oil4 ,aft] ! expression ( ?is oil ! cake has be5 us$ z a food = cattle2 also z a manure4 ,! foll[+ is ! composition ( ! nuts3-- ,%ells4 ,wat] #cga ,organic matt] #hiij ,m9]al matt] #fci ,k]nels4 ,wat] #ebg ,fat #fbig ,cellulose #bhii ,m9]al matt] #bgi ,a% ( ,k]nel4 ,lime #ahfi ,magnesia #fja ,pota% #aacc ,phosphoric acid #bicj ,,c',,dle/icks4 ,metallic1 e>!nw>e1 & porcela9 c&le/icks1 snuff]s1 & snuff]-/&s1 are recomm5d$ to be clean$ by p\r+ boil+ hot wat] on !m 7previ\sly plac$ 9 an e>!n pan71 &1 aft] wip+ !m q dry ) a clo?1 to clean !m ) a piece ( wa% lea!r2 ^? made ( silv]1 or ( plat$ copp]1 may be f9ally poli%$ ) a little plate p[d]2 ^? ( :ite metal1 ) a little :it+ or f9e *alk1 & ^? ( brass1 ) a little rott5-/one or "o ( ! poli%+ pa/es4 ,= articles ( ?is k9d1 made ( bronze & papi] ma*1 ! wat] %\ld be us$ only hot en\gh to melt ! tall[1 & !y %\ld be only g5tly dabb$ or rubb$ (f ) a v s(t clo? or lea!r4 ,! common practice ( plac+ c&le/icks be=e ! fire to melt (f ! grease is injudici\s1 z ! sold] or japan ab\t !m is almo/ c]ta9 to be injur$4 ,h5ce ! common annoyance ( damag$ or crippl$ c&le/icks 9 h\ses :]e !re are c>eless s]vants4 ,,c',,dy+4 ,:5 ! object is simply to =m a confection or sweetmeat1 imbu$ ) ! aroma1 flav\r1 or m$ic9al prop]ty ( any sub/ance1 c&ies are g5]ally prep>$ by simply boil+ lump sug> ) a suffici5t quantity ( ! infusion1 decoction1 t9cture1 express$ juice1 or sometimes ev5 ! p[d] ( ! p>ticul> article1 until a portion tak5 out & cool$ becomes q solid1 :5 x is ei!r p\r$ out on a m>ble slab1 or into t91 m>ble1 or pap] m\lds1 du/$ ) p[d]$ lump sug>4 ,:5 ! object is to pres]ve ! =m & "* ( ! vegetable 9 ! c&y1 ! sub/ance is boil$ 9 wat] until s(t1 & !n susp5d$ 9 conc5trat$ syrup 79 ! cold71 until !y become transp>5t2 aft] :i* !y are ei!r dri$ 9 a curr5t ( w>m air1 or 9 a /ove1 at a heat n exce$+ #abj ,fahr4 ,! syrup mu/ be kept fully saturat$ ) sug> by reboil+ x once or twice dur+ ! process4 ,ano!r me?od occasionally employ$ by confection]s = almonds & ! l is to put ! sub/ances into a syrup boil$ until x =ms a small ?read betwe5 ! op5+ f+]s1 & to /ir ! :ole until x is ne>ly set4 ,see ,,sug> ,,boil+4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal c&i$ articles kept at ! %ops3-- ,c&i$ ,al'monds4 ,f blan*$ almonds1 roa/$ & halv$4 ,c&i$ ,angel'ica4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ! root4 ,boil ! fre% roots 7aft] slic+ !m & remov+ ! pi?7 9 wat]1 to deprive !m ( "p ( _! bitt]ness & aroma2 !n dra9 !m & put !m into syrup boil$ to a full c&y height1 & boil+ hot2 let !m rema9 until ne>ly cold1 :5 !y may be tak5 out & c>efully dri$4 #b4 ,f ! /ems4 ,f ! t5d] /ems1 /alks1 & midribs ( ! leaves1 z la/4 ,us$ z a sweetmeat & dess]t4 ,x is said to be cordial1 /oma*ic1 tonic1 & aphrodisiac4 ,c&i$ ,a'pricots4 ,f ! fruit1 sc>cely ripe1 ei!r :ole or cut into qu>t]s1 imm]s$ 9 ! syrup 7hot71 )\t any fur!r prep>ation4 ,c&i$ ,cit'rons4 ,f ! peels4 ,c&i$ ,er9'g4 ,f ! roots1 slit & wa%$4 ,c&i$ ,g9'g]4 ,f ! roots ( gre5 g+]4 ,c&i$ ,hore'h\nd4 ,f a /rong decoction or infusion ( ! root1 & lump sug>1 #a p9t to #h or #aj lbs4 may be us$4 ,boil ! mixture to a c&y height1 & p\r x :il/ w>m into m\lds or small pap] cases well du/$ ) f9ely p[d]$ lump sug>2 or p\r x on a du/$ slab & cut x into squ>es4 ,c&i$ ,lem'on ,peel4 ,z ,c&i$ ,citron4 ,c&i$ ,or'ange ,fl['ers4 ,f ! fl[]s depriv$ ( _! cups1 /am9a1 & pi/ils 7#b oz4 to ea* lb4 ( sug>71 z ,c&i$ ,almonds1 b p\r$ out on a slab4 ,c&i$ ,or'ange ,peel4 ,f ! peel ( ! ,seville orange1 or common orange1 z ,c&i$ ,citron4 ,c&i$ ,su'g>4 ,see ,,sug> ,,boil+4 ,! foll[+ are articles ( a m special "*4 ,c&y1 ,c>'away4 #a4 ,f c>away se$s 79 f9e p[d]71 #a_/b oz42 sug>1 #a lb4 #b4 ,oil ( ,c>away1 #a dr42 sug>1 #a lb4 ,c&y1 ,diges'tive4 ,syn4 ,,live-,,long ,,c&y4 ,prep4 #a4 ,rhub>b & bic>bonate ( soda1 ( ea* #a dr42 g+]1 #a_/b dr42 c9namon1 #bj gr4 7all 9 f9e p[d]72 heavy magnesia1 #a oz42 p[d]$ sug>1 #b oz42 mucilage ( tragacan?1 q4 s4 to =m a loz5ge mass2 to be divid$ into small squ>es ( #ah or #bj gr4 ea*4 #b4 ,z ! la/1 b add+ f9ely p[d]$ c>aways1 #a dr42 oil ( c>away1 #ae drops2 & sug>1 #a oz4 ,bo? are us$ z he>tburn & dige/ive loz5ges4 ,c&y1 ,g9'g]4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f g+] 79 co>se p[d]71 #c oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a-a_/d p9t2 mac]ate 9 a w>m place = #b h\rs1 /ra91 add lump & moi/ sug>1 ( ea* #e lbs41 & boil to a c&y4 #b4 ,g+] 79 v f9e p[d]71 #a oz42 p[d]$ sug>1 #b lbs42 syrup1 q4 s4 to make a pa/e4 ,/oma*ic & c>m9ative4 ,= v>i\s sweetmeats :i* might come "u ! head ( ,,c&y1 see ,,confections1 ,,drops4 ,,cank]4 ,?is disease consi/s 9 a deprav$ condition ( t "p ( ! s5sitive foot ( ! horse :i* secretes ! horny frog & sole4 ,x mo/ly occurs 9 co>sely-br$ animals1 & is ! result ( fil?1 damp1 & bad v5tilation4 ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 fir/ remov+ all loose horn1 & all[+ all p5t-up matt] to escape2 ! exub]ant granulations mu/ be c>efully cut away1 & ! p>ts !n wa%$ ) a tepid lotion ( sulphate or *loride ( z9c2 aft] dry+ ! surface du/ x ) oxide ( z9c2 apply t[ dipp$ 9 a mixture ( t> & lime1 & keep x 9 firm contact ) ! p>ts by means ( a lea!r sole or /rips ( hoop iron und]nea? a %oe lightly tack$ on4 ,dress 9 ?is mann] daily1 keep+ up ! dry pressure = a week4 7,f9lay ,dun47 ,,c',,non ,,metal4 ,see ,,gun ,,metal4 ,,can?>',,ides4 ,syn4 ,,spani% ,,flies1 ,,bli/]+ ,f41 ,,lyt',t2 ,,can?>',,is1 ,b4 ,p4 ,! ,can?>is vesicatoria ( ,latreille1 commonly kn[n z ! ,spani% fly1 is an insect ( ! ord] ,coleopt]a2 x ab\nds 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 ,spa91 & ,italy2 & has spread into ,g]many & ! s\? ( ,russia4 ,:5 alive x exudes a /rong fetid & p5etrat+ od\r4 ,pur41 c4 ,^! insects %\ld be pres]v$ 9 well-clos$ bottles or t9 cani/]s4 ,! addition ( a few drops ( oil ( cloves1 or ( /rong acetic acid1 or ev5 ( a few cloves 9 sub/ance1 w pres]ve !m un*ang$ = a l5g? ( "t 9 clos$ vessels4 ,! be/ pro( ( _! goodness is ! smell4 ,! p[d] is con/antly adult]at$4 ,! plan ( ! :olesale druggi/s is to sort out ! mo/ wor?less flies = p[d]+1 & to comp5sate = _! defici5cy ( vesicat+ p[] by add+ #a lb4 ( euphorbium to e #ab or #ac lbs4 ( flies4 ,:5 a sup]ior article is requir$1 liquorice p[d] is add$ 7#d or #e lbs4 to e #ad lbs471 along ) ab\t #a lb4 ( euphorbium1 & suffici5t blue black or *>coal to turn ! yell[ ( ! liquorice to a gre5i% col\r4 ,! be/ mode ( detect+ ?is adult]ation is by ! microscope4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t only ^? flies :i* h atta9$ _! full gr[? possess bli/]+ prop]ties4 ,! immature or und]siz$ insects are de/itute ( epiga/ric p[]4 ,ant4 ,an emetic ( sulphate ( z9c1 foll[$ by ! /oma*-pump1 if necess>y4 ,! vomit+ may be promot$ by copi\sly dr9k+ w>m bl& dilu5ts1 su* z bro?1 l9se$ tea1 milk1 c4 ,friction on ! sp9e1 ) volatile l9im5t & laudanum1 & ! subsequ5t adm9i/ration ( draughts conta9+ musk1 opium1 & camphorat$ emulsion1 h be5 /rongly recomm5d$4 ,te/s4 ,by ! microscope v m9ute p>ticles may be discov]$ 9 ! /oma* & inte/9es1 on a po/-mortem exam9ation4 ,orfila ?us f\nd p>ticles ( can?>ides 9 a body t _h be5 int]r$ n9e mon?s4 ,uses1 c4 ,spani% flies are us$ ext]nally to raise bli/]s1 & int]nally z a /imulant & diuretic1 g5]ally 9 ! =m ( t9cture4 ,9 excess !y produce /rangury1 bloody ur9e1 satyriasis1 delirium1 convulsions1 & dea?4 ,see ,,t9ctures1 ,,vesicants1 c4 ,,can?>i',,d94 ,c#e;,h#ab,o#b4 ,isom]ic ) picrotox94 ,?is sub/ance is f\nd 91 & is ! vesicat+ pr9ciple (1 ! ,spani% fly1 ,*9ese bli/]+ fly1 & o!r coleopt]\s insects4 ,prep4 ,pulv]is$ can?>ides are all[$ to rema9 9 contact = #bd h\rs ) twice _! weight ( *lor(orm1 9 a displacem5t app>atus4 ,! *lor(orm is !n dra9$ (f1 & f9ally displac$ by alcohol1 & ! solution is left to evaporate4 ,! can?>id9 cry/allises out1 saturat$ ) gre5 oil4 ,9 ord] to purify ! can?>id9 x is laid on bibul\s pap]1 :i* absorbs ! great] "p ( ! oil1 & !n cry/allis$ out ( a mixture ( alcohol & *lor(orm4 7,proct]47 ,prop4 ,prismatic cry/als1 melts at #bjj ,c41 volatilises 9 :ite fumes1 :i* /rongly irritate ! eyes1 nose1 & ?roat1 & cond5ses 9 rectangul> prisms4 ,can?>id9 is insoluble 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 *lor(orm1 acetic acid1 & 9 ! fix$ & volatile oils4 ,its solution 9 any ( ! liquids above m5tion$ possesses vesicat+ prop]ties1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n exhibit$ by solid can?>id94 ,,ca\t',,*\c4 ,syn4 ,,india ,,rubb]1 ,,ela/ic ,,gum4 ,india rubb] is ! concrete juice ( ! ,ficus ela/ica1 ,siphonia ela/ica1 ! ,urceola ela/ica1 & _m o!r tropical plants4 ,! fre% milky juice is spread ov] m\lds ( unbak$ clay1 & is !n expos$ to ! heat & smoke ( a fire1 or tor*es1 to dry x1 :5ce x d]ives its d>k col\r4 ,successive coats ( juice are laid on1 & ! op]ation ( dry+ repeat$ until ! bottles acquire suffici5t ?ickness4 ,:5 x has become ?or\ghly h>d & dry1 ! clay is beat5 out4 ,9 ?is =m x is commonly import$4 ,prop41 c4 ,! g5]al prop]ties ( india rubb]1 z well z its num]\s applications1 are well kn[n4 ,! fre% juice has a cream-l appe>ance & consi/5ce1 is coagulat$ by heat1 & is miscible ) wat]1 alcohol1 & wood naph?a2 sp4 gr4 #ajab to #ajda2 x yields f #ah to #de ( solid ca\t*\c1 ei!r by heat or evaporation4 ,by exclud+ x f ! air x may be pres]v$ un*ang$ = a consid]able p]iod4 ,solid ca\t*\c has a sp4 gr4 rang+ betwe5 #iai & #ida2 x melts at #bdh ,fahr4 into a viscid mass1 :i* does n aga9 h>d5 on cool+2 x is unalt]$ by *lor9e1 hydro*loric acid1 sulphur\s acid1 fluosilicic acid1 ammonia1 cau/ic alkal9e lyes 7ev5 :5 boil+71 & mo/ simil> sub/ances2 nitric acid & sulphuric acid act on x only by long contact :5 conc5trat$4 ,"s specim5s ( ca\t*\c are h>d] ?an gutta p]*a itself1 & equally inela/ic1 :il/ o!rs nev] p]fectly solidify1 b rema9 9 a condition resembl+ t ( birdlime or pr9t]s' v>ni%4 ,! be/ solv5ts ( ca\t*\c are rectifi$ sulphuric e!r 7:i* has be5 wa%$ ) wat] to remove alcohol & acidity71 *lor(orm1 bisulphide ( c>bon1 a mixture ( bisulphide ( c>bon & absolute alcohol 7#id ( ! fir/ to #f or #g ( ! la/71 & ca\t*\c94 ,all ^! liquids dissolve india rubb] rapidly 9 ! cold1 & leave x unalt]$ on evaporation4 ,! fir/ two are1 h[ev]1 too exp5sive to be g5]ally employ$4 ,! o!rs h a disagreeable od\r1 b are mu* *eap] ?an ! re/1 & possess ! advantage ( leav+ ! film ( ca\t*\c 9 a firm] & /rong] condition ?an o!r solv5ts4 ,pyrog5\s oil ( turp5t9e is ano!r *eap & good solv5t4 ,b5zol1 rectifi$ m9]al or coal-t> naph?a1 crude petroleum1 & oil ( turp5t9e dissolve india rubb] by long dige/ion & trituration 7) heat71 o!rwise !y m]ely =m ) x a glut9\s jelly t dries v sl[ly & imp]fectly1 leav+ x mu* r$uc$ 9 h>dness & ela/icity4 ,! fats & fix$ oils also readily dissolve ca\t*\c 7) heat71 =m+ p]man5tly glut9\s solutions or pa/es2 s also d mo/ ( ! volatile oils1 b ! solutions ) ! majority ( !m dry ) difficulty4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable prop]ties ( india rubb] is ! great am\nt ( heat :i* is dis5gag$ dur+ its cond5sation by pressure or 9 ! ex]cise ( its ela/icity4 ,dur+ ! process ( knead+ ! raw ca\t*\c 9 ! ma/icators1 ! cold wat] ?r[n 9 to r$uce ! temp]ature soon becomes boil+ hot4 ,:5 no wat] is add$1 a temp]ature s high is (t5 rea*$ z to occasion ! melt+ ( ! rubb]4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case dur+ ! process ( dry knead+ ) quick-lime4 ,a tube #b-a_/d in*es 9 diamet]1 impactly secur$1 0 subject$ to a =ce ( #bjj tons4 ,! result 0 a compression am\nt+ to #a-aj?2 great heat 0 evolv$1 & ! excessive ela/icity ( ! sub/ance caus$ a fly-:eel weigh+ five tons to recoil ) al>m+ viol5ce4 ,mr ,brock$on /ates t he succe$$ 9 rais+ ! temp]ature ( an ounce ( wat] #b 9 ab\t fifte5 m9utes by collect+ ! heat evolv$ by ! ext5sion ( a small ?read ( ca\t*\c4 ,he ref]s ?is effect to ! *ange 9 specific gravity1 & cont5ds t ! heat ?us produc$ is n due to friction1 because ! same am\nt ( friction is occasion$ 9 ! contraction z 9 ! ext5sion ( ! sub/ance1 & ! result ( ?is contraction is to r$uce ! ca\t*\c ?us act$ ^u to its orig9al temp]ature4 ,! edges & surfaces ( india rubb] are readily & p]fectly jo9$ by m]e contact & int5se pressure4 ,on ! small scale ! edges may be moi/5$ ) e!r1 naph?a1 oil ( turp5t9e1 or "s o!r solv5t1 or by long boil+ 9 wat]1 & imm$iately press$ tight toge!r & held 9 contact = "s "t4 ,ela/ic tubes are readily =m$ ( india rubb] by cutt+ x into uni=m slips ( prop] ?ickness & w9d+ !m r\nd rods ( poli%$ glass or metal1 s t ! edges are 9 close contact or ov]lapp+4 ,a piece ( tape is !n w\nd r\nd outside x1 & ! :ole boil$ 9 wat] = #b or #c h\rs1 aft] :i* "t ! edges w be f\nd to be suffici5tly adh]5t4 ,a bett] plan is to imm]se ! rubb] 9 a mixture =m$ ( bisulphide ( c>bon1 #ie p>ts1 & rectifi$ _s1 #e p>ts1 until x swells into a pa/y mass1 :i* may !n be m\ld$ into any desir$ =m or pass$ ?r\gh ! die ( a tub+ ma*9e4 ,= *emical purposes1 brew+1 c41 vulcanis$ india-rubb] tub+ has n[ tak5 ! place =m]ly occupi$ by ! unprep>$ mat]ial4 ,! once celebrat$ ,mack9to%es are made by spread+ two or m coats ( a pa/e made ( ca\t*\c & rectifi$ coal-t> naph?a ov] ! surface ( ! /uff or clo?1 &1 :5 x has become p>tially dry1 press+ two su* surfaces ev5ly toge!r by pass+ ! goods betwe5 a pair ( cyl9d]s or roll]s4 ,! articles are !n plac$ 9 a /ove room = ! composition to h>d51 & to remove ! od\r ( ! naph?a4 ,( late ye>s vulcanis$ or m9]alis$ rubb] 7col\r$7 has be5 us$ = ?is purpose1 & be+ spread on ! outside ( ! /uff in/ead ( ! inside =ms an ornam5tal & ?or\ghly wat]pro( mat]ial4 ,india-rubb] ?read is prep>$ by /ret*+ x 7previ\sly cut into co>se filam5ts7 to #e or #f times its l5g? 9 boil+ wat] or hot air1 9 :i* /ate x is all[$ to cool sl[ly4 ,?is process is repeat$ aga9 & aga9 until x rea*es #af1jjj or #ag1jjj times its orig9al l5g?1 :5 x is glaz$ by agitat+ x ) p[d]$ sulphur or ,fr5* *alk4 ,?is ?read is readily jo9$ or piec$1 z x is call$1 by p>+ ! ends obliquely ) a pair ( scissors or a knife1 & !n press+ ! clean ends /rongly toge!r ) ! f+]s4 ,:5 ! co>se filam5ts f ! cutt+ ma*9e are simply /ret*$ ) ! moi/5$ ?umb & f+] 9 ! act ( reel+ to ab\t #h or #i times _! l5g?1 !y are said to be inela/icat$1 & are ready to be made into ela/ic braces1 ela/ic web1 & o!r l ela/ic tissues & fabrics 9 ! braid+ ma*9e4 ,ca\t*\c1 ,vul'canis$4 ,syn4 ,,vulcanis$ ,,india ,,rubb]1 ,,m9]alis$ ,i4 ,r41 ,,sulphurett$ ,i4 ,r4 ,! discov]y ( ! s+ul> action ( sulphur & ! m9]al sulphides on ca\t*\c 0 made by ,mr ,*>les ,goodye>1 ( ,new ,york1 9 #ahdb1 at :i* date ! manufacture ( vulcanis$ india rubb] may be said to h comm5c$4 ,9 #ahdc ,mr ,?omas ,hancock pat5t$ a process = vulcanis$ india rubb] 9 ^! c\ntries1 f\nd$ on t ( ,mr ,goodye>4 ,a %eet ( ca\t*\c imm]s$ 9 melt$ sulphur absorbs a portion ( x1 & at ! same "t und]goes important *anges 9 _m ( its lead+ *>act]i/ics4 ,s prep>$1 x is no long] affect$ by *anges ( temp]ature2 x is nei!r h>d5$ by cold nor s(t5$ by any heat insuffici5t to de/roy x4 ,x loses its solubility 9 ! solv5ts ( ord9>y ca\t*\c1 :il/ its ela/icity is greatly augm5t$1 & has become p]man5t4 ,! same effect is produc$ :5 sulphur is knead$ into ca\t*\c 9 a ma/icator1 or by means ( p[]ful roll]s1 z well z :5 common solv5ts 7naph?a1 _s ( turp5t9e1 c47 are *>g$ ) a suffici5t am\nt ( sulphur 9 solution to become a comp\nd solv5t ( ! rubb]4 ,9 ^! cases articles may be made ( any requir$ =m be=e heat+ !m = ! *ange ( condition te*nically t]m$ vulcanisation4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 = ?is purpose t ! =m %\ld be c>efully ma9ta9$ bo? be=e & dur+ ! exposure to ! heat4 ,a vulcanis$ solid sph]e ( #b-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 :5 =c$ betwe5 two roll]s #a_/d in* ap>t1 0 f\nd to ma9ta9 its =m un9jur$4 ,9 fact1 x is ! exclusive prop]ty ( vulcanis$ ca\t*\c to be able to reta9 any =m impress$ ^u x1 & to return to t =m on ! removal ( any di/urb+ =ce :i* has be5 br\ght to act ^u x4 7,brock$on47 ,ca\t*\c comb9es ) f #ab to #ae ( sulphur2 ! quantity ( sulphur add$ to ! naph?a pa/e %\ld n1 !re=e1 exce$ #aj or #ab ( its weight4 ,! temp]atures = vulcanisation by ! common me?od range f #cbj to #ccj2 & ! p]iod requir$ is "o h\r or m1 accord+ to ! temp]ature4 ,a mu* l[] temp]ature is1 h[ev]1 suffici5t if ! duration ( ! exposure is mu* ext5d$ or ! comp\nd mass is s(t5$ ) any ( ! common solv5ts ( india rubb]4 ,! process ( sulphur+1 or m9]alisation1 is diff]5tly conduct$ 9 diff]5t manufactories4 ,"u ,mr ,burke's pat5t1 oxysulphide or amorph\s sulphide ( antimony 7=m$ by decompos+ a solution ( crude antimony 9 a lye ( pota% or soda ) hydro*loric acid7 is employ$4 ,?is p[d] he comb9es ) ei!r india rubb] or gutta p]*a1 or mixtures ( !m1 by knead+ 9 a ma/icator = #b or #c h\rs1 & aft] /rong compression 9 a m\ld :il/ /ill w>m1 he exposes ! mass to a /eam heat rang+ f #bej to #bhj ,fahr4 ,! block1 s prep>$1 is aft]w>ds cut into %eets1 c4 ,! advantages possess$ by ! product are t x possesses no unpleasant od\r1 nor does ! sulphur effloresce on its surface1 z 9 ord9>y vulcanis$ india rubb]4 ,"u ,mr ,*ri/oph] ,nickel's pat5t 7#ahdi7 #a "p ( sulphur is knead$ ) #f p>ts ( ca\t*\c1 & !n press$ into m\lds1 z be=e4 ,he also vulcanises rubb] by expos+ x 9 a cyl9d] heat$ 9 a /eam jacket to ! fumes ( sulphur or to sulphurett$ gases1 giv5 (f f a retort connect$ ) ! app>atus4 ,! rubb] ?us prep>$ he next subjects to hydraulic pressure 9 m\lds1 at a temp]ature rang+ betwe5 #bbj & #bej ,fahr4 ,small articles or %eets ( india rubb] may be extemporane\sly vulcanis$ at common temp]atures by simple imm]sion1 = a m9ute or two1 9 a mixture ( bisulphide ( c>bon1 #ig-a_/b p>ts1 & proto*loride ( sulphur1 #b-a_/b p>ts2 aft] :i* !y mu/ be well wa%$ fir/ 9 weak alkal9e lye1 & next 9 pure wat]4 ,mr ,p>kes employs #ajj in/ead ( #ig-a_/b p>ts ( ! bisulphide4 ,?is me?od is t]m$ cold sulphur+4 ,an excell5t me?od ( vulcanisation1 recomm5d$ by ,mr ,p>kes1 p>ticul>ly applicable to small articles1 consi/s 9 imm]s+ !m = ab\t #c h\rs 9 a close vessel conta9+ a solution ( polysulphide ( potassium at #be ,baum 7sp4 gr4 #aaig71 & ( ! temp]ature ( #bdj ,fahr4 ,x is aft]w>ds wa%$ 9 an alkal9e lye1 !n 9 pure wat]1 & dri$4 ,among ! _m applications ( vulcanis$ india rubb] ^? connect$ ) its ela/icity & its enorm\s contractile p[] :5 ext5d$ are p>ticul>ly /rik+4 ,"u ,mr ,e4 ,smi?'s pat5t1 torsion spr+s = roll] bl9ds1 door spr+s1 clock spr+s1 c>riage spr+s1 c41 are made ( x4 ,mr ,hodges1 9 ano!r pat5t1 has avail$ himself ( ! same prop]ty z a new me*anical p[]4 ,%ort l5g?s ( ca\t*\c1 :i* he t]ms vulcanis$ p[] pur*ases1 are successively drawn d[n f or lift$ to a fix$ be>+1 & atta*$ to any weight :i* x is requir$ to raise2 :5 a suffici5t numb] ( ^! p[] pur*ases are fix$ to ! weight1 _! comb9$ ela/ic =ce lifts x f ! gr\nd4 ,?us1 #aj pur*ases ( ! ela/ic /r5g? ea* ( #ej lbs4 raise #ejj lbs4 ,ea* pur*ase is #f in*es long1 & conta9s ab\t #a-a_/b oz4 ( vulcanis$ ca\t*\c4 ,^! #aj pur*ases1 if /ret*$ to ! limit ( _! ela/icity 7n ( _! cohesive /r5g?71 w lift a weight exce$+ #fej lbs4 ,! same pr9ciple has be5 appli$ to relieve & equalise ! /ra9 on %ips' cables1 especially :]e sev]al boats are t[+ "o vessel2 & z a projectile =ce4 ,a numb] ( p[] pur*ases1 atta*$ to ! b>rel ( a gun con/ruct$ to project h>poons1 w ex]t a p[]1 if sudd5ly reliev$1 proportion$ to _! aggregate =ces4 ,by simil> contrivances balls may be project$ #bjj y>ds or m1 & a *>ge ( ,no4 #d %ot c be ?r[n #abj y>ds4 ,a b[1 9 :i* ! /r+ alone is ela/ic 7! rev]se ( ! usual =m71 has be5 contriv$ :i* ?r[s a #cj-;in* arr[ #agj y>ds4 ,! la/ great improvem5t 9 ! manufacture ( ca\t*\c is ! discov]y t by cont9u+ ! process ( vulcanisation = a long] "t at an increas$ heat & "u pressure1 a h>d black sub/ance is obta9$1 :i* c be turn$ 9 a la! l ebony4 ,?is sub/ance has already be5 appli$ to an extraord9>y numb] ( uses4 ,see ,,vulcanite4 ,an exce$+ly useful comb9ation ( cork & india rubb] has lately be5 introduc$4 ,see ,,kamptulicon4 ,ca\t*\c1 ,facti''ti\s4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,consolidat$4 ,,ca\t',,*\c94 ,an extremely light fluid obta9$ by di/ill+ india rubb]4 ,prep4 7,b>n>d's pat5t process47 ,a highly volatile fluid1 discov]$ by ,mr ,b>n>d4 ,india rubb] or ca\t*\c1 z import$1 cut into small lumps1 conta9+ ab\t #b cubic in*es ea*1 is ?r[n into a ca/-iron /ill1 connect$ ) a well-cool$ worm-tub 7any flat vessel ) a l>ge evaporat+ surface w d1 ! entire top ( :i* c be remov$ = ! purpose ( clean+ x out72 & heat is appli$ 9 ! usual way1 until ! !rmomet] ranges to ab\t #fjj ,fahr41 :5 no?+ is left 9 ! /ill b dirt & *>coal4 ,! d>k col\r$ fetid oil :i* has di/ill$ ov] is next rectifi$ along ) #a_/crd its weight ( wat]1 once or (t5]2 & at ea* rectification becomes bright] & pal]1 until at ab\t sp4 gr4 #fhj x is col\rless1 & slightly volatile4 ,! product is !n %ak5 up ) nitro-hydro*loric acid1 or *lor9e1 9 ! proportion ( a #a_/d ( a p9t ( ! acid to #a gallon ( ! liquid4 ,to enable ! dirt to be ! m easily remov$ f ! bottom ( ! /ill1 common sold]1 to ! dep? ( ab\t #a_/b an in*1 is ?r[n 94--,prod4 #hj4 ,prop41 c4 ,mix$ ) alcohol1 ca\t*\c9 dissolves gums & res9s1 especially copal & india rubb]1 at ! common temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 & x spe$ily evaporates1 leav+ !m aga9 9 ! solid /ate4 ,x mixes ) ! oils 9 all proportions4 ,x has be5 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( v>ni%es1 & = liquefy+ oil pa9ts1 in/ead ( turp5t9e4 ,x is v volatile1 & requires to be kept 9 close vessels4 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,himly1 ,gregory1 & ,b\*>dat1 ! ca\t*\c9 ( ,b>n>d consi/s ( sev]al liquids1 "s ( :i* h ! composition ( olefiant gas1 & o!rs t ( oil ( turp5t9e4 ,,ca'',,p]s4 ,! fl[] buds ( v>i\s species ( ,capp>is1 p>ticul>ly ,c4 sp9osa1 cap] tree1 pres]v$ 9 v9eg>4 ,!y are *iefly import$ f ,spa91 ,italy1 & ! s\? ( ,france1 :]e ! cap] tree is l>gely cultivat$ = ! purpose4 ,! fl[]-buds are pick$ daily1 & ?r[n into a cask ( /rong pickl+ v9eg>1 until x becomes full1 :5 x is sold to ! deal]s by ! collector4 ,! =m] sort !m into diff]5t sizes by means ( copp] sieves1 9 a simil> way to t adopt$ = lead %ot & gunp[d]4 ,9 ?is way !y are divid$ into nonp>eilles1 capu*9s1 capotes1 seconds1 & ?irds1 ( :i* ! =m]1 or smalle/1 are reg>d$ z ! be/2 b mu* dep5ds ^u ! quality ( ! v9eg>4 ,! bright gre5 col\r ( cap]s1 s mu* valu$ by ! ignorant1 arises *iefly f ! pres5ce ( copp] d]iv$ f ! sieves us$ 9 sort+ !m4 ,9 _m cases1 copp] co91 z s\s & halfp5ce1 are add$ = ! purpose4 ,?us ! eye is gratifi$ at ! sacrifice ( ! /oma*1 & an insidi\s poison introduc$ into ! sy/em1 simply to give an unnatural appe>ance to a condim5t :i* ta/es bett] )\t x4 ,see ,,copp]4 ,,capillaire'4 ,fr4 ,simple syrup1 or a conc5trat$ solution ( sug> 9 wat]1 flav\r$ ) orange-fl[] wat]1 or "s o!r simil> aromatic4 ,! "n 0 orig9ally giv5 to a mucilag9\s syrup1 prep>$ by add+ to an infusion ( maid5-hair 7,adiantum capillus ,v5]is7 "s sug> & orange-fl[] wat]4 ,,cap',,nomor4 ,see ,,kapnomor4 ,,cap',,ric ,,acid4 ,,hc#aj;,h#ai,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,ru',,tic ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,cap',,ricum1 ,l4 ,an acid discov]$ by ,*evreul1 & obta9$ by decompos+ caprate ( b>ium ) dilute sulphuric acid1 or prim>ily by ! saponification ( butt] or cocoa-nut oil1 :5 x appe>s comb9$ ) butyric1 caproic & caprylic acids4 ,x is also procur$ by act+ ^u oleic acid or oil ( rue ) nitric acid4 ,obs4 ,:5 butt] is saponifi$ ) cau/ic potassa or soda1 & ! result+ soap decompos$ by add+ an acid1 9 excess1 & di/ill+ ! mixture1 ! f\r acids above nam$ pass ov] into ! receiv]1 9 comb9ation ) wat]4 ,! mix$ acids may be sep>at$ by saturat+ !m collectively ) b>yta1 & by tak+ advantage ( ! unequal solubility ( ! newly =m$ b>ium salts4 ,! less soluble portion 7equal to ab\t #a_/bj? ( ! dry mass7 conta9s capric & caprylic acid2 ! l>g] & m soluble portion1 butyric & caproic acid4 ,on ! same plan ! two gr\ps are resolv$ into _! sep>ate acids4 ,^! acids are depriv$ ( _! uncomb9$ wat] by means ( *loride ( calcium4 ,x is advisable to employ ! t]m rutic acid1 z ! old] t]m is easily conf\nd$ ) caproic & caprylic4 ,prop4 ,capric or rutic acid cry/allises 9 f9e ne$les1 :i* fuse at #hf ,fahr41 giv+ out an od\r resembl+ t ( a goat4 ,x is sp>+ly soluble 9 boil+ wat]4 ,prep4 7,mill]47 ,ca/or oil is saponifi$ by means ( potassa or soda1 & aft]w>ds an excess ( ! hydrat$ alkali is add$1 am\nt+ to "o half ! oil us$4 ,! mass is heat$ 9 a retort1 & an oily liquid cov]$ ) wat] di/ils ov]4 ,?is oily liquid1 :i* is ! octylic alcohol1 is rectifi$ sev]al times ) potassa until ! residue is no long] col\r$ br[n4--,prop4 ,a col\rless liquid1 ( p[]ful aromatic od\r2 insoluble 9 wat]1 b dissolv+ readily 9 acetic acid1 e!r1 & alcohol4 ,its boil+ po9t is #cef ,fr41 its sp4 gr1 #hbc4 ,! caprylate ( e?yl1 errone\sly t]m$ caprylic e!r1 is a col\rless liquid1 ) an agreeable od\r ( p9e-apples4 ,,capsaic94 ,until ! rese>*es ( ,mr ,?re% prov$ to ! contr>y ! active pr9ciple ( ! capsicum fruit1 or cay5ne pepp]1 & ! "o to :i* x 0 ?\ght x ow$ its acrid & pung5t prop]ties1 0 believ$ to be an alkaloid1 & 0 nam$ capsic9e 9 consequ5ce4 ,mr ,?re% succe$$ 9 obta9+ an alkaloid f ! capsicum1 b ?is 0 entirely want+ 9 acridity & pung5cy4 ,its discov]] /ates t capsaic9 occurs only 9 ! p]ic>p ( ! fruit4 ,! details ( ! process by :i* x may be obta9$ are giv5 9 ! ',ye> ,book ( ,ph>macy' = #ahgf-gg1 f :i* x w be se5 t ! sub/ance may also be procur$ by prep>+ a /rong t9cture ( capsicum1 & submitt+ x to dialysis4 ,capsaic9 :5 cauti\sly heat$ to #ach ,f41 melts to a transp>5t oily fluid1 & if !n all[$ to cool rapidly1 x becomes solid1 assum+ a cry/all9e condition 9 do+ s4 ,x volatilises at #bdj ,f41 )\t suff]+ decomposition4 ,/rong nitric acid acts viol5tly on x1 decompos+ & dissolv+ x4 ,! cry/als dissolve v readily 9 e!r1 amylic1 alcohol1 acetic e!r1 b5z9e1 & fix$ oils1 & /ill m readily 9 alcohol1 & 9 rectifi$ & pro( _s4 ,9 turp5t9e & c>bon disulphide x dissolves mu* m sl[ly4 ,x is n affect$ by boil+ = "s consid]able "t 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 & ! acid liquor %[s no signs ( glucose4 ,a specim5 ( capsaic9 :i* ,mr ,?re% believes to h be5 9 a pure condition 0 s5t to ,dr ,flckig]'s laboratory = analysis1 & ,dr ,buri1 by :om ! combu/ion 0 made1 reports t x gave ! foll[+ composition3--,c#ai;,h#ad,o#b1 a result :i* ,mr ,?re% f\nd to agree v fairly ) "s capsaic9 d]iv$ f a specim5 fruit obta9$ f a diff]5t s\rce f t s5t to ,dr ,flckig]4 ,adm9i/]$ int]nally 9 doses ( ! #a_/be? ( a gram1 capsaic9 gave rise to viol5t grip+ & purg+2 & :5 a lotion consi/+ ( "o "p dilut$ ) =ty ( glyc]9 & _s 0 plac$ on ! arm1 x soon gave rise to su* pa91 & caus$ s mu* inflammation1 t ! l9t :i* 0 wett$ ) ! solution _h to be remov$ v %ortly aft] be+ appli$4 ,,cap',,sicum4 ,l4 & ,eng4 ,syn4 ,,*il',i1 ,,r$ ,,pepp]4 ,a g5us ( plants belong+ to ! natural ord] ,solanace1 species ( :i* yield ! fruits :i* are us$ to =m ,cay5ne pepp] & ,*ili v9eg>4 ,! (fic9al capsicum ( ,b4 ,p4 is ! fruit ( ! species ,c4 fa/igiatum4 ,see ,,pepp]1 ,,t9ctures1 ,,v9eg>s4 ,,cap',,sules4 ,?is t]m is n[ commonly appli$ to small egg-%ap$ or sph]ical vessels1 9 :i* m$ic9es are plac$1 = ! purpose ( cov]+ _! nause\s ta/e at ! "t ( swall[+ !m4 ,!y are commonly made ( gelat91 mixtures ( sug> & gelat91 or animal membrane4 ,capsules1 ,gel'at94 ,prep4 #a4 ,by dipp+ ! bulb\s extremity ( an oil$ metallic rod into a /rong solution ( gelat94 ,:5 ! rod is )drawn1 x is rotat$1 9 ord] to diffuse ! fluid jelly equally ov] its surface4 ,z soon z ! gelat9\s film has p>tially h>d5$1 x is remov$ f ! m\ld & plac$ on p9s1 furni%$ ) suitable heads1 & fix$ on a cork table4 ,:5 suffici5tly dry1 ! capsules are plac$ upright 9 little cells1 made 9 ! table to receive !m1 & ! liquid ) :i* !y are to be fill$ is !n introduc$ by means ( a small glass tube4 ,!y are next clos$ by dropp+ "s ( ! melt$ gelat9 on ! orifice ( ea*4 ,six p>ts ( gelat91 & "o "p sug>1 are n[ ! common proportions4 #b4 7,simon947 ,oval balls ( wax1 ( ! requisite size1 are prep>$ by p\r+ wax1 into a wood5 m\ld1 consi/+ ( two p>ts1 & arrang$ = ! reception ( a r[ ( ^! balls4 ,^! are aft]w>ds /uck on iron ne$les1 affix$ to rods ( conv5i5t size1 9 r[s4 ,! balls are n[ uni=mly coat$ all at once by dipp+ 9 ! usual mann]1 !n remov$ f ! ne$les1 & are next plac$ ) ! ne$le holes d[nw>ds1 on a g5tly heat$ plate1 :5 ! wax fl[s out1 & a r\nd capsule is left beh9d4 ,cap'sules1 ,gel'at9 & ,su'g>4 ,prep4 7,giraud47 ,gelat91 #f p>ts2 solution ( gum & simple syrup1 ( ea* #a "p2 wat]1 #e p>ts2 melt 9 a wat] ba?1 remove ! scum1 & proce$ z be=e4 ,capsules1 ,glut'en4 ,^!1 :i* =m ! subject ( a ,fr5* pat5t1 are said to be =m$ ( ! glut5 ( :eat fl\r1 a sub/ance :i* is insoluble1 al?\gh s(t5$1 by wat]4 ,we h plac$ ^! capsules = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 w>m wat]1 & f\nd !m1 at ! expiration ( t "t1 /ill unbrok51 ! enclos$ m$ic9e be+ completely envelop$4 ,! mode ( prep>ation is kept secret4 ,capsules1 ,mem'bran\s4 ,syn4 ,,organ',,ic ,,capsules4 ,f gut-sk9 moi/5$ & /ret*$ ov] an oil$ bulb ( glass or metal1 & fill$ 9 ! common way4 ,^! h be5 pat5t$1 b !y d n appe> to be an improvem5t on ! common capsule ( gelat94 ,obs4 ,! common capsules usually hold ab\t #aj or #ab gr4 ( balsam ( copaiba4 ,^? ( ! %ops 9 n9e cases out ( t51 are fill$ ) adult]at$ copaiba1 & at lea/ #d-e?s ( !m are fill$ ) tra9 oil or l9se$ oil1 to :i* a few drops only ( ! balsam are add$4 ,balsam ( copaiba 7capivi7 & oil ( cubebs1 or a mixture ( !m1 ca/or oil & cod-liv] oil1 are ! sub/ances mo/ usually adm9i/]$ 9 ?is way4 ,bacc copaif] factiti are (fic9al 9 ! ,ph4 ,ca/r4 ,ru?4 ,rati] has propos$ to grease !m & adm9i/] !m p] anum4 ,ricord has /rongly recomm5d$ capsules ( copaiba1 coat$ ) extract ( rhatany1 z mu* sup]ior to ! common ones ( copaiba alone1 9 ! treatm5t ( gleet & gonorrhoea4 ,!y may be easily prep>$ by ei!r ( ! foll[+ me?ods3 #a4 ,by imm]s+1 = an in/ant1 ! common capsule 9 a mixture ( extract ( rhatany 7newly prep>$ f ! root71 #c p>ts2 syrup ( moi/ sug>1 #a "p2 mucilage ( gum ,arabic1 #a "p2 melt$ toge!r 9 a wat] ba?4 #b4 ,by =m+ ! bodies ( ! capsules ) ! above mixture or composition1 in/ead ( ) gelat91 & !n foll[+ ! same manipulations z = ! manufacture ( ! common gelat9 capsules4 ,^! capsules are said to sit well ^u ! /oma*1 ! tone ( :i* !y contribute to improve1 & to act ) great] c]ta9ty ?an ^? made ( copaiba & gelat9 alone4 ,,c>',,amel4 ,a d>k-br[n sub/ance obta9$ by heat+ sug>4 ,x is =m$ dur+ ! roa/+ ( all mat]ials conta9+ sug>1 su* z c(fee & malt4 ,x is mu* us$ = col\r+ s\ps1 w9es1 spirits1 & o!r liquids4 ,c>amel1 ,crude4 ,syn4 ,,_s ,,col\r+1 ,,burnt ,,sug>4 ,prep4 ,f cane sug>1 by heat+ x to f #daj to #dbh ,fahr41 z long z aque\s vap\r is =m$2 dissolv+ ! product 9 wat]1 & conc5trat+ ! solution by evaporation4 ,c>amel1 ,pure4 ,prep4 #a4 7,graham47 ,crude c>amel1 obta9$ z above1 is plac$ on a p>*m5t-pap] dialys]4 ,! undecompos$ sug> & c]ta9 int]m$iate comp\nds diffuse out ) consid]able facility1 & :at ultimately rema9s on ! dialys] possesses five times ! col\r+ p[] ( ! orig9al crude c>amel1 weight = weight4 ,see ,,dialysis4 #b4 7,peligot47 ,add /rong alcohol to a filt]$ aque\s solution ( crude c>amel until x ceases to produce a precipitate2 collect ! precipitate1 :i* is c>amel1 on a filt]1 wa% ) alcohol1 & dry4 ,graham recomm5ds t ! product %\ld be dissolv$ & precipitat$ f\r or five times1 or till ! mass ?r[n d[n1 f be+ pla/ic at fir/1 becomes pulv]ul5t4 #c4 7,j4 ,j4 ,pohl47 ,cane sug> is heat$ 9 a spaci\s metallic vessel by means ( an oil ba? to #daj or #dai ,fahr4 z long z aque\s vap\rs escape1 ! mass be+ occasionally /irr$ ) a spatula4 ,! mass is !n f9ely p[d]$ & dige/$ ) alcohol = two or ?ree h\rs2 ! dige/ion is repeat$ until ! fluid no long] ta/es bitt]4 ,prop4 ,a solution conta9+ #aj ( purifi$ c>amel is gummy1 & =ms a tremul\s jelly on /&+4 ,evaporat$ 9 vacuo1 x dries up into a black %9+ mass soluble 9 wat]2 b if ! solution be evaporat$ to dryness by ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 ! :ole matt] is r5d]$ insoluble 9 hot or cold wat]4 ,a v small proportion ( c>amel suffices to give a ri* sepia t9t to wat]4 ,,c>',,at4 ,a weight ( #d gra9s us$ 9 weigh+ diamonds1 :i* are spok5 ( z ( s _m c>ats weight4 ,among assay]s1 a c>at is a weight ( #ab gra9s2 b m commonly a proportional weight or t]m1 repres5t+ ! numb] ( p>ts ( pure gold 9 #bd p>ts ( ! alloy2 pure gold be+ spok5 ( z ( #bd c>ats f9e4 ,x is commonly ! #bd? "p ( ! assay p\nd1 & is nom9ally subdivid$ into #d assay gra9s1 & ^! aga9 into qu>t]s4 ,see ,,assay+4 ,,c>',,away4 ,syn4 ,,c>away ,,se$2 ,,se',,m5a ,,c>ui1 ,l42 ,,c>ui1 ,b4 ,p4 ,! fruit ( ! ,c>um ,c>ui 7,l9n471 an umbellif]\s plant1 common 9 ,engl& & o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,^! fruits1 commonly call$ se$s1 =m an agreeable & useful aromatic & c>m9ative1 & are especially e/eem$ 9 ! flatul5t colic ( *ildr54 ,!y are also l>gely employ$ z an adjuvant or corrective 9 v>i\s (fic9al prep>ations2 & z a flavor+ +r$i5t 9 cakes1 biscuits1 cordials1 confection]y1 c4 ,see ,,ess5ces4 ,,c>bazot',,ic ,,acid4 ,see ,,picric ,,acid4 ,,c>bol',,ic ,,acid4 ,h4,c#f;,h#e,o4 ,syn4 ,,ph5ylic ,,acid1 ,,ph5ic ,,acid1 ,,ph5ol1 ,,ph5ylic ,,alcohol1 ,,hydrate ,,( ,,ph5yle1 ,,hydrat$ ,,oxide ,,( ,,ph5yle4 ,a p[]ful antiseptic sub/ance obta9$ f coal-t> oil4 ,prep4 ,crude1 heavy coal oil is agitat$ ) milk ( lime1 all[$ to /&1 & ! aque\s portion sep>at$ f ! undissolv$ oil & decompos$ by hydro*loric acid4 ,! oily liquid obta9$ is purifi$ by di/illation4 #a4 ,crude coal oil is di/ill$ 9 a retort furni%$ ) a !rmomet]1 & ! portion :i* passes ov] :5 ! heat ranges betwe5 #cjj & #djj ,fahr41 is collect$ ap>t1 & mix$ ) a hot saturat$ solution ( cau/ic potassa2 aft] /&+ = "s "t1 a semi cry/all9e pa/y mass =ms1 f :i* ! sup]natant liquid is decant$2 ! pa/y mass is n[ agitat$ ) a small quantity ( wat] until dissolv$2 ! solution ?us =m$ sep>ates into two portions1 ! d5s] ( :i* conta9s c>bolate ( potassa2 ?is be+ sep>at$ by decantation1 is decompos$ by hydro*loric acid4 ,! solution ( c>bolic acid :i* rises to ! surface is dige/$ ) *loride ( calcium1 to remove wat]1 & purifi$ by di/illation2 ! di/illate1 by refrig]ation1 furni%es cry/als ( ! acid1 :i* mu/ be dra9$1 dri$1 & pres]v$ f ! air4 #b4 ,f salicylic acid4 ,mix intimately toge!r equal weights ( salicylic acid & p[d]$ glass2 introduce ! mixture into a good ,g]man retort1 & heat on a s& ba?1 gradually rais+ ! heat till x becomes r$ hot at ! bottom4 ,! vap\r is cond5s$ 9 any conv5i5t receiv]4 ,if ! mat]ials are p]fectly dry1 x solidifies to a mass ( cry/als z soon z x cond5ses1 b if !re be a trace ( wat] pres5t x rema9s liquid4 ,! sl[] x di/ils ov] ! light] w be ! col\r1 :ile if a high temp]ature be employ$ x comes ov] ne>ly black4 ,x may be r5d]$ col\rless & anhydr\s by rectification ov] quick-lime4 ,( late ye>s ! manufacture ( c>bolic acid has increas$ to a great ext5t1 & is g5]ally f\nd 9 a pale yell[ cle> solution1 in/ead ( z a d>k hazy liquid4 ,! pure anhydr\s acid is 9 long1 col\rless1 prismatic cry/als1 (t51 h[ev]1 on keep+ turn+ a beautiful p9k1 rose1 or crimson1 & :i* rapidly deliquesce 9 moi/ air1 becom+ conv]t$ into a col\rless refractive liquid1 hav+ a fa9t od\r ( roses & t>4 ,at #ie ,f4 !y become an oily liquid1 hav+ an od\r & ta/e l creosote4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajfe1 boil+ po9t #cgj ,f4 ,expos$ to ! air ! cry/als absorb moi/ure & liquefy4 ,! acid is slightly soluble 9 wat]1 b freely soluble 9 glyc]91 alcohol1 & e!r4 ,c>bolic acid is poison\s1 & is a p[]ful antiseptic4 ,te/s4--,ab\t a gra9 ( hypo*lorite ( calcium1 add$ to a little aque\s solution ( c>bolic acid1 plac$ 9 a te/-tube1 produces aft] agitation1 ! addition ( a few drops ( ammonia1 & ! application ( a g5tle heat1 a bright blue col\r ) a t+e ( gre54 ,"o dra*m ( ! acid if pure completely dissolves on be+ %ak5 ) half a p9t ( w>m wat]4 ,uses4 ,! extraord9>y antiseptic prop]ties ( c>bolic acid h long be5 kn[n1 b its ext5d$ use has be5 delay$1 ow+ to ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 obta9+ x 9 consid]able quantities4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 pr9cipally ow+ to ! lab\rs ( ! late ,dr ,f4 ,crace ,calv]t1 produc$ on a l>ge scale1 & ?is *emi/ has propos$ its application to _m valuable purposes4 ,z a m$ical ag5t x seems to h all ! useful prop]ties ( creosote 9 an exalt$ degree1 ) "s peculi> actions ( its own1 & is be+ appli$ ) m>k$ success 9 ! ,man*e/] ,royal ,infirm>y & simil> in/itutions1 9 cases ( *ronic di>rhoea1 ob/9ate vomit+ 7ev5 aft] creosote has fail$71 & z a dis9fect+ wa% = ill-condition$ ulc]s & gangr5\s sores4 ,x has be5 said to h be5 us$ ) m>k$ success int]nally z a rem$y = hoop+-c\gh4 ,x has also be5 appli$ successfully 9 cases ( foot-rot1 a disease :i* annually c>ries (f l>ge numb]s ( %eep4 ,x has be5 employ$ = ! pres]vation ( gelat9 solutions & prep>ations ( size made ) />*1 fl\r1 & simil> mat]ials1 & ( sk9s & o!r animal sub/ances4 ,x appe>s to act /rongly z an antif]m5t1 & ,dr ,calv]t /ates t x is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful prev5tives ( putrefaction ) :i* he is acqua9t$4 ,comm]cial creosote is frequ5tly no?+ m ?an hydrat$ c>bolic acid4 ,pr(essor ,li/]1 ( ,ed9burgh1 adopt+ ! g]m !ory ( putrefaction1 & reg>d+ ! putrid dis*>ge f w\nds z ! result ( ! pres5ce ( atmosph]ic organisms :i* f9d a suitable nidus 9 ! decompos+ animal tissue expos$ by ! w\nd1 seeks to exclude ! access ( ^! g]ms by ! use ( antiseptics1 p>ticul>ly ( c>bolic acid1 ! de/ructive action ( :i* on liv+ organisms is well kn[n4 ,he applies to ! w\nds dress+s ( gauze previ\sly prep>$ ) c>bolic acid1 additionally us+ z a lotion ! acid1 well dilut$ ) wat]2 :il/ dur+ ! dress+ ( ! w\nds & ! p]=mance ( surgical op]ations c>bolic acid is diffus$ 9 ! =m ( spray into ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e ) ! object ( de/roy+ ! g]ms float+ 9 x4 ,antidotes4--,calc9$ magnesia1 or bic>bonate ( soda1 9 milk aft] %ort int]vals4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ^!1 *alk1 soap & wat]1 or ! pla/] f ! ceil+4 ,olive oil additionally4 ,m ?an fifty p] c5t4 ( ! c>bolic acid manufactur$ is us$ = ! purpose ( prep>+ ! foll[+ pigm5ts & dye mat]ials3-- #a4 ,picric acid4 #b4 ,ph5yl br[n4 #c4 ,gr5at soluble4 #d4 ,corall9e4 #e4 ,azul9e4 ,^! w be f\nd describ$ "u ,,t> ,,col\rs4 ,,c>',,bon4 ,c4 ,syn4 ,,c>bo',,nium1 ,,c>',,bo1 ,l42 ,,*>bon1 ,fr42 ,,kohl5/(f1 ,g]4 ,an elem5t>y or simple non-metallic solid body1 v widely diffus$ ?r\gh nature4 ,its pure/ & r>e/ =m is t ( ! diamond4 ,ne>ly pure1 x occurs v abundantly 9 ! =ms ( graphite & an?racite4 ,9 comb9ation ) oxyg51 z c>bonic acid1 x exi/s 9 ! atmosph]e & 9 ! wat]s ( mo/ spr+s1 also 9 lime/one1 m>ble1 *alk1 & dolomite4 ,comb9$ ) hydrog51 x ent]s l>gely into coal1 peat1 & lignite4 ,x is an ess5tial con/itu5t ( organic matt]1 & h5ce x has be5 t]m$ ! organic elem5t4 ,*>coal1 lamp-black1 & coke1 are m or less pure =ms ( c>bon4 ,by /rongly ignit+ lamp-black 9 a cov]$ crucible ! elem5t is obta9$ suffici5tly pure = mo/ *emical purposes4 ,x is be/ obta9$ pure/ by burn+ a jet ( pure olefiant gas 9 an atmosph]e ( pure *loride1 collect+ ! amorph\s c>bon deposit$1 & ignit+ 9 vacuo at a r$ heat4 ,=ms sev]al *lorides1 sulphides1 c41 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! *ief3-- ,c>bon1 ,proto*loride (4 ,obta9$ f ! sesqui*loride by sublim+ x repeat$ly ?r\gh a tube fill$ ) fragm5ts ( glass heat$ to r$ness4 ,a transp>5t col\rless liquid1 ) aromatic od\r4 ,c>bon1 ,sesqui*loride (4 ,c#b;,cl#f4 ,obta9$ by expos+ ,dut* liquid ) *lor9e1 9 a glass vessel1 to ! direct rays ( ! sun1 tak+ c>e to r5ew ! *lor9e z long z x is absorb$4 ,! liquid is ultimately conv]t$ into ! sesqui*loride ( c>bon1 :i* is a :ite cry/all9e1 volatile sub/ance4 ,c>bon1 ,tetra*loride (4 ,syn4 ,,bi*loride ,,( ,,c>bon4 ,x may be obta9$ by pass+ *lor9e 7desiccat$ by be+ made to pass ?r\gh a tube wett$ ) /rong sulphuric acid71 ?r\gh a bottle conta9+ bisulphide ( c>bon1 & aft]w>ds ?r\gh a porcela9 tube1 wrapp$ 9 %eet copp]1 & fill$ ) fragm5ts ( brok5 porcela91 ma9ta9$ at a r$ heat1 by a *>coal or gas furnace1 & cond5s+ ! product 9 a bottle surr\nd$ by ice4 ,a mixture ( tetra*loride ( c>bon & *loride ( sulphur is ?us obta9$4 ,by %ak+ ?is mixture ) solution ( pota%1 ! *loride ( sulphur is decompos$ & dissolv$1 :il/ ! tetra*loride ( c>bon sep>ates1 & falls to ! bottom4 ,! upp] lay] hav+ be5 p\r$ (f1 ! tetra*loride may be purifi$ by di/illation4 ,tetra*loride ( c>bon is a col\rless liquid1 hav+ a sp4 gr4 #af1 & boil+ at #agb ,f4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]1 b dissolves 9 alcohol & e!r4 ,its vap\r1 dilut$ ) air1 is employ$ z an an/hetic4 ,c>bon1 ,oxy*loride (4 ,c,o,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,*lo',,roc>bon',,ic ,,acid1 ,,phosg5e ,,gas1 ,,*loride ,,( ,,c>bonyl4 ,equal measures ( c>bonic oxide & *lor9e are expos$ to ! direct rays ( ! sun2 !y comb9e1 & become cond5s$ to half _! volume4 ,x is a col\rless1 suffocat+ gas1 :i* is imm$iately decompos$ by wat] into c>bonic & hydro*loric acids4 ,c>bon1 ,sulphide (4 ,,cs#b4 ,syn4 ,,bisulphide ,,( ,,c>bon1 ,,c>bon ,,disulphide1 ,,sulphuret ,,( ,,c>bon4 ,bisulphide ( iron 7iron pyrites71 #e p>ts1 & fre% dry *>coal1 #a "p1 are heat$ toge!r 9 a /onew>e retort1 furni%$ ) a glass tube1 hav+ ! end b5t1 & pass+ ne>ly to ! bottom ( a bottle or receiv] fill$ ) p\nd$ ice4 ,! bisulphide ( c>bon collects at ! bottom ( ! receiv]1 & is !n purifi$ f adh]+ moi/ure & sulphur by di/ill+ x1 at a l[ temp]ature1 f fus$ *loride ( calcium4 ,by pass+ ! vap\r ( sulphur ov] fragm5ts ( *>coal1 heat$ to bright r$ness 9 a porcela9 tube1 & collect+ ! product z be=e4 ,sulphide ( c>bon is be/ manufactur$ by means ( ,p]oncele's app>atus figur$ 9 ! accompany+ draw+4 ,illu/ration ,a is a fire-clay gas retort support$ on ! fire-clay block ,b2 ,e & ,e are op5+s1 "o be+ t ( a porcela9 tube firmly cem5t$ into ! cov] ( ,a1 s]v+ = ! introduction ( sulphur2 ! o!r op5+ is = ! introduction ( pieces ( coke1 ) :i* be=e ! op]ation comm5ces ! retort is fill$4 ,! vap\rs ( ! sulphide ( c>bon pass ?r\gh ! tubes ,h & ,i into ! vessel ,j1 :]e9 "p ( ! sulphide is cond5s$1 & fl[s ?r\gh ,k into ! flask ,l1 fill$ ) wat]1 !nce ?r\gh ,m into ,o1 f9ally be+ run (f by ! tap ,n4 ,any vap\rs n cond5s$ 9 ,j pass ?r\gh ,p ,p into ! worm ,t1 ! cond5s$ sulphide be+ collect$ 9 ,s4 ,! crude sulphide is rectifi$ by r$i/illation ov] z9c or p]*loride ( m]cury by means ( a /eam or wat] ba?4 ,if ! p]*loride is employ$ x %\ld rema9 9 contact ) ! crude sulphide = at lea/ #bd h\rs be=e r$i/illation4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,a col\rless1 pung5t1 fetid liquid1 hav+ ! sp4 gr4 #abg4 ,x is exce$+ly volatile1 boil+ at #aahe ,fahr41 & has nev] be5 froz54 ,x is highly inflammable1 burn+ ) a pale-blue flame1 & giv+ (f sulphur\s & c>bonic-acid gases4 ,x freely dissolves sulphur & phosphorus1 & by spontane\s evaporation deposits ! fir/ 9 beautiful cry/als4 ,! solution ( phosphorus is mu* us$ 9 electrotyp+ objects1 :i* are coat$ ) a conduct+ film by its means4 ,its refractive p[] is rem>kably high1 & on ?is acc\nt x is employ$ to fill holl[ l5ses = spectroscopes & o!r optical in/rum5ts4 ,x produces int5se cold by its evaporation4 ,a _s !rmomet]1 hav+ its bulb cov]$ ) cotton1 if dipp$ into ?is fluid & susp5d$ 9 ! air1 rapidly s9ks f #fj to #j1 & if put into ! receiv] ( an air-pump x w fall to -#ha ,fahr4 ,a mixture ( sulphide ( c>bon & solid c>bonic anhydride =ms almo/ ! mo/ p[]ful frigorific ag5t kn[n4 ,sulphide ( c>bon is n[ prep>$ on ! l>ge scale1 & ext5sively employ$ z a solv5t4 ,x is ?us us$ = extract+ f ! cake ( fruits & se$s ! oil rema9+ 9 !m aft] !y h be5 submitt$ to pressure4 ,! sulphide is subsequ5tly sep>at$ f ! oil by di/illation4 ,9 ,algi]s x is us$ = obta9+ ! ess5tial oils conta9$ 9 ! rose1 jessam9e1 & lav5d]4 ,x is also employ$ = dissolv+ ! fat f bones1 & f ! crude wool4 ,fur!rmore1 x is an excell5t solv5t = ca\t*\c1 z well z = ! ord9>y res9s4 ,its vap\r is employ$ by agriculturi/s to kill ! l>v infe/+ gra94 ,latt]ly1 x has be5 employ$ z a dis9fectant4 a4 ,c>bon ,bisulphide z an ,antiseptic4 ,by ,p4 ,zll] 7',deut4 ,*em4 ,ges4 ,b]l41' ix1 #ajhj-ajhd74 ,! au?or has cont9u$ 8 exp]im5ts on ?is subject ) ! object ( det]m9+ 7#a7 ! m9imum quantity ( bisulphide requir$1 & 7#b7 :e!r articles ( food pres]v$ by means ( x are fit = human consumption4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ po9t1 he f\nd t meat ( all k9ds1 & ev5 entire animals1 9 quantities up to #bj kilograms1 kept p]fectly well = sev]al weeks 9 vessels ( %eet z9c1 into :i* #e grams ( c>bon bisulphide _h be5 introduc$1 ! meat be+ ei!r simply hung on hooks or wrapp$ 9 clo?s & laid on p]=at$ %elves 9 ! vessels4 ,probably a small] quantity ( ! bisulphide w\ld suffice4 ,meat also kept well = #fb days 9 a vessel 9 :i* c>bon bisulphide 0 lib]at$ by introduc+ potassium xan?ate & dilute sulphuric acid4 ,fre%ly bak$ bread1 vegetables1 & fruits ( all k9ds 7asp>agus1 radi%es1 "y beans1 cucumb]s1 /rawb]ries1 raspb]ries1 currants1 *]ries1 pea*es1 apricots1 lemons1 c471 & juices ( fruits kept p]fectly well 9 glass vessels1 into :i* c>bon bisulphide has be5 introduc$1 9 ! proportion ( #e-aj drops = ea* litre ( capacity4 ,bread1 vegetables1 & fruit ?us pres]v$ are fit to eat aft] simple exposure to ! air1 & _c be di/+ui%$ by ta/e or o!r qualities 7except a slight loss ( col\r 9 "s fruits7 f fre% bread1 c4 ,meat reta9s ev5 aft] exposure to air ! disagreeable od\r ( c>bon bisulphide4 ,b besides ?is od\r1 :i* disappe>s on boil+ or roa/+1 ! meat has a slight smell ( ! volatile fatty acids & ! ta/e ( game4 ,to mo/ p1 h[ev]1 ?is ta/e is n unpleasant4 ,! pres5ce ( fatty acids is to be attribut$ to decomposition tak+ place 9 ! int]ior ( ! meat1 & n prev5table by ! c>bon bisulphide1 ! function ( :i* is m]ely to kill g]ms pres5t 9 ! air or on ! surface ( sub/ances submitt$ to its influ5ce4 b4 ,by ,hugo ,s*iff 7',deut4 ,*em4 ,ges4 ,b]41' ix1 #hbh74 ,cocoons ( silkworms :i* _h be5 kill$ by exposure to ! vap\rs ( c>bon disulphide und]w5t no *ange dur+ six mon?s' keep+ 9 flasks 9 ! laboratory4 ,! bodies ( "s pigs :i* _h be5 us$ = physiological exp]im5ts 7 put into a /opp]$ vessel ) a few c4 c4 ( c>bon disulphide 9 #ahfi1 & h be5 p]fectly pres]v$ )\t decomposition4 ,! same result 0 obta9$ ) a liz>d #ce-de c5timetres long1 :i* _h be5 suffocat$ accid5tally 9 #ahfi1 & 0 bottl$ :ole4 ,9 ?is case a small quantity ( liquid collect$ at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 & ! gre5 hue ( ! sk9 became a dirty greyi% gre51 b n ! slighte/ putrefaction occurr$4 ,simil> results 7 obta9$ ) ! inte/9es ( p\ltry imm]s$ 9 wat] 9 #ahgb ) a little c>bon disulphide1 9 a bottle ) a greas$ /opp]2 ) a lump ( beef weigh+ #bjj grams2 & ) ! body ( a f9* kill$ ) p>acon9e4 ,! beef yield$ a normal fle% fluid1 & 0 eat5 by a dog )\t hesitation ev5 aft] sev]al mon?s4 ,purification4--#a4 ,x is /at$ t ! od\r ( sulphide ( c>bon c be readily remov$ by all[+ x to /& ov] m]cury or corrosive sublimate = "s "t1 & !n r$i/ill+4 #b4 ,! foll[+ me?od by ,k]n is /at$ by him to be ! be/ = purify+ sulphide ( c>bon3--,! impure product is well mix$ 9 a tall glass vessel ) "s lead nitrate1 & ) a small quantity ( metallic lead4 ,:5 ! salt turns d>k ! liquid is p\r$ into ano!r vessel ) a fre% quantity ( ! lead salt2 & s on until ! salt rema9s ne>ly :ite :ile mix$ ) ! liquor4 ,! sulphide ( c>bon is !n plac$ 9 a retort1 & di/ill$ ov] into a well-cool$ receiv]4 #c4 ,m4 ,yvon proposes a process :i* consi/s 9 add+ copp] turn+s to ! sulphide2 no slak+ is necess>y4 ,! sulphide soon becomes ne>ly col\rless1 & loses its usually unpleasant od\r4 ,mill] says r$uc$ copp] produces ! same result4 ,c>bon sulphide is employ$ !rapeutically 9 doses ( #b drops1 gradually increas$ to #e1 z a sudorific 9 rheumatism4 ,x is also dropp$ 7#dj to #ej drops7 on ! "p1 to promote ! r$uction ( /rangulat$ h]nia4 ,ext]nally1 x is employ$ 9 l9im5ts = rheumatic pa9s4 ,,c>',,bonate1 a salt 9 :i* ! hydrog5 ( 7hypo!tical7 c>bonic acid 7,h#b;,,co#c7 is replac$ by a metal or o!r basic radical4 ,prep41 c4 ,! processes by :i* ! comm]cial c>bonates & _m o!rs are prep>$ are describ$ "u ! respective bases4 ,mo/ ( ! e>?y c>bonates are f\nd abundantly 9 nature4 ,9 g5]al ! salts ( ?is class may be =m$ by add+ an alkal9e c>bonate to a salt ( ! metal 9 solution by d\ble decomposition4 ,prop4 ,! c>bonates ( ! alkalies are soluble 9 wat]2 ^? ( ! o!r bases are = ! mo/ "p insoluble1 except ! wat] is highly *>g$ ) c>bonic acid4 ,f mo/ ( !m c>bonic anhydride or anhydr\s c>bonic acid c be easily expell$ by heat4 ,te/s4 ,! c>bonates are easily di/+ui%$ by ! foll[+ reactions3--,!y dissolve ) eff]vesc5ce 9 hydro*loric acid & 9 mo/ o!r acids2 9 "s cases a g5tle heat is requir$ to promote ! dis5gagem5t ( ! gas4--,! gas evolv$ 9 ! la/1 pass$ into lime wat] & b>yta wat]1 occasions :ite precipitates1 :i* r$issolve 9 acids ) eff]vesc5ce1 & aft] ! solution has be5 boil$ are n reprecipitat$ by liquor ( ammonia4--,*loride ( calcium & *loride ( b>ium give :ite precipitates 9 solutions ( ! neutral alkal9e c>bonates1 b 9 solutions ( ! alkal9e bic>bonates only aft] ebullition2 & ! precipitates are readily soluble ) eff]vesc5ce 9 acetic acid4 ,e/im4 ,! quantity ( ! metal 9 an alkal9e or e>?y c>bonate may be easily det]m9$ by ! ord9>y volumetric me?ods ( alkalimetry 7:i* see71 & ! quantity ( c>bonic acid1 by ! me?od ( ,fres5ius & ,w 7see ,,alkalimetry74 ,! app>atus figur$ on next page1 or pref]ably t %[n 9 ! article on ,,alkalimetry1 may be us$ in/ead ( ! m complicat$ contrivance ( ! ,g]man *emi/s4 ,a weigh$ sample ( ! c>bonate to be exam9$ is plac$ 9 ! flask a along ) a little wat]1 & ! small tube1 b1 fill$ ) ei!r sulphuric or hydro*loric acid1 is c>efully introduc$4 ,! cork1 ) its *loride ( calcium tube1 d1 is !n fitt$ to ! flask1 & ! :ole app>atus v accurately weigh$4 ,on incl9+ ! app>atus ! acid escapes ov] ! side ( ! small tube1 & mix+ ) ! liquor 9 ! flask1 expels ! c>bonic acid ( ! c>bonate1 :i* is !n dri$ by pass+ ov] ! *loride ( calcium4 ,aft] eff]vesc5ce has ceas$ heat %\ld be appli$ to ! bottom ( ! flask1 until x be fill$ ) /eam1 to expel ! c>bonic gas x conta9s4 ,! loss ( weight gives ! weight ( ! c>bonic acid gas t 0 conta9$ 9 ! sample4 ,! quantity ( c>bonic acid 9 ! c>bonates ( ! metals t d n conta9 wat] may be det]m9$ by heat+ !m to r$ness 9 a plat9a crucible4 ,illu/ration3 a1 ,flask conta9+ ! sample ( c>bonate = exam9ation1 /opp$ by a closely fitt+ cork1 ?r\gh :i* passes ! b5t tube c4 b1 ,a small tube1 suffici5tly long to ma9ta9 a slant+ position )\t fall+1 fill$ ) sulphuric or hydro*loric acid4 c1 ,a b5t tube1 connect+ ! flask ) d4 d1 ,horizontal tube1 fill$ ) small fragm5ts ( fus$ or dri$ *loride ( calcium1 ) a f9e orifice at ! extremity e4 ,,c>bonic ,,acid4 ,h#b;,,co#c4 ,true c>bonic acid has n yet be5 obta9$ 9 any satisfactory condition1 al?\gh ! solution ( c>bonic anhydride 7(t5 call$ c>bonic acid71 or anhydr\s c>bonic acid1 is g5]ally reg>d$ z su*4 ,x =ms ) bases an important s]ies ( salts1 call$ ! c>bonates1 by d\ble decomposition4 ,,c>bonic ,,anhydride4 ,,co#b4 ,syn4 ,,c>bonic ,,acid1 ,,c>bon ,,dioxide1 ,,fix$ ,,air1 ,,*oke ,,damp2 ,,acide ,,c>bonique1 ,fr42 ,,kohl5 ,s,,ure1 ,g]4 ,a comp\nd =m$ by ! *emical union ( c>bon & oxyg54 ,hi/4 ,van ,helmont recognis$ c>bonic acid z a peculi> gas4 ,dr ,black1 9 #ageg1 prov$ t x 0 a con/itu5t ( lime/one1 & gave x ! "n ( fix$ air2 he also %[$ t ! cau/icity ( alkalies dep5d$ on its abs5ce4 ,b]gmann fir/ describ$ x z an acid1 apply+ to x ! t]m arial acid4 ,lavoisi]1 9 #aggf1 e/abli%$ its true nature1 & gave x ! "n x n[ be>s4 ,f>aday1 9 #ahbc1 by pressure at an extremely l[ temp]ature1 r$uc$ c>bonic acid to a liquid1 & a few ye>s lat] ,?iloria & ,brunel obta9$ x 9 ! solid =m4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,c>bonic acid is a con/itu5t ( ! atmosph]e1 its pres5ce be+ ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( vegetable life on ! globe4 ,x issues f ! e>? 9 _m situations1 z ! ,grotto del ,cane 9 ,italy1 ! ,valley ( ,poison 9 ,java1 & ne> ! ,lake ( ,laa* 9 ,g]many4 ,x gives to _m m9]al spr+s _! sp>kl+ brilliancy1 & is held 9 solution by all natural wat]s4 ,comb9$ ) ! bases1 lime & magnesia especially1 x exi/s 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,x is ! *ief product ( combu/ion1 & "o ( ! products ( f]m5tation4 ,x is always be+ exhal$ by animals 9 ! process ( respiration1 & 9 small] quantities by plants at night or 9 ! %ade4 ,x =ms ! t]rible *oke-damp or aft]-damp ( ! coal m9es4 ,x is ! gas dis5gag$ dur+ ! eff]vesc5ce ( soda wat] & o!r arat$ dr9ks1 & ! cause ( ! fre%ness ( newly-drawn be]4 ,prep4 ,hydro*loric acid1 #a "p1 dilut$ ) wat]1 #d or #e p>ts1 is p\r$ ^u fragm5ts ( :ite m>ble1 previ\sly plac$ 9 a suitable g5]at+ app>atus4#bcg ,footnote #bcg3 ,a l>ge flask1 provid$ ) a b5t glass tube = convey+ ! gas1 & a tube-funnel = introduc+ ! acid1 is ! mo/ conv5i5t =m ( app>atus4 ,a tubulat$ retort may be us$1 b ! g5]at+ flask or bottle is to be pref]r$4 ,c>bonic acid is rapidly evolv$1 & may be collect$1 ) "s loss1 ov] wat] 9 ! pneumatic tr\gh4 ,if requir$ dry1 ! gas mu/ be pass$ ov] fragm5ts ( fus$ *loride ( calcium1 plac$ 9 a l>ge tube1 or ?r\gh a small quantity ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & collect$ by displacem5t or ov] m]cury4 ,f oil ( vitriol1 #a "p2 wat]1 #f p>ts2 & *alk or :it+1 #a-a_/d "p2 mix$ 9 a suitable vessel1 apply+ agitation4 ,prop4 ,"u ord9>y conditions c>bonic acid is a col\rless1 non-inflammable1 irrespirable gas1 possess+ a slightly pung5t od\r1 & an acidul\s ta/e4 ,wat] absorbs its own volume ( ?is gas1 & by pressure may be made to take up enorm\s quantities1 =m+ c>bonat$ or arat$ wat]4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #aebj2 h5ce x may be p\r$ f "o vessel to ano!r l wat]4 ,by a pressure ( ?irty atmosph]es at #cb ,fahr4 x is liquefi$1 ! pressure requir$ decreas+ z ! temp]ature gets l[]4 ,at -#id ,fahr4 x solidifies into a vitre\s transp>5t mass4 ,c>bonic acid1 ev5 :5 greatly dilut$ ) air1 _c be inhal$ )\t ins5sibility foll[+4 ,an atmosph]e conta9+ m ?an its natural quantity ( gas 7#a "p 9 #bejj p>ts by measure7 acts ^u ! sy/em z a n>cotic poison2 h5ce ! dang] ( ov]-cr[d$ rooms4 ,x is a non-support] ( combu/ion1 at once ext+ui%+ a light$ c&le1 gas-jet1 or ev5 a piece ( burn+ phosphorus1 :5 ^! are plac$ 9 a j> ( ! gas4 ,te/s4 ,x feebly r$d5s litmus pap]1 ext+ui%es ! flame ( a burn+ tap]1 & =ms a :ite precipitate 9 aque\s solutions ( lime & b>yta1 :i* is soluble 9 acetic acid4 ,by ! la/ te/ a v small quantity ( ?is gas may be easily detect$ 9 ! atmosph]e ( rooms1 c4 ,a light$ c&le is g5]ally us$ to te/ an atmosph]e suspect$ to conta9 c>bonic acid3 b x is f\nd t air t w support combu/ion w conta9 suffici5t ( ?is gas to cause ins5sibility4 ,ant41 c4 ,! pati5t %\ld be imm$iately remov$ into ! op5 air1 & plac$ on 8 back ) ! head slightly rais$4 ,cold wat] %\ld be da%$ ov] ! body1 hot wat] or mu/>d p\ltices appli$ to ! feet1 & ammonia 7c>efully7 to ! no/rils4 ,br&y-&-wat] & o!r /imulants may be adm9i/]$4 ,cont9u$ friction on ! surface ( ! body is also v useful4 ,if ! pati5t has ceas$ to brea! artificial respiration %\ld be attempt$4 ,?is may be done by g5tly press+ d[n ! ribs1 & =c+ up ! diaphragm1 & !n sudd5ly )draw+ ! pressure4 ,! inhalation ( air1 mix$ ) v little *lor9e gas1 has also be5 recomm5d$4 ,wells1 cell>s1 or o!r und]gr\nd ap>tm5ts1 conta9+ c>bonic acid 9 poison\s quantities1 may be fre$ f ?is gas by pump+ x out 9 ! same way z wat]1 obs]v+ to all[ ! suction hose to fully rea* ! floor or bottom ( ! place4 ,fre% slak$ lime or milk ( lime1 copi\sly ?r[n 91 w h a l effect1 by absorb+ ! gas4 ,free v5tilation1 :5ev] x c be e/abli%$1 is1 h[ev]1 n only ! *eape/1 b ! mo/ effici5t rem$y4 ,see ,,asphyxia4 ,,c>bon',,ic ,,oxide4 ,,co4 ,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,( ,,c>bon1 ,,c>bon ,,monoxide1 ,,ga',,se\s ,,oxide ,,( ,,c>bon2 ,,oxy',,dum ,,c>bon',,icum1 ,l4 ,a gase\s comp\nd ( c>bon & oxyg51 conta9+ less oxyg5 ?an is conta9$ 9 c>bonic acid4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f c>bonic acid gas pass$ ov] fragm5ts ( *>coal1 heat$ to r$ness 9 a tube ( porcela9 or iron4 #b4 ,f cry/allis$ oxalic acid1 g5tly heat$ ) #e or #f times its weight ( /rong sulphuric acid 9 a glass retort4 #c4 ,f f]rocyanide ( potassium 9 f9e p[d]1 & #h or #aj times its weight ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 heat$ toge!r 9 a glass retort4 ,obs4 ,all ! processes except ! la/ give a mixture ( c>bonic acid & oxide4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to pass ! gas ?r\gh a cau/ic alkal9e solution or milk ( lime to deprive x ( c>bonic acid4 ,x may !n be pass$ ov] dri$ *loride ( calcium1 to deprive x ( moi/ure4 ,x may be collect$ ei!r ov] m]cury or wat]1 z ! latt] absorbs v little ( ?is gas4 ,prop4 ,c>bonic oxide is col\rless1 inodor\s1 neutral1 inflammable1 & irrespirable4 ,x is extremely poison\s1 #a mix$ ) air be+ suffici5t to cause dang]\s dr[s9ess4 ,! dea?s produc$ by ! combu/ion ( *>coal 9 close rooms are n[ attribut$ to ?is gas4 ,! antidotes1 c41 are ! same z = poison+ f inhal+ c>bonic acid4 ,,c>',,buncle4 ,a l>g] siz$ & dang]\s =m ( boil1 att5d$ by ext5sive sl\gh+4 ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 lanc+1 p\ltic+1 & ! adoption ( a g5]\s diet1 ) w9e & /imulants4 ,! saf] plan1 h[ev]1 is to seek ! advice ( a m$ical man4 ,,c>',,burett$ ,,hy',,drog54 ,see ,,hydrog54 ,,c>d',,amom4 ,syn4 ,,c>d',,amum2 ,,c>damo',,mum1 ,b4 ,p4 ,! se$ or fruit ( ! ,elett>ia ,c>damomum =ms ! (fic9al c>damom4 ,x is w>m1 pung5t1 c>m9ative1 & /oma*ic1 & is l>gely us$ z a condim5t 9 ! ,ea/1 & 9 ,europe z an adjuvant 9 o!r m$ic9es4 ,sev]al k9ds ( c>damoms us$ m$ic9ally & z spices are produc$ by ! g5us ,amomum1 belong+ to ! natural ord] ,z+ib]ace1 ! ,g+] family4 ,,c>d',,bo>d4 ,c>dbo>d1 or siz$ pa/ebo>d1 is made ( two to fifte5 %eets ( siz$ pap]1 press$ & /a9$4 ,!re are v>ieties ( c>dbo>d kn[n z ,bri/ol-bo>d1 ,london-bo>d1 ! =m] be+ l>gely us$ = wat]-col\r draw+s1 m\nt+-bo>d1 ornam5tal bo>d1 c4 ,,c>',,m9atives4 ,m$ic9es t allay flatul5cy & spasmodic pa9s4 ,among ! pr9cipal c>m9atives are ,,anise$1 ,,c>away ,,se$1 ,,c>damoms1 ,,cassia1 ,,c9namon1 ,,g+]1 ,,pepp]m9t1 & ! ,,pepp]s4 ,to ^! may be add$ ,,ard5t ,,spirits1 & mo/ ( ! ,,aromatic ,,ess5ces & ,,t9ctures4 ,see ,,mixtures1 ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es1 c4 ,,c>',,m9e4 ,syn4 ,,c>m9e ,,r$1 ,,vegetable ,,sc>let2 ,,c>mi',,num1 ,l4 ,a beautiful r$ pigm5t prep>$ f ! co*9eal insect4 ,prep4 ,! prep>ation ( c>m9e is little und]/ood1 b success 9 its manufacture dep5ds less on any my/]y connect$ ) ! process ?an on ! employm5t ( ! pure/ wat] & ! be/ mat]ials1 & ! ex]cise ( mod]ate c>e1 dext]ity1 & pati5ce4 ,! foll[+ =ms w produce c>m9e ( ! ri*e/ hues d[n to ord9>y & common1 accord+ to ! skill possess$ by ! manipulator4 #a4 7,madame ,c5ette's process47 ,co*9eal 79 p[d]71 #b lbs41 is boil$ 9 pure riv] wat]1 #ae galls41 = #b h\rs1 :5 ref9$ saltpetre 7bruis$71 #c oz41 is add$ to ! decoction1 & ! :ole boil$ = #c or #d m9utes long]2 salt ( sorrel1 #d oz41 is next add$1 & ! boil+ aga9 r5ew$ = #aj or #ab m9utes2 ! heat is n[ remov$1 & ! liquid all[$ to settle = ab\t #d h\rs1 aft] :i* "t x is decant$ ) a syphon into %all[ plate-l vessels1 & set aside = ?ree weeks4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! film ( m\ld :i* has =m$ on ! surface is dext]\sly & c>efully remov$1 )\t break+ x or di/urb+ ! liquid b5ea? x4 ,! rema9+ fluid is next v c>efully remov$ ) a syphon1 & ! adh]+ moi/ure1 z f> z possible1 dra9$ (f1 or suck$ up ) a pipette4 ,! residuum1 :i* is ! c>m9e1 is dri$ 9 ! %ade1 & possesses extraord9>y lu/re & beauty4 #b4 7,alxon or ,langlois' process47 ,p[d]$ co*9eal1 #a lb41 is boil$ 9 riv] wat]1 #d galls41 = #aj m9utes1 :5 c>bonate ( soda1 #c_/d oz41 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #a p9t1 is add$1 & ! :ole aga9 boil$ = #a_/b h\r long]2 :5 ! decoction is cold1 alum 79 f9e p[d]71 #c_/d oz41 is ?r[n 91 & ! liquid agitat$ rapidly until x is entirely dissolv$2 aft] #bj m9utes' repose x is decant$ into ano!r vessel1 & cl>ifi$ by heat+ x ) ! :ites ( #b eggs2 ! p]fectly cle> liquid is !n all[$ to repose = #dj m9utes or long]1 :5 x is decant$1 & ! c>m9e :i* x has deposit$ is collect$1 dra9$ on a filt]1 & dri$ on %all[ plates cov]$ ) silv] pap]4 ,! product by ei!r ( ! above processes v>ies f #i-a_/b to #aj on ! weight ( ! co*9eal employ$ 9 !m4 #c4 7,*9a or ,_s process47 ,co*9eal1 #a lb41 is boil$ = #ae m9utes1 9 wat]1 #c galls41 p[d]$ alum1 #a dr41 is next add$1 & ! :ole aga9 boil$ = #e or #f m9utes2 :5 ! liquid has become cold1 ! cle> portion is decant$1 & aga9 heat$1 ! solution ( t9 7spirits ( t97 cauti\sly dropp$ 9 until all ! c>m9e is precipitat$2 x is collect$1 dra9$1 & dri$1 z be=e4 ,prod4 #a-a_/b oz4 #c4 7,fr5* process47 ,f co*9eal 79 p[d]71 #a lb41 boil$ = #ae m9utes1 9 wat]1 #c galls42 cream ( t>t> 79 p[d]71 #a oz41 is !n add$1 ! boil+ fur!r cont9u$ = #aj m9utes1 & p[d]$ alum #a-a_/b oz41 ?r[n 92 aft] ano!r #b m9utes' boil ! heat is )drawn1 & 9 #e or #f m9utes m ! cle> portion is decant$ into porcela9 vessels1 :i* are set aside until ! c>m9e falls d[n4 #d4 7,g]man process47 ,p[d]$ co*9eal1 #a lb41 wat]1 #d galls42 boil #ae m9utes1 add p[d]$ alum1 #a oz42 boil #c m9utes long]1 remove ! heat1 all[ ! liquor to settle = #e m9utes1 p\r (f ! cle> portion into porcela9 or e>!nw>e vessels1 & set !m aside = #c or #d days4 ,! c>m9e is f\nd deposit$ on ! bottom ( ! vessel1 & mu/ be n[ c>efully dra9$ & dri$1 z be=e4 ,! decant$ liquor yields m c>m9e by /&+ 9 fre% vessels4 ,product4 ,ab\t #a-a_/b oz42 besides #a_/b oz41 or m1 ( an inf]ior quality obta9$ z a second deposit4 #e4 7,engli% process47 ,f co*9eal1 #a lb41 & c>bonate ( pota%1 #a_/b oz41 boil$ 9 wat]1 #g galls41 = #ae m9utes2 ! vessel is !n remov$ f ! fire1 & p[d]$ alum1 #a oz41 add$2 ! liquor is !n well agitat$ & all[$ to settle = ab\t #ae m9utes long]2 ! cle> liquid is next decant$ into a clean copp]1 & is+lass1 #a_/b oz41 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #a p9t 7& /ra9$71 add$2 z soon z a coagulum =ms ^u ! surface1 ! heat is remov$1 & ! liquid is /rongly agitat$ ) a bone or silv] spatula1 aft] :i* x is all[$ to repose = #bj or #cj m9utes4 ,! deposit$ c>m9e mu/ be dra9$ & dri$1 z be=e4 ,obs4 ,! be/ black co*9eal is g5]ally us$ = ! prep>ation ( c>m9e4 ,= ord9>y qualities spirits ( t9 7bi*loride7 is add$ to ! decoction z a precipitant1 & ! liquid be+ put into suitable vessels 7wa%-h& bas9s answ] v well71 a deposit ( c>m9e sl[ly takes place4 ,nei!r exposure to sol> light nor artificial heat is advisable dur+ ! dry+1 b ! latt] mu/ nev]!less be effect$ ) all possible exp$ition4 ,h5ce ! f9] %ades ( c>m9e c only be successfully made dur+ c]ta9 /ates ( wea!r2 z 9 v hot wea!r ! liquid rapidly s\rs or f]m5ts1 & ! deposit is m or less dissolv$2 :il/ 9 dull1 damp wea!r x is difficult to dry ! precipitate suffici5tly1 :i* is !n apt to become m\ldy1 & to lose col\r4 ,! rese>*es ( ,pelleti] & ,cav5t\ t5d to %[ t ! solution ( t9 us$ z a precipitant %\ld be at ! maximum ( oxidation or *lor9ation1 to produce ! ri*e/ %ades ( c>m9e4 ,t fir/ deposit$ is1 9 all cases1 ! mo/ beautiful1 & ! quality gradually det]iorates z ! process proce$s4 #f or #g dr4 only ( c>m9e ( ! v f9e/ quality c h5ce be obta9$ f #a lb4 ( co*9eal4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure c>m9e is a v light1 lu/r\s1 sc>let p[d]1 entirely soluble 9 ammonia1 a te/ by :i* its purity is readily det]m9$4 ,mr ,w>r5 ,de la ,rue says ! pure col\r+ pr9ciple ( co*9eal is c>m9ic acid4 ,by dige/+ ammonia on c>m9e until all ! col\r is tak5 up1 filt]+ & add+ acetic acid & alcohol1 till ! :ole is precipitat$2 & la/ly1 c>efully wa%+ ! precipitate ) _s ( w9e1 at pro(1 & dry+ 9 ! %ade1 c>m9e ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ lu/r\s hue may be obta9$ ev5 f samples ( inf]ior quality4 ,uses1 c4 ,z a pigm5t 9 velvet & m9iature pa9t+1 & = t9t+ artificial fl[]s1 & z r\ge = ! complexion4 ,! p[d]$ co*9eal 7c>m9e gr\nds71 f :i* ! col\r$ liquor 7liquid r\ge1 c>m9e liquor7 has be5 decant$1 is us$ by ! pap] /a9]s1 & bo? are us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( c>m9at$ lake4 ,c>m9e1 ,blue4 ,see ,,indigo4 ,c>m9e1 ,li'quid4 ,syn4 ,,fluid ,,c>m9e1 ,,liquid ,,r\ge1 ,,c>m9e ,,ink4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a solution ( c>m9e 9 ammonia wat]1 or spirits ( h>t%orn4 ,v ri* & beautiful4 #b4 ,! residual liquor ( ! process ( mak+ c>m9e4 ,inf]ior4 ,! fir/ is us$ 9 velvet & m9iature pa9t+1 & = t9t+ artificial fl[]s2 ! second = common purposes1 z a /a9 or wa%4 ,c>m9e1 ,pur'ple4 ,see ,,murexide4 ,,c>m9',,ic ,,acid4 ,c#ad;,h#ad,o#h4 ,prep4 7,w4 ,de la ,rue47 ,! p[d]$ insect1 aft] treatm5t ) e!r to remove ! fat1 is dige/$ 9 wat]4 ,! decoction ( co*9eal is precipitat$ by add+ a solution ( acetate ( lead1 & ! impure c>m9ate ( lead ?us =m$1 aft] be+ wa%$ ) wat]1 is susp5d$ 9 wat]1 & decompos$ by a /ream ( sulphurett$ hydrog52 ! :ole process is repeat$ ) ! decant$ solution s obta9$2 ! second solution is !n evaporat$ to dryness 79 vacuo ov] sulphuric acid71 dissolv$ 9 absolute alcohol1 dige/$ on "s wa%$ crude c>m9ate ( lead 7to sep>ate a little phosphoric acid71 &1 la/ly1 mix$ ) e!r 7to precipitate "s nitrog5is$ matt]72 ! residuum obta9$ by c>eful evaporation 79 vacuo7 is pure c>m9ic acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,a purple-br[n mass1 yield+ a ri*-r$ p[d]2 x is freely soluble 9 wat] & alcohol2 slightly soluble 9 e!r2 & )\t decomposition 9 oil ( vitriol2 x is feebly acid2 its salts are t]m$ c>m9ates1 only two or ?ree ( :i* h be5 exam9$4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,de la ,rue1 ?is acid con/itutes ! pure col\r+ matt] ( co*9eal4 ,,c>nauba ,,root4 ,! root ( ! corypha c]if]a1 a wax-be>+ palm1 gr[+ on ! %ores ( ! ,rio ,francisco1 9 ,brazil4 ,dr ,c4 ,symes 7see ',ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1' #crd s]ies1 v1 #ffa7 says3--,two bales ( ?is root h be5 import$ into ,liv]pool1 ) ! foll[+ rem>ks 9 ,portuguese3--,?is root is recognis$ by ! pr(essor z an excell5t purify+ ag5t1 & has be5 successfully appli$ 9 ! cure ( v>i\s diseases aris+ f impurity ( ! blood4 ,we are inde$ a/oni%$ t x is n m widely kn[n1 z its !rapeutic qualities1 :i* are wor?y ( full cr$5ce1 rival ^? ( s>sap>illa4 ,! c>nauba root likewise has a diuretic p[]1 & possesses unusual efficacy1 9 ! cure ( acute & *ronic bl5norrhoez4 ,x is1 fur!rmore1 v cool+1 & displays a vigor\s action 9 purify+ ! blood4 ,mr ,cleav]1 :o submitt$ ! root to analysis1 f\nd x to conta9 v m9ute quantities ( an alkaloid1 an acrid res9\s body1 a r$ col\r+ matt]1 a v>iety ( tannic acid1 & a small portion ( volatile oil4 ,,c>oba4 ,! leaves ( a tree belong+ to ! family ,bignoniace1 employ$ 9 ,brazil z a diaphoretic1 diuretic1 & alt]ative tonic4 ,dr ,alt /ates t he has us$ !m ext5sively1 & ) mu* success1 9 old-/&+ cases ( syphilitic eruptions1 & aft] a c\rse ( m]curial treatm5t4 ,!y are usually adm9i/]$ ei!r 9 ! =m ( p[d] or decoction4 ,,c>ot',,ine4 ,c#ah;,h#bd,o4 ,a cry/all9e1 copp]-r$ sub/ance1 obta9$ f ! root ( ! ,daucus c>ota 7sativa7 or g>d5 c>rot4 ,x is ta/eless2 od\rless2 neutral2 fusible2 inflammable2 insoluble 9 e!r & wat]2 slightly soluble 9 alcohol2 & v soluble 9 ! mix$ & volatile oils4 ,,c>',,pets4 ,consid]ation ( cleanl9ess & economy dem& a few words on c>pets & he>?-rugs4 ,we are assur$ by an exp]i5c$ p]son t be=e proce$+ to sweep a c>pet1 a few h&fuls ( wa/e tea-leaves %\ld be spr9kl$ ov] x 7say "s five or six m9utes be=e74 ,a /iff hair broom or hair bru% only %\ld be employ$ unless ! c>pet be v dirty1 :5 a :isk or c>pet-broom may be us$ fir/1 foll[$ by ano!r made ( hair1 to take (f ! loose du/4 ,! frequ5t use ( a /iff c>pet-broom 7^? made ( cane or bir* are "h allud$ to7 soon we>s (f ! beauty ( ! be/ c>pet4 ,an ord9>y clo!s-bru%1 or a clean "o1 resembl+ ! dirt bru% us$ = %oes1 is be/ adapt$ = sup]ior c>pets4 ,:5 c>pets are v dirty !y %\ld be clean$ by %ak+ & beat+4 ,if y mu/ h a c>pet1 take x up two or ?ree times a ye>1 in/ead ( once4 ,a dirty c>pet lit]ally infects ! room3 if y consid] ! enorm\s quantity ( organic matt] f ! feet ( p com+ 91 :i* mu/ saturate x ?is is by no means surpris+4 7,miss ,night+ale47 ,9 lay+ d[n c>pets x is v advisable1 at fir/1 to cov] ! floor b5ea? !m ) l>ge %eets ( ?ick pap]1 s z to prev5t du/ f ris+ betwe5 ! bo>ds4 ,old drugget1 sack+1 matt+1 or any simil> sub/ance1 w effect ! same purpose1 & w1 moreov]1 mat]ially increase ! durability ( ! c>pet1 by pres]v+ x f ! contact ( ! h>d floor4 ,,brussels ,,c>pets may be clean$ ) ox-gall 7#a p9t to a pailful ( wat]71 & a scrubb+-bru%1 & floor-clo?2 aft]w>ds r9s+ !m 9 fre% wat] appli$ 9 ! same way4 ,!y %\ld be previ\sly p]fectly fre$ f du/ by beat+1 & %\ld be nail$ d[n be=e comm5c+ ! above op]ations4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to rub !m z dry z possible ) a clean dry floor-clo?4 ,a small portion only %\ld be done at a "t1 & a dry w9dy day select$ = ! purpose4 ,a c>pet treat$ 9 ?is mann] w be greatly refre%$ 9 col\r1 p>ticul>ly ! gre5s4 ,,kidd]m9/] ,,c>pets w sc>cely be> ! above treatm5t )\t becom+ s s(t z to get spe$ily dirty aga94 ,?is may 9 "s measure be prev5t$ by bru%+ !m ov] ) a hot weak solution ( size 9 wat]1 to :i* a little alum has be5 add$4 ,curd soap1 dissolv$ 9 hot wat]1 may be us$ in/ead ( ox-gall1 b x is m likely to injure ! col\rs if produc$ by false dyes4 ,:5 !re are spots ( grease on ! c>pet+ !y may be cov]$ ) curd soap1 dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 & rubb$ ) a bru% until ! /a9s are remov$1 :5 !y mu/ be clean$ ) w>m wat] z be=e4 ,! addition ( a little gall to ! soap r5d]s x m efficaci\s4 ,"s p]sons employ a mixture ( soap1 full]'s e>?1 & turp5t9e1 = ! same purpose4 ,b5zol rapidly removes ! grease /a9s1 & may be advantage\sly sub/itut$ = prep>ations ( soap4 ,,c>',,rage54 ,syn4 ,i'',,ri% ,,moss2 ,,*ondrus1 ,l4 ,! ,*ondrus crispus ( botani/s1 a well-kn[n alga or seawe$4 ,x conta9s a l>ge proportion ( a peculi> jelly1 call$ c>rage5'9 or pect'94 ,?is may be purifi$ by agitation ) dilute alcohol & filtration4 ,! jelly =ms an agreeable article ( diet4 ,x is us$ to a limit$ ext5t = ?ick5+ col\rs 9 calico pr9t+4 ,9 m$ic9e1 c>rage5 is us$ 9 ! =m ( a jelly & decoction z a demulc5t1 & is (t5 prescrib$ 9 pulmon>y compla9ts4 ,see ,,fixature1 ,,alg1 ,,pa/e1 ,,syrup4 ,,c>',,rot4 ,syn4 ,,c>o',,ta1 ,l4 ,! se$ is c>m9ative & diuretic2 ! express$ juice ( ! root is an!lm9tic4 ,scrap$ raw c>rot is sometimes employ$ z a /imulant application to sore nipples2 ! boil$ root z a p\ltice to sores & tum\rs4 ,z an article ( food1 unless "y & well dress$1 c>rots are r indige/ible4 ,c>rots c be kept = _m mon?s if ! tops are cut out1 & !y are !n plac$ 9 damp s&4 ,analysis ( ,c>rots4 ,wat] #hgcj ,album5oids #jff ,cellul> tissue1 gum1 & non-nitrog5\s sub/ance #bef ,sug> #eed ,fibre #cbj ,m9]al matt]s #gd ------ #ajjjj ,,c>',,?am94 ,c#ad;,h#af,o#g4 ,syn4 ,,pure ,,r\ge1 ,,saf',,fl[] ,,c>m9e1 ,,saffl[] ,,lake4 ,! r$ col\r+ matt] ( ,c>?amus t9ctorius or saffl[]1 =m]ly mu* us$ z a dye1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! =m ( p9k sauc]s = dye+ /ock+s4 ,prep4 #a4 ,saffl[]1 exhau/$ by wa%+ x ) wat] 7or ) wat] acidulat$ ) acetic acid71 is dri$1 co>sely pulv]is$1 & ! p[d] dige/$ 9 a weak solution ( c>bonate ( sodium2 pieces ( clean :ite cotton or calico are !n imm]s$ 9 ! solution1 & acetic acid gradually add$ 9 slight excess2 ! cotton is next wa%$1 dri$1 & dige/$ 9 a fre% quantity ( dilute solution ( c>bonate ( sodium1 & agitation employ$ until ! :ole ( ! col\r is aga9 dissolv$2 ! new solution is filt]$ & slightly sup]-saturat$ ) citric acid 7or acetic acid72 ! c>?am91 :i* falls d[n 9 ri* c>m9e-r$ flocks1 is la/ly wa%$ ) cold di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$4 #b4 ,wa%$ saffl[] 7dri$ & p[d]$71 any quantity2 aque\s solution ( c>bonate ( sodium 7conta9+ #ae ( c>bonate71 q4 s4 to =m a ?ick pa/e2 aft] "s h\rs press out ! r$ liquor1 ne>ly neutralise x ) acetic acid1 put 9 cotton z be=e1 & add acetic acid 9 slight excess2 ! next day remove ! cotton & wa% x 9 wat] hold+ 9 solution #e ( c>bonate ( sodium1 until ! col\r is dissolv$ out1 aft] :i* precipitate ) citric acid1 z be=e4 ,prop41 c4 ,an amorph\s1 brilliant1 gre5i% p[d]2 ne>ly insoluble 9 wat]1 soluble 9 alcohol1 =m+ a gorge\s purple solution1 & 9 weak alkal9e lyes giv+ an equally beautiful r$ "o4 ,,c>',,?amus4 ,syn4 ,,saf',,fl[]4 ,9 botany1 a g5us ( composite plants1 ! mo/ important species ( :i* is ,c>?amus t9ctorius1 ! saffl[]4 ,! florets ( ?is yield a beautiful p9k dye 7see above71 & are sometimes us$ to adult]ate hay saffron4 ,! cake saffron ( ! %ops consi/s entirely ( saffl[] & mucilage4 ,! fruits1 commonly call$ se$s1 yield by expression ! useful oil kn[n 9 ,india z ,koosum oil4 ,,c>um 7,,pty*otis7 ,,aj[an4 ,ind4 ,ph4 ,syn4 ,,ajwa9 or ,,omum ,,plant4 ,habitat4 ,tropical ,africa8 ,mu* cultivat$ 9 ,india4--,(fic9al "p4 ,! fruit 7,fructus ,pty*otis1 ,ajwa9 fruit74 ,occurs 9 ! =m ( m9ute umbellif]\s fruits1 :i*1 exam9$ ) a l5s1 are se5 to be cov]$ ) prom95t tub]cles1 extremely aromatic1 evolv+1 :5 rubb$1 a /rong od\r resembl+ t ( common ?yme4 ,ta/e some:at bitt]1 & v pung5t4 ,its virtues reside 9 a volatile oil4--,prop]ties4 ,valuable /imulant1 c>m9ative1 & antispasmodic4--,!rapeutic uses4 ,9 flatul5ce1 flatul5t colic1 atonic dyspepsia1 & di>rhoea1 x is a rem$y ( mu* value4 ,,oil ,,( ,,ajwa91 or ,,omum 7,oleum ,pty*otis74 ,! oil obta9$ by di/illation f ! fruit4 ,rec5tly prep>$1 col\rless1 b soon acquires a yell[i% t+e4 ,x has ! od\r ( ! fruit1 & an acrid burn+ ta/e4 ,sp4 gr4 ab\t #jhh4--;,dose1 #a to #c drops on sug> or 9 emulsion4 ,,ajwa91 ,,or ,,omum ,,wat] 7,aqua ,pty*otis74 ,take ( ajwa9 fruit1 bruis$1 #bj oz42 wat]1 #b galls4 ,di/il a gallon4--,dose1 #a to #b fluid ounces4 ,a valuable c>m9ative2 also useful 9 disguis+ ! ta/e ( disagreeable drugs1 especially ca/or oil1 & obviat+ _! t5d5cy to cause nausea & grip+4 ,,c>yoph',,yll94 ,c#aj;,h#af,o4 ,syn4 ,,clove ,,camphor1 ,,clove ,,res94 ,a cry/all9e sub/ance1 isom]ic ) ord9>y camphor1 :i* deposits f oil ( cloves 9 ne$les4 ,,c>yoph',,yllus4 ,see ,,clove4 ,,casc>il',,la4 ,syn4 ,,casc>ill ,,cortex 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,! b>k ( ,croton eleu!ria or ! seaside balsam1 a tree gr[+ 9 ! ,bahamas & ,jamaica4 ,x is an aromatic bitt]1 /oma*ic1 & tonic--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #cj gr41 9 ! =m ( p[d]1 infusion1 or t9cture2 9 di>rhoea1 dys5t]y1 dyspepsia1 l[ fev]s1 int]mitt5ts1 c4 ,,casc>il',,l9e4 ,syn4 ,,casc>il',,l9a4 ,prep4 7,duval47 ,casc>illa is exhau/$ ) cold wat] by p]colation1 precipitat$ ) acetate ( lead1 & ! filtrate treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog52 ! filt]$ liquid1 aft] agitation ) animal *>coal & filtration1 is g5tly evaporat$ to dryness4 ,! p[d] is r$issolv$ 9 boil+ alcohol & cry/allis$ by v sl[ or by spontane\s evaporation4 ,x has a bitt] ta/e & acid reaction2 its aque\s solution is unaffect$ by ! f]ric salts & t9cture ( galls4--,dose1 #a to #c gr42 9 dyspepsia1 c4 ,,case-,,h>d',,en+4 ,syn4 ,,/eel ,,sur',,fac+4 ,! op]ation ( giv+ a surface ( /eel to iron goods4 ,tools1 fire-irons1 f5d]s1 keys1 c41 are usually case-h>d5$4 ,process4 #a4 ,! goods 7f9i%$ 9 e respect b poli%+7 are put into an iron box1 & cov]$ ) animal or vegetable *>coal1 & cem5t$ at a r$ heat = a p]iod v>y+ ) ! size & description ( ! articles op]at$ on3 ^!1 :5 tak5 out1 are h>d5$ by plung+ into wat]1 or oil1 if !y are ( a delicate nature4 #b4 7,moxon47 ,c['s horn or ho( is bak$ or ?or\ghly dri$ & pulv]is$2 to ?is is add$ an equal quantity ( bay salt1 & ! :ole is made into a pa/e ) /ale *amb]-lye1 or :ite w9e v9eg>2 ! iron is cov]$ ) ?is mixture1 & b$d$ 9 x1 9 loam1 or inclos$ 9 an iron box4 ,9 ?is =m x is laid on ! he>? ( ! =ge to dry & h>d51 !n x is put into ! fire1 & bl[n till ! lump has a blood-r$ heat 7no high]74 ,x is h>d5$ z be=e4 #c4 ,coat ! goods ) a pa/e made ( a conc5trat$ solution ( prussiate ( pota% & loam2 !n expose !m to a /rong r$ heat1 & :5 x has fall5 to a dull r$1 plunge ! :ole into cold wat]4 #d4 ,! goods1 previ\sly poli%$ & f9i%$1 are heat$ to a bright-r$1 & rubb$ or spr9kl$ ov] ) prussiate ( pota%4 ,z soon z ! prussiate appe>s to be decompos$ & dissipat$ ! articles are plung$ into cold wat]4 ,obs4 ,! process ( case-h>d5+ has be5 well conduct$ :5 ! surface ( ! metal proves suffici5tly h>d to resi/ a file4 ,! la/ two plans are a great improvem5t ^u ! common me?od4 ,by ! topical application ( prussiate ( pota% 7f]rocyanide ( potassium7 any "p ( a piece ( iron may be case-h>d5$ )\t int]f]+ ) ! re/4 ,case-h>d5+ ,p[d]s4 ,syn4 ,,case-,,h>d5+ ,,compositions4 #a4 ,prussiate ( pota%1 dri$ & p[d]$4 #b4 ,prussiate ( pota%1 #c p>ts2 sal-ammoniac1 #a "p2 mix4 #c4 ,sal-ammoniac & bone-du/1 ( ea* #b p>ts2 prussiate ( pota%1 #a "p4 7,see above47 ,,ca',,se94 ,syn4 ,,ca',,seum1 ,,ca',,se91 ,,lactalbu',,m51 ,,album5 ,,( ,,milk4 ,! nitrog5\s pr9ciple ( milk4 ,*eese made f skimm$ milk & well press$ is ne>ly pure case94 7,liebig47 ,prep4 #a4 ,! curd obta9$ by add+ dilute sulphuric acid to milk is well wa%$ & dissolv$ 9 c>bonate ( soda4 ,x is all[$ to /& = #bd h\rs1 to let ! oil rise to ! surface1 & :5 ?is is prop]ly skimm$ (f1 ! case9 is precipitat$ by an acid4 ,! process is repeat$ a second "t1 & ! coagulum dige/$ ) alcohol & e!r1 & dri$4 ,) all ^! precautions ! case9 /ill conta9s "s sal9e matt] :i* _c be remov$4 #b4 ,milk is coagulat$ by hydro*loric acid1 & ! curd !n well wa%$ ) dilute acid1 & f9ally ) pure wat]4 ,! curd s prep>$ is dissolv$ by dige/ion at #aaj ,fahr41 ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]2 ! solution1 aft] filtration1 is coagulat$ ) c>bonate ( ammonia2 ! coagulum is wa%$ ) wat]1 e!r1 & alcohol1 & f9ally dri$4 ,prop41 c4 ,coagulat$ case9 is readily dissolv$ by ! alkalies & alkal9e c>bonates4 ,! mo/ rem>kable prop]ty ( case9 is its coagulation by c]ta9 animal membranes1 z 9 ! process ( *eese-mak+ ) r5net4 ,see ,,lact>94 ,,casks4 ,! c>e & managem5t ( casks is an important affair 9 a l>ge e/abli%m5t4 ,x is f\nd t !y la/ longe/ :5 /or$ ei!r 9 a dry situation1 or 9 "o uni=mly v moi/4 ,cont9ual v>iations f ! "o to ! o!r spe$ily rot !m4 ,z soon z casks are empti$ !y %\ld be bung$ d[n q air-tight1 ) z mu* c>e z if !y 7 full1 by :i* means !y w be pres]v$ bo? sweet & s\nd4 ,%\ld any ( ! hoops become loose !y %\ld be imm$iately driv5 up tight1 :i* w at once prev5t ! liability ( _! be+ lo/ or misplac$1 z well z ! casks f\l+ or becom+ mu/y f ! admission ( air4 ,= ?is purpose ^? out ( use %\ld be occasionally haul$ ov] & exam9$4 ,num]\s plans are adopt$ = ,,clean+ & ,,purify+ ,,casks1 among :i* are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,wa% !m well out ) oil ( vitriol1 dilut$ ) an equal weight ( wat]4 #b4 ,wa% !m fir/ ) a little *loride ( lime & w>m wat]1 & !n ) wat] s\r$ ) oil ( vitriol4 #c4 ,mat* !m ) sulphur1 or ) sulphur mix$ ) a little saltpetre4 #d4 ,unhead !m & :itewa% !m ) fre% milk ( lime1 made pretty /rong4 ,?is plan is commonly foll[$ = brew]s' vats4 #e4 ,remove ! heads1 & *> ! insides ( ! /aves by ! aid ( a fire ( %av+s k9dl$ )9 !m4 #f4 ,a simpl]1 saf]1 & m effectual me?od ( *>r+ !m ?an ! la/ is to wa% ! dry casks out ) /rong oil ( vitriol 7sp4 gr4 #ahed74 ,?is n only purifies ! surfaces ( ! /aves1 b p5etrates into all ! cracks1 "s ( :i* might escape ! action ( ! fire4 #g4 ,/eam has lately be5 appli$ to ! insides ( casks ) great advantage4 ,high-pressure /eam is driv5 9 at ! bung-hole1 at ! same "t t ! cask is viol5tly agitat$ 7a heavy *a9 hav+ be5 previ\sly put into x71 until all ! dirt & bad smell is remov$4 #h4 ,a lye ( pe>la% or soda1 mix$ ) milk ( lime1 z well z /rong hot br9e1 & o!r simil> liquors1 h be5 adopt$ by "s p]sons1 & are highly spok5 (4 #i4 ,! coop]s boil ! /aves = g9 casks 9 a /rong lye ( alum be=e plac+ !m toge!r1 to prev5t _! col\r+ ! _s1 b wa%+ ) oil ( vitriol is a bett] plan4 #aj4 ,"s p]sons fill mu/y casks ) wat] & add #c or #d lbs4 ( co>sely p[d]$ fre% burnt *>coal1 & agitate well = a few days4 #aa4 ,wa% ) bisulphite ( lime4 ,obs4 ,9 all ! above processes ! greate/ c>e mu/ be tak5 to scald or soak & well r9se out ! casks aft] ! treatm5t describ$4 ,see ,,brew+ ,,ut5sils1 ,,sporokton1 ,,mat*es1 c4 ,,cas',,s>eep4 ,! express$ juice ( ! sweet cassava1 conc5trat$ by heat & flav\r$ ) aromatics4 ,x is us$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies z a condim5t4 7,see bel[47 ,,cas',,sava4 ,a poison\s %rub cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & 9 _m p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica = ! sake ( ! />*y matt] conta9$ 9 its roots4 ,x belongs to ! natural ord] ,euphorbiace1 & is kn[n to botani/s "u ! names ,manihot utilissima 7,pohl71 ,janipha manihot 7,humboldt71 & ,jatropha manihot 7,l9n471 ! =m] be+ t n[ g5]ally adopt$4 ,! "n bitt] cassava is commonly giv5 to x 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 to di/+ui% x f ano!r species ( ! same g5us1 ,manihot aipi 7,pohl71 :i*1 f hav+ no poison\s prop]ties1 is nam$ ! sweet cassava4 ,! roots ( bo? species yield ! />*1 b ^? ( ! poison\s plant are ! ri*]4 ,! roots1 aft] be+ well wa%$ & scrap$1 are rasp$ or grat$1 & ! pulp ?us =m$ is subject$ to /rong pressure1 to expel ! poison\s juice :i* x conta9s4 ,! compress$ pulp is next ?or\ghly dri$ ov] ! fire1 be+ con/antly /irr$ ! :ole "t1 by :i* any rema9+ portion ( ! noxi\s juice is ei!r volatilis$ or decompos$4 ,x n[ =ms ,,cassava ,,meal4 ,:5 x is fur!r prep>$ by gr9d+1 x =ms ,,f9e ,,cassava ,,meal or ,,cassava ,,fl\r4 ,:5 ! compress$ pulp is bak$ on a hot plate1 x =ms ,,cassava ,,bread or ,,cassava ,,cakes1 ! flav\r ( :i* greatly resembles t ( ,scot* oat-cakes4 ,see ,,tapioca4 ,,cas',,sia4 ,9 botany1 a g5us ( ! natural ord] ,legum9os1 includ+ sev]al important m$ic9al plants4 ,! purg+ cassia1 ,cassia fi/ula 7,l9n471 produces pods conta9+ a s(t1 blacki% pulp4 7,see bel[1 also ,,s5na47 ,cassia ,pulp4 ,syn4 ,,cassia ,,pr,,p>a',,ta1 ,,cassi ,,pulpa 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,! cassia 7pods or fruit71 brok5 l5g?wise1 are mac]at$ 9 suffici5t di/ill$ wat] to cov] !m = six h\rs1 con/antly /irr+2 & ! purifi$ pulp /ra9$ ?r\gh a hair sieve1 & evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a confection 9 a wat] ba?4--,dose4 ,z a mild laxative1 #a to #b dr42 z a purgative1 #c_/d oz4 to #a-a_/b oz4 ,,cas',,solettes 7,sc5t$74 ,see ,,pa/illes & ,,p]fum]y4 ,,cas',,tor4 ,syn4 ,,ca/o'',,reum1 ,l4 7,b4 ,p47 ,! follicles ( ! prepuce ( ! ,ca/or fib] or beav]1 fill$ ) a peculi> secretion4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,a peculi> secretion f ! prputial follicles4 7,ph4 ,e4 & ,d47 ,x is (t5 sophi/icat$2 a fraud readily detect$ by ! abs5ce ( ! membran\s p>tition 9 ! int]ior ( ! bags1 z well z by ! alt]$ smell & ta/e4 7,ure47 ,russian ca/or1 :i* is v r>e1 may be di/+ui%$ by a t9cture ( #a-af? "p 9 alcohol1 be+ ( ! col\r ( deep %]ry1 :ile t ) ,am]ican ca/or is ( ! col\r ( ,london port]4 7,p]eira47--,dose1 #a to #b dr4 or m1 9 p[d] or made into pills2 9 n]v\s & spasmodic affections1 especially 9 hy/]ia1 epilepsy1 & o!r l diseases ( females4 ,,ca/or ,,cake4 ,! cru%$ & closely-press$ se$s ( ! ,ric9us communis1 aft] ! expression ( ! oil1 are said to be sometimes employ$ z a cattle food1 & h ! foll[+ composition3-- ,moi/ure #iie ,organic matt] #hajg ,phosphate ( lime & magnesia #ddi ,alkal9e salts #ahj ,s& #bfi ------ #ajjjj ,?is cake1 ev5 :5 mix$ ) l>ge quantities ( l9se$ cake1 c41 is int5sely poison\s4 ,a pupil ( ! ,editor /ates1 h[ev]1 t 9 ,india ca/or cake1 aft] exposure to ! sun1 is commonly & safely us$ z a food = cattle4 ,,cas',,tor ,,oil4 ,see ,,oils4 ,,cas',,tor94 ,syn4 ,,ca/or9',a1 ,,ca/oreum ,,camphor4 ,:5 ca/or is cut into small pieces & boil$ 9 ab\t #f times its weight ( alcohol1 cry/all9e sub/ance 7ca/or97 is deposit$ by ! filt]$ t9cture 9 cool+4 ,by re-solution 9 alcohol x may be obta9$ "u ! =m ( col\rless1 prismatic1 acicul> cry/als4 ,obs4 ,g5u9e ,russian ca/or1 al?\gh ! mo/ exp5sive1 mu/ be employ$ 9 ! above process1 z sc>cely any ca/or9 c be obta9$ f ! ,am]ican v>iety4 ,prop41 c4 ,ca/or9 has ! od\r ( ca/or1 & a copp]y ta/e2 x is inflammable1 & is soluble bo? 9 e!r & hot alcohol4 ,,ca/s4 ,9 prep>+ ca/s & m\lds ) gelat91 wax1 fusible metal1 & simil> sub/ances1 x is important to use !m at ! l[e/ temp]ature compatible ) fluidity2 z :5 only a few degrees hott] ! wat] :i* adh]es to ! ?+s f :i* ! ca/s are tak5 is conv]t$ into vap\r1 & produces bubbles4 ,fusible metal may be all[$ to cool 9 a teacup until j ready to set at ! edges1 & !n p\r$ into ! m\lds4 ,9 ?is way beautiful ca/s f m\lds ( wood1 or ( o!r simil> sub/ances1 may be procur$4 ,:5 tak+ impressions f gems1 seals1 c41 ! fus$ alloy %\ld be plac$ on pap] or pa/ebo>d1 & /irr$ ab\t till x becomes pa/y1 f incipi5t cool+1 at :i* mom5t ! gem1 die1 or seal %\ld be sudd5ly /amp$ on x1 & a v %>p impression w !n be obta9$4 ,,catalep',,sy4 ,syn4 ,,trance2 ,,catalep',,sis1 ,,catalep',,sia1 ,l4 ,a disease 9 :i* ! organs ( s5se & motion cease to ex]cise _! functions1 & ! he>t & lungs feebly p]=m _! (fices1 & 9 a sc>cely p]ceptible mann]4 ,! p>oxysm g5]ally comes on )\t previ\s w>n+1 & its duration v>ies f a few m9utes to sev]al days1 & if m$ical reports are to be cr$it$1 sometimes = a mu* long] p]iod4 ,dr ,cull5 s]i\sly affirms t ?is disease is always c\nt]feit$4 ,treat4 ,ammoniacal /imulants appli$ to ! no/rils1 & spiritu\s liquors inject$ into ! /oma*1 ) g5]al friction ( ! body1 & free access to pure air are ! be/ rem$ies4 ,electricity & galvanism %\ld also be _h rec\rse to :5 ! necess>y app>atus is at h&4 ,,cat',,aplasms4 ,see ,,p\ltices4 ,,cat',,aract4 ,an opaque condition ( ! l5s ( ! eye4 ,x is a common cause ( bl9dness4 ,x c only be cur$ by a surgical op]ation4 ,,cat>rh'4 ,syn4 ,,cat>rh',,u1 ,l4 ,! cold 9 ! head1 or cold on ! *e/1 ( dome/ic m$ic9e4 ,influ5za is a sev]] =m ( ?is compla9t1 & has be5 call$ epidemic cat>rh4 ,! common symptoms ( cat>rh are a copi\s dis*>ge f ! eyes & nose1 a ho>s5ess1 & g5]ally a c\gh1 m or less sev]e4 ,! excit+ causes are sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature & exposure to curr5ts ( cold air :ile ! body is heat$2 h5ce ! frequ5cy ( colds 9 hot & *angeable wea!r4 ,treat4 ,a light diet %\ld be adopt$1 & animal food & f]m5t$ & spiritu\s liquors %\ld be p>ticul>ly avoid$4 ,"s mild ap]i5t %\ld be adm9i/]$2 & :5 ! symptoms are sev]e1 or fev] or heada*e is pres5t1 small diaphoretic doses ( antimonials1 accompani$ by copi\s draughts ( dilu5ts1 z b>ley wat]1 weak tea1 or gruel %\ld be tak54 ,?is treatm5t1 except 9 v bad cases1 w g5]ally effect a cure4 ,9 ,,horses cat>rh is caus$ by sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature1 draughts1 & faulty v5tilation4 ,let ! animal h pl5ty ( cool fre% air1 ! body be+ kept w>m by means ( horse-clo?s & b&ages4 ,if necess>y1 give a mild physic-ball1 or a cly/]2 keep x on a s(t1 laxative diet1 & give x an ounce ( nitre daily4 ,%\ld !re be sore ?roat or tr\blesome c\gh apply a mild bli/] ( can?>ides or mu/>d4 ,! foll[+ w be f\nd a s]viceable mixture3--,m5d]]us _s1 #a-a_/b oz42 sweet _s ( nitre1 #b dra*ms2 syrup ( sug>1 #a_/b oz42 camphor mixture1 en\gh to make a #f-oz4 mixture4 ,an adult may take two table-spoonfuls ( ?is mixture e #c or #d h\rs4 ,%\ld ! cold 9 ! head be sev]e & accompani$ ) c\gh1 x has be5 recomm5d$ to inhale ! vap\r ( pure wa%$ e!r by draw+ x alt]nately into ! no/rils f a wide-m\!d bottle hold+ ab\t an ounce1 & clut*+ x 9 ! w>m h& until ab\t a f\r? ( ! ounce has be5 volatilis$4 ,?is repeat$ two1 ?ree1 or f\r times 9 #dh h\rs is said to effect a cure )9 t "t4 ,p]sons liable to colds are advis$ to use ! cold ba?4 ,dr ,f]ri]'s ,rem$y = a ,cold 9 ! ,head4--,hydro*lorate ( morphia1 #b gr42 p[d]$ gum ,arabic1 #b dra*ms2 subnitrate ( bismu?1 #f dra*ms4 ,mix4 ,let a v small quantity be sniff$ up ! nose e five m9utes = #bj or #cj m9utes4 ,ano!r rem$y3 ,c>bolic acid1 #aj drops2 t9cture iod9e2 *lor(orm1 ( ea* #g-a_/b grams4 ,place a few drops 9 a te/-tube1 & heat cauti\sly ov] a _s-lamp1 & :5 x boils remove1 & inhale by ! nose4 ,repeat aft] a few m9utes4 ,two inhalations are said to be suffici5t to cure a cold 9 ! head4 7',ye>-book ( ,ph>macy4'7 ,,cat',,e*94 ,syn4 ,,cate*u',,ic ,,acid1 ,,res9\s ,,tan',,n94 ,:5 cubical gambir or cate*u1 9 p[d]1 is treat$ ) cold wat]1 a portion rema9s undissolv$4 ,?is is cate*94 ,by repeat$ solutions 9 alcohol x may be obta9$ "u ! =m ( :ite1 silky1 acicul> cry/als4 ,prop41 c4 ,cate*9 /rikes a gre5 col\r ) ! salts ( iron1 b does n precipitate gelat94 ,:5 dissolv$ 9 cau/ic potassa1 & ! solution expos$ to ! air1 x absorbs oxyg51 & japonic acid is =m$4 ,if1 in/ead ( cau/ic potassa1 c>bonate ( potassa is employ$1 x is conv]t$ into rutic acid4 ,,cat',,e*u4 ,syn4 ,,cas'',,hew1 ,,cut*1 ,,gam',,bir2 ,,cat',,e*u 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,t]',,ra ,,japon',,ica1 ,l42 ,,ca*\1 ,fr4 ,! extract f ! wood ( ,acacia ,cate*u1 or f ! leaf ( ,unc>ia ,gambir4 7,,pale ,,cate*u1 ,cate*u ,pallidum1 ,b4 ,p47 ,also ( ! k]nels ( areca cate*u2 probably1 too1 f o!r plants4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,! t]m is n[ appli$ to sev]al extracts simil> 9 appe>ance & prop]ties to t ( ,acacia ,cate*u4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( cate*u kn[n 9 comm]ce1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal are-- ,,cate*u1 ,,bombay4 ,firm1 brittle1 d>k br[n1 ( a uni=m texture1 & a glossy1 semi-res9\s1 & unev5 fracture1 ,sp4 gr4 #aci4 ,ri*ness 9 tann91 #eb4 ,,cate*u1 ,,b5gal4 ,ru/y br[n col\r ext]nally2 por\s1 & m friable ?an ! prec$+4 ,sp4 gr4 #abh4 ,ri*ness 9 tann91 #die4 ,,cate*u1 ,,malab>4 ,resembles ! la/ 9 appe>ance1 b is m brittle & gritty4 ,sp4 gr4 #adj4 ,ri*ness 9 tann91 #dee4 ,( ! above v>ieties ! fir/ is ! "o g5]ally employ$ 9 m$ic9e1 & :i* commonly passes by ! "n ( cate*u4 ,! second popul>ly passes "u ! "n ( t]ra ,japonica 7,japan e>?71 f ! old belief t x 0 ( m9]al orig94 ,,cate*u1 ,,pale1 is prep>$ at ,s+apore & 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago4 ,x g5]ally occurs 9 cubical r$di%-br[n pieces1 por\s1 bitt]1 & a/r+5t 9 ta/e4 ,entirely soluble 9 boil+ wat]2 ! solution1 :5 cold1 is n r5d]$ blue by iod9e4 ,( #ajj p>ts1 only #fj are dissolv$ by cold wat]1 & ! solution is bright4 ,?irty p>ts ( is+lass precipitate ! :ole ( ! a/r+5t matt]4--,te/4 ,sp4 gr4 #aci4 ,! pale cate*u be+ already 9 ! ,ed941 ! ,b4 ,p4 #ahfd reta9$ x ) ! black2 b ! black is ! "o adopt$ by all o!r ph>macopoeias1 & is pref]r$ 9 ! arts & manufactures2 x is well kn[n to be f> sup]ior to ! pale 9 a/r+5cy1 & is always to be _h ( good quality2 x is !re=e a matt] ( surprise & regret t x has be5 reject$ f ! ',briti% ,ph>macopoeia4' 7,squire47 ,e/im4 ,x is (t5 ( importance to ! tann] & dy] to det]m9e ! ri*ness ( ?is article 9 tannic acid or tann94 ,! foll[+ are two simple me?ods3-- #a4 ,exhau/ a weigh$ sample 79 p[d]7 ) e!r1 & evaporate by ! heat ( a hot-wat] ba?4 ,! product1 :i* is ! tann91 mu/ !n be accurately weigh$4 #b4 ,dissolve ! sample 79 p[d]7 9 hot wat]1 let x cool out ( contact ) ! air1 filt]1 & add a solution ( gelat9 z long z a precipitate falls4 ,! precipitate1 aft] be+ wa%$ & dri$ at a /eam heat1 conta9s #dj ( tann94 ,uses1 c4 ,cate*u is ext5sively employ$ 9 m$ic9e1 bo? int]nally & ext]nally1 z an a/r+5t4 ,x is us$ to flav\r ,briti% br&y1 & by ! tann]s z a sub/itute = oak b>k4 ,) x ! dy] produces1 inexp5sively1 _m ( 8 mo/ pleas+ br[ns4 ,alum mordants are mo/ly employ$ 9 dye+ ) cate*u4 ,! salts ( copp] ) sal-ammoniac cause x to give a ,,bronze ,,col\r1 :i* is v fa/2 ! proto*loride ( t91 a ,,br[ni% ,,yell[2 ! p]*loride ( t91 ) ! addition ( nitrate ( copp]1 a ,,deep-,,bronze ,,hue2 acetate ( alum9a1 alone1 a ,,r$di% ,,br[n1 & ) nitrate ( copp]1 a ,,r$di%-,,olive ,,grey2 nitrate ( iron1 a ,,d>k-,,br[n ,,grey4 ,= dye+ a ,,gold5 ,,c(fee-,,br[n1 x has entirely sup]s$$ madd]2 #a lb4 ( x be+ equival5t to #f lbs4 ( ?is root4 7,ure47--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #cj gr4 9 solution1 9 wat]1 or made into a bolus1 or suck$ z a loz5ge4 ,,cat',,gut4 ,! prep>$ & twi/$ inte/9es ( animals4 ,prep4 ,! guts1 tak5 :il/ w>m f ! animal1 are ?or\ghly clean$1 fre$ f adh]5t fat1 & well r9s$ 9 pure wat]4 ,!y are next soak$ = ab\t #b days 9 wat]1 aft] :i* !y are laid on a table & scrap$ ) a copp] plate1 hav+ a semicircul> not*1 beg9n+ ! op]ation at ! small] end4 ,9 ?is way ! muc\s & p]itoneal membranes are remov$4 ,! guts are !n put into fre% wat]1 & soak$ until ! next day1 :5 !y are aga9 scrap$1 ! l>g] ends cut (f1 & aft] well wa%+1 aga9 /eep$ = a night 9 fre% wat]1 & !n = #b or #c h\rs 9 a weak lye ( pe>la% or pota% 7#b oz4 to ! gall47 ,!y are la/ly wa%$ 9 clean wat]1 & pass$ ?r\gh a poli%$ hole 9 a piece ( brass to smoo? & equalise _! surface2 aft] :i* !y are twi/$1 & sort$1 accord+ to ! purposes = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,= _m purposes ! prep>$ gut is dy$ or sulphur$1 & rubb$ ) olive oil4 ,x improves by age4 ,r$ or black ink1 or any ( ! simple dyes or /a9s1 are us$ to col\r x4 ,uses1 c4 ,catgut is employ$ 9 sev]al ( ! arts4 ,! /r+s ( h>ps1 viol9s1 c41 are =m$ ( ?is mat]ial4 ,:ipcord is made f catgut1 :i* is sew$ toge!r :ile s(t ) ! fil&re or scrap+s1 aft] :i* x is put into a frame & twi/$4 ,b[/r+s = hatmak]s are made out ( ! l>ge/ inte/9es1 #d to #ab ( :i* are twi/$ toge!r1 until ! cord is ext5d$ to #ae to #be feet 9 l5g?4 ,x is !n rubb$ p]fectly smoo? & free f knots1 half dri$1 sulphur$ twice1 aga9 /ret*$ & sulphur$1 & la/ly dri$ 9 a /ate ( t5sion4 ,clock-mak]s' cords are made ( ! smalle/ inte/9es 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! be/ f9e catgut is made at ,v5ice or ,rome1 f ! inte/9es ( ?91 s9ewy %eep4 ,t made 9 ,engl& is =m$ f ! fat %eep kill$ = ! %amble1 & is1 h5ce1 inf]ior4 ,co>se catgut1 = turn+ la!s1 c41 is made f ! inte/9es ( horses1 cut into #d or #e /rips1 by =c+ a ball furni%$ ) project+ knives plac$ cross-wise along !m4 ,^! /rips are next twi/$1 dri$1 & rubb$ smoo? ) fi% sk94 ,gutta p]*a & vulcanis$ india rubb] are n[ appli$ to _m ( ! purposes =m]ly exclusively occupi$ by catgut4 ,,ca?>',,tics4 ,see ,,purgatives4 ,,ca?>',,t94 ,! purgative pr9ciple ( s5na1 fir/ notic$ by ,lassaigne & ,f5uelle4 ,a /rong aque\s infusion ( s5na leaves is evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup1 out ( contact ) ! air2 ?is fluid extract is !n dige/$ 9 alcohol or rectifi$ _s1 & ! t9cture1 aft] filtration1 is evaporat$ to dryness by a g5tle heat4 ,prop41 c4 ,a r$di%-col\r$1 uncry/allisable mass2 hav+ a peculi> od\r & a bitt]1 nause\s ta/e2 freely soluble 9 bo? wat] & alcohol1 & /rongly ca?>tic4 ,two or ?ree grs4 cause nausea1 grip+1 & purg+4 ,x has be5 propos$ to employ x1 comb9$ ) aromatics1 z a ca?>tic4 ,,ca?',,et]s4 ,small tubes introduc$ into ! bladd] = ! purpose ( draw+ (f its cont5ts4 ,!y may be reg>d$ z holl[ b\gies4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a piece ( smoo? catgut1 or /eel wire1 b5t to ! prop] %ape1 is coat$ ) melt$ wax4 ,:5 cold x is dipp$ repeat$ly into an e!real solution ( india rubb]1 until a suffici5t ?ickness is obta9$1 aft] :i* x is dri$ by a g5tle heat1 & !n boil$ 9 wat] to melt out ! wax1 & to all[ ! catgut to be )drawn4 ,a solution ( india rubb] 9 bisulphide ( c>bon is n[ g5]ally employ$ in/ead ( an e!real solution4 #b4 ,f slips ( india rubb]1 z direct$ "u ,,b\gies4 #c4 ,a smoo? tissue ( silk is wov5 ov] a b5t wire1 & !n coat$ ) a surface ( india rubb]1 or ela/ic v>ni%1 & f9i%$ (f z be=e4 ,see ,,b\gies4 ,,caudle4 ,gruel enri*$ by v>i\s additions4 ,prep4 #a4 ,?ick oatmeal gruel mix$ ) ab\t "o half its weight ( good mild ale 7made hot71 & z mu* sug>1 & mace1 nutmeg1 or g+]1 z w make x agreeable4 #b4 ,to ! la/ add an egg1 well beat54 #c4 ,sug>1 #c or #d lumps2 hot wat]1 a table-spoonful2 dissolve2 add #a egg2 beat well toge!r2 fur!r add a glass ( w9e & a little nutmeg or g+]2 mix well1 & /ir ! mixture into good gruel 7hot71 #c_/d p9t4 ,uses1 c4 ,a n\ri%+ & re/orative mixture dur+ convalesc5ce1 mu* us$ among c]ta9 classes aft] acc\*em5t4 ,x is an excell5t dome/ic rem$y = colds1 c41 unaccompani$ ) fev]2 = :i* purpose x %\ld be tak5 on retir+ to re/ at night1 prec$$ by a dose ( ca/or oil dur+ ! day4 ,,caulifl[]4 ,l ! cabbage1 ! caulifl[] =ms a v nutriti\s article ( diet2 ri* 9 album5oids & phosphates4 ,! a%1 z w be se5 f ! subjo9$ analysis1 conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( m9]al matt]3-- ,a% ( ,caulifl[]4 ,pota% #cdci ,soda #adgi ,magnesia #bch ,lime #bif ,phosphoric acid #behd ,sulphuric acid #aaaf ,silica #aib ,phosphate ( iron #cfg ,*loride ( sodium #bgh ,,caus',,tic4 ,syn4 ,,caus',,ticum1 ,,es*>ot',i-,,cum1 ,l4 ,a sub/ance t corrodes or de/roys ! texture ( organis$ bodies4 ,?is action is popul>ly t]m$ burn+4 ,! pr9cipal cau/ics are nitrate ( silv]1 cau/ic potassa1 a mixture ( cau/ic potassa & quick-lime1 sulphate ( copp]1 r$ oxide ( m]cury1 v]digris1 t9cture ( sesqui*loride ( iron1 *loride ( z9c1 *loride ( antimony1 nitric acid1 acetic acid1 & c>bolic acid4 ,use4 ,cau/ics are employ$ to remove excresc5ces1 morbid gr[?s1 granulations1 c41 z corns1 w>ts1 & pr\d fle%2 & to op5 issues1 abscesses1 c4 ,! fir/1 second1 & f\r? are appli$ by g5tly rubb+ !m on ! "p previ\sly moi/5$ ) wat]2 ! ?ird is commonly made into a pa/e1 ) rectifi$ _s or glyc]91 be=e application2 r$ oxide ( m]cury & v]digris 79 ! =m ( p[d]7 are (t5 spr9kl$ ov] f\l & indol5t ulc]s2 :il/ ! acids & o!r liquid cau/ics are appli$ ) a fea!r1 camel-hair p5cil1 or glass rod4 ,! same applies to ! liquid prep>ations bel[4 ,9 all cases c>e %\ld be tak5 to conf9e ! application to ! affect$ "p4 ,cau/ic1 ,ammoni'acal4 ,see ,,o9tm5ts1 & ,,cau/ic1 ,,gondret',s4 ,cau/ic1 ,antimo''nial4 ,syn4 ,,cau/icum ,,antimonia',,le1 ,l4 ,*loride ( antimony4 ,cau/ic1 ,ars5'ical4 ,syn4 ,,cau/icum ,,ars5ica',,le1 ,c4 ,,ars5io',,sum1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,compos',,itum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,cau/ic1 ,,plunket',s4 #b4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,calomel1 #b-a_/b oz42 r$ sulphide ( m]cury1 #a dr42 ars5i\s acid1 #a dr4 to #b dr4 #c4 7,van ,mons47 ,ars5i\s acid1 #f dr42 dragon's blood1 #b dr42 animal *>coal1 #a-a_/b dr42 c9nab>1 #c oz4 #d4 7,rati]47 ,ars5i\s acid1 #a "p2 k9o1 #h p>ts2 c9nab>1 #af p>ts4 ,! +r$i5ts ( ! la/ ?ree mu/ be sep>ately r$uc$ to f9e p[d]1 & !n c>efully mix$4 ,!y are fav\rite applications on ! ,cont95t1 9 cases ( canc]1 canc]\s sores1 ob/9ate lepra1 c4 ,!y are ei!r du/$ ov] ! "p1 or are made into a pa/e ) mucilage or ! saliva1 & appli$ l an o9tm5t on a piece ( rag or l9t2 due caution be+ obs]v$1 & ! effects wat*$4 ,! la/ is mu* us$ 9 ! ,fr5* hospitals4 ,cau/ic1 ,canquo9's4 ,see ,,z9c ,,cau/ic4 ,cau/ic1 ,can?>'ides4 ,syn4 ,,cau/icum ,,can?>',,idis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,p[d]$ can?>ides made into a pa/e ) conc5trat$ acetic acid4 #b4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,tann91 #a oz42 can?>ides 7p[d]$71 #b oz42 /rong acetic acid1 #h oz42 dige/ a week1 & /ra94 ,bli/]s4 ,cau/ic1 ,common4 ,see ,,potassa 7,,hydrate ,,(71 & ,,cau/ic ,,( ,,potassa ,,) ,,lime4 ,,cau/ic1 ,,duville',s4 ,prep4 #a4 ,aloes1 #e oz42 pro( _s1 #aj oz42 oil ( vitriol1 #f oz42 mix4 #b4 ,aloes 79 p[d]71 #b-a_/b oz42 rum1 #a_/d p9t2 mix1 & ! next day add1 oil ( vitriol1 #a oz4 ,a fav\rite cau/ic 9 vet]9>y practice2 especially 9 foot-rot4 ,cau/ic1 ,filho's4 ,prep4 ,f cau/ic potassa1 #b p>ts2 quick-lime 79 p[d]71 #a "p2 melt toge!r 9 a ladle1 mix well1 & p\r x into small lead5 tubes1 ! size ( a l>ge swan-quill4 ,:5 cold1 coat ea* piece ) melt$ beeswax1 to exclude ! air4 ,us$ z a /rong cau/ic 9 vet]9>y practice4 ,x is appli$ l nitrate ( silv]4 ,cau/ic1 ,gold54 ,syn4 ,,cau/ic ,,( ,,*loride ,,( ,,gold2 ,,cau/icum ,,aur',,eum1 ,c4 ,,aur'',,ii ,,*lor',,idi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,recami]47 ,t]*loride ( gold1 #f gr42 nitro-hydro*loric acid1 #a oz42 dissolve4 #b4 7,legr&47 ,z ! la/1 b us+ nitric acid4 ,bo? are recomm5d$ z cau/ics 9 syphilitic1 scr(ul\s1 & scorbutic ulc]s1 canc]\s gr[?s1 c42 appli$ by means ( a dossil ( l9t4 ,cau/ic1 ,gondret's4 ,syn4 ,,gondret',s ,,ammoni',,acal ,,cau/ic2 ,,pommade ,,de ,,gondret1 ,fr42 ,,cau/icum ,,ammoniaca',,le1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,o9tm5t1 ,,ammoniacal4 #b4 7,orig9al =mula47 ,almond oil1 #b dr42 suet1 #d dr42 l>d1 #f dr42 melt toge!r 9 a wide-m\!d bottle1 cool a little1 add solution ( ammonia1 #ab dr42 & agitate until cold4 ,a p[]ful rubefaci5t & c\nt]-irritant2 us$ to produce an imm$iate revulsion4 ,if cov]$ ) a compress1 x raises a bli/] 9 #d or #e m9utes4 ,cau/ic1 ,i'od9e4 ,syn4 ,,cau/icum ,,iod9',,ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,lugol47 ,iod9e & iodide ( potassium1 ( ea* #a "p2 wat] #b p>ts2 dissolve4 ,us$ 9 simil> cases to iod9e pa9t1 & to scr(ul\s gr[?s & ulc]s4 ,cau/ic1 ,lu''n>4 ,syn4 ,,la',,pis ,,inf]na',,lis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitrate ( silv] fus$ & =m$ into /icks by p\r+ x into m\lds4 #b4 7,e4 ,r4 ,squibb47 ,nitrate ( silv] fus$ ) a small quantity ( *loride ( iron1 & =m$ into /icks or po9ts4 ,! *loride ( iron gives t\ghness to ! cau/ic4 ,cau/ic1 ,m]cu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,cau/ic ,,( ,,nitrate ,,( ,,m]cury2 ,,cau/icum ,,ac',,idi ,,hydr>'',,gyri ,,nitra',,tis1 ,c4 ,h4 ,,deutronitratis1 ,l4 ,f m]cury1 #a "p2 comm]cial nitric acid1 #b p>ts2 dissolve4 #b4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,m]cury1 #a "p2 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ae71 #b p>ts4 #c4 7,p4 ,c47 ,z ,no4 #a1 b evaporat+ ! solution to #c_/d?s its weight4 ,^! liquids are appli$ ) a p5cil or l9t1 9 scr(ul\s & syphilitic ulc]s & eruptions1 & 9 lupus1 psoriasis1 lepra1 & o!r ob/9ate sk9 diseases2 b _! use requires great c>e4 #d4 7,) ars5ic4--,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,m]cury1 #a_/b oz42 nitric acid1 #a_/b oz42 ars5i\s acid1 #a_/b dr42 z be=e4 ,cau/ic1 ,ni'tric4 ,syn4 ,,solid',,ifi$ ,,nitric ,,acid2 ,,cau/icum ,,ni',,tricum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,rivallie47 ,conc5trat$ nitric acid is gradually dropp$ on a piece ( l9t1 plac$ 9 a sauc] or glass2 z soon z ! l9t is gelat9is$1 x is press$ into a suitable %ape ) a glass rod1 & appli$ to ! "p2 x mu/ be remov$ 9 #ae m9utes4 ,9 canc]\s tum\rs1 fungoid gr[?s1 c4 ,cau/ic1 ,o''piat$4 ,syn4 ,,cau/icum ,,opia',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,common cau/ic 7potassa ) lime71 #d dr42 p[d]$ opium1 #a dr42 s(t soap1 q4 s4 to make a pa/e4 ,appli$ to fung\s ulc]s4 ,cau/ic1 ,plunket's4 ,upright cr[foot & less] spe>-wort1 ( ea* #a oz42 sulphur1 #e scrup42 :ite ars5ic 79 v f9e p[d]71 #a dr42 beat to a smoo? pa/e1 =m x into balls1 & dry !m 9 ! sun4 ,9 canc]2 a portion ( "o ( ! balls is r$uc$ to p[d]1 :i* is mix$ up ) yelk ( eggs1 & appli$ on a piece ( bladd]4 ,cau/ic ( ,potassa ) ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,vi5na ,,pa/e4 ,rub toge!r equal p>ts ( hydrate ( pota% & quick-lime1 & keep ! p[d] 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle4 ,cau/ic1 ,pot5'tial4 ,fus$ cau/ic potassa4 ,cau/ic1 ,recami]'s4 ,see ,,cau/ic1 ,,gold54 ,cau/ic1 ,sulphu''ric4 ,syn4 ,,cau/icum ,,sulphu'',,ricum1 ,c4 ,,ac',,idi ,,sulphu'',,rici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,pla/] ( ,p>is made into a pa/e ) oil ( vitriol4 #b4 ,saffron1 l9t1 or unsiz$ pap]1 soak$ 9 oil ( vitriol1 & triturat$ to a pla/ic mass4 ,cau/ic1 ,z9c4 ,syn4 ,,cau/ic ,,( ,,*loride ,,( ,,z9c1 ,,dr ,,canquo9',s ,,canc] ,,cau/ic2 ,,cau/icum ,,z9c',i1 ,c4 ,z4 ,,*lorid',i1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,canquo947--a4 ,f *loride ( z9c1 #a dr42 fl\r1 #b dr42 made into a /iff pa/e ) wat]1 q4 s4 b4 ,f *loride ( z9c1 #a dr42 fl\r1 #c dr42 wat]1 q4 s42 z ! la/4 c4 ,f *loride ( z9c1 #a dr42 fl\r1 #d dr42 wat]1 q4 s42 z be=e4 d4 ,f *loride ( z9c1 #b dr42 *loride ( antimony1 #a dr42 fl\r1 #e dr42 z be=e4 ,p[d]$ opium may be mix$ ) ei!r ( ! prec$+ to mitigate ! pa94 #b4 7,alex4 ,ure47 ,z above1 b sub/itut+ pla/] ( ,p>is = ! fl\r !re ord]$4 ,uses1 c4 ,z a cau/ic 9 canc]1 lupus1 sk9-m>ks 7nvi71 c4 ,x is =m$ into small cakes or waf]s n exce$+ #a or #b l9es 9 ?ickness1 "o ( :i* is appli$ to ! "p1 & all[$ to rema9 on f #f to #ab h\rs1 :5 x is remov$1 & ! "p cov]$ ) a p\ltice4 ,x produces an es*>1 (t5 exce$+ a qu>t] ( an in* 9 dep?4 ,! *lorides mu/ be 9 ! =m ( p[d]1 & well mix$ ) ! fl\r previ\sly to add+ ! wat]4 ,! la/ 7,no4 #a1 d7 is recomm5d$ 9 nodulat$ canc]\s tum\rs4 ,,caus',,tics 7,ve't]9>y74 ,9 vet]9>y practice1 any ( ! sub/ances enum]at$ 9 ! =go+ li/ may be employ$2 b nitric acid1 sulphuric acid1 c>bolic acid1 *loride ( z9c1 & nitrate ( silv]1 are ^? mo/ commonly us$4 ,see ,,vet]9>y ,,m$ic9es4 ,,cav',,i>e4 ,syn4 ,,cav',,i>1 ,,cav',,iale4 ,! salt$ roe ( sev]al species ( /urgeon4 ,x is mu* e/eem$ by ! ,russians1 z well z by "s o!r nations ( nor!rn ,europe1 & is occasionally eat5 z a delicacy 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v oily1 indige/ible1 & un:olesome4 ,,cay5ne'4 ,see ,,capsicum1 ,,pepp]s4 ,,c$>-,,wood 7,oil (74 ,see ,,oils4 ,c$>-,wood 7,t9cture (74 ,see ,,t9ctures4 ,,ce',,drat4 ,see ,,liqueurs4 ,,ce',,dr5e & ,,ce',,drola4 ,! oil ( c$>-wood1 by c>eful di/illation1 is sep>able into two sub/ances--a solid cry/all9e comp\nd 7c$rola71 & a volatile liquid hydroc>bon 7c$r5e74 ,! fir/ may be conv]t$ into ! o!r by di/illation ) phosphoric anhydride4 ,,cellul>es4 ,9 botany1 a "n giv5 to cryptogams1 or fl[]less plants1 ^u ! supposition t !y consi/ entirely ( cells4 ,,cel',,lulose4 ,see ,,lign94 ,,cem5t'4 ,syn4 ,,cem5t',,tum1 ,l4 ,any sub/ance :i*1 :5 appli$ to ! surfaces ( o!r bodies1 causes !m to adh]e toge!r :5 plac$ 9 contact4 ,^? ref]r$ to bel[ are among/ ! mo/ useful prep>ations ( ?is class4 ,! t]m cem5t is also appli$ by build]s & ar*itects to sev]al species ( mort>s & l compositions employ$ ei!r to unite /ones & bricks into masses1 or z a protective cov]+ aga9/ ! wea!r or wat]1 or to make /atues1 cornices1 & simil> ornam5tal articles4 ,9 g5]al ! ?9n] ! /ratum ( int]pos$ cem5t1 ! /rong] is ! junction ( ! surfaces op]at$ on4 ,?is caution is necess>y1 z 9 _! anxiety to unite brok5 articles p]sons g5]ally defeat !mselves by spread+ ! cem5t too ?ickly on ! edges ( ! fracture2 :]eas ! lea/ possible quantity %\ld be us$1 s z to br+ ! edges z close z possible toge!r4 ,cem5t1 ,al'aba/]4 #a4 ,prom pla/] ( ,p>is 79 f9e p[d]71 made into a cream ) wat]1 & at once appli$4 #b4 ,yell[ res91 #b p>ts2 melt & /ir 9 pla/] ( ,p>is1 #a "p4 #c4 ,yell[ res91 beeswax1 & pla/] ( ,p>is1 equal p>ts4 #d4 ,res91 #h p>ts2 wax1 #a "p2 melt & /ir 9 pla/] ( ,p>is1 #d p>ts1 or q4 s4 #e4 ,sulphur or %ell-lac1 melt$ ) suffici5t pla/] ( ,p>is or col\r+ matt] to give ! desir$ %ade4 ,us$ to jo9 or m5d pieces 9 alaba/]1 :ite m>ble1 ,d]by%ire sp>1 porphyry1 & o!r l sub/ances2 & to fill up cracks1 supply *ips out ( corn]s1 c4 ,! la/ f\r are appli$ hot1 ! surfaces to be unit$ hav+ be5 previ\sly w>m$4 ,see ,,cem5t1 ,,wat]glass4 ,cem5t1 ,ar*itect'ural4 #a4 ,f pap] 7r$uc$ to a smoo? pa/e by boil+ x 9 wat]71 sift$ :it+1 & good size1 equal p>ts1 boil$ to a prop] consi/5ce4 #b4 ,pap] pa/e1 size1 & pla/] ( ,p>is1 equal p>ts2 z be=e4 ,obs4 ,?is is a species ( papi]-ma*4 ,x is us$ to make ar*itectural ornam5ts1 bu/s1 /atues1 columns1 c4 ,x is v light1 & receives a good poli%1 b w n /& ! wea!r unless x is well v>ni%$ or pa9t$4 ,cem5t1 ,arme'nian4 ,syn4 ,,diamond ,,cem5t1 ,,p]sian ,c41 ,,turki% ,c41 ,,jewell]s' ,c4 ,! jewell]s ( ,turkey1 :o are mo/ly ,arm5ians1 h a s+ul> me?od ( ornam5t+ wat*-cases1 c41 ) diamonds & o!r preci\s /ones1 by simply glu+ or cem5t+ !m on4 ,! /one is set 9 silv] or gold1 & ! l[] "p ( ! metal made flat1 or to correspond ) ! "p to :i* x is to be fix$2 x is !n g5tly w>m$1 & ! glue is appli$1 :i* is s v /rong t ! p>ts ?us cem5t$ nev] sep>ate4 ,?is glue w /rongly unite pieces ( glass & *9a1 & ev5 poli%$ /eel1 & may be appli$ to a v>iety ( useful purposes4 ,prep4 #a4 7,orig9al ,arm5ian =mula2 ,eton47 ,dissolve five or six bits ( gum ma/ic1 ea* ! size ( a l>ge pea1 9 z mu* rectifi$ _s ( w9e z w suffice to r5d] x liquid2 &1 9 ano!r vessel1 dissolve z mu* is+lass1 previ\sly a little s(t5$ 9 wat] 7?\gh none ( ! wat] mu/ be us$71 9 ,fr5* br&y or good rum1 z w make a two-ounce phial ( v /rong glue1 add+ two small bits ( gum galbanum or ammoniacum1 :i* mu/ be rubb$ or gr\nd till !y are dissolv$4 ,!n mix ! :ole ) a suffici5t heat4 ,keep ! glue 9 a phial closely /opp$1 & :5 x is to be us$ set ! phial 9 boil+ wat]4 #b4 7,kell]'s ,,arm5ian ,,cem5t47 ,soak is+lass1 #a_/b oz41 9 wat]1 #d oz41 = #bd h\rs2 evaporate 9 a wat] ba? to #b oz42 add rectifi$ _s1 #b oz41 & /ra9 ?r\gh l952 mix ?is1 :il/ w>m1 ) a solution =m$ by dissolv+ gum ma/ic 7be/71 #a_/d oz41 9 rectifi$ _s1 #b oz42 add ( p[d]$ gum ammoniac #a dr41 & triturate toge!r until p]fectly incorporat$1 avoid+ loss ( ! _s by evaporation z mu* z possible4 #c4 7,ure's ,,diamond ,,cem5t47 ,is+lass1 #a oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #f oz42 boil to #c oz41 & add rectifi$ _s1 #a-a_/b oz42 boil = a m9ute or two1 /ra91 & add1 :ile hot1 fir/ a milky emulsion ( ammoniac1 #a_/b oz41 & !n t9cture ( ma/ic1 #e dr4 #d4 ,is+lass soak$ 9 wat] & dissolv$ 9 _s1 #b oz4 7?ick72 dissolve 9 ?is #aj gr4 ( v pale gum ammoniac 79 te>s71 by rubb+ !m toge!r2 !n add #f l>ge te>s ( gum ma/ic1 dissolv$ 9 ! lea/ possible quantity ( rectifi$ _s4 #e4 ,is+lass dissolv$ 9 pro( _s 7z above71 #c oz42 bottoms ( ma/ic v>ni% 7?ick1 b cle>71 #a-a_/b oz42 mix well4 ,obs4 ,:5 c>efully made1 ?is cem5t resi/s moi/ure & dries col\rless4 ,z usually met )1 x is n only ( v bad quality1 b sold at exorbitant prices4 ,"s p]sons h sold a composition "u ! "n ( ,arm5ian cem5t 9 ,engl&2 b ?is composition is badly made2 x is mu* too ?91 & ! quantity ( ma/ic is mu* too small4 7,eton47 ,me?ylat$ _s may be us$ in/ead ( ! pure _s 9 ! above prep>ations4 ,ma/ic & ma/ic v>ni% are also us$ by jewell]s z cem5ts4 ,cem5t1 ,beale's4 ,*alk1 #fj p>ts2 lime & salt1 ( ea* #bj p>ts2 ,b>nsey s&1 #aj p>ts2 iron fil+s or du/1 & blue or r$ clay1 ( ea* #e p>ts2 gr9d toge!r & calc9e4 ,pat5t$ z a fire-pro( cem5t4 ,cem5t1 ,boil'er4 ,prep4 ,dri$ clay 9 p[d]1 #f lbs42 iron fil+s1 #a lb4 ,make into a pa/e ) boil$ l9se$ oil4 ,us$ to /op cracks & leaks 9 iron boil]s1 /oves1 c4 ,see ,,cem5t1 ,,iron1 ,,/eam-,,boil] ,c4 ,cem5t1 ,bot'any ,bay4 ,yell[ gum 7,botany ,bay gum7 & brickdu/1 equal p>ts1 melt$ toge!r4 ,us$ to cem5t co>se e>!nw>e1 c4 ,cem5t1 ,bot'tle4 ,prep4 #a4 ,res91 #a lb42 tall[ or suet1 #a_/d lb42 melt toge!r1 & /ir 9 ! col\r+ matt]4 #b4 ,res91 #e lbs42 beeswax1 #a lb42 col\r+1 q4 s42 z la/4 #c4 7,r$47 ,to ea* p\nd ( ! above add :it+ 7dry71 #c oz41 & light r$ 7burnt o*re71 #d oz42 or r$ bole1 q4 s4 7all 9 f9e p[d]74 #d4 7,black47--a4 ,to ea* p\nd ( ,no4 #a1 or ,no4 #b1 add ivory black 7bone black71 q4 s4 b4 ,f black pit*1 #f lbs42 ivory black & :it+ ( ea*1 #a lb42 melt$ toge!r4 ,us$ 9 ! same way z common seal+-wax = bottle corks1 cask bungs1 c4 ,see ,,cem5t1 ,,maissiat',s4 ,cem5t1 ,brim'/one4 ,melt$ brim/one1 ei!r alone1 or mix$ ) res9 & brickdu/4 ,*eap & useful4 ,cem5t1 ,bru'y]e's4 ,clay1 #c p>ts2 slak$ lime1 #a "p2 mix & expose !m to a full r$ heat = #c h\rs1 !n gr9d to p[d]4 ,recomm5d$ z an hydraulic cem5t4 ,cem5t1 ,build'+4 ,syn4 ,,artificial ,,puzzol5e'4 ,f a mixture ( clay or loam1 brok5 pott]y1 fl9ts1 or silice\s s&1 or brok5 bottle glass1 & wood a%es1 expos$ to a consid]able heat 9 a furnace1 until x becomes p>tially vitrifi$2 x is !n gr\nd to f9e p[d]1 sift$1 & mix$ ) "o ?ird its weight ( quick-lime1 also 9 f9e p[d]1 aft] :i* x mu/ be pack$ 7tight7 9 casks to pres]ve x f ! air & moi/ure4 ,= use x is mix$ up ) wat] & appli$ l ,roman cem5t4 ,cem5t1 ,cap4 ,prep4 #a4 ,res91 #e lbs42 beeswax & dri$ ,v5etian r$1 ( ea* #a lb42 melt$ toge!r4 #b4 7,c4 ,g4 ,williams47 ,equal weights ( r$ lead & :ite lead4 ,us$ = *emical & electrical purposes4 ,= cem5t+ glass tubes1 necks ( balloons1 c41 into metal m\nt+s4 ,no4 #b is pref]able to :ite lead alone1 & may be dep5d$ on = temp]ature up to #bab4 ,cem5t1 ,*eese4 ,f grat$ *eese1 #b p>ts2 quick-lime 79 f9e p[d]7 #a "p2 :ite ( egg1 q4 s42 beat to a pa/e4 ,us$ = e>!nw>e1 c4 ,cem5t1 ,*em'ical4 ,syn4 ,,s(t ,,cem5t4 ,prep4 ,f yell[ wax1 #d p>ts2 common turp5t9e1 #b p>ts2 ,v5etian r$ 7well dri$71 #a "p2 melt$ toge!r4 ,us$ z a tempor>y /opp+ or lute = ! ends or jo9ts ( tubes1 :i* are n expos$ to mu* heat2 z 9 alkalimetry1 c4 ,see ,,cem5t1 ,,electrical4 ,cem5t1 ,*i'nese4 ,syn4 ,,%ell-,,lac ,,cem5t1 ,,liquid ,,glue4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f9e/ pale orange %ell-lac 7brok5 small71 #d oz42 rectifi$ _s 7/ronge/71 #c oz42 dige/$ toge!r 9 a cork$ bottle 9 a w>m place until dissolv$4 ,v /rong & useful2 almo/ od\rless4 ,x %\ld h ab\t ! consi/5ce ( treacle4 #b4 ,z be=e1 b us+ rectifi$ wood naph?a z ! solv5t4 ,inf]ior to ! la/1 b excell5t = _m purposes4 #c4 7,)\t _s47 ,prep4 ,borax1 #a oz42 wat]1 #c_/d p9t2 %ell-lac1 #c oz42 boil 9 a cov]$ vessel until dissolv$1 !n evaporate to a prop] consi/5ce4 ,*eap & useful1 b dries sl[ly4 #d4 ,mac]ate = sev]al h\rs1 #f p>ts ( glue1 9 small pieces1 9 #af p>ts ( wat]2 !n add #a "p ( hydro*loric acid1 & #a-a_/b "p ( sulphate ( z9c2 & let ! mixture be kept = #aj or #ab h\rs at a temp]ature ( #fh or #gj ,c4 ,uses1 c4 ,employ$ to m5d glass1 *9a1 fancy "w1 jewelry1 c41 = :i* x is only inf]ior to ,arm5ian cem5t4 ,! fir/ =mula produces a cem5t s /rong t pieces ( wood may be jo9$ toge!r1 cut slop+ly across ! gra91 & w aft]w>ds resi/ e attempt to break !m at ! same place4 ,9 _m ( ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 9 ,japan1 ,*9a1 & ! ,ea/ ,indies1 a simil> cem5t is us$ to jo9 pieces ( wood = b[s1 lances1 c4 ,! fluid is ?9ly sme>$ ov] ea* face ( ! jo9t1 a piece ( v ?9 gauze int]pos$1 & ! :ole press$ tightly toge!r & ma9ta9$ s until ! next day4 ,jo9ts s made w ev5 be> ! cont9ual flexure ( a b[ )\t sep>at+4 ,x is admirably adapt$ = fi%+ rods4 ,! product ( ! second =mula is commonly sold z ,,liquid ,,glue4 ,t ( ! la/ is mu* us$ by ! druggi/s & oilm51 in/ead ( gum1 = fix+ pap] labels to t91 & to glass :5 expos$ to damp4 ,cem5t1 ,cop'p]smi?s'4 ,syn4 ,,blood ,,cem5t4 ,f bullock's blood ?ick5$ ) f9ely p[d]$ quick-lime4 ,us$ to secure ! edges & rivets ( copp] boil]s1 to m5d leaks f jo9ts1 c4 ,x mu/ be us$ z soon z mix$1 z x rapidly gets h>d4 ,x is *eap & durable1 & is suit$ = _m o!r purposes4 ,cem5t1 ,curd4 ,prep4 #a4 ,! curd ( skimm$ milk 7obta9$ by ! addition ( v9eg> or r5net7 is beat5 to a pa/e ) quick-lime1 9 f9e p[d]4 #b4 ,add v9eg>1 #a_/b p9t1 to skimm$ milk1 #a_/b p9t2 mix ! curd ) ! :ites ( #e eggs2 well beat5 & p[d]$ quick-lime1 q4 s4 to =m a pa/e4 ,us$ = m5d+ glass & e>!nw>e2 !y resi/ wat] & a mod]ate degree ( heat4 #c4 ,rub f two to f\r p>ts ( ! curd1 ) a cold solution ( borax1 till a ?ick liquid is obta9$1 t becomes cle> on /&+4 ,?is is an excell5t cem5t = artificial me]s*aums1 & may be us$ to give consi/5cy to silk goods1 or to coat artificial fl[]s1 & c\rt pla/]1 to ! latt] ( :i* x imp>ts m adhesiv5ess & firmness4 ,cem5t1 ,cut'l]s'4 ,prep4 #a4 ,black res91 #d lbs42 beeswax1 #a lb42 melt1 & add f9ely p[d]$ & well-dri$ brickdu/1 #a lb42 mix well4 #b4 ,equal weights ( res9 & brickdu/1 melt$ toge!r4 ,use4 ,to fix knives & =ks 9 _! h&les4 ,x is put into ! holl[ ( ! h&le1 & ! metal1 previ\sly made hot en\gh to melt ! composition1 press$ into its place :il/ w>m1 & ! :ole kept upright & /ill until q cold4 ,cem5t1 ,di'amond4 ,see ,,cem5t1 ,,arm5ian4 ,cem5t1 ,egg4 ,:ite ( egg ?ick5$ ) f9ely p[d]$ quick-lime4 ,us$ to m5d e>!nw>e1 glass1 *9a1 m>ble1 alaba/]1 sp> ornam5ts1 c4 ,x does n resi/ long exposure to moi/ure unless x has be5 expos$ to heat4 ,cem5t1 ,elas'tic4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ca\t*\c 79 small pieces71 #a "p2 *lor(orm1 #c p>ts2 dissolve4 #b4 7,l5h]47 ,ca\t*\c1 #e p>ts2 *lor(orm1 #c p>ts2 dissolve1 & add gum ma/ic 7p[d]$71 #a "p4 ,ela/ic & transp>5t4 #c4 ,gutta p]*a1 #c p>ts2 ca\t*\c1 #a "p 7bo? cut small72 bisulphide ( c>bon1 #h p>ts2 mix 9 a close vessel & dissolve by ! heat ( a wat] ba?4 ,?is is to be g5tly w>m$ be=e x is appli$4 #d4 ,gutta p]*a1 #a lb42 ca\t*\c1 #d oz42 pit*1 #b oz42 %ell-lac1 #a oz42 l9se$ oil1 #b oz42 melt$ toge!r4 ,?is mu/ be melt$ be=e be+ appli$4 ,obs4 ,! cem5ts #a & #b are ela/ic & transp>5t1 & are applicable to _m uses4 ,! o!rs1 #c & #d1 are us$ = unit+ lea!r1 clo?1 c4 ,cem5t1 ,elec'trical4 ,syn4 ,,*emical ,,cem5t4 ,f black res91 #g lbs42 r$ o*re1 #a lb42 pla/] ( ,p>is1 #a_/b lb4 7bo? well dri$ & /ill w>m72 melt$ toge!r1 & ! heat & agitation cont9u$ until all fro?+ ceases1 & ! liquid runs smoo?2 ! vessel is !n )drawn f ! fire1 & ! mixture /irr$ until cool$ suffici5tly4 ,us$ to cem5t ! plates 9 galvanic tr\ghs1 jo9 *emical vessels1 c4 ,see ,,cem5t1 ,,cap1 ,,cem5t1 ,,s+]',s1 c4 ,cem5t1 ,eng9e]s''4 ,prep4 #a4 ,gr\nd :ite lead1 mix$ ) z mu* r$ lead z w make x ( ! consi/5ce ( putty4 #b4 ,equal weights ( r$ lead & :ite lead1 mix$ ) boil$ l9se$ oil1 to a prop] consi/5ce4 ,us$ by eng9e]s & o!rs to make metallic jo9ts4 ,a wa%] ( hemp1 y>n1 or canvas1 sme>$ ) ! cem5t1 is plac$ 9 ! jo9t1 :i* is !n br\ght home1 or screw$ up tight4 ,x dries z h>d z /one4 ,x also answ]s well = jo9+ brok5 /ones1 h[ev] l>ge4 ,ci/]ns built ( squ>es /ones1 put toge!r1 :ile dry1 ) ?is cem5t1 w nev] leak or come to repair4 ,cem5t1 ,extempora''ne\s4 #a4 ,%ell-lac1 melt$1 & run into small /icks ! size ( a quill4 ,us$ to jo9 glass1 e>!nw>e1 c4 ,! edges are heat$ suffici5tly hot to melt ! cem5t1 :i* is !n ?9ly sme>$ ov] !m1 & ! jo9t made :ile !y are /ill hot4 ,?is is ! cem5t s commonly v5d$ 9 ! /reets ( ,london1 & :i* us$ to surprise u 9 our boyhood days4 #b4 ,te>s ( gum ma/ic1 us$ 9 ! same way4 ,commonly employ$ by jewell]s & o!rs4 ,cem5t1 ,fire'pro(4 ,prep4 ,f f9e riv] s&1 #bj p>ts2 li?>ge1 #b p>ts2 quick-lime1 #a "p2 l9se$ oil1 q4 s4 to =m a ?9 pa/e4 ,appli$ to walls1 x soon acquires a /ony h>dness4 ,x is also us$ to m5d brok5 pieces ( /one1 /one /eps1 c4 ,see ,,cem5t1 ,,beale',s1 c4 ,cem5t1 ,fl\r4 ,syn4 ,,pa/e1 ,,fl\r ,,pa/e4 ,?is useful & well-kn[n article is made by mix+ ab\t a tablespoonful ( :eat fl\r ) cold wat]1 7say7 #a_/b p9t1 add+ ! latt] gradually1 & ?or\ghly /irr+ 9 ea* portion be=e p\r+ 9 m2 ! vessel is !n plac$ ov] ! fire1 & ! :ole assidu\sly /irr$ until x boils1 great c>e be+ tak5 to prev5t cak+ on ! bottom1 or burn+4 ,"s p]sons add ab\t #a_/c ( a teaspoonful ( p[d]$ alum to ! wat]1 :i* is said to /r5g!n ! product2 ! %oemak]s add a little quantity ( p[d]$ res9 to ! fl\r1 ) ! same int5tion4 ,! addition ( a little br[n sug> & a few gra9s ( corrosive sublimate w prev5t x turn+ m\ldy1 & is said to pres]ve x = ye>s4 ,:5 too h>d or dry1 x may be s(t5$ by beat+ x up ) a little hot wat]4 ,cem5t1 ,fr5*4 ,mucilage ( gum ,arabic1 ?ick5$ ) />* p[d] or f>9a2 a little lemon-juice is sometimes add$4 ,us$ by naturali/s 9 m\nt+ specim5s2 by artificial-fl[] mak]s2 & by confection]s1 to /ick pap]1 waf] pap]s1 ornam5ts1 c41 on _! fancy cakes4 ,pla9 mucilage is (t5 us$ 9 ! same way4 ,cem5t1 ,gad's4 ,syn4 ,,gad',s ,,hydraulic ,,cem5t4 ,f clay 7well dri$ & p[d]$71 #c p>ts2 oxide ( iron1 #a "p2 mix$ toge!r1 & made into a /iff pa/e ) boil$ oil4 ,us$ = "w requir$ to h>d5 "u wat]4 ,cem5t1 ,glass4 ,syn4 ,,glass ,,flux4 ,prep4 ,r$ lead1 #c p>ts2 f9e :ite s&1 #b p>ts2 cry/allis$ boracic acid1 #c p>ts2 mix$ & fus$2 x is levigat$1 & appli$ ) ?9 mucilage ( tragacan?4 ,us$ = m5d+ brok5 *9a1 c4 ,! repair$ article mu/ be g5tly heat$1 s z p>tially to fuse ! cem5t4 ,cem5t1 ,gibbs'4 ,mr ,gibbs pat5t$ 9 #ahej v>i\s processes = mak+ admirable build+ & ar*itectural cem5ts1 equal 9 h>dness & duration1 & sup]ior 9 col\r1 to ! be/ ,roman & ,portl& cem5ts at pres5t 9 use4 ,8 mat]ials are obta9$ f ! va/ b$s ( 7natural7 argillace\s m>ls & m>ly lime/ones1 or m>l /ones1 :i* conta9 ! due admixture ( lime1 silica1 & alum9a1 f :i* hydraulic cem5ts & artificial /ones may be manufactur$4 ,^! mat]ials he f9ds 9 ! *alk =mation1 ! ,weald5 =mation1 ! ,purbeck b$s1 ! lias =mation1 ! m\nta9 lime/one1 & ! l[e/ /rata ( ! coal-measures4 ,aft] duly *oos+ 8 mat]ials accord+ to ! p>ticul> object 9 view1 he prep>es !m by burn+ 9 kilns1 & gr9d+ 9 mills1 9 ! way cem5t is n[ manufactur$4 ,m>ls & lime/ones are to be fir/ dri$ 9 kilns or ov5s1 at a heat fit = bak+1 until all moi/ure be driv5 (f1 & t !n ! calc9ation be prolong$ z mu* z possible2 ! heat be+ kept z l[ z is only j suffici5t to effect complete calc9ation--?is be+ indisp5sable1 to avoid ! comm5cem5t ( vitrification1 :i* w\ld de/roy ! adhesive prop]ties ( ! cem5t4 ,cem5t1 ,glue4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f glue1 #a lb4 melt$ ) ! lea/ possible quantity ( wat]1 & !n mix$ ) black res91 #a lb41 & r$ o*re1 #d oz4 #b4 ,glue1 melt$ z above1 & mix$ ) ab\t #a_/d? ( its weight ea* ( boil$ oil & r$ o*re4 #c4 7,ure47 ,melt$ glue 7( ! consi/5ce us$ by c>p5t]s71 #h p>ts2 l9se$ oil1 boil$ to v>ni% ) li?>ge1 #d p>ts2 incorporate ?or\ghly toge!r4 #d4 ,glue 7melt$ z la/71 #d p>ts2 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #a "p4 ,obs4 ,! fir/ ?ree dry 9 ab\t #dh h\rs1 & are v useful to r5d] ! jo9ts ( wood5 casks1 ci/]ns1 c41 wat]tight2 also to fix /ones 9 frames4 ,! la/ s]ves to cem5t glass1 wood1 & ev5 metal to ea* o!r4 ,a good cem5t = fix+ wood to glass may be made by dissolv+ is+lass 9 acetic acid1 9 su* quantities t x becomes solid :5 cold4 ,:5 appli$ let x be heat$4 ,!y all resi/ moi/ure well4 ,cem5t1 ,gr9d'ers'4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f pit*1 #e p>ts2 wood a%es & h>d tall[1 ( ea* #a "p2 melt$ toge!r4 #b4 ,black res91 #d lbs42 beeswax1 #a lb4 melt1 & add ( :it+ 7previ\sly heat$ r$ hot1 & /ill w>m71 #a lb4 #c4 ,%ell-lac1 melt$ & appli$ to ! pieces slightly heat$4 ,us$ to fix pieces ( glass1 c41 :il/ gr9d+4 ,! la/ is us$ = l5ses & f9e "w4 ,cem5t1 ,hamel9's4 ,syn4 ,,hamel9',s ,,ma/ic4 ,f silice\s s&1 #fj p>ts2 ,ba? or ,portl& /one 79 f9e p[d]71 #dj p>ts2 lime-m>l1 #bj p>ts2 li?>ge1 #h p>ts2 gr\nd toge!r4 ,= use x is mix$ up ) l9se$ oil & us$ l mort>4 ,:5 ?is cem5t is appli$ to ! purpose ( cov]+ build+s int5d$ to resemble /one1 ! surface ( ! build+ is fir/ wa%$ ) l9se$ oil4 ,cem5t1 ,h5sl]'s4 ,li?>ge1 #c p>ts2 quick-lime1 #b p>ts2 :ite bole1 #a "p 7all 9 f9e p[d]72 l9se$-oil v>ni%1 q4 s4 to make a pa/e4 ,us$ = *9a1 glass1 c4 ,x is v t5aci\s1 b long 9 dry+4 ,cem5t1 ,hoenle's4 ,%ell-lac1 #b p>ts2 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #a "p2 fus$ toge!r1 & =m$ into /icks4 ,x is us$ l extemporane\s cem5t = glass & e>!nw>e4 ,cem5t1 ,hydraulic4 ,hydraulic mort>s or cem5ts are ^? :i* set or become h>d "u wat]4 ,common lime does n possess ?is prop]ty2 b lime/one conta9+ f #h to #be ( alum9a1 magnesia1 & silica1 yield a lime on burn+1 :i* does n slake :5 moi/5$ ) wat]1 b =ms a mort> ) x1 :i* h>d5s 9 a few days :5 cov]$ ) wat]1 al?\gh x does n acquire mu* solidity 9 ! air4 ,puzzolana1 sept>ia1 & argillace\s or silice\s e>?s1 burnt1 ei!r ) or )\t ! addition ( common lime/one1 & !n gr\nd to p[d]1 =m excell5t hydraulic cem5ts4 ,! r5i=m lime/one1 commonly call$ cem5t /one1 :i* is f\nd di/ribut$ 9 s+le nodules or l5ticul> cakes1 9 b$s ( clay1 is ! sub/ance mo/ commonly us$ 9 ?is c\ntry = ! manufacture ( ! cem5ts 9 "q4 ,a v good hydraulic mort> is made by slak+ lime ) wat] conta9+ ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( gypsum1 & add+ a little s& to ! product4 ,! pres5ce ( ! gypsum t5ds to delay ! slak+ ( ! lime1 & also to h>d5 ! sub/ance =m$ aft] ! slak+4 ,if wat] conta9+ a little lime 9 solution be add$ to burnt gypsum1 a v h>d compact mass is obta9$4 ,?is sub/ance is mu* us$ z an imitation m>ble1 z by poli%+ x ) pumice /one1 col\r+ x1 & aga9 poli%+ ) oil1 x may be made to resemble natural m>ble v closely4 ,h>d5$ gypsum treat$ ) /e>ic acid1 or p>aff91 & poli%$1 is us$ z a sub/itute = me]s*aum1 :i* x mu* resembles4#bch ,see ,,gad',s1 ,,hamel9',s1 & ,,p>k]',s ,,cem5ts1 c4 ,footnote #bch3 ',*emi/ry1 ,!oretical1 ,practical1 & ,analytical4' ,cem5t1 ,iron4 ,?is cem5t1 :i* is mu* us$ = clos+ ! jo9ts ( iron pipes & simil> purposes1 is =m$ ( ! bor+s or turn+s ( ca/ iron1 :i* %\ld be clean & free f ru/1 mix$ ) a small quantity ( sal-ammoniac & fl[]s ( sulphur4 ,= use1 x is /irr$ up ) j en\gh wat] to ?or\ghly moi/5 x1 & x is ramm$ or caulk$ into ! jo9ts ) a blunt caulk+ *isel & hamm]1 aft] :i* ! jo9t is screw$ up by its bolts z tightly z possible4 ,if ! turn+s & bor+s are v co>se !y are brok5 by p\nd+ 9 an iron mort>1 & ! du/ sift$ (f be=e use4 ,! foll[+ are good proportions3 #a4 ,sal-ammoniac 79 p[d]71 #b oz42 fl[]s ( sulphur1 #a oz42 iron bor+s1 #e lbs42 wat]1 q4 s4 to mix4 #b4 ,sal-ammoniac1 #b oz42 sulphur1 #a oz42 iron bor+s1 #ab lbs42 wat]1 q4 s4 to mix4 #c4 ,sal-ammoniac1 #b oz42 iron bor+s1 #g or #h lbs42 wat]1 q4 s4 to mix4 #d4 ,iron bor+s1 #d lbs42 good pipeclay1 #b lbs42 p[d]$ pot%]ds1 #a lb42 make !m into a pa/e ) salt & wat]4 ,rem>ks4 ,! fir/ ( ^! =ms is t g5]ally employ$ = common purposes1 b =m]ly mu* m sulphur & sal-ammoniac 7 us$4 ,we are told by "o ( ! lead+ eng9e]s 9 ,london t ! /ronge/ cem5t is made )\t sulphur & ) only #a or #b p>ts ( sal-ammoniac to #ajj ( iron bor+s 7see ! ?ird =m72 b t :5 ! "w is requir$ to dry rapidly1 z = ! /eam jo9ts ( ma*9]y want$ 9 ha/e1 ! quantity ( sal-ammoniac is increas$ a little1 & a v small quantity ( sulphur is add$4 ,?is addition makes x set quick]1 b r$uces its /r5g?4 ,z ! p[] ( ! cem5t dep5ds on ! oxidation & consequ5t expansion ( ! mass1 x is evid5t t ! less =eign matt] introduc$ ! bett]4 ,no m ( ?is cem5t %\ld be made at a "t ?an c be us$ at once1 because x soon spoils4 ,i h se5 x become q hot by /&+ ev5 a few h\rs1 :5 x conta9$ sulphur2 & ,i h be5 in=m$ by workm5 t :5 mu* sulphur is us$1 & x has be5 left toge!r 9 quantity all night1 combu/ion has tak5 place4 ,! la/ =m produces a cem5t t gets v h>d :5 all[$ to dry sl[ly1 & is excell5t = m5d+ cracks 9 iron boil]s1 tanks1 c4 ,,cem5t1 ,,japanese4 ,syn4 ,,rice ,,glue4 ,f rice fl\r1 mix$ ) a little cold wat]1 & boil+ wat] gradually p\r$ 9 until x acquires a prop] consi/5ce2 :5 x is boil$ = #a or #b m9utes 9 a clean saucepan or e>!n pipk94 ,x is beautifully :ite1 & almo/ transp>5t1 = :i* reason x is well adapt$ = fancy pap] "w1 :i* requires a /rong & col\rless cem5t4 ,x is sup]ior to ,fr5* cem5t4 7,see ant47 ,cem5t1 ,ke5e's ,m>ble4 ,bak$ gypsum or pla/] ( ,p>is1 /eep$ 9 a saturat$ solution ( alum1 & !n recalc9$1 & r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,= use x is mix$ up ) wat]1 z ord9>y pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,obs4 ,?is cem5t has be5 mo/ ext5sively appli$ z a /ucco4 ,x is susceptible ( a high poli%1 & :5 col\r$ produces beautiful imitations ( mosaic & o!r inlaid m>bles1 scagliola1 c4 ,x is n adapt$ to hydraulic purposes1 or = exposure to ! wea!r1 b x is admirable = int]nal decorations1 & f its extreme h>dness is v durable4 ,x may be col\r$ or t9t$ ( any %ade1 by diffus+ m9]al col\rs 7levigat$1 if 9 p[d]7 ?r\gh ! wat] us$ to mix up ! cem5t )4 ,a pleas+ t9t is giv5 to ?is cem5t by add+ a little solution ( gre5 copp]as to ! alum liquor4 ,cem5t1 ,laboratory4 ,syn4 ,,*emical ,,ma/ic4 ,f equal p>ts ( pit*1 res91 & pla/] ( ,p>is 7?or\ghly dri$71 mix$ toge!r4 ,us$ = ! masonry ( *lor9e *amb]s1 vitriol works1 c42 & z a l9+ = casks int5d$ to hold *loride ( lime4 ,cem5t1 ,lett]-fix+4 ,prep4 ,copal v>ni%1 #ae p>ts2 dry+ oil1 #e p>ts2 turp5t9e1 #c p>ts2 oil ( turp5t9e1 #b p>ts2 liquefi$ glue 7made ) ! lea/ possible quantity ( wat]71 #e p>ts2 melt toge!r 9 a wat] ba?1 & add fre% slak$ lime 7p]fectly dry1 & 9 v f9e p[d]71 #aj p>ts4 ,us$ to atta* metal lett]s to plate glass 9 %op w9d[s1 c4 ,cem5t1 ,mahogany4 ,prep4 #a4 ,melt beeswax1 #d oz42 !n add ,indian r$1 #a oz41 & en\gh yell[ o*re to produce ! requir$ t9t4 #b4 ,%ell-lac1 melt$ & col\r$ z above4 ,v h>d4 ,bo? are us$ to fill up holes & cracks 9 mahogany furniture by ! cab9et mak]s4 ,r$ putty is also us$ = ! same purpose4 ,cem5t1 ,maissiat's4 ,india rubb] is melt$ ei!r ) or )\t ab\t #ae ( ei!r beeswax or tall[2 quick-lime 79 f9e p[d]7 is gradually add$2 & ! heat cont9u$ until *ange ( od\r %[s t comb9ation has tak5 place1 & until a prop] consi/5ce is obta9$4 ,us$ z a wat]pro( & air-tight cov]+ = corks1 bungs1 c4 ,cem5t1 ,m>9e4 ,see ,,glue1 ,,m>9e1 & ,,cem5t1 ,,ela/ic4 ,cem5t1 ,m>t9's4 ,?is is manufactur$ 9 ! same way z ,ke5e's1 only c>bonate ( soda or c>bonate ( pota% is us$ z well z alum1 & ! burn+ is c>ri$ on at a high] temp]ature4 ,cem5t1 ,opticians'4 ,prep4 #a4 ,%ell-lac s(t5$ ) rectifi$ _s or wood naph?a4 ,= f9e "w4 #b4 ,beeswax1 #a oz42 res91 #ae oz42 melt & add :it+ 7previ\sly made r$ hot1 & /ill w>m71 #d oz4 #c4 ,res91 #a lb42 melt & add pla/] ( ,p>is 7dry71 #d oz4 ,! above are us$ to fix glasses1 /ones1 c41 :ile poli%+ & cutt+ !m4 ,! la/ is a v /rong cem5t = r\gh purposes4 ,cem5t1 ,oxy*lo''ride ( ,z9c4 7,sorel47 ,prep4 ,9 solution ( *loride ( z9c1 m>k+ f #ej to #fj ( ,baum's hydromet] 7i4e4 sp4 gr4 #adij to #afeb71 dissolve #c ( borax or sal-ammoniac2 !n add oxide ( z9c :i* has be5 heat$ to r$ness1 until ! mass is ( a prop] consi/5ce4 ,obs4 ,?is cem5t becomes z h>d z m>ble4 ,x may be ca/ 9 m\lds l pla/] ( ,p>is1 or us$ 9 mosaic "w1 c4 ,cem5t1 ,p>abol'ic4 ,syn4 ,,univ]sal ,,cem5t4 ,prep4 ,curdle skim milk ) r5net or v9eg>1 press out ! :ey1 & dry ! curd by a v g5tle heat1 b z quickly z possible4 ,:5 x has become q dry gr9d x 9 a c(fee or pepp] mill1 & next triturate x 9 a mort> until r$uc$ to a v f9e p[d]4 ,mix ?is p[d] ) #a_/aj? ( its weight ( new dry quick-lime1 also 9 v f9e p[d]1 & to e ounce ( ! mixture add #e or #f gr4 ( p[d]$ camphor2 triturate ! :ole well toge!r1 & keep x 9 wide-m\? #a-oz4 phials1 well cork$4 ,us$ to jo9 glass1 e>!nw>e1 c4 ,x is made into a pa/e ) a little wat]1 z want$1 & appli$ imm$iately4 ,cem5t1 ,p>ian4 ,is prep>$ z ,ke5e's1 sub/itut+ a solution ( borax 7#a "p ( borax to #i ( wat]7 = a solution ( alum4 ,cem5t1 ,p>k'er's4 ,?is cem5t is made ( ! nodules ( indurat$ & slightly f]rug9\s m>l1 call$ by m9]alogi/s sept>ia1 & also ( "s o!r species ( argillace\s lime/one4 ,^! are burnt 9 conical kilns1 ) pit coal1 9 a simil> way to o!r lime/one1 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid ! use ( too mu* heat1 z if ! pieces und]go ! slighte/ degree ( fusion1 ev5 on ! surface1 !y w be unfit to =m ! cem5t4 ,aft] be+ prop]ly roa/$ ! calx is r$uc$ to a v f9e p[d] by gr9d+1 & imm$iately pack$ 9 b>rels1 to keep x f ! air & moi/ure4 ,uses1 c4 ,?is cem5t is temp]$ ) wat]1 & appli$ at once1 z x soon h>d5s1 & w n be> be+ aga9 s(t5$ d[n ) wat]4 ,= f\ndations & cornices expos$ to ! wea!r x is usually mix$ ) an equal quantity ( clean angul> s&2 = use z a common mort>1 ) ab\t twice z mu* s&2 = coat+ walls expos$ to cold & wet1 ! common proportions are #c ( s& to #b ( cem5t1 & = walls expos$ to extreme dryness or heat1 ab\t #b-a_/b or #c ( s& to #a ( cem5t2 = fac+ ci/]n "w1 wat] frontages1 c41 no?+ b cem5t & wat] %\ld be employ$4 ,"u ! "n ( compo' or ,roman cem5t x is mu* employ$ = fac+ h\ses1 wat] ci/]ns1 sett+ ! f\ndations ( l>ge edifices1 c4 ,cem5t1 ,pew's4 ,quick-lime1 #a "p2 bak$ clay1 #b p>ts 7bo? 9 p[d]72 mix & calc9e2 !n add gypsum 7fre% bak$ & 9 f9e p[d]71 #a "p1 to p[d]$ bak$ clay1 #b p>ts2 mix well1 add ! =m] mixture1 & incorporate !m well toge!r4 ,us$ to cov] build+s4 ,x is appli$ l mort>1 & is v h>d & durable4 ,see ,,cem5t1 ,,gibbs1' c4 ,cem5t1 ,plumb'ers'4 ,black res9 melt$ ) ab\t an equal weight ( brick-du/4 ,"s times a little pit* or tall[ is add$4 ,cem5t1 ,port'l&4 ,f clay & *alk1 or argillace\s riv]-mud & *alk or lime/one1 calc9$ toge!r1 & !n gr\nd to p[d]4 ,see ,,cem5t1 ,,p>k]',s4 ,cem5t1 ,ro'man4 ,g5u9e ,roman cem5t consi/s ( puzzol5e 7a f]rug9\s clay f ,pozzuoli1 calc9$ by ! fires ( ,vesuvius71 lime1 & s&4 ,! only prep>ation :i* ! puzzol5e und]goes is t ( p\nd+ & sift+4 ,x is g5]ally mix$ up ) wat]1 l mo/ o!r cem5ts1 b occasionally ) bullock's blood & oil1 to give ! composition m t5acity4 ,t us$ 9 ?is c\ntry is n[ g5]ally prep>$ f ! sept>ia ( ei!r ,h>wi* or ,%eppy1 or ( ! lias =mation1 or f ! cem5t /one f\nd 9 ! upp] division ( ! lias =mation1 or 9 ! %ale b$s ( ! ,kimm]idge clay4 ,x is also prep>$ f sev]al artificial mixtures ( f]rug9\s clay & lime1 calc9$ toge!r4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 close vessels1 & mix$ ) wat] :5 us$4 ,see ,,cem5t1 ,,p>k]',s & ,,gibbs'4 ,cem5t1 ,seal ,engra''v]s'4 ,resembles plumb]s' cem5t4 ,us$ to fix ! pieces ( metal :ile cutt+1 & also to secure seals & tools 9 _! h&les4 ,x gr[s h>d] & improves e "t x is melt$4 ,cem5t1 ,s9'g]'s4 ,prep4 #a4 ,melt toge!r res91 #e lbs41 & beeswax1 #a lb41 & /ir 9 f9ely-p[d]$ r$ o*re 7highly dri$ & /ill w>m71 #a lb41 & pla/] ( ,p>is1 #d oz42 cont9u+ ! heat a little above #bab ,fahr41 & /irr+ con/antly till all fro?+ ceases4 #b4 ,res91 #f lbs42 dri$ r$-o*re1 #a lb42 calc9$ pla/] ( ,p>is1 #a_/b lb42 l9se$ oil1 #a_/d lb4 ,us$ to cem5t ! plates 9 voltaic tr\ghs1 to jo9 *emical vessels1 c4 ,no4 #b is specially applicable to tr\ghs4 ,see ,,cem5t1 ,,electrical4 ,cem5t1 ,/eam-boil]4 ,prep4 ,li?>ge1 9 f9e p[d]1 #b p>ts2 v f9e s& & quick-lime 7t has be5 all[$ to slake spontane\sly 9 a damp place71 ( ea* #a "p2 mix & keep x f ! air4 ,us$ to m5d ! cracks 9 boil]s & ov5s1 & to secure /eam jo9ts4 ,x is made into a pa/e ) boil$ oil be=e application4 ,cem5t1 ,/eam-pipe4 ,prep4 ,good l9se$ oil v>ni% is gr\nd ) equal weights ( :ite lead1 oxide ( manganese1 & pipeclay4 ,cem5t1 ,/ucco4 ,?is is a comp\nd ( p[d]$ gypsum or /rong gelat94 ,x is us$ = coat+ walls1 & also = ornam5t+ ceil+s4 ,x takes a high poli%1 & col\r$ designs c be pa9t$ on x4 ,:5 employ$ on walls a co>s] k9d is fir/ laid on1 :i* is foll[$ by a coat+ made ( *oic] specim5s ( gypsum1 or glue1 or is+lass4 ,:5 ?is latt] & out] coat becomes dry x is poli%$ ) pumice1 tripoli1 & l954 ,! col\r is incorporat$ ) ! out] coat+s ( ! /ucco by mix+ ! metallic pigm5ts ) x1 & !n apply+ x to ! wall1 aft] :i* a v ?9 coat+ ( gypsum & is+lass1 or sometimes ( oil1 is giv5 to x1 & :5 ! :ole is p>tially dri$ ! t9t is br\ght out by poli%+1 z be=e /at$4 ,g5]ally ! f9e/ effect is obta9$ by oil4 ,cem5t1 ,transp>'ent4 ,see ,,cem5t1 ,,ela/ic4 ,cem5t1 ,turn'ers'4 ,prep4 ,beeswax1 #a oz42 res91 #a_/b oz42 pit*1 #a_/b oz42 melt1 & /ir 9 f9e brickdu/1 q4 s4 ,cem5t1 ,univ]s'al4 ,see ,,cem5t1 ,,p>abolic4 ,cem5t1 ,v>'ley's4 ,syn4 ,,v>ley',s ,,ma/ic4 ,black res91 #af p>ts2 beeswax1 #a "p2 melt1 add :it+ 7sift$1 dri$ by a dull-r$ heat1 & all[$ to cool71 #af p>ts2 & /ir until ne>ly cold4 ,cem5t1 ,wat]4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f good grey clay1 #d p>ts2 black oxide ( manganese1 #f p>ts2 lime/one 7r$uc$ to p[d] by spr9kl+ x ) wat]71 #ij p>ts2 mix1 calc9e1 & p[d]4 #b4 ,mix :ite iron ore 7manganese iron ore71 #ae p>ts1 ) lime1 #he p>ts2 calc9e & p[d] z above4 ,bo? ?is & ! prec$+ mu/ be mix$ up ) a little s& = use4 ,a piece ?r[n into wat] rapidly h>d5s4 #c4 ,f9e clean s&1 #a cwt42 quick-lime1 9 p[d]1 #bh lbs42 bone a%es1 #ad lbs4 ,! above are beat up ) wat] = use4 ,see ,,cem5t1 ,,hydraulic1 c4 ,cem5t1 ,wat]glass4 ,= glass1 e>!nw>e1 porcela91 & all k9ds ( /onew>e1 ^! cem5ts are excell5t4 ,a cem5t = glass & m>ble is prep>$ by rubb+ toge!r "o "p ( f9e pulv]is$ glass1 & two p>ts ( pulv]is$ fluorsp>1 & !n add+ en\gh wat]glass solution to give x ! consi/5cy necess>y 9 a cem5t4 ,wat]glass mix$ ) hydraulic cem5t to a ?ick d\gh makes a good cem5t = ! edges & jo9ts ( /one & m>ble slabs4 ,x is well to mix b little at a "t1 z x h>d5s v quickly4 7',j\rnal ( ,appli$ ,*emi/ry4'7 ,cem5t1 ,wa't]pro(4 ,sev]al comp\nds ( ?is class h be5 already notic$4 ,! celebrat$ wat]pro( cem5t ( ,dihl consi/s ( porcela9 clay or pipeclay1 dri$ by a g5tle heat1 & p[d]$1 mix$ up to ! consi/5ce ( a pa/e ) boil$ l9se$ oil1 &1 sometimes1 a little oil ( turp5t9e4 ,x is col\r$ by add+ a little r$ or yell[ o*re1 or any simil> pigm5t4 ,x is us$ to cov] ! fronts ( build+s1 ro(s ( v]&ahs1 c4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,= m5d+ brok5 ,,*9a1 ,,e>!nw>e1 ,,glass1 & ,,wood1 ! prep>ations g5]ally us$ are ! cem5ts describ$ above z ,,arm5ian1 ,,botany ,,bay1 ,,*eese1 ,,*9ese1 ,,curd1 ,,egg1 ,,extemporane\s1 ,,glass1 ,,glue1 ,,h5sl]',s1 ,h,,oe,,nle',s1 ,,mahogany1 & ,,p>abolic4 ,= ,,sp>1 ,,m>ble1 & simil> mat]ials1 ! ,,alaba/] ,,cem5t is specially adapt$2 ! ,,egg & ,,p>abolic ,,cem5ts w1 h[ev]1 answ] ! same purpose4 ,= ,,clo?1 ,,lea!r1 ,,pap]1 ,,c>d1 & ,,light ,,fancy ,,"w1 ! mo/ suitable cem5ts are ! ,,ela/ic1 ,,*9ese1 ,,fl\r1 ,,fr5*1 & ,,japanese4 ,! cem5ts adapt$ = ,,*emical & ,,electrical ,,app>atus1 & = ,,seal+ ,,bottles1 are also t]m$ ,,bottle1 ,,brim/one1 ,,cap1 ,,*emical1 ,,electrical1 ,,laboratory1 ,,maissiat',s1 & ,,v>ley',s4 ,! ,,build+ & ,,hydraulic ,,cem5ts are describ$ "u ! heads ,,ar*itectural1 ,,beale',s1 ,,bruy]e',s1 ,,firepro(1 ,,gad',s1 ,,gibbs'1 ,,hamel9',s1 ,,hydraulic1 ,,ke5e',s1 ,,oxy*loride1 ,,p>k]',s1 ,,pew',s1 ,,portl&1 ,,roman1 ,,wat]1 & ,,wat]pro(4 ,! cem5ts us$ = ,,metal-,,"w1 c41 9 diff]5t trades1 are notic$ "u ! heads ,,copp]smi?s'1 ,,cutl]s'1 ,,eng9e]s'1 ,,gr9d]s'1 ,,iron1 ,,lett]-,,fix+1 ,,opticians'1 ,,plumb]s'1 ,,seal-,,engrav]s'1 ,,/eam-,,boil]1 ,,/eam-,,pipe1 & ,,turn]',s4 ,see ,,glue1 ,,lute1 ,,mort>1 ,,too?-,,cem5t1 c4 ,,cem5ta',,tion4 ,! process ( imb$d+ a sub/ance 91 or cov]+ x )1 "s p[d] or composition capable ( act+ on x :5 heat$1 & 9 ?is /ate expos+ x to a r$ heat4 ,iron is conv]t$ into /eel1 & glass into ,raumur's porcela91 by cem5tation4 ,,c5',,taur94 ,syn4 ,,c5taur9',a4 ,! bitt] extractive matt] ( ,ery?a c5taurium1 or common c5taury4 ,comb9$ ) hydro*loric acid1 x has be5 highly recomm5d$ z a febrifuge4 ,,c]',,as94 ,syn4 ,,prun',,ine4 ,! insoluble portion ( *]ry-tree gum4 ,x is id5tical ) bassor94 ,dr ,john applies ! t]m to all ^? gums :i*1 l tragacan?1 swell1 b d n dissolve 9 wat]4 ,see ,,bassor94 ,,ce',,rate4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum1 ,l4 ,a ?ick species ( o9tm5t conta9+ wax4 ,c]ates are int]m$iate 9 consi/5ce betwe5 o9tm5ts & pla/]s2 b are less frequ5tly employ$ ?an ei!r ( ^? prep>ations4 ,! m$ic9al +r$i5ts :i* ent] into ! c]ates are v num]\s2 inde$1 almo/ e k9d ( m$ic9e capable ( ex]cis+ a topical effect may be prescrib$ 9 ?is =m4 ,x is a g5]al cu/om ) ! druggi/s to use a less quantity ( wax = _! c]ates ?an t :i* is necess>y to give !m a prop] consi/5ce1 & 9 _m cases x is omitt$ altoge!r1 & its place suppli$ by h>d suet1 or /e>9e1 & frequ5tly by common res94 ,l>d is also v g5]ally sub/itut$ = olive oil4 ,inde$1 9 no class ( ph>maceutical prep>ations are ! in/ructions ( practition]s & ! colleges m commonly disreg>d$4 ,! op]ation ( melt+ ! +r$i5ts %\ld be p]=m$ 9 a wat] ba? or /eam ba?1 & ! liquid mass %\ld be assidu\sly /irr$ until cold4 ,all ! m$icat$ c]ates may be prep>$ by add+ ! active +r$i5ts1 9 ! =m ( f9e p[d]1 s(t extract1 solution1 c41 z ! case may be1 to ei!r simple c]ate or sp]maceti c]ate1 9 ! proportions indicat$ "u ! head ( ,doses app5d$ to e article ( importance notic$ 9 ?is "w4 ,! mixture1 :i* mu/ be complete1 may be effect$ by work+ ! articles toge!r on a m>ble or glass slab or tile1 or1 /ill bett]1 by trituration 9 a clean w$gwood mort>4 ,9 "s cases ! simple c]ate is melt$ by a g5tle heat1 & ! :ole /irr$ or triturat$ until ne>ly solid2 9 o!rs1 dige/ion ) heat is employ$4 ,c]ate4 ,syn4 ,,sim',,ple ,,c]ate1 ,,simple ,,dres',,s+2 ,,c]atum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,c4 ,,sim',,plex 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd74 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,yell[ wax1 #bj oz42 melt by a g5tle heat2 add olive oil1 #a p9t2 & /ir until x beg9s to solidify4 ,us$ z a simple emolli5t dress+4 ,! correspond+ prep>ations ( ! o!r colleges w be f\nd notic$ "u ,,o9tm5ts4 ,! c]atum simplex ( ! ,ph4 ,e4 is ,,sp]maceti ,,c]ate4 ,c]ate1 ,ac'etate ( ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,ce',,rate ,,( ,,sug> ,,( ,,lead2 ,,c]a',,tum ,,plum',,bi ,,aceta',,tis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,:ite wax1 #e oz42 olive oil1 #ah fl4 oz42 melt toge!r2 add1 acetate ( lead 79 f9e p[d]71 #e dr41 previ\sly triturat$ ) olive oil1 #b fl4 oz41 & /ir till !y unite 7beg9 to solidify74 ,us$ z a cool+ dress+ to burns1 excoriations1 & inflam$ sores4 ,c]ate1 ,ammoni'acal4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,ammoniaca',,le1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,re*\x47 ,simple c]ate1 #a oz42 c>bonate ( ammonia1 #a dr42 mix4 ,z a c\nt]-irritant 9 cr\p1 c4 ,c]ate1 ,ars5'ical4 ,syn4 ,,c]',,atum ,,ars5',,ici1 ,c4 ,a',,cidi ,,ars5io',,si1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,ars5i\s acid 79 v f9e p[d]71 #bj gr42 simple c]ate1 #a oz4 #b4 7,sir ,a4 ,coop]47 ,ars5i\s acid & sublim$ sulphur1 ( ea* #a dr42 sp]maceti c]ate1 #a oz4 ,! above +r$i5ts mu/ be v c>efully triturat$ toge!r4 ,! fir/ is us$ z a dress+ to canc]\s sores2 ! second is appli$ on l9t z a cau/ic 9 l cases4 ,c]ate1 ,belladonn'a4 ,syn4 ,,c]ate ,,( ,,deadly ,,night%ade2 ,,c]a',,tum ,,belladonn'1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,extract ( belladonna1 #c dr42 simple c]ate1 #a oz42 olive oil1 #a dr42 triturate toge!r 9 a w>m mort>1 until ne>ly cold4 ,us$ 9 frictions to indol5t tum\rs4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,c4 ,b4 ,,compos',,itum1 ,l47 ,prep4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,belladonna c]ate1 #a oz42 iodide ( gold1 #ab gr42 c>efully triturat$ toge!r4 ,us$ z a friction to scr(ul\s & syphilitic tum\rs1 & to remove syphilitic & rheumatic pa9s4 ,a mo/ active & excell5t prep>ation4 ,c]ate1 ,br[n4 ,see ,,pla/]s4 ,c]ate1 ,caca'o4 ,syn4 ,,caca',o ,,pommade4 ,prep4 ,butt] ( cacao1 :ite wax1 & oil ( almonds1 equal p>ts1 melt$ toge!r & /ra9$4 ,us$ z a cosmetic = *app$ h&s & lips1 c4 ,c]ate1 ,cal'am9e4 ,syn4 ,,turn]',s ,,c]ate1 ,,heal+ ,,salve2 ,,c]atum ,,calami',n 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,c4 ,,la',,pis ,,calam9a',,ris 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,yell[ wax1 #g-a_/b oz42 olive oil1 #a p9t2 melt toge!r1 remove ! vessel f ! fire1 & :5 !y fir/ beg9 to ?ick51 add prep>$ calam9e1 #g-a_/b oz41 & /ir con/antly until !y cool4 #b4 7,p4 ,e47 ,prep>$ calam9e1 #a "p2 simple c]ate 7,ph4 ,e471 #e p>ts2 mix4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,see ,,o9tm5t4 #d4 7,comm]cial47 ,h>d suet1 #e lbs42 l>d1 #c lbs42 melt & sift 91 gradually1 calam9e1 #d lbs42 agitate well = a few m9utes1 or until ! :ole is p]fectly mix$1 & aft] "o m9ute's repose p\r x (f into ano!r vessel1 ! co>se s$im5t t has fall5 to ! bottom be+ c>efully avoid$2 la/ly1 /ir assidu\sly1 until x is ne>ly cold4 ,?is =ms ! ,,turn]',s ,,c]ate ( ! :olesale druggi/s4 ,9 _m cases no?+ b l>d & calam9e are us$4 ,uses1 c4 ,:5 hone/ly prep>$ ) g5u9e calam9e1 x is a mo/ valuable desiccant & a/r+5t application to excoriations1 ulc]s1 burns1 scalds1 sore nipples1 c4 ,x has long be5 held 9 popul> e/eem z a dry+ & heal+ dress+ = sores4 ,c]ate1 ,cal'am9e ) ,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,calami',n ,,cum ,,hydr>',,gyro1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,*irur47 ,calam9e c]ate1 #a lb42 r$ oxide ( m]cury1 #a oz42 mix4 ,us$ z a /imulant application to f\l & indol5t ulc]s1 psoroph?almia1 c4 ,c]ate1 ,cal'omel4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,calomela',,nos1 ,c4 ,,hydr>',,gyri ,,*lor',,idi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,calomel1 #a dr42 sp]maceti c]ate1 #g dr4 ,9 h]pes1 & "s o!r sk9 diseases4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,c4 ,c4 ,,compos',,itum1 ,l47 ,calomel1 #b dr42 calam9e c]ate1 #a oz42 olive oil1 #a dr4 ,c]ate1 ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,camphora',,tum1 ,c4 ,,camphor'1 ,l42 ,,pommade ,,du ,,fr,,re ,,cosme1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,olive oil1 #a lb42 :ite wax1 #a_/b lb42 camphor1 #c dr4 ,z an application to *aps1 *ilbla9s1 abrasions1 excoriations1 & slight w\nds4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,camphor4 ,c]ate1 ,can?>'ides4 ,syn4 ,,bli/]+ ,,c]ate2 ,,c]a',,tum ,,lytt'1 ,c4 ,,can?>',,idis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,can?>ides 79 v f9e p[d]71 #a oz42 sp]maceti c]ate1 #f oz42 mix4 #b4 7,p>ri%47 ,can?>ides1 #ab p>ts2 l>d1 #aj p>ts2 yell[ wax & res91 ( ea* #g p>ts2 incorporat$ by fusion4 ,irritant2 us$ to keep bli/]s op51 & to /imulate issues1 & indol5t ulc]s & tum\rs4 ,c]ate1 ,*alk4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,cre',t1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,*alk 7?or\ghly dri$1 & 9 f9e p[d]71 #b dr42 simple c]ate1 #f dr42 almond oil1 #c dr4 ,us$ 9 piles & f\l ulc]s4 #b4 7,acetat$47 ,see ,,c]ate1 ,,kirkl&',s ,,neutral4 #c4 7,comp\nd2 ,,c]a',,tum ,,cre',t ,,compos',,itum1 ,l47--a4 ,to simple *alk c]ate1 #a oz41 add p[d]$ cate*u1 #a_/b dr4 ,9 piles1 & f\l & indol5t ulc]s4 b4 7,u4,s4 ,hospital47 ,lead pla/] & olive oil1 ( ea* #h oz42 :ite wax1 #c oz42 melt toge!r2 add solution ( subacetate ( lead1 #f oz42 ?or\ghly incorporate1 & !n fur!r add1 *alk 79 f9e p[d]71 #e oz4 ,cool+ & a/r+5t4 ,useful 9 inflam$ sores1 excoriations1 piles1 c4 ,c]ate1 ,*]'ry-laur'el4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,lauro-,,c]asi1 ,c4 ,,calmans1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,r\x47 ,simple c]ate1 #a oz42 *]ry-laurel wat]1 #a_/b oz4 ,z an application to burns4 ,c]ate1 ,c9*o'na4 ,syn4 ,,b>k ,,c]ate2 ,,c]a',,tum ,,c9*o',n31 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,extract ( b>k1 #b dr42 simple c]ate1 #a oz4 #b4 7,van ,mons47 ,simple c]ate1 #h oz42 camphor1 #a-a_/b dr42 melt toge!r by a g5tle heat1 !n add gradually1 decoction ( ,p]uvian b>k 7conc5trat$71 #a oz41 & triturate until cold4 ,us$ z a dress+ = ill-condition$ ulc]s4 ,c]ate1 ,c9'nab>4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,ru',,brum1 ,c4 ,,c9naba',,ris1 ,c4 ,,hydr>',,gyri ,,sulphure',,ti ,,ru',,bri1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,camphor1 #bj gr42 v]milion1 #fj gr42 simple c]ate1 #a oz4 ,?is is ,alib]t's ,,antih]petic ,,pommade4 #b4 7,ph4 ,*irur47 ,yell[ wax & l>d1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 yell[ res91 #a_/b oz42 r$ sulphide ( m]cury1 #a dr4 ,us$ z a common dress+4 ,c]ate1 ,cit'r9e4 ,see ,,c]ate1 ,,res91 ,,nitrate ,,( ,,m]cury ,c4 ,c]ate1 ,copai'ba4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,copai',b1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sp]maceti c]ate1 #c oz42 melt by a g5tle heat1 !n add1 balsam ( copaiba1 #a oz4 #b4 7,dr ,h\lton47 ,:ite wax1 #a oz42 balsam ( copaiba1 #b oz42 mix1 z la/4 ,bo? ! above h be5 recomm5d$ z topical applications to w\nds & ulc]s ( ! rectum1 vag9a1 & ure?ra2 especially 9 ^? ( a fi/ul\s "*2 & 9 piles1 c4 ,c]ate1 ,cop'p]4 ,syn4 ,,cupria',,t$ ,,c]ate2 ,,c]a',,tum ,,cu',,pri2 ,c4 ,c4 ,,ammonia',,ti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,sw$iaur47 ,simple c]ate1 #h p>ts2 melt1 & add solution ( ammoniuret ( copp]1 #a "p4 ,z a /imulant dress+ = indol5t ulc]s2 & 9 psoroph?almia1 c4 ,c]ate1 ,cosmet'ic4 ,syn4 ,,cold ,,cream1 ,,c]ate ,,( ,,ga',,l52 ,,c]a',,tum ,,cosmet',,icum1 ,c4 ,,gal5i1 ,,cremor ,,frigida1 ,l42 ,,pommade ,,en ,,cr,,me1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil ( sweet almonds1 #a lb42 :ite wax & sp]maceti1 ( ea* #b oz42 melt1 p\r ! mixture into a m>ble or w$gwood mort>1 :i* has be5 heat$ by /&+ = "s "t 9 boil+ wat]2 add1 gradually1 rose wat]1 #aj fl4 oz41 assidu\sly /irr+ until an emulsion is =m$2 !n fur!r add1 oil ( b]gamot1 #a_/b oz42 oil ( lav5d]1 #a dr42 & cont9ue ! /irr+ or trituration until ! :ole has become cold4 #b4 ,to ! la/ add otto ( roses1 #a dr42 oil ( rosem>y1 #ae drops4 #c4 ,oil ( almonds1 #e oz42 sp]maceti1 #e dr42 :ite wax1 #d dr42 rose wat]1 #c-a_/b oz42 balm ( ,mecca 7g5u9e71 #h drops4 #d4 ,z ! la/1 ) ess5ce ( vanilla1 #ae drops2 ess5ce ( amb]gris1 #aj drops4 #e4 7,p4 ,c47 ,:ite wax1 #a "p2 oil ( almonds1 #d p>ts2 rose wat]1 #c p>ts2 z be=e4 #f4 7,van ,mons47 ,:ite wax & butt] ( cacao1 ( ea* #a "p2 oil ( almonds & rose wat]1 ( ea* #d p>ts4 ,obs4 ,! above are us$ z agreeable & cool+ emolli5ts = irritable surfaces1 excoriations1 sore nipples1 c4 ,see ,,cold ,,cream & ,,o9tm5ts4 ,c]ate1 ,cro'ton4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,croto',,nis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cav5t\47 ,l>d1 #e p>ts2 wax1 #a "p2 melt1 & :5 ne>ly cold add croton oil1 #b p>ts4 ,us$ z a c\nt]-irritant2 b is apt to affect ! b[els4 ,c]ate1 ,g\l>d's4 ,see ,,c]ate1 ,,lead4 ,c]ate1 ,hemlock4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,co',,nii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,sp]maceti1 #b oz42 :ite wax1 #c oz42 melt1 & add ( hemlock o9tm5t1 #ab oz4 ,us$ = invet]ate canc]\s1 scr(ul\s1 & o!r sores4 ,c]ate1 ,hon'ey4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,mel',,is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,simple c]ate1 #c p>ts2 honey1 #a "p2 oil ( lemon-grass1 #f drops4 ,us$ z cold cream4 #b4 7,ph4 ,*irur47 ,olive oil1 #a_/b lb42 wax & lead pla/] 7or galbanum pla/]71 ( ea* #d oz42 melt1 & add honey1 #a_/b lb4 ,z a cool+ emolli5t dress+4 ,c]ate ( ,honey ) ,turp5t9e4 7,p>acelsus74 ,common turp5t9e1 #a lb42 ! yolk ( #bj eggs2 honey1 #a lb42 beat toge!r ! honey & yolk1 & add ! turp5t9e1 s(t5$ by heat4 ,c]ate1 ,is'sue4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,ad ,,fonticulos1 ,l4 ,z issue pla/]1 b add+ a little almond oil4 ,c]ate1 ,kirk'l&'s4 ,syn4 ,,kirkl&',s ,,neutral ,,c]ate2 ,,c]a',,tum ,,neutra',,le1 ,c4 ,,cre',t ,,aceta',,tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,lead pla/]1 #h oz42 olive oil1 #d oz4 melt1 sift 9 *alk1 #d oz42 mix well1 !n add gradually ,g\l>d's extract1 #a_/b oz42 di/ill$ v9eg>1 #d oz42 & /ir until cold4 #b4 7,p>is47 ,lead pla/]1 #h oz42 olive oil & *alk1 ( ea* #d oz42 sug> ( lead1 #c dr41 7dissolv$ 97 di/ill$ v9eg>1 #d fl4 oz4 ,z a cool+ dress+ to irritable ulc]s & excoriat$ p>ts4 ,c]ate1 ,lead 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,g\',,l>d',s ,,c]ate2 ,,c]a',,tum ,,plum',,bi ,,compos',,itum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,olive oil1 #af fl4 oz42 yell[ wax1 #h oz42 melt1 remove ! vessel f ! fire1 & :5 !y beg9 to ?ick51 add gradually solution ( subacetate ( lead 7slightly w>m$71 #f fl4 oz42 & /ir con/antly until ! :ole is ne>ly cold2 !n add camphor1 #a dr41 dissolv$ 9 olive oil1 #d fl4 oz4 7by heat71 & /ir until ! c]ate is q cold4 ,us$ 9 simil> cases to ,,kirkl&',s ,,c]ate 7:i* see74 ,see also ,,acetate ,,( ,,lead ,,c]ate4 ,c]ate1 ,m>'%all's4 ,prep4 #a4 ,palm oil & calomel1 ( ea* #b oz42 acetate ( lead1 #a oz42 o9tm5t ( nitrate ( m]cury1 #d oz42 triturat$ toge!r 9 a w$gwood mort>4 #b4 7,p>is47 ,palm oil1 #e oz42 calomel1 #a oz42 acetate ( lead1 #a_/b oz42 citr9e o9tm5t1 #b oz42 z ! la/4 ,appli$ to ! eyes1 c4 ,c]ate1 m]cu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,m]curia',,le1 ,c4 ,,hydr>'',,gyri1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,guib\rt47 ,/rong m]curial o9tm5t & simple c]ate1 equal p>ts4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,/rong m]curial o9tm5t & yell[ wax1 ( ea* #f oz42 l>d1 #c oz4 ,bo? are us$ z dress+s to v5]eal ulc]s4 #c4 7,comp\nd2 ,,c]a',,tum ,,m]curia',,le ,,compos',,itum1 ,c4 ,,hydr>'',,gyri1 ,l47 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,m]curial o9tm5t 7/rong7 & soap c]ate1 ( ea* #f oz42 camphor 79 p[d]71 #a-a_/b oz42 triturate toge!r4 ,alt]ative & discuti5t2 us$ to disp]se indol5t tum\rs & swell+s1 & z a resolv5t 9 enl>g$ jo9ts1 c4 ,,c]ate1 ,,meto'',,pium4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,meto'',,pii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,b>ham47 ,hog-gum 7f ,rhus ,metopium71 & l>d1 ( ea* #d oz42 :ite wax & root ( ,sweet ,ari/olo*ia 7p[d]$71 ( ea* #b oz42 yell[ res91 #a oz42 9 /iff jo9ts & rheumatic pa9s4 ,c]ate1 ,mez'ereon4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,mez',,erei1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,extract ( mez]eon1 #a "p2 7dissolv$ 97 alcohol1 #e p>ts2 add beeswax1 #e p>ts2 olive oil1 #aa p>ts2 melt toge!r1 & cont9ue ! heat until all ! alcohol is evaporat$4 #b4 ,gre5 oil ( mez]eon1 #a "p2 simple c]ate1 #bj p>ts2 melt toge!r4 ,bo? are us$ to keep up ! dis*>ge f bli/]$ surfaces1 & z a /imulant application to indol5t sores4 ,c]ate1 ,neu'tral4 ,see ,,c]ate1 ,,kirkl&',s4 ,c]ate1 ,ni'trate ( ,m]'cury4 ,syn4 ,,cit',,r9e ,,c]ate2 ,,c]a',,tum ,,hydr>'',,gyri ,,nitra',,tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,citr9e o9tm5t & simple c]ate1 equal p>ts4 ,see ,,o9tm5ts4 ,c]ate1 ,o'pium4 ,syn4 ,,laud',,anum ,,c]ate1 ,,an',,odyne ,c42 ,,c]a',,tum ,o'',,pii1 ,c4 ,,opia',,tum1 ,c4 ,,anody',,num1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,t9cture ( opium & olive oil1 ( ea* #b dr42 simple c]ate1 #a oz42 dige/ ) heat until all ! _s & wat] is evaporat$1 con/antly /irr+ ! mixture all ! "t4 #b4 7,gilb]t47 ,w9e ( opium1 #a dr42 simple c]ate1 #a oz4 #c4 7,lagneau47 ,opium 79 f9e p[d]71 #a_/b dr42 yolk ( #a egg2 mix1 !n triturate x ) simple c]ate1 #a oz4 ,uses4 ,! above are appli$ to pa9ful swell+s1 piles1 & ulc]s1 & 9 *ronic oph?almia1 c4 ,c]ate1 ,phosphora't$4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,phospho',,ri1 ,c4 ,,phosphora',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,phosphorus1 #f gr42 simple c]ate1 #c oz42 heat toge!r 9 a phial plac$ 9 a wat] ba?1 ) frequ5t agitation = #b h\rs2 & aft] repose = #aj m9utes1 p\r (f ! cle> portion1 & /ir x well until cold4 #b4 7,foy47 ,phosphorat$ e!r1 #e p>ts2 simple c]ate1 #bd p>ts4--,uses4 ,bo? ( ! above h be5 recomm5d$ z frictions 9 ob/9ate cutane\s affections1 & 9 rheumatism ( ! jo9ts4 ,c]ate1 ,pit*4 ,syn4 ,,c]atum ,,pi',,cis ,,b]gundi',c1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b]al47 ,:ite wax1 #c p>ts2 suet1 #d p>ts2 ,b]gundy pit*1 #f p>ts2 melt$ toge!r4 ,a mild /imulant & det]g5t dress+4 ,see ,,o9tm5ts4 ,c]ate1 ,qu9'ine4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,qu9i1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphate ( qu99e1 #e or #f gr42 simple c]ate1 #a dr4 ,appli$ to ! d5ud$ d]mis 7end]mically74 #b4 ,sulphate ( qu99e & olive oil1 ( ea* #a dr42 simple c]ate1 #f dr4 ,z a friction4 ,bo? are us$ 9 int]mitt5ts4 ,c]ate1 ,res'94 ,syn4 ,,basil',,icon1 ,b4 ,,c]ate1 ,b4 ,,o9tm5t1 ,,yell[ ,b41 ,,cit',,r9e ,,c]ate2 ,,c]a',,tum ,,citri',,num 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh71 ,c4 ,,resi',n ,,fla',v 7,ph4 ,l4 #agde71 ,c4 ,,resi',n 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahji & s9ce71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,yell[ res9 & beeswax1 ( ea* #ae oz42 melt1 add olive oil1 #a p9t2 /ra9 ?r\gh a clo?1 & /ir ! mixture until cold4 ,obs4 ,! above is ! =mula ( ! ,london ,college1 b ! basilicon ( ! %ops is seldom1 if ev]1 made 9 ?is mann]4 ,! foll[+ =ms are ^? commonly us$ 9 trade1 b ! products are mu* inf]ior to t made accord+ to ! directions 9 ! ,ph>macopoeia4 #b4 7,comm]cial47--a4 ,yell[ res91 #aj lbs42 beeswax1 #b lbs42 l9se$ oil1 #g lbs42 melt toge!r1 & /ir until cold4 b4 ,z ! la/1 b us+ nut oil in/ead ( l9se$ oil4 c4 ,nut oil1 #a gall42 beeswax1 #e lbs42 yell[ res91 #ad lbs4 d4 ,l>d 7common7 & l9se$ oil1 ( ea* #c lbs42 yell[ res91 #i lbs42 z be=e4 ,uses1 c4 ,?is c]ate is a mild /imulant1 det]g5t1 & dige/ive application2 & z su* is employ$ to dress f\l & indol5t ulc]s1 bli/]$ surfaces1 burns1 c4 ,= ! correspond+ prep>ations ( ! o!r colleges1 see ,,o9tm5ts4 #c4 7,comp\nd2 ,,de%',,l]',s ,,c]ate2 ,,c]a',,tum ,,resi',n ,,compos',,itum1 ,l47 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,res91 suet1 & beeswax1 ( ea* #a lb42 turp5t9e1 #a_/b lb42 flax-se$ oil 7l9se$ oil71 #a_/b p9t2 z above4 ,r m /imulat+ ?an res9 c]ate1 b us$ = ! same purposes4 ,c]ate1 ,rose4 ,syn4 ,,lip ,,salve2 ,,c]a',,tum ,,rosa',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,c47 ,oil ( almonds1 #af p>ts2 :ite wax1 #h p>ts2 alkanet root1 #a "p2 dige/1 ) a g5tle heat1 until suffici5tly col\r$1 !n /ra91 & = e ounce ( ! c]ate1 add otto ( roses1 #b drops4 ,see ,,lip ,,salve4 ,c]ate1 ,sav'ine4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,sabi',n 7,ph4 ,e42 & ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,beeswax1 #a "p2 l>d1 #d p>ts2 fre% sav9 7leaves bruis$71 #b p>ts2 boil toge!r until ! leaves become crisp1 !n /ra91 ) pressure1 ?r\gh a l95 clo?4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,l>d1 #b lbs42 sav9 leaves1 #a lb42 beeswax1 #a_/b lb42 z la/4 #c4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahea47 ,9 ! ,b4 ,p4 ?is prep>ation is includ$ among ! ,,o9tm5ts 7:i* see72 9 trade1 h[ev]1 ! old "n 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf7 is /ill g5]ally reta9$4 ,obs4 ,! prep>ation ( ?is c]ate requires caution1 z ! active pr9ciple ( ! sav91 be+ volatile1 is injur$ by long boil+ & a high temp]ature4 ,! leaves are usually boil$ until !y are crisp1 b z ?is takes "s "t1 ! ess5tial oil1 & consequ5tly ! od\r1 is ne>ly all dissipat$4 ,a bett] plan is to express ! juice f ! leaves1 & to add x to ! wax & oil melt$ toge!r1 & j beg9n+ to cool4 ,z usually met ) 9 ! %ops1 ?is c]ate has a lively gre5 col\r1 & ! od\r ( ! fre% plant2 b nei!r ( ^! is d]iv$ f ! leaves 9 ! common process ( mak+ x4 ,! fir/ is caus$ by ! addition ( p[d]$ v]digris1 & ! la/ by add+ a little ( ! ess5tial oil ( sav9 to ! comp\nd :5 ne>ly cold4 ,! prep>ations ( ! ,briti% ,colleges h only a v pale gre5 col\r1 & ev5 t rapidly *anges by exposure to ! air4 ,a uni=m gre5 col\r may !re=e be reg>d$ z a pro( ( adult]ation2 z ! unadult]at$ comp\nd1 h[ev]1 skilfully prep>$1 is ( a d+y gre5 col\r1 ( little int5sity2 & aft] x has be5 made a %ort "t1 x fades on ! surface1 & ! "u portion becomes /reaky & mottl$4 ,a great] quantity ( col\r is obta9$ f ! leaves by long dige/ion 9 ! fat & wax 9 e>!n vessels1 at a mod]ate heat1 ?an by ha/y boil+4 ,9 ?is way a lively gre5 is sometimes produc$1 b x rapidly *anges 9 ! mann] j m5tion$4 ,! foll[+ =ms are ^? commonly adopt$ by ! :olesale druggi/s = ! manufacture ( ?is c]ate3-- #d4 ,l>d & suet1 ( ea* #f lbs42 yell[ wax1 #b lbs42 melt !m toge!r 9 an e>!n vessel2 add #b oz4 ( di/ill$ v]digris 7previ\sly rubb$ d[n smoo? 9 a mort> ) an equal weight ( sweet oil72 /ra91 :il/ hot1 into a l>ge e>!n pot1 & :5 ! :ole has cool$ a little1 add ( oil ( sav91 #a oz41 & /ir until cold4 #e4 ,sav9 leaves1 #d lbs42 yell[ wax1 #b lbs42 l>d1 #h lbs42 boil until ! leaves become crisp2 !n /ra91 & add1 ( gre5 o9tm5t 7lively col\r$71 #e lbs42 :5 cool$ a little1 fur!r add1 ( oil ( sav91 #c dr41 & /ir briskly until cold4 ,prod41 #ac-a_/b lbs4 ,uses1 c4 ,sav9 c]ate & o9tm5t are *iefly employ$ to keep up ! dis*>ge f bli/]s 7p]petual bli/]s71 = :i* purpose x is pref]able to prep>ations ( can?>ides4 ,! practice ( col\r+ ?is c]ate ) v]digris1 :i* is g5]al 9 trade1 _c be too sev]ely c5sur$1 z its !rapeutic action is !reby alt]$4 ,! copp] may be detect$ by burn+ d[n a little 9 a plat9um or ,hessian crucible1 wa%+ out ! a%es ) a little dilute nitric acid1 plac+ ! liquor 9 a glass tube1 & apply+ ! usual te/s4 ,see ,,copp] & ,,o9tm5ts4 ,c]ate1 ,sim'ple4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,sim',,plex1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,sp]maceti1 #a "p2 :ite wax1 #c p>ts2 olive oil1 #f p>ts2 melt by a g5tle heat1 & /ir until cold4 ,?is prep>ation is simil> to ,,simple ,,o9tm5t 7,ungu5tum ,simplex71 ,b4 ,p4 7:i* see74 ,c]ate ( ,snails4 ,:ite wax1 #c p>ts2 sp]maceti1 #c p>ts2 oil ( almonds1 #cb p>ts2 mucilage ( snails1 #bd p>ts2 otto ( rose1 suffici5t to sc5t x4 ,c]ate1 ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,comp\nd ,,soap ,,c]ate2 ,,c]a',,tum ,,sapo',,nis 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 ,c4 ,,saponis ,,compos',,itum 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahea71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,boil li?>ge1 #ae oz41 9 di/ill$ v9eg>1 #a gall41 until dissolv$1 /irr+ cont9ually2 !n add ( ,ca/ile soap1 #aj oz42 aga9 boil until all ! moi/ure is evaporat$2 !n add1 gradually1 beeswax1 #ab-a_/b oz41 & olive oil1 #a p9t1 previ\sly melt$ toge!r1 & /ir until ne>ly cold4 ,simil> to ,,soap ,,c]ate ,,pla/] 7,empla/rum ,c]ati ,saponis71 ,b4 ,p4 7:i* see74 #b4 7,:olesale47 ,di/ill$ v9eg>1 #f galls42 li?>ge1 #e lbs42 soap1 #c-c_/d lbs42 yell[ wax1 #d-a_/b lbs42 olive oil1 #f p9ts4 ,mix z above4 ,good nut or poppy oil may be us$ in/ead ( olive oil4 ,obs4 ,unless ! in/ructions conta9$ 9 ! above =mul are foll[$ 9 e p>ticul>1 ! process is apt to misc>ry4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 ! c]ate1 on cool+1 sep>ates into two portions1 & is commonly full ( h>d1 gritty p>ticles4 ,to prev5t ?is1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to use soap ( ! be/ quality4 ,?is mi%ap _c be got ov] by long boil+ & /irr+1 z is g5]ally suppos$4 ,! only rem$y is ! addition ( a little m soap1 previ\sly melt$ ) "s wat]1 & aga9 evaporat+ to a prop] consi/5ce4 ,a small quantity ( solution ( potassa has a simil> effect4 ,! col\r & consi/5ce ( soap c]ate *iefly dep5ds on ! l5g? ( "t x is kept heat$ aft] ! addition ( ! oil & wax4 ,z evaporation proce$s1 s ! col\r & consi/5ce increase4 ,its usual col\r is t ( a lively1 pale *ocolate-br[n1 b occasionally x is mu* pal]4 ,?is arises f its conta9+ an undue quantity ( moi/ure4 ,:5 x has be5 kept heat$ = a p]iod beyond t usually adopt$1 x atta9s great] h>dness1 & is !n frequ5tly call$ h>d soap c]ate 7,,c]a',,tum ,,saponis ,,durum72 b by ov]-boil+ x is apt to become gritty4 ,uses1 c4 ,soap c]ate is resolv5t1 cool+1 & desiccative1 & is *iefly employ$ z a cool+ dress+ = scr(ul\s swell+s1 c4 ,x may be spread on l95 & appli$ l a pla/]4 ,x is sometimes us$ z a support = fractur$ limbs1 & =ms an excell5t dress+ = s(t corns4 ,c]ate1 ,sp]mace'ti4 ,syn4 ,,:ite ,,c]ate1 ,,:ite ,,lip ,,salve1 ,,simple ,c42 ,,c]atum ,,sim',,plex 7,ph4 ,e471 ,c4 ,,album 7,ph4 ,l4 #agde71 ,c4 ,,sp]ma',,tis ,,ce',,ti 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh71 ,c4 ,,ceta',,cei 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahji1 & s9ce71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,sp]maceti1 #b oz42 :ite wax1 #h oz42 melt by a g5tle heat2 add1 olive oil 7w>m71 #a p9t1 & /ir ) a spatula until !y cool4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,see ,,c]ate1 ,,simple4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,! correspond+ prep>ation ( ! ,ph4 ,d4 is class$ "u ,o9tm5ts1 & conta9s l>d4 #d4 7,comm]cial47 ,on ! l>ge scale l>d or suet is sub/itut$ = oil1 by :i* means less wax is requir$4 ,! foll[+ is a good =m :]e a *eap article is want$1 & is t commonly adopt$ 9 ! :olesale trade3-- ,cl>ifi$ mutton suet1 #e-a_/b lbs42 :ite wax & sp]maceti1 ( ea* #c_/d lb42 z above4 ,obs4 ,! mat]ials %\ld be melt$ by a v g5tle heat 7t ( a wat] ba? is be/7 9 a clean /onew>e vessel1 & z soon z p]fect liquefaction takes place1 ! heat %\ld be )drawn1 & ! fluid c]ate /ra9$ into a clean vessel1 & /irr$ ) a clean wood5 spatula until x solidifies4 ,to facilitate ! cool+1 ! vessel may be plac$ 9 cold wat] or 9 a curr5t ( cold air4 ,9 ?is way ! product is r5d]$ bo? :it] & f9] ?an :5 ! liquid mass is all[$ to cool by itself4 ,by add+ a little fl[]s ( b5zo9 ) ! oil1 or a little nitric e!r :5 ! c]ate is ab\t half cold1 ?is1 z well z o!r l prep>ations1 w keep = ye>s )\t becom+ rancid or suff]+ any mat]ial *ange ( condition4 ,uses1 c4 ,emolli5t & cool+4 ,x is commonly employ$ z a s(t1 cool+ dress+1 z a lip salve1 z an application to *aps1 *ilbla9s1 c4 ,c]ate1 ,sul'phur4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,sulphu',,ris1 ,c4 ,,sulphura',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,c47 ,wa%$ sulphur1 #b p>ts2 c]ate ( ,gal51 #g p>ts2 almond oil1 #a "p2 mix4 ,9 it*1 c4 ,c]ate1 ,sul'phide ( ,m]'cury4 ,prep4 7,sw$iaur47 ,yell[ res91 #a_/b oz42 yell[ wax & l>d1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 v]milion1 #bj gr4 ,z a dress+ to unheal?y ulc]s4 ,see ,,c]ate1 ,,c9nab>4 ,c]ate1 ,tobac'co4 ,prep4 ,beeswax1 #c oz42 yell[ res91 #a oz42 olive oil1 #f oz42 tobacco juice1 #d oz42 mix & evaporate to dryness1 & :5 ne>ly cold1 add b]gamot1 #b dr4 ,us$ to de/roy p$iculi1 c4 ,c]ate1 ,t\*4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,pro ,,tec',,tu1 ,l42 ,,c]at ,,p\r ,,le ,,t\*]1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,s\beiran47 ,sp]maceti & yell[ wax1 ( ea* #a "p2 olive oil1 #af p>ts2 melt1 add cau/ic soda1 #a "p1 & /ir until cold4 ,us$ 9 hospitals = practis+ ! t\*+ 9 acc\*em5ts4 ,c]ate1 ,turn]'s4 ,see ,,c]ate1 ,,calam9e4 ,c]ate1 ,v]'digris4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,ru',,g9is1 ,c4 ,,cu',,pri ,,diaceta',,tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,res9 c]ate1 #ai p>ts2 v]digris 79 f9e p[d]71 #a "p4 #b4 7,=4 ,ph47 ,wax & res91 ( ea* #f p>ts2 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #e p>ts2 l9se$ oil1 #b p>ts2 v]digris1 #a "p4 ,us$ z a mild es*>otic & /imulant to fung\s ulc]s1 w>ts1 corns1 c4 ,c]ate1 ,:ite4 ,see ,,c]ate1 ,,sp]maceti4 ,c]ate1 ,z9c4 ,syn4 ,,c]a',,tum ,,z9c',i1 ,c4 ,z4 ,,oxy',,di1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oxide ( z9c1 #bj gr41 sp]maceti c]ate1 #a oz4 ,us$ 9 sore nipples1 excoriations1 c42 & 9 *ronic oph?almia4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,c]a',,tum ,,z9ci ,,compositum1 ,l47--a4 ,to ! la/ add calomel1 #aj gr4 ,us$ z ! la/1 & 9 scr(ul\s oph?almia4 b4 7,mid4 ,hosp47 ,z9c o9tm5t & comp\nd lead o9tm5t1 equal p>ts4 ,cool+1 a/r+5t2 9 excoriations1 & z a dress+ = ulc]s4 c4 7,hufel&47 ,oxide ( z9c & lycopodium1 ( ea* #ae gr42 simple c]ate1 #a_/b oz4 ,9 sore nipples1 ulc]ations ( ! brea/1 tett]s1 c4 ,x acts be/ :5 dilut$ ) half its weight ( sp]maceti c]ate4 d4 7,u4 ,s4 ,ph47 ,precipitat$ c>bonate z9c1 #b oz42 simple c]ate1 #aj oz4 ,a sub/itute = calam9e c]ate4 ,,c]eb',,ric ,,acid4 ,a peculi> acid comp\nd1 fir/ notic$ by ,m4 ,frmy1 obta9$ along ) oleo-phosphoric acid :5 ! bra9 & n]ves are treat$ ) hot alcohol4 ,x is solid1 :ite1 cry/all9e2 freely soluble 9 boil+ alcohol1 & =ms a solid gelat9\s mass ) hot wat]2 fusible ) decomposition1 exhal+ a peculi> od\r1 & leav+ mu* *>coal beh9d4 ,x has be5 f\nd also 9 ! yolk ( eggs1 9 sem9al fluid1 & 9 pus4 ,) ! alkalies x =ms insoluble salts t]m$ c]ebrates4 ,,c]eb',,role94 ,:5 oleo-phosphoric acid is boil$ 9 wat]1 x is resolv$ into a fluid neutral oil & phosphoric acid1 :i* dissolves4 ,! =m] is c]ebrole94 ,,ce',,r91 ,,hc#bg;,h#ec,o#b4 7,brodie47 ,syn4 ,,c]otic ,,acid4 ,:5 pure beeswax 7blea*$7 is dige/$ 9 boil+ alcohol = "s "t1 a solution ( myric9 & c]9 is =m$4 ,! =m] is deposit$ z ! liquid cools1 & ! latt] may be obta9$ by evaporat+ ! decant$ portion4 ,c]9 is a :ite1 cry/allisable sub/ance1 soluble 9 #af p>ts ( boil+ alcohol2 x fuses at #add ,fahr42 & is readily saponifi$ ) cau/ic alkal9e lyes4 ,x greatly resembles :ite wax1 ( :i*1 inde$1 x =ms f #gj2 to #hj4 ,,c]is94 ,a sub/ance obta9$ f ozok]it or fossil wax1 v simil> 9 appe>ance & prop]ties to :ite wax1 = :i* x has be5 propos$ z a sub/itute 9 ph>maceutical prep>ations4 ,at pres5t x is *iefly us$ 9 ! manufacture ( c&les4 ,c]is9 appe>s to be "o ( ! p>aff9s4 ,x diff]s1 h[ev]1 f ord9>y p>aff9 9 n be+ unctu\s to ! t\*1 9 be+ non-transluc5t & firm] 9 texture1 & 9 hav+ a high] fus+ po9t4 ,x seems to be int]m$iate betwe5 ord9>y p>aff9 & wax4 ,,ce',,rium4 ,ce4 ,a metal discov]$ 9 #ahjc by ,his+] & ,b]zelius 9 ! m9]al nam$ c]ite4 ,c]ium ,oxalate4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,x may be obta9$ z a precipitate by add+ a solution ( oxalate ( ammonia to a soluble salt ( c]ium4--,dose1 #a to #b gr4 ,giv5 9 ! vomit+ ( pregnancy4 ,,ce',,romel4 ,prep4 7,van ,mons47 ,beeswax1 #a oz42 honey1 #d oz42 melt toge!r & /ir until cold4 ,an excell5t application to irritable ulc]s1 abrad$ surfaces1 sore nipples1 c4 ,,c]o',,tic ,,acid4 ,see ,,c]94 ,,cesspools4 ,x may be well to po9t out t ! local au?orities ( any di/rict 9 :i* a cesspool is situat$ are requir$ by ! ,public ,heal? ,act--#a4 ,to see t x is s con/ruct$ & kept z to prev5t its becom+ ei!r a nuisance or detrim5tal to heal?4 #b4 ,t an exam9ation ( any cesspool c be made by ! sanit>y inspector1 or by any (fic] appo9t$ by ! local au?ority1 aft] notice ( entry has be5 s]v$ ^u ^? :o are ! occupi]s ( ! premises on :i* x is situat$4 #c4 ,! local au?ority may itself und]take ! cleans+ ( a cesspool1 or x may enact bye-laws impos+ ?is duty on ! occupi]s ( ! premises4 #d4 ,if ! local au?ority1 aft] hav+ und]tak5 ! cleans+ ( a cesspool1 fail to d its duty1 x becomes liable1 aft] notice f an occupi]1 = ! paym5t to ! said occupi] ( a p5alty n exce$+ five %ill+s a day dur+ default4 #e4 ,any p]son 9 an urban di/rict :o all[s ! cont5ts ( a cesspool to ov]fl[1 or to soak !refrom1 incurs a p5alty ( =ty %ill+s = ea* (f5ce1 & a fur!r *>ge ( five %ill+s a day = ! cont9uance ( ! (f5ce aft] notice4 #f4 ,in=mation ( any nuisance "u ! said ,act 9 ! di/rict ( any local au?ority may be giv5 to su* local au?ority by any p]son aggriev$ !reby1 or by any two inhabitant h\sehold]s ( su* di/rict1 or by any (fic] ( su* au?ority1 or by ! reliev+ (fic]1 or by any con/able or (fic] ( ! police =ce ( su* di/rict4 ,x does n come )9 our prov9ce to ent] into details z to ! be/ me?od ( build+ a cesspool4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 /ate1 t ow+ to ! defective & leaky con/ruction ( a cesspool1 x v frequ5tly becomes a s]i\s s\rce ( dang]\s contam9ation to ! wells 9 ! neighb\rhood1 z well z a ready means ( contagion1 :5 x conta9s ! excreta ( fev] pati5ts4 ,! outbreak ( typhoid fev] at ! we/ end ( ,london 9 #ahgd1 ! orig9 ( :i* 0 trac$ to ! milk supply1 0 ow+ to ! vessels 9 :i* ! milk 0 collect$ 9 ! c\ntry hav+ be5 wa%$ out ) wat] tak5 f a well ne> a cesspool1 into :i* ran ! cont5ts ( a privy belong+ to a h\se1 "s ( ! inmates ( :i* 7 lab\r+ "u typhoid fev]4 ,= a cesspool n to be injuri\s to heal? x %\ld be wat]-tight & v5tilat$ by a %aft2 x %\ld nev] be all[$ to ov]fl[2 & %\ld be sunk at z great a di/ance f h\ses or dwell+s z possible4 ,,ce',,t94 ,c#cb;,h#fd,o#b4 ,*evreul appli$ ?is "n to pure sp]maceti4 ,prep4 ,dissolve sp]maceti 9 boil+ alcohol1 & collect ! cry/als t are deposit$ z ! solution cools4 ,bright pe>ly cry/als1 melt+ at #abj1 & sublim+ at #fgj ,fahr4 ,see ,,sp]maceti4 ,,cetr>',,ic ,,acid4 ,h#b;,c#ah;,h#ad,o#h4 ,syn4 ,,cetr>',,94 ,! bitt] pr9ciple ( ,icel& moss 7,cetr>ia ,isl&ica74 ,x exi/s1 9 ! free /ate1 9 ! cortical portion ( ! ?allus4 ,prep4 #a4 ,icel& moss 7bruis$71 #a "p2 rectifi$ _s1 #f p>ts2 boil 9 a cov]$ vessel = half an h\r2 express ! liquor :il/ hot1 filt]1 & di/il (f ! _s2 r$issolve ! residuum 9 boil+ alcohol1 decant ! cle>1 & let ! solution cool sl[ly2 la/ly1 collect ! cry/als & pres]ve !m out ( contact ) air4 #b4 7,h]b]g]47 ,icel& moss 79 co>se p[d]71 #a lb42 alcohol 7#hhc71 #d lbs42 boil z be=e1 cool until vap\rs cease to rise1 express ! t9cture1 add hydro*loric acid1 #c dr41 7dissolv$ 97 wat]1 #b oz42 let x re/ = a night 9 a clos$ matrass2 !n decant1 ?r[ ! deposit on a filt]1 press x 9 bibul\s pap]1 & :il/ /ill moi/ wa% x ) bo? alcohol & e!r2 la/ly1 purify x by dige/ion 9 boil+ alcohol1 z be=e4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure cetr>ic acid occurs "u ! =m ( m9ute1 %9+1 acicul> cry/als2 x is int5sely bitt]1 non-volatile1 sc>cely soluble 9 wat]1 e!r1 & cold alcohol2 soluble 9 alkal9e solutions =m+ soluble salts1 :i* give a r$ col\r ) ! p]salts ( iron1 & a yell[ "o ) acetate ( lead4 ,! comp\nds are call$ cetr>ates4--,dose1 #b to #d gr4 e ?ree h\rs1 z a febrifuge2 #a to #c gr4 ?rice daily1 z a tonic4 ,,*a',,b]t',s ,,oil4 ,syn4 ,,*ab]t',s ,,empyreumat',,ic ,,oil2 ,o',,leum ,,empyreumat',,icum ,,*ab]ti1 ,o4 ,,contra ,t,,niam ,,*ab]ti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg47 ,f empyreumatic oil ( h>t%orn1 #a "p2 oil ( turp5t9e1 #c p>ts2 mix & di/il ov] ?ree f\r?s only 9 a glass retort1 & keep x 9 well-/opp$ bottles4 ,9 tapeworm4--,dose1 #b teaspoonfuls 9 wat]1 night & morn+1 until #d to #f or ev5 #g oz4 h be5 tak52 a ca?>tic be+ also adm9i/]$ f "t to "t4 ,,*af+4 ,see ,,excoriations4 ,,*airs4 ,! black lea!r "w ( *airs1 settees1 c41 may be re/or$ by fir/ well wa%+ (f ! dirt ) a little w>m soap & wat]1 & aft]w>ds ) clean wat]4 ,! br[n & fad$ portions may n[ be reta9$ by means ( a little black ink1 or pref]ably1 black reviv]1 & :5 ?is has got ?or\ghly dry1 !y may be t\*$ ov] ) :ite ( egg1 /a9$ & mix$ ) a little sug>-c&y4 ,:5 ! surface is ne>ly dry1 x %\ld be poli%$ (f ) a clean bru%4 ,,*alk4 ,syn4 ,,s(t ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,lime1 or ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,calcium1 ,,e>?y ,c4 ,,( ,l42 ,,cre',,ta1 ,l4 ,*alk is l>gely us$ 9 ! arts & manufactures1 & 9 m$ic9e4 ,! natural v>ieties are rem>kable = ! fossils :i* !y conta94 ,! ,,col\r$ ,,*alks :i* are us$ z pigm5ts & = crayons g5]ally conta9 bo? clay & magnesia1 z well z oxide ( iron1 & are m9]als q di/9ct f ,,:ite ,,*alk1 or ,,*alk prop]ly s call$4 ,! latt] is an ,,amorph\s ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,lime4 ,expos$ = "s "t to a r$ heat1 x is conv]t$ into ,,quick-,,lime2 gr\nd 9 mills & elutriat$1 x =ms ,,:it+2 ! same process p]=m$ m c>efully & on a small] scale produces ! ,,prep>$ ,,*alk us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,:5 prep>$ artificially 7by precipitation71 x is ! ,,precipitat$ ,,*alk ( mod]n ph>macy4 7,see bel[47 ,*alk1 ,black4 ,a v>iety ( draw+ slate4 ,*alk1 ,br[n4 ,a famili> "n = umb]4 ,*alk1 ,cam'phorat$4 ,syn4 ,,cretace\s ,,too? ,,p[d]1 ,,cam',,phorat$ ,t4 ,p42 ,,cre',,ta ,,cam',,phorata1 ,c4 ,,cum ,,campho',,ra1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,camphor1 #a oz42 add a few drops ( _s ( w9e1 r$uce x to a v f9e p[d]1 & mix x 7p]fectly7 ) precipitat$ *alk1 #g oz42 la/ly1 pass x ?r\gh a clean1 f9e sieve1 & keep x 9 a cork$ bottle4 ,^! proportions make ! /ronge/ ,,camphorat$ ,,too? ,,p[d] ( ! %ops4 #b4 ,camphor1 #a oz42 precipitat$ *alk1 #ae oz42 z be=e4 ,^! are ! be/ & safe/ proportions1 & ^? n[ g5]ally adopt$ by ! ,we/-end p]fum]s4 #c4 ,z ei!r ( ! above1 b us+ prep>$ *alk 9 lieu ( precipitat$ *alk4 ,less :ite & velvety1 b cleans ! tee? bett] ?an ! s(t] article4 ,uses1 c4 ,camphorat$ *alk is mu* e/eem$ z a d5tifrice2 especially by smok]s1 & ^? tr\bl$ ) f\l tee?1 or (f5sive brea?4 ,x may be sc5t$ ) a few drops 7#c or #d to ea* oz47 ( otto ( roses1 oil ( cloves1 or n]oli1 or ( ! ess5ces ( amb]gris1 musk1 or vanilla2 b c>e mu/ be tak5 n to ov]do x4 ,:5 ! tee? are mu* furr$ or discol\r$1 x may be mix$ ) ab\t "o sev5? ( its weight ( f9ely p[d]$ pumice /one 7sift$ ?r\gh lawn71 :i* w r5d] x m effective4 ,a little c>m9e1 r\ge1 light r$ 7burnt o*re71 r$ coral1 or rose p9k1 is also sometimes add$ to give x a t+e approa*+ t ( ! gums4 ,! quantity ( camphor 7#a to #c or #d7 commonly ord]$ 9 c]ta9 books is absurdly l>ge1 & w\ld r5d] ! comp\nd n only unpleasant 9 use1 b actually detrim5tal to ! tee?4 ,see ,,d5tifrices4 ,*alk1 ,fr5*4 ,soap /one or /eatite1 a s(t magnesian m9]al1 possess+ ! prop]ty ( writ+ on glass4 ,x is us$ by tailors = m>k+ clo?s4 ,its p[d] 7obta9$ by scrap+7 is v s(t1 velvety1 & absorb5t ( grease4 ,x =ms ! boot p[d] ( ! boot- & %oe-mak]s4 ,*alk ,mixture4 ,syn4 ,,mi/ura ,,cret1 ,l4 ,prep>$ *alk1 #a "p2 gum arabic 79 p[d]71 #a "p2 syrup1 #b p>ts2 c9namon wat]1 #cj p>ts2 mix by trituration4--,dose1 #a to #b oz41 ) a/r+5t t9ctures & opium4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to use ! prep>$ *alk z direct$2 ! precipitat$ *alk has a cry/all9e "*1 & is said to occasion irritation ( ! b[els4 7,squire47 ,*alk1 ,precip'itat$4 ,syn4 ,,precipitat$ ,,c>',,bonate ,,( ,,lime2 ,,cre',,ta ,,pr,,cipita',,ta1 ,,cal',,cis ,,c>b',,onas ,,pr,,cipita',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by add+ to a solution ( *loride ( calcium1 any quantity1 ano!r ( c>bonate ( soda 7bo? cold71 & well wa%+ ! precipitate ) pure wat]1 & dry+ x out ( ! du/4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,solution ( *loride ( calcium 7,ph4 ,d471 #e p>ts2 c>bonate ( soda1 #c p>ts2 7dissolv$ 97 wat]1 #d p>ts4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,dissolve *loride ( calcium1 #e oz42 & c>bonate ( soda1 #ac oz42 ea* 9 two p9ts ( boil+ di/ill$ wat]2 mix ! two solutions1 & all[ ! precipitate to subside4 ,collect ?is on a calico filt]1 wa% x ) boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 until ! wa%+ cease to give a precipitate ) nitrate ( silv]1 & try ! product at ! temp]ature ( #bab ,f4 ,uses1 c4 ,x is *iefly employ$ = mak+ aromatic confection1 cretace\s p[d]1 & *alk mixture4 ,t ( ! %ops is seldom pure1 ! refuse ( ! soda-wat] mak]s 7sulphate ( lime7 be+ commonly sold = x4 ,:5 pure x is :olly soluble1 ) eff]vesc5ce1 9 dilute hydro*loric acid4 7,see bel[47 ,*alk1 ,prepa''r$4 ,syn4 ,,cre',,ta 7,ph4 ,e4 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 ,,cre',,ta ,,prep>a',,ta 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahea71 ,,cre',,ta ,,al',,ba 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahcf47 ,rub *alk1 #a lb41 ) suffici5t wat]1 add gradually1 until r$uc$ to a smoo? cream2 !n /ir ?is into a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 &1 aft] a %ort int]val1 to all[ ! co>s] p>ticles to subside1 p\r (f ! sup]natant wat] 7/ill turbid7 into ano!r vessel1 & all[ ! susp5d$ p[d] to settle2 la/ly1 collect ! *alk s prep>$ & dry x4 ,9 ! same way %ells are prep>$1 aft] be+ fir/ fre$ f impurities & wa%$ ) boil+ wat]4 #b4 7,comm]cial2 ,,:i',,t+47 ,on ! l>ge scale ! *alk is gr\nd 9 mills1 & ! elutriation & deposit made 9 l>ge res]voirs4 ,x is n[ seldom prep>$ by ! druggi/4 ,pur4 ,almo/ entirely soluble 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 provid$ x conta9s no sulphate ( lime or silica1 giv+ (f small bubbles ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,te/4 ,! salt =m$ by dissolv+ ! *alk 9 hydro*loric acid1 if r5d]$ neutral by evaporation to dryness & r$issolv$ 9 wat]1 gives only a v scanty precipitate on ! addition ( a sac*>at$ solution ( lime1 indicat+ abs5ce ( phosphate4 7,b4 ,p47 ,uses1 c4 ,9 m$ic9e1 z an absorb5t1 antacid1 & desiccant2 9 acidity1 he>tburn1 dyspepsia1 & o!r l /oma* affections1 & 9 di>rhoea1 dep5d+ on acidity or irritation2 9 ! latt]1 g5]ally comb9$ ) aromatics1 a/r+5ts1 or opium4 ,x =ms a valuable du/+ p[d] 9 excoriations1 ulc]s1 c41 especially 9 ^? ( *ildr54--,dose1 #aj gr4 to a spoonful1 9 a little wat] or milk1 or made into a mixture ) mucilage or syrup4 ,*alk1 ,r$4 ,a natural clay conta9+ ab\t #ah ( protoxide & c>bonate ( iron4 ,,*alyb',,eates4 ,syn4 ,,*alybea',,ta1 ,,f]rug9',,ea1 ,l4 ,! m$ic9al qualities ( ! prep>ations ( iron are notic$ "u ! "n ( t metal4 ,^? mo/ frequ5tly employ$ 9 m$ic9e are--,,iron ,,fil+s2 ,,quev5ne',s ,,iron2 ! ,,black ,,oxide1 ,,magnetic ,,oxide1 & ,,sesquioxide ,,( ,,iron2 ! ,,ammonio-,,*loride & ,,sesqui*loride2 ! ,,c>bonate & ,,sac*>9e ,,c>bonate2 ! ,,citrate & ,,ammonio-,,citrate2 ! ,,iodide1 ,,lactate1 & ,,sulphate2 ! ,,t>trate1 ,,ammonio-,,t>trate1 & ,,potassio-,,t>trate ,,( ,,iron2 & ! ,,*alybeate ,,m9]al ,,wat]s4 ,= ! doses1 c41 see ! respective articles4 ,,*am',,omile4 ,syn4 ,,an!',,mis1 ,l4 ,! fl[]s ( ! ,an!mis nobilis 7,an!midis ,flores1 ,b4 ,p474 ,!y are bitt]1 /oma*ic1 & tonic2 9 dyspepsia1 loss ( appetite1 int]mitt5ts1 c4 ,!y are an effectual rem$y = nightm>e2 &1 accord+ to ,dr ,s*all1 ! only c]ta9 rem$y = t compla9t4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr41 or m1 9 p[d] or made into a tea4 ,fom5tations are also made ) x4 ,see ,,extracts1 ,,oils1 ,,pills1 c4 ,,*ampagne'4 ,see ,,w9es4 ,,*aps4 ,^! are too well kn[n to require description4 ,*app$ h&s are common among/ p]sons ) a languid circulation1 :o are cont9ually dabbl+ 9 wat] dur+ cold wea!r4 ,*app$ lips g5]ally occur 9 p]sons ) pallid1 blui%1 moi/ lips1 :o are mu* expos$ to ! w9d 9 dry cold wea!r2 especially 9 ^? :o are cont9ually mov+ f heat$ ap>tm5ts to ! ext]nal air4 ,! application ( a little ,,cold ,,cream1 ,,pomatum1 ,,sp]maceti ,,o9tm5t1 ,,l>d1 or any simil> article1 w g5]ally prev5t *aps on ! lips1 & *aps & *ilbla9s on ! h&s4 ,p]sons employ$ 9 oil & tall[ works1 or ab\t oil1 & :o h consequ5tly _! h&s cont9ually 9 contact ) greasy matt]1 nev] suff] f ^! ?+s4 ,a little oil or ungu5t ( any k9d1 well rubb$ on ! h&s on go+ to re/ 7remov+ ! sup]flu\s portion ) a clo?71 w n only pres]ve !m f cold1 b t5d to r5d] !m bo? s(t & :ite4 ,see ,,*ilbla94 ,,*> 7,pott$74 ,! fle% ( ! ,salmo ,alp9us 7,l9n471 or tr\t ( ! ,alps1 common 9 ! lakes ( ,lapl&1 pres]v$ by ! common process ( pott+4 ,,*>',,bon-,,r\x ,fr44 ,see ,,*>coal1 ,,wood 7bel[74 ,,*>',,coal4 ,*>coal is made by *>r+ organic sub/ances1 su* z wood1 bone1 blood1 c41 & is1 9 o!r words1 ! fix$ residuum ( vegetable or animal matt] expos$ to a high temp]ature out ( contact ) atmosph]ic air4 ,!re are sev]al diff]5t v>ieties ( *>coal1 ! *ief ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are wood & animal *>coal4 ,*>coal1 ,animal4 ,syn4 ,,animal ,,black1 ,,bone ,,black1 ,,ivory ,,black1 ,,c>bo ,,animalis4 ,! *>coal obta9$ by ignit+ bone 9 close vessels1 b (t5 appli$ likewise to any *>coal obta9$ f animal matt]4 ,comm]cial4 ,bones 7depriv$ ( _! grease by boil+7 are brok5 to pieces1 & put into small ca/-iron pots1 v>y+ f #c_/h to #a_/b an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,two ( ^! be+ fill$1 are dext]\sly plac$ ) _! m\?s toge!r & !n lut$ ) loam4 ,a numb] ( ^! vessels are !n plac$ side by side & pil$ on ea* o!r1 9 an ov5 resembl+ a pott]'s kiln1 to ! numb] ( #ajj or #aej1 or ev5 m4 ,! fire is next k9dl$1 & ! heat kept up /rongly = #aj or #ab h\rs1 accord+ to circum/ances1 until ! process is complet$4 ,! :ole is !n all[$ to cool be=e op5+ ! pots4 ,a m economical me?od is by di/illation1 z "u3-- ,bones 7previ\sly boil$ = _! grease7 are introduc$ into retorts simil> to ^? us$ 9 gas works1 & heat be+ appli$1 ! volatile products are convey$ away by iron pipes to ci/]ns :]e ! cond5sable portion is collect$4 ,z soon z ! process ( di/illation is f9i%$1 ! solid residuum 9 ! retorts1 :ile /ill r$ hot1 is remov$ ?r\gh _! l[] ends into wr\ght-iron cani/]s1 :i* are in/antly clos$ by air-tight cov]s & lut$ ov]4 ,^! are !n rais$ to ! gr\nd by a crane1 & set aside to cool4 ,! bones1 hav+ be5 c>bonis$1 are gr\nd 9 a mill1 & ! result+ co>se p[d]1 sort$ by sieves into two k9ds1 "o1 granul>1 some:at resembl+ gunp[d]1 = decoloris+ liquids1 & ! o!r1 q f9e1 to be us$ z a pigm5t4 ,! fir/ is sold "u ! "n ( animal *>coal2 ! second z bone or ivory black4 ,! latt] & o!r f9e v>ieties ( animal *>coal are fully describ$ "u ! head ( ,,black ,,pigm5ts4 ,uses1 c4 ,?is crude animal *>coal possesses ! valuable prop]ty ( tak+ lime & o!r sal9e matt] f syrups & o!r aque\s solutions1 especially organic ones1 at ! same "t t x decol\rs !m4 ,its p[] z a decoloris] may be te/$ by add+ x to a solution ( br[n sug> or ( molasses1 or to wat] conta9+ #a_/ajjj "p ( indigo dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid4 ,! te/ %\ld be made 9 a small glass tube4 ,by well wa%+ & c>efully reburn+ x1 ?is *>coal may be us$ any numb] ( times4 ,z a decoloris] & deodoris]1 animal *>coal is va/ly sup]ior to vegetable *>coal4 ,dr ,/5h\se has inv5t$ a *>coal respirator to cov] ov] ! m\? & no/rils ( a p]son go+ into an infect$ atmosph]e4 ,*>coal is also us$ ) excell5t effect to prev5t ! escape ( noxi\s vap\rs & (f5sive effluvia f ! v5tilat+ op5+s ( sew]s4 ,! *>coal cond5ses & oxidises ! escap+ sew] gas 9 its pores4 ,dr ,g>rod has propos$ animal *>coal z a g5]al antidote 9 cases ( poison+4 ,,prep>$ ,,animal ,,*>coal4 ,hydro*loric acid1 #a lb42 wat]1 #a p9t2 mix1 add bone black1 #g lbs42 make a pa/e2 9 #b or #c days /ir 9 boil+ wat]1 #a qu>t2 & ! next day wa% x ) fre% wat] until ! wa%+s cease to affect litmus pap] or a solution ( c>bonate ( sodium2 !n collect x 9 a clo?1 & dra91 press1 & dry x2 la/ly1 heat x to r$ness1 z be=e4 ,us$ to decol\r syrups1 c42 & occasionally by ! di/ill]s & rectifi]s4 ,! mo/ p[]ful *>coal is prep>$ by calc9+ blood1 & well wa%+ ! residue1 & :i* is ! me?od ( ! la/ ',london ,ph>macopoeia4' ,! ,b4 ,p4 directs x to be made by burn+ bones 9 a clos$ vessel4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,animal *>coal1 h[ev] prep>$1 if int5d$ to be us$ z a deodoris] or decoloris]1 %\ld be kept ?or\ghly exclud$ f ! air1 z by exposure x loses all its valuable prop]ties1 & becomes absolutely in]t4 ,fre%ly burnt *>coal is !re=e to be employ$ :5ev] x c be obta9$4 ,*>coal1 ,wood4 ,syn4 ,,veg',,etable ,,*>coal2 ,,c>',,bo ,,lig',,ni1 ,l4 ,! residue obta9$ aft] heat+ wood )\t access ( air to ab\t #egb ,fahr4 ,x is extremely por\s1 & reta9s ! /ructure ( ! wood f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( c>bon & ( ! fix$ or inorganic matt] :i* exi/s 9 wood2 b if c>bonisation be imp]fectly effect$1 x may conta9 a s5sible am\nt ( hydrog54 ,*>coal burn+ is effect$ 9 ! op5 air 9 piles or /acks provid$ ) a yield+ cov]1 9 pits1 9 clos$ *amb]s ( brick or /one1 & 9 iron retorts heat$ ext]nally l common gas retorts4 ,! latt] me?od is only practis$ by ! manufactur]s ( pyroligne\s acid & gunp[d]4 ,,*>coal ,,= ,,fuel1 c4 ,! me?od ( pile burn+ is t :i* is mo/ ext5sively practis$4 ,pieces ( wood ( equal l5g? are pil$ conc5trically r\nd a sort ( *imney =m$ by driv+ #c /akes 9 ! gr\nd2 ^? ne>e/ ! c5tre are almo/ v]tical1 & ! surr\nd+ pieces h a slight b gradually increas+ incl9ation2 a second r[1 & 9 ! case ( v l>ge piles ev5 a ?ird1 may be /ack$ 9 a simil> mann] "o above ! o!r4 ,! pile is cov]$ ) turf & soil1 & k9dl$ by fill+ ! space )9 ! #c c5tral /akes ) easily inflammable wood1 :i* is ignit$4 ,! "* ( ! smoke :i* issues f v5ts made 9 ! piles indicates exactly ! degrees ( c>bonisation 9 diff]5t p>ts4 ,:5 ! *>coal is drawn f ! pile x is ext+ui%$ by cold wat]1 or if t is n at h&1 by *>coal du/ or dry soil4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,sw$5 ! wood is *>r$ 9 l>ge rectangul> /acks1 & 9 ,*9a ! me?od ( *>r+ 9 pits is practis$4 ,,*>coal ,,= ,,gun',,p[d]2 ,,cyl',,ind] ,,*>coal4 ,! *>coal employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( gunp[d] is burnt 9 close iron cyl9d]s1 & has h5ce receiv$ ! "n ( cyl9d] *>coal4 ,= ?is & o!r nice purposes x is ess5tial t ! la/ portion ( ! t> & v9eg> %\ld be suff]$ to escape1 & ! reabsorption ( ! crude vap\rs prev5t$ by cutt+ (f ! communication betwe5 ! cyl9d]s & ! cond5s+ app>atus2 z )\t ?is precaution1 on ! fire be+ )drawn1 a retrograde movem5t ( ! product takes place1 & ! *>coal is mu* r$uc$ 9 quality4 ,ald] & will[ are ! woods *iefly us$ = mak+ *>coal at ,wal?am ,abbey4 ,! ,dut* :ite will[1 & aft] t ! ,hunt+don will[1 are said to yield ! be/ *>coal = gunp[d]4 ,! *>coal f ! cyl9d]s ( ! pyroligne\s acid 7wood v9eg>7 works is also call$ cyl9d] *>coal1 & is t *iefly us$ = *emical purposes2 b x is inf]ior to t prep>$ = gunp[d]4 ,,*>coal ,,= ,,sci5tific ,,purposes4 ,! box-wood *>coal1 employ$ 9 voltaic electricity1 is prep>$ by putt+ prismatic pieces ( box-wood1 ab\t #a in* long by #a_/b in* ?ick1 into a crucible1 :i* is !n fill$ ) clean1 dry s&1 cov]$ up1 & expos$ to a r$ heat = ab\t an h\r4 ,uses1 c4 ,^! are num]\s & v>i$4 ,*>coal is ext5sively employ$ z a fuel2 & 9 metallurgy = temp]+ metals1 mak+ /eel1 c42 r$uc$ to p[d]1 x is us$ to surr\nd vessels & bodies requir$ to reta9 _! heat = "s "t2 a coat+ ( *>coal1 =m$ on piles & /akes ( wood by *>r+ !m1 promotes _! pres]vation4 ,fre% burnt *>coal1 9 co>se p[d]1 re/ores ta9t$ meat & putrid wat]1 discol\rs vegetable solutions1 deodorises fetid sub/ances1 & )draws lime f syrups filt]$ ?r\gh x4 ,expos$ on trays x is us$ z a dis9fectant & deodoris] 9 ! w>ds ( hospitals & 9 dissect+ rooms1 also z a mat]ial = wat] filt]s4 ,9 m$ic9e1 *>coal is pr9cipally us$ z a deodoris] & dis9fectant1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( p[d] or made into a p\ltice4 ,x has be5 giv5 int]nally 9 dyspepsia1 di>rhoea1 dys5t]y1 he>tburn1 agues1 con/ipation1 sickness ( pregnancy1 & v>i\s o!r diseases1 ) advantage4 ,z a prophylactic ( *ol]a & fev]s x is invaluable & sup]ior to all o!r sub/ances4 ,x =ms ! be/ too? p[d] kn[n1 z x bo? :it5s ! tee? & deodorises ! brea?4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to a teaspoonful1 or m ad libitum4 ,an o9tm5t made ) l>d & *>coal has be5 successfully employ$ 9 "s sk9 diseases4 ,9 all cases1 to be useful1 ! *>coal mu/ be bo? fre%-burnt & fre%-p[d]$1 & c>efully pres]v$1 out ( contact ) ! air1 until ab\t to be adm9i/]$4 ,fre% c>bonis$ bread =ms an excell5t *>coal1 bo? = a prophylactic & a too? p[d]4 ,*>coal v>ies 9 its qualities accord+ to ! sub/ance f :i* x is prep>$3 t ( ! s(t woods 7will[ or ald]7 is be/ = crayons & gunp[d]2 t ( ! h>d woods = fuel1 & = bl[pipe supports4 ,t made by a l[ r$ heat1 n exce$+ *]ry r$1 & :i* has a dull surface1 is ! mo/ valuable4 ,if ! heat be c>ri$ mu* beyond ?is po9t1 ! *>coal acquires a brilliant surface1 & det]iorates 9 quality4 ,*e/nut *>coal is pref]r$ by smi?s = =g+1 z x n only burns sl[ly1 b dead5s z soon z ! bla/ ceases4 ,areca-nut *>coal is pref]r$ z a d5tifrice2 b ! will[ *>coal or box-wood *>coal is usually sub/itut$ = x by %opkeep]s4 ,ant41 c4 ,poison+ or suffocation1 result+ f respir+ ! fumes ( burn+ *>coal1 has be5 already allud$ to1 & ! treatm5t briefly po9t$ out4 ,see ,,c>bonic ,,anhydride4 ,,*>',,ges 7= ,cattle74 ,see ,,vet]9>y ,,m$ic9e4 ,,*>',,r+ 7,surface74 ,! op]ation by :i* ! surface ( wood is c>bonis$1 to prev5t its decay f exposure to air & moi/ure4 ,/akes & piles are g5]ally ?us treat$ be=e !y are driv5 into ! gr\nd4 ,casks are *>r$ on ! inside by coop]s :5 !y are int5d$ to hold wat]4 ,9 bo? ^! cases ! fire is commonly appli$ directly to ! wood4 ,a new me?od has1 h[ev]1 be5 lately employ$ ) app>5t success4 ,?is consi/s 9 wa%+ ! wood ) ! /ronge/ oil ( vitriol4 ,9 ?is way n only ! out] surface1 b ! surface ( all ! cracks & holes1 get c>bonis$1 :i* is n ! case :5 heat is employ$4 ,x succe$s admirably ) mu/y casks & vats4 ,,*a?am ,,light4 ,a fla% light us$ = milit>y signals4 ,x is produc$ by bl[+ a mixture ( pulv]is$ ros9 & magnesium du/ ?r\gh ! flame ( a _s lamp4 ,,*eese4 ,syn4 ,,ca',,seum1 ,,ca',,seus1 ,l4 ,! curd ( milk compress$ into a solid mass4 ,t ( comm]ce is usually salt$ & dri$1 & 9 "s v>ieties x is also col\r$ & flav\r$4 ,! process ( *eese-mak+ is "o :i* is em95tly int]e/+ & sci5tific1 & :i*1 9 e gradation1 dep5ds on pr9ciples :i* *emi/ry has develop$ & illu/rat$4 ,:5 a vegetable or m9]al acid is add$ to milk1 & heat appli$1 a coagulum is =m$1 :i*1 :5 sep>at$ f ! liquid portion1 con/itutes *eese4 ,neutral salts1 e>?y & metallic salts1 sug>1 & gum ,arabic1 z well z "s o!r sub/ances1 also produce ! same effect2 b t :i* answ]s ! purpose be/1 & :i* is almo/ exclusively us$ by dairy f>m]s1 is r5net1 or ! muc\s membrane ( ! la/ /oma* ( ! calf4 ,alkalies dissolve ?is curd at a boil+ heat1 & acids aga9 precipitate x4 ,! solubility ( case9 9 milk is occasion$ by ! pres5ce ( ! phosphates & o!r salts ( ! alkalies4 ,9 fre% milk ^! sub/ances may be readily detect$ by ! prop]ty x possesses ( re/or+ ! col\r ( r$d5$ litmus pap]4 ,! addition ( an acid neutralises ! alkali1 & s precipitates ! curd 9 an insoluble /ate4 ,! philosophy ( *eese-mak+ is ?us exp\nd$ by ,liebig3-- ,! acid indisp5sable to ! coagulation ( milk is n add$ to ! milk 9 ! prep>ation ( *eese1 b x is =m$ 9 ! milk at ! exp5se ( ! milk-sug> pres5t4 ,a small quantity ( wat] is left 9 contact ) a small quantity ( a calf's /oma* = a few h\rs1 or = a night2 ! wat] absorbs s m9ute a portion ( ! muc\s membrane z to be sc>cely pond]able2 ?is is mix$ ) milk2 its /ate ( trans=mation is communicat$ 7& ?is is a mo/ important circum/ance71 n to ! *eese1 b to ! milk-sug>1 ! elem5ts ( :i* transpose !mselves into lactic acid1 :i* neutralises ! alkalies1 & ?us causes ! sep>ation ( ! *eese4 ,by means ( litmus pap] ! process may be foll[$ & obs]v$ ?r\gh all its /ages2 ! alkal9e reaction ( ! milk ceases z soon z ! coagulation beg9s4 ,if ! *eese is n imm$iately sep>at$ f ! :ey1 ! =mation ( lactic acid cont9ues1 ! fluid turns acid1 & ! *eese itself passes into a /ate ( decomposition4 ,:5 *eese-curd is kept 9 a cool place a s]ies ( trans=mations takes place1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x assumes entirely new prop]ties2 x gradually becomes semi-transp>5t1 & m or less s(t1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass2 x exhibits a feebly acid reaction1 & develops ! *>act]i/ic case\s od\r4 ,fre% *eese is v sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]1 b aft] hav+ be5 left to itself = two or ?ree ye>s x becomes 7especially if all ! fat be previ\sly remov$7 almo/ completely soluble 9 cold wat]1 =m+ ) x a solution :i*1 l milk1 is coagulat$ by ! addition ( ! acetic or any m9]al acid4 ,! *eese1 :i* :il/ fre% is insoluble1 returns dur+ ! maturation1 or rip5+1 z x is call$1 to a /ate simil> to t 9 :i* x orig9ally exi/$ 9 ! milk4 ,9 ^? ,engli%1 ,dut*1 & ,swiss *eeses :i* are ne>ly inodor\s1 & 9 ! sup]ior k9ds ( ,fr5* *eese1 ! case9e ( ! milk is pres5t 9 its unalt]$ /ate4 ,! od\r & flav\r ( ! *eese is ow+ to ! decomposition ( ! butt]2 ! non-volatile acids1 ! m>g>ic & oleic acids1 & ! volatile butyric acid1 capric & caproic acids are lib]at$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! decomposition ( glyc]94 ,butyric acid imp>ts to *eese its *>act]i/ic case\s od\r1 & ! diff]5ces 9 its pung5cy or aromatic flav\r dep5d ^u ! proportion ( free butyric1 capric1 & caproic acids pres5t4 ,9 ! *eese ( c]ta9 dairies & di/ricts1 val]ianic acid has be5 detect$ along ) ! o!r acids j ref]r$ to4 ,messrs ,jlj5ko & ,lask[ski f\nd ?is acid 9 ! *eese ( ,limb\rg1 & ,m4 ,bol>d 9 t ( ,roque=t4 ,! transition ( ! insoluble into soluble case9 dep5ds ^u ! decomposition ( ! phosphate ( lime by ! m>g>ic acid ( ! butt]2 m>g>ate ( lime is =m$1 :il/ ! phosphoric acid comb9es ) ! case91 =m+ a comp\nd soluble 9 wat]4 ,! bad smell ( inf]ior k9ds ( *eese1 especially ^? call$ meagre or poor *eeses1 is caus$ by c]ta9 fetid products conta9+ sulphur1 & :i* are =m$ by ! decomposition or putrefaction ( ! case94 ,! alt]ation :i* ! butt] und]goes 7t is1 9 becom+ rancid71 or :i* occurs 9 ! milk-sug> /ill pres5t1 be+ transmitt$ to ! case91 *anges bo? ! composition ( ! latt] sub/ance & its nutritive qualities4 ,! pr9cipal conditions = ! prep>ation ( ! sup]ior k9ds ( *eese 7o!r obvi\s circum/ances be+ ( c\rse duly reg>d$7 are a c>eful removal ( ! :ey1 :i* holds ! milk-sug> 9 solution1 & a l[ temp]ature dur+ ! maturation or rip5+ ( ! *eese4 ,*eese diff]s va/ly 9 quality & flav\r1 accord+ to ! me?od employ$ 9 its manufacture & ! ri*ness ( ! milk ( :i* x is made4 ,mu* dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( cream x conta9s1 & consequ5tly1 :5 a sup]ior quality ( *eese is desir$1 cream is frequ5tly add$ to ! curd4 ,?is plan is adopt$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,/ilton *eese & o!rs ( a l description4 ,! addition ( a p\nd or two ( butt] to ! curd = a middl+ size *eese also va/ly improves ! quality ( ! product4 ,to ensure ! ri*ness ( ! milk1 n only %\ld ! c[s be prop]ly f$1 b c]ta9 bre$s *os54 ,^? ( ,ald]ney1 ,*$d>1 ,*e%ire1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 ,gu]nsey1 & ,nor? ,wilt%ire des]ve a pref]5ce 9 ?is respect4 ,! mat]ials employ$ 9 mak+ *eese are milk & r5net4 ,r5net is us$ ei!r fre% or salt$ & dri$2 g5]ally 9 ! latt] /ate4 ,! milk may be ( any k9d1 accord+ to ! quality ( ! *eese requir$4 ,c[s' milk is t g5]ally employ$2 b occasionally ewes' milk is us$2 & sometimes1 ?\gh m r>ely1 t f goats4 ,9 prep>+ 8 *eese1 ! dairy f>m] puts ! great] portion ( ! milk into a l>ge tub1 to :i* he adds ! rema9d]1 suffici5tly heat$ to raise ! temp]ature to t ( new milk4 ,! :ole is !n :isk$ toge!r1 ! r5net or r5net liquor add$1 & ! tub cov]$ ov]4 ,x is n[ all[$ to /& until completely turn$1 :5 ! curd is g5tly /ruck d[n sev]al times ) ! skimm+-di%1 aft] :i* x is all[$ to subside4 ,! vat cov]$ ) *eese-clo? is next plac$ on a horse or ladd] ov] ! tub1 & fill$ ) curd by means ( ! skimm]1 c>e be+ tak5 to all[ z little z possible ( ! oily p>ticles or butt] to run back ) ! :ey4 ,! curd is press$ d[n ) ! h&s1 & m add$ z x s9ks4 ,?is process is repeat$ until ! curd rises to ab\t two in*es above ! edge4 ,! newly =m$ *eese1 ?us p>tially sep>at$ f ! :ey1 is n[ plac$ 9 a clean tub1 & a prop] quantity ( salt add$1 z well z ( annotta1 :5 t col\r+ is us$1 aft] :i* a bo>d is plac$ ov] & "u x1 & pressure appli$ = ab\t #b or #c h\rs4 ,! *eese is next turn$ out & surr\nd$ by a fre% *eese-clo?1 & !n aga9 submitt$ to pressure 9 ! *eese press = #h or #aj h\rs1 aft] :i* x is commonly remov$ f ! press1 salt$ all ov]1 & aga9 press$ = #ae to #bj h\rs4 ,! quality ( ! *eese especially dep5ds on ?is "p ( ! process1 z if any ( ! :ey is left 9 ! *eese x rapidly becomes bad-flav\r$4 ,be=e plac+ x 9 ! press ! la/ "t ! common practice is to p>e ! edges smoo? & sightly4 ,x n[ only rema9s to wa% ! outside ( ! *eese 9 w>m :ey or wat]1 to wipe x dry1 & to col\r x ) annotta or r$dle1 z is usually done4 ,! /or+ ( ! newly-made *eese is ! next po9t t engages ! att5tion ( ! mak] & :olesale deal]4 ,! same pr9ciples :i* influ5ce ! maturation or rip5+ ( f]m5t$ liquors also op]ate "h4 ,9 ,engl&1 a cool cell>1 nei!r damp nor dry1 & :i* is un9flu5c$ by *ange ( wea!r or season1 is commonly reg>d$ z ! be/ = ! purpose4 ,if possible1 ! temp]ature %\ld on no acc\nt be p]mitt$ to exce$ #ej or #eb ,fahr4 at any portion ( ! ye>4 ,an av]age ( ab\t #de is pref]able :5 x c be procur$4 ,a place expos$ to sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature is z unfit = /or+ *eese z x is = /or+ be]4 ,! quality ( ,ro*e=t *eese1 :i* is prep>$ f %eep's milk1 & is v excell5t1 dep5ds exclusively ^u ! places :]e ! *eeses are kept aft] press+ & dur+ maturation4 ,^? are cell>s1 communicat+ ) m\nta9 grottoes & cav]ns1 :i* are kept con/antly cool1 at ab\t #da to #db ,fahr41 by curr5ts ( air f clefts 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,! value ( ^! cell>s z /oreh\ses v>ies ) _! prop]ty ( ma9ta9+ an equable & l[ temp]ature4 ,giron m5tions t a c]ta9 cell>1 ! con/ruction ( :i* _h co/ only #dhjl4 7#ab1jjj francs71 0 sold = #hfjjl4 7#bae1jjj francs71 be+ f\nd to ma9ta9 a suitable temp]ature1 a conv9c+ pro( ( ! importance atta*$ to temp]ature 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! sup]ior *eeses4 7,liebig47 ,x w ?us be se5 t v slight diff]5ces 9 ! mat]ials1 9 ! prep>ation1 or 9 /or+ ( ! *eese1 mat]ially influ5ce ! quality & flav\r ( ?is article4 ,! ri*ness ( ! milk--! addition to or subtraction ( cream f ! milk--! sep>ation ( ! curd f ! :ey ) or )\t compression--! salt+ ( ! curd--! collection ( ! curd1 ei!r :ole or brok51 be=e press+--! addition ( col\r+ matt]1 z annotta or saffron1 or ( flav\r+--! place & me?od ( /or+--& ! l5g? ( "t all[$ = maturation1 all t5d to alt] ! ta/e & od\r ( ! *eese 9 "s or o!r p>ticul>1 & t 9 a way readily p]ceptible to ! palate ( ! connoisseur4 ,no o!r alim5t>y sub/ance appe>s to be s s]i\sly affect$ by slight v>iations 9 ! quality ( ! mat]ials f :i* x is made1 or by su* app>5tly trifl+ diff]5ces 9 ! me?ods ( prep>+ x4 ,v>4 ,! v>ieties ( *eese met ) 9 comm]ce are v num]\s1 & diff] greatly f ea* o!r 9 ri*ness1 col\r1 & flav\r4 ,^! are commonly di/+ui%$ by names indicative ( ! places 9 :i* !y h be5 manufactur$1 or ( ! quality ( ! mat]ials f :i* !y h be5 prep>$4 ,?us1 we h ,dut*1 ,gl\ce/]1 ,/ilton1 skimm$-milk1 raw-milk1 cream1 & o!r *eeses2 names :i* expla9 !mselves4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal v>ieties met ) 9 ,europe3-- ,,*eese1 ,,brickbat4 ,f its =m2 made 9 ,wilt%ire ( new milk & cream4 ,,*eese1 ,,*$d>4 ,a f9e1 spongy k9d ( *eese1 ! eyes or vesicles ( :i* conta9 a ri* oil2 made up into r\nd1 ?ick *eeses1 ( consid]able size 7#aej to #bjj lbs474 ,,*eese1 ,,*e%ire4 ,f new milk1 )\t skimm+1 ! morn+'s milk be+ mix$ ) t ( ! prec$+ ev5+1 previ\sly w>m$1 s t ! :ole may be br\ght to ! heat ( new milk4 ,to ?is ! r5net is add$1 9 less quantity ?an is commonly us$ = o!r k9ds ( *eese4 ,on ?is po9t mu* ( ! flav\r & mildness ( ! *eese is said to dep5d4 ,a piece ( dri$ r5net1 ( ! size ( half-a-cr[n1 put into a p9t ( wat] ov] night1 & all[$ to /& until ! next morn+1 is suffici5t = #ah or #bj gallons ( milk4 ,9 l>ge1 r\nd1 ?ick *eeses 7#ajj to #bjj lbs4 ea*74 ,!y are g5]ally solid1 homog5e\s1 & dry1 & friable r ?an viscid4 ,,*eese1 ,,cott5ham4 ,a ri* k9d ( *eese1 9 flav\r & consi/5ce n unlike ,/ilton1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 x diff]s 9 %ape1 be+ flatt] & broad] ?an ! latt]4 ,,*eese1 ,,cream4 ,f ! /ripp+s 7! la/ ( ! milk drawn f ! c[ at ea* milk+71 f a mixture ( milk & cream1 or f raw cream only1 accord+ to ! quality desir$4 ,x is usually made 9 small oblong1 squ>e1 or r\nd$ cakes1 a g5]al pressure only 7t ( a #b or #d lb4 weight7 be+ appli$ to press out ! :ey4 ,aft] twelve h\rs x is plac$ ^u a bo>d or wood5 tr5*]1 & turn$ e day until dry4 ,x rip5s 9 ab\t ?ree weeks4 ,a little salt is g5]ally add$1 & frequ5tly a little p[d]$ lump sug>4 ,,*eese1 ,,d]by%ire4 ,a small1 :ite1 ri* v>iety1 v simil> to ,dunlop *eese4 ,,*eese1 ,,dunlop4 ,ri*1 :ite1 & butt]y2 9 r\nd =ms1 weigh+ f #cj lbs4 to #fj lbs4 ,,*eese1 ,,dut*4 7,holl&47 ,( a globul> =m4 #e to #ad lbs4 ea*4 ,^? f ,edam are v highly salt$2 ^? f ,g\da less s4 ,,*eese1 ,,gl\ce/]4 ,s+le ,glo'/]2 f milk depriv$ ( "p ( its cream2 ,d\ble ,glo'/]1 f milk reta9+ ! :ole ( ! cream4 ,mild ta/$1 semi-butt]y consi/5ce1 )\t be+ friable2 9 l>ge1 r\nd1 flatti% =ms4 ,,*eese1 ,,gre5 or ,,sage4 ,f milk mix$ ) ! juice or an infusion or decoction ( sage leaves1 to :i* m>ygold fl[]s & p>sley are frequ5tly add$4 ,,*eese1 ,,gruy,,re4 ,a f9e description ( *eese made 9 ,switz]l&1 & l>gely consum$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,x is firm & dry1 & exhibits num]\s cells ( consid]able magnitude4 ,its flav\r is peculi>1 & is n g5]ally lik$ by ,engli% p4 ,,*eese1 ,,l9coln4 ,f new milk & cream2 9 pieces ab\t #b in*es ?ick2 s(t1 & w n keep ov] #b or #c mon?s4 ,,*eese1 ,,neuf*,,tel4 ,a mu*-e/eem$ v>iety ( ,swiss *eese2 made ( cream1 & weighs ab\t #e or #f oz4 ,,*eese1 ,,norfolk4 ,dy$ yell[ ) annotta or saffron2 good1 b n sup]ior2 9 *eeses ( #cj lbs4 to #ej lbs4 ,,*eese1 ,,p>mesan4 7,p>ma1 c47 ,f ! curd ( skimm$ milk1 h>d5$ by a g5tle heat4 ,! r5net is add$ at ab\t #abj1 & an h\r aft]w>ds ! curdl+ milk is set on a sl[ fire until heat$ to ab\t #aej ,fahr42 dur+ :i* ! curd sep>ates 9 small lumps4 ,a few p9*es ( saffron are !n ?r[n 94 ,ab\t a =tnight aft] mak+ ! out] cru/ is cut (f1 & ! new surface v>ni%$ ) l9se$ oil1 & "o side col\r$ r$4 ,,*eese1 ,,roque=t4 ,f ewes' milk2 ! be/ prep>$ 9 ,france4 ,x greatly resembles ,/ilton1 b is sc>cely ( equal ri*ness or quality1 & possesses a peculi> pung5cy & flav\r4 ,,*eese1 ,,slipcoat or ,,s(t4 ,a v ri* :ite *eese1 some:at resembl+ butt]2 = pres5t use only4 ,,*eese1 ,,/ilton4 ,! ri*e/ & f9e/ *eese made 9 ,engl&4 ,f raw milk to :i* cream tak5 f o!r milk is add$2 9 *eeses g5]ally twice z high z !y are broad4 ,l w9e1 ?is *eese is va/ly improv$ by age1 & is !re=e seldom eat5 be=e x is #b ye>s old4 ,a spuri\s appe>ance ( age is sometimes giv5 to x by plac+ x 9 a w>m1 damp cell>1 or by surr\nd+ x ) masses ( f]m5t+ /raw or dung4 ,,*eese1 ,,suffolk4 ,f skimm$ milk2 9 r\nd1 flat =ms1 f #bd lbs4 to #cj lbs4 ea*4 ,v h>d & horny4 ,,*eese1 ,,swiss4 ,! pr9cipal *eeses made 9 ,switz]l& are ! ,gruyre1 ! ,neuf*tel1 & ! ,s*abzieg] or gre5 *eese4 ,! latt] is flav\r$ ) melilot4 ,,*eese1 ,,we/phalian4 ,9 small balls or rolls ( ab\t #a lb4 ea*4 ,x d]ives its peculi> flav\r f ! curd be+ all[$ to become p>tially putrid be=e be+ press$4 ,9 small balls or rolls ( ab\t #a lb4 ea*4 ,,*eese1 ,,wilt%ire4 ,resembles poor ,*e%ire or ,glo'/]4 ,! outside is g5]ally pa9t$ ) a mixture ( r$dle or r$-o*re or :ey4 ,,*eese1 ,,york4 ,f cream3 x w n keep4 ,qual41 c4 ,*eese has be5 object$ to z an article ( diet1 b )\t suffici5t reason1 s9ce x is1 :5 ( good quality1 em95tly nutriti\s1 :olesome1 & dige/ible4 ,l all o!r food1 *eese dige/s m readily :5 well ma/icat$1 & ! neglect ( ?is precaution is "o reason :y x frequ5tly disagrees ) delicate /oma*s4 ,x is r5d]$ m agreeable to _m palates by toa/+ x1 b becomes less dige/ible by t op]ation4 ,! basis ( *eese is case9 or coagulat$ curd1 a prote9 sub/ance2 x !re=e _c fail to prove nutriti\s1 provid$ x is prop]ly dige/$4 ,*eese-curd1 c>efully fre$ f wat] & milk by expression1 & ! addition ( salt1 is a mixture ( case9 & butt]4 ,x conta9s all ! phosphate ( lime & "p ( ! phosphate ( soda ( ! milk4 7,liebig47 ,:5 tak5 z a condim5t1 especially :5 ri* & old1 x p[]fully promotes ! secretion ( ! saliva & ga/ric juice1 & !reby aids ! /oma* 9 p]=m+ its prop] functions4 ,rott5 *eese is v un:olesome4 ,we give bel[ ! composition ( "s ( ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( *eese3-- ,*$d>4 ,d\ble ,skim4 ,gl\ce/]4 ,wat] #cffd #cefa #dcfd ,case9 #bcch #bagf #defd ,fatty matt] #cedd #chaf #egf ,m9]al matt] #ded #ddg #dif ------ ------ ------ #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj ,/ilton4 ,co!r/one4 ,wat] #cbah #chbh ,butt] #cgcf #cjhi ,case9 #bdca #bcic ,milk1 sug>1 & extractive #bbb #cgj matt]s ,m9]al matt] #cic #cbj ------ ------ #ajjjj #ajjjj ,gruyre4 ,ord9>y ,dut*4 ,wat] #djjj #cfaj ,case9 #caej #bidj ,fatty matt] #bdjj #bgej ,salts #cjj #ij ,non-nitrog5\s organic #aej #faj matt] & loss ------ ------ #ajjjj #ajjjj ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4--,x is surpris+ t *eese is n m frequ5tly made an article ( dome/ic manufacture1 especially by h\sewives resid5t 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! op]ations ( *eese-mak+ are all exce$+ly simple1 & n labori\s1 & w1 9 mo/ cases1 amply repay ! outlay = ! milk4 ,besides1 *eese is n unfrequ5tly col\r$ ) /a9s & pigm5ts :i* are injuri\s1 & ev5 poison\s1 ! risk ( tak+ :i* is n enc\nt]$ :5 x is made at home4 ,sev]al p]sons h ne>ly lo/ _! lives f eat+ *eese col\r$ ) annotta1 = in/ance4 ,?is sub/ance1 ?\gh h>mless 9 itself1 is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) r$ lead1 s t ! *eesemong] may v innoc5tly introduce a poison1 :5 he only int5ds to improve ! col\r ( 8 goods4 ,:5 a :ole *eese is cut1 & ! consumption small1 x is g5]ally f\nd to become unpleasantly dry1 & to lose flav\r be=e x is consum$4 ,?is is be/ prev5t$ by cutt+ a suffici5t quantity = a few days' consumption f ! *eese1 & keep+ ! rema9d] 9 a cool place1 r damp ?an dry1 spread+ a ?9 film ( butt] ov] ! fre% surface1 & cov]+ x ) a clo? or pan to keep (f ! dirt4 ,?is removes ! objection exi/+ 9 small families aga9/ pur*as+ a :ole *eese at a "t4 ,! common practice ( buy+ small quantities ( *eese %\ld be avoid$1 z n only a high] price is paid = any giv5 quality1 b !re is little likelihood ( obta9+ exactly ! same flav\r twice runn+4 ,%\ld *eese become too dry to be agreeable1 x may be us$ = /ew+1 or = mak+ grat$ *eese or ,wel% r>e-bits4 ,*eese1 ,ap'ple4 ,! pomace or gr\nd apples f ! cid] press4 ,*eese1 ,dam'son4 ,prep4 ,f damsons boil$ ) a little wat]1 ! pulp pass$ ?r\gh a sieve1 & !n boil$ ) ab\t "o f\r? ! weight ( sug>1 until ! mixture solidifies on cool+2 x is next p\r$ into small t9 m\lds previ\sly du/$ out ) sug>4 ,*]ry *eese1 gooseb]ry *eese1 plum *eese1 c41 are prep>$ 9 ! same way1 us+ ! respective k9ds ( fruit4 ,!y are all v agreeable c&ies or confections4 ,*eese1 ,facti'ti\s ,roque'=t4 ,prep4 7,r\lle47 ,! glut5 ( :eat is knead$ ) a little salt1 & a small portion ( a solution ( />*1 & made up into *eeses4 ,x is said t ?is mixture soon acquires ! ta/e1 smell1 & unctuosity ( *eese1 & :5 kept a c]ta9 "t is n to be di/+ui%$ f ! celebrat$ ,roque=t *eese1 ( :i* x possesses all ! peculi> pung5cy4 ,by slightly v>y+ ! process o!r k9ds ( *eese may be imitat$4 ,*eese1 ,legum94 ,! ,*9ese prep>e an actual *eese f peas1 call$ tao-foo1 :i* !y sell 9 ! /reets ( ,canton4 ,! pa/e f /eep$ gr\nd peas is boil$1 :i* causes ! />* to dissolve ) ! case92 aft] /ra9+ ! liquid1 x is coagulat$ by a solution ( gypsum2 ?is coagulum is work$ up l s\r milk1 salt$1 & press$ into m\lds4 ,*eese1 ,toa/$4 ,?is mu* reli%$ article is seldom well prep>$4 ,! foll[+ has be5 recomm5d$ z an excell5t receipt3--,cut ! *eese into slices ( mod]ate ?ickness1 & put !m into a t9n$ copp] saucepan1 ) a little butt] & cream2 simm] v g5tly until !y are q dissolv$1 !n remove ! saucepan f ! fire1 all[ ! :ole to cool a little1 add "s yolk ( egg1 well beat51 add spice1 make ! comp\nd into a %ape1 & br[n x be=e ! fire4 ,see ,,fondue4 ,,*elsea ,,p5sion]4 ,prep4 ,f gum guaiacum1 #a_/d oz42 rhub>b1 #a_/b oz42 cream ( t>t>1 #b oz42 fl[]s ( sulphur1 #d oz42 nutmegs1 #b 9 numb] 7all 9 p[d]72 honey1 #a-a_/b lb41 or q4 s42 made into an electu>y by beat+ !m toge!r 9 a mort>4--,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls1 night & morn+1 9 g\t & *ronic rheumatism4 ,! "n is said to h be5 giv5 to x f ! circum/ance ( a ,*elsea p5sion] hav+ cur$ ,"l ,amh]/ ) x4 ,,*el',,t5ham ,,salts4 ,see ,,salts4 ,,*em',,ique or ,,*em',,ic ,,blue4 ,see ,,indigo4 ,,*]oot4 ,a species ( cig> import$ f ,manilla1 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 di/+ui%$ by extreme simplicity ( con/ruction z well z delicacy ( flav\r4 ,! cig>s n[ s commonly sold z *]oots 9 ,engl& are1 = ! mo/ "p1 made ( inf]ior tobacco1 & are (t5 mu* adult]at$ articles4 ,,*]',,ries are ! fruit ( diff]5t species ( ! g5us ,c]asus4 ,!y are reg>d$ z :olesome1 cool+1 nutritive1 laxative1 & antiscorbutic4 ,br&y flav\r$ ) ?is fruit or its juice is kn[n z *]ry-br&y4 ,morello *]ries pres]v$ 9 br&y are call$ br&y *]ries4 ,see ,,br&y1 ,,fruit1 c4 ,,*]',,ry ,,laur',,el4 ,syn4 ,,lau',,rel4 ,! ,c]asus ,lauro-,c]asus1 a %rub common 9 e g>d5 9 ,engl&1 & (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! true laurel or ,sweet ,bay1 :i* does n possess any ( its delet]i\s prop]ties4 ,leaves1 occasionally us$ in/ead ( bay leaves 9 cook]y4 ,! di/ill$ oil & di/ill$ wat] are bo? poison\s4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,wat]4 ,,*e/nut4 ,bo? ! horse-*e/nut & ! edible v>iety h be5 employ$ = ! adult]ation n only ( c(fee1 b ( *icory4 ,illu/ration3 ,microscopic view ( ! *e/nut4 ,,*i',,ca4 ,! r$ col\r+ matt] deposit$ by a decoction ( ! leaves ( ,bignonia ,*ica 9 cool+4 ,us$ by ! ,am]ican ,indians to /a9 _! sk94 ,x is soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 oil1 fat1 & alkal9e lyes1 & slightly s 9 boil+ wat]4 ,*i'ca4 ,see ,,maize ,,be]4 ,,*ic',,ory4 ,syn4 ,,wild ,,suc',,cory2 ,,ci*or',,ium ,,inty',,bus 7,l9n471 ,l4 ,a plant belong+ to ! natural ord] ,composit4 ,x is indig5\s to ?is & _m o!r c\ntries ( ,europe1 & is ext5sively cultivat$ = ! sake ( its roots1 :i* are slic$1 roa/$1 & gr\nd1 to =m ! *icory ( ! %ops4 ,ne>ly #ajj millions ( p\nds are annually consum$ 9 ,europe4 ,mu* ( ! *icory us$ 9 ,brita9 is ( home gr[?2 b /ill m is import$ 9 a raw /ate f ,holl& & o!r p>ts ( ! ,cont95t4 ,a blue dye has be5 prep>$ f ! leaves ( ?is plant4 ,! ,,fre% ,,root ,,( ,,*icory 7ra'dix *ico'rii re'c5s7 is reput$ to be alt]ative1 att5uant1 diuretic1 febrifuge1 hepatic1 resolv5t1 & tonic2 & 9 l>ge doses ap]i5t4 ,x is n[ seldom us$ 9 m$ic9e1 al?\gh x appe>s to possess simil> qualities & equal activity to ^? ( d&elion4 ,an infusion ( ! root1 mix$ ) syrup1 becomes ?ick2 =m+ ! ,,gomme ,,sac*o-,,*icorice ( ,lac>t]ie4 7,fee47 ,analysis ( ,*icory 7! raw root73-- ,moi/ure #ggj ,gummy matt] 7l pect97 #ge ,glucose1 or grape sug> #aa ,bitt] extractive #dj ,fatty matt] #jf ,cellulose1 inul91 & woody matt] #ij ,a% #jh ----- #ajjj ,! ,,roa/$ ,,root is prep>$ by cutt+ ! full-gr[n root into slices1 & expos+ x to heat 9 iron cyl9d]s1 along ) ab\t #a-a_/b or #b ( l>d1 9 a simil> way to t adopt$ = c(fee4 ,:5 gr\nd to p[d] 9 a mill1 x con/itutes ! ,,*icory ( ! groc]s 7,,*icory ,,c(fee1 ,,succory ,c42 ,,radix ,,*ico',,rii ,,torrefac',,ta1 ,r4 ,c4 ,t4 ,,contri',,ta72 s g5]ally employ$ bo? z a sub/itute = c(fee & z an adult]ant ( t article4 ,! addition ( #a "p ( good1 fre% roa/$ *icory to #aj or #ab p>ts ( c(fee =ms a mixture :i* yields a bev]age ( a full] flav\r1 & ( a deep] col\r ?an t furni%$ by an equal quantity ( pure or unmix$ c(fee4 ,9 ?is way a less quantity ( c(fee may be us$1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! article sub/itut$ = x does n possess 9 any degree ! peculi> excit+1 soo?+1 & hung]-/ay+ prop]ties ( t valuable product4 ,! use1 h[ev]1 ( a l>g] proportion ( *icory ?an t j nam$ imp>ts to ! bev]age an insipid flav\r1 int]m$iate betwe5 t ( treacle & liquorice2 :il/ ! cont9ual use ( roa/$ *icory1 or highly *icoris$ c(fee1 seldom fails to weak5 ! p[]s ( dige/ion & d]ange ! b[els4 ,!re c be no d\bt t roa/$ *icory mu/1 :5 tak5 l>gely1 h a t5d5cy to excite di>rhoea4 7,p]eira47 ,pur41 c4 ,! gr\nd *icory ( ! %ops1 l gr\nd c(fee1 is almo/ univ]sally adult]at$4 ,pigm5ts are add$ to x to col\r x1 & v>i\s vegetable sub/ances to less5 its value4 ,! foll[+ articles h be5 report$ to h be5 detect$ 9 roa/$ *icory1 or to h be5 kn[n to be us$ to adult]ate x3--,v5etian r$1 r$dle1 & r$ clay2 roa/$ acorns1 beans1 c>rots1 damag$ dog-biscuits1 damag$ bread1 damag$ :eat1 horse-*e/nuts1 mangel wurzel1 p>snips1 peas1 rye1 & sug>2 c(fee flights 7c(fee husks71 c(f9a 7roa/$ lup9s71 ,hambro' p[d] 7roa/$ peas col\r$ ) r$dle71 & ! m>c ( c(fee2 exhau/$ b>k 7f ! tan y>ds71 logwood du/1 mahogany du/1 c4 ,x has also be5 ass]t$ t ! scor*$ liv]s ( bullocks1 horses1 & dogs h be5 appli$ to ! same purpose2 b ( ?is !re is n suffici5t evid5ce4 ,! only way to avoid be+ ?us *eat$ or poison$ is to buy ! *icory :ole1 & to gr9d x at home4 ,illu/ration3 ,microscopic appe>ance ( *icory root4 ,roa/$ *icory is highly absorb5t ( moi/ure1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 be always kept 9 close vessels 7bottles or cani/]s71 ! same z c(fee4 ,if ! lumps become t\gh or s(t1 or ! p[d] cakes toge!r1 x is unfit = use2 b 9 "s cases x may be recov]$1 by expos+ x on a plate 9 an ov5 until x aga9 becomes p]fectly dry or brittle4 ,te/s4--#a4 ,p[d]$ *icory ?r[n on wat] turns x r$di%-br[n & rapidly s9ks1 leav+ light impurities ei!r float+ or diffus$ ?r\gh ! liquid4--#b4 ,! cold decoction te/$ ) t9cture1 or solution ( iod9e1 gives a br[n col\r2 if x turns purple1 blue1 or black1 x indicates ! pres5ce ( roa/$ peas1 beans1 rye1 or "s o!r l sub/ance1 conta9+ />*4--#c4 ,p]sulphate or p]*loride ( iron1 add$ 9 ! same way1 %\ld n mat]ially affect ! liquid2 if x turns x blui% or blacki%1 x indicates ! pres5ce ( roa/$ acorns1 oak-b>k tan1 or "s o!r sub/ance conta9+ tann94--#d4 ,wat] acidulat$ ) v9eg>1 dige/$ on ! p[d]1 %\ld n be black5$1 or ev5 mat]ially d>k5$1 by t9cture ( galls or a solution ( r$ prussiate ( pota%2 ! contr>y %[s ! pres5ce ( f]rug9\s col\r+ matt]4--#e4 ,! dry p[d]1 :5 inc9]at$1 %\ld n leave m ?an #d-a_/b to #e ( a%1 :i* %\ld be ( a greyi% or fawn col\r2 ! contr>y indicates ! pres5ce ( r$dle1 r$ clay1 o*re1 or ! l4--#f4 ,to ! above may be add$ att5tion to ! od\r1 col\r1 & appe>ance1 bo? to ! nak$ eye & "u ! microscope2 by ! latt]1 adult]ation may be easily detect$4 ,see ,,c(fee4 ,,*il',,bla94 ,syn4 ,,p]',,nio1 ,l4 ,an inflammatory swell+1 ( a purple or lead col\r1 produc$ by ! action ( cold4 ,*ilbla9s 7,,p]nio',,nes7 exclusively attack ! extremities ( ! body1 & are g5]ally conf9$ to ! f+]s1 toes1 & heels4 ,! common symptoms are it*+ & irritation1 m or less int5se1 (t5 accompani$ ) %oot+ pa9s1 & t5d]ness1 & tumefaction ( ! p>ts4 ,*ildr51 especially ^? ( a scr(ul\s habit1 & eld]ly p]sons1 are g5]ally ! mo/ liable to *ilbla9s4 ,! common cause ( *ilbla9s is hold+ ! h&s or feet to ! fire aft] exposure to cold4 ,! sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature p>tially de/roys ! vitality ( ! m9ute surfacial vessels1 & ?us prev5ts ! prop] fl[ ( blood ?r\gh ! "p4 ,! be/ prev5tives ( *ilbla9s are wooll5 socks or /ock+s1 good wat]pro( %oes1 wooll5 gloves1 ex]cise1 & friction4 ,^! act by promot+ ! circulation ( ! blood 9 ! extremities1 & protect+ !m f vicissitudes ( temp]ature4 ,:5 *ilbla9s h once =m$1 ! be/ treatm5t is friction ) /imulants1 z spirits ( w9e & camphor1 oil ( turp5t9e1 opodeldoc1 dilute spirits1 camphorat$ oil1 h>t%orn & oil1 c4 ,l9nu recomm5ds ba?+ ! "p ) dilute muriatic acid1 j /rong en\gh to fa9tly prick ! sk94 ,:5 ! inflam$ p>ts h ulc]at$1 !y are commonly call$ ,,kibes4 ,9 ?is /ate !y %\ld be dress$ ) a little res9 c]ate or elemi o9tm5t4 ,if fung\s granulations appe>1 !y mu/ be remov$ by t\*+ !m ) nitrate ( silv] or blue vitriol4 ,see ,,*aps1 c4 ,,rem$ies ,,= ,,*ilbla9s4--,! foll[+ h be5 /rongly recomm5d$ by diff]5t p>ties1 & may all prove useful 9 _! turns1 z circum/ances & conv5i5ce may sugge/3-- #a4 ,sulphate ( copp]1 #a oz42 rosem>y wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve4 #b4 ,sal-ammoniac1 #a oz42 v9eg>1 #a_/b p9t4 #c4 ,sal-ammoniac1 #a oz42 rum1 #a_/b p9t2 camphor1 #a dr4 ,! affect$ "p is wett$ ) ! above night & morn+1 & :5 dry is t\*$ ) a little simple o9tm5t1 cold cream1 or pomatum4 #d4 ,soap l9im5t1 #b oz42 t9cture ( can?>ides1 #a oz42 oil ( cajeput1 #b dr4 #e4 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 #b oz42 camphor1 #c dr42 oil ( cajeput1 #a dr4 ,! application ( ! la/ two is accompani$ by g5tle friction4 #f4 7,dr ,,graves' ,,prev5tive47 ,sulphate ( copp]1 #bj gr42 wat]1 #a oz4 ,z ! fir/ ?ree4 #g4 7,,lejeune',s ,,balsam47 ,see ,,*ilbla9 ,,balsam4 #h4 7,,l9n,,u' ,,rem$y47 ,hydro*loric acid1 #a oz42 wat]1 #aa oz4 ,z ,no4 #c4 #i4 7,,morton',s ,,l9im5t47 ,calomel & camphor1 ( ea* #a dr42 sp]maceti o9tm5t1 #d dr42 oil ( turp5t9e & cocoa-nut oil1 ( ea* #b dr4 ,z ,no4 #e4 #aj4 7,,wahl]',s ,,o9tm5t47 ,black oxide ( iron1 bole1 & oil ( turp5t9e1 ( ea* #a dr42 res9 c]ate1 #a oz4 ,= brok5 *ilbla9s4 ,we h f\nd a mixture ( equal p>ts ( calam9e c]ate & res9 c]ate answ] q z well4 ,see ,,c]ate1 ,,o9tm5t4 #aa4 7,,russian ,,rem$y47 ,! r9d ( p]fectly ripe cucumb]s dri$1 ) ! s(t p>ts atta*$4 ,= use !y are plac$ ) ! inn] side1 previ\sly soak$ 9 w>m wat]1 ov] ! s(t p>ts4 7,m$4 ,zeitung47 #ab4 7,,rhe947 ,dissolve #a oz4 ( tann9 9 a p9t ( wat]1 & #gd gra9s ( iod9e 9 #a-c_/d oz4 ( _s ( w9e2 ! solutions are !n mix$1 & en\gh wat] add$ to make ! :ole up to #b-a_/b p9ts4 ,9 apply+ x1 :i* is be/ done at b$time1 ! mixture is g5tly w>m$ ov] a sl[ fire2 ! affect$ "p is dipp$ into x :ile /ill cold1 & reta9$ 9 x till ! liquid1 on be+ /irr$1 feels uncom=tably hot4 ,! vessel is !n )drawn f ! fire1 & ! affect$ "p dri$ ov] x4 ,! vessel mu/ be ( e>!nw>e or porcela91 & c>e mu/ be tak5 n to use too mu* iod9e1 especially :5 abrasions are pres5t4 #ac4 7,l',,union ,m,,dicale47 ,oxide ( z9c1 #b p>ts2 tannic acid1 #a "p2 glyc]91 #aj p>ts2 balsam ( ,p]u1 #h p>ts2 camphor1 #d p>ts4 #ad4 7,,sw$iaur',s ,,pa/e47 ,bitt] almonds1 #h oz42 honey1 #f oz42 p[d]$ camphor & fl\r ( mu/>d1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 burnt alum & olibanum1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 yolks ( #c eggs2 beat to a pa/e4 ,to be appli$ night & morn+4 #ae4 7,,vance',s ,,cream47 ,o9tm5t ( nitrate ( m]cury1 #a oz42 camphor1 #a dr42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #b dr42 oil ( olives1 #d dr42 mix well toge!r4 ,to be appli$ by g5tle friction #b or #c times daily4 ,obs4 ,all ! prec$+ prep>ations are int5d$ = *ilbla9s be=e !y break4 ,! l9im5ts ( ammonia1 camphor1 opium1 soap1 & turp5t9e1 z well z ! comp\nd camphor l9im5t ( ! ,briti% ,ph>macopoeia1 are also excell5t prep>ations = ! same purposes4 ,,*il',,dr5 7,c>e (74 ,see ,,infancy4 ,*ildr5 7,diseases (74 ,see ! respective heads1 & ,,diseases4 ,,*il',,lies4 ,see ,,capsicum1 ,,pepp]s4 ,,*im',,neys 7 n introduc$ into ,engl& until ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 & = a consid]able p]iod ! pr9ciples ( _! con/ruction 7 ill-und]/ood4 ,:5 ! air inside & outside a *imney is at ! same temp]ature1 an equilibrium exi/s2 !re is no draught 9 ! *imney1 because ! d[nw>d t5d5cy ( t )9 is c\nt]act$ by ! upw>d pressure ( t )\t4 ,let a fire be k9dl$ 9 ! grate2 hot air is evolv$1 ! *imney is heat$1 ! air x conta9s suff]s expansion1 & a portion is expell$4 ,! *imney n[ conta9s a small] weight ( air ?an x did be=e2 ! ext]nal & int]nal columns no long] equibalance ea* o!r1 ! w>m] & light] air is =c$ upw>ds f bel[1 & its place is occupi$ by cold1 & consequ5tly heavi] air4 ,if ! fire cont9ues to burn1 & ! *imney reta9s its temp]ature1 ! second portion ( air is dispos$ ( l ! fir/1 & ! asc5d+ curr5t cont9ues1 s long z ! sides ( ! *imney are hott] ?an ! surr\nd+ air4 ,%\ld ! rev]se happ5 to be ! case1 z sometimes occurs f sudd5 atmosph]ic *anges1 ! column ( air )9 ! *imney rapidly contracts 9 volume1 ! defici5cy is fill$ up f )\t1 ! column ( air becomes heavi] ?an "o ( a correspond+ height on ! outside ( x1 or 9 ! ap>tm5t1 &1 obey+ ! common laws ( gravitation1 x falls out ( ! ?roat ( ! *imney or fire-place j z a heavy body s9ks 9 wat]1 & has its place occupi$ by air f above4 ,9 ?is way a desc5d+ curr5t1 ( m or less int5sity & duration1 is e/abli%$1 &1 if !re is a fire 9 ! grate1 ! *imney smokes1 or1 if ! grate is empty1 p]haps ! smoke f neighb\r+ *imneys f9ds its way into our ap>tm5ts4 ,by ! judici\s arrangem5t ( ! fire-place1 & ! ?roat & flue ( a *imney1 an upw>d curr5t may be con/antly ensur$ s long z !re is a fire 9 ! grate1 or ! air ( ! ap>tm5t is w>m] ?an ! ext]nal atmosph]e4 ,c\nt ,rum=d 0 ! fir/ :o sci5tifically inve/igat$ ! con/ruction ( *imneys4 ,he %[$ t m heat is obta9$ f ! fire by reflection :5 ! cov]+s are plac$ 9 an oblique position4 ,he also direct$ t ! fire itself %\ld be kept z ne> to ! he>? z possible1 & t ! ?roat ( ! *imney %\ld be con/ruct$ mu* n>r[] ?an 0 !n ! practice1 9 ord] to prev5t ! escape ( s mu* heat$ air z happ5$ ) wide ?roats4 ,by contract+ ! op5 "p ( ! fire-place imm$iately ov] ! fire1 z by less5+ ! wid? ( ! hobs1 or by br++ ! ?roat ( ! *imney clos] to ! fire1 & by contract+ ! ?roat ( ! *imney itself1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 any desir$ am\nt ( draught may be obta9$4 ,:5 ! space above ! fuel is too small1 ! ?roat too ne> ! burn+ fuel1 or ! ?roat itself too contract$1 ! draught ( a common *imney is (t5 too /rong1 & mu* fuel & heat is wa/$4 ,:5 ! rev]se is ! case1 ! draught is commonly too languid1 ! fire draws badly1 a portion ( ! smoke escapes into ! room1 & all ! usual annoyances ( a smoky *imney are suff]$4 ,by a prop] att5tion to ^! conditions a common fire-place may be adapt$ = ! combu/ion ( bitum9\s or easy burn+ coal1 or ( an?racite1 & v>ieties ( coal t require a consid]able draught4 ,x may ev5 be conv]t$ into a w9d furnace2 :il/ ! inconv5i5ce ( smoky *imneys may be always avoid$1 &1 :5 exi/+1 easily cur$4 ,?is is presum+1 h[ev]1 t a suffici5t supply ( air exi/s 9 front ( ! fire-place 7i4e4 9 ! ap>tm5t71 n only = ! combu/ion ( ! fuel1 b also = ! upw>d curr5t ( ! *imney4 ,_m *imneys smoke simply f ! ap>tm5t be+ s ill-v5tilat$ t ! supply "h allud$ to is n provid$4 ,x may be fur!r /at$1 z a rule1 t ! great] ! l5g? ( a *imney ! /rong] w be ! draught4 ,h5ce1 ! *imneys ( ! upp] rooms ( a h\se (t5 smoke1 :il/ ! fires 9 ! rooms b5ea? !m burn pleasantly & vigor\sly4 ,su* cases are commonly reliev$ by a *imney-pot or c[l1 ( :i* num]\s v>ieties are n[ be=e ! public4 ,! m crook$ or tortu\s ! c\rse ( a *imney ! less likely is x to be affect$ by eddies & gu/s ( w9d f neighb\r+ build+s or hills4 ,see ,,fire1 ,,grate1 ,,smoke ,,prev5tion1 ,,/ove4 ,,*i',,na4 ,9 ! pur*ase ( *9a1 glass1 & e>!nw>e1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to select ^? patt]ns :i* 9 case ( breakage c be ! mo/ readily mat*$4 ,peculi> or r>e patt]ns %\ld be avoid$1 = if any su* be brok51 x w g5]ally be f\nd v difficult & exp5sive1 & frequ5tly impossible1 to replace !m4 ,*9a1 glass1 & e>!nw>e1 :5 v dirty1 are be/ clean$ ) f9ely p[d]$ full]'s e>? & w>m wat]1 foll[$ by r9s+ 9 clean wat]4 ,a little clean s(t soap may be add$ to ! wat] in/ead ( full]'s e>?4 ,see ,,pack+1 ,,porcela94 ,,*9',,oid9e4 ,see ,,qu9oid9e4 ,,*9ol9e ,,blue4 ,see ,,cyan9e4 ,,*9tz 7to ,wa%74 ,boil #b lbs4 ( rice 9 two gallons ( wat] till s(t2 & p\r ! mixture into a tub2 let x /& until x atta9s a w>m? g5]ally us$ = col\r$ l95s2 !n put ! *9tz 9 x1 & wa% x ) ! rice in/ead ( soap1 until all ! dirt has disappe>$4 ,next boil ano!r #b lb4 ( rice1 z above1 9 ano!r two gallons ( wat]1 b /ra9 ! rice f ! wat]1 & mix x 9 w>m wat]4 ,wa% ! *9tz 9 ?is till q clean1 & aft]w>ds r9se x 9 ! wat] ! rice 0 boil$ 94 ,?is w answ] ! same end z />*1 z no wet w affect x1 z x w be /iff :ile x is worn4 ,if a g[n1 x mu/ be tak5 to pieces2 & :5 dri$1 x mu/ be hung z smoo? z possible1 aft] :i* x mu/ be dry-rubb$ ) a smoo? /one1 b no iron mu/ be us$4 ,,*iretta4 ,,*irata4 ,! entire plant 7,ophelia *irata7 is employ$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,! plant is pull$ up by ! root :5 ! fl[]s beg9 to decay1 & ! capsules are =m$4 ,! dri$ plant1 sometimes )1 b m commonly )\t1 ! root1 is ! =m 9 :i* ! *iretta is g5]ally met ) 9 comm]ce4 ,! :ole plant is int5sely bitt]1 b is )\t od\r4 ,9 its physiological action x be>s a great resemblance to g5tian4 ,in/ead ( a con/ipat+1 x appe>s to possess a slightly relax+ effect4 ,x is an excell5t /oma*ic & c>m9ative1 & is said to dim9i% ! t5d5cy to acidity1 & to be ( great s]vice 9 ! dyspepsia accompany+ g\t4 ,no vegetable alkaloid has be5 obta9$ f x4 ,if giv5 9 p[d]1 ! dose ( *iretta is tw5ty gra9s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m g5]ally giv5 9 ! =m ( an infusion or t9cture 7:i* see74 ,,*i',,t94 ,?is "n has be5 giv5 to ! h>d1 insoluble matt] =m+ ! %ells & elytra ( insects4 ,x is obta9$ by boil+ ! elytra ( ! cock*af] ) wat]1 alcohol1 e!r1 acetic acid1 & alkalies4 ,,*it',,tick',s ,,rem$y4 ,dr ,*ittick's rem$y = /one consi/$ ( a fix$ alkali1 adm9i/]$ 9 veal bro?4 7,p>is47 ,,*loral4 ,c#b;,h,cl#c,o4 ,a peculi> liquid fir/ obta9$ by ,liebig1 by ! action ( *lor9e on alcohol4 ,! "n 0 int5d$ to express its orig9 f *lor9e & alcohol4 ,prep4 7,liebig47 ,anhydr\s alcohol is plac$ 9 a tubulat$ retort1 & dry *lor9e gas pass$ ?r\gh x1 at fir/ 9 ! cold1 b aft]w>ds ) ! application ( a g5tle heat1 until ! *lor9e passes un*ang$ ?r\gh ! liquor on rais+ x to ! boil+ temp]ature2 on cool+1 ! :ole =ms a cry/all9e mass ( :at 0 at "o "t ?\ght to be *loral hydrate1 b :i* subsequ5t rese>*es h %[n to be *loral alcoholate2 ?is is melt$ by a g5tle heat1 & agitat$ ) ?ree times its volume ( oil ( vitriol2 on increas+ ! heat a little1 an oily /ratum ( impure *loral rises to ! surface4 ,x is purifi$ by boil+ x = "s "t 7to drive (f free hydro*loric acid & alcohol71 next di/ill+ x ) an equal volume ( oil ( vitriol2 & la/ly1 rectify+ x f "s p[d]$ quick-lime1 ! process be+ /opp$ z soon z ! surface ( ! lime becomes dry4 ,prop41 c4 ,*loral is an oily liquid1 possess+ an e!real smell2 x is soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 & wat]2 ) a small quantity ( ! latt] x rapidly *anges into a semi-solid cry/all9e mass 7*loral hydrate71 :i* is soluble 9 a l>g] quantity ( wat]2 boils at #bja2 sp4 gr4 #aejb4 ,x is decompos$ by ! cau/ic e>?s & alkalies4 ,by age x is conv]t$ into a :ite1 solid1 transluc5t sub/ance 7insoluble *loral71 :i* is reconv]t$ by heat & by sulphuric acid into ord9>y *loral4 ,obs4 ,9 op]at+ z above ! *lor9e is mo/ conv5i5tly introduc$ by a tube ins]t$ into ! tubulature ( ! retort1 & a long tube1 b5t upw>ds1 %\ld be connect$ ) ! beak to convey away ! hydro*loric acid gas extricat$1 & to all[ ! volatilis$ alcohol & *loral to cond5se1 & fl[ back into ! retort4 ,*loral1 ,camphorat$4 ,hydrate ( *loral & camphor1 equal p>ts4 ,rub !m toge!r 9 a w>m mort> until !y liquefy4 ,x =ms cle> mixtures ) oil ( turp5t9e & *lor(orm1 b n ) solution ( ammonia4 ,x is a c\nt]-irritant1 & appli$ ext]nally x has be5 f\nd to give relief 9 rheumatic pa9s & neuralgia4 ,x %\ld be pa9t$ on ! affect$ "p ) a camel's-hair bru%4 ,*loral1 ,hydrate4 ,c#b;,h,cl#c,o4 ,aq4 ,syn4 ,,hydrate ,,( ,,*loral4 ,prep4 ,pass dry *lor9e gas1 = sev]al days1 ?r\gh absolute alcohol1 sp4 gr4 #jgie1 until x becomes a ?ick viscid liquid ( sp4 gr4 #aeg4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation ! alcohol is well cool$ to prev5t inflammation & explosion1 b t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation ! alcohol is heat$ ne>ly to ! boil+ po9t4 ,! result+ liquid1 :i* aft] a day or two solidifies to a mass ( crude *loral hydrate1 is agitat$ ) f\r times its bulk ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 & ! anhydr\s *loral :i* floats on ! surface is sep>at$ & purifi$ by fractional di/illation4 ,! purifi$ anhydr\s *loral is plac$ 9 a /ill1 mix$ ) #aa p] c5t4 ( wat]1 & di/ill$ ov] *alk to remove any hydro*loric acid t may be pres5t2 ! result+ solid di/illate is !n fus$ & p\r$ out into %all[ vessels to ca/ into cakes4 7,squire47 ,! pure/ *loral hydrate is said to be t :i* has be5 cry/allis$ two or ?ree times out ( pure bisulphide ( c>bon4--,prop4 ,:ite opaque solid1 hav+ a pung5t od\r resembl+ t ( a ripe melon4 ,soluble 9 wat]1 glyc]91 & alcohol4 ,gradually volatilises 9 ! air1 & may be di/ill$ )\t decomposition4 ,f #ajj gr4 dissolv$ 9 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ( wat]1 well %ak5 ) #a fl4 oz4 ( solution ( pota% 7,b4 ,p471 & all[$ to /& = sev]al h\rs1 at lea/ #df gra9-measures ( *lor(orm %\ld sep>ate4 ,*loral hydrate may be obta9$ 9 cry/als by mix+ ! cake ) ab\t half its bulk ( *lor(orm1 & putt+ aside 9 a cool place4 ,:5 ! cry/allisation is complete 7:i* is g5]ally 9 ab\t #h or #aj days7 ! cry/als are fre$ f ! "m liquor by a c5trifugal ma*9e1 & aft]w>ds dri$ at a g5tle heat4 ,! "m liquor may be utilis$ = future cry/allisations4 ,uses4 ,an excell5t s$ative1 antispasmodic1 hypnotic1 anodyne4 ,x has done good s]vice 9 hypo*ondriacal & o!r n]v\s affections1 z well z 9 ! insomnia ( ! insane1 & ( dipsomaniacs2 also 9 a/hma1 hoop+-c\gh1 & sc>let fev]4 ,x has also ! reputation ( be+ an effici5t prev5tive ( sea-sickness1 especially on %ort voyages1 su* z cross+ ! *annel1 :i* c be accompli%$ dur+ ! sleep occasion$ by ! ag5t4--,dose1 f #aj to #fj gr4 ,x 0 introduc$ into m$ical practice by ,dr ,liebrei*1 ( ,b]l94 ,imm5se quantities are import$ into ?is c\ntry f ,g]many4 ,,*loralum4 ,an impure aque\s solution ( *loride ( alum9um1 sp4 gr4 #aae1 #a fl4 oz4 ( ! liquid conta9s #ge gra9s ( anhydr\s *loride4 ,introduc$ by ,pr(essor ,gamgee z an antiseptic & dis9fectant1 = :i* purposes x is recomm5d$ to dilute ! article z sold ) f\r times its bulk ( wat]4 ,,*lo'',,rate4 ,syn4 ,,hyp]oxymu'',,riatedagg]1 ,,*lo'',,ras1 ,l4 ,a comp\nd 9 :i* ! hydrog5 ( *loric acid1 ,h,cl,o#c1 is replac$ by a metal or o!r basic radical1 e4g4 ,k,cl,o#c1 *lorate ( potassium4 ,*lorates may be prep>$ by dissolv+ ! hydrate or oxide 9 *loric acid1 & cry/allis+4 ,! alkal9e *lorates1 h[ev]1 are made by pass+ *lor9e into solutions ( ! hydrate or c>bonate ( potassium or sodium1 boil+ ! result+ liquid1 & sep>at+ ! *lorate f ! *loride1 :i* is also =m$ by cry/allisation4 ,!y are v simil> to ! nitrates1 bo? 9 _! g5]al prop]ties & composition4 ,!y are all decompos$ at a r$ heat1 metallic *lorides be+ =m$ & oxyg5 gas giv5 (f4 ,l ! nitrates1 !y deflagrate ) inflammable sub/ances1 b ) great] facility & viol5ce4 ,a mixture ( ?is k9d w detonate ) a slight bl[ or friction4 ,all ! *lorates are soluble 9 wat]4 ,*>41 ,te/s1 c4 ,! *lorates are kn[n by _! deflagrat+ :5 plac$ on r$-hot *>coal4 ,by evolv+ a yell[ gas :5 treat$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 9 ! cold1 :i* gas also communicates to ! liquid a r$ or yell[ t+e4 ,by evolv+ oxyg5 gas :5 heat$ alone 9 a te/-tube4 ,?is te/ is n *>act]i/ic1 unless c>ri$ a /age fur!r1 by dissolv+ ! residual *loride out ( ! tube1 & add+ to ! filt]$ solution a few drops ( nitrate ( silv]2 !n ! =mation ( a :ite precipitate1 insoluble 9 nitric acid1 w %[ t ! salt treat$ 0 a *lorate1 & n a nitrate4 ,pure *lorates give no precipitate ) nitrate ( silv]4 ,,*lorhy',,dric ,,acid4 ,see ,,hydro*loric ,,acid4 ,,*lo'',,ric ,,acid4 ,h,cl,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,hyp]oxymuriat',,ic ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,*lo'',,ricum1 ,l4 ,an acid discov]$ by ,*5evix1 b fir/ obta9$ 9 a sep>ate =m by ,gay-,lussac4 ,,*lo'',,ride 7-7id74 ,syn4 ,,*lo'',,ruretdagg]2 ,,*lori',,dum1 ,l4 ,a *emical comp\nd ( *lor9e ) a metal or o!r basic radical1 e4g4 ,na,cl1 *loride ( sodium2 ,c#b;,h#e;,cl1 *loride ( e?yl4 ,prep4 ,! majority ( ! metallic *lorides may be made by simply dissolv+ ! metal or its c>bonate1 oxide1 or hydrate1 9 hydro*loric acid 7previ\sly dilut$ ) ab\t twice its weight ( wat]71 & evaporat+ & cry/allis+ ! solution 9 ! usual mann]4 ,z9c1 cadmium1 iron1 nickel1 cobalt1 & t91 dissolve readily 9 hydro*loric acid2 copp] only 9 /rong boil+ acid2 silv]1 m]cury1 & gold1 n at all4 ,! insoluble *lorides1 z ^? ( silv] & m]cury1 may be readily prep>$ by precipitat+ any ( _! correspond+ soluble salts ) hydro*loric acid1 or a soluble *loride1 su* z common salt4 ,anhydr\s *lorides are g5]ally prep>$ by ! direct action ( *lor9e on ! bases4 ,*>41 ,te/s1 c4 ,mo/ ( ! metallic *lorides are soluble 9 wat]4 ,_m fuse :5 heat$1 & volatilise un*ang$1 b o!rs are completely or p>tially decompos$ at a r$ heat4 ,all1 ) ! exception ( ^? ( ! alkali & e>? metals1 are decompos$ at a r$ heat 9 a curr5t ( hydrog54 ,!y are recognis$ by ! foll[+ reactions3--#a4 ,heat$ ) a little p]oxide ( manganese & sulphuric acid1 *lor9e is evolv$1 & easily detect$ by its col\r1 smell1 & blea*+ prop]ties3--#b4 ,! soluble *lorides may be readily detect$ by _! solutions1 slightly acidulat$ ) nitric acid1 giv+ ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv] a :ite1 curdy precipitate 7*loride ( silv]71 insoluble 9 nitric acid1 freely soluble 9 liquor ( ammonia1 & black5$ by ! light3--#c4 ,! insoluble *lorides may be te/$ by dige/+ !m 9 a little liquor ( potassa1 :5 a solution ( *loride ( potassium w be =m$1 :i* may be treat$ z j direct$ 7#b72 or ! *loride may be dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & te/$ ) nitrate ( silv] z be=e4 ,,*lorim',,etry4 ,see ,,*lorometry4 ,,*lor9a',,t$ ,,lime4 ,see ,,lime4 ,,*lor9a',,t$ ,,s',,da4 ,see ,,sodium4 ,,*lo'',,r9e4 ,syn4 ,,*lor9',,ium1 ,l42 ,,*lore1 ,fr42 ,,*lor1 ,g]4 ,an elem5t>y sub/ance discov]$ by ,s*eele 9 #aggd1 & at fir/ suppos$ to be a comp\nd body4 ,9 #ahji ,,mm4 ,gay-,lussac & ,?n>d sugge/$ ! probability ( x be+ a simple sub/ance2 b x 0 res]v$ = ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 %ortly aft]w>ds1 to demon/rate ! tru? ( ! sugge/ion ( ^! =eign *emi/s4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,x exi/s 9 nature *iefly 9 ! =m ( *loride ( sodium1 :i* con/itutes rock salt :5 deposit$ 9 inl& b$s1 sea salt :5 dissolv$ 9 masses ( wat]4 ,! sea also conta9s *lorides ( potassium1 calcium1 & magnesium4 ,x is a con/itu5t ( sev]al well-kn[n m9]als4 ,x has be5 met ) 9 ! air ( volcanic di/ricts1 comb9$ ) hydrog51 z hydro*loric acid4 ,prep4 ,/rong hydro*loric acid is p\r$ on half ( its weight ( f9ely-p[d]$ p]oxide ( manganese1 previ\sly plac$ 9 a glass flask or retort2 *lor9e gas is imm$iately evolv$1 ev5 9 ! cold1 b mu* m rapidly on ! application ( a g5tle heat1 & is collect$ 9 clean1 dry bottles by displacem5t4 ,! tube conduct+ ! gas is s arrang$ z to rea* to ! bottom ( ! bottle1 & ! *lor9e1 be+ heavi] ?an ! air1 displaces ! latt] )\t mix+ ) x4 ,! bottle is kn[n to be full by ! gas1 easily p]ceiv$ by its gre5 col\r1 ov]fl[+ ! top ( ! vessel4 ,! bottle is !n clos$ up ) an accurately fitt+ /opp]1 previ\sly greas$1 & an empty "o put 9 its place1 :i* is subsequ5tly treat$ 9 l mann]4 ,to free ! gas entirely f hydro*loric acid x is pass$ ?r\gh a wa% bottle conta9+ a small quantity ( wat]2 & to r5d] x q dry x is pass$ ov] fus$ *loride ( calcium4 ,:5 ! pres5ce ( moi/ure is no object *lor9e may be collect$ ov] w>m wat]1 or1 :at is bett]1 a saturat$ solution ( common salt1 9 ! pneumatic tr\gh4 ,! m]curial tr\gh _c be employ$1 z ! *lor9e rapidly acts ^u ! metal1 & becomes absorb$4 ,comm]cial4--,f oil ( vitriol & wat]1 ( ea* #g p>ts1 cauti\sly mix$1 & all[$ to cool2 *loride ( sodium 7common salt71 #d p>ts1 mix$ intimately ) p]oxide ( manganese1 #c p>ts4 ,! dilute acid is plac$ 9 a retort or o!r g5]at+ vessel1 & ! p[d] add$4 ,! gas comes (f sl[ly at fir/1 b ! application ( a g5tle heat causes x to ru% =? 9 l>ge quantities4 ,( late ye>s1 ow+ to ! g5]al dem& = blea*+ ag5ts1 num]\s new me?ods & sugge/ions = obta9+ *lor9e h be5 pat5t$1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important4 #a4 ,elliott4 ,by ?is me?od ! reconv]sion ( ! *loride ( manganese to p]oxide 0 attempt$ z foll[s3--,! manganese residues left 9 ! /ill are fir/ heat$ to dryness4 ,!y are !n roa/$ 9 a curr5t ( /eam1 ! result be+ ! =mation ( hydro*loric acid 7:i* is cond5s$71 & a residue consi/+ ( a mixture ( protoxide & p]oxide ( manganese4 #b4 ,gatty4 ,9 ?is process ! manganese residues1 aft] evaporation to a suitable consi/5ce1 are mix$ ) nitrate ( soda1 & ! nitrate ( manganese & *loride ( sodium =m$1 :5 dri$1 are /rongly heat$ 9 an iron retort1 ! fumes ( nitric acid :i* come (f be+ employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid4 ,! residue 9 ! retort1 consi/+ ( p]oxide ( manganese1 be+ lixiviat$1 yields ! p]oxide 9 a pure /ate3 ,mn7,,no#c7b #b7,na,cl7 ,o#b ,mn,o#b #b,na,cl #b7,,no#c74 #c4 ,h(fman4 ,?is process consi/$ 9 ! reg5]ation ( ! manganese by means ( soda wa/e4 ,9 ?is process ! *loride ( manganese is1 by ! addition ( ! yell[ ley obta9$ f ! lixiviation ( soda wa/e1 conv]t$ into sulphide ( manganese4 ,! precipitate s obta9$ consi/s ( ,sulphide ( manganese #eejj ,sulphur #djjj ,protoxide ( manganese #e ------ #ajjjj ,?is is dri$ & !n calc9$1 ! sulphur\s acid evolv$ be+ conduct$ into ! sulphuric acid *amb]4 ,! residue1 :i* has ! foll[+ composition-- ,sulphate ( manganese #ddej ,p]oxide ( manganese #ahij ,protoxide ( manganese #cffj ------ #ajjjj --is next mix$ ) nitrate ( soda & heat$ to #cjj ,c41 yield+ sulphate ( soda & nitrate ( manganese1 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 be+ at once decompos$ into p]oxide ( manganese1 & nitrog5 p]oxide1 ?us3-- a4 ,mn,s,o#d #b,na,n,o#c ,mn7,,no#c7b ,na#b,,s#d4 b4 ,mn7,,no#c7b ,mn,o#b #b,,no#b4 ,aft] ! mass has cool$1 ! sulphate ( soda is wa%$ out1 ! residue yield+1 accord+ to ! inv5tor1 a mat]ial equal to native p]oxide ( manganese4 #d4 ,s*ls+4 ,manganese is act$ ^u ) a mixture ( hydro*loric & nitric acids1 ! degree ( conc5tration ( ! acids be+ s regulat$ by ! addition ( wat] t ! mixture yields only *lor9e1 :il/ protonitrate ( manganese is =m$2 ?is salt be+ calc9$ yields p]oxide ( manganese & nitric acid4 ,! nitric acid aids ! oxyg5 ( ! air 9 decompos+ ! hydro*loric acid4 ,! foll[+ equation w expla9 ! successive /ages ( ! reaction3-- a4 #b;,h,cl #b;,,hno#c ,mn,o#b ,cl#b ,mn7,,no#c7 #b;,h#b,o4 b4 ,mn7,,no#c7b ,mn,o#b #b,,no#b4 c4 #b,,no#b ,h#b,o ,o #b;,,hno#c4 #e4 ,vogel4 ,by decompos+ *loride ( copp] by heat4 ,! *loride 9 ! cry/all9e /ate is mix$ ) half its weight ( s& & heat$ 9 e>!nw>e retorts to #bjj to #cjj ,c41 yield+ *lor9e gas1 :ile ! rema9+ proto*loride ( copp] is reconv]t$ into p]*loride by ! action ( hydro*loric acid4 ,accord+ to ,laur5s ! reaction is z foll[s3-- a4 #b;,cu,cl#b ,cl#b #b;,cu#bb;,cl#b4 b4 ,cu#b;,cl#b #b;,h,cl ,o ,h#b,o #b;,cu,cl#b4 #f4 ,mac,dougal1 ,rawson1 & ,%anks4 ,?is is effect$ by decompos+ *romate ( lime by means ( hydro*loric acid1 ! result be+ ! =mation ( *loride ( *romium1 *loride ( calcium1 & ! evolution ( free *lor9e2 ?us #b;,ca,cr,o#d #af ,h,cl ,cr#b;,cl#f #b;,ca,cl#b #h;,h#b,o ,cl#f #aeh p>ts ( *romic acid yield #ajf p>ts ( *lor9e4 ,! *loride ( *romium is aga9 precipitat$ ) c>bonate ( lime1 & by ignition conv]t$ into *romate ( lime4 ,only ?ree eigh?s ( ! *lor9e conta9$ 9 ! hydro*loric acid is giv5 up1 :il/ manganese yields "o half4 #g4 ,h>greaves proposes to evaporate a solution ( proto*loride ( iron to dryness1 & !n to heat ! dri$ sub/ance 9 a curr5t ( air1 at a temp]ature ( ab\t ! melt+ po9t ( z9c1 by :i* means p]*loride ( iron & free *lor9e w\ld be obta9$4 ,?ielbi]ge's sugge/ion consi/s 9 pass+ air ov] proto*loride ( iron1 & s giv+ rise to p]oxide ( iron & *lor9e4 ,?is1 l ,h>greaves' proposition1 possesses ! disadvantage ( furni%+ ! *lor9e v l>gely dilut$ ) air & nitrog54 #h4 ,jessie de ,mo?ney4 ,?is *emi/ has propos$ a cont9u\s process :i* is z foll[s3--,p]oxide ( manganese ei!r alone or mix$ ) lime is put into a retort1 :i*1 :5 heat$ to r$ness1 has a curr5t ( hydro*loric acid gas pass$ into x4 ,a dis5gagem5t ( *lor9e & /eam takes place1 & !re rema9s 9 ! retort a mixture ( undecompos$ p]oxide ( manganese ) *lorides ( manganese & calcium4 ,! retort conta9+ ! undecompos$ p]oxide & *lorides be+ /ill kept at a r$-heat1 air or oxyg5 is pass$ ov] !m1 ! result be+ t ! manganic *loride is decompos$ at once4 ,! *lor9e lib]at$ by ?is la/ op]ation is convey$ into vats conta9+ a mixture ( lime & mangan\s oxide1 :i* sub/ances h be5 previ\sly =m$ by ! decomposition ( ! mangan\s *loride by lime1 ! soluble *loride ( calcium hav+ be5 run (f4 ,sesquioxide ( manganese & hypo*lorite ( calcium are =m$ 9 ! vats1 & ^! two1 react+ on ea* o!r1 give rise to p]oxide ( manganese & *loride ( calcium4 ,) fre% hydro*loric acid ?is latt] product yields m *lor9e = use 9 ! *amb]s4 ,magnesia may be sub/itut$ = lime4 #i4 ,dunlop4 ,?is process1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! fir/ practical me?od = utilis+ ! :ole ( ! exhau/$ manganese residues1 & r5d]+ !m capable ( reapplication 9 ! production ( *lor9e1 0 devis$ by ,mr ,dunlop 9 #ahee1 s9ce :i* "t x has be5 9 use 9 ! alkali works ( ! ,messrs ,t5nant1 at ,/4 ,rollox1 ,glasg[4 ,! op]ation consi/s 9 precipitat+ ! *loride ( manganese 9 ! /ill liquor by c>bonate ( calcium2 ! result+ manganese c>bonate be+ decompos$ by heat4 ,! liquors are previ\sly mix$ ) a little milk ( lime1 :i* frees !m f f]ric oxide1 alum9a1 & silica4 ,be+ all[$ to /& until ^! & all o!r insoluble matt]s are precipitat$1 ! cle> solution conta9+ ! *loride ( manganese is mix$ ) f9ely divid$ *alk1 :5 ! foll[+ reaction ensues3-- ,mn,cl#b ,ca,c,o#c ,mn,c,o#c ,ca,cl#b4 ,! result+ milky liquid is !n run into l>ge iron boil]s1 ?r\gh ea* ( :i* passes horizontally an iron %aft furni%$ ) a numb] ( project+ arms4 ,?is %aft hav+ be5 put into revolution s z to keep ! cont5ts ( ! boil]s agitat$1 /eam is admitt$ into !m "u a pressure ( f two to f\r atmosph]es1 & by ! comb9$ effects ( heat & pressure ! decomposition ( ! manganese *loride by ! calcium c>bonate is accompli%$ 9 ab\t f\r h\rs4 ,! manganese c>bonate is !n all[$ to subside1 ! calcium *loride solution is drawn (f1 ! precipitate c>efully wa%$1 & ?r[n up 9 heaps on an incl9$ surface to dra94 ,:5 p>tially dri$ ! c>bonate ( manganese is plac$ 9 small l[ wagons1 made ( %eet-iron1 support$ on roll]s1 & sl[ly drawn ?r\gh a furnace by means ( a *a94 ,! furnace holds =ty-eight ( ^! little wagons4 ,! furnace is #ej feet long1 #ab feet wide1 & #aj feet high4 ,a fire-brick flue runs d[n ! c5tre ( ! bottom ( ! furnace1 & is connect$ at ! f> end ) two return metal pipes1 :i* lie on ea* side ( ! flue4 ,a uni=m heat at ab\t #ffj ,f4 is ma9ta9$ 9 ! furnace1 9 :i* f\r l9es ( rails are laid = ! small wagons to run along4 ,! half-dri$ sub/ance loses all its moi/ure & "p ( its c>bonic acid z ! wagons pass along ! fir/ l9e ( rails1 & z !y return d[n ! second l9e a fur!r escape ( c>bonic acid ensues1 & ev5tually ! expulsion ( all ! acid1 & ! p]oxidation ( ! manganese is complet$ dur+ ! passage ( ! wagons on ! ?ird & f\r? l9es4 ,! op]ation la/s ab\t =ty-eight h\rs1 ! sub/ance gradually *ang+ 9 col\r f :ite to br[n1 & la/ly to black4 ,! ends ( ! furnace are clos$ by loose hang+ doors1 s z to ensure ! entrance ( a suffici5t supply ( air4 ,! fire-place is situat$ bel[ ! floor ( ! furnace1 & requires v c>eful wat*+4 ,! result+ product is a mixture ( oxides ( manganese1 & conta9s ab\t #gb p] c5t4 ( p]oxide ( manganese4 #i;a4 ,a4 ,dunlop4 ,ano!r process design$ by ,mr ,dunlop1 & also 9 use at ,messrs ,t5nant's1 is z foll[s3--,nitrate ( sodium 7,*ilian nitre7 & *loride ( sodium are decompos$ by be+ heat$ 9 ca/-iron cyl9d]s ) sulphuric acid4 ,! gase\s products are made to pass ?r\gh lead5 ,w\lff's bottles conta9+ sulphuric acid1 :i* absorbs ! nitric p]oxide =m$1 & all[s ! passage ( ! *lor9e into ! *amb]s4 ,! reaction may be repres5t$ by ! foll[+ equation3-- ,na,cl ,na,n,o#c ,h#b,,s#d ,cl ,,no#b ,na#b,,s#d ,h#b,o4 ,! sulphuric acid *>g$ ) nitric p]oxide is us$ 9 ! manufacture ( *amb] acid4 #aj4 ,weldon4 a4 ,! process by :i* ! great] "p ( ! *lor9e employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( blea*+ comp\nds is n[ obta9$ & :i* has hi!rto prov$ ! mo/ practical is t ( ,mr ,walt] ,weldon4 ,we h ! au?ority ( ,mr ,k+zett1 9 8 "w on ',! ,alkali ,trade1' = ! /atem5t1 t out ( #ij1jjj tons ( blea*+ p[d] made 9 ,great ,brita9 9 #ahgd1 #ej1jjj 7 procur$ by ,weldon's me?od2 & turn+ to ! ,cont95t we f9d ! process l>gely adopt$ 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,belgium4 ,! utilisation & reg5]ation ( ! residual product left 9 ! /ill aft] ! evolution ( ! *lor9e :i* x w be pres5tly se5 is accompli%$ by ! above process1 is n ! only advantage accru+ f x1 s9ce x has also be5 ! means ( remov+ an ext5sive s\rce ( contam9ation ( _m ( our /reams & riv]s1 into :i* ! !n useless *loride ( manganese 0 ?r[n previ\s to ,mr ,weldon's inv5tion4 ,x is true t ! only wa/e product =m$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! op]ations1 viz41 *loride ( calcium1 is got rid ( by be+ run into ! ne>e/ wat]s1 b x is /at$ by ! ,riv]s ,pollution ,commission1 beyond mak+ ^! h>d]1 no o!r objectionable effect is caus$ by x4 ,mr ,weldon's process is bas$ ^u ! fact1 t if protoxide ( manganese be susp5d$ 9 a solution ( *loride ( calcium1 & an excess ( lime be add$1 ! protoxide w become readily conv]t$ into p]oxide if air be =c$ into ! liquor4 ,x _h long be5 kn[n t x 0 possible to conv]t into a p]oxide ! protoxide ( manganese obta9$ by treat+ ! residual /ill liquors ) an equival5t ( lime1 b all attempts to r$uce ?is k to practical acc\nt _h prov$ unsuccessful until ,mr ,weldon attempt$ x4 ,mr ,weldon made ! important discov]y1 t :il/ protoxide ( manganese is by itself1 :5 treat$ 9 ! wet way ) air1 only capable ( be+ conv]t$ into p]oxide1 at ! greate/1 to ! ext5t ( "o half2 ! addition to ! protoxide s treat$ ( a c]ta9 quantity ( lime conv]t$ ! :ole ( x into p]oxide 9 less ?an a tw5tie? ! "t requir$ to p]oxidise half ! protoxide if lime 7 abs5t4 ,x w be se5 t x is ! employm5t ( an excess ( lime :i* con/itutes ! success ( ,mr ,weldon's process1 :i* is z foll[s3-- ,! residual liquors rema9+ 9 ! /ill aft] ! *lor9e has be5 evolv$ by ! action ( hydro*loric acid on p]oxide ( manganese1 & 9 :i* *loride ( manganese is by f> ! pr$om9at+ con/itu5t1 are run into a receptacle t]m$ ! neutralis+ well1 :i* is usually six feet 9 dep? by tw5ty 9 diamet]4 ,9 ?is well ! free hydro*loric acid ( ! /ill-liquor is neutralis$ by ! addition ( lime/one or *alk1 :i* at ! same "t s]ves to decompose ! soluble f]ric & alum9ic *lorides pres5t 9 ! liquid1 & to precipitate !m z insoluble oxides4 ,dur+ ?is process ! cont5ts ( ! well are kept 9 a /ate ( brisk agitation by means ( a suitable /irr]4 ,aft] ?is treatm5t ! n[ neutral liquor consi/s ( *lorides ( manganese & calcium 9 solution1 ( a small quantity ( susp5d$ f]ric & alum9ic oxides & *alk4 ,x additionally conta9s also 9 susp5sion a by no means small quantity ( sulphate ( lime1 d]iv$ f ! sulphuric acid always pres5t 9 v>y+ am\nt 9 ! comm]cial hydro*loric acid us$4 ,f ! neutralis+ well ! liquor is pump$ to a height ( "s =ty feet into tanks1 call$ ! *loride ( manganese settl]s1 9 :i* aft] f two to f\r h\rs x deposits ! solid matt]s susp5d$ 9 x1 ! sup]natant cle> liquor assum+ a pale rose-col\r$ appe>ance4 ,! next op]ation is to draw (f by means ( syphons1 :i* c be l[]$ or rais$ 9 ! settl]s to any desir$ level1 ?is cle> liquid1 conta9+ ! *lorides ( manganese & calcium1 into a vessel call$ ! oxidiz]2 ?is latt] be+ an iron cyl9d]1 ( f eight to twelve feet 9 diamet]1 & f tw5ty-two to ?irty-five feet deep4 ,two pipes g d[n ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! oxidiz]2 ! l>g] "o be+ us$ = convey+ a bla/ ( air f a bl[+ eng9e1 & ! small] = ! injection ( /eam4 ,! introduction ( /eam is only _h rec\rse to 9 case ! liquor :5 drawn into ! oxidiz] %\ld n h ! requisite temp]ature1 viz4 #acj or #adj ,fahr4 ,imm$iately above ! oxidiz] a res]voir conta9+ milk ( lime is plac$4 ,a great deal dep5ds ^u ! c>eful prep>ation ( ! milk ( lime1 s9ce on ! degree ( f95ess 9 :i* ! lime is add$ to ! manganese *loride 9 solution dep5ds ! rapidity ) :i* x acts 9 ! oxidiz]4 ,! milk ( lime is kept con/antly agitat$1 to ensure its be+ ( uni=m consi/5cy1 & %\ld conta9 f #ae lbs4 to #bj lbs4 ( hydrate ( lime 9 e cubic foot ( ! mixture4 ,a *>ge ( ! cle> liquor hav+ be5 drawn into ! oxidiz]1 & rais$ if necess>y to ! requisite temp]ature1 ! bl[+ 9 ( air is begun1 :il/ at ! same "t ! milk ( lime is run into ! oxidiz] z rapidly z possible1 ! fl[ ( milk ( lime be+ only discont9u$ :5 a sample ( ! filtrate drawn (f1 by means ( a tap plac$ ne> ! bottom ( ! oxidiz]1 ceases to give ! manganese reaction :5 mix$ ) a solution ( blea*+ p[d]4 ,?is reaction consi/s 9 ! production ( a purple col\r caus$ by ! =mation ( p]manganate ( calcium4 ,m milk ( lime is !n add$1 :5 ! cont5ts ( ! oxidiz] are f\nd to consi/ ( a ?9 :ite mud1 compos$ ( a solution ( calcium *loride1 hold+ 9 susp5sion a mixture ( protoxide ( manganese & lime4 ,! injection ( air be+ cont9u$ ! :ite mud rapidly becomes d>k] 9 col\r1 & soon *anges into a ?9 black mud compos$ ( solution ( calcium *loride1 hold+ 9 susp5sion c]ta9 comp\nds ( p]oxide ( manganese p>tly comb9$ ) protoxide ( manganese1 b *iefly ) lime1 :i* comp\nds ,mr ,weldon t]ms manganites4 ,mr ,weldon sugge/s t ! manganites s =m$ may be reg>d$ z salts 9 :i* ! basic radical is calcium or manganese1 & ! acid radical ,mn,o#c2 & may be repres5t$ by ! =mul ,ca,mn,o#c1 & ,mn,mn,o#c2 & possibly also ,ca,mn,o#b 7,mn,o#b7b4 ,! quantity ( lime :i* has to be put into ! oxidiz] be=e ! filtrate f a sample ( its cont5ts ceases to yield ! manganese reaction v>ies v consid]ably4 ,rec5tly precipitat$ protoxide ( manganese dissolves v appreciably 9 neutral solution ( *loride ( calcium1 its solution !re9 comport+ itself ) reag5ts exactly l solutions ( manganese salts4 ,x dissolves also 9 solution ( oxy*loride ( calcium1 t is to say1 9 solution ( *loride ( calcium conta9+ dissolv$ lime2 its solution 9 oxy*loride ( calcium n giv+ ! ord9>y manganese reactions4 ,h5ce ev5 if all portions ( ! lime add$ to ! *loride ( manganese 9 ! oxidiz] 7 capable ( act+ on *loride ( manganese equally readily1 manganese c\ld n cease to be s 9 solution z to be detectible by ord9>y reag5ts1 until m ?an an equival5t ( lime _h be5 add$--t is to say1 until en\gh _h be5 add$ n only to decompose all ! *loride ( manganese1 b also to =m a c]ta9 quantity ( oxy*lorate ( calcium4 ,x is nev] ! case1 h[ev]1 t all portions ( ! lime us$ are capable ( act+ on ! *loride ( manganese ) equal read9ess4 ,! lime us$ always conta9s a l>g] or small] proportion ( p>ticles co>s] ?an ! re/1 :i* co>s] portions _c ( c\rse act s rapidly z ! f9] ones2 & z ! decomposition ( ! *loride ( manganese requires to be complet$ z quickly z possible1 ^? portions ( ! lime :i* w n act ^u x in/antly are sc>cely all[$ "t to act ^u x at all4 ,^! co>s] portions ( ! lime ?us contribute v little to ! decomposition ( ! manganese1 ?\gh !y aft]w>ds dissolve completely 9 ! hot solution ( *loride ( calcium1 & !n play _! full "p 9 ! reactions :i* take place dur+ ! subsequ5t bl[+4 ,! proportion ( lime :i* ?us does n act on ! *loride ( manganese v>ies ) ! s\rce ( ! lime1 & ) ! mann] 9 :i* x is prep>$1 s t ! quantity ( lime :i* has to be add$ to a *>ge ( *loride ( manganese liquor 9 ! oxidiz]1 be=e ! filtrate f a sample ( ! result+ mixture ceases to become col\r$ on ! addition ( solution ( blea*+ p[d]1 v>ies f ab\t #aa to #ade equival5t4 ,! fur!r quantity ( lime :i* is add$ aft] t po9t has be5 rea*$ is n[ usually s mu* z to raise ! total quantity to ab\t #ae to #af equival5ts1 be+ f "o half to six t5?s 9 excess ( ! quantity :i* actually takes "p 9 ! decomposition ( ! *loride ( manganese4#bci ,footnote #bci3 ',*emi/ry1 ,!oretical1 ,practical1 & ,analytical1 z appli$ to ! ,arts & ,manufactures1'--,mack5zie ,co4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 ,mr ,weldon f\nd t if only s mu* lime is employ$ z is necess>y to precipitate ! manganese1 n m ?an half ! protoxide ( manganese w be conv]t$ into ! p]oxide1 & t ev5 ?is result w be accompli%$ v t>dily4 ,&1 z has be5 already m5tion$1 a great] & m rapid yield ( protoxide c only be obta9$ by us+ a l>g] proportion ( lime4 ,any excess1 h[ev]1 ( lime ov] t absolutely requir$ = ! p]oxidation ( ! protoxide ( manganese mu/ be s$ul\sly avoid$1 s9ce a sup]abundance ( lime leads to ! =mation ( comp\nds t are n readily p]oxidis$4 ,%\ld su* comp\nds be =m$1 x is necess>y to de/roy !m1 & ?is may be done by ! addition ( a fre% quantity ( *loride ( manganese4 ,! objectionable comp\nds 9 "q are lime & protoxide ( manganese1 :i* are kn[n 9 ! process "u ! "n ( bases2 & ! reason :y x is desirable to prev5t z mu* z possible _! =mation w become evid5t :5 x is rememb]$ t !y _c furni% *lor9e :5 treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 b t !y m]ely dissolve 9 ?is latt]4 ,! injection ( air into ! oxidiz]1 :i* con/itutes ! bl[+ op]ation1 v>ies f two to f\r h\rs4 ,! quantity requir$ to be bl[n 9 is *iefly dep5d5t ^u ! dep? ( ! oxidiz]1 & ^u ! am\nt ( protoxide ( manganese conta9$ 9 a giv5 volume ( ! *>ge4 ,! great] ! dep? ( ?is latt] ! m rapidly does ! p]oxidation take place2 & ! great] ! numb] ( molecules ( protoxide 9 a giv5 volume ( ! *>ge1 ! l>g] is ! total surface pres5t$ to ! action ( inject$ air1 & consequ5tly ! great] is ! proportion ( ! oxyg5 absorb$4 ,9 "o in/ance #age1jjj cubic feet ( air 7 bl[n 9 dur+ five h\rs1 & ( ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ?is1 #adh p] c5t4 7equal to r m ?an #d cwt47 0 absorb$ 9 ! production ( #bb cwt4 ( p]oxide ( manganese4#bdj ,footnote #bdj3 ,weldon4 ,! exp5diture ( me*anical p[] 9 =c+ ! air into ! oxidiz] av]ages betwe5 sev5 & eight horse-p[] = e #ajj lbs4 ( p]oxide ( manganese obta9$4 ,9 !ory1 to produce ! quantity ( *lor9e conta9$ 9 a ton ( blea*+ p[d] conta9+ #cg p] c5t4 ( *lor9e1 #ajbj lbs4 ( p]oxide ( manganese w\ld be requir$2 b x is f\nd 9 practice t in/ead ( ?is quantity ( p]oxide giv+ ! above result1 #aajj lbs4 are ne$$4 ,! consumption ( lime av]ages #ad cwt4 p] ton ( blea*4 ,by ?is process #a ton ( blea* is made1 us+ #bhcb lbs4 ( hydro*loric acid1 g5]at$ by ! decomposition ( #dge cwt4 ( salt1 viz4 a quantity :i* !oretically yields #cccd lbs4 ( hydro*loric acid4 ,!re is !re=e a loss ( acid ( #ae p] c5t4 ,! loss ( manganese v>ies f #d to #aj p] c5t4 ,! :ole ( ! lime is lo/1 & two ?irds ( ! total *lor9e 79 comb9ation ) calcium7 conta9$ 9 ! acid us$4#bda ,footnote #bda3 ,k+zett4 ,:5 suffici5t air has be5 bl[n into ! oxidiz]1 ! cont5ts :i* consi/ ( a solution ( *loride ( calcium1 hold+ 9 susp5sion p]oxide & protoxide ( manganese & lime1 are run into "o ( a range ( settl+ tanks plac$ bel[ ! level ( ! oxidiz]4 ,^! tanks are kn[n z mud settl]s4 ,9 ^! ! manganese mud is left to deposit until ab\t half its volume has become cle>4 ,x g5]ally requires #c or #d h\rs to deposit4 ,! cle> "p1 :i* consi/s ( *loride ( calcium1 be+ !n decant$ by means ( a swivel-pipe1 is usually ?r[n away4 ,! mud rema9+ 9 ! settl]s1 :i* conta9s 9 a cubic foot f #d lbs4 to #e lbs4 ( p]oxide ( manganese1 is n[ 9 a fit condition to be plac$ 9 ! /ill1 :]e x is to be expos$ to ! action ( ! hydro*loric acid4 ,! /ills1 :i* are made ( slabs ( h>d silice\s s&/one or ( ,york%ire flag/ones1 & are usually 9 ! %ape ( an octagonal prism1 are ab\t #h feet squ>e1 & #aj feet 9 dep?4 ,mr ,k+zett says ! new ,weldon /ills are polygonal 9 %ape1 ab\t #ab feet across1 & #g feet to #h feet deep4 ,contr>y to ! c\rse =m]ly foll[$1 :5 native manganese 0 us$ 9 ! ,weldon process1 ! /ill is *>g$ ) hydro*loric acid fir/1 & ! manganese mud is run 9 ^u ! acid 9 a small1 /eady /ream1 ! fl[ ( :i* c be regulat$ by a /opcock4 ,/eam be+ c>efully admitt$ into ! /ill at ! same "t1 ! mud dissolves v rapidly 9 ! acid1 & ! *lor9e is evolv$ 9 an ev5 curr5t1 ! =ce & fl[ ( :i* is dep5d5t ^u & c be v accurately regulat$ by ! admission ( ! mud4 ,! "t occupi$ be=e ! reaction betwe5 ! acid & ! manganese is complet$ v>ies 9 diff]5t works f two to six h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! cont5ts ( ! /ill are run (f into ! well plac$ bel[ x1 & are aft]w>ds submitt$ to ! v>i\s op]ations already describ$1 :i* we h se5 to accompli% ! reg5]ation ( ! residue & effect its reconv]sion into p]oxide ( manganese4 ,! process is a cont9u\s "o1 & !oretically ! orig9al quantity ( manganese %\ld be capable ( be+ us$ ov] & ov] aga9 = an unlimit$ numb] ( op]ations4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 !re is always f\nd to be a loss ( a small p]-c5tage ( manganese1 aris+ f "s ( ! *loride ( manganese be+ c>ri$ d[n by ! sulphate ( lime & ! f]ric & alum9ic oxides 9 ! settl]s1 & n be+ ?or\ghly recov]$ :5 ! deposit is wa%$2 =1 ?\gh an exhau/ive wa%+ ( ! precipitat$ matt]s c\ld be easily manag$1 ! bulk ( ! wa% wat]s w\ld r5d] ! recov]y ( ! *loride ( manganese f !m a non-pay+ affair4 ,?is loss ( *loride v>ies accord+ to ! /atem5ts ( diff]5t manufactur]s f #b to #aj p] c5t4 ,x is /at$ t n only is ! *lor9e yield$ by ,mr ,weldon's process ( v pure quality1 & ! blea*+ p[d] manufactur$ f x v high ( /r5g? & excell5ce2 b t ov] f #bj to #be p] c5t4 m blea* is obta9$ f a giv5 quantity ( hydro*loric acid1 :5 artificial p]oxide ( manganese is us$ in/ead ( ! native4 ,?is advantage is *iefly ow+ to ! artificial manganese 7( ! manganese mud7 f its physical condition be+ mu* m accessible ?an ! native =m ( manganese to ! action ( ! hydro*loric acid1 & f its dissolv+ 9 ! acid s mu* m readily & ?or\ghly1 & neutralis+ z mu* z f #ie to #ii p] c5t4 ( x1 a mu* l>g] am\nt ?an ! native ores are capable ( neutralis+4 ,aga91 ! blea*+ p[d] produc$ by ! above process /&s n only v high 9 po9t ( /r5g?1 b v>ies v little 9 ! am\nt ( *lor9e x conta9s1 z may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ table1 :i* %[s ! av]age /r5g? = ?irte5 consecutive weeks ( ! blea*+ p[d] made at six l>ge & diff]5t manufactories3-- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,factory4 ,,week4 ---------------------------------------- - ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ---------------------------------------- --- #a/ #cfi #cgh #cfg #cfc #cff #cff #bnd #cfa #cfh #cfg #cfb #cea #cgd #crd #cfe #chj #cff #cfa #cgb #cgi #d? #cei #cga #cei #cfb #cfh #cga #e? #ceh #cfi #cfj #cfc #cfe #cgh #f? #cfj #cgj #cfb #cei #cfe #cgb #g? #cfe #cfj #cfc #cff #ceh #cfh #h? #cfc #cfh #cfc #cfc #cej #cga #i? #cfd #cfc #cfh #ceg #ceb #cgj #aj? #cfe #cfg #cfc #cfj #cfb #cgf #aa? #cfh #cfh #cfb #cei #cfj #cgb #ab? #cfh #cei #cef #cef #cfa #cgb #ac? #cfg #ceb #cei #cfa #cfi #cge ---------------------------------------- --------- ,spite ( ! exp5sive plant requir$ to "w ,mr ,weldon's process1 x is said to possess v decid$ advantages ov] ! old me?ods z f> z reg>ds co/ ( production4 ,9 connection ) ,mr ,weldon's process may be m5tion$ ,mr ,val5t9's modification ( x1 = :i* a provisional pat5t 0 tak5 out by ?is latt] g5tleman4 ,in/ead ( add+ m lime1 aft] ! neutralis$ /ill liquors h be5 precipitat$ by an equival5t ( lime1 z is done 9 ! above process1 ,mr ,val5t9 adds a solution ( potassium f]ricyanide1 & air be+ bl[n 91 ! p]oxidation ( ! manganese is effect$ mu* m quickly ?an 9 ,mr ,weldon's process4 ,x 0 also calculat$ t1 by ,mr ,val5t9's me?od1 blea*+ p[d] c\ld be produc$ at a co/ ( ab\t t5 %ill+s p] ton less ?an :5 made by ,mr ,weldon's4 ,= ! successful work+ ( ,mr ,val5t9's process x is necess>y t ! f]ricyanide %\ld be recov]$1 n only because ( its co/1 b also because its pres5ce gives rise to ! production ( cyanog5 comp\nds1 :i* w\ld ent] ! *amb] ) ! *lor9e4 ,hi!rto no economical plan = ! recov]y ( ! salt has be5 devis$1 & consequ5tly ,mr ,val5t9's propos$ modification ( ,mr ,weldon's process has fail$ to be adopt$4 b4 ,a second process = obta9+ *lor9e1 call$ ! magnesia process1 has be5 devis$ by ,mr ,weldon4 ,9 ! previ\s me?od1 or lime process1 two ?irds ( ! *lor9e conta9$ 9 ! hydro*loric acid1 z we h se51 is lo/1 pass+ away 9 ! =m ( wa/e *loride ( calcium4 ,9 ! magnesia process all ! *lor9e is utilis$1 ! acid employ$ be+ made to yield ! :ole ( its gas 9 ! free /ate4 ,! reg5]ation ( ! manganese p]oxide be+ likewise accompli%$1 & ! process be+ a cont9u\s "o1 !oretically no loss ( mat]ial %\ld take place4 ,beyond ! employm5t ( liquor pumps1 no ma*9]y is requisite = c>ry+ out ! op]ation1 :i*1 be+ v simple 9 its details1 requires ! employm5t ( little skill$ &1 consequ5tly1 exp5sive lab\r4 ,fur!r1 ! inv5tor claims = x ! production ( blea*+ p[d] at a less co/ p] ton ?an by any o!r process4 ,! magnesia me?od is work$ z foll[s3-- ,! sp5t liquors ( ! /ill1 consi/+ ( *loride ( manganese & free hydro*loric acid1 are neutralis$ ) magnesite1 or1 z x is sometimes call$1 ,greek /one--a v pure native =m ( c>bonate ( magnesia4 ,sometimes ! magnesite is calc9$1 & ! magnesia ?us obta9$ us$ in/ead4 ,! neutralisation may be effect$ ei!r 9 ! /ill itself1 or 9 a well made ( ca/ iron4 ,! liquid is next pump$ into ! settl]s1 9 :i* x deposits its f]ric & alum9ic oxides & sulphate ( lime4 ,! cle> liquor conta9+ ! *lorides ( manganese & magnesia is !n run into an iron evaporat+ pan1 :]e x is conc5trat$ by boil+ until x rea*es a temp]ature ( betwe5 #cjj & #cbj ,f4 ,at ?is po9t ! magnesium *loride beg9s to be decompos$ by ! wat]1 & hydro*loric acid is giv5 (f4 ,:5 x has rea*$ ! above degree ( conc5tration1 x is convey$ into a muffle furnace4 ,?is furnace is divid$ into two comp>tm5ts1 sep>at$ by an iron door1 :i* c be op5$ or %ut by means ( a pulley plac$ outside4 ,! desiccation ( ! mass :i* is accompani$ ) ! evolution ( a little *lor9e & a l>ge am\nt ( hydro*loric acid1 hav+ be5 complet$ 9 "o ( ! divisions ( ! furnace1 x is brok5 up by con/ant /irr+ into ?9 cakes & rak$ into ! second division1 :]e x is g5tly heat$ ) access ( air2 :5 ! op]ation is complete ! residue :i* left ! fir/ comp>tm5t z a mixture ( manganese & magnesium *loride becomes conv]t$ into manganate ( magnesia 7,mg,mn,o#c71 its *lor9e hav+ be5 driv5 (f p>tly 9 ! free /ate & p>tly z hydro*loric acid4 ,z long z wat] is pres5t 9 ! furnace hydro*loric acid is evolv$1 & z ! ma9 evaporation takes place 9 ! fir/ division ( ! furnace1 x is *iefly hydro*loric acid t is !re g5]at$4 ,9 ! second division x is *iefly *lor9e :i* is evolv$1 b x is1 ( c\rse1 mix$ ) "s hydro*loric acid4 ,x is1 inde$1 d\btful :e!r mu* manganese *loride is decompos$ by ! wat] s long z !re rema9s any *loride ( magnesium1 z ?is body is f> m readily decomposable4#bdb ,footnote #bdb3 ,k+zett4 ,x is /at$ t all ! manganese is n conv]t$ into p]oxide 9 ! furnace1 b t a c]ta9 portion ( x is left z protoxide2 :i*1 ) ! magnesia1 con/itutes ! useless bases4 ,! completion ( ! process is kn[n :5 portions ( ! cake drawn f "t to "t f ! furnace cease to indicate any increase 9 ! quantity ( p]oxide ( manganese4 ,! f9ely-divid$ black p[d]--manganate ( magnesium--?us obta9$1 aft] leav+ ! furnace & :5 suffici5tly cold1 is ready = ! /ills--:]e1 9 contact ) hydro*loric acid1 x is aga9 employ$ 9 ! g5]ation ( *lor9e4 ,! *lor9e leaves ! furnace mix$ ) mu* hydro*loric acid1 nitrog51 & air4 ,! gase\s mixture is drawn by a *imney draught ?r\gh ! coke t[]s1 z 9 ! mak+ ( salt-cake4 ,by ?is contrivance ! hydro*loric acid is recov]$1 yield+ a solution /rong en\gh to react ^u fre% manganese 9 ! /ill4 ,! dilut$ *lor9e may be made to asc5d lead5 t[]s1 :]e x comes 9 contact ) a %[] ( milk ( lime1 :i* absorbs ! gas & =ms ord9>y blea*+ liquid1 :il/ sometimes x is employ$ 9 ! production ( potassium *lorate4 ,we h se5 t ! *lor9e yield$ by ! magnesia process is p>tly 9 ! conc5trat$1 & p>tly 9 ! dilute condition4 ,! ratio ( /rong *lor9e g5]at$ 9 ! /ill to t ( weak *lor9e produc$ 9 ! furnace may be any?+ betwe5 "o to "o1 & "o to ab\t f\r1 at pleasure4 ,:5 work+ s z to obta9 /rong *lor9e & weak *lor9e 9 ab\t equal proportions1 ! quantity ( ! liquor to be boil$ d[n p] ton ( total blea*+ p[d] made 0 ab\t #aje cubic feet4 ,z ! proportion ( ! weak *lor9e increas$1 ! quantity ( liquor to be boil$ d[n dim9i%$ until1 :5 ! proportion ( ! weak *lor9e to t ( ! /rong became z f\r to "o1 ! quantity ( liquor to be boil$ d[n p] ton ( total blea*+ p[d] made 0 only ab\t #dj cubic feet4#bdc ,footnote #bdc3 ',*emi/ry1 ,!oretical1 ,practical1 & ,analytical1'--,mack5zie ,co4 #aa4 7,deacon47 ,z we h already se51 ,vogel propos$ to obta9 *lor9e by ! decomposition by heat ( cupric *loride1 & to reconv]t ! result+ cupr\s *loride into ! cupric salt by treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid4 ,*lor9e may be produc$ by pass+ a mixture ( gase\s hydro*loric acid & air ov] heat$ bricks or o!r por\s sub/ances1 a reaction :i* ,oxl& unsuccessfully attempt$ to turn to acc\nt = ! production ( *lor9e = manufactur+ purposes4 ,! cause ( failure appe>s to h be5 ! great heat necess>y to effect ! decomposition ( ! acid atmosph]ic oxyg54 ,9 ! late ,mr ,deacon's process bo? ,vogel's & ,oxl&'s me?ods are comb9$4 ,he discov]$ t to be able to g5]ate *lor9e & wat] f gase\s hydro*loric acid & air1 a v mu* l[] temp]ature ?an t employ$ by ,oxl& 0 necess>y1 & he f\nd t ?is dim9i%$ temp]ature c\ld be atta9$1 if ! gas & air to be decompos$ 7 pass$ ov] por\s bricks saturat$ ) a solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 & heat$ to a temp]ature ( #gjj to #gej ,f4 ,beyond ?is po9t he f\nd ! heat ought n to be c>ri$2 = at #hjj ! cupric *loride =m$ beg9s to volatilise1 & to cond5se 9 ! cool] p>ts ( ! app>atus 7pres5tly to be describ$71 !reby int]f]+ ) ! draught ?r\gh x1 & delay+ ! work+1 s9ce its removal becomes necess>y4 ,x 0 f\nd t bel[ #djj ! reaction does n take place4 ,exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ t ! be/ temp]ature to effect ?is decomposition is #fbe ,f4 ,! hydro*loric acid obta9$ ei!r f a soda furnace or evolv$ f an aque\s solution is imm$iately mix$ ) a quantity ( air conta9+ an excess ( oxyg5 ov] t requir$ = lib]at+ all ! *lor9e f ! evolv$ hydro*loric acid1 & pass$ ?r\gh heat$ ,u-%ap$ tubes ( ca/-iron1 f :i* ! gase\s mixtures obta9 ! necess>y temp]ature4 ,! orig9al plant 0 s contriv$ t ! heat$ gases 7 convey$ f ! ,u-%ap$ tubes into a s]ies ( n9e t[]s made ( iron or o!r suitable mat]ial4 ,ent]+ by a pipe at ! bottom ( ! fir/ t[]1 & pass+ on to ! second1 ! gases came into contact ) a s]ies ( ord9>y agricultural dra9 pipes ( small bore arrang$ ) v]tical spaces1 ^! pipes be+ saturat$ ) a solution ( sulphate ( copp] & sulphate ( soda1 x be+ subsequ5tly f\nd t ?is latt] addition increas$ ! efficacy ( ! copp] sulphate1 z well z its p[] to resi/ decomposition4 ,f ! fir/ two t[]s ( ! s]ies ! mix$ gases trav]s$ ! rema9+ ones1 :]e !y enc\nt]$ small pieces ( common brick1 fire brick1 or burnt clay also impregnat$ ) ! copp] & soda sulphates1 aft] react+ ^u :i* !y pass$ out ( ! app>atus1 call$ ! 'decompos]1' ,9 ! m rec5tly made decompos]s we believe ! n9e t[]s 7 aboli%$1 & "o *amb] sub/itut$ = !m1 ! dra9-pipes be+ at ! same "t ab&on$ = pieces ( brick & clay m>bles4 ,a decompos] ^u ?is latt] pr9ciple is said to h be5 9 use = sev]al mon?s at a factory 9 ,b]l91 & to h work$ p]fectly satisfactorily4 ,aft] leav+ ! decompos]1 ! gase\s mixture1 :i* n[ consi/s ( *lor9e1 wat]1 nitrog51 unconsum$ oxyg51 & undecompos$ hydro*loric acid1 aft] be+ cool$1 is pass$ ?r\gh wat]1 by :i* means x is depriv$ ( its hydro*loric acid4 ,x is next made to asc5d a t[]1 :]e1 meet+ ) a /ream ( sulphuric acid runn+ ov] coke1 x is depriv$ ( its wat]4 ,! *lor9e 7dilut$ ) nitrog5 & oxyg57 is n[ ready = ! lime *amb]4 ,"o great objection urg$ aga9/ ! adoption ( ! above process1 viz41 t 9 consequ5ce ( ! l>ge volume ( ! evolv$ gases enorm\sly l>ge *amb]s = ! prep>ation ( ! blea*+ w\ld be necessitat$1 seems to h be5 met by pass+ ! gas ?r\gh a s]ies ( *amb]s1 9 :i* ! fir/ conta9s ne>ly f9i%$ blea*+ p[d]2 ! second1 lime 9 a less saturat$ condition2 & s on1 until ! la/ *amb] conta9s m]ely slak$ lime4 ,! foll[+ table1 exhibit+ ! am\nt ( *lor9e conta9$ 9 diff]5t bat*es ( blea*+ p[d] made by ,deacon's process1 is extract$ f ',*emi/ry1 ,!oretical1 ,practical1 & ,analytical1' publi%$ by ,mack5zie3-- ---------------------------------------- -- ,/r5g?4 ,/r5g?4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,july #ad #cfj ,july #bb #cdc #ae #cdh #cfe #cfa #bd #cfh #ag #cfd #cge #cfj #be #cfa #ah #cgb #cfg #cgi #cfh #ai #cgb #bf #cfb #cgj #cfi #bj #cgi #bg #cfi #cfg #cee #ba #cfj #bh #cgb #cec #cgj #cgg #cfge ---------------------------------------- -- ,writ+ on ?is process 9 8 late "w1 ',! ,alkali ,trade1' ,mr ,k+zett says3--,! process be>+ ,mr ,deacon's "n 0 fir/ br\ght be=e ! public at ! ,briti% ,association ,meet+ 9 #ahgj4 ,x excit$ at t "t mu* att5tion1 & inde$ = "s p]iod x 0 d\btful :e!r x w\ld n rival or ev5 displace ! ,weldon process4 ,fur!r exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 discov]$ difficulties 9 ! practical work+ ( ?is beautiful me?od1 :i* ex]cise a det]iorat+ influ5ce on its value1 & less5 its applicability4 ,al?\gh sev]al plants h be5 erect$ 9 connection ) ?is mode ( manufactur+ *lor9e1 mo/ ( !m h be5 s9ce ab&on$1 & at ! pres5t "t mo/ ( ! *lor9e is manufactur$ accord+ to ! process ( ,mr ,weldon4 ,dr ,juris*1 9 a communication to ',d+l]'s ,polyte*nic ,j\rnal1' #ahgf1 rem>ks t :5 ,deacon's process 0 fir/ tak5 up )9 a %ort "t by m ?an twelve ,engli% & two ,g]man e/abli%m5ts1 ! view 0 g5]ally ent]ta9$ t ! balls ( clay /eep$ 9 solution ( copp] w\ld ensure an un9t]rupt$ production ( *lor9e gas = a ye> or two1 if n long]4 ,be=e _m mon?s _h elaps$ compla9ts 7 he>d ( ! action ( ! balls4 ,he1 !re=e1 und]took to det]m9e :at c be ! cause ( ^! balls decl9+ s rapidly 9 _! efficacy4 ,8 conclusion is1 t ! true cause ( ?is spe$y decrease 9 ! decomposition is due to sulphuric acid1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( ! clay-balls mix$ ) ! o!r gases4 ,?is injuri\s action1 accord+ to ,has5clev] & ,s>tori1 is probably to be expla9$ by ! foll[+ reaction3--,! vap\r ( sulphuric acid 9 contact ) sulphate ( alum9a at a dull r$-heat1 z is f\nd 9 ! balls1 is resolv$ into sulphur\s acid1 wat]y vap\r1 & oxyg52 ! sulphur\s acid ?us =m$ is reoxidis$ at ! exp5se ( ! free *lor9e1 is aga9 decompos$1 & ?us keeps up a de/ructive circulation 9 ! app>atus1 :i* r$uces or totally *ecks ! *lor9e4#bdd ,footnote #bdd3 ,extract$ f ! ',*emical ,news4' ,prices ( ,blea*+ ,p[d] 7,,clapham74 ,9 #ahje #abj #j #j p] ton4 #ahaj #hd #j #j #ahae #hj #j #j #ahbj #dg #j #j #ahbe #bg #j #j #ahcj #bc #j #j #ahcb #ba #j #j #ahce #bc #j #j #ahdj #ba #j #j #ahdf #ah #j #j #ahej #ac #ae #j #ahee #aj #ae #j #aheg #ac #aj #j #ahfj #aa #j #j #ahfh #aj #ab #j ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,*lor9e is a gas possess+ a yell[i%-gre5 col\r1 & a pung5t1 suffocat+ od\r4 ,x is "o ( ! heavie/ sub/ances t are gase\s at ord9>y temp]atures1 be+ ne>ly #b-a_/b heavi] ?an atmosph]ic air2 sp4 gr4 #adg4 ,x is soluble to a consid]able ext5t 9 wat]1 t liquid at #fj ,fahr4 absorb+ ab\t twice its volume4 ,x is non-inflammable1 b its union ) "s ( ! elem5ts is att5d$ ) ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion2 ?us1 phosphorus1 copp] leaf1 p[d]$ antimony & ars5ic1 & sev]al o!r sub/ances ?r[n into *lor9e imm$iately inflame4 ,"u a pressure ( #d atmosph]es x is cond5s$ into a yell[1 limpid liquid4 ,moi/ *lor9e gas cool$ to #cb ,fahr4 cond5ses into yell[ cry/als1 conta9+ #ce-a_/b p>ts ( *lor9e & #ij p>ts ( wat]4 ,! mo/ rem>kable prop]ty ( *lor9e is its p[] ( de/roy+ almo/ all vegetable & animal col\rs1 & ! putrid od\r ( decompos+ organic matt]2 h5ce its value z a blea*+ ag5t1 & z a dis9fectant & fumigator4 ,:5 fir/ propos$ z a blea*+ ag5t by ,b]?ollet1 x 0 us$ mu* ! same way z sulphur is n[ 9 blea*+ wooll5 goods2 aft]w>ds a solution ( ! gas 9 wat] 0 employ$1 b ! f9al improvem5t 0 ,t5nant's pat5t ( comb9+ ! gas ) lime to =m *loride ( lime4 ,) ! bases *lor9e =ms an important s]ies ( comp\nds call$ *lorides4 ,te/s4 ,free *lor9e is readily di/+ui%$ f o!r gases by its col\r1 suffocat+ od\r1 & blea*+ prop]ties4 ,! aque\s solution dissolves gold leaf1 & ) nitrate ( silv] gives a :ite1 curdy precipitate4 ,,*lor9e ,,/ills4 ,! accompany+ figure repres5ts a section ( "o ( ! e>li] =ms ( /ill us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( *lor9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,^! /ills 7 sometimes made ( /rong %eet lead1 ! l[] "p ( :i* 0 enclos$ 9 a jacket ( ca/ iron1 into :i* /eam 0 =c$1 by :i* means ! cont5ts ( ! /ill 7 heat$4 ,! /eam 0 inject$ f an ord9>y boil] ?r\gh ! pipe ,h1 & ! mat]ials1 aft] ! decomposition _h be5 complet$1 7 drawn (f by ! pipe ,g4 ,! f\r op5+s1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 7 secur$ by wat] lutes1 capable ( be>+ a pressure great] ?an t requir$ 9 ! *amb] :]e ! saturation took place4 ,9 "s cases ! l[] half ( ! /ill 0 made ( ca/ iron1 & fitt$ into a groove made 9 ! upp] "p1 ! two sections be+ unit$ by means ( a /rong cem5t4 ,9 ! latt] case ! heat+ ( ! /ill 0 effect$ by a nak$ fire appli$ to ! bottom4 ,into ! orifice ,c ! said mat]ials employ$ 7 introduc$1 :il/ ! acid 0 p\r$ ?r\gh ! op5+ ,f4 ,! gas evolv$ pass$ (f ?r\gh ! pipe ,e to ! purifi] & *amb]1 :]e x 0 absorb$ by ! lime1 & conv]t$ into blea*+ p[d]1 & ! %aft ( ! agitator pass$ up ?r\gh ,d4 ,! use ( ! lead5 /ills surviv$ = a long] "t 9 ,france ?an 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many l>ge glass globes ) long necks 7 employ$1 9 :i* ! *lor9e 0 g5]at$ f a mixture ( hydro*loric acid & manganese4 ,b ^! 7 only applicable 9 cases :]e comp>atively small quantities ( blea*+ p[d] 7 to be manufactur$4 ,:5 ! *lor9e is obta9$ f a mixture ( manganese1 common salt1 & sulphuric acid1 ! app>atus1 be+ requir$ to )/& a great] heat1 is made entirely ( metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,9 fig4 #b4 a a repres5ts a %all[ iron pan1 fitt$ ) ! tube b1 = ! purpose ( empty+ ! cont5ts ( ! lead5 cyl9d] d d4 ,?is iron vessel s]ves z ! l[] "p ( ! cyl9d] d d1 ! top ( :i* is provid$ ) an op5+ = a funnel syphon tube1 = ! introduction ( ! acid1 & ano!r op5+1 f1 = ! manganese4 ,! entire app>atus /&s on a flue lead+ f ! furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,! =ego+ draw+ repres5ts a vessel = ! manufacture ( *lor9e on a l>ge scale1 & is ext5sively us$ 9 ,g]many4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9drical vessel ( s&/one1 ! l[] half ( :i*1 ,a1 is c>v$ out ( a s+le block2 ! upp] half1 ,b1 also ( "o piece1 fits into ! l[] by means ( a groov$ jo9t1 ! two p>ts be+ unit$ by means ( a cem5t made ( clay & boil$ l9se$ oil4 ,ab\t six in*es f ! bottom ! cyl9d] wid5s by #b in*es1 & ! rim ?us =m$ c>ries a p]=at$ bottom1 ,c1 ^u :i* ! manganese is deposit$ 9 l>ge lumps4 ,! tube ,d1 likewise ( /one1 passes b5ea? ! p]=at$ bottom1 & is at ! o!r end jo9$ to ! /eam-tube ,e4 ,! /eam mu/ !re=e1 :5 introduc$1 ent] ! cyl9d] ?r\gh ! p]=ations ( ! false bottom4 ,! top ( ! cyl9d] is clos$ by a lead cov]1 ,k1 :i* is fa/5$ d[n by means ( iron clamps2 ?is lid has an ap]ture1 ,g1 & ! tubes ,e1 ,f1 ,h1 pass ?r\gh x2 tube ,e s]ves1 z already /at$1 = ! introduction ( ! /eam2 tube ,f is = ! deliv]y ( *lor9e2 ! b5t tube1 ,h1 :i* ends 9 a funnel1 = ! introduction ( ! hydro*loric acid2 & ! op5+ ,g = ?r[+ ! lumps ( manganese into ! cyl9d]4 ,! solution ( manganese *loride1 result+ f ! action ( ! hydro*loric acid ^u ! manganese1 is remov$ ?r\gh ,i1 :i* is kept clos$ by a wood5 /opp] :il/ ! reaction proce$s4 ,see also1 "u ,,*lor9e1 ! description ( ,,weldon',s /ills1 & ( ,,deacon',s app>atus4 ,,*lorite4 ,a salt 9 :i* ! hydrog5 ( *lor\s acid1 ,h,cl,o#b1 is replac$ by a metal or o!r basic radical4 ,see ,,*lor\s ,,acid4 ,,*loro*romic ,,acid4 ,cr,o,cl4 ,syn4 ,,*loro*romic ,,anhydride4 ,prep4 ,bi*romate ( potassium1 #c p>ts2 common salt1 #c-a_/b p>ts2 are intimately mix$ toge!r1 put into a glass retort1 & oil ( vitriol1 #i p>ts1 add$2 heat is next appli$ & ma9ta9$ z long z d5se1 r$ vap\rs are giv5 (f4 ,! product 9 ! receiv] is a heavy1 deep-r$ liquor1 greatly resembl+ brom9e 9 appe>ance4 ,wat] resolves x into hydro*loric & *romic anhydride4 ,,*lorodyne4 ,see ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es4 ,*lorodyne 7,dr ,br[ne's74 ,acid muriat4 conc41 #e p>ts2 e!r1 *lor(orm1 t9ct4 cannab4 ,ind41 t9ct4 capsici1 ( ea* #aj p>ts2 morphia1 prussic acid1 ( ea* #b p>ts2 oil ( pepp]m9t1 #a "p2 syrup1 #ej p>ts2 t9ct4 hyoscyami1 t9ct4 aconiti1 ( ea* #c p>ts4 ,*lorodyne1 ,engli%4 ,a filt]$ mixture ( #e grammes t9ct4 aromat41 #d grammes t9ct4 opii simp41 #a gramme morph4 mur41 #aj grammes aq4 amygd4 am>41 #hj grammes syrup ( liquorice1 #a gramme extract ( liquorice1 #dj grammes #ij p] c5t4 _s ( w9e1 #e drops oil ( pepp]m9t1 #aj drops e!r1 #cj drops *lor(orm4 ,,*lor(orm4 ,c,h,cl#c4 ,syn4 ,,t]*loride ,,( ,,=myle1 ,,=myl-,,*loride2 ,,*lor(ormyl1 ,,tri*lorome?ane1 ,,*lor(ormum1 ,l4 ,a rem>kable fluid discov]$ by ,liebig 9 #ahcj1 & indep5d5tly by ,s\beiran 9 #ahcb1 & c>efully exam9$ 9 #ahcd by ,dumas4 ,9 #ahdb its action ^u animals 0 inve/igat$ by ,dr ,m4 ,glov]1 & 9 #ahdg x 0 introduc$ to ! m$ical pr(ession z an an/hetic ag5t by ,dr ,simpson ( ,ed9burgh4 ,x 0 fir/ obta9$ by ! action ( cau/ic alkali ^u *loral1 b x is m easily prep>$ by di/ill+ alcohol or wood _s ) *loride ( lime4 ,x may also be procur$ f wood _s1 acetone1 oil ( turp5t9e1 & sev]al ess5tial oils1 z well z f amylic alcohol1 acetic acid1 t>t>ic acid1 & ph5ol2 :5 ^! diff]5t bodies are sev]ally subject$ to ! action ( *loride ( lime4 ,:5 *lor9e is made to act on m>% gas1 or :5 *loral is treat$ ) an alkali1 *lor(orm is also produc$4 ,prep4 #a4 ,*loride ( lime 79 p[d]71 #d lbs42 wat]1 #ab lbs42 mix 9 a capaci\s retort or /ill1 add ( rectifi$ _s1 #ab fl4 oz41 & cauti\sly di/il z long z a d5se liquid1 :i* s9ks 9 ! wat] x passes ov] )1 is produc$2 sep>ate ?is f ! wat]1 agitate x ) a little sulphuric acid1 &1 la/ly1 rectify x f c>bonate ( b>ium4 #b4 ,*loride ( lime1 #d lbs42 wat]1 #aj p9ts2 rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b p9t2 proce$ z la/1 us+ a spaci\s retort t ! mixture w only #a-crd fill1 & ! heat ( a s& ba?4 ,:5 ebullition comm5ces remove ! fire z quickly z possible1 le/ ! retort be brok5 by ! sudd5ly increas$ heat1 & let ! solution di/il into a receiv] z long z !re is no?+ :i* subsides1 ! heat be+ re/or$ if x be at all ne$$4 ,add to ! di/ill$ liquid f\r times z mu* wat]1 & %ake ! :ole well toge!r2 next cauti\sly sep>ate ! heavi] "p z soon z x has subsid$1 & to ?is add *loride ( calcium1 brok5 into fragm5ts1 #a dr42 & %ake occasionally dur+ an h\r2 f9ally1 let ! fluid aga9 di/il f a glass retort into a glass receiv]4 #c4 ,hydrate ( lime1 #a "p1 is susp5d$ 9 cold wat]1 #bd p>ts1 & *lor9e pass$ ?r\gh ! mixture until ne>ly ! :ole ( ! lime is dissolv$2 hydrate ( lime1 q4 s4 j to re/ore ! alkal9e reaction ( ! liquid1 is !n add$2 &1 aft]w>ds1 rectifi$ _s ( w9e or wood _s1 #a "p1 is mix$ 92 ! :ole1 aft] repose = #bd h\rs 9 a cov]$ vessel1 is cauti\sly di/ill$ z be=e4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,take ( *lor9at$ lime #aj lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 #cj fluid ounces2 slak$ lime1 a suffici5t quantity2 wat]1 #c gallons2 sulphuric acid1 a suffici5t quantity2 *loride ( calcium 9 small fragm5ts #b oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #aj fluid ounces4 ,place ! wat] & ! _s 9 a capaci\s /ill1 & raise ! mixture to a temp]ature ( #ajj ,f4 ,add ! *lor9at$ lime1 & #e lbs4 ( ! slak$ lime1 mix+ ?or\ghly4 ,connect ! /ill ) a cond5s+ worm1 encompass$ by cold wat]1 & t]m9at+ 9 a n>r[-neck$ receiv]2 & apply heat s z to cause di/illation1 tak+ c>e to )draw ! fire ! mom5t t ! process is well e/abli%$4 ,:5 ! di/ill$ product measures #ej fluid ounces ! receiv] is to be )drawn4 ,p\r its cont5ts into a gallon bottle1 half fill$ ) wat]2 mix well by %ak+1 & set x at re/ = a few m9utes1 :5 ! mixture w sep>ate into two /rata ( diff]5t d5sities4 ,let ! l[] /ratum1 :i* conta9s crude *lor(orm1 be wa%$ by agitat+ x 9 a bottle ) #c fluid ounces ( ! di/ill$ wat]4 ,all[ ! *lor(orm to subside1 )draw ! wat]1 & repeat ! wa%+ ) ! re/ ( ! di/ill$ wat]1 9 successive quantities ( #c oz4 at a "t4 ,agitate ! wa%$ *lor(orm = five m9utes 9 a bottle ) equal volume ( sulphuric acid1 all[ ! mixture to settle1 & transf] ! upp] /ratum ( liquid to a flask1 conta9+ ! *loride ( calcium1 mix$ ) #a_/b oz4 ( slak$ lime1 :i* %\ld be p]fectly dry4 ,mix well by agitation4 ,aft] ! lapse ( an h\r connect ! flask ) a ,liebig cond5s]1 & di/il ov] ! pure *lor(orm by means ( a wat] ba?4 ,pres]ve ! product 9 a cool place 9 a bottle furni%$ ) an accurately gr\nd /opp]4 ,! light] liquid :i* floats on ! crude *lor(orm aft] its agitation ) wat]1 & ! wa%+s ) di/ill$ wat]1 %\ld be pres]v$ & employ$ 9 a subsequ5t op]ation4 ,sp4 gr4 #adef4 ,prop41 c4 ,liquid2 transp>5t2 col\rless2 od\r fragrant1 e!real1 & apple-l2 ta/e e!real1 sweeti%1 b slightly acrid2 soluble 9 #bjjj p>ts ( wat]2 mixes 9 all proportions ) alcohol & e!r2 dissolves 7readily7 brom9e1 camphor1 ca\t*\c1 gutta p]*a1 iod9e1 oils1 res9s1 wax1 & sev]al o!r l sub/ances2 boils at #adah ,fahr42 k9dles ) difficulty2 burns1 :5 /rongly heat$1 ) a gre5i% flame2 & communicates a dull1 smoky-yell[ col\r to ! flame ( alcohol4 ,sp4 gr4 #adh 7#adig1 ,mill]72 d5sity ( vap\r #db4 ,! vap\r has ! rem>kable prop]ty ( r5d]+ a p]son brea?+ x tempor>ily ins5sible to pa94 ,*lor(orm is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) alcohol & e!r2 & ow+ to c>eless manipulation1 is also sometimes contam9at$ ) o!r sub/ances1 z *loral1 hydro*loric acid1 free *lor9e1 aldehyde & c]ta9 *lor9at$ oils4 ,^! latt] comp\nds are n only ! mo/ objectionable & prejudicial ( ! impurities f\nd 9 *lor(orm1 b if pres5t 9 x to any appreciable ext5t1 !y r5d] its an/hetic adm9i/ration n only ineffici5t1 b frequ5tly absolutely dang]\s4 ,^! delet]i\s *lor9at$ oily comp\nds may be remov$ by agitation ) /rong sulphuric acid1 or by di/illation f x4 ,*lor(orm made f wood _s is said to be m impure ?an t f alcohol4 ,:5 pure x is free f col\r1 & ( a pleasant od\r4 ,x is n p]fectly soluble 9 wat]2 & does n turn ! col\r ( litmus r$4 ,rubb$ on ! sk9 x quickly evaporates1 sc>cely leav+ any od\r4 ,dropp$ into wat]1 x falls to ! bottom & rema9s bright & limpid2 b if x conta9 alcohol ! surface ( ! drop becomes opal9e4 ,if ! same exp]im5t be made ) dilut$ sulphuric acid1 sp4 gr4 #add1 ! drop ( pure *lor(orm w fall to ! bottom2 b t :i* conta9s _s1 if n %ak51 w float or rema9 susp5d$ 9 ! acid solution4 ,:5 contam9at$ ) heavy hydroc>bon oils1 a drop evaporat$ f ! palm ( ! h& leaves beh9d a /rong smell4 ,hydro*loric acid & free *lor9e are detect$ by ! ord9>y te/s4 ,mr ,%uttlewor?1 writ+ to ! ',canadian ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1' says3--,9 reg>d to ! re/oration ( *lor(orm :i* has become spoil$1 ,i w\ld recomm5d t ! *lor(orm be well agitat$ ) a dilute solution ( hyposulphite ( soda4 ,x %\ld !n be sep>at$ by means ( a glass funnel f ! sup]natant liquid1 & aga9 wa%$2 ?is "t ) simple wat]4 ,aft] be+ sep>at$ ! *lor(orm %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh filt]+ pap] to free x f traces ( moi/ure1 :5 x w be f\nd mu* improv$ & comp>atively sweet1 good en\gh 9 any case = ext]nal use4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 c]ta9 o!r impurities ( *lor(orm :i* ! hyposulphite w n remove4 ,^! are ( a m /able "*1 & z !y possess a high] boil+ po9t ?an *lor(orm1 may be sep>at$ by di/illation1 or by treatm5t ) sulphuric acid 9 ! usual mann]4 ,uses1 ,action1 c4 ,*lor(orm is anodyne1 antispasmodic1 s$ative1 /imulant1 & an/hetic4 ,9 small doses 7#e to #ab or #ae drops1 9 wat]1 mix$ ) a little syrup or mucilage7 x is employ$ 9 spasmodic disord]s1 & z a /imulant & diaphoretic4 ,x is n[ *iefly us$ z an an/hetic to produce ins5sibility to pa9 dur+ surgical op]ations4 ,! dose = inhalation is #a fl4 dr41 :i* is repeat$1 9 a few m9utes1 if no effect is produc$1 until #c fl4 dr4 h be5 ?us exhibit$2 ! effects be+ c>efully wat*$1 & ! s\rce ( ! *lor(orm vap\r remov$ z soon z a suffici5t degree ( an/hesia is produc$1 or any unpleasant symptoms develop !mselves4 ,*lor(orm 9 l>ge doses depresses ! he>t's action1 & causes pr(\nd coma1 & dea?4 ,x is !re=e dang]\s 9 all cases complicat$ ) diseases ( ! he>t or bra91 or any visc]al affections ( a conge/ive "*4 ,! treatm5t ( asphyxia f *lor(orm is--! horizontal position1 cold affusion to ! head & sp9e1 artificial respiration1 &1 if possible1 ei!r ! application ( electricity1 or ! inhalation ( protoxide ( nitrog5 or oxyg5 gas1 l>gely dilut$ ) atmosph]ic air4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,! prep>ation ( *lor(orm is n unatt5d$ ) dang]1 & frequ5tly misc>ries 9 c>eless or inexp]i5c$ h&s4 ,?is arises *iefly f ! viol5t reaction :i* imm$iately foll[s ! application ( ! heat4 ,! common plan is att5d$ ) dang] ( explosion1 or ( ! liquid 9 ! /ill be+ =c$ ov] into ! receiv]1 ow+ to ! extraord9>y rapidity ) :i* ! vap\rs are elim9at$1 & ! +r$i5ts1 9 consequ5ce1 swell up4 ,a me?od :i* is successfully adopt$ on ! l>ge scale is to employ a v broad & %all[ capsule-%ap$ /ill1 hav+ a flat rim r\nd x1 ) a head or capital furni%$ ) a correspond+ rim at its l[] "p4 ,9 use1 a flat1 endless b& ( vulcanis$ india rubb] is plac$ betwe5 ! two rims1 :i* are !n held air-tight toge!r by means ( small1 iron clamps4 ,! application ( heat is also delay$ = "s "t aft] ! admixture ( ! _s ) ! o!r +r$i5ts1 & ! process is int]rupt$ z soon z ! fir/ viol5ce ( ! reaction has subsid$1 by :i* "t ! :ole product ( *lor(orm w h pass$ ov] into ! receiv]4 ,if ! di/illation is cont9u$ beyond ?is po9t1 ! rema9+ product is wat]4 ,on ! small scale1 a v capaci\s1 flat-bottom$ retort or cucurbit %\ld be employ$4 ,a simil> cond5s] may be us$ to t notic$ "u e!r4 ,,*lor(ormic ,,anodyne 7,george ,h>ley7 is said to be an alcoholic t9cture ( opium ) prussic acid & *lor(orm4 ,,*lorohyponitric ,,gas 7,n,o,cl7 & ,,*loronitr\s ,,gas 7,n#b,o#b;,cl#d are two peculi> comp\nds1 =m$ :5 nitric acid & hydro*loric acid are mix$4 ,,*loromet]4 ,syn4 ,,*lorim',,et]4 ,an in/rum5t or app>atus employ$ 9 *lorometry4 ,! *loromet]s 9 common use are graduat$ measures & tubes precisely simil> to ^? us$ 9 ,,acidimetry1 ,,alkalimetry1 c4 ,,*lorometry4 ,syn4 ,,*lorim',,etry4 ,! e/imation ( ! available *lor9e 9 ! blea*+ p[d] ( comm]ce1 :i* is valu$ & sold 9 ?is c\ntry by its p]-c5tage ( t elem5t4 ,! plans g5]ally adopt$ are applicable to ! s-call$ *lorides ( soda & potassa1 z well z to ! ord9>y blea*+ p[d]1 *loride ( lime4 ,mo/ ( !m dep5d on ! oxidis+ effect ( wat] :5 und]go+ decomposition ?r\gh ! action ( *lor9e4 ,dalton's ,process4 ,! te/ solution is prep>$ z foll[s3--,pure protosulphate ( iron 7previ\sly dri$ by /rong pressure betwe5 ! folds ( clo? or bibul\s pap]71 #gh gr41 are dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 #b oz41 & a few drops ( hydro*loric or sulphuric acid add$4 ,?is quantity ( protosulphate requires = complete p]oxidation j ! quantity ( oxyg5 lib]at$ by #aj gr4 ( *lor9e2 9 o!r words1 ! solution exhibits ! indirect effect produc$ by exactly #aj gra9s ( ! blea*+ elem5t4 ,exactly #ej gr4 ( ! sample ( *loride ( lime to be exam9$ are next weigh$1 & well mix$ 9 a glass or w$gwood mort> ) tepid wat]1 #b oz42 & ! mixture p\r$ into a graduat$ tube or *loromet]4 ,! tube is next fill$ up to #j1 or z]o1 ) ! wa%+s ( ! mort>1 & ! :ole well mix$1 by plac+ ! ?umb ov] ! orifice & %ak+ x4 ,! solution ( *loride ( lime1 ?us =m$1 is next gradually & cauti\sly add$ to ! solution ( sulphate ( iron1 previ\sly notic$1 until ! latt] is completely p]oxidis$1 :i* may be kn[n :5 x ceases to be affect$ by a solution ( r$ prussiate ( pota%4 ,:5 a drop ( ! latt] te/1 plac$ ^u a :ite plate1 ceases to give a blue col\r on be+ t\*$ ) ! po9t ( a glass /irr] or rod dipp$ 9 ! liquor "u exam9ation1 en\gh ( ! solution ( ! *loride has be5 add$4 ,! numb] ( measures ?us consum$ mu/ n[ be c>efully read (f f ! graduat$ scale ( ! *loromet]1 f :i* ! ri*ness ( ! sample may be e/imat$ z foll[s3--,z #ajj ( ! *loromet] divisions conta9 exactly #ej gr4 ( ! *loride "u exam9ation1 ea* measure w conta9 only #a_/b gr41 &1 consequ5tly1 ! numb] ( measures consum$ w repres5t half t numb] ( gra9s ( ! *loride exam9$2 & ! weight ( ! *loride ?us us$ w h conta9$ #aj gr4 ( *lor9e--! con/ant quantity ( t sub/ance requir$ to p]oxide ! te/ solution ( sulphate ( iron4 ,?us3--,if #hj measures ( ! liquor 9 ! *loromet] h be5 consum$1 ?is quantity w repres5t #dj gr4 ( *loride ( lime1 & #aj gr4 ( *lor9e4 ,by divid+ #ajjj by ?is numb]1 ! p]-c5tage ( *lor9e w be obta9$4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance ?is w\ld be-- #ajjj ---- #be #dj ,crum's ,process4 ,equal weights ( wat] & hydro*loric acid are mix$ toge!r1 & ca/-iron bor+s dige/$ 9 ! dilut$ acid until saturation is complete2 a l>ge excess ( iron be+ purposely employ$1 & ! liquid kept at ! heat ( boil+ wat] = "s "t4 ,"o measure ( ! solution1 m>k+ #dj on ,twaddell's scale 7sp4 gr4 #abjj71 is !n mix$ ) an equal quantity ( acetic acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajdh74 ,?is =ms ! te/-liquid4 ,:5 mix$ ) #f or #h p>ts ( wat] x is q col\rless1 b *loride ( lime occasions ! production ( p]acetate ( iron1 :i* gives x a r$ col\r4 ,! above pro(-solution is next p\r$ into #ab two-oz4 vials1 ( exactly equal diamet]s1 to ! am\nt ( #a_/i? ( _! capacity2 ^! are fill$ up ) blea*+ liquid ( v>i\s /r5g?s2 ! fir/ at #a_/ab? ( a degree ( ,twaddell1 ! second #b_/ab?s1 & s on up to #ab_/ab?s ( #a4 ,!y are !n well cork$ up1 &1 aft] agitation1 arrang$ side by side on a tray1 furni%$ ) holes to receive !m4 7,see engr47 ,to asc]ta9 ! /r5g? ( an unkn[n sample ( blea*+ liquor1 ! pro(-solution ( iron is put into a phial1 exactly simil> to ! #ab previ\sly us$1 & 9 precisely ! same proportion 7#a_/i?74 ,! phial is !n fill$ up ) ! blea*+ liquor1 well %ak51 & plac$ beside t "o ( ! #ab already prep>$ :i* x mo/ resembles 9 col\r4 ,! numb] on t phial expresses ! /r5g? ( ! sample "u exam9ation1 9 twelf?s ( a degree ( ,twaddell's hydromet]4 ,illu/ration ,obs4 ,! prec$+ me?od is admirably suit$ = weak solutions1 su* z are employ$ = blea*+ textile fabrics1 & is well adapt$ 7f its simplicity7 to ! purposes ( practical m54 ,inde$1 x is q a/oni%+ to see ) :at ease & accuracy x is appli$ by unlett]$ op]atives4 ,?is gives x great practical value4 ,x has be5 = "s "t 9 ext5sive use 9 ! blea*+ h\ses ( ,scotl&4 ,,table exhibit+ ! quantity ( ,blea*+ ,liquid1 at #f on ,,twaddell',s scale 7sp4 gr4 #ajcj71 requir$ to be add$ to a weak] liquor1 to raise x to ! giv5 /r5g?s4 ,adapt$ f ,,mr ,,crum',s table by ,,mr ,,cooley4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,proportions requir$4 ,/r5g? ,requir$ ----------------------- ( ,sample ,/r5g?4 ,giv5 ,liquor 9 #a_/ab4 ,sample4 at #f4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,p>ts4 ,"p4 ,wat]4 #h_/ab #h #a #a #i-a_/d #a #b #aa #a #c #ac-a_/b #a #d #ag #a #e #bc #a #f #ce #a #g #ga #a ,wat]4 #f_/ab #aa #a #a #ac-a_/b #a #b #ag #a #c #bc #a #d #ce #a #e #ga #a ,wat]4 #d_/ab #ag #a #a #bc #a #b #ce #a #c #ga #a ,wat]4 #c_/ab #bc #a #a #ce #a #b #ga #a ---------------------------------------- -------- ,accord+ to ,mr ,crum1 ! range ( /r5g? )9 :i* cotton is safe is v limit$4 ,a solution at #a ( ,twaddell's scale 7sp4 gr4 #ajje7 is n m ?an safe1 :ile "o at #a_/b is sc>cely suffici5tly /rong = ! fir/ op]ation on /\t clo?1 unless x is pack$ m loosely ?an usual4 ,gay-,lussac's ,indigo ,process4 ,"o "p ( ! be/ indigo is dissolv$ 9 #i p>ts ( /rong sulphuric acid by ! aid ( a g5tle heat2 ?is solution is !n mix$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 9 su* proportion t #a volume ( *lor9e gas %all exactly decol\r #aj volumes ( ?is solution4 ,ea* measure s decol\r$ is call$ a degree1 & ea* degree is divid$ into fif?s4 #e gr4 ( ! be/ *loride ( lime1 dissolv$ 9 #ejj gr4 measures ( wat]1 possess ! above p[]1 & indicate #aj or pro(2 or 9 o!r words1 w decol\r #aj times its volume ( ! indigo solution4 ,obs4 ,?is me?od ( *lorometry is objectionable1 & liable to error1 f ! indigo solution alt]+ by keep+4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! prop] precautions are us$1 x may be safely tru/$ = weak blea*+ liquors4 ,ars5i\s ,acid ,process4 ,?is dep5ds on ! conv]sion1 by oxidation1 ( ars5i\s acid into ars5ic acid1 9 ! pres5ce ( *lor9e & wat]4 ,to prep>e ! te/-liquor1 pure ars5i\s acid1 #ajj gr41 are dissolv$ 9 ab\t #d fl4 oz4 ( pure hydro*loric acid 7free f sulphur\s acid71 & ! solution dilut$ ) wat] until1 on be+ p\r$ into a graduat$ #aj1jjj gra9s-measure-glass1 x occupies ! volume ( #gjjj gra9s measure m>k$ on ! scale4 ,ea* #ajjj gra9s measure ( ?is liquid n[ conta9s #adbi gr4 ( ars5i\s acid2 correspond+ to #aj gr4 ( *lor9e1 or #a_/aj? gr4 ( *lor9e = e division or degree ( ! scale ( ! *loromet]4 #ajj gr4 ( ! *loride ( lime to be exam9$ are next dissolv$ 9 wat] z be=e1 & p\r$ into a tube graduat$ up to #bjjj gra9s measure4 ,! :ole is n[ well %ak51 9 ord] to obta9 a uni=mly turbid solution1 & half ( x 7#ajjj-;gra9s-measure7 transf]r$ to a graduat$ *loromet]1 :i* is1 !re=e1 ?us fill$ up to #j1 or ! z]o ( ! scale1 & conta9s exactly #ej gr4 ( ! *loride ( lime "u exam9ation2 :il/ ea* degree or division ( ! scale conta9s only #a_/b gr4 #ajjj gra9s measure ( ! ars5i\s acid te/-liquor are n[ p\r$ into a glass beak]1 & a few drops ( solution ( sulphate ( indigo add$ 9 ord] to imp>t a fa9t b di/9ct blue col\r to x2 ! glass is !n %ak5 s z to give a circul> movem5t to ! liquid1 & :il/ x is :irl+ r\nd1 ! *loride-(-lime solution f ! *loromet] is gradually & cauti\sly add$1 until ! blue t+e giv5 to ! ars5i\s acid te/-liquor is de/roy$2 c>e be+ tak5 to /ir ! mixture well dur+ ! :ole process1 & to /op z soon z ! decolorisation is complet$4 ,let u suppose n[ t1 9 ord] to de/roy ! blue col\r ( ! #ajjj gra9s measure ( ! ars5i\s acid te/-liquor1 #ij divisions or degrees ( ! *loride-(-lime solution h be5 employ$4 ,^! #ij divisions1 !re=e1 conta9$ ! #aj gr4 ( *lor9e requir$ to de/roy ! col\r ( ! te/-solution2 & s9ce ea* division repres5ts #a_/b gr4 ( *loride ( lime1 #de gr4 ( *loride ( lime 7#aj gr4 ( *lor9e7 7 pres5t 9 ! #ij divisions s employ$1 f :i* ! p]-c5tage /r5g? may be asc]ta9$4 ,=-- #de 3 #aj 3 3 #ajj 3 #bbbb ,! *loride ( lime exam9$1 !re=e1 conta9$ #bb-a_/d p] c5t1 7ne>ly7 ( *lor9e4 ,obs4 ,?is me?od is extremely simple & tru/wor?y :5 prop]ly employ$2 b to ensure accuracy1 c]ta9 precautions mu/ be adopt$4 ,in/ead ( p\r+ ! te/-liquor into ! solution ( ! sample 7z 9 alkalimetry71 ! solution ( ! sample mu/ be p\r$ into ! te/-liquor4 ,vogel f\nd t 9 a normal solution ( ars5i\s acid t _h be5 prep>$ = us+ 9 ! above process1 half ! quantity ( ! ars5i\s acid became oxidis$ to ars5ic acid 9 ! c\rse ( ab\t a ye>4 ,he !re=e recomm5ds t ! /&>d solution1 if kept = "s "t1 %\ld be te/$ by a magnesium salt4 ,! =mation ( a precipitate w\ld %[ ! solution _h und]gone su* a *ange1 z to r5d] x unfit = volumetric e/imations4 ,p5ot's ,process4 ,?is is a modification ( ! previ\s process4 ,= ! ars5i\s acid solution ars5ite ( soda is sub/itut$1 & = ! indigo solution a col\rless iodis$ pap]1 :i* is turn$ blue by ! smalle/ quantity ( free acid4 ,! pap] is prep>$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--#a gram ( iod9e1 #g grams ( c>bonate ( soda1 #c grams ( />*1 & a qu>t] ( a litre ( wat] are mix$4 ,:5 ! solution becomes col\rless x is dilut$ to half a litre2 9 ?is fluid1 :ite pap] is soak$4 ,! ars5ical fluid is prep>$ by dissolv+ #ddd grams ( ars5i\s acid1 & #ac grams ( cry/allis$ c>bonate ( soda 9 #a litre ( wat]4 ,?is solution is add$ by means ( a burette to ! solution ( *loride ( lime int5d$ to be te/$ 7#aj grams ( ! sample to #a litre7 ! completion ( ! reaction be+ kn[n by ! pap] rema9+ uncol\r$4 ,lunge says t ! same piece ( moi/ iod9e te/ pap] may be made use ( repeat$ly1 s9ce ! spots produc$ by te/+ usually disappe> aft] ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs if expos$ to ! air4 ,! pap] mu/1 h[ev]1 be kept away f du/4 ,wagn]'s ,process4 ,?is me?od is bas$ ^u ! fact t a solution ( *loride ( lime sep>ates ! iod9e f a weak 7#a to #aj7 & slightly acidifi$ iodide-(-potassium solution1 ! iod9e be+ quantitatively e/imat$ by means ( hyposulphite ( soda3-- ,iod9e #ba1 ,iod9e ( sodium1 #b,na,i1 ,hyposulphite ( yield ,tetra?ionate ( sodium1 ,na#b,s#d,o#f1 soda1 #b,na#a,,s#c ,wat]1 #e;,h#b,o4 #e;,h#b,o1 ,! te/ is p]=m$ z foll[s3--#ajj c4 c4 #a gram ( blea*+-p[d] solution1 obta9$ by dissolv+ #aj grams ( *loride ( lime 9 #a litre ( wat]1 are mix$ ) #be c4 c4 ( solution ( iodide ( potassium acidifi$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,! result+ cle>1 deep br[n-col\r$ solution is treat$ ) hyposulphite ( soda solution until q col\rless4 ,! hyposulphite ( soda solution is compos$ ( #bdh grams ( t salt to #a litre ( wat]2 #a c4 c4 ( ?is solution neutralises #jjabg grams ( iod9e1 & #jjjcee grams ( *lor9e4 ,otto's ,process4 ,?is me?od is bas$ ^u ! foll[+ data4 ,two molecul> weights ( protosulphate ( iron :5 br\ght into contact ) *lor9e1 9 pres5ce ( wat]1 & free sulphuric acid1 give "o molecule ( p]sulphate ( iron1 & two molecules ( hydro*loric acid1 ! process consum+ "o molecule ( *lor9e4 ,two molecules ( cry/allis$ sulphate ( iron #eef1 correspond to #gaj ( *lor9e1 or 9 o!r t]ms #jghci grams ( ! cry/allis$ sulphate correspond to #ja gram ( *lor9e4 ,buns5's ,process4 ,?is consi/s 9 add+ iodide ( potassium to ! blea*+-p[d] liquor1 acidulat+ ! mixture ) hydro*loric acid1 & runn+ ! solution ( ars5ite ( soda into x till only a yell[ t9t %[s itself4 ,a little />* pa/e is n[ add$1 & ! ars5ite solution cauti\sly introduc$ drop by drop1 till ! blue col\r j disappe>s4 ,! solutions mu/ all be /&>dis$4 ,to pres]ve ! />* pa/e ,mohr advises ! addition to x ( a little *loride ( z9c4 ,mr ,davies uses glyc]9 z a solv5t = ! ars5i\s acid4 ,he prep>es a /&>d solution z foll[s3--#acie gra9s ( ars5i\s acid 9 #dj c4 c4 ( glyc]9 & fitt$ up to #a litre4 ,e c4 c4 corresponds to #ja gra9 ( *lor9e4 ,indigo sulphate solution is us$ z an indicator1 & ! blea*+ liquor is run into ! glyc]9 solution until ! blue col\r ( ! latt] is *ang$ to a br[ni% yell[4 ,dr ,ure's z foll[s3--,liquor ( ammonia1 ( a kn[n /r5g?1 t+$ ) litmus1 is add$ to a solution ( a giv5 weight ( ! *loride "u exam9ation1 until ! :ole ( ! *lor9e is neutralis$1 :i* is kn[n by ! col\r be+ de/roy$4 ,f ! quantity ( ammonia consum$ ! /r5g? ( ! sample is e/imat$4 ,! value ( blea*+ p[d] is e/imat$ 9 ,engl&1 ,am]ica1 & ,g]many by degrees correspond+ to ! p]-c5tage ( available *lor9e conta9$ 9 a sample ( *loride ( lime by weight2 b 9 ,france ! degrees d5ote ! numb] ( litres ( *lor9e gas at #j c4 & #gfj ,mm4 ,b>41 :i* #a kilo ( blea*+ p[d] c evolve4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ! *lorometrical degrees ( ,france & ,engl& are contra/$3-- ,fr5*4 ,engli%4 #fc #bjjb #fe #bjfe #gj #bbbd #ge #bchc #hj #bedb #he #bgja #ij #bhfj #ajj #cahj #aje #cccf #aaj #cdie #aae #cfed #abj #chac #abe #cigb #abf #djjd ,! p]-c5tage may be calculat$ by multiply+ ! ,fr5* degrees by ! coeffici5t #jcah4 ,,*loroc>bonic ,,acid4 7,c,o,cl#b74 ,syn4 ,,phosg5e ,,gas1 ,,c>bonic ,,oxydi*loride4 ,?is comp\nd may be produc$ by ! direct comb9ation ( equal volumes ( c>bonic oxide & *lor9e gases "u ! influ5ce ( sunlight 7:5ce its "n ( phosg5e gas71 :5 ! mixture gradually becomes col\rless1 & contracts to half its orig9al volume4 ,*loroc>bonic acid has a peculi> pung5t smell1 & fumes /rongly :5 expos$ to moi/ air1 ! moi/ure ( :i* x decomposes1 produc+ at ! same "t hydro*loric & c>bonic acids4 ,x is sometimes employ$ 9 *emical rese>* = ! removal ( hydrog5 f organic comp\nds1 & ! sub/itution ( c>bonic oxide1 or its elem5ts = ! hydrog54 ,,*lorophyll4 ,! gre5 col\r+ matt] conta9$ 9 ! leaves1 /alks1 unripe fruit1 & juices ( mo/ plants4 ,,*loro',,sis4 ,syn4 ,,gre5 ,,sickness4 ,a disease :i* pr9cipally affects "y unm>ri$ females4 ,symp4 ,languor1 li/lessness1 fatigue aft] ! lea/ ex]cise1 palpitation ( ! he>t1 flatul5cy1 indige/ion1 acidity ( /oma* & b[els1 con/ipation 7g5]ally71 appetite = unnatural food1 g5]al debility1 c4 ,z ! disease advances1 ! sk9 at fir/ pale1 assumes a peculi> gre5i% t9t1 ! respiration becomes affect$1 ! feet & legs swell1 & v>i\s organic affections ( ! visc]a ensue4 ,dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ?is disease ! catam5ia are usually pale & scanty1 & return at irregul> int]vals1 & z x progresses !y disappe> altoge!r4 ,treat4 ,?is %\ld be tonic & re/orative4 ,t recomm5d$ "u ,,an,,mia may be adopt$ ) advantage4 ,see also ,,appetite1 ,,atrophy4 ,*lorosis1 ,electu>y =--,female ,electu>y4 ,a gre5i%-black ?ick syrup1 consi/+ ( sug>1 bayb]ries1 c>bonate ( iron1 iron fil+s1 & wat]4 7,bu*n]47 ,*lorosis ,p[d]--,female ,p[d]--consi/s ( a mixture ( anise1 sug>1 & #ad p] c5t4 ( iron fil+s4 7,witt/e947 ,*lorosis ,p[d]--,female ,p[d]1 accord+ to ,s*ott & ,/rauss1 is a mixture ( violet root1 gum ,arabic1 & a ta/eless gre5 p[d] ) #cc p] c5t4 ( /eel fil+s4 ,accord+ to ,hag]1 x is compos$ ( #b p>ts f]ri pulvis1 ) #c p>ts p[d]$ sweet-flag root4 ,*lorosis ,p[d]--,female ,p[d]s4 ,/eel fil+s1 />* p[d]1 & knot grass1 ( ea* #a "p1 ,flor5t9e orris root1 #d p>ts4 ,*lorosis ,p[d]--,female ,p[d]s4 ,a mixture ( #a "p /eel fil+s & #b p>ts ( a vegetable p[d] compos$ ( gum ,arabic1 ,flor5t9e orris1 knot grass1 c4 7,egb4 ,hoy]47 ,*lorosis ,wat] 7,dr ,ewi*7 conta9s 9 #aj1jjj p>ts #aa ( sodium c>bonate1 #i ( sodium *loride1 #a-a_/b sodium sulphate1 #g calcium c>bonate1 & #ab iron c>bonate ) an excess ( c>bonic acid4 7,hag]47 ,,*lor\s ,,acid4 ,h,cl,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,*loro',,sum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f *lorate ( potassium1 #d p>ts2 ars5i\s anhydride1 #c p>ts2 nitric acid1 #ab p>ts2 7dilut$ )7 wat]1 #d p>ts2 heat$ toge!r 9 a glass flask1 furni%$ ) a b5t tube1 & plac$ 9 a wat] ba?4 ,x mu/ be collect$ 9 ! same way z *lor9e1 or pass$ into wat]1 :5 x =ms a solution ( *lor\s acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,*lor\s acid is a gre5i%-yell[ gas1 non-cond5sable by a freez+ mixture ( salt & ice1 b liquefiable by extreme cold4 ,! aque\s solution und]goes gradual decomposition1 yield+ *loric acid & *lor9e4 ,*lor\s acid possesses p[]ful oxidis+ & blea*+ prop]ties2 ) ! bases x =ms salts call$ ,,*lorites4 ,^! are all soluble 9 wat]1 & blea* l ! acid4 ,!y may be recognis$ by ! evolution ( *lor\s acid gas :5 act$ on by an acid4 ,! use ( ! ars5i\s acid is to deoxidise ! nitric acid employ$ 9 ! process4 ,t>t>ic acid1 or o!r deodoris+ ag5t1 may be sub/itut$ = x4 ,,*oc',,olate4 ,syn4 ,,*ocola',,ta1 ,l42 ,,*ocollati1 ,mexican2 ,,*ocolat1 ,fr4 ,a bev]age or pa/e made f ! roa/$ se$s ( ! ,!obroma ,cacao1 or ,,cocoa4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! t]m *ocolate is applicable to all g5u9e prep>ations ( cocoa1 b x is n[ g5]ally us$ to di/+ui% ^? :i* conta9 sug>1 &1 commonly1 flav\r+ sub/ances4 ,( late ye>s great att5tion has be5 paid to ! manufacture ( *ocolate 9 ,engl&2 our pr9cipal mak]s n[ import ! f9e/ descriptions ( cocoa1 & produce v>ieties ( ! manufactur$ article :i* are sc>cely inf]ior to ^? ( _! ,fr5* rivals4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( cocoa1 & ! processes ( roa/+1 sweat+1 c41 are describ$ "u ,,cocoa1 to :i* article we ref] ! read] also = p>ticul>s respect+ ! *emi/ry ( *ocolate4 ,prep4 ,! cocoa nibs#bde are gr\nd 9 a mill consi/+ ( /one or metal roll]s1 :i* are usually heat$ ei!r by *>coal fires or by /eam1 s z to s(t5 or melt ! natural fat4#bdf ,! w>m1 smoo? pa/e :i* passes f ! mill is !n plac$ 9 a mix+ mill1 & incorporat$ ) ref9$ sug>1 & usually vanilla or o!r flav\r+ sub/ance4 ,! trituration is cont9u$ until ! :ole pa/e is conv]t$ into an entirely homog5e\s mass1 :i* is f9ally %ap$1 by means ( suitable m\lds1 into v>i\s =ms1 z blocks1 loaves1 tablets1 loz5ges1 c4 ,footnote #bde3 ,! bruis$1 roa/$ se$s1 fre$ f husk & membrane4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,cacao- or cocoa-butt]4 ,obs4 ,*ocolate1 prep>$ z above1 )\t ! addition ( aromatics1 is kn[n 9 ! trade z ,,pla9 ,,*ocolate4 ,! ,spani>ds flav\r x ) vanilla1 cloves1 & c9namon1 & frequ5tly sc5t x ) musk & amb]gris4 ,) ^! additions x is t]m$ ,,spani% ,,*ocolate4 ,9 g5]al1 !y add too l>ge a quantity ( ! la/ f\r articles4 ,! ,p>isians1 on ! contr>y1 use little flav\r+1 & t pr9cipally vanilla4 ,!y employ ! be/ k9ds ( cocoa1 & add a consid]able quantity ( ref9$ sug>4 ,s prep>$1 x is call$ ,,fr5* ,,*ocolate4 ,proportions4 #a4 ,,fr5* ,,*ocolate3--,! proportions us$ = ! be/ description are said to be--#b beans ( vanilla1 & #a lb4 ( ! be/ ref9$ sug>1 to e #c lbs4 ( ! *oice/ cacao nuts4 #b4 ,,spani% ,,*ocolate3--,! foll[+ =ms are said to be commonly adopt$3-- a4 ,c>acas cocoa1 #aa lbs42 sug> 7:ite71 #c lbs42 vanilla1 #a oz42 c9namon 7cassia71 #a_/d oz42 cloves1 #a_/b dr4 b4 ,c>acas cocoa1 #aj lbs42 sweet almonds1 #a lb42 sug>1 #c lbs42 vanilla1 #a-a_/d oz4 c4 ,c>acas cocoa1 #h lbs42 isl& cocoa1 #b lbs42 :ite sug>1 #aj lbs42 aromatics1 z above4 d4 ,isl& cocoa1 #g lbs42 f>9a1 q4 s4 to absorb ! oil4 ,inf]ior4 #c4 ,,vanilla ,,*ocolate4 ,syn4 ,,*ocolat ,,la ,,vanille1 ,fr4 ,a v>iety ( ,fr5* or ,spani% *ocolate highly flav\r$ ) vanilla4 ,! foll[+ proportions h be5 recomm5d$3-- a4 ,c>acas cocoa1 #g lbs42 ,mexican vanilla1 #a oz42 c9namon1 #a_/b oz42 cloves1 #c 9 no4 b4 ,be/ *ocolate pa/e1 #ba lbs42 vanilla1 #d oz42 c9namon1 #b oz42 cloves1 #a_/b dr42 musk1 #aj gr4 ,obs4 ,! vanilla us$ 9 mak+ *ocolate is r$uc$ to p[d] by rubb+ x ) a little sug> be=e add+ x to ! pa/e4 ,pur41 c4 ,! *ocolate commonly sold 9 ,engl& is prep>$ f ! cake left aft] ! expression ( ! oil1 & ?is is frequ5tly mix$ ) ! roa/$ se$s ( gr\nd peas1 & maize or potato fl\r1 to :i* a suffici5t quantity ( inf]ior br[n sug>1 or treacle & mutton suet1 is add$ to make x adh]e toge!r4 ,inf]ior sweet almonds are also employ$ 9 ! same way4 ,s9ce ! above p>agraph 0 writt5 !re has be5 a va/ improvem5t 9 ,engli% *ocolates1 ?\gh ! *eap] sorts ( c]ta9 mak]s are /ill mu* adult]at$4 ,g5u9e *ocolate %\ld dissolve 9 ! m\? )\t gritt9ess1 & %\ld leave a peculi> s5sation ( fre%ness2 aft] boil+ x ) wat] ! emulsion %\ld n =m a jelly :5 cold1 = if x does />* or fl\r is pres5t4 ,! pres5ce ( animal fat may g5]ally be detect$ by a *eesy or rancid flav\r4 ,see ,,cocoa4 ,qual41 c4 ,*ocolate is nutritive & :olesome if tak5 9 mod]ation1 b is sometimes apt to disagree ) weak /oma*s1 especially ^? t are easily affect$ by oily sub/ances or vegetable food4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 by adopt+ ! simple plan recomm5d$ "u ,,butt]1 *ocolate may g5]ally be tak5 ) impunity1 ev5 by ! dyspeptic4 ,! quantity ( aromatics mix$ ) ! ri*] v>ieties ( *ocolate improve ! flav\r1 b r5d] !m m /imulant & prone to produce n]v\s symptoms & head compla9ts4 ,*ocolate is tak5 9 ! solid =m1 or made into a bev]age2 or1 comb9$ ) sug>1 is made into v>i\s articles ( confection]y4 ,,*ocolate ,,= ,,! ,,table is prep>$ by slic+ or scrap+ v f9ely ! requir$ quantity into a jug1 & add+ to x a small quantity ( boil+ wat]4 ,?is is work$ into a ?91 smoo? pa/e1 & ! jug imm$iately fill$ up ) boil+ milk-&-wat]4 ,a fro? is produc$ by ! same means t eggs are beat5 up4 ,! op]ation ( mill+1 p]=m$ by rapidly twirl+ a not*$ cyl9d] ( wood 9 ! emulsion1 raises ! fro? v quickly4 ,sug> may be put 9 ) ! scrap$ *ocolate1 or add$ aft]w>ds at pleasure4 ,*ocolate %\ld nev] be made = ! table be=e x is want$1 because beat+ x aga9 injures ! flav\r1 de/roys ! fro?1 & sep>ates ! body ( ! *ocolate1 ! oil ( ! nut be+ obs]v$1 aft] a few m9utes' boil+1 or ev5 /&+ long by ! fire1 to rise to ! top4 ,?is is "o ( ! pr9cipal reasons :y *ocolate (f5ds ! /oma*4 ,prep>ations ( *ocolate1 int5d$ ei!r z nutriti\s articles ( food = convalesc5ts1 or z vehicles = m$ic9e1 are common among ! ph>macopoeial & magi/ral =mul ( ! ,cont95t4 ,! foll[+ are a few examples3-- ,*ocolate1 ,aromat'ic4 ,prep4 7,weiglebt47 ,cocoa beans & sug>1 ( ea* #af oz42 c9namon1 #a_/b oz42 cloves1 #b dr42 c>damoms & vanilla1 ( ea* #a dr4 ,*ocolate1 ,c>'rage54 ,see ,,*ocolate1 ,,:ite 7,nos4 #a & #b74 ,*ocolate1 ,*alyb'eate4 ,syn4 ,,f]rug9',,e\s ,,*ocolate2 ,,*ocola',,ta ,,*alybea',,ta1 ,c4 ,,m>',,tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,tr\sseau47 ,spani% *ocolate1 #af oz42 c>bonate ( iron1 #a_/b oz42 mix1 & divide into #a-oz4 cakes4 ,"o at a "t2 9 anmia1 am5orrhoea1 *lorosis1 c4 #b4 7,pi]qu947 ,iodide ( iron1 #b dr42 *ocolate1 #af oz4 ,= #a_/b-oz4 cakes2 z above1 & 9 scr(ul\s & gl&ul> affections4 ,*ocolate1 ,gu>ana'4 ,syn4 ,,paull9',,ia ,,*ocolate2 ,,*ocola',,ta ,,paul9',i1 ,c4 ,,gu>an'1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f gu>ana & :ite sug>1 ( ea* #a oz41 triturat$ toge!r1 & aft]w>ds ?or\ghly mix$ ) good pla9 *ocolate1 #ah oz4 ,recomm5d$ z a re/orative 9 debility1 *lorosis1 & o!r diseases ( debility1 especially ^? ( a n]v\s "*4 ,*ocolate1 ,ice'l& ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,*ocola',,ta ,,cetr>',i ,,isl&',,ic1 ,c4 ,,li*5',,is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,c47 ,simple *ocolate 7,p4 ,c471 #cb p>ts2 sug>1 #bi p>ts2 dri$ jelly ( ,icel& moss1 #aa p>ts2 mix4 #b4 7,cadet47 ,*ocolate1 #d lbs42 sug>1 #b lbs42 ,icel& moss 7fre$ f its bitt]1 & p[d]$71 #a-a_/b lb42 tragacan? & c9namon1 ( ea* #d oz42 wat]1 q4 s42 to be beat5 9 a w>m mort>1 or gr\nd ) a mull] on a w>m slab to a pa/e4 ,recomm5d$ 9 pulmon>y affections1 g5]al debility1 weakness ( /oma*1 c4 ,see ,,cocoa 7,icel& ,moss74 ,*ocolate1 ,pur'gative4 ,syn4 ,,*ocola',,ta ,,pur',,gans1 ,c4 ,,ca?>',,tica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,jalap1 #a oz42 *ocolate1 #i oz42 mix1 & divide into #a-;dr4 cakes4--,dose1 #a to #b cakes1 z a purge4 #b4 ,jalap1 #b oz42 calomel & sug>1 ( ea* #a oz42 triturate toge!r1 !n add *ocolate1 #bj oz42 = #a-;dr4 cakes4 #c4 ,scammony1 #b dr42 *ocolate1 #c oz42 = #a doz5 cakes4 ,! la/ two are giv5 9 worms4--,dose 7= an adult71 #a cake1 tak5 fa/+4 ,*ocolate1 ,sal'ep4 ,syn4 ,,sal',,oop ,,*ocolate2 ,,*ocola',,ta ,,cum ,,sal',,ep1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,c47 ,*ocolate1 #af oz42 p[d]$ salep1 #a_/b oz4 #b4 7,cadet47 ,cacao pa/e & sug>1 ( ea* #a lb42 p[d]$ salep1 #a oz4 ,arr[root *ocolate & tapioca *ocolate are made 9 ! same mann]4 7,see bel[47 ,*ocolate1 ,sim'ple4 ,syn4 ,,hygi5',,ic ,c41 ,,hom,,oe,,opa?',,ic ,c42 ,,*ocola',,ta1 ,c4 ,,sim',,plex1 ,c4 ,,salu',,tis1 ,l42 ,,*ocolat ,,de ,,sant1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,c47 ,c>acas & ,m>agnan cocoa1 ( ea* #if lbs42 sug>1 #afj lbs42 c9namon1 #a oz4 7to #b oz472 triturat$ toge!r 9 ! usual mann]1 & =m$ into cakes or p[d]4 ,*ocolate1 ,vanil'la4 ,syn4 ,,*ocola',,ta ,,cum ,,vanil',,la1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,c47 ,*ocolate 7pla91--,p4 ,c471 #af oz42 vanilla1 #a_/b dr4 #b4 7,cott]au47 ,cocoa pa/e1 #f lbs42 sug>1 #aj lbs42 vanilla1 #aa dr4 ,see =ms previ\sly giv54 ,*ocolate1 ,v]'mifuge4 ,syn4 ,,*ocola',,ta ,,v]mifu',,ga1 ,l4 ,see ,,*ocolate1 ,,purgative 7,nos4 #b & #c1 above74 ,*ocolate1 ,:ite4 ,syn4 ,,:ite ,,cocoa1 ,,c>',,rage5 ,c42 ,,*ocola',,ta ,,cum ,,*on',,dro1 ,,pas',,ta ,,caca',o ,,cum ,,*on',,dro1 ,p4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,li*5',e ,,c>ragh5',o1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,z ,icel& moss *ocolate1 b employ+ c>rage5 moss4 #b4 7,ph4 ,dan47 ,roa/$ & decorticat$ cocoa se$s 7r$uc$ to a subtile mass 9 a w>m iron mort>7 & p[d]$ :ite sug>1 ( ea* #b lbs42 p[d]$ c>rage5 7debitt]is$71 #c oz4 #c4 7,cott]eau47 ,sug>1 #f lbs42 rice fl\r1 #a-c_/d lb42 potato />* & butt] ( cocoa1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 gum ,arabic #a_/d lb4 7dissolv$72 t9cture ( vanilla1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 boil+ wat]1 q4 s42 triturate to a /iff pa/e4 ,! above are highly nutriti\s1 & are recomm5d$ z articles ( diet = convalesc5ts & debilitat$ p]sons4 ,,*oke-,,damp4 ,syn4 ,,aft',,er-,,damp4 ,! t]m appli$ by m9]s to c>bonic anhydride 7c>bonic acid7 & o!r irrespirable gases & vap\rs evolv$ 9 m9es4 ,see ,,c>bonic ,,acid1 ,,fire ,,damp1 ,,v5tilation1 c4 ,,*ok+4 ,?reat5$ *ok+ may occur ei!r 9 ! gullet or swall[--or 9 ! w9dpipe4 ,if 9 ! gullet press d[n ! tongue ) ! h&le ( a spoon1 & pass ! f+]s d[n )\t any hesitation1 :5 ! sub/ance may g5]ally be dislodg$ or pull$ up4 ,:5 x is small1 & has got out ( rea*1 x may mo/ly be remov$ by fill+ ! m\? ) liquid & swall[+ x at a gulp1 or by swall[+ a l>ge piece ( bread4 ,=eign bodies ?us swall[$ g5]ally pass h>mlessly ?r\gh ! b[els4 ,if ! *ok+ occur 9 ! w9dpipe or tra*ea1 x is usually dislodg$ by ! p>oxysm ( c\gh+ :i* accompanies ! act4 ,%\ld x fail to be s1 & a s5se ( suffocation ensues1 accompani$ ) blu5ess ( c\nt5ance & difficulty ( brea?+1 place ! pati5t1 & foll[ ! directions giv5 9 ! article ,,susp5d$ ,,animation1 :ile a m$ical man is imm$iately s5t =4 ,treatm5t = ,horses or ,cattle4--,remove any =eign body by h&1 z direct$ above1 or h rec\rse to ! probang4 ,x may p]haps be necess>y to call 9 a vet]9>y surgeon1 9 case ! above me?ods fail1 to extract ! ob/ruction by cutt+ into ! gullet4 ,,*olagogues4 ,m$ic9es :i* promote a fl[ ( bile4 ,,*olalic ,,acid4 ,c#bd;,h#dj,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,*ol',,ic ,,acid4 ,a non-nitrog5\s acid exi/+ 9 bile4 ,x is be/ prep>$ by boil+ ! res9\s mass precipitat$ by e!r f an alcoholic solution ( ox bile ) a dilute solution ( potassa1 = #bd to #cf h\rs1 till ! amorph\s potassa salt t has sep>at$ beg9s to cry/allise4 ,! d>k-col\r$ s(t mass is !n remov$ f ! alkal9e liquid1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & hydro*loric acid add$4 ,a little e!r w cause ! deposition ( ! ,,*olalic ,,acid f ?is solution 9 cry/als4 ,) sulphuric acid & solution ( sug> x /rikes a purple-violet col\r2 ?is con/itutes ,pett5k(]'s te/ = bile4 ,,*ole',,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,tauro-,,*olalic ,,acid4 ,a peculi> conjugat$ comp\nd ( *olalic acid ) a sub/ance call$ taur9e1 :i* conta9s bo? nitrog5 & sulphur4 ,9 comb9ation ) soda1 *oleic acid con/itutes a pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 bile4 ,,*ol',,era4 ,?is ^w1 :i*1 f its d]ivation1 c be only appli$ correctly to a bili\s affection ( ! /oma* & b[els1 has be5 ( late ye>s v loosely ext5d$ to a malignant disease1 ! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( :i* is a total susp5sion ( ! functions ( ! bili>y organs4 ,*ol]a1 ,en''gli%4 ,syn4 ,,com',,mon ,,*ol]a1 ,,bil',,i\s ,c42 ,,*ol',,era ,,mor',,bus1 ,l4 ,a disease *>act]is$ by bili\s vomit+ & purg+1 accompani$ by m or less pa9 & debility4 ,di>rhoea is ! mo/ common precursor ( ! disease1 & ought to be att5d$ to )\t delay1 p>ticul>ly if ! wea!r be w>m4 ,*ol]a mo/ frequ5tly occurs t[>ds ! end ( ! summ] & e>ly 9 ! autumn1 :5 ! increas$ heat ( ! sun /imulates ! liv] to an inord9ate secretion ( bile1 by :i* ! :ole sy/em becomes ov]load$ ) x4 ,among second>y & accid5tal causes are sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature1 *eck$ p]spiration1 & ! use ( indige/ible food1 & food & bev]ages 9 a /ate ( incipi5t decomposition4 ,x is usually accompani$ by fev]1 ?ir/1 & sev]e colic1 & sometimes by cold sweats1 extreme debility1 feeble pulse1 c41 "u :i* ! pati5t s9ks 9 #bd h\rs4 ,treat4 ,9 mo/ cases ?is compla9t is n dang]\s1 & yields to prop] treatm5t 9 a few days4 ,z soon aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! attack z possible1 "s mild ap]i5t %\ld be adm9i/]$4 ,opiates may be employ$1 bo? topically & by ! m\?4 ,j]emie's solution is /at$ to be v efficaci\s 9 ! di>rhoea :i* s g5]ally prec$es *ol]a4 ,a teaspoonful or two ( laudanum1 rubb$ ov] ! region ( ! /oma* & b[els1 is a simple application :i* w g5]ally allay ! pa94 #aj to #bj drops ( laudanum1 mix$ ) a table-spoonful ( good br&y1 or a few gra9s ( cay5ne pepp]1 may also be tak5 e h\r if ! pa9 is sev]e4 ,%\ld ! /oma* reject ! m$ic9e1 or ! vomit+ be app>5tly increas$ by dr9k+ w>m dilu5ts1 a few spoonfuls ( ice-cold wat]1 or ( a mixture ( lemon-juice & wat]1 may be tak5 in/ead1 until ! sickness abates4 ,dr ,copel& recomm5ds _s ( turp5t9e 9 viol5t attacks1 bo? int]nally & z an ext]nal application 9 ! =m ( w>m epi!ms4 ,:5 ! viol5ce ( ! symptoms has abat$1 tonics & bitt]s 7z calumba1 g5tian1 orange-peel1 c47 may be advantage\sly _h rec\rse to4 ,calumba1 9 ! =m ( a weak infusion1 conjo9$1 if necess>y1 ) aromatics1 is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ valuable ag5t we possess = ! aft]-treatm5t ( ! disease4 ,see ,,di>rh,,oe,a4 ,*ol]a1 ,malig'nant4 ,syn4 ,,asiat',,ic ,,*ol]a1 ,,epidem',,ic ,c1 ,,blue ,c1 ,,pe/il5',,tial ,c1 ,,spasmod',,ic ,c42 ,,*ol',,era ,,asiat',,ica1 ,c4 ,,asphyx',,ia1 ,c4 ,,malig',,na1 ,l4 ,?is fe>ful disease fir/ became kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! autumn ( #ahca4 ,! attack usually beg9s ) sickness & purg+2 ?is dis*>ge1 h[ev]1 is n bili\s1 z 9 ord9>y *ol]a1 b a ?91 col\rless fluid1 l rice-wat]2 at ! same "t !re is great pro/ration ( /r5g?1 & cold1 clammy sweats4 ,9 a %ort "t dreadful cramps assail ! extremities & aft]w>ds ! abdom52 ! body becomes b5t1 ! limbs twi/$1 ! c\nt5ance cadav]\s1 ! pulse almo/ imp]ceptible1 & ! eyes sunk52 ! pati5t s9ks into a /ate ( apa?y1 & unless a favorable *ange spe$ily takes place1 soon expires f exhau/ion4 ,:5 !re is a reaction ! pulse gradually returns1 ! natural w>m? ( ! body is re/or$1 & ! spasms & difficulty ( brea?+ give way4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! reaction is accompani$ by fev] closely resembl+ typhus1 & :i* (t5 t]m9ates fatally 9 f f\r to eight days4 ,! symptoms ( epidemic *ol]a are n always ( ?is t]rible "*4 ,treat4 ,9 giv+ a few ( ! _m rem$ies t h be5 recomm5d$ = ?is t]rible disease1 we may preface ! li/1 by urg5tly c\nsell+ ! suff]] to lose no "t 9 s5d+ = a m$ical man1 9 case ( be+ attack$ by ?is appall+ malady4 #a4 7,am]ican ,rem$y47 ,equal p>ts ( maple sug> & p[d]$ fre%-burnt *>coal1 made into a /iff pa/e ) l>d1 & divid$ into pieces ! size ( a filb]t4--,dose4 ,"o1 occasionally1 swall[$ :ole4 #b4 7,au/rian ,specific47 ,! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts 9 ! foll[+ =mul are f\nd$ on ,mr ,h]apa?'s analysis ( ?is celebrat$ prep>ation1 & are giv5 9 ! ne>e/ available :ole numb]s3-- a4 ,sulphuric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ahde71 #bj gr42 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aejj71 #ab gr12 sug> & gum1 ( ea* #ae gr42 di/ill$ or pure s(t wat]1 q4 s4 to make ! :ole weigh exactly #a oz4 b4 ,sulphuric acid1 #c dr42 nitric acid1 #b dr42 simple syrup1 #f dr42 wat]1 q4 s4 to make ! :ole weigh exactly #aj oz4 ,a s+le drop ( ess5tial oil ( lemon may be add$4 ,doses1 c4 ,"o table-spoonful is ord]$ to be tak5 9 wat]1 on ! fir/ appe>ance ( premonitory symptoms1 foll[$ by ! free use ( v cold wat]4 ,9 half an h\r a second dose is to be tak54 ,?is 7z ass]t$7 is g5]ally suffici5t to arre/ ! progress ( ! disease4 ,a table-spoonful is !n to be add$ to a p9t ( cold wat]1 & drunk ad libitum4 ,9 m ob/9ate cases x is said t #d or #e doses are g5]ally requir$ to effect a cure4 ,:5 collapse sets 91 d\ble doses are ord]$ to be giv51 & to be repeat$ aft] e attack ( vomit+ until ! sickness & cramp abate4 ,aft] ! vomit+ abates ! doses are /ill to be repeat$ until #e or #f doses are reta9$ by ! /oma*4 ,%\ld quiet sleep or dr[s9ess come on1 x is n to be int]f]$ )4 ,! free use ( cold wat] or s\r$ wat] is to be all[$ until p]spiration sets 9 & ! w>m? ( ! body returns4 ,accord+ to ! report1 ! use ( w>m liquors1 w9es1 spirits1 c41 mu/ be c>efully avoid$ z s mu* poison4 ,obs4 ,a bottle ( ! above rem$y 0 h&$ to ! late ,mr ,wm4 ,h]apa? by ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,birm+ham police1 :o _h receiv$ x f ! head ( ! ,au/rian police1 z be+ 9 g5]al use 9 ,au/ria1 "u ! sanction ( ! m$ical dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t1 & be+ f\nd to act almo/ z a specific 9 *ol]a4 ,9 #ahca-b x 0 fir/ tri$ on "s crim9als ) p]fect success1 & soon aft]w>ds ) simil> results on ?\s&s ( ! g5]al public4 ,9 #ahdi ! ,au/rian gov]nm5t ord]$ its use 9 ! public e/abli%m5ts ( ! empire1 s9ce :i* n a s+le case ( failure _h occurr$ 9 :i* x _h be5 fairly tri$4 #c4 7,mr ,buxton's ,rem$y47 ,f dilute sulphuric acid 7_s ( vitriol71 #be drops2 wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,= a draught2 z ! la/4 #d4 7,college ( ,physicians & ,bo>d ( ,heal?2 = ,premonitory ,di>rhoea47 ,*alk mixture1 #a oz42 aromatic confection1 #aj to #ae gr42 t9cture ( opium1 #e to #ae drops2 to be repeat$ e #c or #d h\rs1 or (t5]1 if requir$1 until ! loos5ess is arre/$4 #e4 7,dr ,graves's ,a/r+5t ,pills47 ,acetate ( lead1 #bj gr42 opium1 #a gr42 cons]ve ( roses1 q4 s42 = #ab pills4--,dose4 ,"o e #a_/b h\r or h\r1 at fir/2 !n "o e two h\rs4 #f4 7,homoeopa?ic ,prev5tive47 ,camphor1 #a dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #f dr42 dissolve1 & pres]ve x 9 a well-cork$ bottle4--,dose4 #b drops on a lump ( sug>1 suck$ z a loz5ge two or ?ree times a day4 #g4 7,homoeopa?ic ,rem$y47 ,z ! la/1 repeat+ ! dose e #aj or #ae m9utes1 foll[$ by draughts ( ice-cold wat]1 until ! symptoms abate4 #h4 7,mr ,hope's ,rem$y47 7a47 ,r$ nitr\s acid1 #b dr42 pepp]m9t wat] or camphor julep1 #a oz42 t9cture ( opium1 #dj drops2 mix4--,dose4 ,"o to two teaspoonfuls 9 a cupful ( ?9 gruel e #c or #d h\rs4 b4 ,_s ( w9e1 #a oz42 _s lav5d]1 #a_/d oz42 oil ( oriz9anum1 #a_/d oz42 comp\nd t9cture b5zo91 #a_/b oz42 spirits camphor1 #a_/d oz4--,dose1 #bj drops on moi/ sug>4 ,to be rubb$ outw>dly also4 #i4 7,liv]pool ,prev5tive ,p[d]s47 ,bic>bonate ( soda1 #bj gr42 g+]1 #aj gr42 = a dose4 ,"o to be tak5 9 a glass ( wat] aft] breakfa/ & supp] daily4 ,^! p[d]s are said to h be5 us$ ) good effect among ! workm5 9 ! m9+ & manufactur+ di/ricts dur+ a =m] visitation ( *ol]a4 #aj4 7,police ,rem$y2 ,mr ,b4 ,*ild's ,rem$y47 ,rectifi$ sulphuric e!r & t9cture ( opium1 ( ea* #cj drops2 = a dose = an adult2 especially dur+ ! e>li] /ages4 #aa4 7,mr ,ross's ,a/r+5t ,pills47 ,ea* pill conta9s #a gr4 ( nitrate ( silv]1 made up ) crum ( bread1 q4 s4--,dose4 ,"o pill1 to be repeat$ aft] ! int]val ( half an h\r or an h\r1 %\ld ! symptoms cont9ue unabat$4 #ab4 7,russian ,rem$y47 ,sumbul1 9 ! =m ( t9cture1 conc5trat$ ess5ce1 9 decoction1 9 cold infusion1 & 9 p[d] 9 ! =m ( pill4--,doses4 ,t9cture1 f #bj to #fj drops2 ess5ce1 f #e to #aj or #bj drops2 9 a little camphor julep or pla9 wat]4 ,! physicians ( ,mosc[ & ,/4 ,pet]sburg ascribe to ! virtues ( ?is drug ! sav+ ( ?\s&s ( lives dur+ ! la/ epidemic4 ,see ,,sumbul4 #ac4 7,dr ,/ev5s' ,sal9e ,p[d]s47 ,bic>bonate ( soda1 #a_/b dr42 common salt1 #bj gr42 *lorate ( potassa1 #g gr42 = a dose4 #ad4 7,sir ,m4 ,ti]ney's ,rem$y47 ,cajeput oil1 9 doses ( #bj to #cj drops1 e two or ?ree h\rs4 ,! oil excites ! n]v\s sy/em & equalises ! circulation4 ,! late ,sir ,m4 ,ti]ney & o!rs prescrib$ x frequ5tly1 x is said1 ) consid]able success4 #ae4 7,common ,rem$ies ( ! ,%ops47 ,^! g5]ally consi/ ( *alk mixture1 ) a little laudanum1 & "s aromatic or c>m9ative1 z cassia1 c9namon1 c>damoms1 nutmeg1 or pepp]m9t4 ,9 a few1 "s a/r+5t1 z t9cture ( cate*u1 or extract ( logwood1 is add$4 #af4 7,dr ,beav5's ,prev5tative & ,rem$y47 ,! ,prev5tative4--,sulphite ( magnesia1 #b dr42 sulphur\s acid1 #b oz42 wat]1 #b oz42 t9cture ( capsicum1 #a_/b oz4 ,mix & dissolve1 a teaspoonful night & morn+4 ,! ,rem$y4--,sulphite ( magnesia1 #b dr41 sulphur\s acid1 #b oz42 wat]1 #b oz42 t9cture ( capsicum1 #a_/b oz42 sulphate ( morphia1 #b gr4 ,mix & dissolve2 a teaspoonful e half h\r until reliev$4 ,,*ol]a ,,m$ic9e4 ,! express$ juice ( d&elion & milfoil mix$ ) br&y _s4 7,dr ,horn74 ,,*oles',,t]94 ,c#bf;,,*#dd,o4,h#b,o4 ,?is sub/ance is f\nd 9 ! bile1 bra91 n]ves1 blood1 c41 & =ms ! pr9cipal +r$i5t ( bili>y calculi 7gall-/ones74 ,note4--,! rem$ies conta9+ a/r+5ts are ! mo/ efficaci\s4 ,,*ol',,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,glyco-,,*olal',,ic ,,acid4 ,a peculi> acid1 exi/+ z *olate ( sodium1 & associat$ ) *oleic acid 9 ! bile4 ,x is a conjugate comp\nd ( *olalic acid ) a nitrog5is$ sub/ance call$ glycoc94 ,,*on',,dr94 ,gelat9 obta9$ f c>tilage4 ,x diff]s f ord9>y gelat9 9 be+ precipitable by acetic acid1 alum1 & acetate ( lead4 ,,*orea4 ,syn4 ,/4 ,vitus's ,dance4 ,a spasmodic disease affect+ *ildr5 & "y p]sons1 especially girls1 betwe5 eight & sixte5 ye>s ( age4 ,x is caus$ by a debilitat$ condition ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 z well z by bra9 disease1 scr(ula1 imprud5t diet & worms4 ,! treatm5t recomm5d$ is ! regulation ( ! b[els by mild purgatives4 ,if ! disease c be trac$ to worms1 ^! %\ld be remov$ by ! prop] rem$ies4 ,if worms are n ! cause1 rec\rse %\ld be _h to ! cold1 or %[]-ba?4 ,! hot hip-ba? w be f\nd s]viceable 9 "s cases4 ,:]e !re is pal5ess ( ! sk9 any ( ! iron prep>ations w prove ( great use1 ! b[els be+ kept regul>4 ,! be/ prep>ations ( iron are ei!r ! t9cture ( ! p]*loride1 or nitrate1 or ! citrate ( iron & qu99e4 ,"s practition]s recomm5d ars5ic--five drops ( ! solution 7= an adult7 twice a day aft] meals2 o!rs val]ianate ( z9c4 ,treatm5t = ! ,horse & o!r ,animals4--,simil> to ! above4 ,,*ri/(ia is a /oma*ic br&y or w9e made ( #aejj p>ts :ite w9e1 #bj p>ts c9namon1 #aj p>ts cloves1 #fj p>ts bitt] almonds1 dige/$ sev]al days2 #cjj p>ts ( sug> & #ejj ( _s are !n add$1 & ! :ole filt]$4 7,hag]74 ,,*romacome4 ,= dye+ ! hair black4 ,?is is said to be prep>$ f h>mless vegetable mat]ials1 b really consi/s ( pyrogallic acid & nitrate ( silv]4 ,*romacome4 ,?is is a ,fr5* prep>ation :i* conta9s no?+ injuri\s to heal?4 ,?is hair dye consi/s ( two fluids4 ,! fir/1 ,le *rmacome1 te9ture suprieure de ,william ,w4 ,a4 ,t41 ,no4 #a1 ,bonn1 weigh+ ab\t #de grammes1 is t9cture ( galls4 ,! o!r1 ,no4 #b1 is a solution ( acetate ( iron ) a little nitrate ( silv]4 ,:5 grey hair is moi/5$ fir/ ) ,no4 #a1 !n ) ,no4 #b1 x becomes blacki%-br[n or black4 ,,*ro',,mate4 ,syn4 ,,*ro',,mas1 ,l4 ,a salt 9 :i* ! hydrog5 ( 7hypo!tical7 *romic acid1 ,h,cr,o#d1 is replac$ by a metal or o!r basic radical4 ,*romates3-- ,prep4 ,! insoluble *romates1 z ^? ( b>ium1 z9c1 lead1 m]cury1 silv]1 c41 may be made by mix+ a soluble salt ( ^? bases ) neutral *romate ( potassium4 ,! fir/ ?ree are yell[2 ! f\r? brick-r$2 & ! fif? r$di%-br[n1 or ruby r$ :5 cry/allis$4 ,! soluble *romates may all be made by direct solution ( ! base 9 ! acid1 or by d\ble decomposition4 ,! *romates ( comm]ce are prep>$ f ei!r *rome ore or *romate ( potassium4 ,prop41 ,uses c4 ,! *romates are *>act]is$ by _! yell[ or r$ col\r1 ! latt] pr$om9at+ :5 ! acid is 9 excess2 & except ^? ) ! alkal9e bases1 !y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 insoluble 9 wat]4 ,bo? ! *romate & ! bi*romate ( potassium are ext5sively us$ 9 dye+ & calico-pr9t+4 ,! =m] is employ$ 9 conjunction ) sulphuric acid 9 ! laboratory z an oxidis+ ag5t & 9 ! manufactory = blea*+ sp]m oil4 ,! bi*romate ( ammonium & potassium are us$ 9 photography4 ,!y are readily recognis$ by ! foll[+ te/s3-- ,on boil+ a *romate 9 hydro*loric acid mix$ ) alcohol1 *romic acid is fir/ set free1 & !n decompos$1 =m+ a gre5 solution ( *loride ( *romium4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 & sulphur\s acid effect simil> *anges4 ,) acetate ( lead ! *romates give a yell[ precipitate2 ) nitrate ( silv]1 a r$di%-br[n2 ) nitrate ( m]cury1 a r$ "o4 ,,*rome ,,alum4 ,see ,,alums4 ,,*rome ,,gre54 ,see ,,gre5 ,,pigm5ts4 ,,*rome ,,iron4 ,see ,,iron4 ,,*rome ,,r$4 ,see ,,r$ ,,pigm5ts4 ,,*rome ,,yell[4 ,see ,,lead1 ,,*romate ,,(4 ,,*romic ,,acid4 ,see ,,*romic ,,anhydride4 ,,*ro',,mium4 ,cr4 ,a metal discov]$ 9 native *romate ( lead by ,vauquel9 9 #agig4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! /ate ( oxide1 comb9$ ) oxide ( iron1 9 "s abundance1 9 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 & else:]e2 z *romate ( lead x con/itutes a v beautiful mat]ial4 ,prep>$ 9 an impure condition z a :ite1 v infusible1 h>d metal1 by ignit+ ! oxide ) *>coal1 at a :ite heat1 9 a lime crucible4 ,*rom\s ,*loride4 ,cr,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,proto*loride4 ,prep4 ,ignite ! *romic *loride 9 a curr5t ( dry hydrog54 ,a :ite1 foliat$ mass1 soluble 9 wat] 7evolv+ mu* heat71 & yield+ a blue solution1 :i* absorbs atmosph]ic oxyg5 ) a/oni%+ rapidity1 acquir+ a deep-gre5 col\r1 & pass+ into ! /ate ( oxy*loride ( *romium4 ,x is ! mo/ p[]ful r$uc+ or deoxidis+ ag5t kn[n4 ,*romic ,*loride4 ,cr#b;,cl#f4 ,syn4 ,,sesqui*loride4 ,prep4 ,pass dry *lor9e ov] a mixture ( sesquioxide ( *romium & *>coal1 heat$ to r$ness1 9 a porcela9 tube4 ,! *loride collects z a sublimate1 ( a pea* or violet col\r1 9 ! cool "p ( ! tube4 ,dissolve *romic oxide 9 hydro*loric acid & evaporate to dryness2 ! residue is *romic *loride4 ,x =ms a d>k gre5 mass1 conta9+ wat]1 :i* is evolv$ by ignit+ at a temp]ature ( #djj1 turn+ a purpli% r$4 ,*romium ,oxides3-- ,*rom\s ,oxide4 ,cr,o4 ,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,( ,,*romium4 ,?is oxide has n yet be5 obta9$ 9 a satisfactory mann]1 b ! hydrate is prep>$ by ! addition ( potassium hydrate solution to a solution ( *rom\s *loride or sulphate4 ,a br[ni%-r$ p[d]1 spe$ily pass+ to a deep foxy-r$1 ) dis5gagem5t ( hydrog51 & =m+ pale blue-col\r$ salts ) ! acids1 :i* absorb oxyg5 ) avidity1 :il/ ! metal passes into a high] /ate ( oxidation4 ,*romic ,oxide4 ,cr,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,sesquioxide4 ,prep>$ by ignit+ potassium bi*romate at a r$ heat & well wa%+ ! residue1 & z hydrate by cauti\sly add+ equal p>ts ( hydro*loric acid & alcohol or sug> to a boil+ solution ( *romate ( potassa 9 wat]1 9 small portions at a "t1 until ! r$ t9t disappe>s1 & ! liquid assumes a gre5 col\r2 pure ammonia1 9 excess1 is next add$1 & ! precipitate :i* subsides is collect$ & wa%$ ) wat]4 ,prop41 c4 ,! anhydr\s oxide is a ri* cry/all9e1 gre5 p[d]1 insoluble 9 bo? wat] & acids2 fus$ ) borax & glass1 x imp>ts a beautiful gre5 col\r4 ,! hydrate is soluble 9 ! acids & 9 alkal9e lyes2 ) ! fir/ x =ms salts :i* h a gre5 or purple col\r4 ,^! comp\nds may be made by direct solution ( ! hydrate 9 ! dilute acids4 ,*romic sulphate comb9es ) ! sulphates ( potassium & ammonium1 giv+ rise to salts 7,,*rome ,,alums7 :i* cry/allise 9 magnific5t octah$rons ( a deep cl>et col\r4 ,! f9e/ cry/als are obta9$ by spontane\s evaporation4 ,^! salts ( *romium are ! mo/ important1 ! *rom\s salts be+ seldom met )1 & are be/ recognis$ by ! foll[+ reactions3--,cau/ic alkalies precipitate ! hydrate1 easily soluble 9 excess ( ! precipitant4 ,ammonia ! same1 b ! precipitate is ne>ly insoluble4 ,! c>bonates ( potassium1 sodium1 & ammonium ?r[ d[n a gre5 precipitate ( c>bonate & hydrate1 slightly soluble 9 a l>ge excess4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 causes no *ange4--,sulphydrate ( ammonium precipitates ! hydrate ( a blui%-gre5 col\r4 ,*romic ,anhydride4 ,cr,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,*romic ,,acid1 ,,anhydr\s ,,*romic ,,acid1 ,,*romic ,,trioxide4 ,prep4 ,by conduct+ gase\s fluoride ( *romium into a silv] or plat9um vessel1 ! sides ( :i* are j moi/5$ ) wat]1 & ! ap]ture cov]$ ) a piece ( moi/ pap]1 ! anhydride w be deposit$ "u ! =m ( r$1 acicul> cry/als1 :i* w ne>ly fill ! vessel4 ,:5 ! process is skilfully conduct$1 ! product is ( exquisite beauty & *emically pure4 ,! fluoride ref]r$ to above is obta9$ f fluor sp>1 #c p>ts2 *romate ( lead1 #d p>ts2 fum+ 7or ! /ronge/7 sulphuric acid1 #e p>ts2 mix$ cauti\sly 9 a silv] or lead5 retort4 ,a r$-col\r$ gas is evolv$1 :i* acts rapidly on glass1 =m+ fluosilicic acid gas1 & ^u wat] =m+ hydr(luoric acid & *romic anhydride4 ,! moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e is suffici5t to effect ! decomposition la/ ref]r$ to2 ! =m] sub/ance escap+ z gas1 & ! latt] be+ deposit$ 9 small cry/als4 ,x is also prep>$ ne>ly pure by add+ a cold saturat$ solution ( potassium bi*romate to once & a half its bulk ( pure /rong sulphuric acid4 ,z ! liquor cools1 ! anhydr\s *romic acid is deposit$ "u ! =m ( brilliant crimson-r$ prisms2 ! "m-liquor is !n p\r$ (f1 & ! cry/als1 plac$ betwe5 two tiles ( glass or porcela91 are submitt$ to /rong pressure = "s "t1 "u a bell-glass or j>1 :5 ! anhydride w be f\nd suffici5tly dry4 ,x may be depriv$ ( a little adh]+ moi/ure by plac+ x ov] sulphuric acid = a %ort "t 9 vacuo4 ,comm]cially1 x is prep>$ by "o ( ! two foll[+ processes3-- ,to a saturat$ solution ( *romate ( potassium1 #ajj p>ts1 add oil ( vitriol 7sp4 gr4 #ahde71 #di p>ts2 & let ! :ole cool4 ,?is is ! common process4 ,! product conta9s sulphate ( potassium1 b ?is does n mu* int]f]e ) its value z a blea*+ ag5t4 ,f *romate ( b>ium1 decompos$ by conc5trat$ nitric acid4 ,! anhydr\s *romic acid is sep>at$ f ! nitrate ( b>ium by decantation1 or1 :i* is /ill bett]1 by filtration ?r\gh glass or asbe/os4 ,x is !n evaporat$ to dryness1 :5 ! nitric acid is volatilis$1 & pure *romic anhydride left beh9d4 ,! volatilis$ nitric acid may be cond5s$1 & aga9 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,! only precautions necess>y to ensure ! purity ( ! anhydr\s *romic acid prep>$ by ?is plan are--to use a suffici5t quantity ( nitric acid & to take c>e t ! nitric acid is suffici5tly conc5trat$ & pure4 ,prop41 c4 ,=ms ruby-r$ anhydr\s prisms1 v soluble 9 wat]1 ) =mation ( true *romic acid1 & ext5sively manufactur$ = ! purpose ( oxidis+ & blea*+ sub/ances4 ,,*rome ,,iron-,,/one4 ,syn4 ,,*rome ,,iron-,,ore4 ,fe,o4,cr#b,o#c4 ,?is1 :i* is ! pr9cipal ore ( *romium1 corresponds 9 composition to br[n oxide ( *romium & to ! magnetic oxide ( iron2 "p ( ! iron1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally displac$ by ! isomorph\s metal magnesium1 & "p ( ! *romium by alum9ium4 ,*rome iron-/one is (t5 met ) 9 ! =m ( octoh$ral cry/als4 ,acids fail to dissolve x1 & x _c be fus$ 9 ! furnace1 b :5 heat$ x absorbs oxyg5 f ! air4 ,?is oxidation may be effect$ v readily if ! *rome ore r$uc$ to v f9e p[d] be mix$ ) a c>bonate ( "o ( ! metals ( ! alkalies or alkal9e e>?s1 a *romate ( ! base be+ =m$4 ,,*rys5e4 ,c#ah;,h#ab4 ,a hydroc>bon f\nd by ,laur5t 9 crude an?rac5e4 ,x occurs 9 bright yell[1 gli/5+ scales4 ,x may be obta9$ col\rless by heat+ ! yell[ cry/als ) hydriodic acid & amorph\s phosphorus to #bdj4 ,x _c be sublim$ )\t decomposition4 ,*rys5e is v slightly soluble 9 cold alcohol1 e!r1 b5z5e1 & glacial acetic acid4 ,9 c>bon disulphide x dissolves some:at m readily4 ,its melt+ po9t is f #bdh to #bej1 & x boils at a temp]ature beyond t :i* c be regi/]$ by ! m]curial !rmomet]4 ,,*rysophanic ,,acid4 ,see ,,rhe94 ,,*yle4 ,syn4 ,,lymph4 ,?is is ! "n giv5 to ! nutriti\s milky fluid g5]at$ dur+ dige/ion1 & absorb$ f ! inte/9es by a set ( vessels call$ ! lacteals1 :i* c>ry x to ! ?oracic duct1 :5ce x is imm$iately convey$ into ! circulation4 ,,*yme4 ,! pulpy mass =m$ by ! food 9 its fir/ great *ange1 9 ! process ( dige/ion4 ,,cid]4 ,syn4 ,,cyd]2 ,,pomaceum1 ,l4 ,cid] is ! f]m5t$ juice ( ! apple1 & is a v anci5t bev]age4 ,pl9y calls cid] & p]ry ! w9e ( apples & pe>s4 ,! att5tion ( ! cid] f>m] %\ld be fir/ direct$ to ! culture ( ! apple tree4 ,! situation mo/ appropriate = an or*>d is "o on ris+ gr\nd1 r dry ?an moi/1 & unexpos$ to sea air or high w9ds4 ,! soil %\ld be /rong1 b n too heavy1 & %\ld be ri* 9 ! alkal9e & e>?y bases1 especially ! phosphates4 ,! selection ( ! prop] v>ieties ( ! apple = graft+ is also a po9t on :i* p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak54 ,x is f\nd t ! juices ( diff]5t k9ds ( apples v>y 9 ! quantity ( sac*>9e matt] :i* !y conta91 z well z 9 o!r p>ticul>s t influ5ce ! quality & flav\r ( ! cid] prep>$ f !m4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ^? v>ieties %\ld be *os5 t yield a juice ri* 9 sug>1 & conta9 no undue am\nt ( acid1 & :i*1 aft] ! p]iod ( active f]m5tation is pa/1 furni%es a liquor :i* cl>ifies itself & keeps well4 ,?is quality ( ! juice may g5]ally be det]m9$ f its specific gravity4 ,! heavie/ & cle>e/ is ! be/1 o!r po9ts be+ equal4 ,! specific gravity ( ! juice ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( apple v>ies f #ajfj to #aajj4 ,cid] apples are class$ "u ?ree heads--bitt]1 sweet1 & s\r4 ,! fir/ are ! be/2 _! juice has ! greate/ specific gravity1 is ! ri*e/ 9 sug>1 f]m5ts ! mo/ freely1 cl>ifies spontane\sly ! quicke/1 & keeps ! be/ aft] f]m5tation4 ,!y conta9 a m9ute quantity ( extractive matt] :i* is n pres5t 9 o!r apples4 ,! juice ( sweet apples f]m5ts tumultu\sly1 cle>s ) difficulty1 & ! result+ cid] does n keep s well z t produc$ f ! fir/ v>iety4 ,! juice ( s\r apples conta9s less sug> & m acid ?an ! o!r two1 & consequ5tly n only produces ! weake/1 b ! wor/ cid]2 x1 h[ev]1 f9es well1 al?\gh x /ores badly4 ,s\r & r\gh-ta/$ apples are usually pref]r$ by f>m]s = mak+ cid]4 ,?is pref]5ce1 :i* is v decid$ 9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl&1 may be readily acc\nt$ =4 ,! s\r & r\gh-ta/$ apples conta9 less sug> & m malic acid ?an "s ( ! o!r v>ieties1 & ! pres5ce ( ?is acid imp$es ! conv]sion ( ! alcohol ( ! cid] into v9eg>2 a *ange :i* _! rude mode ( op]at+ r5d]s o!rwise inevitable4 ,b cid] made ) su* apples nev] equals 9 quality t prep>$ at a l[ temp]ature1 f fruit ab\nd+ 9 sug>1 provid$ equal skill is ex]cis$ 9 ! manufacture z 9 ! process ( conv]t+ malt-worts into be]4 ,! process ( mak+ cid] v>ies 9 diff]5t places1 b 9 e case ess5tially consi/s ( ! collection ( ! fruit1 ! expression & f]m5tation ( ! juice1 & ! /or+ & managem5t ( ! f]m5t$ liquor4 ,! collection ( ! fruit %\ld n be comm5c$ be=e x has become suffici5tly mature1 & %\ld be p]=m$ ) great] c>e ?an is commonly be/[$ ^u x4 ,! apples1 aft] be+ ga!r$1 are usually left = #ad or #ae days 9 a b>n or l(t to mell[1 dur+ :i* "t a consid]able portion ( ! mucilage is decompos$1 & alcohol & c>bonic acid develop$4 ,if ?is rip5+ is all[$ to g too f>1 loss arises1 not)/&+ ! vulg> prejudice 9 its fav\r4 ,! spoil$ apples are !n sep>at$ f ! s\nd ones1 z !y n only imp>t a bad flav\r to ! cid]1 b imp$e its spontane\s cl>ification4 ,! expression ( ! juice is ! next /ep 9 ! process ( cid]-mak+4 ,! apples are cru%$ or gr\nd 9 mills consi/+ ( two flut$ cyl9d]s ( h>d wood or ca/-iron1 work+ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! common practice is next to spr9kle ! pulp ) #a_/f? to #a_/d? ( its weight ( spr+ or riv] wat]1 & !n to all[ x to rema9 9 tubs or wood5 ci/]ns = #ab or #ad h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t incipi5t f]m5tation comm5ces1 & ! break+ up ( ! cells ( ! membrane takes place1 by :i* ! subsequ5t sep>ation ( ! juice is facilitat$4 ,?is plan1 ?\gh g5]al among cid] manufactur]s1 is prejudicial to ! quality ( ! future liquor2 z n only is a portion ( ! newly =m$ alcohol lo/1 b ! sk9s & pips (t5 imp>t to x a disagreeable flav\r4 ,by employ+ m effici5t cru%+ ma*9]y ?is sy/em ( vatt+ is r5d]$ q unnecess>y4 ,a ma*9e furni%$ ) a revolv+ circul> rasp1 simil> to t us$ 9 mak+ potato />*1 is admirably adapt$ to ?is purpose4 ,! pulp ( ! cru%$ or gr\nd apples is n[ plac$ on a k9d ( wick] frame1 or 9 hair-clo? or co>se canvas bags1 & aft] be+ all[$ to dra9 into suitable tubs or receiv]s1 is subject$ to p[]ful pressure1 gradually appli$1 9 ! cid] press4 ,! liquor :i* runs (f fir/ is ! be/1 & is usually kept sep>ately2 :il/ t :i* foll[s1 especially ! portion obta9$ by mu* pressure1 ta/es ( ! pips & sk9s4 ,! express$ juice or mu/1 obta9$ z above1 is next put into clean casks ) l>ge bung-holes1 & freely expos$ to ! air & ! %ade1 :]e !y are plac$ on /illions1 ) flat tubs "u !m to cat* ! wa/e4 ,!y are n[ con/antly att5d$ to & kept q full1 9 ord] t ! yea/1 z x =ms1 may fro? ov] & be c>ri$ (f f ! surface ( ! liquor4 ,aft] #b or #c days = weak cid]1 & #h or #aj days = /rong cid]1 or z soon z ! s$im5t has subsid$1 ! liquor is rack$ (f into clean casks1 :i* h be5 7accord+ to ! common practice7 previ\sly sulphur$ ) a coop]'s mat*4 ,! casks conta9+ ! rack$ cid] are !n /or$ 9 a cell>1 %ad$ b>n1 or o!r cool place1 :]e a l[ & regul> temp]ature c be ensur$1 & are left to mature or rip54 ,by ! foll[+ spr+ ! cid] is commonly fit = use1 & may be re-rack$ = sale4 ,! m>c1 or press$ pulp1 is g5]ally aga9 spr9kl$ ) #a_/c or #a_/b its weight ( wat]1 & re-press$4 ,! result+ liquor1 :5 f]m5t$1 =ms a weak k9d ( cid] 7cid] moil1 wat] moil71 :i* is res]v$ = dome/ic use 9 ! same way z table-be]4 ,! refuse-pulp 7apple-m>c1 pomace1 pommage1 apple *eese7 is us$ z food = pigs & /ore cattle1 & is v acceptable to !m4 ,! /or+ & managem5t ( cid] are matt]s ( va/ importance to ! cid] f>m]1 ! factor1 ! :olesale deal]1 & ! bottl]4 ,! pr9ciples by :i* ^! %\ld be direct$ are precisely simil> to ^? :i* are expla9$ "u ! heads ,,brew+1 ,,f]m5tation1 & ,,malt ,,liquors2 & :i*1 inde$1 ref]1 ) slight modifications1 to all f]m5t$ liquors4 ,prep>atory to bottl+ cid] x %\ld be exam9$1 to see :e!r x is cle> & sp>kl+4 ,if n s1 x %\ld be cl>ifi$ 9 a simil> way to be]1 & left = a =tnight4 ,! night be=e x is int5d$ to put x into bottles ! bung %\ld be tak5 out ( ! cask1 & left s until ! next day1 & ! fill$ bottles %\ld n be cork$ d[n until ! day aft]2 z1 if ?is is done at once1 _m ( ! bottles w bur/ by keep+4 ,! be/ corks %\ld alone be us$4 ,*ampagne bottles are ! v>iety g5]ally *os5 = cid]4 ,x is usual to wire d[n ! corks1 & to cov] !m ) t9foil1 aft] ! mann] ( *ampagne4 ,a few bottles at a "t may be kept 9 a w>m place to rip54 ,:5 ! cid] is want$ = imm$iate use1 or = consumption dur+ ! cool] portion ( ! ye>1 a small piece ( lump sug> may be put into ea* bottle be=e cork+ x2 or1 :at is ! same ?+ 9 effect1 ! bottles may be cork$ )9 #b or #c h\rs aft] be+ fill$4 ,9 summ]1 & = long keep+1 ?is practice is1 h[ev]1 inadmissible4 ,! bottl$ /ock %\ld be /or$ 9 a cool cell>1 :5 ! quality w be greatly improv$ by age4 ,cid] = bottl+ %\ld be ( good quality1 s\nd & piquant1 & at lea/ a twelvemon? old4 ,:5 out ( condition x is unfit = bottl+4 ,qual41 c4 ,cid]1 :5 ( good quality1 & 9 good condition1 is d\btless a v :olesome liquor4 ,cid] consum]s1 liv+ 9 ! cid] di/ricts1 appe> to enjoy almo/ an immunity f *ol]a1 & (t5 f o!r diseases :i* are common 9 o!r p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 x is "r to m5tion1 t ! dry colic or belly-a*e 7colica pictonum7 is f> f uncommon 9 ^! di/ricts1 b is :olly conf9$ to ^? :o dr9k e>ly1 h>d1 or inf]ior cid]1 made f h>%1 unripe fruit4 ,we believe t1 9 mo/ cases1 x may be ref]r$ to ! acid ( ! common cid] hav+ act$ on ! lead1 pewt]1 or copp] ( ! articles or ut5sils ) :i* x has come 9 contact1 & ( :i* x has dissolv$ a v m9ute portion4 ,! be/ cid] conta9s f #h to #aj ( absolute alcohol2 ord9>y cid] f #d to #f4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,mu* ( ! excell5ce ( cid] dep5ds ^u ! temp]ature at :i* ! f]m5tation is conduct$2 a po9t utt]ly ov]look$ by ! manufactur]s ( ?is liquor4 ,in/ead ( ! apple-juice1 z soon z x is express$ f ! fruit1 be+ plac$ 9 a cool situation1 :]e ! temp]ature %\ld n exce$ #ej or #eb ,fahr41 x is frequ5tly left expos$ to ! full heat ( autumn4 ,9 ?is way mu* ( ! alcohol =m$ by ! decomposition ( ! sug> is conv]t$ into v9eg> by ! absorption ( atmosph]ic oxyg51 & ?us ! liquor acquires t peculi> & un:olesome acidity kn[n 9 ! cid] di/ricts by ! "n ( r\ghness4 ,:51 on ! contr>y1 ! f]m5tation is conduct$ at a l[ temp]ature1 ne>ly ! :ole ( ! sug> is conv]t$ into alcohol1 & ?is rema9s 9 ! liquor1 in/ead ( und]go+ ! process ( acetification4 ,! acet\s f]m5tation1 by :i* alcohol is conv]t$ into v9eg>1 proce$s mo/ rapidly at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ij ,fahr41 & at l[] temp]atures ! action becomes gradually sl[]1 until at #df to #ej ,fahr4 no su* *ange takes place4 7,liebig47 ,x is !re=e evid5t t if ! sac*>9e juice ( apples1 or any o!r fruit1 is made to und]go ! v9\s f]m5tation 9 a cool situation1 less ( ! _s result+ f ! trans=mation ( ! sug> w be conv]t$ into acetic acid1 &1 consequ5tly1 m w be reta9$ 9 an unalt]$ /ate 9 ! liquor1 to improve its quality1 & by its cons]vative & *emical action to pres]ve x f future *ange4 ,?is is ! pr9cipal cause1 o!r circum/ances be+ alike1 ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( ! cid] made by p]sons liv+ 9 ! same di/rict4 ,! "o has probably a cool] b>n & cell> ?an ! o!r to /ore 8 liquor 91 & is m c>eful to keep ! pulp & juice cool dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! process4 ,9 ,devon%ire ! press+ & f]m5tation are conduct$ 9 situations :]e ! temp]ature v>ies little f t ( ! ext]nal air1 & fluctuates ) all its *anges2 ! result is t ,devon%ire cid]1 ( ! be/ class1 w r>ely keep m ?an #d or #e ye>s1 & seldom improves aft] ! second or ?ird ye>2 :il/ ! cid] ( ,h]e=d%ire & ,worce/]%ire1 :]e ^! op]ations are m c>efully att5d$ to1 w keep = #bj or #cj ye>s4 ,:5 ! press+ ! apples = ! juice is def]r$ until late 9 ! season1 x sometimes happ5s t ! f]m5tation is sluggi%4 ,?\gh ! juice has be5 set on ! old sy/em1 9 ,novemb] or ,decemb]1 ! work+ h>dly comm5ces until ,m>*4 ,at ?is "t ! cid] is sweet2 x n[ rapidly becomes pung5t & v9\s1 & is soon ready to be rack$ = use4 ,if ! f]m5tation /ill cont9ues1 x is aga9 rack$ into a clean cask t has be5 sulphur$2 or two or ?ree cans ( ! cid] are put into a cask1 & a brim/one-mat* burn$ 9 x4 ,! cask is !n agitat$1 aft] :i* x is ne>ly fill$ ) ! cid]4 ,by ?is process ! f]m5tation is *eck$1 & ! cid] 9 a %ort "t becomes f9e4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! sulphur+ be n ov]done1 z x is apt to imp>t a slightly unpleasant flav\r to ! liquor4 ,if1 on ! fir/ op]ation1 ! f]m5tation is n *eck$1 ! process ( 'rack+' is repeat$1 until ! liquor becomes cle>1 & is cont9u$ f "t to "t1 till ! cid] is 9 a quiet /ate & fit = dr9k+4 ,a common practice 9 ,devon%ire is to add a /uff call$ '/um1' sold by ! w9e-coop]s1 or an article call$ 'antif]m5t1' sold by ! druggi/s1 = ! purpose ( *eck+ ! f]m5tation1 b a mu* bett] plan is t describ$ above4 ,to improve ! flav\r ( weak cid]1 or to r5d] ord9>y cid] m v9\s1 v>i\s plans are foll[$ by ! cell>m5 & bottl]s4 ,an excell5t "o is to add to ea* hog%ead #a-a_/b gall4 ( good br&y or rum1 ) #b oz4 ( p[d]$ cate*u 7dissolv$ 9 wat]71 #aj lbs4 ( good moi/ sug> or honey1 #a_/b oz4 ea* ( bitt] almonds & cloves1 & #d oz4 ( mu/>d se$ 7all 9 p[d]74 ,^! mu/ be well 'rummag$' into ! liquor1 & ! :ole occasionally /irr$ up = a =tnight1 aft] :i* x mu/ be all[$ to repose = #c or #d mon?s1 :5 x w usually be f\nd p]fectly 'bright1' & no bad sub/itute = =eign w9e4 ,%\ld ?is n be ! case1 ! liquor mu/ be 'f9$' ) a p9t ( is+lass f9+s1 or a doz5 eggs1 & all[$ to re/ = a =tnight4 ,if ! cid] is pref]r$ pale1 ! cate*u mu/ be omitt$1 & in/ead ( is+lass1 a qu>t ( skimm$ milk is to be us$ z 'f9+s4' ,:5 desir$ ( a p9ki% t9t1 #a oz4 ( co*9eal 79 p[d]7 may be add$ in/ead ( ! cate*u4 ,ab\t #ac cwt4 ( ,novemb] apples commonly yield "o hog%ead ( cid]4 ,9 ,devon%ire ab\t #f sacks or #bd bu%els are ! common quantity = ! hog%ead ( #fc galls4 ,! be/ cid] made at ! pres5t day is t ( ,norm&y1 ,h]e=d%ire1 & ,new ,j]sey 7,u4,s471 & next t ( ,devon%ire & ,som]set%ire4 ,see ,,antif]m5t1 ,,f]m5tation1 c4 ,cid]1 ,*ampagne4 ,?is "n is giv5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica to a f9e1 pale v>iety ( cid]1 mu* us$ = bottl+1 :i* has a great resemblance to inf]ior *ampagne4 ,! be/ v>iety comes f ,new ,j]sey4 ,! "n is also appli$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 a simil> mann]4 ,! foll[+ is a good =m = a 'made' cid] ( ?is class3-- ,prep4 ,good pale v9\s cid]1 #a hhd42 pro( _s 7pale71 #c galls42 honey or sug>1 #ad lbs42 mix well1 & let !m rema9 toge!r 9 a temp]ate situation = #a mon?2 !n add orange-fl[] wat]1 #c p9ts2 & 9 a few days f9e x d[n ) skimm$ milk1 #a_/b gall4 ,a simil> article1 bottl$ 9 *ampagne bottles1 silv]$1 & labell$1 is (t5 sold to ! ignorant = *ampagne4 ,cid]1 ,made4 ,an article "u ?is "n is made 9 ,devon%ire1 *iefly = ! supply ( ! ,london m>ket1 x hav+ be5 f\nd t ! ord9>y cid] w n /& a voyage to ! metropolis )\t "s prep>ation4 ,! f9e/ quality ( 'made' cid] is simply ord9>y cid] rack$ into clean & well-sulphur$ casks2 b ! mass ( t :i* is s5t to ,london is mix$ ) wat]1 treacle1 & alum4 ,! cid] sold 9 ,london "u ! "n ( ,devon%ire cid] w\ld be reject$ ev5 by ! f>m]s' s]vants 9 t c\nty4 ,cid]1 ,rais94 ,?is is made 9 a simil> way to rais9 w9e1 b )\t employ+ sug>1 & ) only #b lbs4 ( rais9s to ! gall41 or ev5 m1 ( wat]4 ,x is usually fit = bottl+ 9 #aj days1 & 9 a week long] is ready = use4 ,,cid] ,,_s4 ,see ,,br&y4 ,,cig>4 ,syn4 ,,seg>2 ,,cig>re1 ,fr42 ,,cig>ro1 ,span4 ,a small roll ( tobacco-leaf us$ = smok+4 ,! leaf is /alk$ or /ripp$ ( its midrib1 & damp$ be=e x passes into ! h&s ( ! cig>-roll]4 ,! envelope or sk9 is cut f a smoo?1 unbrok5 leaf1 & is quickly roll$ r\nd suffici5t tobacco to =m ! inside4 ,to secure ! loose end ( ! envelope a small quantity ( pa/e1 col\r$ br[n ) *icory1 is g5]ally us$4 ,only ^? :o h _h great practice c make cig>s ( a good %ape4 ,a full acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( cig>s does n come )9 ! scope ( ?is "w4 ,al?\gh cig>s ( ,briti% make _c compete 9 po9t ( flav\r ) ^? manufactur$ 9 tobacco-gr[+ c\ntries1 !y h obta9$ a high degree ( fav\r f ! excell5t mann] 9 :i* !y are made1 & f _! comp>ative *eapness4 ,= in=mation respect+ ! adult]ation ( cig>s1 & ! influ5ce ( _! use ^u heal?1 see ,,tobacco4 ,,cig>s4 7,9 ph>macy47 ,syn4 ,,m$',,icat$ ,,cig>s1 ,m4 ,,cig>ettes'4 ,! adm9i/ration ( m$ic9al ag5ts 9 ! =m ( cig>s is ( rec5t introduction1 & z yet 9 only v limit$ use4 ,! m$ic9al sub/ance1 if ( a suitable description1 z ! leaves ( plants1 is made up into small rolls1 l *]oots1 & !n smok$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,9 "s cases1 common cig>s1 or pap] cig>s 7cig>ettes71 are m$icat$ by moi/5+ !m 9 a prep>ation ( ! article to be adm9i/]$4 ,:5 ! n>cotic prop]ty ( ! tobacco w\ld prove injuri\s1 x is fir/ exhau/$ by soak+ & wa%+ x 9 wat]4 ,cig>s1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,cig>ettes2 ,,cig>ett ,,aromat',,ic1 ,l42 ,,cig>ettes ,,aromatiques1 ,fr4 ,aromatic spices1 lav5d] fl[]s1 c41 made into cig>ettes4 ,smok$ = _! od\r2 & 9 too?-a*e1 face-a*e1 c4 ,see ,,cig>s1 ,,sc5t$4 ,cig>s1 ,ars5ical4 ,syn4 ,,cig>r' ,,ars5icales1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,dissolve ars5iate ( soda1 #a "p1 9 wat]1 #cj p>ts2 dip :ite1 unsiz$ pap] into ! solution1 & =m x into small rolls1 #c or #d in*es long4 ,us$ 9 pulmon>y consumption2 #d or #e :iffs z _m times a day4 ,cig>s1 ,balsamic4 ,syn4 ,,balsamic ,,cig>ettes2 ,,cig>r ,,balsamic1 ,,cig>ett ,b41 ,l4 ,?ick1 unsiz$ pap] is soak$ 9 a solution ( saltpetre & dri$2 aft] :i* x is bru%$ ov] fir/ ) t9cture ( casc>illa1 & :5 aga9 ne>ly dry1 ) comp\nd t9cture ( b5zo92 9 ab\t half an h\r x is cut into pieces 7#a-a_/b #d in*es71 & roll$ into cig>ettes4 ,us$ 9 ho>s5ess1 loss ( voice1 a/hma1 c4 ,cig>s1 ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,belladonna ,,cig>ettes2 ,,cig>ett ,,belladonn1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,belladonna leaves made into cig>ettes ( #a dr4 ea*4 #b4 7,comp\nd--,c4 ,b4 ,,compos',,itum47 ,f belladonna leaves1 #d p>ts2 moi/5$ ) t9cture ( opium 7,ph4 ,l471 #a "p2 dri$ & made into #a dr4 cig>ettes1 z be=e4 ,us$ z an anodyne & antispasmodic1 9 tr\blesome c\ghs1 hoop+-c\gh1 too?a*e1 sore ?roat1 tic d\l\reux1 c4 ,cig>s1 ,camphor 7,raspail1 ,p>is74 ,a rem$y = v>i\s *e/ diseases1 su* z cat>rh1 ho>s5ess1 loss ( voice1 c\ghs1 spasms1 hoop+-c\gh1 ph?isis2 also1 if ! saliva be swall[$1 = he>tburn1 pa9s 9 ! /oma*1 & ga/ritis4 ,!y consi/ ei!r ( a /raw or quill fill$ ) brok5 camphor1 or ( a bone or horn m\?piece1 furni%$ at ! out] end ) a little capsule = ! camphor4 7,witt/e947 ,cig>s1 ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,camphor ,,cig>ettes2 ,,cig>ett' ,,campho',r1 ,l42 ,,cig>ettes ,,de ,,camphre1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,bibul\s pap]1 moi/5$ ) #b or #c drops ( ess5ce ( camphor1 & roll$ into cig>ettes4 ,= use !y are loosely plac$ 9 a tubul> cig>-hold]4 #b4 7,raspail47 ,^! are made by loosely fill+ a quill or l>ge /raw ) small fragm5ts ( camphor1 clos+ ! op5 end ) a little cotton wool or bibul\s pap]1 & pi]c+ ! clos$ end ) a p91 to all[ ! passage ( air4 ,obs4 ,bo? ! above are us$ unlight$ by draw+ ! air ?r\gh !m into ! m\?1 :i* !n becomes v slightly *>g$ ) ! vap\r ( camphor4 ,9 cold wea!r ! vaporisation is promot$ by hold+ ! cig>ette = a few m9utes 9 ! w>m h&4 ,! homoeopa?i/s reg>d !m z prophylactic ( *ol]a1 & ! common p hold !m to possess ! same virtue 9 ref]5ce to contagi\s diseases g5]ally1 b especially typhus & sc>let fev]4 ,!y %\ld n be employ$ (t5] ?an #c or #d times a day4 ,cig>s1 ,h5'bane4 ,syn4 ,,cig>r' ,,hyoscy',,ami1 ,l4 ,f h5bane leaves1 z direct$ "u ,,belladonna ,,cig>s4 ,cig>s1 ,indian ,hemp4 ,! plant is made into cig>ettes1 :i* are us$ 9 a/hma4 ,!y mu/ be us$ ) caution4 ,cig>s1 ,m]cu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,cig>r' ,,m]curia',,les1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,paul ,b]n>d47 ,ord9>y cig>s are depriv$ ( _! n>cotic prop]ties by soak+ !m 9 wat]1 & are !n wett$ ) a weak solution ( corrosive sublimate1 to :i* a little opium is g5]ally add$4 ,! proportion may be1 ( corrosive sublimate1 #a gr42 rectifi$ _s1 #bj drops2 dissolve2 add laudanum1 #ae drops2 ) ?is solution #f cig>s are to be equally moi/5$ to )9 ab\t #a-a_/b in* ( ! m\? end1 & !n set aside to dry4 ,us$ by p]sons afflict$ ) syphilitic affections ( ! ?roat & palate1 z a conv5i5t me?od ( m]curial fumigation4 ,= ^? accu/om$ to ! use ( tobacco1 mild cig>s1 undepriv$ ( _! nicot9e1 may be employ$ = ! purpose4 ,cig>s1 ,sc5t'ed4 ,syn4 ,,p]fu'',,m$ ,,cig>s2 ,,cig>r' ,,aromat',,ic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by moi/5+ ord9>y cig>s ) a /rong t9cture ( casc>illa1 to :i* a little gum b5zo9 & /orax may be add$4 ,"s p]sons add a small quantity ( camphor1 or ( oil ( cloves or cassia4 #b4 ,by soak+ ! tobacco1 ( :i* ! cig>s are to be made1 or ! cig>s !mselves1 = a %ort "t 9 a v /rong infusion ( casc>illa1 & !n all[+ !m to dry by a v g5tle heat4 #c4 ,by simply ins]t+ v small %r$s ( casc>illa b>k betwe5 ! leaves ( ! cig> or 9 small slits made = ! purpose4 ,obs4 ,! above yield a v agreeable od\r :5 smok$2 b are said to intoxicate quick] ?an unprep>$ cig>s ( equal /r5g? & quality4 ,!y lose mu* ( _! fragrance by age4 ,cig>s1 ,/ramo''nium4 ,syn4 ,,datu',,ra ,,cig>s2 ,,cig>r ,,/ramo'',,nii1 ,l4 ,f ! leaves ( ,datura /ramonium1 or pref]ably ^? ( ! ea/]n species1 ,datura tatula4 ,see ,,a/hma1 ,,datura4 ,,c9*ona ,,b>ks4 ,syn4 ,,c9*on ,,cortex2 ,,p]uvian ,,b>k2 ,,jesuit',s ,,b>k4 ,! native names are qu9qu9o & qu9a1 qu9a4 ,( ! ne>ly =ty diff]5t kn[n species ( c9*ona trees1 ! b>ks ( ab\t a ?ird are employ$1 "s ei!r directly 9 m$ic9e1 b by f> ! l>g] numb] z s\rces ( qu99e & ! o!r c9*ona alkaloids4 ,! orig9al habitat ( ! g5us ,c9*ona is ! ,&es1 :]e x is f\nd at a height ( betwe5 #cjjj & #ab1jjj feet above ! sea1 gr[+ mo/ly 9 pat*es1 di/ribut$ among/ ! palms1 planta9s1 & o!r tropical trees t =m ! va/ =e/s1 = ! mo/ "p clo?+ ! ea/]n slopes ( ! ,cordill]as1 & ext5d+ f #aj nor? to ab\t #ai s\? latitude4 ,9 ?is di/rict !re is always an abundance ( moi/ure & a mean temp]ature ( ab\t #fb4 ,9 #ahec ! ,dut* gov]nm5t introduc$ ! c9*ona into ,java1 & 9 #ahfa ! ,ea/ ,indian gov]nm5t1 foll[+ _! example1 introduc$ x into ,briti% ,india1 :]e x is n[ acclimatis$1 l>ge plantations ( x gr[+ on ! ,neilgh]ries & 9 ! valleys ( ! ,himalayas4 ,! c9*ona is n[ also successfully cultivat$ 9 ,ceylon & ,jamaica4 ,! me?od foll[$ 9 ! collection ( ! b>k by ! ,p]uvians is a v wa/eful & de/ructive "o1 & consi/s ei!r 9 /ripp+ ! b>k f ! trees :5 !y h atta9$ a suffici5t age1 or 9 fell+ ! tree a little above ! roots4 ,if ! latt] me?od be adopt$1 ! roots give out a gr[? ( suck]s1 :i* yield a good b>k4 ,! b>k is nev] remov$ dur+ ! ra9y season4 ,previ\s to be+ /ripp$ (f1 ! b>k is sometimes clean$ ) a bru%1 & !n peel$ (f 9 pieces v>y+ f #ae to #ah in*es long1 & f #d or #e 9 wid?4 ,! ?9ne/ pieces1 :i* are d]iv$ f ! bran*es or ! trunks ( small trees1 are dri$ 9 ! sun1 & ?us acquire ! well-kn[n quill-l =m4 ,! l>g] trunks yield ! flat specim5s1 :i* are submitt$ to a k9d ( pressure z !y are be+ dri$4 ,! inf]ior specim5s be+ reject$1 ! dri$ b>ks 7mo/ly ( ! same k9d7 are sew$ 9 canvas1 & ?us convey$ to ! ne>e/ dept1 f :5ce1 previ\s to be+ %ipp$1 !y are enclos$ 9 ano!r envelope ( fre% hide1 ! package be+ !n kn[n "u ! "n ( a s]on4 ,/ructure ( ,c9*ona ,b>ks4 ,a few g5]al obs]vations on ! /ructure ( ! b>k ( c9*ona w be appropriate "h4 ,! epid]mis is only f\nd on ! y\nge/ b>k1 be=e x has atta9$ suffici5t age = m$ic9al use2 x is !n replac$ by ! corky lay]4 ,9 mo/ species ?is cracks1 & is easily sep>able1 b 9 "s x is firmly atta*$ to ! int]nal lay]s4 ,^! are compos$ ( ! middle lay] ( ! b>k or mesophlum1 =m$ ( p>5*yma1 & ! inn]mo/ lay] endophlum1 or lib]4 ,! middle lay] disappe>s 9 "s b>ks1 :i* are ?us :olly compos$ ( lib]4 ,?is is a means ( di/+ui%+ !m4 ,! lib] is trav]s$ by m$ull>y rays1 :i* project into ! mesophlum4 ,x is1 !re=e1 compos$ ( woody fibres 7pros5*yma7 & s(t p>5*yma4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! woody fibres1 _! col\r1 size1 & %ape1 give a special "* to ! c9*ona b>ks4 ,z comp>$ ) o!r b>ks1 ! fibres ( ! lib] are %ort] & m loosely arrang$1 be+ = ! mo/ "p sep>ate or unit$ into v %ort bundles4 ,! fibres1 !re=e1 are easily isolat$2 !y are sp9dle-%ap$1 sub-quadrangul>1 r>ely exce$+ #a-aj? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 usually /raight1 & are v brittle1 ! cavity ( ! cell ( :i* ea* is compos$ be+ r$uc$ by second>y deposits to a f9e canaliculus4 ,?is %ort & loose fibr\s /ructure is n f\nd 9 o!r b>ks4 ,9 "s c9*ona b>k a sy/em ( lactif]\s vessels is f\nd betwe5 ! lib] & mesophlum4#bdg ,footnote #bdg3 ,royle4 ,! p>5*yma ( ! b>ks ab\nds 9 />* & oxalate ( lime1 or else conta9s a s(t br[n deposit4 ,! ',briti% ,ph>macopoeia' divides ! c9*ona b>ks into ! ?ree classes (-- #a4 ,,yell[ ,,c9*ona ,,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,c9*on ,,flav ,,cortex4 ,! ,c9*ona ,calisaya ( ,w$dell4 #b4 ,,pale ,,c9*ona ,,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,c9*on ,,pallid ,,cortex4 ,! b>k ( ,c9*ona (fic9alis2 v>4 ,condam9ea ( ,hook]4 ,?is b>k is also kn[n "u ! "n ( ,cr[n-b>k1 f its hav+ =m]ly be5 us$ by ! royal family ( ,spa94 #c4 ,,r$ ,,c9*ona ,,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,c9*on ,,rubr ,,cortex4 ,! ,c9*ona succirubra ( ,pavon4 ,! !rapeutic prop]ties ( ! c9*ona b>ks are due to ! foll[+ alkaloids3-- ,qu9ia1 or qu99e1 hav+ ! composition ,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o#b4 ,qu9idia1 or qu9id9e1 hav+ ! composition ,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o#b4 ,c9*onia1 or c9*on9e1 hav+ ! composition ,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o4 ,c9*onidia1 or c9*onid9e1 hav+ ! composition ,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o4 ,qu9am9a1 or qu9am9e1 hav+ ! composition ,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o#b4 ,besides ! above1 an alkaloid1 :i* has be5 nam$ ,p>ac9a1 has be5 obta9$ f ! b>k ( ! ,c9*ona succirubra2 :il/ 9 ^? b>ks :i* conta9 only small portions ( ! m active con/itu5ts above nam$ !re h be5 f\nd two alkaloids1 nam$ respectively ,aricia & ,cusconia1 :i* h lately be5 accurately inve/igat$ by ,hesse1 :o has det]m9$ _! *emical con/itution 7,liebig's ',annal5 und ,b]i*te d] ,*emis*e ,gessels*aft 9 ,b]l9'74 ,! foll[+ ,prospectus ( ! pr9cipal ,species ( ,c9*ona is f ,,fl,,ckig] & ,,hanbury',s ',ph>macographia1' ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,species 7exclud+ ,sub-species & ,native ,:]e ,v>ieties7 accord+ to ,w$dell4 ,:]e figur$4 ,c\ntry4 cultivat$4 ,product - ,c9*ona ,b>ks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,i4 ,,/irps ,,c9*on ,,(fic9alis-- #a4 ,c9*ona (fic9alis1 ,hook4 ',bot4 ,mag41' #ecfd ,ecuador ,loxe1,india1 ,ceylon1 ,java ,loxa1 or ,cr[n ,b>k1 ,pale ,b>k4 #b4 macrocalyx1 ,pav4 ,h[>d1 ',n4 ,q4' ,p]u -- ,a%y ,cr[n ,b>k4 ,! sub-species ,c4 ,palton af=ds an important sort call$ ,palton ,b>k1 mu* us$ 9 ! manufacture ( qu99e4 #c4 lucumfolia1 ,pav4 ,ecuador1 ,p]u -- ,c>?ag5a ,b>k1 conf\nd$ ) ,palton ,b>k1 b is n s good4 #d4 lanciolata1 ,r4 & ,p4 ,p]u -- ,columbian ,b>k4 ,import$ 9 imm5se quantities = manufacture ( #e4 lancifolia1 ,mutis4 ,k>/41 tab4 #aa1 #ab ,new ,granada ,india qu99e4 ,! s(t ,columbian ,b>k is produc$ by ,h[>d's v>4 oblonga4 #f4 amygdalifolia1 ,w$d4 ,w$d41 tab4 #f ,p]u1 ,bolivia -- ,a poor b>k1 n n[ import$4 ,,ii4 ,,/irps ,,c9*on ,,rugos-- #g4 ,c9*ona ,pityr5sis1 ,w$d4 ,k>/41 tab4 #bb 7,g74 ,new ,gr5ada1 ,india ,pitayo ,b>k4 ,v valuable2 us$ by ,triane ,popayan mak]s ( qu99e4 ,x is ! *ief s\rce ( qu9id9e4 #h4 rugosa1 ,pav4 ,h[>d1 ',n4 ,q4' ,p]u -- ,b>k unkn[n1 probably valueless4 #i4 ,mutisii1 ,lamb4 ,ecuador -- ,b>k1 n 9 comm]ce1 conta9s only aric9e4 #aj4 hirsuta1 ,r4 & ,p4 ,w$d41 tab4 #ba ,p]u -- #aa4 ,c>abay5sis1 ,w$d4 ,w$d41 tab4 #ai ,p]u1 ,bolivia -- ,b>k1 n collect$4 #ab4 panudiana1 ,h[4 ,h[>d1 ',n4 ,q4' ,p]u ,india1 ,java ,a poor b>k1 yet ( h&some appe>ance2 propagation ( tree discont9u$4 #ac4 asp]folia1 ,w$d4 ,w$d41 tab4 #bj ,bolivia -- ,b>k n collect$4 #ad4 umbellulif]1 ,pav4 ,h[>d1 ',n4 ,q4' ,p]u -- ,b>k n kn[n z a di/9ct sort4 #ae4 gl&ulif]a1 ,r4 & ,p4 ,p]u -- #af4 ,humboldtiana1 ,lamb4 ,p]u -- ,false ,loxa ,b>k1 ,ja5 ,b>k4 ,a v bad b>k4 ,,iii4 ,,/irps ,,c9*on ,,micran?-- #ag4 ,c9*ona ,au/ralis1 ,w$d4 ,w$d41 tab4 #h ,s\? ,bolivia -- ,an inf]ior b>k1 mix$ ) ,calisaya4 #ah4 scrobiculata1 ,h4 & ,b4 ,p]u -- ,b>k =m]ly kn[n z ,r$ ,cusco ,b>k or ,santa ,anna ,b>k4 #ai4 ,p]uviana1 ,h[4 ,h[>d1 ',n4 ,q4' ,p]u ,india #bj4 nitida1 ,r4 & ,p4 ,p]u ,india ,grey ,b>k1 ,huanuco1 or ,lima ,b>k4 #ba4 micran?a1 ,r4 & ,p4 ,p]u ,india ,*iefly consum$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,,iv4 ,,/irps ,,c9*on ,,calisay-- #bb4 ,c9*ona ,calisaya1 ,w$d4 ,w$d41 tab4 #i ,p]u1 ,bolivia,india1 ,ceylon1 ,java1,calisaya ,b>k1 ,bolivian ,b>k1 ,yell[ ,jamaica1 ,mexico ,b>k4 ,! tree exi/s "u _m v>ieties2 b>k also v v>iable4 #bc4 elliptica1 ,w$d4 ,p]u1 -- ,c>abaya ,b>k4 ,b>k sc>cely n[ ,c>abaya import$4 ,c4 cuneura1 ,miq4 7fl[] & fruit unkn[n71 may p]haps be ?is species4 ,v4 ,,/irps ,,c9*on ,,ovat-- #bd4 ,c9*ona purpurea1 ,r4 & ,p4 ,h[>d1 ',n4 ,q4' ,p]u1 ,huamalies ,b>k1 n n[ import$4 ,huamalies #be4 ruf9]vis1 ,w$d4 ,p]u1 ,bolivia -- ,b>k a k9d ( light ,calisaya4 #bf4 succirubra1 ,pav4 -- ,ecuador ,india1 ,ceylon1 ,java1,r$ ,b>k2 l>gely cultivat$ 9 ,jamaica ,briti% ,india4 #bg4 ovata1 ,r4 & ,p4 ,p]u1 ,bolivia,india 7871 ,java 7874,inf]ior br[n & grey b>ks4 #bh4 cordifolia1 ,mutis4 ,k>/41 tab4 #h ,new ,granada1 -- ,columbian ,b>k 79 "p74 ,tree exi/s ,p]u "u _m v>ieties2 b>k ( "s us$ 9 manufacture ( qu99e4 #bi4 ,tucuj5sis1 ,k>/4 ,k>/41 tab4 #i ,v5ezuela -- ,m>acaibo ,b>k4 #cj4 pubesc5s1 ,vahl4 ,w$d41 tab4 #af ,ecuador1 -- ,areca ,b>k 7,cusco ,b>k f v>4 ,p]u1 ,bolivia ,pelleti]iana74 ,"s ( ! v>ieties conta9 aric9e4 ,c4 calopt]a1 ,miq41 is probably a v>iety ( ! species4 #ca4 purpurasc5s1 ,w$d4 ,w$d41 tab4 #ah ,bolivia -- ,b>k unkn[n 9 comm]ce4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,! c9*ona b>ks v>y greatly 9 ! am\nt ( alkaloids !y conta9 & 9 _! proportion to ea* o!r1 ^! be+ dep5d5t ^u ! species or v>ieties1 & _m o!r circum/ances4 ,( ! alkaloids1 qu9ia & c9*onia 7 till lately ! mo/ abundant1 b s9ce ! introduction ( c9*ona cultivation into ,india1 c9*onidia has be5 f\nd 9 v l>ge quantity4 ,royle says3--,good ,calisaya b>k usually conta9s f #e to #f p] c5t4 ( qu9ia1 b actually ,s\? ,am]ican calisaya conta9+ su* an am\nt ( qu9ia is r>e 9 ! m>ket4 ,"s b>ks1 h[ev]1 d]iv$ f c9*onas cultivat$ 9 ,india1 su* z ,c4 ,calisaya1 v>4 ,l$g]iana1 & "s v>ieties ( ,c4 (fic9alis1 yield ev5 a /ill high] p]-c5tage ( qu99e4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican cr[n1 or loxa b>k1 is v v>iable1 & conta9s *iefly c9*onia4 ,r$ b>k also v>ies consid]ably1 yield+ f #c to #aj p] c5t4 ( alkaloids1 ( :i* qu9ia =ms only a small fraction1 :il/ g5]ally c9*onidia is pr$om9ant4 ,! developm5t ( ! alkaloids is greatly influ5c$ by cultivation1 b p>ticul>ly by ! r5ew+ process1 :i*1 appli$ to ! ,c4 succirubra1 trebles ! am\nt ( qu99e 9 ! b>k4 ,9 addition to ! alkaloids already m5tion$1 ! c9*ona b>ks conta9 ! foll[+ acid pr9ciples3--,,k9ic ,,acid1 ,,c9*o-,,tannic ,,acid1 & ,,qu9ovic or ,,*9ovic ,,acid4 ,! qu9ovic acid is accompani$ by an amorph\s bitt] sub/ance1 nam$ ,,*9ov9 or ,,qu9ovia1 :i* is pres5t 9 mu* great] proportion ?an ! acid1 ( :i* g5]ally !re are only traces4 ,a description ( ^! bodies w be f\nd by ref]r+ to !m "u _! respective names4 ,,c9*ona-,,r$ is ano!r amorph\s sub/ance :i* is ! body to :i* ! r$ hue ( ! c9*ona b>ks is due4 ,x is produc$ :5 c9*o-tannic acid is boil$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 sug> be+ =m$ at ! same "t4 ,:5 fus$ ) pota%1 proto-cate*9ic acid is =m$4 ,c9*ona r$ dissolves sp>+ly 9 alcohol1 freely 9 alkal9e solutions1 b nei!r 9 wat] nor e!r4 ,?ick r$ b>k conta9s x to ! am\nt ( m ?an #aj p] c5t4 ,c9*ona r$ is ! product ( ! oxidation ( c9*o-tannic acid1 & is conta9$ l>gely 9 ,s\? ,am]ican r$ b>k1 because ?is is ! product ( old trees2 b sp>+ly 9 ,indian r$ b>k1 because ?is is always collect$ f trees n m ?an f\rte5 ye>s old4 ,m$ic9al ,prop]ties ( ! ,c9*ona ,b>ks4 ,! !rapeutic effects ( ! c9*ona b>ks are d\btless due to ! alkaloids !y conta92 b spite ( _! v>iability ( composition 9 ?is respect1 :i* has be5 %[n to be v great1 !y are v ext5sively employ$ 9 m$ical practice 9 ! =ms ( p[d]1 decoction1 t9cture1 & extract4 ,dr de ,vrij1 ! em95t qu9ologi/1 is ( op9ion t ! !rapeutic effects ( b>k are *iefly due 9 "p to ! alkaloids1 & 9 "p to ! c9*o-tannic acid !y conta92 & z r$ ,indian b>k is ri* 9 bo? ^! con/itu5ts1 he consid]s x ! be/ suit$ = m$ical practice4 ,see ,,qu9etum4 ,g>rod says3--,giv5 9 small doses1 b>k causes an increase ( appetite1 especially 9 weak pati5ts1 & at ! same "t improves ! condition ( ! muscul> sy/em2 h5ce ! improvem5t ( ! blood & g5]al heal?4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be well designat$ a tonic4 ,its p[] 9 brac+ up ! sy/em is also se5 9 ! *eck giv5 to ! colliquative sweat+ occurr+ 9 extreme debility4 ,! pulse is n quick5$ by ! use ev5 ( l>ge doses ( qu99e1 al?\gh x is frequ5tly made /rong]1 nor does b>k itself1 9 ! majority ( cases1 increase ! he>t's action4 ,b>k also produces a peculi> influ5ce ^u ! n]v\s sy/em1 :i* is exhibit$ 9 ! extraord9>y p[] x possesses ( arre/+ ! progress ( c]ta9 diseases *>act]is$ by a p]iodical recurr5ce ( _! symptoms1 z ague1 ! diff]5t =ms ( neuralgia1 & c]ta9 inflammatory affections2 h[ ?is effect is produc$ is at pres5t unkn[n4 ,b>k acts likewise z an a/r+5t1 & ?is prop]ty1 comb9$ ) ! tonic & antip]iodic p[]s1 is (t5 ( mu* !rapeutic value4 ,= ! me?od ( e/imat+ ! alkaloids 9 c9*ona b>k1 see ,,qu9ometry1 ,,qu99e1 ,,qu9id9e1 ,,qu9oid9e1 ,,qu9icone1 ,,qu9am9e1 ,,c9*on9e2 also ! diff]5t ph>maceutical prep>ations ( ,,c9*ona ,,b>k4 ,,c9*onid9e4 ,syn4 ,,c9*onidia4 ,c#bj;,h#bd,n#bj4 ,?is c9*ona alkaloid is isom]ic ) c9*on9e4 ,x occurs 9 l>ge1 %9+ /riat$1 rhombic prisms1 :i* are anhydr\s4 ,x dissolves 9 #gf p>ts ( e!r & #bj ( _s ( w9e4 ,! solutions are fluoresc5t1 b d n answ] to ! *lor9e & ammonia te/s4 ,! great p[]s & activity ( ?is alkaloid h only ( late be5 appreciat$4 ,z a protoplasm-poison1 & probably 9 e o!r physiological action1 x comes next to qu99e & qu9id9e1 & decid$ly above c9*on9e4#bdh ,footnote #bdh3 ,dr ,c4 ,d4 ,phillips4 ,if x is *emically pure1 c9*onid9e belongs to ! non-fluoresc5t alkaloids4 ,,c9*on9e4 ,syn4 ,,c9*onia4 ,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o4 ,?is alkaloid ab\nds mo/ 9 ! pal] v>ieties ( ! c9*ona b>ks4 ,x occurs 9 cle>1 col\rless1 f\r-sid$ prisms1 :i* are soluble 9 #cj p>ts ( wat]1 & 9 ab\t #djj p>ts ( e!r & #abj ( spirits ( w9e4 ,) acids x =ms soluble salts1 :i* d n fluoresce 9 solution1 & are turn$ lighti% br[n-yell[ by ! *lor9e & ammonia te/s4 ,( its salts1 ! hydriodate is readily soluble 9 wat]1 & /ill m s 9 alcohol1 :e!r dilute or /rong4 ,c9*on9e may be prep>$ f its sulphate or disulphate 9 ! same way z qu99e4 ,c9*on9e1 ,sulphate (4 ,syn4 ,,c9*oni ,,sulphas4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,take ( ! "m-wat] rema9+ aft] ! cry/allisation ( sulphate ( qu9ia 9 ! process = prep>+ t salt a conv5i5t quantity1 solution ( soda1 alcohol1 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 animal *>coal 9 f9e p[d]1 ea* a suffici5t quantity4 ,to ! "m-wat] add gradually ) con/ant /irr+ solution ( soda1 until ! liquid becomes alkal9e4 ,collect on a filt] ! precipitate =m$1 wa% x ) wat]1 & dry x4 ,!n wa% x ) successive small portions ( alcohol to remove o!r alkaloids :i* may be pres5t1 mix ! residue ) #h times its weight ( wat]1 & hav+ heat$ ! mixture1 add gradually dilut$ sulphuric acid until x is neutralis$ & becomes cle>4 ,!n boil ! liquid ) animal *>coal1 filt] x :ile hot1 & set x aside to cry/allise4 ,la/ly1 dra9 ! cry/als & dry !m on bibul\s pap]4 ,by evaporat+ ! "m-liquid m cry/als may be obta9$4 ,,c9*o-,,tannic ,,acid4 ,?is acid is precipitat$ f a decoction ( b>k by acetate ( lead1 aft] ! decoction has be5 fre$ f c9*ona r$ by means ( magnesia4 ,if ! c9*o-tannate ( lead ?us =m$ be decompos$ by sulphurett$ hydrog51 & ! solution c>efully evaporat$ 9 vacuo1 ! acid may be obta9$ z an amorph\s1 hygroscopic sub/ance1 readily soluble 9 wat]4 ,a f]ric salt add$ to a solution ( ?is acid imp>ts a gre5i% col\r to x4 ,c9*o-tannic acid is v soluble 9 wat]1 b n 9 acids4 ,!re=e a conc5trat$ wat]y infusion 7#a to #d7 ( ,indian b>k gives a precipitate ^u ! addition ( /rong hydro*loric acid4 ,by ?is means a r\gh e/imation may be =m$ ( ! am\nt ( c9*o-tannic acid 9 a sample ( b>k4 ,,c9*ovat9e4 ,! sub/ance kn[n "u ?is "n does n exi/ z an alkaloid1 sui g5]is4 ,x is no?+ m ?an qu9id9e1 or c9*onid9e1 or a mixture ( bo?4 ,,c9nab>4 ,syn4 ,,native ,,v]million4 ,?is comp\nd1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ abundant ( ! ores ( m]cury1 is a product ( consid]able importance 9 ! arts1 & "s portions ( x are sometimes suffici5tly pure 9 col\r to be us$ aft] m]e levigation4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! factiti\s k9d is employ$4 ,see ,,v]milion4 ,,c9name94 ,c#af;,h#ad,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,( ,,balsam ,,( ,,p]u4 ,a volatile oil exi/+ 9 balsam ( ,p]u4 ,,c9namic ,,acid4 ,,hc#i;,h#g,o#b4 ,a col\rless1 transp>5t1 cry/all9e sub/ance1 obta9$ f oil ( c9namon1 liquid /orax1 balsam ( ,p]u1 & balsam ( tolu4 ,x is freely dissolv$ by alcohol1 b ne>ly insoluble 9 wat]4 ,at #bdh ,fahr4 x fuses1 & at #efj ,fahr4 x sublimes un*ang$4 ,di/ill$ ) di*romate ( potassium & sulphuric acid x is conv]t$ into b5zoic acid4 ,its salts are call$ c9namates4 ,,c9namon4 ,syn4 ,,c9namon ,,b>k2 ,,c9namomi ,,cortex 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,! inn] b>k ( %oots f ! truncat$ /ock ( ! ,c9namomum ,zeylanicum1 import$ f ,ceylon1 & di/+ui%$ 9 comm]ce z ,ceylon c9namon4 ,! be/ is obta9$ f bran*es ab\t ?ree ye>s old4 ,us$ 9 m$ic9e z a c>m9ative & a/r+5t1 *iefly z an adjuvant to o!r m$ic9es1 e4g4 ) *alk1 9 di>rhoea4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gra9s4 ,obs4 ,ow+ to ! high price ( ?is drug x has become a g5]al practice to sub/itute ! b>k ( cassia 7,cassia2 ,cortex c9namomi cassia7 = x1 :i* s closely resembles x 9 flav\r t ! un9itiat$ reg>d !m z ! same4 ,cassia1 h[ev]1 is n only ?ick] & co>s] ?an c9namon1 b its fracture is %ort & res9\s1 & its flav\r is m bit+ & hot1 :il/ x lacks ! peculi> sweeti% ta/e ( c9namon4 ,! ?ickness ( c9namon seldom exce$s t ( good draw+ pap]4 ,,ci/]ns4 ,see ,,tanks4 ,,citrate4 ,a salt 9 :i* ! hydrog5 ( citric acid is replac$ by a metal or o!r basic radical4 ,,cit',,ric ,,acid4 ,h#c;,c#f;,h#e,o#g1;,h#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,acid ,,( ,,lemons1 ,,concrete ,a4 ,,( ,l42 ,,ac',,idum ,,limo',,nis1 ,,acidum ,,cit',,ricum 7,b4 ,p471 ,l42 ,,acide ,,citrique1 ,fr42 ,,citron5sa,,re1 ,g]4 ,an acid peculi> to ! vegetable k+dom4 ,x is obta9$ 9 l>ge quantity f ! juice ( lemons & o!r fruits ( ! g5us ,,citrus2 x is also f\nd 9 gooseb]ries1 currants1 cranb]ries1 :ortleb]ries1 *]ries1 c42 & ,dr ,wright has lately f\nd x 9 great abundance 9 unripe mulb]ries1 9 conjunction ) malic acid4 ,:5 currants or gooseb]ries are employ$ z a s\rce ( citric acid1 !y are fir/ subject$ to pressure1 & ! juice s obta9$ f !m is !n f]m5t$4 ,! f]m5t$ liquor is next submitt$ to di/illation1 & ! alcohol collect$4 ,! residue 9 ! retort conta9+ ! citric acid is saturat$ ) *alk1 & ! result+ citrate ( lime is decompos$ by means ( sulphuric acid4 #ajj lbs4 ( ! fruit are said to yield #aj lbs4 ( _s & #a lb4 ( acid4 ,prep4 ,! citric acid manufacture consi/s 9 sep>at+ x f ! mucilage1 sug>1 & o!r =eign matt] ) :i* x is comb9$ 9 ! juice ( lemons & limes4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf1--,s*eele's process47 ,take ( lemon juice #d p9ts2 prep>$ *alk1 #d-a_/b oz42 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 #bg-a_/b fl4 oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #b p9ts4 ,add ! *alk by degrees to ! lemon juice1 made hot1 & mix well2 set by1 t ! p[d] may subside1 & aft]w>ds p\r (f ! sup]natant liquor4 ,wa% ! precipitat$ citrate ( lime frequ5tly ) w>m wat]2 !n p\r ^u x ! dilut$ sulphuric acid1 mix$ ) ! di/ill$ wat]1 & boil ! :ole = #ae m9utes 9 glass1 /onew>e1 or lead2 press ! mixture /rongly ?r\gh a l95 clo?1 & filt] x4 ,evaporate ! filt]$ liquor ) a g5tle heat1 & set x aside1 t cry/als may =m4 ,to obta9 ! cry/als pure1 dissolve !m 9 wat] a second & a ?ird "t2 filt] ea* solution1 evaporate1 & set x ap>t to cry/allise4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahea47 ,m]ely plac$ 9 ! mat]ia m$ica4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e4 #ahda47 ,simil> to t ( ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf1 except t ! wa%$ citrate ( lime is ord]$ to be squeez$ 9 a p[]ful press1 & t ! filt]$ solution ( citric acid is ord]$ to be te/$ ) nitrate ( b>yta1 & if ! precipitate is n ne>ly all soluble 9 nitric acid1 to add a little citrate ( lime to ! :ole liquor1 till x /&s ?is te/4 #d4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,same z t ( ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf4 #e4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahea47 ,includ$ 9 ! mat]ia m$ica4 #f4 7,p4 ,b4 #ahfg47 ,diff]s f ! process ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf 9 "s unimportant detail only4 #g4 7,dr ,price47 ,! crude juice is saturat$ ) ammonia1 potassa1 or soda 7c>bonates71 or ) ! ammoniacal product di/ill$ f gas-liquor2 *alk1 #aej p>ts1 or hydrate ( lime1 #ij p>ts1 are !n add$ = e #aib p>ts ( citric acid conta9$ 9 ! liquor1 & ! :ole /irr$ well toge!r2 heat is next appli$1 & ! ammonia di/ill$ into ano!r quantity ( lemon juice2 ! citrate ( lime ?us obta9$ is !n decompos$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 & ! :ole process conduct$ z be=e4 ,:5 potassa or soda is us$ ! di/illation is omitt$1 & ! express$ liquor1 aft] filtration1 us$ to decompose fre% lemon juice4 #h4 7,ord9>y manufactur+ process47 ,to crude lemon or lime juice1 mix$ ) wat]1 is add$ gr\nd *alk2 ! precipitate is wa%$ to free x f ! impurities dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 & aft]w>ds decompos$ by sulphuric acid4 ,if ! citric acid is n suffici5tly :ite1 x is decoloris$ by dige/ion ) animal black4 #i4 7,kuhlman47 ,?is *emi/ proposes saturat+ ! hot lemon juice z f> z possible ) v f9ely divid$ b>ium c>bonate1 & aft]w>ds complet+ ! neutralisation ) b>ium hydrate or sulphide4 ,! precipitat$ b>ium citrate is !n to be wa%$1 & decompos$ ) ! requisite quantity ( sulphuric acid4 ,! advantage ( b>ium ov] lime z a precipitant is ! m ready cry/allisability ( ! citric acid f ! solution ?us obta9$4 ,sulphate ( b>yta is absolutely insoluble 9 solution ( citric acid1 :il/ sulphate ( lime is n2 & ! pres5ce ( ! latt] imp$es ! cry/allisation ( ! acid4 ,obs4 ,if ! lemon or lime juice be all[$ to f]m5t a %ort "t1 ! mucilage & o!r impurities w1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 sep>ate & subside4 ,see ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,citric acid =ms rhomboidal prisms1 :i* are cle>1 col\rless1 od\rless1 s\r1 & deliquesc5t 9 a moi/ atmosph]e4 ,x is an agreeable acid1 at once cool+ & antiseptic4 ,x is mu* us$ 9 m$ic9e z a sub/itute = lemon juice1 & to =m eff]vesc+ draughts1 citrates1 c4 #ag gr4 citric acid1 9 cry/als1 or #a_/b fl4 oz4 ( lemon juice1 ---------------------v------------------ --------_/ are equival5t to _/------------------------- #be gr4 bic>bonate ( pota%2 #bj c>bonate ( pota%2 #ae c>bonate ( ammonia2 #bj bic>bonate ( soda2 #ce c>bonate ( soda4 ,! bic>bonate ( potassa is t g5]ally pref]r$ = mak+ sal9e draughts ) citric acid2 & :5 flav\r$ ) a little t9cture ( orange peel & simple syrup1 or syrup ( orange peel alone1 x =ms a mo/ delici\s eff]vesc+ bev]age4 ,citric acid 9 pure cry/als or 9 lime juice is mu* us$ by ! calico-pr9t]1 be+ ! be/ kn[n 'resi/ant' = iron & alum9a mordants4 ,pur4 ,citric acid is frequ5tly met ) adult]at$ ) t>t>ic acid2 ! fraud is easily detect$ by dissolv+ ! acid 9 a little cold wat]1 & add+ to ! solution a small quantity ( acetate ( pota%4 ,if t>t>ic acid be pres5t1 a :ite1 cry/all9e precipitate ( cream ( t>t> w be produc$ on agitation4 ,:5 pure x is devoid ( col\r1 is entirely1 or almo/ entirely1 decompos$ by heat4 ,x is soluble 9 wat] & 9 _s1 & :at is ?r[n d[n f its wat]y solution by acetate ( lead is dissolv$ by nitric acid4 ,no salt ( potassium precipitates any?+ ) citric acid except ! t>trate4 ,:5 a few drops ( a solution ( citric acid are add$ to lime wat]1 a cle> liquid results1 :i*1 :5 heat$1 deposits a :ite p[d]1 soluble 9 acids )\t eff]vesc5ce4 ,by ! action ( nitric acid citric acid is conv]t$ into oxalic acid4 ,:5 ! cry/als ( citric acid are v deliquesc5t1 ! pres5ce ( free sulphuric acid may be suspect$4 ,?is latt] may be detect$ ) facility by dissolv+ ! citric acid 9 a little wat]1 /rongly acidify+ ! solution ) hydro*loric acid1 & add+ *loride ( b>ium1 :51 if sulphuric acid be pres5t1 an insoluble precipitate ( sulphate ( b>ium w fall d[n aft] a %ort "t4 ,oxalic acid is sometimes pres5t 9 citric acid1 ! cause ( its pres5ce be+ expla9$ fur!r on4 ,to te/ = x proce$ z foll[s3 ,dissolve a small quantity ( ! citric acid 9 wat]1 & add to ! solution an excess ( ammonia2 acidify ) acetic acid1 filt]1 & te/ ! filtrate ) calcium sulphate4 ,e/im4 ,see ,,acidimetry & ,,lime ,,juice4 ,te/s4 ,see above4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,! prep>ation ( citric acid has n[ become an important bran* ( *emical manufacture1 f ! l>ge consumption ( ?is article 9 v>i\s op]ations 9 ! arts4 ,9 conduct+ ! diff]5t /eps ( ! process "s little exp]tness & c>e are1 h[ev]1 necess>y to ensure success4 ,! *alk employ$1 :i* %\ld be dry1 & 9 f9e p[d]1 is add$ to ! juice f a weigh$ sample1 until ! latt] is p]fectly neutralis$1 & ! quantity consum$ is exactly not$4 ,! precipitat$ citrate ( lime is next ?or\ghly wa%$ ) wat]1 & ! sulphuric acid1 dilut$ ) #f or #h times its weight ( wat]1 :il/ /ill w>m1 is p\r$ ^u x1 & ?or\ghly mix$ ) x4 ,! agitation is occasionally r5ew$ = #h or #aj h\rs or long]1 :5 ! solution ( citric acid is p\r$ (f1 & ! residuum ( sulphate ( lime ?or\ghly wa%$ ) w>m wat]1 ! wa%+s be+ add$ to ! liquid acid4 ,?is la/ is !n p\r$ (f f ! impurities t may h be5 deposit$1 & evaporat$ 9 a lead5 boil]1 ov] ! nak$ fire1 or by high-pressure /eam1 until x acquires ! gravity ( #aac1 :5 ! process is cont9u$1 at a l[] temp]ature1 until a syrupy aspect is assum$1 & a pellicle appe>s on ! surface ( ! liquor4 ,)\t great c>e at ?is "p ( ! process ! :ole bat* may be c>bonis$ & spoil$4 ,at ?is po9t ! conc5trat$ solution is empti$ into w>m & clean cry/allis+ vessels1 set 9 a dry ap>tm5t1 :]e ! !rmomet] does n fall bel[ temp]ate4 ,at ! end ( #d days ! cry/als are f\nd ready = removal f ! pans4 ,!y are ?or\ghly dra9$1 r$issolv$ 9 z little wat] z possible1 & aft] be+ all[$ to /& = a few h\rs to deposit impurities1 aga9 evaporat$ & cry/allis$4 ,! acid ( ! second cry/allisation is usually suffici5tly pure = ! m>ket2 :5 ?is is n ! case a ?ird1 or ev5 a f\r?1 cry/allisation mu/ be _h rec\rse to4 ,! "m-liquors f ! sev]al pans are n[ collect$ toge!r1 & a second or ?ird crop ( cry/als obta9$ f !m1 by evaporation z be=e4 ,a frequ5t cause ( difficulty 9 obta9+ cry/als f ! solutions is ! employm5t ( too little sulphuric acid to decompose ! :ole ( ! citrate ( lime2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is t a little ( t salt is tak5 up by ! free citric acid1 & mat]ially ob/ructs ! cry/allisation4 ,=ty p>ts ( dry sulphuric acid are requir$ to decompose #ej p>ts ( *alk4 ,comm]cial sulphuric acid 7oil ( vitriol7 is usually ( ! sp4 gr4 ( #ahde1 & x !re=e requires #di lbs4 ( ?is acid = e #ej lbs4 ( *alk employ$ 9 ! process4 ,9 practice x is f\nd t a v slight excess ( sulphuric acid is pref]able to a prepond]ance ( undecompos$ citrate ( lime4 ,! fir/ crop ( cry/als is call$ 'br[n citric acid1' & is *iefly sold to ! calico-pr9t]s4 ,sometimes a little nitric acid is add$ to ! solution ( ! col\r$ cry/als1 = ! purpose ( blea*+ !m1 b 9 ?is way a m9ute quantity ( oxalic acid is =m$4 ,a m g5]al plan is to blea* ! citrate ( lime by cov]+ x ) a weak solution ( *loride ( lime1 expos+ x 9 %all[ vessels to ! sun's rays1 & rewa%+ x be=e decompos+ x ) sulphuric acid4 ,a saf] plan is to dissolve ! crude citric acid1 dige/ ) animal *>coal1 & aga9 conc5trate ! solution to ! cry/allis+ po9t4 ,:5 ! aque\s solution ( citric acid obta9$1 z already describ$1 is conc5trat$ by boil+ 9 an op5 evaporat+ pan1 ! acid is n only liable to suff] p>tial decomposition by its long exposure to ! air1 b x n unfrequ5tly acquires a br[n col\r f ! c>bonisation ^? portions ( ! liquid und]go :i* are 9 contact ) ! bottom ( ! pan1 :i* be+ heat$ by high-pressure /eam frequ5tly rea*es a temp]ature exce$+ #bjj ,f4 ,?is latt] result is br\ght ab\t 9 consequ5ce ( ! slight movem5t 9 ! d5se acid liquor 9 ! pan4 ,to rem$y ! loss & inconv5i5ce aris+ f ! employm5t ( ! op5 evaporat+ pan1 "s ye>s back ,mr ,pontifex devis$ an app>atus :i* effects ! evaporation ( acid liquor 9 vacuo 7& !re=e out ( contact ) air71 & at a temp]ature nev] exce$+ #acj ,f4 ,moreov]1 9 ,mr ,pontifex's boil] ! "t necess>y = ! conc5tration ( ! citric-acid liquor is dim9i%$ to ab\t an eigh?1 & z ! /rong ebullition keeps ! liquid 9 con/ant motion its *>r+ is entirely prev5t$4 ,mr ,r[ says t lemon juice may be purifi$ to a great ext5t by dilut+ x ) wat] until x conta9s ab\t #ab oz4 ( acid to ! gallon1 & !n filt]+ f ! floccul5t precipitate ( mucilage ?us ?r[n d[n4 ,! citrate ( lime obta9$ f juice s treat$ is comp>atively pure4 ,good lemon juice yields ab\t #f-a_/b ( cry/allis$ lemon acid2 #b galls4 yield fully #a lb4 ( cry/als4 ,see ,,lemon ,,juice1 ,,lime ,,juice4 c4 ,,cit',,ron4 ,! fruit ( ! citron tree 7,citrus m$ica7 is acidul\s1 antiseptic1 & antiscorbutic2 x excites ! appetite1 & /ops vomit+2 &1 l lemon juice1 has be5 greatly extoll$ 9 *ronic rheumatism1 g\t1 & scurvy4 ,mix$ ) cordials1 x is us$ z an antidote to ! man*9eel poison4 ,citron1 ,oil (4 ,see ,,oil4 ,citron ,peel4 ,?is is prep>$ 9 ! same way z c&i$ orange & lemon peel1 :i* x = ! mo/ "p resembles4 ,citron4 ,syn4 ,,lem',,on ,,col\r4 ,! t]m appli$ to a pale & delicate %ade ( yell[4 ,see ,,yell[ ,,dyes1 c4 ,,cit',,ronelle4 ,see ,,liqueurs & ,,oils 7,lemon-grass74 ,,citrus4 ,a g5us ( plants belong+ to ! natural ord] ,aurantiace1 ! species ( :i* yields useful fruits4 ,f ,citrus ,aurantium1 & its v>ieties1 all ! v>i\s descriptions ( sweet oranges are obta9$4 ,! species ,c4 ,big>adia or vulg>is yields ! bitt] or ,seville orange2 ,c4 ,limonum & its v>ieties1 yield ! lemons2 ,c4 ,limetta is ! s\rce ( ! lime2 ,c4 m$ica ( ! citron2 ,c4 ,decumana ( ! %addock2 ,c4 p>adisi ( ! =bidd5 fruit2 ,c4 ,pampelmos ( ! ,pampelmoose2 & ,c4 japonica ( ! kumquat4 ,citrus ,b]gamia4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,! ,,lime ,,tree4 ,habitat4 ,commonly cultivat$ 9 ,india & o!r tropical c\ntries4--,(fic9al "p4 ,! fruit 7lime7 closely resembles ! lemon1 b is small]1 ) a smoo!r1 ?9n] r9d1 & ( some:at less fragrant od\r4 ,its juice 7lime juice7 has ! same pung5t acid ta/e1 & conta9s ! same +r$i5ts z lemon juice1 ?\gh 9 some:at diff]5t proportions1 t ( ! citric acid be+ l>g] & t ( ! mucilage less 9 quantity4 ,mu* ( ! article import$ into ,engl& "u ! "n ( lemon juice is obta9$ f ! lime4--,prop]ties & ,uses4 ,v simil> to ^? ( ! lemon1 ! juice be+ equally refrig]ant & antiscorbutic2 inde$1 x is pref]r$ by _m tropical practition]s4 ,! fre% juice ( ! lime is procurable 9 almo/ e portion ( ! tropics1 & is consid]$ m effectual ?an pres]v$ lemon juice4 ,lime juice may be advantage\sly employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( citric acid1 ! proportion ( ?is acid be+ l>g] ?an 9 lemon juice4 ,,civ',,et4 ,syn4 ,,civet',,ta ,,zybe?',,um1 ,l4 ,a p]fume obta9$ f ! civet cat 7,viv]ra civella1 ,l9n471 a fi]ce1 c>nivor\s quadrup$1 some:at resembl+ a fox1 f\nd 9 ,*9a & ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies4 ,! civet is secret$ 9 a sort ( p\* betwe5 ! anus & ! sexual organs4 ,sev]al ( ^! animals h be5 br\ght into ,holl&1 & af=d a consid]able bran* ( comm]ce1 especially at ,am/]dam4 ,! civet is squeez$ out 9 summ] e o!r day1 9 w9t] twice a week2 ! quantity procur$ at once is f #b scruples to #a dra*m or m4 ,civet is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) sp]maceti & butt]1 & a simil> sub/ance to civet1 b ( a d>k] col\r1 obta9$ f ! polecat4 ,:5 pure x has an od\r int]m$iate betwe5 t ( musk & amb]gris1 b less ref9$2 a pale-yell[ col\r2 an acrid ta/e2 & ! consi/5ce ( honey4 ,x is us$ 9 p]fum]y4 ,,clairet4 ,see ,,liqueur4 ,,cl>',,et ,,rags4 ,syn4 ,,t\rnesol ,,en ,,drapeau1 ,fr42 ,,bezet',,ta ,c,,oe,,ru',,lea1 ,l4 #a4 ,pieces ( clean l95 col\r$ ) ,auv]gne--or gr\nd ar*il4 #b4 ,pieces ( l95 dipp$ into ! juice ( mulb]ries1 blood-r$ grapes1 lees ( r$ w9e1 c4 ,us$ to col\r jellies1 confection]y1 ! r9d ( *eeses1 c4 ,,cl>ification4 ,! act ( cle>+ or mak+ bright2 commonly appli$ to ! process ( 'cle>+' or 'f9+' ! liquids by *emical means1 in/ead ( by filtration4 ,! sub/ances us$ = ?is purpose are popul>ly kn[n z 'cl>ifi]s' or 'f9+s4' ,! sub/ances employ$ 9 ! cl>ification ( liquids op]ate by ei!r me*anically embrac+ ! fecul\s matt]1 & subsid+ ) x to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 or by induc+ su* a *ange 9 its nature or bulk t x subsides by its own d5sity1 9 ea* case leav+ ! liquor transp>5t4 ,album51 gelat91 ! acids1 c]ta9 salts1 blood1 lime1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 alum1 heat1 alcohol1 c41 s]ve 9 _m cases = ?is purpose4 ,! fir/ is us$1 "u ! =m ( :ite ( egg1 = ! cl>ification ( syrups1 z x comb9es ) ! liquid :5 cold1 b on ! application ( heat rapidly coagulates & rises to ! surface1 c>ry+ ! impurities ) x1 =m+ a scum :i* is easily remov$ ) a skimm]4 ,x is also mu* us$ = f9+ w9es & liqueurs1 p>ticul>ly ! r$ w9es & m limpid cordials4 ,gelat91 "u ! =m ( is+lass1 dissolv$ 9 wat] or weak v9eg>1 is us$ to f9e :ite w9es1 be]1 cid]1 & simil> liquors t conta9 a suffici5t quantity ( ei!r _s or a/r+5cy 7tann971 to induce its precipitation4 ,sulphuric acid is frequ5tly add$ to weak liquors = a simil> purpose1 ei!r alone or aft] ! addition ( :ite ( egg or gelat91 bo? ( :i* x rapidly ?r[s d[n 9 an insoluble =m4 ,a p]nici\s practice exi/s among "s unpr9cipl$ manufactur]s ( us+ c]ta9 salts ( lead & pota% to cle> _! liquors2 especially ^? t are expect$ to sp>kle 9 ! glass1 z 'cordial g91' c4 ,= ?is purpose a little sug> ( lead1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 is fir/ mix$ up ) ! fluid1 & aft]w>ds a little m ?an half its weight ( sulphate ( potassa1 also dissolv$ 9 wat]1 is add$1 & ! liquor is aga9 'r\s$' up4 ,by /&+1 ! sulphate ( lead1 =m$ by ?is mixture1 subsides1 & leaves ! liquor cle>4 ,bullock's blood is us$ 9 ! same way z is+lass or :ite ( eggs1 = f9+ r$ w9es1 be]1 & port]4 ,lime1 alum1 alcohol1 acids1 & heat1 act by curdl+ or coagulat+ ! fecul5cies1 & ?us1 by increas+ _! d5sity1 induce _! subsid5ce4 ,pla/] ( ,p>is acts1 p>tly l ! above1 & p>tly l album51 or gelat91 by develop+ & =c+ d[n ! susp5d$ matt]4 ,s& is (t5 sift$ ov] liquors 7especially cordials & syrups71 = ! simple purpose ( act+ by its gravity1 b appe>s to be q useless1 z x s9ks too rapidly4 ,! juices ( plants are cl>ifi$ by heat1 :i* coagulates ! album5 !y conta94 ,m>l or clay is frequ5tly us$ to cle> cid] & p]ry4 ,a /rip ( is+lass is g5]ally employ$ to cl>ify c(fee4 ,see ,,w9e1 ,,brew+1 ,,cordials1 ,,c(fee1 ,,f9+s1 ,,infusion1 c4 ,,clay4 ,clay is =m$ f ! dis9tegration ( felspa?ic rocks1 by ! comb9$ action ( air & wat]4 ,its pla/icity1 :5 moi/1 & its capability ( be+ made h>d by heat1 are prop]ties :i* r5d] x available = _m useful purposes4 ,! pure/ k9d ( clay is kaol91 or ,*9a clay1 :i* consi/s almo/ entirely ( silicate ( alum9um4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,*9a2 b a precisely simil> sub/ance is obta9$ f deposits 9 ,cornwall & "s p>ts ( ,france4 ,pipe-clay1 a :ite clay ne>ly free f iron1 is f\nd 9 l>ge quantity 9 ! isl& ( ,purbeck4 ,pott]'s clay is f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ,brita92 t ( ,devon%ire & ,dorset%ire is mu* valu$4 ,brick clay conta9s v>y+ proportions ( iron2 h5ce ! diff]5t col\rs ( ! bricks us$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,see ,,alum9um1 ,,full]',s ,,e>?1 ,,o*re1 c4 ,,clean',,+4 ,9 dome/ic economy ! be/ way to clean a h\se is to keep x clean by a daily att5tion to small ?+s1 & n all[ x to get into su* a /ate ( dirt9ess & disord] z to require great & p]iodical clean+s4 ,"s mi/resses1 & also "s s]vants1 seem to h an idea t a h\se %\ld und]go regul> clean+s1 or great wa%+ & scrubb+ mat*es1 once e ?ree or six mon?s1 on :i* occasions ! h\se is turn$ almo/ inside out1 & made mo/ uncom=table4 ,all ?is is bad economy1 & indicates g5]al slov5l9ess ( habits4 7,*amb]s47 ,= h9ts ^u clean+1 see ,,c>pets1 ,,clo!s1 c4 ,,clean',,l9ess4 ,see ,,ablution1 ,,ba?+1 & ,,sickness4 ,,clipp+ 7,,horses74 ,"s horses %\ld be work$ 9 autumn 9 clo?s1 or ) _! coats on1 z1 on acc\nt ( ! extra sweat+ ?us caus$1 !y w be 9 bett] condition = ! hunt+ season4 ,su* horses %\ld be clipp$ or %av$4 ,! horse's coat %\ld be fully set be=e x is clipp$4 ,^? horses :i* sweat mu* 9 autumn %\ld be s+$4 ,s+e+ _c be begun too e>ly4 ,! fre% gr[? mu/ be remov$ e week4 ,s+e+ may be be/ accompli%$ by means ( gas4 ,,clo!s4 ,economy & cleanl9ess require due att5tion to be paid to e article ( clo?+1 b m especially to ^? :i* are ! mo/ expos$ to dirt & ! wea!r4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks1 hav+ ref]5ce *iefly to wooll5 articles1 may prove useful to ! read]3--,if v du/y1 hang !m on a horse or l9e1 & g5tly beat !m ) a cane2 !n lay !m on a clean bo>d or table & well bru% !m1 fir/ ) a /iff bru%1 to remove ! spots ( mud & ! co>se/ ( ! dirt1 & next ) a s(t] "o1 to remove ! du/ & to lay ! nap prop]ly4 ,if clo!s are wet & spott$ ) dirt1 dry !m be=e bru%+ !m1 & !n rub out spots ) ! h&s4 ,! h>d bru% %\ld be us$ z little z possible1 & !n ) a light h&1 z x w1 if r\ghly & con/antly employ$1 soon r5d] ! clo? ?readb>e4 ,spots ( tall[-grease on ! clo!s may be tak5 (f ) ! nail1 or1 if t _c be done1 h a hot iron ) "s ?ick br[n pap]1 lay ! pap] on ! "p :]e ! grease is1 !n put ! iron ^u ! spot2 if ! grease comes ?r\gh ! pap] put on ano!r piece1 till x ceases to soil x4 ,mo?s may be prev5t$ attack+ clo!s by putt+ a few cloves or allspice into ! box or closet ) !m4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,clo!s1 & ,,sc\r+1 c4 ,,clo'',,?+4 ,9 our *angeable climate great c>e %\ld be tak5 to clo! ! body effectually2 = :5 ! sk9 is *ill$ ! blood is det]m9$ 9 increas$ & injuri\s quantity to ! int]nal organs1 caus+ colds & inflammations4 ,! ord9>y mat]ials = clo?+ are cotton1 l951 wooll51 & silk4 ,cotton is g5]ally employ$ = und]g>m5ts1 = :i* its s(tness & w>m? r5d] x well adapt$4 ,l95 is n ne>ly s w>m1 b x keeps its col\r bett]2 x is m exp5sive1 & al?\gh x we>s mu* long]1 x is n s economical z cotton4 ,wooll5 g>m5ts are1 9 cold & v>iable climates1 almo/ ess5tial to com=t2 ! w>m? obta9$ by we>+ flannel next ! body is v b5eficial1 & ! slight /imulat+ effect aris+ f its r\ghness t5ds to keep ! sk9 9 heal?y action4 ,! practice ( dress+ infants 9 long clo!s is a v objectionable "o1 = besides be+ injuri\s to heal? x cramps ! action ( ! legs1 ! feet1 & ! toes1 & by s do+ prev5ts _! prop] & heal?y developm5t4 ,an infant %\ld be s clo!d z to comb9e suffici5t w>m? ) p]fect fre$om ( ! limbs2 h5ce 8 g>m5ts %\ld be loose in/ead ( tight1 m p>ticul>ly r\nd 8 wai/4 ,9 ! selection ( w9t] clo!s = *ildr51 if = 9-door we>1 *oice %\ld be made ( a d>k wooll5 frock1 & ( /ock+s 9 pref]5ce to socks4 ,! /ock+s %\ld be ( m]9o1 & made to draw above ! knees & fa/5$ to ! dress ) a loop & tape in/ead ( g>t]s1 :i* are v objectionable4 ,a *ild's out-(-door attire 9 w9t] %\ld additionally comprise a w>m & prop]ly-l9$ coat1 made ( clo? or "s wooll5 fabric4 ,x %\ld button close to ! *9 & cov] 8 neck4 ,mr ,*avasse says1 = ?is latt] purpose a wooll5 neck]*ief or sc>f is pref]able to furs4 ,x is v important t ! *ild's feet & legs %\ld be kept w>m1 b n too w>m4 ,9 infancy & *ildhood--9 summ] z well z w9t]--! we>+ ( flannel next ! sk9 is m necess>y1 & b5eficial ev51 ?an :5 practis$ by adults4 ,,clove4 ,syn4 ,,c>yoph',,yllum 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,! fl[]-buds ( ! ,ciryophyllus aromaticus 7,l9n471 or clove tree collect$ be=e !y op51 dri$1 & smok$4 ,cloves are aromatic1 /imulant1 c>m9ative1 & /oma*ic2 &1 accord+ to "s1 possess febrifuge prop]ties4 ,!y are *iefly us$ z an adjuvant 9 comp\nd m$ic9es4 ,a few cloves kept 9 a closet or box prev5t mo?s or m\ld attack+ furs1 wooll5s1 c4 ,x is a common practice to adult]ate ?is spice 9 ! same mann] z c9*ona b>k4 ,cloves f :i* ! oil has be5 di/ill$ are dri$ & rubb$ betwe5 ! h&s1 previ\sly moi/5$ ) a little sweet oil1 to bright5 _! col\r1 aft] :i* !y are mix$ up ) fre% spice = sale4 ,cloves1 ,"m (4 ,! unripe fruit ( ! clove tree2 !y are frequ5tly import$ pres]v$ 7pres]v$ "m ( cloves71 & are reput$ /oma*ic & antispasmodic4 ,cloves1 ,oil (4 ,syn4 ,o',,leum ,,c>yoph',,ylli 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,?is possesses simil> virtues to ! unexp&$ fl[]-buds1 & is e/eem$ z a rem$y = ! too?-a*e4 ,us$ to flav\r liqueurs & confection]y4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajee-ajfj4 ,m4 ,jacquem9 recomm5ds ! foll[+ z a v delicate te/ = ! pres5ce ( c>bolic acid :5 us$ z an adult]ant = oil ( cloves4 ,"o drop ( ! suspect$ oil is mix$ ) a small trace ( solution ( anil9e by means ( a glass rod1 & !n %ak5 ) #e or #f c4 c4 ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,by ! addition ( a few drops ( sodium hypo*lorite to ! mixture ! *>act]i/ic blue coloration due to c>bolic acid w be develop$ 9 a few m9utes1 :]eas ) ! pure oil no?+ b ! purpli%-violet col\r ( anil9e w be p]ceiv$4 ,/irr+ or %ak+ mu/ be avoid$ aft] ! addition ( ! hypo*lorite4 ,,clys',,t]s4 ,see ,,enema4 ,,coal4 ,! v>ieties ( ?is valuable sub/ance may be conv5i5tly describ$ "u ! ?ree heads ,,an?racite1 ,,lignite1 & ,,pit-,,coal 7:i* see74 ,see also ,,fuel4 ,,coal-,,t>4 ,coal-t>1 "o ( ! products ( ! de/ructive di/illation ( ! coal employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( gas1 is a v complex sub/ance1 consi/+ ( v>i\s hydroc>bons1 acids1 & bases1 toge!r ) c]ta9 res9oid & empyreumatic sub/ances4 ,! pr9cipal hydroc>bons yield$ by coal-t> on di/illation are3 b5zol1 toluol1 propyl1 naph?al91 & an?rac92 ( ^! ! fir/ ?ree are fluids1 & ! la/ two solids2 ! mo/ important acids are3 c>bolic1 cresylic1 phlorylic1 & nosolic2 ! *ief bases are3 anil9e1 *9ol9e1 & lepid9e4 ,! quantity z well z ! quality ( ! t> obta9$ f ! di/illation ( coals v>ies consid]ably ) ! k9d ( coal us$1 z well z ) ! temp]ature at :i* ! di/illation is c>ri$ on1 ! yield ( t> be+ small] at v high temp]atures ?an :5 l[] ones are employ$4 ,coal-t>1 f its antiseptic prop]ties 7due *iefly to ! c>bolic acid x conta9s71 is pa9t$ on wood to pres]ve ! latt] f decay :5 expos$ to w9d & wea!r4 ,mix$ ) coal-du/1 saw-du/1 & peat-du/1 x =ms a useful artificial fuel1 & :5 incorporat$ ) pebbles makes an excell5t artificial asphalt = pavem5ts4 ,! *ief value ( coal-t>1 h[ev]1 consi/s 9 its be+ ! s\rce ( ^? brilliant dye-/uffs1 ! coal-t> col\rs4 ,^!1 toge!r ) ! naph?a obta9$ f its di/illation1 h conv]t$ coal-t> f a wor?less & unwelcome wa/e product ( gas manufacture--= ! removal ( :i* f _! premises ! gas mak]s 7 =m]ly only too glad to pay--into a v consid]able & important bran* ( pr(it & rev5ue4 ,! diff]5t con/itu5ts ( ! t> are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by di/illation1 ! v>i\s products s obta9$ be+ fur!r purifi$ by v>i\s processes4 ,see ,,t> ,,col\rs1 ,,naph?a1 ,,b5zol1 ,,an?rac5e1 c4 ,,co',,balt4 ,co4 ,syn4 ,,reg',,ulus ,,( ,,cobalt2 ,,cobalt',,tum1 ,l4 ,a metal discov]$ by ,br&t1 9 #agcc4 ,x g5]ally occurs 9 ! same ore z nickel1 & ! sep>ation ( ! two metals is a task requir+ great pati5ce & exp]tness4 ,speiss cobalt & cobalt glance are ! ores f :i* ! metal is commonly extract$4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dissolve oxide ( cobalt 9 hydro*loric acid1 & pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas ?r\gh ! solution1 until all ! ars5ic is ?r[n d[n2 filt]1 & boil ) a little nitric acid1 !n add c>bonate ( potassium1 9 excess1 & dige/ ! precipitate 9 a solution ( oxalic acid1 to remove any oxide ( iron2 wa% & dry ! residuum 7oxalate ( cobalt71 & expose x to great heat1 9 a cov]$ crucible l9$ ) *>coal2 ! product is pure metallic cobalt4 #b4 ,mix equal p>ts ( oxide ( cobalt or roa/$ ,corni% cobalt ore1 & s(t soap1 & expose !m to a viol5t heat 9 a cov]$ crucible4 #c4 ,pass hydrog5 gas ov] oxide ( cobalt /rongly heat$ 9 a porcela9 tube4 ,prop41 ,use1 c4 ,cobalt is a :ite1 brittle metal2 un*ang$ 9 ! air2 feebly act$ on by dilute hydro*loric & sulphuric acids2 has a high melt+-po9t1 & is /rongly magnetic2 sp4 gr4 #he4 ,x is seldom employ$ 9 ! metallic /ate1 f ! great difficulty ( r$uc+ its ores1 b its oxide 7black oxide7 is l>gely employ$ 9 ! arts4 ,x =ms salts ) ! acids1 :i* are int]e/+ f ! rem>kable *anges ( col\r :i* !y exhibit4 ,see ,,ink1 ,,smalts1 ,,zaffre1 & bel[4 ,*>41 ,te/s4 ,solutions ( ! salts ( cobalt are kn[n z foll[s3--#a4 ,ammonia gives a blue precipitate1 slightly soluble 9 excess1 giv+ a br[ni%-r$ col\r4--#b4 ,potassa gives a blue precipitate1 turn+ to violet & r$ :5 ! solution is heat$4--#c4 ,c>bonate ( ammonium & c>bonate ( sodium give p9k precipitates2 t f ! =m] is soluble 9 excess4--#d4 ,cyanide ( potassium gives a yell[i%-br[n precipitate1 soluble 9 excess2 & ! cle> solution1 aft] be+ boil$1 is unaffect$ :5 mix$ ) hydro*loric acid4--#e4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 produces no *ange 9 acid solutions4--#f4 ,sulphydrate ( ammonium gives a black precipitate 9 neutral solutions4--#g4 ,melt$ ) borax1 be=e ! bl[pipe1 x gives a bead ( a magnific5t blue col\r1 almo/ v]g+ on black1 if mu* is pres5t4 ,phosphate ( sodium & ammonium give a simil> bead2 b ! col\r is less int5se4 ,cobalt1 ,ac'etate (4 ,co7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4 ,prep4 ,f ! c>bonate or protoxide & acetic acid4 ,x =ms a sympa!tic ink :i* turns blue :5 heat$4 ,cobalt1 ,ars5iate (4 ,co#cb;,as,o#d1 #h;,h#b,o4 ,a hydrat$ native tricobalt\s ars5iate ( cobalt1 kn[n z cobalt bloom4 ,cobalt1 ,c>'bonate (4 ,co,c,o#c4 ,prep4 ,by add+ an alkal9e c>bonate to a solution ( ! nitrate or sulphate4 ,a pale pea*-col\r$ p[d]1 soluble 9 acids4 ,x conta9s "s hydrate4 ,cobalt1 ,*lo''ride (4 ,co,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydro*lo'',,rate ,,( ,c41 ,,mu'',,riate ,,( ,c4 ,prep4 ,by dissolv+ ! c>bonate or protoxide 9 hydro*loric acid2 ! solution deposits deep rose-r$ cry/als on /&+1 :i* conta9 wat]4 ,by evaporat+ ! solution by heat1 anhydr\s blue cry/als ( ! *loride are obta9$4 ,bo? ( !m yield a deep rose-r$ solution ) wat]1 :i* is turn$ gre5 by a little acid4 ,?is solution =ms a well-kn[n sympa!tic ink1 ! traces ( :i* become blue :5 heat$4 ,if ! solution conta9s ei!r *loride ( iron or *loride ( nickel1 ! traces become gre54 7,klapro?47 ,! addition ( a little nitrate ( copp] to ! above solution =ms a sympa!tic ink1 :i* by heat gives a v ri* gre5i%-yell[ col\r4 7,ure47 ,! addition ( a v little common salt makes ! traces disappe> ) great] rapidity1 on ! )drawal ( ! heat4 ,9 ea* case1 :5 ! pap] is laid aside1 moi/ure is absorb$1 & ! writ+ once m disappe>s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 mu* heat has be5 us$ ! traces become p]man5t4 ,cobalt1 ,ni'trate (4 ,co7,,no#c7b4 ,prep4 ,z ! la/1 sub/itut+ nitric = hydro*loric acid2 x =ms deliquesc5t cry/als4 ,cobalt1 ,ox'alate (4 ,co,c#b,o#d4 ,prep4 ,z ! acetate1 f oxalic acid & ! c>bonate or protoxide2 or by d\ble decomposition4 ,cobalt1 ,ox'ides (4 ,( ^! !re are two1 ! protoxide & ! sesquioxide2 besides an acid comp\nd ( cobalt & oxyg51 to :i* ! "n cobaltic acid has be5 giv54 #a4 ,cobalt1 ,protox'ide (4 ,co,o4 ,syn4 ,,oxide ,,( ,,cobalt1 ,,grey ,o4 ,,( ,c41 ,,black ,o4 ,,( ,c41 ,,cobalt ,,black4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by precipitat+ a solution ( sulphate ( *loride ( cobalt ) c>bonate ( sodium1 & wa%+1 dry+1 & ignit+ ! p[d] :i* subsides4 #b4 ,by boil+ p[d]$ bright-:ite cobalt ore 7f ,cornwall7 9 dilute nitric acid1 & add+ a solution ( c>bonate ( potassium1 v gradually1 until ! cle> liquor1 aft] ! impurities h settl$1 becomes ( a rose col\r2 & !n z long z a precipitate falls2 wa% & dry x z be=e4 ,prop41 c4 ,a grey p[d]1 turn+ black on exposure to ! air2 /rongly basic2 & =m+ salts ) ! acids1 hav+ a f9e r$ t9t4 ,x is rem>kable = ! magnific5t blue col\r x communicates to glass1 & by ?is "* its pres5ce may be readily detect$ be=e ! bl[pipe2 ! sub/ance to be exam9$ be+ fus$ ) borax on a loop ( plat9um wire4 ,us$ to make blue col\rs = pa9t]s1 /a9s & glazes = enamell]s1 glass-melt]s1 pott]s1 c4 ,9 m$ic9e x has occasionally be5 giv5 z a rem$y = rheumatism4 #b4 ,cobalt1 ,sesquiox'ide (4 ,co#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,p]ox',,ide ,,( ,,cobalt4 ,a black1 insoluble1 neutral p[d]1 obta9$ by mix+ solutions ( cobalt & ( *loride ( lime2 or1 by heat+ ! protoxide to r$ness 9 an op5 vessel4 ,cobalt1 ,phos'phate (4 ,co#c7,,po#d7b4 ,prep4 ,z ! acetate1 sub/itut+ phosphoric = acetic acid4 ,an insoluble purple p[d]1 :i*1 :5 heat$ along ) eight times its weight ( gelat9\s alum9a1 produces a blue pigm5t 7,,cobalt ,,blue1 ,,cobalt ,,ultram>9e71 almo/ equal 9 beauty to ultram>9e4 7,see bel[47 ,cobalt1 ,sul'phate (4 ,co,s,o#d4 ,by boil+ sulphuric acid on ! metal1 or by dissolv+ ! oxide 9 ! acid4 ,x =ms r$di% cry/als1 soluble 9 #bd p>ts ( wat]4 ,cobalto-,ultram>9e4 ,a f9e blue pigm5t1 prep>$ by mix+ fre%ly precipitat$ alum9a1 #h p>ts1 ) phosphate or ars5iate ( cobalt1 #a "p2 dry+ ! mixture1 & !n sl[ly heat+ x to r$ness4 ,by daylight ! col\r is pure blue1 b by artificial light x is violet4 ,see ,,blue ,,pigm5ts4 ,,coca4 ,ery?roxylon ,coca4 ,?is plant is gr[n l>gely 9 ,p]u & ,bolivia4 ,! ,bolivian coca is said to be mu* sup]ior to ! ,p]uvian4 ,! be/ k9d is believ$ to come f ! prov9ce ( ,yungas1 & ! mo/ inf]ior description f ,p]u4 ,! consumption ( ,coca 9 ,p]u1 ,bolivia1 & 9 "s ( ! prov9ces ( ! ,arg5t9e ,conf$]ation is enorm\s4 ,9 small doses x is suppos$ to act z a /imulant & to aid dige/ion2 9 l>ge ones x is said to possess dang]\s n>cotic prop]ties4 ,! m\nta9e]s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica /ate !y are enabl$ to rea* high elevations )\t difficulty ( respiration1 & to /ave (f ! feel+ ( hung] by *ew+ ! leaves dur+ _! asc5ts4 ,good quality coca %\ld h its leaves unbrok51 ( a m$ium size1 bright gre5 9 col\r1 & ( an od\r some:at comb9+ t ( hay & *ocolate4 ,! ta/e is bitt]1 & :5 ma/icat$1 coca is said to yield easily to ! tee?4 ,infus$ 9 hot wat]1 x has a beautiful gre5 col\r1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is mu* d>k] f inf]ior leaves4 ,an inf9ite numb] ( v>ieties are recognis$ betwe5 ! be/ & ! l[e/ quality1 :i* has a disagreeable smell & a col\r resembl+ roa/$ c(fee4 ,! leaves are also b5t & brok51 sc>cely a :ole leaf be+ f\nd among/ !m4#bdi ,! /atem5ts z to ! effects ( coca are conflict+1 z w be se5 f :at foll[s3--,sir ,r4 ,*ri/ison1 writ+ to ! ',briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal1' ,april #bi?1 #ahgf1 /ates he 0 h>dly s5sible ( ! fatigue ( two m\nta9 desc5ts made f ,b5 ,vorli* aft] *ew+ coca leaves4 ,t1 z a consequ5ce ( 8 do+ s1 hung] & ?ir/ 7 susp5d$ = a long "t1 b t ev5tually appetite & dige/ion 7 unaffect$4 ,he made trial dur+ ! fir/ desc5t ( #fj gra9s1 & ( ! second1 und]tak5 eight days aft]1 ( #ij gra9s ( coca4 ,footnote #bdi3 ',ph>maceutical ,j\rnal4' ,mr ,d[deswell1 9 a communication to ! ',lancet1' ,may #f?1 #ahgf1 says t1 contr>y to ! exp]i5ce ( ,sir ,r4 ,*ri/ison1 he f\nd no decid$ effects produc$ aft] consum+ ne>ly a p\nd ( ! leaves1 :i* 7 tak5 9 all =ms & at all h\rs = ne>ly a mon?4 ,!y fail$ to produce ! slighte/ excitem5t1 n giv+ rise ev5 to ! feel+ ( buoyancy & exhil>ation :i* is exp]i5c$ f m\nta9 air or a draught ( spr+ wat]4 ,9 ! ',canadian ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal' = ,augu/1 #ahgg1 !re is a pap] by ,mr ,%uttlewor?1 :]e9 results ! opposite to ^? ( ! la/-nam$ g5tlem5 are record$4 ,mr ,%uttlewor? /ates t ! memb]s ( a club e/abli%$ at ,toronto = ! purpose ( play+ at ,la ,crosse1 a v viol5t & fatigu+ pa/ime1 7 almo/ unanim\s 9 ascrib+ _! inv>iable success ov] _! num]\s adv]s>ies to ! use ( coca leaves dur+ _! conte/s2 _! oppon5ts n employ+ ! plant4 ,! antagoni/s ( ! club 7 m5 ( /rong] build & physique z well z m accu/om$ to out-(-door pursuits1 & 7 besides tra9$ play]s4 ,! same writ] says t 9 ,s\? ,am]ica c>e is tak5 to procure ! leaves 9 z fre% a /ate z possible1 & t _m writ]s h ascrib$ ! want ( effect to old leaves4 ,! ',briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal' ( ,m>* #aj?1 #ahgg1 conta9s a communication f ,dr ,t4 ,mc,bean1 :o /ates t he has f\nd ! adm9i/ration ( coca leaves useful 9 typhoid fev]1 z well z 9 o!r febrile diseases4 ,,co',,coa 7ko'-ko74 ,syn4 ,,caca',o4 ,an alim5t>y sub/ance =m$ ( ! roa/$ se$s ( ! ,!obroma ,cacao1 a tree belong+ to ! natural ord] ,byttn]iace4 ,?is def9ition is equally applicable to *ocolate1 b we commonly class ! prep>ations conta9+ sug> & flav\r+ sub/ances "u t head1 & ! unsweet5$ & *eap prep>ations "u ,,cocoa4 ,! cocoa-se$ or b]ry mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! cocoa-nut1 :i* is ! fruit ( a palm 7,cocus nucif]a74 ,! cocoa tree is a native ( ,mexico1 & is n[ m or less ext5sively gr[n ?r\gh\t ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,brazil1 ,p]u1 ,v5ezuela1 ,c>accas1 ,ecuador1 ,gr5ada1 ,dem]>a1 ,essequibo1 ,guayaquil1 & ,sur9am2 ) "s ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 =emo/ among :i* /&s ,tr9idad4 ,x has also be5 introduc$ ) m or less success into ,africa1 ! ,mauritius1 ,madagasc>1 ,b\rbon1 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,au/ralia1 & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! pr9cipal k9ds ( cocoa1 9 ! ord] ( _! comm]cial value3--,c>accas1 ,sur9am1 ,tr9idad1 ,gr5ada1 ,jamaica1 ,dom9ica1 ,guayaquil1 ,v5ezuela1 ,bahia1 ,brazil1 ,/4 ,lucia4 ,x seems probable t "s ( ! highe/ k9ds ( cocoa d n f9d _! way into ?is c\ntry1 b are consum$ by ! inhabitants ( ,spa94 ,prep4 ,! pods conta9+ ! se$s are ga!r$ :5 ripe1 & aft] hav+ la9 = a day & a night are op5$1 & ! se$s1 :i* are tak5 out by h&1 are submitt$ to :at is t]m$ ! sweat+ process4 ,!y are fir/ plac$ on a slop+ floor or 9 baskets1 s t ! *ief "p ( ! pulp 9 :i* !y are envelop$ may dra9 (f1 & are !n %ut up 9 a close box1 & left = #bd to #dh h\rs1 accord+ to ! season & wea!r1 aft] :i* !y are turn$ out 9 ! sun to dry4 ,^u a nice p]=mance ( ! sweat+ process1 :i* may be lik5$ to malt+1 ! value ( ! cocoa greatly dep5ds4 ,:5 q dry1 ! se$s are pack$ 9 b>rels or bags1 & are ready = %ipm5t4 ,! process ( roa/+ is effect$ 9 a metal cyl9d]1 ) holes at ea* end1 ?r\gh :i* ! vap\r g5]at$ is all[$ to escape4 ,:5 ! aroma is suffici5tly develop$ ! se$s are cool$1 & !n pass$ to a 'kibl+ mill1' :i* removes ! husks & sk9s f ! 'nibs' 7see bel[74 ,prop41 ,con/itu5ts1 c4 ,cocoa1 :5 unadult]at$1 =ms a :olesome & highly nutriti\s bev]age4 ,its active pr9ciple is !obrom9e1 an alkaloid greatly resembl+ caffe9e1 ! active pr9ciple ( c(fee & tea4 ,a peculi> concrete oil1 call$ cocoa-butt]1 or1 m correctly1 butt] ( cacao1 is ano!r important con/itu5t1 =m+ m ?an half ! weight ( ! se$4 ,! pres5ce ( ab\t #bj ( album5 gives to cocoa its nutritive "*4 ,av]age composition ( cocoa se$s4--7,wanklyn47 ---------------------------------------- -- ,p] c5t4 ,fat 7cocoa butt]7 #ejjj ,album51 fibr9e1 & glut5 #ahjj ,/>* #ajjj ,gum #hjj ,col\r+ matt] #bfj ,wat] #fjj ,!obrom9e #aej ,a% #cfj ,loss #jcj ---------------------------------------- -- #ajjjj ---------------------------------------- -- ,dr ,le!by calculat$ t a p9t ( cocoa made ) #a oz4 ( gr\nd nibs w\ld conta9 ! foll[+ proportions ( nutriti\s matt]s3-- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,nitrog5\s matt]s #ifb gra9s ,patty matt] #bahh ,gum1 sug>1 & extractive #fef ,m9]al matt]s #age ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total extract$ #ciha ---------------------------------------- ----- ,adult4 ,mu* ( ! *eap /uff sold z g5u9e cocoa is %amefully adult]at$4 ,out ( #fh samples ( cocoa & *ocolate exam9$ by ! ',lancet' commission1 #ci conta9$ col\r$ e>?y sub/ances1 z r$dle1 ,v5etian r$1 umb]1 c4 ,to "s1 *alk or pla/] ( ,p>is _h be5 add$1 = ! purpose ( increas+ ! weight4 ,_m ( ! samples consi/$ ( sug> & />*1 ) only suffici5t cocoa to imp>t a flav\r4 ,cocoas conta9+ a mod]ate am\nt ( arr[-root or o!r />* mu/ n be consid]$ adult]at$ articles1 = x is impossible to r5d] cocoa soluble1 or r emulsive1 )\t ! addition ( "s diffusible sub/ance4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,by an exam9ation ( ! a% ! pres5ce ( any m9]al adult]ant may be detect$4 ,mr ,bly? says ! am\nts ( a% 9 g5u9e cocoa %\ld nev] exce$ #e p] c5t4 ,! se$ ( ! cocoa consi/s ( husk & se$ prop]4 ,"u ! microscope ! husk exhibits on its surface a numb] ( tubul> fibres1 fill$ ) granul> matt] & m9ute corpuscles4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree membranes2 ! fir/ be+ a s+le lay] ( elongat$ cells2 ! second 7=m+ ! *ief portion ( ! husk7 ( angul> cells1 enclos+ mucilage1 & also conta9+ a few spiral vessels & woody fibres4 ,! ?ird membrane is v ?9 & delicate1 & is made up ( small angul> cells conta9+ m9ute globules ( fat4 ,! se$ is compos$ ( m9ute cells conta9+ />*4 ,! />* corpuscles are v small1 ) a trace ( inul94 7,see cuts on previ\s page47 ,cocoa1 ,flake4 ,?is is =m$ by gr9d+ ! nibs 9 a mill1 consi/+ ( two cones1 work+ "o inside ! o!r4 ,pure flake cocoa is n a dilut$ or amalgamat$ article2 9 o!r words1 x conta9s no sug>1 & b a trace ( />*4 ,cocoa ,nibs4 ,! bruis$1 roa/$ se$s1 fre$ f husk & membrane4 ,!y ought to be ( a dull-r$ or greyi% col\r1 b are frequ5tly giv5 a bright-r$ col\r by a coat+ ( ,v5etian r$4 ,cocoa1 ,sol'uble4 ,f cocoa nibs & sub/ances :i* are readily soluble or diffusible 9 wat]1 gr\nd toge!r4 ,sug> & sago or arr[-root are ! dilu5ts us$ by respectable mak]s1 b all k9ds ( />*es1 col\r$ ) ,v5etian r$1 are us$ = ! tra%y articles :i* are sold to ! poor4 ,no =m ( cocoa is really soluble1 b by ! addition ( easily diffusible sub/ances an article is produc$ :i* is capable ( =m+ an emulsion ) boil+ wat]4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( ! s-call$ soluble cocoa3-- #a4 ,,cocoa1 ,,granulat$4 ,f cocoa nibs & suffici5t sug> & arr[-root to keep ! fatty p>ticles f =m+ a pa/y mass4 ,z x is impossible to granulate ! nibs )\t ! admixture ( "s o!r sub/ance1 ^? mak]s :o decl>e t _! granulat$ cocoas are p]fectly pure d n act hone/ly t[>ds _! cu/om]s4 #b4 ,,cocoa1 ,,hom,,oe,,opa?ic4 ,a k9d ( soluble cocoa prep>$ ) arr[-root1 b )\t sug>4 #c4 ,,cocoa1 ,,icel&-,,moss4 ,f cocoa & ,icel& moss1 fre$ f its bitt] pr9ciple1 cetr>9e4 ,?is =m ( cocoa 0 introduc$ by ,messrs ,dunn & ,hewett1 & is said to =m a v valuable article ( diet = invalids4 #d4 ,,cocoa1 ,,m>avilla4 ,?is is /at$ to be ! p]fection ( prep>$ cocoa4 ,x consi/s ( cocoa1 sug>1 & sago fl\r1 ! la/ two be+ 9 great excess4 #e4 ,,cocoa1 ,,c>accas4 ,?is is simil> to ! la/1 be+ a mixture ( cocoa1 sug>1 & sago fl\r4 ,! cocoa us$ 9 its manufacture is said to be import$ f ! ,c>accas1 on ! nor? coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & to possess a peculi>ly delici\s flav\r4 ,! am\nt ( fl\r or />* 9 ^! s-call$ soluble cocoas frequ5tly exce$s #dj p] c5t41 & ! am\nt ( sug> #bj p] c5t4 ,!y h be5 n inaptly call$ s\ps4 ,)9 ! pa/ ye> or two a new v>iety ( soluble cocoa has be5 br\ght into ! m>ket4 ,x is sold "u v>i\s names1 ?us1 ',!obrom9e1 or ,conc5trat$ ,cocoa1' ',cocoa ,ess5ce1' ',cocoat9a1' c4 ,we h exam9$ _m ( ^! v>ieties1 & f9d !m to consi/ ( pure cocoa depriv$ ( ab\t two ?irds ( its fat4 ,x appe>s v suitable = p ( weak dige/ion4 ,obs4 ,no w>m dr9k t we take approa*es cocoa 9 its nutritive "*1 because1 :ile p]=m+ to a c]ta9 ext5t ! exhil>at+ "w ( c(fee or tea1 x pres5ts to ! /oma* a v consid]able quantity ( nitrog5\s & c>bonace\s matt]2 ?is advantage is p>tly due to ! fact t cocoa is tak5 9 ! =m ( an emulsion1 in/ead ( an infusion or decoction4 ,,cocoa ,,= ,,! ,,table is readily prep>$ f ! soluble v>ieties by simply p\r+ boil+ wat] ^u ! p[d]4 ,f cocoa nibs1 or flak$ cocoa1 ! bev]age is prep>$ by fir/ p\r+ boil+ wat] ^u !m1 & !n all[+ ! mass to simm] f #d to #f h\rs4 ,! cocoa mu/ on no acc\nt be all[$ to boil1 = 9 t case a coagulum w be =m$1 :i* _c be dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,,cocoa-,,nut ,,oil4 ,a species ( vegetable butt] obta9$ f ! common cocoa nut--! fruit ( ,cocos nucif]a1 ! cocoa palm4 ,x is sep>at$ f ! dri$ k]nel by hydraulic pressure4 ,x conta9s ole91 & a solid fat (t5 us$ z a c&le mat]ial4 ,l>ge plantations ( ! cocoa palm1 connect$ ) ,price's c&le company1 exi/ 9 ,ceylon4 ,cocoa-nut oil is (t5 conf\nd$ ) cocoa- or cacao-butt]1 :i* is ! produce ( a v diff]5t plant1 namely1 ,!obroma cacao4 ,see ,,coc9ic ,,acid1 ,,cocoa1 ,,/e>ic ,,acid1 c4 ,,coc',,culus ,,ind',,icus4 ,syn4 ,,indian ,,b]ries1 ,,indian ,,cockles1 ,,levant ,,nut1 ,,l\se ,,gra9s2 ,,bac',,ca ,,ori5ta',,lis1 ,,coc\lus ,,piscator',,ius1 c41 ,l4 ,! fruit ( ! ,anamirta paniculata1 a %rub :i* ab\nds on ! s&y %ores ( ,malab>1 & sev]al o!r isl&s 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,! k]nels %\ld fill at lea/ two ?irds ( ! fruit4 ,x is a d>k1 t\gh1 h>d1 wr9kl$ b]ry1 ab\t ! size ( a *]ry1 & possesses an int5sely bitt] ta/e4 ,! b]ry consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! husk & ! k]nel1 ! =m] be+ h>d & difficult to bruise1 & ! latt] s(t & conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( fatty matt]4 ,uses1 c4 ,cocculus indicus is poison\s to all animals1 & to mo/ vegetables4 ,x is nev] employ$ int]nally 9 m$ic9e1 b an o9tm5t1 =m$ by mix+ ! p[d] ) l>d1 has be5 us$ to de/roy p$iculi & 9 porrigo4 ,its active pr9ciple is picrotox91 a peculi> ne$le-%ap$1 cry/all9e sub/ance1 possess+ all ! poison\s prop]ties ( ! b]ry 9 an exalt$ degree1 & ( :i* x conta9s ab\t #b p] c5t4 ,its effects on ! sy/em are1 to produce gidd9ess1 convulsions1 & ins5sibility1 frequ5tly end+ 9 dea?4 ,a small portion ( ! cocculus indicus import$ is us$ by poa*]s1 & a /ill small] quantity to de/roy v]m91 ! rema9+1 & by f> ! great] "p1 be+ employ$ to adult]ate be] & ev5 w9e4 ,9 our own analytical exp]i5ce we h seldom f\nd ?is sub/ance 9 be] pur*as$ f a respectable h\se4 ,we h detect$ x1 h[ev]1 9 be]s pur*as$ 9 ! l[e/ localities 9 ,london & else:]e1 b h e reason to suspect t ! adult]ants _h be5 add$ by ! publican himself1 9 ! =m ( an extract kn[n 9 ! trade by ! "n ( ',b4 ,e1' or black extract4 7,h>kness47 ,*emi/s & druggi/s are liable to sev]e p5alties if !y are f\nd supply+ cocculus indicus1 or any extract ( ! same1 to brew]s or publicans4 ,see ,,be]1 ,,port]1 c4 ,,co*',,ineal4 ,syn4 ,,coc',,cus 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,,grana ,,f9a1 ,span4 ,! ,coccus ,cacti 7,l9n471 an insect f\nd ^u ! cactuses ( ,mexico4 ,x is ( great value z a dye /uff4 ,! female insects1 :5 matur$1 are bru%$ (f ! plants & dri$ by artificial heat4 ,! entire insect is us$4 ,!re are two v>ieties kn[n 9 comm]ce--silv] co*9eal1 :i* has a purpli%-grey or silv]-grey col\r2 & black co*9eal1 :i* is small]1 & ( a r$di% or purpli%-black col\r4 ,! =m] is t commonly met )4 ,adult4 ,g5u9e co*9eal has ! sp4 gr4 #abe4 ,x is commonly increas$ 9 weight by slightly moi/5+ x ) gum-wat]1 & !n r\nc+ x 9 a bag1 fir/ ) sulphate ( b>yta1 & !n ) f9ely p[d]$ bone-black4 ,9 ?is way its sp4 gr4 is rais$ to #ace1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ load$ by ab\t #ab ( useless =eign matt]4 ,h]r ,durwell1 a ,g]man *emi/1 /ates t he f\nd a sample ( co*9eal adult]at$ ) sulphate ( z9c4 ,he ?9ks ! sophi/ication 0 probably effect$ by imm]s+ ! co*9eal 9 sulphate ( z9c1 & !n 9 an alkali1 :]eby ! :ite pulv]ul5t aspect ( ! g5u9e article 0 imp>t$1 & ! weight increas$4 ,! foll[+ is a me?od :i* has be5 giv5 = e/imat+ ! value ( samples ( co*9eal3--,gr9d ! samples to be te/$ to a f9e p[d]1 weigh out #b or #b-a_/b grammes1 & boil ?is am\nt 9 a capaci\s n>r[-neck$ flask1 ) #gej c4 c4 ( wat] = #a h\r2 filt] imm$iately ?r\gh dry pap] filt]s1 & all[ x to cool4 ,to te/ x #ej c4 c4 are measur$ 9 a flask ( t capacity1 & p\r$ into ano!r flask ( ab\t #bjj c4 c41 & ! measur+ vessel r9s$ ) a def9ite quantity ( wat]1 say #aj to #ae c4 c4 ,a weak solution ( p]manganate is !n run 9 f a burette ) a glass cock1 ! flask be+ %ak5 aft] ! addition ( e #aj c4 c4 ,s mu* p]manganate solution is !n add$ t ! co*9eal extract %all be *>g$ f its orig9al col\r to a p9k ( ! fa9te/ %ade--almo/ yell[1 9 fact1 b nev] rea*+ a full yell[4 ,?is p9k %ade %\ld be p]si/5t1 t is1 x %\ld n turn yell[ aft] /&+ fifte5 m9utes2 & aft] a little practice x w be f\nd v easy to obta9 ! t+e1 :i* %[s t ! col\r+ matt] is almo/ b n q de/roy$4 ,:5 a numb] ( samples are to be comp>$1 arrange an equal numb] ( #bjj c4 c4 flasks & te/-tubes on ! table1 a tube /&+ 9 its rack 9 front ( ea* flask4 ,!n ! same numb] ( c4 c4 ( ! p]manganate solution 7:i* %\ld be1 at lea/1 s weak t bulk = bulk ( ?is & ! co*9eal solution w be requir$7 is run into ea* flask1 tak+ c>e to use too little to completely de/roy ! col\r+ matt] 9 all4 ,! flasks are well %ak5 & all[$ to /& = t5 m9utes4 ,"p ( ! cont5ts ( ea* is !n p\r$ into ! correspond+ te/-tube1 & a glance ( ! tubes z !y /& side by side w %[ :i* is ! lea/ affect$ by ! blea*+ liquid4 ,?is sample hav+ be5 select$ to s]ve z a /&>d1 ! cont5ts ( ! te/-tube are return$ to ! flask1 & m p]manganate solution is cauti\sly add$1 until a v fa9t p9k t+e1 :i* a fraction ( a c4 c4 w turn to a full yell[1 is obta9$4 ,! numb] ( c4 c4 us$ hav+ be5 not$1 a fre% trial is made1 9 :i* ! c4 c4 requir$1 m9us "o1 are us$1 ! flask agitat$1 & ! la/ c4 c4 or "p ( x1 z ! :ole may n be necess>y add$4 ,if ! two results agree1 ! next sample is treat$ 9 ! same way1 & s until all are te/$4 ,a f9al trial may be made by measur+ #ej c4 c4 ( ea* solution into its flask1 runn+ 9 ! p]manganate 9 ! asc]ta9$ am\nt into ea* z quickly z possible1 lett+ ! flasks /& t5 m9utes1 & !n mak+ a comp>ison ( all 9 ! te/-tubes4 ,if ! %ades are n exactly alike1 a pretty good guess c g5]ally be made ( ! fractions ( c4 c4 requir$1 :i* %\ld be add$1 ! cont5ts ( ! tubes be+ jo9$ to t 9 ! flasks1 & a second or ?ird comp>ison ?us made4 ,?is is a r long description ( :at is 9 practice a v simple & good process1 ! ?ree pr9cipal po9ts to be borne 9 m9d be+-- #a/4 ,to use a weak solution ( p]manganate4 #bnd4 ,to h a v fa9t p9k col\r z a /&>d ( comp>ison4 #crd4 ,to let ! liquids rema9 aft] agitation toge!r t5 or fifte5 m9utes be=e comp>+ !m4 ,uses1 c4 ,co*9eal is pr9cipally us$ to prep>e lake & c>m9e1 & 9 dye+4 ,its col\r+ pr9ciple is freely soluble 9 wat]4 ,x imp>ts e v>iety ( sc>let & crimson to textile fabrics previ\sly prep>$ ) alum1 t91 & o!r mordants4 ,x is also us$ to col\r liqueurs1 t9ctures1 & confection]y4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ z an antispasmodic & anodyne1 9 hoop+-c\gh & neuralgia4--,dose1 #aj to #fj gr41 9 p[d]1 confection1 or t9cture4 ,see ,,c>m9e & ,,c>m9ic ,,acid4 ,,coc9',,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,coco/e>',,ic ,,acid4 ,a cry/all9e1 fatty acid1 obta9$ by ! saponification ( ,,cocoa-,,nut ,,oil4 ,see ,,/e>ic ,,acid4 ,,cock-,,metal4 ,syn4 ,,pot ,,metal4 ,copp]1 #bj lbs42 lead1 #h lbs42 li?>ge1 #a oz42 antimony1 #c oz4 ,ano!r v>iety consi/s ( copp]1 lead1 & sometimes a little z9c4 ,,cockroa*4 ,see ,,blatta4 ,,cod4 ,syn4 ,,ga',,dus ,,mor',,rhua 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,mor',,rhua ,,vulg>is 7,l9n471 ,,asel',,lus 7,pl9y71 ,l4 ,a fi% common 9 ! seas ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 f ab\t #dj to #ge ( latitude4 ,! fle% =ms a mo/ :olesome & excell5t article ( food4 ,! be/ fi% are v ?ick ab\t ! neck2 &1 :5 fre%1 are m>k$ by ! r$ness ( ! gills1 fre%ness ( ! eyes1 & ! :it5ess & firmness ( ! fle%4 ,! fi% s l>gely import$ f ,newf\ndl& 7,,newf\ndl& ,,fi%7 are cod behead$1 split op51 gutt$1 & salt$4 ,!y are caught by millions on ! ',gr& ,bank4' ,,cod-,,s\nds are pickl$ 9 br9e & also made into is+lass4 ,! spawn is made into ,,cavi>e1 & ! liv] is bo? press$ & boil$ = its oil 7see bel[74 ,,cod ,,is ,,g5]ally ,,cook$ by boil+ x1 b is sometimes bak$1 or cut into slices & broil$ or fri$4 ,cod's head & %\ld]s ) oy/] sauce is a favorite di%4 ,%rimp & an*ovy sauce are also good additions4 ,,cod-,,liv',,er ,,oil4 ,syn4 ,,mor',,rhu ,o',,leum1 ,b4 ,p42 ,o',,leum ,,jecor',,is ,,asel',,li1 ,l42 ,,huile ,,de ,,morue1 ,fr4 ,! oil obta9$ f ! liv] ( ! common cod 7oleum e jecore comp>atum74 ,prep4 #a4 ,! liv]s1 be+ remov$ f ! fi%1 are pil$ on lay]s ( fir-twigs plac$ 9 tubs p]=at$ at ! bottom1 & are all[$ to rema9 = a consid]able "t expos$ to ! sun & air4 ,z ! liv]s putrefy1 ! oil runs out & fl[s ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! tubs into vessels plac$ to receive x4 #b4 ,! p>tially decompos$ liv]s1 cut into pieces1 are heat$ 9 iron pots )\t wat]1 & ! oil is p\r$ (f & set aside to deposit impurities4 #c4 7,savory47 ,! liv]s tak5 f ! fre% fi% are c>efully wa%$4 ,! l>ge ve9s are !n divid$ ?r\gh _! :ole l5g?1 & any blood 9 !m is c>efully r9s$ away4 ,! liv]s are n[ cut into pieces1 aga9 wa%$ & dra9$1 & aft]w>ds plac$ ) a small quantity ( wat] 9 vessels g5tly heat$ by /eam4 ,z ! heat increases1 ! oil sep>ates & rises to ! surface1 f :i* x is skimm$ (f2 & aft] well cool+1 to all[ ! deposit ( "s ( ! m>g>91 x is repeat$ly filt]$ ?r\gh flannel bags & f9ally ?r\gh pap]4 ,?is process gives a f9e1 cle>1 /raw-col\r$ oil1 hav+ b a slight smell & ta/e4 #d4 7,donovan47 ,! p]fectly fre% liv]s are plac$ 9 a metallic vessel & heat$ ) con/ant /irr+ to #ahj ,fahr41 by :i* treatm5t !y break d[n into a uni=m pulpy1 liquid mass4 ,?is mass is imm$iately transf]r$ to calico bags1 :5ce ! oil dra9s out2 aft] filtration1 :ile /ill w>m1 ?is oil is suffici5tly pure = use4 ,obs4 ,?ree k9ds ( cod-liv] oil are usually di/+ui%$--! pale yell[1 pale br[n1 & d>k br[n4 ,! latt] is ! mo/ impure2 its od\r & ta/e are extremely disagreeable4 ,! mo/ conflict+ op9ions h be5 express$ by m$ical m5 z to ! relative value ( ! light br[n & yell[ v>ieties4 ,ozonis$ cod-liv] oil is said to be prep>$ by pass+ oxyg5 into ! oil1 & !n expos+ x to sunlight4 ,dr ,le!by appli$ ! mo/ delicate te/s to ?is mu*-vaunt$ rem$y1 b 0 n able to detect ! slighte/ trace ( ozone4 ,prop4 & ,uses4 ,cod-liv] oil has acquir$ mu* reputation = its rem$ial p[]s 9 pulmon>y consumption1 scr(ul\s & o!r gl&ul> affections1 *ronic g\t & rheumatism1 c]ta9 sk9 diseases1 & sev]al o!r ailm5ts4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ! iod9e & brom9e1 :i* are pres5t 9 m9ute quantities 9 ?is fi%1 are ! sub/ances to :i* x owes its efficacy4 ,dr ,de ,jongh ref]s its virtues to ! pres5ce ( bo? iod9e & ! elem5ts ( ! bile4 ,our own rese>*es lead u to inf] t "o ( its mo/ active con/itu5ts is free phosphorus4 ,good cod-liv] oil conta9s fully #jb ( ?is sub/ance1 z well z ab\t #ji ( phosphoric acid4 ,n[1 ! m>k$ action ( m9ute doses ( phosphorus on ! n]v\s1 vascul>1 & secret+ organs1 is well kn[n to e exp]i5c$ surgeon4 ,! difficulty1 h[ev]1 ( br++ x into a =m adapt$ = adm9i/ration has hi!rto prev5t$ phosphorus be+ ext5sively employ$ z a !rapeutic ag5t4 ,?is ob/acle is remov$ by ! employm5t ( cod-liv] oil4 ,nature has "h provid$ a simple rem$y1 :i* ! +5uity ( man has fail$ to produce artificially4 ,?is op9ion is borne out by ! facts1 t cod-liv] oil cures ^? =ms ( scr(ula & o!r diseases :i* d n yield to iod9e1 & t ^? v>ieties ( ! oil are ! mo/ active :i* conta9 ! mo/ free phosphorus4 ,we1 !re=e1 ?9k x reasonable to conclude1 t ! efficacy ( cod-liv] oil dep5ds on ! jo9t action ( ! m9ute quantities ( iod9e1 phosphorus1 & ! elem5ts ( ! bile :i* x conta9s1 & n on any "o sep>ately2 & t no sub/ance1 at pres5t kn[n1 c be us$ z a sub/itute = x4 7,cooley47--,dose1 #a to #h dr41 9 wat]1 syrup1 or orange juice2 or made into an emulsion ) #a fl4 oz4 ( pepp]m9t wat]4 ,m4 ,duquesnel /ates t cod-liv] oil flav\r$ ) ess5ce ( eucalyptol1 9 ! proportion ( "o "p ( ! ess5ce to a ?\s&1 has nei!r ! ta/e nor ! od\r ( cod-liv] oil4 ,x is tak5 ) facility1 only leav+ at ! back ( ! m\? & on ! tongue ! ta/e ( ! ess5ce4 ,m4 ,duquesnel adds t ! (f5sive eructations aris+ f cod-liv] oil are completely correct$4 ,cod-liv] ,oil ,jelly4 ,take ( cod-liv] oil1 #he p>ts2 is+lass1 #c p>ts2 sug>1 #h p>ts2 wat]1 #d p>ts4 ,x =ms a semi-transp>5t jelly ( a yell[i%-gre5 col\r1 hav+ a /rong od\r1 b less /rong ta/e ( ! oil4 ,! advantages ( ?is prep>ation are--its easy adm9i/ration1 complete ret5tion1 & assimilation by ! weake/ /oma*4 ,a teaspoonful is said to be equal to a tablespoonful ( ! ord9>y oil4 ,a lemon flav\r may be imp>t$ to x ) advantage if desir$4 ,cod-liv] ,oil & ,lacto-,phosphate ( ,lime4 7,%9n47 ,cod-liv] oil1 #a p9t2 oil ( bitt] almonds1 pepp]m9t1 & w9t] gre51 ( ea* #aj drops2 p[d] ( gum ,arabic #d oz42 sug>1 #f oz42 solution ( lacto-phosphate ( lime 7#fj gr4 to #a fl4 oz471 #f-a_/b fl4 oz42 lime wat]1 #f-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,mix ! gum & sug> 9 a capaci\s mort>1 & make a smoo? mucilage ) ! lime wat] & #c oz4 ( ! solution ( lacto-phosphate ( lime4 ,add ! volatile oils to ! cod-liv] oil1 & gradually triturate !m ) ! mucilage1 until a p]fect emulsion is =m$4 ,f9ally1 add ! re/ ( ! solution ( ! lacto-phosphate ( lime1 & mix ?or\ghly4 ,! solution ( lacto-phosphate ( lime is made by saturat+ a solution ( lactic acid ) fre%ly precipitat$ phosphate ( lime4 ,cod-liv] ,oil ) ,iodide ( ,iron4 ,triturate iodide ( iron1 ) cod-liv] oil1 #d gr4 to ! ounce1 until dissolv$4 ,,horsley',s pat5t is z foll[s3--,dissolve #bb scruples ( iod9e 9 a gallon ( cod-liv] oil1 at a temp]ature ( #adj ,fahr41 9 a wat]-ba?4 ,add to ! solution #h scruples ( iron 7r$uc$ by hydrog571 & heat to #ahj ,fahr41 until ! comb9ation is complete4--,dose1 #a dr4 to #a_/b oz4 ,cod-liv] ,oil1 ,phosphorat$4 7,lancet47 ,pure unoxidis$ phosphorus1 #b gr42 almond oil1 #b oz4 ,put into a bottle1 /opp]$1 & imm]se ! same 9 a wat]-ba?2 apply heat until ! temp]ature ( ! oil is ab\t #ahj ,fahr41 z direct$ by ! ,b4 ,p41 9 ! prep>ation ( oleum phosphoratum2 %ake up occasionally1 & aga9 put ! bottle into ! wat] if necess>y1 until a p]fect solution is obta9$2 !n add ab\t #aj oz4 ( cod-liv] oil1 & aga9 imm]se 9 ! wat]-ba?2 f9ally1 make up ! measure ) cod-liv] oil to #be oz4 ,"o dra*m s prep>$ w conta9 ov] ! #a_/ajj? ( a gra9 ( pure phosphorus4 ,cod-liv] ,oil1 ,emulsion (4 ,cod-liv] oil1 #h fl4 oz42 tragacan?1 #a dr42 p[d]$ :ite sug>1 #d dr42 oil ( gaul!ria1 #i drops2 oil sassafras1 #a drop2 oil bitt] almonds1 #aj drops1 wat]1 #h oz4 ,dissolve ! tragacan? & sug> 9 wat]1 & /ra94 ,add to ?is fir/ ! ess5tial oils1 & !n incorporate ! cod-liv] oil4 ,cod-liv] ,oil & ,hypophosphites1 ,emulsion (4 7,canadian ',ph>maceutical ,j\rnal'74 ,p[d] ( gum tragacan?1 #a_/b oz42 glyc]91 #c oz42 wat]1 #i oz4 ,rub ! tragacan? ) ! glyc]91 & add ! wat] gradually4 ,to ?is mucilage add ! foll[+ solution3--,hypophosphite ( lime1 #d-a_/b dr42 hypophosphite ( soda1 #b-a_/d dr42 hypophosphite ( pota%1 #b-a_/d dr42 sug>1 #c_/d lb42 boil+ wat]1 #ab oz4 ,make ! admixture gradually ) brisk trituration4 ,to ?is m$icat$ mucilage add ! foll[+3--,otto ( almonds1 bitt]1 #aj drops2 otto ( c9namon1 #e drops2 otto ( canella1 #e drops2 alcohol1 #f oz4 ,! :ole w n[ =m a semi-transp>5t mucilag9\s liquid ( ab\t #cg fl4 oz4 9 bulk4 ,to ?is add gradually an equal measure ( cod-liv] oil1 & mix ?or\ghly4 ,9 practice x is advisable to "w on small quantities1 say half a p9t ( ea* 9 a ,no4 #h mort>4 ,if c>e is tak5 ! product w be v satisfactory4 ,,code',,ia4 ,c#ah;,h#ba,o#c4 ,aq4 ,syn4 ,,code',,ine4 ,an alkaloid discov]$ by ,robiquet associat$ ) morphia4 ,prep4 ,dissolve comm]cial hydro*lorate ( morphia 9 wat]1 & precipitate ! morphia ) ammonia4 ,codeia is left 9 solution1 & is obta9$ 9 octah$ral cry/als by spontane\s evaporation4 ,x may be fur!r purifi$ by solution 9 e!r4 ,by ! addition ( a little wat] to ! e!real solution & spontane\s evaporation x may be obta9$ q pure & 9 a cry/all9e /ate4 ,obs4 ,! morphia may be recov]$ by dige/+ ! precipitate 9 weak solution ( potassa4 ,prop41 c4 ,freely soluble 9 alcohol & e!r2 soluble 9 #hj p>ts ( cold & #ag p>ts ( boil+ wat]4 ,its solution 9 ! latt]1 by sl[ evaporation1 yields l>ge1 transp>5t octah$ra4 ,) ! acids x =ms cry/allisable salts4 ,^! possess ! s+ul> prop]ty ( produc+ a g5]al & viol5t it*+ ( ! surface ( ! body :5 adm9i/]$ int]nally4 ,! same symptoms frequ5tly foll[ ! exhibition ( opium & hydro*lorate ( morphia1 & are ref]r$ to ! pres5ce ( codeia4 ,! comm]cial muriate ( morphia frequ5tly conta9s #c to #d ( codeia4 ,te/s4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f morphia by n becom+ blue on ! addition ( p]*loride ( iron1 nor turn+ r$ ) nitric acid2 & by n be+ precipitat$ by ammonia1 :5 dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid & mix$ ) a l>ge quantity ( wat]4 ,unlike morphia1 x is insoluble 9 weak solution ( pota%1 & is soluble 9 e!r4 ,! salts ( codeia are kn[n by t9cture ( galls ?r[+ d[n a copi\s precipitate f _! solutions2 ?is does n occur ) ! salts ( morphia4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f meconia by its aque\s solution %[+ an alkal9e reaction ) te/-pap]4 ,,c(fee4 ,! se$s or b]ries ( ! ,c(fea arabica 7,l9n47 or c(fee plant2 a %rub ( ! natural ord] ,c9*onace1 sub-ord] ,c(fe1 indig5\s 9 ! l[ m\nta9\s di/ricts ( ,arabia ,felix1 & l>gely cultivat$ 9 v>i\s o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,ab\t #dj millions ( p\nds ( c(fee are annually consum$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! consumption = ! :ole _w has be5 e/imat$ at ab\t #fjj millions ( p\nds4 ,! se$s are roa/$ & gr\nd1 & us$ 9 ! =m ( a decoction or infusion4 ,! t]m c(fee is appli$ to ! prep>$ bev]age z well z to ! se$s4 ,! valuable prop]ties ( c(fee are ma9ly due to ! pres5ce ( ! alkaloid ,,caffeia or ,,caffe9e4 ,pay5 gives ! foll[+ z ! composition ( ! c(fee-b]ry3-- ,wat] #abjjj ,woody tissue #cdjjj ,fix$ fatty matt]s #aj to #acjjj ,gum1 sug>1 & vegetable acids #aeejj ,nitrog5\s matt] alli$ to legum9 7vegetable case97 #acjjj ,free caffe9 #jhjj ,comp\nd ( caffe9 ) pota% #c4e to #ejjj ,solid fatty ess5ce #jjjb ,aromatic ess5tial oil #jjja ,sal9e matt]s #ffig ------- #ajjjjj ,prep41 c4 ,! f9e/ k9d ( c(fee is t call$ mo*a1 f ,ad51 b t 9 common use is pr9cipally suppli$ f ! ,briti% plantations 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! selection be+ made1 ! b]ries are c>efully roa/$ 9 revolv+ cyl9d]s by a gradually appli$ heat1 until ! aroma is well develop$ & ! t\ghness de/roy$4 ,too mu* heat is avoid$1 z ! volatile & aromatic prop]ties ( ! c(fee1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! flav\r1 are !reby injur$2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! b]ries are roa/$ too little1 !y produce a bev]age ) a raw1 gre5 ta/e1 v liable to induce sickness & vomit+4 ,:5 prop]ly roa/$1 c(fee has a lively *ocolate-br[n col\r1 & %\ld n h lo/ m ?an #ah ( its weight by ! process4 ,if ! loss exce$s #bj1 ! flav\r suff]s 9 proportion4 ,! roa/$ c(fee %\ld be plac$ 9 a v dry situation1 & exclud$ f ! air z soon z possible4 ,x loses flav\r by keep+1 & also p[]fully absorbs moi/ure f ! atmosph]e by reason ( its hygrometric p[]4 ,qual41 c4 ,c(fee promotes dige/ion1 & exhil>ates ! spirits1 & :5 /rong1 g5]ally occasions wat*fulness1 b 9 "s phlegmatic con/itutions induces sleep4 ,drunk 9 mod]ation1 especially if comb9$ ) sug> & milk1 x is p]haps ! mo/ :olesome bev]age kn[n4 ,! v>i\s qualities t h be5 ascrib$ to x by "s p]sons su* z dispell+ or caus+ flatul5cy1 remov+ dizz9ess ( ! head1 att5uat+ ! blood1 caus+ bili\sness1 c41 appe> to be :olly imag9>y4 ,9 a m$ical po9t ( view x has be5 reg>d$ z a c]ebral /imulant & anti-soporific1 & z a corrector ( opium4 ,z a m$ic9e x %\ld be /rong1 & is be/ tak5 only lukew>m4 ,adult41 c4 ,! pr9cipal sub/ances us$ = ! purposes ( adult]ation are c>amel1 roa/$ *icory1 roa/$ locu/ beans1 roa/$ corn1 c4 ,*icory be+ n[ *>g$ ) ! same am\nt ( duty z c(fee1 is n consid]$ 9 a rev5ue po9t ( view an adult]ation2 nev]!less1 :5 we contra/ c(fee ) *icory1 we at once see ! va/ sup]iority ( ! =m] ov] ! latt]1 ?us3-- ,c(fee is ! fruit ( a tree1 :il/ *icory is ! root ( an h]bace\s plant1 & x is well kn[n t m virtues exi/ 9 fruits & se$s ?an 9 roots4 ,c(fee conta9s ?ree active pr9ciples1 viz4 an ess5tial oil1 caffeia1 & tannic acid1 & ^! ex]cise a p[]ful influ5ce on ! sy/em1 ret>d+ ! wa/e ( ! tissues ( ! body1 excit+ ! bra9 to increas$ activity1 & exhil>at+ )\t intoxicat+4 ,*icory conta9s none ( ^! con/itu5ts4 ,c(fee ex]ts on ! sy/em highly b5eficial physiological effects2 *icory possesses m$ic9al prop]ties1 :i* are n desirable 9 an article ( food4 ,*icory1 !re=e1 is v objectionable1 & :5 a deal] sells a mixture ( c(fee & *icory = pure c(fee1 z is almo/ inv>iably ! case1 he is guilty ( sell+ an adult]at$ article1 & ought to be puni%$ accord+ly4 ,! adult]ation ) c>amel or *icory may readily be detect$ z foll[s3-- #a4 ,a spoonful ( pure c(fee plac$ g5tly on ! surface ( a glass ( cold wat] w float = "s "t1 & sc>cely col\r ! liquid2 if x conta9s c>amel or *icory1 x w rapidly absorb ! wat]1 &1 s9k+ to ! bottom ( ! glass1 communicate a r$di%-br[n t9t z x falls4 ,ano!r me?od ( apply+ ?is te/ is by exp]tly %ak+ a spoonful ( ! suspect$ c(fee ) a w9e-glassful ( cold wat]1 & !n plac+ ! glass ^u ! table4 ,if x is pure1 x w rise to ! surface1 & sc>cely col\r ! liquid2 b if c>amel or *icory is pres5t1 x w s9k to ! bottom1 & ! wat] w be t+$ ( a deep r$ z be=e4 #b4 ,! br[n col\r ( decoction or infusion ( roa/$ c(fee becomes gre5i% :5 treat$ ) a p]-salt ( iron2 & a br[ni%-gre51 floccul5t precipitate is =m$4 ,! col\r ( *icory is only deep5$1 b n o!rwise alt]$1 & no precipitate is =m$1 "u ! same treatm5t4 ,a mixture ( *icory & c(fee reta9s a br[ni%-yell[ col\r aft] ! precipitate has subsid$1 & ! liquid appe>s br[ni% yell[ by refract$ light4 ,! addition ( a little weak ammonia wat] aids ! subsid5ce ( ! precipitate4 ,illu/ration #c4 ,"u ! microscope 7see ,*icory7 ! pres5ce ( *icory may be readily detect$ by ! size1 =m1 & ready sep>ation ( ! cells ( ! cellul> tissue1 & by ! pres5ce & abundance ( ! pitt$ tissue or dott$ ducts1 :i* are abs5t f c(fee1 & by ! size ( ! spiral vessels1 :i* are v small 9 c(fee4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic /ructure1 h[ev]1 & t by :i* *icory c be easily id5tifi$1 is ! lactif]\s tissue4 ,roa/$ corn1 & o!r amylace\s sub/ances1 may also be detect$1 9 ! same way1 by ! peculi> size & "* ( _! />* gra9s4 ,"u ! microscope ! b]ry is se5 to consi/ ( a h>d1 t\gh tissue1 t resi/s ev5 long soak+4 ,! te/a cov]+ ! b]ry is made ( l5g!n$ cells ) oblique m>k+s re/+ on a ?9 membrane1 almo/ /ructureless4 ,^! oblique m>k+s ( ! cells are s *>act]i/ic z to r5d] ! cells di/+ui%able f e o!r tissue4 ,! sub/ance ( ! b]ry consi/s ( angul> cells1 ea* "o ( :i* conta9s m9ute drops ( oil4 ,?is oil is 9 "s measure driv5 (f dur+ ! process ( roa/+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 leaves ! /ructure unimpair$ :]e x is n *>r$4 ,illu/ration ,roa/$ corn1 beans1 c41 may be detect$ by ! cold decoction /rik+ a blue col\r ) t9cture ( iod9e4 ,pure c(fee is m]ely deep5$ a little 9 col\r by ?is sub/ance4 #d4 7,a4 ,h4 ,all547 ,! am\nt ( a% 9 g5u9e c(fee does n exce$ #de p] c5t42 *icory yields #e p] c5t4 ,! silica 9 c(fee a% nev] exce$s #a p] c5t41 :ile 9 *icory x v>ies f #aj-cf p] c5t4 ,! av]age soluble a% 9 c(fee is #cbd1 :ile 9 *icory x is #agd p] c5t4 ,by det]m9+ ! soluble a% ,s1 ! p]-c5tage ( pure c(fee ,c may be calculat$ ?us3-- 7#ajj ,s - #agd7 ,c #b --------------- #c ,! d5sity ( c(fee-infusion is det]m9$ by heat+ ! p[d] ) #aj times its weight ( cold wat]1 rais+ ! liquid to ! boil+ po9t1 filt]+1 & tak+ ! gravity at #aee ,c4 ,tak+ ! d5sity ( pure c(fee-infusion at #ajjhf1 & t ( *icory at #ajbjf1 ! p]-c5tage ( pure c(fee ,c 9 ! sample may be calculat$ f ! equation #ajj7ajbj - ,d7 ,c ------------ #ab :]e ,d repres5ts ! d5sity ( ! infus$ sample4 ,! relative t9ctorial p[] ( an infusion ( a sample ( c(fee is det]m9$ by boil+ a giv5 weight ) #bj c4 c4 ( wat] = a few m9utes1 filt]+1 & aga9 boil+ ! residue until ?or\ghly exhau/$4 ,an equal weight ( a /&>d mixture ( equal weights ( pure c(fee & *icory is treat$ 9 a precisely simil> mann]4 ,! /&>d solution is made up to #bjj c4 c41 t ( ! sample to #ajj c4 c42 #aj c4 c4 ( ! latt] are put into a n>r[ burette1 & "s ( ! /&>d into a te/ tube ( exactly equal bore4 ,if ! t9ts are exactly ! same1 ! sample consi/$ ( pure c(fee2 if *icory is pres5t1 wat] mu/ be add$ to ! sample until ! t9ts are ! same4 ,ea* c4 c4 ( wat] repres5ts #e p] c5t4 ( *icory4 ,! pres5ce ( legum9\s se$s or c]eals may be detect$ by boil+ ! sample ) animal *>coal & wat]1 filt]+1 & te/+ = />* 9 ! cold liquid ) iod9e4 ,nei!r c(fee nor *icory conta9s />*4 ,obs4 ,a few ye>s ago ! att5tion ( ! sci5tific _w 0 drawn to ! value ( roa/$ c(fee leaves1 z furni%+ mat]ials = a bev]age unexcell$ 9 excell5ce by ! c(fee b]ry itself4 ,x appe>s t ! leaves1 prep>$ = use1 may be pur*as$ = #a-a_/b;d4 p] lb41 or pack$ ready = export at #b;d4 p] lb4 ,t ?is prep>ation conta9s a consid]able am\nt ( ! nutriti\s pr9ciples ( c(fee is evid5t f ! analysis2 b z ! leaves c only be collect$ 9 a good /ate at ! exp5se ( ! c(fee-bu%1 x is d\btful :e!r ! c(fees produc$ by ! b]ries be n1 aft] all1 ! *eape/1 z x c]ta9ly is ! be/4 7,jury ,report1 ,exhibition1 #ahea47 ,c(fee = ! table is be/ prep>$ ) ! aid ( a ,fr5* cafetire1 or c(fee bigg91 furni%$ ) a p]colator or /ra9]1 :i* w p]mit a mod]ately rapid filtration4 ,to produce ?is bev]age 9 p]fection1 x is necess>y to employ ! be/ mat]ials 9 its prep>ation--fre% roa/$ & fre% gr\nd4 ,at lea/ #a oz4 ( c(fee %\ld be us$ to make #c common-siz$ c(fee-cupfuls1 ) #a teaspoonful ( fre%ly roa/$ & gr\nd *icory4 ,if desir$ /rong1 ! quantity ( bo? %\ld be d\bl$4 7,cooley47 ,_m habitual c(fee dr9k]s _c tol]ate ! use ( *icory1 :i* is a d\btful improv] ( c(fee4 ,! prevail+ fault ( ! c(fee made 9 ,engl& is its want ( /r5g? & flav\r4 ,! c(fee-pot %\ld be heat$ previ\sly to putt+ 9 ! c(fee1 :i* may be done by means ( a little boil+ wat]4 ,! common practice ( boil+ c(fee is q unnecess>y1 = all its flav\r & aroma is readily extract$ by boil+ hot wat]4 ,inde$1 all ! useful & agreeable matt] 9 c(fee is v soluble1 x comes (f ) ! fir/ wat]s ( infusion1 & ne$s no boil+4 7,ure47 ,%\ld prejudice1 h[ev]1 induce ! h\sewife or cook to boil h] c(fee1 x %\ld be only j simm]$ = a m9ute1 z long or viol5t boil+ injures x consid]ably4 ,:5 c(fee is prep>$ 9 a common pot1 ! latt] be+ fir/ made hot1 ! boil+ wat] %\ld be p\r$ ov] ! p[d]1 & n1 z is commonly ! plan1 put 9 fir/4 ,x %\ld !n be kept /irr$ = #d or #e m9utes1 :5 a cup %\ld be p\r$ out & return$ aga91 & ?is op]ation repeat$ #c or #d times1 aft] :i*1 if all[$ to repose = a few m9utes1 x w g5]ally become f9e ( itself4 ,9 all cases1 :]e a p]colator is n us$1 ! liquor %\ld be well /irr$ up sev]al times be=e f9ally cov]+ x up to settle = use4 ,among/ ! v>i\s descriptions ( c(fee pots 9 use we may m5tion ^? ( ,fr5* make1 consi/+ ( two cyl9drical vessels1 ! upp] hav+ a metal /ra9]1 on :i* ! gr\nd c(fee is plac$1 & ?r\gh :i* ! cle> infusion runs into ! l[] "o2 ,loysell's--an app>atus mak+ v good c(fee1 & z "o ( ! late/1 an +5i\s & inexp5sive c(fee pot1 kn[n z ! ,kaffee ,kanne1 devis$ by ,mr ,a%1 ( ,ox=d ,/reet4 ,a%'s ,kaffee ,kanne consi/s ( an ord9>y bigg91 surr\nd$ by a jacket conta9+ boil+ wat]4 ,! c(fee is made by p]colation 9 ! inn] vessel1 & be+ kept at ! po9t ( ebullition by ! surr\nd+ boil+ wat]1 yields a bev]age ( excell5t flav\r & aroma4 ,c(fee is sometimes cl>ifi$ by add+ a %r$ ( is+lass1 a small piece ( clean eel- or sole-sk91 or a spoonful ( :ite ( egg4 ,an excell5t plan1 common 9 ,france1 is to place ! vessel conta9+ ! made c(fee ^u ! he>?1 & to spr9kle ov] its surface half a cupful ( cold wat]1 :i* f its great] gravity desc5ds1 & c>ries ! 'f\lness' ) x4 ,ano!r plan sometimes adopt$ is to wrap a clo?1 previ\sly dipp$ into cold wat]1 r\nd ! c(fee-pot4 ,?is me?od is commonly practis$ by ! ,arabians 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,yem5 & ,moka1 & rapidly cl>ifies ! liquor1 unless a v l>ge quantity ( *icory is pres5t4 ,x %\ld be recollect$ t ! use ( is+lass1 :ite ( egg1 & all l artificial f9+s1 remove mu* ( ! a/r+5cy & vivacity ( ! liquor4 ,! ,fr5*1 :o are rem>kable = ! sup]ior quality ( _! c(fee1 g5]ally all[ an ounce to ea* l>ge c(fee-cupful ( wat]1 & !y use ! c(fee bo? newly gr\nd & fre%ly roa/$4 ,a %r$ ( saffron1 or a little vanilla1 is frequ5tly add$1 :il/ ! p]colat+ c(fee-pot is g5]ally employ$4 ,:5 ! ,p>isian uses a common c(fee-pot he g5]ally divides ! wat] into #b p>ts4 ,! fir/ portion he p\rs on boil+ hot1 & all[s x to infuse = #d or #e m9utes2 he !n p\rs ?is (f z cle> z possible1 & boils ! gr\nds = #b or #c m9utes ) ! rema9+ half ( ! wat]4 ,z soon z ?is has deposit$ ! s$im5t x is decant$1 & mix$ ) ! infusion4 ,! object ( ?is process is to obta9 ! :ole ( ! /r5g? z well z ! flav\r4 ,! infusion is ?\ght to conta9 ! latt]1 & ! decoction ! =m]2 a plausible1 b errone\s idea1 s9ce bo? ( !m 7 c>ri$ (f by ! fir/ wat]4 ,a mu* bett] me?od1 & "o we c recomm5d f exp]i5ce1 is to divide ! c(fee into #b p>ts4 ,boil ! fir/ portion 9 ! c(fee-pot = #d or #e m9utes1 !n add ! o!r portion1 & all[ x to infuse sl[ly = ab\t #aj m9utes1 ! c(fee-pot lid be+ kept well clos$4 ,?is gives a c(fee possess+ a flav\r :i* ev5 ! ,fr5* _c excel4 ,c(fee1 ,ess5ce (4 ,a highly conc5trat$ infusion ( c(fee1 prep>$ by p]colation ) boil+ wat]1 g5tly & quickly evaporat$ to ab\t #a_/crd or #a_/d? ( its bulk1 & mix$ ) a ?ick aque\s extract ( *icory & syrup ( burnt sug>1 s z to give ! :ole ! consi/5ce ( treacle4 ,! proportions ( ! dry +r$i5ts %\ld be--c(fee1 #d p>ts2 *icory1 #b p>ts2 burnt sug> 7c>amel7 #a "p4 ,x %\ld be kept 9 well-cork$ bottles 9 a cool place4 ,?is prep>ation is v conv5i5t = mak+ extemporane\s c(fee2 b ! bev]age s made1 ?\gh sup]ior to mu* ( t sold at c(fee-h\ses1 is inf]ior 9 flav\r1 aroma1 & piquancy1 to t we are accu/om$ to dr9k at home4 ,mu* ( ! s-call$ ',ess5ce ( ,c(fee' is simply treacle & burnt sug>1 flav\r$ ) c(fee4 ,c(fee1 ,se>le's ,pat5t4 ,?is is prep>$ by mix+ cond5s$ milk ) a v conc5trat$ ess5ce ( c(fee & evaporat+ at a l[ temp]ature 79 vacuo1 if possible71 until ! mixture acquires ! consi/5ce ( a syrup 7c(fee syrup71 pa/e 7c(fee pa/e71 or c&y 7c(fee c&y74 ,! la/ may be p[d]$ 7c(fee p[d]1 dry ess5ce ( c(fee74 ,c(fee1 ,sub/itutes =4 ,^! are num]\s1 b are n[ seldom employ$1 ow+ to ! *eapness ( ! g5u9e article1 & ! /r+5cy ( ! rev5ue laws4 ,among ! pr9cipal are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,,c(fee1 ,,acorn4 ,f acorns depriv$ ( _! %ells1 husk$1 dri$1 & roa/$4 #b4 ,,c(fee1 ,,bean4 ,horse-beans roa/$ along ) a little honey or sug>4 #c4 ,,c(fee1 ,,beet-,,root4 ,f ! yell[ beet-root1 slic$1 dri$ 9 a kiln or ov51 & gr\nd ) a little c(fee4 #d4 ,,c(fee1 ,,d&elion4 ,f d&elion roots1 slic$1 dri$1 roa/$1 & gr\nd ) a little c>amel4 #e4 ,,c(fee1 ,,g]man4 ,syn4 ,,succory ,c41 ,,*icory ,c4 ,f *icory or succory4 ,us$ bo? = =eign c(fee1 & to adult]ate x4 ,obs4 ,all ! above are roa/$1 be=e gr9d+ !m1 ) a little fat or l>d4 ,^? :i* are l>g] ?an c(fee-b]ries are cut into small slices be=e be+ roa/$4 ,!y possess none ( ! exhil>at+ prop]ties or m$ic9al virtues ( =eign c(fee4 ,,co9s4 ,see ,,m$als & ,,electrotype4 ,,coke4 ,*>r$ or c>bonis$ coal4 ,! pr9ciple ( its manufacture is simil> to t ( *>coal4 ,!re are ?ree v>ieties ( coke3-- #a4 ,,kiln-,,made ,,coke2 ,,/ifl$ ,,coke4 ,made by burn+ pit-coal 9 a pile1 kiln1 or /ove4 ,x has a dull-black col\r1 & produces an int5se heat :5 us$ z fuel4 ,by cond5s+ ! bitum9\s vap\rs :i* are giv5 (f dur+ ! process1 ab\t #c ( t> may be obta9$ f common coal1 & f "s /rong coal1 by c>eful treatm5t fully #aj ( its weight4 ,! scre5+s ( du/ coal1 sep>at$ f ! bett] k9ds ( bitum9\s coal1 is ! sort commonly us$ = mak+ coke 9 ov5s4 #b4 ,,gas ,,coke2 ,,di/ill$ ,,coke4 ,! c9d] left 9 ! gas retorts4 ,grey2 produces a weak heat1 insuffici5t to smelt iron4 #c4 ,,%ale ,,coke2 ,,m9]al ,,c>bon4 ,f bitum9\s %ale1 burnt 9 cov]$ iron pots1 9 a simil> way to t adopt$ = mak+ bone-black2 or 9 piles4 ,black & friable4 ,us$ to cl>ify liquids1 b is va/ly inf]ior to bone-black1 & does n ab/ract ! lime f syrups4 ,see ,,fuel1 ,,pit-,,coal1 c4 ,,col*ic9',a4 ,syn4 ,,col',,*ic9e4 ,,col*icia4 ,a peculi> pr9ciple discov]$ by ,gieg] & ,hesse 9 ! se$s ( ! ,col*icum autumnale or common mead[ saffron4 ,x also exi/s 9 ! corms or bulbs4 ,prep4 ,mac]ate ! bruis$ se$s 9 boil+ alcohol1 add magnesia1 to ?r[ d[n ! alkaloid1 dige/ ! precipitate 9 boil+ alcohol1 & filt]4 ,by cauti\s evaporation col*ic9e w be deposit$1 & maybe purifi$ by re-solution & cry/allisation 9 alcohol4 ,prop41 c4 ,od\rless2 bitt]2 soluble 9 wat] & alcohol2 =m salts ) ! acids4 ,x is v poison\s4 #a_/aj? ( a gra91 dissolv$ 9 _s1 kill$ a cat 9 #ab h\rs4 ,x diff]s f v]atria 9 be+ soluble 9 wat] & cry/all9e1 & 9 ! non-production ( sneez+ :5 cauti\sly appli$ to ! nose4 ,/rong oil ( vitriol turns ?is alkaloid ( a yell[i%-br[n2 nitric acid turns x ( a deep violet1 pass+ into indigo-blue1 gre5 & yell[4 ,x is n us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,,col',,*icum4 ,syn4 ,,mea',,d[ ,,saf',,fron2 ,,col*icum ,,autumnale 7,l9n471 ,l4 ,! rec5t & dri$ corms or bulbs 7col*ici cormus71 z well z ! se$s 7col*ici sem9a71 are (ficial 9 ! ,briti% ,ph>macopoeia4 ,! corms are ord]$ to be dug up 9 ! mon? ( ,july1 or be=e ! autumnal bud has project$4 ,! dry coat+s hav+ be5 torn (f1 cut ! corms transv]sely 9 ?9 slices1 & dry1 at fir/ ) a g5tle heat1 b aft]w>ds sl[ly increas$ to #aej ,fahr4 ,dose 7( ! corms71 #b to #h or #i gr42 7( ! se$s71 #b to #g gr41 made into a pill or bolus ) syrup or cons]ve2 *iefly1 z a specific 9 g\t1 to alleviate or *eck ! p>oxysm4 ,?is drug =ms ! base ( almo/ all ! adv]tis$ g\t no/rums4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an active poison1 & its adm9i/ration requires c>e4 ,aft] all t has be5 said respect+ col*icum 9 g\t1 & admitt+ t x r>ely fails to allay pa9 & *eck a p>oxysm1 ,i w\ld record my op9ion t he :o w\ld wi% to arrive at a good old age %\ld es*ew x z an ord9>y rem$y1 & consid] t he is draw+ on 8 con/itution = a tempor>y relief1 ) a c]ta9ty ( becom+ prematurely bankrupt 9 8 vital en]gies4 7,colli]47 ,antidotes4 ,an emetic consi/+ ( "o scruple ( sulphate ( z9c dissolv$ 9 wat]1 foll[$ by a brisk dose ( ca/or oil1 !n /imulants1 & also *>coal4 ,,col',,co?>4 ,see ,,oxides ,,( ,,iron4 ,,cold4 ,syn4 ,,fri',,gus1 ,l4 ,! privation ( heat4 ,! t]m is also appli$ to ! s5sation & effects :i* ?is privation produces4 ,:5 ! body ( an animal is imm]s$ 9 an atmosph]e at a temp]ature bel[ ! heal?y /&>d1 a s5sation ( coldness is exp]i5c$1 produc$ by ! passage ( ! caloric or heat ( ! body into ! cold] m$ium4 ,if ?is extraction ( caloric exce$s ! quantity produc$ by ! vital sy/em1 ! temp]ature ( ! body decreases1 until x s9ks bel[ ! po9t at :i* ! functions ( life c be p]=m$4 ,?is decl9ation ( ! heat ( ! body is gradual2 ! extreme s5sation ( coldness *anges into a dis9cl9ation = volunt>y motion2 next comes on dr[s9ess1 foll[$ by numbness & ins5sibility4 ,at ?is po9t if ! suff]] is n rescu$1 & rem$ial measures _h rec\rse to1 dea? inevitably & rapidly ensues4 ,! prev5tion ( ! effects ( cold consi/s 9 ! use ( ample food & clo?+ proportion$ to ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r1 ! exposure to be endur$1 & ! habits ( ! we>]4 ,! circulation ( ! blood %\ld be promot$ by active ex]cise1 & any disposition to sleep %ak5 (f by increas$ bodily ex]tion4 ,! pr9cipal endeav\r %\ld be to keep ! extremities & *e/ w>m1 z1 if ?is c be accompli%$1 no dang] ne$ be fe>$4 ,9 cases ( asphyxia produc$ by int5se cold1 ! pati5t %\ld be laid 9 a room remote f ! fire1 & ba!d ) cold salt-&-wat]1 or wat] to :i* "s br&y or v9eg> has be5 add$2 aft] :i* ! body %\ld be wip$ dry1 & friction assidu\sly appli$ by ! h&s ( ! att5dants 7w>m$72 z _m op]at+ at once z c conv5i5tly d s4 ,g5tle /imulants %\ld be adm9i/]$ by ! m\?1 & ! b[els excit$ by "s mild1 /imulat+ cly/]4 ,! lungs %\ld also be inflat$1 & an ef=t made to re-e/abli% ! respiration4 ,z soon z symptoms ( return+ animation are ev9c$1 & ! brea?+ & circulation re/or$1 ! pati5t %\ld be laid 9 a b$ betwe5 blankets1 & a little w9e-&-wat] adm9i/]$1 & p]spiration promot$ by heap+ an ample quantity ( clo?+ on ! b$4 ,%\ld ! pati5t h suff]$ f hung] z well z cold1 ! appetite may be appeas$ by ! adm9i/ration ( a limit$ quantity ( light food1 tak+ especial c>e to avoid excess1 or any?+ indige/ible or excit+1 c4 ,see ,,asphyxia1 ,,bron*itis1 ,,cat>rh1 c4 ,,cold ,,cream4 ,a sn[-:ite1 bl& o9tm5t1 ab\t ! consi/5ce ( good l>d1 & an admirable sub/itute = t excipi5t :]e exp5se is no object1 especially = applications ab\t ! face4 ,x is commonly sold z a lip-salve & z a heal+ application to abrad$ & *app$ surfaces g5]ally4 ,! ord9>y receipts are giv5 "u ! head ( ,,cosmetic ,,c]ate 7:i* see74 ,! foll[+ produces a sup]ior article4 ,prep4 7,dr ,l4 ,turnbull47 ,f :ite wax1 #a oz42 oil ( almonds1 #d oz42 rose-wat]1 #b oz42 borax1 #a_/b dr42 oil ( roses1 #e drops4 ,melt1 & dissolve ! wax 9 ! oil ( almonds by a g5tle heat2 dissolve ! borax 9 ! rose-wat]1 :i* is !n to be w>m$ a little & add$ to ! heat$ oil2 la/ly1 add ! oil ( roses1 /irr$4 ,,col',,ic4 ,syn4 ,,col',,ica1 ,l4 ,! belly-a*e or gripes4 ,! "n is popul>ly giv5 to all sev]e grip+ abdom9al pa9s1 )\t ref]5ce to ! cause4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( ?is disease1 z notic$ bel[4 ,colic1 ,accid5t'al4 ,produc$ by improp] food1 & poisons4 ,! treatm5t may be simil> to t recomm5d$ = bili\s or flatul5t colic4 ,colic1 ,bil'i\s4 ,9 ?is v>iety ! pa9 is int]mitt5t & transi5t1 accompani$ by con/ipation1 nausea1 & vomit+4 ,! fces1 if any1 are bili\s1 d>k-col\r$1 & (f5sive4 ,! common rem$ies are1 a full dose ( blue pill1 calomel1 colocyn?1 or aloes1 foll[$ by a suffici5t quantity ( ,epsom salts or ,glaub]'s salts4 ,w>m fom5tations are also s]viceable4 ,colic1 ,flat'ul5t4 ,m>k$ by con/ipation1 & ! irregul> di/5sion ( ! b[els by gas1 accompani$ by a rumbl+ noise1 c4 ,x is commonly produc$ by ! use ( indige/ible vegetables & slops4 ,! rem$ies are1 a full dose ( t9cture ( rhub>b comb9$ ) a few drops ( ess5ce ( pepp]m9t4 ,if ?is does n af=d relief1 an ,ab]ne?y pill may be tak51 wa%$ d[n ) a glass ( any cordial wat]1 z pepp]m9t1 c9namon1 or c>away4 ,:5 ! pa9 is extreme1 w>m fom5tations to ! belly1 or a c>m9ative cly/]1 w g5]ally give relief4 ,! ,editor has f\nd ca/or oil & ,collis ,br[ne's *lorodyne ( great b5efit 9 ?is compla9t4 ,colic1 ,pa9t'er's4 ,syn4 ,,plumb',,er',s ,,colic1 ,,devon%ire ,c41 ,,lead ,c42 ,,col',,ica ,,picto',,num1 ,l4 ,! dry belly-a*e4 ,x is m>k$ by ob/9ate co/iv5ess1 acrid bili\s vomit+s1 viol5t pa9s ab\t ! region ( ! navel1 convulsive spasms 9 ! inte/9es1 & a t5d5cy to p>alysis 9 ! extremities4 ,x is mo/ preval5t 9 ! cid] c\nties1 & among/ p]sons expos$ to ! fumes ( lead4 ,! rem$ies are ! same z = ! spasmodic v>iety4 ,%\ld ^! fail1 aft] ! b[els h be5 ?or\ghly evacuat$1 small doses ( camphor & opium may be adm9i/]$1 & sulphuric be] or sweet5$ wat] v slightly acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 _h rec\rse to z a bev]age4 ,mr ,b5son1 ! manag+ director ( ! ,briti% ,:ite-lead ,works at ,birm+ham1 says3--,al?\gh dur+ sev]al weeks aft] ! addition ( ! sulphuric acid to ! treacle be]1 drank at ! works1 little advantage seem$ to be d]iv$1 yet ! cases ( lead colic became gradually less frequ5t1 & s9ce ,octob] ( t ye>1 or dur+ a p]iod ( fifte5 mon?s1 n a s+le case ( lead colic has occurr$ among/ ! p4 7',lancet4'7 ,see ,,be]1 ,,sulphuric ,,acid1 & ,,sulphuric ,,acid4 ,colic1 ,spasmod'ic4 ,m>k$ by a fluctuat+ pa9 ab\t ! navel1 :i* goes away & returns by />ts1 (t5 leav+ ! pati5t = "s "t4 ,! belly is usually s(t1 & ! inte/9es may (t5 be felt 9 lumps1 :i* move ab\t "u ! h&1 or are :olly abs5t = a "t4 ,x is unaccompani$ by flatul5cy4 ,! rem$ies are w>m fom5tations1 w>m cly/]s1 & c>m9atives1 accompani$ by small doses ( camphor & opium4 ,colic1 ,/]cora'ce\s4 ,m>k$ by sev]e grip+ pa9s & con/ipation ( ! b[els4 ,! rem$ies are p[]ful ca?>tics1 z full doses ( calomel1 aloes1 colocyn?1 jalap1 c41 foll[$ by purgative salts1 z sulphate ( magnesia1 or sulphate ( soda4 ,colic 9 ,horses4 ,fir/ give ! horse a %>p trot1 & apply friction ov] ! belly1 & foll[ ?is up ) a dr5* ( w>m gruel to :i* has be5 add$ a glass or two ( :isky or g94 ,%\ld ^! fail to give relief1 let #d dr4 ( aloes be rubb$ d[n 9 a p9t ( hot wat]1 & :5 ! mixture becomes cool en\gh1 add f ?irty to sixty drops ( /rong solution ( ammonia4 ,:]e ! spasms & di/ress cont9ue sev]e1 & ) little int]mission1 ! physic may be foll[$ 9 an h\r ) #b dr4 ( t9cture ( aconite1 giv5 ) an ounce ( _s ( *lor(orm1 9 a little wat]1 & repeat$ e h\r2 soap & wat] cly/]s %\ld be adm9i/]$ e half h\r1 & friction & hot fom5tations appli$ to ! abdom54 ,,collo',,dion4 ,syn4 ,,collo',,dium1 ,l41 ,b4 ,p4 ,a viscid fluid =m$ by dissolv+ pyroxyl9 7,s*nbe9's gun-cotton7 9 a mixture ( e!r & alcohol4 ,9 surg]y x is us$ 9 its natural /ate1 & comb9$ ) c]ta9 ela/ic & m$ic9al sub/ances4 ,9 photography x is us$ 9 comb9ation ) ag5ts t r5d] x s5sitive to ! action ( light4 ,collodion4 ,syn4 ,,pla9 ,,collodion4 ,! foll[+ are ! be/ me?ods ( prep>+ pla9 collodion = surgical purposes3-- ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,nitrate ( potassa1 9 p[d]1 #aj oz42 sulphuric acid1 #h-a_/b fl4 oz42 triturate toge!r 9 a w$gwood mort> until uni=mly mix$2 !n add ( f9e c>d$ cotton 7free f impurities71 #a_/b oz42 & by means ( ! pe/le or a glass rod1 saturate x ?or\ghly ) ! liquor = a p]iod ( ab\t #c or #d m9utes2 next transf] ! cotton to a vessel conta9+ wat]1 & wa% x 9 successive portions ( pure wat]1 ) agitation & pressure1 until ! wa%+s cease to affect litmus pap] or a solution ( *loride ( b>ium2 x is !n to be spread out & dri$ by a v g5tle heat1 & dissolv$ by agitation 9 a /opp]$ bottle ) rectifi$ sulphuric e!r1 #a qu>t1 to :i* rectifi$ _s 7alcohol71 #a fl4 oz41 has be5 previ\sly add$4 #b4 7,mialhe47 ,nitrate ( potassa1 #dj p>ts2 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 #fj p>ts2 c>d$ cotton1 #b p>ts2 proce$ z la/ until ! dry cotton is obta9$1 !n take ( ! prep>$ cotton1 #h p>ts2 rectifi$ sulphuric e!r1 #abe p>ts2 mix 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle1 & agitate x = "s m9utes2 !n add gradually1 rectifi$ alcohol1 #a "p2 & cont9ue to %ake until ! :ole ( ! liquid acquires a syrupy consi/5cy4 ,x may be n[ pass$ ?r\gh a clo?2 b a bett] way to prev5t loss is to let x repose = a few days1 & !n decant ! cle> portion4 #c4 7,lauras47 ,?is process only diff]s f ,no4 #b 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3--,! cotton is imm]s$ = #ab m9utes1 !n r9s$ #b or #c times 9 cold wat]1 & aft]w>ds imm]s$ 9 a solution ( c>bonate ( potassa1 #d p>ts1 & wat]1 #bjj p>ts4 ,la/ly1 x is plung$ aga9 into simple wat]1 & dri$ at a temp]ature ( #gg to #hf ,fahr4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,pyroxyl91 #a "p2 rectifi$ _s1 #ab p>ts2 e!r1 #cf p>ts2 mix ! e!r & _s1 & add ! pyroxyl94 ,keep 9 a well-cork$ bottle4 #e4 7,p>ri%47 ,?or\ghly saturate clean c>d$ cotton1 #a_/b oz41 ) fum+ nitric acid & sulphuric acid1 ( ea* #d fl4 oz41 previ\sly mix$ & all[$ to become cool2 mac]ate = #ab h\rs2 wa% ! cotton 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat]2 !n free x f ! wat] by successive wa%+s 9 alcohol1 & dissolve 9 e!r1 #c p9ts4 ,obs4 ,= success 9 ! manufacture ( collodion x is absolutely necess>y to avoid ! pres5ce ( wat]4 ,! ord9>y comm]cial oil ( vitriol1 sp4 gr4 #ahd1 may be us$4 ,pr(essor ,proct]1 ( ,philadelphia1 gives pref]5ce to ! process ) ! mix$ acids 7,no4 #e71 & directs t ! cotton %\ld be all[$ to mac]ate = f\r days4 ,9 dry+ ! cotton great c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t an explosion4 ,uses1 c4 ,9 surg]y pla9 collodion is employ$ z a dress+ = w\nds1 & z a protection to abrad$ surfaces4 ,on dry+1 x unites ! =m] closely1 & pres]ves ! latt] f ! action ( ! air4 ,x is imp]vi\s to wat]1 & be+ transp>5t1 x admits ( ! progress ( ! w\nd be+ inspect$ :5 necess>y4 ,su* is its adhesive p[]1 t a piece ( clo? cem5t$ ) x to ! dry palm ( ! h& w support a weight ( #be to #cj lbs4 ,! p>ts to :i* x is appli$ %\ld be fre$ f moi/ure4 ,see ,,collodions1 ,,col\r$1 ,,ela/ic1 ,,m$icat$ & ,,vesicat+ 7bel[74 ,collodion1 ,blis't]+4 ,see ,,vesicat+ ,,collodion4 ,collodion1 ,col'our$4 ,syn4 ,,collodium ,,t9ctum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,collodion1 #b oz42 palm oil1 #a dr42 alkanet root1 q4 s4 to col\r 7say #ae gr472 dige/ & decant ! cle>4 ,col\r be>s a great] resemblance to ! sk9 ?an t ( common collodion1 :il/ x is m flexible2 b x is weak] ?an ! latt]4 ,collodion1 ,elas'tic4 ,prep4 #a4 7,lauras47 ,heat toge!r ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #b p>ts2 ca/or oil1 #b p>ts2 & :ite wax1 #b p>ts2 add sulphuric e!r1 #f p>ts2 & mix all ) ! product ( ,no4 #c 7above71 t is1 to ! collodion =m$ ) #h p>ts ( prep>$ cotton1 #abe e!r1 & #h alcohol4 #b4 7,c4 ,s4 ,r&47 ,dissolve prep>$ cotton 7,no4 #e1 above71 #b dr41 9 sulphuric e!r1 #e fl4 oz42 !n add1 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #b dr41 & complete ! solution by slight agitation4 ,obs4 ,! collodion made by ei!r ( ! above processes1 :5 appli$ to ! sk91 =ms a transp>5t pellicle1 m pliable & m difficult to remove ?an t ( ord9>y collodion4 ,collodion1 ,flexible4 ,,collodion ,,flexile4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mix collodion 7,b4 ,p471 #f fl4 oz41 ) ,canada balsam1 #abj gr42 & ca/or oil1 #a fl4 dr41 & keep 9 a well-cork$ bottle4 ,collodion1 ,hemo/atic4 ,collodion1 #aj p>ts2 c>bolic acid1 #a "p2 tannic acid1 #a_/b "p2 b5zoic acid1 #a_/b "p2 all by weight4 ,to be appli$ ) a p5cil bru%4 ,collodion1 ,iodis$4 ,?is may be made at "o op]ation2 x %\ld be kept two days be=e be+ us$1 b is less reliable if kept = any l5g? ( "t ?an ! s5sitis$ collodion describ$ bel[4 ,x is made z foll[s3--,place #af gra9s ( gun-cotton 9 a bottle1 add #ah gra9s ( iodide ( cadmium 9 p[d]1 #f gra9s ( bromide ( cadmium 9 p[d]1 & #a-a_/b oz4 ( spirits ( w9e 7sp4 gr4 #jhje74 ,%ake ! bottle until ! iodide & bromide are dissolv$1 !n add #c oz4 ( e!r1 sp4 gr4 #jgbj1 & %ake until ! cotton is dissolv$4 ,aft] settl+ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 decant ! cle> portion into small well-/opp]$ bottles4 ,collodion1 ,m$'icat$4 ,x has be5 propos$ to m$icate collodion 9 sev]al ways1 b ! practice has n f\nd mu* fav\r ) ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,! foll[+ prep>ations h be5 describ$3-- ,,collodion1 ,,aconite4 ,f aconite root1 by a simil> =mula to t ( ,,belladonna ,c4 7bel[74 ,,collodion1 ,,belladonna4 ,prep4 ,mac]ate select belladonna leaves1 p[d]$1 #h oz41 9 e!r1 #ab fl4 oz41 ) alcohol 7#ie71 #d fl4 oz41 = six h\rs4 ,pack 9 a p]colator1 & p\r en alcohol till a p9t ( t9cture is obta9$2 9 ?is dissolve pyroxyl9 7gun-cotton71 #a dr41 & ,canada balsam1 #a_/b oz4 ,us$ z a sub/itute = ,,belladonna ,,pla/]4 ,,collodion1 ,,can?>id94 ,see ,,collodion1 ,,vesicat+4 ,,collodion1 ,,iod9e4 ,prep4 ,dissolve iod9e & ,canada balsam1 ( ea* #a_/b oz41 9 collodion1 #a p9t4 ,us$ z a sub/itute = ,,iod9e ,,o9tm5t4 ,collodion1 ,morphia4 7,l',union ,m$icale47 ,dissolve #a "p ( hydro*lorate ( morphia 9 #cj p>ts ( flexible collodion1 & apply ) a camel-hair bru%4 ,collodion1 ,photograph'ic4 #a4 ,!re are s _m me?ods adopt$ = prep>+ photographic collodion1 t a l>ge volume might be fill$ ) notices ( !m4 ,we h reta9$ ,mr ,h>dwi*'s =ms1 :i* 7 =m]ly mu* e/eem$ by practical photograph]s1 & app5d$ to !m mod]n =mul :i* are n[1 we believe1 9 mu* great] dem&1 & = :i* we are indebt$ to ,mr ,erne/ ,spon's valuable book ',work%op ,receipts4' #b4 ,pyroxyl91 & iodide ( cadmium1 or ammonium1 ( ea* #ae gr42 e!r1 #c-a_/b oz42 alcohol1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,place ! two fir/ 9 a dry bottle1 !n p\r on ! spirits ( w9e1 %ake ! mixture well1 !n add ! e!r1 %ake aga9 & let x /& = #ab h\rs4 ,decant ! cle> portion into a wide-m\!d bottle1 keep well /opp]$1 & 9 ! d>k4 ,avoid %ak+ ! bottle :5 ab\t to use ! collodion1 & nev] q use all ! bottle conta9s1 z ! s$im5t :i* w accumulate at ! bottom w\ld spoil ! picture4 ,! prep>ation ( a s5sitive collodion1 :e!r positive or negative1 includes ?ree di/9ct op]ations1 namely1 ! =mation ( ! pyroxyl9 or gun-cotton1 ! conv]sion ( ?is into pla9 collodion1 & ! f9al process ( iodis+ ! collodion4 ,collodion1 ,pla94 ,mix 9 a bottle gun-cotton1 #dej gr42 e!r1 #be oz42 spirits ( w9e1 #g oz4 ,%ake ^! well toge!r1 & leave to settle sev]al days4 ,keep well cork$4 ,collodion1 ,pos'itive4 7,h>dwi*47 ,to =m ! ,,pyroxyl93--,take sulphuric acid1 sp4 gr4 #ahde1 at #fj ,fahr41 #ab fl4 oz42 nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #ade1 at #fj1 #ab fl4 oz42 wat]1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz42 mix1 & all[ ! temp]ature to fall to #adj2 !n imm]se cotton1 #cjj gra9s4 7,if ! cotton is f\nd to gelat9ise or dissolve 9 ! acid mixture1 ! quantity ( wat] is too great1 & may be r$uc$ to #c fl4 oz47 ,! cotton %\ld be well pull$ out 9 pieces1 weigh+ ab\t #cj gra9s ea*2 & %\ld be left 9 ! acid = ab\t #h m9utes1 ! vessel be+ cov]$ ov]4 ,x is tak5 out ) a glass spatula1 squeez$ to remove acid1 wa%$ = at lea/ #bd h\rs by a /ream ( wat]1 !n squeez$ 9 a clo?1 & pull$ out to dry4 ,to =m ! ,,pla9 ,,collodion3--,%ake up ! dry pyroxyl91 #dh gra9s1 ) alcohol1 sp4 gr4 #hje1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz41 & !n add e!r1 sp4 gr4 #gbe1 #d-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,! solution %\ld be all[$ to re/ = a week or t5 days1 :5 ! cle> fluid %\ld be decant$ f ! s$im5t4 ,to prep>e ! ,,iodis+ ,,solution3--,take ( iodide ( ammonium1 #a-a_/b dr42 iodide ( cadmium1 #a-a_/b dr42 bromide ( ammonium1 #dj gra9s2 p[d]1 & dissolve 9 alcohol1 sp4 gr4 #hje to #haf1 #aj fl4 oz4 ,! collodion is iodis$ by add+ ! solution to x 9 ! proportion ( #a "p solution to #c p>ts collodion4 ,! iodis$ collodion %\ld be kept = at lea/ six weeks be=e us+4 ,if requir$ = imm$iate use1 add a few drops ( an alcoholic solution ( iod9e1 =m$ by dissolv+ #e gra9s ( iod9e 9 #a fl4 oz4 ( alcohol4 ,obs4 ,mr ,h>dwi* recomm5ds t ! cotton1 be=e be+ conv]t$ into pyroxyl91 %\ld be cleans$ by boil+ = two h\rs 9 a solution ( cau/ic potassa 7#b oz4 to ! gallon71 & by be+ aft]w>ds repeat$ly wa%$ & dri$4 ,! pure/ nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #ade1 %\ld be employ$1 b ! ord9>y comm]cial sulphuric acid 7oil ( vitriol7 is suffici5tly pure = use4 ,to purify ! ,,e!r & to get rid ( a c]ta9 ozonis$ pr9ciple :i* w\ld decompose ! iodis+ solution1 ,mr ,h>dwi* recomm5ds ! foll[+ process3--,take ! be/ wa%$ e!r ( comm]ce & agitate x ?or\ghly ) a small portion ( dilute sulphuric acid1 & !n introduce x into a retort1 & di/il ov] "o ?ird4 ,! alcohol us$ is ( ! /r5g? ( t sold = absolute alcohol2 x %\ld be pure4 ,collodion1 ,neg'ative4 7,h>dwi*47 ,to =m ! ,,pyroxyl93--,take ( sulphuric acid1 sp4 gr4 #ahde1 at #fj1 #ah fl4 oz42 nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #adge1 at #fj1 #f fl4 oz42 wat]1 #e-a_/d fl4 oz42 cotton1 #cjj gra9s4 ,mix1 & all[ ! temp]ature to fall to #aej ,fahr4 ,! weight ( ! pyroxyl9 ought to be #cge gra9s4 ,to =m ! ,,pla9 ,,collodion3--,take alcohol1 sp4 gr4 #hjf1 #a_/b gallon2 e!r1 sp4 gr4 #gbe1 #a gall42 pyroxyl91 #aijj gra9s4 ,saturate ! pyroxyl9 ) ! alcohol1 !n p\r 9 half a gallon ( ! e!r1 agitate = #c or #d m9utes1 & repeat ! process 9 add+ ! rema9d]4 ,decant ! cle> liquid f ! s$im5t aft] a week or t5 days' re/4 ,! foll[+ =ms = ,,iodis+ ,,solutions are recomm5d$3--a4 7,potassium ,iodis]47 ,iodide ( potassium1 #ace gra9s2 alcohol1 sp4 gr4 #haf1 #aj fl4 oz4 ,p[d] & dissolve 9 ! alcohol1 previ\sly heat$ to #adj4--;b4 7,cadmium ,iodis]47 ,iodide ( cadmium1 #agj gra9s2 alcohol1 sp4 gr4 #haf1 #aj fl4 oz4 ,dissolve 9 ! cold1 & filt]4--c4 7,bromo-iodis]47 ,bromide ( ammonium1 #dj gra9s2 iodide ( ammonium1 #ij gra9s2 iodide ( cadmium1 #ij gra9s2 alcohol1 sp4 gr4 #haf1 #aj fl4 oz4 ,pulv]ise & dissolve 9 ! cold4 ,to s5sitise ! collodion1 add to ?ree p>ts "o "p ( ei!r a1 b1 or c4 ,obs4 ,mo/ ( ! practical directions giv5 "u ! head ( ,,positive ,,collodion apply equally to ,,negative ,,collodion4 ,no?+ b pati5t & intellig5t practice w ev] lead to success 9 prep>+ collodion = photographic purposes4 ,al?\gh =mul ( und\bt$ excell5ce may be us$1 x cont9ually happ5s t ! results are entirely nugatory f "s trifl+ cause4 ,see ,,photography4 ,collodion1 ,s5sitis$4 ,add to #a oz4 ( ! pla9 collodion #f drams ( spirits ( w9e2 #a-c_/d oz4 ( e!r2 & #c drams ( iodide & bromide solution 7see bel[74 ,%ake ! bottle well2 ! mixture is !n ready1 b is improv$ by be+ kept f\r or five h\rs be=e us+4 ,9 hot wea!r a little m alcohol & less e!r2 9 v cold wea!r m e!r & less alcohol mu/ be us$4 ,z s5sitis$ collodion does n keep well1 x is bett] n to mix ! pla9 collodion & ! iodide & bromide solution until %ortly be=e requir$ = use4 ,iodide & ,bromide ,solution4 ,iodide ( cadmium #aed gra9s2 bromide ( cadmium #ed gra9s2 spirits ( w9e1 #c-a_/b ounces4 ,p\nd ! iodide & bromide v f9e 9 a mort>1 add+ ! _s gradually2 :5 ! iodide & bromide are dissolv$1 pass ! solution ?r\gh a filt] pap] into a bottle4 ,mu/ be kept 9 a closely-/opp]$ bottle4 ,collodion1 ,/yptic4 ,syn4 ,,/yptic ,,colloid4 7,dr ,ri*>dson47 ,to a saturat$ solution ( tannic acid 9 alcohol & e!r1 9 equal p>ts1 add z mu* pyroxyl9 z ! liquid w dissolve4 ,collodion1 ,ves'icat+4 ,syn4 ,,blis',,t]+ ,,collodion1 ,,can?>',,id9 ,c42 ,,collo',,dium ,,ves',,icans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ti*borne47 ,co>sely p[d]$ can?>ides1 #f oz41 are plac$ loosely 9 a displacem5t app>atus 7provid$ ) a tap to regulate ! fl[71 & treat$ ) e!r f me?ylat$ _s1 #ac fl4 oz41 & glacial acetic acid1 #b fl4 oz41 previ\sly mix$ toge!r4 ,aft] ! fluid has pass$ ?r\gh1 x w be f\nd t ! dbris has reta9$ by absorption #g fl4 oz41 :i* mu/ be displac$ by ! gradual addition ( me?ylat$ spirits ( w9e1 #g fl4 oz4 ,if prop]ly manag$1 !re is n ! lea/ dang] ( ! admixture ( ! spirits ) ! p]colat$ m5/ruum1 z ! animal sub/ance ( ! flies swells consid]ably "u ! prolong$ influ5ce ( ! spirits ( w9e1 s t ! same bulk w be insuffici5t to q displace ! e!r4 ,! e!real solution %\ld be made to measure exactly #ae fl4 oz4 ) a little _s1 & may !n be conv]t$ into a collodion by ! addition ( pyroxyl91 #a_/b oz4 ,obs4 ,! glacial acid plays a d\ble "p 9 ?is prep>ation4 ,x dissolves ! can?>id91 & at ! same "t gives to ! collodion film ! ess5tial prop]ty ( porosity4 ,ord9>y collodion is useless z an excipi5t1 = x produces a t\gh & contractile film1 :i* really scre5s ! sk9 f ! action ( ! great] "p ( ! bli/]+ mat]ial4 #b4 7,ilis*47 ,can?>id91 #ae gr42 pyroxyl91 #bj gr42 rectifi$ e!r1 #a-a_/b oz42 acetic e!r1 #a_/b oz42 dissolve4 #c4 7,,oett+]47 ,e!r ( can?>ides & collodion1 equal p>ts4 ,use4 ,vesicat+ collodion is us$ z an irritant4 ,no4 #a 0 introduc$ 9 #ahfb1 & has _m advantages ov] ! o!r two4 ,mr ,ti*borne ?us describ$ ! mo/ effectual me?od ( us+ x 9 ! ',ph>m4 ,j\rn1'3--,! "p ^u :i* ! bli/] is to be rais$ %\ld be pa9t$ ) ! vesicant to ! desir$ ext5t1 be>+ 9 m9d t ! bli/] produc$ always ext5ds to ab\t "o t5? ( an in* beyond ! m>g9 ( ! space cov]$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to give a coat+ ( consid]able ?ickness1 & to ensure ?is result ! bru% %\ld be pass$ ov] & ov] aga91 until ab\t #a_/b dr4 has be5 us$ to ! squ>e in*1 or less :5 op]at+ ^u a t5d] epid]mis4 ,x is desirable to place ov] ! int5d$ bli/] a piece ( oil silk1 or1 :at is /ill bett]1 a piece ( %eet gutta p]*a1 some:at l>g] ?an ! surface pa9t$1 z ?is w /op ! exhalations ( ! sk91 & s r5d] x moi/ & p]meable4 ,9 t5 m9utes1 or a qu>t] ( an h\r if ! cuticle is h>d1 ! collodion %\ld be wip$ (f ) a little cotton-wool moi/5$ ) e!r1 :5 ! bli/] w almo/ in/antly rise4 ,,col',,loid4 ,see ,,dialysis4 ,,collyr',,ium4 ,l4 ,9 m$ic9e & ph>macy1 a topical rem$y = diseases ( ! eye4 ,=m]ly ! t]m collyrium 0 appli$ to any m$icam5t employ$ to re/ra9 defluxions4 ,collyr'ium1 ,dry4 ,syn4 ,,eye ,,p[d]2 ,,collyr',,ium ,,sic',,cum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dupuytr547 ,:ite sug>1 #a dr42 r$ oxide ( m]cury1 #aj gr42 oxide ( z9c1 #bj gr42 mix4 #b4 7,lagneau47 ,sug> c&y1 #b p>ts2 nitrate ( potassa1 #a "p4 #c4 7,falcon]47 ,*loride ( b>ium1 #a gr42 sug> c&y1 #a dr4 #d4 7,radius47 ,calomel & :ite sug>1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 opium1 #aj gr4 #e4 7,recami]47 ,oxide ( z9c & sug> c&y1 equal p>ts4 #f4 7,velpeau47 ,trisnitrate ( bismu? & sug> c&y1 equal p>ts4 #g4 7,wiseman47 ,acetate ( soda1 #aj gr42 p[d]$ opium1 #a gr42 sug> c&y1 #a_/b dr4 ,obs4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t ! +r$i5ts 9 ! above prep>ations %\ld be r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d] by c>eful trituration 9 a w$gwood mort>4 ,= use1 a small p9* is plac$ 9 a quill or /raw1 & bl[n into ! eye previ\sly op5$ ) ! f+]s4 ,on ! :ole1 !y may be reg>d$ z unnecess>y prep>ations1 & are unsafe1 except 9 skilful h&s4 ,collyrium1 ,liq'uid4 ,see ,,wat]s 7,eye74 ,collyrium1 ,unct'u\s4 ,see ,,o9tm5ts 7,eye74 ,,col',,ocyn? 7s7in?74 ,syn4 ,,colocyn? ,,pulp41 ,,colocyn?idis ,,pulpa1 ,b4 ,p4 ,,bit',,t] ,,ap',,ple1 ,,bitt] ,,g\rd1 ,,bitt] ,,cu',,cumb]1 ,,peel$ ,,colocyn?2 ,,coloqu9t',,ida1 ,,colocyn?',,is 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,! decorticat$ fruit or pulp ( ! ,citrellus ,colocyn?is 7,s*rad4--,ph4 ,l471 or ,cucumis ,colocyn?is 7,l9n4--,ph4 ,e4 ,d474 ,x is an acrid1 dra/ic purge & hydragogue1 & _c be giv5 alone ) safety2 b1 9 comb9ation ) o!r sub/ances1 x =ms "s ( our mo/ useful ca?>tic m$ic9es4 ,,colocyn?',,94 ,syn4 ,,colocyn?',,ium1 ,l4 ,! bitt]1 purgative pr9ciple ( colocyn?4 ,,col',,oph5e4 ,=m$ by di/ill+ oil ( turp5t9e ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,a col\rless1 viscid1 oily liquid2 ) a high boil+-po9t2 & exhibit+ a blui% t9t by reflect$ light4 ,,col',,ophony4 ,see ,,res94 ,,colorado ,,beetle4 ,syn4 ,doryph]a deceml9eata4 ,! ,colorado potato beetle belongs to ! family ,*rysomelid1 & is a native ( ! ea/]n slopes ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,x measures ne>ly half an in* 9 l5g?1 & has a tawny or yell[i% cream-col\r$ body1 d>kly spott$2 ) w+ cases :i* are m>k$ ) t5 black longitud9al /ripes4 ,x has be5 gradually migrat+ ea/w>d t[>d ! m cultivat$ l&s ( ! ,nor!rn /ates1 until x has rea*$ ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,x is n[ f\nd ov] all ! c5tral & nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 z well z ?r\gh\t ,canada1 on ! potato crops ( all ( :i* regions x has committ$ incalculable ravages4 ,! leaves & /alks are ! p>ts ( ! potato plant pr9cipally attack$2 ! depr$ators be+1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! l>v1 ( :i* ?ree broods are said to be produc$ annually4 ,9 ,am]ica1 we believe1 ! only means ( de/roy+ ^! insects z well z _! eggs & l>v consi/s 9 ! application to ! plant ( ! highly poison\s & dang]\s pigm5t1 ,s*eele's gre51 a hydrat$ ars5ite ( copp]4 ,m4 ,gir>d recomm5ds 9 pref]5ce to ! ars5ical salt a lib]al use ( sulpho-c>bonate ( pota%4 ,,col\r ,,bl9dness4 ,syn4 ,,dal',,tonism4 ,a curi\s defect ( vision1 f :i* ! eye is incapable ( di/+ui%+ col\rs4 ,x is ( ?ree k9ds3--#a4 ,an inability to di/+ui% any col\r prop]ly s call$1 ! p]son be+ only able to di/+ui% :ite & black1 light & %ade4 #b4 ,an inability to di/+ui% betwe5 ! prim>y col\rs1 r$1 blue1 & yell[1 or betwe5 ^! & ! second>y or t]ti>y hues1 su* z gre51 purple1 orange1 & br[n4 #c4 ,an inability to di/+ui% nic] %ades & hues1 z greys & neutral t9ts4 ,! fir/ =m is r>e2 ! second & ?ird are common4 ,dr ,george ,wilson f\nd t ( #aaed p]sons exam9$ by him 9 ,ed9burgh1 #fe1 or #a 9 #agg1 7 col\r bl9d2 ( ^!1 #ba conf\nd$ r$ ) gre51 #ai br[n ) gre51 & #be blue ) gre54 ,,col',,our+4 ,syn4 ,,br&y ,,col\r+1 ,,brew]',s ,c41 ,,_s ,c4 ,,c>',,amel2 ,,ess5',,tia ,,bi',,na1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,br[n sug> is melt$ 9 an iron vessel ov] ! fire until x gr[s black & bitt]1 /irr+ x well all ! "t1 aft] :i* wat] is add$1 & x is boil$ to a syrup4 ,9 ! mak+ ( br&y col\r+ :ite sug> is m frequ5tly us$4 ,obs4 ,"s p]sons use lime-wat] to dissolve ! burnt sug>4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to ov]burn x1 z a great] quantity is !reby r5d]$ insoluble4 ,! heat %\ld n exce$ #dcj1 nor be less ?an ab\t #djj ,fahr4 ,! process1 = nice exp]im5ts1 is be/ conduct$ 9 a ba? ( melt$ t91 to :i* a little bismu? has be5 add$ to r$uce its melt+-po9t to ab\t #dce2 a little p[d]$ res9 or *>coal or a little oil be+ put ^u ! surface ( ! metal1 to prev5t ! oxidisem5t ( ! alloy4 ,see ,,c>amel4 ,,col',,ours4 ,:ite light f ! sun is ( a comp\nd nature1 & may be decompos$ into rays ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,newton di/+ui%$ sev5 ,,primitive ,,col\rs1 namely1 violet1 indigo1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 orange1 & r$4 ,sir ,d4 ,brew/] is dispos$ to ?9k t f\r ( ^! col\rs are really comp\nd1 & t ?ree1 namely1 blue1 yell[1 & r$1 alone des]ve ! "n ( primitive4 ,! col\rs ( natural objects are suppos$ to result f ! p[] possess$ by _! surfaces ( absorb+ "s ( ! col\r$ rays ( light1 :ile !y reflect or transmit1 z ! case may be1 ! rema9d] ( ! rays4 ,?us1 an object appe>s r$ because x absorbs or causes to disappe> ! yell[ & blue rays compos+ ! :ite light by :i* x is illum9at$4 ,black & :ite are n col\rs1 /rictly speak+4 ,a body is said to be black :5 x absorbs or qu5*es a l>ge proportion ( all ! rays ( :ite light fall+ ^u x4 ,a body is said to be :ite :5 x receives ! :ite light1 & reflects all ! rays ) mod]ate /r5g?4 ,grey may be reg>d$ z a lum9\s black or d>k :ite4 ,! names giv5 to col\rs are f> f be+ satisfactory1 = al?\gh _m ?\s& %ades may be di/+ui%$ by a practis$ eye1 x is a "q :e!r !re are fifty names :i* w\ld convey ! same idea ( %ade to any t5 col\ri/s 9 ! _w4 ,! names tak5 f natural col\r$ objects1 z indigo1 violet1 orange1 lilac1 amb]1 em]ald1 c41 are ! lea/ objectionable4 ,m4 ,*evreul has devis$ an +5i\s sy/em ( nam+ & classify+ col\rs4 ,he employs only #f fundam5tal names1 :i* are ^? ( ! ?ree elem5t>y col\rs1 r$1 yell[1 & blue2 & ( ! ?ree second>y col\rs1 orange1 gre51 & violet4 ,by ! direct union ( ! elem5t>y & second>y col\rs1 #f t]ti>y col\rs are =m$4 ,he arranges ! twelve col\rs 9 a circle1 l ! spokes ( a :eel1 comm5c+ ) ! r$1 & go+ to ! "r1 ?us3--,r$1 r$-orange1 orange1 yell[-orange1 yell[1 yell[-gre51 gre51 blue-gre51 blue1 blue-violet1 violet1 r$-violet4 ,! *romatic circle is complet$ by plac+ #e %ades betwe5 ! r$ & r$-orange1 #e betwe5 ! r$-orange & orange2 & s on betwe5 ea* ( ! o!r c\ples4 ,?is *romatic circle ( #gb col\rs is n imag9>y1 b actually exi/s1 compos$ ( dy$ wools4 ,! %ades are di/+ui%$ by numb]s2 ?us !re are r$1 #a r$1 #b r$1 #c r$1 #d r$1 & #e r$1 c4 ,ea* ( ! #gb %ades has1 moreov]1 #bj diff]5t degrees ( dep?1 f ! lighte/ t c be disc]n$ f pure :ite to ! mo/ int5se dep?1 approa*+ to br[n & black4 ,^! degrees ( dep? are call$ tones or t9ts4 ,! addition ( ^! tones to ! *romatic circle br+s up ! numb] ( t9ts to #addj4 ,to indicate any "o ( ^! t9ts we h m]ely to write ! numb] ( ! %ade1 & aft] x ! numb] ( ! tone1 z1 = example1 #c blue-violet1 #ac tone4 ,by mix+ ea* ( ! #addj t9ts ) grey or black1 s z to d>k5 x 9 diff]5t degrees1 a total ( #ad1ddj col\rs may be def9$4 ,?is "p ( ! sy/em is g5]ally reg>d$ z unnecess>y4 ,mr ,o',neill1 9 8 valuable ',diction>y ( ,calico ,pr9t+ & ,dye+' 7to :i* "w we ref] ! read] = a full acc\nt ( ,*evreul's classification71 gives a long li/ ( col\rs & col\r$ bodies1 :i* are pretty well def9$ 9 common language ) ! names ( ! col\rs1 accord+ to ?is +5i\s sy/em4 ,we select f ?is li/ ! foll[+ examples3-- ,amb] 9 mass #b orange1 #ab tone4 ,ame?y/ #e blue-violet1 f #c to #af tone4 ,blood1 ox #a r$1 #ac & #ad tones4 ,butt] yell[-orange1 #b to #c tone4 ,c>rot orange1 #g tone4 ,*ocolate 9 cake #e orange1 #ah tone4 ,em]ald #b gre51 #aa tone4 ,gre51 apple #d yell[-gre51 #h tone4 ,isabelle #a yell[-orange4 ,mauve #c violet1 #h tone4 ,r$-lead yell[-orange1 #bj tone4 ,ruby r$1 #aa tone4 ,yell[1 can>y #a yell[1 #f tone4 ,= notices ( ,,dyes1 ,,pigm5ts1 c41 ref] to ! pr9cipal col\rs4 ,col\rs1 ,cake4 ,syn4 ,,arti/s' ,,col\rs4 ,^! are made by gr9d+ by means ( a glass mull] & a slab1 ! respective pigm5ts previ\sly r$uc$ to p[d]1 into a smoo? pa/e ) equal p>ts ( is+lass size1 & ?9 gum wat]4 ,! pa/e is !n compress$ into squ>es z tightly z possible1 & dri$ ) a v g5tle heat4 ,old crumbl+ cake col\rs %\ld be p[d]$ v f9ely 9 a biscuit-w>e mort>1 sift$ ?r\gh f9e musl91 & gr\nd up z above1 ! gum wat] be+ omitt$4 ,! p[d]s rubb$ up ) honey to ! consi/5ce ( cream con/itute moi/ col\rs4 ,col\rs1 ,complem5t'ary4 ,syn4 ,,accid5t',,al ,,col\rs4 ,col\rs are said to be complem5t>y to ea* o!r :i*1 by bl5d+ toge!r1 produce ! p]ception ( :it5ess4 ,accord+ to ,may]1 all col\rs are produc$ by ! admixture ( r$1 yell[1 & blue light1 9 c]ta9 proportions2 & by int]cept+ ei!r "o or m ( ^! col\r$ rays 9 a beam ( light1 ^? :i* meet ! eye w consi/ ( ! rema9+ col\r$ rays ( ! spectrum4 ,?us1 by int]cept+ ! r$ rays 9 a beam ( :ite light1 ! rema9+ yell[ & blue rays w produce a gre5 col\r2 by int]cept+ ! blue rays1 ! rema9+ yell[ & r$ w give an orange2 & s on ( o!r cases2 s t r$ & gre51 blue & orange1 are ,,complem5t>y ,,col\rs4 ,if we look = "s "t1 ) "o eye1 on a bright-col\r$ object1 z a waf]1 plac$ on a piece ( pap]1 & subsequ5tly turn ! same eye to ano!r "p ( ! pap]1 a simil>ly %ap$ spot or m>k w be se51 b ! col\r w v>y1 ?\gh x w be always ! same "u l circum/ances4 ,?us1 if ! orig9al spot or waf] be ( a r$ col\r1 ! imag9>y "o w be gre52 if black1 x w be :ite2 ! imag9>y col\r be+ always complem5t>y ( t fir/ gaz$ ^u4 ,! col\r s p]ceiv$ is (t5 call$ an ,,accid5tal ,,col\r1 to di/+ui% x f ! real col\r4 ,x is a g5]al maxim 9 design t col\rs look brighte/ :5 ne> _! complem5t>y col\rs4 ,col\rs1 ,drug'gi/s' ,%[4 ,see ,,%[ ,,bottles4 ,col\rs1 ,flame4 ,see ,,fires 7,col\r$74 ,,colts',,foot4 ,?is popul> h]b is ! ,tussilago f>f>a ( ,l9nu4 ,x is a demulc5t bitt]1 & is slightly /oma*ic & tonic4 ,x is mu* e/eem$ by ! l[] classes 9 c\ghs1 %ortness ( brea?1 & o!r affections ( ! *e/4 ,! leaves =m ! basis ( mo/ ( ! ,briti% h]b tobaccos1 & h be5 recomm5d$ to be smok$ 9 a/hma & difficulty ( brea?+4--,dose4 ,"o or two w9e-glassfuls ( ! tea or decoction 7#a oz4 to ! p9t7 ad libitum4 ,,colum',,bic ,,acid4 ,see ,,tantalic ,,acid4 ,,colum',,bium4 ,see ,,tantalum4 ,,coma4 ,a deep1 heavy sleep1 f :i* ! pati5t _c be ar\s$4 ,see ,,apoplexy4 ,,coma*rome ,,= ,,dye+ ,,! ,,hair ,,black4 ,nitrate ( silv] solution1 ) pyrogallic acid4 7,reveil74 ,,comb9a',,tion4 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! union ( dissimil> sub/ances4 ,! great g5]al laws :i* regulate all *emical comb9ations admit ( be+ laid d[n 9 a mann] at once simple & concise4 ,! laws ( ,,comb9ation ,,by ,,weight are z foll[s3 #a4 ,all *emical comp\nds are def9ite 9 _! nature1 ! ratio ( _! elem5ts be+ con/ant4 #b4 ,:5 any body is capable ( unit+ ) a second 9 sev]al proportions1 ^! proportions be> a simple relation to ea* o!r4 #c4 ,if a body1 ,a1 unite ) o!r bodies1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ! quantities ( ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 :i* unite ) ,a1 repres5t ! relations 9 :i* !y unite among !mselves1 9 ! ev5t ( union tak+ place4 #d4 ,! comb9+ quantity ( a comp\nd is ! sum ( ! comb9+ quantities ( its compon5ts4 7,f[nes47 ,!re is a rem>kable relation betwe5 ! specific gravity ( a body 9 ! gase\s /ate & its *emical equival5t or comb9+ proportion--a relation ( su* a k9d t quantities by weight ( ! v>i\s gases1 express$ by _! equival5ts1 or1 9 o!r words1 quantities by weight :i* comb9e occupy1 "u simil> circum/ances ( pressure & temp]ature1 ei!r equal volumes or volumes be>+ a simple proportion to ea* o!r4 ,?is relation acc\nts = ! law ( ,,comb9ation ,,by ,,volume discov]$ by ,gay-,lussac1 & ?us express$3-- ,:5 gases comb9e1 *emical union inv>iably takes place1 ei!r betwe5 equal volumes or betwe5 volumes :i* be> a simple relation to ea* o!r4 ,g]h>dt assumes t equal volumes ( ! elem5t>y gases & vap\rs1 :5 comp>$ "u simil> conditions ( pressure & temp]ature1 conta9 ! same numb] ( atoms4 ,consult ! *emical works ( ,f[nes1 ,roscoe1 ,watts1 c4 ,see ,,aff9ity1 ,,atomic ,,!ory1 ,,equival5ts1 c4 ,,comp\nd ,,*9ese ,,tablet ,,( ,,alaba/] 7,john ,irv9e74 ,a cosmetic p[d] = ! sk94 ,x consi/s ( *alk1 free f injuri\s metals4 7,*&l]74 ,comp\nd ,*9ese ,tablet ( ,alaba/] 7,%&74 ,id5tical 9 use & composition ) ! la/-m5tion$ p[d]4 ,,comp\nd ,,sug>-,,coat$ ,,may-,,apple ,,pills 7,dr ,scott74 ,recomm5d$ z antibili\s1 ca?>tic1 *emical family pills4 ,sug>-coat$ pills1 consi/+ ( bitt] extract1 p[d]$ podophyllum root1 rhub>b1 jalap1 & pepp]4 7,hag]74 ,,compresses ,,des9fectantes ,,de ,,le ,,p]driel4 ,*>coal p[d] incorporat$ ) pap]4 ,,conc5trat$ ,,ca/or ,,oil 9 ,capsules ( ,gelat9 7,taylor74 #bd gelat9 capsules fill$ ) ca/or oil1 conta9+ #e p] c5t4 ( croton oil4 7,hag]74 ,,conc5tra',,tion4 ,! volatilisation ( "p ( a liquid 9 ord] to increase ! /r5g? ( ! rema9d]4 ,! op]ation c only be p]=m$ on solutions ( sub/ances ( great] fixity ?an ! m5/rua 9 :i* !y are dissolv$4 ,_m ( ! liquid acids1 solutions ( ! alkalies1 c41 are conc5trat$ by di/ill+ (f _! wat]4 ,9 ph>macy1 ! t]m ,,conc5trat$ is commonly appli$ to any liquid prep>ation possess+ m ?an ! usual /r5g?4 ,?us1 we h conc5trat$ infusions1 decoctions1 liquors1 solutions1 t9ctures1 & ess5ces1 mo/ ( :i* are made ( #h times ! common /r5g?4 ,?is is g5]ally effect$ by us+ #h times ! usual quantity ( ! +r$i5ts1 ) a giv5 portion ( ! m5/ruum1 & op]at+ by dige/ion & p]colation2 ! latt] be+ g5]ally adopt$ :5 ! articles are bulky4 ,:5 ! m5/ruum is wat]1 a little _s is add$1 to make ! product keep4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,infusion1 c4 ,,con',,crete4 ,a compact mass or cem5t1 compos$ ( pebbles1 lime1 & s&1 employ$ 9 ! f\ndations ( build+s4 ,! be/ proportions h be5 said to be--#fj p>ts ( co>se pebbles1 #be ( r\gh s&1 & #ae ( lime2 b ,semple recomm5ds #hj p>ts ( pebbles1 #dj p>ts ( riv] s&1 & only #aj p>ts ( lime4 ,! pebbles = concrete %\ld n exce$ ab\t #a_/b lb4 ea* 9 weight4 ,,con',,dim5ts4 ,sub/ances tak5 ) ! food1 to season or improve its flav\r1 or to r5d] x m :olesome or dige/ible4 ,! pr9cipal condim5ts are ,,common ,,salt1 ,,v9eg>1 ,,lemon-,,juice1 ,,spices1 ,,aromatic ,,h]bs1 ,,oil1 ,,butt]1 ,,sug>1 ,,honey1 & ,,sauces4 ,mo/ ( ^!1 9 mod]ation1 promote ! appetite & dige/ion1 b _! excessive use t5ds to vitiate ! ga/ric juice1 & injure ! /oma*4 ,,condy',s ,,fluid 7f ,engl&74 ,a weak solution ( p]manganate ( soda4 7,witt/e947 ,,confec',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,confectio1 ,l4 ,any?+ prep>$ ) sug>2 a sweetmeat1 or c&y4 ,9 m$ic9e ! "n is commonly appli$ to sub/ances1 usually pulv]ul5t1 mix$ up to ! consi/5ce ( a s(t electu>y1 ) p[d]$ sug>1 syrup1 or honey4 ,9 ! ',london ,ph>macopoeia' 7#ahcf & #ahea7 bo? ,,cons]ves & ,,electu>ies are includ$ "u ?is head1 ?\gh !re appe>s to be "s little di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( confections all ! dry +r$i5ts %\ld be r$uc$ to v f9e p[d]1 & pass$ ?r\gh a sieve1 n co>s] ?an #hj holes to ! in*2 & ! pulps & syrups us$ to mix !m up %\ld be p]fectly homog5e\s1 & ( a prop] consi/5ce4 ,! mixture %\ld be intimate & complete1 9 ord] t ! *>act]i/ic con/itu5ts may be equally di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! mass4 ,! consi/5ce ( ! newly made confection %\ld be suffici5tly solid to prev5t a sep>ation ( ! +r$i5ts1 & yet s(t en\gh to all[ ( x be+ easily swall[$ )\t previ\s ma/ication4 ,confections %\ld be pres]v$ 9 /one j>s cov]$ ) writ+ pap]1 & plac$ 9 a cool & n too dry a situation4 ,)\t ?is precaution !y are apt to m\ld on ! top4 ,if at any "t ! mass f]m5ts & swells up1 ! f]m5tative process may be arre/$ by plac+ ! j> 9 a ba? ( boil+ wat]1 = an h\r or two1 or until ! :ole becomes pretty hot2 :5 x %\ld be remov$ f ! heat1 & /irr$ occasionally until cold4 ,%\ld ! sug> cry/allise out ( ! confection1 or 'c&y1' z x is call$1 ! same me?od may be foll[$4 ,or1 ! mass may be well rubb$ 9 a mort> until ! h>d lumps ( sug> are brok5 d[n & a uni=m consi/5ce aga9 produc$4 ,on ! l>ge scale x may be pass$ ?r\gh ! mill4 ,z rem$ial ag5ts1 ! (fic9al confections possess little value1 & are *iefly us$ z vehicles = ! adm9i/ration ( m active m$ic9es4 ,see ,,cons]ves & ,,electu>ies4 ,confection ( ,acorns4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,sem',,inum ,,qu]',,cus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bories47 ,p[d]$ acorns1 #c oz42 r$ coral & cate*u1 ( ea* #a-a_/b oz42 confection ( dog-rose1 #aj oz42 syrup ( r$ roses1 q4 s4 to make a confection4--,dose1 #a dr41 e #d h\rs2 9 *ronic di>rhoea1 c4 ,confection ( ,almonds4 ,syn4 ,,almond ,,pa/e1 ,,cons]ve ,,( ,,almonds2 ,,confec',,tio ,,amyg',,dal 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,cons]',,va ,,amygdala',,rum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,confec',,tio ,,amygdala'',,rum 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,sweet almonds1 #h oz42 :ite sug>1 #d oz42 p[d]$ gum ,arabic1 #a oz42 mac]ate ! almonds 9 cold wat]1 !n remove ! sk9s1 & beat !m ) ! o!r +r$i5ts until r$uc$ to a smoo? confection4 ,! ,ph4 ,e4 =m is simil>4 ,see ,,p[d]s1 ,,comp\nd ,,p[d] ,,( ,,almond4 ,uses1 c4 ,to prep>e ,,emulsion ( ,,milk ,,( ,,almonds4 ,a little ( ?is pa/e or p[d]1 triturat$ ) a suffici5t portion ( wat] & /ra9$ ?r\gh a piece ( calico1 =ms emulsion ( almonds4 ,?is confection w keep long] s\nd if ! almonds1 fir/ decorticat$ 7blan*$71 dri$1 & rubb$ into ! f9e/ p[d]1 be mix$ ) ! acacia & sug>1 sep>ately p[d]$1 & ! mix$ +r$i5ts be kept 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,! same effect may be arriv$ at by simply well dry+ ! blan*$ almonds be=e mix+ !m ) ! gum & sug>4 ,! addition ( ev5 a small quantity ( wat] or syrup causes ! confection to become soon m\ldy1 or rancid1 or bo?4 7,br&e47 ,confection ( ,al'um4 ,syn4 ,,confectio ,,alu',,m9is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,/4 ,b4 ,h47 ,alum 79 f9e p[d]71 #a dr42 cons]ve ( roses1 #f dr4 #b4 7,foy47 ,alum1 #a dr42 cons]ve ( roses1 #a oz4--,dose1 #a dr41 #b or #c times a day2 9 lead colic1 & z an a/r+5t 9 di>rhoea & o!r affections4 ,confection1 ,aromat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,elec',,tu>y2 ,,confec',,tio ,,aromat',,ica 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,electua'',,rium ,,aromat',,icum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,nutmegs1 c9namon1 & hay saffron1 ( ea* #b oz42 cloves1 #a oz42 c>damoms1 #a_/b oz42 prep>$ *alk1 #af oz42 :ite sug>1 #b lbs42 r$uce ! :ole to a v f9e p[d]1 & keep x 9 a clos$ vessel4 ,:5 want$ = use1 mix x ) wat] to ! consi/5ce ( a confection4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,aromatic p[d] 7,ph4 ,e471 #a "p2 syrup ( orange peel1 #b p>ts2 mix4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,aromatic p[d] & simple syrup1 ( ea* #e oz42 cl>ifi$ honey1 #b oz42 p[d]$ saffron1 #a_/b oz42 mix1 & add1 oil ( cloves1 #cj drops4 #d4 7,comm]cial47--a4 ,hay-saffron1 cassia1 & turm]ic1 ( ea* #d oz42 c>damoms1 #a oz42 />*1 #h oz42 precipitat$ *alk1 #b lbs42 :ite sug>1 #d lbs42 oil ( nutmeg1 #b dr42 oil ( cloves1 #c dr42 r$uce ! dry +r$i5ts to f9e p[d]1 & pass x ?r\gh a sieve 7#hj holes72 !n add ! oils1 & aft] well mix+ !m 91 pass ! :ole ?r\gh a co>se sieve 7ab\t #dj holes to ! in*71 to ensure p]fect admixture4 b4 ,hay-saffron1 #d oz42 turm]ic1 #c oz42 p[d]$ />*1 #h oz42 precipitat$ *alk1 #b lbs42 :ite sug>1 #d lbs2 oil ( cloves & cassia1 ( ea* #c dr42 oil ( nutmeg1 #b dr42 ess5ce ( c>damoms1 #a oz42 boil ! saffron & turm]ic 9 #a gallon ( wat]1 plac$ 9 a bright copp] pan1 = #aj m9utes1 !n1 )\t /ra9+1 add ! *alk1 />*1 & sug>2 mix well1 & cont9ue /irr+ until ! mixture becomes q /iff1 !n break x up1 dry x ?or\ghly by ! heat ( a /eam or wat] ba?2 next r$uce x to f9e p[d]1 :i* mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve1 z be=e2 ! oils & t9cture are n[ to be add$1 & aft] be+ well mix$1 & pass$ ?r\gh a co>se sieve1 x %\ld be plac$ 9 a j> or bottle1 & bung$ up close4 ,v bright col\r$4 ,obs4 ,9 ! :olesale trade ?is article is kept "u two =ms--"o1 9 p[d]1 z ord]$ by ! ,college1 & commonly call$ = di/9ction sake ,,pulv',,is ,,confectio',,nis ,,aromat',,ic2 ! o!r1 mix$ up ready = use4 ,9 prep>+ ! latt]1 x is a common plan to make a /rong infusion or decoction ( ! saffron1 & to use x to mix up ! o!r +r$i5ts1 add+ ! aromatics la/4 7,see #d1 b47 ,:5 ! price ( precipitat$ *alk is an objection to its use1 prep>$ *alk may be us$ in/ead4 ,!re is mu* anxiety ev9c$ by ! :olesale druggi/s to prep>e ?is confection ( a ri* col\r1 )\t an undue exp5diture ( saffron1 :i* is g5]ally economis$ on acc\nt ( its co/l9ess4 ,?is confection is cordial1 /imulant1 antacid1 & c>m9ative4--,dose1 #aj to #fj gr41 ei!r z a bolus or /irr$ up ) a glass ( wat]2 9 di>rhoea1 acidity ( /oma*1 he>tburn1 & any l affection1 if accompani$ by loos5ess ( ! b[els4 ,9 di>rhoea1 ,engli% *ol]a1 & flatul5t colic1 #a_/d gr4 ( p[d]$ opium may be add$ to ea* dose4 ,see ,,p[d]s1 ,,p[d] ,,( ,,*alk1 ,,comp\nd4 ,confection ( ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,c9*o',n1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,yell[ b>k & :ite sug>1 ( ea* #a oz42 capsicum1 #a dr42 simple syrup1 #d oz4 #b4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,yell[ b>k1 #f dr42 g+]1 #a_/b dr42 treacle1 #c-a_/b oz4--,dose1 #a to #f dr41 :]e ! use ( b>k is indicat$4 ,confection ( ,cas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,cas',,si 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,prep>$ cassia1 #a_/b lb42 manna1 #b oz42 prep>$ tam>9ds1 #a oz42 syrup ( roses1 #h fl4 oz42 mix ) heat1 & evaporate to a prop] consi/5ce4--,dose1 #b dr4 to #f dr42 or m1 z a laxative4 ,confection ( ,cat'e*u4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,cat',,e*u ,,compos',,ita 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,comp\nd p[d] ( cate*u1 #e oz42 simple syrup1 #e fl4 oz4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #bj gr42 z an a/r+5t1 9 di>rhoea1 c42 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) *alk4 ,confection ( ,copai'ba4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,copai',b1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b]ton47 ,copaiba & p[d]$ cubebs1 ( ea* #b oz42 alum1 #a oz42 opium1 #e gr42 mix well4 #b4 7,sw$iaur47 ,turp5t9e1 #a oz42 copaiba1 #a_/b oz42 mix2 add mucilage ( gum ,arabic1 #a oz42 triturate to an emulsion1 & fur!r add1 cons]ve ( roses1 #d oz4 #c4 7,traill47 ,copaiba1 #b oz42 oatmeal1 q4 s4 to =m an electu>y2 !n add1 cons]ve ( roses1 #a oz4 #d4 7,voght47 ,copaiba & p[d]$ cubebs1 ( ea* #d-a_/b dr42 yolk ( #a egg2 cons]ve ( roses1 #a_/b oz4 ,all ! above are excell5t m$ic9es 9 gonorrhoea4--,dose1 #a to #c dr41 ?ree or f\r times a day1 made into boluses1 & cov]$ ) ! fre% empti$ sk9 ( a prune be=e be+ swall[$2 9 gonorrhoea1 gleet1 c4 ,confection ( ,cream ( ,t>'t>4 ,syn4 ,,confection ,,( ,,bit>',,trate ,,( ,,potas',,sa2 ,,confec',,tio ,,potas',s ,,bit>tra',,tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,cream ( t>t> & p[d]$ sug>1 ( ea* #a oz42 simple syrup1 #b oz42 #a nutmeg1 grat$4--,dose1 #b dr4 to #f dr4 #b4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,bit>trate ( potassa & simple syrup1 ( ea* #c oz42 g+]1 #a dr4--,dose1 #a-a_/b dr4 to #e dr4 ,bo? are laxatives well adapt$ = wom5 & *ildr54 ,confection ( ,hem'lock4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,co',,nii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,m>%all ,hall47 ,fre% hemlock leaves beat5 up ) an equal weight ( sug>4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 z a bolus1 #b or #c times daily1 :]e ! use ( hemlock is indicat$4 ,! confection ( o!r n>cotic plants may be made 9 ! same way4 ,confection ( ,hips4 ,syn4 ,,con',,s]ve ,,( ,,hips1 ,,confection ,,( ,,dog-,,rose1 ,,cons]ve ,,( ,d4-,r42 ,,confec',,tio ,,ro',s2 ,,cani',n 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,cons]',,va ,,ros' ,,fruc',t,s 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hips1 #a "p2 ref9$ sug>1 #b p>ts2 beat ! hips 9 a /one mort>1 rub ! pulp ?r\gh a sieve1 add ! sug>1 & mix ?or\ghly4--,dose1 #fj gra9s or m4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,fruit ( ! dog-rose1 )\t ! se$s 7c>pels71 #a lb42 p\nd x to a pulp1 add1 gradually1 p[d]$ :ite sug>1 #bj oz42 & beat !m toge!r until ?or\ghly incorporat$4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,pulp ( hips1 #a "p2 :ite sug>1 #c p>ts2 z ,no4 #a4 #d4 7,:olesale47 ,pulp$ hips1 #b cwt42 f9e :ite sug>1 #c cwt42 incorporate !m )\t apply+ heat4 ,obs4 ,bo? ?is & ! confection ( r$ roses h a bright] col\r1 if made )\t heat1 or t\*+ metallic vessels4 ,on ! small scale x is g5]ally made by beat+ ! +r$i5ts toge!r 9 a m>ble mort>1 b 9 l>ge quantities by gr9d+ 9 a mill4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to remove ! se$s 7c>pels7 ) ! hair surr\nd+ !m1 be=e pulp+ ! fruit1 z !y are apt1 l ! hairs ( c[hage1 :5 swall[$1 to produce vomit+1 it*+ ab\t ! anus1 c4 ,?is cons]ve is slightly laxative1 & is pr9cipally us$ = =m+ pills4 ,x is v apt to c&y by keep+4 ,confection ( ,ipecacuan'ha4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,ipecacuan',h1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bories47 ,ipecacuanha1 #ab gr42 sulphur1 #bj gr42 orris root1 #a dr42 syrup ( mall[s & manna1 ( ea* #b oz4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 #b or #c times daily2 9 hoop+-c\gh1 dyspepsia1 c4 ,confection ( ,iron1 ,subc>bonate4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,subc>bonate 7p]oxide ( iron71 #a_/b oz42 treacle1 a suffici5t quantity4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 ,confection ( ,jal'ap4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,jal',,ap1 ,c4 ,j4 ,,compos',,ita1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,jalap1 #d dr42 g+]1 #a dr42 bit>trate ( potassa1 #c oz42 treacle1 #e oz4--,dose1 #a to #c dr4 z a purgative4 ,confection ( ,k]mes4 7,l4 ,p4 #agde47 ,/ra9$ juice ( k]mes1 #c lbs42 rose wat]1 #f fl4 oz42 :ite sug>1 #a lb42 oil c9namon1 #aj gr4 ,confection ( ,m]'cury4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,hyr>',,gyri1 ,c4 ,,m]curia',,lis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,/rong] m]curial o9tm5t 7,ph4 ,l471 #a "p2 cons]ve ( roses1 #c p>ts4 #b4 7,dr ,d4 ,davis47 ,m]cury & manna1 equal p>ts2 treacle1 q4 s42 triturate until ! globules ( m]cury disappe>4 ,dose1 c4 ,! same z ^? ( m]curial pill4 ,confection ( ,ni'tre4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,potas',s ,,nitra',,tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitre1 #a "p2 confection ( roses1 #f p>ts2 oil ( junip]1 a few drops4 #b4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,z ! la/1 )\t ! junip]4 ,bo? are us$ 9 gonorrhoea4 ,confection ( ,o'pium4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,o',,pii 7,b4 ,p471 ,,electua'',,rium ,o',,pii 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,comp\nd p[d] ( opium1 #aib gr42 syrup1 #a oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,p[d]$ opium1 #f dr42 long pepp]1 #a oz42 g+]1 #b oz42 c>aways1 #c oz42 tragacan?1 #b dr42 r$uce to f9e p[d]1 & keep x 9 a clos$ vessel2 = use1 add to x by degrees hot syrup1 #af fl4 oz4 7i4e4 #c-a_/b dr4 ( ! p[d] to ea* fl4 oz4 ( syrup74 ,x conta9s #a gr4 ( opium 9 e #cf gr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,aromatic p[d]1 #f oz42 s5ega1 #c oz42 opium1 diffus$ 9 a little %]ry1 #a_/b oz42 syrup ( g+]1 #a lb4 ,conta9s #a gr4 ( opium 9 e #dc gr4 ,uses1 c4 ,?is confection is int5d$ z a sub/itute = ! once celebrat$ ,mi?ridate1 philonium1 & !riaca ( ! old ,ph>macopoeias4 ,x is /imulant1 anodyne1 & n>cotic4--,dose1 #e to #cj gr42 9 flatul5t colic & di>rhoea unaccompani$ by fev]4 ,confection ( ,or'ange ,fl[]s4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,flor',,um ,,auran',,tii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,orange fl[]s1 #a "p2 :ite sug>1 #b p>ts2 beat toge!r to a confection4 #b4 7,tadei47 ,orange fl[]s1 #a "p2 simple syrup1 #c p>ts2 evaporate to a prop] consi/5ce4 ,bo? are us$ z agreeable adjuncts or vehicles = o!r m$ic9es4 ,! fir/ is ! be/ article4 ,confection ( ,or'ange ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,confection ,,( ,,orange1 ,,cons]ve ,,( ,,orange ,,peel2 ,,confec',,tio ,,auran',,tii 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,cons]',,va ,,auran'',,tii 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,cons]',,va ,,aurantio'',,rum 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 & ,e47 ,ext]nal r9d ( ! fre% orange1 sep>at$ by rasp+1 #a lb42 beat x 9 a /one mort> ) a wood5 pe/le to a pulp1 !n add :ite sug>1 #c lbs42 & beat !m toge!r until incorporat$4 ,uses1 c4 ,?is confection is an agreeable tonic & /oma*ic2 x is mu* us$ z an adjunct to bitt] & purgative p[d]s1 & z a vehicle = ! sesquioxide ( iron4 ,confection ( ,pep'p]4 ,syn4 ,,confection ,,( ,,black ,,pepp]1 ,,cons]ve ,,( ,b4 ,p42 ,,w>d',s ,,pa/e2 ,,confec',,tio ,,pip]is 7,b4 ,p471 ,c4 ,p4 ,,ni',,gri 7,ph4 ,d4 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 ,,electua'',,rium ,,pip',,eris 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,black pepp]1 9 f9e p[d]1 #b p>ts2 c>away1 9 f9e p[d]1 #c p>ts2 cl>ifi$ honey1 #ae p>ts2 triturate4--,dose1 #fj to #abj gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,black pepp] & elecampane1 ( ea* #a lb42 f5nel1 #c lbs42 :ite sug>1 #b lbs42 r$uce to a v f9e p[d]1 & keep x 9 a cov]$ vessel2 = use1 add x1 gradually1 to honey1 #b lbs42 & beat ! :ole to a pa/e 7i4 e41 #b oz4 ( honey to ea* #g oz4 ( p[d]74 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,z ! la/1 b us+ liquorice p[d] in/ead ( elecampane1 & at once mak+ a confection4 #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,black pepp] & liquorice root1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 ref9$ sug>1 #a oz42 oil ( f5nel1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 honey1 #b oz42 mix4--,dose1 ( ea* ( ! above1 #a to #c dr41 two or ?ree times daily1 = #c or #d mon?s2 9 piles1 fi/ula1 c41 unaccompani$ ) inflammatory symptoms4 ,or1 x may be us$ z a suppository4 ,x is int5d$ z a sub/itute = ! once celebrat$ no/rum1 ',w>d's ,pa/e = ! ,piles4' ,confection ( ,pep'p]m9t4 ,syn4 ,,confectio ,,m5',,? ,,pip]i',t1 ,l4 ,gre5 pepp]m9t1 #d oz42 :ite sug>1 #ab oz4 ,anti-emetic & anti-flatul5t2 9 colic1 di>rhoea1 c42 9 ! =m ( a bolus1 or made into a mixture4 ,confection ( ,res'94 ,syn4 ,,confectio ,,res9'1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,watson47 ,p[d]$ res91 #a oz42 balsam ( copaiba1 #a_/b oz42 honey1 #e oz4--,dose1 #a to #c dr42 9 piles & gleet4 ,x is be/ comb9$ ) a little confection ( orange peel1 :i* effectually cov]s ! ta/e ( ! copaiba4 ,confection ( ,ro'ses4 ,syn4 ,,confection ,,( ,,r$ ,,roses2 ,,confec',,tio ,,ro',s 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,cons]',,va ,,ro',s 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,confectio ,,ro',s ,,gal',,lic 7,b4 ,p471 ,,cons]va ,r4 ,g4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,fre% r$-rose petals1 #a lb42 :ite sug>1 #c lbs42 mix z confection ( hips4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,fre% petals1 #a "p2 sug>1 #b p>ts4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 a4 ,fre% petals1 #c oz42 sug>1 #h oz4 ,or-- b4 ,dri$ petals1 #a oz42 wat]1 #b fl4 oz42 mac]ate = #b h\rs2 !n add ref9$ sug>1 #h oz42 & beat to a mass z be=e4 ,obs4 ,x is a/r+5t & tonic1 b is pr9cipally us$ z an elegant vehicle = m active m$ic9es4 ,x keeps well1 & does n c&y l confection ( hips4--,dose1 #a to #b drs41 eat5 (f a spoon1 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) *alk2 9 slight cases ( di>rhoea1 vomit+ 9 pregnancy1 c4 ,see ,,cons]ve4 ,confection ( ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,conpectio ,,ru',t 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,fre% rue 7bruis$71 c>aways1 & laurel b]ries1 ( ea* #a-a_/b oz42 prep>$ sagap5um1 #a_/b oz42 black pepp]1 #b dr42 honey1 #af oz42 wat]1 q4 s42 rub ! dry +r$i5ts to a flue p[d]1 !n add1 gradually1 ! sagap5um1 previ\sly dissolv$ 9 ! wat] & honey ov] a sl[ fire1 & mix well4 ,9 ! ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf dri$ rue 0 ord]$4 ,c>m9ative & antispasmodic4 ,9 flatul5t colic1 & 9 ! convulsions ( *ildr51 :5 !re is no inflammation4--,dose1 #ae to #fj gr42 ei!r by ! m\?1 or made into an enema ) gruel4 ,confection ( ,scam'mony4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,scammo',,nii 7,b4 ,p471 ,,electua'',,rum ,,scammo'',,nii 7,ph4 ,d474 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,scammony1 9 f9e p[d]1 #bd p>ts2 g+]1 9 f9e p[d]1 #ab p>ts2 oil ( c>away1 #a "p2 oil ( cloves1 #a_/b "p2 syrup1 #bd p>ts2 cl>ifi$ honey1 #ab p>ts2 rub ! p[d]s ) ! syrup & ! honey into a uni=m mass1 !n add ! oils & mix4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #cj gr42 z a w>m ca?>tic1 & 9 worms1 c4 ,confection ( ,scurvy ,grass4 7,p4 ,codex47 ,fre% leaves ( scurvy grass1 #a oz42 sug>1 #c oz4 ,beat to a pulp & pass ?r\gh a hair sieve4 ,confection ( ,s5'na4 ,syn4 ,,l5',,itive ,,elec',,tu>y1 ,,elec',,tu>y ,,( ,,s5na2 ,,confec',,tio ,,s5',n 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,electua'',,rium ,,s5',n 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,s5na1 #h oz42 cori&]s1 #d oz42 rub !m toge!r1 & by a sieve sep>ate #aj oz4 ( ! mix$ p[d]2 also boil figs1 #a lb41 & fre% liquorice1 bruis$1 #c oz41 9 wat]1 #c p9ts1 until r$uc$ to "o half2 press1 /ra91 & evaporate ! /ra9$ liquor 9 a wat] ba? to #bd fl4 oz42 !n add sug>1 #b-a_/b lbs42 dissolve1 & fur!r add1 prep>$ tam>9ds1 cassia1 & prunes1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 remove f ! heat1 & :5 ! :ole has consid]ably cool$1 add ! sift$ p[d]1 by degrees1 & /ir until ! :ole is ?or\ghly incorporat$4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,s5na1 #h oz42 cori&]s1 #d oz42 liquorice root1 #c oz42 figs & pulp ( prunes1 ( ea*1 #a lb42 :ite sug>1 #b-a_/b lbs42 wat]1 #c-a_/d p9ts4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,s5na leaves1 9 f9e p[d]1 #b oz42 cori&]s 79 f9e p[d]71 #a oz42 oil ( c>away1 #a_/b dr42 mix1 & add !m to pulp ( prunes1 #e oz42 pulp ( tam>9ds1 #b oz42 br[n sug>1 #h oz42 wat] #b fl4 oz42 previ\sly br\ght to a smoo? pa/e by ! heat ( a wat] ba?4 #d4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,boil figs1 #ab oz41 & prunes1 #f oz41 g5tly 9 di/ill$ wat]1 #bd oz41 9 a cov]$ vessel = h\rs1 !n1 hav+ add$ m di/ill$ wat] to make up ! quantity to #bd fluid ounces1 add tam>9ds1 #i oz41 & cassia pulp1 #i oz42 mac]ate = two h\rs1 & press ! pulp ?r\gh a hair sieve1 reject+ ! se$s1 c4 ,dissolve ref9$ sug>1 #cj oz41 & extract ( liquorice1 #c_/d oz41 9 ! mixture ) a g5tle heat2 & :ile x is /ill w>m1 add to x gradually s5na 9 f9e p[d]1 #g oz41 & cori&] 9 f9e p[d]1 #c oz41 & /ir dilig5tly until all ! +r$i5ts are ?or\ghly comb9$4 ,! result+ confection %\ld weigh #ge oz4 ,uses1 c4 ,confection ( s5na is a g5tle & pleasant purgative1 & well adapt$ = p]sons suff]+ f piles1 & z a laxative dur+ pregnancy4 ,! dose is #a dr4 to #a_/b oz41 tak5 at b$time or e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,obs4 ,!re is no "o ph>macopoeial prep>ation :i* x is m difficult to obta9 ( good quality ?an confection ( s5na4 ,! absolute co/ ( an article prep>$ accord+ to ! directions ( ! ,colleges is great] ?an ! price at :i* _m :olesale h\ses are v5d+ ! drug4 ,dr ,p>is v truly rem>ks1 t ! directions ( ! ,ph>macopoeia are v r>ely foll[$4 ,consid]able quantities are manufactur$1 into :i* uns\nd & spoilt apples ent] z a pr9cipal +r$i5t2 :il/ ! sub/itution ( jalap = ! :ole1 or a portion ( ! s5na1 is a v common practice4 ,we h se5 ! foll[+ =ms employ$ 9 ! trade4 #e4 ,p[d]$ s5na' pulp ( tam>9ds1 cassia1 & prunes1 ( ea* #a-a_/b lb42 p[d]$ cori&]s1 #c_/d lb42 ,spani% juice1 #a_/b lb42 simple syrup1 #ab lbs4 #f4 ,z ! above1 b omitt+ ! cassia pulp1 & add+ #b lbs4 m tam>9d pulp4 ,bo? ^! articles are labell$ ,p4 ,l4 & s5t out z g5u9e1 & t :5 no competition z to price exi/s4 ,! *eap] article is made z foll[s3-- #g4 ,common prunes & tam>9ds1 ( ea* #af lbs42 treacle1 #c_/d cwt42 species 7a comp\nd ( s5na du/ & small s5na1 mix$ ) #c lbs4 ( cori&] se$s1 & /r5g!n$ ) jalap2 all gr\nd to a f9e p[d]71 #ah-a_/d lbs4 ,to ?is is frequ5tly add$1 ( rott5 or inf]ior apples1 #a_/d cwt41 :i* are pulp$ ) ! prunes & tam>9ds4 ,?is article is commonly labell$ ,,conf4 ,,s5n ,,v]4 by its manufactur]4 ,confection ( ,sponge4 ,syn4 ,,elec',,tu>y ,,( ,,burnt ,,sponge2 ,,confec',,tio ,,spongii1 ,c4 ,s4 ,,u',t1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,burnt sponge1 #c p>ts2 confection ( orange peel & hips1 ( ea* #a "p2 simple syrup1 q4 s4 #b4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,burnt sponge1 made into a confection ) syrup ( orange peel4 ,! fir/ =m produces ! mo/ agreeable confection4--,dose1 ( ei!r1 #a_/b dr4 to #b dr41 twice or ?rice daily2 9 scr(ula1 c4 ,confection ( ,/eel4 ,prep4 #a4 ,,confec',,tio ,,f]',,ri ,,sesquiox',,idi1 ,l4--a4 ,f confection ( orange & sesquioxide ( iron 7,ph4 ,l471 ( ea* #b oz42 :ite sug>1 #c oz42 syrup1 #a-a_/b oz42 mix4--,dose1 #a dr4 to #c dr4 b4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,sesquioxide ( iron1 #a oz42 treacle1 q4 s4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr4 ,bo? are giv5 9 ! usual cases :]e9 iron is indicat$2 especially 9 anmia1 *lorosis1 & am5orrhoea4 #b4 7,,confec',,tio ,,f]',,ri ,,t>t>iza',,ti4--,/ ,b4 ,hosp47 ,cream ( t>t>1 #a-a_/b oz42 t>trate ( iron1 #b dr42 g+]1 #a dr42 treacle1 #b-a_/b oz41 or q4 s4--,dose1 #a dr4 to #b dr41 #b or #c times daily4 ,confection ( ,sul'phur4 ,syn4 ,,brim/one ,,& ,,treacle2 ,,confec',,tio ,,sulphu',,ris1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sublim$ sulphur1 #b oz42 treacle1 #d oz4--,dose4 ,a spoonful night & morn+ = a week or long]1 z an alt]ative or purifi] ( ! blood2 9 sk9 diseases1 c4 #b4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,precipitat$ sulphur1 #a oz42 cream ( t>t>1 #b dr42 honey or treacle1 #b oz4 ,z ! la/4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,sublim$ sulphur1 #d oz42 cream ( t>t>1 #a oz42 syrup ( orange peel1 #d fl4 oz4--,dose1 #a to #b dr42 z a laxative1 9 piles1 gonorrhoea1 c4 ,confection ( ,t94 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,/an',,ni1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,=m47 ,p[d]$ t91 #a oz42 confection ( roses1 #b oz42 mix4--,dose1 #b to #d dr41 e morn+2 9 worms4 ,confection ( ,turp5t9e4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,t]eb9?',,91 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 #a fl4 oz42 liquorice p[d]1 #a oz42 triturate toge!r1 !n add cl>ifi$ honey1 #b oz4--,dose & use1 z ! la/4 ,confection ( ,worm-se$4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,c9'1 ,c4 ,s4 ,,c94 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,slesvico-,holsat4 #ahca1 & ,ph4 ,suec4 #ahde47 ,worm-se$1 #b oz42 heat x 9 a pan ov] a g5tle fire1 add :ite sug>1 boil$ to a l[ c&y height1 #d oz42 & /ir toge!r until !y become dry2 !n pick out ^? se$s :i* are cov]$ ) sug>1 & repeat ! process ) ! o!rs4 #b4 ,p[d]$ worm-se$ & syrup ( orange peel1 equal p>ts4--,dose1 #a to #b dr41 night & morn+1 foll[$ by a brisk purge2 9 worms4 ,,confec',,tion]y4 ,see ,,c&ies1 ,,drops1 ,,loz5ges1 ,,sug>1 c4 ,,congela',,tion4 ,! conv]sion ( a sub/ance f ! fluid to ! solid /ate by ! ab/raction ( heat4 ,see ,,ice & ,,refrig]ation4 ,,conge/ion4 ,a common condition ( disease 9 an undue fl[ ( blood into any "p1 or accumulation )9 x4 ,! vessels seem to lose ! p[] ( empty+ !mselves1 :i* !y possess 9 heal?4 ,conge/ion1 al?\gh an effect ( bo? visitation & inflammation1 may exi/ irrespective ( ei!r4 ,two =ms ( x are di/+ui%$1 active & passive4 ,! fir/ is :5 "s excitem5t causes ! blood to pass m rapidly into a "p ?an its vessels c transmit out ( x2 ! second :5 f "s inh]5t debility ! vessels _c get rid ( ! fluid ord9>ily ?r[n into !m4 ,conge/ion ( organs di/urb _! functions1 & ?r\gh !m ! g5]al heal?4 ,,conglu',,t9um 7,bracy ,cl>ke's74 ,sulphate ( z9c 7:ite vitriol71 #d oz42 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #a p9t4 ,us$ z an a/r+5t lotion 9 vet]9>y practice1 & mu* dilut$ ) wat] 7a dess]t-spoonful to #a_/d p9t or m ( wat]71 z a collyrium 9 *ronic inflammation ( ! eyes4 ,,co',,nia4 ,c#h;,h#ae,o4 ,syn4 ,,co',,n9e1 ,,con',,ic9e4 ,an alkaloid1 discov]$ by ,gieseke 9 hemlock4 ,x exi/s 9 e "p ( ! plant1 b is pres5t 9 ! l>ge/ quantity 9 ! se$4 ,prep4 7,gieg]47 ,! se$s ( hemlock1 or _! alcoholic extracts1 is di/ill$ ) wat] & potassa4 ,! conia passes ov] into ! receiv]1 & floats on ! top ( ! wat]1 :i* also conta9s a little con9e 9 solution4 ,x is purifi$ 9 ! way direct$ = ! volatile bases4 7,see ,,alkaloid47 ,:5 ! alcoholic extract is employ$1 ab\t half its weight ( potassa %\ld be us$4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure conia is an oily-look+ liquid1 smell+ int5sely ( hemlock1 or r ( a comb9ation ( ! od\rs ( tobacco & mice2 volatile at common temp]atures2 r$d5s turm]ic2 boils at ab\t #cdj ,fahr41 b readily di/ils ov] ) wat] at #bab2 sp4 gr4 #hi2 ) ! acids x =ms salts1 "s ( :i* are cry/allisable4 ,six lbs4 ( fre% & #i lbs4 ( dri$ se$s yield$ #a oz4 ( conia4 7,gieg]47 ,=ty lbs4 ( ! ripe b gre5 se$s yield$ #b-a_/b oz4 ( hydrat$ conia4 7,*ri/ison47 ,conia is rem>kably poison\s4 #a drop1 plac$ 9 ! eye ( a rabbit1 kill$ x 9 #i m9utes2 #e drops1 p\r$ into ! ?roat ( a dog1 kill$ x 9 less ?an a m9ute4 ,x has be5 employ$ 9 "s convulsive & spasmodic diseases1 b is n[ seldom us$ m$ic9ally4 ,! pati5t cries1 ! contortions1 & ! rigidity ( ! limbs1 :i* h always prec$$ dea? 7caus$ by conia71 leave no d\bt z to ! cruel pa9s :i* ?is k9d ( poison+ br+s on4 7,b\tron-,*al>d & ,h5ry47 ,! treatm5t may be t recomm5d$ "u ,,aconite & ,,hemlock4 ,,cons]vateur ,,fur ,,ha>ble9de4 ,a prev5tive ( hair diseases 7,edm4 ,bhlig51 ,leipzig74 ,consi/s ( #aj grammes t9ct4 arnica1 #e grammes glyc]9e1 #aj grammes _s1 & #fj grammes wat]4 7,s*dl]47 ,,con',,s]ve4 ,syn4 ,,cons]',,va1 ,l4 ,rec5t vegetable matt]1 z fl[]s1 h]bs1 roots1 fruit1 & se$1 beat5 ) p[d]$ sug> to ! consi/5ce ( a /iff pa/e1 s z to pres]ve !m z ne>ly z possible 9 _! natural fre%ness4 ,cons]ves are made bo? by ! confection] & ! druggi/2 by ! fir/ z ,,sweetmeats2 by ! o!r *iefly z vehicles = m active m$ic9es4 ,! ,london ,college ( ,physicians n[ includes bo? cons]ves & electu>ies "u ! g5]al head ( ,,confections4 ,! t]m appe>s1 h[ev]1 9 "s cases1 sc>cely appropriate4 ,! ^w confection has a m g5]al application1 & implies any sweetmeat or composition 9 :i* sug> is ! pr9cipal +r$i5t4 ,see ,,confection & ,,electu>y4 ,cons]ve ( ,ac'etate ( ,potas'sa4 ,syn4 ,,cons]',,va ,,potas',s ,,aceta',,tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bories47 ,acetate ( potassa1 #a_/b oz42 sulphate ( soda1 #a dr42 juices ( scurvy grass1 fumitory1 & d&elion1 ( ea* #b oz4 7r$uc$ to "o half by g5tle evaporation82 sug>1 q4 s4 to make a cons]ve4 ,a teaspoonful #b or #c times daily1 z a diuretic ap]i5t2 9 ob/ruction ( ! b[els1 c4 ,cons]ve ( ,al'monds4 ,see ,,confections4 ,cons]ve ( ,angel'ica4 ,syn4 ,,cons]',,va ,,angel',,ic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,giordano47 ,fre% angelica root1 #b p>ts2 wat]1 #af p>ts2 mac]ate = a few h\rs1 cl>ify ! liquor1 add sug>1 #c p>ts2 cook ! root 9 ! syrup1 & pres]ve x 9 ?is /ate 7confection71 or dry x 7to a c&y74 ,us$ z an agreeable tonic1 /oma*ic1 & c>m9ative4 ,cons]ve1 ,antiscorbu'tic4 ,syn4 ,,cons]',,va ,,antiscorbu',,tica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,selle47 ,horse-radi%1 wat]-cress1 & wat]-trefoil1 orange-juice1 & radi%-juice1 equal p>ts2 p[d]$ :ite sug>1 q4 s4 to make a cons]ve4 ,9 scurvy1 c4 ,cons]ve ( ,a''rum4 ,syn4 ,,cons]',,va ,a'',,ri1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,macula',,ti1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f fre% arum tub]s 7cuck[-p9t or wake-rob971 #a_/b lb42 sug>1 #b-a_/b lbs4 ,z a diuretic & att5uant 9 dropsy1 or z an expectorant 9 *ronic c\ghs4--,dose1 #a_/b teaspoonful1 gradually increas$4 ,cons]ve ( ,broom4 ,syn4 ,,cons]',,va ,,scopa'',,rii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,van ,mons47 ,broom fl[]s1 #a "p2 sug>1 #b p>ts4--,dose1 #a_/b to #b teaspoonfuls1 #b or #c times a day2 9 dropsy1 g\t1 rheumatism1 c4 ,cons]ve ( ,hips4 ,see ,,confection4 ,cons]ve ( ,lav5d]4 ,syn4 ,,cons]',,va ,,lav5du',l1 ,l4 ,lav5d] fl[]s1 #a "p2 p[d]$ lump sug>1 #c p>ts2 beat5 toge!r to a smoo? pa/e4 ,us$ to sweet5 ! brea?4 ,9 a simil> way cons]ves are made f v>i\s o!r leaves & fl[]s2 b mo/ly ) only twice _! weight ( sug>1 :5 !y are n v odor\s or active4 ,cons]ve ( ,lem'on ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,cons]va ,,limo',,nis1 ,c4 ,l4 ,,cort',,icis1 ,l4 ,z ,,confection ,,( ,,orange ,,peel4 ,cons]ve ( ,mal'l[s4 ,syn4 ,,cons]',,va ,,mal',v1 ,l4 ,f ! fl[]s1 z ,,cons]ve ,,( ,,lav5d]4 ,cons]ve ( ,or'ange ,peel4 ,see ,,confection4 ,cons]ve ( ,pep'p]m9t4 ,see ,,confection4 ,cons]ve ( ,rose'm>y4 ,syn4 ,,cons]',,va ,,rosm>i',,ni1 ,l4 ,z ,,cons]ve ,,( ,,lav5d]4 ,cons]ve ( ,roses4 #a4 ,see ,,confection4 #b4 7,,acidula',,t$ ,,cons]ve ,,( ,,roses ,,cons]',,va ,,ro',s ,,ac',,ida1 ,l47 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,confection ( roses & p[d]$ gum1 ( ea* #a oz42 sulphuric acid1 #a dr4 to #a-a_/b dr42 7dilut$ )7 wat]1 #b dr4 ,an excell5t sub/itute = tam>9ds4 ,cons]ve ( ,sav'94 ,syn4 ,,cons]',,va ,,sabi',n1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,han47 ,fre% sav91 #a "p2 sug>1 #b p>ts4 ,z an emm5agogue1 9 am5orrhoea1 c4 ,?ree p>ts ( sug> make a bett] cons]ve4 ,cons]ve ( ,scurvy ,grass4 ,syn4 ,,cons]',,va ,,co*lea'',,ri1 ,c4 ,c4 ,,hort5',,sis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,au/4 #ahcf47 ,fre% scurvy grass1 #a lb42 sug>1 #c lbs4 ,/imulant & antiscorbutic4 ,cons]ve ( ,sea ,worm'wood4 ,syn4 ,,cons]',,va ,,abs9?',,ii ,,m>iti',,mi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,f sea wormwood1 z ! la/4 ,z a /oma*ic bitt] & v]mifuge2 9 dyspepsia1 c4 ,cons]ve ( ,sloes4 ,syn4 ,,cons]',,va ,,pru',,ni ,,sylves',,tri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,f ! pulp ( ! fruit1 #a "p2 sug>1 #c p>ts4 ,a/r+5t4 ,useful 9 simple di>rhoea1 c42 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) *alk4 ,cons]ve ( ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,cons]',,va ,,scil',l1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,fre% squills1 #a oz42 sug>1 #e oz4 ,diuretic1 att5uant1 & expectorant2 9 dropsy1 *ronic c\ghs1 c4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,cons]ve ( ,tam'ar9ds4 ,syn4 ,,cons]',,va ,,tam>9d',,orum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,tam>9d pulp1 #b oz42 :ite sug>1 #c oz42 evaporate by ! heat ( a wat] ba? to ! consi/5ce ( honey4 ,cons]ve ( ,vi'olets4 ,syn4 ,,cons]',,va ,,vio',l1 ,c4 ,v4 ,,odora',t1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,s\beiran47 ,fl[]s1 #a "p2 sug>1 #c p>ts2 beat to a pa/e4 ,demulc5t & laxative2 us$ z a purge = infants1 & by ladies to p]fume ! brea?4 ,cons]ve ( ,wa't]-cress4 ,syn4 ,,cons]',,va ,,na/ur'',,tii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,grca1 #ahcg47 ,f fre% wat]-cresses1 z ! la/4 ,9 scurvy2 tak5 ad libitum4 ,cons]ve ( ,worm'wood4 ,see ,,cons]ve ,,( ,,sea ,,wormwood4 ,,con/ipa',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,con/ipa',,tio1 ,,ob/ipa',,tio1 ,l4 ,surgeons di/+ui% betwe5 co/iv5ess & con/ipation4 ,! fir/ applies to t condition ( ! body 9 :i* ! b[els act t>dily1 & 9 :i* ! fces are abnormally & inconv5i5tly indurat$2 ! la/ implies ! abs5ce ( ! prop] alv9e evacuations4 ,! "o rapidly und]m9es ! heal?2 ! o!r de/roys life 9 a p]iod v>y+ f a few days to ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,9 popul> language1 h[ev]1 ! words are frequ5tly us$ synonym\sly4 ,! use ( bread conta9+ alum1 & wat] conta9+ mu* lime 7v h>d wat]71 & especially ! want ( suffici5t ex]cise1 are common causes ( con/ipation4 ,treatm5t4 ,:5 ! affection is m]ely accid5tal or occasional1 a dose ( "s ap]i5t or ca?>tic is ! only treatm5t necess>y2 b :5 x is habitual x calls = fur!r att5tion4 ,great b5efit may g5]ally be secur$ by adopt+ a diet free f a/r+5ts1 & consi/+ ( a l>ge portion ( gre5 vegetables & ripe fruit2 p>ticul>ly avoid+ ! use ( ov]-cook$1 salt$1 or dri$ animal food4 ,br[n bread may be eat51 z x acts z a g5tle laxative1 f ! bran x conta9s4 ,! occasional use ( ap]i5t & emolli5t enemata may be _h rec\rse to2 b _! habitual adm9i/ration1 z well z t ( purgative m$ic9es g5]ally1 by ! m\?1 is n to be recomm5d$4 ,! b[els1 accu/om$ to ! cont9ual use ( /imulants1 act b languidly or sc>cely at all )\t _! application4 ,9 females1 especially ( ! high] classes1 ! want ( prop] ex]cise is commonly ! *ief cause ( ?is affection4 ,) su* p]sons a %ort walk1 two or ?ree times daily1 w (t5 d wond]s1 p>ticul>ly if a little ripe fruit1 a few rais9s or tam>9ds1 or1 /ill bett]1 #b or #c drum figs1 be occasionally eat54 ,9 "s cases ( ob/9ate con/ipation a cold-wat] dress+1 plac$ ov] ! pit ( ! /oma* or ! abdom51 w cause ! b[els to act 9 ! c\rse ( an h\r or two4 ,:5 ! inactivity ( ! b[els arises f a defici5cy ( bile 7"o ( ! mo/ common causes71 no rem$y is m natural1 or m effective1 ?an inspissat$ ox-gall4 ,9 cases complicat$ ) n]v\s1 hypo*ondriacal1 or hy/]ical affections1 9 *lorosis1 dyspepsia1 deprav$ appetite1 & num]\s o!r ailm5ts1 ?is rem$y frequ5tly succe$s1 aft] ! mo/ active articles ( ! mat]ia m$ica h be5 tri$ 9 va94 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ! con/ipation ( infants1 ca/or-oil 7#a_/b teaspoonful occasionally71 or manna #a_/d to #a_/b oz41 suck$ at w1 may be giv54 ,! introduction 7v g5tly7 ( a little slip ( writ+ pap]1 p>sley /alk1 or suet1 is a me?od sometimes adopt$ successfully by nurses4 ,friction on ! /oma* & b[els ) ! w>m h&1 or a piece ( s(t flannel1 %\ld also be employ$4 ,see ,,gall1 ,,purgative1 c4 ,treatm5t = ,animals4 ,mr ,f9lay ,dun prescribes laxative cly/]s1 aloes1 or oils4 ,calomel = horses2 croton & gamboge = cattle4 ,salts1 calomel & jalap1 ca/or oil1 l9se$ oil1 & emetics = c>nivora4 ,oil ( turp5t9e by m\? or rectum2 cly/]s ( tobacco1 nux vomica1 electricity4 ,treatm5t = ,horses4 ,:5 ! animal is con/ipat$ adm9i/] #d dr4 ( aloes & #a dr4 ( calomel1 rubb$ d[n ) gruel2 inject soap & wat] e h\r1 tak+ c>e to let ! horse h walk+ ex]cise1 & to apply friction to ! belly4 ,if1 aft] twelve h\rs1 no effect is produc$1 let ! aloes & calomel be repeat$1 ) ! addition ( ?ree or f\r drops ( croton oil & a w9e-glassful ( _s ( nitre1 e!r1 g91 or :isky4 ,,con/itution ,,balls1 ,vegetable 7,a4 ,h4 ,bldt74 ,two p>allelopip$ h>d br[n balls1 ea* ( :i* weighs #eh grammes1 & is made by melt+ toge!r #b p>ts ( aloes & #a "p co>sely p[d]$ g5tian4 7,hag]74 ,,consump',,tion4 ,see ,,ph?isis4 ,,conta',,gion4 ,by 'contagion' is usually meant ! communication ( disease by means ei!r ( actual contact or ?r\gh a m$ium1 su* z ! air4 ,by "s a contagi\s disease is reg>d$ z "o aris+ f direct contact only1 9 contradi/9ction to an infecti\s "o1 :i* is believ$ to act at a di/ance4 ,see ,,dis9fectant4 ,,contu',,sion4 ,a hurt1 or injury to ! fle%1 su* z might be caus$ by a blunt in/rum5t or by a fall1 )\t brea* or app>5t w\nd4 ,= treatm5t1 see ,,bruise4 ,,convalesc5ce4 ,convalesc5ce may be describ$ z ! p]iod betwe5 ! cessation ( an attack ( s]i\s illness & ! re/oration1 if n to a p]fect1 to an accu/om$ /ate ( heal?4 ,convalesc5t pati5ts %\ld p>ticul>ly gu>d aga9/ excess 9 eat+ or dr9k+1 or unnecess>y & imprud5t exposure to cold or damp wea!r1 dur+ ?is int]val1 z well z aga9/ premature ex]tion ( ! limbs or voice2 su* & all ( :i* are acts ( imprud5ce t may give rise to a return ( ! disease4 ,9 ord] to avoid ?is latt] risk1 z well z to aid 9 complete recov]y1 repose bo? ( body & m9d are g5]ally ne$$1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! e>li] /ages ( convalesc5ce4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t convalesc5ts f _m infecti\s diseases1 su* z measles1 sc>let fev]1 smallpox1 typhus1 c41 are mu* m likely to propagate ^! diseases ?an :5 !y are lab\r+ "u !m 9 ! acute =m4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( _! recov]y ! sk9 & o!r organs are ?r[+ (f ! poison 9 l>ge quantities1 & ?us expos+ ^? 9 contact )1 or 9 ! ne> neighb\rhood ( ! convalesc5t1 to ! great & imm95t risk ( contagion4 ,ev5 if n contagi\s himself1 ! convalesc5t's clo!s1 if !y be ! same z ^? worn by him dur+ 8 illness1 may also convey ! disease4 ,,convulsions4 ,spasmodic contractions ( ! muscles produc+ motions ( ! limbs1 g5]ally accompani$ ) unconsci\sness4 ,convulsions occur at all p]iods ( life1 b 9 adults !y are only symptoms ( o!r diseases4 ,9 *ildr5 !y are v common4 ,!y are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 tee?+2 & a swoll5 & inflam$ /ate ( ! gums is said to excite !m4 ,dr ,g>dn]1 9 8 v useful "w1 ',h\sehold ,m$ic9e1' says !y may be br\ght on by improp] food1 e4g4 ! milk ( a nurse suff]+ f "s viol5t emotion4 ,at ! siege ( ,b]l9 ne>ly all ! suckl+ *ildr5 di$ ( convulsions4 ,!y may also be induc$ by fev]i% attacks1 hoop+-c\gh1 /rong purgatives1 or suppress$ eruptions4 ,9 ! case ( a dang]\s attack ( convulsion no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 s5d+ = a m$ical practition]4 ,p5d+ 8 arrival1 ! pati5t %\ld be plac$ z promptly z possible 9 a hot-wat] ba?4 ,a bett] plan is to loos5 all ! dress1 to place ! *ild across ! arms1 & sway x up & d[n g5tly1 & to all[ cool air to play on ! face & *e/2 give an enema ( soap & wat]1 & apply mu/>d pla/]s = a few seconds only to ! pit ( ! /oma*4 ,if ^! fail to give relief1 apply lee*es 7numb] accord+ to ! age7 to ! temples1 & cold to ! head4 ,lance ! gums if inflam$4 ,:5 ! fit is ov] keep ! head cool4 ,if !re h be5 :ite /ools1 give a gra9 or two ( calomel1 & repeat x e ?ree or f\r h\rs = ?ree or f\r times until ! /ools become gre5 or d>k4 ,keep ! b[els op5 by ca/or oil1 & let ! pati5t be put on a milk diet4 ,! latt] "p ( ! above treatm5t is ins]t$ = ! b5efit ( ! emigrant or o!r individual hav+ no means ( obta9+ prop] m$ical aid4 ,,copah9e4 ,copaiba balsam made into a mass ) wax & p[d]$ cubebs1 divid$ into h>d egg-%ap$ pills weigh+ #e decigrammes ea* & sug> coat$4 ,,copah9e ,,mege ,,de ,,jozeau4 ,a fix$ quantity ( copaiba balsam is mix$ ) conc5trat$ nitric acid1 & con/antly /irr$ z long z eff]vesc5ce cont9ues4 ,! oxidis$ balsam is !n wa%$1 fir/ ) w>m !n ) cold wat]1 till ! wa%+s cease to h an acid reaction4 ,f "o "p ( ?is balsamum copaiv acido nitrico correctum ) #a_/aj "p p[d]$ cubebs1 #a_/aj "p bic>bonate ( soda1 #a_/af "p calc9$ magnesia1 ) "s mucilage1 a mass is prep>$ & divid$ into oval pills1 :i* are aft]w>ds coat$ ) sug>1 mix$ ) gum & c>m9e4 ,,copai',,ba4 ,syn4 ,,copai',,va1 ,,copaiva ,,balsam1 ,,capiv',i1 ,,balsam ,,( ,,capiv',i2 ,,copai',,ba 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l42 ,,baume ,,de ,,copahu1 ,fr42 ,,cobaiva ,,balsam1 ,g]4 ,! oleo-res91 ( a br[n col\r1 obta9$ by incision f ! trunk ( ,copaif]a multijuga4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mo/ ( ! balsam ( comm]ce is obta9$ f ,p>a & ,m>anhao4 ,x is pack$ 9 casks conta9+ f #a to #a-a_/b cwt4 ea*1 or 9 l>ge bottles1 or 9 cyl9drical t9 boxes4 ,prop41 ,purific41 c4 ,copaiba1 ?\gh usually call$ a 'balsam1' is n correctly s nam$1 z x conta9s no b5zoic or c9namic acid4 ,x is correctly describ$ 9 ! ,b4 ,p4 z an 'oleo-res94' ,consid]able v>iation exi/s 9 ! col\r1 od\r1 consi/5ce1 & transp>5cy1 z well z 9 ! proportion ( oil & res9 yield$ by diff]5t samples1 sc>cely any two ( :i* exactly agree4 ,! sp4 gr4 v>ies f #iej to #iif4 ,brazilian copaiba is ?91 cle>1 & pale2 :il/ ! ,we/ ,indian v>iety is ?ick1 gold5 yell[1 less transp>5t1 & has a less agreeable & some:at t]eb9?9ate smell4 ,"s v>ieties are opaque1 & cont9ue s unless filt]$4 ,?is is (t5 a mo/ tr\blesome op]ation4 ,! opacity g5]ally arises f ! pres5ce ( wat]1 :i* x reta9s ) great t5acity4 ,! foll[+ is ! plan we h f\nd to answ] on ! l>ge scale3--,place ! casks ^u _! ends 9 a w>m situation1 & leave !m s = #aj days or a =tnight1 or long]1 if conv5i5t4 ,!y may !n be tapp$ a little above ! bottom1 :5 ! cont5ts ( "s ( !m w g5]ally be f\nd q transp>5t1 & may be drawn (f & vatt$1 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid %ak+ up ! bottom4 ,! copaiva t rema9s f\l mu/ be filt]$ ?r\gh "o or m long ,canton flannel bags1 sunk 9 ! bottom ( a t9 ci/]n1 plac$ ov] a suitable receiv]1 9 a simil> way to t adopt$ = oils2 a few p\nds ( co>sely p[d]$ *>coal be+ mix$ up ) ! fir/ #e or #f gallons ?r[n 94 ,?is w rapidly fill up ! pores ( ! bag1 & make ! balsam soon fl[ cle> & pale4 ,! bottoms ( ! casks1 conta9+ ! wat] & impurities1 may be p\r$ into a l>ge c or j>1 & all[$ to settle = a few days1 :5 ! copaiba may be p\r$ (f ! top & filt]$4 ,a sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature w frequ5tly turn a transp>5t sample ( ?is article opaque or milky2 x is n1 !re=e1 deem$ fit to s5d out by ! :olesale trade1 unless x /&s ?is te/4 ,to asc]ta9 ?is po9t a common practice is to fill a small bottle ) ! copaiba1 & to leave x out ( doors all night 9 an expos$ situation4 ,pur41 ,te/s1 c4 ,?is sub/ance is frequ5tly adult]at$2 inde$1 fully "o half t sold = copaiba does n conta9 #aj ( ! g5u9e balsam4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) t sold 9 capsules1 at l[ prices1 9 ! %ops4 ,pure balsam ( copaiba may be recognis$ by ! foll[+ *>act]s3-- #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,x is transp>5t2 free ( turp5t9e od\r :5 heat$2 soluble 9 #b p>ts ( alcohol2 & dissolves "o f\r? ( its weight ( c>bonate ( magnesia ) ! aid ( a g5tle heat1 & cont9ues transluc5t4 #b4 7,*evalli]47 ,a drop ( ! balsam1 plac$ on a piece ( unsiz$ pap]1 & heat$ until all ! ess5tial oil is expell$1 =ms a semi-transp>5t1 well-def9$ spot2 b if ! balsam has be5 adult]at$ ) a fatty oil1 x is surr\nd$ by an oily areola4 #c4 7,plan*e47 #b-a_/b p>ts ( balsam %ak5 ) #a "p ( solution ( ammonia1 sp4 gr4 #ife1 =ms a mixture :i* becomes cle> & transp>5t 9 a few mom5ts1 & may be heat$ to #bab ,fahr4 )\t becom+ opaque4 #d4 7,vigne47 ,boil$ ) #ej times its weight ( wat] = #a h\r1 x %\ld lose at lea/ half its weight4 #e4 7,add]47 ,by agitat+ ! suspect$ sample ) a lye ( cau/ic soda1 & sett+ ! mixture aside to repose1 ! balsam aft] a "t rises to ! surface1 & ! fatty oil pres5t 7if any7 =ms a soapy1 ?ick mass bel[4 #f4 7',j\rn4 de ,ph>m41' #ahdb47 ,pure copaiba may be adult]at$ ) #ej p] c5t4 ( a fat oil 7nut1 almond1 or ca/or oil71 )\t x ceas+ to give a cle> solution ) #b p>ts ( alcohol2 b x comb9es badly ) magnesia & ammonia4 ,excess ( alcohol1 h[ev]1 sep>ates ! oil 9 all cases4 ,x 0 =m]ly consid]$ t ! be/ te/ = detect+ ! fat oils 0 pure alcohol1 to :i* "s cau/ic pota% _h be5 add$4 #g4 7,dr ,hag]47 ,copaiba :i* is adult]at$ ) ,gurgun balsam is n q cle>1 & frequ5tly exhibits prisms ( gurg9ic acid "u ! microscope4 ,! au?or /ates t ! adult]ation may be easily detect$ by mix+ ! suspect$ sample ) f\r volumes ( petroleum e!r2 ! mixture at once becomes turbid1 & gradually deposits a s$im5t1 :i*1 aft] half an h\r's settl+1 occupies ! same volume z ! copaiba op]at$ ^u4 ,a mixture ( pure copaiba ) petroleum e!r is cle> at fir/1 & ei!r rema9s cle> ^u /&+ or x deposits aft] sev]al h\rs a v slight s$im5t1 :i* m]ely cov]s ! bottom ( ! te/ tube l a ?9 film4 ,b5zol may be us$ 9 place ( petroleum e!r4 #h4 7,mut]47 ,?ree to f\r grams ( ! sample are weigh$ into a clean1 dry flask1 & saponifi$ on ! wat] ba? ) #ej c4 c4 ( alcohol1 & a lump ( cau/ic soda weigh+ n less ?an #e grams4 ,:5 all is dissolv$ wat] is add$1 & ! :ole wa%$ into a half-p9t bas91 s z to ne>ly fill x1 & evaporat$ to #ajj c4 c4 ov] a l[ gas flame4 ,dilute sulphuric acid is !n add$ till ! :ole j becomes p]man5tly turbid1 & !n solution ( cau/ic soda is dropp$ 9 till x j cle>s aga94 ,by ?is means a solution is obta9$ ) ! lea/ possible excess ( alkali1 & ) a good am\nt ( sodium sulphate4 ,! :ole is n[ to be evaporat$ to p]fect dryness on ! wat] ba?1 /irr+ t[>ds ! end1 s t ! sulphate may mix ) ! soaps1 & produce an easy pulv]ul5t residue4 ,! residue is mov$ f ! bas9 into a small1 wide-m\!d1 /opp]$ bottle1 treat$ ) #gj c4 c4 ( e!r-alcohol1 & well %ak5 up4 ,z soon z x is fairly settl$ ! fluid is filt]$ (f ?r\gh a quick filt]1 & ?is is repeat$ ) two successive quantities ( #gj c4 c41 mak+ #baj c4 c4 9 all ( ! solv5t us$4 ,! residue 9 ! bottle & 9 ! filt] n[ consi/s ( sodium oleate & sulphate if ! balsam be impure1 & ( ! latt] only if pure1 ) a little trace ( ! insoluble res9 soap already ref]r$ to4 ,! cont5ts ( ! bottle & filt] are !n dissolv$ 9 w>m wat]1 & aft] heat+ until all smell ( e!r is gone ! :ole is boil$ freely acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & set to cool4 ,if1 :5 cold1 no?+ b a few specks ( br[n res9 %\ld rise to ! surface1 ! balsam is pure2 b if an oily lay] be =m$ x is adult]at$1 & ! smell ( ! sep>at$ oleic acid w at once det]m9e :e!r x is actually ca/or oil or n4 ,9 ! case ( ! pres5ce ( oil1 #b grams ( pure & dry :ite wax are add$1 & ! :ole heat$ till ! wax melts ) ! oleic acid4 ,on cool+1 a solid cake is =m$1 :i* is deta*$ f ! side ( ! beak]1 & ! fluid bel[ pass$ ?r\gh a filt]4 ,! cake is once m melt$ 9 boil+ wat]1 cool$1 deta*$1 dri$ by g5tle pressure betwe5 blott+ pap]1 dri$ 9 a wat]-ov5 9 a weigh$ plat9um di%1 & !n weigh$1 & ! weight ( ! wax us$ d$uct$4 ,! beak]1 filt]1 rod1 c41 us$ are1 if at all dirty1 dri$1 extract$ ) e!r1 & ! residue left1 aft] evaporation1 weigh$ & add$ to ! total4 ,! calculation is !n p]=m$ z foll[s3-- 7#a47 ,to ! weight 9 grams f\nd add #bj = loss ( oleic acid 9 solv5t1 & !n say z #ie 3 #ajj 33 total oleic acid4 7#b47 ,calculate ! p]-c5tage f ! quantity tak51 & f ?is d$uct #f p] c5t4 = possible alt]$ res9 9 ! balsam4 ,! error1 ow+ to ! correction1 ( c\rse1 increases ) ! am\nt ( oil pres5t2 b x is /at$ to be always an error 9 ! direction ( "u-e/imation1 :i* is ! great po9t = public analy/s4 ,:5 work+ on #c to #d gra9s ) an admixture ( n ov] #be p] c5t4 ! errors due to loss ( oleic acid & insoluble res9 soap are said to s ne>ly balance ea* o!r1 t any correction is unnecess>y1 & ! actual am\nt ( oleic acid f\nd may be tak5 z correct )9 a p] c5t4 #i4 7,b4 ,p47 ,accord+ to ! ,briti% ,ph>macopoeia1 copaiba %\ld be soluble 9 an equal bulk ( b5zol4 #aj4 7,! evaporation te/47 ,mr ,siebold says3 ,?is is an excell5t & exce$+ly simple te/1 b is clumsily appli$ by _m4 ,in/ead ( boil+ ! balsam ) wat] = _m h\rs1 a small quantity 7ab\t #a to #ae gram7 ( ! sample %\ld be c>efully heat$ 9 a wat*-glass until all ! oil is driv5 (f1 :i* is ! case z soon z ! residue has assum$ a ri* br[n col\r4 ,a few m9utes suffice = ! exp]im5t4 ,if ! rema9+ res9 is p]fectly brittle & pulv]isable !re is no fatty matt] pres5t1 = #a p] c5t4 ( oil w\ld dim9i% ! brittl5ess ( ! res91 s t x _c be r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]4 ,"o p] c5t4 ( oil is ?us readily detect$1 & ) l>g] quantities ( ! adult]ant 7#c to #e p] c5t47 ! res9 feels q /icky4 ,on heat+ ! res9 ca/or oil & l9se$ oil may be di/+ui%$ by ! od\r4 ,by mix+ ! adult]at$ balsam ) t51 tw5ty1 =ty1 & fifty volumes ( pure m>anham balsam respectively1 & te/+ ea* dilution 9 ?is mann]1 x is easy to f9d 9 :i* ! oil has be5 r$uc$ to bel[ #a p] c5t41 & ?us to asc]ta9 :e!r ! adult]ant am\nt$ to m ?an #aj1 #bj1 #cj1 #dj1 or #ej p] c5t41 & ?is1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld be suffici5tly ne> ! m>k = ! purpose ( public analy/s4 ,uses1 c4 ,balsam ( copaiba is consid]$ det]sive vuln]>y1 diuretic1 & a/r+5t2 & appe>s to possess a sort ( specific p[] ov] diseases ( ! muc\s membranes ( ! ur9o-g5ital organs4 ,x is h5ce a fav\rite rem$y 9 gonorrhoea1 z soon z ! fir/ inflammatory symptoms h subsid$1 antiphlogi/ic & soo?+ measures be+ previ\sly adopt$4 ,dose1 #bj to #fj drops on sug>1 float+ on wat]1 or made into an emulsion ) yolk ( egg or gum arabic1 #c or #d times daily1 if ! /oma* w be> x4 ,! addition ( a few drops ( sweet spirits ( nitre & laudanum h be5 recomm5d$1 to allay ! nausea4 ,by add+ #a dr4 ( oil ( orange 7ol4 aurantii7 to ea* oz4 ( ! balsam1 its flav\r becomes f> f disagreeable1 & x sits well ^u ! /oma*4 ,copaiba is also giv5 9 capsules & pills4 ,see ,,capsules1 ,,emulsion1 ,,oil1 ,,pills1 c4 ,obs4 ,num]\s prep>ations ( ?is article are sold "u su* names z 'soluble copaiba1' 'specific solution1' 'salt ( copaiba1' c42 none ( ^! appe> to possess equal activity & c]ta9ty ( op]ation to ! natural balsam4 ,z ! :ole virtue ( copaiba z a m$ic9e dep5ds on ! ess5tial oil x conta9s1 ! value ( any ( ^! prep>ations may be e/imat$ by ! quantity ( t article :i* is f\nd 9 !m4 ,9 ! case ( ! fir/ two articles above nam$ ! quantity is v small inde$1 & 9 ! la/ x is :olly defici5t4 ,! foll[+ =ms are curr5t 9 ! trade = ! r$uction 7adult]ation7 ( balsam ( capivi3-- #a4 ,balsam ( copaiba1 #d lbs42 ca/or oil1 #c lbs42 mix well4 #b4 ,balsam1 #g lbs42 ca/or oil1 #d lbs2 yell[ res91 #b lbs4 #c4 ,equal p>ts ( balsam ( copaiba & ,canada balsam4 #d4 ,to ! la/ add ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #a lb4 #e4 ,balsams ( ,canada & copaiba & nut or ca/or oil1 equal p>ts4 #f4 ,copaiba1 #g lbs42 nut oil1 #c lbs42 yell[ res91 #b lbs42 ,canada balsam1 #a lb4 ,us$ to fill ! *eap capsules2 & to sell 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ,london & 9 ! manufactur+ di/ricts4 ,see also ,,copaiba1 ,,factiti\s 7bel[74 ,copaiba1 ,facti''ti\s4 ,syn4 ,,cobai',,ba ,,facti'',,tia1 ,,bal',,samum ,,copai',b ,,facti'',,tium1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ca/or oil 7w>m71 #g qu>ts2 copaiba bottoms1 #a qu>t2 mix1 & filt] ?r\gh flannel4 #b4 ,ca/or1 oil1 #a gal42 yell[ res91 #c lbs42 ,canada balsam1 #b lbs42 oil ( junip]1 #b oz42 oil ( sav91 #a oz42 ess5ces ( orange & lemon1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 p[d]$ b5zo91 #a oz42 melt ! res9 ) ! ca/or oil & b5zo91 & :5 ne>ly cold add ! ess5ces4 #c4 ,canada balsam1 #i lbs42 ca/or oil1 #g lbs42 yell[ res91 #a lb42 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #b lbs42 oils ( rosem>y1 junip]1 & sav91 ( ea* #a dr42 ess5tial oil ( almonds1 #bj drops4 #d4 ,canada balsam1 #c lb42 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #a lb42 oils ( f5nel1 junip]1 & sav91 ( ea* q4 s4 ,us$ *iefly to fill capsules4 ,x is readily di/+ui%$ f balsam ( copaiba by ! prop] te/s4 7,see above47 ,tra9 oil or nut oil is frequ5tly sub/itut$ = ! ca/or oil4 ,copaiba & ,ka'li4 ,syn4 ,,copaiba ,,cum ,,potass1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,c>bonate ( potassa & wat]1 ( ea*1 equal p>ts2 dissolve1 & add gradually1 transp>5t balsam ( copaiba1 until ! fluid1 at fir/ milky1 turns q cle>4 ,resembles miscible copaiba 7see bel[74 ,copaiba1 ,miscible4 ,prep4 ,f balsam ( copaiba 7pure & transp>5t71 mix$ ) half its volume ( solution ( potassa made ( d\ble ! /r5g? ord]$ 9 ! ,b4 ,p4 ,obs4 ,z diff]5t samples ( copaiba (t5 require slightly diff]5t quantities ( ! solution ( potassa1 x is be/ to mix ! two gradually & cauti\sly toge!r4 ,%\ld ! mixture be opaque1 a little m ( "o or o!r ( ! +r$i5ts1 z ! case may be1 w r5d] x cle>4 ,no heat mu/ be us$4 ,?is article is miscible ) wat]1 ) :i* x =ms a k9d ( milk2 & f conta9+ all ! volatile oil ( ! copaiba1 is a v valuable prep>ation4 ,its activity is consid]$ equal to t ( ! balsam itself1 & x is giv5 9 simil> doses4 ,copaiba1 ,sol'uble4 ,syn4 ,,copai',,ba ,,solubil',,is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,heat miscible copaiba 9 an e>!n1 glass1 or bright-t9n$ copp] vessel1 to ne>ly ! boil+-po9t1 p\r x :ile /ill hot 9 a sep>ator1 cov] x up1 & all[ x to cool v sl[ly4 ,aft] a few days1 draw (f ! cle> portion f a cock or hole plac$ at or ne> ! bottom ( ! vessel1 obs]v+ to reject ! fir/ few drops :i* pass ?r\gh1 & to /op ! /ream be=e any ( ! float+ oil 7oleum copaib7 rea*es ! orifice4 ,a v little conc5trat$ liquor ( potassa1 add$ be=e apply+ ! heat1 r5d]s x m soluble4 ,?ick1 transp>5t1 soluble 9 pure wat]1 & resembles ! natural balsam 9 appe>ance4 #b4 ,balsam ( copaiba & solution ( potassa 7,b4 ,p471 equal p>ts1 by volume2 mix1 boil = a few m9utes1 & !n proce$ z be=e4 ,?9n] ?an ! la/4 ,prop4 ,less p[]ful ?an miscible copaiba1 b x sits bett] on ! /oma*1 & is ab\t f\r times z /rong z specific solution ( copaiba4 ,see ,,solution4 ,copaiba1 ,res'9 (4 ,syn4 ,,copai',b ,,resi',,na1 ,l4 ,! residuum ( ! process ( di/ill+ ! oil ( copaiba f ! balsam4 ,x consi/s pr9cipally ( copaibic acid4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ = gonorrhoea1 b is ne>ly in]t1 ev5 9 #a_/b oz4 or #c_/d oz4 doses4 ,see ,,oil4 ,copaiba1 ,salt (4 ,syn4 ,,sal ,,copai',b1 ,l4 ,!re are two prep>ations sold "u ?is "n2 ! "o1 crude copaibic acid2 ! o!r1 copaibate ( an alkali4 ,nei!r ( !m possesses ! valuable prop]ties ( copaiba1 :i* reside almo/ entirely 9 its ess5tial oil1 ,we h tak5 ! 'sal copaib1' & h wat*$ its action on o!rs1 b h n be5 able to p]ceive any good effects to result f its adm9i/ration4 7,cooley47 ,,copai',,bic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,capiv',,ic ,,acid4 ,,yell[ ,,res9 ,,( ,,copaiba4 ,an amb]-col\r$1 brittle1 semi-cry/all9e1 res9\s sub/ance1 obta9$ f res9 ( copaiba1 soluble 9 alcohol1 rectifi$ _s1 e!r1 & oils1 r$d5s litmus pap]1 & =ms salts ) ! bases1 call$ copaibates4 ,,co',,pal4 ,syn4 ,,copal'1 ,,gum ,,copal4 ,a res9\s sub/ance1 :i* exudes spontane\sly f v>i\s trees belong+ to ! g5]a ,hym5a1 ,guib\rtia1 & ,tra*ylobium4 ,! v>ieties commonly met ) 9 comm]ce are ,ea/ ,indian copal1 or an9e1 :i* is ! produce ( ,hym5a ,c\rb>il1 & ,we/ ,indian copal1 obta9$ f num]\s species4 ,prop4 ,:5 ( good quality x is too h>d to be scrat*$ by ! nail1 has a con*oidal fracture1 & a sp4 gr4 rang+ f #ajei to #ajgb4 ,unlike o!r res9s1 x is dissolv$ ) difficulty by alcohol & ess5tial oils2 & ?is prop]ty1 comb9$ ) its extreme h>dness1 r5d]s x v valuable = mak+ v>ni%es4 ,see ,,v>ni%4 ,,cop',,p]4 ,cu4 ,syn4 ,,cu'',,prum1 ,l42 ,,cuivre1 ,fr42 ,,kupf]1 ,g]4 ,s\rces4 ,metallic copp] 7native copp]7 is f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! globe1 diffus$ 9 isolat$ p>ticles 9 ! =m ( ?9 lam91 9 loose gra9s int]mix$ ) qu>tz 7copp] s&1 copp] b>illa71 9 d5dritic pieces1 & 9 solid blocks1 occasionally ( _m tons weight4 ,! ri*e/ deposits ( native copp] are ^? ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,m frequ5tly & m abundantly x occurs z an ore1 e4g4 r$ oxide1 black oxide1 gre5 c>bonate ( copp] or mal'a*ite1 blue c>bonate ( copp]1 vitre\s sulphide ( copp]1 purple copp]1 copp] pyrites1 or yell[ copp] ore1 ) sulphur1 antimony1 or ars5ic1 & o!r metals 7true grey copp] ore or fah'l]z71 z an impure hydrat$ silicate 7*rys'ocolla71 & z an impure hydrat$ oxy*loride 7atac'amite74 ,! mo/ abundant & important ore is copp] pyrites4 ,x is pr9cipally obta9$ f ! m9es ( ,cornwall1 ,devon%ire1 & ,cuba4 ,! c>bonates ( copp] are n[ l>gely import$ f ,au/ralia2 ! metal produc$ by smelt+ !m is g5]ally ( ! be/ quality4 ,prep4 ,we w n attempt to give a m9ute description ( ! v>i\s complex processes by :i* ! r$uction ( copp] f its ores is effect$1 b w m]ely give an outl9e ( ! common or ,wel% process4 ,?is process includes six di/9ct op]ations1 z foll[s3--#a4 ,! ore 7copp] & iron pyrites71 conta9+ f #h to #aj ( copp]1 is roa/$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 call$ a 'calc9]1' by :i* mu* ( ! sulphide ( iron is conv]t$ into oxide4 #b4 ,! calc9$ ore is melt$ ) 'metal slag' 7a product ( a subsequ5t op]ation--,no4 #c71 9 a melt+ furnace call$ ! 'ore furnace4' ,! products are a regulus1 t]m$ 'co>se metal1' conta9+ ab\t #ce ( copp]1 & 'ore-furnace slag1' :i* is ?r[n away4 ,mu* ( ! iron1 & ! :ole ( ! s-call$ e>?y matt] ( ! ore1 are ?us sep>at$ z slag4 #c4 ,! co>se metal1 hav+ be5 granulat$ by caus+ x to fl[ f ! furnace into wat]1 is calc9$ ) free access ( air 9 a calc9]1 & a consid]able am\nt ( sulphur is expell$4 #d4 ,! calc9$ granulat$1 co>se metal is melt$ ) ! addition ( matt]s ri* 9 oxides ( copp]1 namely1 'roa/]' & 'ref9]y slags' 7f ! two rema9+ op]ations1 ,nos4 #e & #f1 respectively71 & native c>bonates ( copp]1 or ores conta9+ oxide ( copp]4 ,! products are a regulus1 t]m$ 'metal1' :i* conta9s ab\t #ge ( copp]1 & metal slag 7see ,no4 #b74 ,! metal %\ld be 9 ! /ate ( ':ite metal1' compact & brittle1 ) a feeble metallic lu/re & a d>k1 blui%-grey col\r4 ,x is tapp$ (f into s& m\lds4 #e4 ,! pigs ( regulus obta9$ by ! la/ op]ation are roa/$ 9 a furnace ?r\gh :i* air passes4 ,! temp]ature is s regulat$ t ! regulus may be melt$ 9 f #f to #h h\rs4 ,! slag is skimm$ (f1 & aft] a "t ! heat is l[]$1 to all[ ! regulus to solidify4 ,x is aga9 melt$ & tapp$ into s& m\lds1 ! product be+ call$ 'bli/] copp]4' #f4 ,?is1 ! la/ op]ation1 is t]m$ 'ref9+4' ,f #f to #h tons ( bli/] copp]1 9 pigs1 are melt$ 9 a furnace1 & kept expos$ = ab\t #ae h\rs to ! oxidis+ influ5ce ( ! air4 ,! slag is skimm$ (f ?r\gh ! end op5+4 ,:5 ! oxidation has be5 suffici5tly prolong$1 an?racite or free-burn+ coal1 z pure z possible1 is ?r[n ^u ! surface ( ! metal1 & aft] a %ort "t ! ?ick end ( a long bir* or oak pole is plung$ into ! molt5 mass4 ,?is "p ( ! op]ation is t]m$ 'pol+4' ,! wood 9 contact ) ! copp] is rapidly decompos$2 mu* gas is evolv$1 :i* causes ! metal to be spla%$ ab\t1 & e "p ( x to be expos$ to ! r$uc+ action ( ! coal4 ,:5 ! ref9] f9ds ! metal to be at ! /ate ( 't\gh pit*1' ! pole is tak5 out1 & ! coal pu%$ back f ! end op5+1 ?r\gh :i* ! copp] is !n ladl$ out z quickly z possible1 & ca/ into suitable m\lds4 ,= full details ( ?is & o!r processes1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,dr ,p]cy's "w on ',metallurgy1' & ,ure's ',diction>y ( ,arts1 ,manufactures1 & ,m9es4' ,9 ! laboratory copp] is commonly employ$ "u ! foll[+ =ms3-- #a4 ,,bean-,,%ot ,,copp]4 ,produc$ by simply lad+ ! melt$ copp] f ! ref9+ furnace into hot wat]4 ,9 small lumps l peas & beans2 h5ce its "n4 ,us$ to make alloys1 solutions1 c4 #b4 ,,electrotype ,,copp]4 ,a v pure =m1 obta9$ by decompos+ sulphate ( copp] 9 an electrotype app>atus4 ,x does n conta9 lead1 :]eas mo/ v>ieties ( comm]cial copp] d conta9 t metal4 #c4 ,,fea!r-,,%ot ,,copp]1 ,,granulat$ ,c4 ,produc$ by lad+ ! ref9$ copp] f ! furnace into cold wat]4 ,9 small pieces1 ) a fea!r$ edge4 ,us$ to make calam9e1 brass1 solution ( copp]1 c4 #d4 ,,copp] ,,9 ,,plates ,,or ,,foil4 ,^? ( comm]ce 7be/1 anneal$7 are g5]ally employ$4 #e4 ,,copp] ,,9 ,,p[d]4--a4 ,a solution ( sulphate ( copp] is heat$ to ! boil+-po9t1 & precipitat$ ) di/ill$ z9c2 ! precipitat$ copp] is !n sep>at$ f ! adh]5t z9c by dilute sulphuric acid1 wa%$ ) wat]1 & dri$ by exposure to a mod]ate temp]ature4 #f4 ,,copp] ,,prep>$ ,,by ,,! ,,hydrometallurgical ,,me?od4--,"o ( ! olde/ processes ( ?is k9d1 is t kn[n z ! 'cem5tation' me?od1 & consi/s 9 precipitat+ copp] f a solution ( ! sulphate ( ! metal1 by means ( metallic iron4 ,9 "s m9es solutions ( ! sulphate are met ) occurr+ naturally1 9 o!rs !y are prep>$ artificially by treat+ poor ores conta9+ oxide ( copp]1 ) sulphur\s acid or dilut$ sulphuric acid1 & sometimes by roa/+ copp] pyrites & aft]w>ds wa%+ !m ) wat] to extract ! result+ sulphate4 ,! copp] obta9$ by any ( ! above processes is call$ 'cem5tation copp]4' ,9 ! ,isle ( ,anglesea ! cem5tation liquid conta9+ ! dissolv$ sulphate ( copp]1 is fir/ run into l>ge vessels :]e ! susp5d$ matt]s are all[$ to subside2 f ^! x is convey$ to tanks conta9+ old scrap-iron1 :i* s]ves z ! precipitat+ ag5t4 ,! scrap-iron is occasionally /irr$ up s z to r5ew ! metallic surface pres5t$ to ! solution4 ,! muddy liquor :i* conta9s metallic copp] z a spongy mass1 besides impurities1 is run into vessels :]e x deposits ! copp]1 :i* aft] ! removal ( ! sup]natant fluid1 is remov$ & dri$ 9 a furnace4 #g4 ,,wet ,,process4 7,h5d]son's process47 ,! ores 7,spani% & ,portuguese pyrites7 treat$ by ?is me?od v>y v slightly 9 composition1 r>ely conta9+ mu* m ?an #c p] c5t4 ( copp]1 ne>ly #ej p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 f #dc to #dd p] c5t4 ( iron1 ) small quantities ( lead1 ars5ic1 z9c1 lime1 c4 ,! ores are fir/ employ$ by ! vitriol manufactur]s1 z a s\rce ( sulphuric acid4 ,9 ! process ( burn+ !y lose ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( _! sulphur4 ,! copp] is extract$ f ! residue by subject+ ?is latt] to ! foll[+ processes1 :i* are ?us describ$ 9 ! ',encyclopdia ,brittanica4' ,i4 ,gr9d+4 ,! burnt ore1 z receiv$ f ! acid burn]s1 is fir/ mix$ ) ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ( common salt1 & gr\nd to a f9e p[d] by pass+ x betwe5 a pair ( heavy ca/-iron rolls4 ,z ! am\nt ( sulphur left 9 ! burnt ore is apt to v>y1 x is necess>y to asc]ta9 its proportion 9 ea* p>cel ( burnt pyrites4 ,:5 ! sulphur falls %ort ( ! proportion necess>y = effect+ ! decomposition :i* foll[s1 a suffici5t quantity ( 'gre5' or unburn$ pyrites is add$ to produce a prop] balance4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! sulphur has be5 suffici5tly extract$1 dead roa/$ ore is add$4 ,,ii4 ,calc9ation4 ,?is op]ation is accompli%$ 9 sev]al k9ds ( furnaces1 t us$ by ! ,?>sis ,sulphur & ,copp] ,company1 be+ a l>ge muffle or close furnace4 ,by o!rs a pat5t furnace ) a revolv+ he>? & me*anical /irr+ arrangem5t has be5 adopt$ ) good results2 & "s use op5 rev]batory furnaces heat$ by gas f ,siem5s's g5]ators4 ,dur+ ! roa/+ ! mixture is frequ5tly /irr$1 & 9 ! case ( h>d-work$ furnaces1 turn$ ) long rabbles1 & ! completion ( ! op]ation is asc]ta9$ by te/ assays4 ,:5 ! copp] has be5 br\ght into a soluble condition1 ! *>ge is rak$ out ( ! furnace & p]mitt$ to cool "u a scre5 at its m\?4 ,by ! calc9ation ! sulphur 9 ! comp\nd is fir/ oxidis$1 sulphate ( sodium is =m$1 & at ! same "t ! *lor9e f ! sodium *loride unites ) ! copp] to =m cupric *loride4 ,a small proportion ( cupr\s *loride is also =m$1 & special precautions h to be tak5 to prev5t ! ext5sive =mation ( ?is comp\nd :i* is dissolv$ only ) difficulty4 ,! hydro*loric acid & o!r gase\s products evolv$ dur+ ! calc9ation are cond5s$ z 't[] liquor' 9 ord9>y cond5s+ t[]s1 & ! product is us$ 9 ! subsequ5t process ( lixiviation4 ,,iii4 ,lixiviation4 ,! calc9$ ore is convey$ to tightly caulk$ wood5 tanks1 9 :i* x receives repeat$ wa%+s ) hot wat]1 t[] liquor1 & dilute hydro*loric acid till all ! soluble copp] is !reby extract$4 ,! product ( ! latt] wa%+s is pump$ or drawn up by a modification ( ,gil=d's injector1 to s]ve z a fir/ liquor = subsequ5t *>ges ( ! lixiviat+ tanks1 & no solution "u a def9ite /r5g? is p]mitt$ to pass on to ! next /age 9 ! process4 ,! insoluble residue 9 ! tanks consi/ ( purple ore1 an almo/ pure f]ric oxide1 l>gely us$ 9 settl+ bla/ furnaces1 & = smelt+ purposes2 besides :i* x is available z jewell]s' r\ge4 ,,iv4 ,precipitation4 ,! precipitation ( metallic copp] f ! solution ( its *loride is accompli%$ 9 l>ge tanks by means ( metallic iron 9 ! same way t cem5tation copp] is obta9$ f solutions ( ! sulphate4 ,! solution is run into ! tanks 9 :i* !re are miscellane\s heaps ( old malleable iron2 ! *lor9e comb9$ ) ! copp] unites ) ! iron1 & metallic copp] 9 ! /ate or f9e division is ?r[n d[n4 ,! completion ( ! precipitation is asc]ta9$ by dipp+ a bright /eel knife into ! solution 9 ! tank1 & :5 no deposit ( copp] cov]s ! /eel1 ! liquor is run (f & a new *>ge convey$ into ! tank4 ,! tanks are dra9$ p]iodically = remov+ ! precipitate1 :i* is fir/ r\ghly sep>at$ f ! small pieces ( iron1 aft] :i* x is m ?or\ghly fre$ f iron1 c41 by wa%+ 9 wat] 9 a rock+ sieve app>atus4 ,! precipitate s obta9$ %\ld conta9 #hj p] c5t4 ( metallic copp]1 :i* is ei!r smelt$ directly = bli/] copp]1 or may be fus$ ) ! :ite metal ( ! ord9>y smelt+ process1 & subsequ5tly roa/$4 ,x has be5 f\nd possible to extract 9 ?is process ) pr(it ! small proportions ( lead1 silv] & gold1 :i* ,spani% pyrites is kn[n to conta94 ,two processes are 9 op]ation = ?is purpose--"o devis$ by ,mr ,p4 ,claudet1 & ! o!r by ,mr ,w4 ,h5d]son1 ! orig9al pat5tee ( ! wet process4 ,! liquors f ! fir/ ?ree wa%+s conta9 practically1 all ^! metals1 & !y alone are treat$4 ,mr ,claudet precipitates !m f ! solution by means ( iodide ( potassium4 ,mr ,h5d]son dilutes 8 solution f #bj to #be ,twaddell1 & adds a v weak solution ( lead salt1 su* z ! acetate by :i* he obta9s a cream-col\r$ precipitate conta9+ #e or #f p] c5t4 ( silv]1 & #c oz4 ( gold to ea* ton ( ! precipitate4 ,! importance ( ! wet process may be e/imat$ f ! fact1 t al?\gh x orig9at$ only 9 #ahfj1 already #ad1jjj tons ( copp]1 are annually produc$ by x 9 ,great ,brita9 alone1 out ( an annual production = ! :ole _w e/imat$ at f #abf1jjj to #acj1jjj tons4 ,prop41 c4 ,copp] has a brilliant yell[i%-r$ col\r1 a nause\s1 /yptic ta/e1 & emits a disagreeable od\r :5 rubb$2 is v malleable & ductile2 un*ang$ 9 dry air2 9 damp air x soon becomes cov]$ ) a gre5i% ru/ 7c>bonate ( copp]72 slightly soluble 9 dilute sulphuric & hydro*loric acid2 freely soluble 9 boil+ oil ( vitriol 7sulphur\s anhydride be+ evolv$72 dilute nitric acid dissolves x readily ) copi\s evolution ( nitric oxide2 heat$ to r$ness 9 ! air1 x rapidly becomes cov]$ ) a black scale 7oxide72 x fuses at a full r$ heat2 its cry/als are ei!r octah$ra or dodecah$ra2 sp4 gr4 #hh to #hif2 x =ms num]\s comp\nds 7alloys & salts7 ) o!r bodies1 all ( :i* are m or less poison\s2 its salts are ei!r blue or gre51 & mo/ ( !m 7:5 neutral7 are soluble 9 wat]4 ,te/s4 ,metallic copp] may be recognis$ by ! above prop]ties2 its oxides1 salts1 c41 by ! foll[+ *>act]s & reactions3--,! solutions ( copp] possess a blue or gre5 col\r1 :i* !y reta9 ev5 :5 consid]ably dilut$ ) wat]3--,) cau/ic potassa !y give a light-blue1 bulky precipitate1 turn+ blacki%-br[n or black on boil+ ! liquid3--,ammonia & c>bonate ( ammonium produce a blui%-:ite precipitate1 soluble 9 excess1 yield+ a ri* deep-blue solution3--,! c>bonates ( potassium give a light precipitate1 insoluble 9 excess3--,f]rocyanide ( potassium gives a r$di%-br[n precipitate3--,sulphurett$ hydrog5 & sulphydrate ( ammonium give blacki%-br[n or black ones3--,a poli%$ rod ( iron1 on imm]sion 9 an acidulat$ solution1 quickly becomes coat$ ) metallic copp]4 ,e/im41 c4 ,copp] is g5]ally ,,weigh$ "u ! =m ( black oxide1 b sometimes z pure metal3--,by ?r[+ x d[n f its solution by pure potassa1 aft] :i* x mu/ be c>efully collect$1 wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$ 9 a plat9um crucible1 & weigh$ !re9 z soon z x is cold4 ,e #e p>ts ( ! ignit$ precipitate 7oxide7 repres5ts #d p>ts ( copp] 7ne>ly72 or1 m accurately1 e #cig p>ts are equal to #cag ( pure metallic copp]3--,by imm]s+ a piece ( poli%$ /eel 9 ! solution1 & weigh+ ! result+ precipitate ( ! copp] 7see above74 ,less delicate ?an ! prec$+4 ,copp] c be sep>at$ f ! o!r metals by means ( ! foll[+ processes3-- ,f lead4 ,by add+ sulphuric acid to ! nitric solution1 & evaporat+ to dryness1 :5 wat] dige/$ on ! residuum w dissolve out ! sulphate ( copp]1 b leave ! sulphate ( lead beh9d4 ,f ?is solution ! oxide ( ! copp] may be ?r[n d[n z be=e4 ,f t94 ,by dige/ion ) hot nitric acid1 :i* dissolves out ! t94 ,f z9c4 ,by sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i* ?r[s d[n ! sulphide ( copp] f an acid solution4 ,f silv]4 ,by dige/+ x 9 ! /ate ( fil+s or p[d] 9 a solution ( *loride ( z9c1 :i* dissolves ! fir/1 b leaves ! la/ un*ang$4 ,copp] may be sep>at$1 9 a /ate ( great purity1 f ,,antimony1 ,,ars5ic1 ,,bismu?1 ,,lead1 ,,iron1 ,,t91 ,,z9c1 c41 z x exi/s 9 bell-metal1 brass1 bronze1 gun-metal1 mosaic gold1 & o!r comm]cial alloys1 by fus+ x 9 a crucible = ab\t half an h\r1 along ) copp] scales 7black oxide7 & gr\nd bottle-glass1 or o!r l flux4 ,! pure metal is f\nd at ! bottom ( ! crucible1 :il/ ! impurities are ei!r volatilis$ or dissolv$ 9 ! flux4 ,! proportions = ref9+ comm]cial copp] are1 metal1 #aj p>ts2 copp] scales & bottle-glass1 ( ea* #a "p4 ,! ,society ( ,arts conceiv$ ?is process to be s valuable1 t !y pres5t$ "o ( _! gold m$als to its inv5tor1 ,mr ,lewis ,?ompson4 ,uses1 c4 ,! ord9>y uses ( copp] are well kn[n4 ,9 m$ic9e1 #c or #d gr4 ( ! fil+s or p[d] 7 =m]ly giv5 9 rheumatism1 & to prev5t hydrophobia4 ,"s ( its salts are /ill us$ z a/r+5ts1 emetics1 & cau/ics4 ,its alloys are ( great value4 ,) z9c x =ms ,,brass2 ) t91 ,,bronze1 ,,bell-,,metal1 ,,gun-,,metal1 & ,,speculum-,,metal4 ,,:ite ,,copp] is =m$ by ! addition ( metallic ars5ic1 & ,,g]man ,,silv] is a mixture ( nickel1 z9c1 & copp]4 ,ant4 ,copp] 9 ! metallic /ate is almo/ in]t1 b all its comp\nds are poison\s4 ,! antidotes are--! :ite ( egg1 milk1 or fl\r1 mix$ ) wat]4 ,! hydrat$ sulphides ( iron1 iron fil+s1 & f]ro-cyanide ( potassium h also be5 /rongly recomm5d$1 & are exhibit$ 9 ! same way4 ,sug> is likewise highly spok5 ( z an antidote4 ,9 all cases a /rong emetic %\ld be fir/ giv54 ,obs4 ,cul9>y & ph>maceutical vessels are v commonly made ( copp]1 b too mu* caution _c be ex]cis$ 9 _! employm5t4 ,acid syrups1 vegetable juices1 aque\s extracts1 s\ps1 /ews1 c41 prep>$ 9 copp] saucepans1 or boil]s1 receive a metallic contam9ation proportional to ! l5g? ( "t !y are expos$ to ! action ( ! metal4 ,su* vessels are frequ5tly t9n$1 = ! purpose ( protect+ ! copp] f contact ) _! cont5ts1 b ?is film ( t9 is necess>ily v ?91 & soon becomes imp]fect by con/ant use4 ,:5 copp] vessels are all[$ to rema9 wet or dirty1 or1 m especially1 greasy1 a poison\s gre5 ru/ =ms ^u ! surface1 some:at simil> to v]digris4 ,if articles are prep>$ 9 !m 9 ?is /ate1 s]i\s consequ5ces may ensue4 ,cases ( poison+ f ?is cause are frequ5tly met )1 & in/ances ( vomit+ foll[+ ! use ( su* articles are almo/ ( daily occurr5ce1 )\t ! reason be+ suspect$4 ,we h occasionally se5 confections & extracts1 prep>$ 9 copp] pans1 deposit a coat+ ( t metal ^u ! knives us$ to /ir !m4 ,! a%es ( ! inspissat$ juices ( fre% vegetables1 & especially ! pulps ( fruit1 prep>$ 9 vessels ( ?is metal1 h exhibit$ ! pres5ce ( copp] on ! application ( *emical te/s4 ,ket*up is frequ5tly r5d]$ poison\s 9 ?is way4 ,! mo/ :olesome mat]ial = cul9>y ut5sils is ?9 %eet iron1 or t9n$ iron plate 7,,t971 :i* is v durable if kept clean & dry :5 n 9 use4 ,copp] vessels ( e k9d %\ld be clean$ out1 imm$iately be=e use1 ev5 ?\gh !y may n appe> to require x1 & on no acc\nt %\ld !y be employ$ = any fluids t are ! lea/ acidul\s1 or t may h to rema9 long 9 !m4 ,! foll[+ enamel is recomm5d$ 9 ,d+l]'s ,polyte*nic ,j\rnal = coat+ ! inside ( ! copp] vessels1 us$ = cook+ fruit or vegetables3--#ab p>ts ( :ite fluor-sp>1 #ab p>ts ( unburnt gypsum1 & #a "p ( borax1 are f9ely p[d]$1 intimately mix$1 & fus$ 9 a crucible4 ,! fus$ mass is !n p\r$ out1 & aft] cool+1 is rubb$ up to a pa/e4 ,! copp] vessel is !n coat$ inside ) ?is prep>ation1 :i* is appli$ by means ( a bru%1 & ! vessel is plac$ 9 a mod]ately w>m place1 s t ! coat+ may dry uni=mly1 :5 x is subject$ to a gradually increas+ heat1 till at l5g? ! prep>ation fuses4 ,on cool+1 ! vessel is f\nd to be protect$ int]nally by a :ite opaque enamel1 adh]+ v firmly to ! copp]1 n *ipp+ (f by ord9>y knock+ & rubb+1 & imp]vi\s to vegetable acids4 ,copp] may be clean$ by apply+ a small portion ( ! foll[+ pa/e1 & rubb+ x dry by a flannel or lea!r3--#a oz4 oxalic acid1 #f oz4 rott5 /one1 #a_/b oz4 gum arabic1 all 9 p[d]1 #a oz4 ( sweet oil1 & suffici5t wat] to make a pa/e4 ,copp]1 ,neu'tral ,acetate (4 ,cu7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4 ,syn4 ,,nor',,mal ,,cupric ,,acetate1 ,,acetate ,,( ,,copp]1 ,,crys',,tallis$ ,,v]',,digris4 ,prep4 ,dissolve common v]digris or cupric hydrate 9 hot acetic acid1 s z to =m a highly conc5trat$ solution2 filt] & place 9 a cool situation to cry/allise4 ,prop4 ,beautiful d>k1 blui%-gre5 prisms1 :i* dissolve 9 #ad p>ts ( cold & #e p>ts ( boil+ wat]4 ,copp]1 ,ba'sic ,acetates (4 ,syn4 ,,ba',,sic ,,cu',,pric ,,acetates1 ,,sub-,,ac',,etates ,,( ,,copp]4 ,common v]digris is a mixture ( sev]al basic acetates :i* h a gre5 or blue col\r4 ,"o ( ^! 7,,sesquibasic ,,acetate7 is obta9$ by dige/+ p[d]$ v]digris 9 tepid wat]1 filt]+1 & leav+ ! soluble "p to spontane\s evaporation4 ,x may also be obta9$ 9 a /ate ( purity by add+ liquor ( ammonia 9 small portions to a boil+ conc5trat$ solution ( ! neutral acetate till ! precipitate is j r$issolv$1 & leav+ ! solution to cool4 ,x =ms a blue1 cry/all9e mass1 b little soluble 9 cold wat]4 ,! gre51 insoluble residue ( ! v]digris1 aft] treatm5t ) tepid wat]1 conta9s ano!r acetate 7,,tribasic ,,acetate72 ?is may be =m$ by dige/+ neutral acetate ( copp] ) ! hydrat$ oxide4 ,a ?ird salt 7,,dibasic ,,acetate1 ,,blue ,,v]digris7 is prep>$ on a l>ge scale 9 ,france by expos+ copp] to ! air 9 contact ) f]m5t+ w9e-lees4 ,copp]1 ,ammo''nio-sul'phate (4 ,syn4 ,,sulphate ,,( ,,cuprammonium4 ,,cu',,pro-,,sulphate ,,( ,,ammo'',,nia2 ,,cu',,pri ,,ammo'',,nio-,,sulphas1 ,l42 ,,cuivre ,,ammoniacal1 ,fr42 ,,kupf] ,,salmiak1 ,g]4 ,prep4 ,sulphate ( copp]1 #a oz42 sesquic>bonate ( ammonium1 #a-a_/b oz42 rub toge!r until c>bonic acid ceases to be evolv$1 !n wrap x 9 bibul\s pap]1 & dry x 9 ! air4 ,pur4 ,pulv]ul5t2 d>k blue2 at an int5se heat x is *ang$ into oxide ( copp]1 at fir/ sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 &1 aft]w>ds1 sulphate ( ammonia1 be+ ?r[n (f4 ,x is soluble 9 wat] to a spl5did purple-blue solution1 f :i* ! salt is precipitat$ by alcohol 9 blue cry/als4 ,?is solution has ! peculi> prop]ty ( dissolv+ ,,cellulose 7cotton1 pap]1 c474 ,! cellulose may be precipitat$ f ! solution 9 col\rless flakes by ! addition ( acids4 ,uses41 c4 ,x is occasionally employ$ 9 pyrote*ny4 ,9 m$ic9e1 x has be5 giv5 9 *orea1 epilepsy1 hy/]ia1 c41 b is n[ pr9cipally us$ z an injection1 z a wa% = f\l ulc]s1 us$ z a collyrium1 9 opacity ( ! cornea4--,dose1 #a_/d gr41 gradually increas$ to #e gr41 twice a day4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 dry+1 z x is apt n only to lose a l>ge portion ( its weight1 b to become ( an inf]ior col\r4 ,bo? ! +r$i5ts %\ld be sep>ately r$uc$ to p[d] be=e mix+ !m4 ,copp]1 ,ar's5ite (4 ,cu7,as,o#b7b4 ,see ,,gre5 ,,pigm5ts 7,s*eele's ,gre574 ,copp]1 ,c>bonate (4 ,cu,c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,diba',,sic ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,copp]1 ,,dic>bonate ,,( ,c42 ,,cupri ,,c>bonas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,add c>bonate ( soda 9 excess to a solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 & w>m ! mixture till ! pale-blue1 floccul5t precipitate becomes s&y & assumes a gre5 t9t4 ,us$ z a pigm5t4 ,see ,,gre5 ,,pigm5ts & ,,v]dit]4 ,obs4 ,z prep>$ above1 ! c>bonate conta9s #b equival5ts ( wat]4 ,! beautiful gre5 m9]al1 ,,mal',,a*ite1 has a simil> composition1 b conta9s only #a equiv4 ( wat]4 ,ano!r c>bonate 7,,tribasic ,c41 ,,blue ,c471 occurs z a natural ore 9 l>ge1 transp>5t cry/als1 ( ! mo/ int5se blue2 x has n yet be5 artificially imitat$4 ,cupr\s ,*loride4 ,cu,cl4 ,syn4 ,,di*loride ,,( ,,copp]1 ,,sub*loride ,,( ,,copp]4 ,prep4 ,by expos+ ! neutral *loride ( copp] to ! action ( heat4 ,prop4 ,:ite2 fusible2 slightly soluble 9 wat]2 & decompos$ by exposure to ! air4 ,copp]1 ,*loride (4 ,cu,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,neutral ,,*loride ,,( ,,copp]4 ,prep4 ,f copp] scales or black oxide ( copp] dissolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 & ! solution evaporat$ & cry/allis$4 ,prop41 c4 ,gre51 acicul> cry/als2 deliquesc5t2 soluble 9 alcohol1 ! flame ( :i* x col\rs gre54 ,:5 g5tly heat$ x loses wat]1 & assumes ! =m ( a yell[i%-br[n p[d] 7,,anhydr\s ,,cupric ,,*loride1 or ,,*loride ,,( ,,copp]72 at a high temp]ature x loses half its *lor9e1 & becomes conv]t$ into cupr\s *loride4 ,cupric ,iodide4 ,cu,i#b4 ,syn4 ,,iodide ,,( ,,copp]1 ,,d9i',,odide ,,( ,,copp]2 ,,cu',,pri ,,iodi',,dum4 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by add+ iodide ( potassium to a solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 & wa%+ out ) alcohol ! free iod9e f ! precipitate =m$4 ,a gre5i%-:ite precipitate4 7,comm]cial47 ,to a solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 #a "p1 & protosulphate ( iron1 #c p>ts1 add a solution ( iodide ( potassium1 & wa% & dry ! precipitate4 ,?is is ! prep>ation commonly kn[n 9 trade by ! "n ( 'iodide ( copp]4' ,cupric ,nitrate4 ,cu7,,no#c7b4 ,syn4 ,,nitrate ,,( ,,copp]2 ,,cu',,pri ,,ni',,tras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by dissolv+ ! copp] 9 dilute nitric acid to saturation2 evaporat+ to dryness2 r$issolv+ 9 di/ill$ wat]2 filt]+1 evaporat+1 & all[+ to cry/allise2 or f black oxide ( copp] & nitric acid 9 ! same mann]4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,deep-blue prismatic cry/als1 v soluble 9 wat] & deliquesc5t1 soluble 9 alcohol4 ,g5]ally us$ 9 m$ic9e ext]nally1 9 injections1 or z a cau/ic1 b sometimes giv5 int]nally1 dissolv$ 9 mucilag9\s liquids4--,dose1 #a_/h to #a_/d gr4 ,cupr\s ,oxide4 ,cu#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,r$ ,,oxide ,,( ,,copp]1 ,,d9ox',,ide1 ,,suboxide2 ,,cupri ,,subox',,ydum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,add grape sug> to a solution ( sulphate or acetate ( copp]1 !n fur!r add cau/ic potassa 9 excess2 ! blue solution heat$ to ebullition deposits ! suboxide1 :i* mu/ !n be collect$1 wa%$1 & dri$4 ,a solution ( cane sug>1 #bg p>ts1 9 wat]1 #fj p>ts1 is p\r$ ov] hydrat$ oxide ( copp] 7weigh$ 9 ! compress$ & /ill moi/ /ate71 #i p>ts2 a solution ( cau/ic potassa1 #ah p>ts1 9 wat]1 #fj p>ts1 is !n add$1 & ! :ole mass well agitat$ toge!r at ! ord9>y temp]ature1 & /ra9$ ?r\gh l954 ,if ! d>k-blue filtrate is next heat$ 7cont9ually /irr+71 ov] a wat] ba?1 anhydr\s cupr\s oxide is dis5gag$1 & ! liquor becomes ne>ly col\rless4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,a sup]b r$ p[d]1 ) a metallic lu/re4 ,x (t5 occurs 9 beautiful transp>5t1 ruby-r$ cry/als1 associat$ ) o!r ores ( copp]1 & c be obta9$ 9 ?is /ate by artificial means4 ,x is us$ z a pigm5t & a bronze1 & z a /a9 = glass & enamels1 to :i* x gives a ri* r$ col\r4 ,by heat x is conv]t$ into ! black oxide4 ,) ammonia x =ms a col\rless solution1 :i* rapidly becomes blue f ! action ( ! air4 ,cupric ,oxide4 ,cu,o4 ,syn4 ,,ox',,ide ,,( ,,copp]1 ,,black ,,oxide1 ,,protoxide2 ,,cu',,pri ,,protox',,ydum4 ,prep4 ,by heat+ ! nitrate or c>bonate ( copp] to r$ness4 ,:5 x ceases to lose weight ! conv]sion is complet$1 & ! oxide appe>s z a heavy1 black p[d]4 ,by heat+ 9 ! air ! hydrat$ oxide ?r[n d[n f solutions ( copp] by pure potassa4 ,by add+ cau/ic potassa1 9 excess1 to a solution ( a cupric salt1 & heat+ ! :ole to a boil+-po9t2 ! precipitate is !n collect$1 wa%$1 & dri$4 ,a heavy1 d>k-br[n p[d]4 ,uses1 c4 ,protoxide ( copp] is un*ang$ by heat unless combu/ible matt] is pres5t1 :5 x readily p>ts ) its oxyg52 h5ce its g5]al use 9 ,,organic ,,analysis z a s\rce ( t elem5t4 ,x communicates a beautiful gre5 col\r to glass & enamels4 ,) ! acids x produces ! ord9>y salts ( copp]4 ,cupric ,sulphate4 ,cu,s,o#d4e;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,sulphate ,,( ,,copp]1 ,,blue ,,cop',,p]as1 ,b4 ,,vit',,riol2 ,,cu',,pri ,,sul',,phas1 ,l42 ,,sulfate ,,de ,,cuivre1 ,fr42 ,,kupf] ,,vitriol1 ,g]42 ,,neela ,,tootia1 ,h9d4 ,prep4 7,comm]cial47 ,! sulphate ( copp] ( comm]ce is obta9$ by ! oxidation ( native sulphide ( copp] 7,,copp] ,,pyrites72 by ! jo9t action ( air1 heat1 & moi/ure1 ! copp] is conv]t$ into an oxide1 & ! sulphur into sulphuric acid4 ,! result+ salt is wa%$ out1 & ! solution evaporat$ & cry/allis$4 ,! wat] f\nd 9 & issu+ f copp] m9es (t5 furni%es su* a solution ready to ! h&s ( ! manufactur]s4 ,a l>ge quantity ( sulphate ( copp] is also obta9$ z a second>y product 9 ! ref9+ ( silv]1 & is occasionally prep>$ by dissolv+ 9 sulphuric acid an oxy*loride ( copp]1 made = ! purpose by expos+ %eets ( copp] to ! jo9t action ( air & hydro*loric acid4 7,pure47 ,by ! direct solution ( ! metal1 or pref]ably1 ( its oxide or c>bonate 9 sulphuric acid1 or by purify+ ! comm]cial salt by recry/allisation1 c4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,f9e blue cry/als1 slightly effloresc5t1 hav+ an int5sely /yptic & metallic ta/e4 ,by heat ! blue salt loses its wat] ( cry/allisation1 & becomes a :ite1 anhydr\s p[d]4 ,x dissolves 9 #d p>ts ( wat] at #fj ,fahr41 & 9 #b p>ts at #bab2 is insoluble 9 alcohol & e!r2 & is decompos$ at an int5se heat into protoxide ( copp]1 sulphur\s acid1 & oxyg54 ,x has be5 us$ to prev5t ! dry rot 9 timb] & 9 dye+4 ,x is l>gely employ$ z a s\rce ( metallic copp] 9 ! ,,electrotype4 ,gra9 is /eep$ 9 a weak solution ( x by ! f>m]1 to prev5t ! 'smut1' ,z a m$ic9e1 x is employ$ *iefly z a /yptic 79 solution7 & cau/ic 79 sub/ance7 to de/roy 'pr\d fle%1' &1 less frequ5tly1 z an a/r+5t or tonic 7f #a_/d gr4 to #b gr471 & an emetic 7#c or #d gr4 to #aj or #ab gr74 ,x is exce$+ly poison\s4 ,,cop',,p]as4 ,?is is a g5]ic "n = ! ,,crude ,,metallic ,,sulphates4 ,:5 us$ )\t a qualify+ adjective1 x g5]ally means sulphate ( iron4 ,copp]as1 ,blue4 ,crude sulphate ( copp]4 ,see ,,copp] 7above74 ,copp]as1 ,calc9$'4 ,f gre5 copp]as1 heat$ 9 an unglaz$ e>!n pot until x becomes :ite & dry4 ,us$ z an a/r+5t & 'dri]1' & 9 mak+ ink & dye+4 ,copp]as1 ,gre54 ,syn4 ,,copp]as4 ,crude sulphate ( iron4 ,see ,,iron4 ,copp]as1 ,:ite4 ,crude sulphate ( z9c4 ,see ,,z9c4 ,,cop',,p]+4 ,iron may be cov]$ ) a ?9 film ( copp] by m]ely imm]s+ x 7previ\sly sc\r$ clean7 9 an acidulat$ solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 aft] :i* x mu/ be r9s$ 9 clean wat]4 ,?is film soon rubs (f1 b /ill x la/s long en\gh to deceive ! travell+ t9k]'s cu/om]s1 :o imag9e t _! copp] kettles are prop]ly repair$4 ,metals may be conv5i5tly coat$ ) compact copp] to any desir$ ?ickness by means ( voltaic electricity4 ,see ,,electrotype4 ,,cop',,rolite4 ,syn4 ,,dung',,/one1 ,,fossil ,,manure4 ,?is m9]al is ! petrifi$ dung ( c>nivor\s reptiles4 7,buckl&47 ,coprolites are f\nd 9 all ! second>y & t]ti>y /rata4 ,!y conta9 a consid]able proportion ( phosphate ( lime1 = :i* reason !y are l>gely employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( artificial manures4 ,!y =m ! bases ( ,lawes' ,,sup]phosphate ,,( ,,coprolite ,,manure4 ,! nodules1 aft] be+ wa%$1 are gr\nd to p[d] 9 a mill1 & mix$ ) an equal weight ( oil ( vitriol4 ,,coptis ,,teeta4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,coptis1 or ,,mi%mi ,,tita4 ,hab4 ,mi%mel m\nta9s1 ea/ ( ,assam4 ,(fic9al "p4 ,! dri$ root 7,coptidis ,radix71 import$ into ,b5gal f ,assam 9 small rattan baskets1 ea* conta9+ f #a to #b ounces ( ! drug4 ,?is consi/s ( pieces ( a woody rhizome1 ( ! ?ickness ( a small goose-quill & f #a to #b in*es 9 l5g?1 (t5 contract$ at "o extremity into a %ort woody /em2 ! surface is usually r\gh1 irregul>1 m or less annulat$1 & m>k$ ) ! rema9s ( rootlets 9 ! %ape ( %ort sp9y po9t4 ,ext]nally1 yell[i%-br[n2 int]nally1 mu* bright]1 frequ5tly ( a gold5-yell[ col\r1 exhibit+ on fracture a radiat$ /ructure4 ,ta/e1 p]si/5tly bitt]1 & :5 *ew$ t+es ! saliva yell[4 ,conta9s nei!r tannic nor gallic acid1 b ab\nds ) a yell[1 bitt] pr9ciple1 soluble 9 wat] & alcohol4--,prop4 ,pure bitt] tonic4--,!rapeutic uses4 ,9 debility1 convalesc5ce aft] fev]s1 & o!r debilitat+ diseases1 atonic dyspepsia1 & 9 mild =ms ( int]mitt5t fev]s4--,dose1 #aj to #ae gr4 ( ! p[d]$ root1 ?rice daily4 ,t9cture ( ,coptis 7,t9ctura ,coptidis74 ,take ( coptis root1 9 co>se p[d]1 #b-a_/b oz42 pro( spirits1 #b p9ts4 ,mac]ate = #g days 9 a clos$ vessel1 ) occasional agitation2 /ra91 press1 filt]1 & add suffici5t pro( _s to make #a p9t4--,dose4 #a_/b to #b fl4 oz4 ,infusion ( ,coptis 7,infusum ,coptidis74 ,take ( coptis root1 9 co>se p[d]1 #e dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,infuse 9 a cov]$ vessel = #b h\rs1 & /ra94--,dose1 #a to #b fl4 oz41 ?rice daily4 ,,cor',,al4 ,syn4 ,,coral',,lium1 ,l4 ,! compreh5sive t]m = all calc>e\s or /ony /ructures secret$ by ! m>9e a/]oid polypes1 or zoophytes4 ,! ,,r$ ,,coral ( comm]ce1 :i* is s l>gely employ$ = beads1 e>r+s1 & o!r ornam5ts1 may be describ$ z ! int]nal skeleton ( ,corallium rubrum4 ,coral1 ,r$ 7,facti''ti\s74 ,syn4 ,,coral',,lium ,,ru',,brum ,,facti'',,tium1 ,l4 ,prep>$ *alk1 col\r$ ) a little sesquioxide ( iron or rose p9k1 & pass$ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,sold by ! druggi/s = p[d]$ coral4 ,coral1 ,prep>$' ,r$4 ,syn4 ,,coral',,lium ,,ru',,brum ,,prep>a',,tum4 ,levigat$ coral 0 =m]ly us$ 9 m$ic9e z an antacid or absorb5t1 & is /ill occasionally employ$ z a d5tifrice4 ,x consi/s almo/ entirely ( c>bonate ( lime1 col\r$ ) r$ oxide ( iron1 & possesses no advantage ov] good *alk4 ,x is prep>$ 9 a simil> mann] z *alk4 ,,coral1 to ,blea*4 ,imm]se ! coral 9 a mixture compos$ ( "o "p ( hydro*loric acid1 & ?irty p>ts ( wat]2 & keep x 9 ?is liquid until x becomes q :ite4 ,x %\ld !n be tak5 out1 wa%$ well 9 cold wat]1 & all[$ to dry4 ,,copp]1 ,,cyanide 7,cu,cy#b74 ,?is salt is mu* us$ 9 electro-copp]+4 ,x may be obta9$ by add+ to a solution ( a copp] salt1 a solution ( f]rocyanide ( potassium2 :5 a precipitate is obta9$1 :i* dri$1 is ( a br[n col\r1 & is cyanide ( copp]4 ,,corall9e4 ,see ,,t> ,,col\rs4 ,,cord',,ials4 ,syn4 ,,c>di',,aca1 ,l4 ,w>m1 /imulat+1 re/orative m$ic9es1 t t5d to raise ! spirits & promote ! circulation4 ,! pr9cipal cordial m$ic9es are notic$ "u ! heads ,,t9cture & ,,syrup4 ,see also ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es4 ,cordials4 ,aromatis$ & sweet5$ spirits us$ z bev]ages4 ,see ,,liqueur4 ,,corian',,d]4 ,syn4 7,,cori&] ,,fruit1 ,,cori&ri ,,fructus1 7,b4 ,p472 ,,cori&]s1 ,c4 ,,se$2 ,,cori&rum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,! ripe fruit ( ! ,cori&rum sativum1 dri$4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cori&] is *iefly us$ by confection]s & di/ill]s z a flav\r+ +r$i5t4 ,9 ! ,ea/ x is mu* employ$ z a condim5t1 be+ an +r$i5t 9 ,,curry ,,p[d]4 ,x is aromatic1 c>m9ative1 & /imulant2 & m effectually cov]s ! ta/e ( s5na ?an any o!r sub/ance4--,dose1 #bj to #fj gr42 *iefly us$ z a corrective or adjuvant 9 comp\nd m$ic9es4 ,,cork4 ,! out] b>k ( ! ,qu]cus ,sub] or cork oak1 a tree common 9 s\!rn ,france1 ,italy1 & ,spa94 ,! b>k obta9$ f ! y\ng] bran*es ( ! same tree is employ$ = tann+4 ,see ,,alcornoco4 ,cork4 ,a /opple or plug = a bottle or j> cut f ! above sub/ance4 ,! common practice ( employ+ inf]ior corks = ! purpose ( /opp+ ! m\?s ( bottles is (t5 productive ( consid]able loss1 f ! air be+ only p>tially exclud$1 & ! cont5ts suff]+ 9 consequ5ce4 ,_m a l>ge b9 ( valuable w9e has become1 f ?is cause1 9 less ?an a ye>1 little bett] ?an s\r ',cape4' ,*emical prep>ations (t5 suff] f a simil> cause4 ,! be/ corks are ^? call$ 'velvet corks1' & ( ^! ! f9e/ qualities are import$ f ,france4 ,no pa9s %\ld be sp>$ to obta9 s\nd & s(t cork = connect+ ! combu/ion- & dry+-tubes us$ 9 organic analysis4 ,rus*haupt gives ! foll[+ process = prep>+ corks = cork+ bottles conta9+ alcoholic or cau/ic liquids3--,p>aff9 is fus$ 9 a suitable vessel1 ! dry corks are add$1 & imm]s$ 9 ! p>aff9 by means ( a p]=at$ coon or disk4 ,! air is n[ easily expell$ f ! pores ( ! corks1 :i* aft] ab\t five m9utes1 are remov$ & cool$2 !y may n[ be cut & bor$ l wax1 are easily driv5 into ! necks ( bottles1 & readily remov$1 reta9 _! smoo?ness & are gas-tight ?r\gh\t4 ,sev]al attempts h be5 made to introduce cork-cutt+ by ma*9]y1 b !y h hi!rto fail$ to sup]s$e h& lab\r4 ,cork-bo''r]4 ,a ?9 brass tube1 fil$ to a cutt+ edge1 us$ = pi]c+ holes ?r\gh corks4 ,sev]al tubes ( diff]5t sizes1 :i* fit into ea* o!r1 are g5]ally sold toge!r4 ,?is simple & conv5i5t in/rum5t 0 introduc$ into ! laboratory by ,dr ,mohr4 ,,corn4 ,syn4 ,,cla',,vus1 ,l4 ,a horny induration ( ! sk91 ) a c5tral nucleus1 v s5sitive at ! base4 ,! common cause ( corns is cont9u$ pressure ov] ! projection ( ! bones1 f tight or /iff boots or %oes4 ,!y are ( two k9ds1 h>d & s(t4 ,! fir/ gr[ on ! expos$ portions ( ! jo9ts2 ! la/1 betwe5 ! toes4 ,prev54 ,?is consi/s 9 keep+ ! feet clean1 by frequ5t ablution ) w>m wat]1 & 9 ! use ( easy1 s(t boots & %oes4 ,)\t ! latt] precaution1 corns w g5]ally return1 ev5 aft] !y appe> to h be5 p]fectly remov$4 ,treatm5t4 ,aft] soak+ ! feet 9 w>m wat] = a few m9utes1 p>e ! corns z close z possible ) a %>p knife1 tak+ c>e n to make !m ble$4 ,!y may n[ be t\*$ ov] ) a little lun> cau/ic1 or nitric acid1 or a little conc5trat$ acetic acid or aromatic v9eg>4 ,! la/ two d n /a9 ! sk94 ,! fir/ is us$ by m]ely rubb+ x on ! corns1 previ\sly slightly moi/5$ ) wat]2 ! o!rs1 by moi/5+ ! corns ) !m1 by means ( a small /rip ( wood1 or1 pref]ably1 a rod ( glass2 due c>e be+ tak5 n to all[ ! liquid to t\* ! neighb\r+ p>ts4 ,?is treatm5t1 adopt$ e #c or #d days = #aj days or a =tnight1 accompani$ by ! use ( s(t1 loose %oes1 w g5]ally effect a cure4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ to remove l>ge corns by ligatures ( silk1 appli$ z close to _! base z possible1 & tight5$ daily until !y drop (f2 b ?is plan is t$i\s1 & (t5 inconv5i5t1 & is n always successful4 ,ano!r mode ( extirpation is1 ! application ( a small bli/]1 :i* w frequ5tly raise !m ) ! sk9 out ( _! b$s4 ,9 ?is case ! expos$ surface mu/ be dress$ ) a little simple o9tm5t4 ,s(t corns may be remov$ by apply+ ivy leaf1 previ\sly soak$ 9 /rong v9eg> *ang+ ! piece e morn+2 or by plac+ a dress+ ( soap c]ate1 spread on a bit ( l9t or old rag1 betwe5 ! toes4 ,"o ( ! simple/ & be/ rem$ies = h>d corns1 & :i* has receiv$ ! sanction ( high m$ical au?ority1 is to we> ^u ! toe or "p affect$ a small1 circul> piece ( s(t lea!r1 or1 /ill bett]1 a piece ( amad\1 spread ) dia*ylon1 or "s o!r emolli5t pla/]1 & hav+ a hole cut 9 ! c5tre1 correspond+ to ! size ( ! corn4 7,sir ,b4 ,brodie47 ,by ?is means ! pressure ( ! boot or %oe is equalis$ & ! apex ( ! corn protect$ f injury4 ,! foll[+ are among ! mo/ useful ( ! ,,popul> ,,rem$ies ,,= ,,corns3-- ,corns1 ,caus'tic =4 ,prep4 ,f t9cture ( iod9e & *loride ( antimony1 ( ea*1 #a dr42 iodide ( iron1 #c grs42 mix4 ,x is appli$ ) a camel-hair bru%1 aft] p>+ ! corn4 #b to #d applications are said to effect a cure4 ,obs4 ,mo/ ( ! rem$ies notic$ bel[ really act z cau/ics4 ,corns1 ,lo'tion =4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a solution ( sal-ammoniac1 #a "p2 9 pro( _s1 #d p>ts4 #b4 ,a conc5trat$ aque\s solution ( sulphate ( copp]4 ,to be appli$ night & morn+4 ,corn ,pla/]s4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f :ite dia*ylon1 #c p>ts2 yell[ res91 #b p>ts2 v]digris1 #a "p2 melt$ toge!r1 & spread on lea!r4 #b4 ,f galbanum pla/]1 #a oz42 v]digris1 #a dr42 z ! la/4 #c4 ,f res9 pla/]1 #b oz42 black pit*1 #a oz42 v]digris & sal-ammoniac1 ( ea* #a_/b dr4 #d4 ,to ! la/ add p[d]$ opium1 #a dr4 ,recomm5d$ to allay pa91 c4 #e4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,a piece ( spread adhesive pla/] is plac$ ^u a table1 & a piece ( c>d pap] hav+ a r\nd hole cut 9 x ! size ( ! c5tral portion ( ! corn is laid ^u x2 ! expos$ "p is !n s(t5$ by hold+ a piece ( heat$ iron = a second or two ne> x2 ! c>d pap] is !n in/antly remov$1 & nitrate ( silv]1 9 f9e p[d] is spr9kl$ ov] ! "p :i* has be5 w>m$4 ,z soon z ! :ole is cold1 ! loose p[d] is %ak5 (f1 & ! pla/] is ready = use4 ,v cleanly & conv5i5t4 ,two or ?ree applications seldom fail to effect a cure4 #f4 7,,me*anical ,,corn ,,pla/]s47 ,f common adhesive pla/] spread on bucksk91 amad\1 or vulcanis$ india rubb]1 cut into pieces1 & a circul> hole correspond+ to ! size ( ! corn pun*$ 9 ea*4 ,corn ,sol'v5t4 ,prep4 #a4 ,c>bonate ( potassa or pe>la%1 conta9$ 9 an op5 j> or bottle1 set 9 a damp place1 until x deliquesces into an oil-l liquid 7oil ( t>t>74 ,appli$ by means ( a fea!r1 or a small piece ( rag dipp$ 9 x is b\nd on ! corn4 #b4 ,hydrate ( potassa1 #a dr42 rectifi$ _s #a oz42 dissolve4 ,z ,no4 #a4 #c4 ,c>bonate ( potassa1 ) smalts1 o*re1 or bole1 q4 s4 to give x ! requir$ col\r4 ,x mu/ be kept dry1 9 a well-cork$ bottle4 ,a p9* is plac$ on ! corn1 & conf9$ by means ( adhesive pla/] or rag4 #d4 ,c>bonate ( soda1 #a oz41 f9ely p[d]$ & mix$ ) l>d1 #a_/b oz4 ,appli$ on l95 rag e night4 #e4 7,sir ,h4 ,davy's47 ,c>bonate ( potassa1 #b p>ts2 salt ( sorrel1 #a "p2 ea* 9 f9e p[d]2 mix1 & place a small quantity on ! corn = f\r or five successive nights1 b9d+ x on ) a rag4 ,obs4 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 9 all cases1 to p>e ! corn mod]ately close be=e apply+ ! rem$y2 b 9 no case %\ld any ( ! above be appli$ to a raw surface4 ,corns1 ,pomade' =4 ,prep4 #a4 ,p[d]$ v]digris1 #a dr42 sav9e o9tm5t1 #g dr4 #b4 ,dri$ c>bonate ( soda1 #c dr42 l>d1 #e dr42 v]digris or smalts1 q4 s4 to give a slight t+e ( gre5 or blue4 ,appli$ on a piece ( rag4 ,treatm5t = ,horses4--,p>e out c>efully ! seat ( corn1 remov+ all r$d5$ & diseas$ horn2 r$uce ! cru/ ( ! qu>t] slightly1 :]e x is unduly /rong1 b leave ! b>s & frog unt\*$4 ,!y mu/ be religi\sly pres]v$1 especially 9 weak feet1 to af=d a wide be>+ = ! b> %oe t %\ld aft]w>ds be us$4 ,to s(t5 ! p>ts1 apply1 9 bad cases1 a p\ltice = a day or two1 & a few drops ( nitric acid1 :5 ! horn is dry & scurfy2 keep ! ho( s(t ) s(t soap & l>d1 or any emolli5t dress+1 & p>e out ! corn e =tnight4 ,9 horses subject to corns1 %oe & p>e out frequ5tly2 & along ) lea!r pads1 use a b> %oe made ) a wide heel on ! inside qu>t]1 & nail$ only on ! outside1 or ) "o nail t[>d ! inside toe4#bej ,footnote #bej3 ,f9lay ,dun4 ,,corro',,sive ,,sublimate4 ,see ,,m]cury4 ,,corun',,dum4 ,see ,,em]y4 ,,coryza4 ,cold 9 ! head4 ,see ,,cat>rh4 ,,cosmet',,ics4 ,syn4 ,,cosmet',,ica1 ,l42 ,,cosmetiques1 ,fr4 ,ext]nal applications employ$ = ! purpose ( pres]v+ or re/or+ p]sonal beauty4 ,! t]m is g5]ally und]/ood to ref] to sub/ances appli$ to ! cuticle1 to improve ! col\r & cle>ness ( ! complexion2 b "s writ]s h includ$ "u ?is head e topical application us$ ) ! l int5tion4 ,h5ce cosmetics may be divid$ into--,,cutane\s ,,cosmetics1 or ^? appli$ to ! sk92 ,,hair ,,cosmetics1 or su* z are employ$ to promote ! gr[? & beauty ( ! hair2 & ,,tee? ,,cosmetics1 or su* z are us$ to cleanse & beautify ! tee?4 ,see ,,baldness1 ,,cosmetique1 ,,d5tifrices1 ,,depilatory1 ,,hair-,,dye1 ,,pomade1 ,,too? ,,p[d]1 c4 ,,cosmetic ,,v9eg> 7,acetum cosmeticum7 is a mixture ( t9ct4 b5z41 #fj p>ts2 bals4 ,p]uv41 #aj p>ts2 eau de ,cologne & bals4 vit ,h(fm4 ph4 bor4 aa #aej p>ts2 aceti puri1 #cjj p>ts2 all[$ to precipitate & filt]$ cle>4 ,,cosmeticum 7,dr ,h5ry's73--,= scalp diseases & an application = ! hair4 ,_s1 #ahj p>ts2 oil ( lemon1 #c p>ts2 oil ( b]gamot1 oil ( rosem>y1 & oil ( lav5d]1 ( ea* #a "p4 7,hag]47 ,cosmeticum 7,siem]l+7 = sk9 affections1 freckles1 c4 ,sweet almonds1 #cj grammes2 bitt] almonds1 #ae grammes2 blan*$ & emulsifi$ ) #ccj grammes ( wat]2 ! emulsion /ra9$ & mix$ ) #be grammes t9ct4 b5zo9 & #ae grammes lemon juice4 7,witt/e947 ,,cosmetique4 ,fr4 ,h>d pomatum1 =m$ into a cake or /ick = ! toilet4 ,x is sometimes col\r$ black or br[n1 ! pigm5ts be+ add$ 9 ! /ate ( an impalpable p[d]4 #a4 7,,black--,,cosmetique ,,noir47 ,f good l>d1 #e p>ts2 wax1 #b p>ts2 7or1 h>d pomatum1 #g p>ts27 melt1 /ir 9 levigat$ ivory black1 #b p>ts2 & p\r x into m\lds ( t9foil2 :i* are aft]w>ds to be plac$ 9 pap] %ea?s4 #b4 7,,br[n--,,cosmetique ,,brun47 ,z ! la/1 b us+ levigat$ umb] = 'pla9 br[n1' & levigat$ t]ra di ,si5na = 'auburn' & '*e/nut4' #c4 7,,:ite1 ,,or ,,pla9--,,cosmetique ,,blanc47 ,! same1 )\t col\r+ matt]4 ,obs4 ,!y are g5]ally sc5t$ ) musk1 amb]gris1 or cassia4 ,use4 ,! above are us$ to col\r m\/a*es1 eyebr[s1 :isk]s1 c41 z well z to keep ! hair 9 its place4 ,! labels on ! packets be=e u h--p\r fix] et liss] les *eveux4 ,! application mu/ be r5ew$ daily1 z ! cosmetique is gradually remov$ by friction1 & p]fectly s by soap-&-wat]4 ,,cosmol9e4 ,syn4 ,,cosmol94 ,"u ! names ( ,cosmol9e & ,vasel9e "s fatty sub/ances melt+ at #cb to #he or ev5 #ie ,c4 h lately appe>$ 9 comm]ce4 ,!y are v v>iable mixtures ( solid p>aff9 ) p>aff9 oil1 neutral oil1 lubricat+ oil1 c41 & are ! residues left aft] ! di/illation ( petroleum slightly purifi$ by means ( *>coal4 7,mill]47 ,cosmol9e has be5 exam9$ by ,mr ,naylor1 :o /ates 8 belief t x consi/s ( a mixture ( p>aff9s4 ,comp>+ ,mr ,naylor's results ) ^? obta9$ by ,mr ,moss1 9 an analysis made ( a body import$ f ,am]ica1 & call$ ,vasel9e1 !re seems little reason to d\bt t if ?is latt] & ,cosmol9e are n ! same sub/ance1 !y diff] f ea* o!r only 9 a v m9ute degree1 ?is diff]5ce n improbably be+ due to ! v>y+ temp]ature employ$ 9 produc+ !m4 ,cosmol9e 0 f\nd to h ! composition3-- ,hydroc>bons 7p>aff9s87 #ihei ,moi/ure #jfi ,a% #jjd ------ #iicb ,x melts at #dj;,c41 & has a sp4 gr4 ( #jhff at #de;,c4 ,! composition ( ,vasel9e is z foll[s3-- ,hydroc>bons 7p>aff9s87 #iged ,moi/ure #jej ,a% #jje ------ #ihji ,x melts at #cg ,c41 & has a sp4 gr4 ( #jhdj at #ee ,c4 ,bo? bodies are pale yell[ 9 col\r1 transluc5t1 slightly fluoresc5t1 & semi-solid1 & bo? are alike insoluble 9 wat]1 slightly soluble 9 alcohol1 & freely s 9 e!r1 :il/ !y are unaffect$ by hydro*loric acid & solution ( pota%4 ,! processes by :i* x is believ$ cosmol9e & vasel9e are obta9$1 consi/ 9 sep>at+ ! v>i\s volatile hydroc>bons f crude petroleum by di/illation1 ! residuum is !n br\ght into contact ) sup]heat$ /eam1 & f9ally purifi$ by filtration ?r\gh animal *>coal4 ,vasel9e has be5 also nam$ petroleum jelly4 ,pr(essor ,otto1 ( ,new ,york1 says t vasel9e is v ext5sively us$ ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z a sub/itute = l>d 9 ! prep>ation ( o9tm5ts1 a purpose = :i* ! fre$om f smell1 ! negative prop]ties & unalt]able qualities :5 expos$ to ! air1 ( bo? sub/ances1 seem highly to comm5d _! sup]iority to l>d = ?is purpose4 ,!y h also be5 employ$ v successfully = lubricat+ surgical in/rum5ts1 & we believe are1 :5 prop]ly sc5t$1 us$ l>gely z ! basis ( hair pomades1 :il/ _! suitability = ! prep>ation ( suppositories & pess>ies has be5 urg$4 ,?is has be5 demon/rat$ by ! mu* great] l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* c]ta9 o9tm5ts made by !m rema9 fre% & undecompos$ :5 comp>$ ) ^? 9 :i* l>d 0 us$4 ,! ',am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy' = ,m>*1 #ahgg1 gives ! foll[+ =mula z a sub/itute = cold cream1 by ,e4 ,j4 ,davidson3--,cosmol9e1 #bd oz42 :ite wax1 sp]maceti1 ( ea* #ab oz42 glyc]91 #c fl4 oz42 oil ( g]anium1 #a fl4 dr4 ,,cosmos ,,pomade 7,j4 ,pohlmann1 ,vi5na71 #a-a_/b p>ts :ite wax1 #c p>ts sp]maceti1 #b p>ts ca/or oil1 #h p>ts almond oil1 #b p>ts glyc]9e1 #i p>ts extract ( mignonette1 #a_/b "p eau de ,cologne4 7,hag]47 ,,cot>n',,ine4 ,a cry/allisable sub/ance obta9$ f ! "m-liquors ( opianic acid4 ,x is basic1 v soluble1 & bitt]4 ,hydro*lorate ( cot>n9e is soluble & cry/all9e4 ,,coto ,,b>k4 ,a b>k said to be import$ f ! int]ior ( ,bolivia1 & ?\ght by ,dr ,witt/e9 to belong to a laurace\s or a t]eb9?9ace\s plant4 ,9 "o specim5 exam9$ by ,job/ 0 f\nd a yell[i%-:ite cry/all9e sub/ance ) ! bit+ ta/e ( ! b>k1 :i* ,job/ believes to be its active pr9ciple1 & to :i* he gives ! "n ,coto94 ,ano!r sample1 h[ev]1 analys$ by ,job/ 9 conjunction ) ,hesse1 fail$ to yield any coto91 b gave in/ead a cry/all9e mass :i* consi/$ pr9cipally ( ?ree cry/all9e bodies1 to :i* ^! *emi/s purpose apply+ ! names p>acoto91 oxyleucot91 & leucot94 ,dr ,gietel reports t he made trial ( ! b>k !rapeutically ) "s pati5ts 9 ! g5]al hospital ( ,muni*1 & ! results he obta9$ 7 su* t he reg>ds x z a specific aga9/ di>rhoea 9 all its v>ieties4 ,sometimes he adm9i/]$ x 9 ! =m ( p[d]1 & at o!rs 9 t ( t9cture1 ! latt] be+ made 9 ! proportions ( "o "p ( b>k to t5 ( _s4 ,he gave ( ! p[d] #a_/b gra9 f\r to six times a day1 & ( ! t9cture #aj m9ims e two h\rs4 ,h]r ,burkh>t1 simil>ly mak+ trial ( ! coto9 & p>acoto9 in/ead1 0 equally successful z f> z reg>d$ its anti-di>rhoeic action1 p>acoto91 h[ev]1 ex]cis+ a slight] effect ?an ! coto94 ,h]r ,burkh>t adm9i/]$ p>acoto9 ei!r 9 p[d] #a_/aj? ( a gram1 ) #a_/f? ( a gram ( sug> e ?ree h\rs1 or #a_/b a gram rubb$ up z an emulsion4 ,,cot',,ton4 ,syn4 ,,gossypium1 ,l4 ,! cotton ( :i* textile fabrics are made consi/s ( hairs cov]+ ! se$s ( c]ta9 plants belong+ to ! natural ord] ,malvace1 or ! ,mall[ family4 ,our comm]cial cotton appe>s to be d]iv$ f f\r di/9ct species1 viz4-- ,gossypium arboreum4 ,! tree cotton1 an ,indian species4 ,unlike ! o!r cotton plants1 x has ! dim5sions ( a small tree4 ,! cotton-hairs are rem>kably s(t & silky1 & are wov5 by ! natives into v f9e musl91 us$ = turbans by ! privileg$ classes only4 ,gossypium ,b>bad5se4 ,! ',b>badoes' or ',b\rbon cotton plant4' ,?is is ! species :i* yields all our be/ cotton4 ,9 ! small ,am]ican isl&s :i* fr+e ! coa/ f ,*>le/[n to ,savannah1 ?is plant has produc$ ! celebrat$ 'sea-isl& cotton1' :i* is unrivall$ = ! l5g? ( its '/aple1' its /r5g?1 & silk9ess4 ,gossypium h]baceum4 ,! common cotton plant ( ,india4 ,x produces ! ,surat cotton ( comm]ce4 ,gossypium ,p]uvianum or acum9atum4 ,a species suppos$ to be indig5\s to ,am]ica4 ,x furni%es ! ,s\? ,am]ican v>ieties ( cotton1 z ,p]nambuco1 ,p]uvian1 ,m>anham1 & ,brazilian4 ,id5tif4 ,see ,,l954 ,dye+4 ,! fibres ( cotton h ne>ly ! same aff9ity = mordants & ! col\r+ matt] ( dy$ /uffs z l951 & may be treat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,see ,,dye+1 ,,l951 c4 ,cotton ,cake4 ,! cake rema9+ aft] ! expression ( ! oil f ! se$s ( ! cotton plant 7,gossypium7 is us$ z a cattle food4 ,! decorticat$ is pref]r$ to ! undecorticat$ v>iety1 z ! latt] is said to occasionally set up dang]\s int]nal irritation among/ ! animals p>tak+ ( x4 ,composition ( cotton-cake 7decorticat$74 ,moi/ure #iah ,oil #afje ,album9\s comp\nds #dabe ,non-nitrog5\s pr9ciples #afde ,phosphates & insoluble e>?y matt]s #hae ,woody fibre #hib ----- #ajjjj ,,cotton1 ,,gun-4 ,see ,,pyroxyl94 ,,c\gh4 ,syn4 ,,tus',,sis1 ,l4 ,! sudd5 & viol5t expulsion ( air f ! lungs4 ,x is g5]ally symptomatic ( o!r affections1 b is sometimes idiopa?ic1 or a prim>y disease4 ,_m cases ( c\gh dep5d ^u ! ext5sion ( cat>rh to ! tra*ea & bron*i1 :i* ?us become load$ ) mucus or phlegm1 :i* !y endeav\r to ?r[ (f by ! convulsive ef=t call$ c\gh+4 ,9 "s cases x is caus$ by a vitiation & inspissation ( ! secretions1 aris+ f ! imp]fect action ( ! absorb5ts2 ?is is ! common cause ( ! dry c\gh ( old p4 ,idiopa?ic c\gh is n consid]$ dang]\s 9 itself1 or :ile runn+ its regul> c\rse1 b x is (t5 productive ( mo/ s]i\s consequ5ces1 by sup]9duc+ ! inflammation ( "s organ1 or lay+ ! f\ndation ( ph?isis4 ,c\gh is sometimes att5d$ by copi\s expectoration1 & at o!r times exi/s )\t any2 x has h5ce be5 di/+ui%$ into moi/ or muc\s c\gh1 & dry c\gh4 ,treatm5t4 ,t ( common cat>rhal c\gh consi/s 9 allay+ ! irritation z mu* z possible1 by demulc5ts & expectorants1 z mucilag9\s dr9ks & loz5ges1 :i* act ^u ! glottis1 & sympa!tically ^u ! tra*ea & bron*i4 ,among ! fir/ may be m5tion$ almond milk1 b>ley wat]1 ref9$ ,spani% juice1 gum ,arabic1 & a mixture ( ! la/ two made into loz5ges2 among ! second1 ! mo/ innoc5t & conv5i5t is ipecacuanha1 9 ! %ape ( loz5ges1 #b or #c ( :i* maybe suck$ :5ev] ! c\gh is tr\blesome4 ,a light diet %\ld be adopt$1 ! b[els kept slightly relax$ by ! use ( g5tle ap]i5ts1 & a mild & equable temp]ature s\ght z mu* z possible4 ,:5 ?is plan does n succe$1 rec\rse may be _h to an emetic1 foll[$ by small doses ( ,dov]'s p[d]s1 & extract or t9cture ( h5bane or squill pill4 ,:5 a c\gh is tr\blesome at night & unatt5d$ ) fev]1 a small dose ( laudanum1 or t9cture ( h5bane1 tak5 on go+ to re/1 w g5]ally procure sleep4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( dry c\gh ! m /imulat+ expectorants are useful1 z g>lic1 ammoniacum1 /yrax1 & b5zo91 comb9$ ) n>cotics & s$atives1 z h5bane1 hemlock1 & opium4 ,a diaphoretic opiate is also v useful1 especially 9 ! c\gh ( old p4 ,see ,,draught1 ,,emulsion1 ,,mixture1 ,,pills1 c4 ,,c\',,m>9 7koo74 ,syn4 ,,cu',,m>94 ,! odor\s pr9ciple ( ! fruit or bean ( ,dipt]yxodorata 7tonqu9 bean74 ,x exi/s 9 sev]al o!r plants1 z ,melilotus (fic9alis1 ,asp]ula odorata1 & ,an?oxan?um odoratum4 ,prep4 ,f ! slic$ tonqu9 beans1 by mac]at+ 9 hot alcohol2 /ra9+ ?r\gh clo?1 & di/ill+ (f ! great] "p ( ! _s4 ,! syrupy residue deposits1 on /&+1 cry/als ( ,,c\m>91 :i* mu/ be purifi$ f fat oil by pressure1 & !n cry/allis$ f hot wat]4 ,prop4 ,sl5d]1 brilliant1 col\rless ne$les2 fusible at #abb ,fahr41 & di/ill+ at a high] temp]ature )\t decomposition4 ,x has a fragrant od\r & burn+ ta/e2 x is v slightly soluble 9 cold wat]1 m freely 9 hot wat]1 & also 9 alcohol4 ,,c\nt]-,,ir',,ritants4 ,9 m$ic9e & ph>macy1 sub/ances appli$ to ! surface ( ! body to e/abli% a second>y morbid action1 ) ! view ( reliev+ "o already exi/+4 ,9 pa9ful & spasmodic affections1 z neuralgia1 spasms1 & cramp2 9 rheumatism1 lumbago1 swell$ & pa9ful jo9ts2 9 heada*e1 sore ?roat1 spra9s1 languid gl&ul> tum\rs1 & _m o!r cases1 ?is class ( m$ic9e (t5 proves extremely valuable4 ,! c\nt]-irritants :i* are be/ kn[n are bli/]s1 mu/>d p\ltices1 h>t%orn-&-oil1 & l9im5t ( ammonia4 ,,c\rt ,,plas',,t]4 ,see ,,pla/]4 ,,c[ ,,dung4 ,?is sub/ance 0 =m]ly employ$ 9 l>ge quantities by ! calico pr9t]s4 ,rec5tly a mixture ( sulphate1 c>bonate1 & phosphate ( lime & soda1 ) ,briti% gum or bran1 has be5 successfully te/$ z a sub/itute = x1 & has ! advantage ( cleanl9ess & economy4 ,,c[',,hage4 ,syn4 ,,c[',,it*2 ,,mucun',a 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,! hairs ( ! fruit ,mucuna pruri5s 7,ph4 ,l474 ,! hairs f ! pods 7,ph4 ,e474 ,! hairy d[n 7,ph4 ,d474 ,x occasions viol5t it*+ :5 x comes 9 contact ) ! sk91 :i* c only be allay$ by a solution ( gre5 vitriol1 or by oil4 ,x is frequ5tly adm9i/]$ z a v]mifuge1 made into a confection1 by scrap+ ! hair (f a pod into treacle1 syrup1 or honey1 = a morn+ dose1 :i* is repeat$ = #c or #d successive days1 foll[$ by a brisk purge4 ,x acts m effectually if its adm9i/ration has be5 prec$$ by a g5tle emetic4 ,,c[-,,pox4 ,v>iola ,vacc9a4 ,a disease affect+ ! udd] 9 c[s4 ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 fom5t+ ! udd] & apply+ p\ltices ( sp5t hops1 giv+ laxative & sal9e m$ic9es1 & 9 draw+ (f ! milk ) a teat-syphon4 ,,c[s4 ,see ,,dairy4 ,,crab4 ,see ,,%ell-,,fi%4 ,,cracknels4 ,small1 brittle cakes or biscuits1 made by fir/ boil+ & !n bak+ pa/e4 ,prep4 ,to fl\r1 #a p9t1 add a little grat$ nutmeg1 ! yolks ( #b eggs1 #b or #c spoonfuls ( rose-wat]1 & cold wat]1 q4 s4 to make a pa/e2 !n roll 9 butt]1 #a_/b lb41 & make x into %apes4 ,9 "o h\r put !m into a kettle ( boil+ wat]1 & boil !m until !y swim1 !n ?r[ !m into cold wat]2 take !m out2 & :5 dry1 bake !m on t9s4 ,^? ( ! %ops conta9 less butt]1 & ! rose-wat] is omitt$4 ,,crack',,nuts4 ,?9 & sweet cakes or waf]s4 ,prep4 #a4 ,fl\r1 #a lb42 sug>1 #c_/d lb42 melt$ butt]1 #a_/b lb42 #f or #g eggs1 well beat52 make a pa/e ) a glassful ( rais9 w9e & a little wat]2 add c>aways1 roll x out z ?9 z pap]1 cut x into %apes ) a tumbl]1 wa% ! pieces ) ! :ite ( egg1 & du/ !m ov] ) p[d]$ sug>4 #b4 ,z ! la/1 b us+ #a_/b lb4 m fl\r4 ,,cramp4 ,see ,,spasms4 ,,crape is clean$ by r9s+ x 9 ox-gall & wat]1 to remove ! dirt2 aft]w>ds 9 pure wat]1 to remove ! gall2 & la/ly1 9 a little gum-wat]1 to /iff5 & crisp x4 ,x is !n clapp$ betwe5 ! h&s until dry4 ,,cray-,,fi%4 ,see ,,%ell-,,fi%4 ,,cray',,ons4 ,col\r+ sub/ances made up into small cyl9d]s or any o!r conv5i5t =m = use 9 writ+ or draw+4 ,crayons1 ,draw'+4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sp]maceti1 #c oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 agitate toge!r till !y =m a species ( emulsion2 add bone a%1 #a lb4 7or m1 previ\sly r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]71 & col\r+ matt]1 q4 s4 to give ! prop] t9t2 r$uce ! :ole to a p]fectly homog5e\s pa/e1 & =m x into crayons4 #b4 ,pipeclay & ! f9e/ prep>$ *alk1 equal p>ts2 or pipeclay alone1 q4 s42 col\r+1 a suffici5t quantity2 make !m into a pa/e ) pale mild ale4 #c4 ,:ite curd or ,ca/ile soap1 cut into ?9 %av+s1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve1 & :5 cold1 add gradually z mu* rectifi$ _s ( w9e z w r5d] ! liquid b>ely transp>5t4 ,) ?is fluid make equal p>ts ( ! f9e/ elutriat$ clay & *alk into a /iff pa/e1 add+ col\r+ matt]1 q4 s41 z be=e4 ,= common qualities1 ! _s ( w9e may be omitt$1 b ! mass w !n dry m sl[ly4 #d4 ,curd soap1 #a-a_/b oz42 gum ,arabic1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a-a_/d p9t2 dissolve1 & use x z ! la/4 ,g5]al ,lomet uses a simil> mixture to "w up ! s(te/ v>ieties ( hematite1 ) :i* he ?us =ms sup]ior r$ crayon4 #e4 7,process ( ! ,bro!rs ,joel1 ( ,p>is47 ,%ell-lac1 #c p>ts2 _s ( w9e1 #d p>ts2 oil ( turp5t9e1 #b p>ts2 dissolve1 add pure clay1 #f p>ts2 col\r+ matt]1 q4 s42 =m ! mass into crayons1 & dry !m by a /ove heat4 #f4 ,pale %ell-lac1 #e p>ts2 wood naph?a1 #ab p>ts2 dissolve1 & ) ?is fluid mix up ! col\r+ p[d]1 previ\sly /irr$ up ) an equal weight ( f9e pale-blue clay2 dry by a /ove heat1 z be=e4 ,:5 ?is process is well manag$1 x produces crayons equal to ^? ( ! be/ ,p>isian h\ses4 ,obs4 ,! composition may be =m$ into crayons by simply roll+ x on a slab2 b to ensure _! solidity ! manufactur]s g5]ally employ a metallic cyl9d] ( #b or #c in*es 9 diamet]1 ) "o end op5 & ! o!r firmly secur$ to a p]=at$ plate1 hav+ holes ( ! same size z ! int5d$ crayons4 ,! crayon composition1 9 ! /ate ( a /iff pa/e or d\gh1 is introduc$ into ! op5 end1 & is =c$ d[n & ?r\gh ! holes1 by means ( a small plug or pi/on1 t exactly fits ! inside ( ! cyl9d]1 & :i* is driv5 by ! equable motion ( a small screw4 ,! pieces t pass ?r\gh ! holes are !n cut into l5g?s & dri$4 ,! sub/ances employ$ z col\r+ matt]s = crayons are v num]\s1 & _! *oice (f]s a wide field = ! skill & fancy ( ! arti/4 ,! pigm5t hav+ be5 select$1 x may be r$uc$ to any %ade or t9t by admixture ) o!r pigm5ts1 & by 'dilution' ) a prop] quantity ( elutriat$ or prep>$ *alk4 ,z1 h[ev]1 crayon col\rs d n admit ( be+ mix$ toge!r at ! "t ( us+ !m1 l liquid col\rs1 x is usual to make #c to #f diff]5t %ades ( ea* col\r1 s z to enable ! arti/ at once to produce any effect he *ooses4 ,,crayons1 ,,black4 ,f prep>$ black-lead1 ivory-black1 lamp-black1 c4 ,black *alk & *>coal are frequ5tly made into crayons by simply saw+ !m into suitably siz$ pieces4 ,!y may !n be put into a pipk9 ( melt$ wax1 & all[$ to mac]ate = an h\r2 aft] :i* !y %\ld be tak5 out1 dra9$1 & laid on a piece ( blott+ pap] to dry4 ,draw+s made ) ^! crayons are v p]man5t1 & if w>m$ slightly on ! wrong side1 ! l9es w adh]e1 & become almo/ z durable z ink4 ,,crayons1 ,,blue4 ,f indigo1 smalts1 ,prussian blue1 v]dit]1 c4 ,,crayons1 ,,br[n4 ,f umb] 7raw & burnt71 t]ra di ,si5na 7raw & burnt71 ,cull5's e>?1 br[n o*re1 c42 & "s peculi> %ades1 f a mixture ( black1 c>m9e1 & ei!r ( ! above col\rs4 ,,crayons1 ,,gre54 ,f a mixture ( k+'s yell[1 or yell[ o*re1 ) blues4 ,,crayons1 ,,purple4 ,f any ( ! m brilliant blues1 mix$ ) c>m9e1 lake1 or v]milion4 ,,crayons1 ,,r$4 ,f c>m9e1 c>m9at$ lakes1 v]milion1 hematite1 & any ( ! e>?y or m9]al col\rs commonly us$ z pigm5ts4 ,crayons ( r$ *alk may be prep>$ 9 ! mann] po9t$ out = crayons ( black *alk4 ,,crayons1 ,,:ite4 ,f pure clay & *alk4 ,,crayons1 ,,yell[4 ,f k+'s yell[1 ,naples yell[1 orpim5t1 yell[ o*re1 c4 ,crayons1 ,li?ograph'ic4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tall[-soap1 #g p>ts2 :ite wax1 #f p>ts2 melt by a g5tle heat1 & add lamp-black1 #a "p2 keep x melt$ ) con/ant /irr+1 = #bj or #cj m9utes1 !n let x cool a little1 & ca/ x into m\lds4 #b4 ,:ite wax1 #d p>ts2 %ell-lac & h>d tall[-soap1 ( ea* #b p>ts2 lamp-black1 #a "p2 z la/4 #c4 ,sp]maceti1 :ite wax1 & h>d tall[-soap1 ( ea* equal p>ts2 lamp-black1 q4 s4 to col\r4 ,obs4 ,"s mak]s melt ! soap1 wax1 & lamp-black 9 an iron ladle1 ov] a brisk fire1 & all[ ! mixture to blaze = a few seconds be=e add+ ! %ell-lac1 :i* is no soon] ?or\ghly incorporat$ ?an ! heat is increas$ until ! mass aga9 k9dles1 :5 x is at once remov$ f ! fire & /irr$ until x is cool en\gh to be p\r$ into ! m\lds4 ,?is me?od leads to tr\ble & loss1 )\t any correspond+ advantage4 ,^! crayons are us$ to draw designs ^u li?ographic /ones4 ,crayons = ,writ+ on ,glass4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ,fr5* *alk1 cut into suitable pieces4 ,m>ks made ) ^! crayons1 :5 obscur$ or rubb$ out1 may be sev]al times reviv$ by simply brea?+ on ! glass4 #b4 7,brunquelle47 ,sp]maceti1 #d p>ts1 tall[1 #c p>ts1 wax1 #b p>ts1 are melt$ toge!r 9 a cup2 & r$ lead1 #f p>ts1 & c>bonate ( potassa 79 f9e p[d]71 #a "p1 /irr$ 92 ! mass is kept melt$ & /irr$ = ab\t half an h\r long]1 !n p\r$ into glass m\lds 7tubes7 ( ! ?ickness ( a common p5cil1 & cool$ z rapidly z possible4 ,! mass may be screw$ up & d[n 9 ! tube1 & cut to a po9t ) a knife4 ,a crayon is ?us obta9$ :i* w readily write ^u clean1 dry glass4 ,,cream4 ,syn4 ,,crem',,or1 ,c4 ,,lac',,tis1 ,,flos ,,lac',,tis1 ,l4 ,! oleag9\s portion ( milk1 :i* collects 9 a ?9 /ratum ^u ! surface1 :5 t fluid is left undi/urb$ = "s "t4 ,by viol5t agitation1 z 9 ! process ( *urn+1 ! fatty globules unite toge!r1 =m+ butt]2 :il/ ! liquid portion1 consi/+ ( caseum1 s]um1 & a little butt]1 con/itut+ ! residuum1 is call$ butt]-milk4 ,?is sep>ation is effect$ ! mo/ readily :5 ! cream has become p>tially s\r & coagulat$ by be+ kept a few days1 a *ange :i* occurs 9 consequ5ce ( ! conv]sion ( "s ( ! sug> ( ! s]um into lactic acid1 :i* precipitates ! case\s matt] conta9$ 9 ! small portion ( ! milk ) :i* ! cream is mix$4 ,on ^! simple facts *iefly dep5d ! successful manufacture ( butt]4 ,! cream int5d$ = *urn+ %\ld !re=e be kept until x turns slightly s\r1 & assumes ! condition above ref]r$ to1 z !n ! butt] w readily 'come4' ,if *urn$ :ile q sweet ! op]ation w be t$i\s1 & w frequ5tly fail4 ,:5 ?is happ5s ! dairy maids decl>e ! milk is '*>m$' or 'bewit*$1' & reluctantly proce$ ) ! op]ation4 ,! addition ( a little r5net or v9eg> is ! prop] rem$y 9 ?is case1 & w cause ! almo/ imm$iate sep>ation ( ! butt]4 ,:5 cream is susp5d$ 9 a l95 bag1 & all[$ to dra91 x gradually becomes dri] & h>d]1 by ! sep>ation ( ! liquid portion1 & !n =ms :at is kn[n by ! "n ( cream *eese4 ,by ! application ( slight pressure ! sep>ation ( ! :ey is m completely effect$1 & ! product is n only bett]1 b w keep long]4 ,qual4 ,cream1 9 a dietetic po9t ( view1 may be reg>d$ 9 ! same light z butt]1 z x is conv]t$ into butt] 9 ! process ( dige/ion4 ,on ?is acc\nt mu* cream %\ld nev] be tak5 at once by p]sons ( delicate /oma*s4 ,9 eat+ cream ) fruit p]sons are h>dly aw>e ( ! l>ge quantity !y consume1 until !y f9d x disagree ) ! /oma*1 :5 ! condim5t is blam$ = ! indiscretion ( ^? :o take x4 ,mr ,wanklyn gives ! foll[+ z ! composition ( six diff]5t samples ( cream3-- #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 #e4 #f4 ,wat] #gbbj #gab #ffcf #fjag #ecfb #ejjj ,fat #aijj #ada #ahhg #ccjb #chag #dcij ,milk1 ,sug>1 ,case91 #hhj #adg #adgg #fha #hba #faj & ,a%4 ,a qu>t ( good cream g5]ally yields f #ac oz4 to #ae oz4 ( comm]cial butt]4 ,mr ,bly? says3 ,! analysis ( cream is conduct$ on exactly ! same pr9ciple z t ( milk2 b ! cream mu/ be weigh$1 n measur$2 & small] quantities may be evaporat$ to dryness 9 ord] to e/imate ! wat]1 if ! ratio ( wat] to ! solids n fat is su* t adult]ation may be suspect$2 = ?is ratio1 al?\gh occasionally di/urb$ by "s ( ! case9 ris+ ) ! fat1 is practically ! same z 9 milk4 ,m9]al adult]ations1 su* z c>bonate ( magnesia1 w be detect$1 if pres5t1 9 ! a%4 ,see ,,milk1 ,,butt]1 c4 ,cream1 ,al'mond4 ,prep4 ,f sweet almonds1 #b oz42 bitt] almonds1 #d 9 no42 blan*$ & beat5 9 a mort> to a smoo? pa/e1 add+ a teaspoonful ( wat] to prev5t oil+2 & aft]w>ds a p9t ( cream1 & en\gh p[d]$ lump sug> to sweet52 ! :ole is !n :isk$ to a fro?1 ! glasses fill$ ) ! liquor1 & "s ( ! fro? plac$ on ! top ( ea*4 ,"s p]sons add ! juice ( a lemon4 ,cream1 ,bran'dy4 ,prep4 ,to ! la/ add ! yolks ( #f eggs2 heat x g5tly ov] ! fire until x ?ick5s1 keep+ x well /irr$1 !n f>!r add two or ?ree glassfuls ( br&y1 & p\r x into small cups or %all[ glasses4 ,cream1 ,burnt4 ,prep4 ,cream1 #a qu>t2 cassia1 a small /ick2 peel ( half a lemon2 boil = #e m9utes1 cool a little1 take out ! spice1 & add ! yolks ( #i eggs1 & sug>1 q4 s4 to sweet52 /ir until cold1 put x into a di%1 /rew p\nd$ sug> ov] x1 & bake x until br[n4 ,cream1 ,*oc'olate4 ,prep4 ,*ocolate1 scrap$ f9e1 #a oz42 ?ick cream1 #a qu>t2 sug> 7be/71 #f oz42 heat x ne>ly to boil+1 !n remove x f ! fire1 & mix x well2 :5 cold1 add ! :ites ( #h or #aj eggs2 :isk rapidly1 & take up ! fro? on a sieve2 s]ve ! cream 9 glasses1 & pile up ! fro? on ! top ( !m4 ,cream1 ,c('fee4 ,prep4 #a4 ,z ! la/1 omitt+ ! *ocolate1 & us+ a p9t ( ! /ronge/ made c(fee4 #b4 ,add a teacupful ( v cle>1 conc5trat$1 made c(fee to #a p9t ea* ( cl>ifi$ calf's feet jelly & good cream2 sweet5 ) lump sug>1 give x "o boil up1 & p\r x into %apes or glasses :5 ne>ly cold4 ,cream1 ,cold4 ,see ,,cosmetic1 ,,c]ate & ,,granulat$ ,,cream 7bel[74 ,cream1 ,co/orph'94 ,aft] a village ne> ,ed9burgh1 :]e x is commonly made4 ,prep4 ,! milk ( #c or #d consecutive days1 toge!r ) ! cream1 are all[$ to rema9 until s\r & coagulat$2 ! :ey is !n drawn (f1 & fre% cream add$4 ,x is eat5 ) sug> & fruit1 especially ) /rawb]ries & raspb]ries4 ,cream1 ,dev'on%ire4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,devon%ire ,,raw ,,cream47 ,f s\r cream mix$ ) an equal quantity ( fre% cream1 & sweet5$ ) sug>4 ,eat5 ) fruit4 #b4 7,,devon%ire ,,scald$ ,,cream1 ,d4 ,,cl\t$ ,c47 ,! milk ( ye/]day is set 9 a poli%$1 %all[1 brass pan1 ov] a cle> fire free f smoke1 & gradually heat$ until v hot1 c>e be+ tak5 n to let x boil2 :5 ! undulations on ! surface look ?ick1 & =m a r+ r\nd ! top ( ! fluid1 ! size ( ! bottom ( ! pan1 x is remov$ f ! fire & all[$ to cool2 ! next day x is skimm$ (f = sale4 ,us$ ) ei!r tea or c(fee1 & excell5t ) bo?2 x is also eat5 ) sug> & fruit1 & is made into butt]4 ,see ,,cream 7above74 ,cream1 ,d',illotte's4 ,syn4 ,,cry/allis$ ,,cream1 ,,vegetable ,c4 ,! +5i\s manufactur] ^: anagrammatic p[]s h conv]t$ 8 patronym ( ,elliott into "o less famili> to vulg> ,engli% e>s1 prep>es ?is really elegant hair cosmetic z foll[s3--,oil ( almonds1 #c oz41 & sp]maceti1 #a_/b oz41 are melt$ toge!r2 & b]gamot1 n]oli1 & v]b5a1 ( ea* #e drops1 & huile au jasm91 #aj drops1 are !n /irr$ 91 & ! mixture is at once p\r$ into small1 wide-m\!d bottles1 to cry/allise4 ,if pref]r$ h>d]1 #a_/b dr4 m sp]maceti may be us$1 b ! precise quantity to produce ! be/ cry/all9e appe>ance dep5ds greatly on ! season ( ! ye>1 m be+ requir$ 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,cream1 ,facti''ti\s4 ,syn4 ,,mock ,,cream4 ,prep4 #a4 ,beat #c eggs1 ) #b oz4 ( sug>1 & a small piece ( butt]1 until ! comb9ation is complete2 !n add w>m milk1 #a p9t2 put ! vessel into ano!r conta9+ hot wat]1 & /ir x "o way until x acquires ! consi/5ce ( cream4 #b4 ,arr[root1 #a spoonful2 wet x ) a little cold milk1 !n add1 gradually1 boil+ milk1 #a_/d p9t2 mix well1 & fur!r add1 ( fre% butt]1 #a oz42 sug>1 #a-a_/b oz42 cold milk1 #c_/d p9t2 & cont9ue /irr+ until ! :ole is q cold4 ,cream1 ,ice4 ,see ,,ice4 ,cream1 ,fruit4 ,prep4 ,f pulp$ or pres]v$ fruit1 #a lb42 cream1 or good raw milk1 #a qu>t2 sug> q4 s42 boil = #a m9ute2 cool1 & add a glassful ( br&y4 ,a fro? is rais$ on ^! creams ) a *ocolate mill4 ,x is tak5 (f & plac$ on a hair sieve1 & "s ( x1 aft] ! glasses are fill$ ) ! cream1 plac$ on ! top ( ea*4 ,! express$ juice ( raspb]ries1 ( currants1 & sev]al o!r k9ds ( fruit1 also make delici\s creams4 ,9 w9t]1 raspb]ry jelly1 jam1 or syrup may be us$4 ,a glass ( good br&y improves ^! creams4 ,cream1 ,fur'niture4 ,see ,,poli%4 ,cream1 ,gran'ulat$4 ,syn4 ,,granulat$ ,,cold ,,cream4 ,prep4 7,ow547 ,almond oil1 #f oz41 :ite wax & sp]maceti1 ( ea* #b oz41 are melt$ toge!r1 & a little otto ( roses add$2 ! liquor is !n p\r$ into a l>ge ,w$gwood-w>e or m>ble mort>1 previ\sly w>m$1 & conta9+ #a-a_/b to #b p9ts ( w>m wat]2 brisk agitation ) ! pe/le is !n _h rec\rse to1 until ! oleag9\s portion is well divid$1 :5 ! :ole is sudd5ly ?r[n into a vessel conta9+ a gallon or two ( clean cold wat]2 la/ly1 ! granulat$ cream is ?r[n on a musl9 filt]2 & z mu* wat] z possible is %ak5 7g5tly7 out ( x2 aft] :i* x is put up = use4 ,cream1 ,lem'on4 ,prep4 ,f cream1 #a p9t2 yolks ( #c eggs2 p[d]$ sug>1 #f oz42 ! yell[ r9d ( #a lemon 7grat$71 ) ! juice2 mix1 apply a g5tle heat1 & /ir until cold4 ,if desir$ :ite1 ! :ites ( ! eggs %\ld be us$ in/ead ( ! yolks4 ,cream1 ,or'ange4 ,simil> to lemon cream1 b us+ oranges4 ,cream1 ,pis''ta*io4 ,f ! k]nels ( pi/a*io nuts1 z almond cream4 ,cream1 ,rasp'b]ry4 ,see ,,cream1 ,,fruit4 ,cream1 ,sat'urn9e4 ,syn4 ,,crem',,or ,,plum',,bi ,,aceta',,tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,kirkl&47 ,cream1 #a oz42 solution ( diacetate ( lead1 #a dr42 mix4 ,cool+1 s$ative1 & a/r+5t2 a useful application 9 c]ta9 cases to irritable ulc]s1 sore nipples1 c4 ,x is poison\s4 ,cream1 ,scot* ,s\r4 ,prep4 7,gray47 ,skimm$ milk is put ov] night into a wood5 tub1 ) a spigot at ! bottom1 & ?is tub is put into ano!r fill$ ) hot wat]2 9 ! morn+ ! small tub is tak5 out & ! ?9 "p ( ! milk 7'wigg'7 drawn (f until ! ?ick1 s\r cream beg9s to come4 ,?is process requires practice z to ! heat ( ! wat]2 :5 x succe$s1 skimm$ milk yields ne>ly "o half ( ?is cream1 :i* is eat5 ) sug> z a delicacy2 x is only di/+ui%able f cream by its ta/e1 & sells = d\ble ! price ( fre% milk4 ,cream1 ,/one4 ,syn4 ,,cream ,,blancmange4 ,prep4 ,f is+lass1 #a_/b oz41 dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 a teacupful1 add+ cream1 #a p9t1 & sug>1 #d oz42 /irr$ until ne>ly cold1 & !n p\r$ ov] fruit or pres]ves1 plac$ on ! bottom ( glass di%es4 ,cream1 ,t>ax'acum4 ,syn4 ,,crem',,or ,,t>ax',,aci1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,colli]47 ,f wa%$ d&elion roots 7slic$71 spr9kl$ ) _s ( junip]1 & !n press$ = _! juice4--,dose4 ,a table-spoonful twice or ?rice daily1 z a /oma*ic & tonic1 9 dyspepsia1 c4 ,cream1 ,vanil'la4 ,prep4 #a4 ,boil a /ick ( vanilla 7grat$71 & is+lass1 #a_/b oz41 9 milk1 #a p9t1 until ! latt] is dissolv$2 /ra91 add sug>1 #f oz41 & cream1 #a p9t2 /ir till ne>ly cold1 !n p\r x into m\lds l blancmange4 #b4 ,cream & /rong is+lass jelly1 ( ea* #a p9t2 sug>1 #f oz42 ess5ce ( vanilla1 #a_/d oz42 mix z be=e4 ,cream1 ,vel'vet4 ,prep4 ,z ! la/1 b1 in/ead ( vanilla1 flav\r ) ! r9d & juice ( a lemon1 & ab\t a teacupful ( :ite w9e4 ,cream1 ,:ipp$'4 ,prep4 ,f ! :ites ( #ab eggs2 cream1 #a qu>t2 pale %]ry1 #a_/b p9t2 ess5ce ( musk & amb]gris1 ( ea*1 #aj drops2 ess5ces ( lemon & orange peel1 ( ea*1 #c or #d drops2 :isk to a fro?1 remove ! latt] on to a sieve1 fill ! glasses ) ! cream1 & !n pile ! fro? on ! top ( !m4 ,,cre',,asote4 ,see ,,kreasote4 ,,cre',,at9e4 ,see ,,kreat9e4 ,,creat',,in9e4 ,see ,,kreat99e4 ,,cr,,me4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,cream4 ,?is "n is appli$ to sev]al comp\nd spirits & cordial liquors1 especially by ! ,fr5* liqueuri/es1 :o pride !mselves on ! sup]ior quality & cream-l smoo?ness ( _! manufactures4 ,l ! cordials ( ! ,engli%1 !y are mo/ly dilute _s1 aromatis$1 & sweet5$4 ,see ,,liqueurs4 ,,creme ,,de ,,beaut4 ,a cosmetic consi/+ ( an emulsion ( bitt] & sweet almonds4 ,,cr5',,ic ,,acid4 ,a br[n sub/ance discov]$ by ,b]zelius 9 c]ta9 m9]al wat]s4 ,x is a modification ( ,,humus1 & is produc$ by ! decay ( vegetable matt]4 ,,cresylic ,,acid4 ,c#g;,h#h,o4 ,syn4 ,,cresol1 ,,kresylic ,,acid1 ,,kresol4 ,"o ( ! homologues ( c>bolic acid1 f\nd 9 coal t>4 ,cresylic1 l c>bolic acid1 is a useful dis9fectant4 ,,crib-,,bit+4--,! use ( deal or any unseason$ wood = ! mang] may induce ?is habit 9 horses4 ,to rem$y x ! /able fitt+s %\ld be ( iron4 ,z ! habit v frequ5tly arises f acidity ( /oma* 9 horses1 ! adm9i/ration ( *alk or o!r antacids has be5 recomm5d$4 ,,crick',,ets4 ,^! insects may be de/roy$ by putt+ ,scot* snuff into _! holes1 or by plac+ "s pieces ( beetle waf]s = !m to eat4 ,,cr9um ,,asiaticum4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,habitat4 ,l[ humid localities 9 ,b5gal1 ! ,concans1 & o!r p>ts ( ,india2 also cultivat$ 9 g>d5s2 ,ceylon1 ! ,moluccas1 & ,co*9 ,*9a4--,(fic9al "p4 ,! fre% root 7,cr9i ,radix72 bulb\s1 ) a t]m9al /olonif]\s fusi=m portion issu+ f ! cr[n ( ! bulb2 emits an unpleasant n>cotic od\r2 readily dri$ 9 a /ove1 & r$ucible to p[d] aft] desiccation4--,prop]ties4 ,emetic2 9 small doses nauseant & diaphoretic4--,!rapeutic uses4 ,analog\s to ^? ( squill4 ,juice ( ,cr9um 7,succus ,cr9i2 ,infusum ,cr9i1 ,b5g4 ,ph474 ,take ( ! fre% root ( cr9um1 #a_/b an ounce2 cold wat]1 #b ounces4 ,bruise ! root 9 a /one mort>1 gradually add+ ! wat]4 ,/ra91 ) pressure1 ?r\gh calico4--,dose4 ,f #b to #d fluid dra*ms1 e tw5ty m9utes1 until ! desir$ effect is produc$4 ,syrup ( ,cr9um 7,syrupus ,cr9i74 ,take ( ! fre% root ( cr9um1 slic$1 #h ounces2 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 ref9$ sug>1 #a p\nd4 ,mac]ate ! root 9 ! wat] = two h\rs1 bruise 9 a mort>1 press ?r\gh calico1 add ! sug>1 & dissolve ) ! aid ( g5tle heat4--,dose4 ,ab\t #b fluid dra*ms1 repeat$ z requir$4 ,us$ z a nauseant & emetic = *ildr54 ,,croton ,,*loral4 ,syn4 ,,butyl ,,*loral4 ,a col\rless oleag9\s liquid1 hav+ an od\r some:at l t ( ord9>y *loral2 insoluble 9 wat]4 ,croton *loral may be prep>$ by ! process ( ,krm] & ,p9n]1 :o 7 ! fir/ to obta9 x4 ,a curr5t ( *lor9e gas is pass$ into aldehyd dur+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation ! action is v en]getic2 s mu* s t x is necess>y to surr\nd ! vessel conta9+ ! aldehyd ) a refrig]at+ mixture1 & x is only t[>ds ! end t ! temp]ature is rais$ to #ajj ,c4 ,l>ge quantities ( hydro*loric acid are g5]at$ dur+ all ! "t ! *lor9e is act+ on ! aldehyd4 ,! result+ product is submitt$ to fractional di/illation1 & ! liquid pass+ ov] betwe5 #afc & #afe ,c4 is croton *loral4 ,croton *loral is ! hydride ( tri*lorcrotonyl 7,c#d;,h#b;,cl#c,,oh71 or ! aldehyd ( crotonic acid 7,c#d;,h#e,,ooh7 9 ! radical ( :i* ?ree atoms ( hydrog5 h be5 replac$ by ?ree atoms ( *lor9e4 ,l ord9>y *loral1 croton *loral comb9es ) wat] to =m a cry/allis$ hydrate :i* is ! sub/ance us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,croton *loral hydrate occurs 9 :ite nacre\s spangles4 ,x is v slightly soluble 9 cold wat]1 m s 9 w>m1 & extremely soluble 9 alcohol4 ,a conv5i5t solv5t = x is glyc]91 9 :i* x dissolves mu* m easily ?an 9 wat]4 ,! dose ( ! hydrate z a hypnotic is f #h to #ae gra9s1 = neuralgia #e gra9s are giv5 ?ree times a day4 ,dr ,liebrei*1 :o fir/ introduc$ croton *loral to ! notice ( ! m$ical pr(ession1 says he has fail$ to discov] t x ex]cises any hurtful effects on ! /oma* & o!r organs4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,dr ,worms ass]ts t he f9ds x n s g5]ally tol]at$ z ord9>y *loral1 & ,gay affirms t x is m unc]ta9 9 its n>cotic effects4 ,,cro',,ton ,,oil4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,croto',,nis 7,b4 ,p471 ,o4 ,,tiglii 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,! oil express$ f ! se$s ( ,croton tiglium or purg+ croton4 ,?is oil is a dra/ic purgative1 & a p[]ful local irritant & rubefaci5t4 ,rubb$ on ! sk91 x produces a pu/ul> eruption1 & frequ5tly purges4 ,9 ?is way 7dilut$ ) ?rice its weight ( olive oil7 x is occasionally us$ z a c\nt]-irritant4--,dose 7z a purge71 #a to #b drops2 9 ob/9ate con/ipation1 lead colic1 c4 ,! residuum f :i* ! oil has be5 express$ is sometimes us$ 9 vet]9>y practice "u ! "n ( croton cake1 or croton f>9a2 b z ! am\nt ( oil x conta9s v>ies greatly1 x is irregul> & unc]ta9 9 its effects4 ,,cr\p4 ,syn4 ,,cynan',,*e ,,l>yn'',,gea1 ,c4 ,,suffoca',,tiva1 ,c4 ,,tra*ea',,lis1 ,l4 ,an inflammatory disease affect+ ! l>ynx & tra*ea4 ,symp4 ,a p]man5tly labori\s & suffocative brea?+1 accompani$ by :eez+1 c\gh1 a peculi> %rillness ( ! voice1 & m or less expectoration ( purul5t matt]1 :i* cont9ually ?reat5s suffocation4 ,!re are two v>ieties1 acute cr\p & *ronic cr\p4 ,! latt] is v r>e4 ,treat4 ,ble$+ by lee*es or cupp+1 ov] ! region ( ! tra*ea1 %\ld be imm$iately _h rec\rse to1 :5 ! symptoms are urg5t2 or viol5t local irritants1 z pieces ( l9t dipp$ 9 /rong acetic acid1 or bli/]s1 may be appli$ to ! same "p4 ,9 weakly subjects ( irritable con/itution ble$+ %\ld be avoid$4 ,dr ,l>roque recomm5ds repeat$ vomit+ 9 ! cr\p ( *ildr52 & ,m4 ,m>otte & ,m4 ,b\det h adopt$ ?is plan ) great success4 ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 mak+ ! pati5t attack$ ) cr\p vomit a great numb] ( times )9 ! day1 s z to deta* ! pseudo-membrane f ! l>ynx ne>ly z fa/ z x is =m$4 ,= ?is purpose ,m4 ,m>otte employs "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ =mul3-- #a4 ,t>t> emetic1 #a-a_/b gr42 syrup ( ipecacuanha1 #a oz42 wat]1 #b oz4 #b4 ,impure emet9e1 #c gr42 syrup ( ipecacuanha & wat]1 ( ea* #a-a_/b oz4 ,^! draughts are adm9i/]$ by spoonfuls e t5 m9utes1 until !re has be5 a suffici5t numb] ( vomit+s4 ,9 ?is mann] he says he has be5 always able to make ! pati5t expectorate a c]ta9 quantity ( false membrane4 ,?is treatm5t is accompani$ by ! use ( small doses ( calomel1 lee*es to ! ?roat1 & bli/]s to ! nape ( ! neck2 b x is ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,m>otte t ! vomit+s alone effect ! cure4 ,out ( #be cases t occurr$ at ! ,hpital des ,enfans,enfants1 ! only au!nticat$ case ( cure among all ^! 0 effect$ by emetics4 7,m4 ,b\det47 ,! cr\p is a v dang]\s disease1 & m$ical aid %\ld be imm$iately s\ght :]ev] x c be procur$4 ,x is pr9cipally conf9$ to infancy1 or to *ildr5 "u #i ye>s ( age2 b occasionally attacks adults4 ,"o ( our e>ly fri5ds1 a "y m$ical practition] ( great promise1 di$ ( x prematurely1 aft] only ab\t #bj h\rs' illness4 ,,cr[die4 ,mix ! liquor 9 :i* a leg ( mutton has be5 boil$ ) half a p9t ( oatmeal1 & two onions cut v f9e2 & add pepp] & salt4 ,make ! oatmeal into a pa/e ) a little ( ! liquor ov] ! fire1 /ir 9 ! rema9d] ( ! +r$i5ts1 & let !m boil g5tly = tw5ty m9utes4 ,?is =ms a v nutriti\s & *eap di%4 ,,cr[+1 ,,9 ,,*ildr54 ,syn4 ,,*ildcr[+4 ,,spuri\s ,,cr\p4 ,,spasmodic ,,cr\p4 ,?is v =midable disord] almo/ always occurs dur+ tee?+4 ,x comes on 9 p>oxysms4 ,9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! spasms ! respiration is q natural2 b dur+ ! attack !re is great difficulty ( brea?+ accompani$ ) a cr[+ noise1 & ) viol5t /ruggl+ on ! "p ( ! little suff]]4 ,convulsions & fa9tness also sometimes occur4 ,9 8 ',advice to a ,"m' ,mr ,*avasse prescribes ! foll[+ treatm5t3-- ,! fir/ ?+1 ( c\rse1 to be done is to s5d imm$iately = a m$ical man4 ,h a pl5tiful supply ( cold & hot wat] always at h&1 ready = use at a mom5t's notice4 ,! in/ant ! p>oxysm is on ! *ild1 pl5tifully & p]sev]+ly da% cold wat] ^u 8 head & face4 ,put 8 feet & legs 9 hot salt-mu/>d-&-wat]1 & if necess>y place ! *ild up to 8 neck 9 a hot ba?1 /ill da%+ wat] ^u 8 face & head4 ,if he does n quickly come r\nd1 %>ply smack ! back & buttocks4 ,z soon z a m$ical man arrives1 he w lose no "t 9 ?or\ghly lanc+ ! gums1 & 9 apply+ appropriate rem$ies4 ,dur+ ! int]vals1 great c>e & att5tion mu/ be paid to ! diet4 ,if ! *ild be brea?+ a smoky1 close atmosph]e1 he %\ld be imm$iately remov$ to a pure "o4 ,inde$ 9 ?is disease !re is no rem$y equal to a *ange ( air--to a dry brac+ neighb\rhood4 ,ev5 if x be w9t]1 *ange ( air is ! be/ rem$y1 ei!r to ! coa/ or to a heal?y f>mh\se4 ,9 a case ( ?is k9d :]e x is n practicable to s5d a *ild f home1 !n let him be s5t out ( doors dur+ ! great] "p ( e day2 let him1 9 po9t ( fact1 almo/ live 9 ! op5 air4 ,i am q sure f an ext5sive exp]i5ce t1 9 ?is disease1 fre% air1 & pl5ty ( x1 is ! be/ & pr9cipal rem$y4 ,,cru',,cible4 ,syn4 ,,melt+ ,,pot2 ,,crucibulum1 ,l42 ,,creuset1 ,fr4 ,a vessel us$ by metallurgi/s & *emi/s = hold+ sub/ances :il/ !y are expos$ to a high temp]ature4 ,! crucibles commonly us$ = fus+ metals are =m$ ( clay1 or a mixture ( plumbago & clay4 ,= c]ta9 purposes1 crucibles ( plat9um1 gold1 silv]1 iron1 porcela91 & lime1 are employ$4 ,crucibles1 ,e>?'en4 ,syn4 ,,clay ,,crucibles4 ,f fire-clay1 mix$ ) silica1 coke1 burnt clay1 or o!r infusible matt]4 ,manuf4 ,! mat]ials1 hav+ be5 gr\nd & knead$1 are g5]ally m\ld$ by h& ^u a wood5 block ( ! %ape ( ! cavity ( ! crucible4 ,ano!r me?od ( %ap+ a crucible consi/s 9 ramm+ ! +r$i5ts into a suitable m\ld1 =m$ ( /eel or gun-metal4 7,see engr47 ,illu/ration3 a a4 ,ext]nal /eel m\ld4 b b1 ,clay or composition = =m+ ! crucible4 c1 ,int]nal /eel m\ld4 d d1 ,wood5 /&4 e1 ,cord or *a9 to )draw ! int]nal m\ld or plug4 ,small crucibles are sometimes =m$ by p\r+ 'slip1' t is1 clay mix$ ) suffici5t wat] to give x ! consi/5ce ( cream1 into por\s m\lds1 made ( a species ( /ucco4 ,a s]ies ( ^! m\lds are plac$ ^u a table & fill$ ) ! semifluid composition4 ,by ! "t ! :ole 7say #ej or #fj7 are fill$1 ! 'slip' may be p\r$ out ( ! "o fir/ fill$1 leav+ only a v small quantity beh9d to give ! requisite ?ickness to ! bottom4 ,! second & ?ird may !n be treat$ 9 ! same way1 until ! :ole numb] h be5 att5d$ to4 ,9 ea* m\ld a p]fect crucible is =m$1 by ! ab/raction ( ! wat] ( t portion ( ! 'slip' 9 imm$iate contact ) ! /ucco1 & ! crucible is ei!r ?ick] or ?9n] 9 proportion to ! "t ?is absorb5t action has be5 all[$ to g on4 #gj or #hj crucibles may ?us be easily made 9 less ?an #ae m9utes4 ,! m\lds & _! cont5ts are next plac$ 9 a /ove or sl[ ov54 ,9 a %ort "t1 f ! contraction ( ! clay 9 dry+1 ! crucibles may be remov$1 & ! m\lds1 z soon z !y h become dry1 may be aga9 fill$2 by c>e !y w la/ = ye>s4 ,e>!n crucibles are us$ bo? 9 ! burnt & unburnt /ate4 ,small crucibles are g5]ally kiln-burnt be=e !y are us$1 b ! l>ge ,/\rbridge clay 'ca/+-pots1' :i* are ext5sively employ$ 9 brass f\ndries1 are nev] previ\sly burnt4 ,! foll[+ k9ds ( e>!n crucibles are mu* us$ 9 ! arts3-- ,crucibles1 ,corni%4 ,f ,teignm\? clay1 #a "p2 ,poole clay1 #a "p2 s& f ,/4 ,agnes's ,beacon1 ,cornwall1 #b p>ts4 ,:5 small] & less refractory crucibles are ne$$1 ! same mixture is employ$1 ) ! addition ( an eigh? "p ( ,*9a clay1 or ,kaol9ite f ,/4 ,au/ell4 ,^! crucibles are g5]ally made r\nd1 & ( two sizes1 ( :i* "o fits into ! o!r2 ! l>g] be+ #c in*es 9 diamet] at ! top1 & #c-a_/b in*es high outside measure4 ,!y are co>se 9 gra91 & ( a greyi%-:ite col\r1 spott$ ) d>k specks4 ,!y are always kiln-burnt4 ,( all crucibles1 none are m g5]ally useful = metallurgical exp]im5ts4 ,crucibles1 ,hessian4 ,f a mixture ( equal weights ( ,alm]ode clay & s&4 ,!y are g5]ally triangul> 9 %ape1 s t ! melt$ metal may be conv5i5tly p\r$ out f ea* corn]4 ,!y are usually sold 9 'ne/s' ( six crucibles1 fitt+ "o 9 ano!r4 ,9 ! "* ( _! body1 & 9 composition & qualities1 !y closely resemble ! ,corni%4 ,crucibles1 ,london4 ,f a v refractory clay4 ,!y h a r$di%-br[n col\r1 & are close 9 gra94 ,!y are exce$+ly useful 9 assay+1 z !y resi/ ! action ( fus$ oxide ( lead mu* bett] ?an mo/ clay crucibles4 ,be+ v liable to crack1 !y require to be us$ ) c>e4 ,,:ite ,,flux+-,,pots4 ,f a peculi> k9d ( =eign clay4 ,!y are manufactur$ by ! ,pat5t ,plumbago ,crucible ,company1 & are mu* e/eem$ by metallurgi/s1 be+ well m\ld$ & v refractory4 ,!y h a smoo? surface1 & )/& ! action ( fluxes satisfactorily4 ,crucibles1 ,/\rbridge-clay4 ,f ,/\rbridge clay1 #d p>ts2 burnt clay1 obta9$ by p\nd+ & gr9d+ old glass pots1 #b p>ts2 pipe-clay & coke-p[d]1 ( ea* #a "p4 ,an/ey's ,pat5t4 ,f ,/\rbridge clay1 #b p>ts2 h>d gas-coke 7previ\sly gr\nd & sift$ ?r\gh a sieve ( #a_/h?-in* me%71 #a "p4 ,obs4 ,^! crucibles ( ,/\rbridge clay are made l>ge en\gh to hold =ty p\nds or m ( melt$ brass4 ,!y are only dri$1 & n bak$4 ,= use !y are w>m$1 plac$ on ! furnace1 bottom upw>ds1 ! burn+ coke gradually heap$ r\nd !m1 & ! fir+ cont9u$ until !y acquire a fully r$ heat4 ,!y are !n quickly tak5 out ( ! furnace1 & put 9 aga9 ) ! m\? upw>ds4 ,if plac$ 9 ! furnace ) ! m\? upw>ds at fir/1 !y are sure to crack4 ,aft] !y h be5 once us$ & all[$ to become cold !y are wor?less4 ,crucibles1 ,plat'inum4 ,^! are indisp5sable in/rum5ts 9 ! laboratory ( ! analytical *emi/4 ,!y are *iefly employ$ 9 ! ignition ( precipitates1 & 9 ! fusion ( silicates ) c>bonat$ alkalies to r5d] !m soluble1 a prelim9>y /ep to _! analysis4 ,! mo/ ord9>y =m ( ! plat9um crucible is t ( a cup ) a flat bottom4 ,!y are always provid$ ) lids1 :i* are sometimes s con/ruct$ t !y may be us$1 :5 sep>at$ f ! crucibles1 z capsules = ignitions & evaporations4 ,plat9um crucibles are n act$ on by c>bonat$ alkalies at a high temp]ature1 b !y are liable to be s]i\sly damag$ by ! cau/ic alkalies4 ,precipitates ( ! m r$ucible metals mu/ nev] be ignit$ 9 ^! crucibles1 z ! r$uction ( ! metals w\ld infallibly de/roy ! vessels4 ,crucibles1 ,gold1 are exce$+ly useful = _m op]ations1 on acc\nt ( ! way :i* !y /& cau/ic & c>bonat$ alkalies1 & nitric acid1 :i* de/roy plat9um or silv] crucibles respectively4 ,_! drawbacks are _! great exp5se & ready fusibility4 ,crucibles1 ,silv]4 ,^! are mu* us$ = fusions ( alkalies1 be+ mu* less act$ on ?an plat9um crucibles1 & also = wat] analyses1 f _! *eapness & light weight4 ,!y are easily de/roy$1 h[ev]1 by acids4 ,crucibles1 ,plumba'g4 ,syn4 ,,graphite ,c41 ,,blacklead ,c41 ,,blue ,,pots4 ,f graphite1 gr\nd & sift$1 mix$ ) suffici5t refractory clay to r5d] x pla/ic4 ,!y are %ap$ by h& on an ord9>y pott]'s :eel1 or by m\lds ( metal l t figur$ above "u ! head ( ,,crucibles1 ,,e>!n4 ,prop41 c4 ,good blacklead crucibles1 ev5 :5 ( ! l>ge/ size1 support ! greate/ & mo/ sudd5 alt]nations ( temp]ature )\t crack+1 & may be us$ aft] repeat$ heat+ & cool+4 ,_! surface1 )9 z well z )\t1 may be made v smoo?1 s t p>ticles ( melt$ metal w n hang ab\t ! sides4 ,!y are n[ almo/ univ]sally us$ = melt+ ! preci\s metals4 ,crucibles1 ,por'cela94 ,^! beautiful vessels are n[ made 9 ,g]many & ,france ( all %apes & sizes4 ,!y are =m$ ( ! mo/ exquisitely :ite1 ?91 & h>d porcela91 :i* does n crack :5 heat$1 & :i* is b little act$ on by ! mo/ en]getic *emical reag5ts4 ,= "s op]ations !y sup]s$e plat9um crucibles1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ignition ( ! precipitates ( ! m r$ucible metals4 ,!y d n reta9 col\r+ matt]1 & are n por\s4 ,_! cov]s are excell5tly adapt$ = delicate cases ( te/+1 ! :it5ess ( ! porcela9 %[+ ! *anges ( col\r 9 a s+le drop ( liquid mo/ di/9ctly4 ,crucibles1 ,iron4 ,us$ *iefly = prep>+ common reag5ts1 z sulphide ( iron1 calcic *loride1 c41 & also = prep>+ pure cau/ic potassa f ! nitrate4 ,,crump',,et4 ,a sort ( muff9 or tea-cake1 v light & spongy4 ,prep4 ,f fl\r1 #b lbs41 made into a d\gh ) w>m milk-&-wat]1 add+ a little salt1 #c eggs 7well beat571 & #c teaspoonfuls ( yea/1 mix$ to ! consi/5ce ( ?ick batt]2 aft] /&+ be=e ! fire = a %ort "t1 to rise1 x is p\r$ into butt]$ t9s1 & bak$ sl[ly to a f9e yell[4 ,= ! table1 crumpets are toa/$ lightly on bo? sides1 butt]$1 pil$ on a hot di%1 & cut into halves4 ,,cru/4 ,! pa/e ) :i* pies1 t>ts1 c41 are made1 or cov]$4 #a4 7,,f9e47 ,f fl\r1 #a lb42 sug>1 #a_/d lb42 melt$ butt]1 #a_/b lb42 #c eggs2 milk1 q4 s4 ,requires little bak+4 #b4 7,,rais$ ,,cru/1 ,,= ,,meat ,,pies1 ,c47 ,z ! la/1 b us+ #f oz4 ( l>d = ! butt]1 & #b in/ead ( #c eggs4 #c4 7,,%ort47 ,f fl\r1 #a lb42 butt] & sug>1 ( ea* #b oz42 eggs1 #b 9 no42 made into a /iff pa/e4 ,obs4 ,! quality is improv$ if ! :ole or a portion ( ! butt] is employ$ 9 ! way direct$ "u ,,puff ,,pa/e4 ,= fur!r in=mation h]eon1 consult ! cook]y books ( ,acton1 ,beeton1 ,rundell1 & ,soy]4 ,,cry',,olite 7#c,na,f#a;,al,f#c74 ,a native d\ble fluoride ( alum9ium & sodium1 f\nd 9 l>ge quantities 9 ,gre5l&1 employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( alum1 & also z a s\rce ( metallic alum9ium4 ,,cryoph',,orus4 ,see ,,refrig]ation4 ,,crys',,tal4 ,a solid body1 hav+ a regul> geometrical =m4 ,! plane surfaces by :i* a cry/al is b\nd$ are t]m$ faces2 ^! int]sect 9 /raight l9es or edges2 & ^! aga9 meet 9 po9ts1 & =m angles4 ,! axis ( a cry/al is an imag9>y l9e pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre1 & t]m9at+ ei!r 9 ! middle ( two faces or ( two edges1 or 9 two angles2 & axes t]m9at+ 9 simil> p>ts ( a cry/al are nam$ simil> axes4 ,:5 ! axes ( a cry/al are prop]ly *os51 & plac$ 9 a "r position1 ! v>i\s faces are obs]v$ to gr\p !mselves 9 a regul> & beautiful mann] ar\nd ^! axes1 & to be all s relat$ to !m z to compose a connect$ s]ies1 produc$ accord+ to def9ite laws4 ,! multitud9\s =ms ( cry/als h be5 di/ribut$ by m9]alogi/s & *emi/s into six prim>y classes or sy/ems1 di/+ui%able f "o ano!r by ! relative positions & l5g?s ( ! ?ree axes ab\t :i* ! planes or faces are arrang$2 :ile ! diff]5t figures ( any p>ticul> sy/em are di/+ui%able by ! arrangem5t ( ! planes 9 respect to ! axes4 ,?us1 ! cube or hexah$ron1 ! rhombic dodecah$ron1 & ! octah$ron all belong to ! regul> sy/em1 :i* is *>act]is$ by #c equal axes cutt+ "o ano!r at "r angles4 ,b 9 ! cube ea* plane cuts #a axis1 & is p>allel to #b axes2 9 ! dodecah$ron ea* plane cuts #b axes1 & is p>allel to a ?ird2 :ile 9 ! octah$ron ea* plane cuts ! #c axes4 ,! names & def9itions ( ! six cry/all9e sy/ems are giv5 bel[3-- #a4 ,,regul> ,,sy/em4 ,! #c axes equal & rectangul>4 #b4 ,,squ>e ,,prismatic ,s4 #b equal axes4 ,! #c axes unequal1 #c4 ,,"r ,,prismatic ,s4 & rectangul>4 ,all unequal4 #d4 ,,rhomboh$ral ,s4 ,! #c axes equal1 b n rectangul>4 #e4 ,,oblique ,,prismatic ,s4 ,! #c axes n #a axis rectangul> to #b4 equal1 & n #f4 ,,d\bly ,o4,p4,s4 rectangul>4 ,none rectangul>4 ,,cry/allisation4 ,! act or process by :i* cry/als are =m$4 ,! frequ5t ref]5ce to ?is subject 9 ! pages ( ?is "w1 & ! con/ant employm5t ( ! process ( cry/allisation 9 ! manufacture ( salts1 c41 9 ! laboratory1 seem to po9t out ! necessity ( a few explanatory rem>ks !reon "u ?is head4 ,:5 fluid sub/ances are suff]$ to pass ) adequate sl[ness to ! solid /ate1 or :5 solutions ( solids are sl[ly conc5trat$ by evaporation1 or ! solv5t p[]s ( ! m5/ruum1 gradually less5$ by cool+1 ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt] frequ5tly s arrange !mselves z to =m regul> geometrical bodies1 famili>ly kn[n by ! "n ( cry/als4 ,?is wond]ful prop]ty1 :i* is possess$ by a great v>iety ( sub/ances 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 & by ne>ly all sal9e bodies1 is resort$ to = _m useful & important purposes 9 ! *emical arts4 ,x is by means ( cry/allisation t ! majority ( salts are obta9$ 9 a /ate ( purity2 = 9 ! act ( pass+ into ! cry/all9e /ate1 ! =eign sub/ances ) :i* !y are unit$ are left beh9d 9 ! "m-liquor4 ,salts are cry/allis$1 ei!r by all[+ _! hot & saturat$ solutions to cool sl[ly1 or by simply evaporat+ ! m5/rua z long z cry/als =m4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! liquid is commonly evaporat$ until a pellicle appe>s on ! surface1 :5 ! vessel is set aside 9 "s %elt]$ situation until cold1 at :i* "t ! cry/als are collect$1 & ! process repeat$ = fre% cry/als4 ,9 ! second case ! cry/als are usually remov$ f ! liquid z soon z !y are deposit$4 ,! fir/ me?od is adopt$ = ^? salts t are consid]ably m soluble 9 hot ?an 9 cold wat]1 z c>bonate ( soda1 ,epsom salts1 c42 ! la/ me?od1 = ^? t possess ne>ly equal solubility 9 bo? cases1 & also = _m salts :i* are n requir$ 9 h&some cry/als2 ?us common salt & *romate ( pota% are cry/allis$ 9 ?is way4 ,_m ( ! alkaloids1 & _! salts1 are obta9$ 9 cry/als1 by all[+ _! solutions 7g5]ally alcoholic or e!real7 to evaporate spontane\sly4 ,by repeat+ ! processes ( solution & cry/allisation two or ?ree times ) ! same body1 ! cry/als obta9$ by ! la/ op]ation w usually be f\nd to be q pure4 ,_m solids may be readily obta9$ 9 a cry/all9e /ate by melt+ !m & all[+ !m to cool v sl[ly4 ,?us1 iodide ( sulphur is cry/allis$ by melt+ x 9 a flask plac$ 9 a salt-wat] ba?1 & all[+ x to rema9 9 ! wat] until ! :ole becomes cold4 ,sulphur & _m metals are cry/allis$ by p\r+ !m1 9 a /ate ( fusion1 into a hot vessel hav+ a plug 9 ! bottom1 :i* is )drawn z soon z ! surface becomes cool1 :5 ! liquid portion runs out1 & leaves ! "u surface 9 ! =m ( a mass ( agglom]at$ cry/als4 ,p]fectly pure wax1 /e>9e1 & sp]maceti h a v pleas+ appe>ance :5 treat$ 9 ?is way4 ,,crys',,talloid4 ,see ,,dialysis4 ,,cu',,beb94 ,a peculi> sub/ance obta9$ f cubebs4 ,prep4 ,f cubebs 7f :i* ! oil has be5 expell$ by di/illation71 by dige/ion 9 alcohol1 evaporat+ ! result+ t9cture to "o f\r?1 filt]+1 & !n evaporat+ ! rema9+ fluid almo/ to dryness4 ,! residuum is left 9 a cold place until x assumes a semi-cry/all9e appe>ance1 :5 x is ?r[n on a filt]1 & ! fluid portion 7! 'cubeb9e' ( ,m4 ,cassola7 all[$ to dra9 (f4 ,9 #bd h\rs ! sub/ance left on ! filt] is dissolv$ 9 #d times its weight ( boil+ alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #ij71 ! solution all[$ to deposit its undissolv$ res9 7/ill ma9ta9+ x ne> ! boil+ temp]ature71 aft] :i* ! cle> portion is decant$4 ,! cry/als deposit$ z ! liquid cools are cubeb94 ,x is purifi$ by r$issolv+ x 9 boil+ conc5trat$ alcohol1 & ! addition ( a little boil+ wat] & animal *>coal1 :5 long1 :ite ne$les w be deposit$ if ! solution is all[$ to cool v sl[ly4 ,prop41 c4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]1 & ne>ly s 9 cold alcohol1 b v soluble 9 boil+ alcohol4 ,x /rikes a f9e crimson col\r ) sulphuric acid1 :i* rema9s unalt]$ = "s h\rs2 a prop]ty :i* di/+ui%es x f pip]94 ,its physiological action has be5 b little /udi$4 ,accord+ to ,dr ,grres1 ?is = ! mo/ "p resembles t ( cubebs4 ,,cu',,bebs4 ,syn4 ,,cubeb ,,pepp]2 ,,cubeba 7,b4 ,p4 ,u4 ,s471 ,,cubeb 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,! immature & /alk$ fruit ( ,pip] cubeba or ,cubeba (fic9alis4 ,cubebs are /imulant1 /oma*ic1 & aromatic1 l ! o!r pepp]s2 !y are also diuretic1 & appe> to possess a specific influ5ce ov] ! ur9o-g5ital organs4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr41 9 affections ( ! bladd] & pro/ate gl&1 & 9 gleet & leucorrhoea2 #a to #c dr41 9 ! e>ly & inflammatory /ages ( gonorrhoea1 9 piles1 c4 ,!y may be tak5 9 wat]1 milk1 or bitt] ale4 ,,cu',,cumb]4 ,! fruit ( ! ,cucumis sativus 7,l9n474 ,us$ z a salad vegetable4 ,x is some:at indige/ible1 b :5 prop]ly dress$1 ) pl5ty ( oil1 x may be eat5 )\t ! slighte/ fe> ( evil consequ5ces4 ,! practice ( p\r+ (f ! natural juice extract$ f ! cucumb] by salt _c be too /rongly condemn$4 ,see ,,elat]ium4 ,,cud',,be>4 ,syn4 ,,p]sio4 ,a dye-/uff obta9$ f ,lecanora t>t>ea & o!r li*5s1 by a process ne>ly simil> to t us$ 9 mak+ ,,ar*il4 ,! li*5 is wat]$ ) /ale ur9e or o!r ammoniacal liquor1 & suff]$ to f]m5t = #c or #d weeks1 aft] :i* ! :ole is p\r$ into a flat vessel1 & expos$ to ! air until ! ur9\s smell has disappe>$1 & x has assum$ a violet col\r4 ,x is !n gr\nd to p[d]4 ,its use is conf9$ to a few cases ( silk dye+1 :]e x is employ$ to yield %ades ( ruby & m>oon2 ^u wool x gives deep-r$ %ades4 ,! col\rs produc$ by x are v fugitive4 ,l ar*il1 !re are two v>ieties ( ?is dye-/uff--,,blue ,,cudbe> & ,,r$ ,,cudbe>4 ,see ,,ar*il4 ,,culm4 ,9 m9]alogy1 a slaty k9d ( ,,an?racite1 occurr+ 9 ,wales & ,nor? ,devon4 ,! t]m is also appli$ to any impure1 %aly k9d ( coal4 ,,cu',,m>94 ,see ,,c\m>94 ,,cu',,m94 ,syn4 ,,cym9i ,,sem9a1 ,,cym9um1 ,l4 ,! fruit 7se$7 ( ,cum9um cym9um4 ,x is c>m9ative & aromatic1 l ! c>away & anise4 ,see ,,pla/]4 ,,cu',,m9ol4 ,a col\rless1 transp>5t oil1 ( p[]ful od\r4 ,x exi/s ) ,,cymol 9 ,,oil ( ,,cum94 ,see ,,cymol4 ,,cu',,pellation4 ,! process ( assay+ gold & silv] & _! alloys by means ( ! ,,cupel4 ,see ,,assay+4 ,,cup',,p+4 ,?is me?od ( topical ble$+ is p]=m$ z foll[s3-- ,! sk9 be+ s(t5$ by means ( a sponge & w>m wat]1 & ! hair & o!r extrane\s sub/ances be+ previ\sly remov$1 "o ( ! small bell-l glasses 7,,cupp+-,,glasses2 ,,cucurbitu',l71 hav+ ! air conta9$ 9 x r>efi$ by be+ pass$ ov] ! flame ( a _s-lamp1 is imm$iately appli$ to ! "p4 ,f ! =mation ( a p>tial vacuum b5ea? ! cup1 ! pressure ( ! air on ! surr\nd+ surface causes t portion imm$iately "u ! cup to swell1 & ! vessels to become turgid4 ,:5 ?is has tak5 place ! cup is remov$1 & sev]al incisions are in/antly made by means ( a sc>ificator1 an in/rum5t conta9+ num]\s lancets1 :i*1 by means ( a spr+1 make a numb] ( incisions at ! same mom5t2 ! dep? ( ^! incisions be+ regulat$ by means ( a screw :i* protrudes or )draws ! lancets1 accord+ to ! vascul>ity ( ! "p1 or ! quantity ( blood to be ab/ract$4 ,! cupp+ glass is n[ aga9 appli$4 ,:5 a suffici5t quantity ( blood has be5 collect$ 9 ! cup1 x is remov$ by g5tly introduc+ ! nail ( "o ( ! f+]s "u ! upp] edge1 by :i* means1 air be+ all[$ to ent]1 ! cup becomes deta*$4 ,! "p be+ wa%$ ) w>m wat] to remove any clots ( blood1 ano!r cup is appli$ z be=e1 & ! op]ation cont9u$ until a suffici5t quantity ( blood is )drawn4 ,sometimes1 especially :5 appli$ to ! scalp1 ! cups fill s rapidly ) blood z to become deta*$ almo/ imm$iately on be+ appli$4 ,?is me?od ( local ble$+ is frequ5tly call$ ',,cupp+ ,,) ,,sc>ifications1' ,:5 cupp+-glasses are appli$ )\t ! use ( ! lancet or sc>ificator1 ! op]ation is call$ ',,dry ,,cupp+1' & is mu* us$ to cause a spe$y irritation ( ! sk9 & reaction1 = ! relief ( oppressive brea?+1 local pa9s1 c4 ,to obta9 ! full b5efit f ?is op]ation1 ! cups %\ld be suff]$ to rema9 ^u ! "p until !y cause an exudation ( a small quantity ( s]um1 or a consid]able am\nt ( irritation ( ! "p4 ,dry cupp+ has be5 f\nd extremely b5eficial 9 poison$ w\nds2 z x acts n only by ab/ract+ ! poison1 b also1 by ! pressure ! glasses ex]cise on & ar\nd ! "p1 9 prev5t+ ! absorption ( x4 ,obs4 ,= ! op]ation ( cupp+1 a bas9 ( hot wat]1 sponges1 & clean1 s(t t[els1 %\ld be provid$4 ,9 clumsy h&s1 cupp+ is occasionally a sev]e & pa9ful op]ation2 b ?is is n ! case ) ! skilful op]ator4 ,a good cupp] does n exhau/ mu* ( ! air 9 ! cup be=e apply+ x1 b simply passes its m\? rapidly ov] ! flame ( ! lamp4 ,:5 x is held ov] ! flame ev5 = a few seconds1 ! compression ( ! edge ( ! cup ^u ! sk9 is s great1 t x *ecks ! fl[ ( ! blood to ! sc>ifi$ "p4 ,a good cupp] also removes ! cup )\t spill+ ! cont5ts1 & completes ! :ole op]ation quickly & neatly4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 few p]sons1 :o are n pr(essional cupp]s1 :o are suffici5tly exp]t to exhau/ ! air 9 ! cup by means ( ! common lamp2 al?\gh x is by f> ! be/4 ,a good plan is to r>ify ! air 9 ! cup by means ( a small cone ( pap]1 dipp$ 9 spirits ( w9e1 or /rong br&y2 ?is is ignit$ & ?r[n 9 ! cup1 :i* is in/antly to be appli$ to ! prop] spot4 ,:]e cupp+-glasses & ! sc>ificator are n to be _h1 w9e-glasses1 or any v small tumbl]s1 may be sub/itut$ = ! fir/2 & small incisions by means ( a ?umb lancet w answ] ! purpose ( ! o!r4 ,! cicatrices ( ! sc>ification leave p]man5t m>ks on ! sk92 on :i* acc\nt1 :5 blood is to be drawn f ! head or neck1 ! glasses %\ld be appli$ beh9d ! e>s1 & a portion ( hair remov$ 9 su* a mann] t ! "p may be cov]$ by :at rema9s4 ,a mo/ conv5i5t cupp+ app>atus is manufactur$ by ,mr ,bigg1 ! em95t surgical in/rum5t mak] ( ,leice/] ,squ>e1 consi/+ ( cups & an exhau/+ syr+e1 s arrang$ t ! use ( ! _s-lamp is r5d]$ unnecess>y1 & ! op]ation ( cupp+ may be p]=m$ ne>ly z exp]tly by an inexp]i5c$ nurse z by ! mo/ accompli%$ pr(essional op]ator4 ,x is invaluable 9 places remote f t[n4 ,,cur>',,ine4 ,syn4 ,,cur>ia4 ,! vegeto-alkal9e base ( cur>a1 ur>i1 woor>a1 woorali1 or w\rali1 ! arr[-poison ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,9 physiological effects cur>9e is antagoni/ic to /ry*nia1 a fact :i* has l$ to its be+ propos$ z an antidote = ! latt] poison4 ,cur>9e is also said to h be5 employ$ 9 ,g]many 9 ! treatm5t ( hydrophobia ) su* success t ! pati5t to :om x 0 adm9i/]$ recov]$4 ,x is a mo/ pot5t poison1 & %\ld n be all[$ to come into contact ) ! f+]s4 ,,curb4 ,9 horses4 ,an enl>gem5t at ! back ( a horse's hock caus$ by injur+ a ligam5t 9 ?is region4 ,see ,,spra94 ,,curcu',,m94 ,! yell[ col\r+ matt] ( turm]ic1 obta9$ by dige/+ ! alcoholic extract ( ! p[d] 9 e!r1 & evaporat+ ! cle> e!real solution to dryness4 ,a br[ni%-yell[ mass1 yield+ a bright-yell[ p[d]4 ,x is sc>cely soluble 9 wat]1 b v soluble 9 bo? alcohol & e!r4 ,boracic & hydro*loric acids r$d5 x2 alkalies turn x r$di% br[n4 ,,curd4 ,coagulat$ case94 ,see ,,*eese4 ,,cur',,rants4 ,! currants ( our g>d5 are v>ieties ( ! ,ribes rubrum & ,ribes nigrum4 7,l9n47 ,! fir/ includes ,,r$ ,,currants & ,,:ite ,,currants2 ! fruit ( bo? ( :i* are g5tly acidul\s1 cool+1 & :olesome4 ,! juice makes excell5t w9e4 ,! fruit ( ! la/ 7,,black ,,currants1 ,,qu9sy-,,b]ries7 is ap]itive1 & has be5 us$ 9 calcul\s affections2 ! juice is made into w9e1 jellies1 jams1 loz5ges1 c4 ,! "y leaves are us$ z a sub/itute = tea2 "o or two buds1 or half a small leaf1 imp>t to black tea ! flav\r & fragrance ( gre54 ,! currants ( ! groc]s 7,,zante ,,currants7 are a small v>iety ( dri$ grapes4 ,! ^w currant is a corruption ( ,cor9?1 :5ce ! fruit orig9ally came4 ,,cur',,ry4 ,syn4 ,,currie4 ,a not$ di% 9 ,indian cook]y1 mu* e/eem$ ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/4 ,curries are simply /ews1 ( :i* rice usually =ms a *>act]i/ic +r$i5t1 highly flav\r$ ) fri$ onions & curry p[d]1 to :i* slic$ apples & lemon juice are sometimes add$4 ,!y are made f e v>iety ( fi%1 meat1 p\ltry1 game1 c41 accord+ to ! fancy ( ! p>ties4 ,to make a ,di% ( ,curry4--,cut an onion into slices & fry x ) an apple1 f9ely *opp$1 9 two ounces ( dripp+2 !n add slices ( cold meat2 mix a dess]t-spoonful ( curry p[d] & "o ( fl\r 9 half a p9t ( wat]2 p\r x ov] ! meat1 & %ake ! :ole ov] ! fire till x boils4 ,cur'ry ,p[d]4 ,prep4 7,kit*5]47 ,f cori&]-se$1 #a_/d lb42 turm]ic1 #a_/d lb42 c9namon-se$1 #b oz42 cay5ne1 #a_/b oz42 mu/>d1 #a oz42 gr\nd g+]1 #a oz42 allspice1 #a_/b oz42 f5ugreek-se$1 #b oz42 all dri$ ?or\ghly1 p\nd$ 9 a mort>1 rubb$ ?r\gh a sieve1 & mix$ toge!r4 ,! fam\s ,ceylon curry p[d] is said by ,dr ,balf\r to h ! foll[+ r indef9ite composition3--,a piece ( gre5 g+]1 two fragm5ts ( g>lic1 a few cori&] & cum9 se$s1 six small onions1 "o dry ,*ili1 eight pepp]corns1 a small piece ( turm]ic1 half a dess]t-spoonful ( butt]1 half a cocoa-nut1 & half a lime4 ,= x to be 9 p]fection ! p[d] %\ld be made ! day on :i* x is cook$4 ,obs4 ,! above mu/ be reg>d$ z m]ely a sub/itute = ,indian curry p[d]1 :i* conta9s _m +r$i5ts n to be obta9$ 9 ,engl&4 ,x %\ld be kept 9 a bottle closely cork$ or /opp]$4 ,! curry p[d] sold at ! pres5t "t consi/s ( cori&]-se$1 turm]ic1 cay5ne1 f5ugreek-se$1 & a l>ge proportion ( sago-fl\r4 ,,cus',,con9e4 ,see ,,aric9e4 ,,cuspa'',,ria4 ,syn4 ,,cusp>ia ,,b>k 7,b4 ,p471 ,,ango/u'',,ra ,b42 ,,cor',,tex ,,ango/u'',r1 ,c4 ,,cuspa'',,ri1 ,,cusp>ia 7,ph4 ,l4 & ,e471 ,l4 ,! b>k ( ,galipea cusp>ia 7,ph4 ,l471 or ,galipea (fic9alis 7,ph4 ,e474 ,a valuable drug1 import$ directly or indirectly f ,s\? ,am]ica4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #cj gr41 z a tonic1 /oma*ic1 & febrifuge1 9 simil> cases to ^? 9 :i* ,,casc>illa1 ,,calumba1 & ,,c9*ona1 are commonly giv54 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,*>act]s4 ,false ,ango/ura4 ,true ,ango/ura4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,flat or roll$ ,=m ,?ick1 rug\s1 roll$ ^u up1 little itself4 ,edges cut p]p5dicul>ly4 wr9kl$1 edges bevell$4 ,br[n1 or gre5i%-yell[1 pres5t+ protub]ances or excresc5ces1 produc$ by ,col\r ! great developm5t ,greyi%-yell[4 ( ! corky lay]1 :i* has a /ill m yell[ col\r4 ,ta/e ,v bitt]4 ,bitt]4 ,reaction ,r$ col\r :5 dropp$ ,yell[ ) ,nitric ^u ! b>k4 col\r4 ,acid4 ,ango/ura or cusp>ia b>k has fall5 into comp>ative disuse1 9 consequ5ce ( nux vomica or false ango/ura b>k hav+ =m]ly1 9 sev]al in/ances1 be5 mi/ak5 = x1 & adm9i/]$ ) fatal results4 ,! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ^! two b>ks h be5 po9t$ out by ,m4 ,gib\rt4 7,see previ\s table47 ,,cusp>',,94 ,syn4 ,,ango/u'',,r91 ,,ango/u'',,ra4 ,! bitt] pr9ciple ( ,cusp>ia-b>k4 ,x is neutral2 cry/allises 9 tetrah$rons2 is easily fusible2 soluble 9 rectifi$ spirits1 9 acids1 & 9 alkal9e solutions4 ,x is precipitat$ ( a :iti% col\r by t9cture ( galls4 ,,cus',,t>d4 ,a composition ( milk1 or cream1 & eggs1 sweet5$ ) sug>1 & v>i\sly flav\r$4 ,cu/>ds may be cook$ ei!r 9 ! ov5 or /ew-pan4 ,prep4 #a4 7,soy]47 ,milk 7boil+71 #a p9t2 sug>1 #b oz42 ?9 yell[ peel ( half a lemon2 mix1 & set x aside = a %ort "t2 !n take eggs1 #d 9 no41 beat !m well 9 a bas92 add1 gradually1 ! milk 7n too hot71 pass ! mixture ?r\gh a col&] or sieve1 & fill ! cu/>d cups ) x2 ^! are !n to be plac$ ov] ! fire 9 a /ew-pan1 conta9+ ab\t "o in* ( hot wat]1 & left !re = #ab m9utes1 or till suffici5tly set4 ,! above is = ,,pla9 ,,cu/>ds2 b x =ms a good basis to receive any ( ! usual flav\r+ +r$i5ts1 z fre% or /ew$ fruit1 peels1 ess5ces1 orange-fl[] wat]1 br&y1 or o!r spirits1 c4 #b4 7,rundell47 ,z ! la/1 b us+ cream in/ead ( milk1 or equal p>ts ( ! two1 ) #b additional eggs4 ,v ri*2 l ! la/1 any suitable flav\r+ matt] may be add$ to x4 #c4 7,,almond ,,cu/>ds1--,rundell47 ,z ei!r ( ! above1 add+ blan*$ sweet almonds1 #d oz42 bitt] d41 #f 9 no42 beat5 to a smoo? pa/e4 #d4 7,,bak$ ,,cu/>ds1--,rundell47 ,f cream1 #a p9t1 ) #d eggs2 flav\r$ ) mace1 nutmeg1 & c9namon1 & add a little :ite w9e1 rose-wat]1 & sug>2 bake 9 cups4 #e4 7,,c(fee ,,cu/>ds1--,soy]47 ,hot milk & /rong-made c(fee1 ( ea* #a_/b p9t2 sug>1 #b oz42 dissolve1 & add x1 gradually1 to #d eggs 7well beat571 & proce$ z 9 ,no4 #a4 ,*ocolate cu/>ds & cocoa cu/>ds are made 9 ! same way4 #f4 7,,cold ,,cu/>d1 = invalids1--,dewees47 #a egg2 sug>1 a tablespoonful2 beat well toge!r2 & add1 gradually1 con/antly /irr+1 cold wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 rose wat]1 #b teaspoonfuls2 & a little grat$ nutmeg4 ,an agreeable & nutriti\s demulc5t4 ,a w9e-glassful e #b or #c h\rs1 or ad libitum4 #g4 7,,lemon ,,cu/>ds1--,rundell47--a4 ,z ,no4 #a 7ne>ly71 us+ a little m lemon peel4 ,9 ! same way orange cu/>ds are made1 b us+ orange peel4 b4 ,f c&i$ lemon peel & lump sug>1 ( ea* #b oz41 beat5 9 a mort> q f9e1 & add$ to ei!r ,no4 #a or ,no4 #b4 ,orange & citron cu/>ds may be made 9 ! same mann]4 ,a little orange-fl[] wat]1 or m>sala1 or %]ry1 may be also add$ at pleasure4 ,!y are be/ bak$4 #h4 7,,orange ,,cu/>ds47 ,z above1 ,no4 #g1 a & b4 #i4 7,,rice ,,cu/>ds1--,rundell47 ,boil #a_/b a cupful ( ! be/ gr\nd rice 9 a p9t ( milk until dissolv$1 !n mix x ) a qu>t ( cream2 flav\r ) nutmeg1 mace1 & a little br&y1 & put x into a cup or a di%4 ,,cut*4 ,see ,,cate*u4 ,,cuttle-,,fi%4 ,! bone or skeleton ( ! ,sepia (fic9alis ( ,l9nu1 or common cuttle-fi% 7,,cuttle-,,fi% ,,bone2 ,,os ,,se',,pi71 is us$ by ! law-/ation]s to erase ink-m>ks f pap] & p>*m5t1 an application famili> to mo/ s*oolboys ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,r$uc$ to p[d] 7,,pul',,vis ,,se',,pi71 x =ms a valuable d5tifrice & poli%+ p[d]1 & is us$ = =m+ ! m\lds = small silv] ca/+s4 ,illu/ration ,! ,sepias1 :i* inhabit ! seas ( all qu>t]s ( ! globe1 l ! o!r cephalapoda1 are c>nivor\s4 ,!y are able to ex]cise consid]able locomotive p[]s1 by means ( _! t5tacul or arms :i* surr\nd ! m\?1 & :i* are usually provid$ ) num]\s suck]s4 ,head d[nw>d1 !y walk on ^! arms at ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,! sepias are also fleet swimm]s2 effect+ _! progress ?r\gh ! wat] ei!r by mak+ ! expansion ( _! sk9 p]=m ! same (fice z f9s2 or by ! =cible projection ( wat] f ! cavity ( _! m\?s1 ! reaction accompany+ :i* op]ation drives !m rapidly ?r\gh ! wat] 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,!y are provid$ sometimes ) eight1 & sometimes ) t5 t5tacul1 & h nak$ bodies4 ,! black fluid :i* ! animal is capable ( eject+ f its ink-sac1 :5 pursu$ by its enemies1 0 =m]ly employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! pigm5t call$ f its s\rce sepia4 ,illu/ration ,,cuts4 ,^! are incis$ w\nds ( great] or less ext5t1 & mu/ be treat$ accord+ly4 ,! divid$ p>ts %\ld be drawn close toge!r1 & held s ) small pieces ( /rapp+ or adhesive pla/] /ret*$ across ! w\nd4 ,if ! "p is cov]$ ) blood1 x %\ld be fir/ wip$ ) a damp sponge4 ,:5 ! w\nd is l>ge & x is mu* expos$1 a good me?od is to sew ! p>ts up4 ,! application ( a little creasote or a spiritu\s solution ( creasote w g5]ally /op local ble$+1 provid$ x is appli$ to ! clean extremities ( ! w\nd$ vessels4 ,a good way is to place a piece ( l9t1 moi/5$ ) creasote1 on ! w\nd1 previ\sly wip$ clean1 or to p\r a drop or two ( t liquid on x4 ,an excell5t me?od is to cov] ! "p ) a film ( collodion4 ,fri>'s balsam1 quick-dry+ copal v>ni%1 t9cture ( galls1 copp]as wat]1 black ink1 c41 are popul> rem$ies appli$ 9 ! same way4 ,a bit ( ! fur pluck$ f a black beav] hat is an excell5t rem$y to /op ! ble$+ f a cut produc$ by ! razor 9 %av+4 ,a cobweb is said to possess ! same prop]ty4 ,,cy',,anate4 ,syn4 ,,cy',,anas1 ,l4 ,a salt 9 :i* ! hydrog5 ( cyanic acid is replac$ by a metal or o!r basic radical4 ,,cyan',,ic ,,acid4 ,,hcno4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,cyan',,icum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,cyanuric acid1 depriv$ ( its wat] ( cry/allisation1 is di/ill$ 9 a retort1 & ! product collect$ 9 a well-cool$ receiv]4 #b4 7,liebig47 ,a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas is pass$ ?r\gh wat] 9 :i* cyanate ( silv] is diffus$1 ! process be+ susp5d$ be=e all ! cyanate ( silv] is decompos$4 ,prop41 c4 ,cyanic acid is a limpid1 col\rless liquid2 x r$d5s litmus2 is s\r to ! ta/e2 possesses a modifi$ sulphur\s od\r1 simil> to t :i* is always p]ceiv$ :5 any ( its salts are decompos$ by an acid2 x =ms salt ) ! bases call$ ,,cyanates2 :5 9 contact ) wat] x suff]s decomposition 9 a few h\rs1 & is conv]t$ into bic>bonate ( ammonia2 x _c be pres]v$ = any "t1 z %ortly aft] its prep>ation x spontane\sly passes into a :ite1 opaque1 solid mass1 to :i* ! "n ,,cyamelide has be5 giv54 ,by di/illation ?is new sub/ance is reconv]t$ into cyanic acid4 ,,cy',,anide4 ,syn4 ,,cyan',,uret2 ,,cyan',,idum1 ,,cyanure',,tum1 ,l4 ,! comp\nd =m$ by ! union ( cyanog5 ) a metal or o!r radical4 ,see ,,cyanog51 ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid1 & ! respective bases4 ,cyanide1 ,al'kal9e4 ,syn4 ,,crude ,,cyanide ,,( ,,potassium ,,& ,,sodium4 ,prep4 7,r4 ,wagn]47 ,dry f]rocyanide ( potassium1 #d p>ts1 dry c>bonate ( soda1 #a "p1 are melt$ toge!r 9 an iron crucible at a r$ heat1 & cont9ually /irr$ until ! iron rod comes out cov]$ ) a :ite cru/1 :5 ! heat is )drawn1 & aft] a few mom5ts' repose ! sup]natant liquid portion is p\r$ out on a clean iron slab4 ,?is crude mix$ cyanide is q z useful z ! m exp5sive "o ( ,liebig1 & is equally fit = te*nical applications1 z electrotyp+1 gild+1 silv]+1 c4 ,see ,,potassium1 ,,cyanide ,,(4 ,,cy',,an9e4 ,a base discov]$ by ,mr ,g4 ,williams 9 ,,*9ol9e ,,blue4 ,see bel[4 ,cyan9e1 ,i'odide (4 ,syn4 ,,*9',,ol9e ,,blue4 ,! action ( iodide ( amyl ^u *9ol9e gives rise to iodide ( amyl*9ol9e4 ,addition ( excess ( soda to an aque\s solution ( ?is iodide produces a black res9\s precipitate1 :i* dissolves 9 alcohol ) a magnific5t blue col\r4 ,?is precipitate is ! ,,iodide ,,( ,,cyan9e1 or ,,*9ol9e ,,blue4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to use x 9 dye+2 !y h1 h[ev]1 fail$ on acc\nt ( ! in/ability ( ! col\r4 ,,cyan',,og54 ,,cn or ,cy4 ,a highly important comp\nd radical or quasi elem5t1 discov]$ by ,m4 ,gay ,lussac 9 #ahae4 ,be/ obta9$ by c>efully ignit+ dry cyanide ( m]cury 9 a small retort1 & collect+ ! gas ov] m]cury4 ,prop41 c4 ,a col\rless gas1 possess+ a pung5t & peculi> od\r1 resembl+ t ( pea*-k]nels or prussic acid2 "u a pressure ( ab\t #d atmosph]es1 at a temp]ature ( #de1 x assumes ! liquid =m 7,f>aday71 & ?is fluid aga9 becomes gase\s on )drawal ( ! pressure2 wat] absorbs ne>ly #e times its bulk ( cyanog5 at #fj ,fahr41 & alcohol ab\t #bc times its volume2 ) hydrog5 x =ms hydrocyanic acid1 & ) ! metals a mo/ int]e/+ & important class ( bodies call$ cyanides or cyanurets2 :5 k9dl$1 x burns ) a beautiful purple flame1 c>bonic acid & nitrog5 be+ evolv$4 ,sp gr4 #ahjf4 ,see ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid1 c4 ,=ms a bromide & iodide :5 ! cyanide ( m]cury is di/ill$ ) brom9e or iod9e1 & :i* are col\rless1 volatile1 highly poison\s solids2 & two isom]ic *lorides1 "o a v volatile liquid1 prep>$ by pass+ *lor9e ov] moi/ cyanide ( m]cury1 & ! o!r 9 :ite volatile ne$les1 prep>$ by expos+ aque\s hydrocyanic acid to *lor9e 9 sun%9e4 ,,cyanu'',,ric ,,acid4 ,h#c;,c#c,n#c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,pyro-,u'',,ric ,,aciddagg]4 ,a peculi> acid1 discov]$ by ,s*eele4 ,x is a product ( ! decomposition ( ! soluble cyanates by dilute acids1 or ( urea by heat1 c4 ,,cy',,d]4 ,see ,,cid]4 ,,cy',,don9e4 ,! peculi> gum ( qu9ce se$4 ,x resembles bassor9 9 mo/ ( its prop]ties4 ,,cy',,mid9e4 ,an oily base1 homolog\s ) anil9e1 obta9$ by ! action ( iron fil+s & acetic acid on nitro-cymol4 ,,cy',,mol4 ,a peculi> hydroc>bon f\nd 9 oil ( cum91 9 admixture ) cum9ol4 ,! two bodies are sep>able 9 a great measure by di/illation1 cymol be+ ! mo/ volatile portion ( ! oil4 ,,cynap9e4 ,an alkaloid obta9$ f ?usa cynapium1 or fool's p>sley4 ,x possesses no practical int]e/4 ,,cy/ic]ci4 ,^! p>asites are embryo tnia or tapeworm1 infe/+ ! bodies ( m5 & diff]5t animals4 ,"o v>iety ( ! cy/ic]ci has its habitat 9 ! organisms ( m51 pigs1 ox51 horses1 camels1 %eep1 & roe-de]2 ano!r 9 ! muscles & int]nal organs ( cattle2 a ?ird is f\nd 9 cattle1 %eep1 horses1 ! re9de]1 squirrels1 c]ta9 k9ds ( monkeys1 & occasionally 9 man2 :il/ a f\r?--! ,cy/]cus cellulos--is m especially met ) 9 measly pork4 ,pr(essor ,gamgee believes t probably #e p] c5t4 ( ! pigs 9 ,irel& are affect$ ) ?is la/ cy/]cus4 ,! foll[+ figure repres5ts a piece ( measly pork infe/$ ) cy/ic]ci4 ,pr(essor ,leuck>t seems to h %[n pretty conclusively t man may become infe/$ ) a c]ta9 =m ( tapeworm by p>tak+ ( imp]fectly cook$ veal or beef1 infe/$ ) ! second v>iety ( ! p>asite4 ,illu/ration ,,cy/',,ine4 ,c#c,,nh#g,,s#b4 ,syn4 ,,cy/',,ic ,,oxide4 ,obta9$ f cy/ic oxide calculi 79 p[d]7 by dige/ion 9 solution ( ammonia4 ,by spontane\s evaporation ! ammoniacal solution deposits small1 col\rless cry/als ( cy/ic oxide4 ,x =ms a sal9e comp\nd ) hydro*loric acid1 & is decompos$ by ! /rong alkalies4 ,,cy',,tis9e4 ,a purgative bitt] pr9ciple1 extract$ f ! ,cytisus ,laburnum 7,l9n471 or common laburnum1 & "s o!r plants4 ,,dagu]re',,otype4 ,see ,,photography4 ,,da'',,hlia ,,dye 7dale'-y'7a74 ,! %ade ( col\r :i* is commonly t]m$ 'dahlia' is a r$di% lilac4 ,x is produc$ by comb9+ a blue or purple ) r$ :5 a comp\nd col\r is us$4 ,^u wool & silk x c be obta9$ directly by means ( ar*il or cudbe>1 ei!r alone or 'blu$' by a small quantity ( sulphate ( indigo4 ,^u cotton indiff]5t %ades ( dahlia are obta9$ by mac]at+ 9 sumac liquor1 work+ 9 t9 solution1 & dye+ 9 logwood mix$ ) "s r$ wood4 ,,da'',,hl9e4 ,a species ( fecula obta9$ f ! tub]s ( ! dahlia4 ,x is id5tical ) inul9e4 ,x is n employ$ 9 ! arts4 ,,dair',y4 ,! place :]e milk is kept1 & *eese & butt] made4 ,! be/ situation = a dairy is on ! nor? side ( ! dwell+-h\se1 9 ord] t x may be %elt]$ f ! sun dur+ ! heat ( ! day4 ,ample means %\ld be provid$ to ensure v5tilation1 & at ! same "t to exclude flies & o!r insects4 ,! temp]ature %\ld be pres]v$1 z mu* z possible1 9 an equable /ate1 rang+ f #de to #ee ,fahr4 ,to less5 ! influ5ce ( ext]nal v>iations ( temp]ature1 ! walls %\ld be d\ble1 or ( consid]able ?ickness1 & ! w9d[s provid$ ) %utt]s or doors4 ,9 summ] ! beat may be less5$ by spr9kl+ wat] on ! floor1 :i* w produce consid]able cold by its evaporation4 ,dairies built ( mud or 'cob' are pref]r$ 9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl&2 & ?is pref]5ce arises f ! uni=m temp]ature !y ma9ta91 on acc\nt ( ! great ?ickness ( ! walls1 & _! be+ v bad conductors ( heat4 ,9 l>ge dairy-f>ms1 :]e butt] & *eese are made1 ! dairy is g5]ally a sep>ate build+1 & divid$ into #c or #d ap>tm5ts2 "o ( :i* is call$ ! 'milk-room1' a second ! '*urn+-room1' a ?ird ! '*eese-room1' conta9+ ! *eese-press1 c42 & a f\r? ! 'dry+-room1' :]e ! *eeses are plac$ to dry & h>d54 ,to ^! may be add$ a scull]y1 furni%$ ) boil]1 wat]1 c41 = scald+ & clean+ ! dairy ut5sils4 ,cleanl9ess is v ess5tial 9 all ! op]ations ( ! dairy1 & 9 none m s ?an 9 ! milk+ ( ! c[s4 ,! h&s & arms ( ! milkmaid %\ld be kept scrupul\sly clean1 & %\ld be well wa%$ ) soap & wat] aft] t\*+ ! udd] ( a sick c[1 z )\t ?is precaution ! sores may be convey$ to ! heal?y ones4 ,! milk-cans %\ld be scald$ out daily1 &1 z well z all ! o!r dairy ut5sils1 %\ld be kept clean & dry4 ,be=e plac+ ! milk on ! %elves ( ! dairy x %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh a hair sieve or a se>ce cov]$ ) clean *eese-clo?1 z by ?is precaution any /ray hairs t may h fall5 into ! milk-pail w be tak5 out4 ,! av]age produce ( a mil* c[1 suppli$ ) good pa/urage1 is ab\t #c gallons daily f ,lady-day to ,mi*aelmas1 & f t "t to ,febru>y ab\t #a gallon daily4 ,c[s ( good bre$ w be pr(itable milk]s1 to #ad or #ae ye>s ( age1 if well f$4 ,see ,,butt]1 ,,*eese1 ,,cream1 c4 ,d',,albespyre',s ,,bli/]+ ,,tissue4 ,l>d & %ip's pit*1 ( ea* #a "p2 res9a flav4 & yell[ wax1 ( ea*1 #d p>ts2 f9ely p[d]$ can?>ides1 #f p>ts2 melt$ toge!r1 & spread ov] taffety4 ,,damas',,cus ,,blades4 ,see ,,/eel4 ,,dam5pulv]--,ladies' ,p[d] 7,j4 ,pohlmann1 ,vi5na74 ,a face p[d] compos$ ( #ad p>ts :ite lead1 #g ( talc1 #a ( magnesia1 col\r$ ) c>m9e & p]fum$ ) volatile oil4 ,,damm>4 ,a res9 employ$ 9 m\nt+ _m microscopic objects2 su* z tee?1 hair1 h>d bone1 & mo/ tissues :i* h be5 previ\sly h>d5$ by treatm5t ) alcohol & *romic acid4 ,damm> is prep>$ = use z foll[s3-- a4 ,gum damm>1 #a_/b oz42 oil turp5t9e1 #a oz42 dissolve & filt]4 b4 ,gum ma/ic1 #a_/b oz42 *lor(orm1 #b oz42 dissolve & filt]4 ,add solution a to solution b4 7,dr ,kle947 ,if all[$ to become ?ick by dry+1 damm> may be us$ z lut+4 ,,damp1 "u any =m1 %\ld be avoid$4 ,a humid atmosph]e or situation is "o ( ! commone/ causes ( agues1 a/hmas1 rheumatism1 & num]\s o!r diseases4 ,damp ,l95 is v injuri\s1 & %\ld be especially avoid$4 ,9 travell+1 :5 x is expect$ t ! b$ has n be5 prop]ly air$1 a good plan is to sleep betwe5 ! blankets4 ,to asc]ta9 ?is po9t ! b$ may be w>m$1 & a cold1 dry1 glass tumbl] imm$iately aft]w>ds introduc$ betwe5 ! %eets1 9 an inv]t$ position4 ,aft] x has rema9$ a few seconds1 x %\ld be exam9$1 :51 if x is f\nd dry1 & undimm$ by /eam1 x may be fairly presum$ t ! b$ is well air$2 b if ! rev]se %\ld be ! case1 x %\ld be avoid$4 ,:5 x is impossible to prev5t ! use ( damp l951 z articles ( dress1 ! be/ way to obviate any ill effects is to keep con/antly 9 motion & avoid rema9+ ne> ! fire1 or 9 a w>m ap>tm5t1 or 9 a draught ( cold air until suffici5t "t has elaps$ to all[ ( ! escape ( ! moi/ure4 ,! effect ( evaporation is ! r$uction ( ! temp]ature ( ! body2 h5ce ! depress+ action ( damp l954 ,damp ,walls4 ,ivy plant$ aga9/ ! s\nd wall ( a h\se is said to exclude dampness4 ,if a wall is already damp1 ivy plant$ aga9/ x w1 :5 gr[n up1 cause x to become dry1 provid$ ! brickwork is s\nd & ! dampness does n arise f moi/ure attract$ upw>ds f ! f\ndation4 ,sometimes1 :5 ivy is propagat$ f fl[]+ bran*es1 x w n adh]e to a wall at all2 ! way to get ov] ?is difficulty is to cut x back to ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! "y wood :i* w !n =m w take hold & cl+ imm$iately to almo/ any?+4 ,! foll[+ is said to be a good application = damp walls3--,dissolve #c_/d lb4 ( mottl$ soap 9 #a gallon ( wat]4 ,?is composition is to be laid ov] ! brickwork /eadily & c>efully ) a l>ge ?ick bru%1 b n 9 su* a mann] z to =m a fro? or la!r on ! surface4 ,x mu/ be all[$ #bd h\rs to dry on ! walls4 ,n[ mix #a_/b lb4 alum ) #d gallons ( wat]2 let x /& #bd h\rs1 & !n apply x ov] ! coat+ ( soap4 ,! op]ation mu/ be p]=m$ 9 dry wea!r4 ,,dam',,son4 ,a species ( small black plum1 mu* us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( t>ts1 c4 ,damsons are r apt to disagree ) delicate /oma*s1 & also to affect ! b[els4 ,see ,,plum4 ,,dan',,c+4 ,! practice ( danc+ z an amusem5t or ex]cise mu/ be almo/ z old z ! human race itself4 ,yet1 not)/&+ its antiquity & preval5ce among/ all nations1 bo? b>b>\s & ref9$1 ! propriety & advantages ( its cultivation are ( a v que/ionable "*4 ,9 a hygi5ic po9t ( view x c claim no pref]5ce1 z an ex]cise1 ov] ! m simple ones ( walk+ & runn+2 :il/1 f ! associations x frequ5tly induces1 & ! heat$ & conf9$ atmosph]e 9 :i* its vot>ies commonly assemble to indulge 9 x1 x becomes ! f]tile p>5t ( immorality & consumption4 ,a celebrat$ cyclopdi/ has1 p]haps h>%ly1 b tru?fully1 def9$ danc+ to be a silly amusem5t = ! idle & ?\ghtless4 ,,d&eli',,on4 ,syn4 ,,piss-,a-,,b$2 ,,t>ax',,acum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,a common ,briti% plant ( ! natural ord] ,composit4 ,x is kn[n among botani/s by ! names ,t>axacum (fic9ale1 ,t4 d5s leonis1 & ,leontodon ,t>axacum 7,l9n474 ,its root 7,t>axaci ,radix1 ,b4 ,p47 is employ$ 9 m$ic9e1 be+ diuretic & tonic4 ,x is roa/$ & us$ z c(fee1 & :5 mix$ ) an equal weight ( =eign c(fee con/itutes ! article once s mu* puff$ "u ! "n ( 'd&elion c(fee4' ,a simil> mixture prep>$ ) *ocolate =ms ! 'd&elion *ocolate' ( ! %ops4 ,! blan*$ leaves are us$ 9 salads1 & ! inspissat$ juice1 extract1 & decoction are employ$ 9 m$ic9e1 & are consid]$ z det]g5t1 ap]itive1 & deob/ru5t4 ,gr\nd roa/$ d&elion root _c n[ be sold "u ! "n ( 'd&elion c(fee' or mix$ ) c(fee unless x has previ\sly paid ! *icory duty4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,extract1 c4 ,,d&riff4 ,?is is a scaly disease affect+ ! head1 & giv+ rise to ! =mation ( ! small tr\blesome p>ticles kn[n z scurf4 ,a s]viceable application is two dra*ms ( borax dissolv$ 9 a p9t ( camphor wat]2 ! head to be wa%$ ) ?is lotion once or twice a week1 or mu* b5efit may also be d]iv$ by wa%+ ! head ) tepid wat]1 agitat$ ) a piece ( quill> b>k until a /rong la!r is produc$2 or ) wat] conta9+ salt ( t>t>1 9 ! proportion ( two dra*ms ( ! salt to a p9t ( tepid wat]4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! use ( soap is to be disc\nt5anc$4 ,,dan',,iell',s ,,batt]y4 ,see ,,voltaic ,,electricity4 ,,daph',,n94 ,a peculi> bitt] pr9ciple1 discov]$ by ,vauquel9 9 ! ,daphne mez]eum or mez]eon4 ,x is procur$ by sep>at+ ! res9 f ! alcoholic t9cture ( ! b>k by evaporation2 aft]w>ds1 dilut+ ! residue ) wat]1 filt]+1 & add+ acetate ( lead4 ,a yell[ sub/ance falls d[n1 :i*1 :5 decompos$ by sulphurett$ hydrog51 yields daphn91 "u ! =m ( small1 col\rless1 transp>5t1 radiat$ ne$les4 ,x is bitt]2 volatile2 sp>+ly soluble 9 cold wat]2 freely soluble 9 hot wat]1 & 9 alcohol & e!r4 ,x possesses basic prop]ties4 ,see ,,mez]eon4 ,,d>nel4 ,! p[d] ( ! se$ ( ! ,lolium temul5tum1 a poison\s grass1 is n unfrequ5tly f\nd mix$ ) ! fl\r ( :eat1 oats1 & o!r c]eals1 & :5 ^! latt]1 "u ^! circum/ances1 are p>tak5 ( z food1 !y give rise to m or less al>m+ symptoms ( poison+1 :i* are ?us enum]at$ by ,dr ,p>eira3--,heada*e1 gidd9ess1 languor1 r++ 9 ! e>s1 confusion ( sight1 dilat$ pupil1 delirium1 heav9ess1 somnol5cy1 trembl+ convulsions1 p>alysis1 & great ga/ro-inte/9al irritation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ specific signs ( poison+ by d>nel se$s is said by ,seeg] to be ! trembl+ ( ! :ole body4 ,dr ,taylor m5tions a case 9 :i* ?irty p]sons :o _h p>tak5 ( bread conta9+ d>nel se$s 7 viol5tly attack$ ) ! above symptoms2 & ano!r case is on record ( sixty p]sons 9 a prison at ,cologne be+ simil>ly attack$ f ! same cause4 ,hassall /ates t ! fl\r ( ! d>nel se$ pres5ts ! foll[+ appe>ance "u ! microscope3--,! />* corpuscles are polygonal1 & resemble 9 ?is respect ^? ( rice4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 mu* small]1 & frequ5tly unit$ into comp\nd gra9s ( v>i\s sizes1 ! l>g] gra9s consi/+ ( "s fifty or sixty />* corpuscles4 ,! /ructure ( ! te/a is v diff]5t f t ( ei!r rice or oat1 or inde$ any ( ! o!r c]eal gra9s4 ,x is =m$ ( ?ree coats or membranes4 ,! cells ( ! out] coat =m b a s+le lay]1 &1 contr>y to ! arrangem5t :i* exi/s 9 ! oat1 _! long axes are dispos$ transv]sely1 9 :i* respect !y resemble rice4 ,! fibres ( ! husk ( rice & ! cells ( ! te/a ( ,lolium are1 h[ev]1 v di/9ct 9 o!r respects4 ,9 ! =m] ! cells are long & n>r[1 =m+ fibres1 :ile 9 ! latt] !y are b two or ?ree times z broad4 ,illu/ration ,! cells ( ! second coat1 :i* are rang$ 9 two lay]s1 foll[ a v]tical disposition1 an arrangem5t :i* is contr>y to t :i* obta9s 9 all ! o!r c]eal gra9s ) ! exception ( rice4 ,! cells ( ! ?ird coat =m b a s+le lay]1 & resemble ^? ( o!r gra9s4 ,,datu',,ra4 ,syn4 ,,?orn-,,apple2 ,,/ramo',,nium 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,a g5us ( plants belong+ to ! night%ade ord]1 or ',atropace1' ,! species ,datura ,/ramonium is an important m$ic9al plant1 ! leaves & se$s be+ (fic9al 9 ,b4 ,p4 ,x is anodyne & s$ative1 b n hypnotic1 ?\gh x w (t5 induce sleep by reliev+ pa94 ,x affects ! con/itution 9 mu* ! same way z belladonna4--,dose1 #a to #d or #e gr41 9 a/hma1 g\t1 heada*e1 neuralgic & rheumatic pa9s1 c4 ,9 spasmodic a/hma smok+ ! leaf (t5 gives in/antane\s relief1 b mu/ be exhibit$ ) c>e1 z ! :ole plant is int5sely poison\s4 ,no antidote is kn[n4 ,ano!r species1 namely1 ,datura tatula1 is n[ pref]r$ = cig>s or cig>ettes4 ,cig>s are made f ,datura ,/ramonium m frequ5tly ?an f ,datura tatula4 ,!y are recomm5d$ = a/hma4 ,see ,,a/hma1 ,,cig>s 7,/ramonium71 ,,daturia 7bel[74 ,,datu',,ria4 ,syn4 ,,datu',,r9e1 ,,datur9',a1 ,,hyoscy',,am9e4 ,an organic alkali1 discov]$ by ,geig] & ,hesse 9 ,datura ,/ramonium or ?orn apple4 ,x occurs also 9 ,hyoscyamus nig] or h5bane4 ,x is be/ obta9$ f ! se$s4 ,daturia dissolves 9 #bhj p>ts ( cold & #gb p>ts ( boil+ wat]2 x is v soluble 9 alcohol1 less s 9 e!r4 ,x ta/es bitt]1 dilates ! pupil /rongly1 & is v poison\s4 ,x may be sublim$ unalt]$1 & may be obta9$ 9 prismatic cry/als by ! addition ( wat] to its alcoholic solution4 ,) ! acids x =ms salts1 :i* are mo/ly cry/allisable4 ,,davids-,,!e--,david's ,tea 7,b4 ,fragn]1 ,prague74 ,recomm5d$ z a dome/ic rem$y = *ronic cat>rh ( ! lungs & air passages1 & especially = tub]culosis4 ,a mixture ( equal p>ts ( great c5taury1 hyssop1 *]vil 7,sc&ix odorata71 :ite horeh\nd1 milfoil1 ,icel& moss1 & c>duus b5$ictus4 ,davids-,!e1 ,e*t] ,k>ol95?al]--,g5u9e ,k>ol9's ,dale ,david's ,tea 7,krl74 ,recomm5d$ = ! same diseases z ! prec$+4 ,a mixture ( :ite horeh\nd1 milfoil1 ,icel& moss1 great c5taury1 & gr\nd ivy4 ,accord+ to a communication f a ,bohemian apo!c>y ! orig9al prescription reads ?us3--,h]ba c]efolii 7,sc&icis1 *]vil71 hb4 c5taurii m9oris 7less] c5taury71 hb4 m>rub4 7horeh\nd71 flor4 millefol4 7milfoil fl[]s71 li*54 ,isl41 ( ea* #f p>ts2 hb4 hyssopi1 #c p>ts2 hb4 c>dui b5$icti1 #b p>ts4 7,a4 ,selle47 ,,dead1 ,,disposal ,,(4 ,z e dead body dur+ ! process ( ! decomposition x und]goes gives rise to products t are n only 9 ! highe/ degree (f5sive1 b 9 an especial s5se dang]\s to ! heal? & lives ( a community1 ! disposal ( ! dead 9 a mann] be/ calculat$ to ensure1 ) ! removal ( ! corpse f among/ ! survivors1 ! lea/ injuri\s consequ5ces ( its subsequ5t decay1 becomes a problem ( supreme importance to ! sanit>ian4 ,probably among/ ! nations ( antiquity ! ,romans1 ) _! em95tly practical m9ds1 & z we may inf] f _! o!r enlight5$ sanit>y arrangem5ts1 7 ! only anci5t p :o 7 n guid$ ei!r by sup]/iti\s or religi\s ideas 9 ! disposal ( _! dead1 at "o "t burn$1 b aft]w>ds buri$ !m4 ,! ,greeks practis$ cremation1 ! ,egyptians embalmm5t 7previ\sly disemb[ell+ ! body71 "u ! belief t aft] ! lapse ( _m ?\s&s ( ye>s ! s\l w\ld return to its e>?ly mansion4 ,! ,hebrews sometimes burn$ _! dead1 & sometimes int]r$ !m4 ,among/ ! anci5t ,h9doos ! body 0 got rid ( sometimes by cremation1 sometimes by be+ ca/ into ! ,ganges1 or o!r sacr$ riv]1 & sometimes by exposure1 until eat5 by vultures4 ,! ,ic?yophagi1 or fi%-eat]s1 appe> to be ! only p ( antiquity :o dispos$ ( _! dead by ?r[+ !m into ! sea4 ,among/ mod]n civilis$ nations int]m5t is ! me?od almo/ univ]sally adopt$ = dispos+ ( ! dead4 ,embalmm5t has be5 ( late ye>s occasionally practis$ 9 ,am]ica1 & 0 frequ5tly adopt$ dur+ ! late civil w> 9 _m cases1 s9ce x af=d$ ! means ( s5d+ ! bodies ( ! sla9 to surviv+ relatives at long di/ances4 ,sir ,h5ry ,?ompson's advocacy ( cremation 0 ! means ( caus+ ! e/abli%m5t 9 ,engl& a few ye>s back ( a society = its introduction2 b nei!r "h nor 9 ,g]many1 :]e x has occasionally be5 employ$1 has ! practice be+ adopt$1 save 9 a v few in/ances1 mo/ ( :i* seem to h be5 m]ely exp]im5tal4 ,9 ,calcutta cremation is /ill practis$ to "s ext5t by ! native population2 ! process be+ v effectively c>ri$ out by a ,fr5* company1 :i* has be5 e/abli%$ = "s ye>s4 ,we may m5tion "h an important modification ( ! ord9>y =m ( int]m5t propos$ by ,mr ,sydney ,hadd54 ,mr ,hadd5's proposal is to disp5se ) ! c(f91 & to place ! corpse in/ead 9 a l>ge wick]work receptacle fill$ ) fl[]s1 !n int] x4 ,( ! ?ree modes ( disposal ( ! dead1 viz4 by burial1 by burn+1 & by consignm5t to ! sea1 ! fir/1 z we h already said1 is ! almo/ inv>iably preval5t cu/om among/ civilis$ communities4 ,t 9 a sanit>y po9t ( view x is less to be comm5d$ ?an ei!r ( ! o!r me?ods is1 we ?9k1 n difficult ( demon/ration4 ,:5 a body is burn$ ! result+ gase\s products ( combu/ion1 :i* mo/ probably consi/ ma9ly ( c>bonic acid1 c>bonic oxide1 & nitrog51 diffuse h>mlessly into ! atmosph]e1 & !re rema9s beh9d only ! calc9$ bones :i* =m$ ! skeleton4 ,an exp]im5t by ,sir ,h5ry ,?ompson has %[n t cremation may be p]=m$ )\t giv+ rise to od\r ( any k9d at a comp>atively small exp5se1 & )9 a v mod]ate space ( "t4 ,he burn$ a body weigh+ #bbg lbs4 9 fifty-five m9utes by plac+ x 9 a cyl9drical metallic vessel sev5 feet long & six feet 9 diamet]1 previ\sly heat$ to inc&esc5ce4 ,! evolv$ gases 7 made to pass ov] a l>ge surface ( /rongly heat$ fire-bricks1 :i* =m$ "p ( ! furnace 9 :i* ! metallic vessel 0 plac$4 ,! furnace & its fitt+s 7 design$ by ,dr ,siem5s4 ,! rema9+ a%es weigh$ ab\t #e lbs4 ,9 8 pamphlet ',on ,cremation1' ,sir ,h5ry ,?ompson has propos$ t ! cu/om1 if adopt$1 %\ld be c>ri$ out 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,:5 dea? occurs1 & ! necess>y c]tificate has be5 giv51 ! body is plac$ 9 a light wood %ell1 !n 9 a suitable outside receptacle prep>atory to removal = religi\s rites or o!rwise4 ,aft] a prop] "t has elaps$ x is convey$ to ! spot :]e cremation is to be p]=m$4 ,!re no?+ ne$ be se5 by ! la/ att5dant or att5dants ?an ! plac+ ( a %ell )9 a small comp>tm5t1 & ! clos+ ( ! door ^u x4 ,x slides d[n into ! heat$ *amb]1 & is left !re an h\r until ! necess>y *anges h tak5 place4 ,! a%es are !n plac$ at ! disposal ( ! att5dants4 ,sir ,h5ry sugge/s t1 previ\s to ! burn+ ( any corpse1 prop] (fic]s appo9t$ = ! purpose %\ld exam9e into & c]tify z to ! cause ( dea?1 & if satisfi$ t x has result$ f natural ev5ts1 t !y %\ld give ! c]tificate he alludes to4 ,sir ,h5ry ,?ompson proposes t ! functions ( ! (fic]s appo9t$ = ?is purpose %\ld be ! same z ^? ( ! m$ic9s v]ificateurs1 :o are m$ical inspectors appo9t$ by ! municipality ( ,p>is & ! o!r l>ge cities1 ^: duty consi/s 9 visit+ ea* h\se :]e a dea? occurs1 9 assur+ !mselves t ! p]son is really dead1 & t !re are no suspici\s circum/ances att5d+ ! demise4 ,9 ,p>is alone !re are m ?an eighty ( su* m$ical function>ies4 ,burial by ca/+ ! corpse into ! dep?s ( ! sea possesses ! great advantage ov] ord9>y int]m5t ( remov+ x f ne> ! habitation ( man1 :il/ ! sea wat]1 by its antiseptic prop]ties1 w\ld be z little favorable to ! dissem9ation ( noxi\s putresc5t comp\nds z cremation is4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! dead are dispos$ ( by ! ord9>y me?od ( burial1 ! objectionable effects aris+ f _! decomposition 9 ! e>? are1 "u ! mo/ favorable conditions1 only p>tially ov]come2 & ! reason is obvi\s1 s9ce :il/ deep-sea burial prev5ts animal decay altoge!r1 & burn+ de/roys ! body1 :i*1 if n got rid (1 w\ld become putrid2 burial 9 ! e>? p]mits its sl[ & l5g!n$ decomposition to g on un*eck$1 & to ?us v frequ5tly become a s\rce ( contam9ation & dang] to heal?4#bea ,footnote #bea3 ,aft] dea? ! buri$ body returns to its elem5ts & gradually1 & (t5 by ! means ( o!r =ms ( life :i* prey on x1 a l>ge am\nt ( x =ms c>bonic acid1 ammonia1 sulphurett$ & c>burett$ hydrog51 nitr\s & nitric acids1 & v>i\s m complex gase\s products1 _m ( :i* are v fetid1 b :i*1 h[ev]1 are ev5tually all oxidis$ into ! simpl] comb9ation4 ,! non-volatile sub/ances1 ! salts1 become con/itu5ts ( ! soil1 pass into plants1 or are c>ri$ away into ! wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh ! gr\nd4 ,! h>de/ p>ts1 ! bones1 rema9 9 "s soils = _m c5turies1 & ev5 = long p]iods reta9 a portion ( _! animal con/itu5ts4--,,p>kes4 ,! atmosph]e 9 ! vic9ity ( gravey>ds & cemet]ies is notori\sly unheal?y1 :il/ wat] tak5 f wells situat$ ne> !m is (t5 s impure z to be :olly unfit = dr9k+4 ,sev]al in/ances are on record 9 :i* ! di/urbance ( an old gravey>d has frequ5tly be5 ! means ( dissem9at+ disease4 ,b al?\gh ! disposal ( ! dead by means ei!r ( cremation or by consignm5t ( ! body to ! deep cav]ns ( ! ocean are me?ods1 9 a hygi5ic po9t ( view1 immeasurably sup]ior to e>?-burial1 !re are1 we ?9k1 c]ta9 ob/acles to _! adoption1 ev5 to a limit$ ext5t1 by civilis$ communities1 at any rate1 = _m ye>s to come4 ,bo? cremation & deep-sea burial are op5 to ! objection1 t %\ld ! propos$ (fic]s appo9t$ to inquire into ! circum/ances att5d+ dea? h be5 mi/ak5 9 _! v]dict1 z = in/ance 9 ov]look+1 or n suspect+ a case ( secret poison+1 n only w\ld ! murd]] escape detection1 b a s5se ( possible immunity f puni%m5t might act z an enc\ragem5t to o!rs :o 7 equally guilty m9d$4 ,! proposal t ! /oma* %\ld be pres]v$1 & kept = a c]ta9 "t1 &1 9 case ( suspicion ju/ify+ x1 exam9ation1 w\ld 9 _m in/ances fail to lead to detection1 s9ce1 if c]ta9 alkaloids _h be5 employ$1 !y w\ld h to be se>*$ =1 n 9 ! /oma*1 b 9 ! tissues ( ! dead body4 ,aga91 an ob/acle to ! univ]sal adoption ( deep-sea burial w\ld be1 9 ! case ( va/ cont95ts1 ! difficulty ( transmission f _! int]ior1 ( ! corpse1 to ! %ore4 ,b ev5 if ^! objections aga9/ cremation & sea-burial c\ld be ov]come 7& possibly !y may be ev5tually71 !re w\ld /ill rema9 ! inv9cible repugnance ( ! survivors to :at s5tim5t & feel+ w p]si/ 9 reg>d+ z cruel indignity & irrev]5ce t[>d ! dead4 ,yet ! ev5tual disposal ( our frames is ! same 9 all cases2 & x is probably a matt] m]ely ( cu/om :i* makes u ?9k t !re is a want ( affection1 or ( c>e1 if ! bodies ( ! dead are n suff]$ to repose 9 ! e>? t bore !m4 ,9 reality1 nei!r affection nor religion c be outrag$ by any mann] ( disposal ( ! dead :i* is done ) prop] solemnity & respect to ! e>?ly dwell+-place ( our fri5ds4 ,! "q %\ld be plac$ entirely on sanit>y gr\nds1 & we %all !n judge x rightly4 ,:at is ! use ( pres]v+ = a few m ye>s ! rema9s :i* w be an object ( indiff]5ce to future g5]ations8 ,! next logical /ep w\ld be to en%r9e ^! rema9s 9 "s way s z to ensure _! pres]vation1 & we %\ld return to ! va/ burial m\nds 9 ,egypt4 ,at pres5t ! "q is n an urg5t "o1 b if peace cont9ue1 & if ! population ( ,europe increase1 x w become s 9 ano!r c5tury or two4 ,already 9 ?is c\ntry we h se51 9 our own "t1 a great *ange2 ! objectionable practice ( int]m5t "u & r\nd *ur*es 9 t[ns has be5 giv5 up1 & ! population is buri$ at a di/ance f _! habitations4 ,= ! pres5t t measure w probably suffice1 b 9 a few ye>s ! "q w aga9 inevitably pres5t itself4#beb ,footnote #beb3 ,p>kes4 ,s9ce h[ev]1 = ! reasons above specifi$1 e>?-burial seems to be ! only means ( dispos+ ( ! dead likely to prevail = _m ye>s to come1 ! "q arises z to h[ its att5dant evils c be z mu* z possible m9imis$4 ,! foll[+ sugge/ions1 t may assi/ to effect ?is1 are (f]$3--,z quickly z possible aft] dea? ! body %\ld be cov]$ ) sawdu/1 to :i* c>bolic acid has be5 add$1 a precaution :i* n only prev5ts ! escape ( fetid gases1 b also ( putresc5t fluids f a badly jo9t$ c(f94 ,*>coal1 al?\gh an excell5t dis9fectant1 f its col\r1 c\ld n out ( consid]ation = ! feel+s ( ! relatives or fri5ds1 be us$ until ! c(f9 ) its cont5ts _h be5 screw$ d[n4 ,x is always desirable 7save = "s special reason7 t ! corpse %\ld be int]r$ )9 ?ree or f\r days ( ! demise4 ,if a body has to be kept above gr\nd = "s "t1 ,mr ,h]b]t ,b>k] recomm5ds a ?9 lay] ( sawdu/ & sulphate ( z9c to be plac$ ov] x1 9 ! proportion ( two p>ts ( ! =m] to "o ( ! latt]4 ,! c(f9 %\ld be made ( a mat]ial imp]vi\s to ! air1 & ( su* /r5g? z to )/& ! pressure ( ! ov]ly+ e>?4 ,mr ,wynt] ,bly?1 9 8 ',diction>y ( ,hygine1' recomm5ds a c(f9 describ$ by ,mr ,bak] 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! sanit>y commission4 ,! body be+ fir/ ( all plac$ 9 a common %ell1 ?is %ell is plac$ 9 ! c(f92 ! int]val betwe5 ! two is fill$ ) common pit*1 & !n ! outside c(f9 is coat$ ov] ) pit*2 s t x is z p]fectly air-tight z a lead5 %ell4 ,if desir$ a glass c be plac$ s z to leave ! face expos$ to ! view ( a jury :5 necess>y ) reg>d to ! int]m5t4 ,! advantages ( deep ov] %all[ bury+ are obvi\s4 ,! great] ! mass ( sup]9cumb5t e>? into :i* ! gase\s products ( decomposition diffuse1 ! bett] ! *ance ( _! absorption & removal by ! soil1 & ! less risk ( _! consequ5t escape into ! contigu\s atmosph]e1 z well z ( ! dang] ( contam9ation to ! wat] ( wells1 c4 ,! dep? ( ! grave v>ies 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,9 ,au/ria x is #f ft4 #b 942 9 ,hesse ,d>m/adt1 f #e ft4 #g 94 to #f ft4 #f 942 ,muni*1 #f ft4 #g 942 ,/uttg>d1 #f ft4 #f 942 ,russia f #f ft4 #aj 94 ,9 our c\ntry ! practice is g5]ally to make ! dep? ab\t #f feet1 b !n c(f9s may be plac$ "o on ! o!r1 s t1 z an actual fact1 !y (t5 v closely approa* ! surface4 ,! regulations foll[$ at ,/uttg>d are mu* to be comm5d$4 ,9 ! cemet]ies !re ! space allott$ = ea* grave is an oblong piece ( l& #aj feet 9 l5g? & #e feet broad4 ,9 ,france ! graves v>y 9 dep? f #a-a_/d metres 7#diba feet7 to #b metres 7#fefa feet74 ,!y are #h decimtres 7#bbfd feet7 9 bread?1 & di/ant ! "o f ! o!r f #c to #d decimtres 7#aaiaa in*es to #aacb feet47 7,bly?47 ,to r5d] a cemet]y !re=e z little prejudicial z possible to a community1 n alone %\ld deep burial be en=c$1 b only "o body %\ld be p]mitt$ to be deposit$ 9 a grave1 at lea/1 till aft] ! lapse ( "s ye>s4 ,"s sanit>y au?orities recomm5d ! use ( quicklime or *>coal1 advis+ !m to be ?r[n into ! grave previ\s to its be+ clos$4 ,( ! two1 *>coal is ! pref]able dis9fectant1 al?\gh x does n entirely prev5t putrefaction1 nor ! evolution ( bad-smell+ gases4 ,no m effici5t means ( absorb+ organic matt]s1 & c>bonic acid giv5 (f by ! decay+ corpse 9 ! e>?1 c be devis$ ?an t ( rapidly gr[+ trees & %rubs 9 abundance ar\nd ! graves4 ,= ! fun]eal cypress & yew1 :i* are sl[ly gr[+ trees1 :y %\ld a ne$less s5tim5t prev5t ! sub/itution ( ! mu* m sanit>y & less sombre-look+ eucalyptus 9 c\ntries :]e ?is plant w fl\ri%8 ,old burial-gr\nds :i* h become (f5sive may be be/ dis9fect$ by cov]+ ! gr\nd ) fre% e>? to ! dep? ( sev]al in*es1 & by plant+ x ) trees & s[+ x ) grass se$4 ,tw5ty-six city gravey>ds cov]+ a sup]ficial area ( ab\t #dh1jjj squ>e y>ds1 & 9 :i*1 accord+ to mod]ate calculation1 !re 7 n less ?an #dh1jjj tons ( human rema9s1 7 successfully dealt ) 9 ?is mann]4 ,9 ! case ( *ur* vaults !y %\ld be fir/ op5$1 a quantity ( quicklime ?r[n into !m1 & ?us freely expos$ to ! ext]nal air4 ,! c(f9s %\ld !n be re>rang$ crossways l bricks 9 a build+1 & fill$ 9 ) dry e>? or masons' rubbi%1 mix$ ) ab\t #e or #aj p] c5t4 ( vegetable *>coal4 ,! vaults %\ld next be v5tilat$ by means ( an upca/ & d[nca/ %aft ( ! size ( a ra9-wat] pipe1 & ! :ole %\ld !n be clos$ 94 ,9 #ahfj1 two hundr$ & fifty vaults 9 sev5ty-"o city *ur*es 7 ?us dis9fect$4#bec ,^! vaults conta9$ ! c(f9s & rema9s ( at lea/ #aa1jjj dead bodies1 :i*1 previ\s to ! adoption ( ! above measures1 7 v (f5sive4#bec ,:5 bodies are remov$ f ! vaults to o!r places1 ,dr ,le!by recomm5ds !m to be 9 clos$ c(f9s & 9 cases conta9+ an abundant supply ( c>bonate ( lime p[d]4 ,footnote #bec3 ,le!by4 ,! disposal ( ! dead frequ5tly becomes a matt] ( consid]able difficulty 9 "t ( w> or dur+ a siege4 ,"u ^! circum/ances cremation may be f\nd ! mo/ desirable me?od ( gett+ rid ( !m4 ,if ! bodies are buri$ !y %\ld always be at z great a di/ance z possible f "o ano!r1 & z deep z !y c be4 ,if procurable1 *>coal %\ld be ?r[n ov] !m2 if x _c be obta9$ sawdu/ & sulphate ( z9c1 or c>bolic acid1 may be employ$4 ,quicklime is also commonly us$1 b x is less useful4 ,at ,metz1 9 #ahgj1 ! foll[+ plan 0 adopt$3--,a pit ( ab\t #ag feet 9 dep? 0 fill$ ) dead dispos$ ( z foll[s3--,a r[ ( bodies 0 laid side by side2 above ?is a second r[ 0 plac$1 ) ! heads laid aga9/ ! feet ( ! fir/ r[2 ! ?ird r[ 7 plac$ across1 & ! f\r? r[ 9 ! same way1 b ) ! heads to ! feet ( ! =m]2 ! fif? r[ 0 plac$ z ,no4 #a1 & s on4 ,betwe5 ea* lay] ( bodies ab\t an in* ( lime1 9 p[d]1 0 plac$4 ,f #ij to #ajj bodies 7 ?us arrang$ on a l5g? ( #f-a_/b feet1 & rea*$ to ab\t #f feet to ! surface2 ! pit 0 !n fill$ up ) e>?1 & ?\gh #hdjj bodies 7 put 9 t pit !re 7 no p]ceptible emanations at any "t4 ,ar\nd ,metz ! graves ( m51 horses1 & cattle 7 dis9fect$ ) lime1 *>coal1 & sulphate ( iron4 ,imm5se ex]tions 7 made to clean & dis9fect ! camps & battle fields1 & 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 #ahga1 f #abjj to #afjj lab\r]s 7 employ$ by ! ,g]mans4 ,:]ev] practicable ! gr\nd 0 s[n ) oats or b>ley or grass4 ,! hillocks =m$ by ! graves 7 plant$ ) trees4 ,9 _m cases at ,metz bodies 7 dug up by ! ,g]mans1 :5 !re 0 any fe> ( wat]-c\rses be+ contam9at$1 or if h\ses 7 ne>4 ,on acc\nt ( ! dang] to ! workm51 graves conta9+ m ?an six bodies 7 left unt\*$1 & ! "w 0 always done "u ! imm$iate sup]9t5d5ce ( a physician4 ,! e>? 0 remov$ c>efully1 b n f> en\gh to uncov] ! corpse2 !n "o end ( ! corpse 0 uncov]$1 & z soon z ! uni=m or p>ts ( ! body 7 se51 *loride ( lime & sawdu/1 or *>coal & c>bolic acid1 put 92 ! :ole e>? r\nd ! body 0 ?us treat$1 & ! body at l5g? laid b>e1 lift$ & c>ri$ away4 ,! second body 0 !n treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,ne> ,s$an1 :]e !re 7 _m bodies v sup]ficially buri$1 burn+ 0 _h rec\rse to4 ,/raw mix$ ) pit* 0 put into ! graves1 & 0 light$2 "o ton ( pit* suffic$ = f #ae to #bj bodies4 ,op9ions z to ?is practice 7 divid$1 & x is n c]ta9 h[ _m graves 7 ?us dealt )4 ,x seems probable t only ! surface ( ! body 0 burnt1 & :5 _m bodies 7 toge!r 9 ! grave1 "s 7 n t\*$ at all4 ,on ! :ole ! exp]im5t appe>s to h be5 unsuccessful4 ,! ,belgian exp]i5ce at ,s$an 0 9 fav\r ( employ+ *loride ( lime1 nitric acid1 sulphate ( iron1 & *lor9e gas4 ,c>bolic acid did n answ] s well4 ,! sulphate ( z9c & *>coal1 :i* ,b>k] f\nd s useful1 0 n tri$4#bed ,footnote #bed3 ,p>kes4 ,v>i\s /atutes h be5 fram$ = ! burial ( ! dead & = ! managem5t & selection ( ! burial-gr\nds4 ,9 ! c>ry+ out ( ^! enactm5ts ! local au?orities h only an indirect voice1 exception be+ made 9 ! case ( a local gov]nm5t di/rict 9 :i* ! ve/ry det]m9es to appo9t a burial bo>d4 ,! ve/ry !n has p[] to con/itute ! local bo>d s appo9t$ ! burial bo>d ( su* di/rict or p>i%1 & to rule t ! exp5ses ( su* burial bo>d %all be met by a rate levi$ on su* p>i%1 aft] ! mann] ( a g5]al di/rict rate4 ,vict4 #ba & #bb1 c4 #ij1 s4 #di1 enacts t if su* p>i% has be5 decl>$ a w>d = ! election ( memb]s ( ! local bo>d1 su* memb]s are to =m ! burial bo>d = ! p>i%4 ,by ,vict4 #bd & #be1 c4 #fa1 s4 #ba1 x is enact$ t a sanit>y au?ority may provide a prop] place = ! reception ( dead bodies1 z well z = ^? :i* are to be subject$ to a po/-mortem exam9ation4 ,a sanit>y au?ority is also emp[]$ to make arrangem5ts = int]m5t4 ,any urban sanit>y au?ority has ! p[] ( regulat+ ^! matt]s by by-laws4 ,:5 once con/itut$ a burial bo>d1 a sanit>y au?ority has to see to ! c>ry+ out ( ! ,burial ,acts1 to repair ! f5ces ( disus$ burial gr\nds1 & g5]ally to keep 9 prop] ord] & regulate all burial gr\nds )9 its jurisdiction4 ,! law enacts t ! prop] sanit>y au?ority %all close any burial gr\nd :i* is detrim5tal to ! heal? ( ^? liv+ 9 its neighb\rhood1 or ( p]sons frequ5t+ any *ur*2 & ?r[s ^u su* sanit>y body ! duty ( provid+ a prop] place ( int]m5t else:]e4 ,x may be well to "k t by common law x is incumb5t ^u any p]son "u ^: ro( a dea? has tak5 place to provide ! corpse ) int]m5t4 ,su* p]son may nei!r ca/ ! body =?1 nor c>ry x uncov]$ to ! grave1 b he mu/ give x dec5t burial4 ,?is obligation is impos$ ^u public bodies z well z on private p]sons4 ,^u pres5tation ( a c]tificate sign$ by a prop]ly qualifi$ m$ical practition]1 a ju/ice ( ! peace may ord]1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ! removal ( ! dead body to a mortu>y4 ,int]m5t )9 ! walls1 or und]nea? ! pavem5t or floor ( any *ur*1 or o!r place ( public wor%ip1 built 9 any urban di/rict1 has s9ce ,augu/ #ca/1 #ahdh1 be5 int]dict$ "u a p5alty ( #ej4 ,,deaf',,ness4 ,an imp]fection or abs5ce ( ! s5se ( he>+4 ,:5 deafness is pres5t 9 infancy & *ildhood1 x is accompani$ ) dumbness1 or imp]fect articulation1 9 consequ5ce ( ! impossibility ( convey+ a k ( ! s\nds necess>y = ! ex]cise ( ! imitative faculty ( spee*4 ,deafness frequ5tly arises f "s imp]fection or ob/ruction ( ! passage lead+ to ! membrane ( ! tympanum or drum ( ! e>4 ,9 "s cases ?is passage is totally clos$ by a membrane1 or "s mal=mation ( ! tube1 :i* may frequ5tly be remov$ by a surgical op]ation4 ,ev5 in/ances ( p>tial oblit]ation ( ?is passage h occurr$1 :i* h be5 successfully treat$4 ,! rese>*es ( ,mr ,ye>sley h e/abli%$ ! fact1 t enl>g$ tonsils are a v common cause ( deafness2 & :5 su* is ! case1 _! excision w g5]ally effect a cure4 ,to ?is =m ( ! affection ,mr ,ye>sley applies ! t]m '?roat deafness4' ,ano!r cause ( deafness is ! pres5ce ( =eign bodies 9 ! aural passages or ! accumulation ( h>d5$ wax4 ,9 ^! cases ! be/ treatm5t is to inject w>m wat] into ! e> by means ( a prop] syr+e4 ,:5 deafness arises f imp]fection ( ! tympanum or drum ( ! e>1 ! effects ( ! application ( ! artificial membrana tympani inv5t$ by ,mr ,ye>sley 7moi/5$ cotton wool7 are g5]ally imm$iate & truly wond]ful4 ,by its aid p]sons previ\sly s deaf z to be incapable ( be>+ _! %>e 9 conv]sation h be5 enabl$ to he> an ord9>y :isp]4 ,insects may be de/roy$ by p\r+ a spoonful ( w>m olive oil1 or camphorat$ oil1 into ! e> ov] night1 reta9+ x !re until ! next morn+ by means ( a piece ( cotton wool1 :5 x may be wa%$ out ) a little mild soap & w>m wat]4 ,:5 !re is a defici5cy ( ! natural secretion ( wax1 or a dryness ( ! aural passage1 mild oleag9\s /imulants may be employ$4 ,= ?is purpose a little olive oil1 almond oil1 to :i* a few drops ( oil ( turp5t9e1 oil ( junip]1 or camphor l9im5t1 h be5 add$1 may be us$ ) advantage4 ,a piece ( cotton wool moi/5$ ) glyc]9 is an excell5t application 9 su* cases4 ,:5 deafness is accompani$ ) cont9u$ acute pa91 or a dis*>ge ( purul5t matt]1 inflammation ( ! tympanum1 or "s o!r portion ( ! int]nal e>1 probably exi/s1 & m$ical advice %\ld be s\ght z soon z possible4 ,! deafness t frequ5tly accompanies a viol5t cold is g5]ally caus$ by ob/ructions 9 ! ,eu/a*ian tubes1 & goes (f z soon z ! secretions return to a heal?y /ate4 ,9 "s =ms ( deafness bli/]s beh9d ! e>s are useful4 ,a clove ( g>lic wrapp$ 9 cotton or gauze1 or a few drops ( ! juice introduc$ into ! e>1 is extremely efficaci\s 9 n]v\s deafness4 ,:5 imp]fect he>+ dep5ds ^u obtundity ( ! auditory n]ve1 or an ext5sive oblit]ation or mal=mation ( ! int]nal e>1 x sc>cely admits ( cure4 ,deafness1 ,taylor's ,rem$y =4 ,prep4 ,f oil ( almonds1 #a lb42 g>lic1 bruis$1 #b oz42 alkanet root1 #a_/b oz42 dige/ = a week1 & /ra94 ,a little is p\r$ into ! e> 9 deafness4 ,,dea?4 ,9 cases ( sudd5 dea? int]m5t %\ld be def]r$ till signs ( putrefaction beg9 to appe>1 especially :5 no gradation ( disease has prec$$1 z 9 cases ( apoplexy1 hy/]ics1 ext]nal injuries1 dr[n+1 suffocation1 c4 ,no soon] has brea?+ app>5tly ceas$1 & ! visage assum$ a gha/ly or a dea?-l hue1 ?an ! pati5t1 aft] 8 eyes are clos$1 is too (t5 hurri$ into a c(f91 & ! body1 sc>cely yet cold1 is precipitat$ into ! grave4 ,s extremely fallaci\s are ! signs ( dea? t ! semblance has be5 frequ5tly mi/ak5 = ! reality4 ,by prompt means & judici\s treatm5t1 _m p]sons1 :5 9 su* a condition1 h be5 happily re/or$ to _! families & fri5ds4 ,! effects ( s\nd ^u animal life is a/oni%+4 ,! beat ( a drum1 = in/ance1 has _h a v b5eficial effect ^u p]sons 9 a /ate ( susp5d$ animation4 ,at "o "t a scream1 extort$ by grief1 prov$ ! means ( resuscitat+ a p]son :o 0 suppos$ to be dead1 & :o _h exhibit$ ! usual rec5t m>ks ( ! ext9ction ( life4 ,9 cases ( catalepsy or trance1 hav+ ! semblance ( dea?1 ! action ( ! lungs & he>t cont9ues1 ?\gh 9 a ne>ly imp]ceptible degree4 ,by plac+ a cold mirror or piece ( highly poli%$ metal imm$iately ov] ! m\? ( ! pati5t1 symptoms ( moi/ure w appe> ^u ! surface if ! mo/ feeble respiration takes place4 ,,debil',,ity4 ,syn4 ,,debil',,itas1 ,l4 ,weakness2 languor2 feebl5ess4 ,:5 ?is arises f a diseas$ action ( ! /oma*1 ! occasional use ( mild ap]i5ts1 foll[$ by bitt]s & tonics1 may be _h rec\rse to4 ,:5 f a g5]al laxity ( ! solids1 & !re are no symptoms ( fev]1 nor a t5d5cy ( blood to ! head1 a c\rse ( *alybeates g5]ally proves advantage\s4 ,see ,,an,,mia1 ,,atrophy1 c4 ,,decanta',,tion4 ,! op]ation ( p\r+ or draw+ (f ! cle> portion ( a liquid f ! impurities or gross] matt] t has subsid$4 ,x is commonly p]=m$1 ei!r by g5tly incl9+ ! vessel1 or by ! use ( a syphon or pump4 ,9 ! laboratory x is mu* resort$ to 9 ! purification ( precipitates1 or o!r simil> op]ations1 :]e repeat$ edulcoration or wa%+ is requir$1 = :i* purpose x is pref]able to filtration1 f be+ less tr\blesome & m economical4 ,9 ^! cases1 aft] a suffici5t "t hav+ be5 all[$ = ! subsid5ce ( ! precipitate or p[d]1 or = ! cle>+ ( ! sup]natant fluid1 ! latt] is decant$1 & its place suppli$ by a fre% portion ( wat]1 :i*1 aft] suffici5t agitation1 is simil>ly treat$1 & ! :ole op]ation repeat$ z (t5 z necess>y4 ,,decant',,ers4 ,!re is (t5 mu* difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 clean+ decant]s1 especially aft] port w9e has /ood 9 !m = "s "t4 ,! be/ way is to wa% !m out ) a little pe>la% & w>m wat]1 add+ a spoonful or two ( fre%-slak$ lime1 if necess>y4 ,to facilitate ! action ( ! fluid aga9/ ! sides ( ! glass1 a few small c9d]s or pieces ( raw potato may be us$4 ,a spoonful ( /rong oil ( vitriol w also rapidly remove any k9d ( dirt f glass bottles4 ,decant]s :i* h become furr$ by hold+ h>d wat] may be clean$ ) a spoonful ( hydro*loric acid 7'spirits ( salt'71 dilut$ ) #c or #d times its weight ( wat]4 ,see ,,/opp]s4 ,,dec>bonisa',,tion4 ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ on ca/ iron1 to conv]t x into s(t iron4 ,! articles to be dec>bonis$ are pack$ 9 f9ely p[d]$ hmatite1 or native oxide ( iron1 to :i* iron fil+s are (t5 add$1 & expos$ = "s "t to a /rong r$ heat1 by :i* ! excess ( c>bon is ab/ract$ or burnt out4 ,! process some:at resembles anneal+ or cem5tation4 ,,decay'4 ,see ,,eremacausis4 ,,dec',,imals4 ,syn4 ,,decimal ,,fractions4 ,fractions :i* h = _! d5om9ator #aj1 or "s p[] ( t52 z #ajj1 #ajjj1 c42 ! numb] ( ciph]s 9 ! d5om9ator be+ always equal to ! numb] ( figures 9 ! num]ator4 ,?us1 #b1 #be1 #abe1 respectively repres5t #b_/aj1 #be_/ajj1 #abe_/ajjj4 ,! d5om9ator ( decimals is nev] writt51 ! dot plac$ be=e ! fir/ figure ( ! num]ator express+ its value4 ,ciph]s plac$ on ! "r h& ( a decimal fraction d n alt] its value2 = #e1 #ej1 #ejj1 are ea* equal to #a_/b2 b ciph]s plac$ on ! left h& ( a decimal dim9i% its value 9 a t5fold proportion2 ?us1 #c1 #jc1 #jjc1 respectively answ] to ! common fractions #c_/aj1 #c_/ajj1 & #c_/ajjj4 ,e figure on ! left-h& side ( ! dot or decimal sign is a :ole numb]4 ,,addition & ,,subtraction ,,( ,,decimals are p]=m$ 9 ! same mann] z ) common numb]s1 c>e be+ tak5 to place ! numb]s "u ea* o!r accord+ to _! sev]al values2 z1 t5s "u t5s1 hundr$s "u hundr$s1 c4 ,,multiplication ,,( ,,decimals is p]=m$ 9 precisely ! same mann] z ) :ole numb]s1 m]ely po9t+ (f z _m figures 9 ! product z !re are decimals 9 ! multipli] & multiplic& put toge!r4 ,,division ,,( ,,decimals4 ,z ! la/1 b po9t+ (f z _m figures 9 ! quoti5t z ! decimal places 9 ! divid5d exce$ ^? ( ! divisor4 ,if !re are n figures en\gh 9 ! quoti5t1 ! defici5cy mu/ be suppli$ by prefix+ left-h& ciph]s4 ,ciph]s are also add$ to ! "r h& ( ! divid5d1 or to a rema9d]1 :]e !re are m figures 9 ! divisor ?an 9 ! divid5d1 by :i* ! quoti5t may be c>ri$ on to any ext5t4 ,a vulg> fraction is r$uc$ to a decimal by divid+ ! num]ator 7increas$ suffici5tly ) ciph]s7 by ! d5om9ator4 ,?us1 #a_/b #e1 #a_/h #abe1 c4 ,! value ( a decimal1 ( any d5om9ation1 is f\nd by multiply+ x by ! numb] ( p>ts 9 ! next less d5om9ation1 & cutt+ (f z _m places to ! "r h& z !re are decimals1 & s on until ! t]ms are exhau/$4 ,?us1 #fcd oz4 is #fcd #h ----- #ejgb dra*ms4 #fj ----- #dcbj or1 #e dr4 #d-a_/c gr4 7ne>ly74 ,! con/ant use ( decimals 9 ! laboratory1 9 ! surveys ( ! ,excise1 & 9 num]\s *emical calculations1 induces u to press ! subject on ! att5tion ( op]atives & o!rs ( neglect$ education4 ,an att5tive p]usal ( ! above1 & a few h\rs' application1 w make ! matt] famili> to !m4 ,,decoc',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,decoct',,um1 ,l4 ,an aque\s solution ( ! active pr9ciples ( any sub/ance obta9$ by boil+2 also ! process ( prep>+ su* solutions4 ,! effect ( decoction 9 wat] diff]s greatly f t ( infusion4 ,at ! temp]ature ( #bab ,fahr41 ! ess5tial oils & aromatic pr9ciples ( vegetables are dissipat$ or decompos$2 :ile by infusion 9 hot wat]1 9 cov]$ vessels1 !y rema9 = ! mo/ "p un9jur$4 ,! solv5t p[]s ( boil+ wat] are1 h[ev]1 mu* great] ?an ^? ( hot wat]2 & _m vegetable pr9ciples sc>cely act$ on by ! "o are freely soluble 9 ! o!r4 ,?is is ! case ) _m ( ! alkaloids1 on :i* ! m$ic9al virtues ( sev]al vegetables dep5d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! solutions ( _m sub/ances1 ?\gh m readily made by boil+1 are spe$ily weak5$ or r5d]$ in]t by ebullition1 9 consequ5ce ( ! active pr9ciples be+ ei!r volatilis$ along ) ! /eam1 or oxidis$ or decompos$ by exposure to ! atmosph]e4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) sub/ances ab\nd+ 9 extractive or a/r+5t matt]4 ,:5 ! m$ic9al prop]ties ( vegetables are volatile1 or are injur$ by a /rong heat1 infusion %\ld be _h rec\rse to1 9 pref]5ce to boil+2 b :5 a solution ( ! fix$ con/itu5ts is alone s\ght1 decoction is pref]able4 ,! sub/ances employ$ = mak+ decoctions %\ld be well bruis$1 or r$uc$ to a v co>se p[d]1 or1 if fre% & s(t1 !y %\ld be slic$ small4 ,9 ! =m] case1 any v f9e p[d] or adh]+ du/ %\ld be remov$ ) a sieve1 z its pres5ce t5ds to make ! product ?ick & disagreeable1 & also m tr\blesome to /ra94 ,! vessel 9 :i* ! ebullition is conduct$ %\ld be furni%$ ) an accurately fitt+ cov]1 ! bett] to exclude ! air2 & ! application ( ! heat %\ld be s conduct$ t ! fluid may be kept simm]+1 or only g5tly boil+1 z viol5t boil+ is n only q unnecess>y1 b absolutely injuri\s to ! quality ( ! product4 ,9 e case ! liquor %\ld be /ra9$ :il/ hot1 b n boil+1 & ! be/ me?od ( do+ ?is is to employ a f9e hair sieve1 or a co>se flannel bag4 ,9 g5]al x is f\nd t1 z decoctions cool1 a s$im5t is =m$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! boil+ wat] dissolv+ a l>g] portion ( vegetable matt] ?an x c reta9 9 solution :5 cold4 ,?is deposit = ! mo/ "p consi/s ( ! active pr9ciples ( ! solution1 &1 unless :5 o!rwise ord]$1 %\ld be m+l$ ) ! cle> liquid by agitation1 :5 ! decoction ent]s into extemporane\s compositions1 or :5 ! dose is tak54 ,! l5g? ( "t occupi$ by ! ebullition is ano!r po9t dem&+ "s att5tion4 ,long boil+ is 9 no case necess>y1 & %\ld be avoid$1 especially 9 decoctions prep>$ f aromatic vegetables1 or ^? ab\nd+ 9 extractive4 ,! ,colleges1 9 su* cases1 direct ! +r$i5ts to be boil$ = a %ort "t1 or = t5 m9utes2 or !y limit ! p]iod ( ! ebullition by /at+ ! quantity t mu/ be volatilis$1 z--boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 ,! la/ me?od is g5]ally employ$ = ^? sub/ances t d n suff] by l5g!n$ boil+4 ,9 prep>+ comp\nd decoctions ^? +r$i5ts %\ld be boil$ fir/ :i* lea/ readily give up _! active pr9ciples to ! m5/ruum1 & ^? :i* mo/ readily "p ) !m %\ld be add$ aft]w>ds4 ,9 _m cases x is prop] simply to infuse ! m aromatic sub/ances 9 ! hot decoction ( ! o!r +r$i5ts1 by :i* means _! volatile pr9ciples w be bett] pres]v$4 ,di/ill$ wat]1 or p]fectly clean ra9 wat]1 %\ld alone be us$ = decoctions1 extracts1 & infusions4 ,spr+ & riv] wat]1 f conta9+ lime1 h mu* less solv5t matt]4 ,! aque\s solutions ( organic matt]1 f ! nature ( _! con/itu5ts1 rapidly f]m5t or putrefy1 at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,nei!r decoctions nor infusions are fit to be us$ 9 disp5s+1 unless made ! same day4 ,!y %\ld1 consequ5tly1 be only prep>$ 9 small quantities at a "t1 & any unconsum$ portion %\ld be reject$1 z x w\ld be imprud5t = ! disp5s] to risk 8 own reputation1 & ! welf>e ( ! pati5t1 by employ+ an article ( dubi\s quality4 ,x has ( late ye>s become a g5]al practice = ! :olesale h\ses to v5d prep>ations "u ! "n ( ',conc5trat$ ,decoctions1' :i*1 ) ! exception ( ! comp\nd decoction ( aloes1 are /at$ to be ( #h times ! ph>macopoeial /r5g?2 s t "o dra*m ( ^! liquids add$ to sev5 dra*ms ( wat] =ms extemporane\s decoctions1 pr(ess$ly resembl+ ^? ( ! ph>macopoeia4 ,! decoction ( aloes is made ( only f\r times ! usual /r5g?1 z ! nature ( its composition w\ld n p]mit ( fur!r conc5tration4 ,su* prep>ations are1 h[ev]1 v imp]fect sub/itutes = ! fre%ly made decoctions4 ,! extreme difficulty ( =m+ conc5trat$ solutions ( vegetable matt] ) bulky +r$i5ts too (t5 leads to ! omission ( a portion ( ! mat]ials1 or to ! practice ( conc5trat+ ! liquid by long evaporation4 ,9 ! fir/ case ! /r5g? is1 ( c\rse1 less ?an x %\ld be2 & 9 ! second1 ! quality is injur$1 & p]haps ! prep>ation is r5d]$ ne>ly in]t by ! l5g!n$ exposure to heat1 & ! consequ5t volatilisation or decomposition ( its active con/itu5ts4 ,! common practice ( add+ a consid]able portion ( _s to ^! prep>ations1 :i* is absolutely necess>y to pres]ve !m1 is also objectionable1 z1 9 _m ( ! cases 9 :i* decoctions are prescrib$1 ?is article1 ev5 9 small quantities1 ex]ts a prejudicial action4 ,"s conc5trat$ decoctions h be5 rec5tly (f]$ = sale :i* d n conta9 alcohol1 be+ pres]v$ by ! addition ( sulphur\s acid1 or sulphite ( lime4 ,decoction ( ,alconorque4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,alconorco4 ,am]ican alconorque b>k1 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #af oz12 boil to #h oz41 & /ra94--,dose1 #a oz4 two or ?ree times a day1 9 ph?isis4 ,decoction ( ,ald]4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,alni4 ,b>k ( common ald]1 #a oz42 wat]1 #bj oz42 boil to #af oz4 ,decoction ( ,ald]1 ,black4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,rhamni ,,frangul4 ,black ald] b>k1 dri$1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to #a p9t1 & /ra94 ,decoction ( ,al'oes4 ,syn4 ,,comp\nd ,d4 ,,( ,a41 ,,balsam ,,( ,,life2 ,,baume ,,de ,,vie1 ,fr42 ,,decoctum ,,al',o,s 7,ph4 ,e471 ,d4 ,a4 ,,compos',,itum 7,b4 ,p4 & ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,extract ( liquorice1 #a oz42 extract ( socotr9e aloes1 #b dr42 p[d]$ myrrh & saffron1 ( ea*1 #a-a_/b dr42 c>bonate ( potassa1 #a dr42 t9cture ( c>damoms1 #h oz42 wat]1 a suffici5cy4 ,co>sely p[d] ! extract ( aloes & myrrh1 & put !m1 toge!r ) ! c>bonate ( pota% & extract ( liquorice1 into a cov]$ vessel1 ) a p9t ( di/ill$ wat]2 boil g5tly = five m9utes1 !n add ! saffron2 let ! vessel ) cont5ts cool1 !n add ! t9cture ( c>damoms1 &1 cov]+ ! vessels closely1 all[ ! +r$i5ts to mac]ate two h\rs1 f9ally /ra9 ?r\gh flannel1 p\r+ z mu* di/ill$ wat] ov] ! cont5ts ( ! /ra9] z w make ! product measure #cj oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,aloes1 myrrh1 & saffron1 ( ea* #a dr42 extract ( liquorice1 #a_/b oz42 c>bonate ( potassa1 #dj gr42 wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 boil to #ab fl4 oz42 /ra91 & add ( comp\nd t9cture ( c>damoms #d fl4 oz4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,z ,no4 #a 7ne>ly71 b us+ hepatic aloes4 ,a w>m ca?>tic4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b oz42 9 habitual co/iv5ess1 dyspepsia1 jaundice1 c4 ,obs4 ,by boil+ ! saffron z ord]$ by ! ,dubl9 & ,ed9burgh ,colleges1 ne>ly ! :ole ( its fragrance is dissipat$4 ,a bett] plan is to mac]ate x 9 ! t9cture = a few days1 previ\sly to add+ ! latt] to ! decoction ( ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,aft] ! t9cture has be5 /ra9$ (f f ! saffron1 ! latt] may be wa%$ ) a little wat]1 to remove any adh]+ col\r & od\r1 & ?is may be add$ to ! decoction4 ,! addition ( ! t9cture produces a deposit ( mucilag9\s & fecul5t matt]1 :i* has be5 dissolv$ out ( ! liquorice1 = :i* reason "s h\ses omit ! latt] altoge!r1 & supply its place ) an equal quantity ( sug> or treacle1 & a little col\r+4 ,by ?is me?od ! liquid1 aft] be+ once obta9$ cle>1 w cont9ue s = any l5g? ( "t4 #d4 7,:olesale47 ,solazzi juice1 #a-a_/b lb42 kali 7c>bonate ( potassa71 #d oz42 hepatic aloes1 #e-a_/b oz42 myrrh 7small71 #e oz42 wat]1 #d-a_/b galls42 boil to #c galls41 /ra9 ?r\gh flannel1 cool1 & add1 ( comp\nd t9cture ( c>damoms1 #aj p9ts2 previ\sly dige/$ = #aj days on saffron1 #b-a_/b oz42 mix well1 & add ess5tial oil ( nutmeg1 #ae drops2 oils ( cassia & c>away1 ( ea* #aj drops2 & oils ( cloves & pim5to1 ( ea* #e drops2 9 a week decant ! cle> portion f ! s$im5t1 & pres]ve x 9 a cool place4 #e4 7,conc5trat$2 ,d4 ,a4 ,,conc5tra',,tum1 ,l47--a4 ,lump sug>1 #h oz42 col\r+1 #a_/d p9t2 c>bonate ( pota%1 #b oz42 aloes1 #c-a_/b oz42 myrrh & saffron1 ( ea* #b-a_/b oz42 comp\nd t9cture ( c>damoms1 #a_/b a gall42 wat]1 #c p9ts2 boil ! fir/ five 9 ! wat]1 until r$uc$ to ne>ly "o half2 cool1 & add ! t9cture1 previ\sly dige/$ = a week1 on ! saffron2 & proce$ z above4 #ad oz4 ( extract ( liquorice may be us$ in/ead ( ! sug> & col\r+4 b4 ,aloes1 myrrh1 liquorice1 & potassa 7all 9 p[d]71 & saffron z la/2 comp\nd t9cture ( c>damoms1 #e-c_/d p9ts2 dige/ a =tnight1 & filt]4 ,9 ?is way a v odor\s & beautiful prep>ation is produc$1 :i* has be5 mu* admir$4 ,! above are said to possess f\r times ! /r5g? ( ! ,college prep>ation4 ,decoction1 ,anticol'ic4 ,syn4 ,,anticolic ,,ap',,ozem1 ,,degl&',s ,,colic ,,mixture2 ,,apoz',,ema ,,anticol',,icum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,s5na leaves1 #b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 simm] g5tly to #af fl4 oz42 press out ! liquor1 add sulphate ( soda1 #a oz42 syrup ( buck?orn1 #b oz42 & /ra9 ?r\gh flannel4 ,us$ by glassfuls 9 lead colic1 or aft] poison+ by lead4 ,decoction1 ,antid>'tr\s4 ,decoction ( ,bitt] ,sweet 7see bel[74 ,decoction ( ,apocynum4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,apocyni4 ,root ( ,apocynum cannab9um1 #a oz42 junip] b]ries1 #a oz42 wat]1 #c p9ts4 ,boil to #b p9ts4 ,a w9e-glassful frequ5tly4 ,9 dropsy4 ,decoction ( ,ar'nica4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,arnic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,sw$iaur47 ,fl[]s ( ,arnica montana1 #a oz42 wat]1 #c p9ts2 boil to a qu>t2 filt]1 & add ( syrup ( g+]1 #c oz4--,dose1 #a to #b fl4 oz4 e two or ?ree h\rs2 9 aphonia1 p>alysis ( ! volunt>y muscles1 rheumatism1 c42 & z a sub/itute = b>k 9 putrid fev]1 agues1 c4 #b4 7,ph4 ,ca/4 ,au/41 #ahda47 ,arnica root1 #b dr42 wat]1 #i oz42 boil to #f oz41 & /ra94--,dose1 #a oz42 z ! la/4 ,decoction ( ,asp>agus4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,asp>agi4 ,roots ( asp>agus1 #a oz42 wat]1 #b p9ts2 boil = #aj or #ae m9utes2 diuretic4 ,decoction1 ,a/r9'g5t4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,a/r9',,g5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,sw$iaur47 ,oak-b>k1 pomegranate peel1 & torm5til root1 ( ea* #b dr2 wat] & milk1 ( ea* #a lb42 boil #ab m9utes1 add ( c9namon1 #b dr42 boil #b or #c m9utes long]1 & /ra94--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful4 ,decoction ( ,av5s ,root4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,gei4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,?ompson47 ,av5s root1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil = #ae m9utes1 & /ra94 ,decoction ( ,baobab ,tree4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,adansoni4 ,b>k ( ! baobab tree1 #f dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 ,us$ z a sub/itute = decoction ( b>k4 ,decoction ( ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,( ,,c9*o',,na2 ,,decoctum ,,c9*o',n1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ph4 ,l43--a4 7,d4 ,,( ,,yell[ ,b42 ,d4 ,,c9*on1 ,b4 ,p47 ,yell[ c9*ona or calisaya b>k 7bruis$71 #a-a_/d oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 boil = #aj m9utes 9 a lightly cov]$ vessel2 :5 cold1 /ra9 & p\r on ! m>c suffici5t wat] to make up #a p9t4 b4 7,d4 ,,( ,,pale ,b42 ,d4 ,c4 ,,pallid1 ,ph4 ,l47 ,f pale c9*ona or loxa b>k1 z above 7a47 c4 7,d4 ,,( ,,r$ ,b42 ,d4 ,c4 ,,rubr1 ,ph4 ,l47 ,f r$ b>k1 z above 7a74 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,br[n1 grey1 yell[1 or r$ c9*ona 7bruis$71 #a oz42 wat]1 #bd fl4 oz42 boil = #aj m9utes2 :5 cold filt] ! liquor1 & evaporate x to #af fl4 oz4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,f pale or loxa b>k1 simil> to ! ',decoctum c9*on pallid' ( ,ph4 ,l4 7#a4 b4 above74 ,dose1 c4 #a to #b fl4 oz41 #c or #d times daily1 z a tonic1 /oma*ic1 & febrifuge1 :5 ! /oma* w n be> ! adm9i/ration ( b>k 9 p[d]2 9 fev]s1 dyspepsia1 convalesc5ce1 c4 ,! plan recomm5d$ by ! ,ed9burgh ,college ( filt]+ ! decoction :5 cold is absurd4 ,accord+ to ,s\beiran1 #adf gr4 ( ! deposit ?us remov$ conta9$ #hf gr4 soluble 9 alcohol1 & ri* 9 ! c9*ona alkaloids4 ,?is liquid %\ld1 !re=e1 be well %ak5 be=e p\r+ x out = use1 in/ead ( be+ filt]$4 ,! addition ( a few drops ( ei!r sulphuric or hydro*loric acid to ! wat] greatly increases its solv5t p[]1 & also1 consequ5tly1 ! m$ic9al value ( ?is prep>ation4 7,see bel[47 ,decoction ( ,b>k 7,acid'ulat$74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,c9*on ,,acidula',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,to ! wat] = any "o ( ! above1 add dilute sulphuric acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 boil #aj m9utes1 & /ra9 :il/ hot4 #b4 7,sir ,j4 ,wylie47 ,c9*ona b>k1 #a oz42 wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 #a dr42 z la/4 ,decoction ( ,b>k 7,facti''ti\s74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,c9*on ,,factitium1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,will[ b>k & horse-*e/nut b>k1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 calamus root & cloves1 ( ea* #a_/d oz42 wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 boil to "o half4 ,us$ z a sub/itute = decoction ( c9*ona b>k1 b is va/ly inf]ior4 ,decoction ( ,b>k & ,s]'p5t>y4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,c9*on ,,cum ,,s]p5ta',,ria1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,sir ,j4 ,pr+le47 ,p]uvian b>k1 #c dr42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil to "o half1 & infuse 9 ! hot decoction1 s]p5t>ia root1 #c dr4 ,z a diaphoretic /imulant1 & tonic1 9 fev]s1 & z a g>gle 9 sore ?roat4 ,decoction ( ,b>'ley4 ,syn4 ,,b>ley-,,wat]2 ,,decoctum ,,hor',,dei 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,pe>l b>ley1 #a oz4 7wa%$ clean72 boil = #bj m9utes 9 #ae oz4 ( wat]1 & /ra94 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,simil> to above4 7,see ,obs4 bel[47 ,decoction ( ,b>ley 7,comp\nd47 ,syn4 ,,pec',,toral ,,decoction1 ,,fe',,v] ,,dr9k2 ,,decoctum ,,pectora',,le1 ,,ptisan',a ,,commu',,nis1 ,,dec4 ,,hor',,dei ,,compos',,itum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,mi/u',,ra ,,hor',,dei 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,decoction ( b>ley 7simple71 #a qu>t2 figs 7slic$7 & rais9s 7/on$71 ( ea* #b-a_/b oz42 fre% liquorice 7slic$71 #e dr42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil to a qu>t1 & /ra94 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,pe>l b>ley1 #b-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #d-a_/b p9ts2 boil to #c p9ts2 add figs & rais9s1 ( ea* #b-a_/b oz42 liquorice root1 #e dr42 wat]1 #a p9t2 & boil to #b p9ts1 z be=e4 ,obs4 ,! above are us$ z demulc5ts 9 fev]s1 ph?isis1 /rangury1 c41 tak5 ad libitum4 ,!y are slightly laxative1 & :5 ?is w\ld be an objection to _! use1 a few drops ( laudanum may be add$4 ,mix$ ) an equal quantity ( decoction ( b>k1 b>ley-wat] =ms an excell5t g>gle 9 cynan*e maligna 7ulc]at$ sore ?roat71 &1 ) a l quantity ( milk & a little sug>1 a good sub/itute = ! brea/ 9 dry nurs+ infants4 ,x is1 also1 (t5 acidulat$ ) lemon juice or sulphuric acid1 & sweet5$ 7,decoctum hordei acidulatum74 ,gum ,arabic1 #d dr41 & nitre1 #a dr41 to ea* p9t1 is a common addition 9 gonorrhoea4 ,cream ( t>t>1 #a dr41 is occasionally add$ to r5d] x m ap]i5t4 ,decoction ( ,bi/ort4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,bi/ort4 ,bi/ort root1 #b oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9ts2 boil #ae or #bj m9utes1 & /ra94--,dose1 #a oz4 to #b oz42 a/r+5t4 ,decoction1 ,bit't]4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,ama',,rum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dri$ tops ( less] c5taury & wormwood1 & leaves ( g]m&]1 ( ea* #c dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/d p9t2 boil to a p9t4 #b4 ,g5tian root1 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil #aj m9utes1 take out ! root1 slice x1 & add x aga9 to ! decoction ) dri$ orange peel1 #a_/d oz42 boil to #a p9t1 & /ra94 ,decoction ( ,bitt] ,sweet4 ,syn4 ,,antid>',,tr\s ,,ap',,ozem2 ,,apozema ,,dulcama'',r1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,tr\sseau & ,reveille47 ,dulcam>a1 #a dr42 wat]1 #af oz42 boil to #i oz41 & /ra94 ,to be tak5 9 ?ree doses dur+ ! day4 ,e o!r day ! quantity is to be increas$ until #ab dr4 or ev5 #b oz4 are tak5 daily1 s t ! pati5t may beg9 to feel dryness ( ! ?roat1 & "s disord] ( vision & dige/ion2 & cont9ue at ?is quantity = sev]al weeks 9 succession4 ,9 ob/9ate sk9 diseases4 ,see ,,decoction ,,( ,,dulcam>a4 ,decoction ( ,blue ,c>d9al ,fl[]s4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,lobel',i1 ,d4 ,l4 ,,syphilit',,ic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,root ( ,lobelia syphilitica1 #a h&ful2 wat]1 #ab lb42 boil to #g lb41 & /ra94 #b4 7,sw$iaur47 ,dri$ root1 #e oz42 wat]1 #ab lb42 z la/4 ,alt]ative1 purgative1 & diuretic4 ,obs4 ,?is decoction 0 /rongly recomm5d$ by ,sw$iaur 9 c]ta9 compla9ts4 ,he gave half a p9t at fir/1 twice daily1 & aft]w>ds #d times a day1 unless x act$ too /rongly on ! b[els1 :5 ! frequ5cy ( ! dose 0 dim9i%$1 or x 0 discont9u$ = #c or #d days1 & !n _h rec\rse to aga91 until ! cure 0 effect$4 ,decoction ( ,bran4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,furfuris1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f bran1 #a_/d lb42 wat]1 #a-a_/d p9t2 boil to a p9t4 ,9 diabetes2 & sweet5$ ) sug>1 z a demulc5t & laxative 9 c\gh & sore ?roat4 #b4 ,bran1 #a qu>t2 wat]1 #a-a_/b gall42 boil #e m9utes1 & add cold wat]1 q4 s4 to br+ x to ! prop] temp]ature4 ,z an emolli5t foot-ba?4 ,decoction ( ,broom4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,sp>',,tii ,,cacum9',,ium2 ,d4 ,,scopa'',,rii 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,broom-tops 7dri$71 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 boil #aj m9utes1 & /ra94 #b4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,broom-tops 7dri$71 #a oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 boil = #aj m9utes1 & /ra94 7,see bel[47 ,decoction ( ,broom 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,sp>',,tii ,,cacum9ium ,c41 ,d4 ,,scopa'',,rii 7,ph4 ,e471 ,d4 ,s4 ,,compos',,itum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,tops ( broom 7rec5t & dri$71 junip] b]ries 7bruis$71 d&elion root 7bruis$71 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,tops ( broom & junip]1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 cream ( t>t>1 #b-a_/b dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to a p9t1 z la/4 ,! above are diuretic & laxative4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a w9e-glassful1 #c or #d times a day2 9 dropsy1 especially ( ! belly 7,,ascites74 ,decoction ( ,buckbean4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,m5yan?is4 ,buckbean1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to a p9t4 ,decoction ( ,burdock4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,arc',,tii1 ,d4 ,,b>da',n1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,b>dana root1 #f oz42 wat]1 #e p9ts2 boil to #c p9ts1 & /ra94 #b4 7,wood47 ,dri$ root1 #b oz42 wat]1 #c p9ts2 boil to #b p9ts1 & /ra94 ,z an alt]ative2 a p9t or m daily1 9 all ^? cases 9 :i* s>sap>illa is recomm5d$4 ,decoction ( ,cabbage-tree ,b>k4 ,,decoctum ,,ge(froy 7,ph4 ,e4 #ahag71 ,d4 ,g4 ,,in]mis 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf74 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,b>k ( ! cabbage tree 7bruis$71 #a oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 ,ca?>tic1 n>cotic1 & an!lm9tic4--,dose1 #b to #d table-spoonfuls = an adult2 #a to #b teaspoonfuls = a *ild1 foll[$ by demulc5ts & ca/or oil2 9 worms1 c4 ,decoction ( ,calumba 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,calum',b ,,compos',,itum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 #ahca47 ,calumba & quassia1 ( ea* #b dr42 orange peel1 #a dr42 rhub>b1 #bj gr42 c>bonate ( potassa1 #cj gr42 wat]1 #bj fl4 oz42 boil to #af fl4 oz41 /ra91 &1 :5 cold1 add ( comp\nd t9cture ( lav5d]1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,bitt]1 tonic1 & /oma*ic4--,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls #c or #d times daily4 ,decoction ( ,c5taury4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,cimicifuge1 ,f4 ,h4 ,less] c5taury1 #b oz42 wat]1 #b p9ts2 boil = a few m9utes1 & /ra94 ,decoction ( ,cey'lon ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,fu'',,ci ,,amyla',,cei1 ,d4 ,,ploca'',,ri ,,c&i',d1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ,ceylon moss1 #b dr42 wat]1 milk1 or :ey1 #a p9t2 boil to #af fl4 oz41 & /ra94 ,x may be sweet5$ & flav\r$4 ,9 irritation ( ! muc\s membranes & 9 ph?isis4 ,decoction ( ,*am'omile4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,an!',,midis1 ,d4 ,,*am,,meli1 ,l4 ,f *amomiles1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 dige/ = #aj m9utes1 simm] g5tly = #b or #c m9utes long]1 & /ra9 ) pressure4 7,see bel[47 ,decoction ( ,*amomile 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,*am,,meli ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,*amomile fl[]s 7dri$71 #a_/b oz42 f5nel se$1 #b dr42 wat]1 #af oz42 boil a %ort "t1 & /ra94 ,bo? ! above are bitt]1 /oma*ic & tonic2 ! la/ is v]mifuge4 ,!y are *iefly us$ z fom5tations & cly/]s4 ,decoction ( ,*]ry ,laurel ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,lauro-,,c]asi ,,corticis4 7,dr ,ka/n]47 ,*]ry laurel b>k1 #b oz42 wat]1 #b p9ts2 boil1 & /ra94 ,decoction ( ,*iret'ta4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,*irayt1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f *iretta or *yrata1 #e dr42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil #h or #aj m9utes & /ra94--,dose1 #a_/b to #a w9e-glassful #b or #c times daily1 z a /oma*ic tonic2 9 flatul5cy & acidity1 especially 9 ! dyspepsia ( g\ty p]sons4 ,decoction ( ,c9*o'na4 ,see ,,decoction ,,( ,,b>k4 ,decoction ( ,c(fee4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,caffei4 ,boil #aj dr4 ( raw c(fee b]ries 9 #h oz4 ( wat] to #e oz4 ,to be giv5 9 #c doses dur+ ! int]missions ( int]mitt5t fev]4 ,decoction ( ,col'ocyn?4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,colocyn?',,idis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bat47 ,colocyn? pulp1 #a dr42 wat]1 #h oz42 boil #aj m9utes1 & :5 q cold1 add ( syrup ( orange peel1 #a oz42 sulphuric e!r1 #a dr4--,dose1 #b to #f dr41 #b or #c times a day2 9 dropsy1 c4 ,decoction ( ,colts'foot4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,tussilag',,inis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p]eira47 ,fre% leaves ( coltsfoot1 #b oz4 7or fl[]s1 #a oz472 wat]1 #b p9ts2 boil to a p9t & /ra94 ,a popul> rem$y 9 *ronic c\ghs & *e/ diseases4 ,x is emolli5t & demulc5t4--,dose4 ,half a teacupful1 ad libitum4 7,see bel[47 ,decoction ( ,coltsfoot 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,tussilag9is ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,taddei47 ,coltsfoot fl[]s1 #f oz42 figs1 rais9s1 & jujubes1 ( ea* #b oz42 wat]1 #ab p9ts2 boil d[n to #d p9ts2 add liquorice root1 #b oz42 aga9 boil & /ra94 ,z ! la/4 ,decoction1 ,com'mon4 ,see ,,decoction ,,( ,,mall[s4 ,decoction ( ,cor'sican ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,helm9?',,ocorti1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! moss1 #e dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to a p9t4--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful1 ?ree times a day2 z a v]mifuge4 ,9 #ahbb1 ,mr ,f>r br\ght x =w>d z a rem$y = canc]4 ,decoction ( ,cot'ton ,root4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,gossyp',,ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,b\*elle47 ,inn] "p ( ! root ( ! cotton plant1 #d oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil to a p9t4--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful1 occasionally1 z an emm5agogue2 or1 e #cj or #dj m9utes1 to produce ut]9e contractions1 = :i* purpose x is said to be z effectual z ergot ( rye4 ,decoction ( ,d&eli'on4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,t>ax',,aci 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,fre% d&elion root 7bruis$71 #a oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,h]b & root 7fre%71 #g oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil to a p9t4 ,ap]i5t1 /oma*ic1 & tonic4--,dose1 #a to #b fl4 oz41 or m1 #b or #c times daily4 ,decoction1 ,diaphoret'ic4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,diaphoreticum1 ,l4 ,decoction ( b>k1 #a p9t2 liquor ( acetate ( ammonia1 #d oz42 aromatic confection1 #a oz4--,dose1 #b or #c table-spoonfuls e #c h\rs4 ,decoction ( ,dog-grass4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,gram9',,is1 ,l42 ,,ptisane ,,*i5d5t1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,f dog-grass root 7,triticum rep5s71 #a oz42 liquorice root1 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil #bj m9utes1 & /ra94 ,ap]i5t & pectoral2 by cupfuls1 ad libitum4 7,see bel[47 ,decoction ( ,dog-grass 7,ioduret't$74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,gram9is ,,iodure',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,mag5die47 ,decoction ( dog-grass1 #cb fl4 oz42 syrup ( pepp]m9t1 #b oz42 iodide ( potassium1 #a_/b dr42 mix4 ,by cupfuls1 ad libitum4 ,decoction ( ,dog-wood4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,cor',,nus ,,florid1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,dog-wood b>k 7bruis$71 #a oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil #aj m9utes1 & /ra9 :il/ hot4 ,tonic & a/r+5t2 recomm5d$ z a sub/itute = b>k4--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful4 ,decoction ( ,dulcama'ra4 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,( ,,bitt] ,,sweet1 ,d4 ,,( ,,woody ,,night%ade2 ,,decoctum ,,dulcama'',r 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,woody night%ade or bitt] sweet 7! new %oots71 #aj dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,dulcam>a 7*opp$ small71 #a oz42 wat]1 #bd fl4 oz42 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,twigs ( woody night%ade1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil #aj m9utes 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra94 ,x %\ld measure ab\t #af fl4 oz4 ,alt]ative1 diaphoretic1 & diuretic4--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful1 or m1 #b or #c times a day2 9 *ronic c\ghs & *ronic sk9 diseases1 & 9 mo/ ( ^? cases :]e9 s>sap>illa proves useful4 ,see ,,decoction ,,( ,,bitt] ,,sweet1 also bel[4 ,decoction ( ,dulcama'ra 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,dulcama'',r ,,composi',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,augu/947 ,dulcam>a 7bitt] sweet71 #d dr42 burdock root1 liquorice root1 sassafras *ips1 & guaiacum wood1 ( ea*1 #b dr42 wat]1 #b lbs42 boil to #af fl4 oz41 & /ra94--,dose1 #a to #b w9e-glassfuls #b or #c times a day4 #b4 7,foy47 ,z ! la/1 b us+ dulcam>a1 #b oz4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a w9e-glassful2 9 simil> cases to ^? 9 :i* ! simple decoction is giv51 especially 9 *ronic rheumatism & v5]eal affections4 ,decoction ( ,el'd] ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,sambu'',,ci1 ,d4 ,s4 ,,corticis4 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,syd5ham47 ,inn] b>k ( eld]1 #a oz42 wat] & milk1 ( ea* #a p9t2 boil to "o half1 & /ra94 #b4 7,colli]47 ,b>k1 #a oz42 wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 boil to #a_/b p9t1 & /ra94 #c4 7,p]eira47 ,b>k1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil to "o half4--,dose4 ,"o w9e-glassful #b or #c times a day2 z an ap]i5t & resolv5t 9 v>i\s *ronic disord]s1 9 dropsy1 & 9 c]ta9 cutane\s affections2 or1 #b w9e-glassfuls1 z be=e1 z a hydragogue ca?>tic 9 dropsies4 ,decoction ( ,elecam'pane4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,hel5'',,ii1 ,d4 ,,inu',l1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,elecampane root1 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil a few m9utes & /ra94 ,tonic & expectorant1 &1 9 "s cases1 diuretic & diaphoretic4--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful e h\r or two4 7,see bel[47 ,decoction ( ,elecampane 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,hel5i ,,compositum1 ,d4 ,,inul ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,roti]47 ,elecampane1 #a oz42 hyssop & gr\nd ivy1 ( ea* #b dr42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil #ae m9utes1 /ra91 & add ( honey1 #b oz4--,dose1 #a to #c table-spoonfuls2 z ! la/4 ,decoction ( ,elm ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,ul',,mi 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,elm b>k 7cut 9 small pieces71 #a oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #af oz42 boil to #h oz41 & /ra94--,dose1 #b to #d oz41 ?ree or f\r times a day1 z a *eap sub/itute = s>sap>illa 9 scaly sk9 diseases4 7,see bel[47 ,decoction ( ,elm ,b>k 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,ulmi ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,jeffrey47 ,simple decoction ( elm b>k1 #h p9ts2 liquorice root1 sassafras & guaiacum *ips1 ( ea* #a oz42 mez]eon root1 #c dr42 boil = "o h\r1 & /ra94 ,m active ?an ! la/4 ,decoction ( ,er'got4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,ergot'1 ,d4 ,,seca',,lis ,,cornuti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p]eira47 ,ergot ( rye 7bruis$71 #a dr42 wat]1 #f fl4 oz42 boil #aj m9utes1 & /ra94--,dose4 ,"o ?ird at int]vals ( half an h\r1 until ! :ole is tak52 z a p>turifaci5t4 ,decoction ( ,f]n ,root4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,filicis2 ,d4 ,,radicis ,f41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,wood47 ,dri$ f]n-root1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil to #af fl4 oz41 & /ra94 ,by w9e-glassfuls1 fa/+1 until x excites slight nausea2 z a v]mifuge1 m p>ticul>ly = tapeworm4 ,decoction ( ,figs4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,fici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cadet47 ,figs 7*opp$71 #a oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil1 & /ra94 ,demulc5t & pectoral2 tak5 ad libitum4 7,see bel[47 ,decoction ( ,figs 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,fici ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,foy47 ,figs & rais9s 7*opp$71 ( ea* #b oz42 liquorice root1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil #ae m9utes1 & /ra94 ,z ! la/4 ,decoction = ,ene'mas4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,pro ,,enema',,te1 ,l4 ,b>ley-wat]1 or ?9 gruel1 is commonly us$ "u ?is "n4 ,see ,,decoction ,,( ,,mall[s1 c4 ,decoction = ,fom5ta'tions4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,pro ,,fom5to1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,dri$ leaves ( s\!rn wood1 tops ( sea wormwood1 & *amomile fl[]s1 ( ea* #a oz42 laurel or bay leaves 7dri$71 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a p9t1 boil a few m9utes1 & /ra94 ,decoction ( ,galls4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,gal',l1 7,ph4 ,l47 ,prep4 ,f galls 7bruis$71 #b-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil$ to "o half1 & /ra9$4 ,z an a/r+5t1 fom5tation1 enema1 or injection1 9 prolapsus ani1 piles1 & leucorrhoea4 ,decoction ( ,guaiac'um4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,guaiac',i 7,ph4 ,e471 ,d4 ,g4 ,,compositum 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,guaiacum %av+s1 #c oz42 rais9s 7*opp$71 #b oz42 wat]1 #h p9ts2 simm] d[n to #e p9ts1 add+ t[>ds ! end1 sassafras 7rasp$ or slic$71 & liquorice root 7bruis$71 ( ea* #a oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,guaiacum wood1 #c oz42 sassafras1 #aj dr42 liquorice root1 #b-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #aj p9ts1 z ! la/2 to /ra9 #e p9ts4 ,obs4 ,! above =m ! once celebrat$ ',decoction ( ! ,woods1'--,dose4 ,a teacupful #c or #d times daily1 or (t5]1 9 *ronic rheumatism1 cutane\s diseases1 aft] a c\rse ( m]cury1 c4 ,al?\gh its virtues are ( a v dubi\s k9d1 !re is no d\bt t x frequ5tly does good1 especially :5 p]sev]$ 9 ) a sudorific regim54 ,decoction ( ,hairy ,horeh\nd4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,ballot ,,lanat1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,rehmann47 ,sib]ian or woolly horeh\nd 7,ballota71 #a-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil to "o half4--,dose4 ,a tumbl]ful1 or m1 twice a day2 9 rheumatic1 g\ty1 & dropsical affections1 especially ! latt]4 ,see ,,decoction ,,( ,,horeh\nd4 ,decoction ( ,h>ts'horn4 ,see ,,mixtures4 ,decoction ( ,hel'lebore4 #a4 7,,decoction ,,( ,,black ,,hellebore2 ,,decoctum ,,hellebori ,,nigri1 ,l47 ,prep4 #a4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,black hellebore root1 #b dr42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil #ae m9utes4--,dose1 #a fl4 oz41 e #d h\rs2 9 dropsy1 worms1 *ronic sk9 diseases1 c41 occurr+ 9 non-irritable habits4 #b4 7,,decoction ,,( ,,:ite ,,hellebore2 ,,decoctum ,,v]atri1 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d47 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,:ite hellebore 7bruis$71 #aj dr42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil to a p9t1 & :5 cold1 add ( rectifi$ _s1 #c fl4 oz4 ,us$ z a lotion1 9 it*1 lepra1 psoriasis1 scald-head1 c42 & to de/roy p$iculi4 ,9 mo/ cases x %\ld be dilut$ ) wat]1 & %\ld nev] be appli$ to ! uns\nd sk94 ,decoction ( ,holly ,leaves4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,ilicis4 7,foy47 ,holly leaves1 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #af oz42 boil to #ab oz4 ,= ?ree doses4 ,decoction ( ,horeh\nd4 ,syn4 ,,comp\nd ,,decoction ,,( ,,horeh\nd2 ,,decoctum ,,m>ubii ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffi?47 ,dri$ horeh\nd 7,m>rubium vulg>e71 #a oz42 liquorice root & flax se$ 7bruis$71 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 mac]ate = #c or #d h\rs 7boil a m9ute71 & /ra94 ,an excell5t demulc5t & pectoral4--,dose1 #a to #b fl4 oz41 z requir$1 9 c\ghs1 c4 ,decoction ( ,horse-*e/'nut ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,hippoca/anei1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,wood47 ,horse-*e/nut b>k 7co>sely p[d]$71 #aj dr42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil #aj m9utes1 & /ra94 ,us$ = decoction ( c9*ona b>k4 ,a little liquorice root is frequ5tly add$4 7,see bel[47 ,decoction ( ,horse-*e/'nut ,b>k 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,hippoca/anei ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,phoebus47 ,horse-*e/nut b>k1 #a-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #ah fl4 oz42 boil to "o half1 /ra91 & :5 q cold1 add ( sulphuric e!r1 #a to #b dr42 syrup ( orange peel1 #a oz4 ,to be us$ dur+ ! int]mission ( an ague 9 w9e-glassfuls at a "t4 #b4 7,spielman47 ,horse-*e/nut b>k & will[ b>k1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 calamus aromaticus & root ( wat] av5s1 ( ea* #b dr42 wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 boil to "o half4 ,z ! la/4 ,decoction ( ,icel& ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,( ,,liv]wort2 ,,decoctum ,,cetr>i 7,ph4 ,l472 ,d4 ,,li*5is ,,isl&ici 7,ph4 ,d472 ,d4 ,,li*5is 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd47 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,liv]wort 7,icel& moss71 #e dr42 wecm #a-a_/b2 p9t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,icel& moss1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil = #aj m9utes 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra94 ,nutriti\s1 demulc5t1 pectoral1 & tonic4--,dose1 #a to #d fl4 oz41 e #c or #d h\rs2 9 *ronic affections ( ! *e/ & /oma*1 especially pulmon>y consumption1 old c\ghs1 dyspepsia1 *ronic di>rhoea1 & dys5t]y4 ,x may be flav\r$ & sweet5$2 milk is frequ5tly add$ to x4 ,! bitt] matt] may be remov$ by /eep+ ! moss = "s "t 9 pretty w>m wat]1 or 9 cold wat]1 to :i* a v little c>bonate ( pota% has be5 add$4 ,)\t ?is is done1 x is int5sely bitt] & nause\s4 ,decoction ( ,indian ,ba'el4 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,( ,,gle ,,m>melos2 ,,decoctum ,,bael1 ,l4 ,f ! dri$ unripe fruit ( gle m>melos 7,indian bael71 #b oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil to "o ?ird1 & /ra94--,dose1 #b fl4 oz4 two or ?ree times a day2 9 dys5t]y1 di>rhoea1 & ,engli% *ol]a4 ,decoction ( ,indian ,p9k4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,spigeli1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,indian p9k root1 #e dr2 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil #e m9utes2 add s5na1 #d dr42 dige/ #ae m9utes1 /ra9 & add ( manna1 #a oz4--,dose4 ,a small teacupful1 #c times a day1 = an adult2 #a_/b oz4 to #a oz41 or less1 = *ildr52 z an an!lm9tic purge4 ,decoction ( ,indian ,s>sap>il'la4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,hem$es',,mi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p]eira47 ,root ( ,indian s>sap>illa 7,hem$esmus ,indicus71 #b oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to a p9t4 ,diuretic1 alt]ative1 & tonic4--,dose4 ,by w9e-glassfuls1 z decoction ( s>sap>illa4 ,decoction ( ,i''ri% ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,*on',,dri4 ,prep4 7,p]eira47 ,c>rage5 or ,iri% moss1 #a oz42 mac]ate 9 lukew>m wat] = #aj m9utes1 take x out & dra9 x1 & !n boil x 9 wat] 7or milk71 #c p9ts1 = #ae m9utes1 & /ra9 ?r\gh l954 ,obs4 ,if twice ! above weight ( moss is employ$1 a mucilage 7mucilago *ondri7 is produc$1 :i* may be flav\r$ ) lemon juice1 spices1 c41 & =ms a mo/ nutriti\s article ( spoon diet4 ,x is tak5 9 ! same cases z decoction ( ,icel& moss2 & is frequ5tly employ$ 9 cook]y1 z a sub/itute = animal jelly1 9 ! prep>ation ( blancmanges1 s\ps1 c4 ,decoction ( ,i''s+lass4 ,see ,,lisbon ,,diet ,,dr9k4 ,decoction ( ,jamaica ,dogwood4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,cornus ,,florid4 7,u4 ,s4 ,ph47 ,b>k ( ,jamaica dogwood1 #a oz42 wat]1 #af oz4 o4m42 boil #aj m9utes & /ra91 & make up to #a p9t o4m4 ,z a sub/itute = c9*ona1 b is m a/r+5t4 ,decoction ( ,jujubes4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,jujub>um4 ,boil #b oz4 ( jujubes 7/on$71 = an h\r1 9 a suffici5t quantity ( wat] to produce #b p9ts ( decoction4 ,decoction ( ,ju'nip] ,b]ries 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,junip]i ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,junip] b]ries1 #b oz42 cream ( t>t>1 #c dr42 wat]1 #d p9ts2 boil to a qu>t1 /ra91 & add comp\nd _s ( junip]1 #b fl4 oz4 ,diuretic4--,dose1 #b or #c w9e-glassfuls1 #c times a day1 w>m4 ,decoction ( ,l9se$ 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,li',,ni ,,compositum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,l9se$1 #a oz42 liquorice root 7bruis$71 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil = #aj m9utes 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra9 :il/ hot4 ,emolli5t & demulc5t4--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful ad libitum2 9 gonorrhoea1 dys5t]y1 pulmon>y affections1 c4 ,x may be flav\r$ ) lemon peel1 & sweet5$4 ,see ,,infusions4 ,decoction ( ,liquorice4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,glycyrrhiz1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,liquorice root 7slic$71 #a-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 boil #aj m9utes & /ra94 ,a mild demulc5t2 x is tak5 ei!r alone1 by w9e-glassfuls1 or is us$ z a vehicle = m active rem$ies4 ,decoction1 ,lisbon4 ,see ,,lisbon ,,diet ,,dr9k4 ,decoction ( ,liv'erwort4 ,see ,,decoction ,,( ,,icel& ,,moss4 ,decoction ( ,log'wood4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,h,,matoxyli 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,logwood *ips1 #aj dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,logwood1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil to #aj fl4 oz41 add+ t[>ds ! la/1 c9namon 79 p[d]71 #a dr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,logwood1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 ,a/r+5t & tonic4--,dose1 #a table-spoonful to a w9e-glassful2 9 di>rhoea1 z requir$4 #d4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,logwood 9 *ips1 #a oz42 c9namon 9 co>se p[d]1 #fj gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,boil = #aj m9utes1 & /ra9 to make up #a p9t4 ,decoction ( ,mad'd]4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,rubi1 ,d4 ,r4 ,,t9ctori1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dewees47 ,p[d]$ madd]1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 simm] = #ae m9utes1 & add ( cloves 7bruis$71 #a dr42 :5 cold1 /ra94--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful1 #b or #c times daily2 9 am5orrhoea1 *lorosis1 c42 or e #c h\rs1 a %ort "t previ\s to ! expect$ m5/rual dis*>ge4 #b4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,to ! la/ add ammonio-citrate ( iron1 #c dr4 #c4 7,/4 ,m>ie47 ,p[d]$ madd]1 #a_/b oz42 hops1 #a dr42 ,engli% walnut leaves1 #c dr42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil to #a-a_/b p9t1 /ra91 & :5 cold1 add ( t9cture ( t>trate ( iron1 #a dr4--,dose1 #b fl4 oz41 night & morn+2 9 scr(ula1 c4 ,decoction ( ,mal'l[s4 ,syn4 ,,common ,,decoction2 ,,decoctum ,,com',,mune1 ,d4 ,,pro ,,enema',,te 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghg71 ,d4 ,,malv ,,compositum 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,common mall[s 7dri$71 #a oz42 *amomile fl[]s 7dri$71 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil #ae m9utes1 & /ra94 ,us$ *iefly = fom5tations & enemas4 ,decoction ( ,malt4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,bi',n1 ,d4 ,,bynes1 ,d4 ,,malti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,sw$iaur47 ,gr\nd malt1 #c oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 ,an oz4 ( syrup ( lemons1 or ( saffron1 may be add$ to ! cold decoction2 or1 a little liquorice root1 ) ! malt4 ,demulc5t & laxative4 ,a cupful ad libitum4 ,infusion ( malt 7sweet wort7 is a m conv5i5t & elegant prep>ation4 ,decoction ( ,m>%mal'l[4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,al?' 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf & ,ph4 ,e4 #ahac71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,dri$ root & h]b ( m>%mall[1 #d oz42 rais9s 7/on$71 #b oz42 wat]1 #g p9ts 7w9e measure72 boil d[n to #e p9ts1 /ra91 all[ x to deposit ! s$im5t & decant ! cle> liquid4 ,demulc5t4--,dose4 ,a cupful ad libitum1 9 c\ghs1 colds1 calcul\s affections1 & o!r diseases ( ! ur9>y organs4 ,see ,,mixtures4 ,decoction ( ,matico4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,matico',,nis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,jeffreys47 ,matico leaves1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil #ab m9utes1 & /ra94 ,a/r+5t4--,dose1 #a fl4 oz41 #b or #c times a day2 9 hmorrhagic & o!r dis*>ges4 ,decoction1 ,m]cu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,hydr>gyri1 ,d4 ,,m]curiale1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,quicksilv]1 #d oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil 9 a glass or e>!n vessel = an h\r1 add+ wat] to replace t lo/ by evaporation4--,dose4 ,a teacupful4 #b4 ,m]curial pill1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil to a p9t4--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful4 ,bo? 7 =m]ly tak5 = worms & ! it*4 #c4 ,corrosive sublimate1 #a gr42 7dissolv$ 97 _s ( w9e1 #cj drops2 extract ( s>sap>illa1 #c dr42 decoction ( s>sap>illa1 #h fl4 oz42 mix4--,dose4 ,"o l>ge table-spoonful1 #c times a day2 9 syphilis & ob/9ate sk9 diseases4 ,decoction ( ,mez]e'on4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,mez]ei 7,ph4 ,e4 & ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,root-b>k ( mez]eon1 #b dr42 liquorice root1 #d dr42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 simm] to #a-a_/b p9t1 & /ra94 ,/imulant & sudorific4--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful1 or m1 ?ree or f\r times a day2 9 *ronic rheumatism1 scr(ula1 second>y syphilis1 lepra1 & "s o!r cutane\s affections4 ,mu* boil+ injures ! virtues ( mez]eon4 7,see bel[47 ,decoction ( ,mez]e'on 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,mez]ei ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,van ,mons47 ,mez]eon1 #b dr42 bitt] sweet1 #d dr42 burdock1 #b oz42 wat]1 #b qu>ts2 boil to #c p9ts1 add ( liquorice root1 #b dr41 & /ra94 ,z ! la/1 & 9 ob/9ate diseases ( ! sk94 ,decoction ( ,mugwort4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,artemisi ,,vulg>is4 ,mugwort root1 #a oz42 wat]1 #bd oz4 ,boil = half an h\r4 ,9 epilepsy4 ,decoction ( ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,myrrh4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,myrrh1 #b dr42 wat]1 #h-a_/b oz42 triturate ! myrrh ) ! wat] gradually add$2 !n boil = #aj m9utes 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra94 ,decoction1 ,n>cotic4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,anodynum1 ,d4 ,,n>coticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,=m47 ,common night%ade 7dri$71 #a oz42 poppy heads1 #c 9 no42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil #aj m9utes1 & /ra94 ,z an anodyne fom5tation1 us$ w>m4 ,decoction ( ,ni'tre4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,nitrosum1 ,d4 ,,nitratum1 ,d4 ,,potass ,,nitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitre1 #a_/b oz42 :ite sug>1 #b oz42 co*9eal1 #bj gr42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil a few m9utes1 & /ra94 #b4 7,hosp4 ,=m47 ,b>ley-wat]1 #a p9t2 nitre1 #e dr42 dissolve4 ,diuretic1 diaphoretic1 & refrig]ant4 ,a w9e-glassful1 frequ5tly2 9 gonorrhoea1 sore ?roat1 acute rheumatism1 scurvy1 c4 ,decoction ( ,oak ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,qu]c,s 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,oak b>k 7bruis$71 #aj dr42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil d[n to a p9t1 & /ra94 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,oak b>k1 #a-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil #aj m9utes1 & /ra94 ,a/r+5t4 ,us$ z a g>gle 9 ulc]at$ sore ?roat1 relaxation ( ! uvula1 c41 & z a wa%1 & z an injection 9 piles1 leucorrhoea1 hmorrhages1 prolapsus ani1 c4 #c4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,oak b>k bruis$1 #a-a_/b oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 boil = #aj m9utes1 & /ra94 ,decoction ( ,oats4 ,syn4 ,,wat] ,,gruel2 ,,decoctum ,,av51 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,cull547 ,oatmeal1 #a oz42 wat]1 #c qu>ts2 boil to a qu>t1 /ra91 & :5 cold1 decant ! cle> liquid f ! s$im5t4 #b4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,wa%$ groats1 #d oz42 wat]1 #d p9ts2 boil to a qu>t4 ,nutriti\s & demulc5t4 ,tak5 ad libitum1 to promote ! action ( purgatives1 & z an enema1 ei!r alone1 or z a vehicle = m active sub/ances4 ,x is too ?9 = food4 ,see ,,gruel4 ,decoction ( ,p>ei'ra4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,p>eir 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,p>eira brava root 7slic$71 #aj dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 #b4 7,sir ,b4 ,brodie47 ,p>eira1 #d dr42 wat]1 #c p9ts2 boil to a p9t1 z la/4 ,! above are giv5 9 gonorrhoea1 leucorrhoea1 & *ronic inflammation ( ! bladd]4--,dose4 ,( ! fir/1 #a_/b to #a w9e-glassful1 #c or #d times a day2 ( ! second1 ab\t twice t quantity1 or m4 ,x is commonly comb9$ ) "s t9cture ( hyoscyamus2 & :5 ! triple phosphates are pres5t 9 ! ur9e1 dilute hydro*loric or nitric acid may be add$4 ,see ,,p>eira4 ,decoction1 ,pec'toral4 ,see ,,decoction ,,( ,,b>ley4 ,decoction ( ,pel'litory4 ,,decoctum ,,pyre'',,?ri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,pellitory root1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 ,us$ z a ga/ric /imulant1 & z a g>gle 9 ! relaxation ( ! uvula4 ,decoction ( ,pome'granate4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,grana',,ti 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,pomegranate r9d 7fruit-b>k71 #b oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 ,a/r+5t4 ,us$ z a g>gle & injection1 9 sore ?roat1 leucorrhoea1 c42 & int]nally1 9 di>rhoea1 dys5t]y1 c4--,dose1 #a fl4 oz41 or m4 ,decoction ( ,pomegranate ,root4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,granati ,,radicis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,root-b>k ( pomegranate 7slic$71 #b oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 #b4 7,colli]47 ,b>k ( ! root1 #b oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil to "o half4 ,?is is ! common =m us$ 9 ,india4 ,dose1 c4 ,a w9e-glassful1 half-h\rly1 until ! :ole is tak51 a light diet & a dose ( ca/or oil hav+ be5 tak5 ! day previ\sly4 ,9 tapeworm1 ,dr ,colli] recomm5ds ! :ole ( ! la/ prep>ation to be giv5 at #b doses1 at ! int]val ( #b h\rs4 ,x purges1 & 9 #e or #f h\rs frequ5tly expels ! worm2 if ?is does n take place1 x %\ld be p]sev]$ 94 ,look = ! head ( ! tnia 7tapeworm72 = if t is n expell$1 y h done no?+4 7,colli]47 ,oil ( turp5t9e & k\sso are n[ m frequ5tly giv5 9 tnia 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,decoction ( ,poppies4 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,( ,,poppy-,,heads1 ,,fom5tation ,,( ,p4-,h42 ,,decoctum ,,papav]is 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,poppy-heads 7bruis$71 #d oz42 wat]1 #b qu>ts2 boil = #ae m9utes1 & /ra94 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d47 ,z ! la/1 b us+ only #c p9ts ( wat]4 ,us$ z an emolli5t fom5tation1 9 pa9ful swell+s1 excoriations1 c4 ,! addition ( a #a_/d p9t ( v9eg> is said to promote its efficacy4 #c4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,poppy-heads bruis$1 #b oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t4 ,boil = #aj m9utes & /ra94 ,! product %\ld measure a p9t4 ,decoction ( ,quas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,quassi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f quassia *ips 7small74 #a dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/d p9t2 boil to a p9t1 & add syrup ( orange peel1 #b oz4--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful1 occasionally1 z a /oma*ic tonic4 ,see ,,infusions4 ,decoction ( ,qu9ce4 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,( ,,qu9ce ,,se$1 ,,mucilage ,,( ,q4 ,s42 ,,decoctum ,,cydonii 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f qu9ce se$s1 #b dr42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil = #aj m9utes1 & /ra94 ,us$ z an emolli5t & %ea?+ application to abrad$ or w\nd$ surfaces1 z crack$ lip1 nipples1 c42 & to ! sk9 9 erysipelas1 to pa9ful hmorrhoidal tum\rs1 & ! l4 ,prep>$ ) a little less wat]1 x is us$ by ! hairdress] z 'b&ol9e' or 'fixateur4' ,decoction ( ,r$ ,gum4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,gummi ,,rubri 7,mr ,squire47 ,r$ gum1 #a oz42 wat]1 #b p9ts2 boil #aj m9utes1 & /ra94 ,decoction ( ,rice4 ,syn4 ,,rice ,,wat]1 ,,rice ,,dr9k2 ,,decoctum ,,ory',z1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,,rice1 #b oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil to "o half1 & /ra94 ,demulc5t4 ,a good dr9k 9 fev]s1 c\ghs1 c41 ei!r alone or sweet5$ & flav\r$ ) a little lemon peel4 ,decoction ( ,s>sap>il'la4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,s>',z 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,d4 ,,s>sap>ill 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,s>sap>illa 7slic$71 #e oz42 wat]1 #b qu>ts2 boil to a qu>t1 & /ra94 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,s>sap>illa1 #e oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #d p9ts2 mac]ate = #b h\rs1 9 a vessel lightly cov]$1 & plac$ 9 a w>m situation2 !n take out ! root1 bruise x1 return x aga9 to ! liquor1 boil d[n to a qu>t1 & /ra94 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,s>sap>illa1 #b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 dige/ an h\r1 boil #aj m9utes1 cool1 & /ra94 #d4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,dige/ #b-a_/b oz4 ( ,jamaica s>sap>illa cut transv]sely 9 #a-a_/b p9t ( boil+ wat] = an h\r1 boil = #aj m9utes1 cool1 & /ra94 ,make up to "o p9t4 ,obs4 ,! m$ic9al virtues ( s>sap>illa root reside :olly 9 ! b>k1 or cortical portion2 x is !re=e q unnecess>y to bruise x1 z direct$ 9 ! ,ph4 ,e4 ,by ^? h\ses :i* d l>gely 9 decoction ( s>sap>illa1 ! root is seldom split or cut2 ! bundles 9 :i* x is made up be+ simply unti$ & spread op51 to all[ ( ! free exposure ( e "p to ! solv5t action ( ! wat]4 ,by ?is plan ! :ole ( ! soluble portion ( ! b>k is extract$1 :il/ ! fecul5t matt] t p]vades ! wood is only p>tially dissolv$ out4 ,accord+ to ,s\beiran1 a m]e infusion is pref]able4 ,! dose is a teacupful to half a p9t1 #c or #d times a day4 ,an extemporane\s decoction ( s>sap>illa is made by dissolv+ #c_/d oz4 ( ! simple/ extract 9 #a p9t ( hot wat]4 ,see ,,s>sap>illa1 & bel[4 ,decoction ( ,s>sap>illa 7,conc5trat$74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,s>z ,,conc5tratum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,:olesale47 ,s>sap>illa 7,jamaica7 #aj-a_/b lbs41 is plac$ 9 a l>ge & well-clean$ copp] boil]1 & en\gh boil+ wat] add$ to cov] x2 x is !n left to mac]ate1 )\t boil+1 = #c or #d h\rs1 aft] :i* x is boil$ = ab\t an h\r1 & ! cle> liquor drawn (f into ano!r clean copp] pan2 ! root 7aft] x has well dra9$7 is !n wa%$ or 'sp>g$'#bee ) boil+ wat]1 until ! latt] runs (f sc>cely col\r$2 ! wa%+s are add$ to ! decoction1 & ! :ole evaporat$ z quickly z possible to #f-a_/b p9ts2 x is !n set to cool1 & rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #a-a_/b p9t1 fur!r add$2 aft] agitation1 ! :ole is set aside 9 a well-cork$ bottle1 9 a cool place1 = a week4 ,9 a few days x is usually f\nd z cle> & brilliant z br&y1 ) v little s$im5t1 & w keep = any l5g? ( "t un9jur$4 ,"s manufactur]s1 in/ead ( wa%+ ! root1 give x a second & ?ird wat]1 boil+ x ea* "t & evaporat+ ! mix$ liquors4 ,footnote #bee3 ,= an explanation ( ! op]ation ( 'sp>g+' see page #cef4 #b4 7,extemporane\s47 ,extract ( s>sap>illa1 #f-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #ab fl4 oz42 dissolve1 add rectifi$ _s1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz41 & wat]1 q4 s4 to make ! :ole exactly measure a p9t4 ,obs4 #a dra*m ( ?is decoction1 mix$ ) #g dra*ms ( wat]1 =ms a simil> prep>ation to ! ,decoctum ,s>z ( ! ,ph4 ,l41 & is n[ v frequ5tly sub/itut$ = x 9 disp5s+4 ,see ,,s>sap>illa1 ,,extracts1 & bel[4 ,decoction ( ,s>sap>illa 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,s>z ,,compositum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,d4 ,,s>sap>ill ,c4 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,decoction ( s>sap>illa 7boil+71 #d p9ts2 sassafras *ips1 guaiacum wood 7rasp$71 & fre% liquorice root 7bruis$71 ( ea* #aj dr42 mez]eon 7root-b>k71 #c dr42 boil = #ae m9utes1 & /ra94 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,z ! la/1 b us+ #d dr4 ( mez]eon4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,s>sap>illa 7slic$71 #b oz41 sassafras1 guaiacum turn+s1 & liquorice root 7bruis$71 ( ea* #b dr42 mez]eon root-b>k1 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 dige/ = an h\r1 !n boil = #aj m9utes1 cool1 & /ra94 #d4 7,extemporane\s47 ,comp\nd extract ( s>sap>illa1 #g-a_/b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve4 #e4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,jamaica s>sap>illa1 cut transv]sely1 #b-a_/b oz42 sassafras1 guaiacum turn+s1 bruis$ liquorice root1 ( ea* #a_/d oz41 mez]eon root b>k #fj gra9s2 dige/ !m ) #a-a_/b p9t ( boil+ wat] 9 a cov]$ vessel = an h\r1 !n boil = #aj m9utes1 cool1 & /ra94 ,make up to #a p9t4 ,obs4 ,?is decoction is an imitation ( ! once ju/ly celebrat$ ',lisbon ,diet ,dr9k4' ,x is an alt]ative & diaphoretic4--,dose4 ,a teacupful1 or m1 #c or #d times a day1 ei!r along )1 or aft]1 a m]curial c\rse2 & 9 syphilis1 scurvy1 scr(ula1 *ronic rheumatism1 lepra1 psoriasis1 & sev]al o!r sk9 diseases1 & especially 9 ca*exia1 or g5]al bad habit ( body4 ,dur+ its use ! sk9 %\ld be kept w>m4 ,see ,,s>sap>illa & bel[4 ,decoction ( ,s>sap>illa 7,conc5trat$ ,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,s>z ,,compositum ,,conc5tratum1 ,d4 ,,s>sap>ill ,c4 ,c41 ,l4 ,!re is a v consid]able trade done 9 ?is article1 9 consequ5ce ( comp\nd decoction ( s>sap>illa be+ tak5 9 l>ge doses1 bo? alone & 9 comb9ation ) o!r rem$ies1 & ! ph>macopoeial prep>ation spoil+ if kept long] ?an ab\t #ab h\rs1 9 w>m wea!r4 ,l ! conc5trat$ simple decoction1 x is said to be ( #h times ! usual /r5g?1 s t :5 mix$ ) #g times its weight ( wat]1 x =ms a simil> prep>ation to ! ,decoctum ,s>z ,compositum1--,ph4 ,l41 = :i* x is v g5]ally sub/itut$ 9 disp5s+4 ,prep4 #a4 7,:olesale47 ,s>sap>illa 7r$ ,jamaica71 #if lbs42 mez]eon root 7n root-b>k71 #i lbs42 liquorice root 7bruis$71 #af lbs4 ,! mez]eon & liquorice are fir/ laid 7loosely7 on ! bottom ( a clean copp] pan1 & ! bundles ( s>sap>illa 7unti$ & loos5$7 pack$ ov] !m1 9 horizontal lay]s1 alt]nately at "r angles ) ea* o!r4 ,?ree or f\r bo>ds1 ) z _m iron #a_/b-;cwt4 weights1 are next plac$ on ! top ( ! :ole4 ,wat] is n[ run 91 to ab\t t5 in*es high] ?an ! +r$i5ts1 & heat is appli$ until ebullition comm5ces4 ,! mat]ials are n[ all[$ to mac]ate1 )\t boil+1 = #c or #d h\rs1 aft] :i* ! liquor is g5tly boil$ = ab\t an h\r1 c>e be+ tak5 to add fre% wat] f "t to "t1 s z to keep ! :ole well cov]$4 ,! decoction is next run (f1 & set evaporat+ z quickly z possible4 ,! +r$i5ts are !n wa%$ ) successive portions ( boil+ wat]1 by all[+ x to desc5d f a species ( %[]-ba?1 aft] ! mann] ( 'sp>g+1' describ$ "u ,,brew+4#bef ,?is is repeat$ until ! wat] runs (f ne>ly col\rless1 ! smalle/ quantity be+ employ$ t w effect ! object 9 view4 ,! :ole ( ! liquid is n[ evaporat$ )\t delay1 until r$uc$ to #h-a_/d galls41 :51 aft] cool+1 #b dr4 ( ess5tial oil ( sassafras1 dissolv$ 9 #b galls4 ( rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 are add$1 & aft]w>ds #a p9t ( ess5ce ( guaiacum4 ,! liquid is !n plac$ 9 a suitably siz$ b>rel1 set ^u its head1 & fitt$ ) a small cock 7n plac$ too ne> ! bottom71 & all[$ to repose = a week1 by :i* "t x becomes cle> & brilliant1 & fit = sale4 ,?is is ! =m adopt$ by ! l>ge metropolitan drug-h\ses mo/ celebrat$ = ?is prep>ation4 ,! product t may be drawn (f fit = sale is some?+ ov] #aj galls4 ,! residuum1 =m+ ! 'bottoms1' consi/s *iefly ( fecula4 ,! latt] is well /irr$ up ) #c or #d galls4 ( cold wat]1 & all[$ to settle4 ,! cle> decant$ 'wa%+s' are us$ z wat] or liquor 9 mak+ ! next bat* ( decoction4 ,footnote #bef3 ,see page #cef4 #b4 7,extemporane\s47 ,comp\nd extract ( s>sap>illa1 #g-a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #ab fl4 oz42 dissolve1 !n add ( rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 mix well1 & fur!r add ( wat]1 q4 s4 to make ! :ole measure a p9t4 ,obs4 ,to conduct ?is process successfully1 sev]al l>ge copp] pans are requir$2 "o ( :i* 7to boil ! +r$i5ts 97 mu/ be capable ( conta9+ f #adj to #aej gallons at ! lea/1 & ! o!rs mu/ be suffici5tly l>ge to receive ! liquors z !y are drawn (f4 ,^? = ! evaporation %\ld be v %all[1 9 ord] t x may proce$ rapidly2 & ! :ole %\ld be heat$ by /eam4 ,an excell5t plan is to employ l>ge wood5 vats1 & to apply ! heat by means ( pipes laid along ! bottom1 & suppli$ ) high-pressure /eam4 ,?is me?od is less exp5sive ?an ! use ( d\ble /eam pans1 z above4 ,:5 ess5ce ( guaiacum is n us$1 #bd lbs4 ( guaiacum %av+s1 f :i* ! du/ has be5 sift$1 are boil$ ) ! o!r +r$i5ts1 in/ead4 ,^? desir\s ( us+ ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts ord]$ by ! ,colleges may d s by tak+ eight times ! giv5 quantities1 & proce$+ z above4 ,! foll[+ are special prep>ations3-- ,,feltz',s ,,decoction ,,( ,,s>sap>illa4 ,syn4 ,,ap',,ozem ,,( ,,feltz2 ,,decoctum ,,s>z ,,cum ,,i*?yocol',,la1 ,l42 ,,ptisane ,,de ,,feltz1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,f s>sap>illa 7slic$71 #c oz42 is+lass & crude antimony 79 p[d]71 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 wat] #e p9ts2 boil to "o half1 & /ra94 ,us$ 9 sk9 diseases4 ,,jaup]&',s ,,decoction ,,( ,,s>sap>illa4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,s>z ,,cum ,,radice ,,*91 ,l42 ,,ptisane ,,de ,,jaup]&1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,bories47 ,s>sap>illa & ,*9a root1 ( ea* #b oz42 s5na & sassafras *ips1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 c>bonate ( potassa1 #a dr42 wat]1 #b galls42 simm]1 g5tly1 = sev]al h\rs1 & /ra9 #ab p9ts2 :5 cold1 decant ! cle>4--,dose1 #b fl4 oz41 two or ?ree times daily2 9 scr(ula1 c4 ,,v9a*e',s ,,decoction ,,( ,,s>sap>illa4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,s>z ,,cum ,,s5n1 ,l42 ,,ptisane ,,de ,,v9a*e1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,foy47 ,s>sap>illa1 ,*9a wood1 & guaiacum wood1 ( ea* #a-a_/b oz42 crude antimony 7ti$ 9 a rag71 #b oz42 wat]1 #f p9ts2 mac]ate = #ab h\rs 7#g 9 hot wea!r71 boil to "o half1 add sassafras *ips & s5na1 ( ea* #a_/b oz41 infuse #a h\r long]1 & /ra92 :5 cold1 decant ! cle>4 ,recomm5d$ 9 scr(ula1 second>y syphilis1 & v>i\s cutane\s affections4 ,,zittmann',s ,,decoction ,,( ,,s>sap>illa4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,zittmanni1 ,l42 ,,ptisane ,,de ,,zittmann1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,/rong] ,,decoction2 ,d4 ,z4 ,,=te1 ,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg47 ,s>sap>illa1 #ab oz42 wat]1 #gb lbs4 7say #e-c_/d galls472 dige/ #bd h\rs1 !n add 7susp5d$ 9 a bag71 :ite sug> & alum1 ( ea* #f dr42 calomel1 #d dr42 c9nab>1 #a dr42 boil to #bd lbs41 add+ t[>ds ! end ( ! process1 s5na1 #c oz42 liquorice root1 #a-a_/b oz42 anise$ & f5nel se$1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 f9ally /ra91 ) pressure & aft] "s "t decant ! cle> portion4 ,! =mula 9 ! ',ph4 ,suec4' #ahde is simil>2 t 9 ! ',hamburg ,codex' directs only #bd lbs4 ( wat] to be us$1 & ! :ole to be r$uc$ to #af lbs4 #b4 7,,weak] ,,decoction2 ,d4 ,z4 ,,t5ue4--,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg47 ,add to ! residuum 7wa/e7 ( ! la/ prep>ation s>sap>illa1 #f oz42 wat]1 #gb lbs4 7say1 #e-c_/d galls472 boil to #bd lbs42 add+ t[>ds ! end ( ! process1 lemon peel1 c9namon b>k1 liquorice root1 & c>damoms 7all bruis$71 ( ea* #c dr42 press1 /ra91 c41 z be=e4 ,9 ! ',ph4 ,suec4' #ahde d\ble ! above weights ( lemon peel & liquorice root are ord]$1 & 9 ! ',hamburg ,codex' 7#ahde7 #bd lbs4 ( wat] only are ord]$1 & ! :ole is to be boil$ d[n to #af lbs4 ,obs4 ,bo? ! above are us$ 9 ,g]many & on ! ,cont95t g5]ally1 9 ! same cases z ^? 9 :i* comp\nd decoction ( s>sap>illa is adm9i/]$ 9 ,engl&4 ,!y may be drunk almo/ ad libitum4 ,a trace ( m]cury may be detect$ 9 ! /rong] decoction1 :5 prop]ly prep>$4 ,see ,,s>sap>illa4 ,decoction ( ,s5'ega ,root4 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,( ,,am]ican ,,snake ,,root1 ,d4 ,,( ,,rattlesnake ,,root2 ,,decoctum ,,polygal1 ,d4 ,,s5eg 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,s5ega or s5eka root1 #aj dr42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94--,dose1 #a_/b to #b w9e-glassfuls ?ree or f\r times daily2 9 humoral a/hma1 *ronic c\gh1 dropsy1 c4 ,x is /imulant1 expectorant1 & diuretic1 &1 9 l>ge doses1 emetic & ca?>tic4 ,x is frequ5tly conjo9$ ) ammonia4 ,x is ! antidote employ$ by ! ,s5ega ,indians aga9/ ! bite ( ! rattlesnake4 7,dr ,t5nant47 ,decoction ( ,sim>u'ba ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,sim>u',b1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,wright47 ,sim>uba b>k1 #b dr42 wat]1 #bd fl4 oz42 boil to "o half1 & /ra94 ,tonic4--,dose1 #a to #b fl4 oz42 9 *ronic dys5t]y & di>rhoea4 ,decoction ( ,squills 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,scill ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 #ahda47 ,squills1 #c dr42 junip] b]ries1 #d oz42 snake root1 #c oz42 wat]1 #d lbs42 boil to "o half1 /ra91 & add ( sweet spirits ( nitre1 #d fl4 oz4 ,9 *ronic c\ghs & o!r *e/ affections1 unaccompani$ ) active inflammatory symptoms4--,dose1 #a to #c fl4 oz41 twice or ?rice daily4 ,decoction ( ,/>*4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,am',,yli 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,mucila',,g ,,am',,yli 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,/>*1 #a_/b oz42 add1 gradually1 wat]1 #a p9t1 & boil = a %ort "t4 ,! ,dubl9 prep>ation is ne>ly twice z /rong4 ,us$ z an enema 9 dys5t]y1 di>rhoea1 & excoriations ( ! rectum4 ,decoction1 ,sudorif'ic4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,sudorif',,icum1 ,l4 ,! old "n ( ! comp\nd decoctions ( s>sap>illa & guaiacum4 ,decoction ( ,su'et4 ,syn4 ,,artificial ,,goat',s ,,milk2 ,,decoctum ,,se',,vi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,suet1 #a oz42 tie x loosely 9 a piece ( musl9 & simm] x 9 c['s milk1 #a-a_/d p9t2 add+ t[>ds ! la/1 :ite sug>1 #a_/b oz4 ,9 scr(ul\s emaciation & ph?isis2 tak5 ad libitum4 ,decoction ( ,tam'ar9ds4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,tam>9d',,orum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,tam>9ds1 #a-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil = #e m9utes1 & /ra94 ,a pleasant dr9k 9 fev]s1 a/hma1 *ronic c\ghs1 c4 ,decoction ( ,tam>9ds & ,s5'na4 ,syn4 ,,dec4 ,,tam>9dorum ,,cum ,,s5n 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd71 ,l4 ,prep4 ,tam>9ds1 #f dr42 cream ( t>t>1 #b dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/b2 p9t2 boil 9 a glaz$ e>!n vessel until r$uc$ to #af oz42 !n infuse !re9 = #ab h\rs1 s5na1 #d dr42 /ra91 & add ( syrup ( violets1 #a oz4 ,a g5tle ap]i5t4--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful1 or m4 ,decoction ( ,t>4 ,syn4 ,,t> ,,wat]2 ,,decoctum ,,pi',,cis ,,liq',,uid1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,t>1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b2 p9t2 boil to #a p9t4--,dose4 ,a p9t or m daily2 9 *ronic cat>rh2 & z a wa% 9 *ronic sk9 diseases1 especially ^? ( ! head1 9 *ildr54 ,decoction1 ,ton'ic4 ,syn4 ,,/r5g!n+ ,,decoction2 ,,decoctum ,,roborans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,p]uvian b>k 7bruis$71 #a_/b oz42 ,virg9ian snake root1 #b dr42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil to "o half1 /ra9 :il/ hot1 & add1 _s ( c9namon1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 #a-a_/b dr4--,dose1 #b oz4 two or ?ree times a day4 #b4 ,decoction ( b>k1 #e oz42 t9cture ( b>k1 #f dr42 aromatic confection1 #a_/b dr42 salvolatile1 #a dr4--,dose1 #a or #b table-spoonfuls night & morn+2 especially 9 di>rhoea4 ,decoction ( ,tor'm5til4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,torm5til',l 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,torm5til root 7bruis$71 #b oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 ,a/r+5t4--,dose1 #a to #b fl4 oz41 9 *ronic di>rhoea1 c4 ,decoction ( ,tur'm]ic4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,curcu',m1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f turm]ic root 79 p[d]71 #a-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil = #e m9utes1 & /ra94 ,a mild aromatic /imulant & /oma*ic4--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful ad libitum4 ,x is pr9cipally us$ z a te/ = alkalies1 :i* turn x br[n4 ,unsiz$ pap] dipp$ into x & dri$ =ms ! turm]ic te/-pap] ( ! *emi/4 ,decoction ( ,v]be'na4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,v]be',n1 ,l4 ,f v]b5a 7v]va971 #b oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to #a p9t1 & /ra94 ,obs4 ,! ,v]b5a (fic9alis 0 =m]ly highly recomm5d$ by ,etmull]1 ,h>tman1 ,de ,han1 ,morley1 & o!rs1 9 scr(ula1 cephalalgia1 c41 b aft]w>ds fell into neglect4 ,m rec5tly1 a decoction ( ! plant has be5 highly extoll$ by ,bo%anov & o!rs z an anti-febrile4 ,decoction1 ,vul'n]>y4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,vuln]a'',,rium1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f gr\nd ivy & broad-leav$ planta91 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #c p9ts2 boil to #a qu>t1 /ra91 & add sug>1 #a oz4 ,a popul> pectoral & tonic1 especially 9 old c\ghs2 also to heal w\nds4--,dose1 #a_/b a teacupful or m twice a day4 ,decoction ( ,wal'nut ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,jugl&',,is1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,g547 ,gre5 b>k ( walnuts1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil = #ae m9utes1 & /ra94 ,z an anti-syphilitic4 ,be=e ! g5]al introduction ( s>sap>illa x 0 mu* e/eem$ 9 mo/ cases 9 :i* t drug is n[ tak54--,dose1 c4 ,! same z ^? ( comp4 dec4 ( s>sap>illa4 ,pe>son says t :5 ! putam5 7gre5 r9d7 ( ! walnut has be5 omitt$1 ei!r int5tionally or by accid5t 7f ,decoctum ,lusitanicum71 ! same good effects h n foll[$ its use z :5 x conta9$ ?is +r$i5t4 ,decoction ( ,walnut ,leaves4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,jugl&',,is ,,folio'',,rum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,negri]47 ,walnut leaves1 #a h&ful2 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil #ae m9utes1 & /ra94 ,det]sive1 diaphoretic1 & alt]ative4--,dose1 c4 ,z ! la/1 especially 9 *ronic rheumatism1 second>y syphilis1 c4 ,decoction ( ,wa't]dock4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,rumi',,cis1 ,d4 ,r4 ,,aquat',,ici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,root ( common wat]dock 7,rumex obtusifolius71 #a oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil = #aj m9utes1 & /ra94 ,obs4 ,?is decoction is a/r+5t1 & 0 once mu* celebrat$ z a rem$y = scurvy & "s o!r cutane\s affections4 ,x is ! only rem$y :i* proves efficaci\s 9 t disease :5 ! ulc]s are heal$1 & ! pati5t is attack$ ) a/hma4 7,l9naeus1 on ! ,scurvy ( ! ,lapl&]s47 ,decoction1 ,:ite 7,syd5ham's74 ,syn4 ,,h>t%orn ,,dr9k2 ,,mis',,tura ,,cor',,nu ,,u/i4 ,prep4 ,prep>$ burnt h>t%orn1 #b oz42 gum ,arabic1 #a oz42 wat]1 #c p9ts2 boil to #a qu>t1 & /ra94 ,mucilag9\s2 demulc5t4 ,tak5 ad libitum4 ,decoction ( ,:or'tleb]ry4 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,( ,,be>-,,b]ry1 ,d4 ,,( ,,uva-,,ursi2 ,,decoctum ,,uv ,,ursi 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,:ortleb]ry leaves1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,uva-ursi 7! leaves71 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 boil #aj m9utes1 & /ra94 ,dose1 c4 #a to #c fl4 oz4 two or ?ree times daily2 9 ph?isis & purul5t affections ( ! ur9>y organs1 unaccompani$ ) active inflammation2 especially 9 *ronic affections ( ! bladd]4 ,decoction ( ,wil'l[ ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,salicis1 ,d4 ,s4 ,,corticis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,wilk9son47 ,will[ b>k 7,salix latifolia71 bruis$1 #a-a_/b oz42 mac]ate 9 wat]1 #b lbs41 = #f h\rs1 !n boil = #ae m9utes1 & /ra94 ,tonic1 a/r+5t1 & febrifuge4--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful4 #b4 7,nieman47 ,will[ b>k 7,salix alba71 #a-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #c_/d p9t2 boil to "o half4--,dose1 #a to #b fl4 oz4 ,bo? are us$ z sub/itutes = decoction ( c9*ona b>k4 ,decoction ( ,w9't]-gre54 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,( ,,pyrola1 ,d4 ,,( ,,umbellat$ ,,w9t]-,,gre51 ,d4 ,,( ,,pipsissewa2 ,,decoctum ,,*imaphil 7,ph4 ,l471 ,d4 ,,pyrol 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,*imaphila 7dri$ h]b71 #a oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,w9t]-gre5 7dri$ leaves71 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 boil #aj m9utes 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra94 ,tonic1 /oma*ic1 alt]ative1 & diuretic4--,dose1 #a to #b fl4 oz42 9 dropsies1 scr(ula1 debility1 loss ( appetite1 c42 & 9 ^? affections ( ! ur9>y organs 9 :i* uva-ursi is commonly giv54 ,decoction ( ,worm'se$4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,santonici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,wormse$1 bruis$1 #b oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil d[n to #af fl4 oz41 & /ra94 #b4 7,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffi?47 ,fre% leaves ( wormse$7,*5opodium an!lm9ticum71--,l9n471 #a oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 orange peel1 #b dr42 boil 7#aj m9utes71 & /ra94 ,! above are bitt]1 /oma*ic1 & v]mifuge4--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful twice a day2 9 worms4 ,x is also us$ z an injection aga9/ asc>ides4 ,decoction ( ,y>'r[4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,millefolii1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f milfoil or y>r[ tops1 #a-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/d p9t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 ,a/r+5t1 tonic1 & vuln]>y4--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful ?rice daily2 9 dropsies1 c4 ,x is also us$ z a fom5tation to bruises1 c4 ,decoction ( ,black ,snake ,root4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,cimicifuge4 ,black snake root1 #a oz42 wat]1 #af oz42 boil = #aj m9utes4--,dose1 #a oz4 to #b oz4 9 rheumatism & dropsy4 ,decoction ( ,/avesacre4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,/aphisagri4 ,/avesacre se$1 #a oz42 wat]1 #b p9ts2 boil = a few m9utes1 & /ra94 ,= ext]nal use4 ,decoction ( ,snails4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,limatum 7,,m>s ,,m\*on74 ,fle% ( v9e or g>d5 snails 7cleans$ f %ell & inte/9es71 #e oz42 wat]1 #b p9ts2 simm] g5tly = #b h\rs1 add+ t[>ds ! end1 maid5 hair #b oz41 & /ra94 ,decoction ( ,soapwort4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,sapon>i 7,,sw$iaur74 ,soapwort1 #b oz42 wat]1 #d lbs42 boil to #b lbs41 & /ra94 ,decoction ( ,wood-,soot4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,fulig9is 7,dr ,neligan74 ,wood-soot1 #d oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t4 ,,decolora',,tion4 ,! blan*+ or removal ( ! natural col\r ( any sub/ance4 ,syrups & _m animal1 vegetable1 & sal9e solutions are decol\r$ or :it5$ by agitation ) animal *>coal1 & subsequ5t subsid5ce or filtration4 ,_m fluids rapidly lose _! natural col\r by exposure to light1 especially to ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,9 ?is way ca/or1 nut1 poppy1 & sev]al o!r oils are :it5$4 ,fi% oils are p>tially deodoris$ & decol\r$ by filtration ?r\gh animal *>coal4 ,cottons & l95s are /ill commonly blea*$ by ! jo9t action ( light1 air1 & moi/ure4 ,! peculi> way 9 :i* light produces ?is effect has nev] be5 satisfactorily expla9$4 ,! decoloration ( textile fabrics & solid bodies g5]ally is call$ blea*+4 ,see ,,blan*+1 ,,blea*+1 ,,oils1 ,,tall[1 ,,syrups1 ,,sug>1 c4 ,,decomposi'',,tion 7-z7i%'un74 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! resolution ( comp\nds into _! elem5ts1 or ! alt]ation ( _! *emical con/itution 9 su* a mann] t new products are =m$4 ,,defeca',,tion4 ,! sep>ation ( a liquid f its lees1 dregs1 or impurities by subsid5ce & decantation4 ,x is commonly employ$ = ! purification ( sal9e solutions & glut9\s or unctu\s liquids on ! l>ge scale 9 pref]5ce to filtration2 ?an :i* x is bo? m exp$iti\s & exp5sive4 ,see ,,cl>ification1 ,,decantation1 ,,filtration1 c4 ,,deflagra',,tion4 ,! sudd5 combu/ion ( any sub/ance = ! purpose ( produc+ "s *ange 9 its composition1 by ! jo9t action ( heat & oxyg54 ,! process is commonly p]=m$ by project+ into a r$-hot crucible1 9 small portions at a "t1 a mixture ( nitrate ( pota%1 & ! body to be oxidis$4 ,,deliques',,c5ce4 ,spontane\s liquefaction by absorption ( ! moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,deliquesc5t salts are ^? :i* by exposure gradually assume ! liquid /ate4 ,!y %\ld all be kept 9 well-clos$ bottles or j>s4 ,,delir',,ium ,,tre',,m5s4 ,l4 ,! madness ( drunk>ds2 a disease ( ! bra9 result+ f ! excessive & protract$ use ( intoxicat+ liquors1 p>ticul>ly ( ard5t spirits4 ,! e>ly symptoms are extreme irritability & fretfulness1 ) unusual mobility ( ! body4 ,sleeplessness & unpleasant dreams soon foll[4 ,at l5g? frightful dreams & visions h>ass ! pati5t4 ,he sees rem>kable sights1 he>s extraord9>y s\nds1 & lab\rs "u all ! /range delusions ( insane p]sons1 :i*1 h[ev] vague & unf\nd$1 op]ate on him ) all ! =ce ( realities till he becomes furi\sly mad4 ,! fit almo/ always comes on aft] h>d dr9k+2 & ! h&s are usually1 b n always1 tremul\s4 ,a simil> affection is occasionally produc$ by ! abuse ( opium1 excessive m5tal anxiety1 night wat*+1 or depletion4 ,accord+ to ,dr ,arm/rong1 ev5 respir+ ! fumes ( ard5t spirits w1 "u "s circum/ances1 produce ?is disease4 ,p]sons :o h und]gone surgical op]ations "u ! influ5ce ( *lor(orm are m liable to attacks ( ?is k9d ?an o!r p]sons4 ,! treatm5t ( delirium trem5s consi/s ma9ly 9 ! judici\s use ( opium1 laudanum1 or morphia1 9 r l>ge doses1 frequ5tly repeat$4 ,?irty to sixty drops ( laudanum may be giv5 e h\r or two dur+ ! fit1 its effects be+ c>efully wat*$4 ,! object is to produce quiet sleep1 f :i* ! pati5t usually wakes free f ! wor/ symptoms ( ! disease4 ,diaphoretics & mild ap]i5ts may also be giv51 & a light1 nutriti\s diet adopt$ ?r\gh\t4 ,depletion1 especially ble$+1 %\ld be p>ticul>ly avoid$4 ,alcoholic /imulants & w9e1 9 c]ta9 cases1 h prov$ useful4 ,"u ?is treatm5t1 ! pati5t1 unless ( a v bad habit ( body1 or mu* debilitat$ by previ\s excesses1 usually recov]s4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 v liable to relapses & subsequ5t attacks1 :i* are be/ prev5t$ by judici\s moral managem5t4 ,! judici\s adm9i/ration ( *loral hydrate1 9 doses ( f ?irty to sixty gra9s z well z ( bromide ( potassium 9 tw5ty-gra9 doses1 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) ! *loral1 has lately be5 _h rec\rse to ) ! happie/ results1 = ! production ( sleep 9 cases ( delirium trem5s or 9 ! insomnia ( dipsomaniacs4 ,! repetition ( ! dose ( *loral requires to be regulat$ ) v great caution2 & x is only 9 ! case ( emigrants & o!rs unable to obta9 m$ical aid t we w\ld recomm5d x to be giv51 & !n only %\ld opium h fail$ to produce ! desir$ effect4 ,n m ?an sixty gra9s ( ! *loral %\ld be adm9i/]$ dur+ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! int]nal adm9i/ration ( t9cture ( capsicum 9 mod]ately l>ge doses1 9 ! int]vals ( ! opiates or *loral hydrate1 has lately be5 tri$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is disease1 x is said1 ) success4 ,,delph9',,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,phoce',,nic ,,acid4 ,a fatty acid1 obta9$ by saponify+ ! oil ( ! delph9us or porpoise4 ,accord+ to rec5t exp]im5ts1 x is id5tical ) val]ic acid4 ,,delph9',,ine4 ,syn4 ,,del',,ph9e1 ,,del',,phia1 ,,delph9',,ia4 ,an alkaloid discov]$ by ,lassaigne & ,f5eulle 9 ,delph9ium /aphysagria or /avesacre4 ,prep4 #a4 ,! husk$ se$s 79 p[d]7 are boil$ 9 a little wat]1 & press$ 9 a clo?2 a little pure magnesia is !n add$ to ! filt]$ decoction1 ! :ole is boil$ = a few m9utes1 & refilt]$2 ! residuum1 aft] be+ well wa%$1 is dige/$ 9 boil+ alcohol1 :i* dissolves out ! alkaloid1 & gives x up aga9 by g5tle evaporation & cool+4 #b4 ,! bruis$1 b un%ell$1 se$s are dige/$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 ! filt]$ liquor precipitat$ ) c>bonate ( potassa1 & ! precipitate dige/$ 9 alcohol z be=e4 #c4 7,p>ri%47 ,an alcoholic extract ( ! se$s is treat$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 precipitat$ ) an alkali1 aga9 dissolv$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid2 ! col\r+ matt] precipitat$ by a few drops ( nitric acid1 ! alkaloid by potassa4 ,! alkaloid is !n dissolv$ 9 absolute alcohol1 & ! solution ?us =m$ is evaporat$2 "o p\nd yields ab\t "o dra*m4 ,prop41 c4 ,a light-yell[i% or :ite1 od\rless p[d]2 extremely acrid & bitt]2 sc>cely soluble 9 wat]2 dissolves 9 e!r1 & readily 9 alcohol2 & has an alkal9e reaction4 ,its alcoholic solution produces a burn+ & t+l+ s5sation :5 rubb$ on ! sk91 & a simil> s5sation is produc$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body :5 x is tak5 9 doses ( a few gra9s4 ,x has be5 exhibit$ 9 neuralgia & rheumatism by ,dr ,turnbull4--,dose1 #a_/ab gr4 e ?ree h\rs1 made into a pill ) #a gr4 ea* ( ! extracts ( h5bane & liquorice4 ,x is also us$ ext]nally "u ! =m ( o9tm5t & lotion4 ,,delph9um--,a ,boot ,v>ni%4 ,%ell-lac1 #ge grammes dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 #ae grammes1 mix$ ) #bj drops fi% oil1 & #a gramme lampblack4 7,geisse47 ,,demul',,c5ts4 ,9 m$ic9e1 sub/ances :i* are calculat$ to s(t5 & lubricate ! p>ts to :i* !y are appli$4 ,?\gh hav+ ! same signification z ! ^w ,,emolli5ts1 x is desirable to re/rict ! latt] t]m to su* z are int5d$ = ext]nal application1 & to include "u ! above head only su* z are int5d$ = int]nal exhibition4 ,! pr9cipal demulc5ts are gum ,arabic1 gum tragacan?1 liquorice1 honey1 arr[-root1 pe>l b>ley1 is+lass1 gelat91 milk1 almonds1 sp]maceti1 almond & olive oils1 & mo/ o!r mucilag9\s1 amylace\s1 sac*>9e1 & oily sub/ances4 ,= use1 ^! are made into ,,mucilages1 ,,decoctions1 ,,emulsions1 or ,,milks1 ) wat]1 & =m suitable bev]ages 9 dys5t]y1 di>rhoea1 cat>rh1 diseases ( ! ur9>y organs1 & all o!r diseases :]e dilu5ts are useful4 ,see ,,emolli5ts4 ,,d5gue4 ,?is disease is mo/ commonly met ) 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 & occasionally z an epidemic 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 ,engl& x r>ely %[s itself 9 an epidemic "*4 ,! symptoms ( d5gue appe> to comb9e ^? ( rheumatism & sc>let fev]4 ,on ! ?ird or f\r? day an eruption %[s itself1 accompani$ ) pa9s 9 ! limbs1 gl&ul> swell+s1 & languor4 ,! c\rse ( ! disease is v>i$ by frequ5t remissions4 ,x does n come )9 our design to indicate ! treatm5t1 :i* appe>s to be ! same z t pursu$ 9 sc>let fev]4 ,,d5s',,ity4 ,comp>ative masses ( equal weights1 or ! quantity ( matt] conta9$ 9 a giv5 space4 ,x is commonly us$ synonym\sly ) ,,specific ,,gravity1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ref]s to comp>ative weights ( equal bulks4 ,?us1 quicksilv] is said to h a d5sity great] ?an t ( copp]1 & alcohol "o less ?an t ( oil ( vitriol4 ,,d5ti',,frices4 ,syn4 ,,d5tifricia1 ,l4 ,sub/ances appli$ to ! tee?1 to cleanse & beautify !m4 ,! mo/ useful =m ( d5tifrices is t ( p[d] 7,,too? ,,p[d]72 b liquids 7,,too? ,,wa%es71 & electu>ies 7,,too? ,,electu>ies1 ,,too? ,,pa/es71 are also employ$4 ,! solid +r$i5ts us$ 9 d5tifrices %\ld n be s h>d or gritty z to injure ! enamel ( ! tee?2 nor s s(t or adhesive z to adh]e to ! gums1 aft] r9s+ ! m\? out ) wat]4 ,pumice-/one 79 f9e p[d]7 is "o ( ^? sub/ances t acts entirely by me*anical attrition1 & is h5ce an objectionable +r$i5t 9 too? p[d] int5d$ = daily use4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v g5]ally pres5t 9 ! v>i\s adv]tis$ d5tifrices1 :i* are rem>kable = _! rapid action 9 :it5+ ! tee?4 ,ba? brick is ano!r sub/ance ( a simil> nature to pumice1 &1 l t article1 %\ld be only occasionally employ$4 ,cuttle-fi% bone1 coral1 & prep>$ *alk1 are also commonly us$ = ! same purpose1 b ! la/ is r too s(t & absorb5t to =m ! sole +r$i5t ( a too? p[d]4 ,*>coal1 :i* is s v g5]ally employ$ z a d5tifrice1 acts p>tly me*anically & p>tly by its *emical prop]ty ( de/roy+ f\l smells & arre/+ putrefaction4 ,= ?is purpose x %\ld be newly burnt1 & kept 9 well-clos$ vessels1 until us$1 z by exposure to ! air x rapidly loses its antiseptic p[]s4 ,p[d]$ rhatany1 c9*ona b>k1 & cate*u1 are us$ z a/r+5ts1 & are v useful 9 f\lness or spong9ess ( ! gums4 ,myrrh & ma/ic are employ$ on acc\nt ( _! od\r1 & _! presum$ pres]vative action & p[] ( fix+ loose tee?4 ,insoluble p[d]s h be5 object$ to on acc\nt ( _! be+ apt to accumulate betwe5 ! folds ( ! gums & 9 ! cracks ( ! tee?1 & ?us imp>t a disagreeable appe>ance to ! m\?4 ,to rem$y ?is defect1 a r$di% or fle%-col\r$ t+e is commonly giv5 to !m ) a little rose p9k1 r$ coral1 or simil> col\r+ sub/ance1 :5 any small portion t rema9s unwa%$ (f is r5d]$ less conspicu\s4 ,"s p]sons employ soluble sub/ances z too? p[d]s1 :i* are free f ! above objection4 ,?us1 sulphate ( pota% & cream ( t>t> are us$ = ?is purpose1 because ( ! gritt9ess ( _! p[d]s & _! slight solubility 9 wat]4 ,phosphate ( soda & common salt are also frequ5tly employ$ z d5tifrices1 & possess ! advantage ( be+ readily remov$ f ! m\? by means ( a little wat]4 ,among ^? sub/ances t *emically decol\r & remove unpleasant od\rs1 ! only ones employ$ z d5tifrices are *>coal & ! *lorides ( lime & soda4 ,! fir/ has be5 already notic$2 ! o!rs may be us$ by bru%+ ! tee? ) wat] to :i* a v little ( _! solutions has be5 add$4 ,a v weak solution ( *loride ( lime is commonly employ$ by smok]s to remove ! od\r & col\r imp>t$ by tobacco to ! tee?4 ,electu>ies1 made ( honey & a/r+5t sub/ances1 are frequ5tly employ$ 9 diseases ( ! gums4 ,! juice ( ! common /rawb]ry has be5 recomm5d$ z an elegant natural d5tifrice1 z x readily dissolves ! t>t>\s incru/ations on ! tee?1 & imp>ts an agreeable od\r to ! brea?4 ,see ,,pa/e & ,,p[d] 7,too?71 also ,,wa%es 7,m\?74 ,,d5t',,ine4 ,! tissue ( :i* ! tee? are compos$4 ,,d5ti/ry4 ,! art or practice ( a d5ti/4 ,directions = ! extraction ( tee?1 z well z elaborate details = /opp+ !m1 & = ! manufacture ( artificial ones1 are bran*es ( ! d5ti/'s art1 :i*1 z !y necessitate ! ex]cise ( consid]able skill & long practice1 d n call = notice 9 a "w l ! pres5t4 ,we %all conf9e ourselves1 !re=e1 to t section ( d5ti/ry :i* conc]ns itself ) /opp+s = ! cavities ( decay$ tee?1 & = ! prep>ation ( :i* we give ! foll[+ =mul3-- #a4 7,s\beiran's47 ,p[d]$ ma/ic & s&>a*1 ( ea* #d dr42 dragon's blood1 #b dr42 opium1 #ae gr42 mix ) suffici5t rectifi$ _s to =m a /iff pa/e4 ,a solution ( ma/ic1 or ( ma/ic & s&>a*1 9 half ! quantity ( alcohol1 is also us$1 appli$ ) a little cotton or l9t4 #b4 ,s&>a*1 #ab p>ts2 ma/ic1 #f p>ts2 amb]1 9 p[d]1 #a "p2 e!r1 #f p>ts4 ,appli$ ) cotton4 ,or simply a pa/e ( p[d]$ ma/ic & e!r4 ,or a saturat$ e!real solution ( ma/ic1 appli$ ) cotton4 #c4 ,tave>e's cem5t is made ) ma/ic & burnt alum4 ,b]no? directs #bj p>ts ( p[d]$ ma/ic to be dige/$ ) #dj ( e!r1 & en\gh p[d]$ alum add$ to =m a /iff pa/e4 #d4 ,gutta p]*a1 s(t5$ by heat1 is recomm5d$4 ,dr ,rollfs advises melt+ a piece ( ca\t*\c at ! end ( a wire1 & introduc+ x :ile w>m4 #e4 7,gaug]'s ,cem5t47 ,put into a qu>t bottle #b oz4 ( ma/ic & #c oz4 ( absolute alcohol2 apply a g5tle heat by a wat]-ba?4 ,:5 dissolv$1 add #i oz4 ( dry balsam ( tolu1 & aga9 heat g5tly4 ,a piece ( cotton dipp$ 9 ?is viscid solution becomes h>d :5 introduc$ into ! too?1 previ\sly cleans$ & dri$ z above4 #f4 7,mr ,rob9son's47 ,aft] wa%+ out ! m\? ) w>m wat] conta9+ a few gra9s ( bic>bonate ( soda1 & clean+ ! cavity z above direct$1 he drops into x a drop ( collodion1 to :i* a little morphia has be5 add$1 fills ! cavity ) asbe/os & saturates ) collodion1 plac+ ov] all a pl$get ( blott+ pap]4 #g4 7,o/]mai]'s ,cem5t47 ,mix #ab p>ts ( dry phosphoric acid ) #ac ( pure & pulv]is$ quicklime4 ,x becomes moi/ 9 mix+1 9 :i* /ate x is introduc$ into ! cavity ( ! too?1 :]e x quickly becomes h>d4 ,9 "s h&s ?is has fail$1 f :at cause we are n aw>e4 ,! acid %\ld be prep>$ z direct$ "u ,,acid1 ,,phosphoric4 #h4 7,silica47 ,?is "n has be5 giv5 to a mixture ( ,p>is pla/]1 levigat$ porcela91 iron fil+s1 & dregs ( t9cture ( ma/ic1 gr\nd toge!r4 #i4 7,wirih's ,cem5t47 ,x is said to consi/ ( a viscid alcoholic solution ( res9s1 ) p[d]$ asbe/os4 #aj4 7,metallic ,cem5t47 ,amalgams = ! tee? are made ) gold or silv]1 & quicksilv]1 ! excess ( ! latt] be+ squeez$ out1 & ! /iff amalgam us$ w>m4 ,inf]ior k9ds are made ) quicksilv] & t91 or z9c4 ,a popul> no/rum ( ?is k9d is said to consi/ ( #dj gr4 ( quicksilv] & #bj ( f9e z9c fil+s1 mix$ at ! "t ( us+4 ,mr ,evans /ates t pure t91 ) a small portion ( cadmium1 & suffici5t quicksilv]1 =ms ! mo/ la/+ & lea/ objectionable amalgam4 ,! foll[+ is ! =mula3--,melt #b p>ts ( t9 ) #a ( cadmium1 run x into +ots1 & r$uce x to fil+s4 ,=m ^! into a fluid amalgam ) m]cury1 & squeeze out ! excess ( m]cury ?r\gh lea!r4 ,"w up ! solid residue 9 ! h&1 & press x into ! too?4 ,or1 melt "s beeswax 9 a pipk9 ov] ! fire1 ?r[ 9 #e p>ts ( cadmium1 &1 :5 melt$1 add #g or #h p>ts ( t9 9 small pieces2 p\r ! melt$ metals into an iron or wood5 box1 & %ake !m till cold1 s z to obta9 ! alloy 9 a p[d]4 ,?is is mix$ ) #b-a_/b or #c times its weight ( quicksilv] 9 ! palm ( ! h&1 & us$ z above4 ,ano!r cem5t consi/s ( ab\t #gc p>ts ( silv]1 #ba ( t91 & #f ( z9c1 amalgamat$ ) quicksilv]4 ,an amalgam ( copp] is said to be sometimes us$4 ,b ?is class ( /opp+s is altoge!r disapprov$ ( by o!r au?orities4 ,pure leaf-gold seems ! lea/ objectionable4 #aa4 7,m>moratum47 ,f9ely levigat$ glass1 mix$ ) t9 amalgam4 #ab4 7,p\dre ,metallique47 ,! article sold "u ?is "n 9 ,p>is appe>s to be an amalgam ( silv]1 m]cury1 & ammonium1 ) an excess ( m]cury1 :i* is press$ out be=e us+ x4 #ac4 7,fusible ,metal47 ,melt toge!r #h p>ts ( bismu?1 #e ( lead1 #c ( t91 & #a-a_/b or #af ( quicksilv]1 ) z little heat z possible4 7,*audet47 #ad4 7,non-exp5sive ,metallic ,too?-/opp+47 ,take #a "p ( sulphate ( m]cury1 #a "p ( copp] 9 f9e p[d]2 rub !m well toge!r ) a little w>m wat]2 :5 ! amalgam is =m$ wa% well1 & remove ! surplus ( m]cury by press+ x ?r\gh *amois4--,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 ,,exp5sive ,,metallic ,,too?-,,/opp+ ,,& ,,mu* ,,pref]able4 ,take pure gold1 pure gelat91 #a "p ( ea*2 pure silv]1 #b p>ts2 melt1 & :5 refrig]at$1 r$uce to a p[d] by means ( a file2 wa% well & dry4 ,9 ! mom5t ( us+ x add suffici5t m]cury to =m a pla/ic pa/e4--,ph>m4 ,j\rn4 ,,pa/e ,,= ,,de/roy+ ,,! ,,s5sibility ,,( ,,! ,,d5tal ,,pulp ,,previ\s ,,to ,,/opp+4 ,ars5i\s acid1 #cj gr42 sulphate ( morphia1 #bj gr42 creasote1 q4 s4 ,unsafe2 x is only ins]t$ by way ( w>n+ aga9/ :at may prove an unsuspect$ cause ( mis*ief4 ,,pivots ,,= ,,artificial ,,tee?4 ,an alloy ( plat9um & silv]4 ,,spr+s ,,= ,,artificial ,,tee?4 ,equal p>ts ( copp]1 silv]1 & palladium4 7,*audet47 ,= ,ca*\ ,aromatis1 & o!r comp\nds = sweet5+ ! brea?1 see ,,p]fum]y4 ,,d5ti',,tion4 ,see ,,tee?+4 ,,deob',,/ru5t4 ,9 m$ic9e1 a sub/ance :i* removes ob/ructions1 & op5s ! natural passages ( ! fluids ( ! body1 z ! pores1 lacteals1 & gl&s4 ,iod9e1 m]cury1 s>sap>illa1 & ap]i5ts1 are deob/ru5ts4 ,,deo',,doris]4 ,any sub/ance hav+ ! p[] ( absorb+ or de/roy+ fetid effluvia4 ,*lor9e1 *loride ( lime1 *loride ( z9c1 nitrate ( lead1 sulphate ( iron1 & fre%ly-burnt *>coal1 are ! mo/ effective & conv5i5t deodoris]s4 ,peat *>coal has be5 highly recomm5d$ = deodoris+ manure1 c41 on ! l>ge scale4 ,:5 x is mix$ ) ^! sub/ances _! fetor is imm$iately de/roy$1 & a compo/ produc$1 :i* may be sub/itut$ = guano = agricultural purposes4 ',bi$]mann's ,c5tralblatt fr ,agricultur ,*emie' = ,june1 #ahgg1 conta9s ! results ( "s exp]im5ts und]tak5 by ,a4 ,eck/e9 on ! comp>ative deodoris+ values ( c]ta9 sub/ances4 ,h]r ,eck/e9 f\nd t #a kilo ( copp]as dissolv$ 9 wat] de/roy$ ! /5* ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 a privy us$ daily by at lea/ #ajj p]sons4 ,! action ceas$ aft] twelve h\rs4 ,a solution ( aque\s sulphate ( copp] produc$ a simil> result4 ,:5 #a kilo ( solid copp]as 0 employ$ ! action la/$ = two days4 ,! same result 0 obta9$ by us+ #a kilo ( a mixture comp\nd ( copp]as1 sulphate ( copp]1 & c>bonate ( lime4 ,liquid sulphur\s acid 0 f\nd to act v rapidly1 r5d]+ ! atmosph]e difficult to brea! = an h\r2 its action ceas$ aft] tw5ty-?ree h\rs4 ,crude c>bolic acid1 :i* 0 us$ to ! ext5t ( #cj grams1 gave s unpleasant a smell = two days z to r5d] ! result impossible to be arriv$ at4 ,"o kilo ( copp]as enclos$ 9 a bag ( p>*m5t pap] only began to act aft] two h\rs1 & kept ! place od\rless = two days4 ,"o kilo ( good *loride ( lime1 plac$ 9 a simil> bag1 did n lose its effect = n9e days4 ,) #fj grams ( p]manganate ( soda ! action comm5c$ imm$iately1 b ! effect 0 ov] 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 :5 enclos$ 9 p>*m5t pap] x 0 efficaci\s = two days4 ,9 ,h]r ,eck/e9's op9ion ! mo/ p[]ful deodoris] kn[n is *loride ( lime along ) sulphuric acid4 ,p[d]$ gypsum is a good absorb] ( ammonia1 & = ?is purpose may be spr9kl$ ov] ! floors ( /ables1 manure heaps1 c4 ,see ,,dis9fectant4 ,,deox',,idation4 ,see ,,r$uction4 ,,depil',,atory4 ,a cosmetic employ$ to remove sup]flu\s hairs f ! human sk94 ,depilatories act ei!r me*anically 7,,me*anical ,,depilatories71 or *emically 7,,*emical ,,depilatories74 ,to ! fir/ class belong adhesive pla/]s1 t1 on _! removal f ! sk91 br+ away ! hair ) !m4 ,! second class includes all ^? sub/ances :i* de/roy ! hair by _! *emical action4 ,lime or orpim5t1 & g5]ally bo? ( !m1 h =m$ ! lead+ +r$i5ts 9 depilatories1 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,! fir/ acts by its well-kn[n cau/icity1 & also1 :5 an alkali is pres5t1 by r$uc+ t also1 ei!r :olly or 9 "p1 to ! cau/ic /ate4 ,! action ( ! orpim5t is ( a less c]ta9 "*1 & its use is ev5 dang]\s :5 appli$ to a highly s5sitive or an abrad$ surface4 ,! addition ( />* is to r5d] ! pa/e m adhesive & manageable4 ,9 us+ ! foll[+ prep>ations1 ^? :i* are 9 ! /ate ( p[d] are mix$ up ) a little w>m wat] to ! consi/5ce ( a pa/e1 & appli$ to ! "p4 ,sometimes soap lye is us$ = ?is purpose1 & "s p]sons spread ! pulpy mass on a piece ( pap]1 & apply x l a pla/]4 ,9 #ab or #ae m9utes1 & soon]1 if mu* sm>t+ ensues1 ! :ole %\ld be wa%$ (f ) w>m wat]1 & a little cold cream1 lip-salve1 or sp]maceti c]ate1 appli$ to ! "p4 ,! application ( ! liquid prep>ations is g5]ally accompani$ ) g5tle friction1 c>e be+ tak5 to prev5t !m ext5d+ to ! adjac5t p>ts4 ,all ! foll[+ effect ! object satisfactorily1 ) prop] managem5t2 b "s are mu* m effective ?an o!rs4 ,a small wood5 or bone knife is ! be/ = mix+ !m )4 ,!y mu/ all be kept 9 well-/opp]$ bottles1 & no liquid mu/ be add$ to !m until %ortly be=e _! application2 & !n no m %\ld be mix$ ?an is requir$ = imm$iate use4 ,depilatory1 ,ars5'ical4 ,orpim5t 7sulphide ( ars5ic7 =ms ! pr9cipal +r$i5t 9 _m fa%ionable depilatories1 b its use is n free f dang]4 ,! foll[+ are well-kn[n prep>ations3 #a4 7,,colley',s ,d47 ,f nitre & sulphur1 ( ea* #a "p2 orpim5t1 #c p>ts2 quicklime1 #h p>ts2 soap lees1 #cb p>ts2 boil to ! consi/5ce ( cream4 ,v cau/ic4 #b4 7,,delcroix',s ,d42 ',,p\dre ,,subtile1'7 ,orpim5t1 #a oz42 quicklime1 #aj oz42 />*1 #ad oz4 #c4 7,,ori5tal ,d42 ,,ori5tal ,,rusma47--a4 ,quicklime1 #c oz42 orpim5t1 #a_/b dr42 /rong alkal9e lye1 #a lb42 boil toge!r 9 a clean iron vessel until a fea!r dipp$ into ! liquor loses its flue4 b4 ,f pe>la%1 #b oz42 orpim5t1 #c dr42 liquor ( potassa1 #a_/b p9t2 boil toge!r z be=e4 ,"o ( ! mo/ cau/ic & consequ5tly ! mo/ c]ta9 ( depilatory prep>ations2 b1 ) ! re/ ( its class1 op5 to ! objections ( conta9+ orpim5t4 7,see ,no4 #g47 #d4 7,,pa/e ,d42 ',p,,te ,,pilatoire1'7 ,to ,no4 #a add ( orris root1 #c p>ts4 #e4 7,,pl5ck',s ,d42 ',,pa/a ,,epilatoria1'7 ,orpim5t1 #a "p2 quicklime & />*1 ( ea* #ab p>ts4 #f4 7,,soap ,d42 ',,savon ,,pilatoire1'7 ,turki% depilatory & s(t soap1 equal p>ts4 ,mu/ n be mix$ until ab\t to be appli$4 7,see ,no4 #g47 #g4 7,,turki% ,d42 ,,turki% ,,rusma47 ,orpim5t1 #a "p2 quicklime1 #i p>ts4 ,= use1 x is mix$ up ) soap lees1 & a little p[d]$ />*4 ,depilatory1 ,boettg]'s4 ,p[d]$ sulphydrate ( sodium1 "o "p2 wa%$ *alk1 ?ree p>ts2 made into a ?ick pa/e ) a little wat]4 ,let a lay] ab\t ! ?ickness ( ! back ( a knife be spread ^u ! hairy surface4 ,aft] two or ?ree m9utes ! /\te/ hairs are trans=m$ into a s(t mass :i* may be remov$ by wat]4 ,a m prolong$ action w\ld attack ! sk94 ,depilatory1 ,b\det's4 ,prep4 ,sulphide ( sodium 7cry/allis$71 #c p>ts2 quicklime 79 f9e p[d]71 #aj p>ts2 />*1 #aj p>ts2 mix4 ,to be mix$ ) wat]1 & appli$ to ! sk91 & scrap$ (f 9 #b or #c m9utes ) a wood5 knife4 ,v effective & safe4 ,depilatory1 ,caz5ave's4 ,syn4 ,,mahon',s ,d42 ,,pommade ,,pilatoire ,,de ,,caz5ave1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,quicklime1 #a "p2 c>bonate ( soda1 #b p>ts2 l>d1 #h p>ts2 mix4 ,appli$ z an o9tm5t4 ,depilatory1 ,*i'nese4 ,prep4 #a4 ,quicklime1 #h oz42 pe>la% 7dry7 & liv] ( sulphur1 ( ea* #a oz42 all r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]2 mix$1 & kept 9 a close bottle4 #b4 7,,roseate ,d47 ,z ,no4 #a41 b col\r$ ) a little rose p9k or light r$4 ,^! prep>ations are appli$ 9 ! same mann] z ,b\det's ,depilatory4 ,depilatory1 ,colley's4 ,see ,,depilatory1 ,,ars5ical4 ,depilatory1 ,hydrosulphate ( ,lime4 ,prep4 7,beasley47 ,mix quicklime & wat] to a ?ick cream1 & pass into ! mixture #be or #cj times its volume ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,:5 ! gas ceases to be absorb$1 /op ! process4 ,! pulpy mass is spread on pap]1 & appli$ = #ab or #ae m9utes4 ,x is v effective1 b has a mo/ disgu/+ smell4 ,spolasco's depilatory is a v simil> prep>ation 7see bel[74 ,depilatory1 ,me*an'ical4 ,syn4 ,,depilatory ,,pla/ee4 ,prep4 ,f pit* & res91 equal p>ts1 melt$ toge!r & spread on lea!r4 ,appli$ z a pla/]4 ,depilatory1 ,ray]'s4 ,prep4 ,quicklime1 #b oz42 salt ( t>t>1 #d oz42 *>coal1 #a_/d oz4 ,less active ?an ,*9ese ,depilatory4 ,depilatory1 ,r$wood's4 ,prep4 ,a /rong solution ( sulphide ( b>ium1 made into a pa/e ) p[d]$ />*1 & appli$ imm$iately4 ,mr ,r$wood says ?is is ! be/ & safe/ depilatory4 ,depilatory1 ,ro'seate4 ,see ,,depilatory1 ,,*9ese4 ,depilatory1 ,spolasco's4 ,prep4 ,fre%ly prep>$ sulphide ( calcium & quicklime1 equal p>ts4 ,almo/ equal to ,r$wood's 7above74 ,,deposi',,tion 7( ,metals74 ,see ,,electro-,,type4 ,,d]by ,,condition ,,p[d]s 7,j4 ,tobias ,simpson1 ,new ,york74 ,celebrat$ z a safe1 infallible1 & spe$y rem$y = gl&]s1 c\ghs1 colds1 ov] fe$+1 worms1 m\? disease1 & loss ( horns or hair1 9 horses & o!r valuable dome/ic animals4 ,t>t> emetic1 #b grammes2 black antimony1 #bj grammes2 sulphur1 #aj grammes2 nitre1 #aj grammes2 f5ugreek1 #dj grammes2 junip] b]ries1 #bj grammes4 7,s*dl]47 ,,d]',,by%ire ,,neck4 ,see ,,goitre4 ,,d]masot 7,apo!k] ,b]ts*+]1 ,bad51 ,switz]l&74 ,= pr(use p]spiration ( ! feet4 ,consi/s ( acetate ( alum9a1 #ge grammes2 di/ill$ wat]1 #abj grammes2 butyric e!r1 #b drops2 rosanil9 to col\r x slightly4 7,web]47 ,,desbri]re',s ,,*ocolate ,a ,,la ,,magnesie4 #dd grammes ( *ocolate pa/e & #ae grammes ( calc9$ magnesia1 made into two tablets4 7,reveil47 ,,desic',,cants4 ,syn4 ,,desiccan',,tia1 ,l4 ,9 ph>macology1 sub/ances t *eck secretion & dry sores ( abrad$ surfaces1 )\t act+ z /yptics1 or con/r++ ! fibres ( ! p>ts to :i* !y are appli$4 ,see ,,a/r+5ts4 ,,desicca',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,exsicca',,tion4 ,! evaporation or dry+ (f ( ! aque\s portion ( solid bodies4 ,plants & *emical prep>ations are depriv$ ( _! humidity by exposure to ! sun1 a curr5t ( dry air1 an atmosph]e r5d]$ artificially dry by sulphuric acid1 or by ! direct application ( heat by means ( a wat] ba?1 a s& ba?1 or a common fire4 ,planks & timb] are n[ season$1 on ! l>ge scale1 9 ?is way1 by :i* a condition may be produc$1 9 #b or #c days1 :i* on ! old sy/em is b>ely atta9able 9 z _m ye>s4 ,endeav\rs 7 made to en=ce ! importance & value ( ! desiccation ( woods to ! build]1 cab9et mak]1 ar*itect1 & civil eng9e]1 s long back z #ahdc1 b )\t success4 ,s9ce t p]iod c]ta9 p]sons h avail$ !mselves1 comm]cially1 ( our ideas & exp]im5ts on ! subject1 )\t any ackn[l$gm5t1 ei!r v]bal or pecuni>y4 7,cooley47 ,,de/em',,p]4 ,syn4 ,,di/emp]4 ,col\rs gr\nd up ) size1 gum1 or :ite ( egg1 & wat]1 z 9 sc5e pa9t+4 ,! art ( execut+ "w 9 di/emp] is call$ 'di/emp] pa9t+4' ,,det]',,g5t4 ,an ag5t hav+ ! p[] ( remov+ (f5sive matt] f ! sk94 ,! "n is n[ g5]ally re/rict$ to applications t t5d to cleanse f\l w\nds & ulc]s4 ,det]g5t1 ,colli]'s4 ,prep4 ,f liquor ( potassa1 #b fl4 dr42 rose wat]1 #e-a_/b fl4 oz42 _s ( rosem>y1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 mix4 ,"o ( ! be/ applications kn[n to free ! head f scurf1 :5 ! hair is /rong & heal?y4 ,! head %\ld be aft]w>ds spong$ ) clean1 s(t wat]4 ,,detona',,tion4 ,see ,,fulm9at+ ,,comp\nds4 ,,deutox',,ide4 ,see ,,oxides4 ,,deuts*e ,,siege/ropf5--,g]man ,triumphal ,drops 7,s*midt74 #dhj grammes ( a br[n fluid ) an agreeably sweet spiritu\s & aromatic ta/e1 conta9+ 9 a hundr$ p>ts five p>ts ( ! portion soluble 9 weak _s ( cloves & orange peel1 #bi p>ts sug>1 #cf p>ts alcohol1 & #cj p>ts wat]4 7,witt/e947 ,,dew-,,po9t4 ,! temp]ature at :i* dew beg9s to =m1 z obs]v$ by a !rmomet]4 ,x v>ies ) ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e4 ,,dex',,tr94 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,/>* ,,gum1 ,,dextr9a1 ,,dextr9um1 ,,briti% ,,gum4 ,a soluble sub/ance resembl+ gum1 =m$ by ! action ( dilute acids at ! boil+ temp]ature1 & by infusion ( malt1 at ab\t #afj ,fahr41 on />*4 ,x is also =m$ :5 potato />* & "s ( ! o!r f>9as are expos$ to a heat ( ab\t #djj4 ,see ,,dia/ase & ,,gum 7,briti%74 ,,dex',,tro-,,race',,mic ,,acid4 ,see ,,racemic ,,acid4 ,,diabe',,tes4 ,see ,,ur9e4 ,diabetes 7,sac*>9e74 ,! symptoms obs]v$ 9 ?is g5]ally fatal ailm5t are ! pass+ ( an excessive quantity ( pale1 /raw-col\r$ ur9e1 ( high specific gravity1 conta9+ m or less grape sug>2 great ?ir/ & hung]1 ob/9ate dyspepsia1 con/ipation1 an unpleasant od\r f ! feet1 or p]spiration ( ! arm-pits1 & bodily debility1 & emaciation4 ,all ^! symptoms v>y 9 int5sity accord+ to ! c\rse & duration ( ! disease1 :i* is frequ5tly accompani$ ) hectic fev]1 c\gh1 & sometimes c>buncles1 & g5]ally ends 9 consumption or "s organic disease4 ,! fl[ ( ur9e sometimes rea*es z mu* z eight gallons 9 #bd h\rs2 ! av]age quantity1 h[ev]1 is ab\t two gallons4 ,! specific gravity ( ! ur9e v>ies betwe5 #ajcj & #ajgj4 ,! quantity ( sug> excret$ 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs diff]s greatly1 rang+ f half a p\nd to ?ree p\nds4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( diabetes1 great att5tion %\ld be paid to diet1 :i* %\ld consi/ pr9cipally ( dige/ible1 broil$1 or roa/$ meat1 glut5 & bran bread 7^! latt] be+ sub/itut$ = ord9>y bread1 :i* ) sug> mu/ be especially avoid$71 liquids 9 mod]ate quantity1 ( :i* ! mo/ pref]able are weak beef tea or mutton bro?4 ,if ! ?ir/ is extreme1 x is be/ assuag$ by dr9k+ wat] acidulat$ ) phosphoric acid4 ,spiritu\s liquids z well z sal9e ap]i5ts %\ld be es*ew$4 ,cl>et is1 h[ev]1 a suitable bev]age4 ,small doses ( laudanum1 giv5 ?ree or f\r times a day1 h be5 f\nd ( great s]vice4 ,dr ,watson recomm5ds also ! adm9i/ration ( creosote4 ,! b[els mu/ be regulat$ by means ( mild ap]i5ts4 ,w>m ba?s are also ( use1 z !y augm5t ! secretion ( ! sk94 ,! disease may be kept "u by adm9i/]+ f tw5ty to =ty m9ims ( t9cture ( p]*loride ( iron1 #c times a day4 ,! above treatm5t is ins]t$ = ! guidance only ( emigrants & o!rs unable to obta9 pr(essional aid2 :]ev] ?is c be obta9$1 no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 seek+ x4 ,?is is ! m important1 s9ce ! e>li] ! pati5t has rec\rse to ! prop] rem$ies1 ! great] are ! *ances ( recov]y4 ,horses4 ,! disease occurs1 al?\gh r>ely1 9 horses4 ,x is n kn[n ei!r 9 cattle or dogs4 ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 depriv+ ! animal = "s weeks ( food conta9+ />*1 or o!r matt]s capable ( =m+ sug>4 ,he mu/ be f$ on meat s\p & cook$ animal diet1 to :i* he quickly becomes reconcil$4 ,! /r5g? mu/ be kept up by means ( tonic4 ,to c\nt]act ! int5se ?ir/1 ,mr ,f9lay ,dun recomm5ds ! foll[+ to be giv5 ?ree times a day 9 wat]3--,a dra*m ( iodide ( potassium1 a scruple ( iod9e1 & f\r dra*ms ( c>bonate ( soda4 ,,dia*',,ylon4 ,see ,,pla/]s4 ,,dialy'',,s]4 ,9 practical *emi/ry1 an in/rum5t = sep>at+ 'cry/alloids' f 'colloids1' introduc$ by ! late ,pr(4 ,graham4 ,9 its mo/ conv5i5t =m x consi/s ( a hoop ( gutta p]*a1 ov] :i* a circul> piece ( p>*m5t pap] is /ret*$4 ,! pap] is appli$ to ! hoop :ile wet1 & is kept /ret*$ by a second hoop1 by an ela/ic b&1 or by a few turns ( /r+4 ,! in/rum5t1 :5 complete1 resembles an ord9>y tamb\r9e4 ,x is di/+ui%$ z ! ',,hoop ,,dialys]1' ,! fluid to be 'dialys$' is p\r$ into ! hoop ^u ! surface ( ! p>*m5t pap]1 to a small dep? only1 su* z half an in*1 & ! dialys] is !n float$ ^u wat] 9 a l>ge glass bas94 ,ano!r =m ( dialys]1 t]m$ ! ',,bulb ,,dialys]1' consi/s ( a small glass bell-j>1 ! m\? ( :i* is cov]$ by a piece ( p>*m5t pap]4 ,?is is susp5d$ or o!rwise support$ 9 a l>ge vessel ( wat] 9 su* a mann] t ! p>*m5t pap] septum j dips bel[ ! surface4 ,see ,,dialysis 7bel[71 ,,p>*m5t ,,pap]4 ,,dial',,ysis4 ,9 practical *emi/ry1 ! me?od ( sep>at+ sub/ances by 'diffusion' ?r\gh a septum ( gelat9\s matt]4 ,:5 a solution hav+ a sp4 gr4 great] is introduc$ into a cyl9drical glass vessel1 & !n wat] v cauti\sly p\r$ ^u x1 9 su* a mann] t ! two lay]s ( liquid rema9 unmov$1 ! sub/ance dissolv$ 9 ! l[] liquid w gradually pass into ! sup]natant wat]1 ?\gh ! vessel may h be5 left undi/urb$1 & ! temp]ature rema9 un*ang$4 ,! gradual passage ( a dissolv$ sub/ance f its orig9al solution into pure wat] tak+ place1 not)/&+ ! high] sp4 gr4 ( ! sub/ance :i* opposes ?is passage1 is call$ ! 'diffusion ( liquids4' ,f ! inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a ( ?is diffusion1 ! late ,pr(4 ,graham d]iv$ ! rem>kable results ^u :i* ! me?od "u notice is bas$4 ,diff]5t sub/ances1 :5 9 solution ( ! same conc5tration1 & "u o!r simil> circum/ances1 diffuse ) v unequal velocity4 ,! range 9 ! degree ( diffusive mobility1 says ,pr(4 ,graham1 exhibit$ by diff]5t sub/ances1 appe>s to be z wide z ! scale ( vap\r-t5sions4 ,?us1 hydrate ( potassa may be said to possess d\ble ! velocity ( diffusion ( sulphate ( potassa1 & sulphate ( potassa aga9 d\ble ! velocity ( sug>1 alcohol1 & sulphate ( magnesia4 ,b ! sub/ances nam$ belong1 z reg>ds diffusion1 to ! m volatile class4 ,! comp>atively fix$ class1 z reg>ds diffusion1 is repres5t$ by a diff]5t ord] ( *emical sub/ances 7m>k$ out by ! abs5ce ( ! p[] to cry/allise71 :i* are sl[ 9 ! extreme4 ,among ! latt] are hydrat$ silicic acid1 hydrat$ alum9a1 & o!r metallic p]oxides ( ! alum9\s class1 :5 !y exi/ 9 ! soluble =m2 ) />*1 dextr9e1 & ! gums1 c>amel1 tann91 album51 gelat91 vegetable & animal extractive matt]s4 ,l[ diffusibility is n ! only prop]ty :i* ! bodies la/ enum]at$ possess 9 common4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by ! gelat9\s "* ( _! hydrates4 ,al?\gh (t5 l>gely soluble 9 wat]1 !y are held 9 solution by a mo/ feeble =ce4 ,!y appe> s+ul>ly in]t 9 ! capacity ( acids & bases1 & 9 all ! ord9>y *emical relations4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 _! peculi> physical aggregation1 ) ! *emical indiff]5ce ref]r$ to1 appe>s to be requir$ 9 sub/ances t c int]v5e 9 ! organic processes ( life4 ,! pla/ic elem5ts ( ! body are f\nd 9 ?is class4 ,z gelat9 appe>s to be its type1 x is propos$ to designate sub/ances ( ?is class z ',,col',,loids1' & to speak ( _! peculi> =m z ! 'colloidal condition ( matt]4' ,oppos$ to ! colloidal is ! 'cry/all9e condition4' ,sub/ances affect+ ! latt] =m w be class$ z ',,cry/al',,loids1' ,! di/9ction is1 no d\bt1 "o ( intimate molecul> con/itution4#beg ,a c]ta9 prop]ty ( colloidal sub/ances comes into play mo/ opportunely 9 assi/+ diffusive prep>ations4 ,! jelly ( />*1 t ( animal mucus1 ( pect91 ( vegetable gelose1 & o!r solid colloidal hydrates1 all ( :i*1 /rictly speak+1 are insoluble 9 cold wat]1 are !mselves p]meable :5 9 mass1 z wat] is1 by ! m highly diffusive class ( sub/ances4 ,b su* jellies greatly resi/ ! passage ( ! less diffusible sub/ances1 & cut (f entirely o!r colloid sub/ances l !mselves t may be 9 solution4 ,a m]e film ( ! jelly has ! sep>at+ effect4 ,n[1 p>*m5t-pap]1 :5 wett$1 acts j l a lay] ( animal mucus or o!r hydrat$ colloid1 by p]mitt+ ! passage ( cry/alloids1 b n ( colloids2 consequ5tly ?is sub/ance may be us$ = dialytic septa 7see ,,dialys]1 above74 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts record$ by ,graham w give "s idea ( ! results :i* may be obta9$ by dialysis3-- ,footnote #beg3 ',philosoph4 ,trans4' = #ahfa4 #a4 ,half a litre ( ur9e 0 plac$ 9 a hoop dialys]1 :i* 0 !n float$ on a consid]able quantity ( pure wat]4 ,dialys$ = #bd h\rs1 ! ur9e gave its cry/alloidal con/itu5ts to ! ext]nal wat]4 ,! latt]1 evaporat$ by a wat] ba?1 yield$ a :ite sal9e mass4 ,f ?is mass urea 0 extract$ by alcohol 9 s pure a condition z to appe> 9 cry/all9e tufts ^u ! evaporation ( ! alcohol4 #b4 ,by p\r+ silicate ( soda into dilut$ hydro*loric acid 7! acid be+ ma9ta9$ 9 l>ge excess71 a solution ( silica is obta9$4 ,b 9 addition to hydro*loric acid1 su* a solution conta9s *loride ( sodium1 a salt :i* causes ! silica to gelat9ise :5 ! solution is heat$1 & o!rwise modifies its prop]ties4 ,n[1 su* a solution plac$ = #bd h\rs 9 a dialys] ( p>*m5t pap] 0 f\nd to lose #e ( its silicic acid 7silica7 & #hf ( its hydro*loric acid4 ,aft] #d days on ! dialys]1 ! liquid ceas$ to be di/urb$ by nitrate ( silv]4 ,all ! *lorides 7 gone1 ) no fur!r loss ( silica4 ,:at rema9$ 0 a pure solution ( silicic acid1 :i* c\ld be boil$ 9 a flask1 & consid]ably conc5trat$1 )\t *ange4 #c4 ,half a litre ( d>k-col\r$ port]1 ) #je gramme ( ars5i\s acid add$ 7#a_/ajjjj? "p ( ars5i\s acid71 0 plac$ on a hoop dialys]1 #h in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! :ole float$ 9 an e>!nw>e bas9 conta9+ #b or #c litres ( wat]4 ,aft] #bd h\rs ! latt] fluid _h acquir$ a slight t+e ( yell[4 ,x yield$1 :5 conc5trat$ & precipitat$ by sulphurett$ hydrog51 upw>ds ( "o half ( ! orig9al ars5i\s acid 9 a fit /ate = exam9ation4 ,,diamantkitt--,diamond ,cem5t4 #ej p>ts graphite1 #ae p>ts li?>ge1 #aj p>ts milk ( lime1 #e p>ts slak$ lime1 intimately mix$ ) en\gh l9se$ oil to make a firm mass4 7,hag]47 ,,diamanttropf5--,diamond ,drops 7,dr ,all9head74 ,a comb9ation ( ! juices ( my/]i\s h]bs ( tropical climes1 :i* has ! p[] to make all m5 transp>5t4 ,,di',,amond4 ,! diamond is pure c>bon1 & diff]s f ! c>bon ( *>coal & lampblack simply 9 be+ limpid1 col\rless1 & highly refractive ( light1 prop]ties :i* are g5]ally ref]r$ to its cry/all9e =m4 ,! weight1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! value ( diamonds1 is e/imat$ 9 c>ats1 "o ( :i* is equal to #d gra9s2 & ! price ( "o diamond1 comp>$ to t ( ano!r ( equal col\r1 transp>5cy1 purity1 =m1 c41 is z ! squ>es ( ! respective weights4 ,! av]age price ( ,,r\gh ,,diamonds t are wor? work+ is ab\t #b = ! fir/ c>at2 t ( a ,,cut ,,diamond is equal to t ( a r\gh diamond ( d\ble weight1 exclusive ( ! price ( workman%ip4 ,to e/imate ! value ( a wr\ght diamond1 asc]ta9 its weight 9 c>ats1 d\ble t weight1 & multiply ! squ>e ( ?is product by #b4 7,ure47 ,?us1 a cut diamond (-- #a c>at is wor? #h #b c>ats #cb #c #gb #d #abh c41 c4 ,see ,,c>bon1 ,,gems4 ,di'amond ,du/4 ,g5u9e diamond du/ is ! p[d] produc$ by ! abrasion ( diamonds aga9/ ea* o!r 9 ! process ( cutt+ & poli%+ !m4 ,x possesses ! valuable prop]ty ( poli%+ ! gems1 & giv+ ! f9e/ edge to e k9d ( cutl]y4 ,! discov]y ( ! latt] fact1 a few ye>s s9ce1 l$ c]ta9 di%one/ p]sons to ext5sively adv]tise spuri\s prep>ations1 consi/+ *iefly ( em]y p[d] or p[d]$ qu>tz1 "u ! "n ( diamond du/4 ,! factiti\s articles acquir$ a v %ort & bad notoriety4 ,in/ead ( %>p5+ cutt+ in/rum5ts1 !y infallibly de/roy$ _! edge1 & 7 p>ticul>ly un=tunate 9 conv]t+ razors into saws4 ,,diap5',,te4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,diap5te4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd7 ,bay-b]ries1 bir?-wort1 g5tian1 ivory du/1 & myrrh1 equal p>ts4 ,an excell5t w>m tonic1 especially useful 9 ! debility & rickets ( *ildr54 ,! sub/ance sold "u ?is "n 9 ! %ops is an inf]ior mixture1 us$ pr9cipally z a tonic 9 vet]9>y practice4 ,! foll[+ are ! =ms commonly adopt$ 9 its prep>ation3-- #b4 ,turm]ic1 #d lbs42 laurel b]ries & mu/>d1 ( ea* #c lbs42 g5tian1 #b lbs4 7all 9 f9e p[d]72 mix4 #c4 ,bay-b]ries1 g5tian1 mu/>d1 & turm]ic1 equal p>ts4 #d4 ,g5tian1 #f lbs42 bay-b]ries1 #a lb4 ,?is is ! =mula g5]ally us$ by ! f>ri]s4 ,sometimes mu/>d1 #a lb41 is add$4 ,,diaphoret',,ics4 ,syn4 ,,sudorif',,ics2 ,,diaphoretica1 ,,sudorifica1 ,l4 ,m$ic9es :i* promote or increase ! p]spiration4 ,^? t produce ?is effect 9 a v m>k$ degree are m p>ticul>ly call$ 'sudorifics4' ,! pr9cipal diaphoretics are3--w>m dilu5ts1 z b>ley-wat]1 gruel1 tea1 c42 salts ( ! alkalies1 z ! citrates ( potassa & soda1 acetate ( potassa1 acetate & c>bonate ( ammonia1 sal-ammoniac1 nitre1 c42 prep>ations ( antimony1 z antimonial p[d]1 t>t> emetic1 c2 also alcohol1 camphor1 ,dov]'s p[d]1 ipecacuanha1 opium1 w9e1 c4 ,! use ( diaphoretics is indicat$ 9 ne>ly all diseases accompani$ by fev] & a dry sk91 & p>ticul>ly 9 febrile & pectoral affections4 ,,di',,aphragm 7fr7am74 ,a p>tition ?r\gh or across2 a divid+ sub/ance4 ,9 anatomy1 ! t]m is appli$ to ! midriff1 a muscle sep>at+ ! *e/ or ?orax f ! abdom5 or l[] belly4 ,9 a/ronomy & optics ! t]m is appli$ to a circul> r+ plac$ 9 a telescope or o!r in/rum5t to cut (f ! m>g9al portions ( a beam ( light4 ,9 electricity ! "n is commonly us$ to d5ote ! por\s p>tition1 cell1 or vessel1 t sep>ates ! fluid conta9+ ! positive plate f ! fluid :i* surr\nds ! negative plate1 9 a con/ant voltaic batt]y4 ,?9 p>titions ( sycamore1 or o!r por\s wood1 are occasionally us$1 b cells made ( ?9 biscuit w>e are ! mo/ conv5i5t & durable diaphragms4 ,pla/] ( ,p>is1 animal membrane1 co>se & tightly wove canvas1 c41 are us$ also = ! purpose4 ,pla/] cells are also =m$ by surr\nd+ an oil$ cyl9d] ( wood ) a hoop ( pap]1 & p\r+ pla/] ( ,p>is1 mix$ up ) wat]1 into ! space betwe5 ! two4 ,see ,,electrotype4 ,,di>rh,,oe',a4 ,a purg+ or loos5ess ( ! b[els4 ,! causes ( di>rhoea are v>i\s1 b among ! mo/ common are ! pres5ce ( irritat+ matt]1 worms1 or acidity 9 ! /oma* or b[els2 & exposure to cold 7especially cold to ! feet7 or sudd5 *anges ( climate or temp]ature4 ,treatm5t4 ,9 g5]al1 x w be prop] to adm9i/] a mild ap]i5t1 = :i* purpose rhub>b or ca/or oil is usually pref]r$4 ,! dose ( ! fir/ may be f #bj to #cj gra9s 9 sug>1 or made into a bolus2 t ( ! second1 f #a_/d oz4 to #a_/b oz41 ) a little m9t or pepp]m9t wat]4 ,aft] ! due op]ation ( ?is m$ic9e1 opium1 a/r+5ts1 & absorb5ts1 may be tak5 ) advantage1 b n 9 excessive doses1 z is commonly ! practice4 ,! fir/ & second are indicat$ :5 great irritability exi/s1 & ! ?ird1 9 cases ( di>rhoea aris+ f ! pres5ce ( acidity4 ,*alk mixture1 to :i* a few drops ( laudanum h be5 add$1 or ! comp\nd p[d] ( *alk & opium1 are excell5t m$ic9es1 & w g5]ally quiet ! b[els4 ,a small piece ( cate*u or h>d extract ( logwood1 suck$ 9 ! same way z a loz5ge1 is a pleasant me?od ( tak+ ei!r ( ^! p[]ful a/r+5ts1 & w g5]ally cure cases ( simple di>rhoea aris+ f excessive p]i/altic motion1 or want ( tonicity ( ! muscul> coats ( ! inte/9es4 ,9 bili\s di>rhoea1 *>act]is$ by ! bright yell[i%-br[n col\r ( ! dejections1 a dose ( blue pill or calomel1 assi/$ by mild dilu5ts & demulc5ts1 & w>m?1 g5]ally proves efficaci\s4 ,small doses ( opium are also useful 9 "s cases4 ,9 cat>rhal di>rhoea1 *yl\s di>rhoea1 & ! l v>ieties1 *>act]is$ by ! dejections be+ ne>ly col\rless1 & consi/+ *iefly ( wat] & mucus2 or :ite & milky1 %[+ ! entire abs5ce ( bile2 or1 be+ entirely liquid1 limpid1 & s]\s 79 "s cases resembl+ ! wa%+s ( fle%71 op9ions are divid$ z to ! treatm5t4 ,! majority ( ! be/ au?orities reg>d purg+ z injuri\s 9 ^! v>ieties1 & rely *iefly on w>m ba?s & w>m fom5tations1 ) ! int]nal adm9i/ration ( mild sal9es & diaphoretics1 foll[$ by a/r+5ts1 tonics1 & occasional doses ( opiates4 ,*ol]aic di>rhoea dem&s a ne>ly simil> treatm5t4 ,! diet 9 e v>iety ( di>rhoea %\ld be light & non-irritat+4 ,glut9\s bro?s1 beef tea1 & arr[-root1 are among ! be/ articles :i* c be tak54 ,to ^! may be add$ a little dry toa/4 ,arr[-root 7g5u9e71 ei!r ) or )\t a spoonful ( port w9e or br&y 7pref]ably ! =m]71 w ( itself cure all ord9>y cases ( di>rhoea1 if accompani$ ) repose & a recumb5t po/ure4 ,among ext]nal rem$ies1 w>m & /imulat+ fom5tations1 l9im5ts1 c41 to ! epiga/rium & abdom51 w be f\nd useful adjuncts to o!r treatm5t4 ,a spoonful or two ( laudanum1 us$ z a friction1 w g5]ally allay pa91 & 9 _m cases settle ! b[els :5 all o!r rem$ies h be5 tri$ 9 va94 ,treatm5t = ,animals4 ,if = ! horse1 give at ! comm5cem5t ( ! attack f #b to #d dr4 ( aloes1 mix$ ) #a oz4 ( bic>bonate ( soda1 & ! same quantity ( g+] 9 p[d]2 adm9i/] cly/]s occasionally4 ,cattle may be treat$ by hav+ adm9i/]$ to !m #c_/d lb4 ( ,epsom or common salt1 or a p9t ( l9se$ oil4 ,:i*ev] ( ! two is employ$1 x mu/ be comb9$ ) #b oz4 ea* ( bic>bonate ( soda & g+]1 & #a_/b lb4 ( treacle2 #a oz4 ( laudanum %\ld be add$ to ! above dr5*es :5ev] !re is mu* pa9 & /ra9+1 :e!r 9 ! horse or c[4 ,%\ld laxatives fail1 aromatics & a/r+5ts are call$ =1 & #a oz4 ea* ( t9cture ( cate*u1 g+]1 & g5tian1 giv5 9 a p9t ( w>m ale1 may be tri$ sev]al times a day = a horse4 ,= c[s a d\ble dose is requir$4 ,%eep ne$ only half ! dose4 ,,di',,a/ase4 ,a peculi> azotis$ sub/ance conta9$ 9 malt1 :i* effects ! conv]sion ( />*1 fir/ into dextr91 & !n into grape sug>4 ,prep4 ,a cold infusion ( malt is heat$ to #aeh ,fahr4 7to coagulate 9 album572 x is !n all[$ to cool1 & alcohol is add$ to ! filt]$ liquor1 :5 dia/ase is precipitat$1 "u ! =m ( a ta/eless :ite p[d]1 :i* is freely soluble 9 wat]4 ,prop41 c4 ,dia/ase seems to resemble vegetable album51 b v little is kn[n respect+ x1 z x has nev] be5 got 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,"o "p ( dia/ase is capable ( conv]t+ #bjjj p>ts ( />* into grape sug>4 ,malt$ b>ley is said to conta9 #a_/ejj? "p ( ?is sub/ance2 yet ?is small portion is q suffici5t to conv]t ! />* ( ! malt into sug> dur+ ! op]ation ( ma%+1 9 ! manufacture ( be]4 ,see ,,brew+1 ,,dextr91 ,c4 ,,dicta',,mia4 ,a nutriti\s1 dietetic article4 ,prep4 7,beasley47 ,sug>1 #g oz42 potato arr[-root1 #d oz42 fl\r ( br5t b>ley 7,triticum monococcum71 #c oz42 ,tr9idad & ,granada *ocolate1 ( ea* #a oz42 vanilla1 #ae gr42 triturate toge!r4 ,dictamia4 ,a /r5g!n+ & re/orative prep>ation4 ,arr[root1 #f p>ts2 meal ( triticum monococcum1 #f p>ts2 *ocolate1 #d p>ts2 vanilla1 #a_/d "p 7,ri*t]74 ,sug>1 #bag p>ts2 bran extract1 #ib p>ts2 />*1 #abe p>ts2 ,c>acas & ,m>agnan cocoa1 #cj p>ts2 vanilla1 #a "p4 7,*evalli]47 ,,didym',,ium4 ,di4 ,a r>e metal1 f\nd associat$ ) c]ium & lan?anium 9 ! ,sw$i% m9]al c]ite4 ,see ,,c]ium4 ,,di',,et4 ,food or victuals4 ,9 m$ic9e food regulat$ by c]ta9 rules1 or prescrib$ = ! cure or prev5tion ( disease4 ,! dietetic "p ( m$ic9e is no inconsid]able bran*1 & des]ves a mu* great] %>e ( reg>d ?an x commonly meets )4 ,a great v>iety ( diseases might be remov$ by ! obs]vance ( a prop] diet & regim51 )\t ! assi/ance ( m$ic9e1 7 x n = ! impati5ce ( ! suff]]s4 ,on all occasions x may come 9 z a prop] assi/ant to ! cure1 :i* sometimes _c be p]=m$ )\t a due obs]vance ( ! non-naturals4 ,writ]s on dietetics 7,,dietetica1 ,l47 h tak5 mu* tr\ble to divide & classify ! num]\s articles ( food suitable to ! v>i\s conditions ( ! body 9 heal? & disease2 b little practical advantage has result$ f _! lab\rs4 ,l[ diet1 middle diet1 full diet1 milk diet1 f>9ace\s diet1 fruit diet1 & vegetable diet1 are t]ms :i*1 "u mo/ circum/ances1 are suffici5tly simple to be almo/ self-explanatory4 ,,diges',,tion4 ,9 *emi/ry & ph>macy ! op]ation ( expos+ bodies to a g5tle & cont9u\s heat4 ,! be/ dige/]s are ?9 glass flasks & beak]s1 & ! mo/ conv5i5t s\rce ( heat is ! s& ba?4 ,dige/ion is (t5 p]=m$ to s(t5 & o!rwise modify bodies t are to be di/ill$4 ,9 physiology ! t]m is appli$ to ! conv]sion ( food into *yme1 or ! process ( dissolv+ food 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 & prep>+ x = circulation & n\ri%m5t4 ,9 surg]y dige/ion signifies a me?od ( treat+ ulc]s1 w\nds1 c4 ,see ,,dige/ives 7bel[74 ,,dige/ibility ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,foods4 ,mean "t ( *ymification ,foods4 ,h[ cook$4 9 /oma*4 h4 m4 ,rice ,boil$ #a ,eggs1 :ipp$ ,raw #a #cj ,tr\t1 salmon1 fre% ,boil$ #a #cj ,v5ison1 /eak ,broil$ #a #ce ,sago ,boil$ #a #de ,milk ,boil$ #b ,eggs1 fre% ,raw #b ,milk ,raw #b #ae ,turkey ,boil$ #b #be ,gelat9 ,boil$ #b #cj ,goose1 wild ,roa/$ #b #cj ,pig1 suck+ ,roa/$ #b #cj ,lamb1 fre% ,broil$ #b #cj ,beans1 pod ,boil$ #b #cj ,potatoes1 ,iri% ,bak$ #b #cj ,*ick5 ,fricass$ #b #de ,oy/]s1 fre% ,raw #b #ee ,eggs1 fre% ,s(t-boil$ #c ,beef1 lean1 r>e ,roa/$ #c ,mutton1 fre% ,boil$ #c ,bread1 corn ,bak$ #c #ae ,butt] ,melt$ #c #cj ,*eese1 old1 /rong ,raw #c #cj ,potatoes1 ,iri% ,boil$ #c #cj ,beef ,fri$ #d ,veal1 fre% ,broil$ #d ,f[ls1 dome/ic ,roa/$ #d ,ducks1 ,dome/ic ,roa/$ #d ,veal1 fre% ,fri$ #d #cj ,pork1 fat1 & lean ,roa/$ #e #ae ,cabbage ,boil$ #d #cj ,! results record$ 9 ! above table1 giv+ ! respective "t requir$ = ! dige/ion ( diff]5t foods1 7 obta9$ by ,dr ,beaumont1 ?r\gh 8 be+ enabl$ to wat* ! process ( dige/ion actually go+ on 9 ! /oma* ( a man1 :o _h receiv$ a w\nd 9 t organ1 by :i* "p ( x 0 laid b>e1 & c\ld ?us be se5 into4 ,! above data 7 controll$ by a s]ies ( indep5d5t exp]im5ts1 :i* consi/$ 9 dige/+ diff]5t foods 9 a solution ( ga/ric juice1 & heat+ ! mixture to #ajj4 ,! relative results ( bo? sets ( exp]im5ts 7 f\nd to agree pretty closely2 & !y h s9ce1 on ! :ole1 be+ confirm$ by ! rese>*es ( o!r physiologi/s4 ,,diges',,tives4 ,9 surg]y sub/ances :i*1 :5 appli$ to w\nds or tum\rs1 induce or promote suppuration4 ,all /imulat+ applications are ( ?is class4 ,heat is a mo/ p[]ful dige/ive ag5t4 ,! action ( dige/ives is oppos$ to t ( ,,discuti5ts1 :i* repel or resolve tum\rs & indurations4 ,,digita',,l94 ,syn4 ,,digita',,lia4 ,a vegetable pr9ciple discov]$ by ,m4 ,roy] 9 ,digitalis purpurea1 or purple foxglove4 ,prep4 #a4 7,maj5die47 ,foxglove leaves 7p[d]$71 #a lb41 are dige/$ 9 e!r1 fir/ 9 ! cold1 & !n heat$ "u pressure2 :5 ! :ole has aga9 become cold1 ! liquor is filt]$ 7rapidly71 & ! e!r is di/ill$ (f 9 a wat] ba?2 ! residuum is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! filt]$ solution treat$ ) hydrat$ oxide ( lead1 ! :ole g5tly evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! dry residuum aga9 dige/$ 9 hot e!r2 f ?is solution ! alkali is obta9$1 by evaporation & repeat$ resolutions1 9 a cry/all9e =m4 #b4 7,homolle & ,h5ry47 ,foxglove leaves 7c>efully dri$ & p[d]$71 #b-a_/b lbs41 are dige/$ 9 rectifi$ _s1 & ! t9cture express$ 9 a t9cture press2 ! _s is !n di/ill$ (f1 & ! residual extract treat$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 #a_/b p9t1 acidulat$ ) ab\t #b fl4 dr4 ( acetic acid1 a g5tle heat be+ employ$2 "s animal *>coal is !n add$1 & ! :ole filt]$2 ! filtrate is !n dilut$ ) wat]1 & p>tly neutralis$ ) ammonia2 a fre%-made1 /rong decoction ( galls is next add$2 a copi\s precipitation ( tannate ( digital9 ensues2 ! precipitate is wa%$ ) wat]1 & mix$ ) a little alcohol1 aft] :i* x is triturat$ ) li?>ge 79 f9e p[d]7 & expos$ to a g5tle heat2 ! :ole is n[ dige/$ 9 alcohol1 ! t9cture treat$ ) animal *>coal1 & evaporat$2 ! dry residuum is1 la/ly1 treat$ ) cold sulphuric e!r1 :i* takes up "s =eign matt]1 & leaves ! digital94 #b lbs4 #h oz4 ( ! dri$ leaves yield #adj to #aej gr4 ( ! digital94 ,prop41 c4 ,:ite1 inodor\s1 por\s masses1 or small scales2 x cry/allises ) difficulty1 is int5sely bitt]1 & excites viol5t sneez+ :5 smell$ to2 dissolves freely 9 alcohol2 sc>cely soluble 9 cold e!r2 & takes #bjjj p>ts ( wat] = its solution2 x is nei!r basic nor alkal9e2 conc5trat$ col\rless hydro*loric acid dissolves x1 =m+ a *>act]i/ic solution :i* passes f yell[ to a f9e gre54 7,homolle47 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful ( kn[n poisons1 be+ fully #ajj times /rong] ?an ! p[d]$ leaves ( ! dri$ plant4 ,x is us$ 9 ! same cases4--,dose1 #a_/fj to #a_/cj gr42 ei!r made into pills or dissolv$ 9 alcohol & =m$ into a mixture4 ,ow+ to ! difficulty & unc]ta9ty connect$ ) disp5s+ su* small quantities1 x is n[ seldom employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,digital91 ,cry/allis$4 ,digitalis leaves f ! ,vosges1 9 r f9e p[d]1 #ajjj grams2 neutral lead acetate1 #bej grams2 di/ill$ wat]1 #ajjj grams4 ,! digitalis %\ld be collect$ 9 its second ye> j :5 ! fir/ fl[]s appe>4 ,) respect to ! lead acetate1 x is v important t x %\ld n h an alkal9e reaction2 a slight acidity w\ld be pref]able4 ,! lead salt is dissolv$ 9 ! cold wat]1 ! p[d] add$ & ?or\ghly mix$1 ! :ole pass$ ?r\gh a sieve & left 9 contact tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 tak+ c>e to mix x f "t to "t4 ,! mixture is !n pack$ suffici5tly 9 a displacem5t app>atus1 & exhau/$ ) #ej alcohol1 until x no long] yields any bitt]ness4 ,ab\t six p>ts ( liquor are ?us obta9$1 & ?is is neutralis$ exactly ) sodium bic>bonate dissolv$ to saturation 9 cold wat]2 ab\t #be to #cj grams w be requir$4 ,:5 eff]vesc5ce ceases1 ! alcohol is di/ill$1 & ! liquor rema9+ is evaporat$ 9 a wat] ba? d[n to #bjjj grams2 x is !n left to cool & dilut$ ) its weight ( wat]4 ,two or ?ree days aft]w>ds ! cle> liquor is decant$ (f1 by means ( a syphon1 & ! precipitate dra9$ ^u a l95 filt]4 ,:5 fre$ f ! extractive liquor ! precipitate weighs ab\t #ajj grams4 ,x is susp5d$ 9 #ajjj grams ( #hj alcohol1 & ! :ole pass$ ?r\gh a metal sieve or a f9e clo?2 ! turbid liquor obta9$ is heat$ to ebullition1 & to x is add$ a solution conta9+ #aj grams ( neutral lead acetate2 ! heat+ is cont9u$ a few mom5ts1 & ! liquor is !n left to cool & filt]$4 ,! deposit 9 ! filt] is wa%$ ) alcohol to remove any liquor x may reta91 & !n press$4 ,to ?is liquor is add$ #ej grams ( f9ely p[d]$ vegetable *>coal t has be5 wa%$ ) acid & aft]w>ds ) wat] until q neutral1 & x is !n di/ill$1 ! residue be+ heat$ = "s "t 9 a wat] ba?1 x be+ v important t all ! alcohol %\ld be driv5 (f4 ,a little wat] is add$ to replace :at may evaporate2 ! residue is all[$ to cool1 !n dra9$ ^u ! clo? t 0 us$ to sep>ate ! precipitate1 & ! c>bonace\s mass is wa%$ ) a little wat] to remove ! la/ portion ( ! col\r$ liquor4 ,! c>bonace\s residue is !n dri$ completely 9 a /ove at a temp]ature n exce$+ #ajj ,c41 & exhau/$ by displacem5t ) pure *lor(orm until x passes col\rless4 ,?is liquid is di/ill$ to dryness1 & a few grams ( #ie alcohol are plac$ 9 ! retort1 & evaporat$ to drive (f ! la/ traces ( *lor(orm4 ,! residue is crude digital9 ) visc\s & oily matt]4 ,x is dissolv$ ) heat 9 #ajj grams ( #ij alcohol1 & #a gram ( neutral lead acetate dissolv$ 9 a little wat] add$1 toge!r ) #aj grams ( animal *>coal 9 f9e granules )\t p[d] t has be5 treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & wa%$ until ! wa%+s are no long] acid4 ,aft] boil+ = t5 m9utes x is all[$ to cool & settle1 & !n filt]$ 9 a glass cyl9d] furni%$ ) a tight cotton plug1 ?r\gh :i* x passes quickly & cle>4 ,! black deposit is add$ la/1 & exhau/$ ( all bitt]ness ) alcohol4 ,aft] di/illation ! digital9 rema9s z a grum\s cry/all9e mass1 n[ only contam9at$ ) ! col\r$ oil4 ,a little aque\s liquor t occurs ) x is sep>at$ & ! weight ( ! impure digital9 is tak5 9 ! previ\sly t>r$ vessel4 ,! digital9 is !n dissolv$ ) heat 9 exactly suffici5t #ij alcohol = its solution 7f #f to #ab grams74 ,any alcohol evaporat$ is replac$1 & !n to ! cool$ solution is add$1 sulphuric e!r rectifi$ at #fe1 to half ! weight ( ! alcohol employ$2 aft] mix+1 di/ill$ wat] equal to ! weight ( ! alcohol & e!r comb9$ is add$1 & ! flask is clos$ & %ak54 ,two lay]s are =m$3 ! upp] is col\r$1 & consi/s ( ! e!r :i* has tak5 up ! fat oil2 ! l[] is col\rless1 & conta9s ! digital91 :i* be+ n[ free quickly cry/allises4 ,! flask is plac$ 9 a cool place4 ,two days aft]w>ds ! :ole is ?r[n into a small cyl9d] furni%$ ) a mod]ately tight cotton plug2 ! "m liquor runs (f1 & !n ! col\r$ lay]1 & ! small quantity t rema9s adh]5t to ! cry/als1 is remov$ by a little e!r4 ,?us obta9$1 ?is fir/ cry/allisation ( digital9 is slightly col\r$2 x is suffici5tly pure1 h[ev]1 = its weight to be tak5 9 an analysis2 "o t5? be+ d$uct$ = ! digital9 x /ill conta9s4 ,to obta9 x p]fectly :ite1 two purifications are necess>y1 b fir/ a treatm5t ) *lor(orm is indisp5sable to sep>ate ! rema9d] ( ! digital9 :i* injures its purity4 ,! digital91 well dri$ & r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 is dissolv$ 9 #bj p>ts ( *lor(orm1 & ! solution is filt]$ 9 a cyl9d] ?r\gh a tight cotton plug4 ,! liquor passes limpid2 x is di/ill$ to dryness1 & a little alcohol is p\r$ into ! retort1 & evaporat$ to remove ! la/ traces ( *lor(orm4 ,! digital9 is dissolv$ 9 #cj grams ( #ij alcohol1 #e grams ( wa%$ granul> animal black add$1 & ! :ole boil$ = #aj m9utes2 ! liquor is filt]$ & ! *>coal exhau/$ z be=e indicat$2 &1 la/ly1 x is di/ill$1 ! digital9 9 dry cry/als is f\nd on ! sides ( ! vessel1 b x is /ill slightly col\r$4 ,to obta9 x p]fectly :ite x is dissolv$ ) heat 9 exactly suffici5t #ij alcohol 7ab\t #f to #h grams72 to ! solution is add$ e!r equal to half ! weight ( alcohol employ$1 & d\ble ! quantity ( di/ill$ wat]1 & ! flask is clos$ & agitat$2 ! cry/allisation comm5ces quickly4 ,! e!r does n sep>ate4 ,x is expos$ to ! coolness ( ! night1 & by ! next day ne>ly ! :ole ( ! digital9 is deposit$ 9 small gr\ps ( :ite ne$les1 t :i* reta9s col\r+ matt] rema9+ 9 ! "m liquor4 ,! :ole is ?r[n into a cyl9d] & ! cry/als wa%$ ) e!r z be=e describ$4 #ajjj grams ( ,vosges digitalis ( good quality yields ab\t #a gram ( cry/allis$ digital94 ,digital9 occurs "u ! =m ( v :ite light cry/als1 consi/+ ( %ort sl5d] ne$les1 gr\p$ ar\nd ! same axis4 ,x is v bitt] & sc>cely soluble 9 wat]4 #ij alcohol dissolves x well1 anhydr\s alcohol dissolves x less freely4 ,pure e!r dissolves only traces4 ,*lor(orm is its be/ solv5t4 ,br\ght into contact ) a small quantity ( hydro*loric acid1 digital9 is col\r$ em]ald gre51 & ?is reaction is fav\r$ by a v slight heat4 ,f ',=mul = ,new ,m$icam5ts1 adopt$ by ! ,p>is ,ph>maceutical ,society4' ,,dill4 ,syn4 ,,ane?um 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,! fruit 7se$7 ( ,ane?um graveol5s1 or g>d5 dill1 ,ane?i fructus1 ,b4 ,p4 ,dill is an aromatic /imulant & c>m9ative4 ,! ,cossacks employ x z a condim5t2 & 9 ?is c\ntry x is frequ5tly employ$ to height5 ! reli% ( s\ps & pickles1 especially cucumb]s4 ,,dill ,,wat] is a favorite rem$y ( nurses to promote ! secretion ( milk1 & to relieve ! flatul5ce & grip+ ( infants4--,dose1 ( ! p[d]1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr41 or m4 ,oil ( dill 7,,oleum ,,ane?i7 & dill wat] 7,,aqua ,,ane?i7 are (fic9al 9 ! ph>macopoeias4 ,,dil',,u5ts4 ,syn4 ,,dilu5tia1 ,d4 ,aque\s liquors2 s nam$ because !y increase ! fluid portion ( ! blood4 ,tea1 b>ley-wat]1 wat]-gruel1 & simil> articles1 are ! mo/ common dilu5ts1 aft] pure wat]4 ,! copi\s use ( dilu5ts is recomm5d$ 9 all acute inflammatory diseases n ( a conge/ive "*1 & to promote ! action ( diuretics & sudorifics4 ,,d9n] ,,pills4 ,see ,,pills4 ,,dios',,ma4 ,syn4 ,,bookoo1 ,,buku2 ,,folia ,,b>osm1 ,f4 ,,diosm1 ,l42 ,,bu*u 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,bucku 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,diosma 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf74 ,! leaves ( ,b>osma s]ratifolia1 ,b4 cr5ulata1 & ,b4 cr5ata4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,^! species 7 all includ$ by ,de ,c&olle 9 ! g5us ,diosma4 ,bu*u is pr9cipally employ$ 9 *ronic affections ( ! ur9o-g5ital organs1 especially t ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! bladd]1 att5d$ ) copi\s dis*>ge ( mucus4--,dose1 #bj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ( ! p[d]1 tak5 9 w9e2 or made into an infusion or decoction4 ,! (fic9al bu*u leaves are glabr\s1 gl&ul>2 ei!r l9e>-lanceolate ) small s]rations1 or ovato-oblong1 obtuse1 cr5at$1 ovate or obovate1 s]rat$4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,_! od\r some:at resembles t ( rue1 & _! ta/e is w>m & m9t-l4 ,,dios',,m9e4 ,a bitt] extractive matt]1 obta9$ by ,br&e f bu*u leaves4 ,x is v soluble 9 wat]1 b n 9 alcohol & e!r4 ,,diph!ria4 ,a contagi\s disease affect+ ! ?roat & adjo9+ p>ts4 ,a false membrane =ms on ! muc\s l9+ ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ! ?roat4 ,?is al>m+ malady g5]ally comm5ces ) a little sor5ess ( ?roat att5d$ ) fev]2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! fev] may n come on = "s days aft] ! sore ?roat has %[n itself4 ,an a%-col\r$ spot makes its appe>ance on "o or bo? tonsils4 ,?is spreads to o!r p>ts1 ext5d+ 9 do+ s1 ov] ! s(t palate & uvula1 inclos+ ! latt] 9 a %ea?4 ,sometimes a ?9 r$ l9e surr\nds ! opaque membrane ?us =m$4 ,z ! disease proce$s ?is opaque & false membrane t5ds to enl>ge itself1 & may spread d[n ! gullet into ! /oma*1 or1 :at is m dang]\s /ill1 x may involve ! muc\s membrane ( ! l>ynx1 & !nce ext5d along ! w9dpipe into ! bron*ial tubes4 ,:5 ?is is ! case ! disease is accompani$ ) c\gh1 & ! peculi> noise ( cr\p2 h>%1 noisy brea?+4 ,!re also frequ5tly runs f ! no/rils a ?9 acrid secretion1 smell+ v (f5sively1 & (t5 ta9t+ ! :ole atmosph]e ( ! room4 ,by ! inexp]i5c$ diph!ria is almo/ always mi/ak5 = ulc]at$ sore ?roat4 ,z 9 cr\p1 "p ( ! exudation or false membrane is (t5 c\gh$ up2 sometimes x peels (f f ! tonsils4 ,"s pa?ologi/s ?9k t m9ute p>ticles ( ?is membrane1 loosely adh]+ to dr9k+ vessels1 l951 %eets1 ! night-dress1 c41 ( ! pati5t1 may be ! means ( communicat+ ! disease2 by o!rs1 h[ev]1 ?is surmise is n accept$4 ,! abs5ce ( c]ta9ty on ?is po9t does n remove ! /r+5t necessity ( ?or\ghly cleans+ & dis9fect+ ev]y?+ ) :i* ! secretions ( ! pati5t come into contact4 ,! =ego+ has be5 writt5 ) ! object ( enabl+ ! read] to detect ! only symptoms by :i* ?is dang]\s disease manife/s itself1 9 ord] t he may seek m$ical assi/ance ) :i* to combat ! compla9t z promptly z possible4 ,aft] /at+ ?us mu*1 x is ne$less to say t we only recomm5d ! adoption ( ! foll[+ treatm5t1 9 ! extreme case ( emigrants & o!rs unable to obta9 ! s]vices ( a m$ical practition]4 ,a saturat$ solution ( borax 9 ! =m ( a g>gle %\ld be fir/ us$1 & us$ )\t /9t4 ,%\ld ?is fail to arre/ ! =mation ( ! membrane1 !n a /rong solution ( alum %\ld be employ$ in/ead2 or alum 9 p[d] %\ld be appli$ to ! ?roat e half h\r or h\r4 ,:5 *ildr5 are to be submitt$ to ?is treatm5t1 ! alum in/ead ( be+ us$ z a g>gle may be mix$ ) honey1 & 9 ?is condition laid on ! p>ts ) a fea!r2 or ! p[d]$ alum may be bl[n on ! affect$ p>ts ) a tube4 ,t9cture ( p]*loride ( iron1 dilut$ hydro*loric acid1 & *lorate ( pota% are also said to h be5 us$ successfully z topical applications4 ,! diet %\ld consi/ ( ri* n\ri%+ food1 su* z /rong beef tea & mutton bro?1 aid$ by port w9e4 ,! int]nal rem$ies embrace qu99e or b>k1 t9cture ( p]*loride ( iron1 p]nitrate ( iron1 *lorate ( pota%1 & small1 b repeat$ doses ( ! m9]al acids4 ,dr ,g>dn]1 9 8 useful "w ',h\sehold ,m$ic9e1' says1 a def9ite plan said to h be5 successful is to employ z a g>gle a solution ( *lor9at$ soda half an ounce1 syrup half an ounce1 wat] six ounces1 mix$4 ,at ! same "t give int]nally f\r drops ( ! solution e two h\rs1 = two days1 !n add qu99e4 ,we may add t if ?is latt] prescription be us$ ! diet be=e indicat$ %\ld be adopt$4 ,,discu',,ti5ts4 ,9 surg]y1 sub/ances or ag5ts :i* disp]se or resolve tum\rs1 c4 ,see ,,dige/ives4 ,,di%-,,cov]s4 ,z ^! are made ( v>i\s mat]ials !y mu/ be clean$ & poli%$ ) ! sub/ances be/ adapt$ = ea*4 ,all k9ds ( di%-cov]s directly !y come f table %\ld be wa%$ free f grease & wip$ dry4 ,plat$ & silv] di%-cov]s %\ld be poli%$ ) plate p[d]2 t free f m]cury %\ld be pref]r$4 ,:5 di%-cov]s 7z is usually ! case7 are made ( block t91 !y %\ld be poli%$1 by fir/ rubb+ !m ) sweet oil1 & !n du/+ ov] ! oil f9ely p[d]$ :it+2 f9i%+ (f ! poli%+ ) s(t rags4 ,all ! be/ cov]s are provid$ ) movable h&les1 :i* mu/ be remov$ dur+ ! process ( clean+4 ,,dis9fect',,ant4 ,an ag5t :i* absorbs1 neutralises1 or de/roys1 putresc5t effluvia1 miasmata1 or specific contagia1 & ?us removes ! causes ( infection4 ,! pr9cipal dis9fectants are *lor9e1 iod9e1 brom9e1 ! s-call$ *lorides ( lime & soda1 *loride ( z9c1 ozone1 c>bolic acid1 ! alkal9e manganates & p]manganates1 peat *>coal1 ! fumes ( nitric & nitr\s acid1 sulphur\s acids1 heat1 & v5tilation4 ,! la/ two are ! mo/ effici5t & easily appli$4 ,! clo?+1 b$d+1 c41 ( pati5ts lab\r+ "u contagi\s diseases may be effectually 787 dis9fect$ by exposure to a temp]ature a little high] ?an t ( boil+ wat]1 = ab\t an h\r4 ,nei!r ! texture nor col\r ( textile fabrics is injur$ by a heat ( ev5 #bej ,fahr4 7,dr ,h5ry47 ,see ,,dis9fect+ ,,*amb]s4 ,x is a practice at "s ( ! workh\ses to bake ! clo!s ( ! paup]s :o h ! it*1 or :o are infe/$ ) v]m94 ,! soak+ & boil+ ( clo!s 9 ! abs5ce ( be+ able to bake !m is by no means a bad me?od = dis9fect+ !m4 ,! process is r5d]$ ! m effective by add+ to ! wat] 9 :i* !y are imm]s$ or boil$ #a "p ( /rong solution ( *loride ( lime to #bj or #cj p>ts ( wat]2 or c>bolic acid 9 ! proportion ( #a "p ( ! pure acid to #ajj p>ts ( wat]4 ,9 ! ,g]man army1 if ! clo!s _c be bak$ !y are soak$ = #bd h\rs 9 wat] conta9+ #a "p ( sulphate ( z9c to #abj ( wat]1 or #a "p ( *loride ( z9c to #bdj ( wat]1 aft] :i* !y are wa%$ 9 soap & wat] & dri$4 ,quicklime rapidly absorbs c>bonic acid1 sulphurett$ hydrog51 & sev]al o!r noxi\s gases1 & is !re=e commonly us$ z a wa% = ! walls ( build+s4 ,acetic acid1 camphor1 fragrant pa/illes1 casc>illa1 br[n pap]1 & o!r simil> sub/ances1 are frequ5tly burnt or volatilis$ by heat1 = ! purpose ( disguis+ unpleasant od\rs1 b are ( little value z dis9fectants4 ,! sulphates ( iron & z9c h ! prop]ty ( rapidly de/roy+ noxi\s effluvia4 ,a quantity ( ei!r ( ^! sulphates ?r[n into a cesspool1 = in/ance1 w 9 a few h\rs r5d] ! matt] !re9 q sc5tless4 ,( gase\s dis9fectants1 sulphur\s acid gas 7obta9$ by burn+ sulphur7 is pref]able1 on !oretical gr\nds1 to *lor9e4 ,no ag5t *ecks s effectually ! fir/ developm5t ( animal & vegetable life4 ,all animal od\rs & emanations are imm$iately & mo/ effectually de/roy$ by x4 7,graham47 ,see ,,antiseptic1 ,,deodoris]1 ,,fumigation1 ,,infection1 ,,ozone1 ,,c>bolic ,,acid1 ,,salicylic ,,acid1 ,,bact]ia z orig9ators ( disease1 ,,lime1 ,,*loride1 ,,*>coal1 also ! ,,dis9fect+ ,,comp\nds giv5 bel[4 ,dr ,wynt] ,bly? divides dis9fectants into two great classes3--,gase\s1 & solid or liquid4 ,i4 ,volatile1 9 ! =m ( ,gas or ,vap\r4 #a4 ,sub/ances :i*1 l ! halog5s1 appe> to =m sub/itution comp\nds1 e4g4 ,*lor9e1 ,brom9e1 ,iod9e4 #b4 ,sub/ances :i* probably comb9e *emically1 & ?us de/roy contagion3 ,sulphur\s acid1 ,nitr\s acid1 ,fumes ( o!r acids4 #c4 ,oxidis+ sub/ances1 su* z-- ,pure air1 ,oxyg51 ,ozone4 #d4 ,! volatile oils1 c4 ,feeble dis9fectants1 suppos$1 h[ev]1 to oxidise-- ,camphor1 ,oil ( hops1 ,oil ( rue1 ,oil ( rosem>y1 ,oil ( *amomile4 ,,ii4 ,solid or ,liquid ,dis9fectants4 #a4 ,! *lorides ( diff]5t metals1 e>?s1 or bases3 ,*lorides ( ! alkalies1 ,*lorides ( iron1 ,*lorides ( copp]1 ,*lorides ( manganese1 ,*lorides ( z9c1 ,*lorides ( alum9ium1 ,*lorides ( lime1 ,*lorides ( m]cury1 &1 9 fact1 all *lorides :i* are soluble4 #b4 ,all soluble sulphates1 especially sulphates ( iron & alum9ium4 #c4 ,all soluble sulphites4 #d4 ,"s acetates1 z acetate ( iron4 #e4 ,"s nitrates1 su* z ! nitrates ( pota% & soda4 #f4 ,c]ta9 ag5ts :i* appe> to arre/ putrefaction or cond5se c]ta9 gases1 c41 )\t ei!r de/ruction or oxidation3 ,c>bolic acid1 ,t> acids1 ,*>coal1 ,great cold1 ,heat suffici5t to dry organic sub/ances1 b n to *> !m4 #g4 ,pres]vative liquids & solutions4 ,_m ( ^! act by coagulat+ ! album5 ( organis$ bodies3 ,antiseptics1 ,alcohol1 ,solutions ( corrosive sublimate1 ,solutions ( common salt1 ,solutions ( saltpetre4 #h4 ,de/ructive ag5ts4 ,n true dis9fectants1 !y act n by dis9fection1 b by de/ruction3 ,a dry heat ( #bjj to #djj ,f41 ,! /rong undilut$ acids & alkalies4 #i4 ,ag5ts :i* act 9 _m ways1 p>tly by cond5s+ gases1 p>tly by absorb+ moi/ure1 & p>tly by a peculi> action on organic matt] analog\s to tann93 ,dry e>?s1 ,clays1 ,! natural & artificial comp\nds ( alum9ium4 ,! table on ! next page is a summ>y by ! late ,dr ,le!by ( "s exp]im5ts made by ,drs ,d\gall & ,calv]t1 ) ! view ( det]m9+ ! relative p[]s possess$ by c]ta9 sub/ances ( arre/+ putrefaction1 z measur$ by _! action 9 prev5t+ ! g]m9ation ( animalcules & fungi1 & ! developm5t ( vacc9e lymph4#beh ,footnote #beh3 ',on ! ,relative ,p[] ( v>i\s ,sub/ances 9 ,prev5t+ ! ,g]m9ation ( ,animalcul1' by ,john ,d\gall1 #ahga4 ,calv]t1 ',proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1' vol4 xx1 p4 #ahe4 ,dis9fect+ ,comp\nds4 #a4 7,sir ,,wm4 ,,burnett',s ,,dis9fect+ ,,liquid47 ,a conc5trat$ solution ( *loride ( z9c4 ,see ,,z9c4 #b4 7,,coll9s' ,,dis9fect+ ,,p[d]47 ,a mixture ( dry *loride ( lime1 #b p>ts1 & burnt alum1 #a "p4 ,us$ ei!r dry or moi/5$ ) wat]4 ,see ,,lime4 #c4 7,,condy',s ,,dis9fect+ ,,fluids47 ,solutions ( ! alkal9e manganates & p]manganates4 ,al?\gh ?is is an excell5t & rapid deodoris]1 & makes a mo/ s]viceable dress+ = fetid sores1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t x is 9 no s5se an arial dis9fectant1 its action be+ limit$ to ! solid or liquid matt]s only ) :i* x is br\ght into imm$iate contact4 ,x ex]cises no corrosive action1 b x is op5 to ! objection t x leaves a br[n /a9 ^u l954 ,see ,,manganese4 #d4 7,,ell]man',s ,,deodoris+ ,,fluid47 ,?is is said to consi/ *iefly ( ! p]*lorides & *lorides ( iron & manganese4 ,9 a report address$ to ! ,metropolitan ,bo>d ( ,works 9 #ahei1 ,drs ,h(fmann & ,frankl& /at$ t ! p]*loride ( iron 0 ! *eape/ & mo/ effici5t deodoris] t c\ld be appli$ to sewage4 7,beasley47 #e4 7,,lab>raque',s ,,dis9fect+ ,,solution2 ,,liquor ,,sod ,,*lor9at1 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d47 ,a solution ( *lor9at$ soda1 or1 z x is commonly call$1 '*loride ( soda4' ,m4 ,lab>raque made kn[n ?is valuable dis9fectant 9 #ahbb1 & obta9$ ! prize ( ! ,fr5* ',society = ,enc\rag+ ,national ,indu/ry' = its introduction4 #f4 7,,l$oy5',s ,,dis9fect+ ,,fluid47 ,a solution ( nitrate ( lead1 #a "p1 9 ab\t #h p>ts ( wat]2 or1 ( li?>ge1 #ac-a_/b oz41 9 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ach71 #ab oz41 previ\sly dilut$ ) wat]1 #f p9ts4 ,sp4 gr4 #adj4 #g4 7,,siret',s ,,dis9fect+ ,,comp\nds47--a4 ,a mixture ( sulphate ( lime1 #ec lbs41 sulphate ( iron1 #dj lbs41 sulphate ( z9c1 #g lbs41 & peat *>coal1 #b lbs41 made into balls4 b4 ,sulphate ( iron1 #bj p>ts2 sulphate ( z9c1 #aj p>ts2 tan or wa/e oak-b>k 79 p[d]71 #d p>ts2 t> & oil1 ( ea* #a "p2 z be=e4 ,us$ = deodoris+ cesspools1 c4 #h4 7,,bisulphide ,,( ,,c>bon47 ,?is g5]ates1 :5 burnt1 sulphur\s acid1 & is1 !re=e1 a v valuable dis9fectant4 ,its highly inflammable nature1 h[ev]1 r5d]s ! adoption ( c]ta9 precautions necess>y 9 its use4 ,a me?od ( employ+ x 9 ! =m ( fumigation w be f\nd "u ! article ,fumigation4 #i4 ,dry salicylic acid volatilis$ f a hot plate purifies ! air1 & p]fectly dis9fects ! walls ( a clos$ room4 7,,von ,,heyd547 #aj4 ,,sanitas is ! "n giv5 by ,mr ,k+zett1 its discov]]1 to a new liquid antiseptic & dis9fectant1 conta9+ p]oxide ( hydrog5 & camphoric acid1 & obta9$ by ! atmosph]ic oxidation ( turp5t9e4 ,sanitas is said by its inv5tor to possess ! great advantages ( be+ non-poison\s1 & to ex]cise no injuri\s effects ei!r on clo?+ or furniture4 ,x is /at$ t its antiseptic p[] is di/ribut$ betwe5 ! p]oxide ( hydrog5 & camphoric acid1 ! p]oxide ( hydrog5 be+ able to evolve l>ge quantities ( oxyg51 :i* 9 ?is /ate is nasc5t1 & ( a p[]ful & oxidis+ "*4 #aa4 ,,coop]',s ,,univ]sal ,,dis9fect+ ,,p[d]4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,wanklyn ?is p[d] conta9s #gj p] c5t4 ( mix$ *loride ( sodium & *loride ( calcium1 & ab\t #f p] c5t4 ( anhydr\s sulphate ( z9c 7equal to ab\t #ab p] c5t4 ( hydrat$ sulphate71 a little insoluble matt]1 & #ae p] c5t4 ( moi/ure4 #ab4 ,,dr ,,bond',s ,,cupralum ,,& ,,f]ralum4 ,! fir/ ( ^! dis9fectants is /at$ to be a mixture ( ! sulphates ( copp] & alum9ium1 ) potassic di*romate & turp5t9e4 ,its inv5tor claims = x t x possesses great p[] ( coagulat+ album5 & high value bo? z an antiseptic & deodorant4 ,,f]ralum is a mixture ( f]r\s & alum9ic sulphates1 turp5t9e1 & c>bolic acid4 ,its *ief use is = flu%+ sew]s & 9 deodoris+ cesspools1 ur9als1 c4 #ac4 ,,bay>d',s ,,dis9fectant4 ,a mixture ( sulphate ( iron1 clay1 lime1 & coal t>4 ,summ>y ( ! ,exp]im5ts made by ,,dr ,j4 ,,d\gall1 & by ,,dr ,,crace ,,calv]t1 on ! action ( v>i\s ,antiseptics on ,protoplasmic & ,fungus ,life1 & on ,vacc9e ,lymph4 ,,key3 ,a - ,quantity requir$ to prev5t ,animalcules 9 six days4 ,b - ,numb] ( ,days be=e ,life appe>$ 9 a solution conta9+ #a ( sub/ance 9 #ejj wat] & #a_/b dra*m ( foll[+-- ,c - ,numb] ( ,days be=e ,vibrio ,life appe>$ 9 a solution ( ,album5 conta9+ #a ( sub/ance 9 #ajjj ( solution4 ,d - ,beef ,juice4 ,e - ,sol4 ( ,egg ,album54 ,f - ,reaction ( ! ,solution4 ,g - ,infusion ( ,hay4 ,h - ,human ,ur9e4 ,i - ,beef ,juice & ,egg ,album54 ,j - ,av]age ( all4 ,k - ,effect on ,animalcules 9 ,putrid ,beef ,juice & ,egg ,album51 :5 add$ 9 proportion 9 ?ird column4 ,l - ,animalcules4 ,m - ,fungi4 ,n - ,animalcules4 ,o - ,fungi4 ,p - ,effect ( ! ,vap\r or ,gas dur+ #bd hrs4 on ,vacc9e ,lymph4 ,q - ,animalcules4 ,r - ,putrid ,od\r4 ,s - ,fungi4 ,t - ,m\ldy ,od\r4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,exp]im5ts ,,by ,,dr ,,crace ,,exp]im5ts ,,made ,,by ,,dr ,,john ,,d\gall1 ,,( ,,glasg[4 ,,calv]t4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,a ,b ,c ---------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,d ,e -------------------------------- ,sub/ances us$4 ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ #a 9#a 9#a 9#a 9 ,acids4 ,m9]al4 ,sulphur\s ,acid4 #bej #ej #ej #aag;,dea?4 #bd #d ,p4 #h ,ov] #ajj,kill$4 #aa ,ov] #dj #ba ,ov] #dj ,nitric #djj #djj #bjj #ccc #ah #d ,p4 #ae #e ,t4 #aj #ej #aj #bc ,hydro*loric #ejj #djj #ajj #ccc #bh #d ,p4 #i ,ov] #ajj -- -- -- -- ,sulphuric #hjj #ejj #ajj #dfg ,ov] #ajj,ov] #ajj #cj #aj ,t4 -- #i -- #i #aa ,*romic #djjjadjjabjjbbjj -- #gh #ch ,p4 ,ov] #ajj,ov] #ajj -- -- -- -- -- ,organic4 ,c>bolic ,neutral4 #cjj #cjj #bjj #bfg ,none4 #ab #ej ,t4 #ch #cf ,p4 ,none4 ,ov] #dj,ov] #dj,ov] #dj,ov] #dj ,cresylic -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,acetic ,acid4 #cej #be #aj #abe -- -- -- -- -- ,kill$4 #cj -- #i #ej ,picric #cej #cej #cej #cej;,dea?4 #dd #aa ,p4 ,ov] #ajj #dd ,p4 -- #ag ,ov] #dj #ai ,ov] #dj ,b5zoic #gjj #gjj #bjj #ecc ,ov] #ajj,ov] #ajj ,ov] #ajj -- -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,alkalies4 ,lime ,alk4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #ac #ai ,ov] #dj,ov] #dj ,pota% #cjj #ej #aj #abj;,dea?4 -- -- -- -- -- #af -- -- -- ,soda -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #bc #ca #ah #bi ,ammonia -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #bd #ej #bj ,ov] #dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,haloids4 ,iod9e t9cture ,neutral4 #djj #djj #ej #bhc;,dea?4 #a #hj ,t4 #ae ,ov] #ajj -- -- -- -- -- ,*lor9e gas ,acid4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,kill$4 #g #ba #ba -- ,*loride lime ,alk4 #bjj #bjj #be #adb;,dea?4 #bg #bg ,t4 #dj ,ov] #ajj #g #ah #af -- ,*loride z9c ,acid4 #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #d ,ov] #ajj #ah -- ,ov] #dj,ov] #dj #ej ,ov] #dj ,*loride alum9um #bjjj #ejj #cjj #icc -- #ai #d ,p4,ov] #ajj #h ,p4 -- #aj #ba #ej ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,sulphates1 c4 ,bisulphite lime ,acid4 #ajj #ej #be #eh;,dea?4 #d #ib ,t4 #i ,ov] #ajj -- #aa #ba #ad ,ov] #dj ,sulphate z9c #cjj #cjj #bjj #bfg #cj #d ,p4 #ij #gj ,p4 -- -- -- -- -- ,sulphate iron #ejj #ejj #ajj #cfg 8 #ad #e ,t4 #ce #dj ,t4 -- #g ,ov] #dj #ae -- ,common alum #hjj #ejj #ajj #dfg -- #ad #c ,p4 #ch #ae ,t4 -- -- -- -- -- ,sulphate copp] #ajjjajjj #hjj #icc;,dea?4 #hf #bj ,p4,ov] #ajj,ov] #ajj -- -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,p]manganate pota%,neutral4 #ejj #bjj #abe #bge ,none4 -- -- -- -- -- #i #ej #bb ,ov] #dj ,alcohol #cej #ej #bj #adj;,dea?4 #d #d ,t4 #aj ,ov] #ajj -- -- -- -- -- ,camphor #cjj #aej #ej #afg ,none4 -- -- -- -- ,none4 -- -- -- -- ,turp5t9e -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #ad ,ov] #dj #db ,ov] #dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,note4--,9 ! fir/ set ( ,dr ,john ,d\gall's exp]im5ts #c dra*ms ( a solution ( ! /r5g? m5tion$ 7 treat$ ) #a dra*m ( a filt]$ infusion ( hay1 or ) half a dra*m ( ur9e or half a dra*m ( ! mixture ( beef juice & egg-album54 ,9 ! second set ( exp]im5ts equal p>ts ( a putrid solution ( beef juice & egg-album51 full ( liv+ animalcules1 & ( ! solution ( ! v>i\s sub/ances ( ! /r5g? kn[n to be prev5tive ( life 7z 9 ?ird column71 7 mix$ toge!r1 & ! results imm$iately not$4 ,9 ! ?ird set ( exp]im5ts #c-a_/b dra*ms ( di/ill$ wat]1 conta9+ #a 9 #ejj ( ! sub/ances nam$1 7 treat$ ) half a dra*m ( filt]$ beef juice1 or half a dra*m ( a solution consi/+ ( #a "p :ite ( egg to #d p>ts wat]4 ,9 ! la/ set ( exp]im5ts1 sep>ate m9ims ( vacc9e lymph 7 expos$ to ! sev]al vap\rs = #bd h\rs1 & ! dri$ spot 9 ea* case 0 moi/5$ ) glyc]9 & wat]1 & seal$ 9 a capill>y tube until an opportunity = vacc9ation occurr$1 :5 ! :ole ( ! dilut$ lymph 0 us$ 9 "o ins]tion s z to ensure its full effect4 ,9 ,dr ,crace ,calv]t's exp]im5ts1 #jjbf ( a gramme ( ! sub/ance 0 add$ to #bf grammes 7#a to #ajjj7 ( a solution ( album5 conta9+ #a "p :ite ( egg to #d p>ts pure di/ill$ wat]4 ,! ,animalcules obs]v$ 7 ,monads 7microphymes71 ,vibrios1 & _! cell segm5ts 7micro]phymes71 ,bact]ia 7microzymes71 ,amoeba1 c42 & ! ,fungi 7 ,torula1 ,mycelium1 ,p5icilium1 c41 indicat$ 9 ,table by lett]s ,t & ,p4 ,putrefaction 0 always *>act]is$ by a putrid od\r1 an alkal9e reaction1 & ! pres5ce ( animalcules2 :]eas ,m\ld9ess & ,f]m5tation 7 di/+ui%$ by a m\ldy or mu/y od\r1 an acid reaction1 & ! pres5ce ( ,fungi4 #ad4 ,,l>m&e',s ,,antimephetic ,,liquor4 ,a solution ( ! sulphates ( z9c & copp]4 #ae4 ,,?ymol4 ,f exp]im5ts made ) ?is sub/ance x appe>s to be a v p[]ful & valuable antiseptic1 & likely1 because ( its non-poison\s & non-irritant qualities1 to supplant c>bolic acid 9 v>i\s bran*es ( surgical practice1 9 :i* ?is latt] ag5t has hi!rto be5 employ$2 su*1 = example1 z a dress+ = w\nds1 ulc]s1 & z a topical application = c]ta9 sk9 eruptions1 c4 ,its difficult solubility & price 7spite ( its mu* great] antiseptic p[]71 h[ev]1 = ! pres5t at any rate1 preclude x f be+ made available z an ord9>y common dis9fectant1 z ?is t]m is g5]ally und]/ood4 ,see ,,?ymol4 #af4 ,,silicate ,,( ,,soda4 ,x is /at$ t ?is salt has consid]able anti-putrefactive p[]s4 #ag4 ,alum9is$ ,,*>coal4 ,?is is recomm5d$ by ,dr ,/5h\se z a *eap & v effici5t decoloris+ ag5t4 ,x is made by dissolv+ 9 wat] #ed p>ts ( ! sulphate ( alum9a ( comm]ce 9 wat]1 & mix x ) #ib-a_/b p>ts ( f9ely p[d]$ wood *>coal4 ,:5 ! *>coal is saturat$ x is evaporat$ to dryness1 & heat$ to r$ness 9 cov]$ ,hessian crucibles till ! wat] & acid are dissipat$4 ,! *>coal conta9s #g-a_/b p] c5t4 ( anhydr\s alum9a4 ,! natural dis9fectants are air & wat]4 ,air1 :5 9 viol5t motion1 z is ! case dur+ a hurricane1 has 9 _m in/ances be5 kn[n to arre/ ! c\rse ( c]ta9 epidemics2 :il/ 9 ! =m ( ord9>y v5tilation1 al?\gh inadequate alone to de/roy ! causes 7:atev] !y may be7 ( contagion or infection1 x is nev]!less f\nd to supplem5t1 to a consid]able ext5t1 ! application ( artificial & specific dis9fectants4 ,h5ce ! p>am\nt necessity ( p]fect v5tilation 9 all ap>tm5ts 9 :i* ! sick are plac$1 & h5ce also ! measures tak5 9 all hospitals to ensure by ?is means an increas+ supply ( fre% air to ! w>ds 9 :i* ! pati5ts are ly+4 ,! dim9ution 9 ! am\nt ( sickness prevail+ 9 an army caus$ by ! removal ( ! soldi]s f b>racks & plac+ !m 9 %$s or "u canvas is ano!r illu/ration1 t5d+ to %[ ! dis9fectant prop]ties possess$ by an atmosph]e 9 a /ate ( circulation1 :51 ( c\rse1 o!r hygi5ic precautions are n neglect$4 ,9 ,hammond's ',hygine' = #ahfc ! au?or1 :o 0 surgeon-g5]al 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates army1 says t he only met ) "o in/ance ( hospital gangr5e 9 a wood5 pavilion hospital1 & n a s+le "o 9 a t5t2 & ! same result is record$ by ,kraus1 ( ! ,au/rian army 9 #ahei1 :o says he nev] discov]$ t gangr5e orig9at$ 9 a t5t2 t1 on ! contr>y1 cases ( gangr5e at once began to improve :5 ^? suff]+ f ! disease 7 s5t f hospital w>ds into t5ts4 ,9 8 "w on ',practical ,hygine' ,dr ,p>kes advises all cases ( typhus occurr+ 9 b>racks1 :5ev] practicable1 to be s5t to t5ts or wood5 huts hav+ badly-jo9t$ walls4 ,! great solv5t p[] ( wat]1 sup]add$ to its be+ able to hold matt]s 9 susp5sion1 r5d]s x a mo/ important dis9fectant1 & ?us enables x 9 ! =m ( ra9 to remove f ! atmosph]e _m noxi\s & pe/il5tial bodies t w\ld d\btless1 if all[$ to increase1 become a s\rce ( disease4 ,! air-curr5t :i* con/itutes ! v5tilation ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 be=e ent]+ ! ,commons' *amb]1 is made to pass ov] a f9e spray ( wat]1 by :i* means x has any du/ or o!r organisms wa%$ out ( x4 ,! b5eficial effect ( ra9 also 9 flu%+ dra9s & canals1 & sweet5+ ! sup]9cumb5t air1 & ( wa%+ out ( x _m solid z well z gase\s objectionable impurities1 is well kn[n4 ,! ye> #ahfj 0 "o ( ! wette/ on record1 z x 0 also "o ( ! heal?ie/4 ,dr ,w4 ,budd recomm5ds t :5 a room is to be dis9fect$1 a %ort "t be=e ! process is comm5c$ a tub ( boil+ wat] %\ld be plac$ 9 ! ap>tm5t1 s t ! /eam may become cond5s$ on ! walls1 & diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! air1 z he believes !re is a great] *ance ( ensur+ ! de/ruction ( ! disease g]ms by ! arial dis9fectants ?an if ^! latt] 7 all[$ to act on ! g]ms 9 ! dry /ate4 ,we h already en=c$ 9 ^! pages ! importance ( ! habit ( p]sonal cleanl9ess z be+ "o ( ! greate/ aids to ! pres]vation ( heal?2 & al?\gh ! un/9t$ use ( soap & wat] w alone fail to effect ! removal ( any infecti\s or contagi\s maladies1 _! use w be f\nd important auxili>ies 9 assi/+ recov]y4 ,b p]sonal ablution is n ! s9e qu non4 ,! frequ5t cleans+ ( our dwell+s1 /reets1#bei alleys 7m p>ticul>ly culs-de-sac71 lanes1 & ! %$s & habitations ( animals1 by soap & wat]1 or wat] alone1 z well z ! removal ( all decay+ or refuse mat]ials f our mid/1 is ( equal importance1 & mu/ n be disreg>d$1 if we desire to make our sanit>y surr\nd+s su* z !y ought to be4 ,footnote #bei3 ,9 /reets :]e !re is mu* traffic ! air above has be5 f\nd to conta9 l>ge quantities ( du/ compos$1 among/ o!r matt]s1 ( ! rema9s ( horse dropp+s2 h5ce ! great importance ( assidu\sly wat]+ & cleans+ ! ?or\ghf>es ( all l>ge cities & t[ns4 ,a plan = lay+ ! du/ ( /reets has be5 sugge/$ by ,mr ,coop]1 & consi/s 9 wat]+ !m ) wa/e *lorides ( calcium & magnesium4 ,c>bolic acid has be5 employ$ = ! same purpose by _m urban au?orities = "s ye>s pa/4 ,we extract ! foll[+ f ,dr ,p>kes' valuable & /&>d "w--',practical ,hygi5e1' ,dis9fection ( ,v>i\s ,diseases4 ,,exan!mata1 ,,sc>let ,,fev]1 ,,& ,,ro?,,ln4 ,! po9ts to attack are ! sk9 & ?roat4 ,! sk9 %\ld be rubb$ f ! v comm5cem5t ( ! ra% until complete desquamation1 ) camphorat$ oil1 or oil ) a little weak c>bolic acid4 ,! ?roat %\ld be wa%$ ) ,condy's fluid1 or weak solution ( sulphur\s acid4 ,clo!s to be bak$1 or to be plac$ at once 9 boil+ wat]1 z direct$ fur!r back4 ,! clo!s %\ld n be wa%$ at a common laundry4 ,*lor9e or eu*lor9e %\ld be diffus$ 9 ! air1 ! sauc] be+ put "s little di/ance above ! head ( ! pati5t4 ,c>bolic acid & e!r or c>bolic-acid spray may be us$ in/ead4 ,smallpox4--,9 ?is1 z 9 all cases1 !re c be no use 9 employ+ arial dis9fectants1 unless !y are con/antly 9 ! air1 s z to act on any p>ticle ( poison :i* may pass into ! atmosph]e4 ,! sk9 & ! dis*>ges f ! m\?1 nose1 & eyes are to be attack$4 ,!re is mu* great] difficulty ) ! sk91 z inunction _c be s well p]=m$4 ,by sme>+ ) oil & a little c>bolic acid & glyc]91 or1 9 difficult cases1 apply+ c>bolis$ glyc]9 to ! papules & comm5c+ pu/ules1 might be tri$4 ,! p]manganate & sulphuri\s acid solutions %\ld be us$ = ! m\?1 nose1 & eyes4 ,! clo?+ %\ld always be bak$ be=e wa%+1 if x c be done4 ,! p>ticles :i* pass into ! air are enclos$ 9 small dry pieces ( pus & epi!lial scales2 & ,bakewell1 :o has lately exam9$ !m1 expresses great d\bts :e!r any air purifi] w\ld t\* !m4 ,/ill x mu/ be prop] to use eu*lor9e or c>bolic acid4 ,iod9e has be5 recomm5d$ by ,ri*>dson & ,h(fmann4 ,measles4--,oily applications to ! sk9 & air purifi]s1 & *lorides ( z9c & alum9ium 9 ! vessels receiv+ ! expectoration1 appe> to be ! prop] measures4 ,typhus 7,exan!maticus74--,two measures seem suffici5t to prev5t ! spread ( typhus1 viz4 mo/ complete v5tilation & imm$iate dis9fection & cleans+ ( clo!s4 ,b !re is also m evid5ce ( use f air purifi]s ?an 9 ! exan!mata4 ,! nitr\s acid fumes 7 tri$ v l>gely t[>ds ! close ( la/ c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ?is 9 ! hulks & prisons :]e ,spani%1 ,fr5*1 & ,russian prison]s ( w> 7 conf9$4 ,at t "t s rapidly did ! disease spread 9 ! conf9$ spaces :]e s _m m5 7 kept1 t ! efficacy ev5 ( v5tilation 0 d\bt$1 ?\gh !re c be no "q t ! am\nt ( v5tilation :i* 0 necess>y 0 v mu* und]rat$4 ,bo? at ,w9dsor & ,%e]ness ! circum/ances 7 mo/ difficult4 ,at ! latt] place 79 #aghe71 9 ! hulk1 #bjj m51 #aej ( :om _h typhus1 7 closely cr[d$ toge!r2 #aj att5dants & #bd m5 ( ! crew 7 attack$2 #c m$ical (fic]s _h di$ :5 ! exp]im5ts comm5c$4 ,aft] ! fumigations "o att5dant only 0 attack$1 & x appe>$ z if ! disease 9 ^? already suff]+ became mild]4 ,9 #agig x 0 aga9 tri$ ) success1 & _m reports 7 made on ! subject by army & naval surgeons4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly l>gely employ$ on ! ,cont95t1 & ev]y:]e seems to h be5 useful4 ,^! facts lead to ! inf]5ce t ! evolutions ( nitr\s acid %\ld be practis$ 9 typhus-fev] w>ds1 prop] precautions be+ tak5 to diffuse x equally ?r\gh ! room1 & 9 a highly dilute =m4 ,hydro*loric acid 0 employ$ = ! same purpose by ,guyton de ,morveau 9 #aggc1 b x is d\btless mu* inf]ior to nitr\s acid4 ,*lor9e has also be5 employ$1 & app>5tly ) good results4 ,9 typhus x w\ld seem probable t ! contagia pass (f entirely by ! sk91 at lea/ ! effect ( v5tilation1 & ! way 9 :i* ! ag5t coh]es to ! body l95 seems to %[ ?is4 ,! ag5t is n also enclos$ 9 quantities ( dry dis*>ges & epidemics1 z 9 ! exan!mata1 & is !re=e less p]si/5t & m easily de/roy$ ?an 9 ^? cases4 ,h5ce possibly ! great] b5efit ( fumigations1 & ! reason ( ! arre/ by v5tilation4 ,! clo!s %\ld be bak$1 /eep$1 & wa%$1 z 9 ! exan!mata4 ,bubo ,plague4 ,! measures w\ld probably be ! same z = typhus4 ,ent]ic 7typhoid fev]74 ,! b[els' dis*>ges are believ$ to be ! *ief1 if n ! sole ag5ts 9 spread+ ! disease2 ! effluvia f !m escape into ! air1 & w adh]e to walls & reta9 p[] = "s "t1 or ! dis*>ges !mselves may get into dr9k+-wat]4 ,e dis*>ge %\ld be at once mix$ ) a p[]ful *emical ag5t2 ( ^!1 *loride & sulphate ( z9c h be5 *iefly us$1 b sulphate ( copp] 7:i* ,d\gall f\nd s useful 9 /opp+ ! gr[? ( animalcul71 *loride ( alum9ium1 or /rong solution ( f]r\s sulphate 7#a ounce to a p9t ( wat]71 or c>bolic acid4 ,aft] complete mix+ ! /ools mu/ be ?r[n into sew]s 9 t[ns2 b ?is %\ld nev] be done )\t previ\s complete dis9fection4 ,9 c\ntry places !y %\ld be deeply buri$ at a place f> remov$ f any wat] supply2 !y %\ld nev] be ?r[n on to manure heaps or on to midd5s1 nor into e>? closets1 if x c be possibly avoid$4 ,z ! b$clo!s & b$s are s con/antly soil$ ) ! dis*>ges1 !y %\ld be bak$1 or1 if ?is _c be done1 boil$ imm$iately aft] removal ) sulphate or *loride ( z9c4 ,x w\ld be less necess>y to employ air purifi]s 9 ?is case ?an 9 o!rs4 ,*ol]a4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! dis*>ges are "h also ! active m$ia ( ! conveyance ( ! disease1 & _! complete dis9fection is a matt] ( ! highe/ importance4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 s difficult to d ?is ) ! imm5se dis*>ges ( *ol]a1 especially :5 !re are _m pati5ts1 t ! evid5ce ( ! use ( ! plan 9 ! la/ ,european epidemic is v disappo9t+4 ,! f]r\s sulphate 7gre5 vitriol71 :i* has be5 /rongly recomm5d$ by ,pett5k(] z an addition to ! *ol]a evacuations1 0 fully tri$ 9 #ahff at ,frankfurt1 ,halle1 ,leipzig1 9 ,g]many1 & at ,pill1 ne> ,bri/ol1 & 9 ^? cases )\t any good result4 ,9 o!r places1 z at ,bad51 ! b5efit 0 d\btful4 ,x seem$ to answ] bett] ) ,dr ,budd & ,mr ,davies at ,bri/ol2 b o!r sub/ances 7 also us$1 viz4 *lor9e gas 9 ! rooms1 & *loride ( lime & ,condy's fluid = ! l954 ,on ! :ole x seems to h be5 a failure4 ,f]ric sulphate1 ) or )\t potassium p]manganate1 has be5 recomm5d$ by ,khne in/ead ( f]r\s sulphate1 b ,i am n aw>e ( any evid5ce on ! po9t4 ,c>bolic acid 0 l>gely us$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahff1 & appe>$ 9 "s cases to be ( use1 z at ,pill1 ne> ,bri/ol1 &1 p]haps1 at ,s\?ampton4 ,x fail$ at ,erfurt1 b1 z x is believ$ ! wells 7 contam9at$ by soakage1 ?is is p]haps no c]ta9 case4 ,*loride ( lime & lime 7 us$ at ,/ett9 )\t any good result1 &1 on ! :ole1 x may be said t ! s-call$ dis9fection ( ! dis*>ges ( *ol]a does n seem to h be5 att5d$ ) v m>k$ results4 ,at ! same "t x _c be = a mom5t cont5d$ t ! plan has _h a fair trial1 & we c easily believe t unless !re is a full und]/&+ on ! "p ( bo? m$ical m5 & ! public ( :at is to be accompli%$ by ?is sy/em1 & a consci5ti\s c>ry+ out ( ! plan to its m9ute/ details1 no safe op9ions ( its efficacy or o!rwise c be arriv$ at4 ,x w\ld be desirable to try ! effect ( *romic acid or bi*romate ( pota%4 ,) reg>d to air purifi]s little evid5ce exi/s4 ,*lor9e gas diffus$ 9 ! air 0 tri$ v l>gely 9 ,au/ria & ,hung>y 9 #ahcb1 b )\t any good results4 ,nitr\s-acid gas 0 us$ 9 ,malta 9 #ahfe1 b app>5tly did n h any decid$ influ5ces1 al?\gh ,ramon da ,luna has ass]t$ t x has a decid$ pres]vative effect1 & t no "o 0 attack$ 9 ,madrid :o us$ fumigations ( nitr\s acid4 ,b negative evid5ce ( ?is k9d is always d\btful4 ,*>coal 9 bulk appe>s to h no effect4 ,dr ,su!rl& saw a %ip's crew sev]ely attack$1 al?\gh ! %ip 0 load$ ) *>coal4 ,c>bolic-acid vap\r diffus$ 9 ! atmosph]e 0 l>gely us$ 9 #ahff 9 ,engl&2 ! liquid 0 spr9kl$ ab\t ) wat]1 & sawdu/ moi/5$ ) x 0 laid on ! floors & "u ! pati5ts4 ,! effect 9 prev5t+ ! spread ( ! disease 0 v unc]ta94 ,yell[ ,fev]4 ,9 ?is case ! dis*>ges1 especially f ! /oma*1 probably spread ! disease1 & dis9fectants mu/ be mix$ ) !m4 ,fumigations ( nitr\s acid 7 employ$ by ,ramon da ,luna1 & x is ass]t$ t no ag5t 0 s effectual 9 arre/+ ! spread ( ! disease4 ,dys5t]y4 ,x is well kn[n t dys5t]y1 & especially ! putrid dys5t]y1 may spread ?r\gh an hospital f ! practice ( ! same close /ool or latr9es be+ us$4 ,z long ago z #ahjg1 fumigations ( *lor9e 7 us$ by ,mojon to de/roy ! emanations f ! /ools1 & ) ! be/ effects4 ,! *lor9e 0 diffus$ 9 ! air1 & ! /ools 7 n dis9fect$2 b ?is ought to be done z 9 ent]ic fev]1 & especially 9 ! sl\gh+ =m4 ,x is probable t c>bolic acid 9 l>ge quantity w\ld be efficaci\s4 ,) respect to ,erysipelas1 ,diph!ria1 ,syphilis1 ,gonorrhoea1 ,gl&]s1 & ,f>cy1 local applications are evid5tly requir$1 & c>bolic acid 9 v>i\s degrees ( /r5g?1 & ! metallic salts1 are evid5tly ! be/ measures4 ,cattle ,plague4 ,! exp]im5ts made by ,mr ,crookes on ! dis9fectant treatm5t ( cattle plague ) c>bolic acid vap\r h an important be>+ on human disease4 ,al?\gh ! obs]vations fall %ort ( demon/ration !re are gr\nds = ?9k+ t :5 ! air 0 kept con/antly fill$ ) c>bolic acid vap\r1 ! disease did n spread4 ,s also eu*lor9e 0 employ$ 9 ,lanca%ire by ,pr(essor ,/one ( ,man*e/]1 ) app>5t b5efit4 ,dr ,m(fat employ$ ozone 7develop$ by expos+ phosphorus to ! air71 & he believes ) b5efit4 ,z su* exp]im5ts are v mu* m easily c>ri$ out on ! diseases ( animals ?an on ^? ( m51 x is mu* to be wi%$ t ! precise effect ( ! s-call$ dis9fectants %\ld be te/$ by cont9u+ ! exp]im5ts comm5c$ by ,mr ,crookes1 n only 9 cattle plague 9 ! c\ntries :]e x prevails1 b 9 epizootic diseases g5]ally4 ,x may be said1 9 conclusion1 t al?\gh positive evid5ce is s defici5t1 yet1 tak+ into consid]ation ! decid$ly great & kn[n effect ( _m s-call$ dis9fectants1 & air-purifi]s on organic matt]s1 & ! fact t ! infecti\s organic ag5cies are c]ta9ly easily de/roy$ 9 mo/ cases 7s9ce free v5tilation r5d]s _m ( !m in]t1 & few ( !m reta9 _! p[] v long71 x is highly probable t ! specific poisons ( ! s-call$ zymotic diseases are de/roy$ by "s ( ^! *emical me?ods1 & at any rate ! c>eful & con/ant use ( *emical ag5ts = ! de/ruction ( ! specific poisons 9 ! excreta & dis*>ges f ! body1 & :5 !y pass into ! air1 is n only w>rant$1 b %\ld be consid]$ comp>ative4 ,purification ( rooms aft] infecti\s diseases4 ,9 addition to ?or\gh cleans+ ( all woodwork ) s(t soap & wat]1 to :i* a little c>bolic acid has be5 add$ 7#a p9t ( ! common liquid to #c or #d gallons ( wat]71 & to removal & wa%+ ( all fabrics :i* c be remov$1 ! bru%+ ( ! walls1 ! room %\ld be fumigat$ = #c h\rs ) ei!r ! fumes ( sulphur\s or nitr\s acids4 ,bo? ( ^! are believ$ to be sup]ior to *lor9e1 especially 9 smallpox4 ,all doors & w9d[s1 & ! *imney be+ clos$1 & curta9s tak5 d[n1 ! sulphur is ignit$ z direct$ 9 our article ,,fumigation4 ,9 :ite-wa%$ rooms ! walls %\ld be scrap$1 & !n wa%$ ) hot lime to :i* c>bolic acid is add$4 ,mortu>ies & dead-h\ses are be/ purifi$ ) nitr\s acid4 ,^! directions may be supplem5t$ by ! foll[+3--,! t[els1 %eets1 articles ( clo?+1 c41 %\ld be boil$ 9 wat]1 or plung$ 9 boil+ wat] conta9+ "o to two h&fuls ( soda to ! gallon1 be=e be+ tak5 f ! room1 aft] :i* treatm5t !y %\ld be /eep$ 9 wat] conta9+ #d fluid ounces ( c>bolic acid to a gallon ( wat]4 ,fabrics soil$ by ! dis*>ges1 c41 su* z rags1 b&ages1 & dress+s1 if ( little value %\ld be imm$iately consign$ to ! flames2 b if ?is be n conv5i5t1 !y may be treat$ ) c>bolic acid & wat]1 9 ! same mann] z direct$ = t[els1 %eets1 c4 ,z soon z any infecti\s disease sets 91 ! room ( ! pati5t %\ld be at once /ripp$ ( curta9s1 c>pet1 b$-curta9s1 valances1 & all unnecess>y g>m5ts1 :e!r 9 a w>drobe or draw]s1 z well z ( all sup]flu\s furniture1 especially *airs /uff$ ) wool or cov]$ ) fabric ( any k9d4 ,dis9fections ( ! ap>tm5t by fumigations mu/ be po/pon$ until x is vacat$2 z be=e su* a "t ?or\gh dis9fection is impossible4 ,infect$ b$d+1 c41 %\ld be remov$ 9 ! boxes made = ! purpose1 & subject$ to ! heat+ process4 ,9 mo/ t[ns provision is made by ! ,bo>d ( ,gu>dians1 & "u ! directions ( ! m$ical (fic] ( heal?1 = ! dis9fection process to be effici5tly c>ri$ out4 ,see ,,dis9fect+ ,,*amb]s4 ,! dis9fection ( articles ( food is accompli%$ by ?or\gh cook+1 boil+ 9 ! case ( milk1 boil+ & filtration 9 ! case ( wat]1 & complete roa/+1 /ew+1 & fry+ ( meat4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,mr ,crookes 7to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made 9 ! extract tak5 f ,dr ,p>kes' ',practical ,hygine'7 ) c>bolic acid dur+ ! cattle plague possess great practical int]e/ bo? = ! *emi/ & physiologi/4 ,( ! use ( c>bolic acid z a dis9fectant ,mr ,crookes1 9 ! ,app5dix to ! ,report ( ! ,cattle ,plague ,commission]s1 writes z foll[s3 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciples laid d[n1 ! air mu/ be treat$1 & :]e !re is no disease !re is only a second>y use 9 treat+ any?+ besides ! air4 ,sev]al c[h\ses h be5 treat$ ) c>bolic acid ) v excell5t results4 ,! mode has be51 fir/1 to remove f ! floor ! mass ( manure1 :i* too (t5 adh]es to x2 secondly1 to spr9kle ! floor ) /rong c>bolic or cresylic acid2 next1 to wa% ! walls1 beams1 & raft]s1 & all t is visible 9 ! c[h\se1 ) lime1 9 :i* is put "s c>bolic acid1 #a to #ej ( ! wat] us$1 or ) /rong c>bolic acid alone4 ,next1 to make a solution conta9+ #a ( c>bolic or cresylic acid to #ajj ( wat]1 or1 p]haps /ill bett]1 #fj ( wat]1 & to wat] ! y>d & fold until ! :ole place smells /rongly ( ! acid4 ,only a few f>ms h be5 treat$ 9 ?is way1 s f> z ,i "k1 b 9 ea* x has be5 successful4 ,x may be well to give ! cattle a little ( ! weak solution ( c>bolic acid1 b ?is has n be5 s fully tri$ z ! ext]nal use4 ,! wa%+ ( ! m\? & ( ! entire animal ) ! weak solution may be att5d$ ) good results1 especially 9 ! e>ly /age ( disease2 b ,i "k no?+ ( cure1 & speak only hopefully ( prev5tion4 ,! animals seem to h an in/9ct = dis9fection1 & lick sub/ances t\*$ ) ?is acid4 ,!y mu/ n be all[$ to dr9k x1 z :5 /rong x bli/]s ! sk91 & especially ! m\? & tongue4 ,mr ,crookes also tri$ ! effect ( ! acid by inject+ x into ! ve9s ( ! animals1 & ?us details ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts3--,x appe>$ evid5t t if h>m 7 to foll[ ! injection ( c>bolic acid1 ! mis*iev\s effect w\ld be imm$iate2 b t if ! fluid c\ld pass ?r\gh ! he>t )\t ex]t+ its p>alys+ action on t organ1 & c\ld get into ! circulation1 no pres5t ill effects ne$ be anticipat$4 ,i !re=e det]m9$ to pu% ^! exp]im5ts z f> z possible1 increas+ ! quantity ( c>bolic acid1 until x produc$ a fatal result4 ,! next op]ation 0 on c[ ,no4 #aa1 9 :i* #c oz4 ( solution 7conta9+ #eb-a_/b gr4 ( pure c>bolic acid7 7 v sl[ly inject$2 no bad effect foll[$4 ,increas+ ! dose1 c[ ,no4 #ab _h inject$ into h] ve9 #d-a_/b oz4 ( solution 7equal to #gh-c_/d gr4 ( c>bolic acid72 ?is also 0 foll[$ by no imm$iate ill effect4 ,c[ ,no4 #ac 0 !n treat$ ) #f oz4 ( solution 7conta9+ #aje gr4 ( pure c>bolic acid71 9 two portions ( #c oz4 ea*1 five m9utes' int]val elaps+ betwe5 ea* injection4 ,! fir/ #c oz4 produc$ a slight trembl+1 b n s sev]e z 9 ! case ( c[ ,no4 #aj1 z %e seem$ bett] 9 a few m9utes4 ,! second dose ( #c oz4 0 inject$4 ,?is prov$ too mu*1 or 0 pump$ 9 too hurri$ly1 = almo/ be=e ,i _h f9i%$ ! animal trembl$ viol5tly1 its eyes project$1 its brea?+ became labori\s1 x fell d[n & expir$4 ,! result c\ld sc>cely be attribut$ to ! accid5tal injection ( air into ! ve91 = ! di/ress began ) ! injection ( ! fir/ syr+eful1 & 0 only increas$ by ! second2 nor is x likely t ?is accid5t w\ld happ5 twice consecutively4 ,i 0 p>ticul>ly c>eful on ?is po9t1 & ! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t r5d]$ su* an occurr5ce sc>cely possible ) ord9>y precaution4 ,x is probable t ! injection 0 p]=m$ too rapidly1 or t ! vital p[]s 7 l[] ?an usual4 ,9 ! case ( ! rema9+ animal1 ,no4 #ad1 ,i decid$ to inject z l>ge a dose z x w\ld be>1 /opp+ ! op]ation at ! fir/ sign ( trembl+1 & deliv]+ ! liquid v gradually4 ,! fir/ syr+eful caus$ no bad symptoms1 & ,i _h j f9i%$ inject+ ! second dose :5 trembl+ comm5c$4 ,x 0 r viol5t = a %ort "t1 b soon w5t (f1 & 9 five m9utes ! animal appe>$ z well z be=e4 ,?is c[1 !re=e1 bore )\t inconv5i5ce ! injection ( #f oz4 ( a #d p] c5t4 solution1 conta9+ #aje gr4 ( pure c>bolic acid4 ,c>eful obs]vations ) ! !rmomet] 7 tak5 be=e ea* op]ation4 ,!re 7 no m diseas$ bea/s on ! f>m1 or ,i %\ld h c>ri$ my exp]im5ts /ill fur!r4 ,on visit+ ! f>m ! next day ,i 0 told t all ! animals seem$ bett]1 & on te/+ !m ) ! !rmomet] t /atem5t 0 confirm$4 ,i gave directions t ea* animal 0 to be dr5*$ ) half a w9e-glassful 7#a oz47 ( c>bolic acid 9 a qu>t ( w>m wat] e morn+1 b 9 o!r respects !y might be treat$ z ,mr ,toml9son1 a skilful c[ doctor1 %\ld direct4 ,bus9ess n[ call+ me to ,london1 ,i 0 unable to wat* ! fur!r progress ( ^! cases4 ,?is is to be regrett$1 z a s]ies ( daily !rmometric obs]vations w\ld h be5 ( great value 9 sugge/+ fur!r exp]im5ts4 ,i _h1 h[ev]1 frequ5t acc\nts s5t me4 ,c[ ,no4 #ad cont9u$ to improve sl[ly until convalesc5t2 %e is n[ q well4 ,nos4 #aj1 #aa1 & #ab rema9$ app>5tly 9 ! same /ate = f\r days2 !y !n *ang$ = ! worse1 & di$4 ,x is n improbable t _h ,i be5 able to inject a fur!r quantity ( c>bolic acid dur+ ! f\r days 9 :i* !y 7 ?us hov]+ betwe5 recov]y & relapse1 x w\ld h turn$ ! scale1 & "s ( !m at all ev5ts w\ld be n[ alive & well4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! !rmometric obs]vations2-- ,table %[+ ! results ( inject+ c>bolic acid into ! blood ( animals suff]+ f ! cattle plague4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,gra9s ( ,temp]ature ,no4 ,c>bolic be=e ,second ,?ird ,acid ,injection ,day4 ,day4 ,inject$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,f4 ,f4 #aj #bf-a_/b #ajed #ajch ,bett]4 ,di$ on #f? day4 #aa #eb-a_/b #ajch #ajbh ,di$ on #f? day4 #ab #gh-c_/d #ajdh #ajdd ,di$ on #f? day4 #ad #aje #ajcg #ajca ,recov]$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,if future exp]im5ts prove t injection ( c>bolic acid or o!r antiseptic w d good1 x is an op]ation v easily p]=m$4 ,i h inject$ five animals1 & tak5 !rmometric obs]vations )9 an h\r4 ,sulphite or bisulphite ( soda app>5tly occasions "s pa91 z ! animals /ruggle v mu*2 ) c>bolic acid ,i f\nd !m tol]ably quiet4 ,i h calculat$ ! proportion :i* ! c>bolic acid bore to ! :ole quantity ( blood 9 ^! op]ations4 ,tak+ ! :ole am\nt ( blood 9 ! animal at #aej lbs41 !re 7 inject$ into-- ,no4 #aj1 #a "p ( c>b4 acid1 9 #dj1jjj ( blood4 #aa1 #bj1jjj #ab1 #ac1cjj #ad1 #aj1jjj ,x is wor? m5tion+ incid5tally1 t 9 ! case ( c[ ,no4 #ad 7:i* recov]$7 ! proportion ( c>bolic acid inject$ into ! blood w\ld h be5 en\gh to keep f decomposition ! :ole quantity ( t liquid = a consid]able "t4 ,9 ,nos4 #aj1 #aa1 & #ab ! proportion ( c>bolic acid w\ld probably n h be5 suffici5t = t purpose4 ,i am in=m$ by ,dr ,calv]t t cresylic acid has mu* less coagulat+ p[] on album5 ?an c>bolic acid1 & my own exp]im5ts entirely confirm ?is /atem5t4 ,we h describ$ "u ,,*>coal ! dis9fect+ prop]ties ( t sub/ance4 ,^! prop]ties h be5 turn$ to excell5t acc\nt by ,dr ,/5h\se1 :o has inv5t$ a *>coal respirator1 :i*1 caus+ ! we>] to brea! air drawn ?r\gh a lay] ( t sub/ance1 & by ?us depriv+ ! air s inspir$ ( any noxi\s gases or exhalations1 if pres5t1 becomes1 if worn 9 an infect$ atmosph]e1 a great safegu>d aga9/ disease4 ,dr ,le!by 0 accu/om$ to use a *>coal respirator :5 analys+ dead bodies & o!r putrid matt]s ( suspect$ poison+1 & by s do+ nev] exp]i5c$ any ill effects1 nor 0 he consci\s ( ! (f5sive od\r :i* b = its adoption he mu/ h enc\nt]$4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall has sugge/$ = ! same purpose a respirator ( cotton wool1 by means ( :i* ! air1 be+ filt]$ be=e x ent]s ! lungs1 becomes depriv$ ( m9ute p>ticles ( v>i\s sub/ances susp5d$ 9 x1 z well z ( ! g]ms1 :i* s _m pa?ologi/s believe to be always pres5t dur+ ! preval5ce ( epidemic maladies1 & ! cause1 :5 inhal$1 ( ! maladies !mselves4 ,,dis9fect+ ,,*amb]s4 ,! sanit>y au?orities ( mo/ l>ge cities h made provision = ! purification ( mattresses1 l951 we>+ app>el1 c41 by means ( dis9fect+ *amb]s or ov5s1 9 :i* receptacles ! infect$ articles are subject$ = a c]ta9 "t to hot air4 ,! simple/ =m ( app>atus = ?is purpose1 & "o t c\ld be us$ on an em]g5cy1 provid$ ! articles to be dis9fect$ 7 n too bulky1 is a bak]'s ov54 ,! dry+ closet ( a good laundry w\ld be s f> unsafe1 because x w\ld occasionally fail to give a heat suffici5t = ! de/ruction ( ! noxi\s pr9ciples4 ,! dis9fect+ *amb]s employ$ 9 ,liv]pool are ar*$ ov5s ( solid brickwork1 hav+ a dep? ( #g feet f front to back1 a wid? ( #e feet f side to side1 & a height ( #f-a_/b feet f ! floor to ! cr[n ( ! ar*4 ,! doors are made ( wr\ght iron1 tightly fitt+ into ca/-iron framework4 ,! floors are made ( d\ble iron grat+s1 hav+ alt]nate op5+s1 s arrang$ z to admit at pleasure hot air into ! *amb]4 ,at ! top ( ! ar* !re is an op5+ fitt$ ) an iron valve1 by :i* ! air ( ! *amb] escapes into an exhau/+ %aft :i* is connect$ ) ! *imney4 ,! heat+ is accompli%$ by means ( a ca/-iron cockle1 ! smoke f :i* escapes by two ca/-iron smoke flues1 :i*1 aft] =m+ a coil = ! purpose ( af=d+ z great a heat+ surface z possible1 pass along ! hot-air passage "u ! *amb]1 into a *imney situat$ at ! opposite end4 ,! cold air is drawn into a brick flue plac$ und]nea? ! floor ( ! /okehole into a cavity on ea* side ( ! cockle1 & !nce into a space und]nea? ! *amb]1 :5ce x becomes heat$ by ! radiation f ! surface ( ! two ca/ iron flues4 ,f ?is cavity or passage x is convey$ at w ?r\gh ! grat+s z already describ$4 ,at ! entrance ( ! cold air flue !re is a damp]1 by :i* ! temp]ature ( ! air may be regulat$4 ,a heat equal to #bhj ,f4 has be5 regi/]$ 9 ?is *amb]1 & z high z #chj 9 a dry+ closet ov] ! cockle4 ,dr ,fr5*1 ! m$ical (fic] ( heal? = ,liv]pool1 says t1 if necess>y1 a temp]ature rea*+ #ejj ,f4 c be atta9$ 9 ^! *amb]s2 b ?is temp]ature is ( c\rse nev] employ$4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t f #bbj to #bej ,f4 is ! mo/ suitable4 ,in/ances h be5 kn[n :]e fabrics1 aft] be+ expos$ = "s l5g? ( "t to a temp]ature above #bab ,f41 h su/a9$ injury f be+ scor*$4 ,9 "s ( ! *amb]s1 c>bolic acid p[d] is spr9kl$ on ! floor4 ,we h tak5 ! lib]ty ( transcrib+ ! foll[+ description & plates illu/rative ( ! dis9fect+ /ove us$ 9 ! ,royal ,victoria ,y>d1 ,dept=d1 f t v useful publication1 ',*emi/ry1 ,!oretical1 ,practical1 & ,analytical1' publi%$ by ,mr ,w4 ,mack5zie4 ,?is /ove consi/s ( a brick *amb] ) a slightly ar*$ ro(1 & an iron movable floor 9 two pieces4 ,! *amb] is #g feet deep1 #f feet #i in*es wide1 & #e feet #h-a_/b in*es high 9 ! c5tre ( ! ar*4 ,x is heat$ by a flue bel[ ! iron floor pass+ r\nd #c sides ( ! *amb] & up a *imney4 ,!re is an op5+ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! *amb] 9 its c5tre1 :i* passes along 9 ! ro( to ! side1 f !nce d[n 9 ! wall ent]+ b5ea? ! fire2 ?is c>ries away any ( ! f\l air ( ! clo!s f ! *amb] ?r\gh ! fire & up ! flue4 ,?is proce$+ takes place aft] ! clo!s h be5 9 ! *amb] say an h\r & a half 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! damp] 9 ! f\l air %aft is )drawn1 & ! furnace door is %ut2 any draught t gets to ! fire comes to ! *amb]4 ,ov] ! op5+ into ! furnace is a squ>e op5+1 fitt$ ) a glass1 inside ( :i* is a fix$ !rmomet]4 ,:5 ?is %[s a temp]ature ( #bjj ,f41 ! int]ior ( ! *amb] is at #bej ,f41 ! highe/ po9t at :i* x is all[$ to be4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! *amb] at ! sides !re are little movable cranes1 ?ree r[s ( ?ree support+ rods ( iron on :i* wood5 trays re/1 & on :i* ! clo!s are plac$ :5 ! iron c>t is n us$4 ,! cranes move =e & aft to be out ( ! way :5 ! c>t is us$4 ,! c>t is ( iron on :eels1 & runs into ! *amb] on tramways to keep x 9 position2 9 ! int]ior ( ! c>t are ?ree iron trays = lay+ ! clo!s on4 ,! l[e/ tray is always ! hotte/1 s t x is prud5t to use ! c>t1 ! iron bottom ( :i* prev5ts burn+4 ,! iron ends ( ! c>t are remov$ :5 x is plac$ 9 ! *amb]2 s is ! h&le4 ,x is usual to keep ! clo!s at ! temp]ature ( #bej ,f4 = two h\rs4 ,!re is a trap door #h in*es squ>e ab\t #ad in*es above ! upp] edge ( ! furnace1 & on a level ) ! iron floor ( ! *amb]1 = dis9fectants4 ,c>bolic acid & sulphur are us$2 ! =m] is plac$ on a flat plate1 ! latt] is spr9kl$ ov] ! floor4 ,^! are us$ z ! la/1 & aft] t has be5 ! clo!s are fit to be us$ )\t dang] to any "o4 ,elevation plan 7fig4 #e7 %[s ! front ( ! *amb] ) ! doors clos$2 ! op5+s 7,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c7 are = ins]t+ ! long !rmomet]1 :i* is pu%$ into ! clo?+ to be dis9fect$2 !y correspond ) ! ?ree trays4 ,! !rmomet] c be )drawn & exam9$ )\t all[+ mu* cold air to ent]2 plugs fit into ^! ?ree op5+s :5 n us$ = ! !rmomet]4 ,illu/ration ,section4--,! *amb] is %[n ab\t ! c5tre ( its dep?2 ! f\l-air %aft 7,b7 passes along ! ro( d[n ! side wall1 & b5ea? ! fire 7,c72 ! op5+ :]e ! fix$ !rmomet] is plac$ is m>k$ ) dott$ l9es4 ,! damp] = ! f\l-air %aft 7,e7 is repres5t$ z %ut1 & ! damp] = ! *imney 7,f7 is also %ut4 ,illu/ration ,! gr\nd plan %[s ! flue b5ea? ! iron plates1 :i* =m ! floor ( ! *amb]1 ! dott$ l9es %[+ ! f\l-air flue 7,b71 z x passes b5ea? ! fire4 ,9 ! flue 7,c7 !re are op5+s at ,d1 ,d1 ,d1 = ! purpose ( clean+ x4 ,illu/ration ,ano!r =m ( dis9fect+ *amb] is t inv5t$ by ,dr ,esse1 ( ,b]l91 & employ$ 9 t city4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( two iron cyl9d]s1 "o fitt$ )9 ! o!r1 ) a space betwe51 into :i* /eam "u pressure is introduc$4 ,! out] cyl9d] is surr\nd$ ) wood & ! top ) felt1 to prev5t ! escape ( heat4 ,! articles to be dis9fect$ are put 9 at ! top ( ! inn] cyl9d]1 ! inside ( :i* soon becomes heat$ up by ! surr\nd+ /eam4 ,a pulley is us$ to lift ! lid ( ! inn] cyl9d]1 ar\nd :i* ! clo!s are hung on pegs1 n be+ all[$ to t\* ! side ( ! cyl9d]4 ,at ! top ( ! inside cyl9d] is a brass box pi]c$ ) holes at ! bottom1 :i* dips a little way d[n1 ?r\gh :i* ! air f ! int]ior c rise4 ,9 ?is box ! bulb ( a !rmomet] be+ plac$1 ! temp]ature ( ! inn] *amb] c be regi/]$4 ,:5 ! /eam cond5ses 9 ! space betwe5 ! cyl9d]s x is c>ri$ (f by means ( a valve1 :i* is lift$ :5 ! wat] rea*es a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! cond5s]4 ,9 an h\r's "t ! temp]ature ( ! int]ior cyl9d] c be rais$ to #bce ,fahr4 ,= heat+ mattresses ano!r app>atus has be5 devis$ by ,dr ,esse4 ,x consi/s ( an iron case ) a spiral /eam pipe 9 ! c5tre1 ! /eam inside ! pipe be+ compress$ to two atmosph]es4 ,dr ,ransome has inv5t$1 = ! use ( ! ,nott+ham hospital1 a gas /ove 9 ! =m ( an iron box1 well pack$ ) a non-conduct+ mat]ial1 :i* surr\nds ! outside4 ,a *annel leads to ! int]ior ( ! box1 & inside ?is *annel gas is kept burn+ 9 su* a mann] by a modification ( ,kemp's regulator1 t ! temp]ature ( ! box %all range day & night betwe5 #bce & #bee ,fahr4 ,an app>atus put to great use by ! ,holborn ,di/rict ,bo>d dur+ ! epidemic ( smallpox 9 #ahga 0 "o made by ,fras]'s pat5t4 ,mr ,fras]'s dis9fect+ *amb] consi/s ( an ov5 or receptacle made ( brick1 ) doors 9 front4 ,situat$ on ! l[] portion ( ?is *amb] is a cov]$ furnace connect$ ) flues1 by means ( :i* ! int]ior space is heat$ to ! desir$ temp]ature4 ,by a p>ticul> arrangem5t ! air lad5 ) ! noxi\s vap\rs giv5 (f by ! ta9t$ clo?+ is convey$ into ! furnace1 & s consum$4 ,belong+ to ! app>atus is a cov]$ truck or c>t1 fitt$ ) doors & damp]s1 & provid$ inside ) racks & %elves = hold+ ! mat]ials to be purifi$1 :i* are ?us br\ght f ! infect$ dwell+ & plac$1 truck & all1 inside ! *amb]4 ,! infect$ mat]ials1 z well z ! truck conta9+ !m1 are !n heat$ to ! necess>y po9t1 dis9fection be+ assi/$ by sulphur\s acid gas1 or "s o!r mat]ial adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,:5 ! process is f9i%$ ! c>riage ) its cont5ts is drawn back to ! h\se f :i* !y 7 orig9ally tak51 & ! purifi$ articles are re/or$ to ! own]s4 ,x w be se5 t by ?is arrangem5t ! vehicle is dis9fect$ z well z ! clo!s x conta9s4 ,,disloca',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,luxation2 ,,dislocatio1 ,l4 ,! =cible displacem5t ( a bone f its socket1 ei!r by viol5ce or disease4 ,! latt] happ5s :5 ! textures =m+ ! jo9t h be5 de/roy$ by "s indep5d5t organic affection4 ,a consid]able %>e ( anatomical k is requir$ to detect ! nature ( ^! accid5ts2 & x is mu* to be lam5t$ t /ud5ts neglect to in=m !mselves suffici5tly on ! subject4 7,sir ,a4 ,coop]47 ,9 common cases ! bones may be frequ5tly replac$ by =cibly ext5d+ ! limb4 ,?is %\ld be done z e>ly z possible1 & be=e inflammation sets 94 ,! latt] %\ld be combat$ by ap]i5ts1 local ble$+1 refrig]ant lotions1 c4 ,dislocations frequ5tly exi/ )\t ! fact be+ suspect$1 ! swell+ & inflammation be+ ref]r$ to o!r causes4 ,,displace',,m5t4 ,see ,,p]colation4 ,,di/em',,p]4 ,a disease among dogs1 usually *>act]is$ by a runn+ f ! nose & eyes1 & a %ort dry c\gh2 foll[$ by wa/+ ( ! fle%1 & loss ( /r5g? & spirits4 ,at l5g? ! bra9 suff]s1 & fits1 p>alysis ( ! extremities1 or convulsions come on4 ,laxatives & emetics are ! be/ rem$ies4 ,if !re is mu* di>rhoea1 a/r+5ts may be aft]w>ds giv54 ,! viol5ce ( ! fits may be mitigat$ by ! adm9i/ration ( antispasmodics1 & by ! w>m ba?4 ,! di/emp] is a contagi\s disease1 & is g5]ally fatal to weakly & v "y dogs4 ,fits 9 ! advanc$ /ages ( ! disease are seldom foll[$ by recov]y4 ,impati5ce ( light1 r$ eyes1 ob/9ate di>rhoea1 spasmodic twit*+s1 a yell[ col\r ( ! sk91 & a pu/ul> eruption1 are also bad symptoms4 ,di/emp] ,p[d]s 7,blane's74 ,! basis ( ^! is said to be 'aurum musivum1' or bisulphide ( t94 ,t ( ano!r adv]tis$ no/rum is a mixture ( m]cury & *alk1 ) a little rhub>b & ipecacuanha4 ,,di/illa',,tion4 ,! evaporation & subsequ5t cond5sation ( ! vap\r ( fluids1 by means ( a /ill & refrig]ator1 or o!r simil> app>atus4 ,,dry ,,di/illation is a t]m appli$ to ! di/illation ( sub/ances p] se1 or )\t ! addition ( wat] or o!r volatile fluid4 ,,de/ructive ,,di/illation is ! di/illation ( sub/ances at temp]atures suffici5tly high to decompose !m1 by :i* _! elem5ts are sep>at$1 or evolv$ 9 new comb9ations4 ,,fractional ,,di/illation is ! sep>ation ( sub/ances hav+ diff]5t boil+-po9ts1 by di/ill+ ! mixture ) a gradually increas+ heat1 & collect+ ! products :i* come ov] at diff]5t temp]atures 9 sep>ate receiv]s4 ,see ,,hydroc>bon1 ,,/ill1 c4 ,di/illation4 ,! art ( ! di/ill]2 ! manufacture ( spiritu\s liquors z practis$ on ! l>ge scale4 ,! process ( di/illation1 z c>ri$ on 9 ! di/ill]ies ( ,great ,brita91 may be divid$ into f\r g5]al op]ations1 viz4--#a4 ,! ma%+1 or =mation ( a sac*>9e infusion f c]ta9 vegetable matt]s1 z malt1 b>ley1 oats1 rye1 c4 #b4 ,! cool+ ( ?is wort or liquor4 #c4 ,! f]m5tation1 or process by :i* ! sug> ( ! cool$ wort is conv]t$ into alcohol4 #d4 ,! sep>ation ( ! _s s =m$ by means ( a /ill & refrig]ator4 ,by ! fir/ op]ation ! mat]ials = ! =mation ( ! alcohol are obta9$2 by ! second1 !y are br\ght to a temp]ature mo/ favorable to ! trans=mation t takes place 9 ! ?ird1 aft] :i* x only rema9s to free ! product ( ! la/ op]ation f ! =eign matt] ) :i* x is associat$2 ?is is done 9 ! f\r?1 :i*1 correctly speak+1 con/itutes ! only "p ( ! process :i* c be call$ di/illation4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! fir/ ?ree ( ! prec$+ op]ations are notic$ 9 ! articles ,,brew+1 ,,f]m5tation1 c4 ,x w !re be se5 t ! amylace\s or />*y matt] ( ! gra9 is fir/ 'sac*>ifi$1' & aft]w>ds conv]t$ into alcohol1 & t c]ta9 precautions are necess>y to r5d] ! process successful & economical4 ,9 _m ( ! di/ill]ies ( ,great ,brita9 molasses & analog\s sac*>9e sub/ances are employ$1 9 :i* case ! vegetable pr9ciple 7sug>7 ess5tial to ! =mation ( alcohol is already pres5t1 & m]ely requires simple solution 9 wat] ( a prop] temp]ature1 to be ready to be subject$ to imm$iate f]m5tation4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! s\rces ( _s 9 ,engl& are ! v>i\s k9ds ( gra92 b>ley1 rye1 maize1 & rice are ^? commonly employ$4 ,^! are gr\nd & mix$ ) bruis$ malt1 9 v>i\s proportions1 & are ma%$ 9 a simil> mann] to malt$ gra94 ,! f]m5tation is c>ri$ on until ! d5sity ( ! liquor ceases to less5 or 'att5uate1' :i* is det]m9$ by an in/rum5t call$ a sac*>omet]4 ,:5 ?is po9t is arriv$ at1 ! 'wa%' is submitt$ to di/illation1 to prev5t ! access ( ! acet\s f]m5tation1 :i* w\ld less5 its alcoholic value4 ,dur+ ! process ( di/ill+ (f ! _s ( ! f]m5t$ 'wa%' or 'wort' a hydromet] is employ$ to asc]ta9 ! '/r5g?' ( ! liquor t passes ov]4 ,z soon z ?is has fall5 to a c]ta9 po9t1 ! op]ation is /opp$1 & ! 'sp5t wa%' remov$4 ,! spirits obta9$ by ! fir/ di/illation are g5]ally call$ 'l[ w9es1' & h a specific gravity ( ab\t #ige4 ,by rectification or 'd\bl+1' a crude milky _s1 ab\nd+ 9 oil1 at fir/ comes ov]1 foll[$ by cle> _s1 :i* is receiv$ 9 a sep>ate vessel4 ,! process is cont9u$ until ! alcoholic cont5t ( ! di/ill$ liquor has consid]ably dim9i%$1 :5 ! rema9+ weak _s t di/ils ov]1 call$ 'fa9ts1' is caught sep>ately1 & mix$ ) ! l[ w9es prep>atory to ano!r di/illation4 ,! /ronge/ _s passes ov] fir/1 & ! cond5s$ liquor gradually becomes weak]1 until x ceases to conta9 alcohol4 ,by receiv+ 9 sep>ate vessels any giv5 portion ( ! product1 _s ( any requir$ /r5g?1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 may be obta9$4 ,! same object is m conv5i5tly effect$ by surr\nd+ ! top ( ! capital ( ! /ill ) a wat] ba?1 ( a temp]ature correspond+ to t ( alcoholic vap\r ( ! /r5g? x is desir$ to obta94 ,?us1 if we keep ! temp]ature ( ! wat] at ab\t #aih ,fahr41 we %all obta9 pro( _s2 if at #aib1 a _s #bj o4 p42 & s on = o!r /r5g?s4 ,x is f\nd f exp]i5ce1 & is readily acc\nt$ = by !ory1 t ! l[] ! temp]ature at :i* ! di/illation is conduct$1 ! /rong] w be ! product1 & ! less quantity ( oil or o!r volatile matt] w come ov] along ) x4 ,to promote ?is1 x has be5 propos$ to c>ry on ! process 9 vacuo1 b on ! l>ge scale ?is has nev] be5 adopt$4 ,! di/illation ( ! wa% is usually p]=m$ 9 a sep>ate set ( /ills to ^? employ$ = ! rectification ( ! l[ w9es4 ,= v /rong & ta/eless _s1 a ?ird & ev5 a f\r? rectification is employ$1 conjo9tly ) o!r me?ods1 to ab/ract ! wat] & to remove any =eign matt] t vitiates its od\r or flav\r4 ,a portion ( soap is g5]ally put into ! /ill ) ! wa%1 to prev5t excessive fro?+4 ,we h said t ! processes ( ma%+1 c41 9 ! di/ill]y are simil> to ^? adopt$ 9 brew+ be]4 ,we may add t1 z ri*ness 9 alcohol1 & n flav\r1 is ! object aim$ at 9 ! di/ill]'s wa%1 n only is a l>ge quantity ( unmalt$ gra9 employ$1 b ! process ( boil+ ! wort ) hops is omitt$ altoge!r4 ,! wort is commonly 'set' at #gj ,fahr41 & ! f]m5tation & att5uation ( ! liquor pu%$ z f> z possible by l>ge & repeat$ doses ( ! be/ 'top-yea/' ( ! port] brew]s4 ,x (t5 happ5s t raw _s prep>$ f damag$ gra9 is contam9at$ ) a highly acrid & volatile fatty sub/ance1 :i* is p[]fully intoxicat+ & irritat+ to ! eyes & no/rils1 & possesses an od\r v simil> to t ( an alcoholic solution ( cyanog54 ,?is may be got rid ( by dilution ) wat] & skilful rectification1 :5 mo/ ( x passes ov] ) ! fir/ & la/ 'runn+s1' ! int]m$iate portion be+ less load$ ) x4 ,ano!r plan is to filt] ! _s successively ?r\gh #f or #g sep>ate vessels conta9+ p9e or will[ *>coal be=e rectify+ x4 ,9 "s di/ill]ies ! contam9at$ _s is well agitat$ ) a consid]able quantity ( olive oil1 & aft] repose decant$1 dilut$ ) wat]1 & rectifi$ z be=e4 ,! ord9>y corn oil or fusel oil ( raw _s is g5]ally1 = ! mo/ "p1 int]cept$ by a self-regulat+ ba? arrang$ betwe5 ! /ill-head & ! refrig]atory4 ,! quantity ( _s obta9$ f v>i\s sub/ances1 & ev5 f pure sug>1 dep5ds ^u ! skill ) :i* ! sev]al op]ations are conduct$4 ,by !ory1 pure sug> %\ld yield #ea ( alcohol2 b 9 practice #aaibe galls4 ( pro( _s is ! l>ge/ quantity :i* has yet be5 obta9$ f #aab lbs4 ( sug>4 ,by ! rev5ue au?orities ?is weight ( sug> is e/imat$ to af=d #aa-a_/b galls4 ( pro( _s4 ,! av]age product is1 p]haps1 ab\t #a gall4 ( _s ( ?is /r5g? = e #aj lbs4 ( sug>4 ,accord+ to ,h>m/dt1 #ajj lbs4 ( />* yield #ce lbs4 ( alcohol1 or #gh galls4 ( pro( _s2 & #ajj lbs4 ( ! foll[+ gra9s produce ! accompany+ quantities by weight ( _s ( sp4 gr4 #idbg1 or conta9+ #de ( pure alcohol3--:eat1 #dj to #de2 rye1 #cf to #db2 b>ley1 #dj2 oats1 #cf2 buck:eat1 #dj2 maize1 #dj2 ! mean be+ #cdg galls4 ( pro( _s4 ,x is f\nd t a bu%el ( good malt yields #b galls4 ( pro( _s1 & t ! l>ge/ quantity ( pro( _s obta9$ f raw gra91 ma%$ ) #a_/e or #a_/f ( malt1 does n exce$ #bb galls4 p] qu>t]4 ,! di/ill] is all[$ to produce worts f any sub/ance1 & at any specific gravity1 provid$ su* gravity c be correctly asc]ta9$ by ! sac*>omet] approv$ ( by ! ,bo>d ( ,inl& ,rev5ue4 ,he is n1 h[ev]1 all[$ to ma% & di/il at ! same "t4 ,see ,,alcohol1 ,,br&y1 ,,f]m5tation1 ,,fusel ,,oil1 ,,g91 ,,/ill1 c4 ,,di/omata4 ,a g5us ( fluke-l p>asites infe/+ m5 & ! high] v]tebrate animals4 ,! egg is ab\t ! #a_/bhj? ( an in* long & #a_/bgj? in* wide4 ,illu/ration ,! embryo is frequ5tly met ) 9 sewage wat]1 f :i*1 if x be remov$ & plac$ 9 pure or di/ill$ wat]1 x soon dies4 ,! embryo :i* does n become a di/oma gives rise to a prog5y 7gradually =m$ f g]m-cells )9 x7 consi/+ sometimes ( "o1 b mu* m (t5 ( a numb] ( bodies ( v>i\s =ms & /ructures1 ea* ( :i* possesses p[]s ( movem5t & locomotion4 ,b ! creatures ( ?is second developm5t are n di/omata2 nei!r are ! (fspr+ to :i* !y 9 _! turn give rise4 ,l _! imm$iate prog5itors1 ?is (fspr+ produce 9 _! int]ior g]m-cells :i* develop into m9ute worms hav+ tails1 & display+ great vivacity :5 plac$ 9 wat]4 ,^! latt] alone exhibit ! *>act]s ( true di/omata4 ,^! c]c>ia n[ ei!r become enclos$1 l a *rysalis 9 a pupa /ate1 or !y p5etrate into ! bodies ( s(t animals1 become ency/$ & p>asitic4 ,x appe>s probable t ! di/omata ent] ! human inte/9al canal z c]c>ia1 & !n pass into ! bili>y passages4#bfj ,footnote #bfj3 ,bly?4 ,a case is on record ( two di/omata hav+ be5 extract$ f ! foot ( a woman1 into :i* x has be5 surmis$ !y ga9$ an entrance z c]c>ia :il/ ! woman 0 ba?+4 ,x is ?\ght t %ell-fi%1 z well z uncook$ fi% :5 eat51 may be ! means ( introduc+ ^! p>asites into ! human sy/em4 ,! embryos ( ! ,di/omata hepaticum swim ab\t & live 9 wat]1 :i* may probably1 :5 drunk1 be ! means ( convey+ !m into ! bodies ( m5 & %eep4 ,! ailm5ts & symptoms to :i* ^! pe/s give rise dep5d ^u ! p>ticul> organ or portion ( ! body 9 :i* !y e/abli% !mselves4 ,9 man !y are a frequ5t cause ( hmaturia & dys5t]y4 ,9 %eep !y occasion fe>ful mortality1 giv+ rise to ! disease kn[n z '! rot1' & kill+ ?\s&s ( flocks annually4 ,! numb] ( species affect+ m5 are usually enum]at$ z n9e--viz4 ,fasciola hepatica1 ,di/oma crassum1 ,d4 lanceolatum1 ,d4 oph?almobium1 ,d4 het]ophyes1 ,bilh>zia hmatopia1 ,tetra/oma r5ale1 ,hexa?rydium r5>um1 & ,h4 p+uicola4#bfa ,footnote #bfa3 ,bly?4 ,,di/ortions4 ,9 treat+ ( ?is subject we %all conf9e ourselves to ^? di/ortions :i* are prev5table--or r1 we may say1 ( two out ( ! ?ree :i* w be discuss$1 :i* are volunt>y4 ,"o v common =m ( bodily di/ortion is crook$ or curv$ sp9e4 ,x is mo/ly met ) 9 "y girls ( f t5 to sixte5 ye>s ( age2 & fir/ %[s itself ei!r 9 ! elevation ( "o %\ld] above ! o!r1 or 9 a gr[+ out ( "o ( ! %\ld] blades1 or ( "o side ( ! bosom beyond ! o!r4 ,! elevat$ %\ld] is g5]ally ! "r "o4 ,at ! same "t ! "r side ( ! *e/ is unnaturally high1 & r\nd$2 :il/ ! opposite or left %\ld] & *e/ are on ! contr>y depress$ & concave4 ,v frequ5tly ^! conditions are accompani$ by a projection ( ! left hip1 & a curv+ inw>ds ( ! lo9s on ! "r side4 ,) p]sons s afflict$ ! sp9e pres5ts an appe>ance t has n inaptly be5 comp>$ to a long italic f4 ,sp9al curvature arises f a weak5$ /ate ( ! muscles1 ligam5ts1 & bones ( ! backbone4 ,x is mo/ frequ5tly met ) 9 ^? ^: occupation compels !m to /& ! great] "p ( ! day2 z well z 9 p]sons :o pass _m h\rs at ! desk or at ne$lework4 ,sp9al curvature is also common 9 "y fragile girls act+ z nursemaids1 & z su* unduly subject$ to c>ry+ heavy infants on "o side4 ,among/ ! *ildr5 ( ! poor1 ^? ( t5d] ye>s are mu* too frequ5tly put to ?is objectionable =m ( drudg]y4 ,any "o's recollections ( a walk ?r\gh a poor neighb\rhood w enable !m to call to m9d _m in/ances !y mu/ h se5 ( small] babes be+ nurs$ by l>g] ones4 ,^? subject$ to too long /&+1 no d\bt because ! po/ure af=ds !m relief1 unconsci\sly contract ! habit ( frequ5tly /&+ on ! "r leg--( /&+ at ease on x1 z x is call$--& at ! same "t ( b5d+ ! left knee a little2 & s9ce ?is position causes ! "r %\ld] to be rais$1 & ! left side ( ! pelvis to be ?r[n out ( its place1 x w be evid5t f :at has be5 already said t1 if p]si/$ 91 x w end 9 di/ort+ ! sp9e 9 ! mann] above indicat$4 ,illu/ration ,! same results w also foll[ 9 ^? o!r cases1 su* = in/ance z 9 too long an application at ! desk or at ! ne$le1 z well z ! c>ry+ = an undue l5g? ( "t a heavy *ild 9 ! arms2 ^! all be+ occupations 9 :i* "o side ( ! body is subject$ to an undue & unequal /ra9 ov] ! o!r4 ,:y "o-sid$ po/ures %\ld cause di/ortion mu/ be evid5t1 :5 x is consid]$ t ! int]v]tebral sub/ance is compressible to su* an ext5t t an adult man ( middle /ature loses ab\t an in* ( 8 height aft] hav+ be5 9 ! erect po/ure dur+ ! day1 & does n rega9 x till aft] "s h\rs ( re/4 ,s9ce ! unit$ ?ickness ( ! int]v]tebral sub/ance 9 an adult man is ab\t #chge in*es1 we see t !y lose ne>ly "o f\r? by compression1 :i* !y d n recov] till aft] "s h\rs ( re/4 ,b if ! weight ( ! body falls unequally on ! sp9e day aft] day1 x mu/ be evid5t t !y w become compress$ on "o side m ?an ! o!r2 & t if _! ela/icity be impair$1 & ! muscles & ligam5ts be weak1 & ! bones s(t1 z !y are 9 "y p]sons :o h n a suffici5cy ( fre% air1 :olesome food & active ex]cise1 ?is lat]al di/ortion w become p]man5t4#bfb ,footnote #bfb3 ,dr ,druitt4 ,ano!r cause t5d+ to di/ortion ( ! sp9e is ! fooli% habit ( us+ corsets1 a practice :i* contributes to weak5 ! dorsal muscles4 ,:5 ! %\ld]s are cont9ually support$ by a corset1 ! dorsal muscles ^u :i* ! support ought to fall h _! functions usurp$ by ! corset1 & h5ce fail to receive _! prop] developm5t1 & consequ5tly lose _! p[]2 ! result be+ an inability on ! "p ( ! body to support itself )\t ! corset1 & a s9k+ & b5d+ ( ! sp9e :5 x is remov$4 ,9 boys1 :o nev] we> corsets1 sp9al curvature is r>ely met )4 ,9 girls1 :o d1 x is con/antly to be f\nd4 ,to gu>d aga9/ sp9al di/ortions1 bad & awkw>d positions ( ! body %\ld1 :]ev] possible1 be prohibit$4 ,among/ ! prejudicial po/ures indulg$ 9 by ! "y1 we h already m5tion$ ! habit ( /&+ on "o leg & ( c>ry+ heavy loads on "o side ( ! body4 ,to ^! may be add$ ! habit ( ly+ crook$ 9 b$1 & t ( "y girls sp5d+ a long "t 9 a con/ra9$ position 9 dress+ _! own hair4 ,e "o-sid$ motion may lead to di/ortion if x be frequ5tly repeat$1 & ! t5d5cy once exi/+1 ! evil gr[s day by day4 ,! use ( corsets %\ld be /r5u\sly disc\nt5anc$4 ,! e>ly detection ( sp9al di/ortion is a matt] ( consid]able importance4 ,h5ce ! advisability ( mo!rs1 nurses1 gov]nesses1 & o!r gu>dians ( *ildr5 or "y girls1 frequ5tly exam9+ ! bodies ( _! *>ges to note if !y pres5t any ( ! peculi>ities we h indicat$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is article4 ,%\ld any ( ^! develop !mselves1 aid %\ld imm$iately be s\ght ( a skilful m$ical practition]4 ,dr ,lewis ,sayre1 9 8 "w ',sp9al ,disease & ,sp9al ,curvature' says3--,! great object 9 ! treatm5t ( ,pott's disease is to ma9ta9 re/ ( ! affect$ "p by su* means z w n deb> ! pati5t f ! b5efits ( fre% air1 sunlight1 & *ange ( sc5e4 ,! pati5t %\ld n be p]mitt$ to assume ! upright position be=e he has be5 fitt$ ) "s artificial support capable ( remov+ all pressure f ! bodies ( ! diseas$ v]tebr4 ,?is object may be obta9$ by /raight5+ ! sp9al column 9 su* a mann] t ! weight ( ! body is borne by ! transv]se processes & n by ! bodies ( ! v]tebr4 ,act+ on ^! pr9ciples1 ,dr ,sayre p>tially envelopes ! pati5t 9 a jacket ( pla/] ( ,p>is1 surr\nd+ ! body f ! pelvis to ! axill4 ,al?\gh ,dr ,sayre's "w is almo/ entirely devot$ to a mu* m s]i\s affection ( sp9al curvature ?an t treat$ ( "h--viz4 po/]ior angul> curvature1 9 :i* actual disease ( ! bones ( ! v]tebr is conc]n$--8 treatm5t is no less applicable to ! mild] =m ( di/ortion to :i* our rem>ks h be5 direct$4 ,dr ,sayre himself /ates t #cjj cases h be5 treat$ by 8 me?od ) v signal success1 & v _m em95t surgeons be> te/imony to ! s\ndness ( ! pr9ciples conc]n$ 9 x4 ,= ! details ( its application consult ! au?or's "w be=e allud$ to4 ,s]i\s z are ! effects v frequ5tly aris+ f sp9al curvature1 among/ :i* may be includ$ lam5ess1 lung disease1 & inability to p]=m ! functions ( mat]nity2 /ill worse results 9 addition to ! two la/ ( ^! ensue 9 ! case ( a p]si/5ce 9 ano!r =m ( di/ortion1 :i* is none ! less dang]\s because x is volunt>y4 ,! di/ortion to :i* we ref] is t caus$ by ! practice ( tightlac+4 ,=emo/ among ! conditions absolutely ess5tial = ! pres]vation ( heal? & bodily well-be+1 is ! due p]=mance ( ! function ( ! lungs1 he>t1 liv]1 kidneys1 /oma* & o!r important organs4 ,! object ( ! ribs )9 :i* mo/ ( ^! organs are m or less :olly conta9$ is to protect ^! latt] f ext]nal pressure1 & !re=e injury2 z well z to all[ !m unimp$$ & unre/rict$ action4 ,to ensure ?is fre$om ( movem5t = ! p>ts & organs )9 ! ribs1 x w be evid5t t e possible ob/acle t5d+ 9 any degree to compress !m1 or circumscribe _! limits %\ld be especially avoid$4 ,in/ead ( ! avoidance ( su* dang]s1 h[ev]1 :at c\rse d ! silly vot>ies & dupes ( t mo/ s5seless & remorseless ( all tyrants--,fa%ion--pursue8 ,"o ! v rev]se2 & :i* is oppos$1 n only to p]sonal com=t & common s5se1 b1 s9ce x m>s nature's outl9es1 to symmetry & our prop] canons ( ! grace ( ! female figure4 ,by means ( corsets1 tight /ays1 & o!r implem5ts ( torture ! ribs are press$ inw>ds to su* an ext5t t all ! conditions we h insi/$ on z ess5tial to heal? are imp]ill$1 & ev5tually become ov]?r[n4 ,n[1 ?is mis*iev\s & unnatural pressure ex]t$ on ! /oma* pu%es t organ out ( its prop] position1 & 9 do+ s =ces ! diaphragm also out ( its place2 a di/urbance :i* s curtails ! space 9 :i* ! movem5ts ( ! lungs & ! he>t are p]=m$1 t if ! p]nici\s cu/om be p]sev]$ 9 ^! latt] organs become s]i\sly & incurably diseas$4 ,! liv] also %>es 9 ! damage inflict$1 & frequ5tly becomes incapable ( dis*>g+ its (fice4 ,! v mu* l>g] numb] ( "y wom5 ?an ( "y m5 :o die ( consumption is und\bt$ly ref]able to ! fact t a l>ge proportion ( ! majority are ! victims ( tightlac+4 ,nor is x difficult to und]/& :y ?is %\ld be1 s9ce we "k t if ! lungs are prev5t$ ex]cis+ _! full p[]s ( expansion1 unnaturally dim9i%$ function w set up disease 9 !m1 :i*1 if !re be a pr$isposition1 w probably be consumption4 ,?is cause also1 by prev5t+ ! blood becom+ prop]ly oxyg5at$1 gives rise to a l>ge class ( disord]s due to impurity ( ! vital fluid4 ,organic disease ( ! he>t is by no means an uncommon cont+5cy if tightlac+ be p]sev]$ 92 = t organ is n all[$ room to beat1 nor ! blood to circulate4 ,"o effect ( ?is is se5 9 frequ5t fa9t+ fits4 ,aga91 tightlac+ n infrequ5tly /ops ! gr[? & arre/s ! developm5t ( a "y girl's mamm1 ?us s]i\sly incapacitat+ h] f suckl+ h] babe :5 %e becomes a "m4 ,x also indirectly has a v prejudicial effect ^u heal? by prev5t+ its vot>ies f tak+ suffici5t walk+ ex]cise2 free bodily movem5t ) accompany+ expansion ( ! lungs becomes impossible ) ^? encas$ 9 a vice ( unyield+ arm\r1 su* z con/itutes pe/il5t /ays & corsets4 ,among/ ! m9or evils wr\ght by ! baleful cu/om1 we may m5tion indige/ion 7= ! pressure ( ! /ays weak5s ! /oma*1 & sets up ?is tr\blesome compla9t71 ) its accompanim5ts ( flatul5ce1 he>tburn1 pa9 9 ! *e/1 c4 ,con/ipation is also ano!r ( its att5dant ills2 s also are bad brea? & a r$ nose4 ,i recollect ,dr ,a4 ,todd ,?omson1 9 8 excell5t lectures1 relat+ a case he _h att5d$ :]e a "y lady appe>$ to be dy+ f ! evil effects ( tightlac+4 ,he cut op5 h] /ays & %e gradually came to h]self4 ,if ! wor?y doctor _h n quickly done :at he did1 %e w\ld soon h be5 a corpse6 ,dr ,?omson has k9dly fav\r$ me ) ! foll[+ int]e/+ p>ticul>s ( ! case = publication3#bfc--',"s ye>s s9ce ,i 0 reque/$ to ha/5 to a h\se n f> f my own to see a lady :o _h fall5 f h] *air 9 a fit :il/ eat+ h] d9n]4 ,on be+ u%]$ to ! draw+ room ( ! h\se :]e ! circum/ance _h tak5 place1 ,i saw a lady ly+ ^u a s(a1 app>5tly dead1 & sev]al ladies hang+ ov] ! c\* 9 great di/ress4 ,i f\nd little appe>ance ( life except t ! temp]ature ( ! body 0 natural2 ! pulse _h ceas$ to beat1 & no respiratory action c\ld be detect$4 ,on lay+ my h& ov] ! region ( ! he>t1 ,i felt t ! /ays 7 extremely tightly lac$2 & conceiv+ t ! susp5sion ( animation arose f t cause1 ,i reque/$ a p5knife to be giv5 me1 ) :i* ,i in/antly ripp$ d[n ! /ays & g[n4 ,9 an in/ant ! *e/ dilat$1 on ! b9d+ matt] giv+ way1 :i* 0 almo/ l splitt+ an ov]brac$ drum2 & 9 a few seconds respiration recomm5c$ & animation return$4 ,9 ?is case ! wai/ 0 drawn 9 to a degree t gave a complete h\r-glass appe>ance to ! figure1 & prev5t$ ! desc5t ( ! diaphragm1 :il/ ! blood c\ld n circulate1 or be r5ew$ 9 ! lungs f ! g5]al ob/ruction ( _m ( ! cells & small] tubes4 ,! quantity ( residual air also 9 ! lungs 0 too small2 & ?is 0 /ill dim9i%$ by ! w>m? ( "s s\p1 :i* ! lady 0 eat+ :5 %e fell f ! *air1 dilat+ ! gas 9 h] /oma*1 & consequ5tly press+ t enl>g$ organ upw>ds on ! lungs4 ,_h ,i n liv$ close by1 ! "t necess>y to get m$ical aid f a great] di/ance might h r5d]$ x unavailable4' ,! above n>rative by ,dr ,?omson is valuable n only z illu/rat+ ! dang]s aris+ f tightlac+1 b also z emphasiz+ ! rationale ( its action z /at$ by ourselves4 ,9 ! pres5t article we h expla9$ :y x is ! use ( corsets is to be deprecat$4 ,we hope we h succe$$ 9 %[+ h[ imp]atively ! ab&onm5t ( /ays is call$ =4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,dr ,*avasse1 ',c\nsels to a ,"m4' ,ano!r v>iety ( di/ortion is t br\ght ab\t by we>+ tight boots & %oes1 or boots & %oes con/ruct$ ^u false pr9ciples2 =1 a boot or %oe may be productive ( consid]able inconv5i5ce to ! we>]1 z well z ! cause ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( twi/+ out ( place ( ! bones ( ! foot1 )\t necess>ily be+ too small4 ,among/ ! consequ5ces aris+ f ! adoption ( tightly fitt+ or badly con/ruct$ boots or %oes may be m5tion$ ! foll[+3--,consid]able bodily discom=t1 & pa9 9 walk+2 corns & bunions2 gr[+ 9 ( ! nails2 *ronic enl>gem5t ( ! base ( ! great toe2 c>ies or ulc]ation ( ! bones ( ! feet2 & flat feet4 ,t ^! are n altoge!r m9or evils may be inf]r$ :5 x is /at$ t1 9 ord] to obta9 relief f ! effects ( a bunion1 p>tial amputation ( ! foot has be5 sometimes f\nd necess>y2 t ! fir/ attacks ( g\t mo/ly seize ! jo9t ( ! ball ( ! great toe :5 t jo9t has become weak5$ by displacem5t foll[+ ! use ( faulty boots & %oes2 & t a flat foot int]f]es ) ! prop] p]=mance ( walk+4 ,illu/ration ,! above figure 7,no4 #a7 repres5ts ! skeleton ( ! foot ) ! bones :i* =m x 9 _! natural position1 & 9 :i* !y are admirably adapt$ = execut+ ! v>i\s movem5ts requir$ ( !m4 ,x w be se5 to consi/ ( tw5ty-six bones1 f\rte5 ( :i* con/itute ! toes2 ! rema9+ twelve bones ent] into ! =mation ( :at are t]m$ ! t>sus & metat>sus4 ,! five long bones 7a7 are ! metat>sal bones4 ,! toes =m jo9ts ) ! =e "p ( ^! metat>sal bones4 ,! rema9+ sev5 are ! t>sal bones2 b1 :i* is "o ( ^!1 is nam$ ! a/ragalus1 & be+ gripp$ on ea* side by a cont9uation f ! bones ( ! leg call$ ! malleolus1 ?us =ms ! ankle-jo9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #b gives a repres5tation ( ! inn] aspect & side view ( ! foot4 ,x w be se5 t x is an ar* re/+ 9 front on ! ant]ior heads ( ! five metat>sal bones1 a1 b *iefly on t ( ! great toe1 & on ! calcaneum or heel 7b7 beh9d4 ,! a/ragalus1 c1 =ms ! key-/one ( ! ar*4 ,?is ar*1 :i* supports ! sup]9cumb5t weight ( ! body1 reta9s its curv$ =m by means ( /rong ligam5ts or b&s1 :i* unite ! bones :i* compose x into a compact b )al flexible mass4 ,! ar*1 ow+ to ! pressure ?r[n ^u x f above1 becomes flatt5$ :5 ! foot is re/+ on ! gr\nd2 b :5 ?is pressure is remov$ & ! foot hangs free1 ! curvature ( ! ar* increases4 ,9 front ( ! metat>sal bones are plac$ ! toes1 :i* are connect$ ) ! metat>sal bones by jo9ts4 ,! great toe has "o jo9t2 ea* ( ! small] ones has two4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #c depicts ! skeleton ( a foot ) ! bones ?r[n out ( _! natural position1 ! contortion be+ ! result ( we>+ tightly fitt+ or unsci5tifically con/ruct$ boots or %oes4 ,! foll[+ extracts f ,dr ,h]mann ,mey] w be/ illu/rate h[ nature's simple me*anical arrangem5ts mu/ be ?w>t$ :5 cov]+s = ! feet are p]mitt$ to be con/ruct$ :i* c give rise to di/ortions su* z ^? repres5t$ 9 ,figure #c4 ,dr ,mey] says ! great toe plays by f> ! mo/ important "p 9 walk+2 because :5 ! foot is rais$ f ! gr\nd ) ! int5tion ( ?r[+ x =w>ds1 we fir/ raise ! heel1 !n re/ = a second on ! great toe1 & 9 lift+ ?is f ! gr\nd ! po9t ( x receives a pressure :i* impels ! body =w>ds4 ,?us1 9 rais+ ! foot ! :ole ( ! sole is gradually1 z x 71 'unroll$' up to ! po9t ( ! great toe1 :i* aga9 receives an impetus by contact ) ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,! great toe ought1 !re=e1 to h su* a position z w admit ( its be+ unroll$ 9 ! mann] describ$2 t is to say1 x mu/ s lie t ! l9e ( its axis1 :51 c>ri$ backw>ds1 w em]ge at ! c5tre ( ! heel2 & ?is is its position 9 ! heal?y foot4 ,! sole ( an almo/ s\nd foot is giv5 9 ,fig4 #d1 & ! true position ( ! great toe is indicat$ by ! dott$ l9e4 ,?is relation is /ill bett] br\ght out 9 ,fig4 #e1 :i* repres5ts ! well-pres]v$ foot ( a *ild ab\t two ye>s old4 ,! l9e drawn ?r\gh bo? figures is t 9 :i* ! foot unrolls itself f ! gr\nd4 ,! small] toes1 h[ev]1 are by no means )\t _! uses4 ,9 /&+ !y re/ on ! gr\nd & give lat]al support to ! foot2 :ile 9 walk+ !y are b5t 9 a peculi> mann]1 s t !y are firmly press$ aga9/ ! gr\nd2 & "h too !y support ! foot lat]ally4 ,! fir/ jo9t is /rongly b5t upw>ds1 :ile ! second is holl[ above4 ,?is peculi> curvature enables ! toe 9 a measure to lay hold ( ! gr\nd z ) bird's claws4 ,dr ,mey] !n proce$s to %[ h[ ! application ( ^! pr9ciples is entirely disreg>d$ 9 ! manufacture ( our boots & %oes1 & to demon/rate t _! neglect gives rise to ! objectionable consequ5ces we h be=e allud$ to4 ,z boots & %oes are at pres5t con/ruct$1 ! foot is made to adapt itself to ! sole1 n ! sole to ! foot4 ,?is p]nici\s sy/em mu/ be ab&on$ if we wi% to pres]ve our feet1 z well z our p]sonal com=t4 ,a sole1 says ,dr ,mey]1 is ( ! prop] con/ruction :5 a l9e 7see ,fig4 #f1 c d7 drawn at half ! bread? ( ! great toe di/ant f1 & p>allel to1 ! inn] m>g9 ( t toe %all1 :5 c>ri$ backw>ds1 pass ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! heel4 ,9 ! usual =m ( a sole ?is l9e passes out ( ! inn] m>g9 ( ! heel 7see ,fig4 #g74 ,if1 !n1 ! pres]vation ( ! prim>y /raight l9e is1 z has be5 already %[n1 ! pr9cipal po9t 9 ! =mation ( a prop] sole1 x foll[s t1 if x be ?\ght desirable to h po9t$ %oes1 ! po9t+ mu/ be effect$ f ! out] side1 z indicat$ 9 ! annex$ ,fig4 #h4 ,9 a pair ( %oes made on ^! pr9ciples1 plac$ side by side ) ! heels 9 contact1 ! inn] m>g9s ( ! front "p ( ! foot are also br\ght close toge!r 7,fig4 #i74 ,dr ,mey]'s pamphlet conta9s ! foll[+ /rictures on ',high heels' to boots & %oes3 ,x is usual1 9 all %oes ( ev5 mod]ate /r5g?1 to make ! heel a little high] by means ( :at is call$ ! heel-piece4 ,^! heel-pieces are g5]ally ( "s little use1 especially 9 dirty wea!r1 & we _c :olly d5y _! "r to exi/5ce4 ,b at ! same "t !y ought to be z l[ z possible1 & heels an in* ?ick1 z is at pres5t v commonly ! case1 h v s]i\s disadvantages inde$4 ,! weight ( ! body is by ?is means ?r[n 9 a disproportionate ratio on ! toes1 ! jo9ts ( :i* are consequ5tly ov]/ra9$4 ,moreov]1 ) a high heel ! sole is s oblique 9 its direction t ! foot mu/ be con/antly glid+ =w>ds & =cibly press+ ! toes into ! po9t ( ! %oe4 ,! toes1 !re=e1 ev5 :5 ! %oe is suffici5tly long1 are subject$ to ! same injuries & disfigurations z if x 7 too %ort1 & ! effects are d\bly hurtful :5 ! =m ( ! sole is also incorrect4 ,high heels1 especially if !y are also v small2 are peculi>ly liable to we> obliquely1 & s ! %oe gets trodd5 on "o side2 !y mu/1 !re=e1 be peculi>ly favorable to orig9 ( flat-foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 & ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 & ,,fig4 #i4 ,high & small heels are !re=e q unsuitable4 ,! heel-piece ought to be z l[ & broad z possible4 ,fur!r & m explicit k on ?is subject may be obta9$ f ,dr ,mey]'s excell5t little pamphlet entitl$ ',procru/es ante portas1' v ably translat$ into ,engli% by ,mr ,j4 ,t4 ,craig1 ,l4,r4,c4,e41 "u ! title ( ',:y ! ,%oe ,p9*es4' ,,diure',,sis4 ,see ,,ur9e4 ,,diuret',,ics4 ,syn4 ,,diuretica4 ,m$ic9es :i* promote ! secretion ( ur9e4 ,! pr9cipal diuretics are--aque\s fluids1 :i* act by increas+ ! wat]y portion ( ! blood1 &--sub/ances :i* promote ! action ( ! kidneys4 ,mo/ ( ! fir/ produce copi\s diuresis if ! sk9 is kept cool4 ,among ! la/ are acetate1 bit>trate1 & nitrate ( potassa2 oils ( junip]1 turp5t9e1 cajeput1 & copaiba2 dilute _s1 & sweet spirits ( nitre2 decoction ( common broom1 c4 ,,dividivi4 ,an a/r+5t sub/ance import$ f ,jamaica4 ,x conta9s above #e ( tann92 :il/ gall-nuts conta9 less ?an #ce1 & ! be/ oak-b>k only #ace4 ,h5ce its value 9 tann+4 ,,dob]e9]',s ,,lamp4 ,a portable app>atus = obta9+ in/antane\s light by ! action ( a jet ( hydrog5 on a small piece ( spongy plat9um4 ,,do*mius ,,duod5alis4 ,an inte/9al p>asitic worm4 ,its l5g? is f #a_/c to #a_/b an in* & its bread? ab\t #a_/fj? ( an in*4 ,x is furni%$ ) hooklets4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! duod5um1 ! ileum1 & ! jejunum ( man1 & ,greis+] seems to h pretty conclusively e/abli%$ t x is ! cause ( ! disease s preval5t 9 ,egypt1 & kn[n z ! ,egyptian *lorosis4 ,anemia1 dys5t]y1 & hemorrhoids & liv] diseases are also frequ5tly caus$ by x among/ ! natives ( ,arabia1 ,brazil1 & ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,9 ,india x is also /at$ to give rise to "s v al>m+ maladies4 ,leu*>t affirms t x obta9s an entrance into ! sy/em ?r\gh dr9k+ impure wat]4 ,,doc',,imacy or ,,docimas',,tic ,,art4 ,see ,,assay+4 ,,dog4 ,! effect ( m$ic9es on dogs is mu* ! same z on man2 b !re are "s /rik+ exceptions to ?is rule4 ,?us1 :il/ ! dog c take a dose ( aloes six or eight times z l>ge z t giv5 to man1 ! adm9i/ration ( half z mu* calomel or oil ( turp5t9e w\ld be productive ( s]i\s injury to ! animal4 ,! idea usually ent]ta9$1 !re=e1 t m$ic9es may be giv5 to dogs 9 doses equall+ ^? tak5 by man requires consid]able modification4 ,dogs h a %ort & /raight alim5t>y canal1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* purgative m$ic9es act m quickly ^u !m ?an !y d on o!r vet]9>y subjects4 ,! facility ) :i* dogs c be made to vomit is also ano!r peculi>ity possess$ by !m4 ,vomit+ may be produc$ by _! swall[+ nause\s or unpalatable matt]s1 z well z f _! eat+ v>i\s sorts ( grass4 ,a good plan to prev5t dogs vomit+ _! m$ic9es is to keep ! head well rais$ = an h\r aft] ! adm9i/ration2 & ?is may be easily accompli%$ by atta*+ a *a9 or cord to ! coll>1 & fix+ x at ! requisite height1 to any object4 ,! kidneys are act$ ^u ) mu* m difficulty ?an ) ! horse1 :il/ ! sk9 seems ne>ly1 if n altoge!r incapable ( be+ affect$4 ,we give bel[ a li/ ( m$ic9es = dogs2 premis+ t ! doses requir$ v>y consid]ably accord+ to ! /r5g?1 size1 & age ( ! dog1 all ( :i* %\ld always be duly tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! doses prescrib$ 9 ! foll[+ =mul are = mod]ately l>ge dogs3-- ,,physic ,,balls ,,& ,,o!r ,,purgative ,,m$ic9es3-- #a4 ,b>badoes aloes1 #h oz41 antimonial p[d]1 #a oz41 g+]1 #a oz41 palm oil1 #e oz42 beat toge!r into a mass4--,dose4 ,f #a_/b dr4 to #b dr4 e #d or #f h\rs1 till ! b[els are reliev$4 7,y\att47 #b4 ,! same1 ) ! addition ( #a oz4 ( calomel4 ,he directs f #de gr4 to #b dr4 = a dose4 7,clat]47 #c4 ,aloes1 #a_/b dr4 to #b dr4 made into a ball ) syrup ( g+]4 #d4 ,aloes1 #a_/b dr4 to #a-a_/b dr41 calomel1 #b to #e gr41 syrup to =m a ball2 9 inflammation ( ! b[els1 & 9 worms4 7,bla9e47 #e4 ,cape aloes1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr41 calomel1 #b to #c gr41 oil ( c>away1 #f drops1 syrup to =m a ball4 7,m',ew547 #f4 ,calomel1 #ab gr41 aloes1 #c dr41 opium1 #a gr41 syrup q4 s4 to =m a mass1 = #d1 #f1 or #h balls2 "o e #d or #e h\rs till ! b[els are reliev$4 7,bla9e47 #g4 ,croton oil1 #a drop1 ,ca/ile soap1 #bj gr41 cons]ve to =m a ball4 #h4 ,ca/or oil1 #c p>ts1 syrup ( buck?orn1 #b p>ts1 syrup ( poppies1 #a "p4--,dose4 ,f #a to #b tablespoonfuls4--,mr ,y\att's purge4 ,mr ,cl>k says syrup ( buck?orn = dogs %\ld be made ) treacle1 & ! spices omitt$4 #i4 ,epsom salts1 f #a to #d dr41 wrapp$ 9 tissue pap]1 divid+ ! doses into conv5i5t-siz$ packets4 #aj4 ,9 co/iv5ess ) inflammation3 #a_/b oz4 to #b oz4 ca/or oil4 7,mr ,spoon]47 ,,alt]ative ,,balls ,,& ,,p[d]s3-- #a4 ,sulphur1 #b-a_/b lb42 nitre1 #a_/b lb42 ?iops m9]al1 #d oz42 l9se$ meal1 #a_/b lb42 palm oil1 #a lb41 or z mu* z may be requir$2 beat toge!r1 & keep 9 a j> = use4--,dose1 f #b scruples to #a-a_/b or #b dr4 7,clat]47 #b4 ,e?iops m9]al1 #bj to #dj gr42 cream ( t>t>1 #bj to #dj gr42 nitre1 #e to #aj gr42 night & morn+1 made into a ball ) butt]4 7,spoon]47 #c4 ,tonic ,alt]ative4 ,m]curial pill1 #a dr42 aloes #b dr42 myrrh1 b5zo91 balsam ( ,p]u1 ( ea* #a-a_/b dr42 to be divid$ into #aj1 #ae1 or #bj pills3 "o e ev5+1 = ! yell[s1 aft] aloes & calomel4 7,bla9e47 #d4 ,alt]ative ,p[d]4 ?iops m9]al1 #b to #e gr42 cream ( t>t>1 #d to #aj gr41 t>t>is$ iron1 #a to #c gr41 once a day4 7,clat]47 #e4 ,to give a f9e sk94 ,give a table-spoonful ( t> made up ) oatmeal4 7,may]47 ,,a/r+5t ,,balls1 c43-- #a4 ,cate*u1 #a-a_/b dr42 sulphate ( qu99e1 #bj gr42 opium1 #e gr42 g+]1 #a dr42 cons]ve ( roses1 q4 s4 to =m a mass1 to be divid$ into #h1 #f1 or #d balls4 7,bla9e47 #b4 ,prep>$ *alk1 #b oz42 p[d]$ gum ,arabic1 #a_/b oz42 p[d]$ cate*u1 #a_/b oz42 p[d]$ oak b>k1 #a_/b oz42 p[d]$ g+]1 #a_/d oz42 opium1 #ae gr42 palm oil1 #a oz42 beat well toge!r4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #b dr41 morn+1 noon1 & night1 9 ! advanc$ /age ( di/emp]4 7,clat]47 #c4 ,opium1 #e gr42 cate*u1 #b dr42 gum ,arabic1 #b dr42 g+]1 #a_/b dr42 syrup ( poppies1 q4 s42 divide into #ab1 #i1 or #f balls3 9 di>rhoea4 7,bla9e47 #d4 ,myrrh1 #a dr42 ipecacuanha1 #a scruple2 opium1 #c gr42 *alk1 #b dr42 c>bonate ( iron1 #a dr42 z ,no4 #c4 7,bla9e47 #e4 ,9 ob/9ate cases3 ,alum1 #a dr42 *alk1 #b dr42 opium1 #f gr42 res91 #c dr42 into #d1 #f1 or #h balls4 #f4 ,9 di>rhoea1 aft] #a to #d dr4 ( ,epsom salts2 prep>$ *alk1 #a to #c scruples2 cate*u1 #e to #aj gr42 opium1 #a_/d to #b gr42 twice a day4 7,spoon]47 ,,c\gh ,,balls ,,9 ,,a/hma1 c43-- #a4 ,aft] a few emetics4 ,calomel1 #c gr42 foxglove1 #c gr42 cream ( t>t>1 #a dr42 antimonial p[d]1 #ab gr42 honey to =m #f boluses4 ,"o twice a day4 7,bla9e47 #b4 ,digitalis1 #bj gr42 antimonial p[d]1 #dj gr42 nitre1 #b dr42 sulphur1 #c dr42 palm oil1 #c dr41 or q4 s4 ,divide into #aj1 #ae1 or #bj balls1 accord+ to ! size ( ! dog1 morn+ & night1 int]pos+ an emetic e ?ird or f\r? day4 7,clat]47 #c4 ,9 old cases4 ,p4 squill1 #a_/b gr4 to #a gr42 gum ammoniac1 #e gr42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #h gr42 b5zoic acid1 #a gr42 balsam ( sulphur to =m a ball4 #d4 ,extract ( hemlock1 #a_/b dr42 extract ( h5bane1 #aj gr42 p4 digitalis1 #bj gr42 cons]ve ( roses to =m a mass4 ,divide into #h1 #aj1 or #f balls4 ,"o night & morn+4 7,bla9e47 ,,di/emp] ,,m$ic9es3-- #a4 ,turbe? m9]al1 #a to #c gr42 assafoetida1 #a_/b dr42 aloes1 #bj gr42 soap1 #aj gr42 syrup ( poppies to =m a ball4 ,to be prec$$ by an emetic1 & giv5 e ?ird day4 #b4 ,aft] an emetic1 give a physic ball2 & aft]w>ds ! foll[+1 two or ?ree times a day3--,antimonial p[d]1 #b1 #c1 or #d gr42 nitre1 #e1 #aj1 or #ae gr42 ipecacuanha1 #b1 #c1 or #d gr42 =m a ball4 ,if ! disease proce$ to ! debilitat+ /age1 give ! ,tonic ,ball ,no4 #b2 9 ! putrid or malignant /age give ! ,a/r+5t ,ball ,no4 #a4 7,bla9e47 #c4 ,aft] ! ,emetic ,p[d] ,no4 #a 7:i* %\ld be repeat$ e #crd or #d? day7 give ! ,c\gh ,ball ,no4 #b1 f #a_/b dr4 to #b dr4 9 weight4 ,& if ! dog lose fle%1 give equal p>ts ( ! c\gh ball & ! ,tonic ,ball 7,no4 #a74 ,9 ! m advanc$ /ages give ! tonic alone2 or ! a/r+5t ball if di>rhoea comes on4 7,clat]47 #d4 ,give a ?ird ( a pap] ( ,james's p[d] mix$ ) butt]1 & aft]w>ds w>m bro? or milk4 ,9 #b h\rs1 ano!r ?ird2 & if ?is nei!r vomit nor purge1 give ! o!r ?ird at ! end ( #d h\rs4 7,daniel47 #e4 ,bla9e's di/emp] p[d]s1 :i* are sold 9 packets1 ) directions = use4 #f4 ,camphor1 #c to #e gr42 *>coal1 #aj gr42 opium1 #a gr42 aromatic confection1 q4 s4 to =m a ball4--,9 ! malignant /age1 ) di>rhoea4 #g4 ,antimomal p[d]1 #b to #d gr42 nitre1 #e to #aj gr42 digitalis1 #a_/d to #b gr4 ,aft]w>ds ! ,tonic ,pills ,no4 #d4 7,spoon]47 ,p\dre ,kusique3 a ,fr5* no/rum4 ,mix #de gr4 ( nitre1 #de ( sulphur1 & #a *>coal4 ,divide into #c doses4 ,give #a = #b successive morn+s1 & ! ?ird on ! #d? morn+1 mix$ ) l>d or butt]1 or 9 milk4 ,= a l>ge dog a second packet 7( #c p[d]s7 may be requir$4 7,hab]t47 ,ano!r ,fr5* no/rum4 ,hemel's ,p[d] is ( a simil> k9d4 #h4 ,a /rong solution ( salt1 to ! am\nt ( #a_/b p9t daily4 #i4 ,p[d]$ t91 sulphur1 gunp[d]1 ( ea* #a oz42 l>d suffici5t to =m a mass4 ,! size ( a nutmeg to be giv5 twice or ?rice a week4 #aj4 ,physic ,ball ,no4 #aa4 #aa4 #a_/d oz4 to #a fl4 oz4 ( cod-liv] oil twice a day1 accord+ to size4 #ab4 ,emetics1 g5tle laxatives1 milk diet1 & f #e to #ae gr4 ( *lorate ( pota% twice a day4 7,f9lay ,dun47 ,,worm ,,m$ic9es3-- #a4 ,c>bonate ( iron1 #a_/b oz42 ?iops m9]al1 #a dr42 g5tian1 #a oz42 g+]1 #a_/b oz42 levigat$ glass1 #a oz42 palm oil1 #i dr42 beat well toge!r4--,dose1 f #c_/d to #b dr4 7,clat]47 #b4 ,z mu* v f9ely-p[d]$ glass z w lie on a sixp5ce1 mix$ ) butt] 7,bla9e74 ,mr ,y\att says f #a_/b dr4 to #a dr42 p[d]$ glass1 ) a little g+]1 made into a ball ) l>d4 #c4 ,aloes1 sulphur1 prep>$ h>t%orn1 & juice ( wormwood1 made into a mass2 ! size ( a hazel nut to be giv5 ?ree times a week1 fa/+1 wrapp$ 9 butt]4 7,daniel47 #d4 ,t9 fil+s1 or pewt] fil+s1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr41 ) butt] or l>d4 #e4 ,jalap1 #aj to #ae gr42 calomel1 #b to #c gr4 mix$ ) butt]2 no cold liquid %\ld be all[$4 7,:ite47 #f4 ,c[hage1 #a_/b dr42 iron fil+s1 #d dr42 cons]ve q4 s4 to =m a mass1 to be divid$ into #d1 #f1 or #h balls2 "o e night & morn+2 & aft]w>ds ! purgative ,no4 #d4 7,bla9e47 #g4 ,epsom salts1 #a oz42 common salt1 #a dr42 give a small or l>ge teaspoonful daily4 #h4 ,give gre5 walnut leaves boil$ 9 milk4 7,may]47 #i4 ,f #a_/b dr4 to #b dr41 accord+ to size4 ,betel nut 9 co>se p[d]1 made into a ball4 #aj4 ,= ,tapeworm4--,oil ( turp5t9e1 #a_/b dr41 mix$ ) yolk ( egg2 = v l>ge dogs1 #b scruples4 ,"s writ]s prescribe l>g] doses 7#a to #b dr471 b ^! sometimes prove fatal4 7,bla9e47 #b to #f dr4 ( cusso accord+ to size4 #aa4 ,= ,tapeworm4--,oil ( turp5t9e & olive oil1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 mix1 & give c>efully2 #c or #d h\rs aft] give #a oz4 ca/or oil4 ,b see ,no4 #i4 7,:ite47 #ab4 ,= ,/oma* ,worms4--,give ! emetic p[d] 7see fur!r back7 & aft]w>ds a physic ball4 #ac4 ,?readworms4--,^! are de/roy$ by an aloetic cly/]4 ,,o9tm5ts ,,& ,,lotions ,,= ,,! ,,mange3-- ,n4,b4--,an alt]ative ball %\ld be giv5 daily & a physic ball occasionally4 ,ble$+ is sometimes prescrib$4 ,= ,scabby ,mange4--,sulphur1 #d oz42 sal ammoniac1 #a_/b oz42 aloes1 #a dr42 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #a_/b oz42 l>d1 #f oz42 mix4 ,aft] f\r applications1 wa% well ) soap & wat]4 7,bla9e47 #b4 ,horse turp5t9e & palm oil1 ea* #a_/b lb42 tra9 oil1 #a_/b p9t4 ,melt toge!r1 & :ile cool+1 /ir 9 #c lbs4 ( fl[]s ( sulphur4 7,clat]47 #c4 ,aloes1 #b dr42 hellebore1 #a_/b oz42 sulphur1 #d oz42 l>d or tra9 oil1 #f oz4 7,mc,ewen47 #d4 ,sulphate ( z9c1 #a dr42 snuff1 #a_/b oz42 :ite hellebore1 #a_/b oz42 sulphur1 #d oz42 aloes1 #a_/d oz42 s(t soap1 #f oz4 7,bla9e47 #e4 ,*>coal p[d]1 #b oz42 sulphur1 #d oz42 salt ( t>t>1 #a dr42 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #a_/b oz42 l>d1 #f oz4 #f4 ,= ,r$ ,mange4--,add #a oz4 ( /rong m]curial o9tm5t to #f oz4 ( ei!r ( ! above4 #g4 ,*>coal1 #a oz42 *alk1 #a oz42 sug> ( lead1 #a dr42 :ite precipitate1 #b dr42 sulphur1 #b oz42 l>d1 #e oz4 7,bla9e47 #h4 ,wa% = ,r$ ,mange4--,corrosive sublimate1 #bj gr42 _s ( w9e1 #b dr42 dissolve & add milk ( sulphur1 #a_/b oz42 lime-wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 ,apply by means ( a sponge4 7,clat]47 #i4 ,= ,ulc]at$ ,mange4--,o9tm5t ( nitrat$ quicksilv]1 #b dr42 sug> ( lead1 #bj gr42 fl[]s ( sulphur1 #a_/b oz42 l>d1 #a oz42 mix4 7,bla9e47 ,,fleas3-- #a4 ,rub ! sk9 ) ! p[d]$ res9 & bran4 #b4 ,let ! dog sleep on deal %av+s4 #c4 ,scot* snuff /eep$ 9 g94 7,mey]47 7,?is requires caution47 #d4 ,oil ( anise$4 7,f9lay ,dun47 #e4 ,p]sian insect p[d]4 ,,dog-,,balls 7,a4 ,h4 ,bldt1 ,g5f74 ,h>d pills1 weigh+ #ae grammes1 ( irregul> %ape & unequal size1 compos$ ( aloes ) #a_/c ( g5tian1 & cov]$ ) a br[n p[d] conta9+ liquorice root4 7,hag]47 ,,doors4 ,mu* annoyance is sometimes exp]i5c$ f ! creak+ ( doors4 ,?is may be prev5t$ by rubb+ a little soap or a mixture ( tall[ & black-lead on ! h+es2 or by apply+ to !m ) a fea!r a little sweet oil once or twice a ye>4 ,! trifl+ tr\ble & exp5se 7a p5ny or two a twelvemon?7 w be amply repaid by _! noiselessness & great] durability4 ,to prev5t ! noise ( doors slamm+1 a small piece ( vulcanis$ india rubb]1 cork1 or lea!r may be plac$ s z to receive ! %ock4 ,,dose4 ,9 m$ic9e ! quantity tak5 or prescrib$ at "o "t4 ,! doses ( m$icam5ts v>y ) ! sex1 age1 temp]am5t1 con/itutional /r5g?1 habituation1 & idiosyncrasies ( individuals4 ,diff]5t circum/ances1 especially ( climate1 ex]cise an important influ5ce on ! activity ( m$ic9es4 ,?us1 ! inhabitants ( ,engl& & ! nor!rn c\ntries ( ,europe be> mu* l>g] doses 9 _! own climates ?an :5 !y remove to w>m] latitudes4 ,w>m?1 inde$1 appe>s to promote ! action ( mo/ m$icam5ts1 :il/ cold acts 9 a contr>y way4 ,nor does ! same rule apply to all m$ic9es4 ,calomel1 = in/ance1 is g5]ally borne bett] by *ildr5 ?an by adults2 :ile opium affects !m m p[]fully1 & requires ! dose to be dim9i%$ consid]ably bel[ t indicat$ by m]e calculation or analogy ) o!r m$ic9es4 ,prescrib]s ought n to =get t ! action ( m$ic9es is n simply proportion$ to ! am\nt1 b t ea* rem$y has a dose bel[ :i* x ei!r produces no effect or "o contr>y to t :i* we desire x to produce4 ,dr ,p>is rem>ks1 t p[]ful doses are dispos$ to produce local r ?an g5]al effects2 & ,dr ,b>l[ gives x z 8 op9ion t practition]s (t5 err1 especially 9 ! treatm5t ( *ronic maladies1 f requir+ an obvi\s effect f ea* dose adm9i/]$4 ,adult wom5 are said to require only ?ree f\r?s ! full dose = m54 ,! foll[+ rules & tables h be5 fram$ *iefly ) ref]5ce to age2 b1 z ,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffi? correctly obs]ves1 no s*eme c be devis$1 f\nd$ on age alone1 to :i* !re are n _m exceptions4 ,i4 ,=mula ( ,dr ,,"y4 ,= *ildr5 "u #ab ye>s1 ! doses ( mo/ m$ic9es mu/ be dim9i%$ 9 ! proportion ( ! age to ! age increas$ by #ab4 ,?us1 at #b ye>s1 ! dose w be #a-g? ( t = an adult4 #b = ------------- #a-g?4 #b #ab ,,ii4 ,posological ,table ( ,,gaubius4 ,= an adult1 suppose ! dose to be #a1 or #a dra*m 7#fj gra9s74 ,"u #a ye> w require #a_/ab or #e gra9s4 #b ye>s #a_/h or #h gra9s4 #c #a_/f or #aj gra9s4 #d #a_/d or #ae gra9s4 #g #a_/c or #a scruple4 #ad #a_/b or #a_/b dra*m4 #bj #b_/c or #b scruples4 #ba to #fj1 ! full dose1 or #a or #a dra*m4 ,above ?is age an inv]se gradation mu/ be obs]v$4 ,,iii4 ,posological ,table ( ,,phoebus4 ,age--,ye>s #hj #fe #ej #be-dj #bj #af #ab #h #e #b ,doses #e_/h #c_/d #g_/h #a #g_/h #c_/d #e_/h #a_/b #c_/h #a_/d ,mon?s #ab #f #b #a ,doses #a_/e #a_/h #a_/ae #a_/bd ,,d\*e4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,d\*e ,,ba?4 ,a species ( ba? mu* employ$ by hydropa?i/s1 bo? = ! relief ( local affections1 & to give a heal?y /imulus to ! :ole sy/em4 ,! d\*e consi/s ( a s+le jet ( cold wat]1 v>y+ 9 size f ! ?ickness ( a quill to t ( a man's arm2 x is project$ ) great =ce1 ei!r f above1 bel[1 or on "o side1 ^u a p>ticul> "p ( ! body4 ,see ,,ba? 7,%[]74 ,,d\glas' ,,dis9fect+ ,,p[d]4 ,a mixture ( sulphite ( calcium1 *alk1 & c>bolic acid1 or ( sulphite & c>bonate ( lime4 ,,dov]',s ,,p[d]s4 ,see ,,p[d]4 ,,drab ,,dye4 #a4 7,,= ,,cotton47 ,= #dj lbs4 ,boil #f lbs4 ( fu/ic2 scald #b-a_/b lbs4 ( ,lima wood & #b lbs4 ( suma*4 ,decant into a wood5 vessel1 capable ( conta9+ #ajj gallons2 r$uce ) cold wat] to h&l+ heat2 ent]1 #f turns2 wr+ out2 sadd5 ) #h ounces ( copp]as2 #d turns2 wr+ out aga91 & give #d ounces ( blue/one4 #b4 7,,= ,,silk47 ,= #ajj y>ds4 ,boil #d lbs4 ( fu/ic & #f ounces ( logwood1 #b-a_/b ounces ( cudbe>1 #a-a_/d ounce ( copp]as4 ,cool to #bjj ,fahr42 ent]1 w9* #bj m9utes2 air out2 repeat2 !n take a little ( ! liquor out ( ! boil]1 dissolve ! copp]as1 r$uce x to h&l+ heat ) wat]1 & give "o or two %ots ?r\gh x1 z ! patt]n requires2 "o wat] out ( ! sadd5+2 !n give a w>m b weak s\r to cle> ! col\r1 wa% 9 two wat]s1 & dry4 #c4 7,,= ,,wool47 ,d>k drab4 ,= #ej lbs4 #g lbs4 ( fu/ic1 #h ounces ( madd]1 #d ounces ( cudbe>1 #b lbs4 ( alum1 #h ounces ( t>t>4 ,ent] betwe5 ! cold & #afj ,fahr42 aft] heat+ up boil f #aj to #cj m9utes2 wa% 9 two wat]s4 ,all d>k %ades ( ?is may be slightly prep>$ ) *rome2 wa% 9 two wat]s4 #d4 7,,= ,,wool47 ,light drab4 ,= #ef lbs4 #d lbs4 ( fu/ic1 #a-c_/d lb4 ( alum1 #d ounces ( madd]1 #d ounces ( t>t>1 #c-a_/b ounces ( cudbe>4 ,"w z = d>k drab4 ,,dracon9e4 ,syn4 ,,dra',,c9e1 ,,r$ ,,res9 ,,( ,,dragon',s ,,blood4 ,a peculi> vegetable pr9ciple discov]$ by ,m4 ,mel&re 9 dragon's blood4 ,prep4 ,dragon's blood is dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 ! solution filt]$1 conc5trat$1 & precipitat$ ) cold wat]2 ! r$1 spongy precipitate is well wa%$1 neutralis$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 aga9 lib]at$ by means ( an alkali1 & well wa%$ ) wat]4 ,prop41 c4 ,dracon9e has a f9e r$ col\r2 is ta/eless1 inodor\s1 & flexible2 x fuses at #aca ,fahr4 ,! smalle/ quantity ( c>bonate ( lime 9 filt]+ pap] may be detect$ by sulphate ( dracon9e1 ! yell[ col\r in/antly turn+ r$4 ,,dragees ,,au ,,lactate ,,de ,,f]4 7,glis ,cont47 #ajj grammes ( lactate ( iron made into #b1jjj v small pills ) p[d] & mucilage ( m>%mall[1 & coat$ ) eleosac*>ate ( anise4 7,reveil47 ,,dragees ,,de ,,copahu ,,de ,,=t94 #cj grammes balsam ( copaiba made into #gb drages1 ) #ab grammes calc9$ magnesia1 & coat$ fir/ ) gum arabic & !n ) sug>4 7,reveil47 ,,dragees ,,de ,,cubebe ,,au ,,copahu4 ,cubeb9es 7,labelonye74 #b p>ts balsam ( copaiba1 #b p>ts extract ( cubebs1 #a "p yolk ( egg1 ) suffici5t liquorice p[d] to make a mass1 :i* is divid$ into oblong pills1 ea* weigh+ #g decigrammes4 ,^! are dri$ & coat$ ) :ite or raw sug>4 7,hag]47 ,,dragees ,,de ,,p\gues4 7,g>ni]47 ,*loride ( calcium1 #ej p>ts2 *loride ( magnesium1 #ej p>ts2 *loride ( iron1 #aj p>ts2 dissolv$ 9 wat] & precipitat$ ) sodium c>bonate4 ,! precipitate is wa%$1 press$1 & mix$ ) #ajj p>ts bic>bonate ( soda4 ,( ?is mixture #be p>ts are made into a mass ) #dge p>ts ( a pa/e ( sug>1 pepp]m9t1 oil1 & mucilage4 ,! mass is !n divid$ into drages weigh+ #e decigrammes1 :i* are coat$ ) gum & sug>4 7,reveil47 ,,dragon',s ,,blood4 ,syn4 ,,sanguis ,,draconis1 ,l4 ,a ri* r$-col\r$ res91 obta9$ f v>i\s species ( ! g5us ,calamus4 ,its col\r1 9 ! lump1 is a d>k br[ni%-r$2 9 p[d]1 bright r$4 ,x is friable1 breaks ) a %9+ fracture1 & has a sp4 gr4 n high] ?an #aaif or #aaig4 ,:5 pure1 x readily dissolves 9 alcohol1 e!r1 & oils1 yield+ ri* r$1 transp>5t solutions4 ,adult]at$ & factiti\s dragon's blood is only p>tly soluble1 & lacks ! ri* col\r ( ! g5u9e article4 ,dragon's blood is *iefly us$ to t+e v>ni%es & lacqu]s4 ,dragon's ,blood1 ,factiti\s4 ,prep4 #a4 ,%ell-lac1 #d lbs42 melt1 remove f ! fire1 & add1 ,canada balsam1 #f oz41 & gum b5zo91 #b oz42 mix well1 /ir 9 r$ s&]s wood1 #a-a_/b lb41 & ,v5etian r$1 #c_/d lb4 7bo? 9 f9e p[d]72 & =m ! mass into /icks4 #b4 ,z ! la/1 omitt+ ! r$ ,v5etian4 ,,dra9s4 ,! salubrity ( a dwell+-h\se is l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! s\nd condition1 ! unimp$$ outlet f1 & ! prop] con/ruction & position (1 its dra9s1 supplem5t$ by l conditions 9 ! v>i\s h\se-pipes :i* run f ! s9ks & closets into !m4 ,! s5se 9 :i* we %all use ! t]m dra9 is t def9$ by ! ,public ,heal? ,act ( #ahge3--';,dra9' means any dra9 (1 & us$ = ! dra9age ( "o build+ only1 or premises )9 ! same curtilage1 & made m]ely = ! purpose ( communicat+ !refrom ) a cesspool or o!r l receptacle = dra9age1 or ) a sew] into :i* ! dra9age ( two or m build+s or premises occupi$ by diff]5t p]sons is convey$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! almo/ univ]sal sy/em pursu$ ) reg>d to h\se dra9age is radically irrational & dang]\s4 ,z ! dra9s lead into ! ma9 sew] or cesspool x is mo/ important t ! h\se-pipes :i* communicate ) ! dra9s %\ld be s connect$ ) !m & arrang$1 z to remove all risk ( ! f\l air ( ! sew]s pass+ into !m ?r\gh ! dra9s1 & ?us 7%\ld ! pipes be imp]fect7 escap+ into & defil+ ! atmosph]e ( ! h\se--a v possible cont+5cy = two reasons1 fir/1 because ! traps connect+ ! pipes ) ! dra9s may be defective1 &1 second1 because ! aspiratory p[] ( ! w>m h\se is con/antly t5d+ to draw air 7! sew] air7 ?r\gh ! wat] 9 ! wat] trap4 ,in/ead ( mak+ ! connection1 z is n[ s univ]sally done1 betwe5 ! s9k & closet & o!r pipes & ! dra91 by means ( a wat] trap1 und]nea? ! basem5t1 ?is junction %\ld be effect$ outside ! h\se4 ,! dra9s %\ld1 !re=e1 always t]m9ate outside1 & n "u ! h\se2 & :]ev] practicable all h\se-pipes %\ld be c>ri$ outside1 & n inside1 or betwe5 ! walls ( any dwell+1 ! objections to :i* h be5 already /at$4 ,9 cases1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ?is arrangem5t is impossible ( execution1 & a pipe c only be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! h\se f ! front to ! re>1 x is f> bett] to take x above ! basem5t ?an und]nea?4 ,! int]position ( ! wat] 9 ! trap at ! po9t ( union betwe5 ! h\se-pipe & ! dra9 is n alone suffici5t to effect ! necess>y am\nt ( disconnection betwe5 !m4 ,!re mu/ be ?or\gh v5tilation & communication ) ! out] air at ! po9t ( junction1 o!rwise !re is dang] t ! emanations f ! sew] may f9d _! way into ! h\se1 z 9 ! =m] case4 ,a great numb] ( me?ods h be5 devis$ = disconnect+ ! h\se-pipes & ! outside dra9s1 ! simple/ ( :i* consi/s 9 plac+ ! trap j outside ! h\se1 9 op5+ ! dra9 on ! side ( ! trap ! fur!/ f ! h\se1 & 9 c>ry+ up f x a f\r-in* pipe to z great a height z is conv5i5t4 ,by ?is means any noxi\s gas t might escape f ! dra9 is div]t$ f ! h\se1 & asc5ds into & diffuses into ! sup]9cumb5t atmosph]e4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! h\se-pipes x is desirable n to c>ry ! pipes :i* convey away ! s9k wat] & ! wa/e wat] into ! closet-soil pipes1 b1 :]ev] x c be manag$1 to let !m dis*>ge ov] a grat+ into ! dra9 trap4 ,:]e we h to deal ) soil or wat]-closet pipes1 or ) a pipe =m$ by ! junction ( ^! ) ! wa/e-wat] pipe 7if su* an arrangem5t is unavoidable71 x is mo/ important t !re %\ld be complete disconnection betwe5 ! pipe & ! dra9 by means ( "o ( ! _m v5tilat+ contrivances s well kn[n to sanit>y eng9e]s4 ,! be/ mat]ial = ! manufacture ( dra9 pipes is h>d1 well-burnt1 smoo?1 & glaz$ e>!nw>e2 bricks & por\s e>!nw>e are p>ticul>ly ill adapt$ = ! purpose2 s also are iron pipes1 unless !y are ?or\ghly cem5t$ inside4 ,9 ! lay+ ( dra9 pipes c>e %\ld be tak5 to place !m on concrete1 9 loose soils1 & on well-work$ puddl$ clay1 9 ! case ( clay soils4 ,:5 !y are laid 9 v loose soils x is sometimes necess>y1 besides employ+ concrete1 to additionally use ev5 pil+ = ! dep? ( a foot4 ,leakage & consequ5t soakage ( ! soil are sure to take place soon] or lat] if ! dra9 pipes are n laid on a good f\ndation1 z !y are :5 ! dra9s are badly & c>elessly jo9$4 ,illu/ration ,messrs ,brooke1 ( ,hudd]sfield1 h inv5t$ a comb9$ dra9 & subsoil pipe1 ! latt]1 on :i* ! dra9 pipe re/s1 be+ p]=at$1 c>ries (f ! subsoil wat]4 ,?is contrivance is adapt$ = wet soils4 ,:5 junction pipes are requir$ = unit+ ! dra9 pipes ^? kn[n z oblique junctions only %\ld be us$4 ,! junctions kn[n z squ>e junctions %\ld be avoid$1 z !y are always sure to become block$ up4 ,) respect to ! fall ( dra9 pipes ,dr ,p>kes says1 "o 9 =ty-eight is frequ5tly giv51 or ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 e y>d2 a fall ( "o 9 sixty-five 9 dra9s ( six in*es diamet]1 & "o 9 eighty-sev5 9 dra9s ( eight in*es diamet]1 w give a velocity ( #bbj feet p] m9ute4 ,9 ord] t dra9 pipes may be prop]ly clean$ x is desirable to h !m s made t !y c be op5$ at int]vals by means ( lids or caps4 ,! foll[+ cuts repres5t a few ( ! _m k9ds ( pipes adapt$ = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration ,9 addition to ?is me?od ( cleans+ !m1 dra9 pipes %\ld be regul>ly flu%$ out at lea/ once a mon?4 ,h\se pipes are usually clean$ out by means ( a flexible bamboo1 or by jo9t$ rods fitt$ ) screws & roll]s1 :i* s]ve to loos5 s$im5t4 ,a frequ5t exam9ation ( all h\se pipes & traps %\ld be made1 & e jo9t & b5d ( ! =m] well look$ to4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 !y are s frequ5tly cov]$ 91 t ?is is impossible4 ,:]e x c be done all skirt+ bo>ds & cov]s "u :i* ! pipes & traps are conceal$ %\ld be remov$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ?is _c be manag$ ! foll[+ plan ( exam9ation into _! condition may be foll[$3--,p\r wat] d[n ! pipe1 & obs]ve if !re be any smell2 if !re be1 ! pipe is full ( f\l air1 & requires v5tilation2 or else ! trap is defective1 & ! bad smell is due to sew] gas4 ,or1 in/ead ( p\r+ d[n wat]1 a light$ c&le or a piece ( sm\ld]+ br[n pap] may be held ov] ! entrance ( ! pipe1 or ! grat+ ov] a trap1 :5 ! air w be driv5 back4 ,if ! condition ( ! pipe be te/$ by ?r[+ wat] d[n x1 x %\ld be notic$ :e!r ! wat] runs away at once or :e!r x is *eck$ 9 its progress4 ,?is is all t1 "u ! circum/ances1 c be done inside ! h\se2 b ?\gh an exam9ation ( ! pipe is preclud$ inside1 x may be possible to remove ! e>? on ! outside1 & s to get d[n to & op5 ! dra9 ) :i* ! pipe communicates4 ,"u ^! circum/ances wat] mix$ ) lime %\ld be p\r$ d[n ! h\se pipe2 if ! milky-look+ wat] is long 9 mak+ its appe>ance1 & runs only 9 driblets1 ! dra9 requires flu%+2 if ! milky-look+ wat] is mu* col\r$ & mix$ ) dirt1 !n ! pipes & trap are f\l1 or !re is a s9k+ or depression 9 "s "p ( ! dra9 :]e ! wat] is lodg+4 ,aft]w>ds a pailful ( lime & wat] %\ld be p\r$ d[n ! pipe1 :i* %\ld be aft]w>ds flu%$ by p\r+ wat] d[n x until ! wat] fl[s (f ne>ly cle>4 ,ref]r+ to ! con/ruction & position ( ! pipes :i* c>ry (f ! wa/e wat]1 soil1 c41 f our h\ses into ! dra9s1 ,dr ,p>kes writes--,build]s are always anxi\s to conceal tubes1 & ?us c>ry !m inside ! walls1 or 9 ! case ( holl[ walls1 betwe5 ! two4 ,! consequ5ce is t any escape ( air mu/ be into ! h\se4 ,i h kn[n a case 9 :i* ! leakage ( a closet pipe c>ri$ d[n 9 a holl[ wall con/antly contam9at$ ! air ( a h\se4 ,x w\ld be inf9itely bett] to run ! pipes at once ?r\gh ! wall to ! outside4 ,few p]sons h any idea ( ! c>elessness ( plumb]s' "w--( ! bad junctions1 & ( ! rapidity ) :i* pipes get out ( ord] & decay4 ,:5 a lead5 pipe c>ry+ wat] is l$ into a wat]-closet dis*>ge pipe1 x is frequ5tly simply putti$ 91 & v soon ! dri$ putty breaks away1 & !re is a complete leakage ( gas into ! h\se4 ,ev5 if well jo9$ ! lead pipe w1 x is said1 contract & exp&1 & ?us op5+s are at la/ =m$4 ,dr ,f]gus1 ( ,glasg[1 has direct$ p>ticul> att5tion to ?is 9 ! case ( lead closet pipes1 :i* become easily p]=at$1 & :i* h only a limit$ duration ( we>4 ,see ,,traps1 ,,sew]s4 ,,draught4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us1 ,l4 ,a s+le dose ( liquid m$ic9e1 usually disp5s$ 9 "o-&-a-half-ounce or two-ounce phials4 ,draughts are almo/ exclusively extemporane\s comp\nds1 & diff] f 'mixtures' only 9 conta9+ "o dose2 :]eas mixtures conta9 sev]al4 ,! latt] h n[ v g5]ally sup]s$$ draughts among all b ! high] classes1 :5 ! dose is to be frequ5tly repeat$4 ,draughts possess ! advantages ( extreme conv5i5ce1 &1 f only "o phial be+ op5$ at a "t1 ( pres]v+ ! prep>ation bett] ?an :5 x is expos$ to ! air by ! frequ5t removal ( ! cork4 ,!y are usually tak5 f a w9e-glass1 :i* !y ab\t #b_/crds fill4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( draughts ! same precautions are obs]v$ z are po9t$ out "u ,,mixture2 reg>d be+ _h to ! increas$ volume ( ! dose4 ,! +r$i5ts ( a six-ounce mixture1 = example1 conta9+ 7say7 #ab doses1 may be equally di/ribut$ among a doz5 draught phials1 aft] :i* ea* may be fill$ up ) di/ill$ wat]1 or any o!r simple vehicle4 ,9 mo/ cases a little syrup may be advantage\sly add$4 ,9 _m in/ances no addition w be requir$1 ! doses ( ea* =m ( prep>ation be+ ! same4 ,! foll[+ are useful =mul1 :i* w s]ve z examples = o!rs ( ! class4 ,! numb] might be easily multipli$1 &1 inde$1 might be ext5d$ s z to include #c_/d?s ( ! :ole mat]ia m$ica2 b su* a plan w\ld lead to useless repetitions1 & occupy mu* space4 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,prescrib+1 c4 ,draught1 ,ab]ne?y's4 ,see ,,ab]ne?y ,,m$ic9es & ,,mixture4 ,draught1 ,ace'tate ( ,ammo''nia4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,ammoni ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,solution ( acetate ( ammonia1 #d fl4 dr42 wat] to make #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,dr ,p>is47 ,camphor mixture1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 liquor ( acetate ( ammonia1 #d fl4 dr42 antimonial w9e1 #bj drops2 mix4 ,z a refrig]ant & diaphoretic 9 febrile affections2 tak5 late 9 ! ev5+4 ,draught1 ,ac'etate ( ,potas'sa4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,potass ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,mid4 ,hosp47 ,acetate ( potassa1 #cj gr42 bic>bonate ( potassa1 #bj gr42 pepp]m9t wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,diuretic1 antacid1 & laxative4 ,draught1 ,ammoni'acal4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,ammoniacalis1 ,h4 ,,ammoni1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,br&e47 ,liquor ( ammonia1 #bj to #cj drops2 comp\nd t9cture ( c>damoms & t9cture ( g5tian1 ( ea* #a_/b fl4 dr42 campho-mixture1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,an aromatic absorb5t & /oma*ic2 9 he>tburn1 acidity1 l[ spirits1 c4 ,draught1 ,an'odyne4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,anodynus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,t9cture ( opium1 #ae drops2 pim5to wat] & syrup ( poppies1 ( ea* #b dr42 wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 #b4 7,copl&47 ,nitre1 #f gr42 laudanum1 #ab drops2 comp\nd _s ( e!r1 #a fl4 dr42 syrup ( poppies1 #b fl4 dr42 camphor mixture1 #i fl4 dr4 #c4 7,ellis47 ,t9cture ( opium1 #ae to #be drops2 syrup ( poppies1 #b fl4 dr42 _s ( c9namon1 #a fl4 dr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 #d4 ,z ! above1 b sub/itut+ a l quantity ( solution ( ei!r acetate or hydro*lorate ( morphia 9 lieu ( ! laudanum4 ,all ! above are giv5 z soo?+ draughts to allay pa9 & produce sleep1 especially ! la/ ?+ at night4 ,no4 #d is to be pref]r$ if !re are febrile symptoms pres5t4 ,draught1 ,antac'id4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,antacidus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,bic>bonate ( soda1 #bj gr42 t9cture ( calumba1 #c fl4 dr42 t9cture ( hops1 #a fl4 dr42 syrup ( orange peel1 #b fl4 dr42 wat]1 #f fl4 dr4 ,to improve ! appetite 9 he>tburn & dyspepsia2 tak5 #a h\r be=e a meal4 #b4 ,liquor ( ammonia1 #af drops2 syrup ( saffron1 #b fl4 dr42 infusion ( g5tian1 #c fl4 dr42 wat]1 #g fl4 dr4 ,z ! la/1 tak5 occasionally1 especially 9 debility1 l[ spirits1 c4 #c4 7,colli]47 ,comp\nd t9cture ( c>damoms1 #a fl4 dr42 solution ( bic>bonate ( magnesia 7fluid magnesia71 #i fl4 dr42 simple syrup1 #b fl4 dr4 ,twice a day2 9 dyspepsia1 he>tburn1 c41 especially 9 g\ty pati5ts4 #d4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,magnesia1 #a dr42 pepp]m9t wat]1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 t9cture ( orange peel1 #a fl4 dr4 ,9 dyspepsia1 c41 ) acidity or di>rhoea4 #e4 ,z ,no4 #a1 b us+ bic>bonate ( potassa = bic>bonate ( soda4 ,9 acidity1 di>rhoea1 c41 accompani$ by great irritability ( ! coats ( ! /oma*4 #f4 ,prep>$ *alk1 #cj gr42 _s ( nutmeg & t9cture ( opium1 ( ea* #ab to #bj drops2 syrup ( saffron1 #c dr42 c9namon wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,9 acidity1 ) extreme loos5ess ( ! b[els4 ,draught1 ,anti-ar?rit'ic4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,anti-,,ar?riticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,t9cture ( col*icum se$s 7,l471 #a_/b fl4 dr42 syrup ( orange peel1 #b-a_/b fl4 dr42 wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,9 g\t2 tak5 ov]-night1 foll[$ by ano!r 9 ! morn+4 #b4 7,br&e47 ,w9e ( col*icum1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 c>bonate ( magnesia1 #ae gr42 c9namon wat]1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,z ! la/4 #c4 7,sir ,c4 ,scudamore47 ,magnesia1 #ah gr42 ,epsom salts1 #a-a_/b dr42 v9eg> ( col*icum1 #a fl4 dr42 simple syrup1 #a fl4 dr42 c9namon wat]1 #i fl4 dr4 ,z ! la/4 #d4 7,sir ,h4 ,hal=d's ,,g\t ,,prev5tive47 ,comp\nd infusion ( g5tian1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 t9cture ( rhub>b1 #a fl4 dr42 bic>bonate ( potassa1 #ae gr4 ,draught1 ,anti-a/hmat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,anti-,,a/hmaticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,v9eg> ( squills1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 ipecacuanha w9e1 #ae drops2 c9namon wat]1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,expectorant4 ,"o to be tak5 ?ree times daily dur+ ! attack4 ,draught1 ,anti-emet'ic4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,anti-,,emeticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,juice ( #a lemon2 liquor opii s$ativus1 #aj drops 7or laudanum1 #ae drops72 e!r1 #bj drops2 simple syrup1 #b dr42 wat]1 q4 s4 #b4 7,,hau/us ,,anti-,,emeticus ,,riv]ii1--,p4 ,c47 ,bic>bonate ( potassa1 #cj gr42 lemon juice1 #d dr42 syrup ( lemon1 #a oz42 wat]1 #c oz42 mix quickly1 & tie d[n ! cork4 ,to *eck nausea & vomit+4 ,?is is be/ giv5 eff]vesc+4 ,draught1 ,anti-hy/]'ic4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,anti-,,hy/]icus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,cyanide ( potassium1 #a gr42 lettuce wat] 7di/ill$71 #b fl4 oz42 syrup ( orange fl[]s1 #a-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #e-a_/b fl4 oz42 = #f draughts4 ,"o to be tak5 :5 ! fit is expect$1 & a second 9 half an h\r4 ,%\ld ! fit come on1 ! dose may be repeat$ at int]vals ( ab\t #ae m9utes until #c or #d h be5 altoge!r adm9i/]$4 ,! symptoms1 h[ev] int5se1 are g5]ally ei!r at once arre/$1 or greatly alleviat$ by ?is treatm5t4 ,draught1 ,antili?'ic4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,anti-,,li?icus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,v5ables47 ,borax1 #h gr42 bic>bonate ( soda1 #aj gr42 a]at$ wat]1 #h fl4 oz4 ,= a draught2 9 r$ gravel4 #b4 7,dr ,p>is47 ,c>bonate ( soda1 #ab gr42 t9cture ( calumba1 #a fl4 dr42 infusion ( quassia1 #a fl4 oz42 wat]1 #c fl4 dr4 ,9 dyspepsia & gravel1 att5d$ ) ! li?ic-acid dia!sis4 ,draught1 ,anti-neural'gic4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,anti-,,neuralgicus1 ,h4 ,,n>cot91 ,l4 ,prep4 7,je/on47 ,n>cot9e1 #b gr42 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 #bj drops2 infusion ( roses1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,"o e #b h\rs 9 ! int]missions ( neuralgia4 ,draught1 ,antisep'tic4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,antisepticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,colli]47 ,decoction ( yell[ b>k1 #a fl4 oz42 t9cture ( opium1 #e drops2 _s ( pim5to & wat]1 ( ea* #b fl4 dr4 ,9 putrid fev]s1 gangr5e1 c4 ,draught1 ,antispasmod'ic4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,antispasmodicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,colli]47 ,t9cture ( ca/or1 #a fl4 dr42 sulphuric e!r1 #aj drops2 pepp]m9t wat]1 #aa fl4 dr42 mix4 ,9 hy/]ia1 & t species ( irregul> muscul> action dep5d5t on debility4 #b4 7,dr ,gregory47 ,fetid _s ( ammonia1 #a_/b to #a fl4 dr42 camphor mixture1 #aj fl4 dr42 syrup ( saffron1 #a fl4 dr4 ,9 cases complicat$ ) l[ spirits1 debility1 c4 #c4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,musk mixture1 #ad fl4 dr42 liquor ( ammonia1 #af drops2 t9cture ( ca/or1 #a fl4 dr42 syrup ( poppies1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 mix4 ,?ree or f\r times daily1 9 hy/]ia & convulsive affections1 aft] ! b[els h be5 well cle>$ by "s ap]i5t4 #d4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,oil ( anise$1 #aj drops2 magnesia1 #bj gr42 t9cture ( s5na1 #b fl4 dr42 pepp]m9t wat]1 #aj fl4 dr42 mix4 ,9 flatul5ce & spasms ( ! /oma*4 ,draught1 ,ape''ri5t4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,ap]i5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p>is47 ,infusion ( s5na1 #a fl4 oz42 t9cture ( s5na1 t9cture ( jalap1 & syrup ( s5na1 ( ea* #a fl4 dr42 t>trate ( potassa1 #a dr42 mix4 #b4 7,ryan47 ,epsom salts1 #d dr42 t9cture ( s5na1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 syrup ( g+]1 #a fl4 dr42 _s ( sal-volatile1 #bj drops2 infusion ( s5na1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 #c4 7,?omson47 ,t>trate ( potassa1 #c dr42 t9cture ( s5na & syrup ( saffron1 ( ea* #a dr42 infusion ( s5na1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,! above are good ap]i5ts1 & 9 _! composition & action resemble ! ord9>y black draught4 #d4 7,,eff]vesc+ ,a4 ,d47--a4 7,dr ,b>k]47 ,bisulphate ( potassa1 #gc grs42 c>bonate ( soda1 #gb gr42 wat]1 q4 s42 dissolve ! two 9 sep>ate glasses1 mix ! solutions1 & dr9k :il/ eff]vesc+1 9 ! same way z soda wat]4 b4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,bic>bonate ( soda1 #a dr42 potassio-t>trate ( soda1 #b drs42 dissolve 9 ab\t #a-crd ( a glassful ( cold wat]2 & p\r x on ano!r l quantity ( wat]1 hold+ 9 solution t>t>ic acid1 #dj grs41 & syrup ( orange peel1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 & dr9k x in/antly4 c4 7,p>is47 ,potassio-t>trate ( soda1 #b dr42 bic>bonate ( soda1 #dj grs42 dissolve1 & add lemon juice1 #a or #b tablespoonfuls4 d4 7,"y47 ,cream ( t>t>1 #c dr42 c>bonate ( soda1 #b-a_/b dr42 ?r[ !m into a soda-wat] bottle ?ree p>ts fill$ ) cold wat]1 cork imm$iately1 & wire d[n ! cork4 ,! la/ ?ree are examples ( ,,factiti\s ,,eff]vesc+ ,,seidlitz ,,wat]1 & are good sal9e ap]i5ts4 ,! me?od ( tak+ !m may be v>i$ by mix+ ! dry +r$i5ts 79 f9e p[d]7 on a piece ( pap]1 & ?r[+ ! mixture sudd5ly into a tumbl] #b-crds fill$ ) wat]1 & dr9k+ ! liquid :il/ eff]vesc+4 ,see ,,ca?>tic ,d4 7bel[47 ,draught1 ,ap'petite4 ,see ,,draught1 ,,d9n]4 ,draught1 ,aromat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,antacid1 ,,draught2 ,,hau/us ,,aromaticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,aromatic confection1 #a dr42 _s ( sal-volatile1 #a_/b dr42 syrup ( saffron1 #b drs42 pim5to wat]1 #i fl4 dr4 ,excell5t 9 dyspepsia1 ) acidity1 & 9 di>rhoea1 prec$$ by an ap]i5t4 #b4 7,h4 ,,arom4 ,,cum ,,rheo4--,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,aromatic confection1 #a dr42 infusion ( rhub>b & c9namon wat]1 ( ea*1 #f fl4 dr4 ,9 di>rhoea & dyspepsia1 especially :5 !re is acidity & defici5cy ( bile4 ,draught1 ,a/r9''g5t4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,a/r+5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tann91 #c gr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a fl4 dr42 simple syrup1 #b fl4 dr42 wat]1 #f fl4 dr4 #b4 7,dr ,p>is47 ,*alk mixture1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 t9cture ( cate*u1 #a fl4 dr42 laudanum1 #ae drops4 #c4 7,?omson47 ,extract ( logwood1 #ab gr42 t9cture ( cate*u1 #a fl4 dr42 c9namon wat]1 #ae fl4 dr4 ,! above are excell5t rem$ies 9 di>rhoea 7prec$$ by a purgative71 & 9 dys5t]y1 c4 ,"o may be tak5 aft] ea* motion4 ,draught1 ,black4 ,see ,,mixture4 ,draught1 ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,camphor1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,camphor1 #f gr42 rectifi$ _s1 q4 s4 to p[d]2 :ite sug>1 #a dr42 mucilage1 #c dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,anodyne & diaphoretic1 c4 ,draught1 ,cas'tor ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,olei ,,ric9i1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,ca/or oil1 #d dr42 yelk ( egg1 q4 s4 7#b 9 no472 simple syrup1 #a fl4 dr42 cassia or c9namon wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,ap]i5t4 ,draught1 ,ca?>'tic4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,ca?>ticus1 ,l4 ,! foll[+ are giv5 z additions to ^? "u ,,ap]i5t ,d41 & o!r heads3--,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,?omson47 ,t>trate ( potassa1 #e dr42 t9cture ( s5na1 #a fl4 dr42 infusion ( s5na1 #ad-a_/b fl4 dr42 syrup ( saffron1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 mix4 ,9 acute diseases1 tak5 e>ly 9 ! morn+4 #b4 7,?omson47 ,epsom salts & manna1 ( ea* #b dr42 infusion ( roses1 #ad fl4 dr42 dilute sulphuric acid1 #aj drops4 ,9 inflammatory affections1 & to *eck vomit+ 9 l[ fev]s4 #c4 7,?omson47 ,c>bonate ( magnesia1 #a dr42 p[d]$ rhub>b1 #bj gr42 pepp]m9t wat]1 #ab fl4 dr4 ,9 dyspepsia1 att5d$ ) co/iv5ess & acidity1 tak5 an h\r be=e d9n]4 #d4 7,?omson47 ,ca/or oil1 #e fl4 dr42 p[d]$ gum1 #bj gr42 rose wat]1 #a fl4 oz42 comp\nd t9cture ( lav5d]1 #h drops2 syrup ( poppies1 #a fl4 dr4 ,9 colic & calculus4 ,! above diff] f ap]i5t draughts simply 9 _! great] /r5g?4 ,draught1 ,*alk4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,cret1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,p[d]$ gum1 *alk1 & simple syrup1 ( ea* #a dr42 aromatic wat] 7z t ( c>away1 c9namon1 nutmeg1 pim5to1 or pepp]m9t71 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 ,,*alybeat$ ,c4 ,d42 ,,hau/us ,,cret ,,et ,,f]ri1 ,l4--,p>is47 ,*alk mixture1 #g fl4 dr42 comp\nd mixture ( iron1 #c fl4 dr42 sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 #e or #f gr4 ,9 di>rhoea1 p>ticul>ly 9 t aris+ f debility & anmia4 #c4 7,c4 ,d4 ,,) ,,rhub>b2 ,,hau/us ,,cret ,,cum ,,rheo1 ,l47--a4 ,*alk mixture 7see above71 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 p[d]$ rhub>b1 #ab gr4 b4 7,lond4 ,hosp47 ,p[d] ( *alk ) opium1 #ab gr42 rhub>b1 #ae gr42 syrup ( saffron & comp\nd t9cture ( c>damoms1 ( ea* #a fl4 dr42 c>away wat]1 #aj fl4 dr4 ,9 he>tburn1 dyspepsia1 & c]ta9 =ms ( di>rhoea4 ,draught1 ,*lo''r9e4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,*lor9ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,copl&47 ,*lor9e wat]1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 mix1 & add ( syrup ( poppies1 #a_/b fl4 dr4 ,"o e #f h\rs2 9 ! wor/ =m ( typhus fev]1 & o!r putrid diseases1 c4 ,draught1 ,cit'rate ( ,ammo''nia4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,ammoni ,,citratis1 ,h4 ,a4 ,,sesquic>bonatis ,,eff]vesc5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 #bj gr42 wat]1 #a fl4 oz42 dissolve1 & add ( lemon juice1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,an agreeable1 cool+1 sal9e draught 9 febrile cases4 ,draught1 ,cit'rate ( ,potas'sa4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,potass ,,citratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f c>bonate ( potassa1 #bd gr4 7or bic>bonate1 #bi gr472 wat]1 #a fl4 oz42 dissolve1 & add ( lemon juice1 #e fl4 dr4 ,z ! la/4 #bj gr4 ( citric acid may be us$ in/ead ( ! lemon juice4 ,draught1 ,col'*icum4 ,see ,,draught ,,anti-,,ar?ritic4 ,draught1 ,copai'ba4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,copaib1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,balsam ( copaiba1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 mucilage 7?ick71 #d fl4 dr42 pim5to wat]1 #c fl4 dr42 wat]1 #e fl4 dr4 ,9 gonorrhoea1 c4 ,draught1 ,c\gh4 ,see ,,mixture4 ,draught1 ,diaphoret'ic4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,diaphoreticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,colli]47 ,infusion ( s]p5t>y1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 t9cture ( s]p5t>y1 #a fl4 dr4 ,tonic & diaphoretic4 #b4 7,?omson47 ,sesquic>bonate ( potassa1 #bj gr42 fre% lemon juice1 #d fl4 dr42 t>trate ( antimony1 #a_/f gr42 wat]1 #aa fl4 dr42 syrup ( poppies1 #a fl4 dr4 ,antifebrile & diaphoretic4 #c4 7,?omson47 ,liquor ( acetate ( ammonia1 #f fl4 dr42 camphor mixture1 #aj fl4 dr42 nitrate ( potassa1 #aj gr42 syrup ( tolu1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,anodyne & diaphoretic4 ,all ! above are us$ 9 inflammatory affections4 ,draught1 ,d9'n]4 ,syn4 ,,appetite ,,draught2 ,,hau/us ,,dictus ,,ante ,,cibum4 ,prep4 #a4 ,t9ctures ( casc>illa1 hops1 & rhub>b1 ( ea* #a fl4 dr42 _s ( sal-volatile1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 t9cture ( capsicum1 #bj drops2 syrup ( orange peel1 #b dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 ,comp\nd t9cture ( g5tian1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 sal-volatile1 #a_/b a teaspoonful2 c9namon wat]1 #a fl4 oz42 comp\nd t9cture ( c>damoms1 #a teaspoonful4 ,ei!r ( ! above to be tak5 an h\r be=e a meal4 ,draught1 ,diuret'ic4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,diureticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,colli]47 ,t9cture ( jalap1 #b fl4 dr42 v9eg> ( squills1 #a fl4 dr42 pepp]m9t wat]1 #aj fl4 dr42 mix4 #b4 7,copl&47 ,acetate ( potassa1 #a_/b dr42 infusion ( quassia & c9namon wat]1 ( ea* #f fl4 dr42 v9eg> ( squills & sweet spirits ( nitre1 ( ea* #a_/b fl4 dr4 #c4 7,?omson47 ,nitre1 #h gr42 t9cture ( digitalis1 #af drops2 infusion ( roses1 #ac fl4 dr42 syrup ( roses1 #a fl4 dr4 #d4 7,turn]47 ,nitre & p[d]$ gum1 ( ea* #ae gr42 almond mixture1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,! above are us$ z diuretics 9 dropsy2 ! la/1 also 9 scurvy1 & 9 ! incont95ce ( ur9e ( *ildr54 ,draught1 ,donovan's4 ,syn4 ,,draught ,,( ,,hydriodate ,,( ,,ars5ic ,,& ,,m]cury2 ,,hau/us ,,hydriodatis ,,ars5ici ,,et ,,hydr>gyri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,donovan47 ,liquor ( hydriodate ( ars5ic & m]cury 7,donovan's71 #b fl4 dr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz42 syrup ( g+]1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 mix = #d draughts4 ,"o1 night & morn+2 9 lepra1 lupus1 psoriasis1 & "s o!r ob/9ate cutane\s affections4 ,x mu/ n be all[$ to t\* any?+ metallic4 ,draught1 ,eff]ves'c+4 ,prep4 7,lond4 ,hosp47 ,sesquic>bonate ( soda1 #cj gr42 wat]1 or pepp]m9t wat]1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 syrup ( orange peel1 #b fl4 dr42 t9cture ( calumba1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 t>t>ic or citric acid1 #be gr42 add ! acid la/1 & dr9k :il/ eff]vesc+4 ,/oma*ic1 tonic1 & anti-emetic2 9 acidity1 dyspepsia1 c4 7,see ant47 ,draught1 ,emet'ic4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,emeticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphate ( z9c1 #ae gr4 to #cj gr42 wat]1 #i fl4 dr42 dissolve4 ,9 cases ( poison+1 & at ! comm5cem5t ( an attack ( ague4 #b4 7,copl&47 ,ipecacuanha1 #cj gr42 sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 #bj gr42 t9cture ( capsicum1 #cj drops2 oil ( *amomile1 #aj drops2 m9t wat]1 #b fl4 oz4 ,z a /imulant emetic 9 cases ( poison+ by laudanum or o!r n>cotics4 #c4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,antimonial w9e1 #b fl4 dr42 ipecacuanha w9e1 #f fl4 dr42 wat]1 #d fl4 dr4 ,= unload+ ! /oma* 9 ord9>y cases4 #d4 7,mid4 ,hosp47 ,t>t> emetic1 #a gr42 ipecacuanha1 #bj gr42 syrup1 #b fl4 dr42 wat]1 #aj fl4 dr4 ,z ! la/4 #e4 7,dr ,pick=d47 ,sulphate ( z9c1 #bj gr42 sulphate ( magnesia1 #d dr42 wat]1 #a-c_/d oz4 ,:5 x is also desir$ to act rapidly on ! b[els4 #f4 7,rodi]47 ,sulphate ( copp]1 #aj gr42 wat]1 #b fl4 oz4 ,9 poison+ by laudanum4 #g4 7,sprague47 ,ipecacuanha1 #cj gr42 sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 #bj gr42 t9cture ( capsicum1 #a fl4 dr42 pepp]m9t wat]1 #c fl4 oz4 ,9 poison+ by n>cotics4 #h4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,ipecacuanha1 #bj gr12 ipecacuanha w9e1 #b fl4 dr42 wat]1 #aj fl4 dr4 ,= unload+ ! /oma*1 9 ord9>y cases4 #i4 7,tr\sseau47 ,ipecacuanha1 #h gr42 syrup ( ipecacuanha1 #a fl4 oz42 wat]1 q4 s4 = #d draughts4 ,"o e #aj m9utes1 until vomit+ occurs4 ,draught1 ,e'!r4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,!reus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,neligan47 ,sulphuric e!r1 #a fl4 dr42 sp]maceti1 #c gr42 rub toge!r 7exp]tly71 & add ( pepp]m9t wat]1 #aj fl4 dr4 ,an excell5t /imulant & antispasmodic1 febrile symptoms be+ abs5t4 ,draught1 ,expec'torant4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,expectorans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,colli]47 ,mixtures ( ammoniacum & almonds1 ( ea* #f fl4 dr42 t9cture ( squills1 #ab drops4 ,9 ho>s5ess1 *ronic c\ghs1 c4 ,draught1 ,h5'bane4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,hyoscyami1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,t9cture ( h5bane1 #cj to #fj drops2 syrup ( saffron1 #a fl4 dr42 wat]1 #aj fl4 dr4 ,anodyne & soporific4 ,us$ to allay n]v\s excitem5t1 & induce sleep1 :5 laudanum is inadmissible4 #b4 7,,h5bane ,,& ,,squills ,d42 ,,hau/us ,,hyoscyami ,,cum ,,scill1 ,l4--,dr ,bree47 ,extract ( h5bane1 #c gr42 t9cture ( squills1 #aj drops2 dilute nitric acid1 #f drops2 wat]1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,anodyne & expectorant2 9 a/hmas1 *ronic c\ghs1 c4 ,draught1 ,hydrocyan'ic4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,hydrocyanicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,donovan47 ,cyanide ( potassium1 #a gr42 syrup ( lemons1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #g-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,= #h draughts4 ,"o = a dose4 #b4 7,dr ,s4 ,dickson47 ,m$ic9al ,hydrocyanic acid 7,l471 #ae drops2 liquor ( ammonia1 #bj drops2 syrup ( orange fl[]s 7or simple syrup71 #c fl4 dr42 wat]1 #h-a_/b fl4 oz42 mix1 & divide into #f draughts4 ,"o--#b or #c times a day2 9 ga/rodynia1 & all ^? nameless n]v\s & hy/]ical affections aris+ f excessive irritability1 m5tal anxiety1 c4 ,9 a case t came "u our notice1 9 :i* life 0 an absolute burd5 to ! pati5t1 relief 0 af=d$ by ! fir/ draught1 & #d or #e effect$ a comp>ative cure1 al?\gh almo/ e o!r rem$y _h be5 tri$ 9 va94 ,draught1 ,la5nec's4 ,syn4 ,,la5nec',s ,,contra-,,/imulant ,,draught2 ,,hau/us ,,contra/imulans1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f t>t> emetic1 #b grs42 syrup ( poppies1 #b fl4 drs42 orange-fl[] wat]1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,e two h\rs 9 pneumonia1 c4 ,draught1 ,lax'ative4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,laxans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,draughts1 ,,ap]i5t4 #b4 7,dr ,copel&47 ,infusion ( s5na & comp\nd infusion ( g5tian1 ( ea* #f fl4 dr42 sulphate ( potassa1 #bj to #cj gr42 extract ( t>axacum1 #cj to #dj gr42 comp\nd t9cture ( c>damoms1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr4 ,ap]i5t1 /oma*ic1 & alt]ative4 ,draught1 ,mor'phia4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,morphi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,br]a47 ,morphia1 #a_/d gr42 syrup ( poppies1 #a fl4 dr42 wat]1 #aa fl4 dr4 ,two or ?ree drops ( acetic acid may be advantage\sly add$4 ,at b$-"t1 z a soporific4 ,draught1 ,n>cot'ic4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,n>coticus1 ,h4 ,,opiatus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,laudanum1 #ab to #bj drops2 syrup ( r$ poppies1 #a fl4 dr42 pim5to wat]1 #c fl4 dr2 wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,to induce sleep 9 slight cases1 :5 fev] is abs5t4 #b4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,camphor mixture1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 laudanum1 #ce drops2 sulphuric e!r & syrup ( saffron1 ( ea* #a fl4 dr4 ,9 int]mitt5t heada*e4 #c4 7,?omson47 ,c>bonate ( ammonia1 #ae gr42 fre% lemon juice1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 wat]1 #a fl4 oz42 _s ( nutmeg1 #a fl4 dr42 syrup ( orange peel1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 t9cture ( hemlock1 #aj drops4 ,9 diseases ( increas$ irritability4 #d4 7,?omson47 ,c>bonate ( potassa1 #bj gr42 fre% lemon juice1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 pepp]m9t wat]1 #a fl4 oz42 laudanum1 #be drops2 syrup ( tolu1 #a_/b fl4 dr4 ,to procure sleep 9 ! majority ( diseases4 7,see above47 ,draught1 ,nux ,vom'ica4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,nucis ,,vomic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,joy47 ,nux vomica 79 f9e p[d]71 #c gr42 p[d]$ gum1 #b dr2 comp\nd t9cture ( c>damoms1 #a fl4 dr42 c9namon wat]1 #aj fl4 dr4 ,diuretic1 n>cotic1 /imulant1 & tonic2 9 p>alysis1 impot5ce1 debility1 c41 unaccompani$ by inflammation ( ! n]v\s c5tres4 ,see ,,/ry*n9e4 ,draught1 ,refri''g]ant4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,refrig]ans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,c>bonate ( potassa1 #bj grs42 syrup ( orange peel1 #a fl4 dr42 _s ( nutmeg1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,?omson47 ,nitre1 #ab gr42 almond mixture1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 syrup ( tolu1 #a fl4 oz4 #c4 7,colli]47 ,c>bonate ( potassa1 #bj gr42 antimonial w9e1 #bj drops2 syrup ( orange peel1 #a fl4 dr42 t9cture ( orange peel1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 mix1 & add a l>ge table-spoonful ( lemon juice4 ,9 inflammatory diseases1 c4 ,draught1 ,sal9e'4 ,see ,,draught1 ,,eff]vesc+1 c4 ,draught1 ,/oma*'ic4 ,see ,,draught1 ,,d9n]1 c4 ,draught1 ,ton'ic4 ,syn4 ,,/r5g!n+ ,,draught2 ,,hau/us ,,tonicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,colli]47 ,disulphate ( qu99e1 #b gr42 t9cture ( orange peel1 #a fl4 dr42 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 #e drops2 laudanum1 #aj drops2 infusion ( casc>illa1 #a-a_/b fl1 oz4 ,9 pyrosis1 c41 #a h\r be=e d9n]4 #b4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,infusion ( yell[ b>k1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 comp\nd t9cture ( c9*ona1 #a fl4 dr42 p[d]$ c9*ona1 #dj gr42 syrup ( orange peel1 #a fl4 dr4 ,9 int]mitt5ts & acute rheumatisms4 #c4 7,?omson47 ,infusion ( casc>illa1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 t9cture ( casc>illa & g+]1 ( ea* #a fl4 dr4 ,9 dyspepsia1 aris+ f intemp]ance4 #d4 7,walton47 ,infusion ( casc>illa1 #i fl4 dr42 t9ctures ( rhub>b & g+]1 ( ea* #a fl4 dr42 syrup ( saffron1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 ammonio-citrate ( iron1 #f gr42 t9cture ( capsicum1 #e drops4 ,9 anmia1 & debility accompani$ by pal5ess & relaxation4 ,draught1 ,v]'mifuge4 ,syn4 ,,hau/us ,,v]mifugus1 ,h4 ,,an!lm9?icus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,m4 ,leva*]47 ,ca/or oil1 #d dr42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #b dr42 m9t wat]1 #b fl4 oz42 syrup1 #a fl4 oz42 p[d]$ gum1 #b dr42 = an emulsion4 ,9 tapeworm4 ,,draw',,+s4 ,*alk & p5cil draw+s may be fix$ s z n to suff] f slight abrasion1 by wa%+ !m ) skimm$ milk1 or ) wat] hold+ 9 solution a little is+lass or gum4 ,:5 ! fir/ is us$1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 to deprive x ( ! :ole ( ! cream1 z ! latt] sub/ance w\ld cause ! draw+ to look /reaky4 ,an easy way ( apply+ ^! fluids is to p\r !m into a %all[ vessel1 & to lay ! draw+ flat ^u ! surface ( ! liquid2 aft] :i* x %\ld be g5tly remov$ & plac$ on :ite blott+ pap]1 9 an incl9$ position1 to dra9 & dry4 ,,dr5*es4 ,syn4 ,,dr9ks4 ,9 vet]9>y practice1 ^! t]ms are appli$ to liquid m$ic9es or mixtures :i* are adm9i/]$ to horses & neat cattle1 & *iefly to ! latt]4 ,a dr5* = a ,,horse %\ld n be less ?an half a p9t1 nor m ?an a qu>t2 ab\t a p9t is1 p]haps1 ! be/ quantity2 t = a ,,c[ or ,,ox %\ld measure ab\t a qu>t1 & n m ?an ab\t #e half p9ts4 ,see ,,vet]9>y ,,m$ic9e4 ,,dres',,s+4 ,9 ! indu/rial arts1 a prep>ation ( gum1 />*1 size1 c41 employ$ 9 /iff5+ or f9i%+ (f textile fabrics & pap]4 ,9 surg]y1 ! t]m is appropriat$ to any application to a w\nd or sore1 made by means ( l9t1 l951 or lea!r4 ,,simple ,,dress+ is simple c]ate or sp]maceti c]ate4 ,among cooks1 ! /uff+ ( f[ls1 pork1 veal1 c41 is commonly call$ 'dress+4' ,,dri]s4 ,dri]s are sub/ances employ$ to facilitate ! dry+ ( pa9ts4 ,! dri]s mo/ commonly employ$ are sug> ( lead1 li?>ge1 & :ite copp]as4 ,ei!r ( ^! :5 well gr\nd1 & mix$ 9 small proportion ) pa9ts1 v mat]ially ha/5s _! dry+4 ,inde$1 "s col\rs w n dry )\t !m4 ,r$ lead is also well adapt$ = a dry+ ag5t1 & 9 cases :]e its col\r does n preclude x1 is mu* us$4 ,! be/ dri] is sug> ( lead4 ,its co/1 h[ev]1 is some:at high] ?an t ( ! o!r dri]s4 ,x is important to be> 9 m9d t 9 ! f9i%+ coats ( delicate col\rs dri]s are n g5]ally _h rec\rse to1 z !y h a slight t5d5cy to injure ! col\r4 ,a dry+ prop]ty may be imp>t$ to l9se$ oil by boil+ x ) dry+ sub/ances2 x !n becomes a v useful vehicle = "s purposes4 ,see ,,oils1 ,,dry+4 ,,driffield ,,oils4--,= ! prev5tion ( gangr5e & = heal+ incis$ & o!r w\nds1 bruises1 spra9s1 swell+s1 & ext]nal inflammations4 ,a dusky br[ni%-gre5 cle> oil1 consi/+ ( olive oil1 dige/$ ) wormwood1 sav91 & arnica1 & aft]w>ds p]fum$ ) a mixture ( oils ( rosem>y1 ?yme1 & junip]1 #a p9t 7#dgd grammes74 7,hag]47 ,,dr9ks 7,summ]74 ,see ,,be]1 ,,g+]1 ,,lemonade1 ,,%]bet1 c4 ,,dr9k1 ,,cordial 7,dr ,*]wy74 ,a h]bal lemonade to heal all *ronic & scr(ul\s diseases4 ,x conta9s #aae grammes wat]1 #ae grammes _s1 #b grammes potassium iodide1 #e grammes bitt] almond wat]1 #aj grammes sug>1 & #c grammes burnt sug>4 7,hag]47 ,,dripp+ ,,to ,,cl>ify4 ,put ! dripp+ into a /ewpan ov] ! fire1 & let x boil1 & z x does s1 skim x c>efully4 ,:5 x boils p\r x into a bas91 9 :i* y h previ\sly put a little cold wat]4 ,x mu/ /& till cold4 ,x is !n to be tak5 out ( ! wat]4 ,! dripp+ w n[ be 9 ! =m ( a cake1 at ! bottom ( :i* w be f\nd adh]+ little pieces ( meat1 sk91 c4 ,^! mu/ be scrap$ (f1 & ! dripp+ w h be5 purifi$4 ,ano!r me?od is to mix boil+ wat] ) ! dripp+1 to /ir well1 let x get cold1 & !n to take x out & scrape x z above4 ,,drop4 ,see ,,measures4 ,,drops1 ,,*ol]a--,,*ol]atropf5 7,a4 ,ba/l]1 ,vi5na74 ,oils ( anise1 cajeput1 & junip] b]ries1 ( ea* #bj p>ts2 _s ( e!r1 #fj p>ts2 t9cture ( c9namon1 #abj p>ts2 ,hall]'s acid elixir1 #e p>ts4--,dose1 #cj to #ej drops4 7,witt/e947 ,,drops 7,confection]y74 ,^! are confections ( :i* ! pr9cipal basis is sug>4 ,!y diff] f loz5ges *iefly 9 ! +r$i5ts be+ comb9$ by ! aid ( heat4 ,occasionally !y are m$icat$4 ,prep4 ,d\ble ref9$ sug> is r$uc$ to p[d]1 & pass$ ?r\gh a hair sieve 7n too f9e71 & aft]w>ds ?r\gh a gauze sieve1 to take out ! f9e du/1 :i* w\ld de/roy ! beauty ( ! drop4 ,x is !n put into a clean pan1 & moi/5$ ) any favorite aromatic1 z rose or orange-fl[] wat]1 add$ sl[ly1 /irr+ x ) a paddle all ! "t1 f :i* ! sug> w fall z soon z x is moi/ en\gh1 )\t /ick+4 ,! col\r+ 7if any7 is next add$1 9 ! liquid /ate1 or 9 v f9e p[d]4 ,a small1 poli%$ copp]1 or t9n$-copp] pan1 furni%$ ) a lip1 is n[ "o half or ?ree p>ts fill$ ) ! pa/e1 & plac$ ov] ! fire1 or ov] ! hole ( a /ove1 or pref]ably on a s& ba?1 & ! mixture /irr$ ) a little bone or glass spatula until x becomes liquid4 ,z soon z x almo/ boils1 x is tak5 f ! fire1 & if x is too moi/1 a little m p[d]$ sug> is add$1 & ! :ole /irr$1 until x is ( su* a consi/5ce z to run )\t too mu* ext5sion4 ,a t9 plate1 v clean & smoo?1 & v slightly oil$1 be+ n[ ready1 ! pan is tak5 9 ! left h&1 & a bit ( bright iron1 copp]1 or silv] wire1 ab\t #d in*es long1 9 ! "r4 ,! melt$ sug> is next all[$ to fall regul>ly on ! t9 plate1 ! wire be+ us$ to remove ! drop f ! lip ( ! pan4 ,9 two or ?ree h\rs aft]w>ds ! drops are tak5 (f ) ! blade ( a knife1 & are at once put into bottles or t9s4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 'confection]y drops' are m\ld$ by a ma*9e consi/+ ess5tially ( two metal roll]s cov]$ ) holl[s4 ,a %eet ( ! w>m & s(t composition1 on be+ pass$ betwe5 ! roll]s1 is at once conv]t$ into a bat* ( symmetrical drops1 ! upp] & l[] halves be+ m\ld$ by ! correspond+ holl[s ( ! upp] & l[] roll]s4 ,see ,,c&y+1 ,,confection1 ,,ess5ce1 ,,/a9s 7,confection]'s71 ,,sug> ,,plums4 ,! foll[+ are a few ( ! pr9cipal confection]y drops kept 9 ! %ops3-- ,drops1 ,acid'ulat$4 ,syn4 ,,acid ,,drops4 ,prep4 ,t>t>ic acid1 #a_/b oz41 dissolv$ 9 a v little wat]1 is add$ to ea* lb4 ( sug>1 z above2 ) ess5ce ( lemon1 orange1 or j>gonelle pe>1 to flav\r1 z desir$4 ,drops1 ,*ocolate4 ,prep4 ,*ocolate1 #a oz41 is r$uc$ to f9e p[d] by scrap+1 & add$ to p[d]$ :ite sug>1 #a lb42 :5 ! mixture is made into drops1 z above1 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid heat+ x a second "t4 ,drops1 ,c('fee4 ,prep4 ,a cl>ifi$1 conc5trat$ infusion ( c(fee1 #a oz41 is us$ = ea* lb4 ( sug>4 ,drops1 ,fruit4 ,^! are prep>$ accord+ to ! g5]al description4 7,see above47 ,! flav\r+ ess5ces 7volatile oils or ess5ces ( lemon1 orange1 citron1 raspb]ry1 j>gonelle pe>1 c47 n be+ add$ until ! sug> is melt$1 to avoid1 z mu* z possible1 loss by evaporation4 ,! col\r+ matt] may be any ( ! transp>5t '/a9s' usually employ$ = cakes1 jellies1 & confection]y4 ,9 ?is way are made ! majority ( ! fir/-class fruit drops & bon-bons ( ! sug>-bak]s4 ,9 "s cases ! plan is v>i$ by add+ ! cl>ifi$ conc5trat$ juice1 or jelly ( ! fruit to ! sug>4 ,"o v>iety ( raspb]ry & currant 7r$ & black7 drops are made 9 ?is way4 ,drops1 ,g+]4 ,prep4 ,f ess5ce or t9cture ( g+]1 z above4 ,an inf]ior k9d is made 9 ! way describ$ "u ,,c&y1 ,,g+]4 ,drops1 ,j>gonelle'4 ,fruit drops flav\r$ ) ess5ce ( j>gonelle pe> 7,,solution ,,( ,,acetate ( ,,amyle74 ,drops1 ,lem'on4 ,acidulat$ drops flav\r$ ) ess5ce ( lemon4 ,!y are usually /a9$ ) an infusion ( turm]ic4 7,see above47 ,drops1 ,pep'p]m9t4 ,f ! :ite/ ref9$ sug>1 flav\r$ ) ,engli% oil ( pepp]m9t or its spiritu\s solution 7ess5ce ( pepp]m9t71 or ) pepp]m9t wat]4 ,drops1 ,rasp'b]ry4 ,see ,,drops1 ,,fruit 7above47 ,drops 7,m$'icat$74 ,syn4 ,,gutt1 ,l4 ,?is t]m is commonly appli$ to comp\nd m$ic9es t are only tak5 9 small doses4 ,at ! pres5t "t !y are almo/ exclusively conf9$ to empirical & dome/ic m$ic9e4 ,! plan ( direct+ liquids to be measur$ by dropp+ is objectionable1 because ! drops ( diff]5t fluids v>y 9 size1 & are also fur!r influ5c$ by ! size ( ! bottle & ! %ape ( its neck1 z well z ! quantity ( liquid x is p\r$ f4 ,see ,,ess5ce1 & bel[4 ,drops1 ,ac\/'ic4 ,syn4 ,,ac\/ic ,,balsam2 ,,gutt ,,ac\/ic1 ,,balsamum ,,ac\/icum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil ( almonds1 #a oz42 laudanum & oil ( turp5t9e1 ( ea* #a dr42 mix4 ,= h>d5$ wax1 & to allay pa94 #b4 ,t9ctures ( b5zo91 ca/or1 & opium1 ( ea*1 #a fl4 oz42 ess5tial oil ( assafoetida1 #e drops4 ,z ! la/1 & 9 deafness aris+ f debility ( ! organism4 #c4 7,baum's47 ,t9ctures ( amb]gris1 assafoetida1 ca/or1 & opium1 ( ea*1 #a oz42 t]eb9?9at$ balsam ( sulphur & oil ( rue1 ( ea*1 #ae drops4 ,9 atonic deafness4 #d4 7,b\*>dat47 ,comp\nd _s ( balm1 #b-a_/b dr42 oil ( almonds1 #e dr42 ox-gall1 #aj dr42 cresote1 #aj or #bj drops4 ,9 cases complicat$ ) h>d5$ wax1 fetid dis*>ges1 c4 #e4 7,dr ,hugh ,smi?47 ,ox-gall1 #c dr42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #a dr4 ,9 fetid ulc]ations ( ! e>4 ,"o or two drops ( ! above are p\r$ into ! e>2 or a piece ( cotton wool moi/5$ !re) is introduc$ in/ead4 ,! la/ is ! safe/ plan4 #f4 ,glyc]91 ei!r alone or dilut$ ) wat]4 ,9 defici5cy ( ! natural secretions ( ! e>2 us$ 9 suffici5t quantity to moi/5 ! fir/ passages4 ,see ,,deafness1 ,,glyc]94 ,drops1 ,a'gue4 ,prep4 ,:ite ars5ic1 #a_/b gr42 hot wat]1 #a oz42 dissolve4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful1 twice a day4 ,see ,,solution 7,ars5ite ( ,potassa74 ,drops1 ,an'odyne4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,anodyn1 ,l4 ,! solutions ( acetate & hydro*lorate ( morphia are commonly v5d$ 9 ! %ops "u ?is "n4 ,drops1 ,ant'acid4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,antacid1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,u4 ,c4 ,hosp47 ,liquor ( potassa1 #c fl4 oz12 p[d]$ myrrh1 #a oz42 triturate toge!r until ?or\ghly incorporat$1 add ( liquor ( ammonia1 #a fl4 oz41 mix well1 place ! mixture 9 a /opp]$ bottle1 & ! next day decant ! cle> portion4 ,antacid1 tonic1 & /oma*ic4--,dose1 #aj to #bj drops1 or m1 9 wat]4 ,drops1 ,antihy/]'ic4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,antihy/]ic1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,cyanide ( potassium1 #b gr42 rectifi$ _s1 #e fl4 dr42 syrup ( orange fl[]s1 #c fl4 dr4--,dose1 #aj drops to #a_/b teaspoonful1 :5 ! attack is expect$1 & repeat$ occasionally z requir$2 9 hy/]ical affections1 ga/rodynia1 c4 ,drops1 ,antiscorbu'tic4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,antiscorbutic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,express$ juice ( wat]-cress1 #b fl4 oz42 salt ( t>t>1 #a oz42 agitate toge!r occasionally = a few h\rs1 & 9 #b or #c days decant4--,dose1 #ab or #ae drops1 to a teaspoonful1 twice a day1 9 a cupful ( new milk4 #b4 ,citrate ( potassa1 #d dr42 ammonio-citrate ( iron1 #b dr42 wat]1 #aj fl4 dr4--,dose4 ,z ! la/1 9 wat]4 #c4 7,,gre5',s ,,antiscorbutic ,,drops47 ,m]ely a disguis$ solution ( corrosive sublimate4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r 'antiscorbutic' & 'anti-v5]eal drops' adv]tis$ by quacks h a l composition4 ,drops1 ,antiscr('ul\s4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,antiscr(ulos1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,iod9e1 #aj gr42 iodide ( potassium1 #a dr42 wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 #b4 7,augu/947 ,*lorides ( iron & b>ium1 ( ea*1 #a_/b dr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a fl4 oz4--,dose1 #aj to #cj drops1 #b or #c times a day4 ,drops1 ,antispasmod'ic4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,antispasmodic1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,t9ctures ( ca/or1 val]ian1 & assafoetida1 ( ea*1 #b dr42 t9cture ( capsicum & balsam ( ,p]u1 ( ea*1 #a dr42 camphor1 #bj gr42 acetate ( morphia1 #c gr4--,dose1 #aj to #bj drops1 z requir$4 ,drops1 ,bateman's4 ,see ,,drops1 ,,pectoral4 ,drops1 ,battley's4 ,see ,,liquor ,,opii ,,s$ativus4 ,drops1 ,bitt]4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,am>1 ,l42 ,,g\ttes ,,am,,res1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,f nux vomica 7rasp$71 #a lb42 liquor ( potassa1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 bi/re1 #a dr42 comp\nd _s ( wormwood1 #cb fl4 oz42 dige/ #aj days1 express ! t9cture1 & filt]4 ,a mo/ unsci5tific prep>ation2 said to be tonic & /oma*ic4--,dose1 #a to #h drops 9 wat] or any bitt] infusion4 ,9 l>ge doses x is poison\s4 ,drop1 ,black4 ,syn4 ,,arm/rong',s ,,black ,,drop1 ,,lanca/]',s ,b4 ,d41 ,,quak]',s ,b4 ,d41 ,,t\/all',s ,b4 ,d41 ,,brai?waite',s ,,g5u9e ,b4 ,d42 ,,gutta ,,nigra1 ,l4 ,?is celebrat$ prep>ation 0 orig9ally prep>$ ne>ly a c5tury & a half ago by ,edw>d ,t\/all1 a m$ical practition] 9 ! c\nty ( ,durham1 & "o ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds4 ,! =mula pass+ into ! possession ( a relative ( 8 7,john ,walton1 ( ,%ildon71 0 f\nd among 8 bro!r's pap]s1 &1 by ! p]mission ( ,?omas ,ri*>dson1 ( ,bi%op's ,we>m\?1 "o ( 8 executors1 0 h&$ to ,dr ,arm/rong1 :o subsequ5tly publi%$ x 9 8 "w on typhus fev]4 ,prep4 #a4 7,orig9al =mula47 ,opium 7slic$71 #a_/b lb42 good v]juice1 #c p9ts2 nutmegs1 #a-a_/b oz42 saffron1 #a_/b oz42 boil !m to a prop] ?ickness2 !n add1 ( sug>1 #a_/d lb41 & yea/1 #b teaspoonfuls4 ,set ! :ole 9 a w>m place1 ne> ! fire1 = #f or #h weeks1 !n place x 9 ! op5 air until x becomes ( ! consi/5ce ( a syrup2 la/ly1 decant1 filt]1 & bottle x up1 add+ a little sug> to ea* bottle4 ,to yield two p9ts ( /ra9$ liquor4 #b4 7,,acetum ,,opii1 ,l4--,u4 ,s47 ,opium1 #h oz42 nutmeg1 #a-a_/b oz4 7bo? 9 co>se p[d]72 saffron1 #a_/b oz42 di/ill$ v9eg>1 #bd fl4 oz42 dige/ on a s& ba? ) a g5tle heat = #dh h\rs1 & /ra92 dige/ ! residuum ) an equal quantity ( di/ill$ v9eg> = #bd h\rs2 !n put ! :ole into a p]colator1 & return ! filt]$ liquid z x passes until x runs cle>2 aft]w>ds p\r on ! mat]ial1 fre% di/ill$ v9eg> until #dh fl4 oz4 ( filt]$ liquor %all be obta9$2 9 ?is dissolve sug>1 #ab oz41 & g5tly evaporate ! :ole to #eb fl4 oz4 #c4 7,:olesale47 ,opium1 #aj oz41 & di/ill$ v9eg>1 #a qu>t1 are dige/$ toge!r = ab\t a =tnight1 & aft] suffici5t repose ! cle> portion is decant$4 ,?is is ! =m commonly adopt$ by ! :olesale trade 9 ,engl&4--,dose1 #e to #aj drops4 ,x is usually consid]$ to be ( fully #d times ! /r5g? ( laudanum4 ,drops1 ,c>m9'ative4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,c>m9ativ1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,radius47 ,oil ( mace1 #a dr42 nitric e!r1 #c dr4--,dose1 #f to #aj drops on sug>2 9 flatul5t colic1 c4 ,drops1 ,*am'omile4 ,see ,,ess5ce4 ,drops1 ,dalby's4 ,see ,,pat5t ,,m$ic9es 7,dalby's ,c>m9ative74 ,drops1 ,dur&e's4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,!ris ,,t]eb9?9at1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,m4 ,dur&e47 ,rectifi$ sulphuric acid1 #c p>ts2 oil ( turp5t9e1 #a "p4--,dose1 #bj to #cj drops1 or m2 9 ! pass+ ( gall-/ones4 ,drops1 ,dut*4 ,syn4 ,,ha]lem ,,drops1 ,,turp5t9e ,,drops2 ,,balsamum ,,t]eb9?91 ,l4 ,! g5u9e or import$ ',dut* ,drops' is ! residuum ( ! rectification ( oil ( turp5t9e4 ,x is also prep>$ by di/ill+ res91 & collect+ ! product 9 diff]5t portions4 ,at fir/ a :ite1 !n a yell[1 & la/ly a r$ oil1 comes ov]4 ,! la/ is ! balsam4 ,! article commonly sold "u ! "n 9 ?is c\ntry is prep>$ by "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ =mul3-- #a4 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 t9cture ( guaiacum1 & sweet _s ( nitre1 ( ea* #a oz42 oils ( amb] & cloves1 ( ea* #ae drops4 #b4 ,balsam ( sulphur1 #a "p2 oil ( turp5t9e1 #e p>ts4 ,?is la/ is ! =m mo/ g5]ally employ$4 ,!y are all reg>d$ by ^? :o use !m z det]g5t1 diuretic1 /imulant1 & vuln]>y4 ,drops1 ,female4 ,syn4 ,,emm5agogue ,,drops2 ,,gutt ,,emm5agog1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,br&e47 ,comp\nd t9cture ( aloes & t9cture ( val]ian1 ( ea*1 #b fl4 oz42 t9cture ( sesqui*loride ( iron1 #a fl4 oz4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful 9 wat] or *amomile tea2 9 ob/ruct$ m5/ruation1 c4 ,drops1 ,fit4 ,syn4 ,,soot ,,drops2 ,,t9ctura ,,fulig9is1 ,,gutt ,f41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f wood-soot1 #b oz42 sal-ammoniac1 #a oz42 salt ( t>t>1 #a_/b lb42 s(t wat]1 #d lbs42 dige/ a week & filt]4 ,reput$ antispasmodic1 & also useful 9 scurvy & c]ta9 sk9 diseases4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful or m1 occasionally1 9 wat]4 ,drops1 ,gold54 ,syn4 ,,de ,,la ,,motte',s ,g4 ,d42 ,,be/u*eff',s ,,n]v\s ,,t9cture2 ,,gutt ,,aure1 ,l42 ,,elixir ,d',,or1 ,,g\ttes ,d',,or ,,du ,g,n,,ral ,,lamotte1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,orig9al47 ,*loride ( iron 7obta9$ by di/ill+ iron pyrites ) twice its weight ( corrosive sublimate71 #c oz42 alcohol1 #g oz12 expose ! mixture 9 a closely /opp]$ bottle to ! rays ( ! sun until x becomes decol\r$4 #b4 ,*loride ( iron1 #a "p2 alcohol & e!r1 ( ea*1 #c p>ts4 ,^! drops h ! rem>kable prop]ty ( los+ _! yell[ col\r 9 ! sun1 & recov]+ x 9 ! %ade4 ,!y are tak5 9 g\t1 hypo*ondriasis1 & n]v\s compla9ts1 9 doses ( f #aj to #fj drops4 ,drops1 ,hoop+-,c\gh4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,anti-,,p]tussic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,graves47 ,t9cture ( assafoetida & comp\nd t9cture ( camphor1 ( ea* #a_/b fl4 oz42 comp\nd t9cture ( b>k1 #e fl4 oz4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 #b or #c times a day4 #b4 7,pote/ates ,succ9i47 ,oil ( amb]1 #a oz42 c>bonate 7n sesquic>b47 ( ammonia1 #a_/b oz42 /ronge/ rectifi$ _s 7alcohol71 #a_/b p9t2 dige/ #c or #d days1 & decant ! cle> portion4--,dose1 #aj drops to #a dr41 appli$ z a friction4 ,drops1 ,infantile4 ,sev]al anodyne1 c>m9ative1 & absorb5t prep>ations1 :i* pass by ?is "n1 w be f\nd "u ,,mixtures1 c4 ,drops1 ,jes'uits'4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,antiv5]eum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,gum guaiacum1 #g oz42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #d dr42 root ( s>sap>illa1 #e oz42 rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #a qu>t2 dige/ = #ad days4 #b4 7,qu9cy47 ,copaiba1 #a oz42 gum guaiacum1 #b dr42 oil ( sassafras1 #a dr42 salt ( t>t>1 #a_/b dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #e fl4 oz42 dige/ a week4 #c4 7,walk]'s47 ,copaiba1 #f oz42 gum guaiacum1 #a oz42 *io turp5t9e & salt ( t>t>1 ( ea*1 #a_/b oz42 co*9eal1 #a dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2 dige/ a week4 ,see ,,comp4 ,,t9cture ,,( ,,b5zo94 ,drops1 ,koe*l9's4 ,prep4 7,augu/947 ,solution ( ammonio-*loride ( copp] & m]cury1 #a fl4 dr42 wat]1 #aj fl4 dr4 ,9 ob/9ate v5]eal affections1 scr(ula1 c4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful aft] ea* meal4 ,drops1 ,lav'end]4 ,syn4 ,,r$ ,,drops2 ,,gutt ,,lav5dul1 ,l4 ,! same z comp\nd t9cture ( lav5d]4 ,drops1 ,life4 ,syn4 ,,salmon',s ,,drops ,,( ,,life2 ,,gutt ,,vit1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,t9cture ( ca/or1 #h fl4 oz42 antimonial w9e & wat]1 ( ea* #a lb42 opium1 #c oz42 saffron1 #a_/b oz42 co*9eal1 camphor1 & nutmegs1 ( ea* #b dr42 dige/ = #aj days & filt]4 ,anodyne & diaphoretic4--,dose1 #bj to #fj drops4 ,drops1 ,m]cu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,hydr>gyri ,,bi*loridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,bi*loride ( m]cury1 #b gr42 hydro*loric acid1 #c drops2 rectifi$ _s & di/ill$ wat]1 ( ea*1 #a_/b fl4 oz4--,dose1 #ab to #bj drops4 #b4 ,bi*loride ( m]cury1 #b gr42 sal-ammoniac1 #c gr42 comp\nd decoction ( s>sap>illa1 #b fl4 oz4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful4 #c4 7,sir ,a4 ,coop]47 ,corrosive sublimate1 #a gr42 dilute hydro*loric acid1 #a_/b dr42 dissolve1 & add t9cture ( b>k1 #b fl4 oz4--,dose4 ,z ! la/4 ,!y are all tak5 #b or #c times daily1 z alt]atives 9 scr(ula1 syphilis1 canc]1 c4 ,x %\ld n be measur$ 9 a metal spoon4 ,drops1 ,norris's4 ,an aque\s solution ( t>t> emetic1 mix$ ) _s ( w9e1 & col\r$4 ,drops1 ,odontal'gic4 ,syn4 ,,too?-,,a*e ,,drops2 ,,gutt ,,odontalgic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,blake47 ,alum 79 f9e p[d]71 #a dr42 sweet _s ( nitre1 #g fl4 dr42 agitate toge!r occasionally = an h\r4 #b4 7,dr ,copl&47 ,p[d]$ opium & camphor1 ( ea* #aj gr42 oils ( cloves & cajeput1 ( ea* #a dr42 highly rectifi$ _s & sulphuric e!r1 ( ea* #a_/b fl4 oz4 #c4 7,cott]eau47 ,a saturat$ e!real solution ( camphor1 to :i* a few drops ( liquor ( ammonia is add$4 #d4 7,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffi?47 ,w9e ( opium1 ,h(fman's anodyne1 & oil ( pepp]m9t1 equal p>ts4 ,us$ z a friction on ! *eek or gum1 z well z appli$ to ! tee?4 #e4 7,p]ry's47 ,a conc5trat$ e!real t9cture ( camphor & pellitory4 #f4 7,righ9i47 ,creosote1 #f dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #d dr42 t9cture ( co*9eal1 #b dr42 oil ( pepp]m9t1 #a_/b dr4 #g4 ,camphor1 #b dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a oz4 ,obs4 ,! above are appli$ to ! too? ) a camel-hair p5cil1 or a little wad ( l9t or cotton wool is moi/5$ ) !m1 & plac$ 9 or aga9/ ! too?4 ,drops1 ,pectoral4 ,syn4 ,,bateman',s ,p4 ,d42 ,,gutt ,,pectorales1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,p>egoric1 #aj fl4 oz42 t9cture ( ca/or1 #d fl4 oz42 laudanum1 #a fl4 oz42 t9cture ( saffron or ( co*9eal1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 oil ( anise$1 #ae drops4 #b4 ,ca/or1 #a oz42 oil ( anise$1 #a dr42 camphor1 #e dr42 co*9eal1 #a-a_/b dr42 opium1 #c_/d oz42 treacle1 #a lb42 pro( _s1 #a gal42 dige/ = a week4 #c4 7,phil4 ,coll4 ( ,ph>m47 ,camphor1 cate*u1 p[d]$ opium1 & r$ s&]s wood1 ( ea* #b oz42 oil ( anise$1 #d fl4 dr42 pro( _s1 #d old w9e-gallons2 dige/ #aj days1 & filt]4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 or m1 9 c\ghs1 colds1 ho>s5ess1 c41 assi/$ by an ap]i5t4 ,drops1 ,rheumat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,rheumatic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,iodide ( potassium1 #a dr42 t9cture ( guaiacum1 #b fl4 oz42 dissolve4--,dose1 #bj to #cj drops4 ,9 bo? *ronic & occasional rheumatism1 assi/$ ) ! copi\s use ( lemon juice4 #b4 7,lampadius47 ,bisulphuret ( c>bon & e!r1 ( ea* #b fl4 dr4--,dose1 #f to #ab drops1 on sug>1 or 9 milk4 #c4 7,wutz]47 ,bisulphuret ( c>bon1 #a fl4 dr42 alcohol1 #b fl4 dr4--,dose4 ,z ,no4 #b4 ,! la/ two are sudorific1 alt]ative1 resolv5t1 & emm5agogue1 &1 besides rheumatism1 h be5 us$ ) advantage 9 am5orrhoea1 9 "s cutane\s affections1 9 gl&ul> swell+s1 c4 ,drops1 ,r\sseau's4 ,see ,,w9e ,,( ,,opium 7by ,f]m5tation47 ,drops1 ,s$'ative4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,s$ativ1 ,l4 ,! solutions ( acetate & hydro*lorate ( morphia1 black drop1 ,r\sseau's drop1 & ,battley's liquor opii s$ativus1 are frequ5tly sold "u ?is "n by ! druggi/s4 ,! anti-hy/]ic drops 7ant7 is also an excell5t s$ative4 ,drops1 ,spilbury's4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,p>is47 ,f bi*loride ( m]cury1 g5tian root1 & dri$ orange peel1 ( ea* #b dr42 precipitat$ sulphuret ( antimony & r$ s&]s wood1 ( ea*1 #a dr42 pro( _s1 #af fl4 oz42 dige/ t5 days & /ra94 #b4 ,levigat$ crocus metallorum 7'crocus ( antimony'71 #f dr42 corrosive sublimate1 #de gr42 r$ s&]s1 #a_/b dr42 g5tian root & dri$ orange peel1 ( ea* #b dr42 br&y 7or equal p>ts ( rect4 sp4 & wat]71 #af fl4 oz42 dige/ z be=e4--,dose1 #e to #cj drops2 z an antiscorbutic1 c4 ,drops1 ,/eel4 ,see ,,t9cture ,,( ,,sesqui*loride ,,( ,,iron4 ,drops1 ,ton'ic4 ,prep4 7,colli]47 ,elixir ( vitriol1 #b fl4 dr42 t9cture ( calumba1 #f fl4 dr4 ,a teaspoonful ?ree times daily1 9 a w9e-glassful ( cold wat]4 ,drops1 ,torr+ton's4 ,see ,,t9cture ,,( ,,b5zo9 7,comp474 ,drops1 ,van ,swiet5's4 ,an aromatis$ solution ( corrosive sublimate4 ,drop1 ,w>d's ,:ite4 ,prep4 ,f quicksilv]1 #d oz42 nitric acid1 #af fl4 oz42 dissolve1 add sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 #g oz42 evaporate & cry/allise2 !n dissolve ! result+ salt by ! heat ( a s& ba?1 9 #d times its weight ( rose-wat]4 ,v poison\s4--,dose1 #e to #ae drops1 z an antiscorbutic1 antiv5]eal1 c4 ,drops1 ,worm4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,an!lm9tic1 ,g4 ,,v]mifug1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,creosote1 #a dr42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #g fl4 dr4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 #c or #d times a day4 #b4 7,pes*i]47 ,oil ( male-f]n1 #c fl4 dr42 rectifi$ oil ( turp5t9e1 #e fl4 dr4 ,z ! la/2 9 tapeworm4 #c4 7,s*w>tz'47 ,b>badoes t>1 #a fl4 oz42 t9cture ( assafoetida1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4--,dose1 #cj to #dj drops1 ?ree times a day2 9 tapeworm4 ,,drops 7,sc\r+74 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil ( turp5t9e & oil ( lemons1 equal p>ts4 ,bo? ( ! +r$i5ts %\ld h be5 rec5tly di/ill$ or rectifi$4 #b4 ,oil ( lemon bottoms1 #a-c_/d lb42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #a qu>t2 mix well1 & di/il by ! heat ( a s& ba?1 until #c p9ts h come ov]1 or z long z ! di/illate is cle>1 pale1 & sweet4 ,us$ to remove pa9t1 grease1 c41 f clo?4 ,,dropsy4 ,syn4 ,,hydrops1 ,l4 ,an unnatural collection ( aque\s fluid 9 any "p ( ! body4 ,dropsy has receiv$ diff]5t names1 accord+ to ! "p ( ! body affect$ by ! disease4 ,:5 x occurs 9 ! cellul> membrane x is call$ ,,anas>ca2 :5 9 ! cavity ( ! abdom51 ,,ascites2 9 ! cavity ( ! cranium1 ,,hydrocephalus2 9 ! scrotum1 ,,hydrocele2 9 ! ut]us1 ,,hydrometra2 & 9 ! *e/1 ,,hydro?orax4 ,dropsy is mo/ly a symptom ( extreme debility & a brok5-d[n con/itution1 & frequ5tly foll[s l5g!n$ attacks ( exhau/+ *ronic diseases4 ,! treatm5t ( dropsy1 p]haps1 m ?an any o!r disease1 dep5ds ^u ! circum/ances ) :i* x is connect$1 &1 m especially1 ^u ^? :i* h caus$ x4 ,! acute inflammatory =ms ( dropsy g5]ally require depletion4 ,9 mo/ o!r cases1 tonics may be advantage\sly adm9i/]$4 ,to promote ! absorption ( ! accumulat$ fluids1 diuretics are commonly resort$ to4 ,confirm$ dropsy 7especially ,,hydrocephalus & ,,hydro?orax71 occurr+ 9 pati5ts ei!r mu* debilitat$ by previ\s disease or ( a bad habit ( body1 is seldom curable4 ,,dr[n+4 ,! cause ( dea? f subm]sion 9 wat] is ! entire seclusion ( air f ! lungs1 by :i* ! aration ( ! v5\s blood is prev5t$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is deprivation ( air1 v5\s blood circulates ?r\gh ! art]ial sy/em1 :il/ ! pulmon>y ve9 ceases to convey oxyg5at$ blood to ! he>t4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 9 ! c\rse ( #d or #e m9utes aft] ! access ( air has be5 cut (f1 life becomes ext9ct4 ,_m cases h1 nev]!less1 occurr$ ( p]sons be+ subm]g$ = #ae or #bj m9utes1 & ev5 long]1 & :]e p]fect ins5sibility has exi/$1 9 :i* recov]y has tak5 place4 ,prev4 ,! specific gravity ( ! human body is less ?an t ( wat]1 s long z ! lungs are p>tially fill$ ) air2 & ?is diff]5ce is suffici5t to keep ! body float+ ) ! m\? & no/rils free = respiration1 provid$ ! face is turn$ upw>ds by ?r[+ ! head back on ! %\ld]s1 by :i* ! weight ( ! head is su/a9$ by ! wat]4 ,:5 a p]son ?r[s himself into ! wat]1 ! body rises rapidly to ! surface & assumes ne>ly ! erect position1 ! upp] "p ( ! head1 d[n to a little bel[ ! eyes1 rema9+ above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,?is arises f ! great] d5sity ( ! legs & ?ighs comp>$ to t ( ! *e/1 :i* acts z a species ( float or buoy to ! re/ ( ! body4 ,9 ?is situation ! head may be ?r[n back1 s t ! face may =m ! expos$ portion1 z be=e m5tion$1 :5 respiration may be c>ri$ on )\t inconv5i5ce 9 /ill wat]1 & regul>ly1 b suffici5tly1 s z to su/a9 life = "s "t1 ev5 9 a r\gh sea4 ,! adoption ( ?is simple precaution w\ld h sav$ ?\s&s ( valuable lives4 ,ano!r po9t :i* %\ld be rememb]$ by e p]son 9 dang] ( dr[n+ is1 t !re is always a consid]able am\nt ( residual air 9 ! lungs1 9 a ne>ly deoxidis$ /ate1 & t if ?is air is expell$ by two or ?ree =c$ inspirations1 & a deep inspiration is !n tak51 a l>g] quantity ( vital air w be introduc$ into ! lungs1 & ! blood w cont9ue arat$ = a proportionally long] "t2 & consequ5tly1 a long] p]iod w elapse be=e ano!r inspiration w be requir$4 ,if we prep>e ourselves by tak+ two or ?ree =c$ inspirations1 & !n take a full inspiration1 we may rema9 = #a-a_/b or #b m9utes be=e a second attempt at respiration ne$ be made4 ,?is is ! plan adopt$ by ! pe>l fi%]s1 & o!r div]s :o are rem>kable = rema9+ b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat] = "s "t4 ,a p]son 9 dang] ( %ipwreck1 or expect+ imm$iate subm]sion1 9 any o!r situation1 %\ld h rec\rse to ?is exp$i5t1 :i* w\ld prev5t ! dreadful effects ( attempt+ respiration :il/ "u wat]4 ,treat4 ,! fir/ object is ! re/oration ( ! animal heat4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! wet clo!s %\ld be remov$1 & ! body1 aft] be+ well dri$1 surr\nd$ ) w>m air4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a w>m-air ba?1 ! body may be laid betwe5 well-heat$ blankets1 & bottles ( hot wat] appli$ to ! feet & armpits4 ,g5tle friction ) w>m flannel or ! h&s %\ld also be assidu\sly employ$4 ,mean:ile attempts %\ld be made to excite respiration artificially2 & :5 ! app>atus is at h&1 slight %ocks ( electricity %\ld be kept up at ! same "t4 ,on ! appe>ance ( return+ life1 su* z sigh+ or convulsive twit*+1 a ve9 may be op5$4 ,! ?roat may be tickl$ ) ! f+] or a fea!r1 to excite vomit+1 & a teaspoonful ( w>m wat] adm9i/]$4 ,if ! p[] ( swall[+ exi/s1 a table-spoonful ( w>m w9e or br&y & wat] may be giv54 ,ev5 if no symptom ( return+ animation appe>1 ^! means ( recov]y %\ld be p]si/$ 9 = ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( ?is species ( asphyxia1 nasal /imulants1 z ammonia1 aromatic v9eg>1 c41 %\ld be avoid$1 z well z ! injection ( tobacco smoke1 bo? ( :i* h be5 f\nd highly prejudicial4 ,! practice ( hold+ ! body ) ! head d[nw>ds1 :i* is sometimes adopt$ by ! vulg> & ignorant1 "u ! idea ( all[+ ! wat] to run out by ! m\?1 is /ill m dang]\s & absurd4 ,! supposition t wat] is inhal$ by dr[n+ p]sons in/ead ( air is p]fectly fallaci\s4 ,! peculi> me*anism ( ! glottis1 or upp] portion ( ! w9dpipe1 is su* z to prev5t1 by ! spasmodic closure ( ! epiglottis1 ! entrance ( m ?an a v trifl+ & accid5tal quantity ( wat]1 :i* is altoge!r too insignificant to produce any v injuri\s effects4 ,see ,,asphyxia4 ,,drugs4 ,sub/ances us$ 9 m$ic9e1 sold by druggi/s1 & comp\nd$ by apo!c>ies & physicians4 ,our cont95tal neighb\rs1 wis] ?an ourselves1 n m]ely require t p]sons engag$ 9 sell+ & disp5s+ drugs & ph>maceutical prep>ations %all be fully qualifi$ by previ\s education & tra9+ = ! task1 b also t ! v>i\s articles !y sell & use %all be comm]cially pure & ( ! prop] quality4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ?is subject has also engag$ ! att5tion ( ! gov]nm5t & legislature4 ,"u ! ,act ( ! #bf? ,june1 #ahdh1 inspectors 7 appo9t$ to exam9e ! quality ( import$ articles ( ?is class be=e all[+ !m to pass ! ,cu/oms = home use4 ,an abridg$ copy ( ! ord] address$ to ! collectors & o!r (fic]s "u ?is act is app5d$1 & w be useful to ! read]1 z assi/+ to e/abli% a /&>d by :i* ! value ( ! sub/ances nam$ !re9 may be e/imat$4 ,,treasury ,,dep>tm5t1 ,june #d?1 #ahec4 ,! foll[+ articles are to be entitl$ to entry :5 asc]ta9$ by analysis to af=d ! p]-c5tages z "u1 viz43-- ,,aloes1 #hj ( pure aloetic extract4 ,,assaf,,oe,,tida1 #ej ( its peculi> bitt] res91 & #c ( volatile oil4 ,,c9*ona ,,b>k1#bfd #a ( pure qu99e1 or #b ( ! sev]al alkaloids1 z qu9a1 c9*ona1 qu9id9e1 aric9e1 c4 ,,b5zo91 #hj ( b5zo9 res94 ,d4 #ab ( b5zoic acid4 ,,colocyn?1 #ab ( colocyn?9e4 ,,elat]ium1 #cj ( elat]9e4 ,,galbanum1 #fj ( res94 ,d4 #aj ( gum1 & #f volatile oil4 ,,gamboge1 #gj ( pure gamboge res91 & #b ( gum4 ,,guaiacum1 #hj ( pure guaiacum res94 ,,gum ,,ammoniacum1 #gj ( res91 & #ah ( gum4 ,,jalap1#bfe #aa ( pure jalap res94 ,,myrrh1 #cj ( pure res91 & #ej ( gum4 ,,opium1 #i ( pure morphia4 ,,rhub>b1#bff #dj ( soluble matt]4 ,,sagap5um1 #ej ( res91 #cj ( gum1 & #cj ( volatile oil4 ,,scammony1 #gj ( pure scammony res94 ,,s5na1 #bh ( soluble matt]4 ,m$ic9al leaves1 fl[]s1 b>ks1 roots1 extracts1 c41 n specifi$ above1 mu/ be1 :5 import$1 9 p]fect condition1 & ( z rec5t collection & prep>ation z practicable4 ,ph>maceutical & *emical prep>ations1 :e!r cry/allis$ or o!rwise1 us$ 9 m$ic9e1 to be pure & ( a prop] consi/5ce & /r5g?1 z well z ( p]fect manufacture1 con=mably ) ! /&>d au?orities nam$ 9 ! ,act2 & mu/1 9 no in/ance1 conta9 ov] #c ( excess ( moi/ure or wat] ( cry/allisation4 ,ess5tial or volatile oils1 & express$ oils us$ 9 m$ic9e mu/ be pure & ( ! /&>d sp4 gr4 notic$ & decl>$ 9 ! disp5satories nam$ 9 ! above ,act4 ,pat5t or ,secret ,m$ic9es are by law subject to ! same exam9ation z o!r m$ic9al prep>ations1 & _c be p]mitt$ to pass ! ,cu/om-h\se = home consumption1 b mu/ be reject$ & condemn$1 unless ! special exam9] is satisfi$1 aft] due inve/igation1 t !y are fit & safe to be us$ = m$ical purposes4 ,an appeal f ! exam9] to ! collector to be admitt$ )9 #aj days4 ,,james ,,gu?rie1 ,secret>y to ! ,treasury4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,( :atev] d5om9ation4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,root 9 p[d]4 ,footnote #bff3 ,only ,turkey1 ,ea/ ,indian1 & ,russian1 admissible4 ,,drum',,mond ,,light4 ,see ,,light 7,artificial74 ,,drunk',,enness4 ,see ,,ab/95ce1 ,,intemp]ance1 c4 ,,dry',,ers 7,pa9t]'s74 ,prep4 #a4 ,li?>ge 7be/7 gr\nd to a pa/e ) dry+-oil4 ,= d>k col\rs4 #b4 ,f :ite copp]as & dry+ oil2 z ! la/4 #c4 ,f sug> ( lead & dry+ oil4 ,! la/ two are = pale col\rs4 #d4 ,f :ite copp]as & sug> ( lead1 ( ea* #a lb42 pure :ite lead1 #b lbs4 ,= ':ites1' & opaque light col\rs1 greys1 c4 ,dry]s are employ$1 z ! "n implies1 to increase ! dry+ & h>d5+ prop]ties ( oil pa9ts4 ,a little is beat up ) !m at ! "t ( mix+ !m ) ! oil & turp5t9e = use4 ,,dry',,+4 ,see ,,desiccation1 c4 ,,dry',,+-,,oil4 ,see ,,oils4 ,,dry-,,rot4 ,a peculi> disease t attacks wood1 & r5d]s x brittle & rott54 ,x is g5]ally caus$ by dampness & ! subsequ5t developm5t ( ! spores ( fungi1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,m]ulius lacrymans & va/ator & ,polyporus de/ructor4 ,! dry-rot pr9cipally attacks 'ill-season$' timb]1 & m p>ticul>ly t ( %ips & badly v5tilat$ build+s4 ,prev4 ,v>i\s means h be5 propos$ to prev5t ! attacks ( dry-rot & to arre/ its progress :5 x has comm5c$1 among :i* ! process call$ ',,kyaniz+' 7,kyan's pat5t7 is t mo/ g5]ally kn[n & mo/ ext5sively adopt$4 ,x consi/s 9 imm]s+ ! timb] 9 a ba? ( corrosive sublimate4 ,! process t]m$ ',,payniz+' 7,payne's pat5t7 consi/s 9 fir/ fill+ ! pores ) a solution ( *loride ( calcium1 "u pressure1 & next =c+ 9 a solution ( sulphate ( iron1 by :i* an insoluble sulphate ( lime is =m$ 9 ! body ( ! wood1 :i* is ?us r5d]$ ne>ly z h>d z /one4 ,wood s prep>$ is n[ l>gely employ$ 9 our public works & railways4 ,sir ,w4 ,burnett's process 7pat5t$ 9 #ahcf7 consi/s 9 impregnat+ ! timb] ) a solution ( *loride ( z9c4 ,mr ,j4 ,be!ll's process 7pat5t$ 9 #ahch7 consi/s 9 ?or\ghly impregnat+ ! wood ) oil ( t> conta9+ creasote & a crude solution ( acetate ( iron1 commonly call$ 'pyrolignite ( iron4' ,! impregnation is effect$ 9 a /rong cyl9drical vessel1 connect$ ) a p[]ful air-pump1 s t 9 ! fir/ in/ance a vacuum be+ =m$1 & subsequ5tly a pressure ( sev]al atmosph]es appli$1 ! liquid may z mu* z possible be =c$ into all ! pores ( ! wood4 ,! above processes = 'season+' pres]ve ! timb] n only f dry-rot1 b f ! influ5ce ( ! wea!r & ! attacks ( insects & worms4 ,! con/ruction ( air-dra9s or passages ar\nd wood-"w to be pres]v$ is1 :]e ! me?od is applicable1 a great aid to ! pres]vation ( wood4 ,dry-rot is bo? prev5t$ 9 new build+s & cur$ 9 old ones by fill+ up ! spaces betwe5 ! floor-joi/s ) 'tank-wa/e' f alkali works4 ,?is c also be appli$ to ! ends ( beams re/+ 9 walls4--,*emical ,news4 ,,dub',,b+4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by boil+ ! wa/e cutt+s ( %eep-sk9s 9 crude cod oil4 #b4 ,black res91 #b lb42 tall[1 #a lb42 crude cod oil or tra9 oil1 #a gall42 boil to a prop] consi/5ce4 ,us$ by ! curri]s to dress lea!r1 & by %oemak]s & o!rs to s(t5 lea!r1 & to r5d] boots & %oes wat]pro(4 ,,duboisia ,,myoporoides4 7,nat4 ord]1 ,solanac47 ,a small tree gr[+ 9 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,cal$onia1 & ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! leaves h be5 us$ 9 ,brisbane & ,sydney z a sub/itute = atrop9e1 & extract ( belladonna2 to bo? ( :i* ,mr ,twe$y believes !m to be sup]ior 9 prompt & en]getic action4 ,mr ,twe$y fur!r /ates t1 9 e case 9 :i* he has us$ duboisia to produce dilatation ( ! pupil ( ! eye1 its action has be5 b5eficial1 & he is induc$ to conclude1 m advantage\s ?an t ( atrop9e4 ,accord+ to ,dr ,r+]1 duboisia1 besides caus+ dilatation ( ! pupil1 quick5s ! pulse1 p>*es ! tongue1 /ops ! secretions ( ! sk91 & induces heada*e & dr[s9ess4 ,he also reports t x is antagoni/ic 9 its action to musc>9e1 & produces tetanus aft] ! lapse ( "s h\rs or days4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! botanical prop]ties ( ! plant1 ! read] is ref]r$ to a pap] by ,mr ,e4 ,m4 ,holmes 9 ! ',ph>maceutical ,j\rnal' = ,m>* #i?1 #ahgh2 & to ! ',lancet' ( ,m>* #bnd1 #ahgh1 = "s exp]im5ts on its physiological effects by ,messrs ,r+] & ,twe$ie4 ,! ,duboisia myoporoides 0 introduc$ into m$ical practice by ,dr ,bancr(t1 ( ,brisbane4 ,s9ce ! above has be5 writt51 ,mr ,g]r>d has obta9$ a p[]ful alkaloid f an extract ( ! leaves ( ! ,duboisias1 v simil> 9 *emical prop]ties to aconite1 & possess$ ( ! same physiological qualities z ! extract4 ,,duck4 ,see ,,p\ltry4 ,,ductil',,ity is ! prop]ty ( be+ drawn out 9 l5g? )\t break+4 ,see ,,metals4 ,,dulcama',,ra4 ,see ,,night%ade 7,woody74 ,,dumb',,ness4 ,syn4 ,,aphonia1 ,l4 ,z spee* is an acquir$ & imitative faculty1 p]sons :o are ei!r born deaf or become s 9 e>ly infancy are also1 necess>ily1 dumb4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 treat+ dumbness mu/ !re=e be direct$ to ! removal ( ! deafness on :i* ! imp]fection re/s4 ,! ex]tions ( mod]n philan?ropi/s h1 h[ev]1 be5 s f> successful 9 su* cases z to enable ! deaf-mute to conv]se ) ^? ar\nd him by signs4 ,^? int]e/$ 9 ! subject may consult an admirable treatise on ',deaf-dumbness1' by ,m4 ,e4 ,hub]t-,vall]\x1 ( :i* an excell5t translation appe>$ 9 ! ',m$ical ,circul>1' vol4 ii1 = #ahec4 ,see ,,deafness4 ,,dumpl+s1 ,norfolk4 ,mix half a p\nd ( fl\r ) half a teaspoonful ( bak+ p[d] & a p9* ( salt2 make into a little d\gh ) cold wat]2 fall into small balls1 put !m into boil+ wat] imm$iately1 & boil = tw5ty m9utes4 ,,dung]--,,manure 7,b\t91 ,p>is74 ,a blui%-gre5 fluid1 conta9+ ab\t #aij grammes ( solid matt] p] litre4 ,! residue consi/s ( sulphates ( copp]1 iron1 magnesia1 & soda1 sal ammoniac1 nitrates ( pota% & soda1 common salt1 & none or a m]e trace ( phosphoric acid4 ,! blue deposit :i* sep>ates on /&+ is ultram>9e4 7,kell]1 ,k>mrodt1 & ,nessl]47 ,,dung',,+4 ,syn4 ,,cleans+4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal processes 9 ! arts ( calico pr9t+ & dye+1 its object be+ to free ! clo? f loose matt]s1 :i* w\ld int]f]e ) ! dye+4 ,aft] ! ?ick5$ mordants h be5 appli$ to ! fabric & prop]ly fix$1 x is necess>y to remove ! n[ useless ?ick5+ matt]1 toge!r ) ! excess ( mordant1 :i* has n come into actual contact ) ! clo?4 ,=m]ly a ba? =m$ ( c[-dung1 diffus$ ?r\gh hot wat] 7#acj to #bab ,fahr47 0 always us$ to wa% away ^! loose matt]s2 b n[ v>i\s manufactur$ sub/ances are successfully employ$ = ! purpose4 ,! be/ dung sub/itutes are ! ars5ite & ars5iate ( soda1 ! silicate ( soda1 & phosphate ( lime4 ,exp]i5ce proves t1 9 ! case ( ^! sub/itutes1 a f9al r9se 9 c[-dung be=e dye+ is advantage\s4 ,a process v simil> to 'dung+' is employ$ aft] dye+1 to cle> & give purity to ! undy$ p>ts4 ,?is subsequ5t process is di/+ui%$ by ! t]m 'cle>+4' ,c[-dung has be5 us$ 9 'cle>+' op]ations1 b its employm5t is n to be recomm5d$4 ,bran scald$ & mix$ ) wat] is employ$ = c]ta9 goods1 b blea*+ p[d] is ! mo/ g5]ally us$ 'cle>+ ag5t4' ,,du/1 ,,atmosph]ic4 ,:5 a ray ( sunlight is admitt$ into a d>k room1 or an electric beam is transmitt$ ?r\gh a glass tube1 myriads ( little motes are reveal$1 :i* move & dance ab\t 9 all directions4 ,9 ord9>y daylight ^! m9ute p>ticles are invisible4 ,nev]!less1 !y are always m or less pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e :]ev] 7except "u special conditions7 ?is p]meates1 & !y con/itute t m or less att5uat$1 impalpable1 g5]ally dry1 or dessicat$ =m ( matt] :i* we d5om9ate du/4 ,z ) e inspiration we take into our bodies m or less ( ?is susp5d$ mat]ial1 ! /udy ( ! composition & *>act]s ( ! diff]5t sub/ances :i* compose x is "o possess$ ( p>am\nt int]e/1 bo? = ! pa?ologi/ & sanit>ian4 ,among/ solid1 inorganic matt]s f\nd 9 ! op5 air are silica1 p]oxide ( iron1 silicate ( alum9a1 c>bonate & phosphate ( lime1 s&1 c>bon1 *loride ( sodium1 & metallic iron4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 are ( telluric orig91 & are c>ri$ into ! atmosph]e by /rong curr5ts & w9ds1 :i* latt] h ! p[] ( transport+ du/ to great di/ances1 e4g4 r$ s& f ! int]ior ( ,africa has be5 f\nd 9 ! sails ( %ips #fjj or #hjj miles di/ant f ! ,african coa/1 :il/ p>ticles ( c>bon1 s&1 & dri$ mud1 eject$ to great heights f volcanoes into ! air1 h be5 transport$ ov] /ill great] di/ances4 ,"s d\bt appe>s to prevail z to :e!r all du/ /orms orig9ate on ! e>?1 x hav+ be5 conjectur$ t "s ( ! solid matt]s f\nd 9 ! atmosph]e may be ( meteoric orig91 & may h ent]$ x f ! realms ( space4 ,! *loride ( sodium 7:i* ! *emi/ kn[s is s omnipres5t t he _c heat an ord9>y plat9um wire 9 a ,buns5 burn] )\t indications ( its pres5ce7 is d]iv$ f ! spray ( ! sea1 lift$ & diffus$ into ! air by ! w9d2 ! iron du/ f ! rails ov] :i* railway tra9s are con/antly pass+2 ! silica1 among/ o!r s\rces1 f ! traffic ov] macadamis$ ?or\ghf>es4 ,! organis$ & organic sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! ext]nal air are v num]\s4 ,! animal k+dom is ! s\rce ( ! w+s ( mo?s1 butt]flies1 & o!r insects1 spid]s' legs & webs1 hair1 wool1 epi!lium1 & eggs1 _m ( ^! bodies be+ m]e dbris4 ,! vegetable k+dom contributes spores1 poll51 cells1 cotton fibre1 & ! g]ms ( vibriones & monads4 ,besides ^! are _m liv+ creatures1 br\ght by ! ag5cy ( monsoons & cyclones f ext5sive des]ts4 ,%[]s ( s& d]iv$ f ^! wa/es occur 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe4 ,ehr5b]g submitt$ ! s& obta9$ dur+ sev5ty ( ^! %[]s to microscopic exam9ation1 & f\nd1 9 addition to s& & oxide ( iron1 num]\s organic =ms1 among/ :i* #aid ,polyga/rica1 #ade ,phyloli?>i1 besides ,poly?almia1 c4 ,silve/re f\nd f\r species ( diatoms & liv+ infusoria 9 ! s& obta9$ f a du/ %[] 9 ,sicily 9 #ahgb4 ,b1 besides ! pres5ce ( ^! organisms 9 ! ext]nal air1 :i* may be reg>d$ exceptional1 x conta9s1 "u ord9>y conditions1 num]\s liv+ creatures1 "s br\ght into x f ! e>? by ! =ce ( w9ds1 o!rs gr[+ 9 x4 ,m ?an #bjj =ms--rhizopods1 t>digrades1 & ,anguilul--h be5 f\nd 9 x by ,ehr5b]g4 ,s t5aci\s ( life are ^! latt] t1 ev5 if dri$1 !y w reta9 _! vitality = mon?s1 & ev5 ye>s4 ,( ! organisms f\nd 9 ! air ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3--#a4 ,extremely small1 r\nd1 & oval cells1 :i*1 t !y may be rightly exam9$ by ! microscope1 require a p[] ( #fjj or #ajjj diamet]s4 ,!y are f\nd sometimes gr[+ toge!r & sometimes cleav+1 :5 !y pres5t an appe>ance l ! figure #h4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 9 ! air is said to /imulate _! gr[? & c>bolic acid to *eck x4 ,al?\gh exi/+ 9 ! op5 air1 !y are by f> m abundant 9 ! atmosph]e ( dirty prisons4 ,!y are also met ) 9 ! sweat ( ! prison]s inhabit+ ^! localities4 ,obs]v]s believe !y increase rapidly by cleavage4 ,no ill effects h be5 trac$ to !m4 ,to ! same class1 p]haps1 ( ^! r\nd & oval cells ! bact]ia & monads1 :i* h be5 describ$ z ga!r$ f ! air1 mu/ be assign$2 ! developm5t ( ^! cells into vibriones & rod-l bact]ia1 ?\gh ass]t$1 has n yet be5 def9itely prov$1 &1 inde$1 ,burd5-,s&]son's obs]vations r ?r[ d\bt on ! /atem5t t true bact]ia exi/ 9 ! air4 #b4 ,spores ( fungi are n infrequ5t 9 ! op5 air2 !y occur mo/ commonly 9 ! summ] 7,july & ,augu/72 !y are n 9 ?is c\ntry m frequ5t ) "o w9d ?an ano!r2 ! l>ge/ numb] f\nd by ,maddox 9 t5 h\rs 0 #bej spores2 on "s days n a spore c be f\nd4 ,maddox leaves undet]m9$ ! k9d ( fungus :i* ! spores develop$ "u cultivation2 ! spores 7 pale or olive col\r$ & oval1 probably f "s =m ( smut4 ,angus ,smi? f\nd 9 wat] ?r\gh :i* ! air ( ,man*e/] 0 drawn innum]able spores4 ,mr ,danc] has calculat$ t 9 a s+le drop ( ! wat] #bej1jjj fungoid spores z well z mycelium 7 pres5t2 b z ! wat] 0 n exam9$ = "s "t !re may h be5 gr[?4 ,mycelium ( fungus seems uncommon 9 ! air1 b is sometimes f\nd4 ,! cells ( ! ,protococcus pluvialis are n uncommon1 nei!r1 p]haps1 are ^? ( o!r alg4 ,on ! :ole ! exp]im5ts ( ,maddox %[ t 9 8 locality 7ne> ,s\?ampton7 x is incorrect to speak ( ! air be+ load$ ) fungoid spores2 !y c be f\nd1 b are n v num]\s4#bfg ,footnote #bfg3 ,p>kes4 ,among/ o!r susp5d$ matt]s are m9ute fragm5ts ( dri$ horse dropp+s1 d]iv$ f ! orig9al sub/ance1 r$uc$ to p[d] by ! traffic1 & c>ri$ by a]ial curr5ts into ! atmosph]e4 ,9 ! ',*emical ,news' = ,octob]1 #ahga1 ,pr(essor ,ti*borne gives ! results ( "s analyses ( ! /reet du/ ( ,dubl94 ,"s du/ tak5 f ! top ( a pill> #acd feet high conta9$ #big p] c5t4 ( organic matt]1 :il/ t collect$ f ! /reet consi/$ ( z mu* z #deb p] c5t4 ,?is organic matt] 0 pr9cipally compos$ ( comm9ut$ /able manure2 x 0 capable ( act+ z a f]m5t1 & 0 possess$ ( deoxidis+ p[]s suffici5t to r$uce nitrate to nitrite ( pota%4 ,?is evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( susp5d$ kn[n matt]s 9 ! air has l$ "s pa?ologi/s to conjecture t c]ta9 =mless sub/ances f\nd 9 x1 undet]m9able by ! microscope1 may 9 reality be disease g]ms1 :i*1 be+ transport$ ?r\gh long di/ances by ! w9d1 may also be ! means ( spread+ c]ta9 maladies f "o locality to ano!r4 ,9 ?is mann] *ol]a has be5 suppos$ to h be5 propagat$ f ,india1 ! p>ticles ( ! dri$ excreta ( *ol]a pati5ts be+ suppos$ to be ! c>ri]s ( ! =midable disease2 ?is hypo!sis ( its orig91 h[ev]1 is n yet1 at any rate1 univ]sally accept$4 ,9 ! case ( smallpox & sc>let fev] ! di/ance to :i* ! 'contagions' spread by means ( ! air is c]ta9ly inconsid]able4#bfh ,footnote #bfh3 ,ibid4 ,hi!rto we h spok5 only ( ! nature ( ! du/ occurr+ 9 ! ext]nal air4 ,! composition ( t met ) 9 conf9$ spaces is1 ( c\rse1 l>gely influ5c$ by surr\nd+ conditions & circum/ances2 = in/ance1 9 indiff]5tly v5tilat$ ap>tm5ts1 9 addition to ! sub/ances already enum]at$1 ! du/ ( ! conf9$ air has be5 f\nd to conta9 small p>ticles ( food1 bits ( ! hair ( human be+s1 dome/ic animals1 & fea!rs ( birds1 z well z ( coals1 c9d]s1 *>r$ wood1 l951 cotton1 & wool fibres1 v>ieties ( epi!lium1 & c]ta9 r\nd cells resembl+ nuclei4 ,9 ! ap>tm5ts ( ! sick x is additionally *>g$ ) a v l>ge quantity ( organic matt]4 ,! spores ( ! ,tricophyton & ,acorion h be5 discov]$ 9 & seem peculi> to sk9 hospitals4 ,9 t tak5 ^u two occasions f ! w>d ( ,/4 ,l\is 7! ,sk9 ,hospital ( ,p>is71 & submitt$ to exam9ation1 "o specim5 0 f\nd additionally to conta9 #cf p] c5t4 & 9 ! o!r #df p] c5t4 ( organic matt]4 ,! scaly & r\nd epi!lia f\nd 9 mo/ rooms are 9 l>ge quantity 9 hospital w>ds1 & probably 9 cases :]e !re is mu* expectoration & exposure ( pus or puri=m fluids to ! air ! quantity w\ld be /ill l>g]4#bfi ,footnote #bfi3 ,p>kes4 ,! inve/igation ( ! air ( a *ol]a w>d 9 #ahdi by ,brita9 & ,swayne1 at ,clifton1 reveal$ ! pres5ce ( bodies resembl+ fungi2 m9ute scales ( v>iol\s matt] h be5 f\nd by ,bakewell 9 smallpox w>ds1 & cells ( pus & epi!lium 9 ! %$s & /ables ( animals affect$ ) cattle disease & pleuro-pneumonia4 ,dr ,watson detect$ 9 ! air ( a w>d = consumptive pati5ts at ,netley1 toge!r ) pus cells1 bodies be>+ a great resemblance to ! cells met ) 9 tub]cul\s matt]1 ^! latt] n be+ discov]able 9 ! op5 air or 9 ! rooms ( non-consumptive p]sons2 :il/ ,ra9y1 exam9+ ! air ( ! *ol]a w>d at ,/4 ,?omas's ,hospital1 f\nd bact]ia 9 x1 besides fungi4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! bodies 01 h[ev]1 detect$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,! atmosph]e ( m9es1 work%ops1 manufactories1 & rooms 9 :i* h&icraft ( any k9d is c>ri$ on1 is m or less lad5 ) small p>ticles ( sub/ances employ$ 9 ! arts1 manufactures1 & v>i\s indu/ries4 ,! nature ( ^! float+ sub/ances1 z well z a li/ ( ! diseases1 toge!r ) ! am\nt ( mortality !y produce1 w be f\nd "u ! article ,,trades1 ,,c]ta91 ,,_! ,,effects ,,on ,,heal?4 ,dr ,wynt] ,bly? gives ! foll[+ in/ructions = collect+ atmosph]ic du/ = exam9ation3-- ,! mo/ simple way to obta9 ! emanations f a sick room = microscopical obs]vation is to susp5d a common wat] bottle f ! ceil+ fill$ ) ic$ wat]4 ,! moi/ure ( ! air cond5ses1 & br+s ) x organic matt]s2 or ! moi/ure may be ga!r$ :i* adh]es to panes ( glass 9 cold wea!r2 or a bottle may be tak5 conta9+ "s di/ill$ wat]1 absolutely free f impurities ( any k9d1 & fill$ sev]al times ) ! air ( ! place4 ,! wat] may !n be submitt$ to microscopical & *emical exam9ation4 ,metallic du/1 su* z iron1 may be attract$ by a magnet4 ,! mo/ usual & successful way is1 h[ev]1 by aspiration1 ei!r by an aspirator made = ! purpose see ,,aspirator1 or by means ( an ord9>y cask1 by :i* a consid]able volume ( air is drawn ?r\gh a small quantity ( di/ill$ wat]1 glyc]91 or o!r liquid4 ,! indirect way = ! organic matt]1 c41 m5tion$ above1 viz41 analysis ( ! ra9 wat]1 & ! obvi\s way ( collect+ ! du/1 by c>efully sweep+ x (f %elves1 c41 may be also enum]at$4 ,exam9ation ( du/4 ,! du/ obta9$ by any or all ( ^! me?ods %\ld n[ be exam9$ microscopically & *emically4 ,l[ p[]s %\ld be us$ at fir/1 & !n 7if look+ = g]ms7 ! highe/ t c be obta9$4 ,if ! du/ is 9 any quantity x c be submitt$ to *emical exam9ation1 b a k ( :at class x belongs to--animal1 m9]al1 or vegetable--is suffici5t = mo/ purposes4#bgj ,footnote #bgj3 ',diction>y ( ,hygi5e4' ,,du/-,,b94 ,a du/-b9 on any premises may become a nuisance & a p]il to heal? if c]ta9 precautions are n obs]v$ ) respect to x4 ,x %\ld h a tol]ably tight-fitt+ cov]1 & "o t is wat]pro( also1 if1 especially z x ought to be1 ! du/-b9 is situat$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,! bottom %\ld nev] be ! b>e e>?1 b "o t is prop]ly brick$ or til$4 ,x %\ld be lime-wa%$ occasionally1 9 summ] "t ! mo/ frequ5tly4 ,only dry refuse1 su* z a%es & ! sweep+s ( rooms1 c41 %\ld be ?r[n into x4 ,on no acc\nt %\ld fragm5ts ( vegetable or animal nature be put 91 su* z fi%bones1 potato p>+s1 cabbage /alks1 dirty or disc>d$ pieces ( app>el1 or bits ( rags or du/]s4 ,^! %\ld be at once burnt on ! kit*5 fire2 ! be/ k9d ( /ove = consum+ ^! is t kn[n z ! kilnh\se4 ,meat bones %\ld be got dispos$ ( z soon z possible1 z !y frequ5tly give rise to unpleasant & (f5sive od\rs4 ,f9ally1 ! du/-b9 %\ld n be too l>ge4 ,if too capaci\s1 x acts z a guile = s]vants n to h x clean$ out z (t5 z x %\ld be1 ! frequ5t removal ( its cont5ts be+ a mo/ ess5tial condition t[>d ! pres]vation ( heal?4 ,,du/+4 ,?is v important bran* ( h\sehold lab\r is sometimes v ineffici5tly p]=m$4 ,v frequ5tly ! du/ ( an ap>tm5t is n remov$1 b m]ely di/urb$ or driv5 f "o place to settle d[n on ano!r4 ,x %\ld always z mu* z possible be got rid ( by means ( a du/] or a bru% & du/-pan4 ,z ! du/ %\ld adh]e to ! =m]1 ?is %\ld f "t to "t be tak5 out into ! op5 air & %ak54 ,dur+ ! "t a room is be+ du/$ ! furniture %\ld be collect$ 9 z small a space z possible1 & envelop$ 9 ! du/+-%eet4 ,! du/+-%eet on its removal %\ld be c>efully fold$ toge!r1 tak5 into ! air & %ak54 ,! furniture may !n be du/$ & return$ to ! prop] places4 ,a du/] %\ld nev] be rubb$ ov] furniture /&+ close to a wall1 or a dirty m>k on ! wall-pap] w be ! result4 ,! same caution applies to mantel-pieces1 :]e ! pap] may soon be spoilt by ! act ( du/+1 unless contact ) ! du/] be avoid$4 ,,dut* ,,drops4 ,! d>k-col\r$ residue left by ! dry di/illation ( turp5t9e4 7,hag]47 ,,dut* ,,gold4 ,see ,,alloy4 ,,dut* ,,liq',,uid4 ,see ,,olefiant ,,gas4 ,,dye',,+4 ,! act ( t++ or col\r+ absorb5t mat]ials by impregnat+ !m ) solutions ( col\r+ matt]s or dye-/uffs4 ,! col\r+ matt]s :i* imp>t _! t9ts )\t ! int]v5tion ( o!r sub/ances are call$ 'sub/antive col\rs'2 :ile ^? :i* require su* aid are call$ 'adjective col\rs4' ,! bodies employ$ to fix & develop ! latt] class are call$ 'mordants4' ,! exact way 9 :i* dye-/uffs act ^u fibr\s mat]ials has n yet be5 inve/igat$ z fully z x des]ves2 ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion is t ! fibre has a *emical aff9ity = ! col\r+ matt] 9 ! case ( sub/antive dyes1 & likewise = ! mordant1 :i*1 9 its turn1 has an aff9ity = ! col\r+ matt] ( adjective dyes4 ,ano!r op9ion is t ! fibres h pores1 :i*1 :5 exp&$ by heat or *emical ag5ts1 admit p>ticles ( col\r+ matt]4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is c]ta9 t diff]5t mat]ials 'take' dyes 9 diff]5t proportions2 ?us1 silk & wool take ! coal-t> dyes 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]1 b cotton requires ! int]v5tion ( a mo/ p[]ful m9]al or animal mordant4 ,wool takes ! col\r+ matt]s ( mo/ dye-/uff s well t ! deepe/ t9ts c readily be produc$4 ,,silk & ,,cotton are dy$ ) great] difficulty1 :il/ ,,l95 %[s /ill less disposition to take dyes4 ,! op]ations :i* take place 9 dye+ are 'mordant+1' 'age+1' 'dung+1' 'dye+1' & 'cle>+4' ,! fir/ ( ^! op]ations is notic$ "u ,,mordant4 ,aft] ! fabric has be5 mordant$1 x is g5]ally hung up 9 a room ?r\gh :i* a curr5t ( /eam & air is pass+1 by means ( :i* ! union betwe5 ! fibre & ! mordant is quick5$ v consid]ably4 ,?is exposure to moi/ air is ! /ep 9 ! process to :i* ! t]m 'age+' is appli$4 ,! op]ations ( 'dung+' & 'cle>+' are notic$ above 7see ,,dung+74 ,! 'dye+' prop]1 :i* foll[s ! 'dung+1' is effect$ by runn+ ! fabric ?r\gh ! solution ( ! dye-/uff1 ! col\r be+ modifi$ m or less by ! nature ( ! mordant us$4 ,"u ! names ( ! diff]5t col\rs ! means us$ to dye su* col\rs are m9utely describ$4 ,see ,,black ,,dye1 ,,blue ,,dye1 c4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s respect+ ! production ( ! m common col\rs may prove int]e/+ to ! read]1 :o m]ely requires "s g5]al in=mation on ! subject3-- ,,black is usually produc$ by logwood or galls ) an iron mordant4 ,common black silks are dy$ ) logwood & fu/ic1 iron be+ us$ z a mordant4 ,! be/ silks are dy$ black on a blue gr\nd4 ,wooll5 goods are fir/ dy$ blue ) indigo1 & aft]w>ds ) sumac1 logwood1 & gre5 or blue copp]as4 ,cotton & l95 goods are dy$ black 9 a v simil> mann]4 ,,blue is commonly produc$ f indigo1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( sulphate or 9 aque\s solution4 ,prussian blue1 ) a p]salt ( iron or t9 z a mordant1 gives a v spl5did d>k blue4 ,( late sev]al blues ( novel %ades h be5 produc$ f coal-t>4 ,,r$ is obta9$ 9 v>i\s %ades by us+ co*9eal1 saffl[]1 lac-dye1 madd]1 or logwood1 ) a t9 mordant4 ,,purple4 ,until ! la/ few ye>s ! dy] 0 dep5d5t = 8 purples on or*il or cudbe>1 b he has n[ at 8 disposal ! magnific5t s]ies ( anil9e1 or coal-t>1 col\rs1 rang+ f ! mo/ delicate violet1 or 'mauve1' to ! full crimson-purple1 kn[n z 'mag5ta4' ,see ,,purple ,,dye4 ,,yell[4 ,! mo/ important yell[ dyes are made f qu]citron1 fu/ic1 turm]ic1 arnotto1 & ,fr5* & ,p]sian b]ries4 ,= fur!r in=mation1 see ,,blea*+1 ,,calico-,,pr9t+1 c4 ,,dy]',s ,,spirits4 ,see ,,t9 ,,mordants4 ,,dyes4 ,see ,,dye+1 & ! names ( ! pr9cipal col\rs4 ,,dye-,,/uffs4 ,! col\r+ mat]ials us$ 9 dye+ are s call$4 ,! m important ( !m are notic$ "u ! respective names4 ,,dynamite4 ,nobel's dynamite consi/s ( a mixture ( #ge p>ts ( nitroglyc]9 incorporat$ ) #be p>ts ( an infusorial e>? kn[n z 'kieselghur1' f\nd at ,luneburgh1 & consi/+ ( ! fossil %ells ( infusoria4 ,kieselghur is almo/ pure silica4 ,dynamite is 9 regul> use on ! ,cont95t = m9+ op]ations1 & its manufacture & transport appe> to be subject only to reasonable precautions4 ,if ignit$ 9 ! op5 air1 or ev5 :5 loosely pack$1 x burns quietly away1 ) ! evolution ( a small quantity ( nitr\s acid4 ,al?\gh ! fir/ co/ ( dynamite is f\r times t ( gunp[d]1 x is said to be really only half z exp5sive1 s9ce x possesses eight times ! explosive p[] ( ! latt]2 add$ to :i* ! lab\r ( bor+ bla/-holes is avoid$4 ,x also possesses ! advantage ( n be+ impair$ 9 effici5cy by damp4 ,:5 requir$ = use ! dynamite is ramm$ into a ?ick pap] c>tridge1 into :i* a fusee is pass$1 by means ( :i* x is ignit$4 ,al?\gh dynamite :5 once made may be comp>atively h>mless until explod$ at w2 t great risk is incurr$ 9 its manufacture may be inf]r$ f ! fact t1 ^u two occasions ! manufactory on ! ,cont95t 9 :i* x is prep>$ has be5 twice entirely de/roy$4 ,on ! occasion ( ! la/ accid5t x 0 impossible to le>n ! cause ( ! disa/]1 s9ce e "o 9 ! build+ 0 bl[n to atoms4 ,diral9 is said to be a mixture ( nitroglyc]9 ) sawdu/ or wood-pulp z us$ 9 pap]-mills1 ! two latt] sub/ances hav+ be5 previ\sly treat$ ) nitric & sulphuric acids4 ,,dynamom4 7,dr ,momma ,dsseldorf47 ,a galvano-electric curative app>atus4 ,a small capsule ( horn1 conta9+ a disc secur$ to a p$icel4 ,on ! disc a numb] ( %>p ne$les are fix$4 ,by g5tly mov+ ! app>atus1 & aft]w>ds )draw+ x1 artificial pores are produc$ 9 ! sk9 by punctures :i* are n v pa9ful4 ,^! are !n to be rubb$ ) a c]ta9 oil1 probably conta9+ can?>ides4 7,witt/e947 ,,dys',,ent]y4 ,syn4 ,,bloody ,,flux2 ,,dys5t]ia1 ,l4 ,a disease aris+ f inflammation ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! l>ge inte/9es1 & *>act]is$ by /ools consi/+ *iefly ( blood & mucus1 or o!r morbid matt]1 accompani$ ) grip+ ( ! b[els1 & foll[$ by t5esmus4 ,!re is g5]ally m or less fev]1 & ! natural fces are ei!r reta9$ or dis*>g$ 9 small1 h>d balls 7scybala74 ,! common causes ( ?is disease are m>% miasma1 improp] diet1 excessive exhau/ion1 & fatigue1 &1 above all1 exposure to ! cold & damp air ( night aft] a hot day4 ,treat4 ,! common dys5t]y ( ?is c\ntry g5]ally gives way to g5tle ap]i5ts 7ca/or oil or salts-&-manna71 to cleanse ! b[els1 foll[$ by mild opiates or morphia1 to allay irritation4 ,! *ronic symptoms1 :i* frequ5tly hang ab\t = "s "t1 are be/ combat$ by mild tonics & vegetable bitt]s 7b>k1 calumba1 casc>illa74 ,occasionally1 *alybeates 7ammonia-citrate ( iron1 lactate ( iron1 w9e ( iron1 sac*>9e c>bonate ( iron7 w be f\nd useful dur+ convalesc5ce4 ,?r\gh\t1 ! diet %\ld be light & nutriti\s4 ,! contagi\s dys5t]y1 ( camps & hot climates1 is a sev]e & (t5 fatal disease1 9 :i* ! prec$+ symptoms are complicat$ ) remitt5t or typhoid fev]4 ,its treatm5t is t$i\s & difficult1 & dep5ds *iefly on judici\sly meet+ ! sev]al symptoms z !y develop !mselves4 ,ap]i5ts1 diaphoretics1 & nauseants1 foll[$ by tonics1 are ! rem$ies g5]ally reli$ on4 ,! febrile symptoms mu/ be treat$ accord+ to _! inflammatory or putrid t5d5cy4 ,?is v>iety ( ! disease frequ5tly gives rise to organic diseases ( ! abdom9al visc]a1 dropsy1 c4 ,x is reg>d$ by "s z contagi\s1 b )\t suffici5t reason4 ,,dysm5norh,,oe',a4 ,see ,,m5/ruation4 ,,dyspep',,sia4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,dyspep',,sy1 ,,indige/ion4 ,?is compla9t p]vades e rank ( society1 & is1 p]haps1 ( all o!rs1 ! mo/ g5]al4 ,few inde$ are !re :o :olly escape x1 9 "o or o!r ( its =ms4 ,! common symptoms ( dyspepsia are--want ( appetite1 sudd5 & transi5t di/5sions ( ! /oma*1 frequ5t eructations1 he>tburn1 /oma*ic pa9s1 occasional vomit+1 &1 frequ5tly1 co/iv5ess or di>rhoea4 ,sometimes ! head is affect$1 & dimness ( sight1 d\ble vision1 musc volitantes1 & slight v]tigo1 are exp]i5c$1 along ) a multitude ( o!r symptoms1 dep5d+ on a d]angem5t ( ! functions ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,! causes ( dyspepsia are num]\s4 ,9 ! high] ranks ( society x is a common consequ5ce ( ov]-indulg5ce 9 ! luxuries ( ! table1 ( late h\rs1 or ( ! want ( prop] ex]cise1 bo? ( body & m9d4 ,9 ! /udi\s1 & ^? :o lead a s$5t>y life1 x is usually caus$ by excessive m5tal ex]tion or anxiety1 or by ! fatigues ( bus9ess1 & ! want ( suffici5t bodily ex]tion & ( pure air4 ,9 ! l[] ord]s ( society x g5]ally results f inebriety1 or a defici5cy ( prop] food & clo?+1 bad v5tilation1 c42 & is n unfrequ5tly occasion$ by ! physical p[]s be+ ov]-tax$1 especially soon aft] meals4 ,! treatm5t ( dyspepsia dep5ds less on m$ic9e ?an on ! adoption ( regul> habits ( life4 ,mod]ation 9 eat+1 dr9k+1 & ! indulg5ce ( ! passions2 e>ly ris+1 due ex]cise1 & retir+ to re/ at an e>ly h\r1 w d mu* to re/ore ! tone bo? ( ! /oma* & n]ves4 ,excessive /udy & m5tal ex]tion %\ld be avoid$1 & rec\rse %\ld frequ5tly be _h to society & amusem5ts ( a lively & int]e/+ "*4 ,if ! b[els are conf9$1 mild ap]i5ts %\ld be tak51 & if di>rhoea is pres5t1 antacids & absorb5ts may be _h rec\rse to ) advantage4 ,! /oma* may be /r5g!n$ by ! use ( mild bitt]s1 tonics1 & /imulants1 & sea ba?+1 or ! %[] or tepid ba?1 may be tak51 :5 conv5i5t1 to /r5g!n ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,:5 dyspepsia is a second>y or symptomatic disease1 ! cause %\ld be s\ght out1 & ! treatm5t v>i$ accord+ly4 ,among ! ap]i5t m$ic9es mo/ suitable to dyspepsia may be m5tion$--,epsom salts1 phosphate ( soda1 & ,seidlitz p[d]s1 ea* ( :i* %\ld be tak5 l>gely dilut$ ) wat]4 ,an occasional dose ( ! ',ab]ne?y ,m$ic9es' 7:i* see7 has also be5 recomm5d$4 ,among antacids1 are ! bic>bonates & c>bonates ( potassa & soda1 ei!r ( :i* may be tak5 9 doses ( half a teaspoonful dissolv$ 9 wat]2 or1 if ! spirits are depress$1 "o or two teaspoonfuls ( _s ( sal volatile w be m appropriate2 & 9 cases accompani$ by di>rhoea1 a little prep>$ *alk4 ,z bitt]s1 ! comp\nd infusion ( orange peel1 or ( g5tian1 are excell5t4 ,z tonics1 small doses ( b>k1 or ( sulphate ( qu99e1 to :i* *alybeates may be add$1 if !re is pallor ( c\nt5ance1 or a l[ pulse1 ) no disposition to fev] or heada*e4 ,:5 dyspepsia is complicat$ ) hy/]ia1 hypo*ondriasis1 or *lorosis1 ! treatm5t notic$ "u ^? heads may be conjo9$ to t above recomm5d$4 ,:5 x dep5ds on con/ipation1 or a defici5cy ( bile1 ! milde/ & mo/ effective ( all rem$ies w be f\nd suppli$ 9 inspissat$ ox-gall4 ,9 all cases ( incipi5t con/ipation1 ox-gall is a rem$y ( und\bt$ efficacy2 & ev5 9 protract$ cases1 :5 hope has almo/ fl$--b :]e evid5ces ( /rangulation are n unequivocally manife/$--x %\ld nev] be omitt$ by ! practition]4 ,9 habitual or *ronic con/ipation1 accompani$ by indige/ion1 clay-col\r$ /ools1 & a feel+ ( oppression aft] food has be5 tak51 x acts ) almo/ specific c]ta9ty4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! liv] beg9s to assume its heal?y action1 its employm5t %\ld be discont9u$1 & x w !n produce all ! symptoms ( regurgitation ( bile into ! /oma*4 ,?is /ate w be readily recognis$ z a favorable om5 ( return+ p[]4 7,dr ,allnatt47 ,,dyspn,,oe',a4 ,difficulty ( brea?+4 ,x is g5]ally symptomatic ( "s o!r affections4 ,:5 x occurs 9 p]sons ( a n]v\s or irritable habit ( body1 p]fect quiet1 a semi-recumb5t po/ure1 fre% air1 & "s small doses ( e!r1 ammonia1 or opium1 w g5]ally effect a cure4 ,^? ( a full habit require ap]i5ts & depletion4 ,to prev5t attacks ( ! k9d1 excess 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 & ! use ( /imulants1 %\ld be avoid$4 ,,dysu'',,ria4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,dys',,ury4 ,difficult ur9ation4 ,x is g5]ally symptomatic ( disease ( ! kidneys1 bladd]1 or ure?ra4 ,! treatm5t dep5ds on ! excit+ cause4 ,,e> 7,inflamma'tion (74 ,syn4 ,,otitis1 ,l4 ,?is affection1 :5 x attacks ! int]nal "p ( ! e>1 is g5]ally accompani$ ) confusion ( s\nd1 deafness1 & m or less fev]4 ,x is mo/ frequ5t among *ildr51 & is commonly produc$ by exposure to draughts ( cold air1 &1 occasionally1 by =eign matt]s1 z *]ry-/ones1 insects1 c41 hav+ got into ! ext]nal e>4 ,9 su* cases1 ! removal ( ! (f5sive matt]1 & due att5tion to w>m? & cleanl9ess1 ) a dose ( laxative m$ic9e1 w be all ! treatm5t requir$4 ,! pa9 may g5]ally be reliev$ by ?r[+ w>m wat] into ! e> by means ( a syr+e1 & fom5t+ ! surr\nd+ p>ts ) decoction ( poppy-heads & *amomile fl[]s4 ,%\ld ?is treatm5t n succe$1 a drop or two ( laudanum1 ) "o drop ( oil ( cloves & a little oil ( almonds1 may be dropp$ 9 ! e>1 & a piece ( cotton wool introduc$ aft]w>ds4 ,cases ( acute inflammation ( ! int]nal e> are occasionally met ) 9 adults1 :i* assume a v s]i\s "*1 & dem& ! mo/ c>eful treatm5t4 ,see ,,deafness4 ,e>a*e4 ,pa9 9 ! e> may arise f v>i\s causes1 among/ :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( organic disease1 cold1 & t peculi> d]angem5t ( heal? popul>ly call$ 'n]v\sness1' are ! mo/ common4 ,9 ! "o case1 ! prop] rem$y is w>m?2 9 ! o!r1 ! att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! re/oration ( ! body to ! heal?y /&>d4 ,e>a*e1 ,simple ,cure =4 ,take a common1 tobacco-pipe1 place a wad ( cotton 9 ! b[l1 drop ^u x #h or #aj drops ( *lor(orm1 & cov] ) ano!r wad ( cotton2 place ! /em to ! affect$ e>1 !n bl[ into ! b[l1 & 9 _m cases ! pa9 w cease almo/ imm$iately4--,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,,e>?s4 ,9 *emi/ry1 a gr\p ( metallic oxides4 ,! pr9cipal e>?s are b>yta /rontia1 lime1 magnesia1 alum9a1 b]ylla or gluc9a1 yttria1 zirconia1 & ?oria4 ,! fir/ f\r are t]m$ ,,alkal9e ,,e>?s2 ! rema9d]1 toge!r ) ! oxides ( ! v r>e metals erbium1 t]bium1 norium1 c]ium1 lan?anum1 & didymium1 con/itute ! ,,e>?s ,,prop]4 ,! t]m e>? 0 v loosely appli$ by ! old] *emical & ph>maceutical writ]s1 & ! practice is /ill common among ! vulg> at ! pres5t day4 ,?us1 ,,absorb5t ,,e>? 7*alk72 ,,alum9\s ,e41 ,,argillace\s ,e4 7alum9a72 ,,bol> ,e4 7bole72 ,,bone-,e4 7phosphate ( lime72 ,,full]',s ,e4 7an absorb5t clay72 ,,heavy ,e4 7b>yta72 ,,japan ,e41 or ,,t]ra ,,japonica 7cate*u72 ,,seal$ ,e4 7bole71 c41 are names ev5 n[ frequ5tly enc\nt]$ bo? 9 trade & 9 books4 ,,e>!n-,,w>e ,,& ,,glass1 to prev5t ! ,crack+ (4 ,:5 q new1 all vessels ( glass & e>!nw>e %\ld be laid to soak 9 cold wat]1 & aft] "s h\rs1 ?is wat]1 cov]+ ! vessels1 %\ld be gradually heat$ to ! boil+ po9t4 ,x is a good plan to place a little hay on ! top ( ! wat]4 ,glass & e>!nw>e vessels ?us treat$ are f> less liable to crack :5 subject$ to ! heat ( boil+ wat] ?an x w\ld o!rwise be4 ,,e>?-,,nut4 ,see ,,ara*is ,,hypog,,oe,a4 ,,eau4 7,fr47 ,wat]4 ,?is ^w1 l its ,engli% synonym1 is appli$ to num]\s sub/ances1 diff]+ 9 _! composition1 s5sible prop]ties1 & uses1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are a few useful examples3--,,eau ,,d\ce1 fre% or riv] wat]2 ,,eau ,,de ,,m]1 sea or salt wat]2 ,,eau ,,de ,,fonta9e1 ,,eau ,,de ,,s\rce1 spr+ wat]2 ,,eau ,,de ,,puits1 well or pump wat]2 ,,eau ,,de ,,rivi,,re1 riv] wat]2 ,,eau ,,di/ill,e1 di/ill$ wat]2 ,,eau ,,de ,,rose1 rose wat]2 ,,eau ,,de ,,vie1 br&y2 ,,eau ,,de ,,cologne1 ,cologne wat]2 ,,eau ,d',,hongrie1 ,hung>y wat]2 ,,eau ,b,,nite1 holy wat]2 ,,eau ,,=te1 aqua=tis2 ,,eau ,,de ,,savon1 soapsuds2 ,,eau ,,de ,,s5teur1 sc5t$ wat]1 c4 ,eau ,a!ni5ne4 7,hte4 ,b\rgeois1 ,p>is47 ,p\r nettoy] la tte et enlev] les pellicules--= clean+ ! head & remov+ scurf4 ,an alcoholic solution ( pota%-soap1 ) "s solution ( pota% & aromatic oil4 7,dr ,p4 ,goppelsrd]47 ,eau ,b]g] = ,dye+ ! ,hair4 ,two fluids = consecutive application4 ,no4 #a is a solution ( #ac grammes sulphate ( copp]1 #be grammes nitrate ( nickel1 #cj grammes di/ill$ wat]1 #d grammes ammonia4 ,no4 #b is a solution ( calcium sulphide1 made by pass+ sulphurett$ hydrog5 into milk ( lime until x ceases to be absorb$1 & !n filt]+ f ! excess ( lime4 7,w4 ,engelh>dt47 ,eau ,capillaire ,progressive1 p\r rtablir la coleur naturelle des *eveux et de la b>be4 ,=mule rationelle1 succs g>anti4 ,progressive hair-wa% = re/or+ ! natural col\r ( ! hair & be>d4 ,=mula rational1 success gu>ante$ 7,dr ,r4 ,brimmey]1 *imie-ph>maci51 ,e*t]na*1 ,luxemb\rg74 7,s*dl]47 ,eau d',afrique1 = dye+ ! ,hair ,black4 ,?ree fluids to be consecutively appli$4 ,no4 #a is a solution ( #c p>ts nitrate ( silv] 9 #ajj p>ts wat]4 ,no4 #b is a solution ( #h p>ts sodium sulphide 9 #ajj p>ts wat]4 ,no4 #c is a solution ( nitrate ( silv] l ,no4 #a1 b p]fum$4 7,reveil47 ,eau d',atirona4 ,an elegant fluid cosmetic soap1 by ! use ( :i* all imp]fections ( ! sk9 w be easily & pa9lessly remov$4 ,x consi/s ( #be grammes ( a spiritu\s t9cture ( c9namon & cloves1 #d grammes soda soap1 & a drop ( pepp]m9t oil4 7,witt/e947 ,eau de ,bahama4 ,a black dye = ! hair4 ,x is a solution ( sug> ( lead p]fum$ ) oil ( anise1 & conta9+ fl[]s ( sulphur 9 susp5sion4 7,reveil47 ,eau de ,beaut1 ,eau de ,p>is sans p>eille1 or ,eau de ,pr9cesses 7,augu/ ,r5>d1 ,p>is72 ) a ,g]man title1 ,rhmheh/ bekanntes cosmetis*es ,wass] g5annt ,pr9zess5-,wass]4 ,! well-kn[n & r5[n$ cosmetic call$ ,pr9cesses' ,wat]4' ,to exp]i5ce ! brilliant effects ( ?is m>vell\s fluid we ne$ only1 aft] wa%+1 habitually pass a small sponge moi/5$ ) ! fluid g5tly ov] ! sk91 & all[ x to dry )\t rubb+4 ,by s do+ our complexion w rema9 :ite1 smoo?1 cle>1 & s(t1 ev5 to extreme old age4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o are tr\bl$ ) freckles1 heat-spots1 or any o!r eruption %\ld use ! wat] sev]al times a day z direct$4 ,!y ne$ suff] no long] f any defect ( ! sk94 ,pr9cesses' ,wat] :5 %ak5 is a milk-:ite fluid conta9$ 9 an oval bottle ) a long neck1 :i* holds #abe grammes4 ,on /&+ x deposits a :ite precipitate4 ,x is made f #be grammes calomel1 #de grammes corrosive sublimate 7s alt]$ by ! add$ p]fume t ! usual te/s d n reveal x71 & #abb grammes orange-fl[] wat]4 ,eau de ,botot4 ,a m\? wa%4 ,t9cture ( c$> wood1 #ejj grammes2 t9cture ( myrrh & t9cture ( rhatany1 ( ea* #abe grammes2 pepp]m9t oil1 #e drops4 7,w9kl]47 ,eau de ,capille 7,kampra? ,s*w>tze74 ,a hair dye4 ,a mixture ( #af grammes glyc]9e1 #h grammes hyposulphite ( soda1 #a gramme sug> ( lead 7or an equival5t quantity ( ,liq4 ,plumbi subacet471 ab\t #b grammes precipitat$ sulphur & #acj grammes wat]1 p]fum$ ) a small quantity ( eau de ,cologne4 7,hag]47 ,eau de ,*>bon1 ,dr ,*attam's 7,a4 ,ahnelt1 ,*>lott5burg1 ! ,african travell]74 ,a prophylactic & specific aga9/ syphilis4 #aej grammes ( a slightly r$ fluid1 consi/+ ( a wat]y solution ( c>bolic acid col\r$ ) anil9e & p]fum$ ) #a drop pepp]m9t oil & #h drops *lor(orm dissolv$ 9 #bj grammes _s4 7,hag]47 ,eau de ,cy?re4 ,a hair dye4 ,a solution ( #d p>ts *loride ( lead & #h p>ts cry/allis$ hyposulphite ( soda 9 #hh p>ts di/ill$ wat]4 7,hag]47 ,eau de ,docteur ,sa*s4 ,= promot+ ! gr[? ( ! hair1 prev5t+ its turn+ grey1 = protect+ ! scalp f all injuri\s influ5ces1 & = pres]v+ x 9 a /ate ( purity & heal?4 ,a solution ( ca/or oil 9 _s conta9+ picrotox94 7,dr ,c4 ,s*a*t47 ,eau de ,fe--,fairy ,wat]4 ,a natural hair wa% 7,lattke1 ,*emik]1 ,kiel74 ,recomm5d$ z a prep>ation consi/+ solely ( h>mless vegetables4 ,x consi/s ma9ly ( a /rong solution ( nitrate ( lead4 7,himly47 ,eau des ,fes--,fairy ,wat]4 ,a hair wa%4 ,a solution ( #a-a_/d p>ts lead sulphite 9 ab\t #c p>ts sodium hyposulphite1 #g-c_/d p>ts glyc]91 & #hh p>ts wat]4 ,accord+ to ! directions = use1 m ?an ?ree bottles ( #abj grammes ( ! ,fairy ,wat] %\ld n be us$ be=e ! hair has be5 treat$ ) ,eau de ,poppe1 &1 to raise x to ! highe/ possible degree ( beauty1 ) ,huile rgnratrice d',hygie4 7,hag]47 ,eau de ,hebe4 ,= freckles4 ,to be appli$ ) a small sponge 9 ! ev5+ & wa%$ (f 9 ! morn+4 ,lemons1 cut small1 dige/$ 9 a clos$ flask ) di/ill$ v9eg>1 lav5d] v9eg>1 oil ( lemon1 & rosem>y1 & filt]$4 ,eau de ,java ,anti*ol]ique is a solution ( camphor & c>bolic acid 9 _s4 7,casselmann47 ,eau de la ,floride4 ,a col\rless fluid ) a gre5i%-yell[ deposit consi/+ ( sug> ( lead1 #ej p>ts2 fl[]s ( sulphur1 #bj p>ts2 di/ill$ wat]1 #ajjj p>ts4 7,f4 ,eymael47 ,eau de ,le*elle may be replac$ by a filt]$ mixture ( #bjj p>ts aqua aromatica1 #cjj p>ts aqua de/41 #aj p>ts acid4 c>bol41 #aj p>ts ol4 ?ymi1 #bj p>ts acid4 tannic4 ,eau de lys de ,lohse 7,lohse =m]ly--be=e ! ,fr5* w>--,lohs1 ,b]l974 ,a cosmetic consi/+ ( #b grammes z9c oxide1 #b grammes prep>$ talc1 #d grammes glyc]91 & #bjj grammes rose wat]4 7,s*dl]47 ,eau de ,mont ,blanc4 ,a hair dye4 ,a solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,eau de ,naples4 ,neapolitan wa%+ solution4 ,a mixture ( #ab p>ts borax1 #ajj p>ts di/ill$ wat]1 #ej p>ts rose wat]1 #a "p camphor1 #d p>ts t9ct4 b5zo94 7,w4 ,hildwe947 ,eau de ,qu99e--,glyc]9 ,hair ,wa%1 ) ,extract ( ,p]uvian ,b>k 7,a4 ,he9ri*1 ,leipzig74 ,= remov+ scurf & /r5g!n+ ! hair4 #b grammes balsam ( ,p]u1 #f grammes ca/or oil1 #fj grammes rum1 #ce grammes wat]1 #e grammes t9cture ( r$ c9*ona4 7,hag]47 ,eau de ,vi5ne4 ,a hair dye f ,p>is4 ,two fluids1 "o ( :i* is a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 ammoniacal wat]1 & ! o!r a solution ( pyrogallic acid4 ,eau ,d5tifrice de ,mall>d4 ,/> anise1 common anise1 c9namon1 cloves1 ( ea*1 #h p>ts2 guaicum wood1 #aj p>ts2 br[n c9*ona1 #f p>ts2 rose leaves1 #e p>ts2 nutmegs1 #b p>ts1 are plac$ 9 a displacem5t app>atus & p]colat$ ) #c p>ts co*9eal2 #ab-ae p>ts wat]1 #ajjj p>ts sp4 v9i2 sp4 gr4 #hfj4 ,! t9cture is displac$ ) wat] & #ajjj p>ts are mix$ ) #g p>ts ( a mixture ( pepp]m9t oil1 _s ( scurvy grass1 & t9ct4 ( b5zo91 all[$ to /& & filt]$4 ,eau ,d5tifrice des ,cordillres4 ,an ,indian recipe4 #cfj p>ts /rong spirits1 #ccj p>ts wat]1 #b-a_/b p>ts extract ( r$ or yell[ c9*ona1 #a "p oil ( c9namon1 #b p>ts oil ( cloves1 #c p>ts oil ( anise1 #e p>ts oil ( pepp]m9t4 7,hag]47 ,eau ,ec>late--,sc>let ,wat]4 7,brdel74 ,= r5ovat+ r$ l95 & wooll5 fabrics4 ,oxalium1 #be p>ts2 soda1 #af p>ts2 pota%1 #e p>ts2 wat]1 col\r$ ) co*9eal & slightly p]fum$1 #ajjj p>ts4 7,sau]we947 ,eau ,lajeune4 ,a hair dye4 ,an elegant pa/ebo>d box1 9 :i* are ?ree bottles ( fluid & two bone-h&l$ too?-bru%es4 ,no4 #a conta9s a cle> fluid consi/+ ( pyrogallic acid #ae gramme1 #c gramme col\r+ matt] ( alkanet1 #age grammes _s ( w9e1 #bg grammes wat]4 ,no4 #b is fill$ ) a ?ick br[n fluid1 :i* f decomposition has produc$ a deposit sometimes br[n1 sometimes grey4 ,?is p>tly-decompos$ fluid 0 orig9ally a mixture ( silv] nitrate1 #ce grammes2 ammonia1 #de grammes2 gum arabic or "s simil> mucilage1 #be grammes2 di/ill$ wat]1 #bc grammes4 ,no4 #c1 labell$ ,fixateur1 conta9s #ge grammes fluid1 consi/+ ( #e gramme sodium sulphide1 #g grammes di/ill$ wat]4 ,! directions = use1 translat$ into v>i\s languages1 say--,dissolve #aj grammes subc>bonate ( soda 9 half a litre ( w>m or cold ra9 wat]1 & ) ?is wa% ! grease f ! hair4 ,aft]w>ds r9se x 9 cle> wat]1 & dry x ?or\ghly ) a clo?4 ,p\r "o "p ( fluid ,no4 #a into a sauc]1 & ) bru% ,no4 #a apply x to ! roots ( ! hair4 ,all[ x two or ?ree m9utes to dry1 !n rub ! hair ) an old l95 clo? to remove ! sup]flu\s moi/ure4 ,next repeat ! op]ation1 us+ fluid & bru% ,no4 #b1 & )\t wait+ wa% ! hair ) w>m or cold soapy wat]4 ,?is hair dye is q h>mless1 & leaves no m>ks on ! sk9 beh9d x4 ,to use x = ! ,be>d4--,! process is ! same z t = ! hair1 except t in/ead ( ! soda solution1 ord9>y soap is to be us$ to cleanse ! be>d f grease4 ,x (t5 happ5s t :5 ! us] ( ! dye has n tak5 ord9>y c>e 9 cleans+ ! hair1 ! latt] becomes ( a false & unnatural t9t4 ,9 ?is case ! ,fixateur %\ld be us$4 ,a small sponge %\ld be moi/5$ ) ?is & pass$ ov] ! hair1 :i* w make ! col\r natural & glossy4 ,! ,fixateur z well z ! sponge mu/ only be us$ 9 ?is way4 ,x may be employ$ two days aft] ! fir/ op]ation )\t x be+ necess>y to dye ! hair anew4 7,hag]47 ,eau ,m$ic9ales are ei!r simply wat]y solutions 7,,hydrol,s1 ,,hydrolatures1 ,,solutions ,,p> ,l',,eau71 or di/ill$ wat] 7,,eaux ,,di/ill,,es72 or !y are v9\s or alcoholic t9ctures or solutions ( ess5tial oils1 aromatics1 or m active drugs4 ,see ,,cordials1 ,,hair ,,dyes1 ,,p]fum]y1 ,,spirits1 ,,t9ctures1 ,,wat]s1 c4 ,eau ,tonique de ,*alm9 is a p]fum$ solution ( tann94 ,eau ,tonique ,p>a*te des ,*eveux4 ,to prev5t ! fall+ (f ( ! hair4 ,mac]ate "s pieces ( violet root = "s days 9 #abj grammes rose wat]1 filt]1 & add to ! fluid #b decigrammes sulphate ( iron1 #c drops v9eg>1 #ac gramme ea* ( t9cture ( b5zo9 & balsam ( ,p]u1 #ge grammes ,prov5ce oil1 & #aj drops oil ( b]gamot4 7,dr ,casselmann47 ,eau ,virg9ale 7,*able74 ,lead acetate1 z9c sulphate1 ( ea* #a "p2 di/ill$ wat]1 #bh p>ts2 eau de ,cologne1 #ab p>ts4 ,dissolve & mix2 all[ to /& = a mon? & filt]4 ,a spoonful mix$ ) a glass ( wat] to be us$ z a vag9al injection4 7,reveil47 ,eaux1 9 p]fum]y1 are solutions ( ! fragrant ess5tial oils 9 _s1 z eau de ,cologne1 eau de b\quet1 c42 or !y are di/ill$ wat]s1 l>gely *>g$ ) ! odor\s pr9ciples ( plants1 z eau de rose1 eau de fleurs d'oranges1 c4 ,eaux1 ( ! liqueuri/e1 are aromatis$ spirits or cordials4 ,,eb',,lan9e4 ,! yell[i%-r$1 cry/allisable1 solid sub/ance1 :i* is left beh9d 9 ! retort1 :5 wood _s is rectifi$ f quicklime4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]1 & sublimes )\t fusion at #bgc ,fahr4 ,,ebonite4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & vulcanite1 consi/s 9 ! col\r+ mat]ials us$4 ,see ,,ca\t*\c4 ,,eb',,ony4 ,! wood ( ! ,diospyrus ,melanoxylon1 an ,ea/ ,indian tree1 ( ! natural ord] ,eb5ace4 ,two o!r species ( ! same g5us1 namely1 ,diospyrus ,eb5us & ,d4 ,eb5a/]1 yields respectively ,,mauritius ,,ebony & ! ,,ba/>d ,,ebony ( ,ceylon4 ,pale-col\r$ woods are /a9$ 9 imitation ( ebony 7,,factiti\s ,,ebony71 by wa%+ !m ) or /eep+ !m 9 a /rong decoction ( logwood or ( galls1 &1 :5 dry1 wa%+ !m ov] ) a solution ( sulphate or acetate ( iron4 ,!y are !n r9s$ 9 clean wat]1 & ! process is repeat$1 if requir$4 ,! wood is la/ly poli%$ or v>ni%$4 ,,ebri',,ety4 ,see ,,intoxication4 ,,ebulli'',,tion4 ,! /ate ( boil+1 or ! agitation ( a liquid aris+ f its rapid conv]sion into vap\r by heat4 ,ebullition occurs 9 diff]5t liquids at v diff]5t temp]atures1 su* temp]atures be+ call$ _! 'boil+-po9ts4' ,"u ! same circum/ances ! boil+-po9ts are con/ant1 & by obs]v+ !m ! *emi/ is (t5 able to di/+ui% liquids :i* mu* resemble ea* o!r4 ,! boil+-po9t ( ! same liquid may1 h[ev]1 v>y consid]ably "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,! causes :i* induce v>iation are increas$ or dim9i%$ atmosph]ic pressure1 ! great] or less dep? ( ! liquid1 & ! "* ( ! conta9+ vessel4 ,?us boil+ wat] is cold] by "s degrees :5 ! b>omet] is l[1 9 bad wea!r1 or at ! top ( a hill1 ?an :5 ! b>omet] is high]1 9 f9e wea!r1 or at ! bottom ( a valley or m9e4 ,!re is a v simple & beautiful exp]im5t1 illu/rative ( ! effect ( dim9i%$ pressure 9 l[]+ ! boil+-po9t ( a liquid4 ,a little wat] is made to boil = a few m9utes 9 a flask or retort plac$ ov] a lamp1 until ! air has be5 expell$1 & ! /eam issues freely f ! neck4 ,a tightly fitt+ cork is !n ins]t$1 & ! lamp at ! same mom5t )drawn4 ,:5 ! ebullition ceases1 x may be r5ew$ at pleasure = a consid]able "t by ! affusion ( cold wat]1 :i*1 by cond5s+ ! vap\r )91 occasions a p>tial vacuum4 ,liquids 9 g5]al boil f #fj to #adj l[] ?an _! ord9>y boil+-po9ts :5 heat$ 9 vacuo4 ,! foll[+ table furni%es v exact in=mation respect+ ! effect ( increas+ pressure ^u ! boil+-po9t ( wat]3-- ,boil+ wat] conta9$ 9 a deep vessel is hott] ?an t 9 a %all[ "o1 on acc\nt ( ! great] resi/ance 9 ! "o case ?an ! o!r to ! escape ( ! /eam4 ,x is also f\nd t fluids boil at a l[] temp]ature & m quietly 9 vessels ) r\gh & spicul> surfaces1 ?an 9 ^? ) smoo? or poli%$ ones4 ,! boil+-po9t ( wat]1 z m>k$ on ! scale ( ! !rmomet]1 is #bab ,fahr41 b 9 glass vessels1 "u common circum/ances1 x v>ies f ,,table ,i4--,boil+-po9ts ( ,wat] at diff]5t ,pressures4 ,by ,mr ,c4 ,,greville ,,williams4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,boil+-po9t ,b>omet] ,boil+-po9t ,b>omet] ,fahr4 ,in*es4 ,fahr4 ,in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahd #affgf #bjj #bcded #ahe #agjdg #bja #bcicg #ahf #agdba #bjb #bddda #ahg #aghjc #bjc #bejad #ahh #ahaif #bjd #bedfh #ahi #aheic #bje #beiib #aij #ahiib #bjf #bfebi #aia #aidjg #bjg #bgjfh #aib #aihbb #bjh #bgfad #aic #bjbed #bji #bhahc #aid #bjfhg #baj #bhgdd #aie #baabd #baa #bicca #aif #baegf #bab #biibb #aig #bbjcj #bac #cjeaf #aih #bbdih #bad #caabj #aii #bbife #bae #cagcj ---------------------------------------- ----------- #babbed to #baef2 :il/ 9 p]fectly pure & smoo? glass vessels wat] may be heat$ to #bba ,fahr4 )\t boil+4 ,t ! elevation ( ! boil+-po9t 9 ?is case is due to ! nature ( ! surface1 may be at once demon/rat$ by ?r[+ into wat]1 ab\t to boil 9 a glass matrass1 a little iron fil+s or co>sely p[d]$ glass1 :5 ebullition w comm5ce ) almo/ explosive viol5ce1 at ! same "t t ! temp]ature ( ! fluid w s9k ab\t #b ,fahr4 ,! boil+-po9t ( wat] conta9$ 9 ord9>y vessels may be rais$ consid]ably above #bab ,fahr41 by ! addition ( sal9e matt]1 z w be se5 9 ! foll[+ table1 extract$ f ,mr ,c4 ,g4 ,williams's excell5t ',h&book ( ,*emical ,manipulation1'-- ,,table ,,ii4--,boil+-po9ts ( ,saturat$ ,solutions ( v>i\s ,salts at ! ord9>y ,atmosph]ic ,pressure4 ,by ,c4 ,g4 ,,williams4 ,"n ( ,salt4 ,boil+-po9t4 ,*loride ( calcium #cee ,fahr4 ,acetate ( soda #bef ,nitrate ( soda #bdf ,sal-ammoniac #bcf ,common salt #bbd ,cream ( t>t> #bad ,! above solutions are suitable = *emical ba?s4 ,) ! exception ( ! fir/1 !y furni% 9 _! boil+-po9ts temp]atures1 z ne>ly z c be obta9$1 #aj above ea* o!r4 ,!y 7 *os5 by ,mr ,williams because1 9 'fractionat+' volatile sub/ances1 x is usual to sep>ate ! di/ill$ products by diff]5ces ( temp]ature equal to #aj ,fahr4 ,9 long op]ations x is f\nd inconv5i5t to employ a saturat$ sal9e solution = a ba? 7by :i* ! highe/ temp]ature w\ld be obta9$71 z ! con/ant evaporation ( ! wat] induces ! cry/allisation ( ! salt4 ,x is h5ce usual to keep x consid]ably bel[ t po9t4 ,! foll[+ table1 compil$ *iefly f ! pages ( ,dr ,mill]'s ',elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry1' gives ! boil+-po9ts ( sev]al int]e/+ sub/ances4 ,,table ,,iii4--,boil+-po9ts ( v>i\s ,liquids at ! ord9>y ,atmosph]ic ,pressure4 ,"n ( ,sub/ance4 ,boil+-po9t4 ,liquid c>bonic acid -#ajh ,fahr4 ,liquid sulphur\s acid #agf ,*loric e!r #eai ,aldehyd #fid ,e!r #idh ,bisulphide ( c>bon #aahe ,bromide #aded ,wood _s #adii ,alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hae7 #agca ,b5zol #agfh ,dut* liquid #ahdg ,acetic acid #bdca ,sulphur 7melt$7 #fji ,m]cury #ffb ,,ebul',,lioscope4 ,syn4 ,,ebullition ,,alcoholomet]1 ,,!rmo-,,alcoholomet]4 ,?is in/rum5t is ess5tially a !rmomet]1 & its application to alcoholometry is bas$ ^u ! fact t ! boil+-po9t ( a spirit\s liquid is sc>cely alt]$ by ! pres5ce1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ( ! sub/ances :i* may be dissolv$ 9 x1 & :i*1 by increas+ its specific gravity1 r5d] ! ord9>y alcoholomet]s or hydromet]s useless = ! purpose ( indicat+ its alcoholic ri*ness4 ,! ebullioscope 0 inv5t$ by ! ,abb ,bross>d-,vidal1 ( ,t\lon1 & 9 its orig9al =m consi/$ ( a _s-lamp surm\nt$ by a small boil]1 into :i* a l>ge cyl9drical glass bulb 0 plung$1 hav+ an upright /em ( su* calibre t ! quicksilv] conta9$ 9 !m1 by its expansion & asc5t :5 heat$1 rais$ be=e x a little glass float 9 ! /em1 :i* 0 connect$ by a ?read ) a simil> glass bead1 hang+ 9 ! air4 ,?is ?read pass$ r\nd a pulley1 :i*1 turn+ ) ! motion ( ! beads1 caus$ an index to move along a graduat$ circul> scale1 :i* repres5t$ on its face ! p]-c5tage ( absolute alcohol 9 spiritu\s liquors ( diff]5t boil+-po9ts4 ,?is =m ( ! app>atus be+ f\nd inconv5i5t & liable to get dis>rang$1 v>i\s improvem5ts 7 made 9 x by ,,mm4 ,conaty1 ,l]eb\r1 & o!rs4 ,! modification ( ! in/rum5t n[ 9 use1 & kn[n z ,field's ,,pat5t ,,alcoholomet]1 0 made by ! late ,dr ,ure1 & c sc>cely be improv$ on4 ,x consi/s ( a !rmomet] hav+ a v m9ute bore & a l>ge bulb1 simil> to t employ$ to det]m9e ! height ( m\nta9s f ! boil+-po9t ( wat]1 b in/ead ( !rmometric degrees be+ m>k$ ^u ! scale ! p]-c5tage "u pro( is plac$ on ! left-h& side ( ! /em1 & ! p]-c5tage cont5t ( pro( _s on ! "r-h& side4 ,^! comm5ce at #aghe ,fahr41 ! temp]ature at :i* 'pro( _s' boils1 & :i* "h =ms ! bottom ( ! scale4 ,! succe$+ numb] are bas$ ^u ! boil+-po9ts ( mixtures ( alcohol & wat]4 ,! little boil] be+ *>g$1 & ab\t a teaspoonful ( salt 7#ce gr47 be+ add$1 to prev5t loss ( alcohol by evaporation1 ! !rmomet] is set 9 its place1 & ! _s-lamp light$4 ,:5 ! m]cury beg9s to rise out ( ! bulb ( ! !rmomet]1 ! 'damp]-plate' is pu%$ 9 a little way1 to mod]ate ! heat4 ,! eye is n[ kept /eadily on ! in/rum5t1 & z soon z ! liquor boils freely1 & ! m]cury becomes /ation>y 9 ! /em1 ! indication is c>efully not$1 & ! damp]-plate pu%$ home to ext+ui% ! flame4 ,! ebullioscope is adju/$ to ! mean boil+-po9t ( wat] "u an atmosph]ic pressure ( #bie in*es4 ,:5 ! pressure is ei!r high] or l[]1 bo? wat] & alcohol boil at a some:at diff]5t temp]ature1 to meet :i* a b>ometrical equation is atta*$ to ! !rmomet] by means ( a small subsidi>y scale4 ,x is !re=e necess>y1 prior to comm5c+ ! op]ation ( te/+ any liquor1 to *>ge ! little boil] ) pure wat] only1 & to fix ! !rmomet] 9 its place4 ,:5 ! wat] boils freely1 ! m]cury becomes /ation>y 9 ! /em1 exactly opposite ! true b>ometrical indication at ! "t4 ,%\ld ?is be aga9/ ! l9e #bie1 no correction w be requir$2 b %\ld x /& at any o!r l9e1 above or bel[1 !n ! v>i\s boil+-po9ts w be> ref]5ce to t boil+-po9t only4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! boil+-po9t ( ! wat] on ! b>ometrical indicator mu/ be set aga9/ ! boil+-po9t ( ! liquid on ! scale1 :5 opposite ! l9e--#bie w be f\nd ! true /r5g?4 ,?us3--! b>omet] be+ at #cj in*es1 & ! indication or boil+-po9t be+ #gb u4 p41 #cj on ! indicator mu/ be plac$ aga9/ #gb u4 p4 on ! !rmomet]1 :5 aga9/ ! l9e ( #bie w be se5 #fif u4 p41 ! real /r5g? ( ! sample te/$4 ,:5 a _s is /rong] ?an ! 'excise pro(1' its boil+-po9t v>ies too little ) its alt]ations ( /r5g? to r5d] ! ebullioscope ( mu* practical value4 ,to make x applicable to ! /rong] spirits1 x is !re=e necess>y to dilute !m ) exactly _! own bulk ( pure wat] be=e te/+ !m1 & !n to d\ble ! result+ indication1 z sugge/$ by ,dr ,ure4 ,our own plan is always to d ?is :5 ! _s is /rong] ?an #bj u4 p4 ,by means ( ! ebullioscope ! alcoholic cont5t ( be]1 w9es1 & spirits1 ( e v>iety & class1 may be readily det]m9$ ) suffici5t accuracy = all practical purposes2 & by me?ods :i* we %all h]eaft] po9t out1 ! am\nt ( sac*>9e extractive1 or sug>1 9 cordialis$ _s1 malt liquors & w9es1 may also be asc]ta9$4 ,! ebullioscope 7,field's ,,alcoholomet]7 employ$ by u 9 num]\s & ext5sive inve/igations connect$ ) public hygine1 0 made by ,mr ,long1 ( ,little ,t[] ,/reet1 & is an in/rum5t :i* %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e w9e & _s m]*ant & lic5s$ victuall]1 z well z e private g5tleman :o feels int]e/$ 9 ! quality ( ! liquors 9 8 cell>4 ,! in/rum5t is accompani$ by a useful little pamphlet ( directions & tables1 :i* has be5 v accurately got up1 z we und]/&1 by ! late ,dr ,ure1 expressly = ,mr ,long4 7,a4 ,j4 ,cooley47 ,,e*9ococcus ,,hom9is4 ,?is creature1 :i* is ! l>va ( ! ,t9a ,e*9ococcus1 is a v common p>asite infe/+ man1 & has be5 f\nd 9 ! human lungs1 he>t1 kidneys1 liv]1 sple51 ov>ies1 brea/s1 membrane ( ! ?roat1 & ! bones4 ,! disease to :i* x gives rise is ( a v long & pa9ful nature1 frequ5tly t]m9at+ fatally1 & "o 9 :i* no rem$ies h hi!rto be5 f\nd ( any avail4 ,! "p ( ! human economy mo/ frequ5tly attack$ by ! ravages ( ! ,e*9ococcus is ! liv]1 9 ! sub/ance ( :i* x gives rise to ! =mation ( a hydatid tum\r4 ,?is tum\r is compos$ ( a ?ick-wall$ cy/ or bag1 )9 :i* is ano!r ( a mu* m delicate texture4 ,?is latt] membrane is ! "m-sac ( ! ,e*9ococcus embryo 7,huxley71 & corresponds ) ! g]m9al membrane ( ,pr(essor ,goodsir4 ,x is /udd$ ) innum]able transp>5t cells1 v>y+ z extremes ( measurem5t f #a_/ajjjj? to #a_/cjjj? ( an in*4 ,x is ! seat ( developm5t ( innum]able ,e*9ococci1 & to ?is membrane1 9 a fre% hydatid tum\r1 !y are f\nd connect$ by a delicate membrane1 ei!r s+ly1 or m commonly 9 clu/]s1 ! numb] ( individuals on ! clu/] v>y+ f #aj to #ajj or m1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ woodcut4#bga ,footnote #bga3 ,aitk54 ,illu/ration ,! size ( ! embryo v>ies f #a_/ah? to #a_/bj? ( a l9e to #a_/aj? to #a_/ah?1 accord+ z x is elongat$ or contract$4 ,fig4 #b repres5ts two ,e*9ococci4 ,9 ! "o ! head is drawn )9 ! vehicle1 & 9 ! o!r x is extrud$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #c repres5ts a transv]se view ( an e*9ococcus2 ,s ,s are suctorial discs2 ! hooklets may be se5 encircl+ a membran\s disk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,9 ,fig4 #d we h a repres5tation ( ! circlet ( ^! hooklets1 ,b1 :i* are ?irty-f\r 9 numb]2 ,c gives v>i\s views ( sep>ate hooklets2 b is ! base2 c ! c5tral extremity2 e ! hooklets view$ ^u _! concave or inf]ior bord]4 ,! dott$ l9es connect+ f1 g1 k1 repres5t ! out] surface ( ! neck1 & runs ?r\gh ! fix$ po9t ( ! ?ree hooks :i* move ^u ! c5tral fix$ process1 z on ! pivot4 ,! inhabitants ( ,icel& are said to suff] sev]ely f ! effects ( ! ,e*9ococcus ,humanus2 x has be5 comput$ t a six? ( ! population ( ! isl& are attack$ by x4 ,,eclectic ,,rem$ies4 ,^! are m$ic9es *iefly employ$ by a sect ( ,am]ican practition]s1 self-/yl$ ,eclectics4 ,! m$ic9al prop]ties app5d$ to ea* ( ^! prep>ations are ^? ascrib$ to !m by ! ,eclectics !mselves4 ,,apocyn94 ,f ! roots ( ,apocynum & ,rosoemifolium4 ,giv5 9 jaundice1 hepatic torpor1 & con/ipation4--,dose1 #a_/b to #b gr4 ,,asclep$94 ,f ,asclepias tub]osa4 ,expectorant1 diaphoretic1 & tonic4--,dose1 #a to #e gra9s ?ree times a day4 ,,bapti/94 ,f ,wild ,indigo4 ,giv5 9 liv] affections4--,dose1 #a_/d to #a_/b gra94 ,,b>osm94 ,f ,bu*u4 ,diuretic1 alt]ative1 antispasmodic4--,dose1 #b to #d gra9s4 ,,caulophyll94 ,f ,caulophyllum ?alictroides4 ,tonic & alt]ative1 acts on ! ut]us4--,dose1 #a_/d to #a gra9 ?ree times a day2 z a p>turi5t1 #b to #d gra9s4 ,,c]ase94 ,f ! ,c]asus virg9iana4 ,giv5 z a sub/itute = qu99e :5 ?is latt] is inadmissible4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,,cimicifug94 ,syn4 ,,macrot94 ,f ,black ,snak]oot4 ,tonic1 alt]ative1 n]v9e1 antip]iodic1 & 9 *orea4--,dose1 #a to #f gr4 ,,corn9e4 ,f ,cornus ,florida 7,dogwood74 ,antip]iodic4--,dose1 #aj gra9s4 ,,eupator9e4 ,f ,eupatoreum purpureum4 ,diuretic4--,dose1 #c to #e gra9s4 ,,euphorb94 ,f ,euphorbia corollata4 ,emetic1 ca?>tic1 expectorant1 & v]mifuge4--,dose1 #a gra9 or less4 ,,gelsem94 ,f ,gelsemium semp]vir5s4 ,giv5 9 pneumonia1 hy/]ia1 & dysm5orrhoea4--,dose1 #a_/d to #b gra9s4 ,?is mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! p[]ful alkaloid1 ,gelsimia4 ,,g]an91 or ,,g]ani94 ,f ,g]anium maculatum4 ,a/r+5t4--,dose1 #a to #e gr4 ,,hamamel94 ,f ,hamamelis ,virg9ica 7,wit* hazel74 ,a/r+5t4--,dose1 #e gra9s4 ,,hydra/94 ,f ,hydra/is ,canad5sis4 ,tonic4--,dose1 #c to #e gra9s4 ,?is mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! alkaloid ,hydra/a4 ,,irid94 ,f ! ,blue flag4 ,alt]ative1 sialagogue1 an!lm9tic4--,dose1 #a_/b to #e gr4 ,,+l&94 ,f ,butt]-nut4 ,giv5 9 *ronic hepatic disord]s & con/ipation4--,dose1 #b to #d gr4 ,,lept&r94 ,f ,lept&ra ,virg9ica4 ,giv5 9 liv] affections1 *ronic dys5t]y1 di>rhoea1 & typhus4--,dose1 #b to #d gr4 ,,lycop94 ,f ,lycopus ,virg9icus4 ,giv5 9 hmorrhage1 diabetes1 & dys5t]y4--,dose1 #b to #c gra9s4 ,,myric94 ,f ,myrica c]if]a4 ,/imulant1 a/r+5t1 & antispasmodic4--,dose1 #b to #aj gra9s4 ,,popul94 ,f ,populus tremuloides4 ,tonic & febrifuge4--,dose1 #d to #h gra9s4 ,,prun94 ,f ,wild ,*]ry ,b>k4 ,/imulant1 tonic1 & expectorant4--,dose1 #a to #b gr4 ,,rum94 ,f ,rumex crispus4 ,action l rhub>b4--,dose1 #c gra9s4 ,,sangu9>94 ,f ,sangu9>ia ,canad5sis4 ,hepatic & alt]ative4--,dose1 #a_/b to #b gra9s4 ,,/ill+94 ,f ,/yl+ia sylvatica4 ,giv5 9 bron*itis & l>yngitis4 ,us$ ext]nally z a /imulant4 ,int]nally1 #a drop ) mucilage4 ,,edel5zianwurzelsaft--,noble ,g5tian-root ,juice--,enzian ,extract--,extract ( ,g5tian4 ,a wat]-cle>1 col\rless ,s*napps1 :i* conta9s mu* fusel oil & has _h "s ( ! _s remov$1 di/ill$ f g5tian plant4 7,hag]47 ,,edible ,,e>?s4 ,!re seems little reason to d\bt t ! inhabitants ( _m c\ntries1 especially dur+ fam9e & 9 times ( sc>city1 use c]ta9 k9ds ( e>? z food4 ,9 ,spa91 a p>ticul> k9d ( e>? kn[n z buc>o is eat52 ! ,russian peasant p>takes ( 8 rock-fl\r2 ! ,?ur+ian ( 8 rock-butt]2 ! ,sw$e1 ( 8 b]gmehl or m\nta9 meal2 ! native ( ,java ( an e>? kn[n z t5eampa2 ! ,h9doo1 ( ! s-call$ ,patna e>?2 & ! ,p]sian ( a species ( soil kn[n z ,gheli ,giveh4 ,mr ,molv> has analys$ an e>?1 eat5 by ! poor] classes ( ! ,neograd di/rict 9 ,hung>y1 & f9ds x has ! foll[+ composition3-- ,c>bonic acid #djceg ,lime #eadhh ,magnesia #jaaj ,volatile matt] #eede ,f]r\s oxide #jaeh ,alum9a #bbgb ,z ! volatile matt] seem$ to be ! probable means ( n\ri%m5t1 x 0 subject$ to a special exam9ation1 & 0 f\nd to conta91 besides empyreumatic sub/ances1 #jjfg wat]1 & #jjaj nitrog54 ,dr ,s*midt1 a ,g]man *emi/1 gives ! foll[+ z ! composition ( #ajj p>ts ( ! air-dri$ p[d] f ! coa/ ( ! ,:ite ,sea3-- ,wat] giv5 (f at #ajj ,c #jbfj ,giv5 (f at a l[ r$ heat #jhce ,alum9a #djgig ,f]ric oxide #jcaj ,magnesia #jfah ,lime traces ,soda #ahbi ,potassa #ihde ,silicic acid1 trace ( fluor9e1 & loss #deejf ,?is e>? is eat5 by ! ,lapl&]s1 :o mix x ) ! fl\r ( :i* !y make _! bread4 ,! ,p]sian edible e>? call$ ,gheli ,giveh conta9s3-- ---------------------------- ,magnesic c>bonate #ffifc ---------------------------- ,calcic c>bonate #bcfcd ---------------------------- ,sodium *loride #cedb ---------------------------- ,sodic sulphate #jbic ---------------------------- ,sodic c>bonate #jeih ---------------------------- ,magnesic hydrate #acaa ---------------------------- ,f]ric oxide #jjib ---------------------------- ,alum9a #jbbg ---------------------------- ,silicic acid #jgfe ---------------------------- ,wat] comb9$ at #abj #aaec ---------------------------- ,hydroscopic moi/ure #adbb ---------------------------- ,! ',*emical ,news' 7xxxvi1 #bjb7 conta9s ! analysis by ,mr ,pat]son ,muir ( a clay f ,mack5zie ,c\nty1 ,s\? ,isl&1 ,new ,zeal&1 :i* is l>gely eat5 by %eep4 ,x consi/s (3-- ------------------------ ,silica #fabe ------------------------ ,alum9a #agig ------------------------ ,f]ric oxide #egb ------------------------ ,lime #aia ------------------------ ,magnesia #jhg ------------------------ ,sodium *loride #cfi ------------------------ ,potassium *loride trace ------------------------ ,wat] #gca ------------------------ ,organic matt] #agg ------------------------ #ajjdi ------------------------ ,see ,,animalcul4 ,,edulcora',,tion4 ,! affusion ( wat] on any sub/ance = ! purpose ( remov+ ! portion soluble 9 t fluid4 ,edulcoration is usually p]=m$ by agitat+ or triturat+ ! article ) wat]1 & remov+ ! latt]1 aft] subsid5ce1 by decantation or filtration4 ,x is ! me?od commonly adopt$ to purify precipitates & o!r p[d]s :i* are insoluble 9 wat]4 ,! wa%+-bottle is a mo/ useful in/rum5t = ! edulcoration ( precipitates4 ,9 its simple/ =m1 x is a bottle fitt$ ) two b5t glass tubes1 "o drawn to a f9e po9t & rea*+ to ! bottom ( ! bottle1 ! o!r only ent]+ ! cork a few in*es4 ,by bl[+ d[n ! latt] tube1 ! wat] is =c$ out ( ! =m] 9 a f9e /ream4 ,see ,,wa%-,,bottle4 ,,eel4 ,syn4 ,,anguilla1 ,l4 ,a family ( fi%es belong+ to ! 'apodal' section ( ! malacopt]ygii4 ,at lea/ ?ree species ( eels are f\nd 9 ?is c\ntry--! '%>p-nos$1' ! 'broad-nos$1' & ! 'snig4' ,! fir/1 :i* is common 9 /reams & lakes1 atta9s ! greate/ size--sometimes #be lbs4 or ev5 #cj lbs4 ,! 'snig' is consid]$ sup]ior to o!r k9ds = ! table4 ,z articles ( food1 eels are said to be laxative & f> f :olesome4 ,! fat 7,,eel ,,fat2 ,,adeps ,,anguill1 ,,oleum ,a47 is among ! simples ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 #afah1 & 0 =m]ly consid]$ 'good aga9/ /ripes1' & is ev5 n[ us$ by ! vulg> z a friction = /iff jo9ts4 ,= ! table1 eels are g5]ally dress$ by /ew+1 fry+1 bak+1 or pott+1 :i* is done 9 ! usual way1 ! fi% be+ cut into pieces #b or #c in*es long1 & melt$ butt]1 onions1 sweet h]bs1 & an*ovy sauce1 add$ at w4 ,! ,,cong] ,,eel is a di/9ct & gigantic species ( ! same family4 ,its fle% is co>se & oily1 b is mu* e/eem$ by ! inhabitants ( ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,devon1 on :i* x ab\nds4 ,le!by /ates ! foll[+ to be ! composition ( ! ,eel3 ----------------------- ,nitrog5\s matt] #ii ----------------------- ,fat #ach ----------------------- ,sal9e matt] #ac ----------------------- ,wat] #ge ----------------------- #ajjj ----------------------- ,pay5's analysis diff]s f ! above1 9 giv+ a l>g] proportion ( nitrog5\s matt]1 & a /ill great] quantity ( fat4 ,! native inhabitants ( ,new ,zeal& & k9dr$ races suff] l>gely f scr(ula1 ! preval5ce ( :i* disease among/ !m has be5 attribut$ to _! p>tak+ s l>gely ( eel z a common article ( diet4 ,,eff]ves',,c5ce4 ,! rapid escape ( gas 9 small bubbles f a liquid4 ,see ,,draught1 ,,p[d]1 c4 ,,efflores',,c5ce4 ,! spontane\s conv]sion ( a cry/all9e solid into a dry pulv]ul5t =m4 ,cry/als :i* 9 a dry atmosph]e lose _! wat] ( cry/allisation1 & become cru/$ ov] ) a mealy p[d]1 are said to be ,,effloresc5t4 ,,egg4 ,syn4 ,,ovum1 ,l4 ,a body produc$ 9 ! females ( birds & c]ta9 o!r animals1 conta9+ an 'embryo' ( ! same species1 or body1 f :i* a simil> animal may ultimately be produc$4 ,! eggs ( ! common dome/ic f[l are nutriti\s & easily dige/ible2 & :5 lightly cook$ by boil+ & eat5 ) a little salt1 are admirably adapt$ z an alim5t = ! sick & delicate4 ,:5 boil$ h>d or fri$1 !y are r5d]$ less dige/ible1 & possess no advantage 9 ?is respect ov] but*]'s meat4 ,a new-laid egg1 beat5 up 9 a cup ( tea1 c(fee1 or *ocolate is an excell5t +r$i5t 9 ! breakfa/ ( a p]son ) a poor appetite1 & is v support+4 ,a glass ( w9e1 be]1 or port]1 simil>ly treat$1 along ) a biscuit1 has be5 recomm5d$ z a light & nutriti\s lun*eon or supp]1 well suit$ to ! debilitat$ & dyspeptic4 ,raw eggs may be advantage\sly sub/itut$ = cod-liv] oil 9 all ! cases 9 :i* ?is la/ is ord]$1 occurr+ 9 p]sons ) delicate or irritable /oma*s4 ,! addition ( fre% salad oil va/ly increases _! m$ic9al virtues4 ,a fre% egg is said to conta9 ab\t ! same am\nt ( n\ri%m5t z #a-a_/b oz4 ( fre% meat & #a oz4 ( :eat5 bread1 b 9 a m dige/ible =m4 ,composition ( ! cont5ts ( ! egg4 ,wat] #gdjb ,album5 #adjh ,oil & fat #ajbe ,m9]al matt] #afe ------- #ajjjj ,composition ( ! :ite ( egg4 7,?ompson47 ,nitrog5\s matt] #bjdj ,fatty matt] ,sal9e matt] #afj ,wat] #ghjj ------ #ajjjj ,composition ( ! yolk4 7,?ompson47 ,nitrog5\s matt] #afjj ,fatty matt] #cjgj ,sal9e matt] #acj ,wat] #ebjj ------ #ajjjj ,egg1 ,:ite ( 7,,album5 ,,ovi71 is (fic9al 9 ! ,b4 ,p4 ,yelk ( egg 7vitellus ovi7 is an +r$i5t 9 ! ,,br&y ,,mixture 7,,mi/ura ,,spiritus ,,v9i ,,gallici7 ( ! ,london ,college4 ,x is also a popul> application to *aps1 crack$ nipples1 abrasions1 c41 & is l>gely us$ to r5d] oleag9\s sub/ances miscible ) wat]1 9 ! prep>ation ( emulsions4 ,! av]age weight ( ! new-laid egg ( a h5 is ab\t #b-a_/b oz41 & its sp4 gr4 is #ajhj to #ajij2 ! :ite g5]ally weighs ab\t #a-a_/b oz42 ! yolk1 a little "u #c_/d oz42 & ! %ell & sk91 #a_/d oz4 ,dr ,pr\t f\nd t an egg1 on be+ kept = #b ye>s 9 a dry situation1 lo/ #edd-c_/aj gr41 f ! evaporation ( a portion ( its wat] ?r\gh ! %ell4 ,by boil+ 9 wat] an egg loses f #b to #c ( its weight4 ,*oice4 ,! l>g] end ( a new-laid egg feels cold :5 plac$ aga9/ ! tongue4 ,new-laid eggs appe> semi-transp>5t :5 plac$ betwe5 ! eye & a /rong light1 & h a small & p]ceptible division ( ! sk9 f ! %ell1 :i* is fill$ ) air4 ,?is mode ( exam9ation among ! trade is call$ 'c&l+4' ,:5 !y %ake !y are /ale4 ,! eggs ( turkeys & pea-h5s are mu* e/eem$ = "s purposes2 ^? ( ducks & geese are co>se & inf]ior4 ,s\nd eggs w s9k if put into a solution1 consi/+ ( #a oz4 ( salt 9 #aj oz4 ( wat]2 9 ! same solution indiff]5t ones w float1 :il/ bad or wor?less ones w swim ev5 9 pure wat]4 ,pres4 ,eggs may be pres]v$ = any l5g? ( "t by exclud+ !m f ! air4 ,"o ( ! cleane/ & easie/ me?ods ( do+ ?is is to pack !m ) ! small end d[nw>ds1 9 clean dry salt1 9 b>rels or tubs1 & to place !m 9 a cool & dry situation4 ,we h eat5 eggs ?us pres]v$ t 7 m ?an a twelvemon? old1 & t _h be5 = "s mon?s on %ipbo>d 9 a tropical climate1 & :i* yet reta9$ all ! peculi> sweetness ( new-laid eggs4 ,) a l int5tion1 eggs are plac$ 9 vessels conta9+ milk ( lime or /rong br9e1 or are rubb$ ov] ) butt]1 l>d1 or gum wat]1 all ( :i* act by exclud+ ! air4 ,eggs = keep+ %\ld nev] be laid on _! sides1 & :5 kept 9 ! air %\ld be occasionally turn$ to prev5t ! yolk atta*+ itself to ! side in/ead ( float+ 9 ! album54 ,"s p]sons place ! eggs 9 a nett+ or on a sieve or col&]1 & imm]se !m = an in/ant 9 a caldron ( boil+ wat] be=e pack+ !m away4 ,! practice ( pack+ eggs 9 damp /raw1 or any?+ else t c convey a flav\r %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,! %ells ( eggs are por\s1 & readily admit ! passage ( gase\s sub/ances1 especially ( fetid od\rs4 ,x is f inatt5tion to ?is po9t t a l>ge numb] ( ! eggs import$ f ! coa/ ( ,france h a less delicate flav\r ?an ^? ( our p\ltry y>ds4 ,damp *opp$ /raw1 z well z mo/ o!r organic sub/ances expos$ to w>m? & moi/ure1 readily f]m5t or putrefy2 & dur+ f]m5tation a consid]able increase ( temp]ature takes place1 z any "o may readily p]ceive by exam9+ ! common hotb$s 9 our g>d5s1 :i* are m]ely masses ( organic matt] 9 a /ate ( decomposition4 ,eggs1 z long z !y reta9 ! embryo ( ! future *ick 9 a vital /ate1 possess 9 !mselves a c]ta9 degree ( w>m?1 :i* t5ds mat]ially to promote ! decomposition ( ! sub/ances !y are pack$ 91 p>ticul>ly 9 ! pres5ce ( moi/ure4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ',*emical ,news' says3 ,eggs may be kept fre% = a :ole ye> by subject+ !m to ! foll[+ process4 ,! fre% eggs are c>efully plac$ 9 a mixture ( five kilogrammes ( alum1 dissolv$ 9 five litres ( wat]1 heat$ to f #de to #ej ,c41 & left 9 t liquid = f ?irty to =ty m9utes2 ! eggs are next dra9$1 & 9 ! meantime ! solution ( alum is heat$ to boil+-po9t4 ,! eggs are aga9 imm]s$ 9 ! liquid & kept !re9 f t5 to fifte5 seconds2 aft] hav+ be5 dra9$ & cool$1 !y are pack$ 9 ei!r dry bran1 sawdu/1 cork-du/1 sift$ a%es1 or 9 cotton-wool4 ,m4 ,dur&1 ( ,blois1 proposes to pres]ve eggs by coat+ !m ) silicate ( soda4 ,to ,pres]ve ,eggs fre% = _m weeks4--,z ! eggs are tak5 f ! ne/1 bru% ea* "o sep>ately ) a ?9 solution ( gum ,arabic1 be+ c>eful to leave no portion ( ! %ell uncov]$ by x4 ,! half ( ea* egg mu/ fir/ be done1 & left to become dry be=e ! rema9d] is t\*$1 t ! gum may n be rubb$ (f any "p by its com+ 9 contact :ile wet ) ! h& z x is held to be v>ni%$1 or ) ! table :5 x is laid d[n to h>d54--,,eliza ,,acton4 ,eggs to boil 9 ! ,%ell4--,eggs br\ght f a cold place & sudd5ly plung$ into boil+ wat] are v frequ5tly liable to crack1 & ?us to all[ ( ! p>tial escape ( _! cont5ts4 ,9 w9t] x w be f\nd a good plan to hold !m = an in/ant ov] ! /eam ( ! saucepan be=e !y are plac$ 9 x1 :i* !y %\ld be1 v g5tly4 ,by boil+ = ?ree m9utes1 ! :ites w become 9 a p>tially solid /ate4 ,exactly five m9utes w h>d5 ! :ites & leave ! yolks liquid4 ,eight or t5 m9utes w r5d] !m h>d4 ,eggs %\ld always be boil$ 9 wat] suffici5t to entirely cov] !m4 ,!y %\ld be boil$ #ae m9utes = salad-dress+s4 ,eggs1 to ,poa*4--,take = ?is purpose a wide & delicately clean pan ab\t half fill$ ) ! cle>e/ spr+ wat]2 ?r[ 9 a small saltspoonful ( salt1 & place x ov] a fire q free f smoke4 ,break "s new-laid eggs into sep>ate cups1 & d ?is ) c>e1 t ! yolks may n be injur$4 ,:5 ! wat] boils1 draw back ! pan1 glide ! eggs g5tly into x1 & let !m /& till ! :ites appe> almo/ set1 :i* w be 9 ab\t a m9ute2 !n )\t %ak+ !m move ! pan ov] ! fire1 & j simm] !m f two m9utes & a half to ?ree m9utes4 ,lift !m out sep>ately ) a slice1 trim quickly (f ! ragg$ edges1 & s]ve !m ^u dress$ sp9a* or ^u m9c$ veal1 turkey1 or *ick52 or di% !m = an invalid ^u delicately toa/$ bread1 slic$ ?ick & free f cru/2 x is an improvem5t to h ! bread butt]$1 b x is less :olesome4 ,comp>ative "t ( poa*+ eggs3 swan's eggs1 #e to #f m9utes 79 bas91 #aj m9utes72 turkey's eggs1 #d m9utes2 h5's eggs1 #c to #c-a_/b m9utes2 ,gu9ea f[l's1 #b to #c m9utes2 bantam's1 #b m9utes4 ,obs4 ,all eggs may be poa*$ )\t boil+ if kept j at simm]+ po9t1 b "o boil q at la/ w assi/ to deta* !m f ! /ewpan1 f :i* !y %\ld always be v c>efully lift$ on :at is call$ a fi% or egg slice4 ,!re are pans made on purpose = poa*+ & fry+ !m 9 good =m2 b !y d n1 we believe1 answ] p>ticul>ly well4 ,if brok5 into cups slightly rubb$ ) butt] & simm]$ 9 !m1 _! r\ndness ( %ape w be well pres]v$4--,,eliza ,,acton4 ,egg1 ,elas'tic4 ,take a good & s\nd egg1 place x 9 /rong v9eg>1 & all[ x to rema9 = #ab h\rs2 x w !n become q s(t & ela/ic4 ,9 ?is /ate x c be squeez$ into a tol]ably wide-m\!d bottle2 :5 91 x mu/ be cov]$ ) wat] hav+ a little soda dissolv$ 9 x4 ,9 a few h\rs ! egg w be re/or$ to ne>ly its orig9al solidity2 aft] :i* ! liquid may be p\r$ (f & ! bottle dri$1 ! :ole be+ kept z a curiosity to puzzle "o's fri5ds = an explanation h[ ! egg got !re4 7',p>l\r ,pa/ime4'7 ,egg ,flip4 ,prep4 #a4 ,be]1 #a p9t2 eggs1 #c 9 no42 sug>1 #b oz42 nutmeg & g+]1 q4 s4 to flav\r2 ! eggs are brok5 into "o half ( ! be]1 ! sug> add$1 & ! :ole beat5 well toge!r2 ! mixture is !n plac$ 9 a clean w>m]1 & heat$ ov] ! fire to ne>ly ! boil+-po9t1 & /irr$ "o way all ! "t1 c>e be+ tak5 n to let x ei!r boil or curdle2 ! o!r portion ( ! be] & ! spices are !n add$1 & ! :ole mix$ well toge!r4 #b4 ,z above1 b add+ a glass ( _s4 ,"s p]sons also add a little lemon peel4 ,eggs1 ,pack+1 = ,%ipbo>d4 ,! foll[+ plan is n[ adopt$ by _m firms %ipp+ eggs3--,9 ! bottom ( ! box may be plac$ bran1 cut hay1 & sawdu/4 ,te> up old newspap]s to ab\t #h or #aj in*es squ>e4 ,! pap] %\ld be ab\t m$ium--t is1 n too /iff nor too s(t4 ,place "o ( ^! pieces ( pap] on ! h&1 & on ?is an egg1 on "o end2 close ! l[] h& s z to br+ ! pap] up all r\nd ! egg2 ) ! o!r h& crumple ! loose corn]s & edges ( ! pap] d[n ov] ! o!r end ( ! egg2 lay ano!r piece ( pap] on ! h&1 on :i* place ! same egg1 b ! o!r end up2 br+ up ! new pap] & crumple d[n z be=e4 ,?is gives a good cu%ion to bo? ends1 & a fair "o ov] ! c5tre4 ,repeat ?is till y h six ?icknesses ( pap]1 rev]s+ ! egg ea* "t1 & always keep+ x on ! end4 ,?is gives y a ball ab\t #c to #c-a_/b 94 ?ick by #c-a_/b to #d 94 long4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to press ! pap] too closely to ! egg :ile cov]+4 ,place on "o end 9 ! box or basket2 place alongside & press !m toge!r close en\gh to prev5t _! becom+ loose 9 ! box1 fill+s at ! ends & on top ) crumpl$ pap]4--,j4 ,p4 ,egg1 ,glaire (4 ,prep4 ,sep>ate ! :ites f ! yolks1 & :isk !m to a fro?1 let !m /& #bd h\rs1 & /ra9 !m ?r\gh musl94 ,us$ z a glaze or v>ni% by bookb9d]s & o!rs4 ,egg1 ,liquid4 ,prep4 7,jayne47 ,f lime1 #a bu%el 7slak$ ) wat]72 common salt1 #b or #c lbs42 cream ( t>t>1 #a_/b lb42 wat]1 q4 s4 to =m a mixture /rong en\gh to float an egg4 ,us$ to pres]ve eggs1 :i* x is /at$ x w d = two ye>s1 by simply keep+ !m 9 x4 ,simple milk ( lime answ]s q z well4 ,egg ,w9e4 ,z egg flip1 b us+ equal p>ts ( :ite w9e & wat]1 in/ead ( be]4 ,,ela',,id9e4 ,a fatty comp\nd ( eladic acid & glyc]91 =m$ by ! action ( nitr\s acid or nitrate ( m]cury on olive oil4 ,x is neutral2 melts at #ij ,fahr42 & is v soluble 9 e!r1 sc>cely s 9 alcohol4 ,x is "o ( ! compon5ts ( ,,citr9e ,,o9tm5t4 ,by saponification x is resolv$ into its two con/itu5ts4 ,,ela',,94 ,see ,,ole94 ,,elaiom',,et]4 ,syn4 ,,oleom',,et]4 ,an in/rum5t = asc]ta9+ ! specific gravity ( oils4 ,see ,,hydromet] & ,,oil4 ,,elal',,dehyd4 ,a peculi> cry/all9e sub/ance :i* =ms 9 ,,aldehyd :5 kept = "s weeks at a temp]ature ( #cb ,fahr4 ,x melts into a col\rless liquid at ab\t #ch1 9 :i* /ate x is miscible ) wat]1 alcohol1 & e!r4 ,x is isom]ic ) aldehyd1 b its vap\r has ab\t ?ree times ! d5sity ( t sub/ance1 :il/ x nei!r comb9es ) ammonia nor comports itself ) potassa & solution ( silv] l aldehyd4 ,,elaop',,t5e4 ,see ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,,elat',,er94 ,syn4 ,,momordic9e4 ,! active pr9ciple ( ,,elat]ium4 ,x 0 discov]$ by ,dr ,clutt]buck 9 #ahai1 b fir/ obta9$ 9 a /ate ( purity 9 #ahcj by ! late ,mr ,h5nel4 ,elat]94 ,syn4 ,,elat]ium4 7,dr ,morries47 ,obta9$ by evaporat+ t9cture ( elat]ium 7made ) rectifi$ _s7 to ! consi/5ce ( ?9 oil1 & ?r[+ x 9 boil+ di/ill$ wat]4 ,:5 cold1 ! cry/all9e precipitate is collect$1 & dri$ ) a g5tle heat4--,dose1 to comm5ce ) #a-af? ( a gra94 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,morries47 ,elat]ium is dige/$ 9 hot alcohol1 ! result+ t9cture filt]$1 evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( ?9 oil1 & !n ?r[n into boil+ di/ill$ wat]4 ,:5 ! :ole is cold1 ! precipitate is collect$ & purifi$ by r$issolv+ x 9 alcohol & precipitation by wat]1 z be=e4 #b4 7,h5nel47 ,! alcoholic extract ( elat]ium is dige/$ 9 e!r1 & ! residuum dissolv$ 9 hot alcohol2 cry/als =m z ! solution cools4 #c4 ,an alcoholic t9cture is evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup1 & ?r[n into a mixture ( equal p>ts ( liquor ( potassa & wat] at a boil+ temp]ature4 ,almo/ pure elat]9 sep>ates z ! liquid cools4 ,obs4 ,elat]9 =ms delicate1 :ite1 silky cry/als1 hav+ a bitt] ta/e2 x is fusible at ab\t #cfe ,fahr42 ta/es bitt]2 od\rless2 neutral2 insoluble 9 wat]2 & dissolves readily 9 hot alcohol4 ,its m$ic9al action is simil> to t ( elat]ium1 diff]+ only 9 its great] activity4--,dose1 #a_/af gr4 to #a_/bj gr4 ,,elat]',,ium4 ,syn4 ,,squirt+ ,,cucumb]4 ,9 ph>macy1 '! fre% unripe fruit' ( ! wild cucumb]1 ',ecbalium (fic9>um--,ri*>d1' ,ph4 ,l4 7,momordica ,elat]ium1 ,l9n474 ,accord+ to pres5t usage1 ! ^w is m g5]ally appli$ to ! fecul5ce deposit$ f ! juice ( ! wild cucumb]4 ,x is ?us appli$ 9 ,ph4 ,b4 ,e4 ,d4 ,see bel[47 ,elat]ium4 ,b4 ,p4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,elat]ium1 ,e4 ,,( ,,squirt+ ,,cucumb]2 ,,extractum ,,elat]ii 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,elat]ium 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d417 ,l4 ,! fecul5ce ( ! juice ( ! above fruit4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,slice wild cucumb] be=e x is q ripe 9 ! long direction1 & /ra9 ! juice1 v g5tly express$1 ?r\gh a f9e hair sieve2 !n set x aside = "s h\rs1 until ! ?ick] "p has subsid$4 ,! ?9n] sup]natant fluid be+ reject$1 dry ! ?ick] portion ) a g5tle heat4 ,! processes ( ! o!r colleges are ess5tially ! same4#bgb ,footnote #bgb3 ,at ! ,mit*am ,g>d5s1 elat]ium is manufactur$ 9 mu* ! same way1 only t consid]able =ce is us$ 9 ! expression ( ! juice1 & ! product !re=e less pot5t1 ?\gh m 9 quantity4 ,! manufacture usually comm5ces ab\t ! second week 9 ,septemb]4 7,dr ,royle74 #b4 7,dr ,clutt]buck47 ,! cucumb]s 7fully ripe7 are cut longitud9ally1 & spr9kl+ ) cold wat]1 & ! juice all[$ to /ra9 ?r\gh a f9e sieve into an e>!nw>e vessel4 ,! se$s & surr\nd+ pulp are next plac$ on ! sieve1 ) ! split fruit1 & wa%$ repeat$ly ) cold wat]4 ,! wa%+s be+ receiv$ 9 ! same vessel ) ! juice1 ! :ole is all[$ to repose = a few h\rs1 :5 ! cle> portion is decant$ & ! s$im5t spread ?9ly on f9e l951 & dri$ by exposure to ! air & a g5tle heat avoid+ ! sun%9e or a bright light4 ,quality v f9e4 ,=ty fruits1 by ?is process1 yield only #f gr4 ( elat]ium4 #c4 7,apo!c>ies' ,hall47 ,! fruit1 slit into halves1 is plac$ 9 hemp5 or horsehair bags1 & submitt$ to slight pressure 9 a t9cture press4 ,! juice1 z x runs (f1 passes ?r\gh a f9e hair sieve into a cyl9drical glass jug or j>1 :]e x is all[$ to rema9 = two h\rs1 :5 ! cle> sup]natant liquor is p\r$ (f1 & ! ?ick portion conta9+ ! s$im5t is p\r$ on a pap] filt]1 support$ on l951 & all[$ to dra91 aft] :i* x is dri$ by a g5tle heat 9 a /ove4 ,! product has a gre5 col\r1 & con/itutes ! f9e/ elat]ium ( comm]ce4 ,a d>k] & inf]ior article is obta9$ f ! liquor1 p\r$ f ! fir/ s$im5t by plac+ x 9 %all[ pans1 & all[+ x aga9 to deposit4 ,prop41 c4 ,elat]ium is sold 9 ?9 cakes1 & :5 pure has a pale-gray or gre5i%-gray col\r1 floats on wat]1 is easily pulv]is$ by pressure1 & =ms ) rectifi$ spirits a ri*1 gre5-col\r$ t9cture4 ,elat]ium obta9$ z a second deposit 7,,elat]ium ,,nigrum71 is d>k & inf]ior4 ,alcohol dissolves f #ej to #fj ( good elat]ium4 ,:5 exhau/$ by rectifi$ _s1 ! solution1 conc5trat$1 & p\r$ into hot dilute solution ( potassa1 deposits1 on cool+1 m9ute silky1 col\rless cry/als 7( ,,elat]971 weigh+ f #a_/g? to #a_/d? ( ! elat]ium op]at$ on4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,obs4 ,to procure a f9e sample ( elat]ium x is necess>y to remove x z soon z x is deposit$1 z a heavy mucilage falls d[n soon aft]w>ds1 :i* mat]ially injures its quality & appe>ance4 ,engli% elat]ium is ! be/4 ,! =eign is uni=mly adult]at$ ) *alk or />*1 & col\r$ ) sap gre54 ,dose1 #a_/af gr4 to #a_/b gr41 =m$ into a pill ) extract ( g5tian & liquorice p[d]2 z a hydragogue & ca?>tic 9 dropsies1 twice a day1 repeat$ e o!r day = a week or t5 days4 ,its use mu/ be avoid$ :5 !re is mu* debility or any inflammatory symptoms4 ,l>g] doses ?an #a_/b gr4 ( pure elat]ium are poison\s4 ,! antidotes are emetics1 foll[$ by demulc5ts1 opium1 & /imulants4 ,,el',,d]4 ,syn4 ,,sambucus 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,a l>ge %rub or small tree belong+ to ! natural ord] ,caprifoliac4 ,x is indig5\s 9 ,europe1 & has long be5 valu$ = its m$ic9al prop]ties4 ,! rec5t fl[]s ( ! ,sambucus nigra 7,ph4 ,l47 or common eld] are reg>d$ z diaphoretic & pectoral1 & a di/ill$ wat] 7,,eld]-,,fl[] ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,,sambuci7 is made ( !m4 ,! inn] b>k ( ! same tree is purgative & emetic1 & is us$ 9 dropsy2 ! leaves are purgative2 ! juice ( ! fre% b]ries is made into w9e 7,,eld] ,,w9e71 & is l>gely us$ to make ,,factiti\s ,,port ,,w9e1 & to adult]ate ! real w9e4 ,see ,,wat]s 7,di/ill$74 ,,elecampane'4 ,syn4 ,,inula 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,! root ( ,inula ,hel5ium 7,ph4 ,l474 ,a plant ( ! nat4 ord] ,composit4 ,tonic1 diaphoretic1 & expectorant4--,dose1 #bj gr4 to #a dr41 or m1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( p[d] or decoction2 9 cat>rh1 dyspepsia1 c4 ,x is n[ seldom us$4 ,,electranodyn4 ,= ! cure ( neuralgia1 heada*e1 migra91 facea*e1 & apoplectic attacks4 ,z a necklace = *ildr5 = too?a*e1 z a prev5tive ( qu9sy1 c4 ,a tissue pap] conv]t$ into a nitrog5\s mat]ial 7pyroxyl9 or dppelpapi]7 by imm]sion 9 a mixture ( sulphuric & nitric acid1 & conta9+ besides an insignificant proportion ( wax & res94 7,hag]47 ,,elec',,tric4 ,syn4 ,,electrical4 ,exhibit+ ! effects ( ,,electricity :5 'excit$' by friction2 p]ta9+ to1 d]iv$ f1 or produc$ by electricity4 ,electric4 ,syn4 ,,insulator1 ,,non-,,conductor4 ,a sub/ance :i* may "u ord9>y circum/ances be readily made to ev9ce electrical prop]ties by friction4 ,electrics d n transmit1 or conduct1 electricity2 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 ,,anelectrics are good transmitt]s or conductors ( electrical action4 ,! mo/ p]fect electrics are %ell-lac1 sulphur1 amb]1 jet1 res9\s bodies1 gums1 gun-cotton1 glass1 silk1 diamond1 agate1 & t\rmal9e2 dry fur1 hair1 wood1 fea!rs1 & pap]2 turp5t9e & v>i\s oils2 dry atmosph]ic air & o!r gases1 /eam ( high ela/icity1 & ice at #j ,fahr4 ,! mo/ p]fect anelectrics or conductors are ! metals1 *>coal1 & sal9e fluids4 ,electric ,eel4 ,! ,gynotus electricus1 a fi% hav+ ! p[] or giv+ viol5t electric '%ocks'2 :i* p[] x ex]ts = kill+ or /unn+ its prey4 ,x is an inhabitant ( ! fre%-wat] lakes & riv]s ( ! w>m] regions ( ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & ,asia4 ,electrical ,ma*9e4 ,an in/rum5t = ! excitation & collection ( electricity4 ,! t]m is only appli$ to contrivances 9 :i* friction is ! imm$iate cause ( ! electrical di/urbance2 ^? :i* act ?r\gh *emical =ce1 magnetism1 or heat1 be+ kn[n by v>i\s di/9ctive names1 z 'voltaic batt]y1' 'electro-magnetic ma*9e1' 'induction-coil1' '!rmo-electric pile1' c4 ,! electrical ma*9es 9 common use are compos$ ( a holl[ glass cyl9d]1 or circul> plate ( glass1 turn+ on an axis1 & rubb+ aga9/ two or m lea!r rubb]s cov]$ ) silk1 ! electricity be+ collect$ by %>p po9ts fix$ 9 a metal rod /&+ on a glass pill>4 ,a description ( ^! in/rum5ts1 h[ev]1 w\ld be out ( place 9 ! pres5t "w1 :i* does n aim at giv+ in=mation t may be easily obta9$ f o!r s\rces4 ,cyl9d] ma*9es are seldom made ( great] size ?an #ac in*es by #i1 & are ab\t z p[]ful z an #ah-;in* plate ma*9e4 ,! latt] are commonly made up to #c & #d feet diamet]1 & w1 ) a suitable cond5s]1 give #ae in* sp>ks 9 air4 ,,electri'',,city 7-tr7is'-7it-e74 ,! "n giv5 prim>ily to "o ( ! great =ces ( nature1 & second>ily to t dep>tm5t ( physical sci5ce :i* embraces all t is kn[n respect+ ?is p>ticul> =ce4 ,_m !ories respect+ ! nature ( electricity h be5 advanc$ = ! purpose ( expla9+ electrical ph5om5a4 ,! !ory ( ,dr ,frankl9 suppos$ ! exi/5ce ( a s+le homog5e\s1 impond]able fluid1 ( extreme t5uity & ela/icity1 9 a /ate ( equable di/ribution ?r\gh\t ! mat]ial _w4 ,?is fluid is assum$ to be repulsive ( its own p>ticles1 b attractive ( all o!r matt]4 ,:5 di/ribut$ 9 bodies1 9 quantities proportionate to _! capacities or attraction = x1 su* bodies are said to be 9 _! 'natural /ate4' ,:5 we increase or dim9i% ! natural quantity ( electricity 9 any sub/ance1 excitation is ! result1 & ! sub/ance1 if 'ov]*>g$1' is said to be electrifi$ 'positively1' or if 'und]*>g$1' 'negatively4' ,^! !ories1 & all o!rs bas$ ^u ! assumption t electricity is a =m ( matt]1 h be5 f\nd to be inadequate = ! elucidation ( electrical ph5om5a4 ,at ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 two k9ds ( electric =ces are recognis$1 & di/+ui%$ z negative & positive1 b !y are bo? assum$ to be analog\s 9 pr9ciple1 & v g5]ally assum$ to be simply due to diff]5t analog\s motions ( matt]4 ,= a full exposition1 h[ev]1 ! read] mu/ ref] to "s ( ! especial works on ! subject4 ,,electricity1 ,iron r$uc$ by4 ,gelat9 capsules ( ! size ( a #b-;gra9 pill1 fill$ ) p[d]$ blacksmi? scales 7black oxide ( iron74 7,hag]47 ,,electro-,,*em',,i/ry4 ,t bran* ( *emi/ry :i* treats ( ! ag5cy ( electricity 9 effect+ *emical *anges4 ,,electro-,,et*',,+4 ,see ,,et*+4 ,,electrol',,ysis4 7-tr7ol'-e-s7is74 ,electro-*emical decomposition4 ,! voltaic curr5t has ! p[] ( loos5+ & sep>at+ ! con/itu5ts ( c]ta9 comp\nd bodies :5 ^! are int]pos$ 9 ! circuit4 ,! sub/ances :i* are ?us susceptible ( decomposition are t]m$ electrolytes4 ,!y are all b9>y comp\nds1 conta9+ s+le equival5ts ( _! compon5ts1 :i* are held toge!r by v p[]ful aff9ities4 ,! am\nt ( electrical p[] requir$ to effect decomposition v>ies greatly ) diff]5t electrolytes3 solution ( iodide ( potassium1 melt$ *loride ( lead1 hydro*loric acid1 wat] mix$ ) a little sulphuric acid1 & pure wat]1 dem& v diff]5t degrees ( decompos+ =ce1 ! resi/ance increas+ f ! fir/-m5tion$ sub/ance to ! la/1 :i* latt] x has be5 d5i$ c be decompos$4 ,"o ( ! indisp5sable conditions ( electrolysis is fluidity4 ,:5 a liquid is electrolys$ its compon5ts are dis*>g$ solely at ! limit+ surfaces1 :]e1 accord+ to ! usual figurative mode ( spee*1 ! curr5t ent]s & leaves ! liquid1 all ! int]m$iate portions appe>+ quiesc5t4 ,! t]ms 'anode' & 'ca?ode' h be5 propos$ respectively = ! surfaces :i* are suppos$ to receive & let out ! curr5t ( positive electricity4 ,! anode is !re=e directly aga9/ or opposite ! positive pole ( ! batt]y1 or1 accord+ to ! improv$ nom5clature1 ! positive electrode2 & ! ca?ode aga9/ ! negative pole1 or electrode4 ,! bodies :i* are set free by ! action ( ! curr5t are t]m$ ions2 ^? :i* g to ! anode & appe> at ! positive electrode be+ di/+ui%$ by ! t]m anions1 & ^? :i* g to ! ca?ode & appe> at ! negative electrode by ! t]m ca?ions4 ,?is nom5clature has1 h[ev]1 be5 b p>tially adopt$1 & is mak+ b sl[ way1 if any1 _m pref]r+ ! old t]ms ( electro-positive = anions1 & electro-negative = ca?ions4 ,! relative decompos+ effects produc$ by ! same curr5t 9 diff]5t electrolytes are exactly express$ by ! *emical equival5ts ( ! electrolytes4 ,?us1 if a curr5t be made to trav]se acidulat$ wat]1 iodide ( potassium1 & *loride ( lead1 ^! ?ree electrolytes w suff] decomposition at ! same "t1 b by no means to ! same ext5t2 = ! curr5t :i* decomposes b #i p>ts ( wat] w sep>ate into _! elem5ts #aff p>ts ( iodide ( potassium & #aci p>ts ( *loride ( lead4 ,! electrolysis ( metallic salts is n[ c>ri$ out on a l>ge scale 9 ! beautiful arts1 :i* we notice "u ! g5]al head ( ,,electrotype4 ,,electromotive ,,ess5ce 7,rom]%aus574 ,an embrocation = re/or+ ! susp5d$ functions ( ! sk9 by /imulat+ ! fl[ ( vital electricity & ! functions ( ! n]ves4 ,a solution ( oils ( turp5t9e & rosem>y 9 ! n9? dilution ( alcohol previ\sly col\r$ r$ ) "s vegetable dye4 7,rei?n]47 ,,electro-,,pla'',,t+ & ,,gild+4 ,see ,,electrotype4 ,,electroph',,orus4 ,a simple in/rum5t = excit+ electricity1 g5]ally us$ 9 ! *emical laboratory = *>g+ small ,leyd5 j>s :5 gases h to be explod$ by ! electric sp>k4 ,to con/ruct x1 a plate ( t9n$ iron is made into a circle ( ab\t #ab in*es diamet]2 a rais$ bord] is !n turn$ up = ab\t half an in*1 & ! extreme edge is turn$ outw>ds ov] a wire to avoid a %>p bord]4 ,a mixture ( equal p>ts by weight ( %ell-lac1 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 & res91 is made by g5tly heat+ !m toge!r ) /irr+ until well fus$ & ?or\ghly incorporat$4 ,?is composition is p\r$ into ! plate1 to q fill x1 & kept melt$ until all bubbles h disappe>$4 ,ano!r portion ( ! in/rum5t1 s]v+ ! same purpose z ! conductor ( an electric ma*9e1 is a circle ( wood1 r small] ?an ! res9\s plate1 r\nd$ at ! edge1 & neatly cov]$ ) t9-foil4 ,an insulat+ h&le1 =m$ ( a piece ( /\t glass rod1 is cem5t$ into ! c5tre ( ?is wood5 disc4 ,be=e us+ ! in/rum5t x mu/ be c>efully dri$ & slightly w>m$4 ,! res9\s surface is excit$ by beat+ x obliquely ) a fold$ piece ( w>m flannel4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done = ab\t a m9ute1 ! w>m dry cov] ( ! in/rum5t is to be plac$ ^u ! res9\s plate1 & t\*$ ) ! f+]4 ,if ! cov] is !n rais$ a few in*es1 & ! knuckle approa*$1 a p[]ful sp>k ( positive electricity w pass2 & if ! cov] be aga9 replac$1 t\*$1 & rais$1 a second sp>k w pass4 ,?is may be repeat$ _m times )\t aga9 excit+ ! res9\s plate4 ,by receiv+ ! sp>ks ) ! knobs ( a ,leyd5 j>1 a *>ge /rong en\gh to give a p[]ful %ock1 or explode a gase\s mixture1 may be rapidly obta9$4 ,o!r =ms h be5 giv5 to ! in/rum5t1 b ! ess5tial "p ( e "o is a plate ( "s res9\s sub/ance4 ,,electrotype4 ,syn4 ,,electro-,,met',,allurgy1 ,,galvan',o-,,plas',,tic4 ,! art ( work+ 9 metals by ! aid ( electricity4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! t]m electrotype is only applicable to "o bran* ( 'electro-metallurgy'--t :i* relates to ! production ( copies ( engrav$ plates1 m$als1 co9s1 & o!r works--b x is n[ commonly employ$ 9 ! s5se indicat$ by our def9ition4 ,accord+ to ?is ext5d$ signification ( ! t]m1 ! art ( electrotype includes ,,electro-,,plat+1 & ,,electro-,,gild+4 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples4--,if a curr5t f a voltaic batt]y be pass$1 by means ( plat9um electrodes1 ?r\gh wat] to :i* "s sulphuric acid has be5 add$1 electrolysis1 takes place1 hydrog5 appe>+ at ! ca?ode1 & oxyg5 at ! anode4 ,if into ! acid liquid "s cry/als ( sulphate ( copp] be n[ ?r[n1 electrolysis w /ill g on1 b only "o ( ! elem5ts ( ! wat]1 namely oxyg51 w be evolv$2 = ! hydrog51 on be+ releas$1 w take ! place ( ! copp] 9 ! solution1 & ! copp] ?us lib]at$ w be deposit$ on ! plat9um plate or wire :i* con/itutes ! negative electrode4 ,?is exp]im5t may be cont9u$ until all ! copp] is extract$ f ! solution4 ,let ?is exp]im5t be repeat$ ) a copp] plate = ! positive electrode1 & x w be f\nd t nei!r ( ! gases w be evolv$4 ,! hydrog51 z be=e1 w take ! place ( ! copp] 9 ! solution2 ! oxyg51 in/ead ( escap+ at ! anode1 w comb9e ) ! copp] ( ! electrode & ! sulphuric acid to =m sulphate ( copp]4 ,! *emical =ces call$ into action by ! curr5t are s beautifully balanc$1 t 9 ! la/ exp]im5t ! quantity ( copp] suppli$ by ! positive electrode exactly equals ! quantity )drawn f ! solution & deposit$ ^u ! negative electrode4 ,! :ole art ( electrotype consi/s 9 apply+ ! metals ?us releas$ f _! solutions to arti/ic or useful purposes4 ,to obta9 compact & brilliant deposits1 _m precautions h to be obs]v$4 ,! solutions mu/ be kept saturat$1 or ne>ly s2 ! m\ld to be copi$1 or object to be coat$1 mu/ n be too small1 or out ( proportion to ! size ( ! z9c plate ( ! batt]y2 9 f9e1 ! p[] employ$ mu/ be c>efully regulat$ accord+ to ! "w to be done4 ,9 all arrangem5ts ! m\lds or objects :i* receive ! deposits act z negative electrodes1 & are consequ5tly 9 connection ) ! z9c ( ! batt]y or g5]at+ cell4 ,electrotype ,processes4 ,al?\gh regul9e deposits ( _m metals c be obta9$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( voltaic electricity1 we %all only treat ( ^? ( copp]1 silv]1 gold1 & plat9um4 ,:5 copp] is deposit$1 ! object is g5]ally to produce a sub/antial copy ( a m$al1 an engrav$ plate1 or o!r "w ( art2 b :5 solutions conta9+ ! preci\s metals are electrolys$1 ! deposits are ne>ly always us$ = cov]+ ! surface ( inf]ior metals4 ,we %all notice ! op]ations connect$ ) ! deposition ( copp]1 & ^? relat+ to electro-plat+ "u sep>ate heads4 #a4 ,,deposition ,,( ,,copp]3 ,! m\lds or models int5d$ to receive ! deposit$ metals may be =m$ ( v>i\s mat]ials4 ,= m$als & simil> small works1 m\lds ( fusible metal1 :ite wax1 /e>9e1 /e>ic acid1 & gutta p]*a1 are commonly us$4 ,! fir/ are =m$ by dropp+ or press+ ! m$als to be copi$ ^u ! melt$ metal1 tak+ c>e t ! =m] are q cold1 & t ! surface ( ! metal is bright or free f oxide4 ,to make a m\ld 9 gutta p]*a1 ! mat]ial mu/ be s(t5$ 9 w>m wat]1 & !n press$ ^u ! m$al by means ( a /rong screw press4 ,) ! o!r mat]ials ! manipulation is v easy4 ,a ribbon ( c>dbo>d or ?ick pap] is plac$ r\nd ! m$al1 s z to =m a rim2 ! mat]ial1 :i* has be5 melt$ 9 an e>!n vessel1 is !n p\r$ on1 & all[$ to rema9 until q cold & h>d1 :5 x is cauti\sly remov$4 ,= l>ge works1 m\lds ( pla/] ( ,p>is are usually employ$2 ^! require to be saturat$ ) wax or tall[1 by /&+ !m 9 a %all[ vessel conta9+ ^! sub/ances 9 a melt$ /ate4 ,= copy+ seals & small co9s1 impressions 9 ord9>y seal+-wax may be us$ z electrotype m\lds4 ,non-metallic m\lds mu/ be coat$ ) "s sub/ance :i* has ! prop]ty ( conduct+ electricity be=e !y c be us$ z negative electrodes4 ,! sub/ance commonly employ$ is plumbago or black-lead4 ,x mu/ be 9 ! condition ( an impalpable p[d]4 ,x is rubb$ briskly ov] ! surface ( ! m\ld 7wax1 /e>9e1 pla/]1 c47 by means ( a /rong f9e camel-hair bru%1 till ! :ole pres5ts ! well-kn[n black-lead poli%4 ,! adhesion ( ! plumbago may be (t5 promot$ by brea?+ slightly on ! m\ld4 ,to cause x to adh]e to seal+ wax impressions1 ! wax may be slightly moi/5$ ) spirits ( w9e1 or expos$ to ! vap\r ( e!r4 ,delicate m\lds & objects1 :i* _c well be black-lead$1 may be cov]$ ) a conduct+ film ( silv]1 by fir/ dipp+ !m 9 bisulphuret ( c>bon hold+ ab\t #a_/bj? "p ( phosphorus 9 solution1 & !n1 aft] a few seconds1 imm]s+ !m 9 a weak solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 & all[+ !m to dry 9 ! light4 ,metallic m\lds require no prep>ation4 ,! voltaic app>atus us$ may n[ be describ$4 ,! s+le-cell arrangem5t1 us$ = small works1 is =m$ on ! pr9ciple ( ,daniell's ,con/ant ,batt]y4 ,x consi/s ( a vessel ( glass1 e>!nw>e1 or wood1 conta9+ a small] cell ( ?9 biscuit w>e1 or o!r por\s mat]ial2 a rod or plate ( amalgamat$ z9c1 plac$ )9 ! por\s cell1 & a wire connect+ ! z9c ) ! m\ld to be copi$2 ! latt] be+ plac$ 9 ! out] vessel4 ,! annex$ figure repres5ts a conv5i5t =m ( ! s+le-cell3-- ,! batt]y arrangem5t has _m advantages ov] t describ$ above1 & %\ld always be employ$ :5 l>ge objects are to be electrotyp$1 or :5 a numb] ( small m\lds are to be op]at$ ^u4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t ! copp] solution is electrolys$ 9 a sep>ate vessel1 t]m$ ! decomposition cell1 & ! curr5t g5]at$ by "o or m cells ( a ,daniell's or ,smee's batt]y4 ,?is arrangem5t is %[n 9 ! foll[+ engrav+3-- ,illu/ration3 a4 ,an oval vessel ( salt-glaz$ e>!nw>e or wood ne>ly fill$ ) a saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( copp]4 b4 ,a por\s diaphragm1 conta9+ ! cyl9d] or plate ( z9c 7c71 & fill$ ) dilute sulphuric acid4 d4 ,a small b> ( brass or copp] fa/5$ to ! vessel by ! b9d+ screws 7e1 e71 & support+ ! plate ( z9c 7c71 by ! hook ( copp] wire 7f71 & ! m\ld 7g71 by ! hook 7h74 i4 ,a small %elf or p>tition to support cry/als ( sulphate ( copp]1 to keep up ! /r5g? ( ! solution4 ,illu/ration3 a4 ,a con/ant batt]y cell4 b4 ,decomposition cell1 a cubical vessel made ( wood or e>!nw>e1 & fill$ ) a mixture ( #a "p ( dilute sulphuric acid 7#a acid #i wat]71 & #b p>ts ( saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( copp] by measure4 c1 c1 c4 ,m\lds susp5d$ to ! brass rod 7f71 & connect$ ) ! z9c or positive elem5t ( ! batt]y 7a71 by means ( ! screw 7g47 d1 d4 ,pieces ( %eet copp] susp5d$ on ! brass rod 7h71 & connect$ ) ! z9c end ( ! batt]y1 by means ( ! screw 7i71 employ$ to keep up ! /r5g? ( ! cupre\s solution 9 ! decomposition cell4 ,to connect ! m\lds ) ! z9c or positive elem5t1 /\t copp] wires or /rips ( ?9 %eet copp] are employ$4 ,9 ! case ( a non-metallic m\ld1 ! wire mu/ lead directly to ! plumbago$ surface1 or1 :at am\nts to ! same ?+1 ! plumbago mu/ be ext5d$ to ! po9t ( atta*m5t4 ,! connect+ wires1 & ! backs & edges ( metallic m\lds1 mu/ be cov]$ ) seal+-wax v>ni%1 or o!r non-conduct+ sub/ance1 to prev5t !m receiv+ ! deposit4 ,be=e a m\ld is plac$ 9 ! copp] solution x is advisable t ev]y?+ %\ld be arrang$1 s t ! imm]sion may occasion imm$iate voltaic action4 ,if ! connection betwe5 ! z9c & ! m\ld is n effect$ until aft] ! imm]sion1 ! solution may act *emically on ! surface ( ! m\ld1 & cause ! deposit to appe> d>k & dirty4 ,:5 a m\ld has rema9$ 9 ! solution long en\gh to receive a complete coat+ ( copp]1 x may be lift$ out ) impunity = exam9ation4 ,if ev]y?+ is go+ on well1 ! deposit$ metal w pres5t a brilliant1 light1 copp]-col\r$ surface4 ,:5 suffici5tly ?ick1 ! deposit is remov$ ) c>e1 wa%$ & plac$ to dry4 ,electrotype m$als may be poli%$ ) wa%-lea!r & ! plate bru%1 or bronz$4 ,v>i\s natural objects su* z insects1 fruits1 c42 small works ( art1 su* z bu/s & /atuettes2 *emical vessels1 p>ticul>ly glass flasks & retorts2 & num]\s classes ( articles1 may be r5d]$ less fragile by coat+ !m ) copp] by ! electrotype process4 ,,ii4 ,,deposition ,,( ,,! ,,preci\s ,,metals-- ,! solutions g5]ally employ$ z electrolytes f :i* silv] & gold are respectively sep>at$1 are ^? ( ! arg5to-cyanide & ! auro-cyanide ( potassium4 ,^! comp\nds are :at *emi/s call d\ble salts2 = in/ance1 cyanide ( potassium is simply a comp\nd ( potassium & cyanog52 b arg5to-cyanide ( potassium is cyanide ( silv] unit$ ) cyanide ( potassium4 ,:5 a solution ( ?is d\ble salt is electrolys$ silv] appe>s at "o electrode & cyanog5 at ! o!r1 :ile a proportionate am\nt ( ! simple cyanide ( potassium is =m$ 9 ! solution4 ,b if ! positive electrode is ( silv]1 ! cyanog5 comb9es ) x1 & =ms cyanide ( silv]1 :i* unites ) ! lib]at$ cyanide ( potassium1 & s keeps up ! /r5g? ( ! solution4 ,z 9 ! deposition ( copp]1 ! app>atus us$ = plat+ or gild+ may be ! s+le cell or ! decomposition cell & batt]y4 ,! necessity ( economis+ solutions ( silv] & gold has1 h[ev]1 l$ to c]ta9 modifications 9 ! app>atus4 ,! s+le-cell arrangem5t consi/s1 z be=e 7see above71 ( an out] vessel ( glass or e>!nw>e1 conta9+ a cell ( por\s biscuit w>e2 b ! object to be silv]$ or gild$ is plac$1 ) ! cyanide solution 9 ! latt]1 :ile ! z9c is plac$ 9 ! out] vessel1 ) ! dilute sulphuric acid4#bgc ,! z9c is usually employ$ 9 ! =m ( a cyl9d]1 completely surr\nd+ ! por\s cell4 ,9 ! batt]y arrangem5t ! decomposition cell may be ( porcela9 or glass2 ! silv] or gold employ$ to keep up ! /r5g? ( ! solution may be 9 plates1 wires1 or +ots4 ,= plat+ small objects1 a s+le cell ( a ,daniell's batt]y w af=d ample decompos+ p[]2 gild+ may be bett] accompli%$ by us+ ?ree su* cells4 ,! batt]y arrangem5t is mu* m conv5i5t1 effective1 & economical ?an ! s+le-cell arrangem5t4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,! /r5g? ( ! acid wat] act+ ^u ! z9c mu/ be regulat$ accord+ to ! "w to be done4 ,if ! action betwe5 ! acid & ! z9c be too en]getic1 ! electricity develop$ w be m ?an suffici5t to release pure metal1 & hydrog5 w be evolv$1 :i* w int]f]e ) ! deposition4 ,on a l>ge scale1 electro-plat+ is c>ri$ out 9 oblong vats1 occasionally hold+ f #bjj to #bej gallons ( solution4 ,silv] plates connect$ ) a p[]ful voltaic or magneto-electric batt]y1 are plac$ at int]vals 9 ! vats2 !y =m ! positive electrodes1 & correspond 9 ext5t ( surface ) ! articles to be coat$1 & face !m on bo? sides4 ,! articles 7tea-pots1 cruet-frames1 =ks1 spoons1 c47 act z ! negative electrodes1 & are susp5d$ by copp] wires f brass rods laid l5g?ways ov] ! vats1 & connect$ ) ! batt]y4 ,! articles plat$ are usually =m$ ( nickel silv] or ,g]man silv]1 :i* is *os5 on acc\nt ( its silv]y :it5ess1 a quality ( great importance :5 portions ( ! coat+ ( noble metal h be5 worn away by use4 ,to prep>e ! articles = plat+1 !y are fir/ boil$ 9 a solution ( potassa1 to free !m f grease2 !y are !n quickly dipp$ 9 r$ nitr\s acid1 to remove any oxide t may h =m$ on ! surface1 & aft] ?is well wa%$ 9 wat]1 to remove e trace ( acid4 ,!y are !n susp5d$ f copp] wires1 & dipp$ into a solution ( m]cury 9 cyanide ( potassium1 or "s o!r m]curial solution1 & aft]w>ds wa%$ 9 wat]1 z be=e4 ,! amalgamation ( ! surface effect$ by ! la/ op]ation promotes ! adhesion ( ! film ( silv]4 ,! articles hav+ be5 weigh$1 are n[ imm]s$ 9 ! silv]+ solution1 & left until a suffici5t am\nt ( silv] has be5 deposit$ on !m4 ,_! condition at any "t may be asc]ta9$ by weigh+ a te/-object remov$ f ! solution4 ,9 "s electro-plat+ e/abli%m5ts ! silv]+ solution is kept con/antly /irr$ by simple me*anical arrangem5ts2 9 o!rs1 cont9ual motion is giv5 to ! susp5d$ articles4 ,on be+ remov$ f ! vats ! plat$ articles are well bru%$ ) bru%es ( f9e brass wire atta*$ to a la!1 & clean$ ) f9e ,calais s&2 !y are aft]w>ds poli%$ on revolv+ bru%es ) rott5/one1 !n by h& ) s(t lea!r & r\ge1 &1 la/ly1 ) ! nak$ female h&4 ,a la/+ poli% is giv5 to "s articles by burni%+ ) a burni%] =m$ ( highly poli%$ h>d5$ /eel1 blood/one1 agate1 or fl9t4 ,! process ( electro-gild+ on ! l>ge scale is ne>ly ! same z t ( electro-plat+ or silv]+1 b1 ( c\rse1 plates ( gold are susp5d$ 9 ! solution in/ead ( silv] plates4 ,v>i\s solutions = silv]+1 plat+1 & plat9is+1 h be5 recomm5d$4 ,we give bel[ ^? g5]ally employ$4 #a4 ,solv5t solution4 ,cyanide ( potassium1 #b oz2 di/ill$ wat] or ra9 wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve4 ,o!r proportions may be employ$4 ,us$ z a g5]al solv5t = salts ( silv]1 gold1 & plat9um4 #b4 ,silv] solution4 ,oxide ( silv]8#bgd 7n dri$71 #a oz42 ! solv5t solution 7,no4 #a71 #a p9t4 ,us$ = ! s+le-cell app>atus1 its /r5g? be+ ma9ta9$ z ! deposition proce$s by a fre% supply ( oxide f "t to "t4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,precipitat$ f pure solution ( nitrate ( silv] by excess ( lime wat]4 ,x %\ld be well wa%$1 & pres]v$ 9 bottles ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,cyanide ( silv] dissolv$ 9 solv5t solution 7,no4 #a74 ,?is is ! solution g5]ally employ$ = plat+ ) a sep>ate decomposition cell4 #c4 ,gold solution4 ,add to a p9t ( ,no4 #a oxide ( gold1 #a_/d oz4 ,us$ 9 ! same mann] z ! second silv] solution4 ,cyanide ( gold dissolv$ 9 solution ( cyanide ( potassium 7,no4 #a74 ,us$ z la/4 #d4 ,plat9um solution4 ,! d\ble *loride ( plat9um & potassium1 dissolv$ 9 solution ( cau/ic potassa4 ,o!r solutions h be5 propos$1 b ?is appe>s to be decompos$ ) ! greate/ ease4 ,! above sket* ( ! electrotype art is necess>ily v imp]fect4 ,= m9ute details respect+ manipulation1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! excell5t treatises on ! subject t h be5 writt52 m p>ticul>ly to ,erne/ ,spon's valuable "w1 entitl$ ',work%op ,receipts4' ,,elec',,tu>y4 ,syn4 ,,electu>um1 ,l4 ,electu>ies 7,,electu>ia7 are =m$ ( light p[d]s1 g5]ally vegetable1 mix$ up ) honey1 syrup1 or sug>1 to ! consi/5ce ( a /iff pa/e4 ,9 ! pres5t ,ph>macopoeia !y are includ$ "u ! title ,confection1 b ?is arrangem5t is manife/ly improp]1 z ! words are n synonym\s4 ,9 ,cons]ves & ,confections ! addition ( ! sac*>9e matt] is 9 mu* l>g] proportion1 & is design$ to pres]ve ! vegetable matt]2 9 ,electu>ies1 ! syrup is design$ m]ely to communicate ! requir$ =m4 7,dr ,murray47 ,! prep>ation ( electu>ies is simil> to t ( confections & cons]ves1 & ! same precautions mu/ be obs]v$ to r$uce ! dry +r$i5ts to v f9e p[d] be=e add+ !m to ! syrup or o!r sub/ances us$ to give !m =m4 ,c>e mu/ also be tak5 to diffuse ! +r$i5ts equally ?r\gh e portion ( ! mass1 by pati5t & labori\s /irr+4 ,! neglect ( ?is po9t has (t5 l$ to disagreeable consequ5ces1 f "s portion ( ! electu>y be+ ne>ly in]t1 :ile ano!r portion has possess$ increas$ activity4 ,see ,,confection1 ,,cons]ve1 ,,l9ctus1 c4 ,electu>y ( ,ac'etate ( ,potassa4 ,see ,,cons]ve4 ,electu>y ( ,al'um4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,alum9is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,phoebus47 ,alum1 #a dr42 extract ( logwood1 #d dr42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #f drops2 wat] ( sage1 q4 s4 ,a/r+5t & antiseptic2 9 di>rhoea1 spong9ess ( ! gums1 c4 #b4 7,/4 ,m>ie47 ,alum1 #a dr42 cate*u & extract ( b>k1 ( ea* #b dr42 cons]ve ( roses1 #f dr42 simple syrup1 q4 s4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 e #d h\rs2 9 *ronic di>rhoea1 leucorrhoea1 hmorrhages1 c4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electu>y1 ,an'odyne4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,anodynum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,see ,,confection ,,( ,,opium4 ,electu>y1 ,anti'monial4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,antimonii1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,electu>y ( s5na1 #a oz42 guaiacum res91 ?iops m9]al1 prep>$ sulphuret ( antimony1 ea* #a_/b oz42 syrup1 q4 s4--,dose1 #a dr4 to #b dr4 twice a day4 ,electu>y1 ,anti-rheumatic4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,antirheumaticum2 ,,*elsea ,,p5sion]4 ,prep4 ,guaiacum res91 #a dr42 rhub>b1 #b dr42 bit>trate ( pota%1 #a oz42 sulphur1 #b oz42 "o nutmeg2 mix ! p[d]s ) #a lb4 ( honey4 ,take two spoonfuls night & morn+4 ,electu>y1 ,ar'abic4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,s>z ,,compositum1 ,e4 ,,arabicum1 ,l42 ,,electuaire ,,arabique1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,f s>sap>illa1 #e oz42 s5na & ,*9a root1 ( ea*1 #c oz42 dri$ walnut peel1 #a oz4 7all 9 f9e p[d]72 honey1 q4 s4--,dose1 #a to #d dr4 ,see ,,traitem5t ,,arabique4 ,electu>y1 ,aromat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,aromaticum 7,ph4 ,e474 ,?is prep>ation diff]s f ! aromatic confection ( ! o!r ,briti% colleges1 9 n conta9+ *alk4 ,x is aromatic & /oma*ic1 b n antacid or absorb5t4 ,,confection4 ,electu>y1 ,ba?4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,anti-,,ca*ecticum1 ,e4 ,,m>tiale1 ,e4 ,,f]ri ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f blacksmi?s' cl9k]s1 r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]1 & made into an electu>y ) honey or treacle1 q4 s42 aft]w>ds add+ p[d]$ g+] & c>bonate ( magnesia1 ( ea*1 #a oz41 to e lb4 ( ! mixture4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful night & morn+ e day1 = #c or #d days1 & aga91 aft] an equal int]val1 z long z ?\ght necess>y2 z a *alybeate tonic1 & 9 worms4 ,electu>y ( ,bit>'trate ( ,potas'sa4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,potass ,,t>tratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,monro47 ,cream ( ,t>t>1 #a oz12 p[d]$ g+] & cons]ve ( roses1 ( ea* #a dr42 syrup ( orange peel1 q4 s4--,dose1 #a to #c dr42 z a hydragogue purge4 ,x is also a useful laxative 9 common cases4 ,see ,,confection ,,( ,,cream ,,( ,,t>t>4 ,electu>y1 ,black4 ,syn4 ,,tr\sseau',s ,,electu>y1 ,,tr\sseau',s ,,black ,,tonic2 ,,electu>ium ,,nigrum1 ,e4 ,,f]ri ,,tannatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f sesqui*loride ( iron1 #d dr42 tann91 #a dr42 confection ( roses1 #b oz42 syrup ( orange peel1 #a oz4 ,tonic & a/r+5t4--,dose1 #e to #cj gr4 ,electu>y ( ,black ,pep'p]4 ,see ,,confection ,,( ,,pepp]4 ,electu>y ( ,burnt ,sponge4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,spongi ,,u/1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hulse47 ,burnt sponge1 #aj gr42 rhub>b1 #d gr42 cons]ve ( roses1 q4 s4 ,= a dose1 to be tak5 night & morn+2 9 scr(ula1 gl&ul> swell+s1 c4 ,see ,,confection ,,( ,,sponge4 ,electu>y ( ,cas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,cassi 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf471 ,e4 ,c4 ,,fi/ul 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,fre% cassia pulp & syrup ( orange1 ( ea*1 #a_/b lb42 manna1 #b oz42 tam>9d pulp1 #a oz42 mix1 & evaporate to a prop] consi/5ce4--,dose1 #b dr4 to #a oz42 z a g5tle laxative = *ildr51 or z a vehicle = o!r ca?>tics4 ,t ( ! %ops is commonly made ) equal p>ts ( tam>9d & cassia pulps1 mix$ ) #a_/h? ( manna1 & flav\r$ ) a few drops ( t9cture ( orange peel1 )\t any evaporation4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electu>y ( ,cat'e*u4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,cate*u1 ,,confectio ,c41 ,c4 ,,japonica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,p[d]$ cate*u & k9o1 ( ea*1 #d oz42 c9namon & nutmegs1 ( ea*1 #a oz42 opium 7dissolv$ 9 a little %]ry71 #a-a_/b dr42 syrup ( r$ roses 7evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( honey71 #a-a_/b p9t4 ,see ,,confection1 & bel[4 ,electu>y ( ,cat'e*u 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,cate*u ,,compositum 7,ph4 ,d474 ,see ,,confections4 ,bo? ! above are a/r+5t1 aromatic1 & anodyne4--,dose1 #ae gr4 to #a dr41 or m2 9 di>rhoea1 dys5t]y1 c4 ,electu>y1 ,ca?>'tic4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,ca?>ticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,confection ( s5na1 #a-a_/b oz42 fl[]s ( sulphur1 #a_/b oz42 syrup ( roses or ( orange peel1 q4 s4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 #c or #d times a day1 9 piles2 or1 #b to #c teaspoonfuls1 z a g5tle laxative = females1 & 9 sk9 diseases1 gonorrhoea1 c4 ,a mild & excell5t m$ic9e4 ,x may be safely giv5 9 l>g] doses4 #b4 7,br]a47 ,aloes1 #h gr42 cream ( t>t>1 #b dr42 honey1 q4 s4 ,= a dose4 ,9 am5orrhoea1 attribut$ to abdom9al engorgem5t4 ,electu>y1 ,cephal'ic4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,cephalicum1 ,e4 ,,val]ian ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,val]ian root & mi/letoe ( ! oak1 ( ea* #a oz42 honey1 #a-a_/b oz42 t9cture ( h5bane1 q4 s4 to make an electu>y4 ,9 n]v\s & rheumatic heada*e1 c42 assi/$ by an ap]i5t4 ,electu>y ( ,*>'coal4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,c>bonis1 ,e4 ,,c>bonii1 ,,confectio ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,confection ( s5na1 #b oz42 fre% burnt *>coal1 #a_/b oz42 c>bonate ( soda1 #a_/d oz42 syrup ( orange peel1 q4 s4 #b4 7,radius47 ,electu>y ( s5na1 #b oz42 p[d]$ *>coal & c>bonate ( soda1 ( ea*1 #a dr4 ,bo? ! above are giv5 9 ob/9ate con/ipation4--,dose1 #a to #c teaspoonfuls twice a day4 ,see ,,electu>y ,,= ,,! ,,tee?4 ,electu>y = ,*ol'era4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,anti-,,*ol]icum1 ,l4 ,! prep>ations t come "u ?is "n are num]\s1 includ+ aromatic confection1 & sev]al l absorb5t or a/r+5t prep>ations4 ,?is "n has be5 giv5 to ! ,am]ican rem$y = *ol]a1 notic$ at page ,electu>y ( ,c9*o'na ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,electu>y ,,( ,,b>k2 ,,electu>ium ,,c9*on1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f yell[ b>k & simple syrup1 ( ea* #a oz42 cons]ve ( r$ roses & confection ( orange peel1 ( ea* #a_/b oz4 ,tonic & febrifuge4--,dose1 #a to #d dr42 9 debility1 agues1 c4 #b4 7,radius47 ,p]uvian b>k1 #a oz42 syrup ( orange peel1 q4 s4 ,z ! la/4--,dose1 a teaspoonful or m1 #c or #d times daily4 7,see bel[47 ,electu>y ( ,c9*ona 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,c9*on ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,acidulat$1--,copl&47 ,yell[ b>k1 #a oz42 confection ( roses1 #a_/b oz42 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 #a dr42 syrup ( g+]1 #a-a_/b oz4 #b4 7,,a/r+5t1--,saund]s47 ,p[d]$ ,p]uvian b>k1 orange peel1 & cons]ves ( roses & hips1 ( ea* #f dr42 crabs' eyes 7or prep>$ *alk71 #b dr42 syrup ( cate*u1 q4 s4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 #b or #c times daily2 9 *ronic di>rhoea1 c4 #c4 7,,) ,,cate*u1--,pi]qu947 ,p]uvian b>k1 #a oz42 cate*u & balsam ( tolu1 ( ea* #a dr42 syrup ( comfrey 7,symphytum (fic9ale1--,l9n471 q4 s4--,dose4 ,z ! la/2 9 spitt+ ( blood1 hmorrhages1 c4 #d4 7,,) ,,cloves1--,dewees47 ,p]uvian b>k1 #b oz42 cloves1 #a dr4 7bett]1 #d dr472 simple syrup1 q4 s4 ,a piece ! size ( a walnut1 e h\r or two1 dur+ ! int]mission ( an ague4 #e4 7,,) ,,iron1--,cadet47 ,p]uvian b>k1 #f dr42 oxide ( iron & confection ( opium1 ( ea* #b dr42 syrup ( c9namon1 q4 s4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 or m1 twice a day2 9 dropsy ( ! belly1 aft] ! evacuation ( ! fluid1 & z a tonic 9 debility1 accompani$ by n]v\s excitem5t1 c41 9 ! abs5ce ( fev]4 #f4 7,qu>9's47 ,r$ b>k1 #a oz42 ammoniat$ iron1 #a dr42 made into an electu>y ) equal p>ts ( oxymel ( squills & syrup ( ! 'five roots' 7diuretic74 ,tonic1 febrifuge1 & pectoral4 #g4 7,,) ,,sal-,,ammoniac1--,p4 ,cod47 ,gray b>k1 #b-a_/d oz42 hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 #a dr42 honey & syrup ( wormwood1 ( ea* #b oz4 ,9 int]mitt5ts occurr+ 9 scr(ul\s subjects4 #h4 7,,) ,,soda1--,p4 ,cod47 ,p[d]$ c9*ona1 #a oz42 c>bonate ( soda1 #b dr42 ?9 mucilage1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,tonic1 febrifuge1 & /oma*ic4--,dose1 #b dr41 #b or #c times a day2 9 agues1 complicat$ ) acidity & dyspepsia4 #i4 7,,) ,,sulphur1--,cadet47 ,p]uvian b>k1 #a dr42 sulphur1 crabs' eyes 7*alk71 & sp]maceti1 ( ea* #b dr42 extract ( opium1 #d dr42 cons]ve ( roses1 #d dr42 syrup ( milfoil1 q4 s4 ,highly prais$ 9 debility f ph?isis4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 #b or #c times a day1 assi/$ ) ! lib]al use ( raw or lightly boil$ eggs & cod-liv] oil4 #aj4 7,,) ,,t91--,cadet47 ,p]uvian b>k #a oz42 t9 fil+s & val]ian root1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 syrup ( saffron1 q4 s4 ,9 epilepsy1 worms1 c4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 morn+ & ev5+4 ,see ,,confection ,,( ,,b>k4 ,electu>y ( ,copai'ba4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,copaib1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,copaiba & p[d]$ cubebs1 equal p>ts2 cons]ves ( roses & orange peel1 ( ea* 79 equal quantities71 q4 s4 #b4 7,casp>47 ,blan*$ almonds1 #f dr42 p[d]$ m>%-mall[ root1 #a dr42 cate*u1 #a_/b dr42 balsam ( copaiba1 #c dr4 #c4 7,ricord47 ,confection ( almonds1 #a oz42 copaiba1 #a_/b oz42 h>d extract ( rhatany1 #c dr42 syrup ( orange peel1 q4 s4 ,all ! above are excell5t 9 gonorrhoea1 gleets1 c4 ,! la/ two agree bett] ) ! /oma* ?an mo/ o!r l prep>ations4--,dose1 #a teaspoonful1 or m 7rapidly increas$ to #b or #c dr471 #c or #d times daily4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electu>y ( ,c['hage4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,doli*os1 ,e4 ,,mucun1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dip ! pods ( doli*os 9 treacle1 all[ !m to dra9 a mom5t1 & !n scrape (f ! hairs = use4 #b4 7,*amb]la947 ,z ! la/1 ne>ly4 #c4 7,correa47 ,c[hage 7! hairs or set71 #dj gr42 syrup1 #a_/b oz4 #d4 7,ellis47 ,c[hage 7hairs71 #a dr42 honey1 q4 s4 #e4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,c[hage 7hairs71 any quantity1 made into an electu>y ) treacle1 q4 s4 ,9 worms4--,dose4 ,= a *ild1 a teaspoonful2 = an adult1 a table-spoonful2 9 ! morn+1 fa/+1 & at night1 = #c or #d days2 foll[$ by a dose ( ca/or oil1 to :i* a teaspoonful ( turp5t9e may be advantage\sly add$4 ,see ,,c[hage4 ,electu>y ( ,cu'bebs4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,cubeb1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,electu>y ,,( ,,copaiba4 #b4 7,b]al47 ,cubebs & copaiba1 ( ea* #b oz42 p[d]$ alum1 #a oz42 extract ( opium1 #e or #f gr42 mix4 #c4 7,b\*>dat47 ,cubebs1 #a_/b oz42 copaiba1 #a oz42 sweet _s ( nitre1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 oil ( pepp]m9t1 #h or #aj drops2 p[d]$ sug>1 q4 s4 #d4 7,radius47 ,cubebs1 #a_/b oz42 honey1 #a oz4 ,9 gonorrhoea1 muc\s dis*>ges f ! vag9a1 bladd]1 c4--,dose1 #a teaspoonful1 aft]w>ds increas$ to #b or #c teaspoonfuls1 twice or ?rice daily4 ,see ,,confection ,,( ,,copaiba1 ,,electu>y ,,( ,c41 c4 ,electu>y1 ,demul'c5t4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,demulc5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f sp]maceti1 syrup ( poppies1 & syrup ( tolu1 ( ea* #b dr42 p[d]$ gum tragacan?1 #a dr42 confection ( roses1 #f dr42 nitre1 #a_/b dr4--,dose4 ,a piece ! size ( a small filb]t1 frequ5tly2 z a pectoral & demulc5t 9 c\ghs1 ho>s5ess1 c4 ,electu>y1 ,deob'/ru5t4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,deob/ru5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,copl&47 ,confection ( s5na1 #a-a_/b oz42 cream ( t>t>1 #a oz42 sulphur & syrup ( g+]1 ( ea* #f dr42 borax1 #c dr42 syrup ( poppies1 #b dr4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 or m1 nightly2 9 ! ob/9ate con/ipation ( females1 pa9ful & suppress$ m5/ruation1 c4 ,electu>y = ,dys'ent]y4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,anti-,,dys5t]icum 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd71 ,l4 ,electu>y ( cate*u1 mix$ ) half its weight ( ,locatel's balsam4 ,electu>y1 ,emm5'agogue4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,emm5agogicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f myrrh1 #a dr42 ammoniat$ iron1 #a scrup42 syrup ( g+]1 q4 s4 to mix4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr41 night & morn+2 9 defici5t or suppress$ m5/ruation4 ,electu>y = ,epilep'sy4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,anti-,,epilepticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,electu>y ,,( ,,c9*ona 7,comp471 ,no4 #aj4 #b4 7,dr ,mead47 ,p[d]$ c9*ona1 #a oz42 val]ian & t9 7bo? 9 p[d]71 ( ea*1 #a_/b oz42 syrup1 q4 s4 to mix4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 night & morn+4 ,electu>y1 ,feb'rifuge4 ,see ,,electu>y ,,( ,,c9*ona1 c4 ,electu>y1 ,comp\nd ,guaiacum4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,guaiaci ,,compositum4 7,mid4 ,h47 ,prep4 ,guaiacum res91 #b dr42 rhub>b1 #a dr42 sulphur1 #b dr42 nitre1 #b dr42 syrup ( poppies1 q4 s42 mix4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr4 ,electu>y ( ,9'digo4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,indigi1 ,e4 ,,pigm5ti ,,indici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,phoebus47 ,p[d]$ indigo1 #d dr42 aromatic p[d]1 #a_/b dr42 syrup1 #a fl4 oz4 or q4 s4 ,9 spasmodic diseases1 especially 9 epilepsy1 *orea1 & hy/]ia1 & ! convulsions ( *ildr54 ,x has also be5 us$ ) advantage 9 t species ( impot5ce 9 :i* /ry*nia is useful4 ,! above quantity is to be all tak51 9 divid$ doses1 dur+ ! day4 ,to be ( p]man5t advantage1 x %\ld be cont9u$ = sev]al weeks4 ,electu>y ( ,ipecacuan'ha4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electu>y ( ,jal'ap4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electu>y ( ,k]mes4 ,,m>melade ,,de ,,zanetti2 ,,electu>ium ,,k]metis1 ,e4 ,k4 ,,m9]alis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f manna1 #d oz42 pulp ( cassia & oil ( almonds1 ( ea* #b oz42 butt] ( cacao1 #a_/b oz43 ,k]mes m9]al1 #aj gr42 syrup ( m>%-mall[1 #c fl4 oz42 syrup ( orange fl[]1 q4 s4 ,a diaphoretic laxative4--,dose1 #a to #d teaspoonfuls1 or m4 ,electu>y ( ,lau'rel ,b]'ries4 ,see ,,confection ,,( ,,rue4 ,electu>y1 ,l5'itive4 ,see ,,confection ,,( ,,s5na4 ,electu>y1 ,mahom$'s4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f groc]'s currants1 #b oz42 p[d]$ s5na1 #a_/b oz42 p[d]$ g+]1 #a dr42 f9ely p[d]$ capsicum & cloves1 ( ea* #bj gr42 croton oil1 #c drops2 cons]ve ( roses & syrup ( saffron1 ( ea* 9 equal p>ts1 q4 s4 to mix4 #b4 7,bateman47 ,currants1 #a oz42 s5na1 #a_/b oz42 g+]1 #a_/b dr42 syrup ( roses1 q4 s42 croton oil1 #a drop4--,dose1 #a or #b teaspoonfuls1 e>ly 9 ! morn+2 9 dyspepsia & habitual con/ipation4 ,! fir/ =mul>y produces a mo/ useful m$ic9e1 p>ticul>ly = free-liv]s4 ,electu>y ( ,male ,f]n4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,felicis ,,m>is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,p[d] ( male f]n1 #c dr42 cons]ve ( roses1 #a oz4 #b4 7,radius47 ,e!real extract ( male f]n1 #a_/b dr42 honey ( roses1 #a oz4 ,! half ( ei!r to be tak5 at night1 & ! rema9d] ! next morn+4 ,9 worms4 ,electu>y1 ,mu/>d4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,s9apis4 7,guy's ,h47 ,prep4 ,mu/>d se$1 lightly bruis$1 #a oz42 sulphur1 #b dr42 syrup ( orange peel1 #a fl4 oz4--,dose1 #a dr41 #c or #d times a day4 ,electu>y ( ,ni'tre4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,potass ,,nitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,nitre1 #c dr42 confection ( roses1 #b oz4--,dose4 ,a piece ( ! size ( a filb]t1 :]e ! use ( nitre is indicat$4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electu>y1 ,olibanum4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,olibani4 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,olibanum1 #a_/b oz42 balsam ( copaiva1 #a_/b oz42 cons]ve ( hips1 #a oz42 syrup1 q4 s4--,dose1 #b dr4 twice a day4 ,electu>y ( ,o'pium4 ,see ,,confection ,,( ,,opium4 ,electu>y1 ,pec'toral4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,pectorale1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,f cons]ve ( roses1 #b oz42 comp\nd p[d] ( tragacan?1 #d dr42 fl[]s ( b5zo91 #a dr42 syrup ( tolu1 q4 s4--,dose4 ,a little1 ad libitum4 #b4 ,oxymel ( squills1 syrup ( m>%-mall[s1 mucilage ( gum ,arabic1 & syrup ( tolu1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 p[d]$ lump sug>1 #b oz4 ,z ! la/4 ,electu>y ( ,pep'p]4 ,see ,,confection1 & above4 ,electu>y = ,piles4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,h,,morrhoidale1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,confection & ,,electu>y ,,( ,,pepp]4 #b4 7,dr ,copl&47 ,cream ( t>t>1 #a oz42 precipitat$ sulphur 7pure71 #c dr42 confection ( s5na1 #b oz42 syrup ( orange peel or g+]1 q4 s4 to mix4 #c4 7,dr ,graves47 ,confection ( s5na & sulphur1 ( ea* #a oz42 balsam ( copaiba & cream ( t>t>1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 jalap & g+]1 ( ea* #a dr42 syrup ( orange peel1 q4 s4 #d4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,confection ( s5na1 #b oz42 black pepp] & precipitat$ sulphur1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 oil ( cubebs1 #a dr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,! la/ ?ree are useful laxatives 9 piles1 & by _! prev5t+ ! accumulation & h>d5+ ( ! fces1 (t5 remove ! affection4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 ?ree or f\r times a day4 ,f ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 procur+ pure precipitat$ sulphur1 wa%$ sublim$ sulphur may be advantage\sly sub/itut$4 ,electu>y ( ,pomegran'ate ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,granati1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ! root-b>k1 #a dr42 assafoetida1 #a_/b dr42 croton oil1 #f drops2 cons]ve ( roses1 #a oz4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 night & morn+4 #b4 7,radius47 ,extract ( ! root-b>k1 #f dr42 lemon juice1 #b fl4 dr42 l9d5 wat]1 #c fl4 dr42 gum tragacan?1 q4 s4 to make an electu>y4 ,"o half to be tak5 at once2 ! rema9d] 9 an h\r4 ,bo? are giv5 9 tape-worm4 ,electu>y ( ,prunes4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,prunonum4 7,zwelf]47 ,prep4 ,pulp ( prunes boil$ to a due consi/5ce1 #b lbs42 pure sug>1 #a lb4 ,electu>y ( ,res94 ,see ,,confection ,,( ,,res94 ,electu>y ( ,rhub>b4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,rhei1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,saund]s47 ,p[d]$ rhub>b1 #a-a_/b dr42 sulphate ( potassa1 #a dr42 cream ( t>t>1 #d dr42 pulp ( tam>9ds1 #b oz4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 z a mild /oma*ic laxative4 ,electu>y1 ,comp\nd ,saffron4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,croci ,,compositum4 ,,confection ,d',,hyac9!1 ,f4 ,prep4 ,prep>$ ,arm5ian bole1 #h oz42 levigat$ crab's eyes1 #h oz42 c9namon1 #c oz42 yell[ s&al1 r$ s&al1 myrrh1 ( ea* #a oz42 dittany ( ,crete1 #a oz42 all 9 f9e p[d]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 dissolve #a-a_/b lb4 ( honey 9 #c lbs4 ( syrup ( p9ks1 ov] a g5tle fire1 & /ra91 & :5 ne>ly cold /ir into x #a oz4 ( saffron 9 p[d]4 ,let /& twelve h\rs1 & !n /ir 9 c>efully ! p[d]s fir/ m5tion$4 ,electu>y ( ,scam'mony4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electu>y = ,scur'vy4 ,see ,,cons]ve 7,antiscorbutic74 ,electu>y ( ,s5'na4 ,see ,,confection ,,( ,,s5na4 ,electu>y ( ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,scill1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oxymel ( squills1 #b fl4 oz42 cream ( t>t> & p[d]$ sug>1 ( ea* #a-a_/b oz4--,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls1 z a laxative & expectorant2 9 old c\ghs1 c4 #b4 7,radius47 ,squills1 nitre1 gum ammoniacum1 & t>trate 7bit>trate7 ( potassa1 ( ea* #b dr42 sal-ammoniac1 #bj gr42 syrup ( c9namon1 q4 s4--,dose1 #b dr42 ?ree times a day2 9 dropsies4 ,see ,,cons]ve ,,( ,,squills4 ,electu>y ( ,/eel4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,f]ri1 ,e4 ,,*alybeatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,colli]47 ,potassio-t>trate ( iron1 #a_/b oz42 confection ( roses1 #a oz42 syrup q4 s4 to mix4 #b4 7,colli]47 ,precipitat$ sesquioxide ( iron1 #a oz42 honey1 #b oz42 g+] syrup1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,bo? ! above are tonic & emm5agogue4--,dose4 ,"o teaspoonful1 ?rice a day4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electu>y1 ,/im'ulant4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,/imulans1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f gum ammoniacum 7/ra9$71 #a oz42 v9eg> ( squills1 #a_/b oz42 mix$ ) a g5tle heat1 & spread on lea!r4 ,appli$ to ! *e/ or pit ( ! /oma*1 z a mild c\nt]-irritant & antispasmodic2 & z a discuti5t to tumid gl&s & indol5t tum\rs4 ,x is wrongly call$ an electu>y4 ,electu>y1 ,/oma*'ic4 ,syn4 ,,d9n] ,,electu>y2 ,,electu>ium ,,/oma*icum1 ,,confectio ,,/oma*ica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,rhub>b1 g+]1 & extract ( *amomile1 ( ea* #a dr42 confection ( orange peel1 #d dr42 syrup q4 s4 #b4 ,rhub>b & g5tian1 ( ea*1 #a-a_/b dr42 extract ( hops & p[d]$ capsicum1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 oil ( *amomile1 #ab drops2 confection ( hips & syrup ( orange peel1 ( ea* #a_/b oz4 #c4 ,gre5 pepp]m9t1 lump sug>1 & confection ( orange peel1 equal p>ts4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 an h\r be=e a meal4 ,!y are all excell5t /oma*ics1 & are useful to improve ! appetite1 & 9 dyspepsia4 ,electu>y ( ,sul'phur4 ,see ,,confection ,,( ,,sulphur1 & bel[4 ,electu>y ( ,sulphur 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,sulphuris ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphur1 #c_/d oz42 cream ( t>t>1 #a oz42 confections ( s5na & black pepp]1 ( ea* #b oz42 syrup ( g+]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,an excell5t m$ic9e 9 piles4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 twice a day4 #b4 7,,) ,,borax47 ,fl[]s ( sulphur1 #a oz42 cream ( t>t>1 #a-a_/b oz42 borax1 #a_/b oz42 confection ( s5na1 #b-a_/b oz42 syrup ( orange peel q4 s4 to mix4--,dose4 #a to #c teaspoonfuls1 9 diseases ( ! ut]9e organs & l[] b[els4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electu>y = ! ,tee?4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,d5tifricum1 ,l4 ,see ,,too? ,,pa/e1 ,,d5tifrice1 c4 ,electu>y ( ,t94 ,see ,,confection ,,( ,,t91 & bel[4 ,electu>y ( ,t9 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,/anni ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,p[d]$ t91 #a oz42 confection ( oil ( turp5t9e1 #b oz4 #b4 7,dr ,*e/on47 ,t9 fil+s1 #d dr42 c>bonate ( iron 7sesquioxide71 #a dr42 cons]ve ( wormwood1 #c dr4 #c4 7,foy47 ,p[d] ( t91 #a oz42 extract ( wormwood & p[d]$ jalap1 ( ea*1 #a dr42 comp\nd syrup ( *icory1 q4 s4 ,9 worms4-,dose4 ,a tablespoonful1 or m1 = #b or #c successive morn+s1 fa/+2 foll[$ by a purge4 ,electu>y ( ,tur'p5t9e4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,t]eb9?91 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,common turp5t9e1 #a oz42 honey1 #b oz4--,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls2 9 compla9ts ( ! ur9>y organs1 worms1 c4 #b4 7,radius47 ,turp5t9e1 soap1 & rhub>b1 ( ea*1 #a dr42 syrup ( wormwood1 q4 s4--,dose4 ,?ree teaspoonfuls a day2 9 dropsy1 worms1 c4 #c4 7,e4 ,,olei ,,t]eb9?91--,copl&47 ,z confection ( turp5t9e1--,ph4 ,d4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electu>y1 ,v]'mifuge4 ,syn4 ,,electu>ium ,,an!lm9ticum1 ,e4 ,,v]mifugum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,bresm]47 ,worm-se$ & tansy-se$1 ( ea* #d dr42 p[d]$ val]ian root1 #b dr42 jalap & sulphate ( potassa1 ( ea* #a-a_/b to #a_/b dr42 oxymel ( quills1 q4 s4 to mix4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 or m2 repeat$ night & morn+1 foll[$ by a brisk purge4 #b4 7,ros5/e947 ,worm-se$1 #aj gr42 sulphate ( iron1 #d gr42 jalap & honey1 ( ea* #bj gr4 ,= two doses1 z ! la/4 #b or #c dr4 ( confection ( s5na are (t5 sub/itut$ = ! jalap & honey4 #c4 7,foy47 ,aloes1 #a_/b oz42 common salt1 #c dr42 fl\r1 #b oz42 honey q4 s4 to =m a /iff pa/e4 ,us$ z a suppository 9 asc>ides4 #d4 ,fl[]s ( sulphur1 #d oz42 p[d]$ jalap1 #a oz12 p[d]$ b>k1 #a oz42 syrup ( buck?orn q4 s4--,dose4 ,two or ?ree teaspoonfuls1 e morn+ e>ly4 ,see ,,confection & ,,electu>y ,,( ,,t91 ,,turp5t9e1 ,,worm-,,se$1 c4 ,electu>y = ,worms4 ,see ,,electu>y ,,v]mifuge 7above74 ,,el',,em5ts4 ,syn4 ,,elem5t>y ,,bodies1 ,,simple ,b42 ,,elem5ta1 ,l4 ,9 *emi/ry1 ^? sub/ances or bodies :i* h hi!rto resi/$ e attempt :i* has be5 made to decompose !m1 or to resolve !m into simpl] =ms ( matt]4 ,e>?1 air1 fire1 & wat]1 7 reg>d$ by ! anci5ts z simple bodies1 ( :i* all o!rs are compos$1 & !y /ill con/itute ! 'f\r elem5ts' ( ! vulg>4 ,! imag9>y pr9ciples or elem5ts ( ! al*emi/s 7 t]m$ salt1 sulphur1 & m]cury4 ,ab\t sixty-f\r diff]5t k9ds ( matt] are at pres5t recognis$ z elem5t>y bodies4 ,!y are sub/ances hav+ ! mo/ div]se *>act]s4 ,! great majority exi/ 9 ! solid /ate2 bromide & m]cury are liquid2 :ile oxyg51 hydrog51 nitrog51 & *lor9e1 are gase\s4 ,ab\t f\r fif?s ( ! elem5ts are metallic1 z in/anc$ by gold1 silv]1 copp]1 iron1 c42 ! rema9d] are non-metallic1 z in/anc$ by c>bon1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 c4 ,a li/ ( ! kn[n elem5ts is giv5 "u ! head ( ,,atomic ,,weights 7:i* see74 ,,el',,emi4 ,syn4 ,,gum ,,elemi2 ,,elemi 7,b4 ,p474 ,a t]eb9?9ate concretion1 f an unc]ta9 plant4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,,mexican ,,elemi is kn[n to be ! produce ( a species ( ! g5us ,elaphrium4 ,,manilla ,,elemi is probably ! product ( ,can>ium commune4 ,prop41 c4 ,! elemi ( comm]ce is ( a pale-yell[ col\r1 brittle )\t1 b s(t & t\gh )92 x has a w>m bitt] ta/e1 & a fragrant aromatic smell1 p>tak+ ( f5nel & junip]4 ,x is only p>tially transp>5t ev5 9 ?9 plates1 is v fusible1 & has a d5sity a little great] ?an t ( wat]4 ,x conta9s #ab-a_/b p] c5t4 ( volatile oil 7oil ( elemi74 ,x is us$ to give t\ghness to lacqu]s & v>ni%es1 & 9 m$ic9e 9 ! prep>ation ( ,,elemi ,,o9tm5t4 ,pur4 ,! elemi ( ! %ops is (t5 adult]at$1 b m frequ5tly a factiti\s k9d is sold = ! g5u9e gum4 ,?is fraud may be detect$ by expos+ ! suspect$ article to heat1 along ) a little wat]1 :5 ! factiti\s fragrance ( ! spuri\s article evaporates1 & ! co>se t]eb9?9ate smell ( ! res9 us$ to adult]ate x1 or :i* is sold = x1 becomes readily di/+ui%able4 ,elemi1 ,facti''ti\s4 ,prep4 #a4 ,yell[ res91 #h lbs42 melt1 add ,canada balsam1 #b lbs2 )draw ! vessel f ! heat1 & fur!r add ( oil ( junip]1 #b dr42 oil ( sweet f5nel1 #a dr42 oil ( nutmeg1 #a_/b dr4 #b4 ,yell[ res91 #g lb42 ,canada balsam1 #a lb42 junip] oil bottoms1 #d dr42 oil ( mace1 #c dr42 mix z be=e4 ,,el',,em94 ,! cry/all9e res9 ( gum elemi4 ,,elix',,ir4 ,9 ph>macy1 a "n =m]ly appli$ to v>i\s comp\nd t9ctures1 & to prep>ations suppos$ to conta9 ! qu9tess5ce ( o!r sub/ances4 7,x is /ill appli$ to sev]al popul> rem$ies47 ,! elixirs ( ! al*emi/s 7 solutions employ$ 9 _! fruitless attempts to transmute ! bas] metals into gold4 ,elixir1 ,ac'id4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,acidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dippell's7 ,sulphuric acid1 #a "p1 dropp$ gradually into rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #e p>ts2 plac$ 9 a l>ge flask1 & aft]w>ds col\r$ by dige/ion on animal k]mes & saffron1 ( ea* #a "p4 #b4 7,hall]'s1--,ph4 ,sax4 #ahcg47 ,f sulphuric acid & rectifi$ _s1 ( ea* #a "p2 z be=e4 #c4 7,vogl]'s47 ,f sulphuric acid & nitr\s e!r1 equal p>ts1 z above4 ,a/r+5t & antiseptic4--,dose4 ,a few drops1 9 wat]4 ,elixir ( ,al'oes4 ,syn4 ,,comp\nd ,,t9cture ,,( ,,aloes2 ,,elixir ,,alo,s1 ,l4 ,see ,,t9cture4 ,elixir ( ,aloes 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,( ,,alo,s ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,copl&47 ,acetate ( potassa1 inspissat$ ox-gall1 socrot9e aloes1 & myrrh1 ( ea* #b dr42 hay saffron1 #a dr42 br&y 7or pro( _s71 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 dige/ a week1 & /ra94 ,/oma*ic & laxative4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 or m2 9 dyspepsia1 con/ipation1 c4 ,elixir1 ,anti-a/hmat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,anti-,,a/hmaticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil ( anise$1 camphor1 & balsam ( tolu1 ( ea* #a oz42 co*9eal1 #a dr42 pro( _s1 #a gal42 dige/ a week1 & filt]4 #b4 ,z ! la/1 add+ p[d]$ opium1 #a-a_/d oz4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful to allay irritation1 assi/$ by an occasional dose ( ap]i5t m$ic9e2 9 a/hma1 *ronic c\ghs1 c4 #c4 7,bo]haave's47 ,anise$1 as>abacca1 elecampane1 liquorice root1 orris root1 & sweet flag 7calamus71 ( ea* equal p>ts2 made into a t9cture1 ) br&y4--,dose1 #bj to #dj drops4 ,elixir ,antig\tteux de ,villette is a t9cture ( #ajj p>ts br[n c9*ona b>k1 #ej p>ts poppy petals1 #be p>ts sassafras1 #ej p>ts guaiacum 9 #d1jjj p>ts rum1 mix$ ) #b1ejj p>ts syrup ( s>sap>illa4 7,hag]47 ,elixir1 ,anti-scr('ul\s4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,anti-,,scr(ulosum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,! ammoniat$ t9cture ( g5tian4 ,see ,,t9cture4 #b4 7,des=ges47 ,guaiacum1 #e oz42 c9*ona b>k & pellitory ( ea* #c oz42 cloves1 #e dr42 orange peel & b5zo91 ( ea* #b dr42 hay saffron1 #a_/b dr42 rectifi$ _s & br&y1 ( ea* #a_/b p9t2 dige/ a week1 & filt]4 ,us$ z an application to scorbutic gums4 ,elixir1 ,bitt]4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,am>um 7,ph4 ,g]m47 ,prep4 ,extract ( buckbean1 extract ( orange peel1 ( ea* #b p>ts2 pepp]m9t wat]1 alcohol 7#fh p] c5t471 ( ea* #af p>ts2 _s ( e!r 7made ( #c p>ts ( alcohol & #a "p ( e!r71 #a "p4 ,dissolve & mix4 ,elixir1 ,bo]haave's ,a/hmat'ic4 ,see ,,elixir ,,antia/hmatic 7above74 ,elixir1 ,bo]haave's ,vis'c]al4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,bo]haavii1 ,e4 ,b4 ,,visc]ale1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,han47 ,aloes1 myrrh1 & saffron1 ( ea* #a oz42 t>trate ( potassa1 #b oz42 alcohol 7/ronge/ rectifi$ _s71 #ad oz42 wat]1 #a oz42 mac]ate #c days1 & filt]4 ,?is prep>ation has be5 highly prais$ 9 visc]al ob/ruction4 7,dr ,griffi?47--,dose1 #a to #c teaspoonfuls4 ,elixir ( ,cel]y 7,dr ,wilk9son's47 ,= increas+1 pres]v+1 & produc+ virility4 ,junip] b]ries1 angelica root1 lovage root1 ( ea* #a "p2 _s1 #ab p>ts2 orange-fl[] wat]1 rose wat]1 ( ea* #d p>ts2 spr+ wat]1 suffici5t4 ,di/il #bj p>ts1 & mix ! di/illate ) #ab p>ts cl>ifi$ honey4 7,hag]47 ,elixir1 ,claude's4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,claud]i1 ,l4 #a4 7,pid]et47 ,salt ( t>t>1 sal-ammoniac1 /ra9$ aloes1 & myrrh1 ( ea* #a oz42 eld]-fl[] wat]1 #a-a_/d p9t1 dige/1 ) agitation1 = #bd h\rs1 & filt]4 #b4 7,p>ri%47 ,c>bonate ( potassa1 #a oz42 aloes1 guaiacum1 myrrh1 saffron1 & rhub>b 7contus$71 ( ea* #b dr42 wat]1 #ah fl4 oz4 ,mac]ate a few days1 & decant4--,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls2 9 am5orrhoea1 con/ipation1 scurvy1 visc]al ob/ructions1 c4 ,elixir1 ,c\gh4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,anti-,,cat>rhale1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,anti-,,a/hmatic ,,elixir4 #b4 7,hufel&47 ,extracts ( bless$ ?i/le & dulcam>a1 ( ea* #a dr42 *]ry-laurel wat]1 #a fl4 dr42 f5nel-wat]1 #a fl4 oz4--,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls1 #c or #d times a day4 ,x is a mo/ useful rem$y 9 c\ghs occurr+ 9 n]v\s1 hy/]ical1 or irritable pati5ts4 ,see ,,elixir ,,( ,,ipecacuanha1 ,,elixir ,,lettsom',s1 c4 7bel[74 ,elixir1 ,daffy's4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,salutis1 ,e4 ,,s5n ,,compositum1 ,,t9ctura ,,s5n ,,composita1 ,l4 ,?is is an aromatis$ & sweet5$ t9cture ( s5na1 to :i* o!r ca?>tics are g5]ally add$4 ,ne>ly e drug-h\se has its own =mula = ?is article4 ,! foll[+ are ^? employ$ 9 ! ,london trade3-- ,prep4 #a4 ,ea/ ,india s5na1 #a-a_/b lb42 jalap1 #e oz42 cori&] se$ & anise$1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 rhub>b1 #a_/d lb42 r$ s&]s wood1 #b oz42 salt ( t>t>1 #b oz42 treacle1 #g lbs42 rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #b-a_/b galls42 wat]1 #c-a_/d galls4 ,all ! solids are well bruis$1 & mac]at$ 9 ! mix$ fluids = #ad days1 :5 ! :ole is press$1 & /ra9$ ?r\gh a flannel bag4 ,x is too glut9\s to run ?r\gh filt]+ pap]4 #b4 ,s5na1 rhub>b1 & anise$1 ( ea* #b lbs42 jalap & c>aways1 ( ea* #a lb42 r$ s&]s wood1 #a_/b lb42 br[n sug>1 #g lbs42 pro( _s1 #aj galls42 z ! la/4 #c4 ,s5na1 #ef lbs42 anise$1 #g lbs42 rhub>b 7,ea/ ,india71 #ad lbs42 cori&] se$1 #f lbs42 c>away se$ & r$ s&]s wood1 ( ea* #e lbs42 cassia b>k & jalap1 ( ea* #c lbs42 pro( _s1 #ajj galls42 dige/ = #ad days1 press1 /ra91 & add molasses1 #hd lbs42 mix well1 & ei!r cl>ify or /ra9 ?r\gh flannel4 #d4 ,= pro( _s 9 ! la/ two =mul1 equal p>ts ( _s ( w9e & wat] are employ$ by ! small] h\ses4 #e4 7,r$wood47 ,s5na1 #a_/b lb42 anise$1 c>aways1 & jalap1 ( ea* #a oz4 #b dr42 junip] b]ries1 #b-a_/b oz42 pro( _s1 #f p9ts2 mac]ate = #ad days1 !n add ( treacle1 #aj-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a lb4 #e oz42 mix & /ra94 #f4 7,dicey's47 ,s5na1 #a lb42 guaiacum %av+s1 elecampane root 7dri$71 anise$1 c>away se$1 cori&] se$1 & liquorice root1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 /on$ rais9s1 #b lbs42 pro( _s or br&y1 #i qu>ts2 mac]ate = #aj days4 #g4 7,sw9ton's47 ,s5na1 #a lb42 jalap1 #c lbs42 cori&] se$1 c>away se$1 liquorice root1 & elecampane root1 ( ea* #d oz42 moi/ sug>1 #b lbs42 rectifi$ _s ( w9e & wat]1 ( ea* #a gal42 z ! la/4 ,obs4 ,daffy's elixir is a favorite purge ) drunk>ds1 & is a common & v popul> rem$y 9 flatul5t colic1 dyspepsia1 di>rhoea1 c4--,dose1 #a to #d table-spoonfuls1 or m4 ,elixir de ,peps9 ,dige/if4 7,grimault ,co47 ,= loss ( appetite & disord]$ dige/ion4 ,conta9s peps9e1 9 quantities n at all proportionate to ! price ( ! article4 ,elixir ,deslauri]s ,toni-,febrifuge au ,qu9qu9a et ,caff4 ,a tonic febrifuge4 ,yell[ c9*ona 7,kn+s*9a71 #bj grammes2 br[n c9*ona1 #h grammes2 p[d]$ c(fee beans1 slightly roa/$1 #af grammes2 w9e1 #bej grammes2 sug>1 #ae grammes2 citric acid1 #be grammes4 ,boil once aft] /&+ "s "t 9 a w>m place1 & filt]4 ,add to ! filt]$ liquid #he grammes sug> & #ae grammes _s4 ,elixir de ,/4 ,hub]t p\r les ,*asseurs is a solution ( #b p>ts c>bolic acid 9 #ej p>ts _s4 7,casselmann47 ,elixir1 ,devil's4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,capsici ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f pods ( capsicum1 & cloves 7bruis$71 ( ea* #a oz42 g+] & saffron1 ( ea* #c oz42 can?>ides1 #e dr42 pro( _s1 #g lbs42 dige/ = #aj days4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #c dr41 9 mixtures4 ,x is /imulat+1 anti-*ol]aic1 & aphrodisiac4 ,elixir ( ,g>lic4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,allii1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f g>lic roots 7bruis$71 #hj 9 no42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 dige/1 di/il to dryness1 & repeat ! process ) ! same _s f fre% roots1 a second & a ?ird "t2 la/ly1 add camphor1 #b dr4 ,diaphoretic & pectoral4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 twice a day2 9 a/hma1 old c\ghs1 di>rhoea f debility1 c4 ,elixir1 ,g>us's4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,g>i1 ,l42 ,,elixir ,,de ,,g>us1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,myrrh1 #a oz42 aloes & saffron1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 c9namon1 cloves1 & nutmeg1 ( ea* #a dr42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2 dige/ a week1 add wat]1 #e fl4 oz41 & di/il ov] #a qu>t2 to ! di/illate 7,,alcoolat ,,de ,,g>us7 add ( syrup ( maid5hair1 #b lbs42 orange-fl[] wat]1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,foy47 ,comp\nd t9cture ( saffron1 #h p9ts2 syrup ( maid5hair1 #aj p9ts2 mix2 add c>amel1 q4 s4 to col\r1 dissolv$ 9 orange-fl[] wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 #c4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,aloes & saffron1 ( ea* #a oz42 myrrh1 c9namon1 & cloves1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 nutmeg1 #a_/b dr42 pro( _s1 #ab p9ts2 orange-fl[] wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 mac]ate #b days1 di/il #f p9ts1 & add to ! di/illate 7,,alcoolat ,,de ,,g>us71 ( syrup ( capillaire1 #g-a_/b p9ts2 & col\r ) saffron q4 s4 #d4 7,s\beiran47 ,socotr9e aloes & saffron1 ( ea* #a oz42 myrrh1 canella alba1 citron1 & nutmegs1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 _s 7sp4 gr4 #ibc71 #bj lbs42 orange-fl[] wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 mac]ate z la/1 di/il #aj lbs41 & add to ! di/illate 7,,alcoolat ,,de ,,g>us71 ( syrup ( capillaire1 #ab-a_/b lbs42 orange-fl[] wat]1 #h fl4 oz42 ) saffron q4 s4 to col\r4 #e4 7,?i]ry47 ,aloes1 myrrh1 & saffron1 ( ea* #b dr42 nutmeg1 #d dr42 canella alba & cloves1 ( ea* #a oz42 _s 7#hfd71 #ac lbs42 draw ov] #ab lbs4 ( 'alcoolat1' add to ! residue ( ! di/illation rose wat]1 #aj lbs42 di/il #f lbs41 & add z mu* ( ?is aromatic wat] to ! alcoolat z w raise its sp4 gr4 to #hij4 ,!n to e #aa lbs4 ( ! above mix$ liquor add ( simple syrup1 #ae lbs42 t9cture ( vanilla & orange peel1 ( ea* #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 fre% milk 7skimm$71 #a lb42 & t9cture ( saffron q4 s4 to col\r2 dige/ ) agitation = two days1 & filt]4 ,us$ z a /oma*ic1 c>m9ative1 & /imulant1 9 doses ( a w9e-glassful4 ,t prep>$ )\t di/illation =ms an excell5t /oma*ic purge4 ,) ! exception ( t f ! #bnd =mula1 ! products may be reg>d$ z agreeable cordial liquors r ?an m$ic9es4 ,x is mu* employ$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,elixir ( ,gold4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,aurii1 ,l42 ,,elixir ,d',,or1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,de la ,motte's ,gold5 ,drops4 #b4 ,t]*loride ( gold1 #bj gr42 rectifi$ _s1 #f fl4 dr42 e!r1 #c fl4 dr42 dissolve4--,dose1 #e to #ae drops1 tak5 9 di/ill$ wat]2 9 g\t1 scr(ula1 n]v\s diseases1 canc]1 indurat$ gl&s1 second>y syphilis1 c4 ,?is la/ prep>ation is (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! g\ttes d'or du ,gnral de la ,motte2 b ! two are evid5tly di/9ct articles4 ,see ,,drops4 ,elixir1 ,hall]'s4 ,see ,,elixir ,,acid 7above74 ,elixir1 ,h(fman's ,visc]al4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,h(fmanni1 ,e4 ,h4 ,,visc]ale1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,z ,,elixir ,,( ,,orange-,,peel1--,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg4 #b4 ,?9 outside peel ( orange 7dri$71 myrrh1 & c5tu>y1 ( ea* #b dr42 extracts ( c>duus b5$ictus1 casc>illa1 & g5tian1 ( ea* #a dr42 :ite w9e 7%]ry71 #a qu>t4 ,aromatic & /oma*ic4--,dose4 ,a dess]t-spoonful1 or m4 ,elixir = ,impot5ce 9 ,males 7,dr ,ludwig ,ti$emann74 ,prep>$ f directions giv5 9 ! ,puntsa\ f g5u9e g9s5g root4 #ace grammes ( a d>k br[n aromatic v9\s liquid1 prep>$ by dige/+ orange b]ries 9 w9e4 ,! embrocation is an equal quantity ( a pleasantly-smell+ liquid consi/+ ( _s ) t9cture ( /orax & a small admixture ( volatile oils4 7,hag]47 ,elixir ( ,ipecac'uanha4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,ipecacuanh1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cadet47 ,p[d]$ ipecacuanha & balsam ( tolu1 ( ea* #d dr42 fl[]s ( b5zo91 opium1 & saffron1 ( ea* #b dr42 oil ( anise$1 #a dr42 camphor1 #dj gr42 alcohol 7rectifi$ _s71 #a-a_/b p9t2 dige/ a week & filt]4--,dose1 #a to #b dr41 z a /imulant1 diaphoretic1 expectorant1 & /oma*ic2 9 *ronic c\ghs1 a/hmas1 & old colds1 & 9 c]ta9 =ms ( defici5t appetite1 dyspepsia1 di>rhoea1 c4 ,elixir ( ,jal'ap4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,jalap ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f jalap1 #d oz42 scammony1 #d dr42 gamboge1 #b dr42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #c dr41 z a purgative2 especially 9 worms4 ,elixir ,k>oly p\r les ,f\rrures4 ,a solution ( camphor & c>bolic acid 9 /rong _s1 mix$ ) a cle> br[n acrid t9cture1 p]haps t9ct4 pyre?ri rosei4 7,casselmann47 ,elixir1 ,lettsom's4 ,prep4 7,augu/947 ,oil ( anise$1 #a dr42 camphor1 #a-a_/b dr42 b5zoic acid1 opium1 & saffron1 ( ea* #b dr42 ipecacuanha & balsam ( tolu1 ( ea* #d dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #b lbs42 dige/ #aj days & filt]4--,dose1 #e to #ae drops1 = a *ild2 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful1 = an adult2 9 ord9>y c\ghs1 hoop+-c\gh1 c4 ,elixir ( ,life1 ,bitt] 7,jacob ,wolff74 ,= /r5g!n+ ! con/itution4 ,a br&y prep>$ f #a gramme aloes1 #aj grammes c9namon1 #be grammes sweet flag1 #e grammes angelica root1 #f grammes cake saffron1 #aj grammes c>amel1 #bae grammes glyc]91 #ahj grammes _s1 #cej grammes wat]4 7,hag]47 ,elixir1 ,live-long4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,( ,,long ,,life2 ,e4 ,,long ,,vit1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,t9cture ,,( ,,rhub>b ,,& ,,aloes4 #b4 7,,elixir ,,vit ,,mat?ioli47 ,a mixture ( sev]al aromatics & /imulants1 made ) rectifi$ _s4 ,elixir ( ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,myrrh1 ,l4 ,see ,,t9cture ,,( ,,sav9e 7,comp471--,ph4 ,l4 #aghh4 ,elixir d',or4 ,see ,,elixir ,,( ,,gold4 ,elixir ( ,or'ange ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,aurantiorum ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg47 ,orange peel1 #f oz42 c9namon1 #b oz42 c>bonate ( potassa1 #a oz42 ,madeira w9e1 #d lbs42 mac]ate #f days1 express ! t9cture1 & add ( extracts ( buckbean1 casc>illa1 g5tian1 & wormwood1 ( ea*1 #a oz42 dissolve1 & aft] repose = subsid5ce1 decant & filt]4 ,an excell5t aromatic bitt] & /oma*ic4 #b4 7,moscati47 ,orange peel1 #a oz42 casc>illa1 #a_/b oz42 wat]s ( citron peel & wormwood1 & rectifi$ _s1 ( ea* #a_/b p9t2 dige/ a week4 ,resembles ! la/4--,dose 7( ei!r74 ,a table-spoonful to a w9e-glassful4 ,elixir1 ,p>ego'ric4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,p>egoricum1 ,l4 ,see ,,t9cture ,,( ,,camphor 7,comp474 ,elixir1 ,p>egoric 7,scot*74 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,p>egoricum ,,scoticum1 ,l4 ,see ,,t9cture ,,( ,,opium 7,ammoniat$74 ,elixir1 ,pec'toral4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,pectorale1 ,l4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agde47 ,balsam ( tolu1 #b oz42 gum b5zo91 #a-a_/b oz42 saffron1 #a_/b oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #cb fl4 oz42 dige/ 9 a g5tle heat = #d days & filt]4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful4 7,see above47 ,elixir1 ,pol'y*re/4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,poly*re/on1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agde47 ,guaiacum 7gum71 #f oz42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #a_/b oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #bc fl4 oz42 dige/ z la/1 /ra91 & add oil ( sassafras1 #b fl4 dr4 ,pectoral & anti-rheumatic4--,dose1 #aj to #fj drops1 or m4 ,elixir1 ,p>acelsus's4 ,see ,,elixir ,,proprietatis 7bel[74 ,elixir ,proprieta'tis4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,p>acelsus',s ,,elixir ,,( ,,propriety2 ,,elixir ,,de ,,propri,t ,,de ,,p>acelse1 ,fr4 ,an old prep>ation1 ne>ly correspond+ to ! comp\nd t9cture ( aloes ( mod]n ph>macy1 & :i* is n[ sold = x4 ,prep4 #a4 7,s\beiran47 ,t9cture ( myrrh1 #d oz42 t9ctures ( aloes & saffron1 ( ea* #c oz4 7',trait4 ,ph>m4' #ahdg47 #b4 7,,elixir ,,proprietatis ,,cum ,,acido47--a4 ,! la/1 slightly acidulat$ ) oil ( vitriol1 & filt]$4 b4--,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg4--;,aloes & myrrh1 ( ea* #b oz42 saffron1 #a oz42 _s 7sp4 gr4 #ijj71 #b lbs42 dilute sulphuric acid 7#a to #e71 #b oz42 mac]ate #d days1 & filt]4 #c4 7,,elixir ,,proprietatis ,,t>t>izatum2 ,e4 ,p4 ,,alkalizatum47 ,f elixir proprietatis1 alkalis$ ) salt ( t>t>1 & filt]$4 ,! la/ two are old prep>ations1 n[ seldom inquir$ = 9 ?is c\ntry1 except 9 places remote f ,london4 ,elixir1 ,radcliffe's4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f socotr9e aloes1 #f dr42 rhub>b1 #a dr42 c9namon 7cassia71 co*9eal1 & z$o>y root1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 syrup ( buck?orn1 #b fl4 oz42 br&y1 #a-a_/d p9t2 dige/ #aj days & /ra94 #b4 ,z ! la/1 b sub/itut+ pro( _s1 #a p9t1 & wat]1 #a_/d p9t1 = ! br&y4 ,aromatic1 /oma*ic1 & ap]i5t4--,dose1 #a to #d dr42 9 simil> cases to ^? 9 :i* ',,daffy',s ,,elixir' is tak54 ,elixir ( ,ro'ses4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,ros1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,eau de rose1 #b fl4 oz42 spirits ( hors]adi% & scurvy grass1 ( ea* #a fl4 oz42 otto ( roses1 #c drops2 camphor & co*9eal 7bo? 9 p[d]71 #ab gr42 p[d]$ sug>-c&y1 #a_/b oz42 dige/1 ) frequ5t agitation1 = a week1 & aft] repose decant ! cle>1 & /ra9 ?r\gh a piece ( musl94 ,us$ z an elegant application 9 scurvy ( ! gums1 & also to p]fume ! brea?4 #b4 7,beasley47 ,c9namon1 #c oz42 g+]1 #b oz42 cloves1 #a dr42 ess5ce ( pepp]m9t1 #a oz42 oil ( orange peel1 #a dr42 otto ( roses1 #ae 78 #be7 drops2 rectifi$ _s1 #b-a_/b p9ts2 dige/ #ae days & filt]4 ,us$ z a too? cosmetic4 ,elixir ,sa'crum4 ,t9cture ( aloes & rhub>b4 ,elixir ,salu'tis4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,( ,,heal?4 ,! comp\nd t9cture ( s5na ( old ph>macy4 ,see ,,elixir1 ,,daffy',s4 ,elixir ( ,scam'mony4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,scammonii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guib\rt47 ,scammony 7pure71 #b dr42 pro( _s1 #h fl4 oz42 mix 9 a suitable vessel1 apply heat1 set ! _s on fire1 & add ( sug>1 #d oz42 :5 ! :ole is dissolv$ 7melt$ d[n71 ext+ui% ! flame1 & fur!r add ( syrup ( violets1 #b fl4 oz42 mix well1 & aft] suffici5t repose decant ! cle> portion f ! dregs4 ,! product %\ld be #ab oz41 conta9+ #ab gr4 ( scammony p] oz4--,dose1 #a to #b dess]t-spoonfuls 9 milk or aromatis$ wat]2 or made into an emulsion ) aromatics2 9 worms1 c4 ,elixir1 ,squire's4 ,prep4 #a4 7,orig9al ,=mula47 ,aurum musivum1 #c oz42 opium1 #b oz42 camphor1 #a oz42 co*9eal1 #a_/b oz42 sweet f5nel1 #a_/d oz42 t9cture ( s]p5t>y1 #a p9t 7old meas472 _s ( anise$1 #a gal4 7old meas472 sug>1 #a lb42 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #a p9t 7old meas472 dige/ #aj days & filt]4 #b4 ,p[d]$ opium1 #b oz42 g+]1 r$ s&]s wood1 & camphor1 ( ea* #a oz42 oil ( anise$1 #a_/b oz42 oil ( sweet f5nel1 #a_/b dr42 t9cture ( s]p5t>y1 #a p9t2 pro( _s1 #e p9ts2 wat]1 #a qu>t2 z la/4 ,/imulant1 anodyne1 diaphoretic1 & pectoral4--,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls2 9 *e/ affections1 n]v\s heada*es1 c41 9 ! abs5ce ( inflammatory symptoms4 ,elixir1 ,/oma*'ic4 ,comp\nd t9cture ( g5tian 0 =m]ly s call$4 ,elixir1 ,/\ghton's4 ,prep4 #a4 ,rais9s 7/on$ & bruis$71 #a lb42 g5tian root1 #c_/d lb42 dri$ orange peel1 #f oz42 s]p5t>y1 #a_/d lb42 calamus aromaticus1 #a-a_/b oz42 c>damoms1 #a_/b oz42 sug> col\r+1 #a_/d p9t2 br&y or pro( _s1 #b galls42 dige/ a week & /ra94 #b4 ,t9cture ( g5tian 7comp\nd71 & br&y or pro( _s1 ( ea* #a qu>t2 t9cture ( s]p5t>y & syrup ( saffron1 ( ea* #a p9t2 t9ctures ( aloes & rhub>b1 ( ea* #a_/d p9t2 bitt] almonds 7bruis$71 #h 9 no42 dige/ z be=e4 #c4 7,foy47 ,aloes & casc>illa1 ( ea* #a dr42 rhub>b1 #d dr42 g5tian1 g]m&]1 dri$ orange peel1 & wormwood1 ( ea* #f dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #cb fl4 oz42 z be=e4 ,/imulant1 tonic1 & /oma*ic4--,dose1 #bj drops to a teaspoonful4 ,elixir1 ,ton'ic4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,roborans4 ,see ,,t9cture ,,( ,,cr[n ,,b>k 7,comp41--,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg74 ,elixir ,tonique ,antiglaireux de ,guill4 ,a /oma*ic tonic = di>rhoea4 ,calumba root1 #ij p>ts2 orris root1 #fj p>ts2 g5tian root1 #h p>ts2 jalap root1 #aejj p>ts2 aloes1 #ac p>ts2 saffron1 #fj p>ts2 sulphate ( qu99e1 #af p>ts2 t>t> emetic1 #b p>ts2 nitre1 #af p>ts2 yell[ s&al1 #cj p>ts2 syrup prep>$ f b>ley sug>1 rectifi$ _s1 & wat]1 ( ea* #aa1jjj p>ts4 ,mac]ate ! drugs 9 _s = #bd h\rs1 & dissolve ! salts 9 ! wat]4 ,filt] ! liquids1 mix & leave = #bd h\rs1 !n add ! syrup1 /& & filt] next day4 7,reveil & ,hag]47 ,elixir1 ,too?4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,d5tifricum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,lef&9ire's47 ,guaiacum rasp+s & cloves1 ( ea* #a oz42 pellitory ( ,spa9 & nutmeg1 ( ea* #b dr42 oil ( rosem>y1 #bj drops2 b]gamotte1 #aj or #ab drops2 br&y1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate a =tnight1 & filt]4 #b4 ,c9namon1 cloves1 & nutmeg1 ( ea*1 #a dr42 vanilla1 #a_/b dr42 camphor1 #aj gr42 t9cture ( pellitory1 #b fl4 oz42 br&y or pro( _s1 #a_/b p9t2 dige/ z be=e4 ,see ,,antiscr(ul\s & ,,rose ,,elixirs 7above74 ,elixir ,val]ianatis ,ammonici 7,godd>d74 ,val]ianic acid1 #c grammes dissolv$ 9 #dj grammes di/ill$ wat] & neutralis$ ) ammonium c>bonate4 ,add ?is to #ce grammes _s1 #ej grammes syrup1 #a drop bitt] almond oil1 #b drops oil ( orange peel1 #cj grammes dilut$ bitt] almond wat]1 #ab grammes t9cture ( r$ s&al1 #c grammes t9cture ( orange peel1 #b grammes burnt sug>1 & filt]4 ,elixir1 ,vis'c]al4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,visc]ale1 ,l4 ,see ,,elixirs1 ,,bo]haave',s & ,,h(fman',s 7above74 ,elixir ( ,vit'riol4 #a4 ,! old "n = aromatic ,,sulphuric ,,acid 7:i* see74 #b4 7,mynsi*t's47 ,see ,,t9cture 7,acid ,aromatic74 #c4 7,sc\r]'s47 ,dilute sulphuric acid #a to #e74 ,us$ to sc\r metals4 #d4 7,,sweet ,e4 ,,( ,v42 ,e4 ,,vitrioli ,,dulci1 ,l47 ,! old "n = aromatic ,,_s ,,( ,,e!r 7:i* see74 #e4 7,virgani's74 ,prep4 ,f _s ( sulphuric e!r1 #b lb42 aromatic t9cture1 #c lb4 ,elixir1 ,woroneje4 ,capsicum1 #a oz42 nitre1 #a_/b oz42 sal-ammoniac1 #b dr42 nitro-hydro*loric acid1 #b fl4 dr42 v9eg>1 #a-a_/b p9t2 native :ite or rose naph?a1 or petroleum1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 olive oil1 #a fl4 oz42 oil ( pepp]m9t 7,mit*am71 #ae fl4 oz42 /ronge/ rectifi$ _s1 #f qu>ts2 dige/ #ab days1 ) con/ant agitation1 & filt]4--,dose1 #b teaspoonfuls e #ae m9utes2 9 *ol]a1 di>rhoea1 c4 ,,ellag',,ic ,,acid4 ,,hc#g;,h#b,o#d4;,aq4 ,:5 an aque\s infusion ( nut-galls is left = "s "t expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 ! tannic acid gradually disappe>s1 & is replac$ by gallic acid1 & an insoluble grey p[d]1 to :i* ! t]m ellagic acid 0 appli$ by ,*evreul4 ,x is soluble 9 alkalies1 =m+ salts1 & is precipitat$ by acids4 ,,elm4 ,syn4 ,,ulmus1 ,l4 ,a g5us ( tree =m+ ! type ( ! natural ord] ,ulmace4 ,! int]ior b>k ( ! ,ulmus campe/ris1 or common small-leav$ elm 7,ulmi cortex71 is (fic9al 9 ,b4 ,p4 ,?is sub/ance is demulc5t1 diaphoretic1 & diuretic1 & slightly febrifuge1 a/r+5t1 & tonic4 ,x has be5 employ$ 9 agues1 & z a sub/itute = s>sap>illa 9 cutane\s eruptions1 b is n[ little us$4 ,! leaves ( ! elm-tree are report$ to be vuln]>y4 ,see ,,decoction & ,,ulm94 ,,elutria',,tion4 ,cleans+ by wa%+4 ,! t]m is commonly appli$ to ! op]ation ( wa%+ insoluble p[d]s ) wat]1 to sep>ate !m f =eign matt]1 or ! co>s] portion4 ,x is usually p]=m$ by gr9d+ or triturat+ ! mass ) a little wat] until r$uc$ to a v f9e p[d]1 & ?is pa/e is sudd5ly diffus$ ?r\gh a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 conta9$ 9 a deep vessel1 f :i*1 aft] ! subsid5ce ( ! gross] portion1 ! liquid is p\r$ into ano!r vessel1 & all[$ to deposit ! f9e p[d] x /ill holds 9 susp5sion4 ,:5 ?is has tak5 place1 ! cle> sup]natant liquor is decant$1 & ! s$im5t dra9$ & dri$4 ,! co>se s$im5t deposit$ 9 ! fir/ vessel is n[ submitt$ to a fre% gr9d+ & diffusion ?r\gh wat]1 & ! entire op]ation is repeat$ until ! :ole ( ! pulv]isable portion is wa%$ ov]4 ,! prop] l5g? ( "t = ! liquid to rema9 9 ! fir/ vessel dep5ds solely on ! d5sity ( ! p[d] & ! degree ( f95ess requir$ 9 ! product2 heavy p[d]s subsid+ almo/ imm$iately1 :ile light ones (t5 take sev]al m9utes to deposit ! co>s] portion4 ,sometimes ?ree or m vessels are employ$1 & ! muddy liquor1 aft] rema9+ a %ort "t 9 ! fir/1 is p\r$ into ! next "o1 & ?is1 9 a %ort "t long]1 into ! ?ird1 & s on1 until ! la/ vessel is fill$1 by :i* means p[d]s ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess are obta9$1 t deposit$ 9 ! la/ vessel be+ 9 ! m9ute/ /ate ( division4 ,! elutriat$ pa/e or moi/ p[d] is !n dra9$1 & dri$4 ,on ! small scale ! trituration is p]=m$ ) a /one & mull]1 or 9 a mort>2 on ! l>ge scale1 9 a mill1 driv5 by ei!r horse or /eam p[]4 ,antimony *alk1 bi/re1 & o!r pigm5ts1 z well z v>i\s o!r sub/ances insoluble 9 or unact$ on by wat]1 are commonly obta9$ 9 ! /ate ( an impalpable p[d] by elutriation1 or 'wa%+ ov]1' z x is call$ by amateurs & op]atives4 ,,elydor',,ic ,,pa9t+4 ,a me?od ( pa9t+ inv5t$ by ,m4 ,v9c5t1 ( ,montpetit1 9 :i* ! pigm5ts are mix$ up ) an emulsion ( oil & wat]4 ,x is said to add ! fre% appe>ance ( wat] col\rs1 & ! f9i% ( m9iature pa9t+1 to ! mell[ness ( oil col\rs4 ,,embalm',,+4 ,syn4 ,,mummification4 ,! pres]vation ( ! dead bodies ( animals4 ,see ,,putrefaction4 ,,embos',,s+4 ,! =mation ( ornam5tal figures 9 relief on clo?1 lea!r1 pap]1 & wood1 has n[ be5 br\ght to su* p]fection z to place ?is species ( decoration )9 ! rea* ( almo/ e class ( society4 ,,emboss$ ,,clo? & ,,pap] are n[ employ$ by ! bookb9d] to cov] ev5 ! l[-pric$ volumes t pass ?r\gh 8 h&s2 :il/ ! ,,emboss$ ,,lea!r t encloses ! album or ornam5ts our furniture frequ5tly be>s ! ri*e/ patt]ns ( ! arabesque or moresque4 ,clo? & pap] are usually emboss$ by ma*9]y2 lea!r & wood m frequ5tly by h& lab\r4 ,,embroca',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,embrocatio1 ,l4 ,a fluid m$ic9e = ext]nal & local use4 ,embrocations d n diff]1 mat]ially1 f l9im5ts & lotions1 & are appli$ 9 ! same mann]4 7,see ^? prep>ations1 & bel[47 ,embrocation1 ,gue/onian4 ,syn4 ,,embrocatio ,,t]eb9?9 ,,cum ,,acido ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,p>is47 ,oil ( turp5t9e & olive oil1 ( ea* #a-a_/b oz42 dilute sulphuric acid1 #c fl4 dr42 agitate toge!r until mix$4 ,us$ 9 rheumatism1 c4 ,embrocation1 ,lyn*'s4 ,olive oil 7col\r$ ) alkanet root71 #e fl4 oz42 oils ( amb]1 rosem>y1 & turp5t9e1 ( ea* #a dr4 ,9 bruises1 rheumatism1 c4 ,embrocation1 ,ro*e's4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,p>is47 ,olive oil1 mix$ ) half its weight ( ! oil ( cloves & amb]4 #b4 ,olive oil1 #b oz42 oil ( amb]1 #a oz42 oils ( cloves & lemons1 ( ea* #a dr4 ,= hoop+-c\gh4 ,embrocation1 ,w>d's4 ,see ,,ess5ce4 ,embrocation ( ,can?>ides4 ,syn4 ,,embrocatio ,,can?>ides4 7,dr ,/ruve1 9 hoop+-c\gh47 ,prep4 ,t>t>iz$ antimony1 #a scruple2 wat]1 #b oz42 t9cture ( can?>ides1 #a_/b oz4 ,to be rubb$ ov] ! region ( ! /oma*1 cov]+ ! "p aft]w>ds ) flannel4 ,embrocation ( ,delph9ia4 ,syn4 ,,embrocatio ,,delph9i4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,prep4 ,delph9ia1 #a scruple to #a dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #b oz4 ,embrocation ( ,qu99e4 ,syn4 ,,embrocatio ,,qu9i4 7,dr ,gu/amac*ia47 ,prep4 ,sulphate ( qu99e1 #h to #ab gr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a oz4 ,embrocation ( ,v]atria4 ,syn4 ,,embrocatio ,,v]atri4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,prep4 ,v]atria1 #a scruple to #a dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #b oz4 ,,embroid',,ery4 ,gold & silv] fancy "w ( ?is description may be clean$ ) a little _s ( w9e1 ei!r alone or dilut$ ) an equal weight ( wat]4 ,g9 is frequ5tly us$ = ! same purpose4 ,! common practice ( us+ alkal9e or acid liquors is v injuri\s1 & frequ5tly de/roys ! beauty ( ! articles in/ead ( clean+ !m4 ,,em',,erald4 ,syn4 ,,sm>agdus2 ,,em]aude ,fr4 ,?is beautiful deep-gre5 gem ranks next to ! diamond 9 value4 ,! f9e/ are br\ght f ,p]u1 b fair v>ieties are f\nd 9 ,bav>ia1 ,sib]ia1 & ,india4 ,a f9e em]ald weigh+ #d or #e gr4 is wor? z _m p\nds2 "o ( #aj gr41 ab\t #b p] gr42 "o ( #ae gr41 #c to #d p] gr42 & s on 9 proportion to ! increase 9 size4 ,"o ( #bd gr41 if ( pure wat]1 is wor? ab\t #ajj4 ,accord+ to ! analysis ( ,vauquel91 ! pure/ specim5s consi/s ( #fe p>ts silica1 #ad alum9a1 #ac gluc9a1 #bef lime1 & #cej oxide ( *romium1 to :i* la/ ! gem owes its ri* gre5 col\r4 ,see ,,b]yl1 ,,gems1 ,,pa/es1 c4 ,em]ald ,gre54 ,see ,,gre5 ,,pigm5ts4 ,,em]y is an impure1 amorph\s1 compact1 & opaque v>iety ( corundum1 & consi/s ( alum9a1 ) a small p]-c5tage ( silica & p]oxide ( iron4 ,x occurs 9 ,spa91 ! isles ( ,greece1 & o!r localities1 & d]ives its "n f ,cape ,em]i1 9 ! isl& ( ,naxos4 ,its h>dness is s great1 t x scrat*es & we>s d[n ne>ly all m9]als except ! diamond2 h5ce ! use ( its p[d] = cutt+ & poli%+ glass & v>i\s o!r h>d sub/ances4 ,= comm]cial purposes1 ! lumps ( em]y1 z tak5 f ! m9e1 are brok5 into pieces ab\t ! size ( a h5's egg1 :i* are !n cru%$ "u /amp]s1 simil> to ^? us$ = p\nd+ metallic ores4 ,! co>se p[d] is !n sift$ ?r\gh sieves cov]$ ) wire-clo? ( diff]5t degrees ( f95ess1 by :i* x is sort$ into diff]5t sizes4 ,9 ?is /ate x =ms ! em]y ( ! %ops1 or fl\r em]y4 ,= delicate purposes1 x is aft]w>ds prep>$ by elutriation4 ,em]y ,cakes are =m$ by melt+ em]y fl\r ) a little beeswax1 & aft] ?or\gh admixture1 =m+ x into solid lumps ( suitable sizes4 ,us$ to dress ! edges ( buff & glaze :eels4 ,em]y ,clo? is prep>$ by bru%+ ! surface ( ?9 cotton clo? ov] ) liquid glue1 & sift+ ! em]y p[d] ov] ! surface :ile /ill w>m4 ,em]y ,pap] is made 9 ! same way z em]y clo?4 ,bo? are us$ ei!r ) or )\t oil1 9 ! same way z glass pap]4 ,em]y ,/icks are made ( pieces ( wood 9 ! same way1 & are us$ = ! same purposes1 z em]y pap]4 ,em]y ,/ones are =m$ ( em]y1 ( ! requisite co>s5ess1 mix$ ) ab\t half its weight ( good ,/\rbridge loam1 & wat] q4 s4 to make a /iff pa/e1 :i* is =c$ into metallic m\lds by a p[]ful press4 ,! pieces1 :5 ?or\ghly dry1 are expos$ 9 a muffle = a %ort "t to a temp]ature j "u a full :ite heat4 ,9 ?is way 'discs' & 'laps' are g5]ally made4 ,= ':eels1' only #a_/d? ( loam is us$4 ,ano!r me?od1 applicable = 'cutt+ /ones' g5]ally1 is to press ! fl\r em]y1 previ\sly moi/5$ ) wat]1 into m\lds1 ) /rong pressure1 z be=e1 )\t any o!r addition1 & !n to fire x at ne>ly a full :ite heat4 ,,emetia4 ,syn4 ,,emet91 ,,emet9a4 ,a feebly basic or alkaloidal body1 exi/+ 9 & =m+ ! active pr9ciple ( ipecacuanha4 ,prep4 #a4 7,m$ic9al--,,emetic ,,extract47--a4 ,ipecacuanha 79 co>se p[d]7 is dige/$ fir/ 9 e!r1 & !n 9 rectifi$ _s = #c or #d days2 ! alcoholic t9cture is next express$ & evaporat$ 7di/ill$7 to dryness2 ! residuum is dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & ! solution precipitat$ ) acetate ( lead2 ! precipitate is !n diffus$ ?r\gh di/ill$ wat]1 9 a tall glass vessel1 & sulphurett$ hydrog5 is pass$ ?r\gh x1 to ?r[ d[n ! lead2 aft] :i* ! liquor is decant$1 filt]$1 evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a ?ick syrup1 & spread 9 a ?9 lay] on w>m plates ( glass1 & all[$ to dry 9 a curr5t ( w>m air1 or by a g5tle heat 9 a /ove4 ,! mac]ation 9 e!r is frequ5tly omitt$4 b4 ,ipecacuanha1 #a "p2 rectifi$ _s 7#hce71 #g p>ts2 make a t9cture1 di/il (f ! _s1 dissolve 9 cold di/ill$ wat]1 #e p>ts2 filt] ! solution1 & evaporate1 c41 z be=e4 ,inf]ior to ! la/4 c4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,z ! la/1 ne>ly4 ,obs4 ,m$ic9al or impure emetia is br[ni%1 r$1 deliquesc5t1 & emetic 9 doses ( #a_/d to #a_/b gr4 #b4 7,pure47--a4 ,ipecacuanha 79 co>se p[d]71 #a "p1 is dige/$ = #bd h\rs 9 di/ill$ wat]1 #aj p>ts2 toge!r ) calc9$ magnesia1 add$ 9 slight excess2 ! deposit is !n ?r[n on a filt]1 wa%$ c>efully ) v cold wat]1 & dri$2 x is next dissolv$ 9 rectifi$ _s & neutralis$ ) dilute sulphuric acid2 ! filt]$ solution is decol\r$ ) animal *>coal1 aga9 filt]$1 & aga9 precipitat$ by dige/ion ) magnesia2 ! la/ deposit =ms a col\rless solution ) rectifi$ _s1 :i*1 by g5tle evaporation1 gives up its emetia z a yell[i% :ite pulv]ul5t mass1 :i* may be r5d]$ p]fectly :ite by r$issolv+ x 9 alcohol1 c41 z be=e4 ,! process is r5d]$ easi] by fir/ dige/+ ! p[d]$ ipecacuanha 9 e!r4 b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,alcoholic extract ( ipecacuanha1 #a "p2 wat]1 #aj p>ts2 dissolve1 filt]2 add calc9$ magnesia1 #a "p2 evaporate to dryness1 wa% ! product on a filt] ) v cold wat]1 #e p>ts2 dry x aga91 & dissolve x 9 boil+ alcohol2 evaporate ! filt]$ t9cture to dryness1 r$issolve ! residuum 9 a little wat]1 acidulate 7slightly7 ) dilute sulphuric acid1 decol\r ) animal *>coal1 filt]1 precipitate ) liquor ( ammonia1 & dry ! precipitate by a g5tle heat4 c4 7,ph4 ,suec4 #ahde47 ,p[d]$ ipecacuanha1 #a "p2 wat]1 acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 #f p>ts2 dige/1 filt]2 add lime1 #a "p1 & evaporate to dryness ov] a wat] ba?2 ! residuum is !n exhau/$ ) boil+ rectifi$ _s1 & o!rwise treat$ z 9 ! la/ =mula4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure emetia is :ite1 pulv]ul5t1 inodor\s1 & bitt]2 fusible at #abb ,fahr42 v soluble 9 alcohol & boil+ wat]1 b only slightly s 9 e!r1 oils1 & cold wat]4 ,x re/ores ! blue col\r ( r$d5$ litmus1 & p>tially neutralises ! acids1 =m+ sc>cely cry/allisable salts4 ,x is r$d5$ by nitric acid1 & ?is r$ col\r is deep5$ by ammonia4 ,t9cture ( iod9e produces a r$di% precipitate 9 an alcoholic solution ( emetia4 ,) t9cture ( galls ?is solution behaves l morphia2 b1 unlike ! la/ sub/ance1 ! salts ( iron produce no *ange ( col\r 9 x4 ,^! reactions1 comb9$ ) its emetic prop]ties1 are suffici5t = its id5tification4--,dose4 ,:ite & pure emetia is emetic 9 doses ( #a_/bj to #a_/af gr4 ,! l>ge doses ord]$ 9 c]ta9 ph>maceutical compilations1 evid5tly 9 error ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! /r5g?s ( ! pure & ! impure or m$ic9al emetia1 h1 9 sev]al cases :i* h be5 report$ on1 produc$ v s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,! ',j\rnal de ,ph>macie et de ,*emie1' = ,septemb]1 #ahge1 conta9s a new process = ! extraction ( emetia1 by ,m4 ,a4 ,gl5>d4 ,?is process is bas$ ^u ! comb9$ use ( lime & e!r4 ,x consi/s 9 treat+ ) e!r a suitably prep>$ p[d]1 or an extract ( ipecacuanha & lime1 or ! precipitate =m$ ^u add+ an excess ( lime to a solution obta9$ by treat+ ipecacuanha 9 ! cold ) wat] acidulat$ by sulphuric acid4 ,ei!r ( ^! mixtures1 or ! precipitate1 :5 treat$ ) e!r1 w yield all ! alkaloid x conta9s4 ,! alkaloid may be obta9$ f ! e!real solution by di/ill+ x to dryness1 & treat+ ! residue ) acidulat$ wat]1 or by at once %ak+ ! solution ) acidulat$ wat]4 ,a m or less acid aque\s liquid is ?us obta9$1 :i* ^u ! addition ( ammonia1 yields ! emet9e almo/ col\rless1 & mu* m pure ?an t produc$ by ! process ord9>ily employ$4 ,prep>ation ( ,cry/allis$ ,hydro*lorate & ,pure ,emet9e4--,:5 wat]1 acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 is employ$ to remove ! emet9e f ! e!r1 an acid solution is obta9$1 :i*1 :5 suffici5tly conc5trat$ by evaporation1 =ms a ne>ly col\rless1 solid1 cry/all9e mass4 ,?is mass is =m$ ( extremely delicate ne$les1 =m$ 9 bundles t radiate ar\nd a c5tral po9t1 & =m small sph]es ) an emboss$ surface1 resembl+ mulb]ries 9 appe>ance4 ,^u press+ ^! cry/als 9 a clo? ! m or less col\r$ "m liquid runs (f1 & ! cry/als r$issolv$ 9 wat] give a col\rless solution1 f :i* a fre% cry/allisation ( p]fectly pure hydro*lorate ( emet9e c readily be obta9$4 ,! production ( ?is cry/allis$ hydro*lorate ( emet9e is wor?y ( notice1 s9ce x does n accord ) :at has be5 /at$ by diff]5t au?ors1 :o h all consid]$ emet9e to be incapable ( =m+ cry/allisable salts4 ,x is especially int]e/+ 9 t x furni%es a conv5i5t & c]ta9 me?od ( obta9+ p]fectly pure emet9e1 = :i* x is only necess>y to precipitate a solution ( ! hydro*lorate ) an alkali4 ,b x is important to obs]ve t ammonia does n precipitate all ! emet9e ( ! hydro*lorate1 & t ! precipitate is less 9 proportion z ! salt is m acid4 ,x might appe> f ?is t emet9e is soluble 9 hydro*lorate ( ammonia4 ,b ! au?or f9ds t x is ! result ( a decompos+ action ex]cis$ by ! emet9e ^u ! hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 z is %[n by ! foll[+ two exp]im5ts4 ,if a little dry p[d]$ emet9e be plac$ 9 a glass conta9+ a solution ( hydro*lorate ( ammonia1 x may be obs]v$ to agglom]ate & become trans=m$ into a s(t res9oid mass1 at ! same "t ! dis5gagem5t ( ammonia may be recognis$1 & ! res9oid mass gradually und]goes a k9d ( metamorphosis1 & becomes :ite & cry/all9e4 ,aga91 if emet9e 9 p[d] be susp5d$ 9 wat]1 & solution ( hydro*lorate ( ammonia be gradually add$1 ! emet9e is dissolv$1 & ^u evaporation ( ! solution cry/als ( d\ble hydro*lorate ( emet9e & ammonia is obta9$4 ,! au?or believes ! decomposition ( hydro*lorate ( ammonia by an organic alkali to h be5 hi!rto unobs]v$4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t emet9e is alone 9 ?is action1 z ! au?or has obs]v$ t qu99e1 "u simil> conditions1 behaves 9 ! same mann]4 ,z9(fsky 7',j\r4 de ,ph>m4 d',anv]s1' xxix1 #dij7 gives ! foll[+ process = ! quantitative det]m9ation ( emetia3--,treat fifte5 grams ( p[d]$ ipecacuanha ) alcohol ( #he p] c5t41 acidifi$ ) a few drops ( sulphuric acid1 s z to =m a volume ( #aej cubic c5timtres4 ,filt]1 & aft] expell+ ! alcohol f #ajj cubic c5timtres ( ! liquid by di/illation1 add to ! residue a titrat$ solution ( iodo-hydr>gyrate ( potassium until a filt]$ portion ceases to be affect$ by ?is reag5t4 ,! numb] ( cubic c5timtres ( iodo-hydr>gyrate multipli$ by #jjahi 7#jjjja ( ! equival5t ( emet9e7 gives ! quantity ( emet9e conta9$ 9 t5 gra9s ( ! root4 ,a normal solution ( iodo-hydr>gyrate is obta9$ by mix+ aque\s solutions ( #acedf grams ( bi*loride ( m]cury1 & #dih ( iodide ( potassium1 add+ wat] to make "o litre4 ,"o cubic c5timtre ( ?is solution precipitates #jjjja1 or #jjjjje ( an equival5t ( alkaloid4 ,w9e ( ipecacuanha c be titrat$ by ! same process4 ,composition ( ,emet9e & its ,hydro*lorate4--,^! sub/ances dri$ at #aaj ,c41 gave ^u analysis results correspond+ ) foll[+ c5tesimal composition3 ,hydro*lorate ,emet9e4 ( ,emet9e4 ,c>bon #gbbe #fcjj ,hydrog5 #hfa #hae ,nitrog5 #ecf #dge ,oxyg5 #acgh #aafd ,*lor9e #abdf ,f ^! figures ! au?or has con/ruct$ ! foll[+ =mul3 ,emet9e3 ,c#cj;,h#bb,,no#d4 ,hydro*lorate ( ,emet9e3 ,c#cj;,h#bb,,no#d;,h,cl4 ,prep>ation & ,composition ( ,emet9e 7,j4 ,le=t & ,f4 ,wurtz1 ',comptes ,r5dus1' lxxxiv1 #abii74 ,:5 ipecacuanha is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & a conc5trat$ solution ( potassium nitrate add$1 a ?ick mass is produc$1 consi/+ ( emet9e nitrate4 ,x is wa%$ ) wat]1 dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 & ! solution p\r$ into milk ( lime4 ,! mixture is evaporat$ to dryness1 & dige/$ ) e!r1 :i* dissolves out ! emet9e1 leav+ x z a yell[i% mass on evaporation4 ,on dissolv+ ?is mass 9 sulphuric acid1 & p\r+ ! solution into dilute ammonia1 ! alkaloid is obta9$ z a :ite precipitate1 :i* is dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 f :i* x sep>ates 9 m9ute radiate gr\ps ( ne$les4 ,by analysis x gave numb]s lead+ to ! =mula ,c#bh;,h#dj,n#b,o#c4bge ,footnote #bge3 ,note by ! translator 7',j\rnal ( ,*em4 ,soc1'73 ,?is is pr9t$ ,c#bh,n#b;,h#dj,o#e 9 ! =mula = emet9e nitrate1 & z no data are giv51 x is impossible to tell :i* are correct4 ,pure emet9e nitrate 0 prep>$1 & 0 f\nd to h ! =mula ,c#bh,n#b;,h#dj,o#e,,noh2 ?is 9 conjunction ) ,gl5>d's results1 %[s t emet9e does n =m basic salts4 ,,emet',,ics4 ,syn4 ,,vomits1 ,,anaca?>tics2 ,,anaca?>tica1 ,,emetica1 ,,vomitoria1 ,l4 ,m$ic9es :i* induce vomit+4 ,! pr9cipal emetics are ipecacuanha & t>t>is$ antimony1 & _! prep>ations2 & ! sulphates ( z9c & copp]4 ,( ^! ! fir/ is commonly employ$ ei!r 9 sub/ance or infus$ 9 w9e 7ipecacuanha w9e71 :5 x is m]ely wi%$ to evacuate ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 :5 t organ is 9 a disord]$ /ate or ov]load$ ) food2 & is ! "o mo/ adapt$ 9 ord9>y cases = *ildr5 & females4 ,t>t> emetic 7t>t>at$ antimony7 7dissolv$ 9 wat]7 & antimonial w9e1 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) ipecacuanha1 are pref]able at ! comm5cem5t ( fev]s & o!r inflammatory disord]s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! nausea1 relaxation1 & depression ( ! muscul> p[] & circulation :i* commonly foll[ _! use4 ,:5 poison has be5 tak51 sulphate ( z9c is g5]ally pref]r$ z an emetic1 on acc\nt ( ! promptness & complet5ess ( its action1 & its effects ceas+ z soon z x is eject$ f ! /oma*4 ,sulphate ( copp] is employ$ 9 ! same cases z sulphate ( z9c1 b its action is m viol5t & disagreeable1 :il/ its int5se metallic ta/e is a great objection to its use4 #be to #cj gr4 ( ei!r ( ! above sulphates are dissolv$ 9 #c or #d fl4 oz4 ( w>m wat]1 & a f\r? ( ! solution is giv5 e t5 m9utes1 until copi\s vomit+ ensues4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( o!r sub/ances1 :5 an imm$iate emetic is requir$1 a teaspoonful ( fl\r ( mu/>d 7an article always at h&71 /irr$ up ) half a p9t ( w>m wat]1 & drank at a draught1 w g5]ally act easily & effectively1 & relieve ! /oma* be=e o!r rem$ies c be obta9$ & appli$4 ,! op]ation ( emetics is p[]fully promot$ by dr9k+ copi\sly ( dilu5ts1 especially ( w>m or tepid wat]4 ,! latt]1 9 fact1 is itself an emetic1 :5 tak5 9 quantity4 ,its use w also prev5t t dreadful /ra9+ & ret*+ :i* makes emetics s mu* dread$ by ! n]v\s & delicate4 ,! timely adm9i/ration ( an emetic at ! comm5cem5t ( fev]s & o!r inflammatory affections w frequ5tly cause copi\s diaphoresis1 & produce a cure1 or at lea/ greatly mitigate ! sev]ity ( ! symptoms4 ,dropsies h also be5 cur$ by vomit+2 & swell$ te/icle1 bubo1 & o!r gl&ul> swell+s1 h occasionally be5 disp]s$ by ! action ( emetics4 ,visc]al ob/ructions1 9 bo? sexes1 h also yield$ to ! same treatm5t4 ,small & repeat$ doses ( emetics are frequ5tly adm9i/]$1 ) advantage1 to produce nausea1 9 _m diseases ( ! lungs & /oma*4 ,c]ta9 *ronic & ob/9ate diseases1 z rheumatism & a/hma1 are sometimes reliev$ by emetics1 :5 e o!r l9e ( treatm5t has fail$4 ,emetics %\ld be avoid$ 9 ple?oric habits1 9 h]nia1 pregnancy1 & :5ev] visc]al inflammation is suspect$4 ,!y %\ld also be giv5 ) great caution to "y *ildr5 & females1 & to ! n]v\s & delicate4 ,9 su* cases1 w9e or p[d] ( ipecacuanha %\ld alone be employ$4 ,emetic ,cups4 ,syn4 ,,antimonial ,,cups2 ,,pocula ,,emetica1 ,,calices ,,vomitorii1 ,l4 ,small cups made ( metallic antimony4 ,w9e left 9 !m = #aj or #ab h\rs becomes emetic4 ,emetic ,t>t>4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,t>t>at$4 ,,em',,et9e4 ,see ,,emetia4 ,,emm5',,agogues4 ,syn4 ,,emm5agoga1 ,l4 ,m$ic9es :i* are consid]$ to h ! p[] ( promot+ ! m5/rual dis*>ge :5 ei!r reta9$ or susp5d$4 ,!re are1 probably1 few rem$ies :i* ex]t ?is specific p[] on ! ut]us1 ! majority ( repeat$ emm5agogues act+ r by _! influ5ce on ! sy/em g5]ally1 or on p>ts contigu\s to ! ut]us1 ?an 9 ! ut]us itself4 ,among ! sub/ances usually arrang$ "u ?is class are--aloes1 black hellebore1 bir?wort1 borax1 cubebs1 ergot1 gamboge1 g91 iodide ( potassium1 iod9e1 madd]1 m]curials1 ! pepp]s1 rue1 sav9e1 /imulants 7g5]ally71 /imulat+ diuretics1 /9k+ goosefoot1 /9k+ ora*e1 w9e1 c4 ,( ! above1 ergot & madd] are ! only articles :i* ex]cise a direct p[] on ! ut]us1 & t r 9 increas+ its expulsive en]gy ?an 9 promot+ ! m5/rual function1 ?\gh !y are advantage\sly employ$ = ! latt] purpose4 ,sev]al ( ! o!r sub/ances nam$ are dra/ic purgatives1 or possess c]ebro-sp9al prop]ties1 or local p[]s ( irritation1 by :i* !y increase ! pelvic circulation1 or produce excitem5t 9 ! neighb\r+ p>ts1 9 _m cases ( a dang]\s & irrep>able "*4 ,h5ce _m writ]s on ph>macology d5y ! exi/5ce ( emm5agogues4 ,to ensure ! successful adm9i/ration ( ?is class ( m$ic9es1 ! sy/em mu/ be previ\sly prep>$ = _! use by invigorat+ x1 if !re is ei!r relaxation or debility2 & an opposite c\rse %\ld be pursu$ :5 !re is an undue degree ( art]ial action4 ,9 ! majority ( cases1 ! re/oration ( ! dis*>ge is r attributable to a prop] regulation ( ! sy/em ?an to any specific p[] 9 ! m$ic9e adm9i/]$4 ,,emoll',,i5ts4 ,syn4 ,,emolli5tia1 ,l4 ,9 ph>macy & !rapeutics1 demulc5ts ( an oleag9\s1 saponace\s1 or emulsive "*1 appli$ to surfaces 7g5]ally ext]nal71 to s(t5 & relax ! fibres4 ,see ,,demulc5ts4 ,,emul',,s94 ,syn4 ,,synaptase4 ,an azotis$ sub/ance1 =m+ a l>ge proportion ( ! :ite pulp ( bo? bitt] & sweet almonds4 ,x is yell[i%-:ite1 soluble 9 cold wat]1 & coagulat$ by heat & alcohol4 ,its mo/ rem>kable prop]ty is its action on amygdal9 by :i* ! volatile oil ( almonds & hydrocyanic acid1 ) o!r products are =m$4 ,x has nev] be5 obta9$ 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,,emuls9es4 ,see ,,emulsion4 ,,emul',,sion4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio1 ,l4 ,a milky fluid1 =m$ by ! me*anical admixture ( oil & wat]1 by means ( "s o!r sub/ance t possesses ! p[] ( comb9+ ) bo?4 ,! emulsions ( ! ,ph>macopoeia are 9 ! ',briti% ,ph>macopoeia' includ$ 9 ! class ,mi/ur 7:i* see74 ,9 ! prep>ation ( emulsions1 ! oily or res9\s +r$i5ts are usually susp5d$ by means ( mucilage ( gum arabic1 almonds1 or yolk ( egg4 #a dr4 ( ! fir/1 made ) equal p>ts ( gum & wat]2 #a oz4 ( ! second 7usually #bf 9 numb]72 & "o 9 no4 ( ! la/1 w =m #b dr4 ( any oil into an emulsion ) ab\t #a oz4 ( wat]1 gradually add$4 ,9 "s cases1 in/ead ( ! above sub/ances1 a little liquor ( potassa is employ$1 by :i* a saponace\s emulsion is =m$4 ,9 all cases ! mucilage or o!r viscid sub/ance %\ld be put into ! mort> be=e any?+ else4 ,! oil or res9\s matt] may !n be v gradually rubb$ 91 tak+ c>e n to add x m quickly ?an x c be subdu$ by ! pe/le2 & if1 dur+ ?is "p ( ! manipulation1 ! mixture %\ld beg9 to assume a break+ or curdl+ appe>ance at ! edges1 a few drops ( wat] mu/ be imm$iately incorporat$ ) x1 be=e add+ ! rema9d] ( ! oil4 ,f ! want ( ?is precaution1 x is common = an emulsion sudd5ly to lose its t5aci\s consi/5ce 9 ! mort>1 & x is !n 9 va9 to endeav\r to re/ore x4 ,aft] ! oil is ?or\ghly incorporat$1 "s c>e is requisite to avoid sep>at+ x aga9 by too ha/y an effusion ( ! wat] or o!r fluid ( ! mixture4 ,if any alcoholic or acid liquid is to be add$1 x mu/ be at ! v end ( ! process4 ,inde$1 ! addition ( an acid liquid1 ev5 a slightly acesc5t syrup1 w (t5 entirely de/roy an emulsion4 ,mixtures ( copaiba are frequ5tly spoil$ by ! addition ( _s ( nitric e!r2 a mis=tune :i* might be avoid$ by fir/ dilut+ x ) "o or two p>ts ( wat]4 ,an excell5t me?od ( prep>+ emulsions ( res9s & gum-res9s1 is to put ! article into a m>ble or w$gwood mort>1 & to p\r ov] x ab\t #d times its weight ( rectifi$ _s1 :i* is !n to be ignit$1 & ! mixture triturat$ until an equal consi/5ce is obta9$4 ,! liquid is !n to be add$ gradually1 & ! :ole pati5tly triturat$ or %ak5 until cold4 ,yolk ( egg or mucilage may be add$ to ! fluid res9 or gum-res91 if desir$1 z 9 ! common me?od1 b an excell5t emulsion may be made )\t !m4 ,! pres5ce ( soluble salts 9 an emulsion is apt to occasion ! sep>ation ( ! oleag9\s portion4 ,_s produces ! same effect 9 ^? :i* are made ) yolk or mucilage2 & acids 9 ^? made ) an alkali4 ,! addition ( ^! sub/ances to emulsions %\ld be !re=e avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,emulsions ( wax1 sp]maceti1 oil ( turp5t9e1 & balsam ( copaiba1 are ! mo/ readily & completely =m$ ) yolk ( egg4 ,volatile oils are m readily made into emulsions if mix$ ) an equal volume ( "s simple fix$ oil1 be=e proce$+ to op]ate on !m4 ,scammony is g5]ally =m$ into an emulsion ) milk2 & res9 ( jalap1 ) almonds & wat]4 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican ,ph>maceutical ,association by ,mr ,gregory1 ! au?or recomm5ds ! use ( p[d]$ gum in/ead ( mucilage 9 ! prep>ation ( emulsions4 ,he ?9ks t ?ree dra*ms ( acacia 9 f9e p[d] are necess>y to emulsify "o ounce ( any ( ! volatile oils1 & t a little less 7ab\t two dra*ms7 w answ] = ! fix$ oils & balsams1 & t to ?is quantity ( gum f\r dra*ms & a half ( wat] mu/ be add$ 7no m & no less71 & t ei!r ! wat] or ! oil may be add$ fir/ to ! gum1 b x is quicke/ to add ! oil ! fir/2 & well triturate be=e add+ ! wat]4 ,less gum c be made to yield a good result by a c>eful op]ator1 b1 z a g5]al practical work+ rule1 x may be said t ?ree dra*ms are necess>y = "o ounce ( oil4 ,! foll[+ =mul1 = c]ta9 emulsions1 are m]ely giv5 "h = examples4 ,v>i\s o!rs w be f\nd "u ,,mixture1 ,,lotion1 ,,wa%1 c4 ,emulsion ( ,al'monds4 ,syn4 ,,milk ,,( ,,almonds1 ,,almond ,,mixture2 ,,emulsio ,,amygdal1 ,,mi/ura ,a41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,blan*$ almonds1 #a oz42 beat !m to a smoo? pa/e1 add1 gradually1 wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 & :5 ! :ole is ?or\ghly incorporat$1 /ra9 ?r\gh a piece ( gauze4 #b4 ,z ! la/1 add+ sug>1 #a oz42 or syrup 7ei!r simple or flav\r$71 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,see ,,emulsion ,,( ,,oil ,,( ,,almonds 7bel[74 ,emulsion ( ,assafoet'ida4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,assaf,,oe,,tid1 ,,mi/ura ,a41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ducl[47 ,assafoetida1 #a oz42 p[d]$ gum1 #b oz42 oil ( almonds1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz42 wat]1 #f fl4 oz4 ,antispasmodic4--,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls2 9 hy/]ical affections1 c4 ,emulsion ( ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,camphor1 ,e4 ,,camphorata1 ,,mi/ura ,,camphor 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,ca/r4 ,ru?4 #ahdj47 ,camphor1 #a_/b dr42 triturate ) milk1 #a_/b fl4 oz41 gradually add$2 !n fur!r add ( wat]1 #g-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,camphor1 #bj gr42 lump sug>1 #a_/b oz42 triturate toge!r1 & add ( blan*$ almonds1 #a_/b oz42 aga9 triturate1 !n gradually add ( wat]1 #a p9t4 ,/imulant1 antispasmodic1 & diaphoretic4--,dose1 #a fl4 oz4 to #b fl4 oz4 ,emulsion ( ,cas'tor ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,olei ,,ric9i1 ,,mi/ura ,o4 ,r41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ca/or oil1 #a oz42 ?ick mucilage1 #a-a_/b oz42 syrup ( orange peel1 #a fl4 oz42 wat]1 #f fl4 oz4 #b4 ,z ! la/1 b us+ milk in/ead ( wat]4--,dose4 ,"o ?ird2 z an ap]i5t = females :o object to tak+ ! unprep>$ oil4 ,emulsion ( ,copai'ba4 ,syn4 ,,emulsion ,,( ,,capivi2 ,,emulsio ,,copaib1 ,,mi/ura ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,balsam ( copaiba & syrup ( orange peel1 ( ea* #b oz42 yolks ( #e eggs2 milk1 #ad fl4 oz4 #b4 7,b]al47 ,copaiba & mucilage1 ( ea* #b oz42 wat]1 #ab fl4 oz4--,dose1 #a_/b oz4 to #a oz41 #b or #c times a day2 :]e ! use ( copaiba is indicat$4 ,emulsion ( ,cubebs4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,cubeb4 7,dublanc47 ,prep4 ,ess5ce ( ,cubebs1 #d oz42 mucilage1 #d oz4 ,mix !m4 ,emulsion ( ,gum4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,acaci1 ,,mi/ura ,,acaci 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f sweet almonds 7blan*$71 #aj dr42 :ite sug>1 #e dr42 mucilage1 #c fl4 oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t4 ,demulc5t4 ,9 c\ghs1 c41 ad libitum4 ,emulsion ( ,indian ,hemp4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,cannabis ,,indic4 7,mr ,bromfield47 ,prep4 ,rub #a scruple ( extract ( ,indian hemp 9 w>m wat] ) #a fl4 dr4 ( olive oil2 !n add gradually1 /ill triturat+ ! mixture1 #d dr4 ( mucilage ( acacia & #g-a_/b oz4 ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,emulsion ( ,oil ( ,almonds4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,olei ,,amygdal1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f oil ( almonds1 #c dr42 ?ick mucilage & simple syrup1 ( ea*1 #e dr42 rose wat]1 #a fl4 oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #c to #d fl4 oz4 ,an elegant & effici5t sub/itute = almond milk4 ,see ,,emulsion ,,( ,,almonds 7above74 ,emulsion1 ,pancreatic4 ,see ,,pancreat94 ,emulsion ( ,p]u'vian ,balsam4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,balsamica1 ,e4 ,,balsami ,,p]uviani1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,z emulsion ( copaiba4 #b4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,balsam ( ,p]u1 #a_/b oz42 oil ( almonds1 #f dr42 p[d]$ gum1 #a oz42 triturate toge!r1 & add1 gradually1 rose wat]1 #d fl4 oz4--,dose1 #a or #b table-spoonfuls2 9 old a/hmas1 *ronic c\ghs1 w9t] c\ghs1 c4 ,emulsion ( ,poppies4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,papaveus4 ,prep4 ,poppy se$s1 #b dra*ms2 wat]1 #h oz4 ,make into an emulsion & /ra94 ,emulsion ( ,raw ,meat4 7,yvon47 ,raw meat #bej grammes2 sweet almonds1 #ge grammes2 bitt] almonds1 #e grammes2 :ite sug>1 #hj grammes4 ,aft] blan*+ ! almonds beat !m up ) ! re/ ( ! +r$i5ts 9 a m>ble mort> until a rose-col\r$ uni=m pa/e is obta9$4 ,?is may be easily made into an emulsion ) wat]1 & w n unmix = #bd h\rs4 ,x c be made /ill m n\ri%+ by ! addition ( ! yolks ( two eggs1 & by ! sub/itution ( milk = wat]4 ,?is emulsion is frequ5tly prescrib$ by cont95tal physicians4 ,emulsion ( ,res9 ( ,jalap4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,purgans ,,cum ,,res9 ,,jalap4 7,p>4 ,ph>m47 ,prep4 ,res9 ( jalap1 #h gr42 :ite sug>1 #a oz42 orange-fl[] wat]1 #b dr42 wat]1 #d oz4 ,triturate ! res9 ) a little ( ! sug>1 add gradually half ! yolk ( an egg1 triturate = a long "t1 !n add gradually ! re/ ( ! sug> & ! wat]4 ,emulsion ( ,scam'mony4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,scammonii1 ,,mi/ura ,s4 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,res9 ( scammony1 #g gr42 new milk1 #c fl4 oz4 ,= a dose4 #b4 7,plan*e47 ,aleppo scammony1 #g gr42 sug>1 #b dr42 new milk1 #c fl4 oz42 *]ry-laurel wat]1 #e drops4 ,= a dose4 ,purgative2 9 torpor ( ! inte/9es1 dropsy1 worms1 c4 ,! =mula ( ! ,p>is ,codex is simil>4 ,emulsion ( ,sp]mace'ti4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,cetacei1 ,,mi/ura ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,z emulsion ( wax4 ,demulc5t4 ,emulsion ( ,tur'p5t9e4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,t]eb9?91 ,,mi/ura ,t41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,*io turp5t9e1 #b dr42 :ite sug>1 #a oz42 yolk ( #a egg2 milk ( almonds1 #d fl4 oz4 ,9 gleets4--,dose1 #b table-spoonfuls1 #c or #d times a day4 #b4 7,clossius47 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #a-a_/b dr42 yolk ( #a egg2 pepp]m9t wat]1 #d-a_/b fl4 oz4 7,see bel[47 ,emulsion ( ,oil ( ,turp5t9e4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,olei ,,t]eb9?91 ,,mi/ura ,o4 ,t41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,c>mi*ael47 ,rectifi$ oil ( turp5t9e1 #a fl4 oz42 yolk ( #b eggs2 emulsion ( almonds1 #d fl4 oz42 syrup ( orange peel1 #b fl4 oz42 _s ( lav5d]1 #d fl4 dr42 oil ( c9namon1 #e or #f drops4--,dose1 #a fl4 oz41 twice or ?rice a day2 9 nephritic pa9s1 & t v>iety ( oph?almia t]m$ iriditis4 7,see above47 ,emulsion ( ,wax4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,c]1 ,e4 ,,c] ,,alb1 ,,mi/ura ,c41 ,,lac ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guib\rt47 ,:ite wax1 #a oz42 p[d]$ gum1 #a-a_/b dr42 wat]1 #bd fl4 oz42 simple syrup1 #d fl4 oz42 put ! syrup & gum into a w>m mort>1 add ! wax1 & triturate ) a w>m pe/le until unit$2 !n add ! wat] 7w>m7 gradually1 & cont9ue ! agitation till ! :ole is q cold4 ,demulc5t4 ,ad libitum4 ,,enam',,el4 ,a species ( vitre\s v>ni%1 col\r$ ) metallic oxides1 appli$ 9 a ?9 /ratum to brightly poli%$ metallic surfaces 7copp] or gold71 on :i* x is fus$ by ! flame ( a lamp urg$ by ! bl[pipe1 or by ! heat ( a small furnace4 ,! basis ( all enamels is a highly transp>5t & fusible gloss1 call$ 'frit1' 'flux1' or 'pa/e1' :i* readily receives a col\r on ! addition ( metallic oxides4 ,x may be made by "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ =mul3 ,prep4 #a4 ,r$ lead1 #af p>ts2 calc9$ borax1 #c p>ts2 p[d]$ fl9t glass1 #ab p>ts2 p[d]$ fl9ts1 #d p>ts2 fuse 9 a ,hessian crucible = #ab h\rs1 !n p\r x out into wat]1 & r$uce x to a p[d] 9 a biscuit-w>e mort>4 #b4 ,t91 #c p>ts2 lead1 #aj p>ts2 mix1 calc9e 9 an iron pot at a dull *]ry-r$ heat1 & scrape (f ! oxide z x =ms1 obs]v+ to obta9 x q free f undecompos$ metal2 !n r$uce x to f9e p[d] by gr9d+ & elutriation4 ,9 ?is /ate x is kn[n among enamell]s z 'flux' or 'calc9e4' #d p>ts ( ?is 'calc9e' are next mix$ ) an equal weight ( pure s& or p[d]$ fl9ts1 & #a "p ( sea salt1 or o!r alkal9e matt]2 ! mixture is !n p>tially fus$ 9 a ,hessian crucible1 by :i* x und]goes semi-vitrification4 #c4 7,*aptal47 ,lead & t91 equal p>ts2 calc9e z above1 & take (f ! mix$ oxides or 'calc9e' & gr\nd fl9ts1 ( ea*1 #a "p2 pure c>bonate ( pota%1 #b p>ts2 & proce$ z be=e4 #d4 7,wynn47 ,fl9t glass1 #c oz42 r$ lead1 #a oz42 z la/4 #e4 7,wynn47 ,r$ lead1 #ah p>ts2 borax 7n calc9$71 #aa p>ts2 fl9t glass1 #af p>ts2 z la/4 #f4 7,wynn47 ,p[d]$ fl9ts1 #aj p>ts2 nitre & :ite ars5ic1 ( ea*1 #a "p2 z la/4 ,obs4 ,! precise qualities ( ! products ( ! above processes dep5d greatly ^u ! duration & degree ( heat employ$4 ,by increas+ ! quantity ( s&1 glass1 or flux1 ! enamel is r5d]$ m fusible1 & ! opacity & :it5ess is increas$ by ! addition ( oxide ( t94 ,! use ( borax %\ld be avoid$1 or x %\ld be us$ sp>+ly1 z x is apt to make ! enamel effloresce & lose col\r4 ,enamel1 ,black4 ,prep4 #a4 ,calc9$ iron 7protoxide71 #ab p>ts2 oxide ( cobalt1 #a "p2 mix1 add an equal weight ( :ite flux1 & fuse z be=e4 #b4 7,cl\et47 ,pure clay1 #c p>ts2 protoxide ( iron1 #a "p4 ,a f9e black4 #c4 ,p]oxide ( manganese1 #c p>ts2 zaffre1 #a "p2 mix1 & add x1 z requir$1 to :ite flux4 ,enamel1 ,blue4 ,prep4 #a4 ,:ite 'frit' or 'flux1' col\r$ ) oxide ( cobalt4 #b4 ,s&1 r$ lead1 & nitre1 ( ea* #aj p>ts2 fl9t glass or gr\nd fl9ts1 #bj p>ts2 oxide ( cobalt1 #a "p1 m or less2 dep5d+ on ! desir$ dep? ( col\r4 ,enamel1 ,br[n4 ,prep4 #a4 ,manganese1 #e p>ts2 r$ lead1 #af p>ts2 fl9t p[d]1 #h p>ts2 z be=e4 #b4 7,wynn47 ,manganese1 #i p>ts2 r$ lead1 #cd p>ts2 fl9t p[d]1 #af p>ts4 #c4 ,r$ lead & calc9$ iron1 ( ea*1 #a "p2 antimony1 li?>ge1 & s&1 ( ea*1 #b p>ts4 ,to be add$ 9 any requir$ proportion to :ite 'frit1' accord+ to ! col\r desir$4 ,a little oxide ( cobalt or zaffre is frequ5tly add$ to alt] ! %ade4 ,enamel1 ,gre54 ,prep4 #a4 ',flux' or 'frit1' #b lbs42 black oxide ( copp]1 #a oz42 z be=e4 #b4 ,z ! la/1 b add+ r$ oxide ( iron1 #a_/b dr4 ,less decisive4 #c4 ,copp] du/ & li?>ge1 ( ea* #b oz42 nitre1 #a oz42 s&1 #d oz42 'flux' or 'frit1' q4 s4 #d4 ,f transp>5t 'frit1' any quantity2 oxide ( *romium1 q4 s4 to col\r4 ,col\r sup]b2 x w /& a great heat2 9 common h&s1 h[ev]1 x frequ5tly turns on ! dead-leaf t+e4 #e4 ,transp>5t 'flux1' #e oz42 black oxide ( copp]1 #bj to #dj gr42 oxide ( *romium1 #b gr4 ,resembles ! em]ald4 #f4 ,f blue & yell[ enamel mix$ 9 ! requir$ proportions4 ,enamel1 ,ol'ive4 ,prep4 ,blue enamel1 #b p>ts2 black & yell[ enamel1 ( ea*1 #a "p4 ,see ,,enamel ,,br[n4 ,enamel1 ,or'ange4 ,prep4 #a4 ,r$ lead1 #ab p>ts2 r$ sulphate ( iron & oxide ( antimony1 ( ea*1 #a "p2 fl9t p[d]1 #c p>ts2 calc9e toge!r1 p[d]1 & melt ) 'flux1' #ej p>ts4 #b4 7,wynn47 ,r$ lead1 #ab p>ts2 oxide ( antimony1 #d p>ts2 fl9t p[d]1 #c p>ts2 r$ sulphate ( iron1 #a "p2 calc9e1 !n add 'flux1' #e p>ts1 to e #b p>ts ( ?is mixture4 ,enamel1 ,pur'ple4 ,prep4 #a4 ',flux' or 'frit1' col\r$ ) oxide ( gold1 purple precipitate ( cassius1 or p]oxide ( manganese4 #b4 ,sulphur1 nitre1 gre5 vitriol1 antimony1 & oxide ( t91 ( ea*1 #a lb42 r$ lead1 #fj lb42 mix1 fuse1 cool1 p[d]1 & add rose copp] 7r$ oxide71 #ai oz42 zaffre1 #a oz42 crocus m>tis1 #a-a_/b oz42 borax1 #c oz42 & ( a comp\nd =m$ ( gold1 silv]1 & m]cury1 #a lb42 fuse1 /irr+ ! melt$ mass ) a copp] rod all ! "t1 !n place x 9 crucibles1 & submit !m to ! action ( a rev]b]atory furnace = #bd h\rs4 ,?is is said to be ! purple enamel us$ 9 ! mosaic pictures 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,enamel1 ,r$4 ,prep4 #a4 ',pa/e' or 'flux1' col\r$ ) ! r$ oxide or protoxide ( copp]4 ,%\ld ! col\r pass into ! gre5 or br[n1 f ! p>tial p]oxidation ( ! copp]1 f ! heat be+ rais$ too high1 ! r$ col\r may be re/or$ by ! addition ( any c>bonace\s matt]1 z tall[1 or *>coal4 #b4 ,by t++ ! glass or 'flux' ) ! oxide or salts ( gold1 or ) ! purple precipitate ( cassius4 ,^! sub/ances produce %ades ( r$1 incl9+ to crimson or purple ( ! mo/ exquisite hue4 ,! enamel (t5 comes f ! fire q col\rless1 & aft]w>ds receives its ri* hue at ! lamp4 #c4 7,wynn47 ,sulphate ( iron 7calc9$ d>k71 #a "p2 a mixture ( #f p>ts ( 'flux' 7,no4 #e71 & #a ( colco?>1 #c p>ts4 ,d>k r$4 #d4 7,wynn47 ,r$ sulphate ( iron1 #b p>ts2 'flux' 7,no4 #a71 #f p>ts2 :ite lead1 #c p>ts4 ,light r$4 ,enamel1 ,rose-col'our$4 ,prep4 ,purple enamel 7or its elem5ts71 #c p>ts2 'flux1' #ij p>ts2 mix1 & add silv] leaf or oxide ( silv]1 #a "p1 or less4 ,enamel1 ,transpa''r5t4 ,! 'frit' or 'flux' describ$ above4 ,enamel1 ,vi'olet4 ,prop4 #a4 ,purple enamel1 #b p>ts2 r$ enamel 7,no4 #b71 #c p>ts2 'frit1' #f p>ts4 #b4 ,sal9e or alkal9e 'frit' or 'flux1' any quantity2 p]oxide ( manganese1 q4 s4 to col\r4 ,z ! t9t dep5ds on ! metal be+ at ! maximum ( oxidation1 contact ) oily or c>bonace\s sub/ances %\ld be p>ticul>ly avoid$4 ,enamel1 ,:ite4 ,prep4 #a4 ',calc9e' 7f #b p>ts ( t9 & #a "p ( lead71 #a "p2 f9e cry/al glass or 'frit1' #b p>ts2 manganese1 a few gra9s2 p[d]1 mix1 melt1 & p\r ! fus$ mass into clean wat]2 aga9 p[d]1 & fuse1 & repeat ! :ole process #c or #d times1 avoid+ contam9ation ) smoke1 dirt1 or oxide ( iron4 ,a f9e dead :ite4 #b4 ,wa%$ diaphoretic antimony1 #a "p2 f9e glass 7free f lead71 #c p>ts2 mix1 & proce$ z be=e4 ,v f9e4 #c4 ,lead1 #cj p>ts2 t91 #cc p>ts2 calc9e z be=e1 !n fuse #ej p>ts ( ?is 'calc9e' ) an equal weight ( fl9ts1 9 p[d]1 & #ajj p>ts ( salt ( t>t>4 ,a f9e dead :ite enamel4 ,obs4 ,= :ite enamel1 ! articles mu/ be p]fectly free f =eign admixture1 z ?is w\ld imp>t a col\r4 ,:5 well manag$1 ei!r ( ! above =ms w produce a pa/e t w rival ! ,,opal4 ,enamel1 ,yell[4 ,sup]ior yell[ enamels are less easily produc$ ?an ^? ( mo/ o!r col\rs2 !y require v little flux1 & t mo/ly ( a metallic nature4 ,! foll[+ come highly recomm5d$ by exp]i5c$ arti/s3-- ,prep4 #a4 ,f 'frit' or 'flux1' fus$ ) oxide ( lead1 & a little r$ oxide ( iron4 #b4 ,lead1 t91 a%es1 li?>ge1 antimony1 & s&1 ( ea* #a oz42 nitre1 #d oz42 mix1 fuse1 & p[d]2 & add ! product to 'flux' or 'frit1' q4 s4 #c4 ,:ite oxide ( antimony1 alum1 & sal-ammoniac1 ( ea* #a "p2 pure c>bonate ( lead1 #a to #c p>ts1 or q4 s4 7all 9 p[d]72 mix1 & expose !m to a heat suffici5tly high to decompose ! sal-ammoniac4 ,us$ z ! la/4 ,v bright col\r$4 #d4 7,wynn47 ,r$ lead1 #h oz42 oxide ( antimony1 & t91 calc9$ toge!r1 ( ea* #a oz2 mix1 & add ( 'flux' 7,no4 #e71 #ae oz42 mix well & fuse4 #e4 ,pure oxide ( silv] add$ to ! metallic 'fluxes4' ,! salts ( silv] are also us$1 b are m difficult to manage4 ,if a ?9 film ( oxide ( silv] be spread ov] ! surface ( ! enamel to be col\r$1 expos$ to a mod]ate heat1 !n )drawn1 & ! film ( r$uc$ silv] on ! surface remov$1 ! "p "u w be f\nd t+$ ( a f9e yell[4 7,cl\et47 ,enamell+ ( ,ca/-,iron4 ,wagn] 9 8 ',*emical ,te*nology' gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is process3--,! surface ( ! ca/-iron to be enamell$ is fir/ c>efully clean$ by sc\r+ ) s& & dilute sulphuric acid1 next a some:at ?icki% magma1 made ( pulv]is$ qu>tz1 borax1 feldsp>1 kaol9 & wat] is bru%$ ov] ! clean metallic surface z ev5ly z possible1 & imm$iately aft] a f9ely p[d]$ mixture ( feldsp>1 soda1 borax1 & oxide ( t91 is du/$ ov]1 aft] :i* ! enamel is burnt 9 by ! heat ( a muffle4 ,9 ,france an enamel is appli$ :i* consi/s ( #acj p>ts ( fl9t glass1 #bj-a_/b p>ts ( c>bonate ( soda1 & #ab p>ts ( boric acid fus$ toge!r1 & aft]w>ds gr\nd to a f9e p[d]4 ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 f ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 a pap] read by ,mr ,tatlock1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,c4,s41 t ! enamel us$ = iron vessels is frequ5tly ( a less h>mless k9d ?an t describ$ by ,wagn]4 ,mr ,tatlock /ates t 9 "s in/ances ! milk-:ite porcela9\s enamel1 ) :i* ca/-iron cook+ vessels are n[ s commonly prep>$1 has a composition su* z to r5d] x highly objectionable1 on acc\nt ( ! facility ) :i* x is act$ ^u by acid1 fruits1 common salt1 & o!r ord9>y dietetic sub/ances1 by :i* means lead1 & ev5 ars5ic1 are dissolv$ out 9 l>ge quantity dur+ cook+ processes4 ,mr ,tatlock gives ! analysis ( ?ree samples ( enamel f ! int]ior ( ?ree ca/-iron pots obta9$ f diff]5t manufactur]s4 ,^! iron vessels 7 all employ$ = cook+3-- ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,no #c4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ,silica #fajj #dbdj #dbjj ,alum9a #hjj #bhh #fjf ,oxide ( iron #aaj #bjd #djd ,lime #cjb #jaf #jgh ,magnesia #jbh #jaj #jba ,oxide ( lead abs5t #behi #ahdh ,pota% #efa #gii #fdf ,soda #bjfg #adfg #aibe ,phosphoric acid trace trace trace ,ars5i\s acid #jjb #jdb #ajb ,c>bonic acid #jcj abs5t abs5t ,borax abs5t #cde #agj ------- ------- ------- #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj ------- ------- ------- ,total bases #cheh #ecgc #eebh ,! au?or %[$ t x 0 n s mu* on acc\nt ( ! pres5ce ( l>ge proportions ( lead & ars5ic t ! enamels are s dang]\s1 b because !y are s highly basic 9 "*1 t !y are act$ ^u ) facility by feebly acid solutions1 ! lead & ars5ic be+ !reby easily dissolv$ out4 ,he demon/rat$ t ! ratio ( ! bases to ! silica 9 ,no4 #a 0 #a to #aeh2 9 ! ,no4 #b1 z #a to #jgi2 & 9 ! ,no4 #c1 z #a to #jgf4 ,a "o p] c5t4 solution ( citric acid boil$ 9 ! ,no4 #a did n affect x 9 ! slighte/1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! ,no4 #c1 ! glassy surface ( ! enamel 0 at once r\gh5$ & de/roy$1 & lead dissolv$ out to su* an ext5t z to give imm$iately a d5se black precipitate ) sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,he ?\ght t no enamel 0 fit to be us$ unless x 7 totally unaffect$ by boil+ ) a "o p] c5t4 solution ( citric acid1 :i* 0 a v mod]ate te/1 & gave x z 8 op9ion t ei!r ! use ( su* poison\s +r$i5ts z lead & ars5ic 9 l>ge quantity %\ld be entirely ab&on$1 or t ! composition o!rwise ( ! enamel %\ld be ( su* a "* z to ensure t none ( ! poison\s sub/ances c\ld be dissolv$ out1 9 ! circum/ances "u :i* ! enamell$ vessels are us$4 ,,encau',,/ic4 ,see ,,pa9t+ 7,encau/ic74 ,,endemic4 ,indig5\s4 ,peculi> to a di/rict4 ,^? are call$ endemic diseases1 :i* are produc$ by causes m or less local4 ,! ^w is (t5 conf\nd$ ) epidemic4 ,,ene',,ma4 ,syn4 ,,cly/]2 ,,en',,ema 7pl4 ,,enem',,ata71 ,l4 ,a m$ic9e1 usually liquid 7sometimes gase\s71 ?r[n into ! rectum or l[] b[els4 ,cly/]s usually consi/ ( "s weak glut9\s or mucilag9\s fluid1 to :i* ! active +r$i5ts are add$2 or a decoction or infusion is made ( ! m$icam5ts1 :i* is !n us$1 ei!r alone1 or aft] ! addition ( a little gum1 />*1 or sug>4 ,! prop] vehicle = a/r+5t vegetable matt]1 metallic salts1 & ! m9]al acids1 is pure wat]4 ,oleag9\s & res9\s sub/ances are made into emulsions be=e be+ employ$ = enemas4 ,9 all cases ! fluid is adm9i/]$ w>m4 ,! quantity ( fluid =m+ a cly/]1 = an adult1 may v>y f #a_/b to #c_/d p9t2 t = an infant )9 a mon? old1 %\ld be ab\t #a fl4 oz42 = a *ild ( "o ye>1 ab\t #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 f "o to sev5 ye>s1 f #c or #d fl4 oz42 & f sev5 to twelve or f\rte51 #f or #g fl4 oz42 aft] t age to pub]ty1 #a_/b p9t may be employ$4 ,! quantity or dose ( ! active +r$i5ts 9 a cly/] %\ld be #d or #e times z great z t ( ! same m$ic9es :5 tak5 by ! m\?2 z x is g5]ally reg>d$ t ! susceptibility ( ! rectum is only #a_/e? t ( ! /oma*1 & t to ex]t a l absorb5t action x occupies #e times z long z ! latt] viscus4 ,! dose1 & ! int]val betwe5 its repetition1 %\ld1 !re=e1 be proportionately increas$4 ,n>cotics1 z opium1 tobacco1 c41 %\ld1 h[ev]1 be giv5 9 only twice or ?rice ! quantity t w\ld be exhibit$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,enemata are usually adm9i/]$ by means ( a syr+e1 bladd]1 or ela/ic bag1 furni%$ ) a rectum tube2 b _m +5i\s & elegant pieces ( me*anism1 adapt$ = self-adm9i/ration1 are made by ! in/rum5t mak]s4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to avoid injur+ ! coats ( ! rectum by ! use ( a r\gh or improp]ly %ap$ pipe1 or "o t is too long4 ,! extremity ( ! pipe or tube %\ld also be p]fectly smoo? & well r\nd$ 7r sph]ical ?an po9t$71 & 9 us+ x no =ce %\ld be employ$4 ,a neglect ( ?is po9t (t5 produces v s]i\s consequ5ces1 especially 9 "y *ildr54 ,tobacco smoke may be adm9i/]$ by means ( a d\ble pair ( bell[s1 suppli$ ) air f a small funnel "u :i* ! h]b is burn+1--& gase\s matt]1 by connect+ ! rectum tube ) a small gasomet]1 ex]t+ a trifl+ pressure on ! conf9$ gas4 ,! numb] ( sub/ances employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( enemata is v great4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( !m1 arrang$ accord+ to _! effects3-- #a4 7,anodyne & ,n>cotic47 ,opium1 h5bane1 c41 are employ$ to allay spasms ( ! b[els1 /oma*1 ut]us1 bladd]1 c4 #b4 7,ap]i5t or ,ca?>tic47 ,aloes1 colocyn?1 s5na1 v>i\s purg+ salts1 gruel1 decoction ( m>%mall[s1 decoction ( l9se$1 w>m wat]1 c41 are commonly employ$ to promote ! p]i/altic action ( ! b[els1 or to de/roy worms4 #c4 7,demulc5t & ,emolli5t47 ,decoction ( />*1 gum1 is+lass1 glue1 c41 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) opium1 are us$ to protect ! coats ( ! inte/9es1 & to allay irritation2 & also to re/ra9 di>rhoea1 especially :5 comb9$ ) a/r+5ts1 z logwood1 cate*u1 or oak b>k4 #d4 7,nutri5t47 ,animal jelly1 s\ps1 bro?s1 milks1 c41 are frequ5tly us$ z injections to convey n\ri%m5t to ! body4 #e4 7,s$ative47 ,tobacco infusion or smoke1 & t>t> emetic 79 solution71 are employ$ to relax ! p[]s ( ! body1 to remove spasms1 depress ! circulation1 & to produce syncope4 ,enemata or cly/]s are n[ v frequ5tly employ$ 9 our l>ge t[ns1 especially among ! high] classes2 b a great prejudice exi/s among _m p]sons aga9/ _! use1 aris+ f a fa/idi\s & mi/ak5 delicacy4 ,! introduction ( improv$ app>atus ( late ye>s1 by :i* ! adm9i/ration ( ^! rem$ies is att5d$ ) less difficulty & exposure ?an =m]ly1 has remov$ mu* ( ! repugnance :i* previ\sly exi/$4 ,cly/]s are invaluable :5 x is necess>y to evacuate ! b[els z spe$ily z possible1 & :5 ! /oma* w n be> ! adm9i/ration ( a purgative by ! m\?1 z well z 9 cases requir+ a direct m$ication ( ! l[] b[els1 z 9 dys5t]y1 colic1 c4 ,z a m]e laxative1 an injection ( tepid wat]1 milk-&-wat]1 or wat] gruel1 w g5]ally be f\nd suffici5t4 ,by ! addition ( #a or #b table-spoonfuls ( common salt1 ,epsom salts1 salad oil1 or molasses1 to ?is laxative enema1 x w =m an excell5t purgative "o1 :i* w1 9 mo/ cases1 induce a full dis*>ge4 ,9 all cases1 ! pati5t %\ld be direct$ to reta9 ! injection = z long a "t z possible1 & n to attempt to empty 8 b[els imm$iately aft] ! reception ( ! m$ic9e4 ,9 irritation ( ! bladd]1 rectum1 or ut]us1 an anodyne injection or enema (t5 af=ds mu* relief4 ,9 diseases ( ! l[] b[els1 cly/]s are also ( almo/ indisp5sable utility1 z also 9 ! dislodgm5t ( asc>ides seat$ 9 ! rectum2 nor are !y less b5eficial 9 ^? cases ( sudd5 s9k+ ( ! p[]s ( life :]e deglutition is impossible1 & yet a prompt /imulat+ impression is requisite to save ! pati5t2 "u su* circum/ances1 cly/]s ( "s ( ! diffusible /imuli h prov$ ( ! greate/ b5efit4 ,! injection ( l>ge quantities ( liquid matt] into ! b[els1 z well z ! con/ant use ( cly/]s 7ev5 ( w>m wat] only71 is deem$ by ! highe/ m$ical au?orities to be injuri\s1 & occasionally dang]\s4 ,! practice %\ld n1 !re=e1 be all[$ to gr[ into a habit4 ,! b[els cont9ually accu/om$ to a /imulant cease to act )\t "o4 ,! same rem>ks apply to ap]i5ts tak5 by ! m\?4 ,! foll[+ =mul embrace ! :ole ( ! enemas 7,,enemata7 ( ! ',briti% ,ph>macopoeia1' z well z a few o!rs 9 common use3-- ,enema ( ,albu'm54 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,album9is1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ricord7 ,infusion ( l9se$1 #ab oz42 :ites ( #b or #c eggs2 mix4 ,9 *ronic di>rhoea1 & z a nutriti5t cly/] 9 debility f /oma* diseases4 ,! reason = reject+ ! yolks ( ! eggs is n v obvi\s1 z ! prep>ation is mu* m effective ) !m4 ,enema ( ,al'oes4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,alo,s 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f aloes1 #b scrup42 c>bonate ( potassa1 #ae gr42 mucilage ( />*1 #a_/b p9t4 ,9 asc>ides1 atonic am5orrhoea1 c4 ,x %\ld n be employ$ :5 irritability ( ! rectum1 bladd]1 or g5itals1 exi/s2 nor 9 piles1 or :5 !re is a t5d5cy to prolapsus ani or prolapsus ut]i4 ,enema1 ,an'odyne4 ,see ,,enema ,,( ,,opium4 ,enema1 ,antispasmod'ic4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,antispasmodicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f t9cture ( assafoetida1 #c fl4 dr42 laudanum1 #cj to #fj drops2 wat] gruel or b>ley wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 ,9 spasmodic affections ( ! b[els4 7,see bel[47 ,enema ( ,assafoet'ida4 ,syn4 ,,fetid ,,cly/]1 ,,antispasmodic ,c42 ,,enema ,,assaf,,oe,,tida 7,b4 ,p471 ,e4 ,f,,oe,,tidum 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,assafoetida1 #cj gr42 wat]1 #d oz42 rub toge!r until mix$4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,to ca?>tic enema 7,ph4 ,e471 add ( t9cture ( assafoetida1 #b fl4 dr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,w>m wat]1 #ab fl4 oz42 t9cture ( assafoetida1 #b fl4 dr4 #d4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,assafoetida1 #b dr42 yolk ( an egg2 b>ley wat]1 #g fl4 oz4 ,/imulant1 antispasmodic1 & c>m9ative4 ,an excell5t rem$y 9 hy/]ia1 flatul5t colic1 hoop+-c\gh1 infantile convulsions1 worms 9 ! l[] b[els1 c4 ,see ,,enema ,,hoop+-,,c\gh4 ,enema1 ,a/r9''g5t4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,a/r+5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,t9cture ( cate*u1 #a fl4 oz42 b>ley wat]1 #i fl4 oz4 #b4 ,extract ( rhatany1 #b dr42 syrup1 or made />*1 #b oz42 wat]1 #g fl4 oz4 #c4 ,decoction ( galls1 oak-b>k1 pomegranate1 or o!r l a/r+5t sub/ance1 #c or #d fl4 oz42 wat] or b>ley wat]1 #f or #g fl4 oz4 #d4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,electu>y ( cate*u1 #b dr42 wat] & lime wat]1 ( ea* #d-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,9 di>rhoea1 c41 aris+ f a relax$ condition ( ! coats ( ! l[] b[els2 & 9 fissures ( ! anus1 c4 ,enema ( ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,c9*on4 ,decoction ( b>k is us$4 ,enema ( ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,belladonn 7,rati]47 ,prep4 ,belladonna1 #aj gr42 wat]1 #f oz42 infuse4 ,enema ( ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,camphor1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,camphor l9im5t1 #d fl4 dr42 yolks ( #b eggs2 wat] gruel1 #g fl4 oz4 #b4 ,camphor1 #a dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #b dr42 triturate till dissolv$1 !n add1 gradually1 ( simple syrup1 #a oz42 :5 ?or\ghly incorporat$1 fur!r add ( ?9 gruel1 #g fl4 oz4 ,anodyne1 antispasmodic1 & diuretic4 ,9 difficult or ob/ruct$ micturition4 ,enema ( ,cas'tor ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,olei ,,ric9i1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,ca/or oil & mucilage1 ( ea*1 #a oz42 gruel1 #a_/b p9t4 #b4 ,ca/or oil1 #a oz42 liquor potassa1 #b fl4 dr42 triturate1 & add ( honey1 #a oz42 :5 mix$1 fur!r add ( hot gruel1 #a_/b p9t2 & agitate until cool en\gh to be adm9i/]$4 ,enema1 ,ca?>'tic4 ,syn4 ,,purgative ,,cly/]2 ,,enema ,,ca?>ticum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,e4 ,,laxativum1 ,e4 ,,purgativum1 ,l4 ,^! h be5 already allud$ to4 ,by increas+ ! quantity ( ! active +r$i5ts1 a mild laxative or ap]i5t cly/] is conv]t$ into an active purgative or ca?>tic "o4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,s5na1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 infuse an h\r1 !n add ( ,epsom salts1 #a_/b oz42 sug>1 #a oz42 :5 dissolv$1 fur!r add ( olive oil1 #a oz42 & mix !m by agitation4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,epsom salts1 #a oz42 olive oil1 #a fl4 oz42 mucilage ( b>ley4 #af fl4 oz4 ,same z enema ( sulphate ( magnesia1 ,b4 ,p41 except t 9 ! latt] mucilage ( />* is sub/itut$ = mucilage ( b>ley4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,manna1 #a oz42 comp\nd decoction ( *amomile1 #a_/b p9t2 dissolve1 & add1 ( olive oil1 #a oz42 ,epsom salts1 #a_/b oz4 #d4 ,comp\nd decoction ( mall[s1 #a_/b p9t2 ,epsom salts1 #c_/d oz42 sweet oil1 #b fl4 oz42 mix1 z above4 ,obs4 ,! above are employ$ 9 all ord9>y cases :]e ! use ( an imm$iate ca?>tic is indicat$4 ,enema ( ,cevid9a4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,cevid9 7,s\beiran47 ,cevadilla1 #b dr42 wat]1 #aj oz42 boil to #g oz42 /ra9 & add milk1 #h oz4 ,to de/roy asc>ides4 ,enema ( ,*lo''ride ( ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,*loridi ,,calcis1 ,e4 ,,antiputresc5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,*loride ( lime1 #aj gr42 tepid wat]1 #a fl4 oz42 triturate1 !n add ( b>ley wat]1 or pla9 tepid wat]1 #g fl4 oz4 #b4 7,p]eira47 ,*loride ( lime1 #aj to #ae gr41 add$ to a common enema4 ,z a deodoris]1 :5 ! alv9e evacuations are unusually fetid4 ,enema ( ,*loride ( ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,sod ,,*lor9at4 ,prep4 ,lab>raque's solution1 #bd drops2 decoction ( mall[s1 #af oz4 ,enema ( ,*loride ( ,sodium4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,sodii ,,*loridi4 ,prep4 ,common salt1 #a oz42 b>ley wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 olive oil1 #a oz4 ,enema = ,col'ic4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,anticolicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f oil ( cajeput or pepp]m9t1 #ae drops2 dissolv$ 9 sweet _s ( nitre1 #fj drops2 laudanum1 #ce drops2 infusion ( *amomile1 #a_/b p9t4 ,enema ( ,col'ocyn?4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,colocyn?idis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,extract ( colocyn?1 #a_/b dr42 s(t soap1 #a oz42 triturate1 & add ( wat]1 #a p9t4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,z ! la/1 b us+ comp\nd extract ( colocyn?4 #c4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,colocyn? pulp1 #a dr42 wat]1 #c_/d p9t2 boil s z to /ra9 #a_/b p9t2 & add ( common salt1 #a_/b oz42 syrup ( buck?orn1 #a fl4 oz4 ,an effici5t enema 9 colic & ob/9ate con/ipation1 9 ! abs5ce ( spasms & inflammatory symptoms4 ,enema1 ,com'mon4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,commune1 ,l4 ,gruel or b>ley wat]1 ei!r ) or )\t ! addition ( a little common salt or oil1 are g5]ally s call$4 ,! fir/ are simply laxative2 ! latt]1 purgative4 ,decoction ( mall[s1 l9se$ tea1 or wat] gruel1 are also commonly us$ z ! vehicle4 ,prep4 #a4 7,/4 ,b>4 ,hosp47 ,b>ley wat]1 #a p9t2 common salt1 #a oz42 dissolve4 #b4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,wat] gruel1 #aj to #ae fl4 oz42 common salt1 #a oz4 #c4 7,u4 ,c4 ,hosp47 ,wat] gruel1 #h to #ab fl4 oz42 salt1 #a oz42 l9se$ oil1 #b fl4 oz4 ,enema ( ,copai'ba4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,copaib1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f balsam ( copaiba1 #b dr42 liquor opii s$ativus1 #ae drops2 yolk ( egg1 q4 s42 b>ley wat]1 #g-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,colli]47 ,to ! la/ add1 ( extract ( opium1 #a gr42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #d fl4 dr4 #c4 7,velpeau47 ,copaiba1 #b dr42 laudanum1 #bj drops2 yolk ( #a egg2 wat] gruel1 #h fl4 oz4 ,9 asc>ides1 gonorrhoea1 & "s affections ( ! l[] b[els & bladd]1 :5 ! /oma* rejects ! balsam4 ,enema ( ,creosote4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,creosoti4 7,dr ,wilmot47 ,creasote1 #a dr42 decoction ( />*1 #ab oz4 ,9 epidemic dys5t]y4 ,enema ( ,croton ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,olei ,,crotonis4 7,sundel947 ,prep4 ,croton oil1 #b to #d drops2 l9se$ oil1 #b oz42 gruel1 #d oz4 ,enema ( ,cubebs4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,cubeb4 7,velpeau47 ,prep4 ,decoction ( mall[1 #aj oz42 p[d]$ cubebs1 #f dr4 ,enema1 ,domes'tic4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,dome/icum1 ,l4 ,?is "n has be5 appli$ to an enema ( w>m wat]1 ei!r ) or )\t ! addition ( a little sug>1 honey1 or milk4 ,! effect is laxative4 ,enema1 ,emoll'i5t4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,emolli5s1 ,e4 ,,demulc5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f decoction ( l9se$1 b>ley1 or />*1 #a p9t2 l9se$ or olive oil1 #a oz4 ,soo?+ & laxative2 9 excoriations ( ! l[] b[els4 #bj to #dj drops ( laudanum may be add$ :5 !re is mu* pa9 or loos5ess4 ,enema ( ,ergot4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,ergot4 7,b\d947 ,prep4 ,infuse #a dr4 ( ergot 9 #h oz4 ( hot wat] & /ra94 ,enema1 ,feb'rifuge4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,febrifugum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,colli]47 ,wat] gruel1 #ab fl4 oz42 sug>1 #a fl4 oz4 ,9 l[ fev]s4 #b4 7,br&e47 ,v9eg>1 #b fl4 oz42 infusion ( *amomile1 #e or #f fl4 oz4 ,9 typhus4 ,enema1 ,fe'tid4 ,see ,,enema ,,( ,,assaf,,oe,,tida4 ,enema ( ,galls & ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,gall ,,et ,,opii4 7,dr ,ryan47 ,prep4 ,decoction ( galls1 #h oz42 t9cture ( opium1 #a_/b dr4 ,enema = ,hoo'p+-c\gh4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,p]tussiculaire1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,enema ,,assaf,,oe,,tida4 #b4 7,m4 ,reik574 ,assafoetida1 #h gr42 yolk ( #a egg2 wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 ,obs4 ,?is quantity is suffici5t = #aj or #ab cly/]s = *ildr5 "u #a ye>2 #e or #f = ^? "u #c ye>s2 & #b or #c = ^? "u #g4 ,two cly/]s are prescrib$ daily 9 hoop+-c\gh4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,reik51 ?is is m successful 9 remov+ hoop+-c\gh ?an any o!r rem$y4 ,to ensure success1 x %\ld n be adm9i/]$ until ! fev]i% symptoms h pass$4 ,m4 ,reik5 sometimes uses an o9tm5t ( assafoetida z well z ! cly/]4 ,enema ( ,ipecacuanha4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,ipecacuanh4 7,u4 ,c4 ,hosp47 ,ipecacuanha root 7bruis$71 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #h oz4 ,mac]ate = an h\r & /ra94 ,enema1 ,lax'ative4 ,see ,,enemas 7,ca?>tic1 ,common1 c474 ,enema ( ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,plumbi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,newbold47 ,acetate ( lead1 #f gr42 tepid di/ill$ wat]1 #f fl4 oz4 ,9 /rangulat$ h]nia2 repeat$ 9 two or ?ree h\rs4 ,enema ( ,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,morphi4 7,be]a47 ,prep4 ,morphia1 #a gr42 oil ( almonds1 #a oz4 ,triturate & add infusion or decoction ( l9se$1 q4 s4 ,enema1 ,nitrate ( ,silv]4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,arg5ti ,,nitratis4 7,b\d947 ,prep4 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #a to #c gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #e oz4 ,enema1 ,nu'tri5t4 ,syn4 ,,fe$+ ,,cly/]2 ,,enema ,,nutri5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,/rong beef tea1 #ab fl4 oz42 ?ick5$ a little ) arr[-root or h>t%orn %av+s4 #b4 7,m4 ,nasse74 ,/rong meat s\p1 #c_/d p9t2 dilute hydro*loric acid1 #a_/b fl4 dr4 #c4 ,yolks ( #b eggs2 br[n sug> & salad oil1 ( ea* #a oz42 mutton bro?1 #ab fl4 oz4 ,to n\ri% ! body1 :5 alim5ts _c be tak5 or reta9$ by ! /oma*4 ,enema1 ,oi''ly4 ,see ,,enema 7,emolli5t74 ,enema ( ,o'pium4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,opiatum1 ,e4 ,,opii 7,b4 ,p4 & ,ph4 ,l471 ,e4 ,,opii vel ,,anodynum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mucilage ( />*1 #b fl4 oz42 t9cture ( opium1 #a_/b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,/>*1 #a_/b dr42 wat] 7boil+71 #b fl4 oz42 mix1 & :5 cool en\gh add ( t9cture ( opium1 #a_/b to #a fl4 dr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,laudanum1 #a dr42 w>m wat]1 #f fl4 oz4 ,obs4 ,! above are ! ord]s ( ! colleges1 b 9 practice ! quantity ( laudanum is frequ5tly d\bl$2 ?is %\ld1 h[ev]1 be done ) great c>e4 ,opium cly/]s are us$ 9 dys5t]y1 colic1 *ol]a1 & v>i\s pa9ful affections ( ! inte/9es1 bladd]1 c4 ,! b[els %\ld be empti$ be=e _! adm9i/ration1 & 9 inflammatory compla9ts !y %\ld n be us$ = ! fir/ #dh h\rs4 ,cly/]s conta9+ opium1 ev5 9 small quantities1 are dang]\s rem$ies = "y *ildr52 yet !re are cases 9 :i* !y sometimes succe$ :5 e o!r rem$y has fail$4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly s 9 ! l[ *ronic di>rhoea ( infancy & e>ly *ildhood4 ,a case ( ?is k9d occurr$ 9 ! family ( ! writ]4 ,! family m$ical att5dant1 z well z ! physician he consult$1 ab&on$ ! little suff]] to app>5tly inevitable dea?1 z beyond ! rea* ( fur!r assi/ance4 ,a small opium cly/] 0 giv51 & ! *ild recov]$4 ,enema ( ,ox-gall4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,fellis1 ,e4 ,f4 ,,bovis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,allnatt47 ,fre% ox-gall1 #b fl4 oz42 wat] gruel1 #h fl4 oz4 #b4 7,dr ,clay47 ,ox-gall1 #b fl4 oz42 wat]1 #d or #e fl4 oz4 ,to s(t5 indurat$ fces1 & 9 co/iv5ess aris+ f defici5cy ( bile4 ,enema ( ,p]cyanide ( ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,f]ri ,,p]cyanidi4 ,prep4 ,triturate #e gr4 ( ,prussian blue1 ) #b oz4 ( wat]2 to be us$ daily1 increas+ ! dose if necess>y4 ,an ,am]ican rem$y = asc>ides4 ,enema ( ,pop'pies4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,papav]is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,,decoction ,,( ,,poppies4 #b4 ,poppy-heads 7) ! se$s71 #e dr42 wat]1 #c_/d p9t2 boil to #ab fl4 oz41 & /ra94 ,anodyne2 z a sub/itute = opium cly/]4 ,enema1 ,pur'gative4 ,see ,,enema ,,ca?>tic4 ,enema ( ,qu99e4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,qu9i4 ,sulphate ( qu99e1 #e to #ae gr42 decoction ( />*1 #f oz4 ,enema ( ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,rut4 ,prep4 ,confection ( rue1 #bj to #fj gr2 ?9 gruel1 #f oz4 to #h oz4 ,enema1 ,sim'ple4 ,b>ley wat]1 rice wat]1 ?9-made />*1 & decoction ( mall[s1 are frequ5tly s call$1 f be+ us$ ei!r = simple laxative enemas1 or z ! vehicle = m active sub/ances4 ,enema ( ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,saponis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,s(t soap1 #f dr42 hot wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve4 ,to s(t5 indurat$ fces1 c42 & z a det]g5t 9 c]ta9 ulc]ations ( ! rectum4 ,enema ( ,soot4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,fulig9is4 ,wood soot1 #d oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9ts2 boil to a p9t4 ,enema ( ,/>*4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,amyli1 ,l4 ,see ,,enema ,,simple 7above74 ,enema1 ,/im'ulant4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,/imulans1 ,l4 ,! ord9>y ca?>tic cly/]s are (t5 s call$4 ,! foll[+ belong to a diff]5t class3-- ,prep4 #a4 ,t9cture ( capsicum1 #a fl4 oz42 b>ley wat] or ?9 arr[-root1 #a_/b p9t2 mix4 ,9 *ol]a1 especially ! cold /ages4 #b4 ,to ! la/ add1 ( e!r1 #b fl4 dr42 laudanum1 #cj drops4 #c4 ,decoction ( poppies1 #a_/b p9t2 t9cture ( capsicum1 #c fl4 dr42 oil ( nutmeg1 #aj drops4 ,9 di>rhoea4 ,enema ( ,tobac'co4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,tabaci 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,infusum ,,tabaci 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,tobacco leaf1 #bj gr42 boil+ wat]1 #h oz42 infuse half an h\r1 & /ra94 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,tobacco1 #ae to #cj gr42 boil+ wat]1 #h fl4 oz42 z la/4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,tobacco1 #a scrup42 boil+ wat]1 #h fl4 oz4 #d4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,tobacco1 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,obs4 ,tobacco cly/] is us$ 9 /rangulat$ h]nia1 ob/9ate con/ipation1 ret5tion ( ur9e1 c4 ,x is viol5tly depress+ & relax+2 produc+ fa9t+1 & ev5 dea?1 :5 improp]ly or injudici\sly adm9i/]$4 ,x is n to be =gott5 t #b dr41 #a dr41 & ev5 #a_/b dr41 ( tobacco1 infus$ 9 wat]1 h prov$ fatal4 ,! cauti\s practition]1 !re=e1 w n use m ?an #ae or #bj gr4 7,p]eira47 ,?ree p>ts ( ,virg9ia tobacco are equal to sev5 p>ts ( any o!r k9d4 7,davy47 ,enema ( ,tur'p5t9e4 ,syn4 ,,turp5t9e ,,cly/]2 ,,enema ,,t]eb9?9 7,ph4 ,l471 ,e4 ,,olei ,t41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 #a oz42 mucilage ( />*1 #ae oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 #a fl4 oz42 yolk ( #a egg2 triturate toge!r1 !n add ( decoction ( b>ley1 #ai fl4 oz4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,z ! la/1 b us+ simple wat] in/ead ( b>ley wat]4 #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 #a fl4 oz42 mucilage ( b>ley1 #af fl4 oz4 #e4 7,dr ,neligan47 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 syrup ( g>lic1 #a fl4 oz42 b>ley wat]1 #f or #g fl4 oz4 ,9 asc>ides1 & z an antispasmodic & purgative 9 colic1 ob/9ate con/ipation1 calculus1 p]itonitis1 tympanitis 7,,drum-,,belly71 c4 ,enema1 ,v]'mifuge4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,an!lm9ticum1 ,e4 ,,v]mifugum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ca/or oil1 #a oz42 mucilage1 #c_/d oz42 decoction ( ! root ( male f]n1 #g fl4 oz4 ,9 worms1 especially tape-worm4 #b4 7,colli]47 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 #a fl4 oz42 olive oil 7w>m71 #a_/b p9t4 ,9 asc>ides4 #c4 7,dr ,d>wall47 ,t9cture ( sesqui*loride ( iron1 #a dr42 wat]1 #g or #h fl4 oz4 ,9 asc>ides1 especially :5 occurr+ 9 *ildhood2 ! quantity us$ be+ proportionately less5$4 ,see ,,enemas ( ,,aloes1 ,,assaf,,oe,,tida1 ,,turp5t9e1 c4 ,enema ( ,v9eg>4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,acetici4 7,br&e47 ,prep4 ,v9eg>1 #b oz42 infusion ( *amomile1 #d oz4 ,9 typhus fev]4 ,enema ( ,w9e4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,v9osum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f %]ry w9e & hot wat]1 ( ea* #g fl4 oz4 ,9 susp5d$ animation4 ,sometimes a w9e-glassful ( br&y is add$4 ,,en]gy1 relative values ( ,food z s\rces (4 ,*emi/s & physiologi/s1 al?\gh !y agree t muscul> p[] is d]iv$ f ! action ( ! oxyg5 suppli$ dur+ respiration ^u ! dige/$ portions ( ! food1 diff] 9 _! conclusions z to :e!r ! nitrog5\s or non-nitrog5\s pr9ciples ( ! food1 =m ! *ief s\rce ( ?is p[] or n4 ,! op9ion ( ,liebig1 ,playfair1 ,ranke1 & o!rs1 t ! oxidation & metamorphosis ( ! nitrog5\s tissue is ! f\nta9 ( muscul> =ce has ( late ye>s be5 conte/$1 & on ! opposite view adduc$1 viz4 t x is pr9cipally to ! oxidation ( ! c>bonace\s or non-nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( ! food1 t animal dynamic p[] is due4 ,?is latt] view has receiv$ support f ! exp]im5ts ( ,frankl&1 ,lawes1 & ,gilb]t 7f _! obs]vations on ! fe$+ ( cattle71 ,edw>d ,smi?1 ,mey]1 ,pett5k(]1 ,voit1 ,wislic5us1 ,fick1 ,p>kes1 & o!rs4 ,! data ^u :i* x is bas$ are ^? d]iv$ f ! obs]vation ( ! am\nt ( heat g5]at$ by ! combu/ion ( a def9ite quantity ( food out ( ! body2 :i*1 x is affirm$ ) c]ta9 d$uctions1 repres5ts ! quantity ( heat evolv$ by ! oxidation ( ! same food )9 ! body2 & z heat is ! equival5t ( muscul> =ce or en]gy1 t alim5t :i*1 9 burn+1 gives (f ! mo/ heat1 mu/1 x is suppos$1 necess>ily be ! ri*e/ 9 ! production ( animal motive p[]4 ,( c\rse ^! conditions w1 among/ o!rs1 be v consid]ably modifi$ by ! ext5t to :i* ! processes ( ! animal economy1 su* z dige/ion1 assimilation1 c41 c lib]ate ! elem5ts ( ! food s z to become available z s\rces ( ?is en]gy4 ,7 ^! processes p]fect1 all ! c>bon ( ! c>bonace\s1 z well z t ( ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( ! diet1 aft] d$uct+ ! c>bon :i* passes (f z urea 7"o "p ( dry nitrog5\s matt] yield+ ab\t a ?ird ( its weight ( urea7 w\ld be utilis$ & conv]t$ into heat-produc+ p[]4 ,b ev5 "u ^! circum/ances a consid]able portion ( ?is !rmotic p[] w\ld be exp5d$ 9 su/a9+ ! int]nal movem5ts ( ! body1 su* z respiration & ! he>t's action1 :i* x has be5 comput$ are daily ma9ta9$ by a =ce capable ( rais+ #fjj1jjj p\nds a foot high4 ,no wond] if1 ) su* v>y+ factors introduc$ into ! problem1 physiologi/s & physici/s %\ld diff] s widely 9 _! calculations2 & t1 :il/ "o inquir] believes t food practically yields only ab\t half ! =ce :i*1 accord+ to !ory1 x actually conta9s2 ano!r e/imates x at only "o fif?4 ,! foll[+ table by ,dr ,frankl& %[s ! am\nt ( =ce :i* diff]5t foods yield :5 burn$4 ,! results agree v closely ) ^? !oretically giv5 by ,playfair & o!rs4 ,en]gy develop$ by "o gramme1 or "o ounce ( ! foll[+ sub/ances1 :5 oxidis$ 9 ! body4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a ounce w equal foot-tons ,p] #a gramme ( en]gy1 or ,"n ( ,sub/ance c5t4 ( w equal 9 o!r words1 ,wat] kil4-metres w\ld raise ! ( en]gy4 "u-giv5 numb] ( tons1 #a foot high4#bgf ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,beef 7lean7 #gje #fjd #eej ,veal 7lean7 #gji #dif #dec ,ham 7lean1 boil$7 #edd #gaa #fdi ,bread crumb #ddj #iaj #hcj ,fl\r 444 #afbg #adhe ,gr\nd rice 444 #aeia #adec ,oatmeal 444 #affe #aebj ,pea meal 444 #aeih #adfj ,potatoes #gcj #dbb #che ,c>rots #hfj #bbj #bjj ,cabbage #hhe #agh #afb ,butt] 444 #cjgg #bhji ,egg 7:ite (7 #hfc #bdd #bbc ,egg 7yolk7 #dgj #adjj #abgj ,*e%ire *eese #bdj #ahdf #afhe ,arr[root 444 #afef #aeac ,milk #hgj #bff #bdc ,sug> 7lump7 444 #adah #abie ,ale 7,bass' bottl$7 #hhd #cbh #cjj ,port] 7,gu9ness' /\t7 #hhd #dee #dae ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,footnote #bgf3 ,! am\nt ( "w done is g5]ally e/imat$ 9 ?is c\ntry z s _m lbs4 or tons lift$ #a foot4 ,9 ,france x is express$ z s _m kilogrammes lift$ #a metre1--& call$ '! kilogrammemetre1' z above4 ,a table ( ?is k9d1 says ,dr ,p>kes1 is useful 9 %[+ :at c be obta9$ f our food1 b x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! value ( food is 9 exact relation to ! en]gy :i* x c furni%4 ,9 ord] t ! =ce %all be obta9$1 ! food mu/ n only be dige/$ & tak5 into ! body prop]ly prep>$1 b its en]gy mu/ be develop$ 9 ! place & 9 ! mann] prop] = nutrition4 ,! m]e expression ( pot5tial en]gy _c fix dietetic value1 :i* may be dep5d5t on conditions 9 ! body unkn[n to u4 ,= example1 x is q c]ta91 f obs]vation1 t gelat9 _c take ! place ( album51 ?\gh its pot5tial en]gy is little inf]ior1 & x is easily oxidis$ 9 ! body4 ,b1 ow+ to "s circum/ances yet unkn[n1 gelat9 is *iefly de/roy$ 9 ! blood & gl&-cells1 & its en]gy1 !re=e1 has a diff]5t direction f t ( album54 ,s also ( ! pot5tial en]gy1 x is q possible t all is n usefully employ$4 ,! tables ( en]gy give broad indications1 & c be us$ 9 a g5]al /atem5t ( ! value ( a diet2 b at pres5t !y d n ?r[ light ^u ! intricacies ( nutrition4 ,,enflurage4 ,see ,,pommade4 ,,engra'',,v+4 ,! art ( produc+ designs or figures on metal1 wood1 c41 by incision or corrosion1 usually = ! purpose ( be+ subsequ5tly pr9t$ on pap]1 calico1 or o!r mat]ials4 ,! me*anical op]ations ( ! engrav] d n come )9 ! prov9ce ( ?is "w4 ,sev]al ( ! mat]ials :i* he employs 9 8 trade w1 h[ev]1 be f\nd notic$ "u _! respective heads4 ,!re is ?is important diff]5ce betwe5 engrav+ on metal plates & wood-engrav+3 9 ! =m] all ! l9es & dots t are to pr9t black are holl[$ out ) a grav+-tool1 or 'bitt5 9' by acid2 9 ! latt] all ! p>ts t are to appe> :ite 9 ! impression are cut away1 & ! l9es :i* produce ! impr9t are left on ! face ( ! block4 ,ca/s ( wood-blocks1 or '/]eos4' are (t5 us$ in/ead ( ! orig9al blocks :5 a great numb] ( impressions is requir$4 ,to produce !m /ucco m\lds are prep>$1 & f ^! ! ca/s 9 type metal are tak54 ,! ca/s are usually ab\t #a_/h 94 ?ick1 & h to be screw$ ^u wood5 blocks to br+ !m to ! height ( ! types :i* are pr9t$ ) !m4 ,z soon z "o ca/ is worn out ano!r may be tak51 & ! orig9al block is ?us pres]v$ 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x left ! engrav]'s h&s4 ,= ! reproduction ( engrav$ metallic plates ! ,,electrotype ,,process is commonly employ$4 ,woodcuts are also copi$1 ?\gh less frequ5tly1 by ?is process4 ,! mode by :i* ! po/age-/amp plates are multipli$ is z foll[s3--#bdj 'que5's heads' or /amps 7a p\nd's wor?7 are engrav$ on "o /eel plate4 ,?is plate is !n h>d5$1 & an impression ( x tak5 on a s(t5$ /eel roll]4 ,?is roll]1 9 its turn1 is also h>d5$1 & s(t5$ /eel plates be+ pass$ "u x1 an impression precisely l t ( ! orig9al plate is produc$ on ea* ( !m4 ,^! plates are !n h>d5$ & employ$ = pr9t+ ! p5ny po/age /amps = sale4 ,!y la/ a long "t2 & :5 !y are worn out !y are de/roy$1 & _! place is suppli$ by fre% ones1 :i* are produc$ by ! cyl9d] be=e ref]r$ to1 :i* cont9ues ready to supply any numb] t may be requir$4 ,bank-note plates are reproduc$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,see ,,electrotype1 ,,et*+1 c4 ,engrav+s1 to ,clean4 ,place ! engrav+ on a smoo? bo>d1 & cov] x ?9ly ) f9ely p[d]$ & v clean common salt4 ,next squeeze lemon-juice ^u ! salt s z to dissolve a consid]able portion ( x4 ,n[ elevate "o end ( ! bo>d s t x may =m an angle ( ab\t =ty-five or fifty degrees4 ,next p\r on ! engrav+ boil+ wat] f a tea-kettle until all ! salt & lemon-juice are wa%$ (f4 ,! engrav+ w !n be f\nd to be p]fectly clean & free f /a9s4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to dry x on ! bo>d or on "s smoo? surface v gradually4 ,x w acquire a yell[ t9t if dri$ by ! sun or be=e a fire4 ,engrav+s1 to ,m\nt4 ,/ra9 ?9 calico on a frame1 !n c>efully pa/e on x ! engrav+1 s z to be free f creases2 aft]w>ds1 & :5 dry1 give ! engrav+ two coats ( ?9 size 7made by putt+ a piece ( glue ! size ( a small nut into a small cupful ( hot wat]72 f9ally1 :5 ?is dries1 v>ni% ! engrav+ ) a v>ni% kn[n z ':ite h>d4' ,,ent]i',,tis4 ,see ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,b[els4 ,,entozo',a4 ,p>asitic animals :i* infe/ ! bodies ( o!r animals4 ,see ,,worms4 ,,entry1 ,p[]s (4 ,! ,public ,heal? ,act ?us def9es ! p[] ( any local au?ority to ent] into premises :]eon a nuisance is suppos$ to exi/2 & ! conditions "u :i* ?is p[] is to be ex]cis$4 ,! local au?ority or _! (fic] %all be admitt$ to any premises = ! purpose ( exam9+ z to ! exi/5ce ( a nuisance !reon1 or ( en=c+ ! provisions ( any ,act 9 =ce )9 ! di/rict requir+ fireplaces & furnaces to consume _! own smoke at any "t betwe5 ! h\rs ( n9e 9 ! =5oon & six 9 ! aft]noon1 or 9 ! case ( a nuisance aris+ 9 respect ( any bus9ess1 !n at any h\r :5 su* bus9ess is 9 progress or is usually c>ri$ on4 ,:]e "u ! ,public ,heal? ,act a nuisance has be5 asc]ta9$ to exi/1 or an ord] ( abatem5t or ( prohibition has be5 made1 ! local au?ority or _! (fic] %all be admitt$ f "t to "t into ! premises betwe5 ! h\rs a=esaid until ! nuisance is abat$ or ! works ord]$ to be done are complet$1 z ! case may be4 ,:]e an ord] ( abatem5t or prohibition has n be5 compli$ ) or has be5 infr+$1 ! local au?ority or _! (fic] %all be admitt$ f "t to "t at all reasonable h\rs or at all h\rs dur+ :i* bus9ess is 9 progress or is usually c>ri$ on into ! premises :]e ! nuisance exi/s1 9 ord] to abate or remove ! same4 ,if admission to premises = any ( ! purposes ( ?is section is refus$1 any ju/ice on compla9t !re( on oa? by any (fic] ( ! local au?ority 7made aft] reasonable notice 9 writ+ ( ! int5tion to make ! same has be5 giv5 to ! p]son hav+ cu/ody ( ! premises7 may1 by ord] "u 8 h&1 require ! p]son hav+ cu/ody ( ! premises to admit ! local au?ority or _! (fic] into ! premises dur+ ! h\rs a=esaid2 & if no p]son hav+ cu/ody ( ! premises c be f\nd1 ! ju/ice %all1 on oa? made be=e him ( t fact1 by ord] "u 8 h&1 au?orise ! local au?ority or _! (fic] to ent] su* premises dur+ ! h\rs a=esaid4 ,any ord] made by a ju/ice = admission ( ! local au?ority or _! (fic] on premises %all cont9ue 9 =ce until ! nuisance has be5 abat$1 or ! "w = :i* ! entry 0 necess>y has be5 done4 ,any p]son refus+ to obey a ju/ices' ord] = admission ( ! local au?ority or _! (fic]s is liable to a p5alty n exce$+ five p\nds4 ,p[] ( entry at reasonable times is giv5 to ! m$ical (fic]s ( heal? & inspector ( nuisances to inspect food1 c4 ,p5alty = ob/ruction1 five p\nds & "u4 ,,enure',,sis4 ,see ,,ur9e4 ,,ephe/ia ,,eletella--,! ,*ocolate ,mo?4 ,! l>v ( ?is mo? frequ5tly cause s]i\s damage to cocoa1 fl\r1 or biscuits :5 ^! are /or$4 ,pr(essor ,huxley proposes to gu>d aga9/ ! ravages ( ! insect by ! adoption ( ! foll[+ precautions-- #a4 ,h no cocoa /or$ 9 any place 9 :i* biscuits are manufactur$4 #b4 ,lead up all biscuit pun*eons z soon z !y are full ( ! fre%ly-bak$ biscuit4 #c4 ,coat pun*eons ) t> aft] !y are lead$ up1 or at lea/ "w lime-wa% well into ! jo9ts & crevices4 #d4 ,l9e ! bread-rooms ( ! %ips ) t91 s t if ! ,ephe/ia has got into a pun*eon x may n infe/ ! re/ ( ! %ip4 #e4 ,if o!r means fail1 expose ! woodwork ( pun*eons to a heat ( #bjj ,f4 = two h\rs1 or !y might be de/roy$ by driv+ into ! pun*eon a /ream ( c>bonic oxide1 & aft]w>ds expos+ x well to ! air4 ,weevils 9 biscuit h frequ5tly be5 ext]m9at$ by ?is me?od1 & !re appe>s to be no reason :y ?is treatm5t %\ld n be equally efficaci\s = gett+ rid ( ! l>v ( ! ,ephe/ia ,eletella4 ,,ephial',,tes4 ,see ,,nightm>e4 ,,epidem',,ic4 ,common to _m p4 ,9 pa?ology1 an epidemic disease 7,,epidemic2 ,,epidemy7 is "o :i* seizes a numb] ( p at ! same "t & 9 ! same place1 b :i* is n dep5d5t on any local cause1 b on "s extraord9>y condition ( ! air4 ,:5 a disease is peculi> to a p or nation1 & appe>s to dep5d on local causes1 x is said to be ',,endemic' or ',,en*orial1' ,?us1 ,asiatic *ol]a may be tak5 z an example ( ! fir/1 & ! agues ( l[ c\ntries1 & ! goitre ( ! ,alps1 z examples ( ! o!r4 ,epidemics may be divid$ into indig5\s & exotic4 ,among/ ! =m] may be includ$ sc>let fev]1 measles1 hoop+-c\gh1 influ5za1 typhoid2 :il/ ! latt] embrace su* z are import$1 viz4 ,asiatic *ol]a1 plague1 c4 ,no ye> passes )\t ! preval5ce ( an epidemic ( "o k9d or ! o!r 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! foll[+ enactm5ts = ! prev5tion ( epidemic diseases are n[ 9 =ce3-- ,:5ev] any "p ( ,engl& appe>s to be ?reat5$ )1 or is affect$ by1 any =midable epidemic1 endemic1 or infecti\s disease1 ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d may make1 & f "t to "t alt] & revoke1 regulations = all or any ( ! foll[+ purposes1 viz43-- 7#a7 ,= ! spe$y int]m5t ( ! dead2 &-- 7#b7 ,= h\se-to-h\se visitation2 &-- 7#c7 ,= ! provision ( m$ical aid & accommodation1 = ! promotion ( cleans+1 v5tilation1 & dis9fection1 & = gu>d+ aga9/ ! spread ( ! disease2-- & may by ord] decl>e all or any ( ! regulations s made to be 9 =ce )9 ! :ole or any "p or p>ts ( ! di/rict ( any local au?ority1 & to apply to any vessels z well z arms or p>ts ( ! sea )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! ,"l ,high ,admiral ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 or ! ,commission]s = execut+ ! (fice ( ! ,"l ,high ,admiral = ! "t be+1 = ! p]iod 9 su* ord] m5tion$1 & may by any subsequ5t ord] abridge or ext5d su* p]iod4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #acd47 ,all su* regulations1 c41 made by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d are to be publi%$ 9 ! ',london ,gazette1' & su* publication is to be held z conclusive evid5ce4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #ace47 ,! local au?ority ( any di/rict )9 :i*1 or "p ( :i*1 regulations s issu$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d are decl>$ to be 9 =ce1 %all sup]9t5d & see to ! execution !re(1 & %all appo9t & pay su* m$ical or o!r (fic]s or p]sons1 & d & provide all su* acts1 matt]s1 & ?+s z may be necess>y = mitigat+ any su* disease1 or = sup]9t5d+ or aid+ 9 ! execution ( su* regulations1 or = execut+ ! same1 z ! case may require4 ,moreov]1 ! local au?ority may f "t to "t direct any prosecution or legal proce$+s = or 9 respect ( ! wilful violation or neglect ( any su* regulation4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #acf47 ,! local au?ority & _! (fic]s %all h p[] ( entry on any premises or vessel = ! purpose ( execut+ or sup]9t5d+ ! execution ( any regulations s issu$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d z a=esaid4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #acg47 ,:5ev]1 9 compliance ) any regulation s issu$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d z a=esaid1 any poor-law m$ical (fic] p]=ms any m$ical s]vice on bo>d any vessel1 he %all be entitl$ to *>ge extra = su* s]vice1 at ! g5]al rate ( 8 all[ance = s]vices = ! union or place = :i* he is appo9t$1 & su* *>ges %all be payable by ! capta9 ( su* vessel on behalf ( ! own]s !re(1 toge!r ) any reasonable exp5ses = ! treatm5t ( ! sick4 ,:]e su* s]vices are r5d]$ by any m$ical practition] :o is n a poor-law m$ical (fic]1 he %all be entitl$ to *>ges = any s]vice r5d]$ on bo>d1 ) extra remun]ation on acc\nt ( di/ance1 at ! same rate z ^? :i* he is 9 ! habit ( receiv+ f private pati5ts ( ! class ( ^? att5d$ & treat$ on %ipbo>d1 to be paid z a=esaid4 ,9 case ( dispute 9 respect ( su* *>ges1 su* dispute may1 :]e ! *>ges d n exce$ tw5ty p\nds1 be det]m9$ by a c\rt ( summ>y jurisdiction2 & su* c\rt %all det]m9e summ>ily ! am\nt :i* is reasonable1 accord+ to ! accu/om$ rate ( *>ge )9 ! place :]e ! dispute arises = att5dance on pati5ts ( ! l class z ^? 9 respect ( :om ! *>ge is made4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #ach47 ,! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d may1 if !y ?9k fit1 by ord] au?orise or require any two or m local au?orities to act toge!r = ! purposes ( ! provisions ( ?is ,act relat+ to prev5tion ( epidemic diseases1 & may prescribe ! mode ( su* jo9t action1 & ( defray+ ! co/s !re(4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #aci47 ,any p]son :o-- 7#a47 ,wilfully violates any regulation s issu$ by ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 z a=esaid2 or1 7#b47 ,wilfully ob/ructs any p]son act+ "u ! au?ority or 9 ! execution ( any su* regulation %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ five p\nds4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #adj47 ,,epigas',,tric4 ,9 anatomy1 p]ta9+ to ! ,,epigas',,trium1 or ! "p ( ! abdom5 ov] ! /oma*4 ,,epilep',,sy4 ,syn4 ,,fall+ ,,sickness2 ,,epilepsia1 ,,morbus ,,caducus1 ,l4 ,! popul> "n ( ?is disease arises f ! pati5t1 :5 attack$ by x1 sudd5ly fall+ to ! gr\nd4 ,! o!r lead+ symptoms consi/ ( convulsions1 /upor1 &1 g5]ally1 fro?+ at ! m\?4 ,x comes on by fits1 :i* aft] a "t g (f1 leav+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( lassitude & dr[s9ess beh9d4 ,sometimes c]ta9 peculi> symptoms prec$e ! attack4 ,among ^!1 a s5sation ( coldness or ( a curr5t ( cold air f ! extremities ( ! body t[>ds ! head 7,,aura ,,epileptica71 palpitation1 flatul5cy1 /upor1 & an indescribable cl\d or depression1 are ! mo/ common4 ,! occurr5ce ( ^! symptoms are n1 h[ev]1 uni=m1 ev5 9 ! same pati5t2 b x g5]ally happ5s t ! p>ty falls d[n sudd5ly1 & )\t ! slighte/ w>n+4 ,epilepsy is (t5 symptomatic ( o!r affections1 z excessive irritation ( ! prim vi f worms1 indige/ible or noxi\s food1 or poison2 or x dep5ds on local injuries1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! head1 accompani$ ) lodgm5ts ( wat] on ! bra91 tum\rs1 pressure1 c4 ,viol5t affections ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 sudd5 frights or fits ( passion1 viol5t m5tal emotions1 ! sudd5 suppression ( old evacuations1 &1 9 *ildhood1 difficult tee?+1 are also common causes ( sympa!tic epilepsy4 ,occasionally x arises f mobility ( ! s5sorium1 induc$ by ple?ora1 or by excessive debility4 ,9 su* cases ! treatm5t mu/ be en]getically direct$ to ! removal ( ! excit+ cause4 ,:5 epilepsy occurs z an idiopa?ic or prim>y affection1 or :5 x _c be ref]r$ to any app>5t cause1 m especially :5 ! attack comm5ces ab\t ! age ( pub]ty1 & ! fits are frequ5t1 x is g5]ally h]$it>y1 & !re is great dang] ( its t]m9at+ ei!r 9 apoplexy1 or lunacy1 or imbecility4 ,! treatm5t ( idiopa?ic epilepsy is pr9cipally direct$ to ! improvem5t ( ! g5]al heal?1 & ! dim9ution ( n]v\s irritability by s$atives & tonics4 ,among ! fir/1 camphor1 e!r1 h5bane1 hemlock1 musk1 oil ( cajeput1 opium1 & morphia1 &1 m rec5tly1 hydrocyanic acid1 h be5 pr9cipally reli$ on4 ,among ! second1 b>k1 casc>illa1 qu99e1 /ry*nia1 val]ian1 ! sulphate ( iron1 z9c1 & copp]1 ars5i\s acid1 & nitrate ( silv]1 h ea* _! zeal\s advocates4 ,! objection aga9/ ! la/ prep>ation is ! dang] ( its disfigur+ ! pati5t1 by t++ ! sk9 ( a p]man5t dull1 lead5 hue4 ,9 cases accompani$ ) ple?ora1 a l[ diet1 daily out-(-door ex]cise1 & ! frequ5t use ( ap]i5ts1 ) occasional bli/]+1 cupp+1 & o!r depletive measures1 are indicat$2 :il/ 9 ^? m>k$ by inanition & debility1 an entirely opposite c\rse mu/ be adopt$4 ,:5 ! disease is complicat$ ) syphilis1 a mild c\rse ( m]cury may be giv52 & :5 ) scr(ula1 iod9e1 iodide ( potassium1 or cod-liv] oil1 assi/$ by sea-ba?+1 w be prop]4 ,among o!r me?ods ( treatm5t may be m5tion$ ! adm9i/ration ( an active emetic or purgative1 twice weekly1 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! /oma* is empty4 ,! fir/ has n[ few support]s2 b ! second is said to be (t5 productive ( great b5efit4 ,dur+ a fit ( epilepsy ! only ?+ t c be done = ! pati5t is to prev5t ! suff]] injur+ himself1 & to loos5 e "p ( 8 dress t presses on 8 head1 neck1 or *e/4 ,:5 premonitory symptoms occur1 a brisk emetic1 a l>ge dose ( laudanum & e!r1 a cold plunge or %[] ba? 7:5 n contra-indicat$71 or any?+ else :i* gives a sudd5 %ock to ! sy/em or raises its tone1 frequ5tly prev5ts ! accession ( ! fit4 ,epilepsy m commonly attacks *ildr5 ?an adults1 & boys ?an girls4 ,its returns are frequ5tly p]iodical1 & its p>oxysms comm5ce m frequ5tly 9 ! night ?an 9 ! day1 be+ some:at connect$ ) sleep4 ,x is sometimes c\nt]feit$ by /reet impo/ors 9 ord] to excite ! *>ity ( ! pass]s-by4 ,= ,animals4 ,all animals are subject to attacks ( epilepsy1 m p>ticul>ly dogs & pigs4 ,! animal seiz$ ) ! fit loses ! s5ses ( sight & he>+1 & fall+ d[n exhibits ! same symptoms z ^? :i* accompany ! disease 9 human be+s4 ,cattle1 al?\gh !y bell[ greatly dur+ an attack1 r>ely die f x2 b x n infrequ5tly suffocates dogs1 & is 9 !m a n unusual cause ( sudd5 dea?4 ,! fit1 :i* la/s f t5 to fifty m9utes1 :5 x passes (f1 leaves ! animal dull1 & is apt to return4 ,epileptic fits are a frequ5t accompanim5t ( di/emp] 9 dogs4 ,!y are (t5 induc$ 9 cattle by t\gh & indige/ible food1 & 9 ^! z well z 9 dogs1 by inte/9al worms4 ,hot wea!r & excitem5t1 especially 9 dogs1 are a frequ5t cause ( an epileptic fit4 ,by en]getic treatm5t aft] ! fir/ attack ! fur!r c\rse ( ! malady may (t5 be arre/$4 ,! be/ treatm5t is to give1 :5 ! fit is ov]1 a brisk purge1 ) an ounce ( oil ( turp5t9e 9 horses or cattle1 & tw5ty to =ty drops 9 dogs4 ,if ! disease is caus$ by worms give ! m$ic9es ord]$ 9 su* cases4 ,,epispas',,tics4 ,see ,,bli/] & ,,vesicant4 ,,ep',,i!m4 ,syn4 ,,epi!ma1 ,l4 ,any ext]nal liquid m$ic9e = local application2 z an embrocation or lotion4 ,"s writ]s conf9e ! t]m to ^? prep>ations :i* are int5d$ to be appli$ by means ( a clo? dipp$ into !m4 ,see ,,l9im5t1 ,,lotion1 c4 ,epi!m1 ,a/r9''g5t4 ,syn4 ,,epi!ma ,,a/r+5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,p[d]$ ice1 #g dr42 p[d]$ cate*u1 #a dr42 mix4 #b4 7,br]a47 ,p[d]$ bole & rhatany1 ( ea* #a oz42 v9eg> ( roses1 q4 s4 to =m a pa/e4 ,bo? are appli$ to ! no/rils & =ehead to /op ble$+ at ! nose4 ,epi!m1 ,gly''c]94 ,syn4 ,,epi!ma ,,glyc]91 ,l4 ,prep4 7,mr ,/>t947 ,glyc]91 #a oz42 rose wat] & lime wat]1 ( ea* #c or #d fl4 oz42 p[d]$ gum tragacan?1 q4 s4 to =m a ?9 mucilage4 ,9 scalds1 burns1 & excoriations4 ,epi!m1 ,v]mifuge4 ,syn4 ,,epi!ma ,,v]mifugum1 ,l4 7,h(fmann74 ,wormwood & c5taury1 beat5 up ) aloes & colocyn?1 & appli$ ov] ! belly4 ,epi!m1 ,vesica't+4 ,syn4 ,,epi!ma ,,vesicatorium1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,alib]t47 ,rye or b>ley meal1 made into a pa/e ) v9eg>1 & #cj to #dj gr4 or m ( p[d]$ ,spani% flies spr9kl$ ov] ! surface4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,spani% flies 79 f9e p[d]7 & :eat fl\r1 equal p>ts1 made into pa/e ) v9eg>1 q4 s4 ,z a bli/]4 ,epi!m1 ,vol'atile4 ,syn4 ,,epi!ma ,,volatile1 ,e4 ,,ammoni1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agfd47 ,common turp5t9e & wat] ( ammonia1 equal p>ts4 ,an excell5t c\nt]-irritant2 ei!r ) or )\t ! addition ( a little olive oil4 ,,epizootic ,,diseases4 ,^! are diseases :i* attack diff]5t species ( dome/ic animals 9 ! same mann] t epidemics d man4 ,^! maladies ravage l>ge tracts ( c\ntry1 frequ5tly caus+ great mortality among/ ! v>i\s animals inhabit+ ! localities visit$ by !m2 diff]5t animals be+ assail$ by diff]5t =ms ( epizootic disease4 ,= in/ance1 !re is ! r9d]pe/1 or plague peculi> to cattle1 ! typhoid or ga/ric fev] :i* prevail$ s l>gely among/ horses 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #ahed1 & #ahfa & #ahfb2 ! smallpox ( %eep2 ! diph!ria affect+ ox51 %eep1 goats1 & pigs2 ! influ5za ( horses1 & ! *>bon ( pigs4 ,dogs1 cats1 tame & wild birds1 fi%1#bgg silkworms & bees1 ea* suff]s f a special v>iety ( epizootic disease4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,great mortality has prevail$ among/ ! salmon dur+ ! pres5t ye>1 ow+ to ! attacks ( a peculi> :ite fungus1 call$ ! ,saprolegnia f]ox1 a p>asite t multiplies s rapidly z spe$ily to envelope any fi% x attacks4 ,epizootic diseases are met ) 9 mo/ ,european c\ntries4 ,!y are v common 9 ,russia1 :]e !y commit great deva/ation among/ ! horn$ cattle1 #djj1jjj ( :i* are said to die annually f _! ravages4 ,( epizootics1 ,mr ,f9lay ,dun says3--,!y ext5d at ! same "t ov] l>ge tracts ( c\ntry1 attack 9 a simil> mann] great numb]s ( animals1 t5d to assume a typhoid =m1 & )/& badly all depletive treatm5t4 ,!y dep5d ^u "s g5]al causes z yet unkn[n1 b :i* x has usually be5 ?\ght suffici5t to t]m atmosph]ic2 b are always mo/ common & fatal among/ animals brea?+ impure air1 d5sely cr[d$1 badly f$1 or expos$ to cold w9ds2 & are g5]ally prev5t$ or robb$ ( _! virul5ce by gu>d+ aga9/ su* debilitat+ causes1 & ma9ta9+ a high /&>d ( heal?4 ,,equise',,tic ,,acid4 ,9 *emi/ry1 a sub/ance id5tical ) ,,aconitic ,,acid 7:i* see74 ,,equiv',,al5t4 7,,equival5cy47 ,9 mod]n *emi/ry1 ! equival5t ( a body is t weight ( x :i* w exactly replace 9 a comp\nd #a atom ( hydrog5 or #a atom ( ei!r ( ! o!r monival5t elem5ts 7see ,table1 bel[74 ,monival5t elem5ts are ^? :i* replace "o atom ( hydrog5 9 *emical comb9ations 9 ! ratios ( _! atomic weights4 ,"o atom ( a dival5t1 trival5t1 tetrival5t1 p5tival5t1 & hexival5t elem5t replaces respectively1 or is equival5t to1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 or six atoms ( hydrog5 or ( any o!r monival5t elem5t4 7,= fur!r in=mation on ?is subject consult ! works on *emi/ry by ,f[nes1 ,mill]1 ,kay-,%uttlewor?1 c47 ,table ( ! ,elem5ts1 arrang$ accord+ to _! ,equival5cy4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,monival5t4 ,dival5t4 ,trival5t4 ,tetrival5t4,p5tival5t4 ,hexival5t4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,hydrog5 ,oxyg5 ,boron ,c>bon ,nitrog5 ,sulphur ,fluor9e ,b>ium ,gold ,silicon ,phosphorus ,sel5ium ,*lor9e ,/rontium ,t9 ,vanadium ,tellurium ,brom9e ,calcium ,titanium ,ars5ic ,tung/5 ,iod9e ,magnesium ,?orium ,antimony ,molybd5um ,csium ,z9c ,niobium ,bismu? ,osmium ,rubidium ,didymium ,tantalum ,iridium ,potassium ,lan?anium ,z9conium ,ru!nium ,sodium ,yttrium ,alum9ium ,rhodium ,li?ium ,gluc9um ,plat9um ,*romium ,?allium ,cadmium ,palladium ,manganese ,silv] ,m]cury ,lead ,iron ,copp] ,cobalt ,nickel ,uranium ,c]ium ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,erb',,ium4 ,accord+ to ,pr(4 ,mos&]1 ! sub/ance usually call$ yttria is a mixture ( ! oxides ( ?ree metals--yttrium1 erbium1 & t]bium1 :i* diff] 9 ! "* ( _! salts1 & 9 "s o!r important p>ticul>s4 ,! fir/ is a p[]ful base2 ! o!rs1 v weak ones4 ,! latt] are sep>at$ ) extreme difficulty1 & possess no practical importance4 ,illu/ration ,,erdman',s ,,float4 ,?is useful little in/rum5t1 inv5t$ z its "n implies1 by ,erdman1 is us$ to ensure accuracy 9 ! read+s ( ,mohr's burette4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( an elongat$ glass bulb1 load$ ) a globule ( m]cury at ! bottom1 ! same z a hydromet]1 & ) a glass hook at ! top1 by means ( :i* x c be plac$ 9 or remov$ f ! liquid 9 ! burette at pleasure4 ,! float has a circul> m>k scrat*$ by a diamond1 runn+ r\nd ! middle1 :i*1 :5 ! in/rum5t is plac$ 9 ! fluid 9 ! burette1 %\ld correspond ) ! graduation or degree on ! burette at :i* ! fluid /&s4 ,! actual height ( ! fluid 9 ! burette is ( no consequ5ce1 s9ce1 if ! op]ation be comm5c$ ) ! l9e on ! float opposite ! #j gradation on ! burette1 ! same proportional division is always ma9ta9$4 ,x is mo/ ess5tial t1 :5 ! fluid is be+ drawn (f1 ! float %\ld accompany x 9 its desc5t )\t wav]+1 & t ! circul> m>k ^u x %\ld always be p>allel to ! graduations ( ! burette4 ,ano!r condition is1 t :5 ! float has be5 press$ d[n 9 ! fluid ( ! clos$ burette x %\ld sl[ly rise aga94 ,a correspond5t 9 ,liebig's ',annal5 d] ,*emie und ,ph>macie' = ,april1 #ahge1 /ates t ,erdman's floats g5]ally become l9$ int]nally ) a gre5 or yell[ lay]1 f ! oxidation ( ! m]cury1 & are ?us r5d]$ opaque & consequ5tly useless4 ,he proposes to place ! m]cury 9 a di/9ct cell1 h]metically seal$ f ! upp] "p ( ! float :i* c>ries ! circul> m>k4 ,he has _h floats ( ?is con/ruction 9 use = ye>s4#bgh ,see ,,burette4 ,footnote #bgh3 ',*emical ,news4' ,,eremacau',,sis4 ,sl[ burn+2 decay4 ,?is expression 0 appli$ by ,liebig to ! peculi> decomposition :i* moi/ organic matt] und]goes1 :5 freely expos$ to ! air1 by ! oxyg5 ( :i* x is gradually burn$ or de/roy$1 )\t any s5sible elevation ( temp]ature4 ,see ,,putrefaction4 ,,er',,got4 ,syn4 ,,ergot ,,( ,,rye1 ,,spurr$ ,,rye1 ,,horn$ ,r41 ,,cockspur ,r41 ,,ob/etrical ,r4 ,,ergota 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,! diseas$ se$s ( ,secale c]eale 7,l9n471 or common rye4 ,ergot ( rye det]iorates greatly by age1 be+ subject to ! attacks ( a description ( ac>us resembl+ ! *eese mite1 b mu* small]1 :i* de/roys ! :ole ( ! int]nal portion ( ! gra91 leav+ no?+ b ! %ell1 & a consid]able quantity ( excrem5titi\s matt]4 ,to prev5t ?is ! ergot %\ld be well dri$1 & !n plac$ 9 bottles or t9 cani/]s1 & closely pres]v$ f ! air4 ,! addition ( a few cloves1 or drops ( ! oil ( cloves1 or /rong acetic acid1 or a little camphor1 or camphorat$ _s ( w9e1 w pres]ve ?is sub/ance = ye>s 9 close vessels4 ,m4 ,m>t9 proposes to /eep ! dry ergot 9 /rong mucilage1 & !n to dry x on a %eet ( :ite iron4 ,?is op]ation he repeats once or (t5]1 & f9ally pres]ves ! prep>$ & ?or\ghly dri$ ergot 9 a well-cork$ glass flask4 7',j\r4 de ,*imie ,md4'7 ,! :olesale druggi/s g5]ally keep x 9 well-cov]$ t9 cani/]s or t9 boxes4 ,h4 ,ducros 7',zeits*r4 des ,oe/]r4 ,apo?4 ,v]41' #ahgf-h71 on ! /r5g? ( _m ye>s' exp]i5ce1 recomm5ds p[d]$ wood-*>coal = ! pres]vation ( ergot ( rye4 ,! ergot is plac$ 9 a wide-m\? /opp]$ bottle1 & cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( ! p[d]$ *>coal4 ,:5ev] x is requir$ = use "s ( ! ergot is transf]r$ to a piece ( pap]1 & fre$ f ! adh]+ *>coal by bl[+ & rubb+4 ,:at is n requir$ is return$ to ! bottle4 ,n4 ,b4 ,gionovi 7',zeits*r4 des ,oe/]r4 ,apo?4 ,v]41' #ahgf1 #abf7 /ates he has us$ ! foll[+ process ) ! be/ success4 ,a small quantity ( e!r is dropp$ on ! ergot conta9$ 9 a bottle1 & ! latt] clos$ ) a well-fitt+ /opp]4 ,! addition ( e!r is repeat$ e "t ! bottle is op5$4 ,ergot ( rye is mu* us$ to re/ra9 ut]9e hmorrhage1 & to accel]ate ! contraction ( ! ut]us 9 protract$ lab\r4 ,x is also mu* us$ z an emm5agogue4--,dose4 ,to facilitate lab\r1 #bj to #cj gr41 ei!r 9 p[d] or made into an infusion2 repeat$ at int]vals ( #bj or #cj m9utes until #c or #d scruples h be5 tak54 ,9 o!r cases 7leucorrhoea1 hmorrhages1 c47 ! dose is #e to #ab gr41 ?ree times daily1 = a p]iod n long] ?an a week or t5 days at a "t4 ,m4 ,tancret /ates t he has succe$$ 9 obta9+ an alkaloid f ergot ( rye1 :i* he names ergot99e4 ,! isolation ( ergot99e is said to be att5d$ ) great difficulty1 ow+ to its great t5d5cy to und]go spontane\s *anges1 a %ort contact ) ! air be+ suffici5t to decompose x2 a circum/ance :i* may p]haps help to expla9 ! rapid *ange t ! p[d] ergot exp]i5ces4 ,pr(essor ,drag5dorff1 h[ev]1 refuses to admit t ergot99e is ! active pr9ciple ( ergot1 or t x is a di/9ct *emical sub/ance4 ,he ascribes ! !rapeutic p[] ( ! drug ma9ly to scl]otic acid1 :i* body1 aft] v>i\s unsuccessful attempts1 he has obta9$ f ergot1 ) c]ta9 o!r det]m9ate comp\nds1 by ! foll[+ process3--,v f9ely p[d]$ ergot is exhau/$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 ! solution conc5trat$ 9 vacuo1 & ! residu>y liquid mix$ ) an equal volume ( #ie p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,?is causes ! precipitation ( a peculi>ly %9y sub/ance 7scl]omuc971 toge!r ) a portion ( ! salts1 & ! great] "p ( ! susp5d$ fatty matt]4 ,! mixture hav+ be5 all[$ to /& on ice = tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs1 x is filt]$1 & ! filtrate mix$ ) a fur!r quantity ( #ie p] c5t4 alcohol1 suffici5t to precipitate all ! scl]otic acid 9 comb9ation ) ! bases 7*iefly z calcium scl]otate74 ,! sep>ation ( ! precipitate is promot$ z be=e1 by plac+ ! mixture on ice = "s days4 ,?is causes ! deposit$ mass1 :i* has a br[ni% col\r1 to adh]e firmly to ! walls ( ! vessel1 s z to p]mit ! sup]natant liquid to be easily p\r$ (f4 ,! precipitate is knead$ ) alcohol ( #hj p] c5t41 & imm$iately !reaft] dissolv$ 9 a suffici5t quantity ( #dj p] c5t4 alcohol1 :5 ! rema9d] ( ! scl]omuc9 & ano!r l>ge portion ( ! =eign salts are left beh9d4 ,! filt]$ liquid is n[ mix$ ) absolute alcohol1 :]eby scl]otic acid is precipitat$ 9 conjunction ) c]ta9 bases & o!r sub/ances4 ,! impure product1 :5 c>efully dri$ ov] sulphuric acid1 0 f\nd on analysis to conta9 #he p] c5t4 ( potassium1 ab\t #jcf p] c5t4 ( calcium1 #dc p] c5t4 ( sodium1 #bgd p] c5t4 ( phosphoric acid1 or altoge!r #abi p] c5t4 ( a%4 ,! great] "p ( ^! admixtures may be remov$1 & ! scl]otic acid obta9$ free1 by add+ be=e ! f9al precipitation ) absolute alcohol a consid]able quantity ( hydro*loric acid 7= e #ajj c4 c4 ( solution #e-f gm4 ( ! acid1 sp4 gr4 #aajj71 all[+ to /& at ord9>y temp]ature = a few h\rs1 & !n proce$+ to precipitate4 ,9 ?is mann] ! am\nt ( a% may be br\ght d[n to #c p] c5t41 & by repeat$ solution1 addition ( acid1 & precipitation1 x may fur!r be r$uc$ to less ?an #b p] c5t4 or #c p] c5t4 ,a m complete purification is difficult & haz>d\s1 because e addition ( hydro*loric acid causes ! decomposition ( a small quantity ( scl]otic acid1 :ile at ! same "t a portion ( ! latt] is lo/ by rema9+ 9 solution4 ,! result+ product1 al?\gh n *emically pure1 is nev]!less physiologically pure1 z x always produces con/ant & id5tical results1 no matt] f :at sample ( 7good7 ergot x 0 obta9$4 ,good ergot conta9s ab\t #d to #de p] c5t4 ( ! acid1 al?\gh samples are met ) :i* conta9 sc>cely #ae to #b p] c5t4#bgi ,footnote #bgi3 ,f ',new ,rem$ies4' ,frogs are /at$ to h be5 ?r[n into a /ate ( palsy by ! hypod]mic injection ( #jjb to #jjd gram ( scl]otic acid4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,extract1 ,,infusion1 ,,oil1 ,,t9cture1 c4 ,,er',,got94 ,syn4 ,,ergot9a1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,bonjean's47 ,p[d]$ ergot is exhau/$ ) cold wat]1 by displacem5t1 & ! result+ solution is heat$ 9 a wat] ba? to ab\t #bjj ,fahr41 & filt]$2 ! filt]$ liquor is !n evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup1 & :5 cold1 is treat$ ) rectifi$ _s1 9 consid]able excess1 to precipitate its gummy matt]2 aft] repose1 ! cle> portion is decant$1 by ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 to ! consi/5ce ( a s(t extract4 ,prod4 #ae4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,bonjean1 ?is prep>ation possesses all ! 'hmo/atic' )\t any ( ! 'poison\s' qualities ( ergot4 ,x has a r$di%-br[n col\r1 a bitt] ta/e1 & an od\r some:at resembl+ t ( roa/$ meat4 ,its aque\s solution is r$1 limpid1 & transp>5t4--,dose1 #d to #aj gr41 ei!r made into a pill or dissolv$ 9 wat]4 #b4 7,wigg]'s47 ,p[d]$ ergot is fir/ dige/$ 9 e!r1 to remove ! fatty matt]1 & !n 9 boil+ alcohol2 ! alcoholic t9cture is evaporat$1 & ! result+ extract treat$ ) wat]2 ! undissolv$ portion1 dissolv$ 9 hot alcohol & filt]$1 yields pure ergot9e by g5tle evaporation4--,prod4 #a-a_/d4 ,x has a br[ni%-r$ col\r2 is res9\s1 acrid1 bitt]1 insoluble 9 wat] & e!r1 soluble 9 alcohol1 & poison\s4 ,x evolves a peculi> od\r :5 w>m$4 ,its !rapeutical action has n be5 det]m9$4 ,see ,,extract4 ,,er',,rh9es4 ,syn4 ,,errh9a1 ,l4 ,sub/ances appli$ to ! pituit>y membrane ( ! nose1 = ! purpose ( produc+ an increas$ dis*>ge ( nasal mucus4 ,:5 !y are giv5 to excite sneez+1 !y are call$ ,,/]nutatories or ,,pt>mics4 ,as>abacca1 euphorbium1 sev]al ( ! labiat 7h]b vel flores71 sal-ammoniac1 p[d]$ sug>1 subsulphate ( m]cury1 tobacco1 & :ite hellebore1 are ! pr9cipal sub/ances ( ?is class4 ,errh9es act z local irritants1 & are occasionally employ$ 9 *ronic affections ( ! eyes1 face1 e>s1 & bra92 z 9 amaurosis1 oph?almia1 deafness1 weak sight1 heada*e1 c4 ,errh9e1 ,al'um4 ,syn4 ,,errh9um ,,alum9is1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,radius47 ,alum & ,arm5ian bole1 ( ea*1 #a dr42 k9o1 #a_/b dr42 r$ oxide ( iron1 #b dr4 7all 9 p[d]72 mix & triturate4 ,9 ble$+ at ! nose4 ,a little is snuff$ up ! no/rils4 ,errh9e1 ,hmo/at'ic4 ,syn4 ,,errh9um ,h,,mo/aticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f p[d]$ cate*u1 #a dr42 opium1 #e gr42 sug>1 #b dr4 ,z ! la/4 ,,eruptions 7( ! ,sk974 ,= brevity & conv5i5ce1 ^! cutane\s affections may be divid$ into #e classes3-- ,eruptions1 ,animal'cul>4 ,^! are due to ! pres5ce ( m9ute p>asites 7,,ac>i71 :i* burr[ & bre$ 9 ! sc>f-sk91 & occasion mu* local irritation4 ,see ,,it*4 ,eruptions1 ,pap'ul>4 ,syn4 ,,dry ,,pimples4 ,9 ^! ! surface is rais$ into little elevations or pimples1 :i* sometimes %[ !mselves on ! surface1 & at o!rs are only appreciable by ! t\*4 ,!y are usually accompani$ ) a great] or less degree ( cutane\s irritation & tr\blesome it*+1 9 attempt+ to relieve :i* !y are frequ5tly conv]t$ into disagreeable & pa9ful sores & excoriations1 :i* are (t5 difficult to heal4 ,treat4 ,9 simple cases1 :]e !re is n mu* dis>rangem5t ( ! g5]al heal?1 ^! eruptions commonly yield to ! occasional use ( mild sal9e ap]i5ts1 & w>m or tepid ba?+1 or frequ5t ablution ) w>m soap & wat]4 ,sea-ba?+ is also a p[]ful rem$y4 ,/imulants ( all k9ds %\ld be avoid$1 & ripe fruit & vegetables %\ld =m a prom95t "p ( ! diet4 ,lemonade1 made by squeez+ a lemon into a tumbl] ( wat]1 & sweet5+ ! mixture ) a little sug>1 is "o ( ! be/ bev]ages on ^! occasions4 ,to relieve ! it*+1 brisk friction ) a s(t fle%-bru% may be _h rec\rse to1 foll[$ by ! use ( a lotion =m$ by add+ ! juice ( a lemon or a w9e-glassful ( di/ill$ v9eg>1 to #c_/d ( a p9t or a p9t ( wat]1 ei!r ) or )\t ! addition ( a table-spoonful ( glyc]94 ,occasional s+le pimples1 dep5d+ on local causes1 g5]ally require no p>ticul> treatm5t4 ,see ,,li*51 ,,prurigo1 ,,r$ ,,gum1 & ,,too?ra%4 ,eruptions1 ,pus'tul>4 ,syn4 ,,matt]y ,,pimples4 ,^! are di/+ui%$ by ! pimples 7pu/ules7 conta9+ an opaque yell[ fluid or matt] 7pus1 lymph74 ,!y are g5]ally develop$ on a gr\nd ( inflam$ sk92 & ! degree ( ?is inflammation ( ! sk9 is ! basis ( _! division into two gr\ps1 t]m$ te*nically ',,impetigo' & ',,ec?yma1' ,! =m] pres5ts ! slight] degree ( inflammation1 &1 sometimes1 !re is sc>cely any r$ness ( ! sk92 ! latt] is always accompani$ by consid]able inflammation & r$ness4 ,! little bubbles atta9 _! full size 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree days1 & ei!r dry up )\t break+1 or m frequ5tly bur/ & !n dry1 =m+ a h>d cru/1 :i* (f]s consid]able v>iety ( col\r1 be+ sometimes yell[i%1 sometimes br[ni%1 & sometimes almo/ black4 ,! latt] =m is popul>ly kn[n z 'cru/$ tett]4' ,9 ec?yma ! pu/ules are g5]ally ( ! size ( a split pea1 & surr\nd$ at _! base by a broad halo ( r$ness4 ,!y are usually sep>ate1 n clu/]$ l impetigo1 scatt]$ ov] v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 & foll[$ ei!r by a h>d black cru/ or by a sore4 ,treat4 ,! inflammation & pa9 may be g5]ally alleviat$ by ! application ( a lotion =m$ ( rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #a "p2 & wat]1 #e or #f p>ts2 to :i* a table-spoonful ( di/ill$ v9eg> is (t5 add$4 ,! cru/s or scabs1 :5 !y become h>d or tr\blesome1 may be remov$ by a w>m fom5tation or an emolli5t p\ltice2 a little simple c]ate be+ aft]w>ds appli$ to allay irritation4 ,:5 ! con/itution is full & inflammatory 7z x usually is 9 impetigo71 a depletive treatm5t may be adopt$1 :5 x is l[ & debilitat$ 7z x usually is 9 ec?yma71 tonics & a m lib]al diet1 ) ! free use ( lemon juice dilut$ ) wat]1 z a bev]age1 %\ld be _h rec\rse to4 ,sea-ba?+ is also highly useful4 ,see ,,tett]s4 ,eruptions1 ,sca'ly4 ,syn4 ,,dry ,,tett]4 ,?is is a =m ( inflammatory condition ( ! true sk9 7,,d]ma71 :i* commonly makes its appe>ance z a small dull r$1 salmon-r$1 or liv]-col\r$ spot1 slightly rais$ above ! level ( ! surr\nd+ sk91 con/itut+ a broad1 flat1 pimple-l prom95ce1 ab\t ! size ( a split pea4 ,^u ! surface ( ?is prom95ce ! sc>f-sk9 becomes slightly r\gh5$1 & aft] a little :ile a v di/9ct b circul> scale is produc$1 :i* increases 9 ?ickness by ! addition ( fre% lay]s1 & aft] assum+ v>i\s col\rs 9 diff]5t v>ieties ( ! disease1 ultimately sep>ates & falls (f1 ei!r leav+ a p]man5tly b>e surface1 or be+ foll[$ by crops ( o!r l scales1 :i* also fall (f1 & are replac$ 9 rapid succession4 ,?is class ( eruptions is m ob/9ate ?an any ( ! o!r v>ieties1 & (t5 defies m$ical skill4 ,ea* p>ticul> =m g5]ally requires special treatm5t4 ,9 all1 h[ev]1 endeav\rs %\ld be made to re/ore ! g5]al heal? ( ! body 9 ! mann] :i* exi/+ circum/ances may indicate4 ,! r$ meats1 ripe fruit1 & antiscorbutic vegetables %\ld =m a l>ge portion ( ! diet2 & sea-ba?+1 or %[]1 sulphurett$1 or iodurett$ ba?s1 %\ld be tak5 daily1 if possible4 ,dry friction ) a fle%-bru%1 & daily ex]cise to p]spiration1 are also highly recomm5d$4 ,see ,,leprosy1 ,,psoriasis1 ,,tett]s1 c4 ,eruptions1 ,vesic'ul>4 ,syn4 ,,wat]y ,,pimples4 ,^! consi/ ( little vesicles or bladd]s1 fill$ ) a small quantity ( a transp>5t & col\rless liquid4 ,!y result f a simil> action to t :i* produces ord9>y bli/]s4 ,inflammation is excit$ 9 ! s5sitive sk9 by an inw>d or outw>d cause1 & ! inflam$ vessels p\r out ! wat]y "p ( ! blood1 & s raise ! sc>f-sk9 f (f ! s5sitive lay]1 9 ! =m ( a small dome1 :i* 9 "s situations is conical1 9 o!rs a segm5t ( a sph]e4 ,!y pres5t great v>iety 9 po9t ( numb] & size2 "s are s m9ute z to be sc>cely disc]nible )\t close inspection1 :il/ o!rs increase to ! magnitude ( a h5's egg4 ,!y are num]\s 9 ! inv]se ratio ( _! size2 ! small] ones be+ v abundant1 & ! l>g] ones scanty & few4 ,treat4 ,?is consi/s *iefly 9 ! due att5tion to ! g5]al pr9ciples ( heal?--cleanl9ess1 ex]cise1 food1 & raim5t1 z already po9t$ out1 assi/$ by su* special rem$ies z ! p>ticul> case or circum/ances may dem&4 ,antiphlogi/ics or tonics mu/ be _h rec\rse to1 accord+ to ! condition ( ! sy/em1 & local irritation allay$ by ! usual means4 ,simple cases frequ5tly yield to a dose or two ( "s sal9e ap]i5t & a *ange ( diet4 ,see ,,acne1 ,,erysipelas1 ,,pemphigus1 ,,rupia1 ,,tett]s1 & ,,sk94 ,,erval5',,ta4 ,! meal ( l5til 7,ervum l5s1--,l9n471 v>i\sly doctor$ ) o!r sub/ances4 ,9 "s cases ! article sold "u ! "n does n conta9 a p>ticle ( l5til meal4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p>is ,erval5ta47 ,indian-corn meal 7f9e71 & bean fl\r1 ( ea* #ad lbs42 salt & sug>1 ( ea* #a lb42 mix1 & pass ! comp\nd ?r\gh a sieve4 #b4 7,w>ton's47 ,l5til p[d]1 #a "p2 durra or ,turkey millet fl\r 7,sorghum vulg>e71 #b p>ts4 ,"s p]sons ass]t t x conta9s a l>ge quantity ( ! fl\r ( ,indian corn4 ,see ,,reval5ta & ,,l5tils4 ,,eryn'',,g4 ,syn4 ,,eryngium1 ,l4 ,! root ( ! ,eryngium campe/re1 a plant common 9 middle & s\!rn ,europe4 ,x is sweet1 aromatic1 & tonic1 & =m]ly enjoy$ mu* repute 9 gonorrhoea1 suppress$ m5/ruation1 & visc]al ob/ructions g5]ally1 especially ^? ( ! gall-bladd]1 liv]1 & ut]us4 ,c&i$ eryngo 7,,eryngium ,,conditum1 ,,eryngii ,,radix ,,condita71 accord+ to ,l9dley1 has ! cr$it ( be+ a decid$ aphrodisiac1 & has a consid]able sale4 ,eryngium aquaticum 7bitt] snake-we$7 & ,e4 m>itimum 7sea eryngo1 sea holly7 furni% ! eryngo ( ! ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,see ,,c&y+4 ,,erysip',,elas4 ,syn4 ,,/4 ,,an?ony',s ,,fire1 ,,! ,,rose4 ,a peculi> =m ( inflammation1 :i* *iefly attacks ! sk91 & is g5]ally accompani$ or foll[$ by an eruption ( a v r$ col\r1 sometimes vesicul>1 & by tumefaction4 ,x commonly attacks ! head & face1 & is at its height f ! ?ird to ! six? day1 b ! duration & progress ( ! symptoms are v>iable4 ,f ! eigh? to ! twelf? day ! eruption usually scabs or scales (f4 ,sometimes suppuration occurs1 especially ( ! eyelids & scalp1 & dur+ ! latt] /ages ( ! disease !re is1 9 g5]al1 a t5d5cy to debility4 ,9 _m cases erysipelas is att5d$ by typhoid symptoms1 & is !n a dang]\s & (t5 fatal disease4 ,treat4 ,ap]i5ts & diaphoretics1 assi/$ by a cool+ diet4 ,:5 ! inflammatory symptoms run high1 bli/]+ & cupp+ are frequ5tly _h rec\rse to4 ,local irritation may be subdu$ by milk-&-wat]1 or cool+ or evaporat+ lotions1 or by spr9kl+ />*1 hair-p[d]1 or arr[-root1 on ! "p4 ,! t5d5cy to debility 9 ! latt] /ages %\ld be combat$ ) b>k1 qu99e1 or o!r l tonics4 ,:5 %iv]+s1 sickness1 & delirium1 att5d ! height ( ! disord]1 w9e1 b>k1 ammonia1 & o!r /imulants1 are usually prescrib$1 & depletion mu/ be avoid$4 ,! same treatm5t is also adopt$ 9 ! gangr5\s =ms ( ! disease1 to :i* doses ( opium & calomel are also commonly add$4 ,:5 suppuration & sl\gh+ ( ! cellul> membrane h tak5 place1 x is usual to make incisions to give exit to ! dis*>ge1 & relieve ! t5sion ( ! limb4 ,^! may be ab\t #a-a_/b in* 9 l5g?1 & f #b to #d in*es ap>t1 & %\ld be made 9 ! direction ( ! long dim5sions ( ! limb4 ,mr ,higg9bottom1 ( ,nott+ham1 applies 7freely7 lun> cau/ic to ! inflam$ sk91 & also to ! heal?y sk91 to ! ext5t ( an in* or m beyond x4 ,! result1 9 _m cases1 is a complete *ange ( action 9 ! "p1 & a resolution ( ! disease4 ,iod9e pa9t is (t5 successfully us$ 9 ! same way4 ,:]ev] practicable m$ical assi/ance %\ld be call$ 9 on ! fir/ appe>ance ( ?is dang]\s disease4 ,erysipelas is g5]ally symptomatic ( a debilitat$ or bad con/itution4 ,x is also a common sequel ( surgical op]ations 9 cr[d$ & ill-v5tilat$ hospitals1 :]e x (t5 appe>s to be contagi\s4 ,9 ^! cases cleanl9ess1 v5tilation1 & *ange ( air1 are ! only rem$ies4 ,we ne$ sc>cely add1 t ?is disease %\ld nev] be tamp]$ )1 b ! be/ m$ical advice s\ght1 :5ev] x c be procur$4 ,= animals4 ,! b[els %\ld be kept g5tly op51 by small doses ( m$ic9e1 & laxative gly/]s4 ,if !re be any fev]i% symptoms1 sal9e diuretics %\ld be adm9i/]$2 & z a l[]+ treatm5t is objectionable1 tonics & /imulants %\ld be _h rec\rse to at an e>ly /age ( ! disease4 ,! affect$ p>ts %\ld be kept con/antly moi/ ) a lotion compos$ ( "o "p ( ,g\l>d's extract to ?irty p>ts ( di/ill$ or fre%ly boil$ wat]4 ,nutriti\s food1 fre% air & g5]al com=t mu/ n be neglect$4 ,cold applications are hurtful4 ,horses are seldom attack$ by erysipelas4 ,,ery?ore',,t94 ,syn4 ,,r$ ,,res9 ,,( ,,rhub>b4 ,a yell[ or r$di%-yell[ sub/ance1 =m+ "o ( ! ?ree res9s f\nd by ,s*lsb]g] & ,doepp+ 9 rhub>b4 ,x is v soluble 9 alcohol2 less s 9 e!r2 ) ammonia & potassa x =ms soluble comp\nds ( a ri* purple col\r4 ,see ,,rhub>b4 ,,ery?',,ric ,,acid4 ,prep4 ,! li*5 ,roccella t9ctoria 7,can>y or h]b-ar*il7 is boil$ ) milk ( lime1 & ! filt]$ solution precipitat$ ) hydro*loric acid2 ! dri$ precipitate is dissolv$ 9 w>m alcohol1 & filt]$2 z ! solution cools1 cry/als ( ery?ric acid are deposit$4 ,prep41 c4 ,feebly acid2 col\rless2 inodor\s2 sc>cely soluble 9 wat]2 soluble 9 alcohol & e!r2 *loride ( lime turns its solutions ( a blood-r$ col\r4 ,,ery?',,r9e1 ,,am>y?r9e1 ,,ery?ril9e1 ,,pseudo-,,ery?r9e1 & ,,tel]y?r9e4 ,sub/ances obta9$ by ,kane & ,he]5 f ,roccella t9ctoria1 ,p>melia roccella1 ,lecon>a ,t>t>ea1 c4 ,!y are ( little practical importance4 ,,es*>ot',,ics4 ,syn4 ,,es*>otica1 ,l4 ,sub/ances t de/roy ! texture ( liv+ organic bodies1 ) ! production ( an 'es*>' or 'scab4' ,es*>otics h be5 divid$ into two classes--me*anical & *emical4 ,among ! =m] are actual caut]ies1 z a heat$ iron1 moxas1 c42 among ! latt] are all ^? sub/ances commonly kn[n z cau/ics4 ,"s writ]s h subdivid$ *emical es*>otics into ,,erod+ ,,es*>otics1 z blue vitriol1 r$ precipitate1 burnt alum1 c42 & into ,,cau/ic ,,es*>otics1 z lun> cau/ic1 pure potassa1 /rong sulphuric acid1 nitric acid1 c42 b ^! di/9ctions possess little practical value4 ,9 caut]is+ ) a heat$ iron1 ?is %\ld be at a :ite heat1 z1 at ?is temp]ature1 x occasions less pa9 to ! pati5t1 f its caus+ an imm$iate dea? ( ! p>ts to :i* x is appli$4 ,! surr\nd+ surface %\ld be protect$ by "s non-conductor ( heat1 b n by wet pap] or clo?1 z ! sudd5 extrication ( /eam w produce a bli/]$ surface ar\nd ! burn1 & w mu* increase ! pa94 7,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffi?47 ,see ,,cau/ic1 ,,solution1 c4 ,,es',,cul5ts4 ,sub/ances us$ = food4 ,! m important escul5ts are notic$ "u _! respective heads4 ,,escu',,lic ,,acid4 ,a peculi> acid f\nd by ,m4 ,bussy 9 ! b>k ( ! horse-*e/nut4 ,x is b little kn[n1 & has n be5 appli$ to any use4 ,,es]9e4 ,p[d] ( ,calab> bean1 #ajj p>ts2 t>t>ic acid1 #a "p2 potassium bic>bonate 9 p[d]1 q4 s42 alcohol 7#ij7 q4 s42 rectifi$ & wa%$ e!r q4 s4 ,exhau/ ! bean mix$ ) t>t>ic acid by sev]al dige/ions 9 alcohol at ! heat ( a wat]-ba?1 alcohol equal to ab\t ?ree times ! weight ( ! p[d] be+ us$ = ea* mac]ation4 ,di/il ! comb9$ liquors & filt]2 heat ! residue 9 a wat]-ba? expos$ to ! air until x conta9s no m alcohol4 ,aft] cool+ susp5d ! extract 9 a small quantity ( di/ill$ wat]1 & filt] ?r\gh pap] to sep>ate ! insoluble res94 ,agitate ! filtrate ) rectifi$ & wa%$ e!r1 until ! e!r is no long] s5sibly col\r$2 two or ?ree treatm5ts are usually suffici5t4 ,treat ! aque\s liquor :i* conta9s ! es]9e 9 ! /ate ( acid t>trate1 ) a slight excess ( potassium bic>bonate1 until ! reaction is alkal9e4 ,%ake ?is liquor sev]al times ) e!r1 :i* removes ! lib]at$ es]9e1 & deposits x ^u evaporation4 ,! product is purifi$ by fre% cry/allisations f e!r4 ,pure es]9e is col\rless or slightly rose col\r$2 x cry/allises 9 ?9 lam9 hav+ a rhomboid =m4 ,mo/ frequ5tly x occurs 9 comm]ce "u ! =m ( yell[i% spangles1 or amorph\s masses m or less col\r$ by ! action ( ! air4 ,x is slightly soluble 9 wat]1 b dissolves freely 9 alcohol1 e!r1 & *lor(orm4 ,:5 a "o p] c5t4 solution ( x is treat$ ) pota% or soda x rapidly acquires a *>act]i/ic rose col\r4 ,heat$ 9 a flask ) a wat]-ba? 9 contact ) excess ( ammonia1 x gives ^u evaporation ( ! liquor 9 ! op5 air1 a magnific5t blue col\r1 v soluble 9 ! wat]4 ,?is solution treat$ ) acids1 produces a v f9e di*roic liquor1 violet & transp>5t by transmission1 & c>m9e r$ & turbid by refraction4 ,es]9e has ! prop]ty ( contract+ en]getically ! pupil ( ! eye4 ,a kilogram ( ,calab> beans yields on ! av]age "o gram ( es]9e 7f ',=mul = new ,m$icam5ts1 adopt$ by ! ,p>is ,ph>maceutical ,society4'7 ,see ,,calab> ,,bean4 ,es]9e1 ,neutral ,hydrobromate (4 ,?is body is prep>$ ) col\rless hydrobromic acid 9 ! same mann] z ! sulphate4 ,! solution evaporat$ to a syrupy consi/5ce1 cry/allises 9 ! c\rse ( a few days 9 fibr\s masses1 r>ely col\rless & non-deliquesc5t4 ,! neutral hydrobromate ( es]9e is employ$ l ! sulphate & 9 ! same doses1 al?\gh x conta9s a little less es]9e4 7,f ',=mul = ,new ,m$icam5ts1' adopt$ by ! ,p>is ,ph>maceutical ,society47 ,see ,,calab> ,,bean4 ,es]9e1 ,neutral ,sulphate (4 ,?is salt is obta9$ by saturat+ directly & exactly a kn[n quantity ( es]9e ) dilute sulphuric acid 7#a 9 #aj72 or bett] /ill1 by %ak+ a solution ( ! es]9e ) a titrat$ solution ( sulphuric acid s z n to exce$ ! po9t ( saturation4 ,! filt]$ solution ( sulphate ( es]9e is evaporat$ rapidly to dryness by ! aid ( a g5tle heat4 ,sulphate ( es]9e c be cry/allis$ 9 long prismatic ne$les1 comb9$ 9 radiat+ gr\ps1 b x is v difficult4 ,x is pref]able to pres]ve x 9 ! amorph\s /ate1 & 9 well-/opp]$ bottles1 z x is v deliquesc5t4 ,sulphate ( es]9e is employ$ l es]9e1 int]nally "u ! =m ( granules conta9+ up to "o milligram4 ,x is employ$ also = ! eyes z a solution1 conta9+ two to five c5tigrams ( ! salt to t5 grams ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,solutions conta9+ es]9e1 pure or comb9$1 alt] rapidly 9 contact ) ! air1 becom+ r$2 !y %\ld only be prep>$ 9 small quantities z requir$4 7,f ',=mul = ,new ,m$icam5ts1' adopt$ by ! ,p>is ,ph>maceutical ,society47 ,see ,,calab> ,,bean4 ,,esprit4 ,fr4 ,,_s4 ,?is t]m is commonly appli$ to alcoholic solutions ( ! ess5tial oils1 & to v>i\s odor\s & aromatic ess5ces sold by ! p]fum]s & druggi/s z articles ( ! toilet4 ,see ,,ess5ce1 ,,_s1 c4 ,,es',,s5ce4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia1 ,l4 ,! active & *>act]i/ic portion ( a sub/ance1 or t on :i* its mo/ rem>kable prop]ties dep5d4 ,! t]m has be5 v loosely appli$ to v>i\s prep>ations presum$ to conta9 ^! ess5tial pr9ciples or qualities1 dis5cumb]$ ( gross] matt]4 ,mod]n sy/ematic writ]s g5]ally re/rict its application to ! volatile oils obta9$ f vegetable sub/ances by di/illation1 or to a /rong solution ( !m 9 alcohol4 ,9 ph>macy & p]fum]y1 ! ^w 'ess5ce' is appli$ to conc5trat$ prep>ations t diff] va/ly f ea* o!r4 ,?us1 conc5trat$ effusions1 decoctions1 liquors1 solutions1 & t9ctures1 are frequ5tly call$ 'ess5ces' by ^? :o v5d !m2 b ! t]m 'fluid extracts' w\ld be m appropriate1 if ^? already m5tion$ are n deem$ suffici5tly %[y & attractive4 ,we %all "h conf9e ourselves to a brief notice ( ! pr9cipal comp\nd ess5ces1 or ^? t und]go "s prep>ation beyond be+ m]ely extract$ f vegetables by di/illation along ) wat]4 ,! latt] w be consid]$ "u ! article ,,oil4 ,! conc5trat$ prep>ations ( ! ph>maceuti/1 t]m$ 'ess5ces1' are mo/ly prep>$ by dige/+ ! active +r$i5t or +r$i5ts 9 rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 ei!r ) or )\t ! addition ( a c]ta9 portion ( wat]2 or !y are extemporane\sly =m$ by dissolv+ a portion ( ! ess5tial oil ( su* sub/ances 9 ! _s4 ,9 ?is way are made ! ess5ces ( lav5d]1 musk1 g+]1 c4 ,:5 x is desir$ only to obta9 ! aromatic & volatile portion ( ! +r$i5ts1 ! latt] are usually dige/$ 9 ! _s = a few days1 & !n submitt$ to di/illation1 :5 ! alcohol comes ov] load$ ) aromatic ess5tial oil1 or o!r volatile matt]4 ,9 ?is way are prep>$ mo/ ( ! fragrant ess5ces ( ! p]fum] & druggi/1 :5 simple solution ( ! ess5tial oils 9 alcohol is n resort$ to4 ,9 _m cases ! active pr9ciples ( ! +r$i5ts are p>tly volatile & p>tly fix$1 or at lea/ d n readily volatilise at ! temp]ature at :i* alcohol di/ils ov]4 ,?is is ! case1 = in/ance1 ) ! active portion ( ergot & ,jamaica g+]4 ,9 su* cases dige/ion alone %\ld be adopt$4 ,:5 ! pr9ciples ( organic sub/ances1 ( :i* x is desir$ to obta9 a conc5trat$ solution1 are res9\s or oily1 or little soluble 9 weak _s 7:i* is mo/ly ! case71 ! /ronge/ rectifi$ _s ( w9e %\ld alone be employ$4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ess5ces )\t di/illation1 ! me?od by p]colation or displacem5t is pref]able to t ( simple mac]ation & expression1 :5 ! nature ( ! +r$i5ts & o!r circum/ances r5d] x applicable1 z x is n only m economical1 b a m conc5trat$ solution may !reby be obta9$4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 ! read] %\ld rememb]1 t ?is mode ( op]at+ requires mu* great] exp]i5ce & skill to ensure success ?an ! =m] me?od4 ,?is clums9ess ( manipulation is ! common cause ( ! failures :i* are s frequ5tly met ) 9 ! prep>ation ( ^! articles4 ,! +r$i5ts = ! prep>ation ( ess5ces mu/ und]go ! same op]ations ( bruis+1 p[d]+1 or slic+1 z direct$ "u ',,t9cture1' previ\s to dige/ion 9 ! _s1 or o!r m5/ruum2 & ! l5g? ( "t !y %\ld be all[$ to infuse1 :5 ?is me?od alone is adopt$1 %\ld n be less ?an t5 days2 b ?is "t may be advantage\sly ext5d$ to a =tnight1 or ev5 long]4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ?is p]iod frequ5t agitation %\ld be employ$1 & :5 ! +r$i5ts are s bulky z to absorb ! :ole ( ! fluid1 ! vessel :i* conta9s !m %\ld be securely fa/5$ by a bung or /opp] cov]$ ) bladd]1 & inv]t$ e alt]nate day4 ,by ?is means e portion ( ! +r$i5ts w be equally expos$ to ! action ( ! m5/ruum4 ,9 all su* cases ! me?od ( displacem5t1 or p]colation1 is pref]able4 ,= ! ess5ces us$ z p]fumes & = flav\r+1 n only mu/ ! _s be p]fectly ta/eless & sc5tless1 b x mu/ be also q devoid ( col\r4 ,! foll[+ =mul embrace mo/ ( ! ess5ces met ) 9 ! %ops4 ,^? n f\nd among !m may be readily prep>$ by apply+ ! g5]al directions giv5 above1 or by employ+ ! =mula giv5 = ! prep>ation ( ! ess5ce ( "s simil> sub/ance1 m]ely v>y+ ! *>act]i/ic +r$i5t4 ,?us1 7 x desir$ to =m an ess5ce ( amb]gris or ( myrrh1 & no =mul c\ld be f\nd = ^! prep>ations1 ! tyro w\ld consid] 9 :at m5/ruum ! active pr9ciples ( ^! sub/ances 7 mo/ soluble4 ,?is1 he w\ld imm$iately see by ref]5ce to _! prop]ties1 is rectifi$ _s ( w9e4 ,he w\ld next h to decide on ! prop] /r5g? ( 8 ess5ce4 ,9 ?is he mu/ be guid$1 ei!r by ! /r5g? ( ! l prep>ations ( o!r mak]s1 or by 8 own judgm5t ( :at w\ld be useful1 novel1 or conv5i5t4 ,suppose he decid$ t 8 ess5ce %\ld repres5t #a-aj? ( its weight ( ! solid +r$i5t4 ,he w\ld !n take #b oz4 ( amb]gris or myrrh1 & #bj oz4 ( rectifi$ _s1 :i* he w\ld dige/ toge!r = #aj days or a =tnight 9 ! mann] describ$ above4 ,_h ! requir$ prep>ation be5 an ess5ce ( s5na 7= example71 he w\ld probably recollect1 or might easily asc]ta9 by ref]5ce1 t ! active prop]ties ( s5na are soluble 9 bo? wat] & weak _s4 ,!n1 to make an ess5ce #d times z /rong z ! t9cture ( ! ph>macopoeia1 #g oz4 ( s5na1 & #a p9t ( pro( _s1 %\ld be employ$1 ) due dige/ion1 z be=e4#bhj ,! same applies to o!r prep>ations4 ,see ,,conc5tration1 ,,decoction1 ,,infusion1 ,,liquor1 ,,_s1 ,,t9cture1 c4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,see directions giv5 "u ,,t9cture4 ,ess5ce ( ,ac'onite4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,aconiti1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f aconite 7h]b1 dri$1 & p[d]$71 #h oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #af oz42 mac]ate = #d days at a temp]ature ( #fh ,fahr41 press1 & /ra92 ! m>c or residuum is aga9 mac]at$ ) 7a little7 _s1 & press$ z be=e1 s t ! weight ( ! mix$ t9ctures may am\nt to d\ble t ( ! h]b4--,dose1 #c to #f drops4 ,see ,,t9cture4 ,ess5ce ( ,all'spice4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,pim5to2 ,,ess5tia ,,pim5t1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ess5tial oil ( pim5to or allspice1 #a fl4 oz42 /ronge/ rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #a p9t2 agitate until p]fectly unit$1 & ! next day decant ! cle> portion1 if !re is any s$im5t4 ,us$ to make pim5to wat]1 & by cooks & confection]s z a 'flav\r+4' ,ess5ce ( ,al'monds4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,bitt] ,,almonds1 ,e4 ,,( ,,pea* ,,k]nels1 ,e4 ,,( ,,ratafia1 ,e4 ,,( ,,noyeau1 ,,qu9tess5ce ,,( ,n41 ,,almond ,,flav\r2 ,,ess5tia ,,amygdal1 ,e4 ,a4 ,,am>1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ess5tial oil ( almonds1 z ! la/4 #b4 7,p]eira47 ,ess5tial oil ( almonds1 #a fl4 oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #g fl4 oz4 ,uses1 c4 ,x is add$ to w9e1 cordials1 p]fum]y1 pa/ry1 c41 to imp>t an agreeable nutty flav\r or aroma4 ,x is also employ$ to prep>e *]ry-laurel1 pea*-k]nel1 & bitt]-almond wat]4 ,a l>ge quantity is consum$ by ! confection]s1 & by w9e m]*ants to 'improve' _! %]ries1 & to give ,cape w9e a %]ry flav\r4 ,x %\ld be us$ 9 v small quantities1 z x is v p[]ful1 &1 9 quantity1 poison\s4 ,a few drops are suffici5t = sev]al p\nds ( pa/ry4 ,! fir/ =mula is t us$ 9 trade4 ,! second is sometimes us$ by ! druggi/s1 & is occasionally v5d$ "u ! "n ( ',,conc5trat$ ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,bitt] ,,almonds1' c4 ,! directions = purify+ ! almond oil f hydrocyanic acid be=e dissolv+ x 9 ! _s1 giv5 9 m ?an "o rec5t book ( receipts1 are absurd1 z 9 ?is way ! oil loses mu* ( its *>act]i/ic od\r & flav\r1 & by keep+ gradually becomes ne>ly de/itute ( bo?4 ,see ,,ess5tial ,,oil4 ,ess5ce ( ,am'b]gris4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,ambr ,,grise1 ,e4 ,a4 ,,simplex1 ,,t9ctura ,a4 ,,conc5trata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,amb]gris 7cut v small71 #e dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 place !m 9 a /rong bottle or t9 c1 secure ! m\? v firmly1 & expose x to ! heat ( ! sun1 or 9 an equally w>m situation1 = #a or #b mon?s1 frequ5tly %ak+ x dur+ ! "t2 la/ly1 decant1 & filt] ?r\gh pap]4 #b4 7,guib\rt47 ,amb]gris1 #a dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #c oz42 dige/ #aj or #ab days4 #c4 7,r$wood47 ,amb]gris1 #b-a_/b dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 mac]ate = #ad days4 ,*iefly us$ z an elem5t 9 o!r p]fumes4 ,! fir/ is ! =mula employ$ by ! ,london h\ses4 ,ess5ce ( ,amb]gris & ,musk4 ,syn4 ,,conc5trat$ ,,t9cture ,,( ,a4 ,,& ,m42 ,e4 ,,ambr ,,grise 7,,odorata71 ,e4 ,a4 ,,et ,,mos*i1 ,e4 ,,regia1 ,l42 ,,ess5ce ,,royale1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,amb]gris 7cut small71 #c_/d oz42 #a or #b fre%-empti$ musk-pods 7or musk1 #ab gr472 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 proce$ z 9 ,no4 #a 7above74 #b4 ,amb]gris1 #b-a_/b oz42 bladd] musk1 #a_/b oz42 _s ( ambrette 7purple sweet sultan71 #a gal42 z la/4 #c4 ,amb]gris1 #b-a_/b oz42 bladd] musk1 #a oz42 _s ( ambrette1 #a gal42 z be=e4 ,! fragrance ( ! above1 especially ( ! la/ two1 is v p[]ful1 & is mu* e/eem$4 #d4 ,amb]gris1 #a_/b oz42 musk & lump sug>1 ( ea* #a_/d oz42 triturate toge!r 9 a w$gwood-w>e mort>1 add+ oil ( cloves1 #bj drops2 true balsam ( ,p]u1 #cj drops1 & en\gh ess5ce ( jasm9e or tub]ose to conv]t x into a p]fectly smoo? pa/e2 !n put x into a /rong bottle ) rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2 obs]v+1 be=e add+ ! :ole ( ! la/1 to r9se ! mort> out well ) x1 t no?+ may be lo/2 la/ly dige/ = #f or #h weeks1 z direct$ 9 ,no4 #a 7above74 #e4 ,amb]gris1 #d dr42 musk1 #a-a_/b dr42 s&1 #c oz42 triturate1 !n add1 ( oil ( c9namon1 #a dr42 oil ( rhodium1 #a_/b dr42 ess5ce ( roses & eau fleurs d'orange1 ( ea* #a_/d p9t2 rectifi$ _s1 #a-a_/b p9t2 dige/ z be=e 7or n less ?an #ad days71 & decant & filt]4 ,! la/ two are v f9e1 ?\gh inf]ior to ,nos4 #b & #c4 #f4 ,to ! la/ 7,no4 #e71 add civet1 #a dr42 salt ( t>t>1 #c dr42 & an additional p9t ( rectifi$ _s4 ,inf]ior to ! above1 b *eap]4 ,obs4 ,ess5ce ( amb]gris is us$ z a p]fume1 & is add$ 9 small quantities to sweet-sc5t$ spirits & w9es1 to improve _! flav\r & aroma4 ,a v small quantity ( any "o ( !m add$ to lav5d] wat]1 eau de ,cologne1 too?-p[d]1 hair-p[d]1 wa%-balls1 or a hog%ead ( cl>et1 communicates a delici\s fragrance4 ,see ,,amb]gris & ,,ess5ce ,,royale 7bel[74 ,ess5ce d',ambrette4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,musk ,,se$1 ,,_s ,,( ,m4 ,s42 ,,esprit ,d',,ambrette1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,musk se$ 7gr\nd 9 a clean pepp]-mill71 #a-a_/d lb42 rectifi$ _s1 #c p9ts2 dige/ = #c or #d weeks 9 a w>m place1 & filt]4 #b4 ,musk se$1 #d lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 #a gal42 dige/ #aj days1 add wat]1 #b qu>ts1 & di/il ov] #a gal4 ,v f9e4 ,ess5ce ( ,ammoni'acum4 ,syn4 ,,conc5trat$ ,,t9cture ,,( ,,ammoniacum2 ,,ess5tia ,,ammoniaci1 ,,t9ctura ,a4 ,,conc5trata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ammoniacum 79 te>s71 #a lb41 is bruis$ 9 a v cold m>ble mort> ) half its weight ( co>se & well-wa%$ silice\s s& or p[d]$ glass1 & rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b p9t1 gradually add$2 ! trituration is cont9u$ until ! :ole is r$uc$ to a smoo? pa/e1 & is !n plac$ 9 a wide-m\!d bottle1 & _s ( w9e1 #a-a_/b p9t1 fur!r add$2 ! :ole is !n dige/$ toge!r = a week ) con/ant agitation1 & aft] suffici5t repose to settle1 ! sup]natant transp>5t liquid is decant$ into ano!r bottle = use4 #b4 ,gum ammoniacum1 #a lb41 is r$uc$ to a cream ) boil+ wat]1 #c_/d p9t2 z soon z ! mixture has cool$ a little1 x is plac$ 9 a /rong bottle1 & rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #a-a_/d p9t1 is cauti\sly add$2 ! mixture is !n cork$ d[n close1 & ! :ole mac]at$ = a few days2 ! bottle is next plac$ 9 a mod]ately w>m situation1 t ! s$im5t may subside1 aft] :i* ! cle>] portion is p\r$ (f ?r\gh flannel into ano!r bottle4 ,obs4 ,?is prep>ation is us$ z a sub/itute = ! gum 9 sub/ance1 = extemporane\sly prep>+ emulsion ( ammoniacum1 mixture ( a41 c4 ,x is repres5t$ to possess fully ! same am\nt ( m$ic9al virtue z an equal weight ( ! solid gum1 on :i* acc\nt x has a consid]able sale4 ,! product ( ! fir/ =mula1 :5 well manag$1 is a beautiful pale br[ni%-col\r$1 transp>5t t9cture2 t ( ! second is milky & less sightly4 ,! prep>ation g5]ally sold "u ! "n ( ',,conc5trat$ ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,ammoniacum' 7,,ess5tia ,,ammoniaci ,,conc5trata1 ,l471 & repres5t$ z twice z /rong z ! gum 9 sub/ance1 is g5]ally prep>$ by ! fir/ =mula giv5 above = ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,ammoniacum4 ,a /rong] article may be prep>$ by a simil> process1 by us+ #a lb4 ( ammoniacum to a p9t ( ! /ronge/ rectifi$ _s4 ,z1 h[ev]1 a cle> liquid at ?is /r5g? is some:at difficult to produce1 x is v seldom attempt$ by ! druggi/s2 !y !re=e g5]ally cont5t !mselves ) s5d+ out ! liquid at half ! pr(ess$ /r5g?1 leav+ ! label to conf] ! additional conc5tration4 ,see ,,ammoniacum4 ,ess5ce ( ,an*ov'ies4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,clupe1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,an*ovies1 #a lb41 are 'bon$1' r$uc$ to a pulp 9 a w$gwood-w>e or m>ble mort>1 & pass$ ?r\gh a clean hair or brass-wire sieve3 mean:ile ! bones & o!r portion t w n pass ?r\gh ! sieve are boil$ ) wat]1 #a p9t1 = #ae m9utes1 & /ra9$2 to ! /ra9$ liquor1 salt1 & fl\r1 ( ea*1 #b-a_/b oz41 toge!r ) ! pulp$ an*ovies are add$1 & ! :ole simm]$ = #c or #d m9utes1 :5 ! vessel is remov$ f ! fire1 & z soon z ! mixture has cool$ a little1 /rong pickl+ v9eg>1 #a_/b p9t1 is mix$ 92 x is !n bottl$1 & ! corks ti$ ov] ) bladd]1 & ei!r 'wax$' or 'capsul$4' ,product1 #c lbs4 7ne>ly74 #b4 ,an*ovies1 #g lbs42 wat]1 #i p9ts2 salt & fl\r1 ( ea*1 #a lb4 ,product1 #bj lbs4 #c4 ,to ! la/ add ( ,cay5ne pepp]1 #a_/d oz42 ! peel ( a lemon 7grat$71 & mu%room catsup1 #d oz4 ,v sav\ry4 #d4 ,f ,briti% an*ovies 7pickl$ sprats7 or "y pil*>ds1 along ) h]r+ liquor1 or ! dra9+s ( an*ovy b>rels4 ,use1 c4 ,z a sauce & condim5t2 :5 well prep>$1 x has a f9e flav\r4 ,t ( ! %ops is usually col\r$ ) ,v5etian r$ or ,arm5ian bole4 ,an infusion ( co*9eal1 or a little annotta1 w\ld =m a m appropriate col\r+1 & w\ld be p]fectly h>mless4 ,see ,,an*ovy & ,,sauce4 ,ess5ce ( ,angel'ica4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,angelic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,van ,mons47 ,angelica root 7bruis$71 #a "p2 rectifi$ _s1 #h p>ts2 wat]1 #af p>ts2 dige/1 & di/il ov] #f p>ts2 ,/oma*ic1 c>m9ative1 & alexiph>mic4--,dose1 #a to #b spoonfuls4 ,ess5ce ( ,ani'se$4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,anisi 7,b4 ,p471 ,l42 ,,esprit ,d',,anise1 ,fr4 ,oil ( anise1 #a "p2 rectifi$ _s1 #d p>ts2 mix 7,b4 ,p474 ,/imulant1 aromatic1 & c>m9ative4--,dose1 #aj to #bj m9ims4 ,us$ also to flav\r liqueurs1 & to make anise$ wat]4 ,see ,,_s4 ,ess5ce ( ,an'odyne4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,anodyna1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,h>d aque\s extract ( opium 79 p[d]71 #a dr42 p[d]$ c9namon1 #a_/b dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a fl4 oz42 dige/ a week4--,dose1 #e to #bj drops4 #b4 ,extract ( h5bane 7rec5t71 #e dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #b fl4 oz42 z la/4--,dose1 #aj to #cj drops4 ,n>cotic1 s$ative1 & antispasmodic4 ,bo? are excell5t prep>ations4 ,ess5ce1 ,antihy/]'ic4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,antihy/]ica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,cyanuret ( potassium1 #c gr42 p[d]$ sug>1 #a dr42 rectifi$ _s & eau d'orange1 ( ea* #d fl4 dr42 agitate toge!r until dissolv$4--,dose1 #aj to #bj drops1 9 pure wat]2 9 hy/]ia1 ga/rodynia1 c4 ,see ,,draught 7,antihy/]ic74 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,resembles ,,fetid ,,_s ,,( ,,ammonia 7:i* see74 ,ess5ce ( ,ap'ple4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,( ,,val]ianate ,,( ,,amyl2 ,,ess5tia ,,pomi ,,odorata1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f apple oil 7val]ianate ( oxide ( amyl71 z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,almonds4 ,us$ to flav\r liqueurs & confection]y4 ,ess5ce ( ,ar'nica4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,arnic1 ,e4 ,a4 ,,florum1 ,,t9ctura ,a4 ,e4 ,,conc5trata1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bad51 #ahda47 ,f arnica fl[]s1 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,aconite4 ,x repres5ts half its weight ( h]b4 ,ess5ce1 ,aromat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,aromatica1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f hay saffron1 dr42 & rectifi$ _s1 #f fl4 dr42 dige/$ toge!r2 to ! filt]$ t9cture is add$ oil ( c9namon & p[d]$ :ite sug>1 ( ea* #a dr42 e!r 7rect471 #b fl4 dr42 oil ( nutmeg & ess5ce ( g+]1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 aft] agitation & a few days' repose1 ! cle> portion is decant$ into a /opp]$ phial4--,dose1 #e to #ae drops1 on sug> or 9 a glass ( w9e or weak _s2 9 *ol]a1 di>rhoea1 spasms1 c4 ,ess5ce ( ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,c9*on1 ,e4 ,,corticis ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,res9\s extract ( yell[ b>k1 #d dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 t9cture ( orange peel1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 acetic acid 7,ph4 ,l471 #a fl4 dr42 dige/ a week4 #b4 ,disulphate ( qu99e1 #a_/b dr42 res9\s extract ( b>k1 #b dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #b fl4 oz42 z be=e4--,dose1 #ab drops to a teaspoonful2 z a febrifuge & tonic4 ,ess5ce ( ,beef4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,r$ ,,meats1 c4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f lean beef 7*opp$ small71 #a lb42 wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 place !m 9 a bottle1 :i* !y w only half fill1 & agitate !m viol5tly = half an h\r2 !n ?r[ ! :ole on a sieve1 & receive ! liquid 9 a jug2 next boil ! undissolv$ portion 9 wat]1 #a p9t1 = #bj m9utes2 /ra91 mix ! decoction ) ! cold infusion1 evaporate ! liquid to ! consi/5ce ( a ?9 syrup1 add+ spice1 salt1 c41 to ta/e1 & p\r ! ess5ce1 :il/ boil+ hot1 into bottles1 j>s1 or 7/ill bett]7 t9 cans1 :i* mu/ !n be at once h]metically cork$1 seal$1 or sold]$ up1 & /[$ away 9 a cold place4 ,9 ?is /ate x w keep a long "t4 7,br&e's47 #b4 7,ellis47 ,take ( lean beef 7slic$71 a suffici5t quantity to fill ! body ( a port] bottle2 cork x up loosely1 & place x 9 a pot ( cold wat]1 atta*+ ! neck1 by means ( a /r+1 to ! h&le ( ! pot2 boil = #a-a_/b to #b h\rs1 !n decant ! liquid & skim x4 ,spices1 salt1 w9e1 br&y1 c41 may be add$ z be=e4 ,highly nutriti\s & su/a9+4 ,ess5ce ( ,b]'gamot4 ,see ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,ess5ce1 ,bit't]4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,am>a1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d547 ,wormwood1 #d p>ts2 g5tian root1 bitt] orange peel1 & bless$ ?i/le1 ( ea* #a "p2 rectifi$ _s1 #de p>ts2 dige/ a week4 ,tonic & /oma*ic4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #b dr4 ,ess5ce ( ,calum'ba4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,calumb1 ,l4 ,see ,,infusion ,,( ,,calumba4 ,ess5ce ( ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,camphor ,,drops1 ,,liquor ,,( ,,camphor1 ,,conc5trat$ ,,ess5ce ,,( ,c41 ,,conc5trat$ ,,solution ,,( ,c41 ,,conc4 ,,camphor ,,julep2 ,,ess5tia ,,camphor1 ,,liquor ,c41 ,l4 ,c4 ,,conc5tratus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,camphor 7clean71 #d-a_/b oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a gall42 dissolve4 ,?is =ms ! ',,ess5ce ,,( ,,camphor' & ',,liquor ,,camphor' ( ! :olesale h\ses4 ,ab\t #a_/b fl4 dr41 add$ to #g-a_/b fl4 dr4 ( cold di/ill$ wat]1 =ms 7by agitation7 a transp>5t aque\s solution ( camphor1 fully equal 9 /r5g? to ! filt]$ ',,mi/ura ,,camphor' 7camphor julep7 ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 ,! above made ) weak] _s =ms ! '_s ( w9e & camphor' ( ! %ops4 #b4 ,camphor1 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #aj oz4 7by weight72 dissolve4 ,?is =ms ! ',,conc5trat$ ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,camphor' ( ! :olesale druggi/s4 #aj or #ab drops1 add$ to #a fl4 oz4 ( pure cold wat]1 make a transp>5t camphor julep1 z be=e4 ,!re is a l>ge quantity ( ^! solutions ( camphor sold by ! ,london h\ses1 :o *>ge a consid]able price = !m4 ,!y are v conv5i5t = prep>+ extemporane\s camphor julep or camphor mixture 9 disp5s+4 #c4 7,=dr$47 ,t9cture ( camphor1 #ac fl4 dr42 t9cture ( myrrh1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #ah-a_/b fl4 dr42 mix4 #a fl4 dr41 add$ to #d fl4 oz4 ( wat]1 =ms camphor julep4 ,x has be5 propos$ to blea* ! t9cture ( myrrh ) animal *>coal1 b ?is int]f]es ) its prop] action4 #d4 7,homoeopa?ic47 ,see ,,*ol]a ,,rem$ies1 ,nos4 #f & #g4 #e4 7,h\lton47 ,_s ( camphor 7,ph4 ,l471 #a fl4 oz42 pro( _s1 #g fl4 oz42 #a fl4 dr4 to #c fl4 oz4 ( wat]2 =ms ',,camphor ,,julep1' #f4 7,r$wood47 ,camphor1 #a dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #b-a_/b oz42 dissolve1 & add ( wat]1 #a_/b oz4 #g4 7,sw$iaur47 ,p[d]$ camphor1 #a dr42 wat] saturat$ ) c>bonic acid gas1 #ab fl4 oz42 dissolve4 #a "p ( ?is solution1 add$ to #d p>ts ( wat]1 =ms ',,camphor ,,mixture1' ,see ,,camphor4 ,ess5ce ( ,cap'sicum4 ,see ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,cay5ne4 ,ess5ce ( ,c>'away4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,c>ui1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f oil ( c>away1 z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,almonds4 ,its applications & uses are simil>4 ,an inf]ior k9d is prep>$ by mac]at+ ! se$s 9 pro( _s4 ,ess5ce ( ,c>'damoms4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,c>damomi1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,conc5trata1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f less] c>damom se$s 7gr\nd 9 a pepp] mill71 #e-a_/b lbs42 rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #a gall42 dige/ = a =tnight1 press1 & filt]4 ,obs4 ,?is prep>ation is v conv5i5t = flav\r+ cordials1 pa/ry1 c41 & is v p[]ful4 ,9 ! laboratory x is frequ5tly sub/itut$ = p[d]$ c>damoms 9 mak+ comp\nd extract ( colocyn?1 & has ! advantage ( add+ no in]t matt] to ! prep>ation1 :il/ x imp>ts ! *>act]i/ic od\r ( ! se$s 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,:5 us$ 9 ?is way x is n add$ to ! extract until x is ne>ly cold & ab\t to be tak5 f ! pan4 ,! te/ or %ells ( ! se$ %\ld be sep>at$ f ! k]nels1 z ! =m] are q in]t1 & if us$ occasion a loss ( _s = no purpose4 ,ess5ce ( ,casc>il'la4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,casc>ill1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,casc>illa 7bruis$71 #ab oz42 pro( _s1 #a p9t2 proce$ ei!r by dige/ion or p]colation4 ,! product is #h times ! /r5g? ( ! infusion ( casc>illa4 7,ph4 ,l47 #b4 ,see ,,infusion 7,conc5trat$74 ,ess5ce ( ,cas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,cassi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f oil ( cassia1 z ess5ce ( allspice or almonds4 ,ess5ce ( ,cay5ne'4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,cay5ne ,,pepp]1 ,e4 ,,( ,,capsicum1 ,,conc5trat$ ,e4 ,,( ,c42 ,,ess5tia ,,capsici1 ,,t9ctura ,,capsici ,,conc5trata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,capsicum 7rec5t dri$ pods1 bruis$71 #c lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 #a gall42 dige/ #ad days1 press1 & filt]4 ,"s p]sons prep>e x by ! me?od ( displacem5t4 #b4 ,capsicum1 #a_/d lb42 pro( _s1 #a p9t2 dige/ z be=e4 ,weak] ?an ,no4 #a4 #c4 7,kit*5]'s47 ,cay5ne pepp]1 #a oz42 br&y1 #a p9t2 dige/1 c41 z be=e4 ,obs4 ,! product ( ! fir/ =mula is a transp>5t1 d>k-col\r$ liquid1 hav+ an int5sely burn+ ta/e4 ,"o drop is suffici5t to deprive a p]son ( ! p[] ( spee* = sev]al seconds2 & a few drops w imp>t ! ri* pung5cy ( cay5ne to a l>ge quantity ( s\p1 sauce1 or any o!r article4 ,x =ms ! ',,ess5ce ,,( ,,cay5ne' & ! ',,conc4 ,,ess4 ,,( ,,cay5ne ,,pepp]' ( ! ,london h\ses4 ,x is pr9cipally us$ z a flav\r+1 & to make ,,soluble ,,cay5ne ,,pepp]2 also 9 disp5s+4 ,x is fully eight times z /rong z ! ',,t9ctura ,,capsici' 7,ph4 ,l474 ,! product ( ! ?ird =mula is us$ exclusively = cul9>y purposes4 ,! pods or fruit ( ,capsicum annuum 7capsicum *illy71 ,c4 baccatum 7bird pepp]71 & ,c4 fructesc5s 7,gu9ea pods1 r$ pepp]71 are indiscrim9ately us$ = ?is prep>ation1 b ! fir/ are ^? pref]r$ = m$ic9al purposes2 ! o!rs h simil> prop]ties1 b are m pung5t & acrimoni\s2 h5ce ! pref]5ce giv5 to !m 9 ! prep>ation ( cay5ne pepp]4 ,see ,,pepp]4 ,ess5ce ( ,ce'drat4 ,see ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,ess5ce ( ,cel'ery4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,cel]y ,,se$2 ,,ess5tia ,,apii1 ,,ess4 ,a4 ,,sem9is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f cel]y se$ 7bruis$ or gr\nd71 #d-a_/b oz42 pro( _s1 #a p9t2 dige/ a =tnight1 & /ra94 #b4 7,conc5trat$47 ,cel]y se$1 #g oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 dige/ z be=e4 ,v f9e4 ,bo? are us$ = flav\r+4 ,ess5ce1 ,cephalic4 ,see ,,ess5ce ,,= ,,heada*e4 ,ess5ce ( ,*am'omile4 ,syn4 ,,*amomile ,,drops2 ,,ess5tia ,,an!midis1 ,e4 ,,*am,,meli1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,alba1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ess5tial oil ( *amomile1 z ess5ce ( allspice4 ,/oma*ic & /imulant4--,dose1 #e to #cj drops2 #a_/b fl4 oz41 %ak5 ) ab\t #a p9t ( pure wat]1 =ms an excell5t extemporane\s *amomile wat]4 #b4 ,g5tian root 7slic$ or bruis$71 #a lb42 dri$ orange peel1 #a_/d lb42 pro( _s1 #a gal42 ess5tial oil ( *amomile1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz42 mac]ate a week4 ,slightly col\r$4 ,"s p]sons use #a_/b lb4 ( quassia wood1 in/ead ( ! g5tian & orange peel4 ,bo? ! above are /oma*ic & tonic1 & are fav\rite rem$ies 9 loss ( appetite1 dyspepsia1 c4--,dose4 ,z ! la/1 on sug>1 or 9 a w9e-glassful ( w9e or be]4 ,ess5ce ( ,*iret'ta4 ,see ,,infusion 7,conc5trat$74 ,ess5ce ( ,c9'namon4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,c9namomi1 ,,spiritus ,c4 ,,conc5tratus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f oil ( c9namon1 z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,allspice or ,,almonds4 #b4 ,c9namon1 #e oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #c_/d p9t2 wat]1 #a_/d p9t2 dige/ a week1 & /ra94 ,inf]ior to ! la/4 ,ess5ce ( cassia is commonly sold = x4 ,ess5ce ( ,civ'et4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,zibe?i1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,civet 7cut small71 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,musk4 #b4 ,in/ead ( rectifi$ _s use _s ( ambrette4 ,bo? are us$ 9 p]fum]y2 *iefly 9 comb9ation ) o!r sub/ances4 ,ess5ce ( ,cloves4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,c>yophilli1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,:ite47 ,f oil ( cloves1 z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,allspice4 ,us$ z a 'flav\r+4' #b4 7,col\r$47 ,cloves 7bruis$71 #c-a_/b oz4 pro( _s1 #c_/d p9t2 wat]1 #a_/d p9t2 dige/ a week1 & /ra94 ,inf]ior to ! la/4 ,x is #h times z /rong z ,,infusion ,,( ,,cloves 7,ph4 ,l474 ,*iefly us$ 9 disp5s+4 ,ess5ce ( ,c('fee4 ,see ,,c(fee4 ,ess5ce ( ,co'gnac4 7kone'-y7ak74 ,syn4 ,,br&y ,,ess5ce4 ,prep4 ,f br&y oil1 #b fl4 oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #ah fl4 oz4 ,= flav\r+ malt _s to imitate br&y4 ,see ,,oil4 ,ess5ce ( ,cologne4 ,syn4 ,,conc5trat$ ,,eau ,,de ,,cologne2 ,,ess5tia ,,coloni5sis1 ,,aqua ,c4 ,,conc5trata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by tak+ #h times ! quantity ( ! +r$i5ts ord]$ = ,,cologne ,,wat]1 & us+ ! /ronge/ rectifi$ _s4 #b4 ,oils ( lemon & c$rat1 ( ea*1 #b dr42 oil ( rosem>y1 #a dr42 oil ( b]gamotte1 #a oz42 _s ( n]oli1 #b fl4 oz42 pure/ rectifi$ _s1 #e fl4 oz4 ,us$ z a cond5s$ p]fume4 ,ess5ce ( ,colts'foot4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ryan47 ,balsam ( tolu1 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s & comp\nd t9cture ( b5zo91 ( ea* #c oz42 dissolve1 & 9 a few days decant ! cle> portion4 #b4 7,p>is47 ,equal p>ts ( balsam ( tolu & comp\nd t9cture ( b5zo91 ) d\ble ! quantity ( rectifi$ _s4 #c4 ,t9cture ( tolu1 #e fl4 oz42 comp\nd t9cture ( b5zo91 #c fl4 oz42 p[d]$ sug> 7q dry71 #a oz42 hay saffron1 #a dr42 dige/ a week1 ) frequ5t agitation4 ,obs4 ,pectoral & /imulant4 ,a quack rem$y = consumption & mo/ o!r diseases ( ! lungs1 b unless assi/$ by occasional ap]i5ts1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( fev]1 x is m likely to kill ?an cure 9 ^! compla9ts4 ,! la/ is ! be/ =mula4 ,ess5ce ( ,cu'bebs4 ,syn4 ,,conc5trat$ ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,cubebs2 ,,ess5tia ,,cubeb1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,conc5trata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,cubebs 7bruis$1 or pref]ably gr\nd 9 a pepp] mill71 #a_/b lb42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 dige/ #ad days1 press1 & filt]4 #b4 7,:olesale47 ,cubebs1 #d-a_/d lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 #a gall4 ,?is ess5ce has a v l>ge sale1 & if c>efully prep>$ f a good sample ( ! drug1 is a mo/ excell5t prep>ation4 ,e fl4 oz4 repres5ts #b-a_/b dr4 ( cubebs4--,dose1 #a to #c dr4 ,ess5ce ( ,cubebs 7,oleo-res9\s74 ,prep4 7,dublanc47 ,oleo-res9\s extract ( cubebs1 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #c oz42 dissolve4 ,a v active & conc5trat$ =m ( adm9i/]+ cubebs1 :i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! prec$+ prep>ation1 :i* is ! "o always meant :5 ',ess5ce ( ,cubebs' is ord]$4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr4 ,ess5ce ( ,dill4 ,syn4 ,,dill ,,drops2 ,,ess5tia ,,ane?i1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f oil ( dill1 z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,allspice4 #b4 ,oil ( dill1 extract ( dill1 & salt ( t>t>1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 dige/1 & /ra94 ,bo? ! above are aromatic & anti-flatul5t4 ,! fir/ is commonly us$ z an adjunct to o!r m$ic9es1 especially to purgatives = *ildr54 ,! second is a popul> tonic & /oma*ic 9 ! flatul5t colic1 dyspepsia1 c41 ( wom5 & *ildr54--,dose4 ,a few drops1 on sug>4 ,ess5ce ( ,er'got4 ,see ,,liquor or ,,ergot ,,( ,,rye4 ,ess5ce ( ,ergot 7,e!real74 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,ergot ,,e!rea1 ,e4 ,,secalis ,,cornuti ,e41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,mr ,lev]47 ,ergot 7p[d]$71 #b oz42 rectifi$ sulphuric e!r1 #b fl4 oz42 dige/ a week1 express ! t9cture1 filt]1 & ab&on ! liquid to spontane\s evaporation2 la/ly1 dissolve ! residuum 9 e!r1 #a fl4 oz4 ,?is is an exp5sive & tr\blesome =mula4 ,! foll[+ modification ( x is bo? simpl] & less exp5sive4 #b4 ,ergot 7gr\nd71 #h oz42 e!r1 #af fl4 oz42 prep>e a t9cture z be=e1 & by a g5tle heat di/il (f ! e!r 9 a retort connect$ ) a well-cool$ refrig]ator1 until #ae fl4 oz4 %all h pass$ ov]2 cont9ue ! evaporation at a r$uc$ heat until ! rema9d] ( ! e!r has pass$ (f2 la/ly1 dissolve ! residuum1 z soon z cold1 9 e!r1 #d fl4 oz4 ,obs4 ,ea* fl4 oz4 repres5ts #b oz4 ( ergot4--,dose1 #aj to #cj drops z a p>turifaci5t1 tak5 on sug>2 #c to #e drops z a hmo/atic & emm5agogue1 9 hmorrhages1 flood+s1 c4 ,x possesses all ! acrid1 n>cotic pr9ciple ( ! ergot1 b less ( ! hmo/atic pr9ciple ?an ! ord9>y ess5ce1 :il/ x is mu* m co/ly4 ,ess5ce ( ,f5'nel4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,sweet ,,f5nel2 ,,ess5tia ,f,,oe,,niculi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f oil ( f5nel 7,foeniculum dulce71 z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,allspice4 ,ess5ce ( ,g5'tian4 ,see ,,infusion ,,( ,,g5tian 7,conc5trat$74 ,ess5ce ( ,g9'g]4 ,syn4 ,,conc5trat$ ,,t9cture ,,( ,,g+]1 ,,ess5tia ,,z+ib]is1 ,,t9ctura ,z4 ,,conc5trata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,unblea*$ ,jamaica g+] 7bruis$71 #e oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 dige/ a =tnight1 press1 & filt]4 #b4 7,oxley's ',,conc5trat$ ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,jamaica ,,g+]1' ,! same z ! prec$+1 ) ! addition ( a v small quantity ( ess5ce ( cay5ne4 ,! above possess only ab\t #d times ! /r5g? ( t9cture ( g+] 7,ph4 ,l472 & ?\gh v5d$ 9 ! %ops z ess5ce ( g+]1 sc>cely des]ves ! "n4 #c4 ,z ,no4 #a 7next article1 bel[71 b us+ d\ble ! quantity ( _s4 ,v f9e4 #d4 7,kit*5]'s47 ,g+] 7grat$71 #c oz42 yell[ peel ( lemon 7fre%71 #b oz42 br&y1 #a-a_/b p9t2 dige/ #aj days4 ,= cul9>y purposes1 c4 ,see bel[4 ,ess5ce ( ,g+] 7,conc5trat$74 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,z+ib]is ,,conc5trata4 ,prep4 #a4 ,jamaica g+] 7be/ unblea*$1 9 co>se p[d]7 & silice\s s&1 equal p>ts1 are spr9kl$ ) rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 q4 s4 to p]fectly moi/5 !m1 & aft] #bd h\rs ! mass is plac$ 9 a 'p]colator1' & aft] return+ ! fir/ runn+s #b or #c times1 ! receiv] is *ang$1 & m rectifi$ _s p\r$ on gradually1 & at int]vals1 z requir$1 until z mu* ess5ce is obta9$ z !re has be5 g+] employ$4 ,obs4 ,! quality ( ! product ( ! above =mula is excell5t1 b ! process is some:at difficult to manage4 ,! mass rema9+ 9 ! p]colator is treat$ ) fre% _s until exhau/$1 & ! t9cture s obta9$ is employ$1 in/ead ( _s1 = mak+ m ess5ce ) fre% g+]4 ,! la/ portion ( _s 9 ! wa/e mass may be obta9$ by add+ a little wat]4 ,co>sely p[d]$ *>coal is frequ5tly us$ in/ead ( s&1 9 :i* case ! product has less col\r2 at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 a little ( ! flav\r is lo/4 #b4 7,:olesale47--a4 ,be/ unblea*$ ,jamaica g+] 7z la/71 #ab lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 #b-a_/b galls41 are dige/$ toge!r = #ad days1 & ! express$ & /ra9$ t9cture r$uc$ by di/illation1 9 a /eam or wat] ba?1 to exactly #a gall42 x is next cool$1 & transf]r$ z quickly z possible into /opp]$ bottles1 & ! next day filt]$4 ,obs4 ,! product ( ! la/ =mula is a mo/ beautiful article1 ( imm5se /r5g?1 & ! ri*e/ flav\r4 ,! ass]tion made by a rec5t writ] on ph>macy1 t '! product is v /rong1 b has lo/ "s ( ! flav\r ( ! g+]1' is evid5tly made 9 ignorance ( ! prep>ation4 ,we 7 ! fir/ to introduce & publi% ?is =mula1 & h employ$ x = ye>s on ! mo/ ext5sive scale1 & c consci5ti\sly ass]t t1 = inexp5siv5ess1 & ! quality ( ! ess5ce produc$ by x1 x is unequall$ by any o!r4 ,! process1 ?\gh app>5tly complicat$ is1 9 reality1 easily p]=m$4 ,! _s di/ill$ ov] conta9s none ( ! fragrant or aromatic pr9ciples ( ! g+]2 on ! contr>y1 ! little flav\r x has receiv$ 7app>5tly f a species ( e!real oil7 is r disagreeable ?an o!rwise1 & is bett] got rid ( ?an reta9$ 9 ! ess5ce4 ,! _s is us$ ) advantage = prep>+ ! common t9cture ( g+]1 & sev]al o!r articles4 ,! cause ( failure :5 ?is process is adopt$ is c>eless or awkw>d manipulation4 ,:5 possible1 hydraulic pressure %\ld be employ$ to express ! t9cture1 #b oz4 ( ?is ess5ce are reg>d$ z equival5t to #c oz4 ( ! f9e/ g+]1 be+ fully tw5ty times z /rong z ! ',,t9cture ,,( ,,g+]' 7,ph4 ,l474 ,a s+le drop1 swall[$1 w almo/ produce suffocation4 ,cooley4 b4 ,f g+] 7z la/71 #bd lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 #f gall42 make a t9cture1 z be=e1 & r$uce x by di/illation to #a gall42 !n cool z quickly z possible out ( contact ) ! air & add1 ( ! /ronge/ rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #a gall42 la/ly1 filt]1 if requir$4 ,quality resembles ,no4 #b1 a 7ne>ly74 ,we are 9 ! habit ( apply+ ! me?od develop$ 9 ! la/ two =mul to ! prep>ation ( ! ess5ces ( sev]al o!r sub/ances1 ! active pr9ciples ( :i* are n volatile at a l[ temp]ature4 ,cooley4 ,ess5ce ( ,grape4 ,prep4 ,f grape oil1 z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,almonds4 ,x is us$ to flav\r br&y & w9es4 ,see ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,ess5ce ( ,guaiac'um4 ,syn4 ,,fluid ,,extract ,,( ,,guaiacum2 ,,ess5tia ,,guaiaci1 ,,extractum ,,guaiaci ,,fluidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,rec5t guaiacum %av+s1 f :i* ! du/ has be5 sift$1 #c cwt41 are exhau/$ by coction 9 wat]1 z 9 ! prep>ation ( an extract1 us+ z little ( t fluid z is absolutely necess>y2 ! decoction is evaporat$ to exactly #a-c_/d gall42 x is next /irr$ until cold1 to prev5t ! deposit ( res9\s matt]1 :5 x is put into a bottle1 & _s ( w9e1 #e p9ts1 is add$2 ! :ole is !n repeat$ly agitat$ = a week1 aft] :i* x is all[$ to settle = #g or #h days1 & ! cle> portion is decant$ into ano!r bottle4 ,obs4 ,?is prep>ation is frequ5tly sub/itut$ = guaiacum %av+s 9 ! prep>ation ( comp\nd decoction ( s>sap>illa4 #a p9t ( ?is ess5ce is consid]$ equival5t to #ai lbs4 ( guaiacum 9 sub/ance4 ,see ,,decoction ,,( ,,s>sap>illa 7,comp474 ,ess5ce = ! ,h&k]*ief4 ,see ,,ess5tia ,,odorata1 c4 ,ess5ce = ! ,heada*e4 ,syn4 ,,cephalic ,,ess5ce1 ,,embrocation ,,( ,,ammonia1 ,,dr ,,hawk9s' ,,embrocation1 ,,w>d',s ,e41 ,,w>d',s ,,ess5ce ,,= ,,! ,,heada*e2 ,,embrocatio ,,ammoni1 ,,l9im5tum ,a41 ,,ess5tia ,,cephalica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil ( lav5d] 7,mit*am71 #a dr42 camphor1 #a oz42 liquor ( ammonia1 #d oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 dissolve4 ,v fragrant & p[]ful4 #b4 7,beasley47 ,_s ( camphor1 #b lbs42 /rong wat] ( ammonia1 #d oz42 ess5ce ( lemon1 #a_/b oz4 #c4 7,r$wood47 ,camphor & liquor ( ammonia1 ( ea* #b oz42 oil ( lav5d]1 #d dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #ad oz4 ,v fragrant4 ,/imulant & rubefaci5t4 ,us$ z a c\nt]-irritant lotion 9 local pa9s1 z heada*e1 e>a*e1 colic1 c4 ,comp\nd camphor l9im5t is usually sold = x4 ,see ,,l9im5t4 ,ess5ce ( ,h5bane4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,hyoscami1 ,l4 ,see ,,ess5ce 7,anodyne71 ,no4 #b4 ,ess5ce ( ,hop4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,lupuli1 ,e4 ,,humuli1 ,,t9ctura ,,lupuli ,,conc5trata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,new hops 7rubb$ small71 #bf-a_/b oz42 pro( _s1 #a qu>t2 dige/ #bd h\rs1 !n di/il ov] 7quickly7 #a p9t1 & set ! di/illate 7spiritus lupuli7 aside 9 a cork$ bottle2 to ! residuum add wat]1 #a p9t2 boil #ae m9utes1 cool1 express ! liquor1 /ra91 & evaporate x z quickly z possible to dryness by ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 p[d] ! residuum1 & add x to ! di/ill$ _s2 dige/ a week1 & filt]4 #b4 ,lupul9ic gra9s 7yell[ p[d] or lupul9 ( ! /robiles71 #e oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 dige/ #aj days2 express1 & filt]4 ,bo? ! above are p[]fully bitt]1 & load$ ) ! aroma ( ! hop4 ,!y are fully #h times z /rong z ! ',,t9ctura ,,lupuli' ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 ,a few drops add$ to a glassful ( ale or be] r5d] x agreeably bitt] & /oma*ic4 #c4 7,,brew]',s ,e4 ,,( ,,hops47 ,sev]al noxi\s prep>ations "u ! "n ( extract ( hops are sold by ! brew]'s druggi/4 ,!y are mo/ly semi-fluid extracts ( quassia1 g5tian1 & l p[]ful bitt]s4 ,( ?ree ( ^! articles :i* we h exam9$1 "o 7= ,,pale ,,ale7 consi/$ ( ! mix$ extracts ( quassia & *amomile2 ano!r 0 a prep>ation ( picric acid2 :il/ a ?ird 7'/rongly recomm5d$ = ,,port]'7 consi/$ ( ab\t equal p>ts ( ! extracts ( bitt] aloes1 cocculus indicus1 & wormwood4 ,a few ye>s ago "o ( ^! vile comp\nds 0 publicly adv]tis$1 & 'w>rant$' z be+ equal to #ajj times its weight 9 hops 7#a oz4 to #e-a_/b lbs474 ,ess5ce ( ,j>gonelle' ,pe>4 ,syn4 ,,pe> ,,ess5ce1 ,,esprit ,,de ,,j>gonelle1 c4 ,prep4 ,f pe> oil 7acetate ( oxide ( amyl71 z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,almonds4 ,?is is n[ l>gely employ$ to flav\r confection]y & liqueurs4 ,see ,,amyl & ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,ess5ce ( ,jas'm9e4 ,see ,,_s & ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,ess5ce ( ,jes'sam9e4 ,see ,,_s & ,,oil4 ,ess5ce ( ,jon'quil4 ,see ,,_s & ,,oil4 ,ess5ce ( ,lav'end]4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,lav&ul 7,,odorata71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil ( lav5d] 7,mit*am71 #b oz42 rectifi$ _s 7/ronge/71 #a p9t4 #b4 ,z ! /ronge/ ,eau de lav5de4 ,see ,,_s4 ,ess5ce ( ,lav5d] 7,r$74 ,see ,,_s & ,,t9cture4 ,ess5ce ( ,lem'on4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,limonis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,oil 7,volatile74 #b4 7,w4 ,proct]47 ,fre% oil ( lemons1 #a fl4 oz42 deodoris$ alcohol 7/ronge/ flav\rless rectifi$71 #h fl4 oz42 ext]ior yell[ r9d ( lemons 7fre%71 #a_/b oz42 dige/ #dh h\rs1 & filt]4 ,us$ = flav\r+ mixtures1 pa/ry1 c4 #c4 ,f oil ( lemons1 z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,allspice4 ,us$ z ! la/4 ,ess5ce ( ,lemon ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,lemon ,,r9d1 ,,qu9tesc5ce ,,( ,l4 ,p42 ,,ess5tia ,,corticis ,,limonis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,yell[ peel ( fre% lemons1 #a_/b lb42 _s ( w9e1 #a p9t2 dige/ = a week1 press1 & filt]4 ,v fragrant4 #b4 ,yell[ peel ( fre% lemons1 #a lb42 boil+ wat]1 #a_/b gall42 infuse #a h\r1 express ! liquor1 boil d[n to #a_/b p9t1 cool1 & add oil ( lemon1 #a_/d oz41 dissolv$ 9 _s ( w9e1 #a-a_/b p9t2 mix1 & filt]4 ,us$ z ! prec$+4 ,ess5ce ( ,lov'age4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,levi/ici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,wurt47 ,lovage root 7levi/icum (fic9ale71 #b oz42 lovage se$s1 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #aj oz42 dige/ a week1 & filt]4 ,aromatic1 /oma*ic1 & diaphoretic4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr42 9 dyspepsia1 dropsies1 c4 ,ess5ce1 ,madd5's4 ,conc5trat$ infusion ( roses4 ,ess5ce ( ,malt4 ,see ,,col\r+4 ,ess5ce ( ,m9t4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,spe>m9t2 ,,ess5tia ,,m5?1 ,e4 ,m4 ,,spicat1 ,e4 ,m4 ,,viridis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,pepp]m9t4 ,ess5ce ( ,moss-,rose 7f ! ',*emi/ & ,druggi/'74 ,otto ( rose1 #a-a_/b dr42 ess5ce ( amb]gris1 #b-a_/b oz42 ess5ce ( musk1 #a oz42 alcohol1 #ae oz42 conc5trat$ rose wat]1 #aj oz4 ,mix1 & %ake frequ5tly = a week4 ,ess5ce ( ,musk4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,mos*i1 ,,t9ctura ,m4 ,,conc5trata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,gra9 musk1 #b oz41 & boil+ wat]1 #a p9t1 are dige/$ toge!r 9 a close vessel until cold1 :5 rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #g p9ts1 is add$2 ! vessel 7pref]ably a t9 bottle7 be+ cork$ close1 & ti$ ov] ) bladd]1 ! :ole is dige/$1 ) frequ5t agitation1 = #b mon?s1 9 ! sun%9e 79 summ]71 or 9 an equally w>m situation 9 w9t]4 ,at ! end ( ! "t ! ess5ce is decant$ & filt]$4 #b4 ,gra9 musk1 #a_/d oz42 rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #b p9ts2 ess5ce ( amb]gris1 #a fl4 oz42 dige/ z be=e4 #c4 ,musk 7f ! bladd]1 rubb$ v small71 #e oz42 civet1 #a oz42 ess5ce ( amb]gris1 #a p9t2 _s ( ambrette1 #a gall42 z be=e4 ,obs4 ,all ! prec$+ =mul yield sup]ior ess5ces1 b ! product ( ! la/ is ( ! v f9e/ quality1 & su* z is seldom sold1 except by ! mo/ celebrat$ h\ses1 :5 x fet*es a v high price4 ,x is p[]fully & delici\sly odor\s1 & has receiv$ ! approval ( royalty itself1 bo? 9 ^! k+doms & on ! ,cont95t4 ,! second =mula also produces a v f9e article1 b less *oice ?an j ref]r$ to4 ,! dige/ion %\ld be long cont9u$1 & on no acc\nt less ?an #c weeks1 z o!rwise mu* fragrant matt] is left undissolv$4 ,! addition ( #a fl4 dr4 ( ei!r liquor ( ammonia or liquor ( potassia 7! fir/ is be/7 to ea* p9t ( ! ess5ce1 va/ly increases its fragrance4 ,! ess5ce ( musk ( ! :olesale ,london druggi/s is g5]ally made by m]ely dige/+ ! fre%ly empti$ musk pods 9 rectifi$ _s4 ,sometimes a little 7a v little7 gra9 musk is add$4 ,see ,,ess5ce ,,royale & ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,amb]gris4 #d4 7,guib\rt47 ,musk1 #a "p2 pro( _s1 #ab p>ts2 dige/ a =tnight1 or long]4 ,us$ 9 disp5s+1 c4 ,ess5ce ( ,musk ,se$4 ,see ,,ess5ce ,d',,ambrette4 ,ess5ce ( ,mus't>d4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,s9apis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,:itehead's47 ,black mu/>d se$ 7bruis$71 & camphor1 ( ea* #b oz42 oil ( rosem>y1 #c dr42 balsam ( tolu1 #a dr42 annatto1 #a_/b dr42 dige/ a week1 & filt]4 ,ess5ce ( ,myr'tle4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,myrtle ,,blossoms2 ,,ess5ce ,,de ,,myrte1 ,,esprit ,,de ,m41 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,myrtle tops 79 blossom71 #b-a_/b lbs42 pro( _s1 #i p9ts2 dige/ #c days1 !n di/il #a gall4 ,a pleasant p]fume4 ,see ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,ess5ce ( ,n]o'li4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,de ,,fleurs ,d',,oranges1 ,,esprit ,,de ,f4 ,d',o41 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,n]oli1 #c dr42 rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #a p9t2 mix4 ,a delici\s p]fume4 #b4 ,oil ( orange1 #b dr42 orris root 7bruis$71 #a_/b oz42 amb]gris1 #aj gr42 n]oli1 #ce drops2 spirits ( w9e1 #a p9t2 dige/ #ad days1 & filt]4 ,v fragrant1 b less '*a/e' ?an ! la/4 ,ess5ce ( ,nut'meg4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,myri/ic1 ,e4 ,m4 ,,mos*at1 ,e4 ,,nucis ,m41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ess5tial oil ( nutmeg1 z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,allspice4 ,us$ z a flav\r+ or ze/ by cooks1 liqueuri/es1 & confection]s4 ,ess5ce1 ,odontal'gic4 ,see ,,ess5ce1 ,,too?a*e4 ,ess5ce d',,oeillets4 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,f c9namon1 #c oz42 cloves1 #a-a_/d oz4 7bo? well bruis$72 rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2 dige/ = a week4 ,oil ( cloves & _s ( cloves also be> ?is "n 9 "s places4 ,ess5ce ( ,o'pium4 ,see ,,ess5ce ,,anodyne1 ,no4 #a4 ,,black ,,drop & ,,r\sseau',s ,,laudanum h also be5 sometimes s call$4 ,ess5ce ( ,o'range4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,aurantii1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,lemon4 ,ess5ce ( ,orange ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,corticis ,,aurantii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,gold547 ,fre% yell[ r9d ( orange1 #d oz42 rectifi$ _s & wat]1 ( ea* #a_/b p9t2 dige/ = a week1 press1 filt]1 & add ( %]ry w9e1 #a qu>t4 ,a pleasant liqueur4 #b4 7,sac*>at$47 ,see ,,oleo-,,sac*>um4 ,ess5ce d',ori5t4 ,fr4 ,a pe>ly-look+ sub/ance1 f\nd at ! base ( ! scales ( ! blay or bleak1 a small fi% ( ! g5us cypr9us4 ,prep4 ,! scales are scrap$ f ! fi% into a tub conta9+ wat]1 & aft] agitation & repose ! fluid is p\r$ (f1 & its place suppli$ ) fre% wat]1 & ?is 9 its turn1 aft] agitation & repose1 is also p\r$ (f4 ,?is "p ( ! op]ation is repeat$ till ! 'ess5ce' & scales are p]fectly fre$ f impurities1 :5 ! :ole is ?r[n on a sieve1 :i* reta9s ! latt]1 b all[s ! =m] to fl[ ?r\gh4 ,aft] repose = a %ort "t1 ! ess5ce is obta9$ z a deposit at ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,obs4 ,ess5ce d',ori5t has a blui%-:ite & pe>ly aspect1 & is employ$ to cov] ! int]ior ( glass bubbles & beads1 9 imitation ( pe>ls & "m-(-pe>l4 ,its t5d5cy to putrefaction1 :ile 9 ! moi/ /ate1 may be obviat$ by ! addition ( a little liquor ( ammonia4 ,ess5ce ( ,pat*'ouli4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,de ,,pat*\lie1 ,,esprit ,,de ,,p\* ,p,t ,fr44 ,prep4 #a4 ,indian pat*\li 7leaves or foliace\s tops71 #b-a_/b lb42 rectifi$ _s1 #i p9ts2 dige/ = a week2 add ( wat]1 #a gall42 oil ( lav5d] 7,mit*am71 #c dr42 common salt1 #b lbs42 agitate well toge!r1 di/il ov] 7rapidly7 #a gallon1 & add ( ess5ce ( musk1 #c-a_/b fl4 dr4 ,a v fa%ionable p]fume4 ,ess5ce ( pat*\li1 ?us prep>$1 has be5 l>gely us$1 bo? at c\rt & by ! nobility g5]ally4 #b4 ,pat*\li1 #c oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 dige/ a week1 press1 & filt]4 ,a /ill common] k9d is made ) pro( _s4 ,ess5ce ( ,pe>4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,j>gonelle4 ,ess5ce ( ,p5'nyroyal4 ,see ,,ess5tia ,,pulegii1 ,e4 ,,m5? ,p41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f p5nyroyal 7,m5?a pulegium71 z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,pepp]m9t4 ,/imulant1 c>m9ative1 & emm5agogue4 ,us$ 9 disp5s+1 especially to make extemporane\s p5nyroyal wat]4 ,ess5ce ( ,pep'p]m9t4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,m5? ,,pip]it 7,b4 ,p47 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,oil ( pepp]m9t1 #a "p2 rectifi$ _s1 #d p>ts4 ,mix4--,dose1 #aj to #bj m9ims4 #b4 ,to ! la/ add ( h]b pepp]m9t1 p>sley leaves1 or sp9a* leaves 7pref]ably "o ( ! fir/ two71 #a_/b oz41 & dige/ = a week1 or until suffici5tly col\r$4 ,sap gre5 7#aj or #ab gr41 rubb$ up ) a teaspoonful ( hot wat]7 is also us$ = ! same purpose4 ,a delicate light gre54 #c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,oil ( pepp]m9t1 #b fl4 oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #af fl4 oz4 ,obs4 ,ess5ce ( pepp]m9t is n conceiv$ to be good by ! ignorant unless x has a pale-gre5i% t9t1 :i* !y take z a pro( ( its be+ g5u9e4 ,! mo/ h>mless way ( t++ x is t indicat$ above4 ,a little gre5 m9t or p>sley w1 inde$1 be f\nd to improve ! flav\r4 ,^! additions are q h>mless4 ,! practice ( us+ cupre\s salts1 adopt$ by "s lazy & unpr9cipl$ mak]s1 is unp>donable1 & admits ( no excuse1 ev5 a lame "o1 z n ! lea/ advantage1 ei!r ( conv5i5ce1 co/1 or appe>ance1 results f su* a practice1 :ile ! col\r+ matt]1 ?\gh small 9 quantity1 is nev]!less suffici5t to imp>t a noxi\s quality to ! liquid4 ,?is fraud may be detect$ by ! addition ( liquor ( ammonia 9 excess1 :i* w /rike a blui% or gre5i%-blue col\r :5 copp] is pres5t4 ,ess5ce ( pepp]m9t 7l t ( mo/ ( ! o!r aromatic oils7 is cordial1 /imulant1 & /oma*ic4 ,a few drops 7#aj to #cj7 on sug>1 or mix$ ) a little wat] or w9e1 is an excell5t rem$y 9 flatul5ce1 colic1 nausea1 sickness1 c4 ,x is also ext5sively us$ z a flav\r+ +r$i5t by cooks1 confection]s1 & druggi/s4 ,a few drops1 well agitat$ ) half a p9t ( cold wat]1 =m an excell5t extemporane\s pepp]m9t wat]4 ,! =mul #a & #b1 g5]ally ! latt]1 are ^? employ$ by ! respectable portion ( ! ,london trade4 ,! v>i\s publi%$ receipts = ?is & simil> ess5ces1 ord]+ ! ess5tial oil 9 a l>g] proportion ?an t direct$ above1 are nev] adopt$ 9 practice1 & _! products 7(t5 impossible comb9ations7 exi/ only 9 ! imag9ations ( ! writ]s4 ,ess5ce ( ,pim5'to4 ,see ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,allspice4 ,ess5ce ( ,p9e-apple4 ,f p9e-apple oil 7butyric e!r1 butyrate ( e?yl71 z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,almonds4 ,x =ms a delici\s flav\r+ = liqueurs1 confection]y1 rum1 c4 ,see ,,e!r & ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,ess5ce ( ,quas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,quassi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f quassia 7slic$71 #a-a_/b oz42 pro( _s1 #a p9t2 dige/ #aj days1 & filt]2 #a_/b fl4 dr4 add$ to #g-a_/b fl4 dr4 ( wat]1 =ms ! infusion ( quassia1 ( ! ,ph4 ,l4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 9 wat] or w9e1 an h\r be=e a meal1 z a /oma*ic tonic1 9 dyspepsia1 loss ( appetite1 c41 p>ticul>ly :5 complicat$ ) g\t2 #a to #b dr41 ?ree or f\r times daily1 z a febrifuge1 & antiseptic1 9 int]mitt5ts1 putrid fev]s1 c4 #b4 7,brew]'s74--a4 ,f p[d]$ quassia 7spr9kl$ ) a little rum7 & foots 7co>se moi/ sug> or sug> bottoms71 equal p>ts1 r$uc$ to ! consi/5ce ( a semi-fluid extract by ! addition ( a few spoonfuls ( wat]4 ,= ale4 b4 ,f p[d]$ quassia1 #a "p2 burnt sug> col\r+1 #b p>ts2 well /irr$ toge!r4 ,= port] & /\t4 ,bo? are us$ by fraudul5t brew]s z sub/itutes = hops4 ,ess5ce ( ,qu9'ine4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,qu91 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f disulphate ( qu99e1 #a-a_/b oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b p9t2 dige/ ) w>m?1 gradually dropp+ 9 a little dilute sulphuric acid 7avoid+ excess71 & employ+ con/ant agitation until ! :ole is dissolv$4 #a fl4 dr41 add$ to #g dr4 ( pro( _s1 =ms ! ',,t9cture ,,( ,,qu99e' 7,ph4 ,l474 ,e fl4 dr4 conta9s #h gr4 ( disulphate ( qu99e1 or ab\t #aj gr4 ( ! neutral sulphate4 ,if m sulphuric acid is add$ ?an is suffici5t to dissolve ! salt 7i4 e4 conv]t x into a neutral sulphate71 ! solution is apt to deposit "p ( x on keep+1 ow+ to ! gradual =mation ( e!r1 by ! action ( ! excess ( acid on ! alcohol4 ,ess5ce ( ,rat'afia4 ,! same z ,ess5ce ( ,almonds4 ,s call$ f be+ us$ to flav\r ratafias1 noyeau1 & o!r liqueurs4 ,ess5ce ( ,rhu'b>b4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,rhei1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f rhub>b 79 p[d]7 & silice\s s&1 ( ea* #e oz42 pro( _s1 #a p9t2 by ! me?od ( displacem5t4 ,e fl4 oz4 repres5ts ! active virtues ( #b dr4 ( rhub>b4 ,ess5ce ( ,rondele'tia4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ess5ce 7oil7 ( b]gamotte1 ess5ce 7oil7 ( lemon1 & oil ( cloves1 ( ea* #a dr42 otto ( roses1 #aj drops2 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t4 #b4 ,to ! la/ add1 ( oil ( lav5d]1 #a dr42 n]oli1 #ae drops4 ,a v fa%ionable & agreeable p]fume4 ,ess5ce ( ,rose'm>y4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,rosem>9i1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f oil ( rosem>y1 z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,allspice4 ,us$ z a p]fume2 also to make extemporane\s rosem>y wat]4 ,ess5ce ( ,ro'ses4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,ros 7,,odorata71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,att> ( roses 7g5u9e71 #b dr42 alcohol1 #a p9t2 agitate frequ5tly until !y unite4 #b4 ,att> ( roses1 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a gall42 mix 9 a close vessel1 & assi/ ! solution by plac+ x 9 a ba? ( hot wat]4 7,see ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,musk47 ,z soon z ! _s gets w>m1 take x f ! wat] & %ake x till q cold2 ! next day filt]4--,obs4 ,unless ! _s ( w9e is ( m ?an ! common /r5g?1 x w n reta9 ! :ole ( ! otto 9 solution 9 v cold wea!r4 #c4 ,to ea* p9t ( ei!r ( ! prec$+1 add1 ( oil ( b]gamotte1 #cj drops2 n]oli & ess5ce ( musk1 ( ea* #bj drops4 #d4 ,petals ( roses1 #c lbs41 dige/ 9 _s ( w9e1 #e qu>ts1 = #bd h\rs2 di/il to dryness 9 a wat] ba?2 dige/ ! di/ill$ _s on #b lbs4 ( fre% rose petals1 z be=e1 & repeat ! :ole process ( mac]ation & di/illation1 a ?ird1 f\r?1 fif?1 & six? "t1 or (t5]1 ! la/ "t only draw+ ov] #a gall41 :i* is ! ess5ce4 ,ea* ( ! above is v sup]ior4 ,! la/ has a peculi> delicacy ( flav\r1 :5 ! _s us$ to make x is pure4 ,ess5ce ( ,roses 7,r$74 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,ros 7,,rubra71 ,,t9ctura ,e4 ,,conc5trata1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f rose leaves1 #a lb42 pro( _s1 #a gall42 dige/ = #ad days1 press1 /ra91 add conc5trat$ acetic acid1 #b-a_/b fl4 dr42 mix well1 & ! next day filt]4 ,us$ to make extemporane\s ,,syrup & ,,honey ,,( ,,roses1 c4 ,smells1 col\rs1 & ta/es /rongly ( ! fl[]4 ,,conc5trat$ ,,infusion ,,( ,,roses is sold "u ! same "n4 ,ess5ce ,royale4 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,s\beiran47 ,amb]gris1 #dj gr42 musk1 #bj gr42 civet & c>bonate ( potassa1 ( ea* #aj gr42 oil ( c9namon1 #f drops2 oil ( rhodium & otto ( roses1 ( ea* #d drops2 rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #d fl4 oz4 7say #a_/d p9t72 mac]ate = #aj days or long]4 ,antispasmodic & aphrodisiac4 ,a few drops on sug>1 or 9 syrup ( capillaire4 #b4 ,see ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,amb]gris4 ,ess5ce ( ,s>sap>il'la4 ,syn4 ,,conc5trat$ ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,s>sap>illa2 ,,ess5tia ,,s>s2 ,e4 ,,s>sap>ill2 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,s>sap>illa root 7be/ r$ ,jamaica71 #b-c_/d lbs41 is c>efully decorticat$1 ! b>k r$uc$ to co>se p[d]1 & dige/$ = a week or #aj days 9 %]ry1 #c_/d p9t1 & rectifi$ _s1 #a_/d p9t1 ) frequ5t agitation2 aft] :i* ! ess5ce is express$1 & 9 a week ! cle> portion is decant$ f ! s$im5t4 ,a v elegant prep>ation4 #a_/b fl4 dr4 add$ to #g fl4 dr4 ( wat] =ms #a fl4 oz4 ( a solution ( equal /r5g? to decoction ( s>sap>illa ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 ,e fl4 oz4 repres5ts ! active pr9ciples ( #b oz4 7 #b oz4 #he gr4 avoir47 ( s>sap>illa root4 ,9 o!r words1 x is twice z /rong z ! root1 & #af times z /rong z ! decoction4 #b4 ,alcoholic extract ( s>sap>illa1 #g oz42 %]ry1 #c_/d p9t2 rectifi$ _s1 #a_/d p9t2 dissolve & filt]4 ,/r5g? z ! la/4 #c4 7,b]al47 ,alcohol extract1 #d oz42 %]ry w9e1 #a p9t2 dissolve & filt]4 ,ab\t #c fl4 dr41 add$ to wat]1 #a p9t1 =m an extemporane\s decoction4 #d4 7,guib\rt47 ,alcoholic extract1 #d oz42 :ite w9e1 #a lb4 ,/r5g? ! same z ,nos4 #a & #b 7ne>ly74 #e4 7,h5+47 ,s>sap>illa 7bruis$71 #aj oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #f p9ts2 mac]ate at a temp]ature ( #abj ,fahr4 = six h\rs & /ra92 repeat ) ! same quantity ( fre% wat]2 mix ! liquors1 & evaporate 9 *9a vessels at #afj ,fahr4 ,if r$uc$ to #aj fl4 oz4 7or to #i fl4 oz41 ) #a fl4 oz4 ( rectifi$ _s add$71 #a fl4 dr41 mix$ ) #g fl4 dr4 ( wat]1 w be equal to ! decoction ( ! usual /r5g?4 ,if r$uc$ to #e fl4 oz4 #a fl4 dr4 w be equal to #b fl4 oz4 ( ! decoction4 #f4 ,! b>k sep>at$ f s>sap>illa root1 #b-c_/d lbs41 is exhau/$ ) wat] z la/2 ! liquid is evaporat$ z quickly z possible1 9 a wat] ba?1 to #af fl4 oz41 & :5 cold1 mix$ ) rectifi$ _s1 #d fl4 oz4 ,/r5g? same z ,no4 #a4 #g4 ,! infusion 9 ,no4 #f is evaporat$ to #aj-a_/b fl4 oz41 & :5 cold mix$ ) %]ry1 #a_/b p9t2 9 a week ! cle> portion is decant$ f ! s$im5t4 ,/r5g? same z ,no4 #a4 ,obs4 ,! =mul ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #f1 & #g h ea* 9 turn be5 ext5sively employ$ by u 9 ! laboratory ) ! mo/ satisfactory results4 ,see ,,liquor ,,( ,,s>sap>illa4 ,ess5ce ( ,s>sap>illa 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,s>sap>ill ,,composita1 ,e4 ,,s>s ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,"o p9t ( ,no4 #a1 #b1 #f1 or #g 7above71 is triturat$ ) ! extract prep>$ f mez]eon b>k1 #c-a_/d oz41 & extract ( liquorice1 #d oz42 :5 mix$ x is return$ to ! bottle1 & ess5ce ( guaiacum1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr41 & oil ( sassafras1 #bj drops1 are add$1 ! :ole is !n well agitat$ = at lea/ #ae m9utes1 & aft] a week's repose ! cle> portion is decant$ z be=e4 #a_/b fl4 dr41 ) #g-a_/b fl4 dr4 ( wat]1 =ms extemporane\s comp\nd decoction ( s>sap>illa4 #b4 7,cadet47 ,s>sap>illa 7bruis$71 #h oz42 hot wat]1 q4 s42 exhau/ ! root by successive mac]ations2 unite ! liquors1 & evaporate to #aj fl4 oz42 /ra91 & add1 :5 cold1 ( alcohol 7#hdb7 & t9ctures ( guaiacum & mez]eon1 ( ea* #d fl4 dr42 :ite w9e1 #a fl4 oz42 oil ( sassafras1 #ab drops2 extract ( liquorice1 #b dr42 agitate1 & aft] repose decant z be=e4 ,?is is ne>ly #h times z /rong z ',,dec4 ,,s>s ,,co4'--,ph4 ,l4 ,! fir/ is ! be/ =mula4 ,see ,,liquor ,,( ,,s>sap>illa 7,comp\nd74 ,ess5ce ( ,sa''vory ,spices4 ,prep4 #a4 ,black pepp]1 #d oz42 p[d]$ turm]ic1 #c dr42 cori&] se$s1 #a-a_/b dr4 7all gr\nd & g5u9e72 oil ( pim5to1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 oils ( nutmeg1 cloves1 cassia & c>away1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 dige/1 ) agitation1 = a =tnight4 ,v f9e4 #b4 ,black pepp]1 #c oz42 allspice1 #a-a_/d oz42 nutmegs & burnt sug>1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 cloves1 cassia1 cori&]1 & c>away se$s1 ( ea* #a dr4 7all bruis$ or gr\nd72 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 dige/ ) agitation1 z be=e1 = #ad days1 press1 & filt]4 ,us$ z a flav\r+4 ,:5 made ) pro( _s or br&y1 & only #a_/b ! above weight ( spice1 x is call$ ',,t9cture ,,( ,,savory ,,spices1' ,ess5ce ( ,s5'na4 ,see ,,liquor & ,,infusion 7,conc5trat$74 ,ess5ce ( ,smoke4 ,see ,,ess5ce1 ,,we/phalian4 ,ess5ce ( ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,_s ,,( ,,soap1 ,,%av+ ,,fluid2 ,,esprit ,,de ,,savon1 ,,ess5ce ,,de ,,savon1 ,,ess5ce ,,royale ,,p\r ,,faire ,,la ,,b>be1 ,fr42 ,,ess5tia ,,saponis1 ,,t9ctura ,,saponis ,,conc5trata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ca/ile soap 79 %av+s71 #d oz42 pro( _s1 #a p9t2 dissolve1 & add a little p]fume4 #b4 ,v5etian soap1 #c_/d lb42 salt ( t>t>1 #a oz42 b5zo91 #a_/b oz42 _s ( w9e1 #a gall4 #c4 ,be/ s(t soap1 #a_/d lb42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve1 cool1 & add1 oils ( c9namon 7cassia71 v]b5a1 & n]oli1 ( ea* #f drops2 dissolv$ 9 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 mix well1 & if n p]fectly transp>5t1 add a little m /rong _s1 or filt] ?r\gh blott+ pap]4 ,obs4 ,?is alcoholic solution ( soap is *iefly us$ = %av+1 & is v conv5i5t 9 travell+1 z a good la!r may be in/antly produc$ )\t ! tr\ble ( employ+ a soap-box4 ,in/ead ( ! above p]fumes1 #ae drops ( ess5ce ( musk or amb]gris1 or #cj drops ( any ( ! p]fum$ spirits1 or #c drops ( att> ( roses1 or #f drops ( any ( ! aromatic ess5tial oils1 may be add$1 :5 a correspond+ "n is giv5 to ! prep>ation1 z esprit de savon1 de la rose1 c4 #d4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,:ite soap1 #c oz42 c>bonate ( potassa1 #a dr42 pro( _s1 #ab oz42 dissolve4 ,us$ m$ic9ally4 ,!y are all us$ z frictions1 c4 #e4 7,,camphorat$1--,guib\rt47 ,:ite soap1 #c p>ts2 camphor1 #a "p2 _s ( rosem>y1 #af p>ts2 dissolve4 ,a v>iety ( opodeldoc4 ,us$ z an embrocation 9 rheumatic pa9s1 sore ?roat1 c4 ,ess5ce ( ,s\p ,h]bs4 ,syn4 ,,_s ,,( ,,s\p ,,h]bs1 ,,conc4 ,,t9cture ,,( ,s4 ,h41 c4 ,prep4 7,kit*5]'s47 ,lemon ?yme1 w9t] savory1 sweet m>joram1 & sweet bazil1 ( ea* #a oz42 lemon peel 7grat$71 & es*alots1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 bruis$ cel]y se$1 #a_/d oz42 pro( _s or br&y1 #a p9t2 dige/ = #aj days or a =tnight4 ,a sup]ior flav\r+ ess5ce = s\ps1 gravies1 c4 ,see ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,sav\ry ,,spices4 ,ess5ce ( ,spe>'m9t4 ,see ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,m9t4 ,ess5ce ( ,sprats4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,briti% ,,an*ovies4 ,f pickl$ sprats 7,briti% an*ovies71 z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,an*ovies1 = :i* x is commonly sold4 ,ess5ce ( ,spruce4 ,syn4 ,,fluid ,,extract ,,( ,,spruce2 ,,ess5tia ,,abietis1 ,,extractum ,a4 ,,fluidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,a decoction ( ! "y tops ( ! black spruce-fir ,abies nigra1 evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a ?ick syrup4 ,us$ to make spruce be]1 c4 ,ess5ce1 ,too?a*e4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,odontalgia1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,acetate ( morphia1 #a_/b dr42 t9cture ( pellitory ( ,spa9 7made ) rectifi$ _s71 #b fl4 oz42 acetic acid 7glacial71 #d fl4 dr42 dissolve1 & add ( oil ( cloves1 #f fl4 dr4 #b4 7,r$wood47 ,pellitory1 #a_/b lb42 extract ( belladonna1 #b dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 dige/ #ad days1 /ra91 & add1 ( hyponitr\s e!r1 #a oz42 oil ( w9e1 #a_/b oz42 oil ( cloves1 #b dr4 ,see ,,drops 7,odontalgic74 ,ess5ce ( ,tu''b]ose4 ,prep4 ,! fl[]s are /ratifi$ ) %eep's or cotton wool1 impregnat$ ) ! pure/ oil ( b5 or ( olives1 9 an e>!n vessel1 closely cov]$1 & kept = #ab h\rs 9 a wat] ba?2 ! fl[]s are !n remov$1 & fre% ones sub/itut$1 & ?is is repeat$ until ! oil 7,,huile ,,au ,,tub]ose7 is suffici5tly sc5t$4 ,! wool or cotton is !n mix$ ) ! pure/ _s ( w9e1 & di/ill$ 9 a wat] ba?2 or x is fir/ dige/$ 9 a w>m situation1 & 9 a well-clos$ vessel1 = sev]al days1 dur+ ! :ole ( :i* "t frequ5t agitation is _h rec\rse to4 ,a simil> plan is foll[$ = ! prep>ation ( ess5ces ( jasm9e1 violets1 & o!r l fl[]s4 ,see ,,_s4 ,ess5ce ( ,turtle4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,gre5 ,,turtle4 ,prep4 ,f ess5ce ( an*ovies & %allot w9e1 ( ea* #c oz42 basil w9e1 #a_/b p9t2 mu%room ket*up1 #a_/d p9t2 ! juice ( #b lemons2 ! yell[ peel ( #a lemon2 curry p[d]1 #a_/d oz42 dige/ = a week4 ,us$ to imp>t ! flav\r ( turtle to s\ps & gravies4 ,ess5ce ( ,tyre4 ,see ,,hair ,,dye4 ,ess5ce ( ,vanil'la4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,vanill1 ,,t9cture ,v4 ,,conc5trata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,vanilla 7cut small71 #b oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t1 dige/ a =tnight4 #b4 7,:olesale47 ,vanilla1 #b lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 #a gall42 proce$ z = ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,musk4 ,v sup]ior4 #c4 ,vanilla 7be/71 #c_/d lb42 _s ( ambrette1 #a qu>t2 cloves1 #cj gr42 gra9 musk1 #g gr42 z la/4 ,mu* e/eem$4 ,x is *iefly us$ z a p]fume & = flav\r+4 ,ess5ce ( ,v]be'na4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,lemon-,,grass1 ,e4 ,,( ,,citronelle2 ,,ess5tia ,,v]b51 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f oil ( lemon-grass or v]b5a 7,&ropogon citratum71 z ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,allspice4 #b4 ,to ! la/ add1 ( ess5ces ( amb]gris & b]gamotte 7oil71 ( ea* #a fl4 dr42 n]oli1 #a_/b fl4 dr4 #c4 ,to ,no4 #a4 add1 ( oils ( lav5d] & b]gamotte1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 ess5ce ( vanilla1 #b fl4 dr4 ,a p[]ful & refre%+ p]fume4 ,ess5ce ( ,vio'let4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,viol1 ,l42 ,,ess5ces ,,des ,,violettes1 ,fr4 ,see ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,tub]ose & ,,_s4 ,ess5ce ( ,vittie ,vayr4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,vetiv]2 ,,ess5ce ,,de ,,vittie ,,vayr ,,d\ble1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,vittie vayr or cuscus 7! root ( ,&ropogon muricatus1 cut small & bruis$71 #c lbs42 pro( _s1 #i p9ts2 dige/ a week1 add ( wat]1 #e p9ts1 & ! next day di/il ov] #a gall4 ( ess5ce4 #b4 ,to ! la/1 be=e di/illation1 add1 ( otto ( roses1 #a_/b dr42 eau de melisse 7_s ( balm71 #a_/b p9t2 & proce$ z be=e4 ,us$ z a p]fume4 ,9 #ahca x 0 mu* employ$ 9 ,p>is z a prophylactic ( *ol]a4 ,ess5ce1 ,volatile 7,acetic74 ,syn4 ,,pung5t ,,acetic ,,ess5ce2 ,,ess5tia ,,volatilis ,,acetica1 ,l4 ,aromatic v9eg>4 ,ess5ce1 ,volatile 7,ammoniacal74 ,syn4 ,,pung5t ,,ammoniacal ,,ess5ce1 ,,aromatic ,,ammoniacal ,e42 ,,ess5tia ,,volatilis1 ,e4 ,v4 ,,ammoniacalis1 ,e4 ,v4 ,,aromatica1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil ( c9namon1 #f drops2 otto ( roses1 #ab drops2 oil ( cloves1 #a fl4 dr42 ess5ce ( b]gamotte1 #b fl4 dr42 oil ( lav5d] 7,mit*am71 #d fl4 dr42 ess5ce ( musk1 #e fl4 dr42 liquor ( ammonia 7/ronge/71 #a p9t2 mix 9 a cold place1 & %ake ! bottle until ! :ole is comb9$4 #b4 ,ess5ce ( violets & oil ( c9namon1 ( ea* #ab drops2 n]oli1 ess5ce ( jasm9e1 & otto ( roses1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 oil ( lav5d]1 #a dr42 ess5ce royale & ess5ce 7oil7 ( b]gamotte1 ( ea* #b-a_/b dr42 liquor ( ammonia 7/ronge/71 #a p9t2 z ! la/4 #c4 ,oils ( lemon & b]gamotte1 ( ea* #e fl4 dr42 oil ( lav5d]1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 otto ( roses1 #a fl4 dr42 oils ( cassia1 n]oli1 cloves1 & c$rat1 ( ea* #a_/b fl4 dr42 oil ( s&al wood1 #ae drops2 liquor ( ammonia 7/ronge/71 #a p9t4 #d4 ,ess5ce ( b]gamotte1 #f fl4 dr42 oil ( lav5d]1 #d fl4 dr42 oil ( cloves1 #c fl4 dr42 oil ( cassia1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 oil ( v]b5a 7lemon-grass71 #a fl4 dr42 otto ( roses1 #cj drops2 liquor ( ammonia1 #ah fl4 oz4 #e4 7,r$wood47 ,oil ( b]gamotte1 #c oz42 ess5ce ( lemons1 #b oz42 oil ( lav5d]1 #f dr42 ess5ce ( jasm9e1 #d dr42 oil ( sassafras1 #c dr42 oil ( n]oli1 #b dr42 otto ( roses1 #a-a_/b dr42 oil ( origanum & ess5ce ( amb]gris1 ( ea* #a dr42 musk1 #bj gr42 mac]ate = a week1 & decant ! cle> portion4 ,x is add$ to ! /ronge/ liquor ( ammonia 9 proportion ( #a-a_/b oz4 to ! p9t4 ,obs4 ,! above are us$ to fill smell+-bottles4 ,!y are all v fragrant & refre%+4 ,ess5ce1 ,w>d's4 ,see ,,ess5ce ,,heada*e4 ,ess5ce ( ,wat]-f5'nel4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,phell&ri ,,aquatici1 ,e4 ,f,,oe,,niculis ,a41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cott]eau47 ,wat]-f5nel se$s 7f9e-leav$ wat]-hemlock1 bruis$71 #a oz42 pro( _s1 #d fl4 oz42 dige/4 ,n>cotic & pectoral4--,dose1 #e to #be drops1 comb9$ ) b>k2 9 ph?isis1 c4 ,ess5ce1 ,we/phalian4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,smoke1 ,e4 ,,( ,,wood-,,smoke1 ,,cambrian ,,ess5ce1 ,,smok+ ,,fluid2 ,,ess5tia ,,fulig9is1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,crude or empyreumatic pyroligne\s acid1 #a p9t2 sug> col\r+1 #b oz42 dissolve1 & 9 a week decant ! cle> portion4 #b4 ,t>1 #c dr42 sug> col\r+1 #b oz42 hot crude pyroligne\s acid1 #a p9t2 agitate con/antly = #a h\r1 & aft] repose decant ! cle> portion4 #c4 ,acetic acid 7,ph4 ,l471 #a p9t2 creasote1 #e dr42 mix4 ,:ite4 #d4 ,b>badoes t>1 #a_/d oz42 burnt sug> & common salt1 ( ea* #a oz42 /rong pickl+ v9eg>1 #c_/d p9t2 port or eld] w9e1 #a_/d p9t2 dige/ z be=e4 ,inf]ior to ! prec$+4 ,us$ to imp>t a smoky flav\r to meat1 fi%1 c41 by bru%+ x ov] !m1 or add+ a little to ! br9e 9 :i* !y are pickl$4 ,ess5ce ( ,worm'wood4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,am>a1 ,e4 ,,abs9?ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,extract ( wormwood1 #d oz42 oil ( wormwood1 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 dige/ a week & filt]4 ,tonic1 /oma*ic1 & v]mifuge4--,dose1 #aj drops to a teaspoonful4 #b4 7,van ,mons47 ,t9cture ( wormwood1 #a p9t2 salt ( wormwood1 #e dr42 extract ( wormwood1 #a dr42 dige/ z be=e4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b fl4 dr4 ,ess5ces1 ,fla''v\r+4 ,syn4 ,,cul9>y ,,ess5ces1 ,,spice ,e41 ,,ess5ces ,,= ,,! ,,table1 c4 ,^? us$ by cooks1 confection]s1 liqueuri/s1 c41 are all made by ei!r dissolv+ #a fl4 oz4 ( ! ess5tial oil ( ! p>ticul> sub/ance 9 #a p9t ( rectifi$ _s1 or by dige/+ #d to #f oz4 ( ! bruis$ spice1 or #e to #aj oz4 ( ! dri$ h]b1 9 a l quantity 7#a p9t7 ( _s4 ,! fir/ me?od is pref]able1 f be+ ! lea/ tr\blesome1 & yield+ ! f9e/ product4 ,!y are commonly labell$ ',,conc5trat$ ,,ess5ce ,,( ----4' ,an inf]ior article1 v5d$ "u ! names ( ',,ess5ces ,,( ,,cul9>y ,,h]bs1' ',,cul9>y ,,t9ctures1' ',,t9ctures ,,= ,,kit*5 ,,use1' c41 are prep>$ f half ! above quantity ( oil or spice1 infus$ 9 a p9t ( pro( _s or ,briti% br&y4 ,! pr9cipal comp\nds ( ?is class are ! ess5ces ( allspice1 c>away1 c>damoms1 cassia1 cay5ne1 cel]y se$1 c9namon1 cloves1 cori&] se$1 f5nel1 g>lic1 g+]1 lemon peel1 mace1 m>joram1 nutmegs1 orange peel1 pepp]m9t1 spe>m9t1 sweet basil1 & ! l4 ,! :ole ( ^! are employ$ to flav\r s\ps1 gravies1 sweetmeats1 pa/ry1 w9es1 mull$ w9es1 liqueurs1 c4 ,ess5ces1 ,fl[]4 ,^? = :i* sep>ate =mul are n giv5 9 ?is "w may mo/ ( !m be made f ! ess5tial oil ( ! fl[]s & rectifi$ _s1 z ! la/2 or by dige/+ ! fl[]s 7cru%$ or bruis$71 #c to #e lbs41 9 pro( _s1 #b galls41 = a few days1 & !n draw+ ov]1 by di/illation1 #a gall4 ,= ! ess5ces ( ^? fl[]s :i* are n /rongly odor\s1 ! _s ?us obta9$ is di/ill$ f a l quantity ( fl[]s1 a second1 & a ?ird "t1 or ev5 (t5]4 ,! ess5ces ( o!r organic sub/ances1 ^: fragrant pr9ciples are volatile1 may be prep>$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,a small quantity ( "s o!r odor\s ess5ce is frequ5tly add$ to ! product1 to enri* or modify ! fragrance4 ,see ,,fl[]s & ,,ess5ces ,,by ,,infusion4 ,ess5ces1 ,fra'grant4 ,see ,,fl[] ,,ess5ces 7above71 ,,ess5tia ,,odorata1 ,,p]fum]y1 c4 ,ess5ces1 ,fruit4 ,see ,,ess5ces ,,( ,,apple1 ,,p9e-,,apple1 ,,j>gonelle1 c4 ,ess5ces by ,infu'sion4 ,?is t]m1 among p]fum]s1 is commonly appli$ to ^? ess5ces1 eaux1 & esprits1 :i* are prep>$ by dige/+ ! +r$i5ts 9 ! _s us$ z ! vehicle = ! aroma1 9 opposition to ^? obta9$ by 'di/illation1' or by 'contact1' or 'pressure4' ,?us1 ! ,,ess5ces ,,( ,,amb]gris1 ,,musk1 & ,,vanilla1 are ( ?is class4 ,ess5ces1 ,vi'n\s4 ,syn4 ,,ess5tia ,,v9osa1 ,l4 ,^! are prep>$ 9 a simil> way to ! w9es 7,,v9a7 ( ! ph>macopoeia1 by us+ #h times ! usual quantity ( +r$i5ts1 & ! v /ronge/ %]ry w9e4 #a fl4 dr41 add$ to #g fl4 dr4 ( w9e or wat] 7prop]ly ! fir/ only71 =ms an extemporane\s imitation ( ! (fic9al ,,v9a ,,m$icata4 ,"s ( ! above are l>gely us$ 9 disp5s+1 & by travell]s4 ,see ,,liquor & ,,w9e4 ,,ess5tia ,,bi',,na4 ,see ,,col\r+4 ,ess5tia1 ,odora'ta4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil ( lav5d]1 #a dr42 oils ( cloves1 cassia1 & b]gamot1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 n]oli1 #bj drops2 ess5ce royale1 #b fl4 dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b p9t2 mix4 #b4 7,r$wood47 ,engli% oil ( lav5d]1 #dh drops2 oil ( cloves1 #cb drops2 oil ( orange peel1 #af drops2 oil ( b]gamotte & sweet _s ( nitre1 ( ea* #h drops2 oil ( yell[ s&al-wood1 n]oli1 & otto ( roses1 ( ea* #b drops2 oil ( c9namon1 #a drop2 rectifi$ _s1 & ess5ce ( amb]gris & musk1 ( ea* #a oz42 honey wat]1 #h oz42 mix4 ,us$ z a p]fume = ! h&k]*ief1 c4 ,! la/ =m seems unnecess>ily complicat$ & m9ute4 ,ess5tia ,odorif'era4 ,prep4 #a4 ,gra9 musk & balsam ( ,p]u1 ( ea* #aj gr42 civet1 #d gr42 oil ( cloves1 #e drops2 oil ( rhodium1 #c drops2 salt ( t>t> 7dri$ by a dull-r$ heat & cool$71 #a_/b dr42 rectifi$ _s 7/ronge/71 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 mac]ate = #ad days1 & p\r (f ! cle>4 #b4 ,oil ( rhodium & balsam ( ,p]u1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 oil ( cloves1 #a dr42 _s ( ammonia1 #b fl4 dr42 ess5ce ( civet & vanilla1 ( ea* #b fl4 oz42 ess5ce ( musk1 #e fl4 oz42 n]oli1 oils ( lav5d]1 v]b5a1 & cassia1 ( ea* #f drops4 ,z la/4 ,bo? are v pleasant1 durable1 & p[]ful p]fumes = p]sonal use4 ,,ess5tial ,,oil4 ,see ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,,ess5tial ,,salt ,,( ,,b>k4 ,see ,,b>k & ,extract4 ,,ess5tial ,,salt ,,( ,,lemons4 ,syn4 ,,salt ,,( ,,lemons2 ,,sal ,,limonum1 ,l4 ,! prep>ation sold "u ?is "n is made by mix+ cream ( t>t> 7bit>trate ( potassa7 ) twice its weight ( salt ( sorrel 7quadroxalate ( potassa71 bo? 9 f9e p[d]4 ,x is us$ to remove fruit /a9s1 c41 f l951 by rubb+ a little ( x on ! "p moi/5$ ) w>m wat]4 ,x is poison\s1 if swall[$ 9 quantity4 ,,et*',,+4 ,a species ( engrav+1 9 :i* ! design is =m$ on ! plate by ! action ( an acid1 or "s o!r fluid1 in/ead ( be+ cut out by ! grav]4 ,proc4 ,9 ! ,,ord9>y ,,process ,,( ,,et*+ ! plate is cov]$ ) 'et*+ gr\nd' 7an acid-resi/+ v>ni%71 & ! design is scrat*$ on ! metal ?r\gh ! gr\nd1 by means ( a po9t$ tool ( /eel call$ ! 'et*+ ne$le' or 'po9t4' ,a bord] ( wax is !n plac$ r\nd ! plate1 & ! 'bit+' fluid p\r$ on1 & all[$ to rema9 till ! 'lights' or f9e/ portions ( ! design are suffici5tly 'bitt5 91' ,! et*+ fluid is !n p\r$ (f1 ! plate wa%$1 & ! light p>ts '/opp$ out' ) ,brunswick black or o!r v>ni%2 ! solv5t is aga9 p\r$ on1 & all[$ to rema9 until ! f9e/ portion ( ! expos$ l9es are suffici5tly deep1 :5 ! acid is aga9 p\r$ (f1 & ! :ole process is repeat$ till ! v d>ke/ l9es or %ad[s are suffici5tly 'bitt5 91' ,! plate is !n clean$1 & is ready to be pr9t$ f4 ,occasionally ! et*$ design receives a few f9i%+ t\*es ) ! 'grav]4' ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( et*+1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal3--,,et*+ ,,) ,a ,,s(t ,,gr\nd1 :5 a coat+ ( l>d or tall[ is employ$1 & ! design is drawn on a piece ( pap]1 laid ev5ly on ! gr\nd1 by :i* means ! fatty matt] adh]es to ! pap]1 on ! p>ts press$ on by ! po9t or p5cil1 & ! copp] b5ea? becomes expos$1 & is !n act$ on by ! acid4 ,! effect resembles t ( *alk or p5cil draw+s4--,,/ippl+1 or execut+ ! design 9 dots in/ead ( l9es4--,,aquat9ta or ,,aquat9t1 a mode ( et*+ on copp] = produc+ an effect resembl+ a draw+ 9 ,indian ink4 ,x is p]=m$ by sift+ p[d]$ asphaltum or lac res9 on ! plate1 previ\sly slightly greas$1 &1 aft] %ak+ (f ! loose p[d]1 g5tly heat+ x ov] a *af+ di%2 on cool+1 ! lights are cov]$ ) turp5t9e v>ni% col\r$ ) lampblack1 by means ( a hair p5cil1 & a rim ( wax be+ plac$ r\nd ! plate1 a mixture ( 'aqua=tis' & wat] is p\r$ on x1 & all[$ to rema9 = #e or #f m9utes1 :5 x is p\r$ (f1 ! plate dri$1 & rec\rse _h to ! p5cil z be=e4 ,! process ( '/opp+' & 'et*+' is repeat$ aga9 & aga91 until ! d>ke/ %ades are produc$4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( us+ asphaltum1 an alcoholic solution ( %ell-lac or gum ma/ic is p\r$ ov] ! plate1 plac$ 9 a slant+ direction2 ?is v>ni% =ms a film1 :i*1 on dry+1 leaves innum]able cracks or m9ute fissures ?r\gh :i* ! acid acts on ! plate4 ,! f95ess or co>s5ess ( ! gra9 dep5ds entirely ^u ! condition ( ! p[d]$ asphaltum1 or on ! quantity ( matt] dissolv$ 9 ! _s employ$ to =m ! gr\nd4 ,! fluids employ$ = 'bit+ 9' ! designs v>y consid]ably1 almo/ e arti/ hav+ 8 own receipt4 ,aqua=tis1 m or less dilut$1 is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally employ$ = ,,copp]1 & ?is1 ) ! addition ( pyroligne\s acid1 = et*+ on ,,/eel2 b any fluid t rapidly dissolves ! metal may be us$ = ! purpose4 ,! 'et*+ gr\nd' may be =m$ ( any sub/ance capable ( resi/+ ! action ( ! et*+ fluid1 & :i* is1 at ! same "t1 suffici5tly s(t to all[ ( ! free use ( ! ne$le or po9t1 & suffici5tly solid to prev5t an injury to ! design dur+ ! 'scrat*+ 91' ,9 ,,et*+ ,,on ,,glass1 ! gr\nd is laid on1 & ! design 'scrat*$ 9' 9 ! usual way1 :5 liquid hydr(luoric acid is appli$1 or ! glass is expos$ to ! action ( hydr(luoric acid gas4 ,! =m] r5d]s ! surface ( ! et*+ transp>5t1 ! latt] opaque4 ,a simple modification ( ! process is to wet ! design ) sulphuric acid1 & !n to spr9kle on "s f9ely pulv]is$ fluor sp> 7fluoride ( calcium71 by :i* means hydr(luoric acid is set free & attacks ! glass4 ,?is me?od may be v easily appli$ to ! graduation ( glass vessels1 !rmomet] tubes1 c4 ,,et*+ ,,on ,,glass ,,by ,,electricity4 ,plant 7',ann4 ,*em4 ,phys4' #e1 xiii1 #adc-add74 ,! au?or _h previ\sly drawn att5tion to ! fact t :5 an electric curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh sal9e solutions 9 glass vessels1 plat9um wire s]v+ z electrodes1 ! glass is imm$iately attack$1 & he !re=e proposes ! foll[+ me?od = et*+ on glass3 ,! surface ( ! glass to be engrav$ is coat$ ) a conc5trat$ solution ( potassium nitrate1 & b5ea? ! lay] ( liquid a plat9um wire1 connect$ ) "o ( ! poles ( a batt]y1 is /ret*$ across ! plate4 ,) ! o!r pole is connect$ ano!r plat9um wire1 ! :ole ( :i*1 except ! po9t1 is insulat$2 ) ?is ! designs are drawn on ! glass1 :i* is engrav$ :]ev] ! wire comes 9 contact ) x1 fla%es ( light be+ emitt$ at ! same "t4 ,! dep? ( engrav+ dep5ds on ! rate at :i* ! plat9um wire moves2 ! sl[] ! rate ! deep] ! l9e4 ,a ,,rapid ,,me?od ,,( ,,et*+ ,,on ,,iron ,,or ,,/eel1 capable ( v g5]al application1 is z foll[s3--,! metal is w>m$ until x is capable ( melt+ a piece ( beeswax1 or 'et*+ gr\nd1' :i* is !n c>efully rubb$ ov] x1 s z to =m a ?9 & ev5 coat+2 :5 cold1 ! design is 'scrat*$ 9' 9 ! common way2 a little p[d]$ iod9e is !n spr9kl$ on ! expos$ p>ts1 & at ! same "t a few drops ( wat] are add$1 & ! two work$ into a liquid pa/e ) a camel-hair p5cil4 ,! pa/e is !n mov$ ab\t ov] ! int5d$ et*+1 = a p]iod v>y+ f "o to five m9utes1 accord+ to ! dep? ( ! l9es requir$ to be produc$4 ,aft]w>ds ! :ole is remov$1 & reappli$1 c41 z ) ! usual et*+ fluids4 ,! same et*+-pa/e1 by be+ kept = a few days1 aga9 acquires ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ iron1 & may be us$ aga9 & aga92 b indep5d5tly ( ?is1 ! iodide ( iron =m$ dur+ ! process1 if rapidly evaporat$ to dryness 9 a clean iron vessel by a mod]ate heat1 & plac$ 9 /opp]$ bottles1 w sell = m ?an ! orig9al co/ ( ! iod9e4 ,to travell]s & amateurs :o amuse !mselves ) ! delightful art ( et*+1 iod9e1 f its portability & conv5i5ce1 w1 d\btless1 prove invaluable4 ,we h adopt$ x ) consid]able success1 & h f\nd x especially useful 9 m>k+ surgical in/rum5ts1 razors1 & o!r edge tools4 ,we publi%$ ?is me?od _m ye>s ago4 ,sev]al p>ties h s9ce avail$ !mselves ( our sugge/ions & =mul1 b )\t ! slighte/ ackn[l$gm5t ( ! s\rce f :i* !y obta9$ !m4 7,a4 ,j4 ,cooley47 ,et*+1 ,electro-4 ,?is mode ( et*+1 :i* is 9 _m respects sup]ior to ! ord9>y mode1 is bas$ ^u ! de/ructive action ( c]ta9 'anions' dur+ 'electrolysis4'#bha ,if two plates ( copp] be connect$ ) ! opposite ends ( a voltaic batt]y1 & plac$ 9 a vessel conta9+ v dilute sulphuric acid1 ! plate connect$ ) ! copp] ( ! batt]y w be attack$ by ! anion oxyg5 :i* is releas$ dur+ ! decomposition ( ! acid4 ,?is de/ructive action c be localis$ at pleasure by cov]+ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! plate ) a protect+ /ratum ( v>ni%1 ord9>y 'et*+ gr\nd' = in/ance4 ,9 ! practice ( electro-et*+1 ! draw+ is 'scrat*$ 9' 9 ! usual way ?r\gh an ord9>y gr\nd2 a /\t wire is !n sold]$ to ! plate1 & ?is1 z well z ! back ( ! plate1 is coat$ ) seal+-wax v>ni%4 ,?us prep>$1 ! plate is plac$ 9 a suitable 'decomposition cell' opposite a plate ( some:at simil> size1 & ! two are connect$ respectively ) ! copp] & z9c ( a ',daniell's cell1' or ! silv] & z9c ( a ',smee's cell4'#bhb ,aft] ab\t t5 m9utes ! plate is remov$1 wa%$1 & dri$2 & :5 ! 'f9e "w' has be5 /opp$ out ) ,brunswick black1 x is return$ = ano!r space ( t5 m9utes4 ,by alt]nately expos+ ! plate to ! action ( ! decompos+ fluid1 & '/opp+ out' p>ts ( ! "w1 ! requir$ gradation 9 t9ts is obta9$4 ,! exact duration ( ! v>i\s exposures1 z well z _! numb]1 mu/1 ( c\rse1 be regulat$ by circum/ances4 ,see ,,et*+ ,,fluids 7bel[74 ,footnote #bha3 ,see ,,electrolysis & ,,electrotype1 pages #dbh & #dbi4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,see ,,voltaic ,,electricity4 ,et*+ ,fluids4 #a4 7,= ,,copp]47--a4 ,f 'aqua=tis1' #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 wat]1 #e fl4 oz42 mix4 b4 ,to ! la/ add ( v]digris1 #a oz42 wat]1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,= light t\*es4 c4 7,,eau ,,=te1--,callot & ,piranesi47 ,alum1 sal-ammoniac1 sea salt1 & v]digris1 ( ea* #d oz42 v9eg> 7pyroligne\s acid71 #h fl4 oz42 wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 mix1 dissolve1 boil = #a or #b m9utes 9 a glaz$ or /onew>e vessel1 cool1 & decant ! cle> portion4 ,us$ z ! la/4 d4 ,wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,us$ 9 ! process ( electro-et*+4 #b4 7,= ,,/eel47--a4 ,f iod9e1 #a oz42 iron fil+s or wire1 #a_/b dr42 wat]1 #d fl4 oz4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 a /opp]$ bottle1 until requir$ = use4 b4 ,f iod9e1 #c dr42 iodide ( potassium1 #a dr42 pro( _s1 #a fl4 oz42 wat]1 #b fl4 oz4 ,z ! la/4 c4 7,mr ,turrel47 ,pyroligne\s acid1 #d fl4 oz42 alcohol 7rectifi$ _s71 #a fl4 oz42 mix1 & add ( nitric acid or d\ble aqua=tis 7sp4 gr4 #abh71 #a fl4 oz4 d4 ,f hydro*loric acid1 #e p>ts2 wat]1 #ie p>ts2 mix1 & add ! liquid to a solution ( *lorate ( potassa1 #a "p1 9 wat]1 #ej p>ts4 e4 ,a solution ( common salt4 ,us$ 9 ! process ( electro-et*+4 ,et*+ ,gr\nd4 ,syn4 ,,et*+ ,,v>ni%4 ,prep4 #a4 ,beeswax1 #e p>ts2 l9se$ oil1 #a "p2 melt$ toge!r4 #b4 7,callot's ,,h>d ,,v>ni%1 ,,flor5t9e ,v41 ,,flor5ce ,v47 ,f l9se$ oil & ma/ic1 equal p>ts1 melt$ toge!r4 #c4 7,callot's ,,s(t ,,v>ni%47 ,f l9se$ oil1 #d oz42 gum b5zo9 & :ite wax1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 boil to two ?irds4 #d4 7,lawr5ce47 ,:ite wax1 #b oz42 black pit* & ,burgundy pit*1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 melt1 add by degrees1 ( p[d]$ asphaltum1 #b oz42 & boil toge!r1 until a piece1 :5 ?or\ghly cold1 w break by be+ b5t d\ble #b or #c times betwe5 ! f+]s2 next p\r x into w>m wat]1 make x into small balls1 & place ea* ( !m 9 a piece ( taffety = use4 ,obs4 ,! prec$+ compositions are appli$ to ! surface ( ! plates1 previ\sly made suffici5tly w>m to melt !m easily1 _! ev5 diffusion be+ promot$ by dabb+ !m ) a wad ( cotton4 ,^? t are :ite are !n g5]ally black5$ on ! surface by skilfully pass+ !m ov] ! smoky flame ( "o or m c&les1 by :i* ! m>ks ( ! et*+ po9t on ! bright metal are r5d]$ ! m visible4 ,e',,!r4 ,syn4 ,,oxide ,,( ,,e?yl4 ,describ$ "u ,,e?yl1 ,,oxide ,,(4 ,sev]al sub/ances are kn[n "u ! "n ( e!rs besides ! true e!rs or salts ( e?yl1 & are giv5 bel[4 ,e!r ( ,can?>'ides4 ,syn4 ,,!r ,,can?>idalis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,,oett+]47 ,f p[d]$ can?>ides1 #a "p2 e!r1 #b p>ts2 dige/$ toge!r = #c or #d days1 & ! t9cture express$4 ,us$ z a vesicant1 c4 ,e!r1 ,*lo''ric4 ,?is "n 0 appli$ by ,dr ,t4 ,?omson to ! ,,*loride ,,( ,,olefiant ,,gas1 or ',,dut* ,,liquid1' & aft]w>ds1 by ,gu?rie & ,silliman1 to ,,*lor(orm1 :i* !y took = an alcoholic solution ( *loride ( olefiant gas4 ,x n[ =ms "o ( ! synonyms ( *lor(orm4 ,! m$ic9al ',,*loric ,,e!r' ( ! %ops is a solution ( *lor(orm1 #a "p1 9 rectifi$ _s #h p>ts2 ( :i* ! dose is #bj or #cj drops 9 wat]1 z an antispasmodic & anodyne4 ,see ,,*lor(orm4 ,e!r1 ,*lor9et't$4 ,=m$ by ! action ( dry *lor9e on pure e!r4 ,:5 ! action is long cont9u$1 a heavy1 oily product 7,,bi*lor9ett$ ,,e!r71 smell+ l f5nel1 is =m$4 ,by ! /ill fur!r action ( *lor9e1 aid$ by sunlight1 a :ite1 cry/all9e sub/ance 7,,p5ta*lor9ett$ ,,e!r71 a comp\nd resembl+ sesqui*loride ( c>bon1 is obta9$4 ,e!r1 ,cu''pre\s4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,cupri ,,*loridi ,,!rea1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,van ,mons47 ,sulphate ( copp]1 #f p>ts1 & *loride ( b>ium1 #e p>ts1 are triturat$ toge!r1 & ! mixture dige/$ 9 e!r1 #c or #d p>ts1 until all ! *loride ( copp] is dissolv$4--,dose1 #b to #e drops2 9 epilepsy1 c4 ,e!r1 ,me?y'lic4 ,syn4 ,,oxide ,,( ,,me?yl1 ,,wood-,,e!r1 ,,me?yl-,,e!r2 ,,!r ,,me?ylicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f wood _s1 #a "p2 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 #d p>ts2 mix 9 a retort1 apply heat1 pass ! evolv$ gas 7me?ylic e!r7 ?r\gh a little /rong solution ( potassa1 & !n collect x ov] m]cury4 ,see ,,me?yl4 ,e!r1 ,spirits ( ,nitr\s4 ,see ,,spirits4 ,e!r1 ,wa%$4 ,syn4 ,,!r ,,lotus1 ,l4 ,ord9>y e!r1 agitat$ fir/ ) #b or #c times its volume ( di/ill$ wat]1 & a few gra9s ( c>bonate ( potassa1 or a few drops ( milk ( lime2 & aft] decantation1 aga9 agitat$ ) a l quantity ( wat] only4 ,us$ = inhalations4 ,= o!r purposes ! wa%$ e!r is aft]w>ds dige/$ on *loride ( calcium1 to deprive x ( reta9$ wat]4 ,e',,!r94 ,syn4 ,,camphor ,,( ,,oil ,,( ,,w9e4 ,a volatile1 :ite1 cry/all9e sub/ance1 deposit$ by light oil ( w9e :5 left 9 a cold situation = "s "t4 ,x is isom]ic ) e!role1 & receiv$ its "n f ! assumption ( its be+ ! base ( ! e!real comp\nds4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 e!r is a hydrate ( e!r94 ,e!r9 =ms brilliant prisms & plates2 is ta/eless2 soluble 9 alcohol & e!r2 fuses at #bcj ,fahr41 & boils at #ejj ,fahr42 & is a little light] ?an wat]4 ,! cry/als are purifi$ by pressure betwe5 ! folds ( bibul\s pap]1 solution 9 e!r1 & evaporation4 ,e',,!role4 ,! yell[i%1 oily liquid1 =m+ ! residual portion ( light oil ( w9e1 aft] x has deposit$ its e!r94 ,x is light] ?an wat]2 is freely soluble 9 bo? alcohol & e!r2 & has a r high boil+-po9t4 ,see ,,e!r9 & ,,oil ,,( ,,w9e4 ,,e?ion',,ic ,,ac',,id4 ,prep4 ,an alcoholic solution ( ! cry/als ( sulphate ( c>byle is dilut$ ) wat]1 ! :ole neutralis$ ) c>bonate ( b>yta1 ! filt]$ liquid evaporat$ by a v g5tle heat to a small bulk1 & a l>ge quantity ( alcohol add$2 ! precipitate 7e?ionate ( b>yta7 is treat$ 7cauti\sly7 ) dilute sulphuric acid 7avoid+ excess71 by :i* ! b>yta is )drawn1 & e?ionic acid left 9 solution4 ,prop41 c4 ,e?ionic acid closely resembles sulphov9ic acid4 ,x is decompos$ by heat4 ,its salts 7e?ionates71 h[ev]1 diff] completely f ! sulphov9ates4 ,!y are all soluble 9 wat]1 & are said to be anhydr\s4 ,! e?ionates ( ammonia1 potassa1 & soda cry/allise readily2 ^? ( lead1 b>yta1 lime1 & ! o!r e>?s are uncry/allisable4 ,see ,,ise?ionic ,,acid1 & bel[4 ,,e?ion',,ic ,,anhy',,dride4 ,prep4 ,pure & dry olefiant gas is pass$ ov] anhydr\s sulphuric acid 7'sulphuric anhydride'7 conta9$ 9 a ,u-%ap$ tube4 ,prop41 c4 ,:5 ?us produc$1 x is 9 :ite1 milky cry/als1 :i* spe$ily deliquesce 9 ! air1 giv+ rise to e?ionic acid4 ,x is simil> 9 appe>ance1 & probably id5tical )1 'sulphate ( c>byle1' :i* results f ! absorption ( ! vap\r ( anhydr\s sulphuric acid by absolute alcohol4 ,e',,?iops4 ,syn4 ,,?iops1 ,l4 ,a "n giv5 by ! old] *emi/s to sev]al black p[d]s on acc\nt ( _! col\r1 & /ill occasionally employ$ 9 m$ical works4 ,e?iops1 ,graphi'tic4 ,syn4 ,,e?iops ,,( ,,plumbago2 ,,?iops ,,graphiticus1 ,l4 ,f plumbago1 #b p>ts2 quicksilv]1 #a "p2 triturat$ toge!r until ! globules disappe>4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 9 h]pes1 & "s o!r ob/9ate sk9 diseases4 ,e?iops1 ,m>tial4 ,black oxide ( iron1 prep>$ by keep+ iron fil+s "u wat]1 & occasionally %ak+ !m4 ,x is wa%$ ) wat]1 dri$ z quickly z possible1 & pres]v$ f ! air1 to prev5t fur!r oxidation4 ,=m]ly mu* e/eem$ z a tonic4 ,e?iops1 ,m9'eral4 ,syn4 ,,e?iops ,,m9]al2 ,,?iops ,,m9]alis1 ,,hydr>gyri ,,sulphuretum ,,cum ,,sulphure1 ,l4 ,black sulphuret ( m]cury1 ) excess ( sulphur4 7,tyson's47 ,oxide ( m]cury 7prep>$ by decompos+ calomel ) an equival5t proportion ( liquor ( potassa to :i* a little liquor ( ammonia has be5 add$7 & fl[]s ( sulphur1 equal p>ts1 triturat$ toge!r4 ,?is is recomm5d$ z an effici5t sub/itute = ! old & unc]ta9 prep>ation commonly sold "u ! "n ( ,e?iops m9]al4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( m ?an d\ble ! usual /r5g?1 & %\ld !re=e be tak5 9 proportionate doses4 ,see ,,m]cury 7,sulphide74 ,e?iops1 ,veg'etable4 ,syn4 ,,?iops ,,vegetabilis1 ,,pulvus ,,qu]c,s ,,m>91 ,l4 ,bladd] wrack 7,fucus vesiculosus71 burn$ 9 a close vessel till x becomes black & friable4 ,us$ 9 bron*ocele1 scr(ula1 c4 ,l burnt sponge1 x owes its virtues to ! pres5ce ( a v m9ute quantity ( iod9e4--,dose1 #bj gr4 to #a dr41 or m1 made into an electu>y ) honey or sug>4 ,e',,?yl4 ,c#b;,h#e4 ,syn4 ,,e?yle4 ,! hydroc>bon assum$ to be ! radical ( ! e!r-comp\nds 7e?yl-s]ies74 ,a body conta9+ c>bon & hydrog5 9 ! proportions indicat$ by ! =mula ( e?yl1 #b7;,c#b;,h#e71 has be5 obta9$ by expos+ dry iodide ( e?yl 9 seal$ tubes = sev]al h\rs to ! action ( f9ely divid$ z9c1 at a temp]ature ( f #cbj to #cch ,fahr4 ,9 ?is reaction ! iod9e ( ! iodide ( e?yl comb9es ) ! z9c1 & ! hydroc>bon suppos$ to be e?yl is set free4 ,on op5+ ! seal$ tubes & all[+ ! gas 7:i* is a mixture ( ! 'e?yl' & c]ta9 second>y products7 to pass into a freez+ mixture1 ! temp]ature ( :i* is kept bel[ -#i ,fahr41 ! 'e?yl' cond5ses to a col\rless1 mobile liquid4 ,hi!rto no comp\nd e!r has be5 produc$ f ! 'e?yl' ?us prep>$4 ,accord+ to ! beautiful !ory ( ,liebig1 e?yl is a 'salt-basyle1' =m+ 'haloid salts' ) *lor9e1 iod9e1 & brom9e2 its oxide is e!r1 & ! hydrate ( ?is oxide alcohol4 ,! comp\nd e!rs may be comp>$ ) ord9>y salts 9 :i* ! metal is replac$ by ! radical e?yl4 ,e?yl1 ,oxide (4 7,c#b;,h#e7b,o4 ,syn4 ,,e!r1 ,,sulphuric ,,e!r1 ,,!r 7,b4 ,p471 ,,!r ,,sulphuricus 7,,ph4 ,e4 ,d4 ,u4 ,s471 4 ,,rectificatus1 4 ,,vitriolicus1 4 ,,spiritus ,,vitrioli ,,dulois1 ,l4 ,a col\rless1 highly volatile1 fragrant1 inflammable liquid1 obta9$ by di/ill+ a mixture ( sulphuric acid & alcohol4 ,x 0 n kn[n be=e ! #ac? c5tury4 ,prep4 ,!re are two me?ods employ$ = ! prep>ation ( e!r4 ,! "o is by mix+ ! :ole ( ! +r$i5ts at once1 & imm$iately subject+ !m to di/illation at a prop] temp]ature2 ! o!r is by add+ ! alcohol 9 a sl5d] /reamlet to ! acid1 previ\sly heat$ to ! e!rify+ po9t4 ,! =m]1 ?\gh less economical1 is ! "o m g5]ally employ$4 #a4 ,rectifi$ _s1 #c lbs42 sulphuric acid1 #b lbs42 c>bonate ( potassa 7previ\sly ignit$71 #a oz42 p\r #b lbs4 ( ! _s into a glass retort1 add ! acid1 & place ! vessel on a s& ba?1 s t ! liquor may boil z quickly z possible1 & ! e!r1 z x =ms1 pass ov] into a well-cool$ receiv]2 cont9ue ! di/illation until a heavi] fluid beg9s to pass ov]1 !n l[] ! heat1 add ! rema9d] ( ! _s1 & di/il z be=e2 mix ! di/ill$ liquors toge!r1 p\r (f ! sup]natant portion1 add ! c>bonate ( potassa1 & agitate occasionally = "o h\r2 f9ally1 di/il ! e!r f a l>ge retort1 & keep x 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle4 ,sp4 gr4 #gej4 #b4 ,! /ronge/ oil ( vitriol1 #c p>ts1 are mix$ ) alcohol1 q4 s4 7ab\t #b p>ts at #hcj7 to r$uce its sp4 gr4 to #aghj2 an object :i* may be easily obta9$ by di/ill+ (f "s ( ! e!r if requir$4 ,! /ill or retort is !n connect$ ) a vessel full ( alcohol1 ( at lea/ #ij1 by means ( a small syphon tube1 furni%$ ) a /op-cock2 ! long] limb ( :i* %\ld be ( glass1 & s arrang$ t x j dips into ! mixture ( acid & alcohol4 ,heat is next appli$1 & ! cont5ts ( ! /ill rais$ to ! boil+-po9t z rapidly z possible1 & z soon z full ebullition comm5ces ! /op-cock ( ! syphon is cauti\sly turn$1 s z to all[ ! alcohol to fl[ d[n 9 su* a mann] z to keep ! boil+ liquid exactly at ! same level2 or1 9 o!r words1 to supply a quantity ( alcohol exactly equal to t ( ! liquid :i* di/ils ov]4 ,by c>eful manipulation ! :ole ( ! alcohol :i* ent]s ! retort passes ov] z e!r & wat]1 & ?is decomposition proce$s = "s "t1 & w\ld cont9ue = an unlimit$ p]iod did n ! sulphuric acid ultimately become too weak to =m e!r1 f ! gradual absorption ( ! sup]flu\s wat] conta9$ 9 ! alcohol4 ,7 x conv5i5t or practicable to use absolute alcohol1 a giv5 weight ( sulphuric acid ( ! prop] /r5g?1 w\ld ma9ta9 ! p[] ( produc+ e!r = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,9 practice1 ! quantity ( alcohol t may ?us be e!rifi$ is twice or ?rice z mu* z by ! common process1 :ile nei!r sulphur\s acid1 sulphov9ic acid1 nor sweet oil ( w9e is g5]at$1 & ! residual liquid ( ! di/illation cont9ues limpid1 & has only a pale-br[n col\r4 ,?is is t]m$ ! 'cont9u\s1' or ',b\llay's' me?od4 7,?is process is simil> to t giv5 9 ! ,b4 ,p47 #c4 ,alcohol ( #ij1 five p>ts are mix$ ) oil ( vitriol1 #i p>ts1 9 a vessel ( copp] or iron imm]s$ 9 cold wat]2 ! mixture is next introduc$ into a /ill or retort1 & rais$ to a /ate ( ebullition z rapidly z possible1 z be=e4 ,a fre% quantity ( alcohol1 equal 9 bulk to ! liquid di/ill$ ov]1 is !n add$ to ! liquid 9 ! /ill1 & di/illation aga9 _h rec\rse to4 ,z mu* conc5trat$ alcoholic solution ( potassa z w give x a p]ceptible alkal9e reaction is next add$ to di/ill$ liquor1 :i* is !n rectifi$ by ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 z long z ! e!r :i* di/ils ov] has ! sp4 gr4 #gbj to #gbe at #hj ,fahr4 ,in/ead ( ! potassa1 a little milk ( lime may be us$1 along ) its own bulk ( wat]4 ,by all[+ ! product to /& = "s days ov] *loride ( calcium or quicklime1 & aga9 rectify+ x along ) "o ( ^! sub/ances1 p]fectly pure e!r may be obta9$4 ,obs4 ,! mixture ( alcohol ) sulphuric acid requires "s caution4 ,x is be/ done by introduc+ ! alcohol into a suitable vessel1 & imp>t+ to x a rapid :irl+ motion1 by :i* a consid]able conical cavity is =m$ 9 ! c5tre1 & into :i* ! acid may be gradually p\r$ ) p]fect safety4 ,! mix$ fluids %\ld be br\ght to a /ate ( rapid ebullition1 z quickly z possible1 z )\t ?is precaution mu* ( ! alcohol di/ils ov] be=e ! liquor acquires ! prop] temp]ature = e!rification4 ,on ! small scale1 a tubulat$ retort1 connect$ ) a ,liebig's cond5s+ tube1 & two globul> receiv]s surr\nd$ ) a freez+ mixture1 or ice-cold wat]1 may be employ$ z ! di/illatory app>atus4 ,! second receiv] %\ld be connect$ ) ! fir/ "o by means ( a b5t glass tube1 rea*+ ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! =m]2 & ! :ole ( ! jo9ts %\ld be securely lut$1 z soon z ! exp&$ air has be5 all[$ to escape4 ,we h employ$ ! foll[+ conv5i5t little app>atus = ! prep>ation ( small quantities ( e!r1 & x w be f\nd v suitable = ! di/illation ( mo/ o!r highly volatile liquids1 & p>ticul>ly = boil+ mixtures ( alcohol & organic acids4 ,by connect+ ! neck ( a flask or dige/] conta9+ volatile fluids ) ! l[] in/ead ( ! upp] end ( ! refrig]ator1 ebullition may be c>ri$ on )\t loss1 z ! vap\r w be cond5s$1 & run back into ! vessel f :i* x has di/ill$4 ,illu/ration3 a4 ,cond5s] tube4 b1 c ,glass tube4 d4 ,funnel by :i* cold wat] runs 9 f ! wat] bottle h4 e4 ,pipe by :i* wat] escapes ?r\gh f into ! bottle g4 i4 ,retort4 k4 ,adapt]1 connect+ ! retort ) ! cond5s]4 l4 ,adapt]1 connect+ ! cond5s] ) ! bottles t1 t4 ,a4 ,wood5 tressel1 ) movable arms n1 o1 = support+ & adju/+ ! heights ( ! cond5s]4 ,b4 ,wood5 /ool = support+ ! wat] bottle4 q4 ,furnace4 r4 ,support = ! furnace4 p4 ,gutt] = c>ry+ (f wat] t ov]fl[s ! funnel d1 & prev5t+ its escape along ! pipe c4 s4 ,leg ( syphon connect$ ) bottle conta9+ alcohol4 t1 t4 ,glass globes1 plac$ 9 ! bas9s v1 v1 & surr\nd$ ) p\nd$ ice or ice-cold wat]4 w4 ,safety tube1 conta9+ a little m]cury at x4 ,= ! rectification ( e!r1 a wat] ba? is employ$ along ) ! above simple refrig]ator1 & ! receiv]s surr\nd$ by ice or a freez+ mixture4 ,*em4 comp41 c4 ,e!r is g5]ally reg>d$ z ! oxide ( e?yl1 & alcohol z ! hydrate ( ?is base4 ,?is view is borne out by analysis1 :i* proves t e!r diff]s f alcohol by ! elem5ts ( wat]4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts h also %[n t ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! two comp\nds is--if alcohol be express$ by ! =mula ,c#b;,h#f,o1 ! true =mula ( e!r w be 7,c#b;,h#e7b,o4 ,we _c describe ^! exp]im5ts "h1 b we may rem>k t e!r _c be made to comb9e ) wat] directly1 nor c alcohol be conv]t$ into e!r by ! ab/raction ( wat]1 pure & simple1 )\t ! aid ( o!r sub/ances4 ,! comp\nd e!rs may be comp>$ to ord9>y salts 9 :i* ! metal is replac$ by a radical t]m$ e?yl1 hav+ ! =mula ,c#b;,h#e4 ,?is view is1 ( c\rse1 9 accordance ) ! !ory :i* reg>ds e!r z ! oxide ( e?yl4 ,accord+ to !ory1 #a equival5t1 or #df p>ts ( absolute alcohol1 %\ld produce #a eq41 or #cg p>ts1 ( pure e!r2 b 9 practice1 ! greate/ product obta9$ by op]at+ accord+ to ,b\llay's me?od1 :i* produces m e!r ?an any o!r1 does n exce$ #cc-a_/b p>ts = ! prec$+ quantity ( alcohol1 or #gae4 ,a mixture ( #i p>ts ( oil ( vitriol1 & #e p>ts ( alcohol ( #ij1 ceases to produce e!r aft] #ca p>ts ( su* alcohol h be5 add$4 ,! mo/ economical me?od ( e!rification is t kn[n z ! cont9u\s e!r process1 or ! process ( ,b\llay4 ,:5 ?is is adopt$1 ! retort or flask %\ld be fitt$ ) a s\nd cork1 p]=at$ by an ap]ture to receive a !rmomet]1 & ! application ( ! heat1 & ! fl[ ( alcohol1 %\ld be s manag$1 t a temp]ature ( #cjj ,fahr4 & a /ate ( rapid & viol5t ebullition 7po9ts ( ess5tial importance7 are ma9ta9$4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,pure e!r is a col\rless1 transp>5t1 & v limpid fluid1 hav+ a p5etrat+ & agreeable smell1 & a burn+1 sweeti% ta/e2 its evaporation produces ! s5sation ( extreme cold2 :5 prev5t$1 a s5sation ( heat is exp]i5c$4 ,its specific gravity v>ies betwe5 #gab & #gbd4 ,if x conta9s wat] x beg9s to cry/allise 9 brilliant :ite plates :5 cool$ to -#bd ,fahr41 & become a :ite cry/all9e mass at -#df or -#dg ,fahr42 b if absolutely pure1 e!r _c be solidifi$ by any degree ( cold t c be produc$1 x rema9+ fluid :5 plac$ 9 contact ) solid c>bonic acid1 at a temp]ature ( ab\t -#adh ,fahr4 ,boils at #if or #ig ,fahr42 is v combu/ible2 is soluble 9 ab\t #aj p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]1 & mixes ) alcohol 9 all proportions4 ,x ab/racts corrosive sublimate1 t]*loride ( gold1 sesqui*loride ( iron1 & _m ( ! alkaloids1 f _! wat]y solutions1 & is h5ce invaluable 9 analysis & ph>macy4 ,x readily dissolves ! volatile & fix$ oils1 & mo/ fatty matt]s1 z well z sulphur & phosphorus 9 small quantities4 ,by exposure to light & air x absorbs oxyg51 & wat] & acetic acid are gradually =m$4 ,x is decompos$ by exposure to a high temp]ature4 ,its evaporation occasions int5se cold4 ,! greate/ degree ( cold yet produc$ 7-#aff ,fahr47 has result$ f ! admixture ( e!r ) solid c>bonic acid4 ,e!r is p[]fully /imulant1 n>cotic1 & antispasmodic1 & ext]nally refrig]ant1 if all[$ to evaporate1 or /imulant & c\nt]-irritant if its evaporation is prev5t$1 & is us$ 9 v>i\s diseases4 ,appli$ to ! =ehead by means ( ! f+]s or a /rip ( l951 x g5]ally relieves simple cases ( n]v\s heada*e4 ,9 ph>macy x is l>gely employ$ 9 ! prep>ations ( t9ctures alkaloids1 spirits1 c42 & 9 *emi/ry is invaluable 9 organic analyses4 ,its pr9cipal comm]cial application is z a solv5t = pyroxyl9e1 9 ! manufacture ( collodion4 ,x is also employ$ z a solv5t ( res9s1 india rubb]1 c41 9 ! prep>ation ( v>ni%es1 & = sev]al o!r useful purposes4--,dose1 #bj drops to #b fl4 dr42 9 wat] or w9e4 ,excessive doses ( e!r produce intoxication resembl+ t f alcohol1 & require simil> antidotes4 ,sulphuric e!r is said to be tak5 l>gely 9 ! nor? ( ,irel& z a /imulant1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,antrim4 ,%ortly be=e ! discov]y ( *lor(orm1 x 0 f\nd t :5 ! vap\r ( e!r 0 inhal$ x gradually produc$ ins5sibility to pa94 ,x 0 !re=e employ$ z an an/hetic 9 surgical op]ations4 ,hav+ be5 f\nd less effici5t ?an *lor(orm1 & m tr\blesome to adm9i/]1 its use = ?is purpose has be5 ab&on$4 ,te/s4 ,e!r may be recognis$ by its volatility1 od\r1 ta/e1 sp>+ solubility 9 wat]1 admixture ) alcohol 9 all proportions1 great inflammability 7burn+ ) a yell[i%-:ite flame71 & its p[] ( dissolv+ fats & res9s4 ,its fur!r id5tification c only be effect$ by ultimate analysis4 ,pur4 ,! e!r ( ! %ops g5]ally conta9s alcohol1 wat]1 or acetic acid1 & sometimes all ( !m4 ,its usual specific gravity fluctuates betwe5 #gcc & #gfe4 ,expos$ to ! air1 x volatises entirely4 ,x turns litmus pap] r$2 sometimes v slightly1 & occasionally ev5 n at all4 #a_/b fl4 oz4 mixes completely ) #a_/b p9t ( wat]4 ,pure e!r %\ld1 h[ev]1 be neutral to te/-pap]1 al?\gh seldom s4 ,:5 %ak5 9 a m9im measure ) half its volume ( conc5trat$ solution ( *loride ( calcium1 its volume %\ld n less54 #aj fluid ounces ( wat] %\ld only dissolve #a fluid ounce ( e!r1 & rema9 transp>5t4 ,illu/ration ,pres]v4 ,e!r rapidly evaporates at common temp]atures :5 kept 9 cork$ bottles1 & ev5 9 bottles secur$ ) gr\nd-glass /opp]s & tightly ti$ ov] ) bladd] & lea!r2 x also becomes s\r by age4 ,to prev5t ?is wa/e1 ! /opp]s %\ld fit accurately1 & ! bottles %\ld be plac$ 9 z cool a situation z possible4 ,bottles furni%$ ) gr\nd-glass caps1 z well z /opp]s1 are frequ5tly employ$4 7,see engr47 ,dew>'s 'e!r phial' is =m$ on a simil> pr9ciple4 ,we h se5 bottles ( e!r accurately /opp]$1 ti$ ov] ) bladd]1 & ?ickly coat$ ) wax1 :i* h yet become q empty by a voyage to ! tropics1 ?\gh !y /ill appe>$ to be z closely secur$ z :5 !y 7 fir/ fill$4 ,caution4 ,! vap\r ( e!r is v inflammable1 & :5 mix$ ) atmosph]ic air1 x =ms a viol5tly explosive mixture4 ,! d5sity ( ?is vap\r is #behf1 t ( air be+ #a2 h5ce x rapidly s9ks1 & frequ5tly accumulates 9 ! l[] p>ts ( build+s1 especially cell>s :i* are badly v5tilat$1 9 ! same way z wat] does4 ,! only rem$y is ?or\gh v5tilation4 ,_m s]i\s accid5ts h aris5 f ?is cause1 = no soon] is a light c>ri$ into an ap>tm5t :]e su* vap\r is pres5t ?an an explosion takes place4 ,e?yl1 ,acetate (4 ,c#b;,h#e;,c#b;,h#c,o#b ,syn4 ,,acetate ,,( ,,oxide ,,( ,,e?yl1 ,,acetic ,,e!r1 ,,pyroligne\s ,,e!r2 ,,!r ,,aceticus1 ,l4 ,a comp\nd discov]$ by ! ,c\nt de ,lauraguais 9 #agei4 ,prep4 #a4 ,acetate ( potassa1 #c p>ts 7or an equiv4 quant4 ( acetate ( soda71 alcohol 7#he71 #c p>ts1 oil ( vitriol 7/ronge/71 #b p>ts1 are mix$ toge!r & di/ill$1 by ! heat ( a s& ba?1 f a glass or e>!nw>e retort into a well-cool$ receiv]2 ! di/illate is agitat$ ) a little wat] to remove undecompos$ alcohol1 & !n dige/$ fir/ ) a little *alk to remove acidity1 & aft]w>ds ) fus$ *loride ( calcium1 to absorb wat]2 x is1 la/ly1 rectifi$ by a g5tle heat4 #b4 ,rectifi$ _s 7sp4 gr4 #hd71 #ej p>ts1 acetic acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajge71 #cc p>ts1 are mix$ toge!r1 & oil ( vitriol 7/ronge/71 #aj p>ts1 add$2 ! di/illation is cont9u$ until #fe p>ts h pass$ ov]1 & ! di/illate1 aft] dige/ion = "s h\rs on a little dry c>bonate ( potassium1 is rectifi$ z be=e1 ! fir/ #ej p>ts only be+ kept = use4 ,prop41 c4 ,acetic e!r is col\rless1 & be>s a consid]able resemblance to ord9>y e!r1 b x has a mu* m agreeable & refre%+ od\r4 ,x boils at #afe ,fahr42 has a sp4 gr4 ( #hi at #fj ,fahr41 dissolves 9 ab\t #g p>ts ( wat]2 & mixes 9 all proportions ) alcohol & e!r4 ,x is decompos$ by alkalies & ! /rong acids4 ,acetic e!r is diaphoretic1 /imulant1 antispasmodic1 & n>cotic4--,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr42 9 simil> cases to ^? 9 :i* sulphuric e!r is employ$1 & especially 9 n]v\s & putrid fev]s1 spasmodic vomit+s1 & diseases ( ! b[els & /oma*1 aris+ f debility1 & n ( an inflammatory "*4 ,its pr9cipal consumption is 9 ! manufacture ( ,briti% br&y4 ,e?yl1 ,b5zoate (4 ,c#b;,h#e;,c#g;,h#e,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,b5zoic ,,e!r1 ,,b5zoate ,,( ,,e!r1 ,b4 ,,( ,,oxide ,,( ,,e?yl2 ,,!r ,,b5zoicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hcj71 #d p>ts2 b5zoic acid 7cry/471 #b p>ts2 conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 #a "p1 are di/ill$ toge!r2 z soon z ! product turns milky :5 mix$ ) wat]1 ! receiv] is *ang$1 & ! liquid t di/ills ov] collect$2 to ?is liquid wat] is add$1 & ! sup]natant e!r is decant$1 & boil$ ) wat]1 & a little oxide ( lead 7to sep>ate b5zoic acid72 x is1 la/ly1 fre$ f wat] by all[+ x to /& ov] *loride ( calcium4 ,prop41 c4 ,a col\rless oily liquid1 slightly heavi] ?an wat]1 & possess+ an aromatic od\r & ta/e4 ,x boils at #daj ,fahr41 & is miscible ) alcohol & e!r4 ,e?yl1 ,bromide (4 ,c#b;,h#e;,br4 ,syn4 ,,!r ,,hydrobromicus1 ,l4 ,a volatile1 e!real liquid1 discov]$ by ,s]ullas4 ,prep4 ,brom9e1 #h p>ts2 alcohol1 #cb p>ts2 dissolve1 place ! mixture 9 a retort1 add ( phosphorus1 #a "p1 & di/il by a g5tle heat z soon z ! liquid becomes cold4 ,! e!r is sep>at$ f ! di/illate by ! addition ( wat]4 ,prop41 c4 ,a v volatile liquid1 ) a p5etrat+ ta/e & smell2 boil+ at #aje ,fahr41 & heavi] ?an wat]4 ,e?yl1 ,bu'tyrate (4 ,c#b;,h#e;,c#d;,h#g,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,butyric ,,e!r1 ,,p9e-,,apple ,,oil2 ,,!r ,,butyricus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by pass+ hydro*loric acid gas into an alcoholic solution ( butyric acid1 & purify+ ! product f free acid4 ,comm]cially1 f crude butyric acid saponifi$ ) cau/ic potassa or b>yta1 & ! result+ soap di/ill$ along ) alcohol & oil ( vitriol4 ,uses4 ,crude butyric e!r =ms ! 'p9e-apple oil' ( comm]ce1 & :5 l>gely dilut$ ) rectifi$ _s1 ! 'p9e-apple ess5ce' s mu* employ$ z a flav\r+ sub/ance by confection]s1 liqueuri/es1 c4 ,x imp>ts a delici\s flav\r to sweetmeats1 rum1 arrack1 pun*1 c4 ,! ,g]mans add x to common rum1 to =m ! flav\r+ = _! 'p9e-apple ale4' ,e?yl1 ,c>bonate (4 7,c#b;,h#e7b;,,co#c4 ,syn4 ,,c>bonic ,,e!r1 ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,oxide ,,( ,,e?yl2 ,,!r ,,c>bonicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,fragm5ts ( potassium are add$ to oxalic e!r1 g5tly w>m$1 z long z bubbles ( gas are =m$2 ! excess ( metal is remov$ f ! semi-solid mass1 "s wat] add$1 & ! :ole di/ill$4 ,! c>bonic e!r floats on ! surface ( ! liquid 9 ! receiv]1 & is collect$1 dri$ by contact ) *loride ( calcium1 & rectifi$ along ) "s potassium or sodium1 till x ceases to yield acetate ( potassa :5 act$ on by cau/ic potassa4 ,prop41 c4 ,col\rless1 limpid1 & aromatic2 ta/es pung5t & burn+2 boils at #bei to #bfj ,fahr4 ,x greatly resembles oxalic e!r4 ,x is decompos$ by alkalies4 ,e?yl1 ,*lo'ride (4 ,c#b;,h#e;,cl4 ,syn4 ,,light ,,hydro*loric ,e41 ,,*loride ,,( ,,e?yl2 ,,!r ,,hydro*loricus1 ,l4 ,a highly volatile comp\nd1 =m$ ( e?yl & *lor9e4 ,prep4 ,rectifi$ _s ( w9e is saturat$ ) dry hydro*loric acid gas 9 ! cold1 & ! product is di/ill$ 9 a retort connect$ ) a ,wolfe's app>atus1 ! fir/ bottle ( :i* %\ld be two ?irds fill$ ) tepid wat] 7#gj to #ge ,fahr471 & ! rema9d] surr\nd$ ) a mixture ( ice & salt4 ,to r5d] x p]fectly anhydr\s1 x mu/ be dige/$ on a few fragm5ts ( fus$ *loride ( calcium4 ,a mixture ( oil ( vitriol1 #c p>ts1 & alcohol1 #b p>ts1 is p\r$ ^u common salt 7dri$71 #d p>ts2 & ! :ole di/ill$ z be=e4 ,prop41 c4 ,?is e!r has a sweeti% ta/e2 is soluble 9 ab\t #ae p>ts ( wat]1 & miscible 9 all proportions ) alcohol2 boils at #ed ,fahr42 burns ) a flame edg$ ) gre52 is neutral to te/ pap]2 & does n affect a solution ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,sp4 gr4 #iba1 at #cb ,fahr4--,dose1 #aj to #cj drops1 z an antispasmodic & a p[]ful diffusible /imulant4 ,ow+ to its extreme volatility x c only be tak5 dissolv$ 9 _s4 ,e?yl1 ,cy'anide (4 ,c#b;,h#e;,,cn4 ,syn4 ,,!r ,,hydrocyanicus4 ,l4 ,prep4 ,cyanide ( potassium & sulphov9ate ( b>yta1 equal p>ts1 are mix$ & di/ill$ 9 a glass retort by a mod]ate heat4 ,! product sep>ates into two /rata2 ! light] "o is impure hydrocyanic e!r2 ?is is decant$ & agitat$ ) #d or #e times its bulk ( wat] at #abj to #adj ,fahr41 & ! op]ation is repeat$ ) ab\t #b p>ts ( wat]2 ! e!r is aga9 decant$1 & plac$ 9 contact ) *loride ( calcium = #bd h\rs1 & !n rectifi$4 ,prop41 c4 ,x boils at #aij ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ghh4 ,9 its !rapeutical effects x resembles hydrocyanic acid1 b is less active4 ,its od\r is1 h[ev]1 m p5etrat+ & (f5sive4--,dose1 #b to #f drops1 9 mucilage or emulsion2 9 ob/9ate or convulsive c\ghs1 ga/rodynia1 hy/]ical affections1 c4 ,e?yl1 ,cy'anate (4 ,c#b;,h#e;,,cno ,syn4 ,,cyanic ,,e!r1 ,,cyanate ,,( ,,oxide ,,( ,,e?yl4 ,prep4 ,by di/ill+ a dry mixture ( cyanate ( potassa & sulphov9ate ( potassa 9 ne>ly equival5t proportions4 ,a mixture ( cyanic & cyanuric e!rs passes ov] into ! receiv]4 ,by di/ill+ ?is mixture ! two are readily sep>at$2 t :i* passes ov] by ! heat ( a wat] ba? be+ ! fir/1 & ! residuum 9 ! retort ! second4 ,prop41 c4 ,an e!real1 v mobile liquid1 boil+ at #adj ,fahr4 ,e?yl1 ,cyan'urate (4 7,c#b;,h#e7c;,c#c,n#c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,cyanurate ,,( ,,oxide ,,( ,,e?yl4 ,prep4 ,see ,,cyanic ,,e!r4 ,prop41 c4 ,ta/eless1 inodor\s1 col\rless1 transp>5t1 ne$les & prisms2 fus+ at #ahe ,fahr4 ,e?yl1 ,i'odide (4 ,c#b;,h#e;,i4 ,syn4 ,,!r ,,hydriodicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,phosphor\s1 #d p>ts1 alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hd71 #gj p>ts1 & iod9e1 #ajj p>ts1 are gradually & cauti\sly mix$ toge!r1 & di/ill$4 ,prop41 c4 ,a col\rless liquid1 possess+ a /rong e!real od\r1 & boil+ at #aeh ,fahr42 sp4 gr4 #aib4 ,x is r$d5$ & decompos$ by exposure to air & light4 ,e!r1 ,me?y'lic4 ,syn4 ,,oxide ,,( ,,me?yl1 ,,wood-,,e!r1 ,,me?yl-,,e?yl4 ,see ,,me?yl4 ,e!r1 ,muriatic 7,heavy74 ,syn4 ,,!r ,,muriaticus ,,pond]osus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,alcohol1 ( #hj to #he1 is saturat$1 9 ! cold1 ) *lor9e gas1 wat] is next add$1 & ! oily fluid t sep>ates collect$ & wa%$ ) wat]1 z long z any ( x is dissolv$4 ,prop41 c4 ,heavy muriatic e!r is a volatile1 oily1 col\rless liquid1 boil+ at ab\t #bde ,fahr41 & heavi] ?an wat]4 ,its precise con/itution is undet]m9$4 ,?is e!r ent]s into ! composition ( ! ,,spiritus ,,muriatico-,,e!reus1 a rem$y occasionally us$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,e?yl1 ,nitrate (4 ,c#b;,h#e,,no#c4 ,syn4 ,,nitric ,,e!r1 ,,nitrate ,,( ,,oxide ,,( ,,e?yl2 ,,!r ,,nitricus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 ab\t #acge71 #ej p>ts2 nitrate ( urea1 a little 7say #b or #c p>ts72 dissolve1 add alcohol1 #ej p>ts1 & di/il ) ! usual precautions1 until #g-h?s ( ! :ole 7( ! liquid portion7 h pass$ ov]2 agitate ! di/illate ) a little wat] to sep>ate ! e!r1 & pres]ve ! heavi] portion4 ,prop41 c4 ,nitric e!r possesses an agreeable sweeti% ta/e & od\r2 x is insoluble 9 wat]2 ! alcoholic 7b n ! aque\s7 solution ( potassa decomposes x rapidly2 sp4 gr4 #aaab4 ,its vap\r is v apt to explode :5 /rongly heat$1 & !re=e a small quantity only %\ld be prep>$ at a "t4 ,e?yl1 ,nitrite4 ,c#b;,h#e,,no#b4 ,syn4 ,,nitric ,,e!r1 ,,hyponitr\s ,,e!r1 ,,nitrite ,,( ,,e!r1 ,,nitrite ,,( ,,oxide ,,( ,,e?yl1 ,,hyponitrite ,,( ,e42 ,,!r ,,nitrosus1 4 ,,hyponitrosus1 ,l4 ,?is is a comp\nd1 ( :i* 'sweet _s ( nitre' is an impure alcoholic solution4 ,prep4 #a4 ,/>* 7potato f>9a71 #a "p2 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #acj71 #aj p>ts2 mix 9 a capaci\s retort1 connect$ ) a wide tube1 #b or #c feet long1 b5t at "r angles1 & t]m9at+ ne> ! bottom ( a two-neck$ bottle1 conta9+ a mixture ( alcohol 7( #he71 #b p>ts1 & wat]1 #a "p1 & surr\nd$ ) a freez+ mixture1 p\nd$ ice1 or v cold wat]2 ! o!r neck ( ! bottle be+ connect$ by a long glass tube ) a good refrig]ator or cond5s]4 ,all elevation ( temp]ature mu/ be avoid$4 ,! heat ( a wat] ba? only mu/ be cauti\sly appli$ to ! retort4 ,! gas lib]at$ passes into ! alcohol1 caus+ ! e!r to di/il 9 a g5tle /ream4 ,! tube connect+ ! retort & bottle mu/ be cool$ by means ( rag or moi/ pap]1 kept wett$ ) ice-cold wat]2 z1 if ! temp]ature ( ! tube & ! alcohol rises only a little1 ! latt] becomes spontane\sly hot1 & boils viol5tly1 by :i* ! product is vitiat$4 ,?is process is v productive & economical1 & yields pure nitr\s e!r4 #b4 ,a mixture ( oil ( vitriol1 #h p>ts1 & alcohol1 #i p>ts1 is p\r$ ^u cry/allis$ nitrate ( ammonia1 #aa p>ts1 conta9$ 9 any suitable di/illatory vessel connect$ ) a well-cool$ receiv]4 ,nitr\s e!r gradually di/ils ov] on ! application ( a g5tle heat4 ,an admirable process1 b m exp5sive ?an ! prec$+4 ,ev5 a common fire may be employ$ )\t dang]1 z ! lib]ation ( ! e!r proce$s gradually1 & n almo/ in/antane\sly1 z 9 op]at+ 9 ! usual way4 ,sulphate ( ammonia is left 9 ! retort4 ,! product is sc>cely inf]ior to t ( ! la/ =mula4 #c4 ,rectifi$ _s1 #df fl4 oz42 pure nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aejj71 #g fl4 oz42 put #ae fl4 oz4 ( ! _s1 ) a little clean s&1 into a qu>t matrass1 fitt$ ) a cork1 & a safety tube rea*+ to )9 an in* ( ! _s1 & a second tube lead+ to a refrig]atory4 ,fill ! safety tube ) pure nitric acid1 !n add ?r\gh x1 gradually & cauti\sly1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz4 ( ! acid4 ,:5 ! viol5t action t ensues is ne>ly ov]1 gradually add ! rema9+ portion ( ! acid1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 at a "t1 & at int]vals4 ,agitate ! e!r t di/ils ov]1 fir/ ) a little milk ( lime1 till x ceases to r$d5 litmus pap]1 & !n ) half its volume ( conc5trat$ solution ( *loride ( calcium4 ,! pure hyponitr\s e!r ?us obta9$ %\ld h a d5sity ( #hii4 #d4 7,mr ,john ,williams47 ,nitrite ( e?yl is be/ made by pass+ nitr\s acid gas into alcohol4 ,! nitr\s acid gas is prep>$ by act+ ^u su* bodies z />*1 copp]1 m]cury1 or ars5i\s acid ) nitric acid4 ,! alcohol is g5]ally recomm5d$ 9 ! text-books to be dilut$ ) half its bulk ( wat]2 ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i consid] a decid$ mi/ake4 ,! alcohol %\ld be z conc5trat$ z possible1 ev5 absolute alcohol is pref]able4 ,! ma9 po9ts to be att5d$ to are t ! curr5t ( nitr\s acid gas %\ld be sl[ & /eady1 s z to give "t = ! reaction to proce$ prop]ly1 & t ! vessel conta9+ ! alcohol %\ld be kept z cool z possible2 9 ?is way mu* ( ! production ( bye-products w be avoid$1 & ! gas c be pass$ ?r\gh ! alcohol1 z long z x cont9ues to be absorb$4 ,! result+ liquid is any?+ b pure2 x conta9s mu* nitrite ( e?yl1 "s aldehyde1 acid--x is ev5 /at$ to conta9 malic acid4 ,9 fact x is well kn[n t ! reaction betwe5 ! nitr\s acid1 & su* products z alcohol1 h[ev] pure1 is n %>p1 b is always accompani$ by second>y products4 ,f ! crude alcoholic solution obta9$ by ! me?od ,i h describ$1 ! pure nitrite ( e?yl c be obta9$ )\t difficulty4 ,nitrite ( e?yl is an extremely volatile liquid2 x boils at ab\t #fa ,f41 :]eas aldehyde boils at #ij ,f41 & alcohol at #ahj ,f4 ,tak+ advantage ( ?is fact1 we are enabl$ to sep>ate x f ! crude liquid by di/illation4 ,"s precautions are1 h[ev]1 necess>y1 to ensure ! purity ( ! product4 ,! flask conta9+ ! crude product is plac$ 9 a wat] ba?1 & connect$ by b5t tubes ) sev]al o!r flasks & bottles4 ,! fir/ tube %\ld be pass$ into a small empty flask1 ?is w cond5se mo/ ( ! alcohol :i* may pass ov] dur+ ! op]ation4 ,!n a second b5t tube passes into a second flask conta9+ a little wat]2 ?is cond5ses any alcohol :i* may n h be5 /opp$ 9 ! fir/ flask1 toge!r ) free acid1 & ne>ly all ! aldehyde4 ,f ?is wa% bottle a ?ird tube proce$s into a some:at %all[ flask1 conta9+ a /rong solution ( cau/ic pota%2 ! gas1 h[ev]1 is n all[$ to pass ?r\gh ?is alkal9e liquid1 b simply ov] ! surface4 ,9 ?is way ! la/ portion ( ! aldehyde is absorb$1 & ! pota% solution gradually assumes an amb] col\r4 ,f ?is vessel1 ! gas 7= su* at ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! laboratory1 ! nitrite ( e?yl is--9 v cold wea!r x w\ld be necess>y to g5tly w>m ! diff]5t flasks7 is pass$ ?r\gh a tube *>g$ ) anhydr\s *loride ( calcium to absorb moi/ure1 & ! pure & dry nitrite ( e?yl ?us produc$1 f9ally passes into alcohol1 :i* readily absorbs x4 ,x is only necess>y to note ! weight ( ! alcohol us$ = absorb+ ! gas1 & its weight at ! end ( ! op]ation1 to "k ! /r5g? or p]-c5tage ( nitrite ( e?yl :i* mu/ be 9 solution4 ,?us1 if #i oz4 ( alcohol becomes #aj oz41 x is evid5t we h a solution ( #aj p] c5t42 if x becomes #ab oz41 !n ! /r5g? mu/ be #be p] c5t41 & s on4 ,ord9>y spirits w answ] = cond5s+ ! nitrite ( e?yl1 b x is bett] to use absolute alcohol1 z x is v desirable to avoid ! pres5ce ( wat] 9 any =m4 ,! solutions made ) weak] _s soon turn acid2 ^? made ) absolute alcohol1 on ! o!r h&1 keep a long "t4 ,x is v true ! v /rong solutions ( #ej & #be p] c5t4 %[ traces ( acidity :5 te/$ ) moi/5$ litmus pap]1 b ! #aj p] c5t4 solution is q neutral4#bhc ,footnote #bhc3 ,! object ( ,mr ,williams' pap]1 :i* is publi%$ 9 ! ',ph>maceutical ,j\rnal' = ,dec4 #h?1 #ahgg1 is to give in/ructions = ! prep>ation ( a pure nitrite ( e?yl1 :i* :5 mix$ ) alcohol 9 def9ite proportions1 %all sup]s$e ! v>iable comp\nd sold "u ! "n ( ,sweet ,spirits ( ,nitre4 ,"o po9t ,i h n m5tion$2 x is t ! di/illation mu/ be conduct$ at ! v l[e/ possible temp]ature2 9 fact1 ! wat] 9 ! wat]-ba? %\ld only be kept g5tly w>m1 & ! process %\ld be cont9u$ only s long z ! conduct+ tubes feel cool to ! t\*2 :5 !y become w>m ! di/illation %\ld be discont9u$4 ,by pass+ ! gas into a tube 9 a freez+ mixture1 in/ead ( into alcohol1 ! pure nitrite ( e?yl is readily obta9$ 9 a liquid =m2 x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y to seal ! tube1 o!rwise ! v volatile liquid w\ld soon be lo/4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure nitr\s e!r has a pale-yell[ col\r1 an agreeable od\r ( apples1 & boils at #fb ,fahr42 sp4 gr4 #idg at #fj ,fahr4 ,comm]cial nitr\s e!r conta9s aldehyde1 boils at #gj ,fahr41 has a m or less suffocat+ od\r comb9$ ) t ( ! pure e!r1 has a sp4 gr4 ( #hhf at #dj ,fahr41 & turns br[n :5 mix$ ) alcoholic solution ( potassa1 :ile ! latt] rema9s unalt]$4 ,x also acidifies by age1 :il/ pure nitr\s e!r rema9s neutral4 ,!y are bo? v inflammable1 & burn ) a :ite flame4 ,ord9>y nitr\s e!r dissolves 9 ab\t #dh p>ts ( wat]1 & mixes 9 all proportions ) alcohol & sulphuric e!r4 ,nitr\s e!r is refrig]ant1 diaphoretic1 & diuretic1 b is seldom employ$ alone1 ?\gh1 :5 l>gely dilut$ ) alcohol 7sweet spirits ( nitric1 _s ( nitric e!r71 x is a common rem$y 9 sev]al diseases4 ,x is also us$ to flav\r malt _s1 9 imitation ( br&y 7,briti% br&y71 al?\gh = ?is purpose x is va/ly inf]ior to acetic e!r4 ,see ,,spirits 7,m$ic9al74 ,e?yl1 ,,oenan?ate (4 ,syn4 ,,oe,,nan?ic ,,e!r1 ,,pel>gonic ,,e!r1 ,,oe,,nan?ate ,,( ,,oxide ,,( ,,e?yl4 ,prep4 #a4 ,! oil obta9$ t[>ds ! end ( ! di/illation ( f]m5t$ liquors1 especially w9es1 consi/s1 9 a great measure1 ( ! crude e!r4 ,x is purifi$ by agitation ) a weak solution ( c>bonate ( potassa1 fre$ f wat] by a few fragm5ts ( *loride ( calcium1 & !n re-di/ill$4 ,prop41 c4 ,,oenan?ic e!r is col\rless2 light] ?an wat]2 boils at ab\t #ejj ,fahr42 & has a p[]ful1 intoxicat+ v9\s od\r1 resembl+ t ( an empty w9e cask or bottle t has be5 expos$ to ! air = "s "t4 ,x is v sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]1 b freely soluble 9 alcohol4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #hfb4 ,z obta9$ by di/illation1 x is unit$ ) a little ,,oe,,nan?ic ,,acid4 #bbjj imp]ial gallons ( w9e 7ab\t #ce hog%eads7 only yield$ #b-a_/e lbs4 ( ! mix$ oil4 ,e?yl1 ,oxalate (4 7,c#b;,h#e7b;,c#b,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,oxalic ,,e!r1 ,,oxalate ,,( ,,oxide ,,( ,,e?yl2 ,,!r ,,oxalicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,alcohol & dry oxalic acid1 equal p>ts1 are dige/$ toge!r 9 a glass flask furni%$ ) a v long glass tube ( small bore1 s t ! _s1 volatilis$ by ! heat1 may be cond5s$1 & fl[ back into ! flask4 ,aft] #f or #h h\rs ! process is g5]ally complete1 & ! liquid conta9s m]ely a trace ( free acid1 f :i* x may be sep>at$4 ,prop41 c4 ,a col\rless1 oily liquid1 slightly heavi] ?an wat]1 boil+ at #cfc ,fahr41 only slightly soluble 9 wat]1 & hav+ an aromatic smell4 ,alkalies decompose x4 ,sp4 gr4 #aji4 ,e?yl1 ,sulphate (4 7,c#b;,h#e7b,,s#d4 ,prep4 ,! vap\r ( pure anhydr\s sulphuric acid is pass$ 7) ! usual precautions7 into p]fectly anhydr\s e!r2 ! result+ syrupy liquid is agitat$ ) a mixture ( #d volumes ( wat]1 & #a volume ( e!r1 & aft] repose ! upp] /ratum1 :i* is an e!real solution ( ! sulphate ( e?yl1 is decant$1 & ! oxide ( e?yl volatilis$ by a v g5tle heat4 ,! col\rless liquid =m+ ! residuum is ! true sulphuric e!r or sulphate ( e?yl j ref]r$ to4 ,x is a v un/able comp\nd1 & _c be di/ill$ )\t suff]+ decomposition4 ,e?yl1 ,val]ianate (4 ,c#b;,h#e;,c#e;,h#i,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,val]ianic ,,e!r1 ,,val]ate ,,( ,,oxide ,,( ,,e?yl2 ,,!r ,,val]ianicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by pass+ dry hydro*loric acid gas into an alcoholic solution ( val]ic acid4 ,x is a fragrant1 volatile liquid1 light] ?an wat]1 hav+ a high boil+-po9t1 & a ri* fruity od\r1 said to closely resemble t ( butyric e!r or p9e-apple oil4 ,x is us$ to flav\r liqueurs1 c4 ,,e?yl',,am9e4 ,,nh#b7;,c#b;,h#e74 ,syn4 ,,e?yl-,,ammonia4 ,"o ( ! bases ( ! e?yl-s]ies1 obta9$ by sub/itut+ "o atom ( hydrog5 9 ammonia ,,nh#c by e?yl ,c#b;,h#e4 ,,eucalyp',,t94 ,a peculi> sub/ance exi/+ 9 ,botany ,bay k9o4 ,a sub/ance exud$ by sev]al species ( ! ,eucalyptus4 ,x has be5 employ$ m$ic9ally 9 di>rhoea4 ,,eucalyptol4 ,see ,,eucalyptus4 ,,eucalyptus4 ,! ,eucalypti1 ( :i* !re are _m species1 belong to ! natural ord] ,myrtace1 & are natives ( ,au/ralia1 :]e !y are kn[n "u ! names ( gum-trees1 or z /r+y-b>k trees4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ & important *>act]i/ic ( ^! plants is ! p[] !y und\bt$ly possess ( correct+1 if n ( remov+1 ! pe/il5tial exhalations :i* are reg>d$ z ! orig9 ( ! fev]s t occur 9 m>%y localities4 ,?is discov]y is due to ,m4 ,ramel1 & 0 made by him 9 #ahef4 ,m4 ,gimb]t1 among/ o!r cases1 cites "o ( a f>m1 tw5ty miles f ,algi]s1 ! atmosph]e surr\nd+ :i* 0 ( a v pe/il5tial "*4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahfg #ac1jjj eucalyptus trees 7 plant$ on ! f>m1 & ,m4 ,gimb]t /ates t s9ce !n n a s+le case ( fev] has tak5 place1 ! fre$om f disease occurr+ ! same ye> ! plants 7 plac$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! good effects comm5c+ :il/ ! trees 7 only two or ?ree mtres 9 height4 ,! foll[+ is extract$ f ',les ,mondes' 7#ahgf73--;,betwe5 ,nice & ,monaco !re is a locality s unheal?y t ! ,p>is1 ,lyons1 & ,m$it]ranean ,railway ,company h be5 oblig$ to *ange e two or ?ree mon?s ! wat*man at a cross+ !re4 ,plantations ( ! eucalyptus h be5 =m$ !re1 & at pres5t ! same wat*man has resid$ !re = sev]al mon?s ) 8 family )\t exp]i5c+ ! lea/ inconv5i5ce4 ,aga93--,9 ! ,campagna1 ab\t ?ree miles f ,rome1 !re /& "s des]t$ *ur* build+s & a mona/]y1 ! latt] hav+ be5 ab&on$ because ( ! mortality among/ ! monks caus$ by ! noxi\s exhalations4 ,"s six ye>s s9ce a company ( ,fr5* trappi/s1 hav+ obta9$ p]mission f ! ,italian ,gov]nm5t1 plant$ ! gr\nds 9 & ar\nd ! mona/]y ) eucalyptus trees1 & ! result is /at$ to h be5 s total an immunity ( ! build+ f fev]1 al?\gh situat$ 9 ! wor/ "p ( ! ,campagna1 t ! mona/]y is n[ t5ant$1 ! heal? ( ! occupants be+1 x is said1 unimpair$4 ,! writ] 9 ! ',ph>maceutical ,j\rnal1' :o contributes ?is /atem5t1 adds3--,:e!r ?is gr& result has be5 obta9$ ?r\gh ! efficacy ( ! extract ( ! eucalyptus tak5 ea* morn+ ) _! cup ( black c(fee1 or :e!r x is to be attribut$ to ! effects ( ! plantations1 ,i leave to sci5tific m5 to det]m9e4#bhd ,footnote #bhd3 ,b5tley4 ,x seems v probable t ! effects above describ$ are due to ! eucalyptus hav+ su* ext5sive & f>-spread+ roots1 :i* suck up & appropriate ! moi/ure ( ! surr\nd+ soil1 ! pres5ce ( :i*1 aid$ by heat1 giv+ rise to vegetable decomposition1 is believ$ to be ! cause ( mal>ial poison+4 ,! avidity ( ! plant = wat] is v great2 x has be5 comput$ t "o tree w absorb t5 times its weight ( moi/ure f ! soil4#bhe ,x is mo/ likely ow+1 at any rate 9 v l>ge measure1 to ?is cause1 r ?an to ! suppos$ antiseptic & dis9fect+ od\rs exhal$ by its leaves1 t ! salubri\s effects ( ! eucalyptus are due4 ,! blue gum tree1 or ,eucalyptus globulus 7s di/+ui%$ because ( ! r\nd$ =m ( ! lid :i* cov]s its unexp&$ fl[] bud71 has be5 successfully introduc$ into ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,if1 z ass]t$1 x c only exi/ 9 a climate :]e ! temp]ature is nev] l[] ?an ! freez+ po9t1 its dome/ication 7save 9 hot-h\ses7 is impossible 9 our own c\ntry4 ,footnote #bhe3 ',ph>m4 ,j\rnal1' ,febru>y #e?1 #ahgf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eucalyptus ,,globulus 7f ! ',ar*iv d] ,ph>m41' #ahgc1 p4 #abi47 ,! ,eucalyptus globulus is a v rapidly-gr[+ tree1 & atta9s to great proportions4 ,9 "s cases x has be5 kn[n to atta9 ! colossal dim5sions ( #cej feet 9 height & a #ajj 9 circumf]5ce4#bhf ,footnote #bhf3 ,b5tley4 ,?is magnitude is entirely out ( proportion to ! size ( ! se$1 :i* is v m9ute2 s m9ute t x has be5 comput$ "o p\nd weight ( ! se$ c\ld produce #afb1jjj trees4 ,v>i\s prep>ations ( ! leaves & b>k ( ! eucalypti h be5 introduc$ into m$ic9e1 :i* w be f\nd "u ! respective ph>maceutical prep>ations4 ,!y 7 ass]t$ to be specially s]viceable 9 int]mitt5t fev]s & bron*itis4 ,! idea t _! efficacy 9 ! =m] class ( disease 0 due to ! pres5ce 9 ! b>ks ( ! eucalypti ( an alkaloid simil> to1 if n ! same z1 qu99e1 has be5 %[n to be an errone\s "o1 f ! exp]im5ts ( ! ,gov]nm5t *emi/ ( ,ootacamund 7,mr ,br\ghton71 :o1 aft] a mo/ c>eful *emical analysis1 fail$ to discov] ei!r qu99e1 qu9id9e1 c9*on9e1 c9*onid9e1 or ! lea/ trace ( any "o ( ! c9*ona alkaloids4 ,:5 ! leaves ( ! ,eucalyptus globulus are held to ! light !y reveal ! pres5ce ( little semi-transp>5t dots1 :i* are f\nd to be receptacles = a volatile oil1 t may be obta9$ 9 l>ge quantity by submitt+ ! plant to aque\s di/illation4 ,?is volatile oil has be5 exam9$ by ,cloez1 :o f\nd x to consi/ *iefly ( a sub/ance alli$ 9 *emical *>act]s to camphor1 :i* sub/ance he nam$ eucalyptol4#bhg ,any !rapeutic p[] possess$ by ! eucalyptus may be ref]r$ to ?is sub/ance1 s9ce1 z j /at$1 x _c be due to a b>k alkaloid4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,messrs ,fau/ & ,homey] /ate t ,cloez's ,eucalyptol is a mixture ( t]p5 & cymol4 ,be=e f9i%+ our notice ( ! reput$ curative effects ( ! eucalyptus we may m5tion t ,dr ,gimb]t employs ! leaves in/ead ( l9t = dress+ w\nds & fetid ulc]s1 & says he has f\nd !m1 :5 ?us us$1 excell5t deodoris]s2 t ano!r me?od ( employ+ ! leaves ( ! eucalyptus consi/s 9 hav+ !m made into cig>ettes1 :i* are report$ to be useful 9 a/hma & bron*ial compla9ts4 ,la/ly1 let u /ate t ano!r species ( eucalyptus exudes a v a/r+5t sub/ance1 :i*1 f its appe>ance & prop]ties1 be+ s analog\s to k9o1 has be5 d5om9at$ ,botany ,bay k9o4 7,see ,,eucalypt947 ,! ess5tial oil ( eucalyptus1 :i*1 accord+ to ! species ( ! plant f :i* x is obta9$1 v>ies 9 col\r f light yell[ to light blue1 is n[ l>gely employ$ z a dilu5t = ! m delicate volatile oils us$ 9 p]fum]y4 ,_m species ( ! eucalyptus yield excell5t timb]1 possess$ ( great h>dness & durability1 & little affect$ by moi/ure4 ,?is timb] has ! p[] ( resi/+ ! attacks ( insects4 ,! wood ( ! eucalyptus is also v ri* 9 pota%4 ,! maple & ! elm1 :i* are reg>d$ z yield+ a l>ge p]-c5tage ( ?is sub/ance1 af=d only ab\t half z mu* z c be obta9$ f ! eucalyptus1 ?is latt] tree yield+ #ba p] c5t4 ( pota%4 ,! b>ks ( diff]5t species h also be5 advantage\sly utilis$ = pap] mak+1 z well z = tann+4 ,9 ?is c\ntry eucalyptus se$s are re>$ 9 a gre5h\se4 ,!y may be s[n 9 a mixture ( loam1 peat1 & ord9>y soil1 ) a spr9kl+ ( s& on ! surface4 ,! foll[+ directions = ! cultivation ( ! eucalyptus 9 ,engl& 7 communicat$ to ! ',m$ical ,times & ,gazette' ( #ahgc by ,mr ,b5nett ,/an=d1 ( ,pyt ,h\se1 ,tisbury3--,i h successfully re>$ f se$ two doz5 ( ^! trees1 & !y are n[ gr[+ well out ( doors4 ,i obta9$ ! se$ five ye>s ago f ,s\? ,au/ralia1 & =c$ x 9 a ho?\se2 9 "o ye> x 0 f\r feet high1 & n[1 9 its fif? ye>1 x is gr[+ rapidly 9 a %elt]$ position 9 ! p>k1 hav+ atta9$ a height ( ?irty feet4 ,! fir/ ?ree ye>s ! tree mu/ be tak5 "u cov] 9 ! w9t]1 & ! f\r? & fif? ye>s %\ld be protect$ = sev]al feet up ) wisps ( hay or /raw4 ,:5 ! trees are kept indoors 9 w9t] x %\ld be 9 an orang]y or v high gre5h\se1 ) pl5ty ( light & a little wat]4 ,,eu*lo'',,r9e4 ,a bright-yell[ gas1 prep>$ by g5tly heat+ *lorate ( potassa ) hydro*loric acid4 ,x is probably a mixture ( *lor\s acid & free *lor9e4 ,pr(4 ,/one1 ( ,man*e/]1 has f\nd ,eu*lor9e ( a great s]vice z an a]ial dis9fectant4 ,,eugl54 ,^! are ciliat$ infusorial animalcules inhabit+ ponds & wat]-tanks4 ,sometimes !y ab\nd 9 wat] 9 quantities s enorm\s z to imp>t to t fluid a blood-r$ appe>ance4 ,! pr9cipal species are ! ,eugl5a viridis & ! ,eugl5a pyrum4 ,_! pres5ce is suppos$ to indicate ! exi/5ce 9 ! wat] 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 ( decay+ animal & vegetable matt] ^u :i* !y are believ$ to fe$4 ,,euphor',,bium4 ,syn4 ,,gum ,,euphorbium2 ,,euphorbium 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,! concrete res9\s juice ( ! ,euphorbia can>i5sis1 & o!r species ( ! same g5us4 ,x is a p[]ful acrid1 purgative1 rubefaci5t1 /]nutatory1 & vesicant1 & ! viol5ce ( its action has l$ to its disuse4 ,,eu',,pione4 ,an e!real liquid =m+ ! *ief portion ( ! light oil ( wood-t>1 & :i* also exi/s 9 ! t> obta9$ dur+ ! de/ructive di/illation ( animal sub/ances1 & 9 ! fluid product ( ! di/illation ( rape oil4 ,x is sep>at$ f ^! sub/ances by agitat+ !m ) oil ( vitriol1 or a mixture ( oil ( vitriol & nitre1 & subsequ5t cauti\s di/illation4 ,pure eupione is ta/eless1 exce$+ly ?91 limpid1 & aromatic2 boils at #aaf ,fahr42 & is ! lighte/ fluid kn[n2 sp4 gr4 #fee4 ,x is v inflammable1 burns ) a v bright flame1 & gives a transi5t greasy /a9 to pap]4 ,x is isom]ic ) hydride ( amyl4 ,o!r volatile hydroc>bons ( l orig9 are (t5 conf\nd$ ) eupione by *emical writ]s4 ,,eupyr',,ion4 ,any contrivance = obta9+ in/antane\s light2 z a lucif] mat*1 c4 ,,evac',,uants4 ,syn4 ,,evacuantia1 ,l4 ,m$ic9es :i* augm5t ! secretions or excretions4 ,,ca?>tics1 ,,diaphoretics1 ,,diuretics1 ,,emetics1 ,,errh9es1 ,,expectorants1 & ,,sialogogues1 belong to ?is class4 ,,evapora',,tion4 ,! conv]sion ( a fluid into vap\r by means ( heat1 dim9i%$ atmosph]ic pressure1 or exposure to a dry atmosph]e4 ,evaporation is _h rec\rse to--#a4 ,= ! vap\r z a s\rce ( heat or p[]1 z 9 ! case ( /eam-boil]s1 c42--#b4 ,to sep>ate volatile fluids f impurities or o!r bodies1 :i* are ei!r fix$ or less volatile2--#c4 ,to recov] solid bodies f _! solutions1 z 9 ! prep>ation ( extracts1 *emical salts1 c42--#d4 ,to conc5trate or /r5g!n a solution by ! expulsion ( "s ( ! fluid matt] t =ms ! m5/ruum2--#e4 ,to purify liquids by ! dissipation ( ! volatile matt]s :i* may contam9ate !m4 ,x is f\nd t1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 evaporation is conf9$ to ! surface ( ! heat$ liquid1 & is !re=e sl[] or quick]1 9 proportion to ! ext5sion ( t surface4 ,h5ce has aris5 ! adoption ( wide1 %all[ vessels = conta9+ fluids dur+ _! exposure to heat = ?is purpose4 ,evaporation proce$s mo/ rapidly :5 a curr5t ( air 7especially hot & dry air7 is made to pass ov] ! surface ( ! fluid2 z1 9 ?is ease1 ! vap\r is prev5t$ f re/+ ^u ! surface1 & imp$+ ! process by its pressure4 ,= a simil> reason1 liquids evaporate m rapidly 9 vessels p>tially cov]$ ?an 9 op5 ones4 ,9 ! =m] case ! cool incumb5t air cond5ses & ?r[s back a portion ( ! vap\r1 :i* !reupon1 besides its cool+ action1 (f]s me*anical resi/ance to ! diffusion ( ! vapor\s p>ticles z !y arrive at ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,9 ! latt] case ^! ob/acles are avoid$1 & ! impetus ( ! vap\r p\r+ =? f a contract$ orifice 7or pipe71 n only readily ov]comes ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 b (f]s less surface = its cool+ action1 until x has pass$ mu* beyond ! po9ts at :i* x c ex]t any influ5ce on ! fluid f :i* x has escap$4 ,9 ?is way ! *emical action ( ! atmosph]e on ! liquid op]at$ on is also consid]ably less5$4 ,on ! small scale1 %all[ capsules ( glass1 w$gwood-w>e1 porcela91 or metal1 are commonly employ$ z evaporat+ vessels1 & ^! are expos$ to heat by plac+ !m ov] a lamp1 or nak$ fire1 or 9 a wat] ba?1 or s& ba?1 accord+ to ! temp]ature at :i* x is prop] to conduct ! process4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 high-pressure /eam is usually employ$ z ! s\rce ( heat4 ,! t]m 'spontane\s evaporation' is appli$ to ! dissipation ( a fluid by m]e exposure 9 op5 vessels1 at ! common temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 & )\t ! application ( artificial heat4 ,! cel]ity ( ?is species ( evaporation :olly dep5ds on ! degree ( humidity ( ! surr\nd+ air1 & diff]s f ! =m]1 9 :i* ! rate ( evaporation is proportionate to ! degree ( heat at :i* ! process is conduct$1 & ! am\nt ( pressure ^u ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,evaporation '9 vacuo' 7z x is call$7 is conduct$ "u ! receiv] ( an air-pump1 or 9 an att5uat$ atmosph]e1 produc$ by fill+ a vessel ) /eam1 by :i* means ! air is expell$1 :5 all communication ) ! ext]nal atmosph]e is cut (f1 & ! vap\r cond5s$ by ! application ( cold4 ,fluids are also evaporat$ 9 air-tight receiv]s ov] sulphuric acid1 by :i* !y are cont9ually expos$ to ! action ( a v dry atmosph]e4 ,:5 su* a receiv] is connect$ ) an air-pump 9 action1 evaporation proce$s ) increas$ rapidity1 & int5se cold is produc$4 ,x appe>s1 f ! exp]im5ts ( ,dr ,ure1 t if ! bottom ( a pan1 & ! portion ( ! sides imm]s$ 9 a hot fluid m$ium 7solution ( *loride ( calcium1 = example71 be corrugat$1 s z to conta9 a d\ble expanse ( metallic surface1 t pan w evaporate exactly d\ble ! quantity ( wat]1 9 a giv5 "t1 :i* a l pan1 ) smoo? bottom & sides1 w d1 imm]s$ equally deep 9 ! same ba?4 ,if ! corrugation conta9 ?ree times ! quantity ( metallic surface1 ! evaporation w be ?reefold 9 ! above circum/ances4 ,b if ! pan1 ) ! same corrugat$ bottom & sides1 be set ov] a fire1 or 9 an oblong flue1 s t ! curr5t ( flame may sweep along ! corrugations1 x w evaporate no m wat] f its int]ior ?an a smoo? pan ( l %ape & dim5sions plac$ alongside x 9 ! same flue1 or ov] ! same fire4 ,9 ! laboratory1 /eam heat is n[ almo/ exclusively employ$4 ,copp]1 or t9n$1 glaz$1 or silv]$ copp]$ pans1 boil]s1 & /ills1 are surr\nd$ by a 'jacket' ( ca/ iron1 & high-pressure /eam admitt$ betwe5 ! two4 ,by due managem5t ( ! supply-cock1 a range ( temp]ature may be ?us obta9$ ext5d+ f ab\t #ij to #cbe ,fahr4 ,x is f\nd t1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 #aj squ>e feet ( heat$ surface w evaporate fully #a lb4 ( wat] p] m9ute2 & t a ?9 copp] tube expos+ #aj feet surface w cond5se ab\t #c lbs4 ( /eam p] m9ute1 ) a diff]5ce ( temp]ature ( ab\t #ij ,fahr4 ,?is is equal to #cj ,fahr4 p] lb42 &1 consequ5tly1 ! heat ( ! /eam employ$ to produce ! evaporation %\ld be #bab #cj #bdb ,fahr4 ,an att5tion to ! facts & pr9ciples ?us briefly expla9$ above w be f\nd ( great value 9 ! laboratory4 ,,excip',,i5t4 ,see ,,prescription4 ,,exci',,tants4 ,see ,,/imulants4 ,,excoria',,tions4 ,syn4 ,sprays1 ,,*af+s4 ,9 surg]y & pa?ology1 sup]ficial injuries or affections ( ! sk91 consi/+ ( ! removal ( ! sc>f-sk9 or cuticle1 accompani$ ) m or less irritation & slight inflammations4 ,:5 aris+ f r\gh friction or attrition1 !y are m commonly call$ abrasions4 ,"y *ildr5 are v apt to be *af$ "u ! arms1 beh9d ! e>s1 betwe5 ! ?ighs1 & 9 ! wr9kles & folds ( ! sk9 g5]ally1 unless great att5tion is paid to cleanl9ess1 & wip+ ! sk9 p]fectly dry aft] wa%+ !m4 ,:5ev] !re is a t5d5cy to excoriations ( ?is k9d1 ei!r 9 adults or *ildr51 a little f9ely p[d]$ />*1 or violet p[d]1 appli$ by means ( a puff1 or a small bag ( musl91 once or twice a day1 w g5]ally remove !m1 & prev5t _! occurr5ce 9 future4 ,mild ungu5ts1 z cold cream1 or sp]maceti c]ate or o9tm5t1 may also be us$ ) advantage4 ,! pref]5ce %\ld1 h[ev]1 be giv5 to ! rem$ies fir/ nam$1 f _! n soil+ ! l954 ,see ,,abrasion4 ,,excreta4 ,! excrem5titi\s matt] evacuat$ f ! b[els v>ies ( c\rse 9 composition & quantity accord+ to ! food f :i* x is d]iv$4 ,b]zelius f\nd a sample analys$ by himself to yield ab\t sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ( wat]1 ! rema9d] be+ made up ( alim5t>y wa/e1 & bili>y matt]4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( phosphates ( calcium & magnesium 0 f\nd 9 ! a% rema9+ aft] ! inc9]ation ( ! solid matt]4 ,a specim5 ( fcal matt] exam9$ by ,playfair yield$ #ae p] c5t4 ( nitrog5 & #de p] c5t4 ( c>bon4 ,m>cet /ates t he has obta9$ f excrem5t a cry/allisable body possess+ an alkal9e reaction2 to :i* he gives ! "n excret92 also a fatty sub/ance1 :i* he t]ms excretolic acid4 ,to excret9 he assigns ! =mula ,c#gh;,h#aef,,s#b2 ! composition ( ! acid has n be5 det]m9$4 ,h9t]b]g] has succe$$ 9 gett+ excret9e 7excret971 free f sulphur1 & gives z its simple/ =mula ,c#bj;,h#cf,o2 :i* %[s a close resemblance to *ole/]91 ,c#bf;,h#dd,o4 ,b *ole/]9 is less easily dissolv$ 9 v9eg> ?an excret91 & ! solution deposits cry/als :i*1 :5 view$ by ! microscope1 are f\nd to be beautiful silky six-sid$ prisms1 :ile ! excret9 solution yields r\nd masses4 ,treat$ ) brom9e1 excret9 gave a cry/all9e body hav+ ! =mula ,c#bj;,h#cd;,br#b,o2 b ! au?or did n succe$ 9 prep>+ a *lor9at$ comp\nd ( excret94 ,9 ! excreta ( c>nivor\s animals no excret9 has be5 discov]$1 al?\gh a sub/ance resembl+ x has be5 f\nd4 ,*ole/]9 has be5 obta9$ f ! fces ( ! crocodile1 b no urates2 :il/ ! excreta ( ! boa conta9 urates1 b are de/itute ( *ole/]94 ,! fces ( animals t live on vegetables conta9 nei!r excret91 butyric acid1 nor *ole/]94 ,! excreta ( birds & s]p5ts1 :i* mix$ ) ! secretion f ! kidneys1 are dis*>g$ f ! animals by ! cavities1 are v simil> to ur9e1 & consi/ *iefly ( alkal9e urates & e>?y phosphates4 ,! excrem5ts ( insects consi/ ma9ly ( ! remnants ( ! tissues1 animal or vegetable :i* !y h swall[$ z food1 mix$ ) con/itu5ts ( ! ur9e1 provid$ ! insect has no special ur9>y organs4 ,brig] exam9$ ! fces ( heal?y p]sons1 & ( convalesc5ts1 & f\nd 9 addition to acetic1 butyric1 & isobutyric acids1 small quantities ( ph5ol & indol1 & a new cry/allisable body1 :i* he t]ms skatol 7skatos1 fces74 ,x cry/allises 9 irregul>-d5tate %9+ plates1 resembl+ indol1 :i* by frequ5t recry/allisation f hot wat]1 c be obta9$ sn[ :ite4 ,skatol =ms ! *ief con/itu5t ( ! volatile aromatic compon5ts ( human fces4 ,fces ( dogs 7:e!r f$ on meat or bread diet7 conta9$ no skatol1 b indol1 & 9 addition a yell[ oil1 ) a revolt+ & peculi>ly irritat+ smell4 ,brig] has n yet be5 able to analyse ?is yell[ oil1 al?\gh x =ms ! *ief volatile con/itu5t ( dogs' fces4 ,he has repeat$ly obta9$ x f di/illation f human pa?ological fluids4 ,9 ! pancreas aft] putrefaction1 & 9 ! fces ( typhus pati5ts1 no skatol 0 f\nd4 ,! au?or consid]s skatol id5tical ) ! sub/ance :i* ,secretan obta9$ by ! decomposition ( egg album5 "u wat] = six mon?s4 ,skatol inject$ "u ! sk9 ( rabbits1 passes out 9 ! ur9e z a sub/ance yield+ col\r+ matt]4 ,skatol is believ$ by ! au?or to be ! sub/ance 9 human ur9e :i*1 accord+ to ,jaff1 yields a r$ or violet col\r on ! addition ( hydro*loric acid & *loride ( lime4 ,ph5ol1 ! au?or f9ds1 is a con/ant compon5t ( human fces4 ,! above results %[ t specific products ( decomposition are normal compon5ts ( inte/9al dige/ion4#bhh ,footnote #bhh3 ',deut4 ,*em4 ,ges4 ,b]g41' x1 #ajbg-ajca4 ,liebig calculat$ t ! daily av]age am\nt ( fcal matt] pass$ by a man is #e-a_/b oz2 ,lawes says t x av]ages 9 heal?y male adults1 #db oz2 ,p>kes e/imates x 79 ,europe7 at #d oz4 on ! av]age2 ,le!by at #bghd1 & ,frankl& at #c oz4 ,9 ,india1 a native on ! av]age excretes z mu* z #ab oz41 ?is increase ov] ! above quantities be+ due to ! l>ge proportion ( rice & f>9ace\s food ( :i* ! ,h9doos' diet consi/s4 ,! daily av]age am\nt ( ur9e excret$ by a human be+ has be5 giv5 by ,lawes at #df oz42 ,p>kes places x at #ej oz4 by measure = ea* male adult2 ,le!by at #cahea1 & ,frankl& at ne>ly #dj oz4 by measure4 ,accord+ to ,p>kes' figures a population ( a ?\s& p]sons1 w\ld ?us void daily #aef lbs4 ( solids1 & #bfj gallons ( ur9e2 or #be tons ( fces1 & #ia1bej gallons ( ur9e p] annum2 :il/ accord+ to ,le!by1 f ! same numb] ( p1 ! daily dis*>ge w\ld be #bbff lbs4 avoirdupois ( ur9e & #agge lbs4 ( fces4 ,messrs ,lawes & ,gilb]t e/imate ! manurial value ( ! ur9e & fces toge!r at #fs4 #h;d4 p] annum = e individual1 :i* corresponds to a ye>ly produce ( ab\t #aj lbs4 ( ammonia2 b ,messrs ,h(fman1 ,witt1 & ,?udi*um assess x at #hs4 #f;d4 = a mix$ population ( bo? sexes & ( all ages1 :i* !y say repres5ts ab\t #ac lbs4 ( ammonia4 ,fcal matt] decomposes mu* m rapidly :5 mix$ ) ur9e ?an x w\ld o!rwise d1 ammonia & fetid gases be+ giv5 (f 9 consid]able quantities4 ,%\ld mu* wat] be also pres5t1 & ! temp]ature mod]ately high1 light c>burett$ hydrog51 c>bonic anhydride1 nitrog51 & sulphurett$ hydrog5 are likewise evolv$4 ,unless human excreta be effectually z well z spe$ily remov$ f ! dwell+s1 /reets1 c41 ( a community1 t community w assur$ly pay ! p5alty ( _! neglect 9 ! %ape ( heal? s]i\sly endang]$ & det]iorat$4 ,if ?is be s ) heal?y evacuations1 ! p]il becomes consid]ably int5sifi$ :5 ! excreta are dis*>g$ by pati5ts lab\r+ "u contagi\s or _m o!r diseases4 ,see ,,ur9e1 ,,sewage4 ,,ex',,ercise is ess5tial to ! heal?y p]=mance ( ! functions ( bo? body & m9d4 ,)\t x1 ! /oma* acts feebly1 ! b[els become inactive1 & ! circulation ( ! blood languid & imp]fect2 ! *e/ contracts1 ! respiration becomes imp$$1 ! bra9 is insuffici5tly suppli$ ) pure art]ial blood1 ! m9d gr[s le?>gic1 ! complexion assumes a sickly & effem9ate hue1 & ! features g5]ally lack ! en]gy & expression :i* !y possess 9 p]fect heal?4 ,) ex]cise1 ! bodily functions are p]=m$ ) vig\r & regul>ity1 ! con/itution is !reby /r5g!n$1 & ! attacks ( disease repell$4 ,by ex]cise ! m9d too is excit$ to heal?y action1 its gloomy rev]ies are dispell$1 & ! fair face ( creation is pres5t$ to ! m9d's eye 9 its prop] hues4 ,x robs undue m5tal ex]tion ( half its injuri\s effects ^u ! body1 :il/ x /imulates & directs x 9 its prop] c\rse4 ,x improves ! temp]1 & humanises ! "*4 ,! disposition is ref9$1 ! passions re/ra9$1 viol5t emotions *eck$1 ! habits improv$1 & ! p]sonal *>ms promot$ "u ! /imulus ( judici\s ex]cise4 ,to females1 bodily ex]cise is ev5 m necess>y ?an to males4 ,! disposition & education ( females are su* z t5d to produce habits ( slo? & indol5ce to a great] degree ?an 9 ! o!r sex4 ,h5ce to !m ex]cise is d\bly important--x is insep>able f heal?4 ,! m retir+ dispositions ( females lead !m almo/ unconsci\sly into habits ( inactivity1 :i*1 above all1 !y %\ld endeav\r to %ake (f & avoid4 ,by s do+--by replac+ habits ( indol5ce & inactivity by livel9ess & mod]ate ex]cise1 ! developm5t ( ! body w be promot$1 additional grace & elegance imp>t$ to its natural movem5ts1 & ! enjoym5ts aris+ f bo? m5tal & bodily heal? increas$1 :il/ disease & de=mity w be prev5t$ by ! removal ( _! cause4 ,! necessity ( ex]cise exi/s equally 9 e grade ( society & age ( life4 ,^? :o are engag$ 9 s$5t>y employm5ts or 9-door occupations1 %\ld p>ticul>ly seek refre%+ out-door ex]cise dur+ ! p]iods ( relaxation f _! diurnal duties4 ,to ! /udi\s & delicate ( bo? sexes1 ?is is absolutely necess>y to pres]ve ! heal? & vig\r ( ! body4 ,9 infancy1 ex]cise ( a suitable k9d %\ld be almo/ ! con/ant occupation ( ! little be+s t claim our protection & c>e4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be always borne 9 m9d1 t ! muscul> ex]cise ( v "y *ildr5 mu/ be ( ! g5tle/ class4 ,prejudice & ignorance frequ5tly induce nurses & p>5ts to tea* _! *ildr5 to walk1 z !y falsely call x1 & ?us _! feeble limbs are urg$ to make premature ef=ts to tott] along1 be=e ! bones & muscles h acquir$ suffici5t /r5g? to support ! body 9 an erect position4 ,f ?is c\rse ! legs & jo9ts frequ5tly become b5t & mis%ap5$1 & sev]e injuries are (t5 inflict$ on ! head & body by bl[s & falls4 ,x %\ld nev] be =gott51 t crawl+ & roll+ are _! fir/ modes ( progression1 & require ! lea/ ex]tion4 ,next comes ! sitt+ po/ure2 f ?is ! *ild gradually advances to ! erect "o2 !n to walk by slight assi/ance2 &1 la/ly1 to walk safely alone4 ,all ?is %\ld come naturally1 & nev] be promot$1 fur!r ?an by lay+ ! infant on ! c>pet or floor1 = ! full ex]cise ( its little /r5g?4 ,z soon z a heal?y *ild is able to walk in/ead ( crawl1 its own disposition induces x to d s4 ,! faculty ( imitation1 ! _s ( ent]prise1 & ! pride ( do+ :at o!rs d1 pres5t ev5 9 infancy1 is r apt to lead ! infant to ov]-ex]tion ?an ! contr>y4 ,! practice ( con/antly 'doll+' *ildr5 9 ! arms is mo/ prejudicial to ! e>ly developm5t ( _! feeble p[]s4 ,x is injudici\s to take an infant out dur+ ! hotte/ "p ( ! day 9 summ]2 su* a proce$+ t5ds to en]vate & depress1 r ?an to /r5g!n him4 ,:5ev] he goes out 8 head %\ld be protect$ f ! direct rays ( ! sun by means ( a l>ge brimm$ hat made ( cotton or /raw & an umbrella4 ,! neglect ( ^! precautions frequ5tly gives rise to ! disord]$ /oma*1 sickness1 & di>rhoea1 s preval5t dur+ v hot wea!r4 ,dur+ o!r p]iods ( ! day1 ! wea!r be+ favorable & ! locality heal?y1 an infant _c be too mu* out ( doors1 especially dur+ tee?+4 ,infants ( ?ree or f\r mon?s' old may1 "u c]ta9 precautions1 be s5t out into ! op5 air dur+ ! w9t]4 ,!y mu/ be well wrapp$ up2 !y %\ld be c>ri$ 9 ! nurse's arms1 & n consign$ to a p]ambulator2 !y %\ld nev] g out 9 foggy nor wet wea!r2 if ! w9d be nei!r 9 ! ea/ nor ! nor?-ea/ !re w be no objection to _! be+ s5t out on a cle> fro/y day4 ,spr+ is a try+ p]iod = infants & *ildr51 because ( ! preval5ce ( ea/ w9ds2 h5ce ! necessity ( see+ t !y are well & w>mly clad :5 s5t out dur+ ?is season4 ,!re is mu* less dang] ( a *ild tak+ cold dur+ ! autumn ?an ! spr+1 z 9 autumn ! w9ds frequ5tly bl[ f ! s\?1 or w>m qu>t]4 ,9 *ildhood ! ex]cise %\ld be regulat$ accord+ to con/itution & age2 avoid+ inactivity1 on ! "o h&1 & excessive ex]cise on ! o!r4 ,! out-door plays & pa/imes ( ,,boys w g5]ally be f\nd suffici5t1 & 9 "s cases w ev5 require to be curb$1 to prev5t fatigue & ! ov]task+ ( ! "y frame4 ,) girls x is frequ5tly difficult to f9d suffici5t ex]cise )\t trespass+ on ! prejudices ( ! ignorant1 or ! r\t9e ( _! daily education4 ,) !m walk+1 & "s heal?y amusem5t1 z skipp+1 hoop+1 or ! l1 %\ld be indulg$ 9 = "s h\rs daily4 ,:5 ?is is impossible or inconv5i5t1 !y may be habituat$ to ! practice ( ! m simply & cleanly portion ( ! dome/ic duties4 ,9 ! p]=mance ( ! latt]1 ! heal? w be promot$1 :il/ ! c>e & att5tion :i* is always due by a female to h]self & o!rs1 at all p]iods ( h] life1 w become an easy acquisition1 & assi/ ! cultivation ( ! be/ feel+s ( h] nature4 ,9 y\? ex]cise matures & promotes ! developm5t ( ! frame2 & 9 manhood x is equally necess>y1 z already notic$1 to keep x 9 heal?y action4 ,9 age x w be f\nd to assi/ ! vital functions1 & put (f decay4 ,9 fact1 to all--"y1 old1 ri*1 & poor1 physical ex]cise is ess5tial to ! p]man5t enjoym5t ( heal?4 ,9 a m$ical po9t ( view1 ex]cise1 employ$ mod]ately1 has a tonic & /imulat+ influ5ce on ! sy/em1 & is calculat$ to prove b5eficial 9 a great v>iety ( compla9ts4 ,us$ immod]ately1 x exhau/s bo? ! m5tal & bodily p[]s1 & produces great debility4 7,p]eira47 ,well-direct$ ex]cise fav\rs ! pres]vation ( ! g5]al heal?1 by call+ into direct action ! majority ( ! organs ( ! body2 & x also acts p[]fully on ! sk91 by /imulat+ its functions1 increas+ its temp]ature1 awak5+ its tone1 & subject+ x to a curr5t ( atmosph]e favorable to its respiratory (fices4 ,b to be b5eficial 9 ! highe/ degree1 ex]cise mu/ be accompani$ by feel+s ( pres5t int]e/ & enjoym5t4 ,! m9d mu/ direct & g ) x2 to ensure its full b5efits1 ! s\l mu/ be pres5t4 ,dur+ convalesc5ce1 prop]ly regulat$ ex]tion is highly s]viceable2 b x %\ld nev] be c>ri$ s f> z to produce exhau/ion1 & %\ld be pursu$ = "s "t 9 doors1 be=e x be attempt$ 9 ! op5 air2 ! latt]1 at fir/1 %\ld always take place 9 a c>riage1 t c be op5$ or clos$ at w2 ! pati5t may !n attempt %ort walks 9 ! op5 air2 b1 9 all cases1 x is ( importance t he is n unduly fatigu$1 z1 o!rwise1 injury in/ead ( b5efit w be ! result4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s errors1 committ$ ) reg>d to ex]tion1 is t ( p]mitt+ a convalesc5t to sit up too frequ5tly1 or = too long a "t1 "u ! mi/ak5 notion ( giv+ him /r5g?4 ,a pati5t %\ld nev] be all[$ to sit up long] ?an is agreeable to 8 feel+s1 & nev] s long z to produce a s5se ( fatigue4 7,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffi?47 ,! physiological effects ( ex]cise h be5 /udi$ by num]\s sci5tific obs]v]s4 ,! c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts ( ,dr ,edw>d ,smi? h satisfactorily demon/rat$ t dur+ bodily ex]tion ! circulation ( ! blood ?r\gh ! lungs is mu* increas$ 9 velocity1 t ^! latt] inspire air & elim9ate c>bonic anhydride 9 quantities proportionate to ! ex]cise tak51 & t ^! quantities %[ an enorm\s increase ov] ! am\nts ( ^! gases inhal$ & exhal$ dur+ a /ate ( re/4 ,adopt+ ! recumb5t position z unity1 ,dr ,edw>d ,smi? has giv5 ! foll[+ table1 illu/rat+ ! quantities ( air inhal$ dur+ v>i\s =ms ( ex]cise3 ,ly+ position #a ,sitt+ #aah ,/&+ #acc ,s++ #abf ,walk+ #a mile p] h\r #aij ,walk+ #b miles p] h\r #bgf ,walk+ #c miles p] h\r #cbb ,walk+ & c>ry+ #cd lbs4 #cej ,walk+ & c>ry+ #fb lbs4 #chd ,walk+ & c>ry+ #aah lbs4 #dge ,walk+ at #d miles p] h\r #e ,walk+ at #f miles p] h\r #g ,rid+ & trott+ #dje ,swimm+ #dcc ,treadmill #eej ,s9ce a man takes into 8 lungs #dhj cubic in*es ( air p] m9ute1 9 walk+ f\r miles an h\r he draws 9 #bdjj cubic in*es1 & if six miles #cbfj cubic in*es a m9ute4#bhi ,footnote #bhi3 ,p>kes4 ,dr ,smi? e/imat$ ! am\nt ( c>bonic anhydride evolv$ "u diff]+ conditions1 & f\nd t-- ,c>bonic acid exhal$ p] m9ute 9 gra9s4 ,dur+ sleep #dii ,ly+ d[n1 & almo/ asleep 7av]age ( ?ree obs]vations7 #eia ,walk+ at ! rate ( #b miles an h\r #ahaj ,walk+ at ! rate ( #c miles an h\r #behc ,work+ at ! treadmill1 asc5d+ at ! rate ( #bffe feet p] m9ute 7av]age ( ?ree obs]vations7 #ddig ,! relative am\nts ( c>bonic anhydride elim9at$ f ! lungs dur+ p]iods ( re/ & ex]cise h also be5 inve/igat$ by ,pett5k(] & ,voit4 ,! foll[+ table1 :i* gives ! results ( _! exp]im5ts1 also records ! quantities ( oxyg5 absorb$1 & ( wat] & urea excret$ at ! same "t3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,elim9ation 9 ,grammes (-- ,absorption----------------------------- - ( ,oxyg5 9 ,c>bonic ,wat]4 ,urea4 ,grammes4 ,acid4 ---------------------------------------- - ,re/-day4 #gjhi #iaae #hbhj #cgb ,"w-day4 #iede #abhdb #bjdba #cgj ,excess on "w-day 7) exception #bdff #cgbg #abada #jb ( urea7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,if ! quantities 9 ! above table be conv]t$ into ounces x w be f\nd t ne>ly #h-c_/d oz4 m oxyg5 7 absorb$ & #ac oz4 m ( c>bonic anhydride elim9at$ by ! lungs dur+ a "w-day ?an dur+ a re/-day4#bij ,x mu/ be /at$ t dur+ ! "w-day an int]val ( re/ 0 tak51 & t ! lab\r 0 by no means excessive4 ,footnote #bij3 ,p>kes4 ,hirn & ,speck appe> to h conclusively prov$ t ! =mation ( ! c>bonic anhydride occurs 9 ! muscles1 & t x is rapidly c>ri$ (f f !m4 ,9 %ort1 ?is latt] result seems ess5tial = ! developm5t ( muscul> en]gy4 ,at any rate x is f\nd t if ! respiratory movem5ts be 9 any way int]f]$ ) dur+ ex]cise1 & ! elim9ation ( c>bonic anhydride 9 any degree *eck$1 ! muscul> p[] rapidly dim9i%es4 ,an exam9ation ( ,pett5k(] & ,voit's table %[s t ex]cise gives rise to ! escape ( a l>ge am\nt ( wat] f ! body1 & to a slightly dim9i%$ quantity ( urea4 ,s9ce ! accumulation ( ! sup]flu\s c>bon suppli$ by ! food gives rise to morbid & diseas$ /ates ( ! body1#bia we %all n[ be enabl$ to und]/& :y defici5t ex]cise %\ld be a s\rce ( physical ill-be+1 & :y1 on ! contr>y1 ! prop] use ( ! muscles %\ld be s ess5tial a condition = ! ma9t5ance ( heal?1 s9ce x is 9 !m t ! great =mation ( ! elim9at$ c>bon is effect$4 ,we %all also n fail to see :y1 s9ce dur+ ex]cise ! excretion ( wat] is s l>gely increas$1 ! blood necess>ily becomes less dilut$ & ri*] 9 quantity4 ,footnote #bia3 ,defici5t ex]cise is "o ( ! causes :i* produce ^? nutritional alt]ations 9 ! lung :i* we class z tub]culosis4--,,p>kes4 ,:il/ insuffici5cy ( ex]cise gives rise to a weak action ( ! he>t1 & v frequ5tly to fatty deg5]ation ( t organ1 ex]cise t is n excessive1 al?\gh x increases ! beats ( ! he>t f t5 to ?irty beyond ?is accel]ation1 & imp>t+ great] =ce to ! pulsations1 does n int]f]e ) _! regul>ity4 ,fur!rmore1 muscul> ex]cise1 by consid]ably augm5t+ ! fl[ ( ! blood ?r\gh ! :ole body1 ! he>t includ$1 ex]cises a mo/ b5eficial function1 s9ce x causes 9 all organs a m rapid outfl[ ( plasma & absorption--9 o!r words1 a quick] r5ewal4 ,9 ?is way also x removes ! products ( _! action1 :i* accumulate 9 organs1 & re/ores ! p[] ( action to v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4#bib ,footnote #bib3 ,p>kes4 ,palpitation1 enl>gem5t1 & valvul> disease ( ! he>t result f excessive or injudici\s ex]cise4 ,:]ev]1 !re=e1 fatigue or emb>rassm5t ( ! he>t %[s itself re/ mu/ be _h rec\rse to4 ,p]sons hav+ weak he>ts suff] greatly 9 asc5d+ m\nta9 or o!r heights4 ,! effect ( ex]cise ^u ! kidneys is to dim9i% ! quantity ( wat]1 z well z ! *loride ( sodium & o!r *lorides 9 ! ur9e4 ,z we h se51 ! urea is v slightly l[]2 b aft] mu* ex]tion ! uric acid is increas$4 ,!re is also a slight increase 9 ! am\nts ( sulphates & c>bonic anhydride4 ,p>kes c\ld f9d no alt]ation 9 ! phosphates4 ,! dim9ution ( wat] & ! *lorides is due to ! excretion ( ^! by ! sk91 ! function ( :i* is greatly augm5t$ by ex]cise4 ,no urea escapes by ! sk91 b _m acids 7probably fatty ones7 are lib]at$ by t organ4 ,speck has %[n t dur+ ex]cise ! am\nt ( fluid is ne>ly d\ble :at x is :5 ! body is quiesc5t4 ,?is escape ( fluid by p]spiration d\btless af=ds an explanation ( a dim9ution 9 ! quantity ( ! excreta f ! b[els4 ,! fces exhibit no decrease 9 nitrog54 ,ex]cise increases ! gr[? ( ! muscles1 mak+ !m at ! same "t h>d]1 & also caus+ !m to obey m readily ! behe/s ( ! w4 ,prolong$ or excessive ex]tion1 )\t suffici5t re/1 has be5 f\nd to int]f]e ) _! nutrition1 & to cause !m to become s(t4 ,!re is a tol]ably g5]al impression t mu* ex]cise t5ds to cripple ! developm5t ( ! m5tal faculties1 & ?is idea is said to h receiv$ support f ! circum/ance t ! a?letes at our univ]sities seldom signalise !mselves 9 conte/s ( le>n+4 ,b ?is fact1 x has be5 sugge/$1 may be expla9$ by ! a?letic ex]cise be+ indulg$ 9 to su* an ext5t z to leave no "t = cultivat+ ! m9d4 ,if an illu/ration 7 requir$ to prove t great bodily en]gy is q consonant ) m5tal vig\r x might be f\nd 9 ! life ( ! late ,pr(essor ,wilson1 ( ,ed9burgh4 ,on ?is po9t ,dr ,p>kes says3 ,consid]+ t p]fect nutrition is n possible except ) bodily activity1 we %\ld inf] t suffici5t ex]cise w\ld be necess>y = ! p]fect p]=mance ( m5tal "w4 ,z reg>ds ! *anges t take place 9 ! muscles dur+ ex]cise ,dr ,p>kes writes3 ,! *ief *anges t take place 9 ! muscles dur+ action appe> to be ^!3 !re is a consid]able increase ( temp]ature 7,helmholtz71 :i*1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 is proportion$ to ! am\nt ( "w2 x is also proportion$ to ! k9d1 be+ less :5 ! muscle is all[$ to %ort5 ?an if prev5t$ f %ort5+ 7,heid5ha972 ! neutral or alkal9e reaction ( ! tranquil muscle becomes acid f p>a-lactic acid & acid potassium phosphate2 ! v5\s blood pass+ f ! muscles becomes mu* d>k] 9 col\r1 is mu* less ri* 9 oxyg51 & conta9s mu* m c>bonic acid 7,sczelk[72 ! extractive matt]s soluble 9 wat] less51 ^? soluble 9 alcohol increase 7,helmholtz1 9 frogs72 ! am\nt ( wat] increases 79 tetanus1 ,j4 ,ranke71 & ! blood is consequ5tly poor] 9 wat]2 ! am\nt ( album5 9 tetanus is less1 accord+ to ,ranke1 b ,khne has po9t$ out t ! numb]s d n ju/ify ! inf]5ce4 ,liebig /at$ t ! creat9 is increas$ 7b ?is 0 an inf]5ce f old obs]vations on ! extractum c>nis ( hunt$ animals1 & requires confirmation74 ,s>ok9 has /at$ ! same fact 9 respect to ! frog4 ,! electro-motor curr5ts %[ a decid$ dim9ution dur+ contraction4 ,t great molecul> *anges g on 9 ! contract+ muscles is c]ta91 b _! exact nature is n cle>2 accord+ to ,ludim> ,h]mann !re is a jelly-l sep>ation & coagulation ( ! myos91 & !n a resumption ( its prior =m1 s t !re is a cont9ual splitt+ ( ! muscul> /ructure into a myos9 coagulum1 c>bonic acid1 & a free acid1 & ?is con/itutes ! ma9 molecul> movem5t4 ,b no direct evid5ce has be5 giv5 ( ?is4 ,! increas$ heat1 ! great am\nt ( c>bonic acid1 & ! disappe>ance ( oxyg51 comb9$ ) ! respiratory ph5om5a already not$1 all seem to %[ t an active oxidation goes on2 & x is v probable t ?is is ! s\rce ( ! muscul> action4 ,! oxidation may be conceiv$ to take place 9 two ways--ei!r dur+ re/ oxyg5 is absorb$ & /or$ up 9 ! muscles1 & gradually acts !re1 produc+ a sub/ance :i*1 :5 ! muscle contracts1 splits up into lactic acid1 c>bonic acid1 c42 or1 on ! o!r h&1 dur+ ! contraction an increas$ absorption ( oxyg5 goes on 9 ! blood1 & acts on ! muscles1 or on ! sub/ances 9 ! blood circulat+ ?r\gh ! muscles4 ,! fir/ view is /r5g!n$ by "s ( ,pett5k(] & ,voit's exp]im5ts1 :i* %[ t dur+ re/ a c]ta9 am\nt ( /orage ( oxyg5 goes on1 :i* no d\bt 9 "p occurs 9 ! muscles !mselves4 ,inde$1 x has be5 inf]r$ t x is ?is /or$-up oxyg51 & n t brea!d 9 at ! "t1 :i* is us$ 9 muscul> action4 ,! increas$ oxidation gives u a reason :y ! nitrog5\s food mu/ be increas$ dur+ p]iods ( great ex]tion4 ,an increase 9 ! supply ( oxyg5 is a necessity = increas$ muscul> action2 b ,pett5k(] & ,voit's obs]vations h %[n t ! absorption ( oxyg5 is dep5d5t on ! am\nt & action ( ! nitrog5\s /ructures ( ! body1 s t1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 if m oxyg5 is requir$ = increas$ muscul> "w1 m nitrog5\s food is necess>y4 ,b1 ap>t f ?is1 al?\gh exp]im5ts on ! am\nt ( nitrog5\s elim9ation %[ no v great *ange on ! :ole1 !re is no d\bt t1 ) con/ant regul> ex]cise1 a muscle enl>ges1 becomes ?ick]1 heavi]1 conta9s m solid matt]1 &1 9 fact1 has ga9$ 9 nitrog54 ,?is process may be sl[1 b x is c]ta92 & ! nitrog5 mu/ ei!r be suppli$ by increas$ food1 or be tak5 f o!r p>ts4 ,s t1 al?\gh we d n "k ! exact *anges go+ on 9 ! muscles1 x is reg>d$ z c]ta9 t regul> ex]cise produces 9 !m an addition ( nitrog5\s tissue4 ,:e!r ?is addition occurs1 z usually believ$1 9 ! p]iod ( re/ succe$+ action1 :5 9 "s unexpla9$ way ! de/ruction :i* x is presum$ has tak5 place is n only repair$1 b is exce$$ 7a process difficult to und]/&71 or :e!r ! addition ( nitrog5 is actually made dur+ ! action ( ! muscle1 mu/ be left undecid$ = ! pres5t4 ,! sub/ances :i* are ?us oxidis$ 9 ! muscle or 9 ! blood circulat+ ?r\gh x1 & f :i* ! en]gy manife/$ z heat or muscul> movem5t is believ$ to be d]iv$1 may probably be ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances ! exp]im5ts ( ,fick & ,wislic5us & o!rs1 & ! argum5ts ( ,traube1 seem suffici5t to %[ t ! non-nitrog5\s sub/ances1 & p]haps especially ! fats1 furni% ! *ief sub/ances act$ ^u4 ,b x is probable t ! nitrog5\s sub/ances also furni% a cont+5t ( =ce4 ,! exact mode 9 :i* ! en]gy ?us lib]at$ by oxidation is made to assume ! =m ( me*anical motion is q obscure4 ,!re seems little d\bt t ! exhau/ion ( muscles is *iefly ow+ to two causes--fir/ & pr9cipally to ! accumulation 9 !m ( ! products ( _! own action 7especially p>a-lactic acid72 & secondly1 f ! exhau/ion ( ! supply ( oxyg54 ,h5ce re/ is necess>y1 9 ord] t ! blood may neutralise & c>ry away ! products ( action1 s t ! muscle may recov] its neutrality & its normal electrical curr5ts1 & may aga9 acquire oxyg5 9 suffici5t quantity = ! next contraction4 ,9 ! case ( all muscles ^! int]vals ( action & ( exhau/ion take place1 9 "p ev5 ( ! p]iod :i* is call$ ex]cise2 b ! re/ is n suffici5t entirely to re/ore x4 ,9 ! case ( ! he>t ! re/ betwe5 ! contractions 7ab\t two ?irds ( ! "t7 is suffici5t to all[ ! muscle to p]fectly recov] itself4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks on ! effects ( muscul> ex]cise w h prep>$ u = ! inf]5ce :i* /ati/ics abundantly support1 viz4 t1 o!r conditions be+ favorable1 ! heal?ie/ occupation is t :i* consi/s 9 ! practice 7( c\rse )9 reasonable limits7 ( manual lab\r 9 ! op5 air4 ,! ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,haughton1 9 8 "w entitl$ ',a ,new ,!ory ( ,manual ,lab\r1' has drawn up a table 7:i* we app5d7 ( ! am\nt ( =ce exp5d$ dur+ v>i\s k9ds ( "w4 ,x repres5ts ! numb] ( tons lift$ "o foot p] diem3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,lab\r+ ,=ce ( ,man4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,k9d ( ,"w4 ,am\nt ( ,"w4 ,au?ority4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,pile-driv+ #cab tons lift$ #a foot4 ,c\lomb4 ,pile-driv+ #ceb ,lamaude4 ,turn+ a w9* #cgd ,c\lomb4 ,port]s c>ry+ goods1 #cbe & return+ unlad5 ,p$l>s always load$ #cjc ,port]s c>ry+ wood up a /air1 #cha & return+ unload$ ,pavi\rs at "w #ceb ,haughton4 ,milit>y prison]s #caj at %ot drill 7#c h\rs71 & oakum-pick+ & drill ,%ot drill alone 7#c h\rs7 #afjg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,pr(essor ,haughton has devis$ a =mula by means ( :i* a c]ta9 am\nt ( walk+ ex]cise may be made to repres5t its equival5t 9 manual lab\r4 ,he po9ts out t walk+ on a level surface is equival5t to rais+ "o tw5tie? "p ( ! weight ( ! body ?r\gh ! di/ance walk$4 ,:5 asc5d+ any height1 ! :ole weight ( ! body is1 ( c\rse1 rais$ ?r\gh ! asc5t4 ,! =mula is-- 7,w ,wl7 ,d --------------- #bj #bbdj :]e ,w is ! weight ( ! p]son2 ,wl ! weight c>ri$ 7if any72 ,d ! di/ance walk$ 9 feet2 #bj ! co-effici5t ( traction2 & #bbdj ! numb] ( p\nds 9 a ton4 ,! result is ! numb] ( tons rais$ "o foot4 ,to get ! di/ance 9 feet #ebhj mu/ be multipli$ by ! numb] ( miles walk$4 ,suppos+ a man to weigh #aej lbs4 ) 8 clo!s1 by ! employm5t ( ! above =mula we %\ld arrive at ! foll[+ results3-- ---------------------------------- ,"w done 9 ,k9d ( ,ex]cise4 tons lift$ #a foot4 ---------------------------------- ,walk+ #a mile #agfg ---------------------------------- ,walk+ #b miles #cecd ---------------------------------- ,walk+ #aj miles #agfg ---------------------------------- ,walk+ #bj miles #cecd ---------------------------------- ,walk+ #a mile & c>ry+ #fj lbs4 #bdge ---------------------------------- ,walk+ #b miles & c>ry+ #fj lbs4 #die ---------------------------------- ,walk+ #aj miles & c>ry+ #fj lbs4 #bdge ---------------------------------- ,walk+ #bj miles & c>ry+ #fj lbs4 #die ---------------------------------- ,f ! above data some?+ l a r\gh approximation may be =m$ ( ! daily am\nt ( ex]cise requisite = a heal?y male adult4 ,s9ce #ejj tons lift$ a foot is extremely h>d "w1 ! numb] ( miles correspond+ to ?is extreme am\nt ( lab\r w\ld1 if p]sev]$ 91 be objectionable4 ,dr ,p>kes1 reg>d+ #cjj tons lift$ a foot z an av]age day's "w = a heal?y man1 ?9ks t walk+ ex]cise equival5t to half t am\nt %\ld be tak5 daily4 ,?is1 or a #aej tons1 repres5ts a n9e miles' walk4 ,he1 h[ev]1 qualifies ! sugge/ion by add+ t1 z !re is mu* ex]tion tak5 9 ! ord9>y bus9ess ( life1 ?is am\nt may be 9 _m cases r$uc$2 & concludes by say+1 ,x is n possible to lay d[n rules to meet all cases1 b probably e man ) ! above facts be=e him c\ld fix ! am\nt necess>y = himself ) tol]able accuracy4 ,= muscul> ex]cise to be safe & effici5t1 x mu/ be tak5 "u c]ta9 conditions & precautions4 ,we h notic$ ! evil effects ( immod]ate bodily ex]tion on ! he>t4 ,! lungs are no less s]i\sly affect$ by an excessive indulg5ce 9 x1 :i* %[s itself 9 spitt+ ( blood & 9 conge/ion ( ! pulmon>y vessels4 ,conge/ion ( ! lungs br\ght on by ov]tax$ bodily /r5g? v frequ5tly causes ! dea? ( horses 9 ! hunt+ field4 ,^! facts1 !re=e1 n only po9t to ! importance ( avoid+ undue or extreme ex]tion1#bic b also to ! necessity ( ensur+ ! full & uncramp$ play ( ! respiratory organs dur+ ex]cise1 & ! consequ5t removal ( any imp$im5t 9 ! way ( tight clo?+ t 9 any mann] int]f]es ) _! fre$om ( ex]cise4 ,lab\r$ respiration & sigh+ are indications ( pulmon>y conge/ion1 & c\nsel tempor>y re/ & ab/5tion f ex]cise4 ,footnote #bic3 ,!re mu/ be prop] int]vals ( re/1 or ! /ore ( oxyg51 & ( ! mat]ial 9 ! muscles :i* is to be metamorphos$ dur+ contraction1 _c take place4 --,,p>kes4 ,! great augm5tation 9 ! excretion ( c>bon :i* leaves ! lungs 9 ! =m ( c>bonic anhydride dur+ ex]cise has be5 already ref]r$ to4 ,z ?is c>bon is d]iv$ f ! food1 x foll[s t 9 ! int]vals ( ex]cise an increase ( c>bonace\s diet is necess>y4 ,= ?is purpose physiologi/s pref] ! fatty to ! amylace\s v>ieties ( diet4 ,x has be5 already /at$ :y at ! same "t ! nitrog5\s food mu/ be increas$ dur+ p]iods ( great ex]tion4 ,!re seems little d\bt t wat] is ! be/ dr9k t c be tak5 dur+ mod]ate z well z great ex]cise4444 ,x is be/ tak5 9 small quantities & frequ5tly4 ,spirits are decid$ly prejudicial1 & indispose to bodily ex]tion4 ,!y are hurtful because !y less5 ! exhalation ( c>bonic anhydride f ! lungs4 ,tra9]s nev] all[ !m1 & b v little w9e or be]4 ,! ?ir/ t n unfrequ5tly accompanies ex]cise is due to ! great escape ( wat] f ! sk9 :i* has be5 already allud$ to4 ,?is lib]ation ( moi/ure1 be+ also accompani$1 z already expla9$1 by a l>ge excretion ( ! *lorides &1 p]haps1 by o!r salts4 ,dr ,p>kes advises ! use ( an additional supply ( *loride ( sodium to ! diet ( ^? tak+ mu* ex]cise2 he sugge/s t probably potassium *loride & phosphate might be add$ ) advantage4 ,! evaporation f ! sk9 has ! effect ( r$uc+ ! bodily temp]ature & r5d]+ x equable4 ,?is temp]ature1 h[ev]1 falls v rapidly aft] ex]tion is ov]2 & h5ce at ?is "t x is always advisable to gu>d aga9/ ! *ance ( a *ill by cov]+ ! body ov]4 ,flannel =ms ! be/ protection4 ,keep+ ! sk9 clean by daily ablution greatly aids 9 ! escape ( fluid dur+ ex]cise4 ,! l>ge am\nt ( c>bonic anhydride giv5 (f by ! lungs dur+ bodily ex]cise expla9s ! advantages ( op5 air ex]cise1 & :y walk+ 9 ! fre% air produces su* excell5t effects 9 "s =ms ( dyspepsia4 ,?is increas$ exhalation ( c>bonic anhydride also po9ts to ! importance ( ?or\gh v5tilation :5 indoor ex]cise is tak51 p>ticul>ly by l>ge bodies ( m5 or wom51 z 9 rid+ s*ools & on ! treadmill4 ,! mortality among/ m9]s1 ^: lab\r is p]=m$ 9 conf9$ & ill-v5tilat$ spaces is v great4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,simon1 ) ! exception ( ^? :o "w 9 ! well-v5tilat$ m9es ( ,durham & ,nor?umb]l&1 ! #cjj1jjj m9]s 9 ,engl& break d[n prematurely f bron*itis & pneumonia1 caus$ by ! atmosph]e 9 :i* !y are compell$ to "w4 ,,expan',,sion4 ,all sub/ances1 solid1 liquid1 & gase\s1 :5 *emical *ange does n take place1 exp& by heat1 & contract by cold4 ,9 "s ( !m ?is prop]ty occurs 9 a great] degree ?an 9 o!rs1 b is con/ant = ! same sub/ance "u ! same circum/ances4 ,! *emi/ avails himself ( ?is prop]ty 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 !rmomet]2 ! :eelwright1 9 fix+ on ! tire ( 8 :eels2 ! eng9e]1 9 re/or+ to ! p]p5dicul> ! lean+ walls ( build+s1 c4 ,?is expansion by heat is ( great importance 9 ! manufactures1 z all[ance has to be made ( x 9 e purpose :]e metals are employ$4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! expansion ( ! *ief metals1 c41 :5 heat$ f #cb to #bab ,fahr41 or f #j to #ajj ,c5t43-- ,sub/ance4 ,expansion4 ,9 bulk4 ,9 l5g?4 ,glass #a 9 #chd #a 9 #aaej ,plat9um #a 9 #cgg #a 9 #acaa ,/eel #a 9 #cji #a 9 #ibf ,iron #a 9 #bhb #a 9 #hdf ,gold #a 9 #bbg #a 9 #fhb ,copp] #a 9 #aid #a 9 #ehb ,brass #a 9 #agi #a 9 #ecf ,silv] #a 9 #age #a 9 #ebd ,t9 #a 9 #agb #a 9 #eaf ,lead #a 9 #aag #a 9 #cea ,z9c #a 9 #aac #a 9 #cdj ,( ! liquids1 !y exp& z foll[s1 :5 heat$ f #j to #ajj ,c5t41 or f #cb to #bab ,fahr43-- ,m]cury #a 9 #ee 9 bulk4 ,wat] #a 9 #ba 9 bulk4 ,gases practically all exp& alike2 t is to say1 = e degree ,fahr5heit a gas exp&s #a_/dia ( its bulk at #cb1 & = e degree ,c5tigrade #a_/bgc ( _! volume at #j;,c4 ,an example w %[ ! importance ( ?is4 ,suppose an iron b>1 connect+ two sides ( a build+1 & ( a l5g? ( ab\t #he feet4 ,! increase 9 l5g? by heat ( ?is b> w\ld make x #a in* long] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]2 & x w\ld1 if no all[ance be made1 pull or ?ru/ ! walls to ?is ext5t ea* ye>4 ,,expec',,torants4 ,syn4 ,,expectorantia1 ,l4 ,m$ic9es t promote ! secretion ( ! tra*ial & bron*ial mucus4 ,accord+ to ,dr ,good1 true expectorants are ^? m$ic9es :i* r promote ! sep>ation ( ! viscid phlegm ) :i* ! bron*i are load$1 ?an simply inviscate & dilute x2 ?\gh ^! are also treat$ z expectorants by _m writ]s4 ,ammoniacum1 antimonials1 assafoetida1 ! balsams ( ,p]u & tolu1 b5zoic acid1 b5zo92 ! fumes ( v9eg>1 t>1 & sev]al ( ! volatile oils2 g>lic1 ipecacuanha1 ! oleo-res9s1 squills1 t>t>is$ antimony1 & ! smoke ( tobacco & /ramonium1 are among ! pr9cipal sub/ances commonly call$ expectorants4 ,t>t>is$ antimony1 squills1 *lor9e1 & ammoniacal gases1 h also be5 us$ 7dilut$7 to provoke ! c\gh+ & fav\r ! expulsion ( =eign bodies f ! air-passages2 & also to fav\r ! expectoration ( mucus1 pus1 & membran\s concretions1 :5 ! local irritation is n suffici5tly great4 7,s*wilgue47 ,expectorants are commonly employ$ 9 pulmon>y compla9ts & affections ( ! air tubes1 att5d$ by a vitiat$ /ate ( ! mucus1 or an imp]fect p]=mance ( ! natural functions ( ! secretory vessels4 ,( all classes ( ! mat]ia m$ica1 none are m unc]ta9 9 _! action ?an expectorants4 7,p]eira47 ,! act ( eject+ matt] f ! *e/ is call$ ,,expectoration4 ,,exp]',,im5ts are acts or op]ations int5d$ to develop "s unkn[n fact1 pr9ciple1 or effect2 or to e/abli% or demon/rate x1 :5 discov]$4 ,simil> op]ations1 p]=m$ m]ely = amusem5t1 are also (t51 ?\gh incorrectly1 call$ by ?is "n4 ,9 rational exp]im5ts ^! two objects are comb9$4 ,to exp]im5tal rese>* is due ! pres5t high /ate ( advancem5t & usefulness ( ! v>i\s sci5ces mo/ intimately connect$ ) our happ9ess & well-be+4 ,! dang] ( tak+ ?+s = grant$ has be5 ?us pleasantly & in/ructively po9t$ out by ,ar*bi%op ,:ately3--,x 0 object$ to ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 :5 fir/ br\ght =w>d1 t if ! e>? turn$ on its axis1 z he repres5t$1 a /one dropp$ f ! summit ( a t[] w\ld n fall at ! foot ( x1 b at a great di/ance to ! we/2 9 ! same mann] z a /one dropp$ f ! ma/head ( a %ip 9 full sail does n fall at ! foot ( ! ma/1 b t[>ds ! /]n4 ,to ?is x 0 answ]$1 t a /one1 be+ a "p ( ! e>?1 obeys ! same laws1 & moves ) x2 :]eas x is no "p ( ! %ip1 ( :i*1 consequ5tly1 its motion is indep5d5t4 ,! solution 0 admitt$ by "s1 b oppos$ by o!rs2 & ! controv]sy w5t on ) _s2 nor 0 x till "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,cop]nicus t1 ! exp]im5t be+ tri$1 x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! /one1 ?us dropp$ f ! head ( ! ma/1 does fall at ! foot ( x4 ,,exportation4 7,,exportation ,,on ,,drawback47 ,by law1 a c]ta9 all[ance1 or drawback ( duty1 is payable on c]ta9 articles1 :5 export$ f any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ei!r z m]*&ise or %ip /ores4 ,?us3-- ,,sug>1 ref9$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 f #ds4 to #fs4 p] cwt41 accord+ to quality4 ,,tobacco1 manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 #cs4 #c;d4 p] lb4 ,! full drawback is only all[$ on normal tobacco1 :i* conta9s #ac p] c5t4 ( moi/ure4 ,if ! moi/ure exce$s #ac p] c5t41 a proportionate r$uction is made 9 ! drawback2 if x is f\nd less ?an #ac p] c5t41 a proportionate increase is grant$4 ,,snuff is entitl$ to drawback at #cs4 #c;d4 p] lb41 subject1 h[ev]1 to an increase if ! moi/ure is less ?an #ac p] c5t41 & ! inorganic matt] n ov] #ah p] c5t41 & to a decrease if ! moi/ure 9 organic matt] exce$s ^! p]-c5tages4 ,,be]4 ,! am\nt ( ?is drawback is proportional to ! quantity ( malt or sug> us$ 9 ! brew+ ( ! be]1 & is ne>ly equival5t to ! duty orig9ally paid on su* malt or sug>4 ,x is comput$ accord+ to ! foll[+ scale3--,= e b>rel1 or #cf gallons ( be]1 ! orig9al gravity ( :i* 0 n less ?an #ajdj1 a drawback ( #ds4 #c;d41 & = e additional #e degrees1 f #ajdj to #aabe inclusive1 a fur!r sum ( #f;d4 p] b>rel4 ,,solidifi$ ,,worts1 made by a lic5s$ brew]1 f malt or sug>1 or malt & sug>1 a drawback ( #bs4 #aj-e_/ajj;d4 p] #bh lbs4 ,,malt4 ,"u c]ta9 re/rictions1 a drawback ( ! duty *>g$1 aft] d$uct+ #g-a_/b p] c5t4 ( ! measur$ quantity4 ,,spirits1 f #ajs4 to #ajs4 #c;d4 p] pro( gallon4 ,9 all cases samples are tak5 by ! ,cu/om ,h\se (fic]1 & =w>d$ to ! ,inl& ,rev5ue laboratory1 :]e !y are exam9$ previ\s to ! paym5t ( ! drawback4 ,,expres',,sion4 ,9 ! useful arts1 ! me*anical op]ation by :i* a fluid conta9$ 9 ! pores or cells ( a solid is press$ out or expell$4 ,_m ( ! fluid sub/ances employ$ 9 ph>macy & *emi/ry are obta9$ by expression4 ,?us1 ! unctu\s vegetable oils1 z ^? ( almonds1 l9se$1 c41 are procur$ by submitt+ ^! sub/ances to p[]ful pressure betwe5 iron plates1 :i* are ei!r made w>m1 or ! bruis$ se$s are previ\sly expos$ 9 bags to ! /eam ( boil+ wat]4 ,! juices ( fre% vegetables are also obta9$ by expression4 ,! sub/ances are fir/ bruis$ 9 a m>ble mort>1 or1 on ! l>ge scale1 9 a mill1 & imm$iately submitt$ to ! press1 to prev5t !m pass+ into a /ate ( f]m5tation1 :i* w\ld injure ! quality ( ! product4 ,fruits :i* conta9 highly flav\r$ or fragrant se$s1 or :i* h r9ds conta9+ ess5tial oil1 are g5]ally depriv$ ( !m be=e be+ s5t to ! press4 ,! subacid fruits are also all[$ to lay toge!r = "s days be=e press+ !m1 z ! quantity & quality ( ! product is !reby increas$4 ,! fluid matt] absorb$ by ! +r$i5ts employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( t9ctures1 infusions1 decoctions1 extracts1 c41 is g5]ally obta9$ by p[]ful pressure4 ,expression is also frequ5tly _h rec\rse to = ! purpose ( obta9+ solids 9 a /ate ( purity1 z 9 ! expulsion ( ole9 f /e>91 wat] f bic>bonate ( soda1 c4 ,on ! small scale1 ! common screw-press1 or "o ( l con/ruction1 is usually employ$2 b ! p[] ?us obta9$ is insuffici5t to expel ! :ole ( a fluid diffus$ ?r\gh ! pores ( a solid4 ,h5ce has aris5 ! use ( ! hydraulic press1 :i* is n[ almo/ alone employ$ on ! l>ge scale4 ,9 all ^! cases ! sub/ances are plac$ 9 bags made ( hairclo?1 or co>se canvas1 previ\sly to _! be+ submitt$ to pressure4 ,= t9ctures & l ph>maceuticals1 a small screw-press 7,,t9cture ,,press7 made ( 'galvanis$' or t9n$ iron1 & v>y+ 9 capacity f #a qu>t to sev]al gallons1 is employ$4 ,,exsicca',,tion4 ,see ,,desiccation4 ,,ex',,tract4 ,syn4 ,,extractum1 ,l4 ,among *emi/s ?is t]m is und]/ood to apply to ! residuum ( ! evaporation ( aque\s decoctions or infusions ( vegetable matt]4 ,9 m$ic9e & ph>macy1 x has a less def9ite signification1 be+ appli$ to v>i\s prep>ations obta9$ by evaporat+ ! express$ juices1 or ! decoctions1 infusions1 or t9ctures ( vegetable sub/ances1 until a mass1 ( a solid or semi-solid consi/5ce is =m$4 ,extracts v>y 9 _! nature & composition ) ! sub/ances f :i* !y are prep>$1 & ! fluids employ$ z solv5ts4 ,:5 wat] is employ$ z ! m5/ruum1 ! products 7,,aque\s ,,extracts1 ,,wat]y ,e42 ,,extracta ,,aquosa1 ,e4 ,,simpliciora1 ,l47 usually consi/ ( gum1 />*1 sug>1 album51 extractive & sal9e & o!r matt]1 along ) ! peculi> pr9ciples on :i* ! m$ic9al virtue ( ! vegetable dep5ds4 ,:5 _s is employ$ z ! solv5t1 ! products 7,,alcoholic ,,extracts2 ,,extracta ,,alcoholica1 ,l47 conta9 mo/ ( ! sub/ances above enum]at$1 except ! gum & />*1 toge!r ) sev]al o!r sub/ances :i* are soluble 9 _s1 b :i* are ei!r :olly or ne>ly insoluble 9 wat]2 z res9s1 ess5tial oils1 & ! proximate pr9ciples ( vegetables4 ,^! prep>ations1 ) sc>cely an exception1 are consid]ably m p[]ful ?an ! aque\s extracts ( ! same vegetables4 ,9 "s cases pro( _s or "u-pro( _s is employ$1 :5 ! extracts 7,,spiritu\s ,,extracts2 ,,extracta ,,spirituosa1 ,l47 g5]ally possess prop]ties betwe5 ^? ( ! above4 ,9 o!r cases1 dilute acetic acid or acidulat$ wat] is employ$ z ! m5/ruum1 :5 ! products 7,,acetic ,,extracts2 ,,extracta ,,acetica1 ,l47 possess mu* great] activity ?an :5 prep>$ ) wat]2 & w\ld 9 _m cases prove fatal1 if exhibit$ 9 doses z l>ge z ^? ( ! aque\s extracts4 ,/ill m active extracts are obta9$ by a comb9ation ( ! la/ two m5/rua4 ,accord+ to ,f]r>i1 plants treat$ ) rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 mix$ ) #a_/cf? "p ( acetic acid1 yields extracts ( rem>kable activity4 ,on ! ,cont95t e!r is sometimes us$ z ! m5/ruum = ! active pr9ciples ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 z can?>ides1 cubebs1 worm-se$1 c4 7,,e!real ,,extracts2 ,,extracta ,,e!rea1 ,l47 ,! t]m 'simple extract' is appli$ to an extract prep>$ f a s+le plant or vegetable sub/ance1 & ! t]m 'comp\nd extract' to "o prep>$ f two or m ( su* sub/ances4 ,! ,,fluid ,,extracts 7,,extracta ,,fluida1 ,l47 ( mod]n ph>macy are ^? :i* are only evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a ?9 syrup1 & !n mix$ ) #a-aj? to #a-h? ( _! volume ( rectifi$ _s4 ,prep4 ,! prep>ation ( m$ic9al extracts may be conv5i5tly consid]$ "u two divisions1 viz4--#a4 ,! production ( a solution ( ! soluble portion ( ! sub/ances op]at$ on2 &1 #b4 ,! r$uction ( ?is solution by evaporation to ! consi/5ce ( an extract4 #a4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,solutions3--,! prelim9>y op]ations 9 ! manufacture ( extracts are simil> to ^? employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ,,decoctions1 ,,infusions1 & ,,t9ctures4 ,! prop] quantity ( ! +r$i5ts be+ tak51 ! :ole is well bruis$ or r$uc$ to co>se p[d]1 or o!rwise divid$ by slic+ ) a knife1 t e portion may be fully expos$ to ! solv5t action ( ! fluid4 ,9 "s few cases 7z ) g5tian1 c47 ! 'slic+1' or r$uction to fragm5ts1 is (t5 conv5i5tly def]r$ until ! action ( ! m5/ruum %all h s f> s(t5$ ! +r$i5ts z to r5d] !m ( easy division by ! knife4 ,^? sub/ances 7z s>sap>illa1 *amomiles1 c47 ^: m$ic9al pr9ciples reside 9 ! cortical portion1 ( :i* are ( easy solubility1 are commonly subject$ to ! action ( ! m5/ruum )\t be+ subject$ to any p>ticul> prep>ation4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( ,,aque\s ,,extracts1 ! +r$i5ts are treat$ ) wat] until all ! soluble matt] t x is desirable to obta9 is dissolv$ out4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( effect+ ?is object1 dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! sub/ances act$ on4 ,9 "s cases mac]ation 9 cold wat] is resort$ to2 9 o!rs p]colation ) t fluid 9 a 'displacem5t app>atus4' ,m g5]ally1 h[ev]1 boil+ wat] is p\r$ on ! sub/ance1 & is dige/$ on x = "s "t1 z 9 ! prep>ation ( infusions2 or ! sub/ance is exhau/$ by boil+ 9 wat]1 z 9 ! prep>ation ( decoctions4 ,aft] ! ebullition or infusion has cont9u$ a suffici5t "t1 ! heat is remov$1 & ! liquid portion drawn (f4 ,! +r$i5ts are !n press$ to extract ! rema9+ liquid2 or !y are wa%$ or 'sp>g$' ) hot wat]1 :i* expels x by displacem5t4 ,accord+ to ! usual practice 9 ! majority ( cases1 a second quantity ( wat] is p\r$ on aft] ! fir/ has be5 ?or\ghly dra9$ (f1 & ! effusion or decoction is repeat$ a second & ev5 a ?ird "t1 or until ! +r$i5ts are p]fectly exhau/$ ( _! soluble portion4 ,! liquor or liquors ?us obta9$ be+ all[$ to repose = #ae or #bj m9utes1 = ! purpose ( deposit+ ! s& or o!r gritty & heavy matt] t is me*anically mix$ ) !m1 are c>efully decant$ f ! s$im5t1 &1 aft] be+ run ?r\gh a f9e hair-sieve1 or flannel bag1 are ready = conc5tration4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 ?is me?od proves insuffici5t to r5d] ! liquid cle>4 ,9 su* cases1 ! solution may g5]ally be r5d]$ transp>5t by cl>ification ) a little :ite ( egg1 remov+ ! scum z x rises1 /ra9+ ! liquid ?r\gh flannel1 z be=e2 or ! liquid may be filt]$ ?r\gh a bag made ( f9e ',wel% flannel1' or ( 'tweel$ cotton clo?' 7,canton flannel71 bo? ( :i* %\ld be soak$ 9 clean wat] = at lea/ an h\r be=e use4 ,9 ! small way1 filt]s ( l95 or pap] are sometimes employ$2 b z all m$ia suffici5tly f9e to r5d] vegetable solutions transp>5t soon *oke up1 ?is filtration is objectionable1 f ! l5g? ( "t x occupies4 ,9 "s h\ses ! aque\s infusion or decoction is all[$ to repose = #bd h\rs1 & !n decant$ & evaporat$2 b su* a plan is objectionable1 z1 h[ev] smoo? & glossy extracts s prep>$ may appe>1 _! m$ic9al virtues are less5$ by ! l5g!n$ exposure to ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 ab\t "o half ( an aque\s solution has evaporat$1 x is (t5 advantage\s to repass x ?r\gh a flannel or horsehair /ra9]1 to remove ! flocculi t g5]ally =m by ! action ( ! heat & air4 ,?is is especially necess>y ) vegetable solutions prep>$ )\t boil+1 & %\ld be adopt$ :5ev] a smoo? & slightly extract is desir$4 ,,ii4 ,,r$uction ,,( ,,solutions3--,! r$uction ( ! solution to ! prop] consi/5ce is effect$ by evaporation4 ,! mode 9 :i* ?is is p]=m$ v>ies = diff]5t extracts4 ,! ,london ,college directs t1 unless o!rwise ord]$1 ! evaporation %\ld be conduct$ z quickly z possible1 9 a broad1 %all[ pan1 plac$ 9 a wat] ba?1 until a prop] consi/5ce is acquir$ = =m+ pills2 /irr+ assidu\sly ) a spatula t[>ds ! end ( ! op]ation4 ,! ,dubl9 ,college ord]s t all simple 7aque\s7 extracts 7,,extracta ,,simpliciora71 unless o!rwise ord]$1 are to be prep>$ by boil+ ! vegetable matt] 9 #h times its weight ( wat]1 till ! liquid is r$uc$ to "o half2 ! liquor is !n to be express$1 &1 aft] a %ort "t all[$ = defecation1 to be decant$1 filt]$1 & evaporat$ 9 a /eam or wat] ba?1 until x beg9s to ?ick51 & !n f9ally inspissat$ by a r$uc$ heat1 ) cont9ual /irr+1 until a consi/5ce = =m+ pills be atta9$4 ,! in/ructions ( ! ,ed9burgh ,college are simil>1 ) ! "o important exception1 h[ev]1 ( ord]+ ! evaporation to be conduct$ 9 a wat] ba? saturat$ ) *loride ( sodium4 ,?\gh ! wat] ba? has ! sanction ( ! ,london ,college1 x is ill adapt$ = ! purpose to :i* x is "h ord]$ to be appli$1 z f its l[ evaporative p[] ! advantages :i* are d]iv$ f its equable temp]ature are va/ly ov]balanc$ by ! l5g!n$ exposure ( ! solution 9 a heat$ /ate to ! action ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x has be5 %[n t a vegetable extract s prep>$ is inf]ior 9 quality to a simil> "o =m$ by rapid evaporation 9 a %all[ pan ov] a nak$ fire1 or plac$ 9 a s& ba?1 provid$ prop] c>e is tak51 & assidu\s /irr+ is adopt$ dur+ ! :ole "t ( ! exposure to heat4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ! use ( a nak$ fire is p]fectly inadmissible1 z ! lea/ neglect on ! "p ( ! op]ator w\ld probably lead to ! inc9]ation ( ! :ole4 ,^! objections are obviat$ by ! addition ( ! #a_/e? "p ( salt to ! wat] ( ! ba?1 :i* raises its boil+-po9t to #bah-c_/d ,fahr41 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! conta9$ extract is fully #bab2 ! rema9+ #f be+ lo/ by ! int]position ( ! sub/ance ( ! evaporat+ vessel4 ,,on ,,! ,,l>ge ,,scale1 ! evaporation ( infusions or decoctions = extracts is usually conduct$ 9 v wide1 %all[1 copp] or t9n$-copp] pans1 hav+ /eam-tight jackets ( ca/ iron1 & heat$ by /eam 'play+' betwe5 ! two4 ,! rapid det]ioration :i* vegetable juices & solutions und]go by exposure to ! air1 especially at high temp]atures1 has l$ to ! introduction ( app>atus1 by :i* !y may be conc5trat$ )\t contact ) ! atmosph]e1 & at a less degree ( heat ?an is requir$ = t purpose 9 op5 vessels4 ,su* is ! me?od1 commonly call$ ',b>ry's process1' 9 :i* ! air is remov$ f c]ta9 air-tight refrig]ators by ! introduction ( /eam1 :i* is !n cond5s$ by ! application ( cold1 by :i* means a p>tial vacuum is obta9$4 ,ano!r process = att5uat+ ! atmosph]e ov] ! surface ( fluids dur+ evaporation is by ! action ( an air-pump4 ,?is plan 0 introduc$ by ,h[>d1 & is commonly appli$ to ! conc5tration ( syrups 9 ! sug> ref9]ies4 ,extracts obta9$ by ei!r ( ^! me?ods are said to be prep>$ '9 vacuo1' & are f\nd 9 practice to be imm5sely sup]ior to ! common extracts ( ! %ops1 & consequ5tly require to be exhibit$ 9 proportionably small doses4 ',! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy' = ,septemb]1 #ahgg1 conta9s a new process = ! prep>ation ( extracts )\t heat1 by ,pr(essor ,h]r>a4 ,we extract ! foll[+ f ! ,pr(essor's pap]3-- ,! results ( my obs]vations h satisfi$ me t1 :5 ! wat] p>tially congeals1 ! dissolv$ pr9ciples rema9 9 solution 9 ! "m liquors1 & t two or ?ree congelations are g5]ally suffici5t = obta9+ ! solutions conc5trat$ en\gh to f9i% ! extract by exposure ^u plates to ! heat ( ! sun1 or ( a dry+ closet1 heat$ to ab\t #cj c5t4 7#hf ,fahr474 ,! extracts prep>$ by ?is me?od accurately repres5t ! prop]ties ( ! plants1 & ! pr9ciples :i* are *ang$ by ! influ5ce ( heat rema9 unalt]$2 ev5 ! volatile con/itu5ts are n dissipat$1 ?\gh mo/ ( ! wat] be remov$ by freez+4 ,ow+ to ! small co/ ( ! necess>y app>atus1 x appe>s to me t my process = prep>+ extracts %\ld be pref]able ev5 9 ^? c\ntries :]e ice is less readily obta9able ?an combu/ibles4 ,extract ( conium prep>$ ) unpurifi$ juice by ! process m5tion$1 has pres]v$ ! *>act]i/ic od\r ( conia1 & by dissolv+ x 9 wat]4 ,i h obta9$ a solution exactly repres5t+ ! juice ( ! plant 9 appe>ance & prop]ties1 & giv+ :5 heat$ an abundant coagulation1 prov+ t ev5 album5 _h rema9$ unalt]$4 #agej grams ( c['s milk at #i ,r41 left1 aft] ?ree congelations1 #gej grams ( a liquid hav+ a d5sity ( #adh1 & by evaporation 9 ! sun ?is left a dry extract ( milk1 :i* aga9 =m$ t liquid on be+ dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,a numb] ( o!r liquids simil>ly treat$1 gave correspond+ results1 & x seems to me1 !re=e1 t m$ic9al extracts are be/ prep>$ by congelation4 ,x may be object$ t ! m$ical juices %\ld be previ\sly purifi$1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t coagulat$ album5 always encloses a consid]able portion ( ! active pr9ciples1 & t ! heat necess>y to effect ! coagulation & ! evaporation by means ( a wat]-ba? is suffici5t to *ange _m pr9ciples2 also t ! extracts ?us prep>$ are sometimes in]t or less active4 ,! c>eful exp]im5ts made by ,orfila & ! cl9ical exp]i5ce ( o!rs demon/rate t extracts prep>$ ) unpurifi$ juice are /rong]4 ,! app>atus employ$ by me is ! s-call$ sorbetire2#bid = l>g] quantities ! app>atus ( ,g\gaud is pref]able4 ,! frigoric mixture is compos$ ( ice & sodium *loride1 or pref]ably ( cry/allis$ calcium *loride4 ,aft] a l>ge portion ( ! solution has congeal$1 ! mass is enclos$ 9 a clo? & subject$ to pressure1 ! press-cake ( ice is brok5 & aga9 press$1 to sep>ate ! "m liquor z completely z possible1 & ! congelation is repeat$ two or ?ree times1 ) ! precaution t x is n c>ri$ f> en\gh to cause ! precipitation ( ! sp>+ly soluble pr9ciples4 ,! "m liquor is !n put into %all[ di%es & expos$ to ! heat ( ! sun or ( a dry+ room1 ! temp]ature ( :i* does n exce$ #cj ,c4 7#hf ,f47 until ! extract has atta9$ ! desir$ consi/5ce4 ,footnote #bid3 ,an app>atus simil> to t us$ = ice-cream4 ,obs4 ,:5 wat]1 acidulat$ ) acetic acid1 is employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( extracts1 ! vegetable sub/ances are usually mac]at$ 9 x1 9 ! cold1 or ! dilute acid is spr9kl$ ov] ! bruis$ plant 9 ! fre% or rec5t /ate1 & ! :ole is !n submitt$ to /rong pressure1 to expel ! juice1 :i* is /ra9$ & evaporat$ 9 ! usual way1 b pref]ably 9 a well-t9n$ or plat$-copp] pan4 ,,alcoholic & ,,spiritu\s ,,extracts are prep>$ by evaporat+ a filt]$ conc5trat$ t9cture ( ! +r$i5ts 9 any suitable vessel1 by :i* ! volatiliz$ _s may be sav$4 ,9 g5]al1 rectifi$ _s is us$ z ! m5/ruum2 b 9 "s cases pro( _s is employ$2 &1 9 o!rs1 ! sub/ances are fir/ dige/$ 9 pro( _s1 & aft]w>ds 9 wat]1 & ! mix$ t9cture & infusion evaporat$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,,e!real ,,extracts are obta9$ 9 a simil> mann] to alcoholic ones2 b be+ m]ely prep>$ 9 small quantities at a "t1 ! process may be conv5i5tly p]=m$ 9 glass vessels4 ,:5 x is requir$ to boil ei!r ( ! above fluids 7alcoholic or e!real71 or any o!r volatile liquid on ! +r$i5ts1 a vessel fitt$ ) a long tube1 or a ,liebig's cond5s] rev]s$1 z notic$ "u e!r1 may be us$ to prev5t any loss ( ! m5/ruum4 ,! ,,inspissat$ ,,vegetable ,,juices 7,,juices1 ,e42 ,,succi1 ,l47 ( ! ,briti% ,ph>macopoeia are obta9$ by express+ ! juices f ! fre% plants1 & pres]v+ !m by ! addition ( _s4 ,by ?us pres]v+ ! juice ( ! plant its prop]ties are n impair$ by ! action ( ! air dur+ ! "t necess>y to dry ! leaf = t9cture1 nor by ! action ( bo? air & heat dur+ ! "t necess>y to evaporate ! juice to ! consi/5ce ( an extract4--,squire4 ,! directions ( ! ,ed9burgh ,college = prep>+ _! inspissat$ juices 7,,succi ,,spissati1 ,l47 are--,beat ! fre% sub/ance1 & press x /rongly ?r\gh a canvas bag1 9 ord] to obta9 ! juice2 :i*1 be+ put into a wide1 %all[ vessel1 & heat$ by means ( boil+ wat] saturat$ ) sea-salt1 is to be r$uc$ to ! consi/5ce ( honey4 ,! mass1 :5 cold1 is to be put into glaz$ e>!n vessels1 & moi/5$ ) /rong alcohol4 ,by op]at+ 9 ?is way a consid]able portion ( ! activity ( n>cotic vegetables is lo/4 ,"s ( _! juices1 z t ( aconite1 are impair$ 9 s %ort a "t z sc>cely to comp5sate = ! tr\ble ( prep>+ !m4 ,?is det]ioration does n1 h[ev]1 take place 9 any rem>kable degree1 if ! express$ juice f ! rec5t vegetable be evaporat$ by expos+ x 9 a ?9 /ratum to a curr5t ( v dry air1 z adopt$ by ,mr ,squire4 ,?is may be manag$ by putt+ ! juice into small1 flat trays or di%es1 plac$ on %elves 9 a suitably arrang$ app>atus1 alt]nat$ ) simil> vessels ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid2 or by caus+ a curr5t ( v dry air1 at ! common temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 to pass ov] !m4 ,x has be5 %[n t #aj gr4 ( extract1 ?us prep>$1 7 m ?an equal to #bj gr4 prep>$ 9 vacuo2 & to m ?an #fj gr41 & 9 "s cases1 #ij gr41 ( ^? prep>$ by ! common process ( boil+ d[n ! juice to an extract4 ,! conclud+ portion ( ! process ( extract-mak+1 te*nically t]m$ 'f9i%+-(f1' requires ! mo/ scrupul\s att5tion4 ,z ! evaporation advances1 ! heat %\ld be less5$1 & z soon z ! extract acquires ! consi/5ce ( ?ick treacle x %\ld be remov$ altoge!r1 & ! rema9d] ( fluid matt] evaporat$ by ! heat reta9$ by ! copp] pan1 ! escape ( vap\r be+ promot$ by assidu\s & labori\s /irr+ ) a suitably %ap$ wood5 spatula4 ,?is "p ( ! process %\ld be cont9u$ until a prop] consi/5ce is atta9$ & ! extract is ne>ly cold4 ,:5 high-pressure /eam or a *loride ( calcium ba? is employ$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to )draw ! heat be=e /irr+ ! semi-liquid mass2 z1 if an extract hav+ a temp]ature ( ab\t ! boil+-po9t ( wat]1 or ev5 a few degrees bel[ x1 is agitat$1 x becomes full ( bubbles1 & appe>s r\gh & puffy1 & ?is appe>ance _c be remov$ by subsequ5t /irr+1 or by any me?od b r$issolv+ x 9 wat] & re-evaporation4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! extracts ( s>sap>illa 7simple & comp\nd71 g5tian1 liquorice1 & mo/ o!rs ( a simil> class4 ,a good laboratory man kn[s f exp]i5ce ! prop] "t = ! removal ( ! heat1 b unpractis$ p]sons (t5 fail 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,9 su* cases %\ld ! heat reta9$ by ! evaporat+ pan1 & by ! extract1 prove insuffici5t to complete ! process1 a little m may be cauti\sly appli$4 ,)\t assidu\s & labori\s /irr+ 9 ! way describ$1 a v smoo? & glossy extract _c be produc$4 ,to promote ?is artificial appe>ance1 "s p]sons add #c or #d ea* ( olive oil & gum arabic1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ) ab\t #a or #b ( _s ( w9e4 ,! consi/5ce ( ! ord9>y extracts ( ! %ops is ! same z t ( electu>ies & confections1 & is describ$ 9 ! ,ph4 ,e4 z equal to t ( ?ick honey4 ,! in/ructions ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 & ,d41 to evaporate ! mass until x acquires a consi/5ce prop] = mak+ pills1 except 9 #b or #c cases 7z ,ext4 ,colocyn?4 ,comp41 c471 is n adopt$1 &1 inde$1 w\ld be f\nd inconv5i5t 9 practice4 ,extracts evaporat$ to su* a consi/5ce are commonly t]m$ 'pilul> extracts1' & :5 evaporat$ s t !y are q dry1 & brittle :5 cold1 !y are call$ 'h>d extracts' 7,,extracta ,,dura1 ,l474 ,pres4 ,extracts %\ld be put into pots z soon z tak5 f ! pan1 &1 aft] be+ c>efully & securely ti$ ov] ) bladd]1 %\ld be '/or$' 9 a dry situation4 ,! ,london ,college ord]s a small quantity ( rectifi$ _s to be spr9kl$ ^u all ! s(t] extracts1 to prev5t !m becom+ m\ldy4 ,a bett] way is to employ a little _s1 hold+ 9 solution a few drops ( oil ( cloves1 or a /ill less quantity ( creasote4 ,?is %\ld be add$ to !m ! la/ ?+ be=e remov+ !m f ! evaporat+ pan1 & :5 !y are ne>ly cold4 ,! same object is effect$ by moi/5+ ! inside ( ! bladd] 7us$ to tie !m ov]7 ) a few drops ( oil ( cloves or creasote4 ,h>d extracts %\ld be kept 9 bladd]s or gut sk9s1 plac$ 9 /one pots1 & well cov]$ ov]4 ,) c>e1 extracts prep>$ f rec5t vegetable sub/ances may be pres]v$ twelve mon?s1 or f season to season2 & ^? f dry +r$i5ts1 or su* z are less incl9$ to spoil1 = p]haps d\ble t "t2 b beyond ^! p]iods _! virtues _c be reli$ on1 & !y %\ld consequ5tly be disc>d$1 if rema9+ unus$ or unsold4 ,pur41 c4 ,! quality ( an extract _c be asc]ta9$ by m]e inspection1 nor is x readily discov]$ by *emical te/s4 ,a k ( ^! facts has induc$ ! m]c5>y & fraudul5t manufactur] to employ damag$ & inf]ior drugs 9 _! prep>ation1 alike reg>dless ( ! welf>e ( ! pati5t & ! cr$it ( ! practition]4 ,a common practice ) "s manufactur]s is1 n only to pick out ! lea/ exp5sive v>iety ( e drug = ! prep>ation ( _! extracts1 b ! mo/ inf]ior & (t5 damag$ & wor?less portion ( ?is already inf]ior article4 ,! production ( a smoo?1 bright1 & glossy extract is all t is usually attempt$ by ^! individuals1 & all t is s\ght aft] by ! mass ( pur*as]s1 :o mi/ake ! simulation ( ! m]e ext]nal signs ( good quality = its actual exi/5ce4 ,x is a fact1 :i* we c v]ify f ext5sive exp]i5ce 9 ! laboratory1 & f ye>s ( practical obs]vation on ?is po9t1 t extracts fai?fully prep>$ f good mat]ials d n possess ! sightly & pleas+ appe>ance ( ^? commonly v5d$ by ! :olesale druggi/s4 ,on comp>+ ! extracts prep>$ by diff]5t metropolitan h\ses1 we h f\nd t ^? :i* h exhibit$ a rem>kably bright & glossy appe>ance h be5 uni=mly inf]ior1 & sometimes ne>ly in]t2 :il/ o!rs1 ) a less prepossess+ appe>ance1 h be5 g5]ally ( good quality4 ,^! facts are well e/abli%$ by ref]5ce to ! extracts ( ^? h\ses & in/itutions t are rem>kable = ! sup]ior quality ( _! prep>ations1 & by comp>+ !m ) ! common extracts ( ! %ops suppli$ by ! :olesale trade4 ,a good extract %\ld be--#a4 ,free f grit1 & :olly soluble 9 #bj p>ts ( ! m5/ruum employ$ 9 its prep>ation1 =m+ a ne>ly cle> solution4--#b4 ,x %\ld h a uni=m texture & col\r1 & be ( a prop] consi/5ce4--#c4 ,if a n>cotic or active extract1 x may be exhibit$ 9 prop] doses1 & its effects wat*$4 ,its activity may also be te/$ on any small animal4--#d4 ,an assay = ! proximate vegetable pr9ciple 7alkaloid1 c47 conta9$ 9 ! plant f :i* x has be5 prep>$ may be made4 ,! extracts prep>$ f ! express$ juices ( plants1 )\t /ra9+ (f ! coagulat$ album51 are1 ( c\rse1 exceptions to ! fir/ te/4 ,un=tunately1 ^! te/s are n always easily p]=m$1 & ! la/ two are inapplicable to ^? extracts t ex]cise no v m>k$ physiological action1 unless :5 tak5 9 repeat$ doses1 long cont9u$4 ,?is want ( a ready means ( accurately te/+ ! qualities ( extracts has enabl$ ! fraudul5t manufactur] to sell inf]ior articles ) impunity1 & (t5 )\t ! lea/ fe> or dang] ( detection4 ,9 g5]al1 an extract m ?an six mon?s old conta9s only half ! activity ( a simil> "o newly made4 ,:5 m ?an twelve mon?s old !y %\ld be reject$ z wor?less1 & ! /ock r5ew$4 ,uses1 c4 ,! extracts ( ! %ops are g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to be ! mo/ v>y+1 imp]fect1 & unc]ta9 class ( m$ic9es belong+ to mod]n ph>macy4 ,!y are mo/ly us$ 9 ! same cases z ! plants f :i* !y are prep>$1 b 9 small] doses4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( extracts ! great desid]ata to be aim$ at are--to suit ! m5/rua & ! me?ods ( manipulat+ to ! peculi> *>act]i/ics ( ! active con/itu5ts ( ! vegetable sub/ances op]at$ on4 ,! ph>maceuti/ %\ld always be> 9 m9d t a p]fect extract %\ld be a conc5trat$1 solid mass1 repres5t+1 z ne> z possible1 9 m$ic9al efficacy1 ! mat]ials f :i* x has be5 prep>$1 & capable ( be+ r$issolv$1 s z to =m a solution closely resembl+ t f :i* x has be5 d]iv$4 ,an extract possess+ equal /r5g? to ! :ole mass ( ! +r$i5ts f :i* x has be5 prep>$ is almo/ next to an impossibility1 h[ev] desirable su* a degree ( p]fection may be4 ,! m$ic9al prop]ties ( all solutions ( vegetable matt] are injur$ by be+ r$uc$ to ! solid /ate2 & ?is det]ioration1 m or less1 takes place1 :e!r ! solv5t be wat]1 acetic acid1 pro( _s1 or alcohol4 ,! volatile portions 7! ess5tial oils1 ! aroma1 c47 are ne>ly or :olly dissipat$2 & ?\gh ^! d n always =m ! pr9cipal or active +r$i5ts ( ! vegetables f :i* extracts are prep>$1 yet !y g5]ally ex]cise a modify+ & controll+ influ5ce ov] ! o!r +r$i5ts1 :i* consid]ably alt]s _! !rapeutical action4 ,! loss ( aroma may (t5 be a trifl+ defici5cy1 b 9 ! extracts ( aconite1 h5bane1 hemlock1 belladonna1 & o!r n>cotic plants1 ?is is n ! case4 ,9 ^! cases x is well kn[n t ! in]t prep>ations are :olly defici5t ( ! od\r ( ! rec5t plant1 & t 9 proportion z ! od\r is develop$1 s is _! activity pres]v$4 ,! p[]ful smell ( ! rec5tly express$ juice ( hemlock1 ) ! sc>cely p]ceptible od\r ( ! extract 7,,extractum ,,conii1 ,ph4 ,l471 (f]s an excell5t example ( ?is fact4 ,! dose ( ! "o (t5 rea*es #bj or #cj gr41 :il/ t ( ! o!r seldom exce$s #e or #aj drops1 or a portion equival5t 9 dry +r$i5ts to consid]ably less ?an #a_/b gr4 ,:5 extracts are ord]$ 9 prescriptions1 ^? ( ! ',ph>macopoeia' %\ld be alone employ$ by ! disp5s]1 z ! sub/itution ( o!rs = !m w\ld n only be violat+ fai? ) ! prescrib]1 b might also produce consequ5ces alike injuri\s to ! disp5s] & ! pati5t4 ,_m m$ical g5tlem5 pref] extracts prep>$ by p>ticul> processes or p]sons1 b su* int5tion is always indicat$ 9 _! prescriptions4 ,extract ( ,ac'onite4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,wolfsbane1 ,e4 ,,( ,,monk%ood1 ,,inspissat$ ,,juice ,,( ,,aconite2 ,,extractum ,,aconiti 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,u4 ,s471 ,,succus ,,spissatus ,,aconiti 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,take #aab lbs4 ( ! fre% leaves & fl[]+ tops1 bruise !m1 press out ! juice1 heat x gradually to #acj ,f41 & sep>ate ! gre5 matt] by a calico filt]4 ,heat ! /ra9$ liquor to #bjj ,f4 to coagulate album51 & aga9 filt]4 ,evaporate ! filtrate by a wat] ba? to ! consi/5ce ( a ?9 syrup2 !n add to x ! gre5 col\r+ matt] previ\sly sep>at$1 & /irr+ ! :ole toge!r assidu\sly1 evaporate at a temp]ature n exce$+ #adj ,f4 to a pill consi/5ce4--,dose1 #a to #b gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,take ( fre% leaves ( aconite1 #a lb42 bruise !m 9 a /one mort>1 express ! juice1 & evaporate x1 un/ra9$1 to a prop] consi/5ce4 ,! =mul ( ! ,ph4 ,d4 ,u4 ,s4 are simil>4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,beat ! fre% leaves ( aconite to a pulp1 & express ! juice1 !n subject ! residuum to p]colation ) rectifi$ _s until ! latt] passes ?r\gh )\t be+ mat]ially col\r$2 unite ! express$ juice & ! p]colat$ t9cture1 filt]1 di/il (f ! _s1 & evaporate 9 a vap\r or a wat] ba? to a prop] consi/5ce4 ,/rong] ?an ! prec$+4 ,obs4 ,a v>iable & unc]ta9 prep>ation4 ,numbness & t+l+ foll[ its application to ! limbs or tongue :5 x is ( good quality4--,product4 #a cwt4 ( fre% leaves yield betwe5 #e lbs4 & #f lbs4 ( extract4 ,prop4 ,anodyne1 sudorific1 & n>cotic2 v poison\s4--,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #b gr41 made into a pill ) liquorice p[d]2 once or twice a day1 9 neuralgic pa9s1 *ronic rheumatism1 gl&ul> swell+s1 c41 gradually & cauti\sly increas$ to #e or #f gr4 #d4 7,alcoholic2 ,e4 ,a4 ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,aconite 79 co>se p[d]71 #a lb42 pro( _s1 #c-a_/b lbs4 7say #b-a_/b p9ts72 proce$ by ! me?od ( displacem5t1 & :5 all ! _s has p5etrat$ ! p[d]$ mass1 keep ?is cov]$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 until ! liquid beg9s to cause a precipitate 9 fall+ into t :i* has previ\sly pass$ ?r\gh2 next di/il ! _s f ! t9cture1 & evaporate ! residuum to ! prop] consi/5ce4 b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,aconite #a lb42 _s1 sp4 gr4 #ice 7 #ac u4 p471 #a qu>t1 or q4 s42 z la/4 c4 7,ph4 ,bad547 ,f ! t9cture prep>$ ) rectifi$ _s1 & by ei!r mac]ation or displacem5t4 ,/rong] ?an ! la/ two4 d4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,! juice is express$ f ! fre% h]b1 :i* is !n spr9kl$ ) ab\t #a_/c ( its weight ( wat]1 & aga9 press$2 ! mix$ & /ra9$ liquid is evaporat$ 9 a vap\r ba?1 at #abb to #adj ,fahr41 to ab\t "o half2 to ?is1 z soon z cold1 an equal weight ( _s 7sp4 gr4 #ijj7 is add$1 & aft] frequ5t agitation = #bd h\rs1 ! :ole is filt]$1 ) pressure2 ! m>c is treat$ ) fre% _s 7equal to ab\t #a-d? t fir/ us$7 & aga9 press$2 ! mix$ liquors are next filt]$1 & are1 la/ly1 evaporat$1 z be=e1 to ! prop] consi/5ce4 ,obs4 ,resembles ! simple extract1 b is mu* m p[]ful4 ,x has be5 exhibit$ int]nally 9 ! =m ( pills1 & us$ ext]nally1 comb9$ ) o9tm5t or spread on simple pla/]4--,dose1 #a_/ab to #a_/f gr4 e ?ree h\rs4 #e4 7,ammoniat$2 ,e4 ,a4 ,,ammoniatum1 ,l4--,dr ,turnbull47 ,extract ( aconite1 #a dr42 liquor ( ammonia 7/ronge/71 #aj or #ab drops2 mix4 #f4 7,dri$72 ,e4 ,a4 ,,siccum1 ,l4--,p4 ,cod47 ,! express$ juice1 /ra9$ ?r\gh a sieve or co>se l951 is at once1 )\t depuration1 expos$ 9 e>!n di%es1 9 lay]s ( ab\t #b l9es deep1 9 a /ove or curr5t ( dry air1 to a temp]ature rang+ betwe5 #ie & #ajd ,fahr41 until r$uc$ to dryness4 ,! dri$ extract is to be pack$ 9 bottles4 #g4 7,sac*>at$2 ,e4 ,a4 ,,sac*>atum1 ,l47 ,f extract ( aconite 7,ph4 ,bor471 #d oz42 sug> ( milk 79 p[d]71 #a oz42 mix1 & dry ! mass 9 a w>m place1 add+ sug> ( milk1 q4 s4 to make ! :ole equal 9 weight to t ( ! extract us$ 7#d oz474 ,an excell5t prep>ation1 :i* keeps well4 ,! o!r ,,n>cotic ,,extracts1 z ^? ( ,,belladonna1 ,,hemlock1 ,,h5bane1 c41 are to be treat$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,see ,,aconite1 & bel[4 ,extract ( ,aconite ,root4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,aconiti ,,radicis ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,flem+2 ,dr ,turnbull47 ,f a t9cture ( ! root made ) rectifi$ _s4 ,x is said to be #ab times z /rong z ! extract ( ! leaves4 ,extract ( ,ag'aric4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,ag>ici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! infusion ( :ite ag>ic 7,polyporus (fic9alis7 prep>$ ) cold wat]4 ,purgative4--,dose1 #a to #d gr4 ,extract ( ,alcorno'co4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,alcornoc1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f a decoction ( alcornoco b>k 7,s\? ,am]ican74 ,a/r+5t & tonic4--,dose1 #e to #bj gr4 9 ph?isis1 c4 ,extract ( ,al'oes4 ,syn4 ,,purifi$ ,,aloes1 ,,wa%$ ,a42 ,,extractum ,,alo,s ,,b>bad5sis 7,b4 ,p471 ,,extractum ,,alo,s 7,ph4 ,l471 ,e4 ,a4 ,,aquosum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,b>badoes aloes1 9 small pieces1 #a lb42 treat$ ) #a gall4 ( boil+ wat] = #ab h\rs1 & ! cle> liquid evaporat$4--,dose1 #a to #c gr4 ,b4 ,p4 #b to #f gr4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,socotr9e aloes1 #a lb41 treat$ ) #a gall4 ( boil+ wat] = #ab h\rs1 & ! cle> liquid evaporat$ to dryness4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,aloes 7hepatic71 #d oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil till dissolv$2 :5 cold1 decant ! cle> liquid1 & evaporate z be=e4 #d4 7,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg47 ,by mac]at+ p[d]$ aloes 9 cold wat] = #dh h\rs1 ) frequ5t agitation1 & !n evaporat+ 9 a wat] ba? at a temp]ature n exce$+ #aej to #afe ,fahr41 until a pilul> consi/5ce is atta9$4 ,obs4 ,! second is ! =m commonly adopt$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,:5 made ) ! juice ( borage1 burgloss1 c41 x =ms ! old ',,aloes ,,insuccata1'--,dose1 #e to #ae gr4 ,see ,,aloes & ,,extract ,,( ,,b>badoes ,,aloes4 ,extract ( ,aloes1 prep>$ ) ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,alo,s ,,acido ,,sulfurico ,,correctum 7,g]m4 ,ph474 ,prep4 ,dissolve extract ( aloes1 #h ounces1 9 di/ill$ wat] #cb ounces1 !n gradually add sulphuric acid1 #a oz4 7by weight71 & evaporate to a dry extract4 ,extract ( ,anem'"o4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,pasque ,,fl[]4 ,extract ( ,angel'ica4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,angelic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,bad547 ,f a t9cture ( ! root1 prep>$ ) _s sp4 gr4 #idd 7 #ba-a_/b u4 p474 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,angelica root & rectifi$ _s1 ( ea* #b p>ts2 wat]1 #i p>ts2 dige/1 /ra91 & evaporate4 ,inf]ior to ! prec$+4 #c4 7,dr ,moir47 ,angelica root1 #b lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 #a gall42 make a t9cture2 to ! 'm>c' add pro( _s1 #a gall41 & repeat ! dige/ion2 filt] ! two t9ctures sep>ately1 mix1 di/il (f ! _s1 & evaporate4 ,balsamic1 /oma*ic1 & tonic4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,! la/ is ! mo/ balsamic & agreeable4 ,extract ( ,ap'ples4 ,syn4 ,,*alybeat$ ,e4 ,,( ,a42 ,,extractum ,,f]ri ,,pomatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,crab-apples 7unripe71 #f lbs42 peel !m & r$uce !m to a pulp2 add iron wire 79 small coils71 #a lb42 dige/ 9 a vap\r ba? = ab\t a week1 express1 /ra91 decant1 & evaporate 9 a porcela9 vessel1 ) con/ant /irr+1 to ! consi/5ce ( a s(t extract2 dissolve ! residuum 9 wat]1 #d p>ts1 /ra9 & evaporate z be=e4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 z a *alybeate tonic4 ,! =mula ( ! ,ph4 ,bad5 is ne>ly simil>4 #b4 7,ph4 ,g]m47 ,r$uce #e lbs4 ( unripe apples to a pulp2 mix !m ) cut /raw1 & press4 ,to ! /ra9$ juice aft] removal ( ! s$im5t add #a-a_/b oz4 ( r$uc$ iron4 ,:5 ?is has dissolv$1 to ! cool$ liquid add z mu* wat] z w make up #d-c_/d lbs4 ,filt]1 & r$uce to a ?ick extract4 ,extract ( ,ar'nica4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,arnica ,,fl[]s2 ,,extractum ,,arnic ,,florum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! dri$ fl[]s1 z ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,p4 ,cod4 #b4 7,ph4 ,grca1 #ahcg47 ,f a t9cture ( ! fl[]s1 prep>$ ) rectifi$ _s1 #c p>ts1 & wat]1 #e p>ts4--,dose1 #b to #f gr42 z a /imulant 9 v>i\s diseases accompani$ ) debility1 defici5t n]v\s s5sibility1 p>alysis1 dropsies1 di>rhoea1 am5orrhoea1 dys5t]y1 c4 ,extract ( ,arnica-,root4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,arnica2 ,,extractum ,,arnic ,,radicis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,bad547 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,angelica--,ph4 ,bad54 #b4 7,ph4 ,grca47 ,f t9cture ( ! root1 prep>$ z ,no4 #b 7above74 ,! =m ( ! ,hamburg ,codex is ne>ly simil>4--,dose1 c4 ,z ! la/4 ,extract ( ,art'i*oke4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,cyn>1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! fre% leaves ( ! arti*oke1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4--,dose1 #c to #f gr41 twice or ?rice daily2 9 rheumatism1 c4 ,extract ( ,asp>'agus4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,asp>agi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,s\beiran47 ,f ! express$ juice ( ! %oots1 cl>ifi$ & evaporat$ by a g5tle heat4 #b4 ,f ! juice ( ! roots1 z ,no4 #a4 ,bo? are diuretic4--,dose1 #ae gr4 to #a_/b dr41 or m4 ,extract ( ,bael4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,bel ,,liquidum1 ,l4 ,b4 ,p4 ,bael1 #a2 di/ill$ wat]1 #ae2 rectifi$ _s1 #a_/h2 mac]ate = #ab h\rs 9 #e ( ! wat]1 p\r (f ! liquid1 repeat ! op]ation twice = #a h\r2 press1 filt]1 & evaporate to #a1 includ+ ! _s4 ,a fluid ounce is equal to a solid ounce4--,dose1 #a to #b dr4 ,extract ( ,balsam ,apple4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,balsamim4 ,! inspissat$ juice ( ! balsam apple4--,dose1 #e to #ae drops 9 dropsy4 ,extract ( ,b>k4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,c9*ona4 ,extract ( ,belladon'na4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,deadly ,,night%ade1 ,,inspissat$ ,,juice ,,( ,,belladonna2 ,,extractum ,,belladonn 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,succus ,,spissatus ,,belladonn1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,take #aab lbs4 ( fre% leaves & t5d] bran*es1 bruise 9 a /one mort> or o!r suitable app>atus1 & press out ! juice1 heat x gradually to #acj ,f41 sep>ate ! gre5 col\r+ matt] by a calico filt]1 heat ! /ra9$ liquor to #bjj ,f4 to coagulate ! album51 & aga9 filt]2 evaporate ! filtrate by a wat] ba? to ! consi/5ce ( a ?9 syrup1 !n add to x ! gre5 col\r+ matt] previ\sly sep>at$1 &1 /irr+ ! :ole toge!r assidu\sly1 cont9ue ! evaporation at a temp]ature n exce$+ #adj1 until ! extract is ( a suitable consi/5ce = =m+ pills4--,dose1 #a_/d to #a_/b gr41 gradually increas$ to #a or #b gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,express ! juice f ! bruis$ fre% plant1 spr9kle ! 'm>c' ) wat]1 & aga9 apply pressure2 mix ! express$ liquids1 filt] !m1 & evaporate ! filt]$ liquor 9 a vap\r ba? to ! consi/5ce ( an extract4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,f ! leaves1 collect$ :5 ! plant beg9s to fl[]4 ,! express$ juice is all[$ to /& = #bd h\rs1 & ! cle> portion is decant$2 ! s$im5t is plac$ on a calico filt]1 wa%$ ) an equal bulk ( cold wat]1 & ! filtrate mix$ ) ! express$ juice4 ,! mix$ liquid is next heat$ 9 a wat] ba?1 to coagulate its album51 & aft] be+ skimm$1 & filt]$ ?r\gh flannel :il/ hot1 ! wa%$ s$im5t is add$1 & ! :ole evaporat$1 z be=e4 #d4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,! express$ juice is heat$ to ! boil+-po9t1 filt]$ & evaporat$ 7see bel[74 ,obs4 ,! ,p4 ,cod4 directs ?is extract to be made by two diff]5t =mul4 ,! product ( ! "o resembles t ( ! ,ph4 ,l42 t ( ! o!r1 t ( ! ,ph4 ,e4 ,t ( ! ,ph4 ,l41 f reta9+ ! fecula1 is ! weake/ prep>ation4--,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #a gr41 gradually increas$ to #c or #d gr42 z an anodyne 9 neuralgia1 tic-d\l\reux1 c42 z an antispasmodic to relieve rigidity & spasms1 9 v>i\s affections ( ! ut]us1 rectum1 ure?ra1 bladd]1 c41 & 9 hoop+-c\gh2 9 v>i\s maladies ( ! eyes2 & z a resolv5t & discuti5t 9 sev]al gl&ul> diseases4 ,x has be5 highly recomm5d$ z a pres]vative aga9/ sc>let fev]4 ,x is mo/ frequ5tly employ$ ext]nally1 "u ! =m ( a pla/]1 o9tm5t1 or lotion4 ,x is poison\s4 #e4 7,alcoholic2 ,e4 ,b4 ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,z ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,p4 ,cod4 b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,z ! la/ 7ne>ly71 us+ _s ( #ice 7ab\t #ac u4 p474 c4 7,moir47 ,! express$ juice is coagulat$ by heat1 cauti\sly appli$1 & filt]$2 ! filtrate is r$uc$ to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup1 & mix$ ) an equal volume ( ne>ly anhydr\s alcohol 7say ( #ij72 ! cle> portion is la/ly evaporat$1 z be=e4 ,obs4 ,! above is mu* m p[]ful ?an ! common extract1 & is *iefly us$ 9 ext]nal applications4 ,see ,,belladonna1 & bel[4 ,extract ( ,belladonna ,b]'ries4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,bacc>um ,,belladonn1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! express$ juice ( ! b]ries1 evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( ?ick honey4--,dose1 #a to #e gr4 ,extract ( ,bis'tort4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,bi/ort1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! dri$ root ( bi/ort or snake-we$ 7,polygonum ,bi/orta71 by p]colation ) temp]ate di/ill$ wat]4 #b4 ,f ! infusion made ) boil+ wat]1 or f ! decoction4 ,a/r+5t & tonic4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,extract ( ,bit't]-sweet4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,woody ,,night%ade2 ,,extractum ,,dulcam>1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ! decoction ( ! /alks4 #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,f ! dri$ /alks1 by p]colation ) temp]ate wat]4 ,diaphoretic1 diuretic1 & n>cotic4--,dose1 #c to #f gr42 9 *ronic a/hma1 rheumatism1 & *e/ diseases2 & p>ticul>ly 9 *ronic sk9 diseases4 ,extract1 ,black4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,cocculus4 ,extract ( ,black ,pepp]4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,pepp]4 ,extract ( ,bladd]-wrack4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,fuci ,,vesiculosi4 ,f ! dri$ plant ( ! bladd]-wrack4 ,giv5 9 obesity4 ,extract ( ,bor'age4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,borag9is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! dri$ h]b 7,borago (fic9alis74 #b4 7,ph4 ,lusit47 ,f ! cl>ifi$ juice ( ! fre% plant4 ,exhil>at+1 re/orative1 & pectoral4--,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 or m4 ,extract ( ,box4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,buxi1 ,e4 ,,corticis ,b41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! t9cture ( ! root b>k1 prep>$ 7) pro( _s7 by displacem5t1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,p4 ,cod4 ,extract ( ,broom4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,broom ,,tops2 ,,extractum ,,scop>ii1 ,e4 ,,sp>tii ,,scop>ii1 ,l4 ,f decoction ( broom tops4 ,diuretic & ca?>tic2 &1 occasionally1 emetic4--,dose1 #bj gr4 to #a dr42 9 dropsy1 c4 ,x is n[ seldom us$4 ,extract ( ,bry'ony4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,bryoni1 ,e4 ,b4 ,,alb1 ,e4 ,,radicis ,b4 ,a41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! infusion or decoction ( ! root ( :ite bryony 7,bryonia dioica74 ,purgative1 diuretic1 & emm5agogue4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,x 0 once a fav\rite rem$y 9 a/hma1 dropsy1 epilepsy1 c4 ,extract ( ,bu'*u4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,bu*u1 ,e4 ,,diosm1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f bu*u leaves1 z ! la/4 #b4 7,e!reo-alcoholic2 ,e4 ,b4 ,,!ro-,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,w4 ,proct]47 ,bu*u 79 co>se p[d]71 #a lb42 e!r1 #d fl4 oz42 alcohol 7rectifi$ _s71 #ab fl4 oz42 p]colate )\t dige/ion1 add+ dilute alcohol until a p9t ( e!reo-alcoholic t9cture is obta9$1 & suff] ?is to evaporate spontane\sly2 treat ! residue 9 ! displac] ) dilute alcohol1 till #b p9ts are obta9$2 evaporate to a syrup1 add ! product ( ! fir/ t9cture1 mix1 & complete ! evaporation4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 9 diseases ( ! ur9>y organs1 c4 #c4 7,fluid2 ,e4 ,b4 ,,fluidum1 ,l4--,w4 ,proct]47 ,bu*u leaves1 #h oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #af fl4 oz42 = a t9cture by displacem5t1 add+ wat]1 until #ab fl4 oz4 h pass$ ?r\gh2 all[ ?is to evaporate spontane\sly until r$uc$ to "o half2 next dige/ ! mass 9 ! p]colator ) cold wat]1 #a p9t1 = #ab h\rs1 express a p9t1 & evaporate ?is to #aj fl4 oz42 la/ly1 add ! #f fl4 oz4 ( residual t9cture1 agitate toge!r1 & 9 a few days filt]1 or decant ! cle> portion4--,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls4 ,see ,,diosma4 ,extract ( ,buck'bean4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,m5yan?is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! express$ juice ( ! fre% plant4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,f ! infusion made ) boil+ wat]4 ,bitt]1 tonic & a/r+5t4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,9 l>ge doses x is purgative1 ca?>tic1 & ev5 emetic4 ,extract ( ,buck'?orn4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,rhamni1 ,e4 ,,bacc>um ,r41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! filt]$ express$ juice ( buck?orn b]ries4 ,"s p]sons all[ x fir/ to run into a /ate ( f]m5tation2 b ! quantity ( ! product is !reby greatly less5$4 ,hydragogue & purgative4--,dose1 #ae gr4 to #a dr41 or m4 ,extract ( ,bur'dock4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,b>dan1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ! decoction ( burdock root4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,bi/ort--,p4 ,cod4 ,9 g\t1 rheumatism1 sk9 diseases1 c4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a dr4 ,sir ,rob]t ,walpole prais$ burdock root z a g\t m$ic9e2 & o!rs h consid]$ x an excell5t sub/itute = s>sap>illa4 7,l9dley47 ,extract ( ,butt]-nut4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,jugl&is1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,f ! inn] b>k ( ! root ( ! butt]-nut or :ite walnut 7,jugl&a alba71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,bitt] ,,sweet--,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,a mild1 yet efficaci\s ap]i5t & v]mifuge4--,dose4 ,z a laxative1 #e to #aj gr42 z a purgative1 #ae to #cj gr4 ,extract ( ,ca9ca ,root4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,ca9c4 7,p4 ,ph>m47 ,prep4 ,put #aj oz4 ( ! dri$ root ( ca9ca into a p]colator1 p\r on x pro( _s q4 s4 to p5etrate ! p[d] 9 e "p1 & let x rema9 #ab h\rs2 !n let ! liquid dra91 & pass successively ?r\gh ! p[d] 9 ! p]colator z mu* pro( _s z w am\nt ) t previ\sly us$ to #fj oz4 by weight4 ,di/il (f ! _s & evaporate to a s(t extract4 ,extract ( ,calab> ,bean4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,physo/igmatis4 7,b4 ,p47 ,calab> bean 9 co>se p[d]1 #a2 rectifi$ _s1 #e2 mac]ate ! bean = #dh h\rs 9 "o f\r? ( ! _s 9 a clos$ vessel1 agitat+ occasionally1 !n transf] to a p]colator1 & :5 ! fluid ceases to pass add ! rema9d] ( ! _s1 s t x may sl[ly p5etrate ?r\gh ! p[d]2 subject ! residue ( ! bean to pressure1 add+ ! press$ liquid to ! product ( ! p]colation2 di/il (f ! _s1 & evaporate :at is left to ! consi/5ce ( a s(t extract by a wat] ba?4--,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/d gr4 ,extract ( ,calum'ba4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,calumb1 ,e4 ,,radicis ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,calumba cut small1 #a2 wat]1 #e2 mac]ate 9 half ! wat] = #ab h\rs1 /ra91 & press2 mac]ate aga9 ) ! rema9+ wat]1 /ra91 & press2 mix & filt] ! liquors1 & evaporate ) ! heat ( a wat] ba? to pill consi/5cy4--,dose1 #b to #aj gr4 #b4 7,alcoholic--,ph4 ,bor47 ,ne>ly z ,no4 #c 7bel[71 b us+ /rong] _s2 ! evaporation is to be conduct$ at a heat n above #afg ,fahr41 until x acquires ! consi/5ce ( a pill-mass1 :i*1 aft] be+ r5d]$ q dry by a v g5tle heat1 is to be r$uc$ to f9e p[d]4 ,x %\ld h a br[ni%-yell[ col\r1 & give a turbid solution ) wat]4--,dose1 #d to #ab gr4 ,!y are all tonic & /oma*ic4 #c4 7,spiritu\s--,p4 ,cod47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,box4 ,! ,ph4 ,bad5 ord]s _s ( #idd to be us$4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr4 ,extract ( ,cannabis ,indic4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,indian ,,hemp4 ,extract ( ,can?>'ides4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,spani% ,,flies2 ,,extractum ,,can?>ides1 ,e4 ,,lytt1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! t9cture1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,box4 #b4 7,s\beiran47 ,f a t9cture prep>$ ) _s ( ! sp4 gr4 #ibc 7ab\t #b u4 p474 #c4 7,acetic2 ,e4 ,c4 ,,aceticum1 ,l47 ,f a t9cture prep>$ ) acetic acid1 sp4 gr4 #ajdh4 #d4 7,e!real2 ,e4 ,c4 ,,!reum1 ,l47 ,f ! e!real t9cture4 ,obs4 ,! e!r1 acid1 & _s di/ill$ f ! above mu/ be ei!r ?r[n away or us$ to make fre% extract1 z x is highly poison\s4 ,!y are all = ext]nal use only1 & %\ld h ! consi/5ce ( s(t butt]4 ,extract ( ,c>'damoms4 ,syn4 ,,e!real ,e4 ,,( ,c42 ,,extractum ,,c>damomi ,,!reum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,w4 ,proct]47 ,by spontane\s evaporation ( ! e!real t9cture4 ,x consi/s ( ! volatile & fix$ oils ( ! se$s & is us$ to aromatise pills1 p[d]s1 c4 ,extract ( ,ca'rob ,beans4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,c]atoni1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! decoction ( ! pods 7,,c>ob1 or ,,alg>oba ,,beans7 ( ! ',c]atonia siliqua1' or ',/4 ,john's bread tree4' ,see ,,alg>oba4 ,extract ( ,c>oli'na ,p9k4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,p9k-,,root4 ,extract ( ,c>'rot4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,c>ot1 ,e4 ,,radicis ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,sw$iaur47 ,f ! cl>ifi$ express$ juice1 evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( honey4 ,recomm5d$ z an application to ulc]at$ canc]s4 ,extract ( ,casc>il'la4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,casc>ill1 ,e4 ,,corticis ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,guib\rt47 ,f ! alcoholic 7rectifi$ _s7 t9cture4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bad547 ,z ! la/1 b us+ _s ( ! sp4 gr4 #idd4 #c4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,jalap--,ph4 ,l4 ,obs4 ,?is extract is tonic1 aromatic1 & /oma*ic4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr41 or m1 #b or #c times a day4 #bh lbs4 ( b>k yield ab\t #e-a_/d lbs4 ( extract4 ,extract ( ,cas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,cassi1 ,l4 ,see ,,cassia ,,pulp4 ,extract ( ,cat'e*u4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,cate*u1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f decoction ( cate*u4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! infusion 9 boil+ wat]4 ,a/r+5t & tonic4--,dose1 #e to #be gr4 ,see ,,cate*u4 ,extract ( ,cel'&9e4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,*elidonii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,f ! h]b 7,*elidonium majus71 z ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,ph4 ,bor4--,dose1 #c to #aj gr4 #b4 7,van ,mons47 ,f ! express$ juice1 coagulat$ by heat1 filt]$1 & evaporat$1 t[>ds ! end add+ ! coagulum4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr41 or m4 ,us$ z a dra/ic hydragogue 9 dropsies2 & 9 scr(ula1 c4 ,extract ( ,c5'taury4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,c5taurii1 ,l4 ,extracts "u ?is "n are prep>$ f ',am]ican c5taury' 7,sabbatia angul>is71 & 'common c5taury' 7,ery?ra ,c5taurium74 ,prep4 #a4 ,by evaporat+ ! decoction1 or ! infusion made ) hot wat]4 ,! dose & prop]ties resemble ^? ( extract ( g5tian4 #b4 7,alcoholic2 ,e4 ,c4 ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,box 7see above74 ,extract ( ,cevadil''la4 ,syn4 ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,( ,,sabadilla2 ,,extractum ,,sabadill1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,f t9cture ( cevadilla se$s1 made ) rectifi$ _s4 ,employ$ by ,dr ,turnbull z a rem$y 9 pa9ful rheumatic & neuralgic affections1 &1 g5]ally1 z a sub/itute = ,,v]atria4--,dose1 #a_/aj to #a_/f gr4 ,x is extremely poison\s4 ,extract ( ,*am'omile4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,an!midis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,e4 ,a4 ,,nobilis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by evaporat+ ! decoction ( ! fl[]s to ! prop] consi/5ce4 ,obs4 ,?is extract conta9s only ! bitt] portion ( ! *amomile1 ! aromatic volatile oil be+ dissipat$ dur+ ! evaporation4 ,?is1 h[ev] is rem$i$ 9 ! =mul giv5 by ! ,briti% ,ph>macopoeia1 :i* is z foll[s3--- ,boil *amomile fl[]s #a lb41 9 "o gallon ( di/ill$ wat]1 until ! volume is r$uc$ to "o half2 /ra91 press & filt]4 ,evaporate by a wat] ba? to a prop] consi/5ce1 add+ oil ( *amomile1 #ae m9ims at ! end ( ! process4 ,x is usually prep>$ f old fl[]s t h lo/ _! smell & col\r1 & are ?us r5d]$ unsaleable4 ,! extract ( *amomile t smells /rongly ( ! fl[]s1 frequ5tly v5d$ by ! druggi/s1 is prep>$ by add+ #a dr4 ( ! ess5tial oil ( *amomile to e p\nd ( extract1 :5 ne>ly cold1 & j be=e remov+ x f ! evaporat+ pan4 ,?is addition1 unlike _m :i* are made 9 ! laboratory1 va/ly increases ! m$ic9al virtues ( ?is article4 ,! mass ( extract ( *amomile met ) 9 ! %ops is no?+ b extract ( g5tian sc5t$ ) a little oil ( *amomile4 #a cwt4 ( *amomiles yields ab\t #dh lbs4 ( extract4 ,extract ( *amomile is bitt]1 tonic1 & /oma*ic4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr41 made into a pill1 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) a little rhub>b & g+]4 ,see ,,pills1 c4 ,extract ( ,*5opo''dium4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,/9k+ ,,goose-,,foot2 ,,extractum ,,*5opodii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ! /9k+ ora*e or goose-foot 7,*5opodium olidum71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite4--,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,mr ,h\lton47 ,f ! express$ juice by spontane\s evaporation4 ,a bett] plan is to expose x to heat$ air4 ,antihy/]ic1 emm5agogue1 & v]mifuge4--,dose1 #e to #bj gr4 ,extract 7,fluid7 ( ,wild ,*]ry4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,pruni ,,virg9ian ,,fluidum4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,wild *]ry 9 f9e p[d]1 #af oz4 7troy72 glyc]91 #d oz4 7old measure72 wat]1 #h oz4 7old measure74 ,mix ! glyc]9 & ! wat]1 & dige/ ! wild *]ry 9 #h oz4 ( ! mixture = #d days1 !n pack 9 a p]colator & p\r on ! rema9+ #d oz4 ( glyc]9 & wat]4 ,:5 ?is has disappe>$ f ! surface p\r on rectifi$ _s 7#hag7 until #ab oz4 7old measure7 ( fluid h be5 obta9$1 & set ?is portion aside4 ,!n p]colate ) _s1 until #bj oz4 7old measure7 m h be5 obta9$2 evaporate to #d oz4 7old measure71 & mix ) ! res]v$ portion4 ,extract ( ,c9*o'na4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,b>k4 ,?ree simple extracts1 prep>$ respectively f ,,yell[1 ,,pale1 & ,,r$ ,,c9*ona1 are giv5 9 ,ph4 ,l43--,prep4 #a4 7,f ,,calisaya or ,,yell[ ,,b>k3--,,extract ,,( ,,c9*ona1 ,e4 ,,( ,,yell[ ,c41 ,e4 ,,( ,,he>t-,,leav$ ,c42 ,,extractum ,,c9*on1 ,l47--a4 ,,extractum ,,c9*on ,,flav ,,liquidum 7,b4 ,p474 ,yell[ c9*ona b>k 9 co>se p[d]1 #af2 di/ill$ wat]1 a suffici5cy2 rectifi$ _s1 #a2 mac]ate ! b>k 9 #dj ( wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 !n pack 9 a p]colator1 & add wat] until #bdj h pass$ ?r\gh1 or until ! b>k is exhau/$2 evaporate ! liquor to #bj1 at a temp]ature n exce$+ #afj2 !n filt]1 & cont9ue ! evaporation to #c1 or until ! sp4 gr4 ( ! liquid is #abjj2 :5 cold1 add ! _s gradually1 con/antly /irr+4 ,sp4 gr4 #aajj4--;,dose1 #aj to #cj m9ims4 b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,yell[ c9*ona 7co>sely bruis$71 #c lbs42 di/ill$ wat] 7temp]ate71 #d p9ts2 mac]ate = #bd h\rs 7con/antly /irr+71 & /ra9 ?r\gh l952 :at rema9s1 aga9 mac]ate 9 wat]1 #a qu>t1 = #bd h\rs1 & /ra92 evaporate ! mix$ liquids to a prop] consi/5ce4 ,obs4 ,! aque\s extracts ( c9*ona b>k possess little m$ic9al virtue1 ow+ to ! insolubility ( ! alkaloids 7qu99e1 c9*on9e1 c47 9 wat]1 & also f ! rapid oxidation ( _! extractive matt]1 :5 expos$ 9 solution to ! jo9t action ( heat & atmosph]ic oxyg54--,dose1 #e gr4 to #a_/b dr41 9 mixtures1 fa9tly acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,c9*ona b>k yields f #bd to #cj ( aque\s extract4 #b4 7,f ,,pale ,,b>k3--,,extract ,,( ,,pale ,,c9*ona1 ,e4 ,,( ,,pale ,,b>k1 ,e4 ,,( ,,lance-,,leav$ ,b42 ,,extractum ,,c9*on ,,vallid1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,f pale b>k1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,c9*ona--,ph4 ,l4 7above74 b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,f ! decoction4 ,obs4 ,?is =ms ! ,,extract ,,( ,,b>k ( ! %ops4 ,! r$ & yell[ c9*ona b>ks are sc>cely ev] us$ = mak+ extracts4 ,_! ri*ness 9 qu99e leads to _! almo/1 exclusive employm5t = ! manufacture ( t alkaloid1 by :i* _! value is greatly enhanc$4 ,z f> z our k ext5ds1 no o!r extract ( b>k ?an ?is is ei!r employ$ or ask$ =4 #c4 7,f ,,r$ ,,b>k3--,,extract ,,( ,,r$ ,,c9*ona1 ,e4 ,,( ,,r$ ,,b>k1 ,e4 ,,( ,,oblong-,,leav$ ,b42 ,,extractum ,,c9*on ,,rubr1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,f r$ b>k1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,c9*ona--,ph4 ,l4 7above74 b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,f ! decoction4 ,obs4 ,^! extracts are ord]$ to be kept 9 two /ates1 ! "o 7,,s(t ,,extract ,,( ,,c9*ona2 ,,extractum ,,c9*on ,,molle7 = mak+ pills1 c42 ! o!r 7,,h>d ,,extract ,,( ,,c9*ona2 ,,extractum ,,c9*on ,,durum7 = p[d]+4--,! dose1 c41 ( all ! above are ! same4 #d4 7,dry3--,,ess5tial ,,salt ,,( ,,b>k2 ,,extractum ,,c9*on ,,siccum1 ,l47--a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f an aque\s infusion ( pale b>k 7prep>$ by displacem5t ) wat] at a temp]ature n above #gg ,fahr471 evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a ?ick syrup1 & !n spread ?9ly & uni=mly on e>!nw>e di%es1 or %eets ( glass1 & dri$ 9 a /ove1 by a v g5tle heat4 ,x is sep>at$ f ! plates ) a knife1 & pres]v$ 9 well-clos$ phials4 ,prior to spread+ x out on ! plates1 ab\t #d or #e ( ?ick mucilage is commonly add$4 b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,z ! above 7ne>ly74 c4 7,ph4 ,hann4 #ahca47 ,simil> to ! above2 b ! liquid1 :5 x acquires ! consi/5ce ( treacle1 is dilut$ ) wat]1 & aga9 evaporat$ to a l consi/5ce2 & ?is dilution & evaporation is repeat$ until1 on ! addition ( wat]1 x =ms a cle> solution4--,dose1 #e to #be gr4 ,! product ( ! la/ =mula is ne>ly in]t1 & t ( ! o!rs possesses little activity4 #e4 7,fluid3--,,extractum ,,c9*on ,,fluidum1 ,l47--a4 ,see ,,liquor ,,( ,,c9*ona4 b4 7,dr ,neligan47 ,f yell[ b>k1 z ,,fluid ,,extract ,,( ,,bu*u4 #f4 7,res9\s3--,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,( ,,b>k2 ,,extractum ,,c9*on ,,alcoholicum1 ,e4 ,,c9*on1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,f any v>iety ( c9*ona b>k 79 p[d]71 #d oz42 pro( _s1 #bd fl4 oz42 prep>e a t9cture by displacem5t1 di/il (f mo/ ( ! _s1 & evaporate ! residuum to ! consi/5ce ( an extract4 ,?is is ! only ,,extractum ,,c9*on ( ! ,ed9burgh ,college4 b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,p]uvian b>k1 #a lb42 rectifi$ _s1 #d p9ts2 make #d p9ts ( t9cture by displacem5t2 add wat] to ! mass 9 ! p]colator1 dige/1 & obta9 #f p9ts ( infusion2 di/il (f ! _s f ! t9cture1 & evaporate ! infusion to ! consi/5ce ( syrup1 !n mix ! two1 & complete ! evaporation4 ,m active ?an ! aque\s extract4--,dose1 #e to #bj gr4 c4 7,ellis47 ,yell[ b>k1 #b lbs42 hydro*loric acid1 #d fl4 dr42 wat]1 #a gall42 boil1 /ra91 & repeat ! decoction ) fre% wat] & acid2 mix ! decoctions1 filt]1 & agitate x ) fre%-slak$ lime1 #b-a_/b oz42 filt] or decant2 dry ! residuum1 & exhau/ x ) hot alcohol1 q4 s42 la/ly1 evaporate ! alcoholic t9cture to a pilul> consi/5ce4--,dose1 #a to #e gr4 ,"s p]sons h propos$ to call ?is ',,ess5tial ,,salt ,,( ,,b>k1' #g4 7,v9\s3--,,extractum ,,c9*on ,,v9osum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,hesse47 ,p]uvian b>k 79 p[d]71 #a "p2 :ite w9e 7%]ry71 #h p>ts2 dige/ #c days1 express1 filt]1 & evaporate4 ,extract ( ,coc'culus4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,cocculus ,,indicus1 ,,black ,,extract1 ,,extract 7,brew]'s71 ,,be] ,,/r5g!n]1 ,,h>d ,,multum2 ,,extractum ,,cocculi1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,indici1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f cocculus indicus1 by decoction4 ,x is kept 9 two /ates--"o hav+ ! consi/5ce ( ?ick treacle2 ! o!r1 t ( a pilul> extract4 ,! fir/ is 'put up' 9 bladd]s2 ! la/ is made into #a_/b-lb4 rolls1 l lead-pla/]-or roll-*ocolate4 ,x is n>cotic & poison\s1 & is employ$ by fraudul5t brew]s & publicans to give a false /r5g? to _! liquors4 ,see ,,cocculus ,,indicus1 ,,be]1 c4 ,extract ( ,col'*icum4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,mead[ ,,saffron1 ,e4 ,,( ,,! ,,corms ,,( ,,col*icum2 ,,extractum ,,col*ici 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,! express$ juice ( fre% col*icum corms1 cle>$ ( deposit1 boil$1 /ra9$1 & evaporat$ to a prop] consi/5cy at a temp]ature ( #afj ,fahr4--,dose1 #a to #b gr4 #b4 7,:olesale47 ,f ! decoction ( ! dri$ corms4 ,prod4 #ej to #ee4 ,obs4 ,?is extract is giv5 9 ! usual cases 9 :i* col*icum is employ$4--,dose1 #a to #d gr41 e ?ird or f\r? h\r4 7,?omson47 ,a favorite rem$y ( ,dr ,hue1 ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew's ,hospital1 9 ! e>ly /ages ( acute rheumatism4 ,! dose is #a gr4 e f\r h\rs4 7,p]eira47 #c4 7,acetic2 ,,acetic ,,extract ,,( ,,mead[ ,,saffron2 ,,extractum ,,col*ici ,,aceticum 7,b4 ,p47--a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cru%$ fre% corms1 previ\sly peel$1 #ai2 acetic acid1 #a2 /ir toge!r1 press1 boil1 & /ra9 ?r\gh flannel1 & evaporate to a s(t extract4--,dose1 #a to #b gr4 ) an equal weight ( liquorice p[d]4 b4 7,:olesale47 ,dri$ corms1 #ad lbs42 acetic acid 7pyroligne\s71 #f p9ts2 di/ill$ wat]1 #e-a_/d gall42 dige/ = #ad days1 express1 filt]1 & evaporate4 ,product1 #b-a_/b to #c lbs4 ,obs4 ,! above extracts are g5]ally prep>$ f ! dri$ corms1 & h5ce ! v unc]ta9 & inf]ior quality ( ^? commonly met )4 ,!y also possess less activity ?an ph>macopoeial prep>ations4 ,!y rapidly get dry & crumbly1 &1 unless a little _s & oil ( cloves are add$1 w sc>cely keep a week 9 w>m wea!r )\t becom+ m\ldy4--,dose1 #a to #c gr4 two or ?ree times a day4 ,x is mu* /rong] ?an ! common extract1 & conta9s ! acetate ( col*ic9e4 ,sir ,c4 ,scudamore pref]s ! acetic extract prep>$ by ! =mula b 7above74 #d4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,col*ici ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,p4 ,cod474 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,box4 ,m active ?an ev5 ! acetic extract4 ,all ! prep>ations ( col*icum are poison\s 9 l>ge doses4 ,extract ( ,colo'cyn?4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,bitt] ,,apple2 ,,extractum ,,colocyn?idis 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,e4 ,c4 ,,simplex1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,molle1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,f colocyn? pulp 7cut 9 pieces & ! se$s remov$71 by simple mac]ation 9 cold wat] = #cf h\rs1 frequ5tly press+ x ) ! h&s1 & aft]w>ds /rongly press+ out ! liquor1 :i* mu/ be /ra9$ be=e evaporat+ x4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,f ! decoction4 ,?is is ! plan adopt$ at ,apo!c>ies' ,hall1 & 9 ! laboratory g5]ally4 ,_m h\ses d n ev5 remove ! se$s4 ,obs4 ,?is extract rapidly gets h>d1 crumbly1 & m\ldy by keep+4 ,= ! rem$y1 see obs]vations on ,,extract ,,( ,,col*icum1 above4--,dose1 #e gr4 to #bj gr42 z a ca?>tic4 ,colocyn? pulp yields above #fe ( extract4 #c4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,colocyn?idis ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,bad547 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,angelica--,ph4 ,bad47 b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f a t9cture prep>$ ) pro( _s4 ,mu* m active ?an ! simple extract4--,dose1 #b to #g gr4 #d4 7,dry2 ,,extractum ,,colocyn?idis ,,siccum1 ,l47--7,ph4 ,bor47 ,z ! la/1 b us+ _s ( ! sp4 gr4 #ijj 7ab\t #af o4 p471 dige/+ at a tepid heat1 evaporat+ to dryness1 & p[d]+4--,dose1 #a to #f gr4 ,extract ( ,colocyn? 7,comp\nd74 ,syn4 ,,comp\nd ,,extract ,,( ,,bitt] ,,apple1 ,,ca?>tic ,,extract2 ,,extractum ,,ca?>ticum1 ,e4 ,,colocyn?idis ,,compositum1 ,b4 ,p4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,colocyn? free f se$s1 #f2 extract ( ,socotr9e aloes1 #ab2 scammony1 or res9 ( scammony 9 p[d]1 #d2 h>d soap 9 p[d]1 #c2 c>damoms free f capsules 9 f9e p[d]1 #a2 pro( _s1 #afj4 ,mac]ate ! colocyn? 9 ! _s = f\r days1 press out ! t9cture1 di/il (f ! _s1 & add to x ! extract ( aloes1 ! soap1 & ! scammony2 !n evaporate ! residue by a wat] ba? to a pilul> consi/5ce1 add+ ! c>damoms t[>ds ! end ( ! process4--,dose1 #b to #e gr41 ) #b or #c gr4 ( extract ( hyoscyamus to prev5t grip+4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,colocyn? pulp 7slic$1 )\t ! se$s71 #f oz41 pro( _s1 #a gal42 dige/ ) a g5tle heat = #d days1 express1 /ra91 & add1 ( extract ( aloes 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 #ab oz41 p[d]$ scammony1 #d oz41 ,ca/ile soap 7cut small71 #c oz41 & evaporate 7di/il7 to a prop] consi/5ce2 add+1 t[>ds ! la/1 p[d]$ c>damoms1 #a oz4 #c4 7,:olesale47 ,! =mul adopt$ by ! :olesale druggi/s are m]e modifications ( t ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 #ahji2 wat] be+ us$ in/ead ( _s z ! m5/ruum1 ) actual b5efit1 z we hone/ly believe1 to ! quality ( ! prep>ation4 ,! foll[+ are ext5sively employ$ by ^? :o d mo/ 9 ?is article1 & we c speak highly ( ! quality ( ! products obta9$ by _! use4 a4 ,turkey colocyn?1 #ah lbs41 is boil$ 9 ab\t #bj times its weight ( wat] = five or six h\rs2 to ! /ra9$ decoction is add$ hepatic aloes1 #dj lbs41 :i* are boil$ until dissolv$1 :5 ! solution is decant$4 ,9 ! mean "t ! colocyn? is exhau/$ ) a second quantity ( wat] 7less ?an ! fir/71 & ! /ra9$ liquor is add$ to ! undissolv$ residuum ( ! aloes1 & boil$ = a few m9utes2 aft] :i* x is drawn (f & mix$ ) ! fir/ decoction ( aloes2 ! mix$ liquors are !n all[$ to /& until q cold 7commonly until ! next day71 to deposit ! res9\s portion4 ,! liquor is next decant$ or drawn (f1 & set evaporat+ z quickly z possible2 z soon z ! consi/5ce ( treacle is arriv$ at1 ! :ole is all[$ to cool consid]ably1 & moi/ sug> 7clean71 #d lbs41 & ,ca/ile soap1 #aj lbs4 7previ\sly melt$ ) a little wat]71 are add$2 p[d]$ scammony1 #f lbs41 is next gradually sift$ 91 ! extract all ! "t be+ assidu\sly /irr$ by a second p]son4 ,la/ly1 ! heat is fur!r mod]at$1 & ! /irr+ cont9u$ until a r h>d] consi/5ce is acquir$ ?an is prop] = ! extract1 :5 ! /eam is :olly '%ut (f1' or ! vessel remov$ f ! heat1 & z soon z ! :ole has become suffici5tly cool to prev5t any consid]able evaporation ( ! _s1 ess5ce ( c>damoms1 #b lbs4 7say #a qu>t71 is exp]tly /irr$ 92 & ! extract at once 7:il/ /ill w>m7 put into /one j>s or pots1 & ti$ or cov]$ ov] = /ore or use4 ,! product is usually labell$ ',,ext4 ,,colocyn?4 ,,comp4 ,,opt4' ,x looks well1 & smells v aromatic1 & is really an excell5t prep>ation4 b4 ,turkey colocyn?1 #b-a_/d lbs42 hepatic aloes1 #e-a_/b lbs42 p[d]$ scammony1 #a-a_/b lb42 p[d]$ c>damoms1 #f oz4 7or ess5ce1 #a_/b p9t72 ,ca/ile soap 7g5u9e71 #a lb4 #b oz42 pale moi/ sug>1 #a_/b lb42 proce$ z la/4 ,?is produces a beautiful article1 & ( unque/ionable quality1 equally effective1 & mild] 9 its action ?an ! ,college prep>ation4 ,x is labell$ & s5t out z ,,ext4 ,,colocyn?4 ,,comp4 ,,ph4 ,l4 7#ahcf74 #d4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahji47 ,colocyn?1 #f dr4 7#f p>ts72 aloes1 #a-a_/b oz4 7#ab p>ts72 scammony1 #a_/b oz4 7#d p>ts72 h>d soap1 #c dr4 7#c p>ts72 c>damoms1 #a dr4 7#a "p72 z ,no4 #c1 a 7ne>ly74 ,qual41 c4 ,comp\nd extract ( colocyn? is (t5 adult]at$ ) acrid ca?>tics to make up = ! defici5cy or inf]iority ( its prop] +r$i5ts1 & =eign matt] (t5 becomes mix$ ) x by ! use ( impure scammony4 ,! pres5ce ( cape aloes may usually be detect$ by ! nause\s od\r2 *alk 7an article frequ5tly pres5t 9 bad scammony71 by plac+ a little ball ( ! extract 9 a glass tube1 & p\r+ ov] x "s dilute hydro*loric or acetic acid1 :5 an eff]vesc5ce w ensue if t sub/ance be pres5t2 jalap1 scammony adult]at$ ) fecula1 & o!r />*y sub/ances1 by ! filt]$ decoction ( ! extract turn+ blue on ! addition ( t9cture ( iod9e2 gamboge1 by ! decoction becom+ deep r$ on ! addition ( liquor ( potassa1 & by a filt]$ alcoholic solution ( ! extract =m+ a yell[ emulsion ) wat]1 :i* becomes transp>5t & assumes a deep-r$ col\r on ! addition ( cau/ic potassa2 & fur!r1 by ?is solution 7if ! alkali is n 9 excess7 giv+ a yell[ precipitate ) acids & ) acetate ( lead1 a br[n precipitate ) sulphate ( copp]1 & a v d>k br[n "o ) ! salts ( iron2 also by ! e!real solution ( ! extract dropp$ on wat] yield+ an opaque yell[ film1 soluble 9 cau/ic potassa if x conta9s gamboge4 ,dose1 #c gr4 to #ae gr4 ,x is a safe & mild1 yet c]ta91 purgative4 ,x may be mix$ ) calomel )\t ! latt] be+ decompos$4 #b-a_/b or #c gr41 mix$ ) an equal weight ( blue pill & tak5 ov]night =ms an excell5t ap]i5t 9 dyspepsia1 liv] compla9ts1 c4 ,see ,,ab]ne?y ,,m$ic9es4 ,obs4 ,!re are few =mul :i* h und]gone s _m alt]ations 9 ! h&s ( ! ,college z t = comp\nd extract ( colocyn?4 ,be=e #ahji1 pro( _s 0 ord]$ to be employ$ z ! m5/ruum1 &1 omitt+ ! soap1 ! prep>ation resembl$ t ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf4 ,9 #ahji1 ! ,college direct$ wat] to be us$ in/ead ( _s1 & add$ a c]ta9 quantity ( soap4 ,9 ! next edition ( ! ,ph>macopoeia 7#ahae71 ! soap 0 aga9 omitt$2 b 9 ! edition ( #ahbd1 ! =mula ( #ahji 0 aga9 adopt$1 sub/itut+1 h[ev]1 pro( _s = ! wat]4 ,^! directions 7 also cont9u$ 9 ! edition ( #ahcf4 ,9 ! la/ ,london ,ph>macopoeia 7#ahea7 ! =mula = ?is extract is omitt$ altoge!r1 & 9 its place a pill 7,,pilula ,,colocyn?idis ,,composita7 is ins]t$4 ,! comp\nd extract ( colocyn? & ! simple & comp\nd extracts ( s>sap>illa are 9 great] dem& 9 ! :olesale trade1 & are sold 9 l>g] quantities at a "t1 ?an all ! o!r m$ic9al extracts put toge!r4 ,z a pro(1 if x 7 necess>y1 t hone/y is ! be/ policy1 x may be m5tion$ t a c]ta9 metropolitan druggi/1 rem>kable = ! sup]iority ( ?is prep>ation1 has obta9$ no inconsid]able =tune by its sale alone2 :ile ! ho/ ( mis]able v5dors ( ! evaporat$ decoction ( mu/y colocyn? se$1 ,cape aloes1 wor?less scammony1 & sc5tless c>damoms1 sold "u ! "n1 attempt to ru9 ea* o!r by (f]+ _! rubbi% at a price t precludes ! possibility ( a l>ge pr(it1 or ev5 ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a respectable connection4 ,extract ( ,conia4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,hemlock4 ,extract ( ,contray]'va4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,contray]v1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,palat4 ,cod47 ,f contray]va root1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,c9*ona--,ph4 ,l4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr42 z a diaphoretic tonic 9 l[ conditions ( ! sy/em4 ,extract ( ,copai'ba4 ,syn4 ,,res9\s ,,extract ,,( ,,copaiba2 ,,extractum ,,copaib1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,res9osum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,mr ,?orn47 ,f balsam ( copaiba1 by di/ill+ (f ! oil until ! residuum assumes ! consi/5ce ( an extract4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr41 or m4 ,"o ( ! _m useless prep>ations :i* encumb] mod]n ph>macy4 ,x may be tak5 9 #c dr4 doses )\t any p]ceptible effect beyond a fit ( indige/ion4 ,extract ( ,copal'*e4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,copal*i1 ,e4 ,,corticis ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f copal*i b>k 7,croton pseudo-,*9a71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,casc>illa1 :i* x = ! mo/ "p resembles4--,dose1 #a to #c gr4 ,extract 7,fluid7 ( ,cotton ,root4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,gossypii ,,radicis ,,fluidum 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s474 ,cotton root 9 v f9e p[d]1 #af oz4 7troy72 mac]ate ) glyc]91 #c fluid oz4 7old measure72 rectifi$ _s1 #h oz4 7old measure72 wat]1 #e oz4 7old measure71 9 clos$ p]colator = #d days2 !n let ! p]colation comm5ce1 & f9i% x by add+ dilute alcohol 7eq4 vols4 ( alcohol #hce & wat]7 until #bd oz4 7old measure7 h be5 obta9$2 res]ve ! fir/ #ad oz41 & evaporate ! rema9+ #aj oz4 7to :i* previ\sly add #a fluid oz41 old measure7 ( glyc]9 to #b fluid oz4 7old measure71 & mix ) ! res]v$ portion4 ,extract ( ,c\* ,grass4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,dog',s ,,grass2 ,,extractum ,,gram9is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! root ( c\* grass1 or dog's grass 7,triticum rep5s71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,bi/ort--,p4 ,cod4 #b4 ,f ! fre% root1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 #c4 7,fluid2 ,,mellago ,,gram9is1 ,,extractum ,,gram9is ,,fluidum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,hann4 #ahca47 ,f ! decoction ( ! fre% root ( c\* grass1 evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( new honey4 ,pectoral4--,dose1 #ae gr4 to #a_/b dr41 or m4 ,extract ( ,cu'bebs4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,cubeb1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ! alcoholic t9cture evaporat$ by a v g5tle heat4--,dose1 #e gr4 to #cj gr4 #b4 7,mr ,toll]47 ,to ! la/ add a little p[d]$ ,ca/ile soap1 :5 x beg9s to ?ick51 & evaporate to a pilul> consi/5ce4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #cj gr4 #c4 7,fluid3 ,,liquor ,,cubeb1 ,,extractum ,c4 ,,fluidum1 ,l47--a4 ,cubebs 7gr\nd 9 a c(fee-mill71 #a-a_/d lb42 rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2 prep>e a t9cture1 ei!r by displacem5t or by dige/ion = a week1 & r$uce x1 by di/illation at a v g5tle heat1 until ! :ole measures exactly #a p9t4 ,e fl4 oz4 repres5ts #b oz4 ( cubebs4--,dose1 #bj to #dj drops4 b4 7,m4 ,pu*e47 ,f cubebs & pro( _s1 equal p>ts1 by p]colation2 )\t subsequ5t evaporation4 ,repres5ts its own weight 9 cubebs4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a fl4 dr4 c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 #ahea47 ,cubebs1 #a lb4 7ne>ly72 e!r1 q4 s42 make #a qu>t ( t9cture2 !n di/il (f #a-a_/b p9t ( ! e!r by ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 & expose ! residuum 9 a %all[ vessel until ! rema9d] ( ! e!r has evaporat$4 d4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,,extractum ,,cubeb ,,fluidum4 ,cubebs 9 mod]ately f9e p[d]1 #af oz4 7troy72 alcohol 7#hag71 #af oz4 7old measure74 ,mac]ate 9 a clos$ p]colator = #d days1 & !n let ! p]colation comm5ce1 & f9i% x by add+ m m5/ruum until #bd oz4 7old measure7 h be5 obta9$2 res]ve ! fir/ #ad oz41 evaporate ! rema9+ #aj oz4 to #b oz41 & mix ?is ) ! res]v$ portion4 #d4 7,oleo-res9\s2 ,,extractum ,,cubeb1 ,e4 ,,cubebrum1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,oleo-,,res9osum1 ,l47--a4 7,m4 ,dublanc47 ,! ess5tial oil result+ f ! c>eful di/illation ( any giv5 quantity ( cubebs1 is mix$ ) ! res9\s extract obta9$ by evaporat+ a t9cture ( ! dri$ residuum made ) rectifi$ _s2 ! :ole be+ r$uc$ to ! consi/5ce ( a ?ick syrup4 #a lb4 ( cubebs yields ab\t #f oz4 ( ?is extract4 b4 7,labelonge47 ,cubebs are fir/ exhau/$ ) e!r1 & !n ) pro( _s1 9 a displacem5t app>atus2 ! alcoholic t9cture is evaporat$ to an extract ov] a wat] ba?1 & :5 cold1 ! e!real t9cture is mix$ ) x1 & ! mixture ab&on$ to spontane\s evaporation until ! e!r is volatilis$4 c4 7,w4 ,proct]47 ,an e!real t9cture 7by displacem5t7 is p\r$ into a l>ge retort1 & #e-f?s is drawn ov] by ! heat ( a wat] ba?2 ! evaporation ( ! residuum1 to ! prop] consi/5ce1 is c>ri$ on at a heat n exce$+ #abj ,fahr4 ,! =mula ( ! ,ph4 ,bad5 is ne>ly simil>4 ,said to repres5t #f to #h times its weight 9 cubebs4 #a lb4 yields #b oz4 ( ?is extract4 d4 7,hamb4 ,cod4 #ahde47 ,?is resembles a 7above74 ,obs4 ,?is extract has a d>ki% br[n col\r1 & ta/es & smells /rongly ( cubebs4 ,x is only slightly soluble 9 wat]4--,dose1 #e gr4 to #bj gr42 made into an emulsion or pills1 or enclos$ 9 a capsule4 ,see ,,cubebs4 ,extract ( ,cu'cumb]4 ,see ,,elat]ium4 ,extract ( ,cuspa''ria4 ,,extract ,,( ,,ango/ura ,,b>k2 ,,extractum ,,cusp>i1 ,e4 ,,corticis ,c41 ,e4 ,,ango/ur1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ango/ura b>k1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,c9*ona--,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,alcoholic47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,c9*ona--,ph4 ,e4 ,/rong] ?an ! la/4 ,bo? are aromatic1 bitt]1 tonic1 & /imulant4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr42 9 dyspepsia1 *ronic di>rhoea1 dys5t]y1 c4 ,extract ( ,daff'odil4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,n>cissi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ! fre% fl[]s ( daffodil or yell[ n>cissus 7,n>cissus pseudo-n>cissus71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,anconite--,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,alcoholic47 ,f ! dri$ fl[]s1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,box4 ,bo? are pectoral & expectorant2 & 9 l>ge doses nauseant & emetic4--,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #b gr42 9 hoop+-c\gh1 c4 ,extract ( ,d&eli'on4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,t>axacum4 ,extract ( ,digita'lis4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,foxglove4 ,extract ( ,dog's ,grass4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,c\* ,,grass4 ,extract ( ,dog'wood4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,corn,s1 ,e4 ,,corni1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ,am]ican or tree dogwood 7,cornus ,florida71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,c9*ona ,,b>k4 ,obs4 ,9 its g5]al effects1 ,am]ican dogwood approa*es ! c9*onas1 & is said to be n inf]ior to !m 9 ! cure ( int]mitt5ts4 7,bigel[47 ,x conta9s a peculi> bitt] pr9ciple1 call$ corn9e4 ,sev]al o!r v>ieties ( ! g5us ,cornus1 z r\nd-leav$ dogwood 7,cornus circ9ata71 swamp dogwood 7,cornus s]icea71 c41 are us$ 9 ,am]ica1 b are less valuable4 ,extracts1 ,dri$ or ,p[d]$4 ,syn4 ,,extracta ,,sicca ,,vel ,,pulv]ata 7,ph4 ,prus474 ,^! are made by mix+ #d p>ts ( ! extract ) #a "p ( p[d] ( sug> ( milk1 & sett+ ! mixture 9 a w>m place till dry4 ,triturate ! mass to p[d]1 add+ m ( ! sug> ( milk if necess>y1 to make ! weight ! same z ! extract us$4 ,! ,g]man ,ph>macopoeia directs !m to be mix$ ) dextr91 & !n dri$ at a temp]ature ( #abb ,fahr41 &1 :ile /ill w>m1 triturat$ into a uni=m p[d]1 ) dextr9 q4 s4 to make ! weight ( ! p[d] equal to twice ! weight ( ! extract employ$4 ,extract ( ,dulcama''ra4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,bitt] ,,sweet4 ,extract ( ,elate'rium4 ,syn4 ,,inspissat$ ,,juice ,,( ,,! ,,squirt+ ,,cucumb]2 ,,succus ,,spissatus ,,momordic ,,elat]ii4 ,= prep>ation & rec5t synonyms1 see ,,elat]ium4 ,extract ( ,el'd] ,b]ries4 ,syn4 ,,eld] ,,rob2 ,,roob ,,sambuci1 ,,extractum ,,sambuci1 ,e4 ,s4 ,,nigr1 ,e4 ,,bacc>um ,s41 ,,succus ,,sambuci ,,inspissatus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,! express$ & depurat$ juice ( eld] b]ries1 evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( honey4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,to ! above1 :5 x beg9s to ?ick51 add #a-e? "p ( sug>4 #c4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,z ! la/ 7ne>ly71 b add+ only #a oz4 ( :ite sug> to ea* p\nd ( ! extract :il/ /ill w>m4--,dose1 #a to #d dr42 9 rheumatism1 g\t1 & v>i\s sk9 affections4 ,extract ( ,el'ecampane4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,inul1 ,e4 ,,radicum ,i4 ,,campan1 ,e4 ,,hel5ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,f a decoction ( ! dri$ root4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,bi/ort--,p4 ,cod4 #c4 7,ph4 ,suec #ahde47 ,f a t9cture prep>$ ) pro( _s & wat]1 equal p>ts4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr42 z a diaphoretic1 expectorant1 & tonic2 9 a/hma1 hoop+-c\gh1 v>i\s sk9 diseases1 c4 ,extract ( ,elm4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,ulmi1 ,e4 ,,corticus ,u41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ! decoction ( ! b>k ( ! common elm 7,ulmus campe/ris74 #b4 7,s\beiran47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,box4 ,a/r+5t & alt]ative4--,dose1 #bj gr4 to #a dr42 9 second>y syphilis1 *ronic sk9 affections1 c4 ,extract ( ,er'got4 ,syn4 ,,aque\s ,,extract ,,( ,,ergot1 ,h,,mo/atic ,,extract2 ,,extractum ,,ergot1 ,e4 ,e4 ,,aquosum1 ,e4 ,,secalis ,,cornuti1 ,e4 ,h,,mo/aticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,extractum ,ergot ,liquidum4 ,ergot 9 co>se p[d]1 #af2 e!r1 #bj2 di/ill$ wat]1 #gj2 rectifi$ _s1 #h4 ,%ake ! e!r 9 a bottle ) half its bulk ( ! wat]1 &1 aft] sep>ation1 decant ! e!r4 ,place ! ergot 9 a p]colator1 & free x f oil by pass+ ! wa%$ e!r ?r\gh x2 remove ! m>c & dige/ x 9 ! rema9d] ( ! wat] = twelve h\rs at #afj ,f4 ,press out ! liquor1 & evaporate x to #i1 & :5 cold add ! #h ( _s2 all[ x to /& = an h\r to coagulate1 filt]1 & make up ! quantity to #af4--;,dose1 #ae to #cj m9ims4 ,accord+ to ,squire1 ! am\nt ( e!r employ$ %\ld be d\ble ! above1 9 two p]colations1 & ! m>c %\ld be dri$ 9 ! air be=e dige/+ ) wat]4 ,see ,,ergot9e 7,bonjeau's74 #b4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,ergot ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47 ,see ,,ergot9e 7,wigg]'s74 ,extract ( ,eucalyptus ,globulus4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,eucalypti ,,globuli4 7,griffi?47 ,prep4 ,eucalyptus leaves cut at w4 ,di/il ! volatile oil ) wat]2 exhau/ ! residue 9 ! /ill ) wat]1 prep>e an extract1 exhau/ ?is ) alcohol1 evaporate to ! consi/5ce ( an extract1 &1 :ile cool+1 /ir 9 ! volatile oil4--,dose1 #b gr4 to #h gr4 ,extract ( ,f]n4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,filicis #a;,,iquidum--,b4 ,p4 see ,,extract ,,( ,,male ,,f]n4 ,extract ( ,fleabane 7,canadian74 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,erig]onis4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ,canadian fleabane1 by evaporat+ an aque\s infusion4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 #b4 7,,extractum ,,erig]ontis ,,canad5sis ,,fluidum--,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,canadian erig]on 9 mod]ately co>se p[d]1 #af oz4 7troy72 rectifi$ _s1 #af oz4 7old measure74 ,proce$ z = fluid extract ( cubebs 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s474 ,extract ( ,fle%4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,meat1 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,beef1 ,,tea 7,beef71 c4 ,extract ( ,fox'glove4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,digitalis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,f ! leaves ( ,digitalis purpurea1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--7,ph4 ,l47 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,f ! filt]$ express$ juice1 ei!r evaporat$ 9 vacuo1 ) ! aid ( heat1 or by exposure to a curr5t ( dry air4 #c4 7,p4 ,cod47--a4 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,bi/ort--,p4 ,cod4 b4 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,box--,p4 ,cod4 #d4 7,ph4 ,bad547 ,z ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,ph4 ,bad4 ,obs4 ,! juice ( foxglove is v readily injur$ by exposure to air & heat4 ,! evaporation %\ld !re=e be conduct$ z rapidly z possible1 b at a l[ temp]ature4 ,x is n>cotic1 s$ative1 & is p[]fully poison\s4--,dose1 #a_/b gr41 cauti\sly increas$ to #b or #c gr4 ,x is pr9cipally giv5 9 fev]s1 dropsy1 diseases ( ! he>t1 pulmon>y consumption1 epilepsy1 scr(ula1 & a/hma4 ,?is extract spoils by long keep+4 ,! la/ two are /rong] ?an ! re/1 & keep bett]4 ,x is omitt$ 9 ! pres5t ,ph4 ,l4 ,extract ( ,fu'mitory4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,fum>i1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ei!r ! infusion or decoction ( ! dri$ leaves ( common fumitory 7,fum>ia (fic9alis74 #b4 7,b4 ,cod47 ,f ! cl>ifi$ juice ( ! fre% h]b4 ,slightly ap]i5t1 diaphoretic1 & alt]ative4 ,x has be5 giv5 9 ob/ructions ( ! liv] & cutane\s affections ( ! lepr\s k9d4 ,extract ( ,galls4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,gall1 ,e4 ,,gall>um1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ! infusion by mac]ation or displacem5t ) cold wat]4 #b4 ,f ! hot infusion or decoction4 ,! fir/ is to be pref]r$4 ,a/r+5t4 ,us$ *iefly 9 o9tm5ts & injections = piles1 f\l ulc]s1 c41 &1 int]nally1 9 hmorrhages1 spitt+ ( blood1 c4 ,extract ( ,g5'tian4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,g5tian 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,g5tian root 7slic$71 #c lbs42 di/ill$ wat] 7temp]ate71 #d p9ts2 mac]ate = #ab h\rs1 & g5tly express ! liquor2 repeat ! mac]ation ) wat]1 #a qu>t1 = #f h\rs2 & evaporate ! mix$ liquors4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,f ! ord9>y infusion ( ! root made ) #aj or #ab times its weight ( boil+ wat]1 ! mac]ation be+ cont9u$ = #bd h\rs4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,f an infusion prep>$ by p]colation ) cold wat]4 ,! =mul ( ! ,ph4 ,bad51 ,p>is1 & ,u4 ,s4 are simil>4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,g5tian1 #a lb42 wat] 7boil+71 #aj2 mac]ate = #b h\rs1 boil #ae m9utes1 /ra91 & evaporate to a s(t pilul> consi/5ce4--,dose1 #aj to #ae gr4 #e4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,f ! decoction4 ,obs4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 ?is extract is almo/ univ]sally prep>$ by exhau/+ ! root by coction ) wat]1 z 9 ! la/ =mula4 ,:5 well prep>$ x is "o ( ! smoo!/ & brighte/ extracts ( ! ,ph>macopoeia4 ,good g5tian root yields by infusion 9 hot wat] fully #ej1 & by decoction ab\t #fj ( extract4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #cj gr41 two or ?ree times daily1 z a /oma*ic bitt] & tonic2 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) rhub>b1 g+]1 or aloes4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m especially us$ z a vehicle = *alybeates & o!r metallic prep>ations4 ,! pr9cipal consumption ( extract ( g5tian is by ! brew]s1 9 lieu ( hops4 #f4 7,,h>d ,e4 ,,( ,g42 ,e4 ,d4 ,,durum1 ,l47 ,! la/ dri$ by a g5tle heat until brittle en\gh to p[d]4 ,extract 7,fluid7 ( ,g+]4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,z+ib]is ,,fluidum4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,z fluid extract ( cubebs1 b us+ rectifi$ _s4 ,extract 7,fluid7 ( ,gold5 ,seal4 ,syn4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,,extractum ,,hydra/is ,,fluidum4 ,prep4 ,hydra/is 7,gold5 ,seal7 9 v f9e p[d]1 #af oz4 7troy72 mac]ate ) #b oz4 7old measure7 ( glyc]9e2 rectifi$ _s1 #ad oz4 7old measure71 9 clos$ p]colator = #d days2 !n let ! p]colation comm5ce1 & f9i% x by add+ a mixture consi/+ ( #b p>ts ( _s & #a ( wat]1 until #bd oz4 7old measure7 h be5 obta9$4 ,remove ! fir/ #ad oz42 evaporate ! rema9+ #aj oz4 to #b oz4 7old measure71 & mix ) ! res]v$ portion4 ,extract1 ,g\l>d's4 ,see ,,solution ,,( ,,subacetate ,,( ,,lead4 ,extract ( ,guaiac'um4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,guaiaci1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,f lignum vit %av+s or sawdu/1 exhau/$ by coction ) wat]2 z soon z ! mass becomes ?ick1 #a-h? ( rectifi$ _s is to be add$4 #b4 ,z ! la/1 omitt+ ! _s4 ,diaphoretic1 diuretic1 & alt]ative2 9 dropsy1 g\t1 rheumatism1 sk9 diseases1 c4 ,extract ( ,gu>ana'4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,gu>an1 ,e4 ,,paull9i1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,gavrelle47 ,f t9cture ( gu>ana 7se$s ( ,paull9ia sorbilis71 prep>$ by coction ) pro( _s4 ,tonic & alt]ative4--,dose1 #b to #e gr41 twice or ?rice daily4 ,extract1 ,hmo/at'ic4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,ergot4 ,extract ( ,h$ge ,hyssop4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,gratiol1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,f ! h]b 7,gratiola (fic9alis71 z ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,ph4 ,bor4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bad547 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,ph4 ,bad54 #c4 7,v9\s47 ,z ,,v9\s ,,extract ,,( ,,c9*ona4 ,purgative1 diuretic1 & v]mifuge4--,dose1 #b to #e gr41 gradually increas$1 wat*+ its effects2 9 dropsy1 jaundice1 g\t1 c4 ,x has be5 said to be ! basis ( ! celebrat$ ',,eau ,m,,dic9ale ,d',,husson1' ,extract ( ,hel'lebore4 ,! extracts prep>$ f ?ree diff]5t plants may be includ$ "u ?is head3-- #a4 7,,extract ,,( ,,black ,,hellebore2 ,,extractum ,,hellebori1 ,e4 ,h4 ,,nigri1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,l41 #aghh47 ,f ! infusion or decoction ( black hellebore 7,helleborus (fic9alis74--,dose1 #e to #ab gr4 b4 7,alcoholic--,p4 ,cod4 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,box 7ne>ly74 ,t ( ! ,ph4 ,bad4 is simil>4--,dose1 #c to #h gr4 c4 7,v9o-alcoholic--,cott]eau47 ,p[d]$ black hellebore1 #b lbs42 salt ( t>t>1 #a_/b lb42 dilute alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #ice71 #g p9ts2 dige/ #ab h\rs1 & express ! t9cture2 add to ! m>c1 :ite w9e1 #g p9ts2 dige/ = #bd h\rs1 express1 mix ! t9cture1 filt]1 & evaporate4--,dose1 #b to #f gr4 ,obs4 ,:5 prep>$ by coction ) wat] till exhau/$ ( soluble matt]1 black hellebore root yields ab\t #dj ( extract4 ,9 small doses x is alt]ative1 purgative1 & resolv5t2 9 l>g] ones1 x is a dra/ic1 hydragogue ca?>tic1 & emm5agogue1 dang]\s unless comb9$ & its effects c>efully wat*$4 #b4 7,,extract ,,( ,,gre5 ,,hellebore1 ,e4 ,,( ,,am]ican ,h41 ,e4 ,,( ,,it*-,,wood2 ,,extractum ,,v]atri ,,viridis1 ,l47 ,f ! fre% root 7rhizome7 ( ! gre5 hellebore 7,v]atrum viride71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4--,dose1 #a_/f to #a_/b gr4 ,us$ 9 ,am]ica 9 ! same cases z :ite hellebore4 #c4 7,,extract ,,( ,,:ite ,,hellebore2 ,,extractum ,,v]atri1 ,e4 ,,hellebori ,,albi1 ,l47 ,f ! root 7rhizome7 ( ! :ite hellebore 7,v]atrum album71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,black ,,hellebore4--,dose1 #a_/ab gr4 to #a_/d gr4 ,emetic1 purgative1 /imulant1 & highly acrid4 ,9 g\t1 rheumatism1 & n]v\s affections1 mania1 c4 ,see ,,v]atr9e4 ,extract ( ,hem'lock4 ,syn4 ,,inspissat$ ,,juice ,,( ,,hemlock2 ,,extractum ,,conii 7,b4 ,p471 ,,succus ,,spissatus ,,conii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,! inspissat$ juice ( ! fre% plant1 prep>$ z direct$ = ,,extractum ,,belladonn4--,dose1 #d to #f gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,f ! fre% plant 7,conium maculatum71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite4--,ph4 ,l4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,foxglove--,ph4 ,e4 #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,belladonna--,ph4 ,d4 ,obs4 ,( all ! inspissat$ juices 7n ev5 except+ t ( aconite71 ?is is ! "o mo/ readily injur$ by exposure to ! air & heat1 & :i* soone/ loses its qualities by age4 ,its active pr9ciple is ,,con9e4 ,extract ( hemlock has a gre5i% col\r1 & a /rong od\r ( ! fre%-bruis$ plant4 ,x is ( good quality only :5 a v /rong od\r ( conia 7a 'm\se-od\r'7 is dis5gag$ by degrees1 on its be+ c>efully triturat$ ) liquor ( potassa4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,! extracts ( hemlock may become feeble1 if n in]t1 9 "o ( two ways1--ei!r by ! heat be+ cont9u$ aft] ! conc5tration has be5 c>ri$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 or by long keep+4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,i h always obs]v$ t f ! po9t at :i* ! extract atta9s ! consi/5ce ( ?9 syrup1 ammonia beg9s to be giv5 (f 9 abundance1 toge!r ) a modifi$ od\r ( con9e2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i h f\nd extracts :i* 7 unque/ionably well prep>$ at fir/1 entirely de/itute ( con9e 9 a few ye>s4 7,*ri/ison47 ,! mo/ active extract is t :i* is procur$ by mod]ate pressure f ! leaves only4 7,br&e47 ,! extract ( ! ,ph4 ,d41 be+ fre$ f ! in]t album5 & *lorophyll1 conta9s mo/ ( ! active pr9ciple1 & is ne>ly soluble 9 wat]4 7,royle47 ,on ! l>ge scale1 ! :ole ( ! gre5 portion ( ! plant is press$ = juice4 #a cwt4 ( hemlock yields f #c to #e lbs4 ( extract4--,dose1 #b gr41 gradually increas$ to #e gr41 or m1 until "s obvi\s effect is produc$2 z an anodyne1 alt]ative1 & resolv5t 9 v>i\s ob/9ate disord]s1 z gl&ul> & visc]al enl>gem5ts1 f\l & pa9ful ulc]s1 scr(ula1 canc]1 neuralgia1 rheumatism1 tr\blesome c\ghs1 c4 #e4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,conii ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,bad547 ,z ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,ph4 ,bad54 b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,z ! la/1 b us+ pro( _s4--,dose1 #a_/b to #b gr4 #f4 7,dri$2 ,,extractum ,,conii ,,siccum1 ,l47--a4 ,z ! ,,dri$ ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,p4 ,cod4 b4 7,ar*]47 ,by dry+ ! extract ( ! ,dubl9 ,college ) a cont9u\s curr5t ( w>m air4 #g4 7,,extractum ,,conii ,,sem9is ,,alcoholicum47 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,hemlock se$s 9 co>se p[d]1 #a lb2 p]colate ) pro( _s until exhau/$4 ,di/il (f mo/ ( ! _s1 & evaporate residue 9 a wat] ba? to pilul> consi/5ce4 ,extract ( ,hemp4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,am]ican ,,hemp2 ,,extractum ,,apocyni1 ,e4 ,a4 ,,cannab9i1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! root ( ! ,apocynum cannab9um1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,g5tian4 ,a hydragogue ca?>tic4--,dose1 #b to #f gr42 9 dropsy1 c4 ,! plant f :i* ?is extract is prep>$ is call$ ',indian ,,hemp' 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 a practice :i* %\ld be avoid$1 z ?is "n is n[ almo/ exclusively appropriat$ to ,cannabis ,indica1 a v>iety ( ! common hemp 7,cannabis sativa1 v>4 ,indica7 gr[+ 9 ,india4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,indian ,,hemp4 ,extract ( ,h5'bane4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,hyoscyamus2 ,,extractum ,,hyoscyami 7,b4 ,p471 ,,succus ,,spissatus ,,hyoscyami1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,f ! fre% leaves & leaf/ems ( common h5bane 7,hyoscyamus nig]71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,foxglove--,ph4 ,e4 #c4 7,ph4 ,p47 ,f ! fre% leaves & "y bran*es1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,belladonna4--,dose1 #c to #f gr4 #d4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,f ! express$ juice coagulat$ by heat & /ra9$4 ,obs4 ,9 ! ,p>is ,codex ,extracts are ord]$ to be prep>$ f h5bane bo? by ! processes ,nos4 #a & #d above4--,product 7by ! ord9>y me?od73--#a lb4 ( ! fre% leaves yield$ fully #h dr4 ( extract 7,geig]72 #a cwt4 yield$ #d to #e lb4 7,br&e72 #a cwt4 ( ! rec5t plant yield$1 by an ord9>y screw press1 #ei-a_/b lbs4 ( juice1 & ?is evaporat$ 9 a wat] ba? gave #e lbs4 #i oz4 ( extract 7,squire72 #a-c_/d cwt4 ( ! gre5 h]b yield$ #aa lbs4 ( extract 7,gray74--,dose1 #b to #aj gr42 z an anodyne1 hypnotic1 antispasmodic1 s$ative1 & n>cotic1 m especially 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! use ( opium is objectionable4 ,ext]nally1 z a topical application to sore or inflam$ p>ts1 ei!r made into an o9tm5t or spread on pla/]4 #e4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,hyoscyami ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47 ,! =mul ( ! ,ph4 ,bad41 ,p>4 ,u4 ,s4 are simil> to ^? = ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite4 #f4 7,e4 ,,( ,,h5bane ,,se$s2 ,,extractum ,,sem9um ,,hyoscyami1 ,l4--,p4 ,cod47 ,an extract ( ! se$s made ) _s sp4 gr4 #ijj 7ab\t #af o4 p47 is dissolv$ 9 #d p>ts ( cold wat]1 & ! solution filt]$ & evaporat$4 ,/rong] ?an ! simple extract4--,dose1 #a_/d to #c gr4 ,extract ( ,ho'ly ,?is'tle4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,c>dui ,,b5$icti1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,bad547 ,f holy or bless$ ?i/le 7,c>duus ,b5$ictus7 by displacem5t ) cold wat]4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,g5tian--,ph4 ,l4 7ne>ly74 ,tonic1 diaphoretic1 febrifuge1 (t5 diuretic1 & occasionally emetic4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr41 z a tonic or /oma*ic *iefly4 ,extract ( ,hops4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,lupuli 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,e4 ,,humuli 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hop1 #h2 rectifi$ _s1 #ae2 di/ill$ wat]1 #hj4 ,mac]ate ! hop 9 ! _s = #g days1 press out ! t9cture1 filt]1 & di/il (f ! _s1 leav+ a s(t extract2 boil ! residual hop ) ! wat] = "o h\r1 !n express ! liquor1 /ra91 & evaporate on a wat] ba? to ! consi/5ce ( a s(t extract4 ,mix ! two extracts1 & evaporate at a temp]ature n exce$+ #afj to a pilul> consi/5ce4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,f comm]cial hops 7! /robiles or catk9s ( ,humulus ,lupulus71 #b-a_/b lbs42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #b galls42 mac]ate = #bd h\rs1 boil to a gallon1 /ra9 :il/ hot1 & evaporate to a prop] consi/5ce4 ,! =m ( ! ,ph4 ,e4 is ne>ly simil>4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,z ,,extract ( ,,aloes--,ph4 ,d4 ,tonic & /oma*ic1 & slightly anodyne & hypnotic4--,dose1 #e gr4 to #cj gr42 9 dyspepsia1 & cases t d n p]mit ( ! use ( opium4 #a cwt4 ( ord9>y hops yield ab\t #dj lbs4 ( extract4 7,br&e47 ,! druggi/s usually employ hops #b or m ye>s old1 call$ by ! deal]s 'ye>l+s1' 'olds1' or 'old olds1' because ^! may be pur*as$ at #b_/c to #a_/b ! price ( ^? ( ! la/ season's gr[?4 ,! fir/ ( ! above are e/imat$ to h only #b_/c ! /r5g? ( new hops2 ! second ab\t #a_/b2 & ! la/ little or none1 at lea/ 9 a m$ical po9t ( view4 #d4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,lupuli ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,cott]eau47 ,by displacem5t ) pro( _s4 ,/rong] ?an ! aque\s extract4 ,extract ( ,hore'h\nd4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,m>rubii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ! fre% h]b1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite4 #b4 ,f ! infusion or decoction4 ,antispasmodic1 pectoral1 tonic1 & emm5agogue4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a dr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,bad547 ,by displacem5t ) cold wat]4 #d4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,m>rubii ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 ,f a t9cture made ) pro( _s4 ,said by ,m4 ,?oriel to possess consid]able p[] z a febrifuge4--,dose1 #e gr4 to #bj gr4 b4 7,ph4 ,lusit47 ,f a t9cture made ) a mixture ( rectifi$ _s1 #a "p1 & wat]1 #g p>ts4 ,inf]ior to ! la/4 ,extract ( ,ind'ian ,hemp4 ,syn4 ,,cannab9e1 ,,hemp ,,res91 ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,( ,,indian ,,hemp2 ,,extractum ,,cannabis ,,indic1 ,e4 ,c4 ,i4 ,,alcoholicum1 ,,res9a ,,cannabis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,indian hemp 9 co>se p[d]1 #a2 rectifi$ _s1 #e2 mac]ate sev5 days1 press out ! t9cture1 di/il (f ! _s1 & evaporate4--,dose1 #a_/d to #a gra9 9 pill4 #b4 7,o',%aughnessy47 ,! dri$ res9\s tops ( ,indian hemp 7',,gunjah'7 are boil$ 9 rectifi$ _s until all ! res9 is tak5 up1 :5 mo/ ( ! _s is di/ill$ (f1 & ! evaporation complet$ by ! heat ( a wat] ba?4 #a cwt4 yields ab\t #g lbs4 #c4 7,rob]tson74 ,by sl[ly act+ on ! 'gunjah' ) ! vap\r ( alcohol1 by a species ( p]colation2 ! _s ( ! result+ t9cture is p>tly remov$ by di/illation1 & ! re/ by sl[ evaporation at a temp]ature n above #aej ,fahr4 #a cwt4 yields ab\t #h lbs4--,dose ( ! la/ two1 #a to #c gr41 gradually increas$4 #d4 7,messrs ,smi?47 ,! bruis$ 'gunjah' is exhau/$ ) tepid wat]1 !n ) a solution ( c>bonate ( soda 7#a ( c>bonate to #b ( gunjah71 & next ) pure wat]2 x is !n press$1 dri$1 & exhau/$ by displacem5t ) rectifi$ _s2 ! t9cture is agitat$ ) a milk ( lime 7conta9+ #a oz4 ( lime = e lb4 ( gunjah71 &1 aft] filtration or decantation1 any reta9$ lime is precipitat$ by a little sulphuric acid 9 slight excess2 ! t9cture is next agitat$ ) animal *>coal1 & aga9 filt]$2 mo/ ( ! _s is n[ remov$ by di/illation1 & #c or #d times its bulk ( wat] be+ add$1 ! rema9+ _s is remov$ by a g5tle heat2 la/ly1 ! rema9+ wat] is p\r$ (f1 & ! res9 rema9+ wa%$ ) fre% wat]1 & dri$4 ,product1 #f4--;,comm5c+ dose1 #a_/d gr4 #c4 7,purifi$2 ,,extractum ,,cannabis ,,indic ,,purificatum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,d47 ,f ! crude extract ( ,indian hemp1 z import$ 7',,*urrus'71 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #d fl4 oz42 dissolve1 & aft] defecation1 decant1 & evaporate4 ,obs4 ,! prep>ations ( ,indian hemp are said to be an/hetic1 anodyne1 hypnotic1 /imulant1 phr5ic1 & aphrodisiac1 &1 9 ov]doses1 to produce catalepsy4 ,!y h be5 recomm5d$ 9 hy/]ia1 hydrophobia1 *ol]a1 rheumatism1 *orea1 convulsions1 & v>i\s o!r pa9ful spasmodic & n]v\s affections ( a s]i\s "*4 ,accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,dr ,o',%aughnessy1 #a gr4 ( ! extract produc$ catalepsy 9 a rheumatic pati5t4 ,! extract prep>$ ) ! plant gr[n 9 our botanic g>d5s has q a diff]5t effect to t ( ! ,indian plant2 & x also appe>s t ! inhabitants ( ?is c\ntry are less susceptible to its action ?an ^? ( ,india1 & consequ5tly be> ! drug 9 l>g] doses4 ,?is hemp is kn[n 9 ,india z ! 'increas] ( pleasure1' ! 'excit] ( desire1' ! 'cem5t] ( fri5d%ip1' ! 'caus] ( a reel+ gait1' ! 'laught]-mov]1' c4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,hemp 7above71 ,,hemp1 c4 ,extract ( ,ipecac'uanha4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,ipecacuanha1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ipecacuanha1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,box4--,p4 ,cod4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,h5bane ,,se$s4 ,expectorant & emetic4--,dose1 #a-a_/b to #h gr4 ,extract ( ,i'ron4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,f]ri1 ,e4 ,,m>tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f t9cture ( t>t>is$ iron4--,dose1 #b to #aj gr42 z a *alybeate tonic4 #b4 7,comp\nd47 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,apple4 ,extract ( ,jabor'&i 7,fluid74 7,f4 ,v4 ,gre5e1 ',am]4 ,j\rn4 ,ph>m41' #ahgg47 ,prep4 ,jabor&i leaves 9 mod]ately f9e p[d]1 #af troy oz42 alcohol 7#ej p] c5t471 a suffici5t quantity4 ,moi/5 ! p[d] ?or\ghly ) ! m5/ruum1 pack 9 a conical glass p]colator1 place a lay] ( two in*es ( well-wa%$ s& on ! top ( ! clo? cov]+ ! mat]ial1 add m5/ruum until ! liquid beg9s to drop f ! p]colator1 :5 ! l[] orifice is to be clos$ ) a cork1 & ! p]colator securely cov]$2 set aside 9 a mod]ately w>m place = f\r days4 ,at ! expiration ( ?is "t remove ! cork1 & add m m5/ruum by degrees until ! mat]ial is exhau/$4 ,! fir/ #ad ounces 7old measure7 ( ! p]colate are to be res]v$1 & ! rema9d] evaporat$ on a wat] ba?1 ) con/ant /irr+ t[>ds ! close1 to #b fluid ounces 7old measure71 :i* are to be add$ to ! res]v$ portion4 ,if ! p]colation & evaporation h be5 prop]ly p]=m$ ! fluid extract w n be requir$ to be filt]$4 ,extract ( ,jal'ap4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,jalap 7,b4 ,p471 ,e4 ,,sive ,,res9a ,,jalap 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,jalap 9 co>se p[d]1 #a2 rectifi$ _s1 #e2 di/ill$ wat]1 #aj2 mac]ate ! jalap 9 ! _s = sev5 days1 press out ! t9cture1 !n filt]1 & di/il (f ! _s1 leav+ a s(t extract2 aga9 mac]ate ! residual jalap 9 ! wat] = f\r h\rs1 express1 /ra9 ?r\gh flannel1 & evaporate by a wat] ba? to a s(t extract2 mix ! two extracts1 & evaporate at a temp]ature n exce$+ #adj ,f4 to a prop] consi/5ce = =m+ pills4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,jalap 7p[d]$7 #b-a_/b lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 #a gall42 dige/ f\r days1 & express ! t9cture2 boil ! 'm>c' 9 wat]1 #b galls42 until r$uc$ to #a_/b gall42 filt] ! t9cture & decoction sep>ately1 & let ! "o di/il & ! o!r evaporate until ea* ?ick5s2 la/ly1 mix ! two & complete ! evaporation4--,product4 ,ab\t #ff #af ( alcoholic & #ej ( aque\s extract4 7,br&e47 #ah lbs4 yield #ab lbs4 ( extract4 7,lab4 ,j\rn47--,dose1 #f to #ae gr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,f t9cture ( jalap prep>$ by displacem5t ) rectifi$ _s4 ,x consi/s ( impure res9 ( jalap4 ,x is m active ?an ! la/4--,prod4 #af4--;,dose1 #b to #f gr4 #d4 7,ph4 ,ed4 #agdd1 ,,extractum ,,jalap ,,alkal9um47 ,z extract jalap 7,b4 ,p47 add+ = e p\nd ( jalap1 #a oz41 or q4 s4 ( c>bonate ( pota%4 ,obs4 ,extract ( jalap is an active purgative4 ,x %\ld be well beat5 up ) a little sulphate ( potassa1 sug>1 or "s aromatic p[d]1 to prev5t x grip+4 ,! sub/ance commonly sold z extract ( jalap 9 ! %ops is prep>$ by boil+ jalap root = #c or #d h\rs 9 wat]1 :5 x is tak5 out1 & well bruis$ or slic$1 & aga9 boil$ ) wat] until exhau/$ ( soluble matt]4 ,! mix$ decoctions are !n all[$ #ab or #ad h\rs = defecation1 aft] :i* ! sup]natant portion is decant$ & evaporat$4 ,extract ( jalap %\ld be kept 9 ! s(t /ate 7,,extractum ,,jalap1 ,e4 ,j4 ,,molle71 s z to =m pills2 & 9 ! h>d /ate 7,,h>d ,,extract ,,( ,,jalap2 ,,extractum ,,jalap ,,durum71 t x may be rubb$ to p[d]4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,extract ( ,jasm9e 7,yell[74 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,gelsemii ,,fluidum4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,prep4 ,yell[ jasm9e 9 v f9e p[d]1 #af oz4 7troy72 rectifi$ _s1 #af oz4 7old measure74 ,proce$ z = fluid extract ( cubebs4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,extract ( ,ju'nip]4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,junip]i1 ,e4 ,,bacc>um ,j41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,mac]ate junip] b]ries 9 wat] at #gg to #hf ,fahr41 = #bd h\rs1 /ra91 repeat ! process ) a fre% quantity ( wat]1 mix ! liquors1 filt]1 & evaporate4--,dose1 #bj gr4 to #a dr42 z a /imulant diuretic1 9 dropsy1 c42 & also z a pill-basis4 ,extract ( ,kalada'na4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,kaladan1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b5gal ,disp47 ,f ! t9cture ( ! se$s ( kaladana 7,ph>bitis ,nil74 ,purgative said to be equal to ,,extract ,,( ,,jalap1 & ( d\ble ! /r5g?4 ,extract ( ,lettuce4 ,syn4 ,,inspissat$ ,,juice ,,( ,,lettuce2 ,,extractum ,,lactuc 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,! inspissat$ juice evaporat$ to a pillul> consi/5ce1 accord+ to ! directions giv5 = ,,extractum ,,belladonn4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,f ! fre% leaves ( g>d5 lettuce 7,lactuca sativa71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 ,anodyne1 s$ative1 hypnotic1 & antispasmodic4--,dose1 #c to #aj gr4 #a cwt4 ( lettuce yields #d lbs4 to #e lbs4 ( extract4 #c4 7,probait47 ,f ! ext]nal p>ts ( ! /alks & ! old & yell[ leaves1 aft] ! plants h fl[]$1 by mac]ation 9 wat] = #bd h\rs1 & decoction = #b h\rs2 ! express$ liquid is fir/ evaporat$ by a g5tle heat1 & aft]w>ds spread on %all[ di%es1 & dri$ by exposure to a curr5t ( air4 ,/rong] ?an ! la/4--,dose1 #a to #e gr4 #d4 7,e4 ,,( ,,wild ,,lettuce1 ,,inspissat$ ,,juice ,,( ,w4 ,l42 ,,extractum ,,lactuc ,,viros1 ,,succus ,,spissatus ,l4 ,v4--,ph4 ,e41 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,f ! leaves ( /rong-sc5t$ wild lettuce 7,lactuca virosa74#bie ,footnote #bie3 ,see g5]al in/ructions1 p4 #fhb4 b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,z ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite4--,p4 ,cod4 c4 7,ph4 ,bad547 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,foxglove--,ph4 ,bad54 ,see ,,lactuc>ium4 ,extract ( ,liq'uorice4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,glycyrrhiz 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,s(t ,e4 ,,( ,l42 ,,extractum ,,glycyrrhiz ,,molle1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,f fre% liquorice root1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,f ! fre% root1 cut into slices1 dri$1 & p[d]$1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,g5tian--,ph4 ,e4 ,! =m ( ! ,ph4 ,bad5 is v simil>4 c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,z ord]$ = simple extracts 7,,extracta ,,simpliciora--,ph4 ,d474 d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,liquorice root 9 co>se p[d]1 #a2 cold di/ill$ wat]1 #e2 mac]ate ! root 9 half ! wat] = twelve h\rs1 /ra91 & press2 aga9 mac]ate ! press$ m>c ) ! rema9d] ( ! wat] = #f h\rs1 /ra9 & press1 mix ! /ra9$ liquors1 heat to #bab ,f41 /ra91 & evaporate to a pill consi/5ce4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr4 e4 7,b4 ,p4 ,,extractum ,,glycyrrhiz ,,liquidum47 ,prep4 ,liquorice root 9 co>se p[d]1 #a lb42 di/ill$ wat]1 #d p9ts4 ,mac]ate ! liquorice ) two p9ts ( wat] = twelve h\rs1 /ra91 & press2 aga9 mac]ate ! press$ m>c ) ! rema9d] ( ! wat] = six h\rs1 /ra91 & press4 ,mix ! /ra9$ liquors1 heat to #bab ,fahr41 & /ra9 ?r\gh flannel2 !n evaporate by a wat] ba? until x has acquir$1 :5 cold1 a specific gravity ( #aafj2 add to ?is "o eigh? ( its volume ( rectifi$ _s2 let ! mixture /& = twelve h\rs & filt]4 f4 7,u4 ,s4 ,disp47 ,crude liquorice 7,,spani% ,,juice71 q4 s4 is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! solution filt]$ & evaporat$4 ,to produce a good article 7,,extractum ,,glycyrrhiz ,,purificatum7 9 ?is way1 ! solution %\ld be all[$ "s h\rs = defecation1 & %\ld n be decant$ & /ra9$ until q cold4 ,obs4 ,s(t extract ( liquorice is (t5 employ$ z a pill-basis1 & ! h>d extract 7,,spani% ,,juice1 c47 is us$ z a loz5ge to allay tickl+ c\gh4 ,! pr9cipal portion ( ! latt] is1 h[ev]1 consum$ by ! port] brew]s & brew]s' druggi/s4 ,! product ( ! la/ =mula1 evaporat$ until x is q solid :5 cold1 & made into small pipes1 /icks1 or rolls1 =ms ! ,,be/ ,,ref9$ ,,liquorice or ,,ref9$ ,,juice ( ! %ops4 #b4 7,,h>d ,e4 ,,( ,l41 ,,spani% ,,juice1 ,s4 ,,liquorice1 ,,glycyrrhiz91 ,,black ,,sug>2 ,,extractum ,,glycyrrhiz ,,simplex1 ,e4 ,g4 ,,durum1 ,,succus ,g41 ,s4 ,g4 ,,spissatus1 ,l47 ,?is is seldom prep>$ by ! ,engli% druggi/s1 be+ pr9cipally import$ 9 ! dry /ate f ,spa9 & ,italy4 ,t f ,solazzi 7,,solazzi ,,juice7 is ! mo/ e/eem$4 ,a great deal ( ! =eign extract is mix$ ) fecula1 or ! pulp ( plums1 h5ce its inf]ior quality4 ,x also frequ5tly conta9s copp]1 d]iv$ f ! boil]s 9 :i* x is prep>$4 ,! extract prep>$ f ! fre% root is usually pref]r$ to ! be/ =eign1 z ! latt] has a less sweet & agreeable ta/e4 ,,ref9$ ,,juice is prep>$ by dissolv+ ! =eign juice 9 wat]1 filt]+ & evaporat+4 ,see ,,liquorice1 & above4 ,extract ( ,lobe'lia4 ,syn4 ,,acetic ,,extract ,,( ,,indian ,,tobacco2 ,,extractum ,,lobeli1 ,e4 ,l4 ,,inflat1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,w4 ,proctor47 ,lobelia se$s 7bruis$71 #h oz42 dilute alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #ice71 #d p9ts2 acetic acid1 #a fl4 oz42 by mac]ation = #bd h\rs1 & subsequ5t displacem5t4 ,expectorant & diaphoretic1 9 small doses2 emetic & n>cotic1 9 l>g] ones4 ,x is pr9cipally us$ 9 a/hma & o!r *e/ diseases4--,dose1 #a_/d gr4 to #e gr4 ,extract ( ,log'wood4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,h,,matoxyli 7,b4 ,p471 ,e4 ,h4 ,,campe*iani1 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,logwood 9 *ips1 #a2 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #aj2 mac]ate #bd h\rs1 boil to #e1 /ra91 & evaporate to an extract1 b n 9 iron vessels4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,f cut logwood 7logwood *ips71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,z ! la/ 7ne>ly74 #d4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf & ,:olesale47 ,f ! decoction4 ,obs4 ,! ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 #ahda ord]s ! wood to be rasp$4 ,! ,ph4 ,bad5 directs displacem5t ) cold wat]4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 ?is extract is prep>$ solely by decoction4 #a cwt4 ( wood yields ab\t #bj lbs4 ( extract 7,br&e72 #hj lbs4 yield #ad lbs4 ( extract 7,gray47 ,x is kept 9 two /ates--h>d 7,,extractum ,h,,matoxyli ,,durum7 & s(t 7,e4 ,h4 ,,molle74 ,! dose ( ! fir/ is #aj to #bj gr41 dissolv$ 9 w9e1 or any cordial wat]2 z an a/r+5t1 aft] ea* motion 9 di>rhoea2 ! second is (t5 employ$ z a loz5ge 9 ! same disease1 & is an inexp5sive & agreeable rem$y = simple relaxation ( ! b[els4 ,extract ( ,lov'age4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,levi/ici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bad547 ,f lovage 7,levi/icum (fic9ale71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,bi/ort--,p4 ,cod4 ,aromatic1 /oma*ic1 & diaphoretic4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr4 ,extract ( ,lu'pul9e4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,lupul91 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f lupul9e 7! p[d] sep>at$ f hops by rubb+ & sift+71 by infusion 9 cold wat]1 or by displacem5t4 #b4 7,,extractum ,,lupul9 ,,coctione ,,p>atum47 ,f ! decoction4 ,bo? simil> to extract ( hops1 b /rong]4 ,! fir/ is ! mo/ aromatic2 ! la/ ! mo/ bitt]4 ,extract ( ,mad'd]4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,rubi4 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,hamb47 ,f ! t9cture ( dy]'s madd] 7,rubia t9ctorum71 made ) rectifi$ _s1 #a "p1 & wat]1 #c p>ts4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #cj gr42 z a diuretic1 emm5agogue1 & p>turifaci5t2 & 9 jaundice1 c4 ,extract ( ,mahog'any4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,swiet5i1 ,l4 ,f ! *ips & sawdu/ ( mahogany 7,swiet5ia ,mahogoni74 ,x is a/r+5t1 & is frequ5tly sold = k9o4 ,x is also employ$ 9 tann+4 ,extract ( ,male ,f]n4 ,syn4 ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,( ,,male ,,f]n2 ,,extractum ,,filicis1 ,b4 ,p4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,eb]s47 ,f ! t9cture ( ! dri$ root ( male f]n 7,la/ra ,filix-mas71 made ) rectifi$ _s4 ,9 tape-worm4--,dose1 #bj gr4 to #a_/b dr41 twice a day1 made into an electu>y ) p[d]$ sug>1 & foll[$ by a /rong dose ( ca/or oil4 #b4 7,e!real47 ,b4 ,p4 7,,extractum ,,filicis ,,liquidum47 ,f]n root1 9 co>se p[d]1 #a2 e!r1 #b-a_/b1 or a suffici5cy4 ,pack closely 9 a p]colator ) #a ( ! e!r1 add ! re/ at int]vals1 until x passes ?r\gh col\rless1 di/il (f ! e!r1 & ! liquid extract rema9s4--,dose1 #cj to #fj m9ims4 ,see ,,oil ,,( ,,male ,,f]n4 ,extract ( ,malt4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,malti1 ,e4 ,,bynes1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ! infusion made ) wat] at a temp]ature rang+ betwe5 #afj & #agj ,fahr41 dra9$ (f1 )\t pressure1 & evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( honey4 ,nutriti\s & laxative4--,dose4 ,a table-spoonful1 or m1 ad libitum4 #b4 ,,extract ,,( ,,malt1 ,,f]rat$4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,extract ( malt1 #dg-a_/b oz41 mix$ ) #a oz4 ( pyrophosphate ( iron & citrate ( ammonia1 dissolv$ 9 #a-a_/b oz4 ( wat]4 ,extract ( ,ma''rygold4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,cal5dul1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,guib\rt47 ,by mac]ation ( ! h]b & fl[]s ( ! common m>ygold 7,cal5dula (fic9alis7 9 tepid wat] = #bd h\rs1 & subsequ5t coction = #ae or #bj m9utes4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bad547 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,angelica--,ph4 ,bad54--,dose1 #b to #aj gr42 cordial1 diaphoretic1 alt]ative1 & emm5agogue2 9 dyspepsia1 & scirrh\s & canc]\s affections4 ,extract ( ,may-apple4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,podophylli4 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 #ahda47 ,f ! t9cture ( ! root 7rhizomes7 ( may-apple 7,podophyllum peltatum74--,dose1 #e to #ae gr42 z a sub/itute = extract ( jalap4 ,see ,,podophyll94 ,extract ( ,mea'd[ ,saf'fron4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,col*icum4 ,extract ( ,meat4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,fle%2 ,,extractum ,,c>nis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,liebig47 ,! lean ( rec5tly kill$ meat 7*opp$ v small71 #a "p2 cold wat]1 #h p>ts2 agitate x well toge!r = #aj m9utes2 !n heat x gradually to ! boil+-po9t1 let x simm] g5tly = a few m9utes1 & /ra9 ?r\gh a hair sieve :il/ /ill hot2 la/ly1 evaporate to a s(t mass4 #a lb4 ( meat yields b>ely #a oz4 ,see ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,beef1 ,,tea 7,beef71 c4 ,extract ( ,mez]e'on4 ,syn4 ,,mez]eon ,,res92 ,,extractum ,,mez]ei1 ,,res9a ,,mez]ei1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,alcoholic2 ,e4 ,m4 ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,hamb47 ,by di/ill+ (f #e_/f?s ( ! t9cture made ) rectifi$ _s1 & filt]+ ! residue1 reta9+ :at is left on ! filt]4 b4 ,by ! simple di/illation ( ! t9cture4 ,obs4 ,gre5 or br[ni% gre52 insoluble 9 wat]4 #a_/b oz4 mez]eon root-b>k yield$ #a-a_/b oz4 7,hamb4 ,disp47 ,x is *iefly us$ 9 prep>+ bli/]+ o9tm5ts & pla/]s4 #b4 7,e!real2 ,,gre5 ,,oil ,,( ,,mez]eon2 ,,extractum ,,mez]ei ,,!reum4 ,b4 ,p47--a4 ,b4 ,p4 ,mez]eon b>k cut small1 #a lb42 rectifi$ _s1 #h p9ts2 e!r1 #a p9t4 ,mac]ate ! mez]eon 9 #f p9ts ( ! _s = #c days1 ) frequ5t agitation1 /ra91 & press4 ,to ! residue ( ! mez]eon add ! rema9d] ( ! _s1 & aga9 mac]ate = #c days1 ) con/ant agitation1 /ra91 & press4 ,mix & filt] ! /ra9$ liquors1 recov] ! great] "p ( ! _s by di/illation1 evaporate :at rema9s to ! consi/5ce ( a s(t extract1 put ?is 9 a /opp]$ bottle ) ! e!r1 & mac]ate = #bd h\rs1 %ak+ !m frequ5tly2 decant ! e!rial solution1 recov] "p ( ! e!r by di/illation1 & evaporate :at rema9s to ! consi/5ce ( a s(t extract4 b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,by dige/+ alcoholic extract ( mez]eon 9 e!r = "s days ) agitation1 r$uc+ ! t9cture to #a-d? by c>eful di/illation1 & evaporat+ ! residuum by a g5tle heat to ! consi/5ce ( an extract4 c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,extractum ,,mez]ei ,,fluidum47 ,mez]eon 9 mod]ately co>se p[d]1 #af oz4 7troy72 alcohol 7#hag71 #af oz4 7old measure72 proce$ z = fluid extract ( cubebs4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,obs4 ,bo? ! alcoholic & e!real extract ( mez]eon mu/ be kept 9 /opp]$ bottles4 ,! latt]1 l ! =m]1 is us$ z an ext]nal irritant4 ,extract ( ,mil'foil4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,millefolii1 ,e4 ,a*ili m41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! h]b milfoil or y>r[ 7,a*illea millefolium71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 ,a/r+5t1 tonic1 & alt]ative4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,extract ( ,mimo'sa ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,corticis ,,mimos1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! b>k ( sev]al ,au/ralian species ( ,acacia or ,mimosa 7,acacia mollissima1 ,a4 decurr5s1 ,a4 melanoxylon1 c474 ,x is *iefly import$ f ,van ,diem5's ,l&4 ,a/r+5t4 ,said to be sup]ior to oak b>k = tann+4 ,extract ( ,mone'sia ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,monesi1 ,e4 ,m4 ,,purificatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! monesia or buranheim b>k 7b>k ( ,*rysophyllum ,buranheim72 or f comm]cial monesia1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,cate*u4 ,a/r+5t4--,dose1 #d to #h gr4 ,extract ( ,mug'wort4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,artemisi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! tops ( ! common mugwort 7,artemisia vulg>is71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,box1--,p4 ,cod4 ,an active emm5agogue4 ,extract ( ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,myrrh1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,aque\s2 ,,extractum ,,myrrh ,,aquosum1 ,l47--a4 ,f ! /ra9$ decoction4 b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,aloes--,ph4 ,bor41 aft]w>ds r$uc+ x to a f9e p[d]4 ,! =mula ( ! ,ph4 ,bad5 is simil>4--,dose1 #f to #ae gr41 or m4 #b4 7,alcoholic2 ,,res9 ,,( ,,myrrh2 ,,extractum ,,myrrh ,,alcoholicum1 ,e4 ,m4 ,,res9osum1 ,l47 ,f ! t9cture4 ,tonic & /imulant4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr41 or m4 #c4 7,comp\nd2 ,,extractum ,,myrrh ,,compositum1 ,l4--,sw$iaur47 ,myrrh1 #b oz42 gum arabic 79 p[d]71 #b dr42 triturate1 add wat]1 q4 s4 to =m a ?ick emulsion1 & add extract ( c\* grass1 #d oz4 ,mu* recomm5d$ 9 ph?isis & ut]9e ulc]ations4--,dose1 #a to #b dr4 9 wat]1 twice or ?rice daily4 ,extracts1 ,n>cotic1 ) ,sug>4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,n>cotica ,,cum ,,sac*>o4 7,guag]47 ,prep4 ,dissolve #f oz4 ( alcoholic extract ( ! plant 9 #ad dr4 or #b oz4 ( /rong alcohol by trituration 9 a porcela9 mort>1 & mix ) x #cj oz4 ( p[d]$ :ite sug>1 gradually add$1 ) con/ant /irr+4 ,set ! mixture 9 a w>m situation until dry4 ,add sug> q4 s4 to make up #cf oz4 ,^! prep>ations are less liable to lose _! efficacy ?an ! simple extracts4 #f gr4 repres5t "o ( ! extract4 ,extract ( ,net'tles4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,urtic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! juice ( nettles 7,urtica dioica71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 ,antiscorbutic1 diuretic1 & n>cotic4 ,extract ( ,nose'gay4 ,syn4 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,nosegay2 ,,extrait ,,de ,,b\quet1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,fl[]s ( b5zo91 #a dr42 ess5ce ( amb]gris1 #b fl4 oz42 spirits ( jasm9e & extract 7esprit7 ( violets1 ( ea* #a p9t2 spirits ( cassia1 roses1 orange fl[]s & gillyfl[]s1 ( ea* #a_/b p9t2 mix4 ,a delightful p]fume4 ,extract ( ,nux ,vom'ica4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,koo*la ,,nuts2 ,,extractum ,,nucis ,,vomic1 ,b4 ,p4 ,prep4 #a4 7,aque\s2 ,e4 ,n4 ,v4 ,,aquosum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,bor47 ,f ! p[d]$ nut1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 7ne>ly47--,dose1 #a to #e gr4 #b4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,nucis ,,vomic--,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 & ,d41 ,e4 ,n4 ,v4 ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,s(t5 nux vomica by /eam1 dry rapidly1 & r$uce to f9e p[d]2 boil ) rectifi$ _s until exhau/$1 /ra91 di/il (f ! _s1 & evaporate to ! consi/5ce ( a s(t extract4--,dose1 #a_/b to #b gr4 b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,koo*la or poison nuts 7se$ or fruit ( ,/ry*nos ,nux-vomica71 #h oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #c p9ts2 expose !m to /eam until s(t5$1 !n bruise1 slice1 & dry !m1 & mac]ate !m 9 #b-crds ( ! _s = #g days2 express ! t9cture1 & repeat ! mac]ation ) ! rema9+ #a-crd ( ! _s2 aga9 express ! liquid2 la/ly1 filt] ! mix$ t9ctures1 di/il (f ! great] "p ( ! _s1 & complete ! evaporation by a g5tle heat4 ,! =mula ( ! ,p4 ,cod4 is simil>1 b us+ _s sp4 gr4 #hfc 7#da o4 p474 c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,! slic$ & dri$ nuts are to be gr\nd 9 a c(fee-mill1 & ei!r exhau/$ by p]colation ) rectifi$ _s or by boil+ ! p[d] 9 repeat$ portions ( ! m5/ruum4 ,! =mul ( ! ,ph4 ,bad5 & ,u4 ,s4 are simil>4 d4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,f a t9cture ( ! rasp$ nut made ) pro( _s1 obs]v+ t ! extract1 :il/ ?ick5+1 %\ld be prop]ly /irr$4 ,obs4 ,?is extract consi/s *iefly ( impure igasurate ( /ry*nia1 & is exhibit$ 9 simil> cases to t alkaloid4 ,us$ z a /imulant ( ! n]v\s sy/em 9 p>alysis4--,dose1 #a_/b gr41 gradually & cauti\sly increas$ to #b gr4 ,x is v poison\s4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 ! nuts are gr\nd 9 a drug-mill4 ,extract ( ,oak ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,qu]c,s1 ,e4 ,,corticis ,,qu]c,s1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,f ! decoction4 ,a/r+5t4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,n[ seldom us$4 ,extract ( ,o'pium4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,aque\s ,,extract ,,( ,,opium1 ,,simple ,e4 ,,( ,o42 ,,extractum ,,opii 7,b4 ,p471 ,e4 ,o4 ,,aquosum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,e4 ,o4 ,,purificatum1 ,l47--a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,opium 9 ?9 slices1 #a lb42 di/ill$ wat]1 #f p9ts4 ,mac]ate ! opium 9 #b p9ts ( ! wat] = #bd h\rs1 & express ! liquor4 ,r$uce ! residue ( ! opium to a uni=m pulp1 mac]ate aga9 9 #b p9ts ( ! wat] = #bd h\rs1 & express4 ,repeat ! op]ation a ?ird "t4 ,mix ! liquors1 /ra9 ?r\gh flannel1 & evaporate by a wat] ba? to a prop] consi/5ce = =m+ pills4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a gr41 or m4 b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,opium 7p[d]$71 #a-a_/b lb42 di/ill$ wat] 7cold71 #b-a_/b p9ts2 mix gradually1 & mac]ate = #bd h\rs1 frequ5tly /irr+ ) a spatula2 7press71 /ra91 & repeat ! mac]ation = #bd h\rs ) a fre% quantity 7#b-a_/b p9ts7 ( wat]2 la/ly1 evaporate ! 7mix$7 /ra9$ liquors to a prop] consi/5ce4 ,! =mul ( ! ,ph4 ,e4 ,d4 & ,bad51 & ,p4 ,cod41 are ess5tially ! same4 c4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,z ! la/1 b us+ boil+ wat]1 & expos+ ! mix$ liquors to ! air = #b days1 be=e filt]+1 & evaporat+ !m4 ,inf]ior to ! la/4 d4 7,purifi$47 ,! extract1 prep>$ ) cold wat]1 is evaporat$ to dryness1 p[d]$1 & r$issolv$ 9 cold wat]2 aft] #dh h\rs' exposure1 & defecation1 x is decant$ f ! dregs1 filt]$1 & g5tly evaporat$1 z be=e4 ,sup]ior to any o!r extract ( opium made4 ,obs4 ,good opium yields f #fj to #gj ( its weight ( extract1 b mu* dep5ds ^u ! v>iety us$4--,dose1 #a_/d gr4 to #b gr41 z an anodyne1 s$ative1 & hypnotic4 ,x is less /imulat+ ?an ord9>y opium4 ,t prep>$ by ! ?ird =mula is1 inde$1 sc>cely inf]ior 9 its action to ! salts ( morph9e4 ,?is extract is kept 9 bo? ! h>d & s(t /ate 7,,extractum ,,opii ,,durum1 ,e4 ,o4 ,,molle74 ,a solution ( ! =m]1 9 di/ill$ wat]1 ) ! addition ( a little _s to keep x1 =ms ,battley's ',,liquor ,,opii ,,s$ativus1' ,! ,dubl9 =mula is t adopt$ by ! :olesale druggi/s4 ,besides ! aque\s extract1 !re are ! foll[+ prep>ations3-- #b4 7,,extractum ,,opii ,,liquidum1 ,b4 ,p42 ,,extract ,,( ,,opium47 ,di/ill$ wat]1 #af2 rectifi$ _s1 #d4 ,dige/ ! extract ( opium 9 ! wat] = an h\r1 /irr+ frequ5tly2 filt]1 & add ! _s4 ,! product %\ld measure #bj4--;,dose1 #aj to #cj m9ims4 #c4 7,acetic2 ,,extractum ,,opii ,,aceticum1 ,l4--,s\beiran47 ,opium1 #a oz42 di/ill$ v9eg>1 #a qu>t2 dige/ #b days 7) heat71 decant1 filt]1 & evaporate4 #d4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,opii ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,antw]p47 ,f ! t9cture4 #e4 7,aqueo-alcoholic2 ,e4 ,,opii ,,aquo-,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,taddei47 ,! opium1 exhau/$ by _s1 is dige/$ 9 w>m wat]1 & ! infusion & t9cture1 sep>ately filt]$1 are mix$ & evaporat$4 #f4 7,de-n>cotis$2 ,,extractum ,,opii ,,absque ,,n>cot9a1 ,l4--a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,! aque\s extract is r$uc$ ) hot wat] to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup1 & :5 cold ?is is mix$ ) #h times its volume ( e!r1 & ! :ole is frequ5tly %ak5 = a day or two2 ! e!real solution is !n decant$1 & ! process repeat$ ) fre% e!r1 z long z x dissolves any?+4 ,! orig9al =m ( ,robiquet is simil>4 ,said to consi/ entirely ( impure ,,muriate ,,( ,,morph9e1 ,,gum1 & ,,extractive4 b4 7,m4 ,lam\s9-,lamo!47 ,aque\s extract1 #d p>ts2 res91 #a "p2 beat well toge!r2 add boil+ wat]1 #af p>ts2 boil to "o half2 add cold wat]1 #h p>ts1 filt]1 & evaporate4 #g4 7,by f]m5tation2 ,,extractum ,,opii ,,p] ,,f]m5tationem1 ,l47--a4 ,opium & sug>1 ( ea* #d oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 rub toge!r1 & keep ! mixture1 loosely cov]$1 9 a w>m situation 7ab\t #gj ,fahr471 = #aj days or m2 !n add ( cold wat]1 #a qu>t1 & ! next day filt] & evaporate4 b4 7,duyeux47 ,f an un/ra9$ mixture ( opium1 #a "p1 ) wat]1 #h p>ts1 & a little yea/2 left = a week at a temp]ature ( #fh to #gg ,fahr41 & !n dilut$1 filt]$1 & evaporat$4 ,"s p>ties h recomm5d$ qu9ce juice z ! m5/ruum4 #h4 7,roa/$2 ,,extractum ,,opii ,,torrefacti1 ,l4--,guib\rt47 ,p[d]$ opium is heat$ on a flat di% ov] a mod]ate fire1 ) con/ant /irr+1 z long z fumes are giv5 (f2 x is !n exhau/$ by treat+ x twice ) #f times its weight ( wat]1 & ! mix$ liquor1 aft] filtration1 is evaporat$4 #i4 7,v9\s2 ,,extractum ,,opii ,,v9o ,,p>atum1 ,l4--,p4 ,cod47 ,f w9e ( opium4 ,! above extracts ( opium 7except+ ! alcoholic7 are reg>d$ z less excit+ ?an ! o!r prep>ations ( ! drug4 ,! dose ( ea* is simil> to t ( ! aque\s extract4 ,extract ( ,or'ange ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,corticis ,,aurantii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ! ?9 yell[ peel1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,madd]4 #b4 ,see ,,aurantii4 ,extract ( ,ox-gall4 ,syn4 ,,inspissat$ ,,ox-,,gall2 ,,extractum ,,fellis ,,bov9i1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ox-gall1 /ra9$1 & evaporat$ 9 a wat] ba?4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr42 9 pills4 #b4 7,hunt] ,lane47 ,z ! la/1 b r$uc+ ! gall to dryness1 & !n p[d]+ x4 ,x mu/ be pres]v$ 9 well-cork$ bottles4--,dose1 #c to #ab gr4 ,extract ( ,p>ei'ra4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,p>eir 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,p>eira root 9 co>se p[d]1 #a2 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #aj1 or a suffici5cy2 dige/ ! p>eira ) #a-a_/b ( wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 !n pack 9 a p]colator1 & wat] till by sl[ p]colation #aj has pass$ ?r\gh2 evaporate 9 a wat] ba? to a pilul> consi/5ce4--,dose1 #ac to #bj gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,f ! root ( velvet leaf or p>eira brava 7,cissampelos ,p>eira71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 #c4 7,p4 ,e47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,liquorice--,ph4 ,e4 ,! ,p4 ,cod4 =mula is simil>4 ,alt]ative1 tonic1 & diuretic4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr42 *iefly 9 affections ( ! bladd]4 #d4 ,,extractum ,,p>eira ,,liquidum 7,b4 ,p474 ,p>eira 9 co>se p[d]1 #af2 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #afj1 or a suffici5cy2 rectifi$ _s1 #c2 mac]ate 9 #bj ( wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 pack 9 a p]colator1 add+ m ( ! wat]2 all[ ! liquor sl[ly to pass until #afj has be5 collect$1 or ! p>eira is exhau/$2 evaporate to #ac1 &1 :5 cold1 add ! _s2 filt] & make up to #af4--;,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #b dr4 ,extract ( ,p>'sley4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,petrosel9i1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! root1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,bi/ort--,p4 ,cod4 #b4 7,m4 ,p]aibe47 ,f ! fre% leaves1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite4 ,febrifuge & tonic4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,extract ( ,pasque ,fl[]4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,anemonis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! rec5t or dri$ fl[]1 z ei!r ( ! ,,extracts ,,( ,,aconite--,p4 ,cod4--,dose1 #a to #d gr4 ,obs4 ,sev]al species ( ,anemone h be5 us$ 9 m$ic9e1 especially ,anemone prat5sis & ,a4 pulsatilla4 ,accord+ to ,b>on ,/o]ck1 ! =m] is resolv5t1 & is an effectual rem$y 9 v>i\s *ronic diseases1 p>ticul>ly 9 amaurosis1 cat>act1 opacity ( ! cornea1 nocturnal pa9s1 suppressions1 c4 #a_/b to #a gr41 comb9$ ) sug> ( milk1 has be5 highly recomm5d$ 9 hoop+-c\gh4 ,extract ( ,pa'ti5ce ,dock4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,pati5ti1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! root ( ,rumex ,pati5tia or g>d5 pati5ce1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,hops4 ,ap]i5t & /oma*ic4 ,us$ 9 d\ble doses 9 lieu ( extract ( rhub>b4 ,extract ( ,paull9'ia4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,gu>ana4 ,extract ( ,pea* ,blos'som4 ,prep4 ,f ess5ce ( lemons1 #a oz42 pure balsam ( ,p]u1 #b dr42 ess5ce 7oil7 ( bitt] almonds1 #a dr42 rectifi$ _s1 #c p9ts2 _s ( orange fl[]s1 #a p9t2 _s ( jasm91 #a_/d p9t2 mix4 ,a pleasant & p[]ful p]fume4 ,extract ( ,pel'litory4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,pyre?ri1 ,e4 ,p4 ,,!ro-,,alcoholicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,w4 ,proct]47 ,alcohol 7rectifi$ _s71 #a p9t2 e!r1 #a_/b p9t2 mix1 & p\r x gradually on root ( pellitory 7,anacyclus ,pyre?rum71 #a lb41 plac$ 9 a p]colator2 aft]w>ds p\r on alcohol1 #a p9t2 & subsequ5tly suffici5t dilute alcohol 7pro( _s7 to displace #b-a_/b p9ts ( t9cture 7,,ess5ce ,,( ,,pellitory1 ,,too?a*e ,,ess5ce72 ! latt] is ei!r suff]$ to evaporate spontane\sly1 or by a v g5tle heat1 until a s(t extract is atta9$4 ,us$ to de/roy ! s5sibility ( ! n]ves ( ! tee?1 previ\s to plugg+1 & = too?a*e4 ,extract ( ,pep'p]4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,pip]is1 ,e4 ,p4 ,,nigri1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f decoction ( black pepp] 7bruis$74 ,/imulant2 /rong] ta/$ ?an ! b]ries1 b less aromatic4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a dr42 9 agues4 #b4 7,fluid2 ,,extractum ,,pip]is ,,fluidum1 ,l47--,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,f black pepp]1 z ,,fluid ,,extract ,,( ,,cubebs--,ph4 ,u4 ,s41 sep>at+ ! ,,pip]9e by expression ?r\gh a clo?1 & keep+ ! fluid portion = use4 ,extract ( ,pimp9el'la4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,pimp9ell1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! root ( burnet saxifrage 7,pimp9ella saxifraga71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,hops4 ,a/r+5t4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,extract ( ,p9k'root4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,worm ,,grass1 ,e4 ,,( ,,wormse$ ,,root2 ,,extractum ,,spigeli1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ,c>ol9a p9kroot 7,spigelia ,m>yl&ica71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,box--,p4 ,cod4--,dose1 #e to #bj gr4 #b4 7,fluid2 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,p9kroot1 ,,liquor ,,( ,p42 ,,extractum ,,spigeli ,,fluidum1 ,l47 ,p9kroot1 #a lb42 pro( _s1 #c p9ts2 make a t9cture1 evaporate to #aj fl4 oz41 add sug>1 #c_/d lb41 & rectifi$ _s1 q4 s4 to make ! :ole measure exactly a p9t4--,dose4 ,= a *ild1 beg9n+ ) #a_/b a teaspoonful4 #c4 7,comp\nd2 ,,comp\nd ,,liquor ,,( ,,p9kroot2 ,,extractum ,,spigeli ,,fluidum ,,comp41 ,l47--a4 7,e/lack47 ,c>ol9a p9kroot or spigelia 7bruis$71 #d oz42 s5na1 #c oz42 sav9e1 #a dr42 p\r on boil+ wat]1 #a qu>t2 :5 cold1 add rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b p9t2 dige/ #bd h\rs1 express 7or p]colate71 filt]1 evaporate to #ab fl4 oz41 9 :i* dissolve1 manna1 #a oz42 sug>1 #h oz4 ,e fl4 oz4 is equal to #b dr4 ( p9kroot & #a-a_/b dr4 ( s5na4--,dose4 ,= a *ild1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful2 = an adult1 a tablespoonful4 b4 7,w4 ,proct]47 ,p9kroot1 #af oz42 s5na1 #h oz4 7bo? 9 co>se p[d]72 dilute alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #ice71 #b p9ts2 mac]ate = #b days1 !n proce$ by displacem5t1 add+ fre% _s1 until #d p9ts h pass$ ?r\gh2 filt]1 evaporate to #bj fl4 oz41 & add c>bonate ( potassa1 #a oz42 next add oils ( c>away & anise$1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 7previ\sly triturat$ )7 p[d]$ sug>1 #bd oz42 la/ly1 apply a g5tle heat to dissolve ! sug>4 c4 7,,extractum ,,spigeli ,,et ,,s5n ,,fluidum--,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,z ! la/ 7ne>ly74--,dose4 ,z above4 ,all ! above prep>ations ( p9kroot are reg>d$ z p[]ful & c]ta9 an!lm9tics2 p>ticul>ly ! la/ two4 ,extract ( ,pipsis'sewa4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,w9t]-,,gre54 ,extract ( ,poi'son ,oak4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,rhois ,,toxicod5dri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! express$ juice ( ! leaves ( ,rhus toxicod5dron4 ,n>cotic1 /imulant1 & alt]ative4--,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #a gr41 gradually increas$2 9 *ronic rheumatism1 ob/9ate sk9 diseases1 c4 ,extract ( ,pomegran'ate4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,granati1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,s\beiran1 ,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! root-b>k ( pomegranate1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,box4 ,9 tapeworm4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr42 foll[$ by a purgative4 #b4 7,e4 ,g4 ,,corticis ,,fructus1 ,l47 ,f ! decoction ( ! fruit-r9d4 ,z ! la/4 ,extract ( ,pop'pies4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,papav]is 7,b4 ,p471 ,e4 ,p4 ,,albi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,capsules co>sely p[d]$1 #af2 rectifi$ _s1 #b2 di/ill$ wat]1 a suffici5cy2 mix ! poppy capsules ) #dj ( ! wat]1 /irr+ !m frequ5tly dur+ #bd h\rs2 !n pack 9 a p]colator1 & pass wat] sl[ly ?r\gh !m until ab\t #afj h pass$ ?r\gh2 evaporate ! liquor by a wat] ba? to #bj2 :5 cold1 add ! _s4 ,aft] #bd h\rs filt] ! liquor1 & evaporate to a pilul> consi/5ce4--,dose1 #b or #e gra9s4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,bruis$ poppy-heads 7)\t ! se$s71 #ae oz42 boil$ di/ill$ wat]1 #a gall42 mac]ate #bd h\rs1 boil to "o half1 /ra91 & complete ! evaporation4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,z ! la/1 ) capsules n q ripe4 ,obs4 ,! m$ical action ( extract ( poppies1 = ! mo/ "p1 resembles t ( opium2 b x is consid]ably weak]1 & is g5]ally reg>d$ z less prone to produce heada*e & delirium4--,dose1 #b to #ab gr4 ,x is usually prep>$ by ! l>ge manufactur]s1 by exhau/+ ! capsules1 by coction ) wat]2 h5ce ! inf]ior quality ( ! extract ( ! %ops1 :i* conta9s a consid]able quantity ( in]t matt]4 ,! pr9cipal consumption ( ?is extract is among ! brew]s1 brew]s' druggi/s1 & w9e m]*ants4 ,= ?is purpose x is evaporat$ until x becomes h>d on cool+1 :5 x is =m$ into half-p\nd rolls1 & cov]$ ) pap]1 l lead pla/]4 ,"o ( ^! rolls add$ to a hog%ead ( ale1 /\t1 or %]ry1 mat]ially increases ! 'head9ess' or app>5t /r5g? ( ^! bev]ages4 ,extract ( ,pota'to4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,solani ,,tub]osi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,j4 ,la?am47 ,f ! /em & leaves ( ! potato plant1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 ,n>cotic4--,dose1 #b to #aj gr4 ,extract ( ,pur'g+ ,flax4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,l9i ,,ca?>tici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,b4 ,lane47 ,f ! dri$ h]b1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 ,ap]i5t & diuretic--,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 #ad lbs4 yield$ #b-a_/d lbs4 ( extract4 ,extract ( ,quas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,quassi 7,b4 ,p471 ,,ex4 ,q4 ,,ligni1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,quassia scrap$1 #a lb42 di/ill$ wat]1 a suffici5cy2 mac]ate ! quassia 9 #h oz4 ( wat] = #ab h\rs2 pack 9 a p]colator2 add wat] till ! quassia is exhau/$2 evaporate1 filt] be=e x becomes ?ick1 & aga9 evaporate 9 a wat] ba? to a prop] consi/5ce = pills4--,dose1 #b to #e gr4 #b4 ,f ! decoction ( quassia *ips4 ,product1 #e to #f4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,f ! rasp$ wood1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,bi/ort--,p4 ,cod4 ,bitt] & /oma*ic4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr41 or m4 ,obs4 ,?is extract is almo/ univ]sally prep>$ by coction1 & is pr9cipally consum$ by ! brew]s1 :o employ x z a sub/itute = hops1 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! b>k is frequ5tly sub/itut$ = ! wood1 b is consid]ably less bitt]4 ,! ,ph4 ,bad5 has an extract prep>$ ) _s ( #idd4 ,extract ( ,qu9ce ,se$s4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,cydoni1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,sem9um4 ,prep4 ,f ! decoction4 ,suck$ z a loz5ge1 9 ho>s5ess1 c4 ,extract ( ,ragwort4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,jacob,,oe4 ,! inspissat$ juice ( rag-wort4 ,extract ( ,rha'tany4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,rhatani2 ,e4 ,,kram]i 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,rhatany 9 co>se p[d]1 #a2 cold di/ill$ wat]1 #ae2 mac]ate #bd h\rs 9 #b ( ! wat]1 !n p]colate ! :ole2 evaporate by wat] ba? to dryness4--,dose1 #e to #bj gra9s4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 ,bad5 & ,u4 ,s47 ,f dri$ rhatany root 7,kram]ia tri&ria71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,bi/ort--,p4 ,cod4 #c4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,by two successive mac]ations 9 boil+ wat] ( #bd h\rs ea*1 & evaporat+ at a temp]ature n exce$+ #afe ,fahr4 ,obs4 ,extract ( rhatany is a/r+5t & tonic4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,a l>ge quantity ( ?is extract1 ( v inf]ior quality1 is import$ f ,brazil1 & o!r p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is kept 9 two /ates1 h>d & s(t2 ! =m] resembles ,,k9o1 & is (t5 sold = x2 ! latt] is *iefly consum$ by ! manufactur]s & 'improv]s' ( port w9e4 ,extract ( ,rhu'b>b4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,rhei 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,rhub>b 7slic$ or bruis$71 #h oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #e oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #ej oz42 mac]ate #d days1 /ra91 & set x aside1 t ! fces may subside2 next decant ! cle> portion1 /ra91 mix1 & evaporate to a prop] consi/5ce ov] a wat] ba? at #afj ,f4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,c9*ona--,ph4 ,l4 7ne>ly74 ,! extract is obta9$ ( f9] quality by evaporation 9 a vacuum ) a g5tle heat4 ,! ,bad5 =mula is simil>4 ,obs4 ,?is extract is usually prep>$ by decoction f inf]ior & damag$ rhub>b1 pick$ out f ! *e/s on purpose2 h5ce ! inf]ior quality ( ! extract ( ! %ops4 ,:5 made ( good ,turkey1 or ev5 ,ea/ ,india rhub>b1 x is a v valuable prep>ation4--,dose4 ,z a /oma*ic1 #e to #aj gr42 z a purgative1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,x is seldom exhibit$ alone4 ,product4 #e4 #c4 7,fluid2 ,,liquor ,,( ,,rhub>b1 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,r42 ,,liquor ,,rhei1 ,,extractum ,,rhei ,,fluidum1 ,l47--a4 7,w4 ,proct]47 ,rhub>b 79 co>se p[d]71 #h oz42 mix x ) an equal bulk ( co>se s&1 & moi/5 x ) dilute alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #ice1 #ac u4 p47 to =m a pa/y mass2 9 a %ort "t introduce x into a p]colator1 %ake x until uni=mly settl$1 & cov] x ) clo? or pap]2 !n p\r on ! re/ ( ! _s 7! rema9d] ( #b p9ts7 until ! product has little od\r or ta/e ( ! root2 next g5tly evaporate ! t9cture to #e-a_/b fl4 oz41 & add sug>1 #e oz41 :5 ! :ole %\ld measure #h fl4 oz4--,dose1 #ae to #cj drops4 b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,z ! la/1 add+ ( oils ( f5nel & anise1 ( ea* #d drops2 7dissolv$ 97 t9cture ( g+]1 #d fl4 dr4 #d4 7,comp\nd2 ,,extractum ,,rhei ,,compositum1 ,e4 ,,pan*ymagogum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,bor47 ,extract ( rhub>b1 #c dr42 extract ( aloes1 #a dr4 7s(t5$ )7 wat]1 #d dr42 mix1 & add ( soap ( jalap1 #a dr4 7dissolv$ 97 pro( _s1 #d dr42 la/ly1 evaporate to an extract1 dry ?is 9 a w>m place1 & p[d]4 ,/oma*ic & purgative4--,dose1 #d to #bj gr4 ,extract ( ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,rut1 ,e4 ,,foliorum ,,rut1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f rue leaves 7,rut graveol5s71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,alcoholic--,p4 ,cod47 ,z ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,p4 ,cod4 7ne>ly47 ,! =mula ( ! ,ph4 ,w]t4 is simil>4 ,obs4 ,?is extract is /oma*ic1 c>m9ative & emm5agogue4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr41 twice a day4 ,x is usual to add a little ( ! ess5tial oil to ! extract1 j be=e tak+ x out ( ! evaporat+-pan1 & :5 ne>ly cold4 ,! fir/ is ! =m adopt$ 9 trade 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,extract ( ,saf'fron4 ,syn4 ,,poly*roite1 ,,extractum ,,croci1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f hay saffron1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,colocyn?--,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! t9cture4 ,sup]ior to ! la/4 ,obs4 ,! fir/ is us$ *iefly z a col\r+ & flav\r+ sub/ance by cooks1 confection]s1 w9e & cordial brew]s1 c4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr42 z an excitant1 antispasmodic1 & emm5agogue4 ,extract ( ,s>sap>il'la4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,s>z1 ,e4 ,,s>sap>ill1 ,l42 ,,extrait ,,de ,,salsep>eille1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,f s>sap>illa1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 ,! ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf is simil>4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a dr4 ,product4 7,f ,jamaica s>sap>illa7 #cb to #cf4 #b4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,s>z ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 ,f a t9cture ( ! root-b>k1 prep>$ ) pro( _s1 ei!r by dige/ion or p]colation4 b4 7,p4 ,cod4 & ,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,f s>sap>illa root 7p[d]$71 z ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,p4 ,cod4 ,sup]ior to ! aque\s extract4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 #c4 7,fluid2 ,,liquor ,,( ,,s>sap>illa1 ,,ess5ce ,,( ,s42 ,,liquor ,,s>z1 ,,ess5tia ,,s>sap>ill1 ,,extractum ,,s>z ,,liquidum--,ph4 ,l41 ,e4 ,s4 ,,fluidum--,ph4 ,e4 ,d41 ,l472 ,,extractum ,,s>z ,,liquidum--7,b4 ,p47 a4 ,jamaica s>sap>illa cut transv]sely1 #af2 di/ill$ wat] 7temp4 #afj ,fahr471 #bhj2 rectifi$ _s1 #a4 ,mac]ate 9 half ! wat] = #f h\rs1 & decant ! liquor2 dige/ ! residue 9 ! rema9d] ( ! wat] = #f h\rs m1 mix ! liquors1 express & filt]2 evaporate by wat] ba? to #g1 or until x has a sp4 gr4 ( #aacj2 :5 cold add ! _s4 ,sp4 gr4 %\ld be ab\t #ajbe4--;,dose1 #a to #d dr4 b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,s>sap>illa1 #c-a_/b lbs42 di/ill$ wat]1 #c galls42 boil to #ab p9ts1 p\r (f ! liquor1 & /ra9 :il/ hot2 aga9 boil ! s>sap>illa 9 wat]1 #b galls41 to "o half1 & /ra92 evaporate ! mix$ liquors to #ah fl4 oz42 & :5 cold1 add ( rectifi$ _s1 #b fl4 oz4 ,ea* fl4 oz4 repres5ts #b-a_/h oz4 ( ! root 7ne>ly74 c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,s>sap>illa1 #a lb42 boil+ wat]1 #d p9ts2 dige/ #b h\rs1 !n bruise ! root1 boil x = #b h\rs1 filt]1 & express ! liquid2 repeat ! coction ) wat]1 #b p9ts1 z be=e2 evaporate ! mix$ liquors to ! consi/5ce ( a ?9 syrup1 &1 :5 cold en\gh1 add ( rectifi$ _s q4 s4 to make up #af fl4 oz4 ,ea* fl4 oz4 repres5ts #f dr4 ( ! root1 & #f fl4 oz4 ( ! decoction4 d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,s>sap>illa1 #a lb4 7avoir472 proce$ z be=e1 & add ( rectifi$ _s1 q4 s4 to make ! product up to #bj fl4 oz4 ,/r5g?1 z ! la/ 7ne>ly74 ,9 ! ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf ! decoction ( s>sap>illa1 #a lb4 7troy71 0 ord]$ to be evaporat$ to #cj oz41 :i* ) ! _s 7#b oz47 made ! prep>ation only half ! /r5g? ( ! pres5t "o4 #d4 7,comp\nd2 ,,extractum ,,s>z ,,compositum1 ,e4 ,,s>sap>ill ,,comp41 ,l47 ,!re is no =m = ?is prep>ation 9 ! ,ph>macopoeias1 b x is nev]!less 9 imm5se dem&1 f its great conv5i5ce 9 disp5s+4 ,! foll[+ =mul are employ$ by "o ( ! :olesale h\ses t does l>ge/ 9 ?is prep>ation3-- a4 ,guaiacum %av+s 7f :i* ! small has be5 sift$71 #cj lbs41 ,italian juice1 #bd lbs41 mez]eon root1 #f lbs41 are boil$ ) wat] q4 s41 = #a h\r2 ! decoction is !n drawn (f1 & ! boil+ repeat$ ) fre% wat] a second & a ?ird "t2 ! mix$ decoctions are all[$ to deposit = #f or #h h\rs1 or long]1 & ! cle> portion decant$ & /ra9$ ?r\gh flannel2 ! liquid is n[ r$uc$ to ! consi/5ce ( treacle1 :5 extract ( s>sap>illa1 #i lbs41 is add$1 & ! evaporation conduct$ at a consid]ably l[] temp]ature until ne> its completion1 :5 ! s\rce ( heat is remov$1 & ! rema9+ evaporation conduct$ at ! exp5se ( t reta9$ by ! metal ( ! 'pan1' :5 ne>ly cold1 & j be=e remov+ ! extracts to ! 'pots' or 'j>s1' ess5tial oil ( sassafras1 #b dr41 dissolv$ 9 rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t1 is add$1 & quickly b completely /irr$ 94 ,! product is a v %[y article1 if well manag$1 & weighs ab\t #de lbs41 ! precise quantity dep5d+ on ! quality ( ! juice employ$4 ,x is labell$ ',,ext4 ,,s>z ,,comp4' b4 ,z ! la/1 b only us+ #ae lbs4 ( juice1 & t ,solazzi4 ,prod4 ,ab\t #ce lbs4 ,x is labell$ & s5t out z ',,ext4 ,,s>z ,,co4 ,,opt4' c4 ,by any ( ! =ms giv5 "u ,,comp\nd ,,decoction ,,( ,,s>sap>illa1 ei!r common or conc5trat$1 by cont9u+ ! evaporation4--,dose4 ,same z t ( ! simple extract4 #e4 7,fluid ,comp\nd2 ,,comp\nd ,,liquor ,,( ,,s>sap>illa47--a4 ,f any ( ! prec$+ =mul by arre/+ ! evaporation :5 ! fluid has acquir$ ! consi/5ce ( a ?9 syrup1 & add+ to ea* p9t1 :5 cold1 rectifi$ _s1 #d fl4 oz4 b4 7,alcoholic--,w4 ,hodgson47 ,s>sap>illa 7bruis$71 #af oz42 liquorice root 7bruis$71 guaiacum wood 7rasp$71 & sassafras b>k 7slic$71 ( ea* #b oz42 mez]eon 7slic$71 #f dr42 _s1 sp4 gr4 #ice 7 #ac u4 p47 #g p9ts2 dige/ #ad days1 express1 filt]1 evaporate to #ab fl4 oz42 add ( sug>1 #h oz41 & z soon z ?is is dissolv$1 )draw ! heat4 ,/rong] ?an ! la/4--,dose1 #a fl4 dr4 c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,extractum ,,s>sap>ill ,,compositum ,,fluidum47 ,prep4 ,s>sap>illa 9 mod]ately f9e p[d]1 #af oz4 7troy72 liquorice root 9 mod]ately f9e p[d]1 #b oz4 7troy72 sassafras 9 mod]ately f9e p[d]1 #b oz4 7troy72 mez]eon 9 mod]ately f9e p[d]1 #cfj gra9s2 glyc]91 #d oz4 7old measure72 rectifi$ _s1 #h oz4 7old measure72 wat]1 #d oz4 7old measure74 ,mac]ate 9 a clos$ p]colator = #d days1 & !n let ! p]colation comm5ce1 & f9i% x by add+ dilut$ alcohol 7equal volumes ( alcohol at #hce1 & wat]71 until #b p9ts 7old measure7 h be5 obta9$4 ,res]ve ! fir/ #ab oz41 hav+ add$ #d oz4 7old measure7 ( glyc]9 to ! rema9d] ( ! p]colate1 :i* evaporate to #f oz4 7old measure71 & mix ) ! res]v$ portion4 #f4 7,f ! root-b>k2 ,,extractum ,,corticis ,,s>z1 ,l47 ,f ! decoction or t9cture ( ! root-b>k4 ,! cortical portion ( s>sap>illa yields fully #ej ( aque\s extract4 ,five times z mu* z ! m$itullium4 7,pope47 ,obs4 ,ea* ( ! above extracts ( s>sap>illa 7simple1 fluid1 & comp\nd71 :5 ( good quality1 dissolves 9 wat]1 =m+ a deep r$di%-br[n solution1 p]fectly transp>5t1 & deposit+ little s$im5t1 ev5 by /&+ "s days4 ,see ,,s>sap>illa4 #a4 ,extract ( ,sav9e4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,sab94 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,by evaporat+ a decoction ( dry sav9e4 #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,extractum ,,sab9 ,,fluidum47 ,z fluid extract ( cubebs4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,extract ( ,scam'mony4 ,syn4 ,,res9 ,,( ,,scammony2 ,,res9a ,,scammonii1 ,e4 ,s4 ,,alcoholicum1 ,e4 ,,sive ,,res9a ,,scammonii 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f p[d]$ scammony1 exhau/$ ) pro( _s1 & ! result+ t9cture di/ill$ until little b wat] passes ov]2 ! rema9+ wat] is !n p\r$ f ! res91 :i* is next well wa%$ 9 boil+ wat] & dri$ at a temp]ature bel[ #bdj ,fahr4 ,br[n2 impure4 #b4 ,z ! la/1 b us+ ei!r alcohol ( #ij or e!r1 & animal *>coal4 ,:ite2 pure4 ,obs4 ,scammony res9 is transluc5t1 fusible1 & combu/ible2 & freely soluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 & oil ( turp5t9e4 ,x is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) jalap res91 a fraud readily detect$ by its insolubility 9 ! la/ two m5/rua4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,:5 pure or virg9 scammony c be procur$ x is an unnecess>y prep>ation4 7,p]eira47 ,extract ( ,scurvy-grass4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,co*le>i1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! cl>ifi$ juice ( fre% scurvy-grass1 by exposure to w>m air4 ,anti-scorbutic1 /imulant1 anti-rheumatic1 & diaphoretic4--,dose1 #a to #b dr4 ,! valuable pr9ciples ( ! juice are dissipat$ by mu* heat4 ,extract ( ,s5'ega4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,s5eg1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f s5eka or snake-root 7,polygala ,s5ega71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,box--,p4 ,cod4 #b4 ,comp\nd2 ,,extractum ,,s5eg1 ,,compositum1 ,e4 ,s4 ,,et ,,scill1 ,l4--,ecky47 ,f equal p>ts ( squills & s5ega1 z ! la/1 b by displacem5t4 ,bo? ! above are /imulant1 expectorant1 sudorific1 & diuretic4--,dose1 #a to #ab gr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,extractum ,,s5eg ,,fluidum47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,cotton-,,root4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,extract ( ,s5'na4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,s5n1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,extractum ,,s5n ,,aquosum1 ,l47--a4 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,colocyn?--,ph4 ,l4 b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,bi/ort--,p4 ,cod4 c4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,f s5na leaves1 by mac]ation 9 tepid wat] 7#ajd ,fahr47 = #bd h\rs1 & expression & filtration2 ! op]ation is repeat$ ) fre% wat]1 & ! /ra9$ liquors evaporat$ to a ?ick extract 7at #adi to #aeg ,fahr471 :i* is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #d p>ts1 ! solution filt]$1 & aga9 evaporat$4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,x is pr9cipally us$ z a basis = purgative pill4 ,:5 prep>$ by decoction x is ne>ly in]t4 ,a bett] extract is prep>$ f ! common t9cture made ) pro( _s4 #b4 ,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,s5n ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--7,guib\rt47 ,s5na 79 p[d]71 #a "p2 rectifi$ _s1 #e p>ts2 heat gradually to boil+1 let x cool2 9 #bd h\rs express1 /ra91 & repeat ! process ) fre% _s2 la/ly1 di/il & evaporate4 ,pro( _s answ]s = ?is purpose4 #c4 7,fluid2 ,,extractum ,,s5n ,,fluidum1 ,l4--,ph4 7,u4 ,s47 ,s5na 79 co>se p[d]71 #b-a_/b lbs42 _s 7at or ne> pro(71 #fd fl4 oz42 mac]ate #bd h\rs1 !n act by displacem5t1 subsequ5tly add+ weak _s 7#a ( rectifi$ _s to #c ( wat]7 until #aj p9ts ( t9cture are obta9$2 evaporate to #a p9t1 filt]1 add sug>1 #bj oz41 & oil ( f5nel1 #a fl4 dr4 7dissolv$ 97 comp\nd _s ( e!r1 #b fl4 dr4 ,e fl4 oz4 repres5ts #a oz4 ( s5na4 ,extract ( ,smoke4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,fulig9is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,aque\s47 ,wood-soot1 #b oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil to #af fl4 oz41 filt]1 & evaporate4 #b4 7,acetic47 ,wood-soot1 #b oz42 di/ill$ v9eg> & wat]1 ( ea*1 #a_/b p9t2 z ! la/4 ,=m]ly reput$ antispasmodic1 alt]ative1 c4--,dose1 #c to #f gr41 #b ?ree times a day2 9 dyspepsia1 hy/]ia1 canc]1 scr(ula1 & v>i\s syphilitical affections4 ,extract ( ,snake-root4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,s5ega4 ,extract ( ,black ,snake-root 7fluid74 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,cimicifug ,,fluidum 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s474 ,prep4 ,z ,,fluid ,,extract ,,( ,,cubebs4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,extract ( ,soap'wort4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,sapon>i1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod4 ,ph4 ,bad47 ,f ! dri$ roots ( soapwort 7,sapon>ia (fic9alis71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,bi/ort--,p4 ,cod4 ,ap]i5t & alt]ative4--,dose1 #ae gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,extract ( ,spruce4 ,see ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,spruce4 ,extract ( ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,scill1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,aque\s2 ,e4 ,s4 ,,aquosum4--a4 7,ph4 ,bad547 ,f squills1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,colocyn?--,ph4 ,l4 7ne>ly74 b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,f squills1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,s5na--,ph4 ,bor4 7ne>ly71 b us+ boil+ wat]1 avoid+ ebullition dur+ ! evaporation1 & p[d]+ ! residuum4--,dose1 #a to #e gr4 #b4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,scill ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! t9cture prep>$ ) pro( _s1 by di/illation & evaporation4--,dose1 #a_/b to #c gr41 z an expectorant & diuretic1 twice or ?rice a day4 ,9 l>g] doses x is nauseant & emetic4 #c4 7,acetic2 ,,extractum ,,scill ,,aceticum47 ,dige/ p[d] ( squills1 #a lb41 9 acetic acid1 #c oz42 & di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t1 ) a g5tle heat1 = #dh h\rs4 ,express /rongly1 & )\t /ra9+2 evaporate to a prop] consi/5ce4 7,"o gra9 ( ?is is said to equal ?ree ( ! p[d]47 ,extract 7fluid7 ( ,/ill+i4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,/ill+ ,,fluidum 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s474 ,prep4 ,/ill+ia1 9 f9e p[d]1 #af oz4 7troy72 mac]ate ) #ab oz4 7old measure7 ( rectifi$ _s2 #c oz4 7old measure7 ( glyc]92 & #a oz4 7old measure7 ( wat]1 = f\r days 9 a clos$ p]colator1 & proce$ z = ,,fluid ,,extract ,,( ,,cotton-,,root4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,extract ( ,/or'ax4 ,see ,,/yrax4 ,extract ( ,/ramo''nium4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,?orn-,,apple2 ,,extractum ,,/ramonii1 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,pack /ramonium se$s1 co>sely p[d]$1 9 a p]colator1 & pass ab\t _! own weight ( wa%$ e!r sl[ly ?r\gh !m1 remove ! e!r1 & set aside4 ,n[ p\r ov] !m pro( _s until ! se$s are exhau/$2 di/il (f ! _s1 & evaporate ! residue by a wat] ba? to a prop] pill consi/5ce4--,dose1 #a_/d gr41 gradually increas+4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,se$s ( ?orn-apple 7,datura /ramonium71 #ae oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #a gall42 mac]ate = #d h\rs 9 a vessel lightly cov]$1 ne> ! fire2 aft]w>ds take out ! se$s1 bruise !m 9 a /one mort>1 & return !m to ! liquor2 !n boil d[n to #d p9ts1 /ra9 :il/ hot1 & evaporate4 ,! ,ph4 ,d4 is simil>4 ,product4 7,ab\t7 #ab1 ,anodyne & n>cotic4--,dose1 #a_/d gr4 to #a_/b gr41 gradually increas$1 twice or ?rice a day2 neuralgia1 rheumatism1 tic dol\reux1 spasmodic a/hma1 epilepsy1 worms1 c4 #c4 7,p4 ,cod4 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,f ! express$ juice ( ! fre% leaves1 heat$ to boil+1 & filt]$4 ,! ,p4 ,cod4 also ord]s x to be prep>$ z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 ,anodyne & n>cotic4--,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #a gr4 ,obs4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 ?is extract is prep>$ by express+ ! juice ( ! fre% h]b1 & boil+ ! rema9d] 9 wat]2 ! juice & decoction are !n mix$1 filt]$1 & evaporat$4 #a-a_/b cwt4 ( /ramonium yield$ #cg lbs4 ( juice1 & ?is1 ) ! decoction1 gave #ca lbs4 ( extract4 7,gray47 #d4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,/ramonii--,ph4 ,e41 ,e4 ,s4 ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,e4 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,f ! se$s 7gr\nd 9 a c(fee-mill71 by p]colation ) pro( _s4 ,product4 7,ab\t7 #ad2 #a lb4 yield$ #b-a_/d oz4 7,recluz47 b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! leaves1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,p4 ,cod4--,dose1 #a_/d gr4 gradually increas$4 7,see above47 ,extract ( ,suc'cory4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,*icorii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guib\rt47 ,f ! fre% root1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 ,ap]i5t1 deob/ru5t1 & tonic4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,extract ( ,sweet ,flag4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,acidi1 ,e4 ,,calami ,,aromatici1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! rhizomes1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,rhub>b--,ph4 ,l4 ,see ,,sweet ,,flag4 ,extract ( ,tan'sy4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,tanaceti1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ! h]b 7,tanacetum vulg>is71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,hop--,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,giordano47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,horeh\nd--,ph4 ,lusitan4 ,obs4 ,?is extract is said to be tonic1 /oma*ic1 an!lm9tic1 emm5agogue1 & febrifuge4 ,dr ,cl>k says t 9 ,scotl& x 0 f\nd to be s]viceable 9 v>i\s cases ( g\t4 ,! infusion is1 h[ev]1 pref]able4--,dose1 #e gr4 to #bj gr4 ,extract ( ,t>axacum4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,d&elion2 ,,extractum ,,t>axaci 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,e4 ,t4 ,,h]b ,,et ,,radicis 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cru% fre% d&elion root1 press out ! juice1 & all[ x to deposit2 heat ! cle> liquor to #bab ,f41 & ma9ta9 ! temp]ature = #aj m9utes2 !n /ra9 & evaporate by a wat] ba?1 at a temp]ature n exce$+ #afj ,f4 to a prop] consi/5ce4--,dose1 #e to #ae gra9s4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,f ! rec5t root ( d&elion 7,leontodon ,t>axacum71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,hop--,ph4 ,l4 ,! =mul ( ! ,ph4 ,e4 ,u4 ,s4 are ne>ly simil>4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,f ! h]b & root1 z ! o!r simple extracts 7,,extracta ,,simpliciora74 #d4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ! express$ juice1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,/ramonium--,p4 ,cod47 #e4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,s5na--,ph4 ,bor4 7ne>ly74 #f4 7,ph4 ,bad547 ,by displacem5t ) cold wat]4 #g4 7,:olesale47 ,f ! decoction4 #h4 7,fluid47 ,see ,,liquor ,,( ,,t>axacum4 ,obs4 ,! extract ( ! %ops is usually prep>$ by exhau/+ ! root by coction ) wat]4 ,! products ( ! fir/ two ( ! above =mul1 :5 rec5t1 h a fa9t & agreeable od\r1 & a sweet bitt] ta/e2 ^? ( ,nos4 #d1 #e1 & #f1 smell /rongly ( ! rec5t root1 h a pale & lively br[ni%-yell[ col\r1 & a bitt] acidul\s ta/e1 )\t any trace ( sweetness2 t ( ! la/ "o is devoid ( od\r1 & possesses a c(fee-br[n col\r1 & a sweeti%1 burnt ta/e1 n mu* unlike a solution ( burnt sug>4 ,! m$ic9al virtue ( ?is extract is greate/ :5 ! aroma & bitt] ta/e ( ! rec5t root is well develop$2 & :5 sweet1 its efficacy z a rem$y is impair$4 7,squire47 ,t>axacum root %\ld be ga!r$ dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 :5 ! quantity ( ! product is look$ at2 z !n a giv5 weight ( ! juice yields m extract2 b 9 summ] & autumn x possesses m bitt]ness & aroma4 #d lbs4 ( juice f roots ga!r$ 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb] yield$ #a lb4 ( extract1 :ile x took f #f to #i lbs4 ( juice f ! root1 ga!r$ 9 spr+ or summ]1 to yield a l quantity4 7,squire47 ,! h]b yields by ! evaporation ( its express$ juice ab\t #e ( extract4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,jacob ,bell1 ! av]age yield ( #a cwt4 ( root is ab\t #g-a_/h lbs4 7',ph>m ,j\rn41' x1 #ddf47 ,good extract ( t>axacum %\ld be :olly soluble 9 wat]4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr42 z a resolv5t1 ap]i5t1 & tonic1 9 liv] & /oma* compla9ts1 c4 ,extract ( ,tea4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,!1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f an infusion ( any ( ! r\gh] k9ds ( black tea4 ,a/r+5t4 ,has be5 recomm5d$ 9 di>rhoea2 =m$ into pills4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,a h>d1 black-look+ sub/ance1 smell+ & ta/+ fa9tly ( tea1 is import$ "u ! same "n f ,*9a4 #b4 7,pidd+'s47 ,! jo9t products ( di/illation & infusion comb9$4 ,propos$ to be made 9 ,*9a1 & export$ z a cond5s$ prep>ation ( tea4 7,,ess5ce ,,( ,,tea2 ,,ess5tia ,,!72 to be us$ z a sub/itute = ! leaves1 9 ord] to save ! exp5se ( freight1 c4 ,extract ( ,?orn-,apple4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,/ramonium4 ,extract ( ,tobac'co4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,tabaci1 ,e4 ,,nicotian1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,*ipp5dale47 ,f decoction ( tobacco4 ,propos$ z an ext]nal application 9 neuralgia1 c4 #b4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,tabaci ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,bor47 ,tobacco leaves1 #a lb42 _s 7sp4 gr4 #ijj71 #b lbs42 dige/ 9 a w>m place = "s days1 express /rongly1 & aga9 dige/ 9 a mixture ( wat] & _s 7#ijj71 ( ea*1 #a lb41 = #bd h\rs2 aga9 press out ! liquor1 & evaporate ! /ra9$ & mix$ liquors into a vap\r ba?1 at a temp]ature n exce$+ #afg ,fahr4 ,extract ( ,tor'm5til4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,torm5till1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,am/47 ,f ! root ( ,pot5tilla ,torm5tilla1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 ,! ,ph4 ,bad5 directs its prep>ation by displacem5t ) cold wat]4 ,a/r+5t & febrifuge4--,dose1 #ae to #cj gr42 9 di>rhoea4 ,x 0 =m]ly reg>d$ z a specific 9 syphilis4 7,l9dley47 ,extract ( ,u'va ,ur'si4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,:ortleb]ry4 ,extract ( ,val]'ian4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,val]ian1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f val]ian root1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,hop--,ph4 ,l42 b us+ a cov]$ vessel4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor4 & ,bad547 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,c9*ona--,ph4 ,l4 7ne>ly71 employ+ /rong =ce 9 ! expression ( ! liquor1 & only evaporat+ to ! consi/5ce ( syrup4 ,obs4 ,x is usual to add to ?is extract a little ( ! ,,ess5tial ,,oil ,,( ,,val]ian1 dissolv$ 9 a small quantity ( rectifi$ _s1 j be=e remov+ x f ! evaporat+-pan1 & :5 ne>ly cold4 ,anti-spasmodic & n]v9e4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,9 hy/]ic & spasmodic diseases4 ,val]ian yields ab\t #dj ( s(t extract4 #c4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,val]ian ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,p4 ,cod47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,box4--,p4 ,cod4 #d4 7,fluid2 ,,extractum ,,val]ian ,,fluidum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,u4 ,s474 ,rectifi$ _s1 #ab fl4 oz42 mix1 add ( val]ian 79 co>se p[d]71 #h oz4 dige/ & p]colate1 add+1 subsequ5tly1 _s 7at or ne> pro(7 until #af fl4 oz4 ( t9cture h pass$ ?r\gh2 let ?is evaporate spontane\sly1 9 a %all[ vessel1 until r$uc$ to #e fl4 oz42 9 ! meantime add fre% _s to ! mass 9 ! p]colator1 until #aj fl4 oz4 m ( t9cture are obta9$1 :i* add to ! above residuum ( ! evaporation1 obs]v+ to dissolve any oleo-res9\s deposit 9 a little rectifi$ _s1 & add to x to ! re/2 la/ly1 filt]1 & add ( rectifi$ _s1 q4 s4 to make ! :ole measure #af fl4 oz4 ,extract ( ,vanil'la4 ,see ,,liquor ,,( ,,vanilla4 ,extract ( ,wall ,pel'litory4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,p>iet>i1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f fre% wall-pellitory 7,p>iet>ia (fic9alis71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 ,ap]i5t1 diuretic1 & pectoral4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,extract ( ,wal'nut4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,jugl&is ,,immatur1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f unripe walnuts 7,juglans regia71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 #b4 ,f ! decoction ( ! gre5 %ells4 ,v]mifuge4--,dose1 #bj to #cj gr4 9 c9namon wat]4 ,extract ( ,walnut ,leaves4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,jugl&is ,,foliorum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ! decoction ( dri$ walnut leaves4 #b4 7,s\beiran47 ,by displacem5t ) tepid wat]4 ,diaphoretic & alt]ative4--,dose1 #b to #d gr41 twice or ?rice a day2 9 scr(ula1 scirrhus1 c4 #c4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,jugl&is ,,foliorum ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,bor47 ,f walnut leaves 7cut71 z ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,( ,,tobacco--,ph4 ,bor4 7ne>ly74 ,extract ( ,wa't]-dock4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,rumicis ,,aquatici1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! root1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,hops1 ,ph4 ,l4 ,a/r+5t & antiscorbutic4--,dose1 #ae gr4 to #a dr42 9 sk9 diseases1 c4 ,extract ( ,:or'tleb]ry4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,be>b]ry2 ,,extractum ,,uv ,,ursi4 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ! dri$ leaves ( ! be>b]ry 7,arcto/aphylos ,uva-,ursi71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr41 twice or ?rice a day2 9 *ronic diseases ( ! bladd] & kidneys1 att5d$ ) increas$ secretion ( mucus1 )\t inflammation4 #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,extractum ,,uvi-,,ursi ,,eluidum47 ,z fluid extract ( cotton-root4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,extract ( ,will[ ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,salicis4 7,ph4 ,p>47 ,f ,p[d]$ will[ b>k1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,rhatany4 ,extract ( ,w9't] ,*]'ry4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,alkek5gi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! b]ries ( ,physalis alkek5gi1 z ,,extract ,,( ,,eld]4 ,ap]i5t1 det]g5t1 & diuretic4 ,dose1 #b to #d dr4 ,extract ( ,w9't]-gre54 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,( ,,pipsissewa2 ,,extractum ,,*imaphil1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! h]b w9t]-gre5 or pipsissewa 7,*imaphila umbellata71 z ,,extract ,,( ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr42 9 dropsy1 scr(ula1 & *ronic affections ( ! ur9>y organs4 ,extract ( ,wood ,sor'rel4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,acetosell1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,pid]et47 ,f ! express$ juice ( ! fre% h]b 7,oxalis acetosella47 ,acid1 bitt]1 & antiscorbutic4--,dose1 #ae gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,extract ( ,worm ,grass4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,p9kroot4 ,extract ( ,worm'se$4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,c9 ,,!reum1 ,e4 ,,sem9um ,c4 41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hamb4 ,cod4 #ahde47 ,wormse$1 #a oz42 e!r1 #d oz42 dige/ #c or #d days1 press1 filt]1 di/il (f #d-e?s1 & evaporate ! residuum to a prop] consi/5ce4 ,prod4 #be to #cj4 ,v]mifuge4--,dose1 #c to #aj gr41 night & morn+1 = #b or #c successive days1 foll[$ by a brisk purge4 ,extract ( ,worm-wood4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,abs9?ii2 ,,extractum ,,artemesi ,,abs9?ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d41 #ahbf47 ,f ! dri$ fl[]+ tops ( wormwood1 z ! o!r simple extracts 7,,extracta ,,simpliciora--,ph4 ,d47 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,z ,,extract ,,( ,,rhatany--,ph4 ,bor4 #c4 7,p4 ,cod4 & ,ph4 ,bad547 ,by displacem5t by cold wat]4 ,obs4 ,bitt]1 /oma*ic1 tonic1 & v]mifuge4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #bj gr41 #b or #c times daily2 9 dyspepsia1 loss ( appetite1 g\t1 c4 ,x is usual to add a few drops ( ! oil ( wormwood to ! extract be=e tak+ x f ! pan4 #d4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,abs9?ii ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,guib\rt47 ,f a t9cture prep>$ f ! dri$ tops ( wormwood boil$ 9 pro( _s4 ,m active ?an ! la/4 ,extract ( ,yew4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,taxi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,lod]47 ,f ! inspissat$ juice ( ! fre% leaves ( ! yew 7,taxus baccata74 ,its action on ! circulation greatly resembles t ( digitalis1 b is m manageable4--,dose1 #a to #g gr42 9 epilepsy1 c4 #b4 7,alcoholic1--,ph4 ,bad547 ,f ! dri$ leaves1 z ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite--,ph4 ,bad54 ,obs4 ,9 addition to ! prep>ations giv5 above1 !re are _m o!rs :i* are (t5 call$ ',,extracts1' ,^! may be gr\p$ "u ! foll[+ heads3-- ,extracts1 ,conc5tra't$4 ,syn4 ,,res9oids4 ,ph>maceutical prep>ations ( m or less value1 l>gely employ$ by ! ,am]ican physicians :o /yle !mselves ',,eclectics1' ,!y are suppos$ to pres5t 9 ! mo/ conc5trat$ =m ! m$ic9al virtues ( ! plants f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,see ,,res9oids4 ,extracts1 ,fluid4 ,syn4 ,,extracta ,,fluida1 ,,extracta ,,liquida1 ,l4 ,?is "n has be5 appli$ 9 mod]n ph>macy to v>i\s prep>ations diff]+ mat]ially f ea* o!r 9 _! degree ( fluidity & conc5tration4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 already notic$1 & o!rs w be f\nd "u "o or o!r ( _! synonyms4 ,mu* confusion w\ld be avoid$ by conf9+ ! "n ',,fluid ,,extract' to ^? prep>ations only :i* diff] f ! ord9>y (fic9al extracts 9 be+ 9 ! liquid =m2 :il/ o!rs ( a l "*1 b ( less consi/5ce or conc5tration1 might be conv5i5tly class$ "u ! g5]al d5om9ation ( ',,liquors' 7,,liquores1 ,l474 ,! v>i\s cond5s$ prep>ations ( vegetable sub/ances1 n[ common 9 trade1 pr(ess$ly sev]al times /rong] ?an ! common ,,decoctions1 ,,infusions1 & ,,t9ctures1 might be simply & advantage\sly di/+ui%$ by ! addition ( ',,conc5trat$' to _! names4 ,t9ctures made ) rectifi$ _s1 & ( 7say7 at lea/ #h times ! usual /r5g?1 might be appropriately t]m$ ',,ess5ces1' ,see ,,decoction1 ,,ess5ce1 ,,extract1 ,,infusion1 ,,oleo-,,res91 ,,syrup1 ,,t9cture1 c4 ,extracts1 ,p]fu'matory4 ,see ,,extrait4 ,extracts1 ,pulv]'ul5t4 ,syn4 ,,dri$ ,,extracts1 ,,desiccat$ ,e42 ,,sac*>at$ ,e42 ,,extracta ,,pulv]ata1 ,e4 ,,sicca1 ,e4 ,,cum ,,sac*>o1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ord9>y s(t extract ( ! drug1 #d p>ts2 :ite sug> 79 p[d]71 #a "p2 mix1 & dry by exposure 9 a w>m situation2 la/ly1 r$uce ! mass to p[d]1 & if x weighs less ?an #d p>ts1 triturate x ) m p[d]$ sug> until its weight is equal to ! orig9al weight ( ! extract us$ 9 its prep>ation4 ,! /r5g? ( ! extract ?us cont9ues un*ang$4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,z ! la/1 b us+ p[d]$ sug> ( milk1 9 lieu ( cane sug>4 #c4 7,gaug]47 ,alcoholic extract1 #c p>ts1 rectifi$ _s1 #a "p1 are triturat$ toge!r 9 a porcela9 mort> until ?or\ghly incorporat$1 :5 :ite sug> 79 p[d]71 #ae oz41 is gradually add$1 & ! two c>efully & completely bl5d$ toge!r2 ! mixture is dri$ z be=e1 & m sug> add$ until ! :ole weighs exactly #ah oz4 ,six gra9s repres5t "o gra9 ( ! unprep>$ extract4 ,obs4 ,! above are admirable prep>ations1 int5d$ *iefly to r5d] ! p]i%able extracts ( ! n>cotic plants 7,,extracta ,,n>cotica7 less liable to suff] by age4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,aconite 7,sac*>at$71 c4 ,,extrac',,tive4 ,syn4 ,,extractive ,,pr9ciple4 ,f\rcroy ent]ta9$ ! belief t all vegetable extracts conta9$ a common basis ( def9ite composition1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( extractive4 ,*evreul & o!r *emi/s h %[n1 h[ev]1 t ,f\rcroy's extractive is n a *emical comp\nd b a het]og5e\s mixture1 v>y+ 9 composition ) ! plant f :i* x is obta9$4 ,extractive has a br[n col\r1 or "o becom+ s 9 ! air2 x spe$ily putrefies1 & becomes oxidis$1 & is r5d]$ insoluble by long exposure to air1 & by repeat$ solutions & evaporations4 ,9 its unalt]$ /ate x is soluble 9 wat] & 9 alcohol1 is ne>ly insoluble 9 e!r1 & is precipitat$ f its solutions by ! acids & metallic oxides4 ,) alum9a x =ms ! basis ( sev]al br[n dyes4 ,,extrait4 ,fr4 ,lit]ally an extract4 ,among p]fum]s1 extraits are mo/ly spiritu\s solutions ( ! ess5tial oils or odor\s pr9ciples ( plants & o!r fragrant sub/ance4 ,! ,fr5* commonly apply ! t]m to any conc5trat$ _s1 ei!r simple or comp\nd4 ,9 ! %ops ( ! ,p>isian p]fum]s upw>ds ( #fj prep>ations ( ! k9d are di/+ui%$ by ?is "n4 ,! extracts ( ,,jasm9e1 ,,jonquil1 ,,may-,,lily1 ,,orange ,,blossoms1 ,,violets1 & o!r l fl[]s ( delicate p]fume1 are obta9$ by agitat+ & dige/+ ! 'huiles' & 'pomades' ( ! fl[]s ) ! pure/ rectifi$ _s 9 ! mann] describ$ "u ,,sc5t$ ,,spirits 7'esprits'74 ,?is process is repeat$ ) fre% oil or pomade until ! _s is r5d]$ suffici5tly fragrant4 ,! o!r extracts 7bo? simple & comp\nd7 are made by ! common me?ods ( infusion & di/illation4 ,see ,,ess5ce1 ,,extract1 ,,_s1 c4 ,,eye4 ,9 anatomy & physiology1 ! organ ( vision4 ,9 ord] t vision may be di/9ct1 x is necess>y t ! p5cil ( rays div]g+ f ea* po9t ( ! object & ent]+ ! pupil %\ld conv]ge to a focus on ! ret9a4 ,ne>-sight$ness 7',,myopia1' ,l47 is due to ! too great convexity ( ei!r ! 'l5s' or 'cornea1' caus+ ! rays to conv]ge to a focus be=e rea*+ ! ret9a4 ,! spectacles worn by myopic p]sons h concave glasses1 :i*1 by increas+ ! div]g5ce ( ! rays fall+ ^u ! eye1 h ! effect ( c>ry+ back ea* focal po9t t[>ds ! ret9a4 ,9 ! long sight ( old p 7',,presbyopia1' ,l47 ! foci ( ! refract$ p5cils are situat$ beh9d ! ret9a1 ! 'l5s' or ! 'cornea' be+ n suffici5tly convex4 ,?is defect is correct$ by convex glasses1 :i* increase ! conv]g5ce ( ! incid5t rays4 ,=eign ,bodies 9 ! ,eye4--,p>ticles ( du/1 small insects1 hairs1 & su* l m9ute bodies frequ5tly get "u ! eyelid1 & ?us become a s\rce ( consid]able discom=t1 & v frequ5tly ( great pa94 ,h5ce ! necessity ( _! prompt removal4 ,9 ord] to effect ?is ! inside ( ! lids %\ld be s expos$ z to reveal ! intrud+ sub/ance4 ,! l[] lid may be easily turn$ d[n s z to %[ ! inn] surface1 b ! upp] lid _c be s easily manipulat$4 ,! end1 h[ev]1 may be atta9$ by tak+ firm hold ( ! lid ) ! f+] & ?umb1 draw+ x d[nw>d & =w>d1 plac+ a quill or a small p5cil-case on ! out] upp] "p1 & turn+ ! lid backw>ds ov] x4 ,:5 ! annoy+ p>ticle is se5 x %\ld be remov$ by g5tly draw+ ov] x1 ) a wip+ motion1 a piece ( rag or l95 h&k]*ief1 wrapp$ r\nd ! f+]1 or by means ( a camel-hair bru%1 if ?is latt] be at h&4 ,if ^! means fail to remove x1 & x %\ld be imb$d$ too firmly 9 ! membrane1 x may be pick$ (f ) a too?-pick1 ! end ( a pair ( tweez]s1 a f9e ivory pap]-knife1 or ) a /iff hair f a clo!s-bru% b5t at "r angles4 ,if lime-du/ has bl[n into ! eye x is only ! l>g] p>ticles t c be remov$ 9 ?is mann]2 ! f9] p>ticles may be dissolv$ out by wa%+ ! eye ) a lotion made ( "o "p ( common v9eg> & two p>ts ( wat]4 ,a drop or two ( pure sug> syrup w also frequ5tly dissolve ! lime4 ,:5 a p[]fully de/ructive sub/ance1 su*1 = in/ance1 z sulphuric acid or oil ( vitriol1 is1 z sometimes happ5s1 ?r[n by "s p]son into ! eye1 ! be/ c\rse is to wa% x out ) a solution conta9+ f\r gra9s ( wa%+ soda 9 an ounce ( wat]4 ,?is %\ld be done z quickly z possible1 & p5d+ ! "t ! soda lotion is be+ got ready1 ! eye1 be+ kept op51 %\ld be dilig5tly wa%$ ) cold wat]4 ,gra9s ( gunp[d] %\ld be c>efully remov$4 ,hot fluid1 su* z melt$ fat or pit*1 may be got rid ( by putt+ into ! eye a few drops ( almond or olive oil4 ,^u removal ( ! =eign body ! pa9 g5]ally subsides2 b x sometimes happ5s t ! membranes may be lac]at$1 9 :i* case m or less inflammation may ensue4 ,"u ^! circum/ances a m$ical practition] %\ld be consult$4 ,= animals ! same treatm5t may be foll[$4 ,see ,,bl9dness1 ,,col\r ,,bl9dness1 ,,vision1 c4 ,eye ,balsam1 ,vegetable 7,m>t9 ,rei*el1 ,wrzburg74 ,opium1 #e p>ts2 oxide ( m]cury1 #e p>ts2 camphor1 #b p>ts2 wax c]ate1 #eb p>ts4 7,hag]47 ,eye ,drops4 ,see ,,wat] 7,eye74 ,eye ,ess5ce 7,dr ,rom]%aus574 ,a t9cture prep>$ f f5nel se$s & fre% "y f5nel4 7,hag]47 ,eye ,p[d] 7,laeyson1 ,p>is71 also kn[n z ,odor\s ,p[d]4 ,= ! /r5g!n+1 re/oration1 & pres]vation ( ! sight4 ,a p[d] compos$ (--,burnt *alk1 #ajj p>ts2 ammonia1 #ej p>ts2 *>coal1 #f p>ts2 oxide ( iron1 #b p>ts2 c9namon b>k1 #b p>ts4 7,p4 ,l4 ,geig]47 ,eye ,p['d]s4 ,see ,,collyria4 ,eye ,salt4 ,p[d]$ alum4 7,g4 ,graefe47 ,eye ,salve4 ,see ,,o9tm5t 7,eye74 ,eye ,snuff4 ,see ,,snuff4 ,eye ,wat] 7,bi$]mann1 ,annab]g74 #b grms4 sulphate ( z9c 9 #fj grms4 di/ill$ wat]1 ) a little infusion ( cloves4 ,eye ,wat] 7,brun7 is a solution ( #d p>ts ( aloes 9 #cb p>ts ( :ite w9e1 ) #cb p>ts ( rose wat]1 & #a-a_/b "p ( t9cture ( saffron4 ,eye ,wat] 7,*antomelanus7 makes spectacles sup]flu\s4 ,a turbid yell[-br[ni% liquid1 consi/+ ( a weak extract ( lav5d] fl[]s 9 dilut$ _s1 9 :i* "s oil ( lav5d] has also be5 dissolv$4 7,opwyrda47 ,eye ,wat]1 ,dr ,graefe's 7,l4 ,ro?1 ,b]l974 ,sulphate ( z9c1 #ae grms42 f5nel wat]1 #ajj grms41 slightly col\r$ ) f5nel se$ t9cture4 7,s*dl]47 ,eye ,wat] 7,j4 ,p4 ,h4 ,hette74 ,a solution ( e!real oils ( lav5d]1 b]gamot1 rosem>y1 & t9cture ( opium 9 spirits ( w9e1 #ej p] c5t4 7,witt/e947 ,eye ,wat] 7,b]nh>d ,kraft1 ,calbe7 = acute inflammation ( ! eyes & = /r5g!n+ ! sight4 ,sev5 grammes ( an impure muddy s$im5t-leav+ spr+ wat] conta9+ half a gramme ( native sulphate ( z9c conta9+ iron4 7,s*dl]47 ,eye ,wat] 7,inspector ,/ro9ski1 ,neisse74 ,"o "p ( sulphate ( z9c dissolv$ 9 #ejj p>ts ( common riv] wat]4 7,s*reib]47 ,once a trace ( pat*\li p]fume 0 add$ to ?is wat]4 7,hag]47 ,eye ,wat]1 ,dr ,:ite's 7,t4 ,ehrh>d1 ,alt5feld1 ,?ur+ia74 ,f\r cloves1 a piece ( c9namon ! size ( a l>ge pea1 #b teaspoonfuls ( rose wat]1 #a drop ( v9eg>1 #aj drops ( arnica t9cture4 ,dige/ = an h\r & filt]4 ,dissolve 9 ! filtrate "s :ite vitriol ( ! size ( a pea4 7,hag]47 ,sulphate ( z9c1 #c p>ts2 honey1 #d p>ts2 wat]1 #hj p>ts2 p]fum$ ) oil ( cloves & a trace ( mu/>d oil4 7,witt/e947 ,eye ,wat]s4 ,see ,,wat]4 ,,face ,a',,gue4 ,! common "n = ! int]mitt5t =m ( facial ,,neuralgia or ,,tic ,,d\l\reux4 ,see ,,neuralgia4 ,,face ,,pa9ts4 ,syn4 ,,f>ds1 ,fr4 ,see ,,bloom1 ,,c>m9e1 ,,pe>l ,,:ite1 ,,r\ge1 c4 ,,fac-,,sim',,ile4 ,an exact imitation ( an orig9al 9 all its traits & peculi>ities4 ,! t]m is *iefly us$ 9 relation to copies ( old manuscripts1 or ( ! h&writ+ ( fam\s m51 or ( int]e/+ docum5ts1 produc$ by engrav+ or li?ography4 ,see ,,signatures4 ,,facti'',,ti\s4 ,syn4 ,,factitius1 ,l4 ,artificial2 made by art1 9 di/9ction f t produc$ by nature4 ,num]\s illu/rations ( ! application ( ?is ^w occur 9 ! pages ( ! pres5t "w4 ,f,,ces4 ,excrem5t4 ,9 ! laboratory1 ! 'settl+' or s$im5t deposit$ by a liquor4 ,see ,,defecation1 ,,excreta4 ,,fa9t',,+4 ,syn4 ,,swoon+2 ,,syncope1 ,,deliquium ,,animi1 ,l4 ,9 pa?ology1 a /ate 9 :i* ! respiration & circulation are app>5tly susp5d$ = a "t1 or are extremely feeble4 ,! symptoms are too well kn[n to require description4 ,! causes are suppos$ to be--dim9i%$ en]gy ( ! bra91 & organic affections ( ! he>t or neighb\r+ vessels4 ,?is has l$ nosologi/s to divide syncope into two v>ieties3-- #a4 ,occasional 7,,syncope ,,occasionalis1 ,s4 ,,accid5talis1 ,l471 primitively induc$ by sudd5 & viol5t emotions ( ! m9d1 p[]ful od\rs1 d]angem5t ( ! /oma* or b[els1 con/ra9$ position ( ! body1 tight-lac+1 pressure1 loss ( blood1 debility f disease1 c4 ,?is v>iety is frequ5tly foll[$ by vomit+1 &1 occasionally1 by convulsions or epileptic fits4 ,! recov]y is accel]at$ by ! horizontal position1 )\t ! head be+ ! lea/ elevat$1 by :i* ! art]ial blood is m vigor\sly ?r[n ^u ! bra91 & !reby /imulates x to resume its usual functions4 ,pung5t sub/ances 7smell+-bottle1 v9aigrette1 c47 may be appli$ to ! no/rils1 & cold wat] spr9kl$ on ! face & *e/4 ,9 all cases ! dress 7corset1 wai/-b&1 neck-clo?1 c47 %\ld be in/antly loos5$1 & inde$ ?is is ! fir/ assi/ance :i* %\ld be giv51 ei!r 9 syncope or apoplexy4 ,z soon z ! pati5t c swall[1 a little br&y-&-wat]1 or w9e1 or a few drops ( e!r or _s ( sal volatile1 may be giv54 #b4 ,c>diac 7,,syncope ,,c>diaca1 ,l471 aris+ )\t any app>5t cause1 ) viol5t palpitation dur+ ! int]vals1 & altoge!r ( a m =midable "* ?an ! prec$+4 ,! subsequ5t treatm5t mu/ "h be direct$ to ! cure or alleviation ( ! orig9al disease4 ,,fa9ts4 ,! fir/ & la/ runn+s ( ! :iskey-/ill4 ,! "o is te*nically t]m$ ! '/rong fa9ts1' ! o!r1 ! 'weak fa9ts4' ,!y are bo? purifi$ by rectification1 c4 ,see ,,di/illation4 ,,fai?4 ,dr ,p]eira rem>ks1 t fai? 9 ! b5eficial ag5cy ( rem$ies1 & confid5ce 9 ! skill ( ! m$ical att5dant1 are important adjuvants 9 ! treatm5t ( disease4 ,to !m bo? ! physician & empiric owe "p ( _! success4 ,,fal',,l+ ,,sick',,ness4 ,see ,,epilepsy4 ,,famili5salbe1 ,family ,o9tm5t 7,gr+74 #af grammes ( a h>d yell[ salve 9 a r\nd box2 a mixture ( #i p>ts wax1 #c p>ts fat2 #b p>ts turp5t9e1 #b p>ts inspissat$ juice ( ,orni?ogalium scilloides ,jacqu91 or ,o4 c&atum ,aiton4 ,^! plants are kn[n to ! public z ,me]zwiebel 7sea onion or squill71 b !y are only relat$ to t plant 9 appe>ance4 7,hag]47 ,,f>',,cy4 ,see ,,gl&]s4 ,,f>del-,,b\nd4 ,syn4 ,,clue-,,b\nd1 ,,wood-,,evil4 ,an affection ( ! ?ird /oma* ( cattle1 induc$ by _! unduly p>tak+ ( co>se indige/ible food4 ,cattle are mo/ commonly attack$ by f>del 9 summ] & autumn1 :5 !y are able to get at t\gh1 /rong1 & h>d grass4 ,x is also frequ5tly caus$ by rye-grass 9 se$ & ripe vet*es1 z well z by eat+ l>gely ( ! %oots ( trees or ! cutt+s ( h$ges1 a circum/ance :i* has giv5 rise to ! disease be+ call$ 'wood-evil4' ,sometimes an attack may be br\ght on ?r\gh ov]-fe$+1 comb9$ ) a defici5cy ( wat]4 ,! symptoms v>y greatly 9 int5sity1 & are (t5 "s days be=e !y def9itely manife/ !mselves4 ,! animal ceases to rum9ate1 refuses food1 &1 if a c[1 ! secretion ( milk is /opp$4 ,!n1 aft] a day or two fev] 7indicat$ by heat & dryness 9 ! nose & m\?7 comes on1 ) some:at quick5$ circulation & brea?+1 ! brea?+ by ! second or ?ird day be+ accompani$ by a grunt at ! beg9n+ & end ( respiration1 :i* is v noticeable :5 an attempt is made to move ! animal4 ,9 all attacks ! animal suff]s f ob/9ate con/ipation4 ,! fir/ /oma* is frequ5tly mu* di/5d$1 & if any fces are pass$ !y are cak$1 d>k col\r$1 & ( v>iable consi/5ce4 ,:5 ! disease is att5d$ ) mo/ ( ^! symptoms1 ! animal may live t5 days or a =tnight2 b unless relief is af=d$1 nausea v frequ5tly sets 91 & cont9ues to increase1 ! pulse at ! same "t gett+ gradually weak]1 & ! /r5g? fail+4 ,9 "s in/ances ! animal has an epileptic fit1 & 9 o!rs dea? is prec$$ by great /upor2 :il/ 9 o!rs1 aga91 if x be a horse1 x is attack$ ) /oma* /agg]s4 ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 remov+ ! ob/9ate con/ipation by p[]ful purgatives1 advantage be+ tak5 to ga9 _! utmo/ efficacy by comb9+ sev]al toge!r1 & giv+ !m along ) pl5ty ( fluid4 ,?ree-qu>t]s ( a p\nd ea* ( ,epsom & ( common salt1 tw5ty croton beans1 & a dra*m ( calomel1 w suffice = a full-gr[n1 middle-siz$ ox or c[1 & mu/ be adm9i/]$ 9 ?ree or f\r bottles ( wat] or v ?9 gruel4 ,9 ?is disease !re is little fe> ( giv+ too mu* m$ic9e4 ,! action ( ! purgatives is greatly exp$it$ by ! use ( occasional /imulants1 :i* 9 diseases ( ! dige/ive organs ( cattle may be giv5 )\t fe> ( eng5d]+ or aggravat+ inflammation4 ,e enc\ragem5t mu/ be us$ to get ! animal to dr9k1 = l>ge quantities ( fluid are obvi\sly mo/ ess5tial 9 wa%+ out ! ob/ruction :i* causes ! evil4 ,! cessation ( ! grunt1 ! passage ( "s h>d cakes ( dung1 ) ! subsequ5t abatem5t ( ! fev]1 are ! signs ( am5dm5t = :i* we wat*2 b ev5 aft] ! fir/ movem5t ( ! b[els consid]able att5tion1 a sloppy diet1 & sev]al doses ( purgative m$ic9e1 are requisite to empty ! canal & prev5t ! recurr5ce ( ! ob/ruction4 ,if tw5ty h\rs elapse aft] ! adm9i/ration ( ! above comb9ation )\t any action ( ! b[els1 ! same dose may be repeat$1 along ) a good quantity ( "s /imulant1 su* z a bottle ( ale1 ) two ounces ( oil ( turp5t9e & two ounces ( g+]4 ,half ! quantity ( ! purgative may be giv5 at ! end ( a l int]val1 if no effect be produc$2 b ! fur!r employm5t ( purgatives is injuri\s1 inasmu* z x increases ! nausea )\t exp$it+ ! action ( ! b[els4 ,a week w sometimes elapse )\t any alv9e evacuation2 9 "s cases ,i h kn[n t5 or elev5 days1 & 9 "s fifte5 days4 ,yet ev5 9 ^! recov]y took place2 & s long z /upor & fr5zy are /av$ (f1 !re is always hope ( a cure4 ,aft] ! prompt & en]getic adoption ( ! treatm5t recomm5d$1 little fur!r rema9s to be done except to )hold all solid indige/ible food1 adm9i/] frequ5t quantities ( wat]1 or any simple fluid1 :i* mu/ be horn$ ov] if ! bea/ w n take x2 all[ also pl5ty ( treacle1 & enc\rage ! action ( ! m$ic9e by cly/]s1 scald+ ! belly1 & occasional ex]cise4 ,blood-lett+ is n only useless1 b ev5 injuri\s4 7,,f9lay ,,dun47 ,,f>',,ina4 ,! fl\r ( any species ( corn1 pulse1 tub]1 or />*y root4 ,! mo/ important k9ds ( f>9a are notic$ "u _! respective heads4 ,! foll[+ dietetic articles ( a f>9ace\s "* are ext5sively adv]tis$3-- ,,bak]',s ,,alim5t>y ,,comp\nd4 ,f9e fl\r 7pa/rycook's71 #b p>ts2 f9ely gr\nd rice1 #a "p4 ,,ba/]',s ,,comp\nd ,,f>9a4 ,:eat fl\r1 #ad oz42 :ite sug>1 #b oz4 ,,brad5',s ,,f>9ace\s ,,food4 ,simil> to ,h>d's 7bel[74 ,,bright',s ,,nutriti\s ,,f>9a4 ,rice fl\r & potato />*1 equal p>ts4 ,,bright',s ,,breakfa/ ,,p[d]4 ,*ocolate1 #a "p2 nutriti\s f>9a 7,bright's7 #b p>ts4 ,,bullock',s ,,semola4 ,:eat fl\r1 f :i* a portion ( ! />* has be5 remov$1 s z to leave an excess ( glut54 ,,d5ham',s ,,f>9ace\s ,,food4 ,:eat fl\r1 #c p>ts2 b>ley meal1 #a "p2 ! mixture is slightly bak$1 & aga9 gr\nd & sift$4 ,said to be slightly laxative4 ,,duryea',s ,,maiz5a4 ,indian corn />* prep>$ = food4 ,,g>d9]',s ,,alim5t>y ,,prep>ation4 ,pure rice fl\r1 v f9ely gr\nd4 ,,h>d',s ,,f>9ace\s ,,food4 ,:eat fl\r1 slightly bak$1 & resift$4 ,,k+s=d',s ,,oswego ,,prep>$ ,,corn4 ,an excell5t prep>ation ( ,indian corn4 ,,lea?',s ,,alim5t>y ,,f>9a4 ,:eat fl\r 7bak$71 ) "s sug>1 ,indian corn meal1 & tapioca4 ,accord+ to "s1 x also conta9s potato />*4 ,,maidman',s ,,nutriti\s ,,f>9a4 ,potato />* t+$ ) beet-root or o!r p9k col\r+ matt]4 ,,plumbe',s ,,f>9ace\s ,,food4 ,s\?-sea arr[-root1 ) ab\t #a-crd its weight ( pea fl\r4 ,,polson',s ,,corn ,,fl\r4 ,! />* ( ,indian corn or maize prep>$ ) great c>e4 ,x is mu* us$ z a sub/itute = arr[-root1 & = cu/>ds1 pudd+s1 c4 ,,smi?',s ,,nurs+ ,,f>9a4 ,equal p>ts ( bak$ :eat fl\r & rice fl\r4 ,obs4 ,_m ( ! above comp\nds are defici5t 9 ! nitrog5\s elem5ts ( nutrition1 & all ( !m ne>ly de/itute ( ! m9]al & sal9e matt]s :i* are absolutely necess>y to ! =mation ( ! bones & tissues1 & ! support ( ! body 9 heal?1 & are consequ5tly utt]ly unsuitable z an exclusive article ( diet1 especially = "y *ildr54 ,un=tunately1 x has be5 too mu* ! fa%ion ( m$ical m5 ( late ye>s to recomm5d ^! comp\nds1 & ev5 to furni% te/imonials z to _! excell5ce1 app>5tly rely+ solely on ! repres5tation ( _! proprietors or v5dors4 ,we deem x1 h[ev]1 to be a public duty to caution p>5ts & nurses aga9/ _! injudici\s use4 ,z m]e adjuvants or auxili>ies1 :5 ! natural food suppli$ by ! "m may be insuffici5t = ! nutrition ( ! infant1 "s ( !m may d\btless be ( value2 b 9 all o!r cases !y %\ld be l>gely comb9$ ) pure c['s milk1 beef tea1 meat bro?s or gravies1 eggs1 or o!r sub/ances ri* 9 ! nitrog5\s & sal9e elem5ts ( nutrition4 ,,f>m',,+4 ,! bus9ess or managem5t ( a ,,f>m4 ,=m]ly f>m+ 0 look$ ^u z a pr(ession easily und]/ood1 & successfully pursu$ only by an empiric4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 reg>d$ 9 a diff]5t light1 & ! f>m]1 to succe$1 n only requires p]sev]ance & obs]vation1 b also a s\nd k ( natural sci5ces4 ,see ,,butt]1 ,,*eese1 ,,implem5ts1 ,,manures1 ,,soils1 c4 ,,f>ms1 ,,sewage4 ,see ,,sewage ,,f>ms4 ,,fat4 ,syn4 ,,adeps1 ,l4 ,! fat ( animals is a concrete oil conta9$ 9 ! cellul> membrane ( _! bodies1 m especially r\nd ! kidneys1 9 ! folds ( ! om5tum1 at ! base ( ! he>t1 ^u ! surface ( ! inte/9es1 & among _m ( ! muscles4 ,fat v>ies 9 consi/5ce1 col\r1 & od\r1 ) ! animal f :i* x is obta9$4 ,t ( ! c>nivora is usually s(t & rank-flav\r$2 t ( ! rum9antia solid & ne>ly sc5tless4 ,x is g5]ally :ite/ & mo/ copi\s 9 ! well-f$ "y animal1 & yell[i% & m scanty 9 ! old4 ,t "u ! sk9 & surr\nd+ ! kidneys 7suet7 is also m solid ?an t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! movable visc]a4 ,9 ! cetacea1 or :ale tribe1 ! fatty secretion assumes ! =m ( oil4 ,^! v>iations 9 consi/5cy dep5d ^u ! relative proportions ( solid /e>9 & liquid ole9 pres5t 9 ! fat4 ,! vegetable fats are f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( c]ta9 plants1 b are g5]ally mo/ abundant 9 ! se$s4 ,!y are extract$ by simple pressure or else by boil+4 ,two k9ds ( vegetable fat1 namely1 palm-oil & cocoa-nut oil1 are ext5sively employ$ 9 ! useful arts4 ,all fats are light] ?an wat]4 ,!y are all soluble 9 e!r1 b5zol1 & turp5t9e1 & may be mix$ ) ea* o!r 9 any proportion4 ,9 =m] times ! fats ( _m animals 7 employ$ 9 ph>macy1 b at pres5t ^? pr9cipally us$ are l>d & suet4 ,9 p]fum]y1 9 addition to ^!1 beef m>r[ & be>'s grease are employ$4 ,= bo? ^! purposes ! crude mat]ial is cut into small pieces1 & fre$ z mu* z possible f all extrane\s membranes2 aft] :i* x is plac$ 9 a boil] ) wat]1 & heat$ until x is completely fus$1 :5 ! :ole is /ra9$1 & all[$ to cool v sl[ly4 ,by ?is means a cake ( cleans$ fat is obta9$1 :i* may be readily sep>at$ f any adh]+ wat]4 ,fats & ! fat oils are be/ pres]v$ by be+ run into glaz$ j>s1 & seclud$ f ! action ( ! air4 ,a little b5zoic acid or gum-b5zo91 dissolv$ 9 !m by heat1 w g5]ally prev5t1 & 9 all cases greatly def]1 ! accession ( rancidity4 ,we introduc$ ?is me?od into ! laboratory 9 our e>ly days ( manipulation1 & ourselves1 & o!rs to :om we h made x kn[n1 h s9ce employ$ x ) undeviat+ advantage 9 ! manufacture ( c]ates1 o9tm5ts1 & o!r prep>ations conta9+ fatty matt] or ! fix$ oils4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,dr ,griesl] t nitric e!r1 & its alcoholic solution1 act 9 ! same mann]4 ,a few drops are n only suffici5t to prev5t rancidity1 b1 x is said1 w ev5 de/roy ! disagreeable od\r ( rancid fat4 ,:5 heat$ to remove ! alcohol1 !y imm$iately become bright1 cle>1 & sc5tless4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,glyc]91 ,,ole91 ,,palmit91 ,,/e>91 ,,tall[1 c41 also bel[4 ,fat1 to melt d[n4 ,let all ! small pieces ( fat cut (f jo9ts1 c41 be collect$1 divid$ into small pieces1 put 9 a /ew pan 7a little wat] be+ add$ to prev5t _! burn+71 & plac$ on ! fire4 ,?is mu/ be /irr$ c>efully at int]vals to prev5t any ( ! pieces ( fat /ick+ to ! bottom4 ,:5 ?or\ghly melt$ 7:i* x w be 9 ab\t an h\r & a half7 p\r ?r\gh a /ra9] into a bas9 ) "s cold wat] 9 x4 ,?us prep>$1 dripp+ or fat may be us$ in/ead ( suet1 & !re are few :o w\ld "k any diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,dripp+1 if cl>ifi$ z above1 may be us$ ov] & ov] aga9 = fry+1 provid$ x has n be5 previ\sly employ$ 9 dress+ fi%1 9 :i* case x w imp>t a fi%y ta/e4 ,b x c be us$ repeat$ly = fi% if x is kept = t purpose only4 ,! skimm+s (f ! top ( ! saucepans1 :ile a piece ( meat is boil+1 w also d capitally = light pudd+s4#bif ,footnote #bif3 ',artisan ,cook]y4' ,griffi? & ,f>ran4 ,,fat',,ty ,,acids4 ,9 *emi/ry1 comp\nds hav+ acid prop]ties d]iv$ f ! v>i\s fats & oils4 ,! radicals ( ^! acids exi/ 9 ! natural fats comb9$ ) a base call$ glyc]yl4 ,:5 fats are saponifi$ by an alkali1 /e>ate1 palmitate1 & oleate ( potassa or soda1 z ! case may be1 are produc$ & glyc]9 is set free4 ,on decompos+ ei!r ( ^! comp\nds ) sulphuric acid a sulphate ( ! alkali is =m$1 & ! fatty acid is precipitat$4 ,"s ( ! fatty acids1 z /e>ic1 c]otic1 palmitic1 & lauric1 are solid at ord9>y temp]atures2 o!rs1 z oleic1 are liquid4 ,! h>d fatty acids are ext5sively us$ z c&le mat]ials1 be+ sup]ior 9 e respect to ! natural fats f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,,fat',,t5+4 ,until comp>atively a rec5t date1 ! plan us$ to fatt5 dome/ic animals 0 to prev5t _! tak+ ex]cise1 & to gorge !m ) food4 ,! excessive fat produc$ by ^! means 01 h[ev]1 f\nd to be f> f :olesome1 & 0 less delicate ?an t aris+ 9 ! natural way4 ,?is sy/em 0 !re=e gradually ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( ! pres5t "o1 :i* consi/s 9 supply+ ! animal ) abundance ( :olesome food1 & ) ! means ( tak+ ex]cise z f> z ! disposition or feel+s dictate4 ,h5ce ! f>m]s 9 ! mo/ enlight5$ di/ricts1 su* z ,b]wick%ire1 ,ea/ ,lo?ian1 c41 in/ead ( ty+ up _! fatt5+ cattle 9 /ables l horses1 & plac+ _! food be=e !m1 put two or ?ree toge!r 9 small y>ds ) %$s atta*$1 9 :i* !y c run ab\t1 eat :5 !y *oose1 & take %elt] f ! ra91 or cold1 or ! sun1 at pleasure1 "u ! op5 %$4 ,sw9e are treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 & also spr+ lambs t are fatt5$ = ! m>ket4 ,p\ltry are no long] kept 9 coops & cramm$1 or rabbits 9 hut*es2 b ! =m] are all[$ to take ex]cise 9 fields s[n ) v>i\s h]bs1 & ! latt] are kept 9 a species ( artificial w>r51 :]e !y c take ex]cise by burr[+4 7,l\don47 ,,fav\rite ,,prescription 7,dr ,pi]ce's7 = ! cure ( ^? *ronic weaknesses & compla9ts peculi> to females4 #bhj grammes ( a turbid gre5i%-br[n fluid ) a bulky deposit ( ! same col\r1 made accord+ to ! foll[+ recipe3--,sav9 tops1 #aj grammes2 l>* ag>ic & c9namon1 ( ea* #e grammes2 ,*9a ,jan 7a% c9*ona b>k71 #aj grammes2 boil ) suffici5t wat] to make #bbj grammes :5 /ra9$4 ,dissolve 9 ! filtrate gum ,arabic1 #aj grammes2 :ite sug>1 #e grammes2 & add t9ct4 digitalis & t9ct4 opii1 ( ea* #b grammes2 /> anise oil1 #h drops2 #ij p] c5t4 _s1 #de grammes4 7,hag]47 ,,fe>4 ,al?\gh fe> is a depress+ & debilitat+ emotion1 & sometimes acts prejudicially on ! heal?1 x frequ5tly acts z a curative or prev5tive ( disease4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t females :o are ! mo/ fa9t-he>t$ & despond+ dur+ ! p]iod ( _! sex's trial1 g5]ally exp]i5ce a m rapid convalesc5ce ?an ^? :o are m confid5t & resolute4 ,dur+ ! rag+ ( an epidemic fe> g5]ally induces temp]ance1 cleanl9ess1 & ! adoption ( o!r precautions :i* t5d p[]fully to prev5t disease4 ,bo]haave1 accord+ to ,p]eira1 is said to h prev5t$ ! occurr5ce ( epileptic attack 7br\ght on by ! sight ( a p]son fall+ d[n 9 a fit 9 ! sight ( ! hospital pati5ts71 by direct+ a r$-hot iron to be appli$ to ! p]son :o %\ld next be affect$4 ,,fea',,!rs4 ,o/ri* fea!rs are ^? mo/ e/eem$ z articles ( p]sonal decoration1 & goose fea!rs = b$s2 b ! fea!rs ( o!r birds are commonly us$ = bo? purposes4 ,fea!rs are prep>$ = ornam5tal purposes by sc\r+ !m ) :ite soap-&-wat] 7#a oz4 to ! p9t71 us$ hot2 !y are next well r9s$ 9 sev]al successive portions ( pure wat]1 & aft] be+ dra9$ & %ak51 are1 la/ly1 pass$ ?r\gh wat] slightly blu$ ) pure indigo1 & dri$ out ( ! du/4 ,:5 dry1 ! ribs are g5]ally rubb$ ) a piece ( glass1 hav+ a curv$ not* 9 x1 = ! purpose ( increas+ _! pliancy1 & ! filam5ts are curl$ by draw+ !m1 betwe5 ! edge ( a blunt knife & ! ball ( ! ?umb ( ! h& :i* holds x4 ,fea!rs1 ,blea*+ (3-- ,a new trade has sprung up )9 ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 by :i* black1 br[n1 or grey fea!rs are blea*$ suffici5tly to enable !m to be dy$ any requir$ col\r4 ,! process is z foll[s3--,! fea!rs are fir/ ?or\ghly wa%$ ) soap-&-wat]1 to free !m f any oil !y may conta94 ,!y are next transf]r$ to a ba? compos$ ( bi*romate ( pota% dissolv$ 9 wat]1 to :i* has be5 add$ a few drops ( nitric or sulphuric acid4 ,9 ?is ba? !y rapidly lose _! black1 br[n1 or grey col\r1 & become almo/ :ite4 ,on be+ remov$ f ?is ba? !y are well r9s$ 9 wat]1 & are !n fit to be dy$1 ev5 ! mo/ delicate col\r4 ,great c>e is requir$ 9 ! process1 z ! flue ( ! fea!r is apt to be de/roy$1 if kept too long 9 ! ba?4 ,a blea*$ fea!r may be readily kn[n by ! yell[ col\r ( its /em4 ,o!r me?ods h be5 adopt$1 su* z a ba? ( *loride ( lime1 p]oxide ( hydrog51 or sulphur\s acid1 c41 b ! bi*romate ba? gives ! be/ results4 ,fea!rs1 ,dye+ (3-- ,,black4 ,by imm]sion = #b or #c days 9 a ba? 7at fir/ hot7 ( logwood1 #h p>ts1 & copp]as or acetate ( iron1 7ab\t7 #a "p4 ,,blue4 ,) ! indigo vat4 ,,br[n4 ,by any ( ! br[n dyes = silk or wooll54 ,,crimson4 ,a mordant ( alum1 foll[$ by a hot ba? ( brazil wood1 & aft]w>ds by a weak "o ( cudbe>4 ,,p9k or ,,rose4 ,) saffl[] & lemon juice4 ,,plum4 ,! r$ dye1 foll[$ by alkal9e ba?4 ,,r$4 ,a mordant ( alum1 foll[$ by a hot brazil-wood ba?4 ,,yell[4 ,f an alum mordant1 foll[$ by a ba? ( turm]ic or weld4 ,o!r %ades may be obta9$ by a mixture ( ! above dyes4 ,fea!rs may also be dy$ by simple imm]sion1 = two or ?ree m9utes1 9 a ba? ( any ( ! anil9e col\rs4 ,goose fea!rs = ,,b$s are g5]ally ,,purifi$ by simply expos+ !m to ! sun or 9 a /ove until p]fectly dry1 & !n beat+ !m to remove loose dirt4 ,:5 c>elessly collect$ & dirty1 !y are sometimes fir/ cleans$ ) lime wat]1 or1 bett] /ill1 ) a weak solution ( c>bonate ( soda1 or wat] to :i* a little solution ( *loride ( lime has be5 add$2 aft] :i* !y are r9s$ 9 clean wat]1 & dri$ or /ov$ z be=e4 ,old fea!rs are cleans$ or purifi$ 9 ! same way4 ,,feb',,rifuges4 ,syn4 ,,febrifuga1 ,l4 ,9 ph>macy1 sub/ances or ag5ts :i* cure or alleviate fev]4 ,! t]m is m p>ticul>ly appli$ to m$ic9es us$ aga9/ ! ague1 z ,,c9*ona ,,b>k & ,,ars5i\s ,,acid1 & _! prep>ations4 ,! extreme value ( cold wat]1 z a dr9k 9 ard5t fev]1 has be5 kn[n 9 all ages4 ,9 #agbc ,dr ,hancocke publi%$ a "w entitl$--',febrifugum ,magnum1 or ,common ,wat] ! be/ ,cure = ,fev]s1 & probably = ! ,plague1' :i* 9 a %ort "t ran ?r\gh sev]al l>ge editions1 b appe>s to h be5 ov]look$ by ! hydropa?s ( ! pres5t day4 ,,fec',,ula4 ,syn4 ,f,,cula1 ,l4 ,! matt] :i* subsides f cold wat] 9 :i* bruis$ or rasp$ vegetable sub/ances h be5 wa%$4 ,! fecula obta9$ f ! se$s ( ! c]eals & legum9os1 & f tub]\s or bulb\s roots1 consi/s ( ne>ly pure ,,/>*4 ,9 "s cases ! />* is associat$ ) ! gre5 col\r+ matt] 7,,*lorophyll7 & ! n>cotic pr9ciples ( ! vegetables :i* yield x4 ,! gre5 fecula obta9$ by /ra9+ ! express$ juices ( ! leaves & h]bace\s p>ts ( plants is ( ?is "*4 ,! fecula ( all ! amylace\s roots1 rhizomes1 & tub]s1 may be easily obta9$1 on ! small scale1 by rasp+ !m1 press+1 & work+ ! pulp 9 cold wat]1 & aft] /ra9+ ! result+ milky liquid ?r\gh a hair sieve1 all[+ x to settle4 ,! s$im5t may be aga9 wa%$ by diffusion ?r\gh clean cold wat]1 & mu/ be1 la/ly1 collect$1 & dri$ out ( ! du/1 &1 )\t artificial heat4 ,! fecula ( n>cotic plants = m$ic9al purposes is obta9$ by all[+ ! express$ juice to repose = #bd h\rs1 & !n decant+ ! cle> portion1 & dry+ ! residue4 ,sometimes heat is employ$4 ,see ,,arr[-,,root1 ,,/>*1 c4 ,,fe$+ ,,bottles4 ,we extract f ',! ,sanit>y ,record' ! foll[+ valuable pap] on ',fe$+ ,bottles1' by ,dr ,eu/ace ,smi?1 assi/ant-physician to ! ,city ( ,london ,hospital = ,diseases ( ! ,*e/1 & ,physician to ! ,ea/ ,london ,hospital = ,*ildr53--,9 ! artificial re>+ ( infants x is ( importance t food %\ld be giv5 to !m f a fe$+-bottle4 ,by ?is means ! natural me?od ( tak+ n\ri%m5t is imitat$2 ! muscles ( ! m\? & *eeks are br\ght into play2 & ! secretion ( saliva--a secretion :i*1 v scanty at bir?1 becomes gradually m copi\s & takes s active a "p 9 dige/ion--is enc\rag$ & increas$4 ,almo/ all babies w take _! food m readily by ?is me?od1 _! in/9ct tea*+ !m to suck ev]y?+ t is put into _! m\?s4 ,ev5 9 cases :]e a defici5cy 9 ! h>d palate pres5ts s great an ob/acle to suck+1 on acc\nt ( ! impossibility ( creat+ ! necess>y vacuum 9 ! m\?1 ! difficulty c be ov]come by a simple me*anical contrivance4 ,!re=e1 9 e case ( h&-fe$+1 a suitable bottle is ! fir/ ?+ to be desir$4 ,to be satisfactory a fe$+-bottle mu/ fulfil ?ree indisp5sable conditions3 x mu/ be simple 9 con/ruction & easily manageable2 x mu/ be capable ( be+ readily clean$2 & 9 its use ! milk mu/ fl[ easily & )\t great ef=t on ! "p ( ! infant4 ,! ord9>y fe$] 9 use at ! pres5t "t consi/s ( a flatt5$ glass flask1 clos$ at ! m\? by a cap1 :i* fits ov] ! neck4 ,a ca\t*\c tube passes ?r\gh ! cap1 & is connect$ inside ! bottle ) a /raight glass pipe4 ,! o!r end ( ! ela/ic tube is atta*$ to ! teat1 or m\?-piece1 by means ( a %ort holl[ cyl9d] call$ ! 'union-jo9t4' ,! teat is firmly fix$ to ?is by means ( ! %ield4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! cap & union-jo9t1 metal1 e>!nw>e1 or wood1 is employ$4 ,! metal us$ by ! be/ mak]s is t91 & ?is1 if cleanl9ess be prop]ly att5d$ to1 is n objectionable4 ,9 *eap] bottles1 sold 9 ! %ops = sixp5ce1 ! m\? is clos$ by a p]=at$ cork1 ?r\gh :i* ! flexible tube passes4 ,"h !re is no cap1 b 9 all ess5tial po9ts ! con/ruction is ! same z 9 ! m exp5sive articles4 ,9 ?is app>atus x is important t ! *annel ?r\gh ! tubes %\ld be p]fectly free4 ,! po9t at :i* ! *annel is n>r[e/ is ! union-jo9t1 :i* connects ! m\?-piece ) ! flexible tube4 ,9 a badly made bottle an imp$im5t may exi/ at ?is po9t f c>elessness 9 ! manufacture1 & may pres5t a great ob/acle to ! ready passage ( ! fluid4 ,c>e also %\ld be tak5 t ! flexible tube passes completely ?r\gh ! cap1 be=e x becomes connect$ ) ! glass pipe4 ,?is is v important4 ,9 ! e>ly fe$+-bottles con/ruct$ ^u ?is model by ,o',connel1 ! glass pipe pass$ f )9 ! bottle ?r\gh ! cap1 & 0 atta*$ outside ?is to ! ca\t*\c tube4 ,x 0 ?us held rigidly 9 ! c5tre ( ! bottle1 & z a natural consequ5ce1 :5 ! app>atus 0 9 use1 unless ! bottle 0 held upright dur+ ! :ole meal1 long be=e its cont5ts 7 exhau/$ ! milk ceas$ to fl[1 z ! end ( ! pipe soon came to be above ! surface ( ! fluid1 :i* necess>ily gravitat$ to ! l[e/ "p z ! bottle lay on its side4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! connection betwe5 ! two tubes is made )9 in/ead ( outside ! bottle1 ?is disadvantage no long] exi/s1 = ! glass tube be+ free to move1 its end is able to s9k to :i*ev] side ( ! bottle is und]mo/1 & !re=e always rema9s bel[ ! level ( ! fluid4 ,! be/ bottles h a small cyl9drical /op1 i4e4 a ?ick r+ ( metal or wood plac$ )9 ! flexible tube1 j above its junction ) ! glass pipe4 ,! object ( ?is is to prev5t ! latt] be+ drawn ?r\gh ! cap1 & ?us held rigidly 9 ! c5tre ( ! bottle4 ,! me?od ( connection ( ! cap ) ! neck ( ! bottle is n unimportant4 ,x %\ld n be too tight or air w be prev5t$ f ent]+ ! bottle to supply ! place ( ! milk :i* is )drawn4 ,a common plan is to l9e ! int]ior ( ! cap ) cork1 b ?is sub/ance1 besides its risk ( be+ brok5 & deta*$ by c>eless h&l+1 has ! fur!r disadvantage ( absorb+ milk1 :i* turns s\r & may aft]w>ds set up f]m5tation 9 fre% milk put into ! bottle = a subsequ5t meal4 ,9 ! be/ bottles ! cap is con/ruct$ to screw on to ! neck1 z 9 ! ',alex&ra' ,fe$+ bottle made by ! ,messrs ,maw2 or is unit$ to x by an application ( ! 'bayonet cat*1' z 9 ! ',improv$' fe$+-bottle made by ,messrs ,lyn* & ,son4 ,9 ?is v admirable app>atus ?ree grooves 9 ! inside ( ! cap pass ov] correspond+ projections on ! neck ( ! bottle2 ! cap is !n turn$ to ! "r1 ) a slight screw+ motion1 & becomes securely fa/5$4 ,) badly made bottles infants (t5 h v great difficulty 9 draw+ up ! milk1 & c only d s by viol5t ef=ts1 :i* soon exhau/ _! /r5g? or _! pati5ce4 ,!re are two reasons :y milk 9 ^! cases may n fl[ easily--ei!r ! cap fits too tightly1 s t air _c ent] ) suffici5t facility 9 proportion z ! liquid cont5ts become dim9i%$1 z has j be5 m5tion$2 or ! ca\t*\c =m+ ! flexible tube is too ?91 s t x collapses :5 suction is appli$4 ,9 ! fir/ case a small hole %\ld be made ?r\gh ! cap1 s z to all[ a free admission ( air1 or if ! bottle be a simpl] "o1 clos$ at ! m\? by a p]=at$ cork1 ?is may be slightly eas$ at ! neck ( ! bottle1 s z to fit less closely4 ,9 ! second case1 /\t] ca\t*\c %\ld be us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! tube4 ,9 weakly infants1 or ^? mu* r$uc$ 9 /r5g? by acute disease1 special att5tion %\ld be paid to ^! po9ts1 z su* *ildr5 w (t5 refuse to take ! bottle1 if !y f9d any difficulty 9 draw+ up ! milk4 ,infants born ) a cleft palate _c suck f an ord9>y bottle1 z ! defici5cy 9 ! h>d palate prev5ts ! necess>y vacuum be+ =m$ 9 ! m\?4 ,su* *ildr5 are1 !re=e1 usually br\ght up ) a spoon1 & (t5 wa/e & die ?r\gh insuffici5t n\ri%m5t4 ,an +5i\s contrivance fir/ sugge/$ by ,mr ,oakley ,coles w1 h[ev]1 entirely remove ! difficulty1 & enable !m to suck ) z mu* ease z if !y suff]$ f no su* cong5ital difficulty4 ,! plan is a v simple "o1 & consi/s 9 atta*+ to ! nipple ( any ord9>y fe$+-bottle a flap ( %eet ela/ic1 cut to fit ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,?is flap mu/ be ( ! %ape & ab\t ! size ( ! b[l ( a teaspoon1 & is to be sewn to ! upp] "p ( ! /alk ( ! teat1 :]e ?is projects f ! %ield4 ,9 ! m\? ( ! *ild ! flap =ms an artificial palate1 :i* if ! %eet ela/ic *os5 be suffici5tly /\t1 (f]s firm resi/ance to ! tongue press+ aga9/ 9 suck+1 & prev5ts fluid f pass+ into ! nose 9 ! act ( swall[+4 ,! close/ att5tion mu/ be paid to ! clean+ ( fe$+-bottles4 ,ea* "t aft] be+ us$ ! :ole app>atus %\ld be well wa%$ out ) wat] conta9+ a little soda 9 solution4 ,! inside ( ! cap mu/ be c>efully clean$1 & ! bru% %\ld be c>ri$ sev]al times ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! tub+4 ,aft]w>ds ! bottle & tubes %\ld be laid 9 cold wat] until aga9 want$4 ,an objection to ! common bru% usually suppli$ ) ea* fe$] is1 t aft] a few days' use ! s(t5$ bri/les are apt to get deta*$ & be caught 9 ! jo9ts ( ! tub+1 :5ce !y may aft]w>ds be wa%$ by ! /ream ( fluid & be swall[$ by ! *ild4 ,accord+ly1 a new clean] has be5 manufactur$ by ,messrs ,maw & ,sons1 9 :i* bri/les are entirely disp5s$ )4 ,!y are replac$ by a ?9 /rip ( ca\t*\c1 :i* is w\nd r\nd 9 a spiral =m1 at ! end ( ! ord9>y wire h&le4 ,?is in/rum5t answ]s all ! purposes ( a bru%1 )\t ! disadvantages allud$ to1 & is besides f> m durable4 ,excell5t fe$+-bottles are n[ made by _m diff]5t manufactur]s1 & are sold at prices :i* place !m )9 ! rea* ( ! poore/4 ,^! _c all be m5tion$1 b "s ( ! bottles m commonly met )1 may be %ortly ref]r$ to4 ,! six-p5ny fe$] made by ,messrs ,maw1 ,son1 & ,?ompson1 c be recomm5d$ = its simplicity ( con/ruction1 & at ! same "t = its p]fect effici5cy4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t !re is no cap1 in/ead ! m\? ( ! bottle is clos$ by a cork1 :i* is p]=at$ = ! passage ( ! flexible tube4 ,9 all o!r respects ! con/ruction ( ?is app>atus is ! same z 9 ! m exp5sive in/rum5ts4 ,! ',alex&ra' fe$+-bottle1 price half-a-cr[n1 by ! same mak]s1 is an admirable bottle4 ,! cap screws on to ! neck1 & is furni%$ ) a small hole = ! admission ( air4 ,a '/op' 9 ! l[] "p ( ! flexible tube prev5ts ! glass pipe be+ drawn into ! cap1 & ! in/rum5t is suppli$ ) all ! late/ improvem5ts4 ,! bottles made by ,messrs ,maw are all furni%$ ) ! new pat5t clean] j describ$4 ,! improv$ fe$+-bottle made by ,messrs ,lyn* & ,son1 at "o %ill+ & eighte5 p5ce1 has be5 be=e ref]r$ to4 ,! mat]ial us$ = ! cap is boxwood4 ,x is a capital bottle1 & w give ! fulle/ satisfaction to ! pur*as]4 ,mr ,lang's ',alma ,mat]' fe$+-bottle c also be recomm5d$4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t ! cap is made ( e>!nw>e & is l9$ ) cork4 ,a good bottle is made by ,mr ,elam1 ( ,ox=d ,/reet1 price two %ill+s2 ! cap is =m$ ( britannia metal1 & screws on to ! neck4 ,a *eap] bottle1 b "o :i* = elegance ( design & accuracy ( detail _c be surpass$1 is ,mr ,ma!r's ',pr9cess' fe$+-bottle4 ,a t9 cup screws on ! neck1 & is pi]c$ by a small hole = ! admission ( air4 ,! op5+ is fitt$ ) a 'cone valve' ( simple & +5i\s con/ruction1 :i* all[s air to ent] freely :5 suction is appli$ to ! tube1 b closes firmly aga9/ any escape ?r\gh ! air-hole ( ! fluid cont5ts ( ! bottle4 ,! bottle itself has a d\ble curve t[>ds ! neck to provide aga9/ too sudd5 b5d+ ( ! flexible tube aga9/ ! tap4 ,?is is apt to happ5 :5 ! curve is s+le1 if ! bottle lie ) ! convexity d[nw>ds1 & p>tial ob/ruction ( ! tube may be ! result4 ,! ',pr9cess' fe$+-bottle is sold 9 ! %ops = eighte5 p5ce4 ,all bottles be> _! "n 9 rais$ lett]s ^u ! glass1 b a report :i* has obta9$ curr5cy t ^! lett]s are holl[ 9 ! int]ior1 & difficult to cleanse is )\t any f\ndation 9 fact4 ,any "o may te/ ?is = himself by plac+ a f+] )9 ! bottle und]nea? ! lett]s1 :5 ! int]nal surface w be f\nd p]fectly pla9 & uni=m4 ,9 all cases :]e cork ent]s into ! con/ruction ( a fe$+-bottle1 especial c>e %\ld be tak5 9 cleans+ ! app>atus1 & ! cork %\ld be well soak$ 9 soda & wat] 9 ord] t any s\r milk x may conta9 may be neutralis$ at once4 ,,feet 7,!74 ,to pres]ve ! feet 9 a prop] condition1 !y %\ld be frequ5tly soak$1 & well wa%$ 9 w>m or tepid wat]4 ,! nails ( ! toes %\ld be p>$1 to prev5t _! becom+ inconv5i5tly long1 & f gr[+ into ! fle%1 soak$1 & well wa%$ 9 w>m or tepid wat]4 ,_m p]sons suff] sev]ely f ,,t5d] ,,feet4 ,?is g5]ally arises f ! use ( ?9 cotton or silk /ock+s1 & boots or %oes t are ei!r too tight or /iff1 or n suffici5tly por\s to p]mit ( ! escape ( ! p]spiration4 ,wat]pro( boots & %oes :i* are also air-tight 7z ^? ( gutta p]*a & ,india rubb]71 are common causes ( t5d] feet1 & ev5 ( heada*es1 dyspepsia1 & apoplexy4 ,! be/ treatm5t ( t5d] feet is ! imm$iate adoption ( wor/$ /ock+s or socks1 & light1 easy %oes ( bucksk91 goatsk91 or "s o!r equally s(t k9d ( lea!r4 ,x is highly necess>y = ! pres]vation ( heal? to pres]ve ! feet ,,dry2 p]sons :o are1 !re=e1 expos$ to ! wet1 or :o are frequ5tly pass5g]s ?r\gh ! public /reets 9 bad wea!r1 %\ld reg>d s\nd & good boots & %oes z ( ! fir/ importance4 ,9 fact1 9 a hygi5ic po9t ( view1 a wet back %\ld be less %unn$ ?an wet feet4 ,_m p]sons frequ5tly exp]i5ce ,,extreme ,,coldness & ,,numbness ,,( ,,! ,,feet4 ,! be/ & mo/ natural rem$y = ?is is active ex]cise or friction1 ! =m] be+ always adopt$ :5 possible4 ,9 su* cases ! use ( w>m wooll5 /ock+s is absolutely necess>y1 & ! debilitat$ & ag$ may advantage\sly keep !m on ?r\gh\t ! night1 or at all ev5ts until ! feet acquire a com=table degree ( w>m?4 ,! ,,disagreeable ,,od\r :i* is evolv$ by ! feet ( "s individuals 9 hot wea!r may be remov$ by ! obs]vance ( extreme cleanl9ess1 & by occasionally soak+ ! feet 9 w>m wat]1 to :i* a small quantity ( *loride ( lime or sal ammoniac has be5 add$4 ,a good deodoris] = unpleasant smell+ feet is said to be ! foll[+1 inv5t$ by ,m ,paulcke3--,a mixture ( equal p>ts ( salicylic acid1 soap1 talc1 & />*1 to be appli$ 9 ! =m ( p[d]4 ,,di/ortion ,,( ,,! ,,feet is n uncommon 9 *ildhood1 be+ sometimes cong5ital1 b z frequ5tly ! result ( weakness or bad nurs+4 ,a *ild ) its feet turn$ inw>ds is call$ ,,v>us2 :5 !y are turn$ outw>ds x is /yl$ ,,valgus4 ,! prop] use ( b&ages1 e>ly appli$1 w g5]ally correct ^! de=mities2 b if !y be neglect$ 9 infancy !y become incurable4 7',m$4 ,lex4'7 ,,clubfoot1 ( :i* !re are sev]al v>ieties1 may also be frequ5tly reliev$ by a simple surgical op]ation4 ,see ,,boots & ,,%oes1 ,,di/ortions4 ,,felt',,+4 ,?is is a process by :i* v>i\s species ( fur1 hair1 & wool1 are bl5d$ into a compact texture1 9 _m respects resembl+ clo?4 ,x dep5ds on ! peculi> anatomical con/ruction ( ^! sub/ances1 enabl+ !m to int]lace & int]tw9e ) ea* o!r1 by :i* !y become p]man5tly matt$ toge!r4 ,felt 0 =m]ly *iefly employ$ = hats4 ,x is n[ commonly us$ = mill-b&s1 filt]s1 c42 & :5 v>ni%$ or japann$1 or saturat$ ) asphalte or bitum51 is a durable sub/itute = japann$ lea!r1 & = ro(+4 ,,f5nel4 ,syn4 ,f,,oe,,niculum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,! fruit 7se$7 ( ,foeniculum dulce1 or sweet f5nel2 ! oil di/ill$ f ! fruit 7,,oil ,,( ,,f5nel2 ,,oleum ,f,,oe,,niculi1 ,l47 z well z a di/ill$ wat] 7,,f5nel ,,wat]2 ,,aqua ,f,,oe,,niculi1 ,l471 are (fic9al 9 ! ,ph>macopoeias4 ,!y are /imulant & c>m9ative2 b are n[ seldom employ$4 ,,f5',,ugreek4 ,! se$s ( ,trigonella ,foenum ,grcum4 ,resolv5t & /oma*ic4 ,! se$s dye yell[2 =m]ly roa/$ = c(fee2 n[ *iefly employ$ 9 vet]9>y m$ic9e4 ,,f]',,m5t4 ,syn4 ,,f]m5tum1 ,l4 ,a sub/ance :i* induces f]m5tation4 ,accord+ to "o view f]m5ts are comp\nds ^: decomposition proce$s simultane\sly ) t ( ! body und]go+ metamorphosis4 ,!y all conta9 album9\s or azotis$ pr9ciples1 :i* 9 a moi/ /ate putrefy & suff] decomposition4 ,accord+ to ,pa/eur1 h[ev]1 f]m5tation is excit$ by liv+ organisms--fungi & infusoria4 ,see ,,f]m5tation & ,,yea/4 ,,f]m5ta',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,f]m5tatio1 ,l4 ,9 *emi/ry1 a peculi> metamorphosis ( a complex organic sub/ance1 by a transposition ( its elem5ts "u ! ag5cy ( an ext]nal di/urb+ =ce4 ,f]m5tation1 accord+ to ! !ory propos$ by ,liebig1 is a metamorphosis1 by :i* ! elem5ts ( a complex molecule gr\p !mselves s z to =m m intimate & /able comp\nds4 ,x is excit$ by ! contact ( all bodies ! elem5ts ( :i* are 9 a /ate ( active decomposition or f]m5tation4 ,9 nitrog5is$ sub/ances ( a v complex con/itution1 putrefaction or f]m5tation is spontane\sly e/abli%$ :5 wat] is pres5t1 & ! temp]ature suffici5tly high1 & x cont9ues till ! orig9al comp\nds are :olly de/roy$4 ,sub/ances de/itute ( nitrog51 on ! contr>y1 require1 9 ord] to _! und]go+ ?is metamorphosis1 ! pres5ce ( a nitrog5is$ sub/ance1 already 9 a /ate ( putrefaction 7f]m5tation74 7,liebig47 ,! sub/ances :i* promote ?is *ange are t]m$ ,,f]m5ts1 & among ^! ! pr9cipal are gliad91 glut51 vegetable album51 & all nitrog5\s sub/ances 9 a /ate ( spontane\s decomposition or f]m5tation4 ,x is imag9$ t :5 ^! sub/ances1 9 ! act ( und]go+ *ange1 are br\ght into contact ) neutral t]n>y comp\nds ( small /ability1 z sug>1 ! molecul> di/urbance ( ! body1 already 9 a /ate ( decomposition1 may be1 z x 71 propagat$ to ! o!r1 & br+ ab\t ! de/ruction ( ! equilibrium ( =ces to :i* x owes its be+4 ,! complex body1 "u ^! circum/ances1 breaks up into simpl] products1 :i* possess great] p]man5ce4 7,f[nes47 ,,yea/1 ! f]m5t mo/ commonly employ$ = induc+ ! v9\s f]m5tation1 is su* a sub/ance 9 an active /ate ( putrefaction1 & ^: atoms are 9 cont9ual motion4 ,putrefy+ animal sub/ances are equally capable ( excit+ ! same action4 ,if we add to a solution ( pure sug> an album9\s sub/ance1 a case\s or fle%y matt]1 ! developm5t ( yea/ becomes manife/1 & an additional quantity ( x is f\nd at ! end ( ! op]ation4 ,?us1 ) n\ri%m5t1 f]m5t eng5d]s f]m5t4 ,x is = ?is reason t a little f]m5t+ mu/1 add$ to a body ( fre% grape juice1 excite f]m5tation 9 ! :ole mass4 ,^! effects are n conf9$ to alcoholic 7v9\s7 f]m5tation4 ,! smalle/ portion ( s\r milk1 ( s\r d\gh1 or s\r juice ( beet-root1 ( putrefi$ fle% & blood1 occasions l alt]ations 9 fre% milk1 d\gh1 juice ( beet-root1 fle%1 & blood4 ,b fur!r1 & :i* is a v curi\s circum/ance1 if we put into a liquid conta9+ any f]m5t+ sub/ance ano!r 9 a s\nd /ate1 ! latt] w\ld suff] decomposition "u ! influ5ce ( ! =m]4 ,if we place urea 9 ! pres5ce ( be]-yea/1 x exp]i5ces no *ange2 :ile if we add x to sug>-wat] 9 a f]m5t+ /ate1 ! urea is conv]t$ into c>bonate ( ammonia4 ,we ?us possess two modes ( decomposition2 ! "o direct1 ! o!r indirect4 7,ure47 ,a v rem>kable circum/ance connect$ ) f]m5tation is t x is always accompani$ by ! developm5t ( microscopic liv+ organism--fungi & infusoria4 ,s con/antly1 inde$1 is ?is ! case1 t _m *emi/s & physiologi/s reg>d ^! organisms z ! exi/+ cause ( f]m5tation & putrefaction2 & ?is view appe>s to be corroborat$ by ! fact t ea* p>ticul> k9d ( f]m5tation takes place mo/ readily 9 contact ) c]ta9 liv+ organisms4 7,f[nes47 ,?us ! v9\s or alcohol-produc+ f]m5tation is accompani$1 or caus$1 by two fungi1 call$ ,torula c]evisi & ,p5icillium glaucum2 ! acet\s or v9eg>-produc+ f]m5tation by ,torula aceti2 ! lact\s f]m5tation 7s\r+ ( milk7 by ,p5icillium glaucum4 ,! butyric f]m5tation by an animal--an infusorium1 :i* _c exi/ 9 free oxyg51 b fl\ri%es 9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog51 c4 ,( late ye>s ^! latt] views z to ! cause ( f]m5tation h be5 accept$ by mo/ ( ! sci5tific _w1 not)/&+ ! opposition !y exp]i5c$ f s p[]ful an antagoni/ z ,liebig4 ,f ! rese>*es ( ,pa/eur1 ! di/+ui%$ au?or ( ! mod]n !ory ( f]m5tation1 z oppos$ to ! *emico-physical !ory ( ,liebig1 x appe>s t :5 yea/ is plac$ 9 a solution ( sug> & wat]1 or 9 a solution ( sug> & wat] conta9+ album9\s sub/ances1 "u prop] conditions z to temp]ature1 ! f]m5tation t ensues is due to ! process ( gr[? tak+ place 9 ! yea/ plant2 ! new cells ( :i*1 9 assimilat+ "p ( ! sug> & conv]t+ x into cellulose & fat1 cause1 at ! same "t1 ! break+ up ( ! sug> molecule1 & resolve x into ! m /able comb9ations ( alcohol & c>bonic acid4 ,9 ord] t ! f]m5t or fungus %\ld gr[ x is ess5tial t1 9 addition to ! cellulose & fat1 x %\ld be suppli$ ) ammoniacal salts & soluble phosphates4 ,^! are g5]ally pres5t 9 ! liquid ab\t to be f]m5t$2 b :5 yea/ is add$ to pure sug> & wat] x lives at ! exp5se ( ! sug>1 & ( ! nitrog5\s & m9]al sub/ances conta9$ )9 itself4#big ,footnote #big3 ,pa/eur4 ,speak+ ( ! influ5ce ( oxyg5 on ! developm5t ( yea/ on alcoholic f]m5tation1 ,pa/eur /ates t ready-=m$ yea/ c g]m9ate & gr[ 9 a liquid conta9+ sug> & album9\s matt]s1 ev5 :5 oxyg5 is completely exclud$4 ,! quantity ( yea/ =m$1 h[ev]1 9 ?is case1 is b small1 & ! f]m5tation goes on sl[ly2 nev]!less1 a l>ge quantity ( sug> disappe>s 7sixty to eighty p>ts to "o "p ( yea/74 ,if ! air has access to a l>ge surface ! f]m5tation goes on quickly1 & a mu* l>g] quantity ( yea/ is =m$ 9 proportion to ! quantity ( sug> :i* disappe>s4 ,9 ?is case1 also1 oxyg5 is absorb$ by ! yea/1 :i* gr[s quickly1 b does n act s decid$ly z a f]m5t1 inasmu* z only f\r to t5 p>ts ( sug> disappe> = "o "p ( yea/ produc$4 ,:5 ! air is exclud$ ! same yea/ aga9 acts z a p[]ful f]m5t4 ,pa/eur1 !re=e1 inf]s t yea/ :i* acts z a f]m5t 9 ! abs5ce ( air ab/racts oxyg5 f ! sug>1 & t ^u ?is deoxidis+ p[] its action z a f]m5t dep5ds4 ,! viol5t activity ( ! yea/ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! f]m5tation is due to oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 ! liquid4 ,9 liquids conta9+ album5 7yea/ & wat]1 c47 yea/ likewise gr[s1 ?\gh sp>+ly1 ev5 if ! solution does n conta9 a trace ( sug>1 provid$ !re is a suffici5t access ( air4 ,b if ! air is exclud$ ?is does n take place1 ev5 ?\gh ! liquid may conta91 besides album51 a non-f]m5table sug>1 su* z milk sug>4 ,! yea/ =m$ 9 a liquid n conta9+ sug> possesses all ! prop]ties ( a f]m5t1 & excites f]m5tation 9 a solution ( sug> exclud$ f ! air4#bih ,footnote #bih3 ',bull4 ,soc4 ,*em41' #ahfa1 pp4 #fa1 #gi4 ,simil>ly1 ,pa/eur reg>ds putrefaction z a k9d ( f]m5tation1 set up & ma9ta9$ by an animal organism1 or f]m5t belong+ to ! g5us ,vibrio4 ,putrefaction1 :5 tak+ place 9 contact ) ! air1 is always accompani$ by decay or ,,eremacausis4 ,! ab&onm5t ( ! old !ory z to ! nature ( eremacausis1 viz4 t x consi/$ 9 ! gradual combu/ion ( decay+ organic matt]s by atmosph]ic oxyg51 has be5 necessitat$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,pa/eur1 ,s*rd]1 & o!rs1 :i* h conclusively e/abli%$ ! facts t organic sub/ances are n oxidis$ by p]fectly pure air1 & t _! decomposition & subsequ5t de/ruction are due to ! pres5ce 9 ! air ( ! sporules or se$s ( c]ta9 l[ organisms4 ,pa/eur cites num]\s in/ances corroborative ( ! /atem5t t p]fectly pure oxyg5 fails to affect1 save to a v limit$ ext5t1 organic sub/ances4 ,9 "o case an aque\s infusion ( yea/ mix$ ) sug> 0 enclos$ 9 a seal$ flask ) d\ble its volume ( air1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly depurat$ by be+ made to pass ?r\gh a r$-hot tube4 ,at ! end ( ?ree ye>s ! liquid 7:i* _h dur+ "p ( ! "t be5 kept at a temp]ature ( f #be to #cj ,c5t47 0 f\nd to be p]fectly fre% & transp>5t1 & ! air :5 exam9$ gave #aha vols4 ( oxyg51 #hje vols4 ( nitrog51 & #ad ( c>bonic acid4 ,"u ! same conditions ur9e & milk1 :e!r fre% or previ\sly boil$1 %[$ m9ute traces only ( oxidation2 cry/als ( uric acid & phosphates =m$ 9 ! ur9e1 b ! milk 0 unalt]$1 hav+ pres]v$ its alkal9e reaction1 & %[$ no disposition to curdle4 ,v diff]5t1 h[ev]1 0 ! result :5 ei!r ( ! above sub/ances 0 enclos$ ) ord9>y air4 ,x 0 !n f\nd t 9 a few days ! :ole ( ! oxyg5 0 absorb$1 c>bonic acid be+ at ! same "t simultane\sly =m$4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( moi/5$ oak sawdu/ kept 9 contact ) ord9>y air = a =tnight 0 f\nd at ! end ( t "t to h absorb$ #adj cubic c5timtres ( oxyg52 :il/ ! same am\nt ( sawdu/ enclos$ ) an equal volume ( purifi$ air _h remov$ only a few cubic c5timtres ( ! gas 9 a mon?4 ,9 ! =m] exp]im5t a microscopic film ( mycelia & spores ( ,mucid9e =m$ on ! sawdu/4 ,f num]\s exp]im5ts ( a l nature ) ! above1 & att5d$ ) analog\s results1 *emi/s & physiologi/s n[ g5]ally reg>d eremacausis z effect$ by ag5cies simil> 9 "* to ^? :i* produce f]m5tation & putrefaction4 ,! obs]vations ( ,s*rd] ^u ! processes ( f]m5tation & putrefaction are rem>kable4 ,he has %[n t any organic liquid may be prev5t$ f f]m5t+ or putrefy+ if x be heat$ "u pressure to ab\t #bff ,f4 7#acj ,c471 !n transf]r$ to a flask & boil$1 ! m\? ( ! flask be+ plugg$ :il/ boil+ ) a pellet ( cotton wool1 :i* is left 9 ! neck ( ! flask4 ,9 ?is way he pres]v$1 dur+ a hot summ]1 v>i\s liquids1 includ+ fre%ly-boil$ wort1 blood1 :ite ( egg1 :ey1 ur9e1 bro?1 & milk2 b :5 aft]w>ds ! plug ( cotton wool 0 )drawn ^! liquids 9 a few days began to und]go decomposition4 ,he expla9s ^! results by suppos+ t ! spores ( "s organism mu/ f9d access to ! sub/ance 9 ord] to set up ! process ( decomposition4 ,by a temp]ature ( #bfj ,f4 7#abfg ,c47 any su* spores :i* ! sub/ance itself might conta9 are de/roy$1 & z ! air is filt]$ ?r\gh ! cotton wool be=e x rea*es ! int]ior ( ! flask1 none ( ^! organic g]ms c aft]w>ds ga9 access to ! body "u exp]im5t4 ,i h repeat$ "s ( ^! exp]im5ts ) complete success4#bii ,footnote #bii3 ,! ,editor ( ?is "w has also repeat$ ,s*rd]'s exp]im5ts on milk1 & obta9$ ! same results4 ,if air be transmitt$ ) suitable precautions sl[ly ?r\gh n>r[ ignit$ plat9um tubes1 s z to de/roy all susp5d$ organic p>ticles1 no f]m5tation or putrefaction w take place on admitt+ su* air into contact ) putrescible sub/ances previ\sly heat$ to #bfj = an h\r4#cjj ,footnote #cjj3 ,mill]4 ,pa/eur has %[n ! exi/5ce ( ^! float+ g]ms 9 ! air by draw+ a l>ge volume ( atmosph]ic air1 by means ( an aspirator1 ?r\gh a n>r[ tube ob/ruct$ by collodion wool4 ,on subsequ5tly dissolv+ ?is wool 9 a mixture ( alcohol & e!r v>i\s microscopic sporules 7 left undissolv$4 ,! entire abs5ce ( ! excit+ causes--w>m?1 air1 & moi/ure--leaves ev5 ^? sub/ances :i* "u ord9>y circum/ances are mo/ liable to *ange1 9 a /ate 9 :i* !y may rema9 = an almo/ indef9ite p]iod )\t p]ceptible alt]ation4 ,?us1 animal sub/ances 9 a froz5 or dry /ate d n und]go decomposition1 nor does a solution ( sug> or ! juice ( grapes 7mu/7 :5 p]fectly exclud$ f ! air2 b on ! m]e exposure ( ^! sub/ances to w>m?1 moi/ure1 or atmosph]ic air1 putrefaction or f]m5tation imm$iately comm5ces4 ,remove ! cork f ! bottle ( 'capillaire' on ! p>l\r sidebo>d1 or pi]ce ! sk9 ( "o ( ! grapes on ! dess]t table ) a ne$le1 & ^! bodies1 :i* w\ld h o!rwise suff]$ no *ange = weeks1 or ev5 mon?s1 w soon exhibit symptoms ( spontane\s decomposition4 ,! k ( ?is fact has be5 practically appli$ to ! pres]vation ( animal & vegetable sub/ances = food4 ,ev5 ! mo/ putrescible ( ^! may be pres]v$ = an unlimit$ p]iod by enclosure 9 metallic cases1 or glass bottles1 f :i* ! air has be5 completely remov$ & exclud$4 ,! important duties :i* f]m5tation or putrefaction p]=ms 9 ! economy ( our globe1 & 9 sev]al ( ! arts ( life & civilisation1 h long r5d]$ ! developm5t ( its pr9ciples an object ( ! highe/ int]e/ & importance1 bo? 9 a sci5tific & practical po9t ( view4 ,9 its mo/ ext5d$ s5se1 ?is subtile process ( nature1 ?\gh occasionally productive ( injuri\s effects1 may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ necess>y & b5eficial ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,l ! lab\rs ( a scav5g]1 x spe$ily removes f ! surface ( our globe ^? matt]s :i* w\ld o!rwise rema9 = "s "t )\t und]go+ decomposition4 ,x ei!r dissipates 9 air1 or r$uces to m fix$ & useful =ms ( matt]1 ^? organic sub/ances :i*1 by _! pres5ce1 w\ld prove noxi\s1 or1 at all ev5ts1 useless to ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,x is ! giant p[] t cleans ! ,augean /able ( nature1 at ! same "t t x provides "s ( ! mo/ e/eem$ articles ( utility & luxury = ! well-be+ & enjoym5t ( man4 ,*emi/s h di/+ui%$ f]m5tation into diff]5t v>ieties1 :i*1 9 g5]al1 are nam$ aft] ! m important products ( its action4 ,( late ye>s1 ! numb] ( ^! v>ieties has be5 greatly increas$ by ! ext5sion ( ! t]m to sev]al op]ations besides ^? =m]ly includ$ "u x4 ,see ,,acetification1 ,,bread1 ,,putrefaction1 ,,brew+1 c4 ,,f]n 7,male74 ,syn4 ,,male ,,%ield ,,f]n1 ,,filix ,,mas1 ,,radix ,,filicis1 ,l4 ,! root 7rhizome7 ( ! ,la/ra ,filix-mas1 or male f]n4 ,x is bitt]1 a/r+5t1 or v]mifuge4--,dose1 #a to #c dr4 9 p[d]1 or made into a decoction1 repeat$ = #c or #d days1 & foll[$ by a purge4 ,x is *iefly giv5 9 tapeworm4 ,9 ,switz]l& x is deem$ almo/ infallible1 b has prov$ less successful 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,see ,,oils4 ,,f]ricy',,anide4 ,syn4 ,,f]ridcyanide1 ,,f]ridcyanuret4 ,a comp\nd ( f]ricyanog5 ) a metal or o!r basic radical4 ,! ,,f]ricyanide ,,( ,,potassium1 or ',,r$ ,,prussiate ,,( ,,pota%1' z x is (t5 improp]ly call$1 is a well-kn[n example4 ,! f]ricyanides ( ,,ammonium & ! ,,alkalies & ,,alkal9e ,,e>?s are soluble2 ^? ( mo/ ( ! ,,metals1 insoluble4 ,see bel[4 ,,f]ricyan',,og54 ,syn4 ,,f]ridcyanog51 ,,f]ric-,,cyanog54 ,! peculi> salt-radical :i* exi/s 9 ! s-call$ r$ prussiate ( pota%4 ,x is isom]ic ) f]rocyanog51 f :i* x diff]s 9 capacity ( saturation 7be+ tribasic71 & 9 ! behavi\r ( its comp\nds ) solutions ( ! metals4 ,x has n be5 isolat$4 ,see ,,potassium 7,f]ricyanide74 ,,f]rocy',,anide4 ,syn4 ,,f]rocyanuret1 ,,prussiate2 ,,f]rocyanidum1 ,,f]rocyanuretum1 ,l4 ,a comp\nd ( f]rocyanog5 ) a metal or o!r basic radical4 ,! pr9cipal sub/ance ( ?is k9d is ! ,,f]rocyanide ,,( ,,potassium or ',,yell[ ,,prussiate ,,( ,,pota%1' z x is (t5 call$4 ,see ! respective basis--,,ammonium1 ,,potassium1 ,,sodium1 c41 & bel[4 ,,f]rocyan',,og54 ,syn4 ,,f]rocyanog5ium1 ,l4 ,a bibasic salt radical1 compos$ ( ! elem5ts ( #c equival5ts ( ,,cyanog5 & #a equival5t ( ! metal ,,iron4 ,x has nev] be5 isolat$4 ,x unites ) ! v>i\s bases to =m ,,f]rocyanides4 ,see ,,cyanog51 ,,hydr(]rocyanic ,,acid1 ,,iron1 c4 ,,f]ru',,g4 ,l4 ,ru/ ( iron4 ,see ,,iron 7,sesquioxide74 ,,fe',,v]4 ,syn4 ,,febris1 ,,pyrexia1 ,l4 ,9 pa?ology a condition *>act]is$ by loss ( appetite1 ?ir/1 languor1 debility1 unwill+ness to move1 accel]at$ pulse1 increas$ heat ( surface1 & g5]al di/urbance ( all ! functions4 ,a l>ge numb] ( diseases 9 :i* all or "s ( ^! symptoms appe> are call$ ,,fev]s4 ,!y h be5 divid$ by nosologi/s into int]mitt5t 7,,int]mitt5tes71 remitt5t 7,,remitt5tes71 & cont9u$ fev]s 7,,cont9u74 ,! fir/ ( ^! are g5]ally kn[n z ,,agues2 ! second diff] f agues 9 !re be+ "o or m m>k$ exac]bations & remissions ( ! symptoms e #bd h\rs1 b )\t any entire int]mission4 ,! t]ms 'hectic1' 'n]v\s1' 'bili\s1' 'inflammatory1' c41 h also be5 appli$ to p>ticul> v>ieties ( fev]2 & names indicative ( c]ta9 cutane\s appe>ances connect$ ) !m h be5 giv5 to o!rs2 z 'sc>let' fev]1 'yell[' fev]1 c4 ,! usual symptoms ( incipi5t fev] 7febrile symptoms7 are--*ill9ess 7v>y+ f a simple %iv] to a s5sation ( cold wat] runn+ d[n ! back71 a quick pulse1 hot & dry sk9 or flu%+1 languor1 (t5 ev9c$ by yawn+1 depression ( spirits1 alt]nate fits ( %iv]+ & heat1 hurri$ & uneasy respiration1 fly+ pa9s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 z ! head1 back1 & lo9s2 loss ( appetite1 nausea or vomit+1 dry m\?1 furr$ tongue1 co/iv5ess1 ur9e small 9 quantity1 & usually ( a deep col\r1 c4 ,:5 any ( ^! symptoms appe>1 _! progress may (t5 be arre/$ by ! timely exhibition ( an emetic1 foll[$ by a sal9e purgative1 & diaphoretics2 at ! same "t promot+ ! action ( ^! rem$ies by a l[ diet & dr9k+ copi\sly ( dilu5ts1 & c>efully avoid+ animal food1 spirits1 f]m5t$ liquors1 or any?+ at all /imulant4 ,:5ev] symptoms ( fev] become e/abli%$1 m$ical advice %\ld be s\ght & implicitly foll[$4 ,9 p>ts :]e x _c be obta9$ ! treatm5t recomm5d$ "u ,,ague1 ,,inflammation1 ,,remitt5t ,,fev]1 & ,,typhus1 may be foll[$ ) advantage4 ,9 visit+ or att5d+ p]sons lab\r+ "u fev]s1 x is advisable to avoid imm$iate contact ) !m or _! clo?+1 or /&+ ne> !m 9 su* a position z to inhale _! brea?1 or ! effluvia evolv$ 79 "s cases7 by _! bodies2 & :5 rema9+ = "s "t 9 ! ap>tm5t x is pref]able to sit or /& ne> ! fireplace1 or betwe5 ! w9d[ & door1 z su* p>ts ( ! room are g5]ally bett] v5tilat$ ?an ! o!r portions4 ,! greate/ purifi] ( ! atmosph]e ( a sick *amb] is a good fire1 because x occasions a cont9ual curr5t ( ! impure air up ! *imney1 & a correspond+ influx ( fre% air f )\t4 ,*loride ( lime1 or *loride ( z9c1 or _! solutions1 are also good purifi]s4 ,! fir/1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be us$ 9 quantity1 z ! evolv$ *lor9e might 9 t case imp$e ! respiration ( ! pati5t4 ,x is also advisable to avoid ent]+ ! room ( a pati5t lab\r+ "u contagi\s diseases ( any class :5 ! /oma* is empty or ! spirits depress$2 & x has be5 recomm5d$ to cle> ! m\? ( ! saliva imm$iately aft] quitt+ ! *amb]4 ,see ,,ablution1 c4 ,,fev] ,,drops 7,c4 ,w>burg's ,vegetable74 ,camphor & aloes1 #b-a_/b2 orange peel1 #aj2 elecampane root1 #ab2 dige/ ) #ij p] c5t4 _s #bdj1 mix$ ) ac4 sulphuric dil4 #bd4 ,to ! t9cture add qu99e sulphate #i2 t9ct4 opii crocat1 #b-a_/b4 7,ragsky47 ,,fev] ,,p[d]s 7,james's1 also call$ ,james's ,p[d] & ,pulvis ,jacobi74 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( phosphate & antimoniate ( lime ) free antimonic acid4 ,,fev]/one--,lapis ,anti-febrilis--,fieb] ,/e94 ,lead oxide1 #ed p>ts2 ars5ic acid1 #df p>ts2 melt$ toge!r4 7,w9ckl]47 ,,fi',,br94 ,syn4 ,,fibr9e4 ,an azotis$ sub/ance1 =m+ ! coagulable portion ( fre%-drawn blood1 & ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( ! muscul> or fle%y p>ts ( animals4 ,x is em95tly nutriti\s1 & capable ( yield+ 9 ! animal body album51 case9e1 & ! tissues d]iv$ f !m4 7,liebig47 ,prep4 ,fibr9 is easily obta9$ 9 a ne>ly pure /ate1 by agitat+ or beat+ newly drawn blood ) a small bundle ( twigs1 :5 x atta*es itself to ! latt] "u ! =m ( long r$di% filam5ts1 :i* become :ite :5 work$ ) ! h&s 9 a /ream ( cold wat]4 ,x may also be procur$ by wa%+ ! coagulum ( blood1 ti$ up 9 a clo?1 9 cold wat]1 until all ! soluble portions are remov$4 ,a small quantity ( fat1 :i* x /ill conta9s1 may be remov$ by dige/+ x 9 e!r4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure fibr9 occurs z long1 :ite1 ela/ic filam5ts1 :i* are ta/eless1 inodor\s1 & insoluble 9 bo? hot & cold wat]4 ,wett$ ) acetic acid1 x =ms1 aft] a "t1 a transp>5t jelly1 :i* is sl[ly soluble 9 pure wat]4 ,v dilute solutions ( ! cau/ic alkalies dissolve x completely1 & ! new solution greatly resembles liquid album54 ,dri$ by a g5tle heat x loses ab\t #hj ( wat]4 ,,fi*t5nadel-,,bru/zuck] 7,p9e-ne$le ,pectoral ,sug>74 7,l4 ,morg5?au1 ,mannheim47 ,= irritable c\gh1 ho>s5ess1 tightness ( ! *e/1 a/hma1 /ubborn lung affections1 *ronic cat>rh1 c4 ,little /icks ( bonbon1 conta9+ a v little opium1 & wrapp$ 9 t9foil4 7,hag]47 ,,fi*t5nadel-,,tabak 7,p9e-,ne$le ,tobacco4 7,l4 ,morg5?au47 ,is said to be pat5t$ 9 ,engl&4 ,ord9>y tobacco moi/5$ or spr9kl$ ) a weak spiritu\s solution ( wood wool extract & wood wool oil & dri$2 made up 9 cig>s = smok+4 7,hag]47 ,,fig4 ,syn4 ,,ficus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,c>ica1 ,,c>ic ,,fructus1 ,l4 ,! figs ( comm]ce are ! dri$ fruit ( ,ficus ,c>ica1 ! common fig-tree4 ,!y are demulc5t1 emolli5t1 laxative1 & pectoral4 ,roa/$ & boil$ figs are occasionally employ$ z p\ltices to gumboils & o!r affections ( ! m\?4 ,,fil>ia ,,dracunculus4 ,! ,gu9ea worm4 ,! female ( ?is p>asite is to be met ) 9 tropical climates only1 infe/+ ! subcutane\s cellul> tissue ( man & "s animals4 ,9 appe>ance x resembles a piece ( :ite :ip-cord ( uni=m ?ickness4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,ew>t x v>ies 9 l5g? f twelve & ?ree qu>t]s to =ty in*es1 & is on an av]age tw5ty-five & a half in*es long4 ,x usually conta9s only "o "y worm1 al?\gh r>e in/ances h occurr$ 9 :i* z _m z fifty ( its prog5y h be5 discov]$ 9 ! same p>5t4 ,9 almo/ e case :5 ?is creature leaves ! body1 x does s by ! l[] extremities2 occasionally1 h[ev]1 x does s by ! m\?1 ! *eeks1 or bel[ ! tongue4 ,:5 ! "y ( ! gu9ea worm are plac$ 9 pure wat] !y survive only f\r or five days2 9 f\l wat] !y w exi/ = ?ree weeks4 ,x appe>s t imm]sion 9 wat]1 ( ! body ( ! p]son afflict$ ) ! p>asite1 sometimes has ! effect ( induc+ ! creature to leave 8 human qu>t]s1 s9ce ,dr ,lorim] /ates t _m p belong+ to ! baza>s 9 ! vic9ity ( ! l9es1 affect$ ) ! p>asite1 come1 = ! express purpose ( extract+ ! worm1 to ! same tank :]e ! m5 ( ! regim5t ba!4 ,! p s infe/$ swim ab\t 9 ! wat]1 ) ! worm hang+ loose1 draw+ ! limb quickly backw>ds & =w>ds1 & f side to side1 until ! expulsion is affect$4 ,outside ! body ! gu9ea worm is g5]ally f\nd b5ea? organic dbris 9 wells1 tanks1 & o!r res]voirs = wat]1 f :5ce x appe>s to be n[ pretty univ]sally admitt$ x effects an entrance ?r\gh ! sk9 dur+ ba?+ or wad+4 ,,fil>ia ,,sangu9is ,,hom9is4 ,9 #ahgb1 ,dr ,t4 ,r4 ,lewis1 9 exam9+ microscopically ! blood & ur9e ( "s ( 8 pati5ts 9 ,india1 discov]$ a worm envelop$ 9 an extremely delicate tube1 clos$ at bo? ends1 )9 :i* x c\ld ei!r elongate or %ort5 itself4 ,?is p>asite 7call$ f its pr9cipal habitat ! ,fil>ia ,sangu9is ,hom9is7 is ab\t #a_/ge? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & ab\t #a_/cejjj? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,:5 remov$ f ! body ) a small quantity ( blood1 x is describ$ z be+ 9 a /ate ( incessant motion1 unceas+ly coil+ & uncoil+ itself1 la%+ ! blood-corpuscles 9 all directions1 & ins9uat+ itself betwe5 !m4 ,! worms are said1 :5 fir/ tak5 f ! body1 to pres5t a transluc5t appe>ance2 ! l>g] specim5s1 h[ev]1 frequ5tly exhibit an aggregation ( granules t[>ds ! junction ( ! l[] & middle half4 ,occasionally a bright spot1 sugge/ive ( a m\?1 is se5 at ! ?ick] extremity4 ,x is /at$ t !y cont9ue active f six to ?irty h\rs4 ,mr ,lewis does n believe !y are able to p]=ate ! tissues4 ,^! p>asites1 says ,mr ,lewis1 are s p]si/5tly ubiquit\s1 z to be obta9$ day aft] day by simply prick+ any portion ( ! body1 ev5 to ! tips ( ! f+]s & toes ( bo? h&s & bo? feet ( "o & ! same p]son1 ) a f9ely po9t$ ne$le4 ,on "o occasion six excell5t specim5s 7 obta9$ 9 a s+le drop ( blood by m]ely prick+ ! lobule ( ! e>4 ,dr ,lewis e/imates1 f ! numb] ( ! ,fil>ia f\nd 9 "o drop ( ! blood ( "o pati5t1 t 8 body mu/ h conta9$ m ?an #adj1jjj4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! creatures 9 ! blood is believ$ to be ! cause ( *yl\s ur9e1 :i* is a v common disease 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x seems probable !y ga9 admission into ! body f be+ pres5t 9 dr9k+ wat]4 ,,fil',,b]t4 ,syn4 ,,filb]d4 ,! fruit ( ! cultivat$ hazel or nut-tree 7,corylus ,avellana74 ,filb]ts are di/+ui%$ f common nuts by _! l5g!n$ figure & l>g] size4 ,! be/ are import$ f ,spa94 ,,files4 ,! manufactures ( ^! articles d n come )9 ! limits ( ?is "w4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be useful to m5tion t ,,files1 ,,floats1 & ,,rasps1 :i* cut dull f age1 dirt1 or be+ mu* worn1 are greatly improv$ by be+ kept wet1 imm]s$ 9 wat] = "s h\rs1 or ev5 = a day or two4 ,mr ,erne/ ,spon recomm5ds ! foll[+ me?od = r5ovat+ files3--,! file to be fir/ cleans$ f all =eign matt]1 & !n dipp$ 9 a solution ( "o "p ( nitric acid1 ?ree p>ts ( sulphuric acid1 & sev5 p>ts ( wat]2 ! "t ( imm]sion w be accord+ to ! ext5t ! file has be5 worn1 & ! f95ess ( ! tee?1 v>y+ f five seconds to five m9utes4 ,on tak+ x out ( ! mixture1 wa% 9 wat]1 !n dip 9 milk ( lime1 wa% (f ! lime1 dry by a g5tle heat1 rub ov] equal p>ts ( olive oil & turp5t9e1 & f9ally bru% ov] ) p[d]$ coke4 ,,fil',,t]4 ,syn4 ,,filtrum1 ,l4 ,an in/rum5t or app>atus = /ra9+ or filt]+ liquids4 ,,fil',,t]+ ,,p[d]s4 ,prep4 #a4 ,full]'s e>? wa%$1 dri$ )\t heat1 & r$uc$ to co>se p[d]4 #b4 ,pipe clay or pott]'s clay1 z ! la/4 ,bo? ! above are us$ to filt] & blea* oils4 #c4 ,clay or full]'s e>?1 #a "p2 f9e silice\s s&1 #b p>ts2 ! two are sep>ately wa%$1 aft] :i* !y are dra9$1 & mix$ toge!r1 & dri$ z be=e4 ,us$ = ,,glut9\s ,,oils4 #d4 ,granulat$ animal *>coal1 sift$ & fann$ f ! du/4 ,us$ to filt] & blea* ,,syrups & ,,vegetable ,,solutions4 ,obs4 ,filt]+ p[d]s are prep>$ ( sev]al degrees ( co>s5ess1 & %\ld be *os5 ) ref]5ce to ! degree ( fluidity ( ! liquid to be filt]$ ?r\gh !m4 ,9 no case %\ld !y be r$uc$ to f9e p[d]1 z n only is ! process ( filtration !reby r5d]$ unnecess>ily t$i\s1 b 9 "s cases 7z :5 *>coal du/ is mix$ ) glut9\s vegetable solutions & syrups7 ! filtrate c>ries (f a portion ( ! p[d]1 :i* c aft]w>ds be sep>at$ f x only ) consid]able difficulty4 ,see ,,*>coal1 ,,filtration1 ,,oil1 c4 ,,filtra',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,filtratio1 ,l4 ,! sep>ation ( liquids f sub/ances me*anically susp5d$ 9 !m1 by pass+ !m ?r\gh m$ia hav+ pores suffici5tly f9e to reta9 or keep back ! solid matt]4 ,filtration is "o ( ! mo/ common & useful ( ! *emico-me*anical op]ations ( ! arts1 & its successful p]=mance 9 an economical & exp$iti\s mann] is !re=e a matt] ( ! highe/ importance 9 ! laboratory1 &1 inde$1 9 almo/ e bran* ( human skill & indu/ry1 9 :i* liquids are employ$4 ,simple 9 pr9ciple1 & app>5tly easily p]=m$1 x is1 nev]!less1 "o ( ^? op]ations :i* require no less ( c>e ?an ( tact & exp]i5ce to conduct x ) c]ta9ty & success4 ,! losses su/a9$ 9 ! laboratory1 by defective manipulation 9 ?is p>ticul>1 (t5 exce$ ^? aris+ f ignorance & accid5ts 9 e o!r dep>tm5t conduct$ 9 x4 ,filtration is g5]ally resort$ to = ! purpose ( free+ liquids f fecul5ce1 dirt1 & o!r =eign matt]1 & = obta9+ !m 9 a cle> or transp>5t /ate2 b1 9 "s cases1 x has = its object ! collection ( ! susp5d$ sub/ances1 z precipitates1 c41 & 9 o!rs bo? ^! int5tions are comb9$4 ,! ^w 'filtration' is absolutely synonym\s ) '/ra9+1' b 9 ! language ( ! laboratory x is usually appli$ to ! op]ation ( r5d]+ liquids transp>5t1 or ne>ly s1 by pass+ !m ?r\gh f9e m$ia1 z filt]+ pap]1 s&1 & ! l2 :il/ ! t]m '/ra9+' is employ$ to designate ! m]e sep>ation ( ! gross] portion1 by means ( co>se m$ia1 flannel1 horsehair clo?1 c41 ?r\gh :i* !y fl[ ) consid]able rapidity4 ,filtration is di/+ui%$ f 'cl>ification' by its m]e me*anical action1 :]eas ! latt] op]ates by depuration1 or ! subsid5ce ( ! susp5d$ sub/ances or fces1 aris+ f _! gravity be+ naturally great] ?an ! fluid ) :i* !y are mix$1 or be+ r5d]$ s by ! application ( heat1 or by ! addition ( "s =eign sub/ance4 ,! app>atus1 vessels1 or m$ia1 employ$ = filtration1 are call$ ',,filt]s1' & are te*nically di/+ui%$ f ',,/ra9]s' by ! sup]ior f95ess ( _! pores4 ,bo? /ra9]s & filt]s act on ! same pr9ciples z ! common sieve on p[d]s2 !y all1 9 l mann]1 reta9 or hold back ! co>s] matt]1 & p]mit ! liquid or small] & m att5uat$ p>ticles to pass ?r\gh4 ,! t]m 'm$ium' 7pleural 'm$ia'7 is appli$ to ! sub/ance or sub/ances ?r\gh ! pores ( :i* ! liquid p]colates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! =m ( filt]s1 & ! sub/ances ( :i* !y are compos$1 are v>i\s1 & dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! liquids = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,on ! small scale1 funnels ( t91 z9c1 copp]1 w$gwood-w>e1 e>!nw>e1 glass1 or porcela91 are commonly employ$ z ! conta9+ vessels4 7,see engr47 ,! filt]+ m$ium may be any sub/ance ( a suffici5tly spongy or por\s nature to all[ ( ! free p]colation ( ! liquid1 & ^: pores are1 at ! same "t1 suffici5tly small to r5d] x limpid or transp>5t4 ,unsiz$ pap]1 flannel1 l951 calico1 cotton wool1 felt1 s&1 co>sely p[d]$ *>coal1 por\s /one1 or e>!nw>e1 & num]\s o!r sub/ances ( a simil> k9d1 are employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,= _m liquids t filt] easily1 & 9 :i* ! susp5d$ matt] is ( a co>se & por\s nature1 x is (t5 suffici5t m]ely to place a little cotton wool or t[1 or a small piece ( sponge1 9 neck ( ! funnel1 z at 7a1 fig4 #a7 9 ! above engr42 b su* an app>atus1 f ! small ext5t ( ! filt]+ surface1 acts ei!r sl[ly or imp]fectly1 & soon gets *ok$ up4 ,filt]s ( unsiz$ pap] are well suit$ = all liquids t are n ( a corrosive or viscid nature1 & are univ]sally employ$ = filt]+ small quantities ( liquids 9 ! laboratory4 ,a piece ( ! pap] is tak5 ( a size proportionate to ! quantity ( ! liquid to be filt]$1 & is fir/ d\bl$ f corn] to corn] into a triangle 7see engr4 a71 :i* is aga9 d\bl$ into a small] triangle b1 & ! angul> portion ( ! m>g9 be+ r\nd$ (f ) a pair ( scissors c1 x con/itutes a pap] cone1 :i* is plac$ on a funnel ( proportionate capacity1 & is !n ne>ly fill$ ) ! liquid4 ,a piece ( pap] s cut1 :5 laid flat ^u ! table1 %\ld be ne>ly circul>4 ,filt]+ pap] is n[ sold ready cut 9 circles ( v>i\s sizes1 :i* simply require d\bl+ = use4 ,ano!r me?od ( =m+ a pap] filt]1 pref]r$ by "s p]sons1 is to d\ble ! pap] once1 z above1 & !n to fold x 9 a simil> way to a fan1 obs]v+ s to op5 x & lay x on ! funnel t a suffici5t int]val be left betwe5 ! two to p]mit ( ! free passage ( ! filt]$ liquid on its desc5t t[>ds ! receiv]4 ,! 'plait$ filt]1' z ?us =m$1 is exce$+ly useful = g5]al purposes2 x exposes ! entire surface ( ! pap] to ! liquid1 & all[s filtration to proce$ m rapidly ?an a 'pla9 filt]' does4 7,see ,fig4 #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,mr ,ro!r takes objection to ! ord9>y pla9 pap] filt] employ$ 9 ! laboratory1 because ( ! sup]flu\s fold :i* 9 two ?icknesses lies "u "o half ( ! ext5d$ surface ( ! filt]4 ,he says ! int]position ( ^! two extra lay]s compels ! liquid to pass ?r\gh ?ree ?icknesses ( pap] on ! half side ( ! ext5d$ filt]1 :il/ ! o!r half side pres5ts only a s+le ?ickness4 ,x is evid5t t ! two hidd5 lay]s are a v appreciable imp$im5t to ! curr5t1 aside f ! m important fact t ! liquid w trav]se ?is side less rapidly ?an ! o!r1 & ?us occasion an imp]fect wa%+ ( ! precipitate1 or at lea/ prolong ! op]ation beyond reasonable limits4 ,recognis+ ^! objections to ! old filt]1 ,mr ,ro!r has inv5t$ a v simple modification ( ! pla9 filt] :i*1 :il/ sav+ #ej p] c5t4 ( ! pap]1 he /ates1 removes all ! defects ( ! old =m4 ,?is new filt] practically pres5ts b a s+le ?ickness ( pap] to p5etrate1 at ! same "t pres]v+ an ev5 surface1 equal 9 all o!r advantages to ! pla9 filt]4 ,! filtrations are said to be m rapid ?an ) ! usual =m1 & ! abs5ce ( ! sup]flu\s half %eet admits ( m rapid dry+4 ,to make ! new filt]3--,cut ! circul> disk ( filt]+ pap] 9 two ?r\gh ! l9e ( its diamet]1 take ei!r half disk1 & fold x across ! l9e ( ! radius1 !n turn d[n ! d\ble edge ( ! cut side & fold x ov] sev]al times--f9ally1 run a h>d smoo? surface along ! seam ?us produc$1 to compress x1 & spread ! f9i%$ filt] into an appropriate funnel1 fir/ moi/5+ x ) wat] be=e ! liquid to be filt]$ is p\r$ 94 ,9 ref]5ce to funnels1 x may be rem>k$ t ^? employ$ = filt]+ rapidly %\ld be deeply ribb$ on ! inside1 or small rods ( wood or glass1 or pieces ( /raw1 or quills1 %\ld be plac$ betwe5 !m & ! pap]4 ,! neck or tubul> "p ( ! funnel %\ld1 9 l mann]1 be deeply ribb$ or flut$ on ! outside1 to p]mit ( ! free passage ( ! air1 :5 x is plac$ 9 a n>r[-m\!d bottle or receiv]4 ,:5 ?is is n ! case1 filtration proce$s b sl[ly1 & ! filt]$ liquid is apt to be driv5 up ! outside ( ! neck ( ! funnel by ! conf9$ air1 & to be cont9ually hiss+ & fl[+ ov] ! m\? ( ! vessel4 ,! bread? ( a funnel1 to filt] well1 %\ld be ab\t ?ree f\r?s its height1 reckon+ f ! ?roat 7a74 ,:5 deep]1 ! pap] is liable to be cont9ually ruptur$1 f ! pressure ( ! sup]9cumb5t fluid2 & :5 %all[]1 filtration proce$s sl[ly1 & an unnecess>ily l>ge surface ( ! liquid is expos$ to ! atmosph]e1 & is lo/ by evaporation4 ,to less5 ?is z mu* z possible1 ! upp] edge ( ! glass is frequ5tly gr\nd p]fectly smoo?1 & a piece ( smoo? plate-glass is laid !reon4 ,:5 pap] filt]s are ( l>ge dim5sions1 or employ$ = aque\s fluids t rapidly s(t5 ! texture ( ! pap]1 or = collect+ heavy p[d]s1 or metallic precipitates1 x is usual to support !m on l95 or calico1 to prev5t !m break+4 ,?is is be/ done by fold+ ! clo? up ) ! pap]1 & cutt+ ! filt] out ( ! two1 9 ! same way z w\ld be done ) d\bl$ pap]1 obs]v+ s to place x 9 ! funnel t ! pap] & calico may rema9 close toge!r1 especially t[>ds ! bottom4 ,illu/ration ,! filtration ( small quantities ( liquid1 z 9 *emical exp]im5ts1 may (t5 be conv5i5tly p]=m$ by m]ely plac+ ! pap] on ! circul> top ( a recipi5t 7see engr471 or on a r+ ( glass or e>!nw>e laid on ! top ( any suitable vessel4 ,a filt] ( ?is k9d t w hold "o fluid ounce w filt] _m ounces ( "s liquids 9 an h\r4 ,good filt]+ pap] %\ld conta9 no soluble matt]1 & %\ld n give m ?an #a_/bej to #a_/bcj ( its weight ( a%es4 ,! soluble matt] may be remov$ by wa%+ x1 fir/1 ) v dilute hydro*loric acid1 & secondly1 ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,! ',munktell' ,sw$i% filt]+ pap]#cja is compos$ ( flax fibres v mu* cru%$ & brok51 & owes its value to ! brok5 pieces ( ! fibres fill+ up ! pores1 & ?us prev5t+ solids f pass+ ?r\gh ! pap]4 ,rh5i% filt]+ pap] is also made f flax1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! m p]fect condition ( its fibres1 is m por\s ?an ,munktell's1 & !re=e inf]ior to x = filt]+ purposes4 ,ano!r k9d ( ,rh5i% pap]1 also ( flax1 9 :i* ! fibres are mu* torn1 is manufactur$ & is said to be a useful article1 & to all[ ! rapid passage ( fluids ?r\gh x4 ,! :ite filt]+ pap]s ( ,engli% make h a small quantity ( cotton mix$ ) ! flax2 & ! fibres are mu* torn & cru%$2 h5ce !y make s]viceable filt]s4 ,footnote #cja3 ,dr ,f4 ,mohr says t ,sw$i% filt]+ pap] is n[ undes]v+ its traditional reputation1 & t x conta9s soluble alum9a4 ,! grey1 circul> cut filt]+ pap] ( v>y+ sizes1 ( =eign make1 z well z ! grey %eet filt]+ pap] ( ,dut* & ,engli% manufacture1 conta9s a l>ge quantity ( wool1 mu* ( :i* is col\r$2 z well z jute & esp>to grass1 bo? ( ^! latt] 9 an unblea*$ /ate4 ,! am\nt ( a% 9 ! ,munktell pap] has ( late increas$ 9 quality4#cjb ,footnote #cjb3 ,gre5i%4 ,illu/ration ,= filt]+ a l>g] quantity ( a liquid ?an c be conv5i5tly manag$ ) a funnel1 & also = sub/ances t are ei!r too viscid or too mu* load$ ) fecul5ce to all[ !m to pass freely ?r\gh pap]1 conical bags made ( flannel1 felt1 tweel$ cotton clo? or ,canton flannel1 l95 or calico1 & susp5d$ to iron-hooks by r+s or tapes1 are commonly employ$4 ,! fir/ two ( ! above sub/ances are pref]able = sac*>9e1 mucilag9\s1 & acidul\s liquors2 ! ?ird = oily ones2 & ! rema9d] = t9ctures1 weak alkal9e lyes1 & simil> solutions4 ,^! bags h ! disadvantage ( suck+ up a consid]able quantity ( ! fluid p\r$ into !m1 & are !re=e objectionable1 except = l>ge quantities1 or :5 !y are to be cont9u$ 9 actual use z filt]s = "s "t4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 a numb] ( !m are usually work$ toge!r1 & are g5]ally enclos$ 9 cases to prev5t evaporation1 & to exclude dirt f ! filt]$ liquor t trickles d[n _! sides4 ,^! arrangem5ts w be notic$ fur!r on4 ,illu/ration ,a simple mode ( filt]+ aque\s fluids1 :i* are n injur$ by exposure to ! air1 is to draw !m (f f "o vessel to ano!r1 by means ( a numb] ( ?reads ( loosely twi/$ cotton or wor/$1 arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a syphon4 7,see engr47 ,! little cotton rope at once p]=ms ! op]ations ( decantation & filtration4 ,?is me?od is (t5 conv5i5t = suck+ (f ! wat] f a small quantity ( a precipitate4 ,= full] in=mation on ! subject ( laboratory filtration1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ! foll[+ pap]s 7:i* are too long = quotation "h7 9 ',! ,*emical ,news'3-- ,on a ,new ,mode ( ,filtration1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,cooke1 ,may #cj?1 #ahgc2 ,filt]+ ,app>atus1 by ,john ,f4 ,k]r1 ,febru>y #f?1 #ahgd2 ,implem5ts = ,filtration1 by ,p4 ,casamajor1 ,july #bcrd1 #ahge1 & #cj?1 #ahge2 ,ibid1 by ,w4 ,jago1 ,febru>y #d?1 #ahgf2 ,on ,rapid ,filtration1 by ,e4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hildebr&1 ,augu/ #aa?1 #ahgf2 also to ',j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1' = pap]s on3--,simple ,suction arrangem5t = ,rapid ,filt]+1 by ,c4 ,hol?(1 vol4 xxxii1 "p #b1 p4 #ejh2 ,employm5t ( ,compress$ ,air on ,filt]+ ,solutions1 by ,w4 ,lebe1 vol4 xxxii1 "p #a1 p4 #bgj4 ,:5 solid sub/ances1 z por\s /one or e>!nw>e1 are us$ z ! m$ia = filtrations1 vessels ( metal1 wood1 or /one-w>e1 are employ$ to conta9 !m & ! sup]natant liquid4 ,9 ^! cases ! filt]+ m$ium is usually arrang$ z a %elf or diaphragm1 & divides ! vessel into two comp>tm5ts2 ! upp] "o be+ int5d$ to conta9 ! dirty liquid1 & ! "u "o to receive ! same :5 filt]$4 ,su* an app>atus is set 9 op]ation by m]ely fill+ ! upp] *amb]1 & may at any "t be readily cle>$ out by rev]s+ x1 & pass+ clean wat] ?r\gh x 9 an opposite direction4 ,small arrangem5ts ( ?is k9d1 int5d$ to be screw$ on to ! wat] supply-pipe by ei!r end1 & :i* answ] ! purpose int5d$ 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]1 h be5 manufactur$ & v5d$ "u ! "n ( ',,rev]sible' or ',,self-,,clean+ ,,filt]s1' ,:5 pulv]ul5t sub/ances1 z s&1 co>sely p[d]$ *>coal1 c41 are employ$1 a simil> arrangem5t is foll[$2 b 9 ?is case ! %elf or diaphragm mu/ consi/ ( any conv5i5t sub/ance pi]c$ ) num]\s holes1 ov] :i* mu/ be plac$1 fir/ a /ratum ( co>se pebbles1 next "s ( a f9] description1 & on ?is a prop] quantity ( ! s&1 *>coal1 or o!r m$ium4 ,ov] ! :ole %\ld be plac$ ano!r lay] ( pebbles1 or a bo>d or plate ( metal or e>!nw>e1 pi]c$ ) a numb] ( holes1 to all[ ! liquid to be p\r$ into ! filt] )\t di/urb+ its arrangem5t4 ,app>atus ( ?is k9d1 ( a p]man5t description1 & arrang$ = filt]+ l>ge quantities ( liquids1 are prop]ly d5om9at$ ',,filt]+ ,,ma*9es1' ,among ! liquids usually submitt$ to filtration1 ! foll[+ may be m5tion$ z ! pr9cipal--wat]1 oils1 syrups1 t9ctures1 vegetable juices1 infusions1 & decoctions4 ,! filtration ( wat] may n[ be consid]$4 ,! wat] ( our wells is pres5t$ by nature ready filt]$ to ! h& ( man1 & (t5 exhibits an admirable degree ( transp>5cy & purity4 ,x acquires ?is /ate by p]colat+ ?r\gh ! m9]al /rata ( ! e>?1 :i* deprives x ( ! organic matt] x d]ives f ! soil & subsoil1 b1 at ! same "t1 x dissolves a portion ( ! sal9e & e>?y m$ia ?r\gh :i* x passes1 & h5ce acquires t peculi> 'h>dness' :i* is con/antly f\nd 9 spr+ wat]4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 ?is natural sy/em ( filtration has be5 imitat$ by "s ( ! comm]cial companies t supply our cities & t[ns ) wat]4 ,ext5sive b$s ( s& & gravel h be5 employ$1 ) v>iable success1 z ! filt]+ m$ia2 & 7 x n t filt]s gradually lose _! porosity by ! accumulation ( ! reta9$ matt] 9 _! pores1 su* a me?od w\ld be excell5t4 ,b ! great exp5se ( su* filt]s precludes ! possibility ( frequ5tly clean+ or r5ew+ !m1 by :i* means !y c alone be kept 9 an effici5t /ate4 ,a filt] :i* possesses ! advantages ( be+ easily & *eaply clean$ :5 dirty1 & :i* frees wat] f me*anical impurities ) imm5se rapidity1 may be =m$ by plac+ a /ratum ( sponge betwe5 two p]=at$ metallic plates1 unit$ by a c5tral screw1 & arrang$ 9 su* a mann] z to p]mit ( ! sponge be+ compress$ to any requir$ degree4 ,wat]1 "u g5tle pressure1 fl[s ) su* rapidity ?r\gh ! pores ( compress$ sponge1 t x is said t a few squ>e feet ( ?is sub/ance w p]fectly filt] sev]al millions ( gallons ( wat] daily4 ,?is me?od ( filtration has be5 made ! subject ( a pat5t1 & has be5 favorably notic$ by ! legislature4 ,a few b>rels or hog%eads ( wat] may be easily filt]$ daily1 by ! arrangem5t repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a4 ,a common wat]-pipe or cock4 b4 ,a false bottom fitt+ 9 p]fectly wat]-tight4 c4 ,a p]=at$ wood5 or metallic vessel or box cov]$ ) a bag ( felt or o!r filt]+ sub/ance 7n %[n 9 ! engrav+74 d4 ,a small tube1 fitt+ wat]-tight into ! false bottom & unit+ ! int]ior ( ! filt] ) ! l[] portion ( ! cask4 ,x is evid5t t :5 wat] is p\r$ into ! upp] portion ,b ( a vessel1 s arrang$1 x w s9k ?r\gh ! filt] c1 & pipe d1 into ! l[] *amb] ,c1 & ?is filtration w g on z long z ! supply cont9ues1 & wat] is drawn f ! cock e4 ,by unit+ ! cock e ) a tank or casks1 & by keep+ ! upp] portion ,b always full by means ( a ball-cock1 a consid]able quantity ( wat] may be ?us filt]$4 ,! advantage ( ?is plan is1 t ! filt] c c be always readily got at1 & easily clean$ or r5ew$4 ,= filt]+ wat] on ! small scale1 & = dome/ic use1 'alc>azzas1' diaphragms ( por\s e>!nw>e & filt]+-/one & lay]s ( s& & *>coal1 c41 already ref]r$ to1 are commonly employ$ z filt]+ m$ia4 ,! filt]+ p[] ( por\s /one or e>!nw>e may be greatly increas$ by adopt+ ! arrangem5t repres5t$ 9 ! m>g91 :i* consi/s 9 mak+ ! diaphragm ( ! %ape ( a disc 7d71 support+ plates ( ! same mat]ial1 ! :ole =m+ b "o piece4 ,! ',,platyli?ic ,,wat]-,,filt]s1' :i* are =m$ ( por\s /one cut on ?is plan1 pres5t #bjj to #cjj squ>e in*es ( filt]+ surface4 ,a *eap1 useful =m ( portable filt]1 is ! foll[+1 giv5 9 ! ',proce$+s ( ! ,briti% ,association1' ,take any common vessel1 p]=at$ bel[1 su* z a fl[]-pot1 fill ! l[] portion ) co>se pebbles1 ov] :i* place a lay] ( f9] ones1 & on ^! a lay] ( clean co>se s&4 ,on ! top ( ?is a piece ( burnt clay1 p]=at$ ) small holes1 %\ld be put1 & on ?is aga9 a /ratum ( ?ree or f\r in*es ?ick1 ( well burnt p\nd$ animal *>coal4 ,a filt] ?us =m$ w la/ a consid]able "t1 & w be f\nd p>ticul>ly useful 9 remov+ noxi\s & putresc5t sub/ances held 9 solution by wat]4#cjc ,! ',,portable-,,filt]s1' set up 9 /one-w>e1 t are commonly sold 9 ! %ops1 conta9 a /ratum ( s&1 or co>sely-p[d]$ *>coal2#cjd be=e1 h[ev]1 hav+ access to ?is1 ! wat] has to pass ?r\gh a sponge1 to remove ! co>s] portion ( ! impurities4 ,among ! _m new k9ds ( portable filt]s n[ (f]$ = sale1 :i* claim special notice1 are ! foll[+1 viz4-- ,footnote #cjc3 ,a v simil> filt] to ?is 0 inv5t$ by ! late ,mr ,george ,rob9s1 ! celebrat$ auctione]4 ,mr ,rob9s' filt] diff]$ f ! above 9 hav+ a lid ) a hole 9 ! c5tre 9 :i* a sponge 0 plac$2 an arrangem5t :i* by keep+ back ! susp5d$ matt] conta9$ 9 ! wat]1 prev5t$ ! filt] f be+ clogg$ up4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,frankl& & ,byrne h %[n t animal is greatly sup]ior to vegetable *>coal :5 employ$ = wat]-filt]s4 ,illu/ration #a4 ,! ,,m\ld$ ,,c>bon ,,filt]1 consi/+ ( a sph]ical or cyl9drical vessel =m$ ( compress$ c>bon4 #b4 ,! ,,silicat$ ,,c>bon ,,filt]1 9 :i* ! m$ium is a compact sub/ance1 =m$ ( animal *>coal & ! a%es ( ,boghead coal4 ,( ! _m =ms ( ?is filt]1 we may m5tion ! ',syphon ,filt] = ,travell]s1' by means ( :i* :olesome wat] may be drunk f any pond or /ream by simply imm]s+ ! filt] !re9 & draw+ ! wat] ?r\gh ! tube by suction4 ,( ! ',silicat$ ,c>bon ,filt]1' ,pr(essor ,wanklyn says t x w r5d] riv] wat] conta9+ a consid]able am\nt ( free & album9oid ammonia z pure z deep spr+ wat]4 #c4 ,,bis*(f',s ,,pat5t ,,spongy-,,iron ,,filt]4--,?is diff]s f "o inv5t$ _m ye>s ago by ,dr ,m$lock1 9 br++ ! wat] into contact ) spongy iron in/ead ( ?9 iron rods1 & ?us effect+ filtration mu* m rapidly4 ,m$lock believ$ t ! iron rods br\ght ab\t ! oxidation ( ! nitrog5\s organic matt] & its consequ5t conv]sion into nitrites & nitrates4 ,bis*(f /ates t he has exp]im5tally inve/igat$ ! prop]ties ( spongy iron1 & f9ds t x-- a4 ,decomposes ev5 di/ill$ wat]1 :i* has be5 previ\sly boil$4 b4 ,t x r$uces nitric acid to ammonia4 c4 ,t ! am\nts ( organic nitrog5 & album9oid ammonia are always mu* r$uc$ aft] filtration ?r\gh spongy iron4 d4 ,t a m9ute quantity ( iron is dissolv$ by ! c>bonic acid conta9$ 9 ! wat]1 f]r\s bic>bonate be+ =m$4 ,! latt] be+ soon oxidis$ & precipitat$ is easily remov$ by filtration4 e4 ,t ! action ( spongy iron on impure wat] is two fold1 viz4 *emical & me*anical4 ,! *emical action is cle>ly indicat$ by ! decomposition ( wat]4 ,! readie/ explanation = ! decomposition ( wat]1 is1 ! intimate contact betwe5 ! electro-positive & electro-negative bodies1 su* z metallic iron & c>bon1 or ev5 metallic iron & any f]ric oxide1 :i* has escap$ r$uction1 or :i* has be5 reoxidis$ by exposure to air or wat]2 & x may well be suppos$ t1 consequ5t to ! galvanic curr5t ?us produc$1 ! atmosph]ic oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 wat] is ozonis$1 & caus$ to act z a p[]ful oxidis+ ag5t 9 organic matt]4 ,we extract ! tables on ! next page f ! ,six? ,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ,riv]s' ,pollution4 ,! ,commission]s1 we may "h /ate1 speak 9 high t]ms ( ?is filt]4 #d4 ,! s-call$ ,,magnetic ,,c>bide ,,( ,,iron ,,filt]4 ,9 ?is1 ! filt]+ mat]ial is said to be prep>$ by heat+ hmatite ) sawdu/4 ,?is filt] has a good repute4 a/]ism ,! ,royal ,commission on ,riv]s ,pollution /rongly recomm5d filt]s ( animal *>coal to be re*>g$ e ?ree to six mon?s1 s9ce !y f\nd t myriads ( m9ute worms 7 develop$ 9 ! animal *>coal1 & pass$ out ) ! wat] :5 ^! filt]s 7 us$ = ,?ames wat]1 & :5 ! *>coal 0 n r5ew$ at suffici5tly %ort int]vals4 ,cleans+ ( ,filt]s4--,e two or ?ree mon?s 7accord+ to ! k9d ( wat]7 air %\ld be bl[n ?r\gh1 & if ! *>coal be 9 ! block =m x %\ld be bru%$4 ,!n f\r to six ounces ( ! ph>macopoeial solution ( potassium p]manganate1 or tw5ty to ?irty gra9s ( ! solid p]manganate 9 a qu>t ( di/ill$ wat]1 & t5 drops ( /rong sulphuric acid1 %\ld be p\r$ ?r\gh1 & subsequ5tly a qu>t] to half an ounce ( pure hydro*loric acid 9 two to f\r gallons ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,?is plan w\ld be useful on =eign /ations :]e ! filt] _c be s5t home1 or tak5 to pieces2 if x c be tak5 to pieces1 ! *>coal %\ld be spread out 9 a ?9 lay]1 & expos$ = "s "t to air or sun1 or heat$ 9 an ov54 ,! ,av]age ,composition ( ,?ames ,wat]1 be=e & aft] ,filtration ?r\gh ,spongy ,iron4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,dissolv$ ,matt]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,description4 ,total ,organic ,organic ,ammonia4 ,nitrog51 ,total solid c>bon4nitrog54 z nitratescomb9$ impurity4 & nitrog54 nitrites4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,z deliv]$ f ,*elsea ,wat]works #bhjd #aih #jdb #jjji #aag #bbj ,! same wat] filt]$ ?r\gh spongy iron #afh #jfi #jah #jai #jah #jdi ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,! mean ( ! #ad? & #ae? tak5 aft] ! spongy iron filt] _h be5 9 op]ation 9 ! ,riv]s ,commission ,laboratory = upw>ds ( eight mon?s4#cje ,z suppli$ f ,wat]works #bddg #agj #jee #jja #jih #aed ,aft] filtration ?r\gh spongy iron #adbf #jhc #jaf #j #j #jaf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,dissolv$ ,matt]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,h>dness4 ----------------------------- ,description4 ,previ\s ,*lor9e4,tempor>y4,p]man5t4 ,total4 ,no4 ( ,sewage samples or ,animal analys$4 contam9- ation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,z deliv]$ f ,*elsea ,wat]works #adfd #bja #aee #fb #bag #ae ,! same filt]$ ?r\gh spongy iron #agg #bjj #fh #di #aag #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,! mean ( ! ,analysis #ad? & #ae? ( ! samples tak5 #ae? aft] ! sample4 spongy iron filt]s _h be5 9 op]ation 9 ! ,riv]s ,commission ,laboratory = upw>ds ( eight mon?s4#cje ,z suppli$ f ,wat]works #fge #aie --- --- #aia --- ,aft] filtration ?r\gh spongy iron #j #aie --- --- #if --- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,footnote #cje3 ,! figures demon/rate t ! purify+ action ( spongy iron1 if at all alt]$1 has be5 increas$1 z reg>ds ! mo/ important impurities ( wat]1 viz41 nitrog5\s matt]s & h>dness4 ,if sponges are at all us$1 !y %\ld be remov$ f "t to "t1 & ?or\ghly wa%$ 9 hot wat]4#cjf ,footnote #cjf3 ,p>kes ',practical ,hygi5e4' ,oils are filt]$1 on ! small scale1 ?r\gh cotton-wool1 or unsiz$ pap]1 arrang$ 9 a funnel2 & on ! l>ge scale1 ?r\gh long bags1 made ( tweel$ cotton-clo? 7,canton flannel74 ,^! bags are usually made ab\t #ab or #ae in*es 9 diamet]1 & f #d to #h feet long 7see engr471 & are inclos$ 9 bottomless cas+s1 or bags ( co>se canvas1 ab\t #e to #f or #h in*es 9 diamet]1 = ! purpose ( cond5s+ a great ext5t ( filt]+ surface into ! smalle/ possible space4 ,a numb] ( ^! d\ble bags 7f #a to #ej or #fj7 are connect$ ) correspond+ holes 9 ! bottom ( a block-t9 or t9n$-copp] ci/]n1 into :i* ! oil to be filt]$ is p\r$4 ,! mode 9 :i* ^! bags are fa/5$ to ! ci/]n is ( ! utmo/ importance1 z on ! jo9t be+ close & secure dep5ds ! integrity ( ! app>atus4 ,?ree me?ods ( do+ ?is are figur$ 9 ! engrav+1 :i*1 ) ! ref]5ces1 w expla9 !mselves1 ! same lett]s ref]r+ to ! same p>ts ( ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,filt]+-bag ( cotton-clo?4 ,cotton filt]+-bag1 'creas$1' or enclos$ 9 its canvas envelope1 ready = fix+4 ,! second ( ! above arrangem5ts is ! lea/ exp5sive1 & c]ta9ly ! mo/ conv5i5t 9 practice2 & :5 ! cyl9d] l fits ! hole closely 7all[+ = ! bag71 is z safe1 or saf]1 ?an an ord9>y screw4 ,illu/ration3 a4 ,bottom ( ci/]n4 b4 ,filt]+-bag4 c4 ,screw ( ! conical nozzle fitt+ into ! ci/]n4 d4 ,b9d+ cord connect+ bag & nozzle4 e4 ,b9d+ cord connect+ bag & l[] nozzle4 f4 ,bayonet-cat*1 connect+ ! l[] portion ( ! nozzle fa/5$ to ! bag ) ! upp] & fix$ "p1 g4 i4 ,! ?ick hem at ! top ( ! bag 7purposely made l>ge by enclos+ a piece ( ?ick cord !re971 re/+ on ! %\ld]s1 k4 l4 ,a metallic cyl9d]1 loosely fitt+ ! hole 9 ! ci/]n1 & ov] :i* ! top ( ! bag is drawn1 be=e be+ put into its place2 :5 fitt$1 z 9 ! engrav+1 x reta9s ! hem i securely 9 its place above ! %\ld] k4 ,! bags are surr\nd$ by a wood5 scre5 fitt$ up ) doors = ! purpose ( keep+ (f ! du/2 & ! bottom ( ! ap>tm5t is furni%$ ) l>ge /eam-pipes1 by :i* a prop] temp]ature may be kept up 9 cold wea!r4 ,! use ( heat %\ld1 h[ev]1 nev] be _h rec\rse to :5 x c be avoid$1 z al?\gh x va/ly increases ! rate ( filtration1 ! oil s filt]$ is m apt to become opaque 9 cold wea!r ?an :5 ! process is conduct$ at ! natural temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) ca/or oil & sp]m oil4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 :]e ! latt] is consum$ 9 enorm\s quantities = illum9ation1 ! be/ is always 'w9t] /ra9$1' z x is popul>ly call$4 ,9 practice1 x is m conv5i5t to h a numb] ( small ci/]ns at "w 7say #ej or #ajj galls4 ea*71 ?an "o or two l>g] ones1 z any accid5t t may occur is m easily rem$i$1 & t )\t /opp+ ! :ole op]ation4 ,:5 cotton-clo? bags are employ$ )\t be+ 'creas$1' or enclos$ 9 o!rs ( canvas1 !y %\ld n be long] ?an ab\t #c or #d feet1 & n wid] ?an ab\t #e or #f in*es :5 fill$4 ,:5 l>g] !y are dang]\s4 ,illu/ration ,a conv5i5t me?od ( filt]+ a s+le cask ( oil is1 to ins]t ! pipe ( a two-way pat5t filt] into ! cork-hole1 by :i* means ! :ole w be filt]$ z drawn (f1 )\t any tr\ble on ! "p ( ! op]ator4 ,?is filt] consi/s ( a por\s bag /ret*$ ov] a p]=at$ metallic vessel1 ne>ly ! %ape & size ( ! ext]ior cas+1 & its edge is tightly screw$ betwe5 ! sides & bottom ( ! latt]1 s z to be q wat]-tight4 ,! cock communicates ) ! int]ior ( ! p]=at$ plate & filt]1 & ! supply-pipe ) ! ext]ior4 ,by ?is means ! int]ior *amb]1 :i* occupies #e_/f?s ( ! vessel1 rapidly fills ) filt]$ oil1 & cont9ues full z long z any liquor rema9s 9 ! cask4 ,?is arrangem5t is also well adapt$ to ! filtration ( w9es1 be]1 cordials1 port]1 & v>i\s o!r liquors4 ,x is unequall$ 9 simplicity & usefulness4 ,! same filt] may be remov$ f cask to cask1 ) ! facility ( a common cock4 ,! filtration ( ,,syrups is n[ g5]ally effect$ on ! l>ge scale by pass+ !m ?r\gh ! ',,creas$ ,,bag ,,filt]' j describ$4 ,on ! small scale1 z employ$ by confection]s & druggi/s1 !y are usually pass$ ?r\gh ,,conical ,,flannel ,,bags4 7,see page #gbf47 ,! filtration ( ?ick syrups is1 h[ev]1 att5d$ ) "s difficulty1 & x is !re=e a good plan to filt] !m 9 a some:at dilute /ate1 & aft]w>ds to r$uce !m to a prop] consi/5ce by evaporation 9 clean vessels ( t9n$ copp]1 by /eam heat4 ,syrups1 :5 filt]$ 9 a heat$ /ate1 run well = a "t1 b ! pores ( ! fabric rapidly get *ok$1 f ! ?ick5+ ( ! syrup & p>tial cry/allization ( ! sug>1 occasion$ by ! evaporation ( ! aque\s portion f ! surface ( ! bag4 ,?is may be p>tially prev5t$ by enclos+ ! bag 9 a metallic cas+4 ,on ! :ole cl>ification is pref]able = syrups to filtration on ! small scale4 ,!y ne$ only be well beat5 up :ile cold ) a little :ite ( egg1 & !n heat$2 a scum rises1 :i* mu/ be remov$ z soon z x becomes consi/5t1 & ! skimm+ cont9u$ until ! liquid becomes cle>4 ,any float+ portions ( scum t may h escap$ notice are easily remov$ by runn+ ! syrup ?r\gh a co>se flannel /ra9]1 :il/ hot4 ,! mo/ ext5sive application ( ! process ( filtration 9 ! arts is 9 ! ref9+ ( sug>s4 ,,t9ctures ,,& ,,dilute ,,spirits are usually filt]$1 on ! small scale1 ?r\gh ,,bibul\s or ,,unsiz$ ,,pap] plac$ on a funnel2 & on ! l>ge scale1 ?r\gh ?9 & f9e ,,cotton ,,bags4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 t9ctures cl>ify !mselves by ! subsid5ce ( ! susp5d$ matt]1 :5 all[$ to repose = a few days4 ,h5ce x is ! bottoms alone t require filt]+2 ! sup]natant cle> portion ne$ only be run ?r\gh a small hair sieve1 a piece ( t[ or cotton plac$ 9 ! ?roat ( a funnel1 or "s o!r co>se m$ium1 to remove any float+ sub/ances1 z pieces ( /raw1 c4 ,spirits :i* are l>gely load$ ) ess5tial oil1 z ^? ( ,,anise$1 c41 run rapidly ?r\gh pap] or calico1 b usually require ! addition ( a spoonful or two ( magnesia be=e !y w fl[ q cle>4 ,:5 possible1 t9ctures1 spirits1 & all simil> volatile fluids1 are bett] & m economically cle>$ by subsid5ce or cl>ification ?an by filtration1 z1 9 ! latt] way1 a portion is lo/ by evaporation1 & ! /r5g? ( ! liquid is !reby alt]$4 ,vegetable juices %\ld be all[$ to deposit _! fecul\s portion be=e filtration4 ,! sup]natant liquid w !n be (t5 f\nd q cle>4 ,x is only :5 ?is is n ! case t filtration %\ld be _h rec\rse to4 ,a small quantity may be filt]$ ?r\gh co>se or wooll5 filt]+ pap]1 support$ on a piece ( co>se calico plac$ on a funnel2 :5 ! quantity is l>ge1 "o ( ! ,,conical ,,bags be=e describ$ %\ld be employ$4 ,! bottoms f :i* ! cle> portion has be5 decant$ %\ld be plac$ on a sep>ate filt]1 or else n add$ until ! :ole ( ! o!r portion has dra9$ ?r\gh4 ,vegetable juices are (t5 r5d]$ cle> by simply heat+ !m to ab\t #ahj or #bjj ,fahr41 by :i* _! album5 is coagulat$2 !y are also frequ5tly cl>ifi$ by ! addition ( a little :ite ( egg & heat1 9 ! same way z syrups4 ,_m ( !m 7z ^? ( hemlock1 h5bane1 aconite1 c47 are greatly injur$ by heat1 & mu/ consequ5tly be filt]$1 or only simply decant$ aft] repose4 ,9 all cases !y %\ld be expos$ to ! air z little z possible1 z !y rapidly suff] decomposition4 ,vegetable infusions & decoctions may be cle>$ by defecation foll[$ by filtration4 ,! conical bags ( flannel be=e describ$ are usually employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,:5 ! liquid is to be evaporat$ to an extract1 !y are commonly susp5d$ by a hook ov] ! evaporat+ pan4 ,a conv5i5t me?od ( /ra9+ ^! fluids1 practis$ 9 ! laboratory1 is to /ret* a squ>e ( flannel on a frame or 'horse1' secur+ x at ! corn]s by pieces ( /r+4 7,see engr47 ,su* a frame1 laid across ! m\? ( a pan1 is m easily f$ ) fre% liquid ?an a bag1 ^: m\? is #dj or #ej in*es high]4 ,! same purpose1 = small quantities ( liquid1 is effect$ by lay+ ! flannel across ! m\? ( a co>se hair sieve4 ,! conc5trat$ infusions & decoctions be+ usually weak t9ctures1 may be filt]$ 9 ! same way z ! latt]4 7,see above47 ,_m vegetable solutions1 t f ! viscidity ( ! susp5d$ matt] c sc>cely be filt]$1 may be readily cl>ifi$ ) :ite ( egg 9 ! cold1 or pass ! filt] rapidly if a v small quantity ( acetic1 t>t>ic1 sulphuric1 or o!r /rong acid1 is previ\sly add$4 ,illu/ration ,corrosive liquids1 z ! ,,/rong ,,acids1 are filt]$ ?r\gh p[d]$ glass1 or ,,silice\s ,,s&1 support$ on pebbles 9 ! ?roat ( a glass funnel1 or ?r\gh asbe/os or gun-cotton plac$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,*>coal has also be5 employ$ = ! same purpose1 b is n fit = "s acids4 ,/rong cau/ic alkal9e lyes are also filt]$ ?r\gh p[d]$ glass or s&4 ,weak alkal9e lyes may be filt]$ ?r\gh f9e calico1 /ret*$ across ! m\? ( a funnel4 ,_m corrosive liquids1 z solution ( potassa1 c41 require to be exclud$ f ! air dur+ filtration4 ,! simple/ app>atus t c be employ$ = ?is purpose is t figur$ 9 ! m>g93--7a7 is a globul> bottle fitt$ ) ! gr\nd /opp] 7d71 & hav+ a p]=at$ neck 7f7 gr\nd to ! bottle 7b72 7c7 is a small tube1 wrapp$ r\nd ) z mu* asbe/os1 l951 or calico1 z is requir$ to make x fit ! "u neck ( ! bottle ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,! tube 7c7 may also be fix$ by plac+ pebbles & p[d]$ glass or s& r\nd x1 z be=e m5tion$4 ,= use1 ! solution to be filt]$ is p\r$ into ! bottle 7a7 ne>ly z high z ! top ( ! tube 7c71 & ! /opp] is replac$4 ,! liquid !n desc5ds into 7b71 & a simil> quantity ( air passes up ! tube into 7a74 ,,liquor ,,potass may be always obta9$ f9e by depuration 9 close vessels1 :5 ! s$im5t ( lime only ne$ be filt]$1 :i* may be effect$ ) calico fix$ across ! m\? ( a funnel4 ,illu/ration ,:5 a precipitate1 or ! susp5d$ matt] 9 a liquid1 is ! object ( ! filtration1 ! filt] %\ld be ( su* a nature t ! p[d] may be easily sep>at$ f x1 :5 dry1 & t ) ! lea/ loss possible4 ,l95 filt]s are = ?is reason pref]able = l>ge quantities1 & ^? ( smoo? bibul\s pap] = small ones4 ,! p[d] %\ld be wa%$ d[n ! sides ( ! filt]1 & collect$1 by means ( a small /ream ( wat]1 9 "o spot at ! bottom1 assi/+ ! op]ation ) a camel-hair p5cil2 &1 :5 ! :ole is dry1 x %\ld be swept (f ! pap] or clo? ) a simil> p5cil or bru%1 & n remov$ by a knife1 z is commonly done1 :5 x c be possibly avoid$4 ,! 'fir/ runn+s' ( liquid f a filt] are commonly f\l1 & are pump$ back or return$ until ! fluid runs p]fectly limpid & transp>5t1 :5 x is 'turn$ into' ! 'filt]$ liquor ci/]n1' or prop] receiv]4 ,9 _m cases ! liquid does n readily become transp>5t by simply pass+ ?r\gh ! filt]2 h5ce has aris5 ! use ( ,,filt]+ ,,p[d]s1 or sub/ances :i* rapidly *oke up ! pores ( ! m$ia 9 a suffici5t degree to make ! fluid pass cle>4 ,9 ! employm5t ( ^! p[d]s c>e %\ld be tak5 t !y are n 9 too f9e a /ate ( division1 nor us$ 9 l>g] quantities ?an are absolutely necess>y1 z !y are apt to *oke up ! filt]1 & to absorb a l>ge quantity ( ! liquid4 ,! less filt]+ p[d] us$1 ! m rapid w be ! progress ( ! filtration1 & ! long] w be ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! app>atus w cont9ue 9 effective action4 ,= "s liquids ^! sub/ances are employ$ = ! d\ble purpose ( decol\r+ or :it5+1 z well z r5d]+ !m transp>5t4 ,9 su* cases x is pref]able fir/ to pass ! fluid ?r\gh a lay] ( ! sub/ance 9 co>se p[d]1 f :i* x w 'run' b slightly contam9at$ into ! filt]2 or1 if ! p[d] is mix$ ) ! :ole body ( ! liquid1 z 9 blea*+ almond oil1 c41 to pass ! mixture ?r\gh "s co>s] m$ium to remove ! crud] portion be=e all[+ x to run into ! filt]4 ,ano!r plan is1 aft] long agitation & subsequ5t repose1 to decant ! cle>] portion f ! gross] s$im5t1 & to employ sep>ate filt]s = ! two4 ,granulat$ animal *>coal is us$ accord+ to ! fir/ me?od1 to decol\r syrups1 oils1 c42 & filt]+ p[d] by ! second & ?ird1 to remove a portion ( ! col\r1 & to cl>ify ca/or & o!r oils4 ,! common plan ( mix+ l>ge quantities ( filt]+ p[d] ) ca/or oil1 & ?r[+ ! :ole into ! filt]1 z adopt$ by ! druggi/s1 is injudici\s4 ,:5 simple filtration is requir$1 x is bett] to use little or no p[d]1 & to cont9ue return+ ! oil t 'runs' ?r\gh1 until1 by ! swell+ ( ! fibres ( ! filt] bags1 x fl[s q cle>4 ,by ?is plan ! same filt]s may be us$ = a long p]iod ( "t 7= _m ye>s71 & w cont9ue to "w well2 :il/1 by ! usual me?od1 !y rapidly decl9e 9 p[]1 & soon deliv] _! cont5ts sl[ly1 & aft] a %ort "t sc>cely at all4 ,x is (t5 ( great advantage to r5d] a filt] 'self-act+1' or to con/ruct x 9 su* a way t x may 'fe$ itself1' s t x may cont9ue full & at "w )\t ! con/ant att5tion ( ! op]ator4 ,on ! small scale1 ?is may be readily effect$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! common f\nta9 lamp 7see engr472 & on ! l>ge scale1 by plac+ ! vessel conta9+ ! unfilt]$ liquid on a high] level ?an ! filt]1 & by hav+ ! end ( ! supply-pipe fitt$ ) a ball-cock1 to keep ! liquid 9 ! filt] con/antly at ! same height4 ,illu/ration ,! rapidity ( filtration dep5ds ^u--! porosity ( ! filt]+ m$ium--! ext5t ( ! filt]+ surface--! relative viscidity or mobility ( ! filt]+ liquid--! pressure or =ce by :i* ! liquid is impell$ ?r\gh ! pores ( ! filt]1 &--! porosity & f95ess ( ! sub/ances x holds 9 susp5sion4 ,! mo/ effici5t filt] is produc$ :5 ! fir/ two or ! fir/ ?ree are s graduat$ to ! o!rs t liquid filt]s rapidly1 & is at ! same "t r5d]$ p]fectly transp>5t4 ,9 ! common me?od ( filtration no pressure is ex]t$ beyond t ( ! weight ( ! column ( ! liquid re/+ on ! filt]+ m$ium1 b 9 "s cases additional pressure is employ$4 ,?is is _h rec\rse to = ! purpose ( produc+ a m rapid filtration1 & m especially = filt]+ liquids t1 f _! viscidity1 w sc>cely pass ?r\gh ! pores ( sub/ances suffici5tly f9e to remove _! impurities 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,illu/ration ,"o ( ! easie/ means ( employ+ pressure 9 filtration is to increase ! height ( ! column ( ! filt]+ liquid4 ,f ! peculi> prop]ties ( fluids1 by :i* !y transmit pressure 9 an equal degree 9 all directions1 ?is column ne$ n be ( equal diamet] ?r\gh\t1 b may be conv5i5tly contract$ to ! size ( a small pipe1 z 9 ! accompany+ engrav+1 :i* repres5ts a small filt] on ?is con/ruction at "w4 7a7 ,is ! funnel or res]voir ( f\l liquid2 7b7 a small pipe convey+ ! liquid to ! filt]2 7c c7 a *amb]1 ( :i* ! upp] portion 7d7 is fill$ ) ! desc5d+ liquid1 & ! l[] portion 7e7 ) ! filt]+ m$ia2 7i i7 are screws by :i* ! bottom plate is fa/5$ on1 :i* plate is remov$ to clean out or r5ew ! filt]4 ,= use1 ! cocks 7k7 & 7l7 are clos$1 & ! liquid p\r$ into ! funnel 7a72 ! cock 7k7 is next op5$1 &1 9 a few m9utes aft]1 ! cock 7l71 :5 an un9t]rupt$ fl[ ( filt]$ liquor w be obta9$ z long z any fluid rema9s 9 ! funnel 7a7 & ! tube 7b74 ,! l5g? ( ! tube det]m9es ! degree ( pressure4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 fir/ to pass ! f\l liquid ?r\gh a hair sieve1 or "s o!r /ra9]1 to remove any sub/ance t might *oke up ! pipe 7b74 ,ano!r me?od ( employ+ pressure 9 filtration is ! )drawal ( ! air f ! receiv+ vessel1 z 9 ! vacuum filt]1 by :i* a pressure ( ab\t #ad-a_/b lbs4 to ! squ>e in* becomes ex]t$ on ! surface ( ! liquid by ! atmosph]e4 ,! vacuum 9 ! receiv+ vessel may be produc$ by ! air-pump1 by /eam1 or by ! ,buns5 or ,spr5gel pump4 ,a common] me?od ( apply+ pressure ?an ei!r ( ^? already m5tion$ is to cond5se ! air ov] ! surface ( ! liquid by means ( a =c+-pump1 or by /eam4 ,on ! small scale1 pressure may be appli$ to filtration by means ( a syphon1 ^: %ort] leg has its m\? bl[n into ! %ape ( a bell or funnel1 ov] :i* filt]+ pap] or f9e calico may be /ret*$4 ,! application ( pressure to filtration is n always advantage\s1 & beyond a c]ta9 limit is g5]ally att5d$ ) inconv5i5ce1 if n ) absolute disadvantage4 ,x is f\nd 9 practice t fluids "u pressure take a long] p]iod to run cle> ?an )\t pressure1 & t ruptures ( ! m$ia m frequ5tly take place 9 ! =m] case1 or ) pressure1 ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,great pressure is 9 no case advantage\s4 ,! filt]s already notic$ are ^? t act by ! fluid desc5d+ ?r\gh ! m$ia2 b 9 "s cases ! rev]se me?od is employ$1 & ! liquid filt]s upw>ds1 in/ead ( d[nw>ds4 ,^! are call$ asc5d+ filt]s1 & are (t5 pref]able to ^? on ! desc5d+ pr9ciple1 because ! susp5d$ matt]s t require removal by filtration usually s9k1 & ?us a portion escapes be+ =c$ into ! pores ( ! filt]4 ,!y are also m conv5i5t :5 pressure is employ$4 ,! con/ruction dep5ds ^u ! same pr9ciples z ! common filt]1 & m]ely requires t ! fe$+ vessel %\ld be high] ?an ! upp] surface ( ! filt]+ m$ia4 ,,oils are conv5i5tly filt]$ 9 ?is way1 because ( _! little specific gravity4 ,by fix+ a small filt] on ?is pr9ciple into ! head ( a cask1 & p\r+ 9 wat] ?r\gh a funnel1 ^: neck rea*es ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! cask1 ! oil w float up & pass ! filt]1 leav+ ! s$im5t beh9d4 ,9 cold wea!r hot wat] may be employ$4 ,illu/ration3 a4 ,cask ( oil4 b4 ,/&4 c4 ,funnel = wat]4 d4 ,filt]4 ,9 "s cases ! upw>d & d[nw>d sy/ems ( filtration are unit$ 9 ! same app>atus1 & ?is plan is advantage\s :]e ! space = op]at+ is limit$4 ,= ?is purpose x is m]ely necess>y to connect ! bottom ( an asc5d+ filt] ) ! top ( a desc5d+ "o1 or ! rev]se2 ! prop] pressure be+ 9 ei!r case appli$4 ,filtration1 ! ,laws (4 ,! ',revue ,univ]selle des ,m9es1' #ahgd1 pp4 #dfi1 #eea conta9s a pap] by ,m4 ,paul ,havre record+ 8 inve/igations on ! rapidity ( ! filtration ( wat] ?r\gh s&1 wool1 c41 :i* result$ 9 asc]ta9+ & measur+ ! influ5ces :i* may modify ! fl[ ( wat]4 ,9 all cases ( filtration1 ! influ5ces :i* are ex]t$ are3--! pressure & temp]ature ( ! wat]1 ! ?ickness ( ! filt]+ m$ium1 compression 9 ! case ( fibr\s filt]s1 ! size ( ! gra9s & _! mixture 9 ! case ( a filt]+ m$ium analog\s to s&4 ,! influ5ce ( ob/ruction1 due to ! dirt9ess ( ! filt]1 dep5ds on circum/ances too v>iable to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! deliv]y ( a filt] p] squ>e mtre p] #bd h\rs is equal to two cubic mtres multipli$ by ! pressure ( wat] 9 mtres1 divid$ by ! ?ickness ( ! filt]+ m$ium 9 mtres4 ,an application ( ?is =mula is made to exi/+ filt] b$s1 includ+ ^? at ,s\?w>k & at ! ,*elsea wat]works4 ,! fir/ exp]im5ts = asc]ta9+ ! influ5ce ( a head ( wat] on ! deliv]y l$ to ! foll[+ results3--,! deliv]y increases 9 a high] ratio ?an ! squ>e root ( ! pressure1 due to ! height 7,,torrecelli',s ,,law72 ! deliv]y increases 9 direct ratio to ! height ( ! column ( wat] above ! filt]1 admitt+ a previ\s initial deliv]y1 due solely to ! pressure ( wat] above ! filt]2 ! co-effici5t ( ! increase ( deliv]y is con/ant1 & 9 ?is case ( a filt]+ sub/ance #hffb in*es 7#bb c5timtres7 ?ick1 is equal to #jajf p9t 7#f c5tilitres7 = s& to #jebh p9t 7#cj c5tilitres7 = compress$ wool1 & to #jgib p9ts 7#de c5tilitres7 = wool only slightly compress$4 ,! subsequ5t exp]im5ts 7 made ) graduat$ transp>5t cyl9d]s1 #cbh feet 7#a mtre7 high1 ) ! ends p]fectly level1 ! filt]+ sub/ances be+ kept 9 place by a ?ick d\ble clo? ti$ tightly "u ! bottom ( ! tube4 ,?is app>atus pres5t$ no o!r ob/acle to ! runn+ ( ! wat] ?an ! lay] ( filt]+ sub/ance2 x p]mitt$ exp]im5ts to be made at all temp]atures1 & ! ?ickness ( ! filt]+ m$ium to be measur$ exactly4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts s& is 'tak5 z ! type ( pulv]ul5t sub/ances1' b an unexpect$ difficulty 0 enc\nt]$ 9 ! settl+ or p>tial agglom]ation ( ! l>ge & small gra9s ( ! unsift$ s&1 ?us dim9i%+ ! deliv]y ( wat] to "o half1 "o ?ird1 & ultimately to "o fif? ( its previ\s volume4 ,?is l$ to ! adoption ( s&--! gra9s ( :i* 7 uni=m 9 size1 & to ! discov]y ( ! fact t1 o!r tissues be+ equal1 ! resi/ance ( filtration is con/ant :5 ! s& is co>se1 :5 ! gra9s ( f9e s& are ( ne>ly equal size1 & :5 !re is b little f9e s& mix$ ) ! co>se4 ,f exp]im5ts 9 filt]+ ?r\gh a lay] ( co>se s& approximately #d in*es 7#aj c5timtres7 ?ick1 x 0 f\nd t ! high] ! temp]ature ! m rapid 0 ! deliv]y1 & by filt]+ ?r\gh a lay] ( co>s] s& #aah in*es 7#cj c5timtres7 ?ick1 ! conclusion 0 arriv$ at t ! temp]ature ex]ts an influ5ce 9 proportion to ! ?ickness ( ! lay]4 ,see ,,air-,,pump1 ,,buns5',s ,,wat]-,,air ,,pump2 ,,cl>ification2 ,,defecation2 ,,f9+s1 c4 ,,fi',,n+s4 ,sub/ances us$ by publicans1 brew]s1 w9e m]*ants1 c41 to cl>ify _! liquors4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,brew]',s ,,f9+s2 ,,coop]',s ,f47 ,is+lass 7f9ely %r$d$71 #a lb41 & s\r be] or cid] or v9eg>1 #c or #d p9ts1 are mac]at$ toge!r1 & m ( ! s\r liquor add$ z ! is+lass swells1 until ab\t a gallon has be5 us$1 agitation ) a :isk or a small bundle ( twigs be+ occasionally _h rec\rse to1 = ! purpose ( promot+ ! solution4 ,z soon z ! :ole ( ! is+lass is dissolv$1 ! mixture is r$uc$ to ! consi/5ce ( ?9 syrup1 ) weak mild be]1 or cid]1 or any o!r liquid t ! f9+s are int5d$ =4 ,! :ole is next /ra9$ ?r\gh a tammy clo? or a hair sieve1 & at once r$uc$ to a prop] /ate ( dilution1 by ! addition ( m liquor4 ,product1 #f-a_/b to #g galls4 ,a p\nd ( good is+lass w make ab\t #ab galls4 ( f9+s4 7,ure47 ,us$ to cl>ify f]m5t$ liquors1 especially be]4 #a to #a-a_/b p9t is ! usual dose = a b>rel ( ale or port]2 & a qu>t = a hog%ead ( cid] or w9e4 #b4 7,,_s ,,f9+s47--a4 ,alum 7ord4 cry/471 #a lb42 p[d]1 & divide x into #ab equal portions1 :i* are to be sep>ately wrapp$ 9 blue pap]1 & m>k$ ,no4 #a4 ,next take ( c>bonate ( soda 7sesquic>bonate ( ! %ops71 #f oz42 divide ?is z ! la/1 wrap x 9 :ite pap]1 & m>k ea* p>cel ,no4 #b4 ,keeps dry any:]e4 b4 ,f alum1 #a lb42 salt ( t>t> 7dry71 #a_/d lb42 proce$ z be=e4 ,! :ite pap]s conta9+ ! salt ( t>t> mu/ be kept 9 a dry1 well-cork$1 wide-m\!d bottle or j>4 ,bo? ( ! la/ two are us$ to cl>ify g9 & cordials4 ,! cont5ts ( "o ( ! blue pap]s are dissolv$ 9 ab\t a p9t ( hot wat]1 & ! result+ solution is well 'rummag$ up' ) ! liquor4 ,a solution ( ! cont5ts ( "o ( ! :ite pap]s1 9 ab\t #a_/b p9t ( hot wat]1 is !n add$1 & ! agitation cont9u$ = "s m9utes long]2 aft] :i* ! cask is 'bung$' close & ! :ole all[$ to repose until ! next day4 ,?is is suffici5t = a b>rel 7say #cj to #cf galls471 b _m p]sons use d\ble ! quantity4 ,! effect is n only to cl>ify1 b also to 'blan*' ! liquor4 ,obs4 ,good liquors1 ei!r f]m5t$ or spiritu\s1 ne$ no artificial 'f9+1' z !y always cl>ify !mselves by repose4 ,) ^?1 h[ev]1 :i* are out ( 'condition1' or ( inf]ior quality1 x is (t5 necess>y1 z1 )\t su* a proce$+1 !y rema9 unsaleable4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) malt liquor4 ,attempts to cl>ify x 9 ! cask seldom fail to d h>m4 ,! only ?+ t c be us$ ) advantage = f9+ f\l or muddy be] is is+lass4 7,ure47 ,! disadvantages result+ f ! artificial cl>ification ( f]m5t$ liquors are--t !y d n aft]w>ds '/& well on draught1' t mu* ( ! cons]vative a/r+5t matt] :i* !y conta9 is precipitat$ ) ! 'f9+s1' t _! piquancy & flav\r is m or less dim9i%$1 & t !y are m ?an usually liable to become flat & vapid1 :e!r 9 cask or bottle4 ,! l>g] ! proportion ( 'f9+s' us$1 ! m m>k$ are _! injuri\s effects1 & ! %ort] ! int]val :i* elapses be=e ! accession ( ! sev]al symptoms ref]r$ to4 ,we h se5 ! mo/ disa/r\s consequ5ces foll[ ! injudici\s use ( 'f9+s1' m especially 9 respect to ^? liquors 9 :i* a c]ta9 am\nt ( piquancy1 a/r+5cy1 & briskness1 is an ess5tial condition4 ,9 "o in/ance :i* came "u our notice upw>ds ( #cj b>rels ( 'und]gr\nd' 7a v /rong old ale7 0 ?us r$uc$ 9 value to less ?an #a-crd its orig9al co/2 & 9 ano!r1 a l>ge bottl$ /ock ( ! 'f9e/ old ,burton' 0 f\nd to be utt]ly unsaleable4 ,9 bo? cases ! 'spoil$ liquor' 0 got rid ( by mix+ x 9 & sell+ x ) #c;d4 & #d;d4 be]4 ,liquors :i* 'refuse to f9e' or become cle>1 :5 treat$ ) 'f9+s' 9 ! usual mann]1 are call$ '/ubborn' by coop]s & cell>m54 ,see ,,brew+1 ,,g91 ,,malt1 ,,liquors1 ,,w9es1 c4 ,,fire4 ,! calamities result+ f ?is de/ructive ag5t are ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce1 z to ju/ly claim a notice ( ! subject "h4 ,! causes ( fires are num]\s1 & ( a v>i$ "*1 &1 9 mo/ in/ances1 difficult to det]m9e1 because x is ! int]e/ ( ^? conc]n$ to suppress all evid5ce connect$ ) ! matt]4 ,accid5t1 t conv5i5t ^w giv5 to ! imag9>y hack to :i* s _m fires are ref]r$1 if tru?fully int]pret$1 w1 9 g5]al1 be f\nd to be equival5t to c>elessness1 recklessness1 or guilt4 ,we believe t !re are few fires :i* h happ5$ t might n h be5 prev5t$ by ! ex]cise ( common prud5ce1 & t a va/ numb] h be5 caus$ by direct neglig5ce1 aris+ f %e] laz9ess & indiff]5ce1 to use no h>%] t]ms4 ,z famili> in/ances1 may be m5tion$--all[+ sp>ks to fall on ! gr\nd & rema9 !re )\t ext+ui%+ !m2 c>ry+ a nak$ c&le into rooms conta9+ inflammable sub/ances2 smok+ c>elessly & 9 dang]\s places1 z work%ops1 w>eh\ses1 on %ipbo>d1 c42 keep+ in/antane\s light mat*es 9 improp] places1 & neglect+ to pick up ^? t may happ5 to fall on ! gr\nd1 c4 c4 ,! li/ might easily be ext5d$1 b we believe e reflect+ read] c d s = himself4 ,! great increase 9 ! numb] ( fires s9ce ! introduction ( lucif] mat*es1 & ! almo/ g5]al use ( tobacco1 _c fail to h attract$ ! att5tion ( e "o4 ,! dang] ( mat*es fall+ ab\t might be avoid$ by ! use ( ^? :i* c only be ignit$ by rubb+ !m on ! prep>$ surface ( ! box4 ,^! 'safety mat*es' are com+ into g5]al use1 & mu/ ev5tually sup]s$e all ! m dang]\s k9ds4 ,! late ,mr ,braidwood classes ! causes ( fires "u ! foll[+ heads3--#a4 ,inatt5tion 9 ! use ( fires & lights4 #b4 ,improp] con/ruction ( build+s1 c4 #c4 ,furnaces or close fires1 = heat+ build+s1 or = me*anical purposes4 #d4 ,spontane\s ignition4 #e4 ,inc5di>ism4 ,among/ _m o!r causes ( fire1 too num]\s to specify1 may be notic$--incauti\sly approa*+ w9d[- & b$-curta9s ) a c&le or lamp1 air+ l95 be=e ! fire1 all[+ *ildr5 to play ) fire1 wom5's dresses tak+ fire1 & tak+ (f ! burn+ coals f a fire & lay+ !m on ! he>?4 ,ano!r v common cause ( fire is cov]+ up a fire-place :5 n 9 use ) wood1 or pap] & canvas1 c4 ,! soot falls ei!r f ! flue itself or an adjo9+ "o into ! grate2 a neighb\r+ *imney takes fire1 a sp>k f ?is falls d[n ! block$-up flue1 ignites ! soot 9 ! grate1 :i* sm\ld]s until ! cov]+ is burnt ?r\gh1 & ?us sets ! build+ on fire4 ,ano!r cause ( fire1 & "o :i* _c be too /rongly condemn$1 is ! dang]\s practice ( read+ 9 b$ by c&le-light4 ,a v s]i\s annual loss ( prop]ty is also caus$ by want ( prop] c>e 9 hang+ up or remov+ ! goods 9 l95drap]s' %op w9d[s :5 ! gas is burn+4 ,ano!r frequ5t cause ( fire is ! employm5t ( "y *ildr5 9 light+ fires1 f _! prop5sity to play ) flame4 ,! employm5t ( close fires ) brick flues is also a frequ5t s\rce ( dang]4 ,frequ5tly1 f v>i\s causes1 ! furnace almo/ always cracks1 ?us giv+ egress to smoke & flame4 ,:5 ?is occurs no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 ?or\ghly repair+ ! defect1 or build+ a new furnace2 m]ely pla/]+ ov] ! surface w be f\nd an ineffective & dang]\s rem$y4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ! dang]s aris+ f ! ignition ( we>+ app>el _m me?ods h be5 sugge/$ = r5d]+ fabrics flame pro(1 all ( !m consi/+ 9 soak+ ! dress 9 a weak solution ( a non-inflammable sub/ance1 su* z *loride ( z9c1 alum1 tung/ate ( sodium1 sulphate ( ammonia1 c4 ,( ^! alum has ! advantage ( greatly improv+ ! appe>ance ( ! fabrics1 especially if !y be col\r$4 ,fire-gu>ds1 p>ticul>ly :]e !re are *ildr51 ought to be adopt$ mu* m g5]ally ?an !y appe> to be4 ,prev4 ,?is consi/s ( ! ex]cise ( ^? ord9>y precautions :i* ! good s5se ( e c>eful & tru/wor?y man1 be he taskma/] or s]vant1 _c fail to sugge/4 ,x w\ld be useless to enum]ate !m4 ,imm$iately on ! fire be+ discov]$1 secure an al>m be+ giv5 to ! ne>e/ ( ! fire escape /ations1 n delay+ an in/ant2 d n wait to see if x is want$4 ,life is m valuable ?an prop]ty1 & ev5ts h (t5 prov$ h[ fatal ev5 a mom5t's hesitation is 9 s5d+ = ! fire-escape4#cjg ,footnote #cjg3 ',h&book = ,em]g5cies1' ,cassell4 ,! late ,mr ,braidwood's advice 01 t if ! fire appe>s at all s]i\s1 & !re are fire-eng9es )9 a reasonable di/ance1 t x is be/ to wait until !y arrive2 _m build+s h be5 de/roy$ f op5+ doors1 & try+ to ext+ui% fires ) insuffici5t means4 ,if no eng9es are )9 rea* x is advisable to keep a h&-pump4 ,if t is n to be _h1 ! next be/ ?+ is to collect z _m buckets outside ! room on fire z c be obta9$1 keep+ ! door %ut2 !n to creep into ! room on h&s & knees 7if ! heat & smoke are consid]able71 & ?r[ ! wat] z ne>ly 9 ! direction ( ! fire z possible1 keep+ ! door %ut :ile m wat] is be+ collect$4 ,! police ( ! metropolis und]/& %utt+ up fires s well1 t !y h 9 _m in/ances kept fires two or ?ree miles di/ant f ! eng9e-/ations1 %ut up till ! fireman arriv$ 9 "t to ext+ui% !m4 ,fires might (t5 be readily ext+ui%$ :5 fir/ discov]$ by ! timely application ( a few buckets ( wat]4 ,:5 an ap>tm5t is f\nd to be on fire1 ! door1 *imney1 & w9d[s %\ld be imm$iately clos$1 if possible1 & only op5$ = ! purpose ( project+ wat] on ! flames4 ,by ?is means ! supply ( air w be cut (f1 & rapid combu/ion prev5t$4 ,! same applies to ! l[] doors & w9d[s ( a h\se 7especially ! %op w9d[71 :i* are (t5 injudici\sly kept op5 or remov$1 "u ! pret5ce ( r5d]+ assi/ance4 ,! neglect ( ?is precaution has (t5 caus$ a m]e sm\ld]+ fire1 t might h be5 easily put out1 to bur/ into an unext+ui%able mass ( flame4 ,x has be5 propos$ at v>i\s times to make c]ta9 additions to ! wat] us$ = ! purpose ( ext+ui%+ fires1 9 ord] to r5d] its action m c]ta9 & effective4 ,x is f\nd t sal ammoniac 7#e oz4 to ! gall47 ex]ts ?is prop]ty 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,sev]al o!r articles1 z common salt1 pe>la%1 & kit*5 soda1 act 9 ! same way1 ?\gh less effectively4 ,a few buckets ( su* wat] w spe$ily arre/ ! progress ( a fire be=e x has mu* ext5d$ itself4 ,su* a plan is easily appli$1 by add+ ! sal9e matt] to ! buckets ( wat]1 :i* are ei!r us$ by h&1 or to fe$ ! eng9e = ! fir/ few m9utes ( its work+4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a fire has made mu* progress1 ! action ( su* sub/ances becomes sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,*imneys on fire are readily ext+ui%$ 9 sev]al ways1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ?r[+ wat] d[n !m f ! top1 by :i* mu* damage is frequ5tly done to ! furniture 9 ! rooms4 ,"o ( ! simple/ me?ods is1 to cauti\sly scatt] a h&ful ( fl[]s ( sulphur ov] ! dulle/ "p ( ! burn+ coals2 ! sulphur\s vap\rs1 be+ incapable ( support+ combu/ion1 rapidly ext+ui% ! flames4 ,ano!r me?od is1 to %ut ! doors & w9d[s1 & to /op up ! bottom ( ! *imney ) a piece ( wet c>pet or blanket1 ?r[+ a little wat] or fl[]s ( sulphur1 or ev5 common salt1 on ! fire imm$iately be=e do+ s4 ,by ?is means ! draught is /opp$1 & ! burn+ soot ext+ui%$ = want ( air4 ,9 _m ( ! fir/-class h\ses rec5tly erect$1 'fire-place %utt]s' are provid$1 :i*1 :5 p>tly drawn d[n1 act z p[]ful bell[s or 'bl[]s' & :i*1 :5 :olly drawn d[n1 s z to t\* ! he>?-/one1 entirely close up ! fireplace1 & in/antly ext+ui% ! combu/ion ( ! fuel 9 ! grate1 or t ( ! soot 9 ! *imney4 ,?is simple arrangem5t1 ! advantages ( :i* 7 po9t$ out 9 an e>ly edition ( ?is "w1 r5d]s fires 9 *imneys ( little mom5t1 z x is only necess>y to draw d[n ! %utt] to put !m out4 ,if a *imney is /opp$ at top1 in/ead ( at ! bottom1 ! :ole ( ! smoke mu/1 ( necessity1 be driv5 into ! ap>tm5t4 ,9 ,france1 ,m4 ,m>ateuh has successfully appli$ ! pr9ciple ( ,davy's safety lamp = ! prev5tion ( fires 9 *imneys4 ,he places fire-frames ( iron "w ne> ! base ( ! *imney1 "o above ! o!r1 ab\t "o foot ap>t2 no flame passes ?r\gh !m1 :il/ ! draught 9 ! *imney is n int]f]$ )1 ! result be+ t no fire c happ5 9 ! *imney4 ,escape f ap>tm5ts on fire may be be/ effect$ by creep+ on ! h&s & knees4 ,9 ?is way ! w9d[ or door may be rea*$4 ,x is f\nd t ! atmosph]e ( a room s full ( smoke z to produce suffocation to a p]son /&+ upright1 may g5]ally be safely brea!d on ne>ly a level ) ! floor4 ,a damp clo?1 or h&k]*ief1 ti$ ov] ! m\? & no/rils1 or1 /ill bett]1 ov] ! :ole face & head1 w enable a p]son to effect a passage ?r\gh ! d5se/ smoke1 &1 9 _m cases1 to escape f build+s on fire1 :5 o!rwise x w\ld be impracticable4 ,%\ld desc5t by ! /aircase be f\nd impossible1 !n ! w9d[ %\ld be imm$iately s\ght1 & a ladd] or fire-escape wait$ =4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ei!r1 if ! dang] is imm95t1 a rope %\ld be made by ty+ ! %eets & blankets ( ! b$ toge!r1 "o end ( :i* %\ld be firmly secur$ to a *air or table1 or pref]ably to "o ( ! b$-po/s1 & ) ?is app>atus desc5t %\ld be cauti\sly attempt$4 ,jump+ out ( ! w9d[ %\ld be avoid$1 z p]sons :o h n be5 br\ght up z cl[ns1 or h>lequ9s1 run j z mu* dang] 9 p]=m+ su* an exploit z !y d by rema9+ 9 ! burn+ build+4 ,:5 x is impossible to escape f a burn+ build+ by ! /airs or w9d[s1 retreat may be sometimes secur$ by a trap door op5+ on to ! ro(1 or by a skylight1 :51 unless x be an isolat$ h\se1 ! ro( ( "o ( ! adjo9+ build+s may probably be ga9$ ) safety4 ,fire-escapes ( v>i\s k9ds h be5 employ$ ( late ye>s 9 ! metropolis1 & h prov$ ( ! greate/ value 9 rescu+ p]sons f burn+ build+s4 ,x is said t !re is no in/ance on record ( a p]son be+ burnt to dea? 9 a dwell+-h\se 9 ,ed9burgh1 :]e ! h\ses are usually high2 yet 9 ,london1 :]e fire-eng9es & fire-escapes are provid$ 9 great] numb]s1 dea?s are v frequ5t f ?is cause4 ,! reason ( ?is diff]5ce is1 t 9 ! =m] city ! /airs are all made ( /one1 by :i* means a road ( escape is secur$4 ,! clo!s ( females & *ildr51 :5 on fire1 may be mo/ readily ext+ui%$ by roll+ ! suff]] 9 ! c>pet1 he>?-rug1 table-cov]1 a great-coat1 cloak1 or any o!r wooll5 article at h&4 ,if ?is be exp]tly done1 ! flames may be rapidly put out1 unless ! skirts ( ! dress be di/5d$ by hoops or cr9ol9e1 :5 !re is great difficulty 9 /ay+ ! progress ( ! flames4 ,%\ld assi/ance n be at h&1 ! p]son ^: clo!s are on fire %\ld ?r[ h]self on ! gr\nd1 & roll ! c>pet r\nd h]1 z be=e describ$2 or if su* a ?+ is n 9 ! room1 %e %\ld endeav\r to ext+ui% ! flames ) h] h&s1 & by rapidly roll+ ov] & ov] on ! floor4 ,9 ?is way ! fire w be /ifl$1 or at lea/ ! combu/ion w proce$ s sl[ly t less p]sonal injury w be exp]i5c$ be=e assi/ance arrives4 ,! advantage ( assum+ ! horizontal position is manife/ f ! fact t n9e times out ( t5 x is ! l[] p>ts ( ! dresses ( females t fir/ cat* fire4#cjh ,footnote #cjh3 ,= ! mode ( r5d]+ musl9 & o!r inflammable articles ( ladies' app>el fire-pro(1 see ,,incombu/ible ,,fabrics4 ,! ext9ction ( fires on bo>d %ips by means ( c>bonic-acid gas 0 "s ye>s s9ce sugge/$ to ! ,admiralty by ,mr ,j4 ,r4 ,hancorn4 ,he proposes t a simple & economical app>atus %\ld be atta*$ to e deck$ vessel capable ( supply+ ?is gas1 :i* is a well-kn[n non-support] ( combu/ion1 & w ext+ui% fire at ! v in/ant ( com+ 9 contact ) ! burn+ matt]4 ,*alk ) sulphuric acid dilut$ ) wat] 7v9eg> ) any o!r acid w d7 yields #dd ( ! gas2 h5ce1 a ton ( *alk1 & a f\r? "p ( t quantity ( sulphuric acid1 w be f\nd suffici5t to ext+ui% any fire on bo>d a %ip4 ,mr ,hancorn also propos$ ?is z a me?od ( de/roy+ v]m9 9 %ips1 su* z rats & cockroa*es1 = :i* purpose x is m easily appli$ & m effectual ?an t usually adopt$4 ,?is plan 0 reject$ by ! ,admiralty1 f a fe> t ! de/ructive action ( ! gas might ext5d to ! crew z well z ! fire4 ,b x surely is possible by me*anical means to expel ! gas be=e aga9 ent]+ ! %ip's hold4 ,at any rate1 ! gr& po9t w\ld be obta9$ ( ext+ui%+ ! fire1 ?\gh ! crew might h only ! deck to /& on4 ,precautions to be tak5 aga9/ a ,fire among/ ,f>m+ ,/ock4--,! foll[+ are ! sugge/ions ( ,mr ,beaumont1 ! secret>y ( ! ,c\nty ,fire ,(fice3-- ,=bid y\r m5 to use lucif] mat*es1 to smoke or light pipes or cig>s1 de/roy wasp ne/s1 or fire (f guns 9 or ne> ! ricky>d1 or to ?r[ hot c9d]s into or aga9/ any wood5 out-build+ on ! f>m1 on pa9 ( in/ant dismissal4 ,place y\r ricks 9 a s+le l9e1 & z f> di/ant f ea* o!r z y conv5i5tly c4 ,place hayricks & corn/acks alt]nately2 ! hayrick w *eck ! progress ( ! fire4 ,keep ! ricky>d1 & especially ! spaces betwe5 ! /acks & ricks1 cle> ( all loose /raw1 & 9 all respects 9 a neat & clean /ate4 ,! loose /raw is m frequ5tly ! means ( fir+ ?an ! /ack itself4 ,h a pond close to ! ricky>d1 al?\gh !re may be a bad supply ( wat]4 ,:5 a /eam ?ra%+ ma*9e is to be us$1 place x on ! lee-side ( ! /ack or b>n1 s t ! w9d may bl[ ! sp>ks away f ! /acks4 ,let ! eng9e be plac$ z f> f ! ma*9e z ! l5g? ( ! /rap w all[4 ,h ! loose /raw cont9ually cle>$ away f ! eng9e2 see t two or ?ree pails ( wat] are kept close to ! a%pan1 & t ! pan itself is kept con/antly full ( wat]4 ,x is (t5 difficult to get horses out ( build+s on fire1 b x is said t !y w readily come out if1 aft] be+ bl9dfold$1 ! saddle & bridle1 or ! h>ness1 c41 to :i* !y are accu/om$1 are ?r[n ov] !m z usual4 ,we le>n f ! la/ report issu$ by ,capta9 ,%aw t ! actual numb] ( fires 9 ! ye> #ahgg 9 ,london 0 #aecc4 ,( ^! fires #acgd1 or #ij p] c5t41 7 slight1 no p]sons be+ endang]$1 & no consid]able de/ruction ( prop]ty tak+ place4 ,! numb] ( really s]i\s conflagrations 0 #aej2 9 #hh ( ^! life 0 endang]$1 & 9 #bd cases !re 0 loss ( life4 ,! actual numb] ( p]sons ^: lives 7 9 dang] 0 #afe2 b ( ^! #acf 7 sav$1 & ! lives ev5tually lo/ am\nt$ only to #bi4 ,! smallness ( ! loss is due 9 great degree to ! c\rage ( ! memb]s ( ! ,brigade1 sev5 ( :om h be5 comm5d$ = special ef=ts = sav+ life dur+ ! ye>4 ,ev5 ( ! tw5ty-n9e p]sons :o p]i%$ f\rte5 7 tak5 alive out ( ! burn+ build+s1 & di$ 9 hospital ( _! w\nds4 ,x is v satisfactory 9 view ( ! va/ height ( build+s us$ 9 bus9ess1 & ! flimsy "* ( s _m ,london h\ses1 t ! risk ( dea? f fire %\ld be s small4 ,x is "o ( ! v slighte/ risks to :i* we are expos$ 9 mod]n ,london4 ,! fire-escapes mu/ ( c\rse be cr$it$ ) mu* ( ?is security4 ,!re are n[ #ajh /ations ( ^! useful ma*9es2 & in/ances ( _! utility 9 rescu+ ! inmates ( burn+ h\ses are con/antly occurr+4 ,! v>i\s tables :i* ,capta9 ,%aw app5ds to 8 report give "s v curi\s details z to ! "* ( ,london fires4 ,! h\rs at :i* !y mo/ commonly break out are by no means ^? :i* are popul>ly suppos$ to be ! mo/ dang]\s4 ,no consid]able proportion occur aft] p h gone to b$4 ,f sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+ till elev5 o'clock !re are m al>ms ( fire ?an 9 an equal portion ( ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,n a ?ird ( ! numb] :i* occur 9 ^! ev5+ h\rs take place 9 ! small h\rs ( ! morn+1 :i* are 9 fact less de/ructive ?an ! same p]iod 9 ! aft]noon4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 9 ! detail$ li/ ( fires "s curi\s /ati/ics1 illu/rat+ ! comp>ative security ( private h\ses ov] places ( bus9ess4 ,a v l>ge "p ( ! half million h\ses 9 ,london mu/ come "u ! description ( private dwell+s1 yet ! al>ms ( fire 9 ?is class ( build+s 7 only #caf 9 ! ye>1 & only 9 five ( ^? 7 !re s]i\s conflagrations4 ,9 ! li/s ( bus9ess premises ne>ly e trade 9 ! metropolis is m5tion$2 & next to h\ses let out 9 lodg+s1 public-h\ses seem to suff] mo/4 ,! causes ( fires tell ! old /ory ( c>elessness4 ,!y 7 in/ances ( ! almo/ inconceivable folly ( seek+ = an escape ( gas ) a light$ c&le4 ,! ?r[+ d[n ( lights is responsible = a consid]able numb] ( fires4 ,ord9>y cases ( *imneys on fire are n includ$ 9 ,capta9 ,%aw's summ>y2 b !y give ! brigade a good deal ( "w4 ,! numb] ( calls ( ?is k9d 0 #cgdd1 ( :i* #abef prov$ to be false al>ms4 ,! numb] ( ^! false al>ms w probably be r$uc$ :5 ! /ations at :i* m5 ) hose are situat$ are m num]\s4 ,fire ,anni'hilator 7,phillips's74 ,?is is ess5tially a gase\s fire eng9e1 :i* at any mom5t c be made to dis*>ge a /ream ( mix$ gases & vap\rs hav+ ! p[] ( *eck+ combu/ion4 ,:5 fir/ introduc$ x 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z a mo/ important inv5tion1 b x has n prov$ an effective sub/itute = ! common wat] eng9e4 ,= ext+ui%+ fires on bo>d %ip & 9 close ap>tm5ts x is und\bt$ly well adapt$1 b z a /reet eng9e x is comp>atively useless1 ow+ to ! unmanageable nature ( its fire-annihilat+ vap\rs4 ,! composition ) :i* ! ',fire ,annihilator' is *>g$ is a mixture ( dri$ f]rocyanide ( potassium1 sug>1 & *lorate ( potassa4 ,x is set 9 action by a bl[ on a glass vessel conta9+ oil ( vitriol1 :i*1 be+ fractur$1 p]mits ! acid to fl[ ov] ! '*>ge1' :5 ! anti-combu/ion gas is lib]at$1 & ru%es =? ) great impetuosity4 ,fire-damp4 ,see ,,hydrog5 7,light ,c>burett$74 ,fire-eng9e4 ,! common fire-eng9e is a comp\nd =c+-pump1 consi/+ ( two '=c+-pumps' plac$ on opposite sides ( an 'air-vessel1' ) :i* bo? communicate4 ,! 'fulcrum' ( ! 'lev]' by :i* bo? pumps are work$ is plac$ midway betwe5 !m2 consequ5tly !y act alt]nately 9 *>g+ ! air-vessel4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a v =cible jet x is necess>y to prev5t ! escape ( any portion ( ! cont5ts ( ! air-vessel until ! conf9$ air is consid]ably compress$4 ,! lev] is connect$ ) h&rails on ea* side ( ! eng9e1 & ^! are alt]nately rais$ & depress$ by ! work]s4 ,eng9es work$ by /eam p[] are n[ common 9 ,london & mo/ ( our l>ge t[ns4 ,fire-,ext+ui%+ ,p[d] 7,feu]los*pulv]71 ,bu*] ,leipzig4 ,nitre1 #ei p>ts2 sulphur1 #cf p>ts2 coal1 #d p>ts2 iron oxide1 #a "p4 7,witt/e947 ,fire1 h[ to light a4 ,9 a close /ove ! fir/ ?+ is to empty ! fireplace4 ,take out ! l>g] c9d]s & half-burnt coal ) y\r f+]s1 & lay !m on "o side = light+ ! fire2 !n rake out all ! a%es 7?is c be done ) ! lids on1 !n x w n make s mu* du/74 ,next take (f all ! lids1 & sweep all ! soot c>efully out2 once or twice a week ! flue pipe mu/ be tak5 (f & cle>$ out1 also ! flues "u ! ov54 ,! soot %\ld be c>ri$ away at once1 z x bl[s ab\t4 ,!n blacklead ! /ove2 put 9 a few c9d]s1 lay on !m a piece ( pap] & a few /icks cross+ ea* o!r2 on ^! lay v lightly "s pieces ( half-burnt coal & a few c9d]s1 leav+ space = ! draught4 ,d n fill ! grate full2 put ! lids on1 draw out ! damp]1 light ! fire1 & %ut ! front door4 ,an op5 fire is light$ 9 mu* ! same way4 ,!re are no flues to clean out2 b ! *imney1 z high z "o c rea* & beh9d ! regi/] door1 %\ld be cle>$ f soot daily4#cji ,footnote #cji3 ',h\sehold ,managem5t1 c41' by ,w4 ,t4 ,tegetmei]4 ,fire-pro(+4 ,see ,,incombu/ibility1 c4 ,fireworks4 ,see ,,pyrote*ny1 & bel[4 ,,fires4 7,9 pyrote*ny47 ,col\r$ fires may be t]m$1 n inaptly1 ! *efs-d'oeuvre ( ! pyrote*ni/'s art1 s9ce on _! excell5ce ! attractions ( mo/ o!r v>ieties ( fireworks dep5d4 ,! foll[+ =ms1 "u judici\s managem5t1 yield fires ( rem>kable beauty4 ,blue ,fire4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f metallic antimony1 #a "p2 sulphur1 #b p>ts2 nitre1 #e p>ts4 #b4 ,f realg>1 #b p>ts2 *>coal1 #c p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #e p>ts2 sulphur1 #ac p>ts2 nitrate ( b>yta1 #gg p>ts4 #c4 7,mr ,a4 ,bird47 ,*>coal & orpim5t1 ( ea* #a "p2 black sulphuret ( antimony1 #af p>ts2 nitre1 #dh p>ts2 sulphur1 #fd p>ts4 #d4 7,f[nes47 ,t]sulphuret ( antimony1 a "p2 sulphur1 #b p>ts2 dry nitre1 #f p>ts4 ,?is is ! composition us$ = ! ,b5gal or blue signal light employ$ at sea4 #e4 7,pr(4 ,m>*&47 ,sulphur1 sulphate ( potassa1 & ammonio-sulphate ( copp]1 ( ea* #ae p>ts2 nitre1 #bg p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #bh p>ts4 ,= !atrical illum9ations4 ,?is may be r5d]$ ei!r light] or d>k] col\r$ by less5+ or increas+ ! quantities ( ! sulphate ( potassa & ammonio-sulphate ( copp]4 #f4 7,,light ,,blue--,m>*&47 ,sulphur1 #af p>ts2 calc9$ alum1 #bc p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #fa p>ts4 #g4 7,,d>k ,,blue--,m>*&47 ,calc9$ alum & c>bonate ( copp]1 ( ea* #ab p>ts2 sulphur1 #af p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #fj p>ts4 #h4 7,m>%47 ,sulphate ( copp]1 #g p>ts2 sulphur1 #bd p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #fi p>ts4 #i4 7,ruggi]i47 ,nitre1 #b p>ts2 sulphur & z9c1 ( ea* #c p>ts2 gunp[d]1 #d p>ts4 #aj4 ,f sulphur1 #a "p2 dri$ v]digris1 #b p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #i p>ts4 ,fire1 ,crimson4 ,prep4 #a4 7,m>%47 ,*lorate ( potassa1 #d-a_/d p>ts2 *>coal 7ald] or will[71 #e-c_/d p>ts2 sulphur1 #bb-a_/b p>ts2 nitrate ( /rontia1 #fg-a_/b p>ts4 ,= pots4 #b4 7,m>%47 ,*>coal1 #d-a_/d p>ts2 sulphuret ( antimony1 #e-a_/b p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #ag-a_/d p>ts2 sulphur1 #ah p>ts2 nitrate ( /rontia1 #ee p>ts4 ,= boxes & />s4 #c4 7,m>*&47 ,sulphur1 #af p>ts2 *alk 7dry71 #bc p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #fa p>ts4 ,turns on ! purple4 ,see ,,r$ ,,fire 7bel[74 ,fire1 ,gre54 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitrate ( b>yta1 #gg p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #h p>ts2 f9e *>coal1 #c p>ts2 sulphur1 #ac p>ts4 #b4 ,f metallic ars5ic1 #b p>ts2 *>coal1 #c p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #e p>ts2 sulphur1 #ac p>ts2 nitrate ( b>yta1 #gg p>ts4 ,v beautiful1 p>ticul>ly :5 burnt be=e a reflector4 #c4 7,mr ,a4 ,bird47 ,*>coal & black sulphuret ( antimony1 ( ea* #b p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #e p>ts2 sulphur1 #f p>ts2 nitrate ( b>yta1 #hj p>ts4 #d4 7,f[nes47 ,lampblack1 #a "p2 *lorate ( potassa1 #d p>ts2 sulphur1 #f p>ts2 dry nitrate ( b>yta1 #ah p>ts4 #e4 7,m>*&47 ,boracic acid1 #aj p>ts2 sulphur1 #ag p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #gc p>ts4 ,v beautiful4 #f4 7,m>*&47 ,*lorate ( potassa1 #ah p>ts2 sulphur1 #bb p>ts2 nitrate ( b>yta1 #fj p>ts4 ,= !atrical illum9ations4 #g4 7,,light ,,gre5--,m>*&47 ,sulphur1 #af p>ts2 c>bonate ( b>yta1 #bd p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #fj p>ts4 ,extremely delicate4 #h4 7,m>%47 ,*>coal & sulphuret ( ars5ic1 ( ea* #a-c_/d p>ts2 sulphur1 #aj-a_/b p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #bc-a_/d p>ts2 nitrate ( b>yta1 #fb-a_/b p>ts4 ,= pots or />s4 ,fire1 ,lilac4 ,prep4 #a4 7,m>%47 ,black oxide ( copp]1 #f p>ts2 dry *alk1 #bj p>ts2 sulphur1 #be p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #di p>ts4 ,= pans4 #b4 7,m>%47 ,f black oxide ( copp]1 #c p>ts2 dri$ *alk1 #bb p>ts2 sulphur1 #be p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #ej p>ts4 ,= />s4 ,fire1 ,orange4 ,see ,,r$ ,,fire1 ,no4 #h 7bel[74 ,fire1 ,p9k4 ,prep4 7,m>*&47 ,*>coal1 #a "p2 *alk & sulphur1 ( ea* #bj p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #bg p>ts2 nitre1 #cb p>ts4 ,= !atrical illum9ations4 ,see ,,r$ ,,fire1 ,no4 #aj 7bel[74 ,fire1 ,purple4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f lampblack1 realg>1 & nitre1 ( ea* #a "p2 sulphur1 #b p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #e p>ts2 fus$ nitrate ( /rontia1 #af p>ts4 #b4 7,m>%47 ,sulphuret ( antimony1 #b-c_/d p>ts2 black oxide ( copp]1 #aj p>ts2 sulphur & nitrate ( potassa1 ( ea* #bb-c_/d p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #db p>ts4 ,= pans4 #c4 7,m>%47 ,sulphate ( copp]1 #i-c_/d p>ts2 sulphur1 #ac p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #gg-a_/d p>ts4 ,= />s4 #d4 ,f sulphur1 #ab p>ts2 black oxide ( copp]1 #ab p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #cj p>ts4 ,see ,,crimson ,,fire1 ,no4 #c 7above71 & ,,r$ ,,fire1 ,no4 #i 7bel[74 ,fire1 ,r$4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f sulphur1 sulphuret ( antimony1 & nitre1 ( ea* #a "p2 dri$ nitrate ( /rontia1 #e p>ts4 #b4 7,mr ,a4 ,bird47 ,*>coal1 #a "p2 black sulphuret ( antimony1 #d p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #e p>ts2 sulphur1 #ac p>ts2 dri$ nitrate ( /rontia1 #dj p>ts4 #c4 7,f[nes47 ,lampblack1 #b p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #h p>ts2 sulphur1 #i p>ts2 dri$ nitrate ( /rontia1 #cb p>ts4 #d4 7,m>*&47 ,sulphur1 #af p>ts2 c>bonate ( /rontia1 #bc p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #fa p>ts4 #e4 7,m>*&47 ,*lorate ( potassa1 #bj p>ts2 sulphur1 #bd p>ts2 nitrate ( /rontia1 #ef p>ts4 ,= !atrical illum9ations4 #f4 7,m>%47 ,coaldu/1 #b p>ts2 gunp[d]1 #f p>ts2 sulphur1 #bj p>ts2 dri$ nitrate ( /rontia1 #gb p>ts4 #g4 7,ruggi]i47 ,sulphuret ( antimony1 #d p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #e p>ts2 sulphur1 #ac p>ts2 fus$ nitrate ( /rontia1 #dj p>ts4 ,a little *>coal or lampblack makes x burn quick]4 #h4 7,,orange ,,r$--,m>*&47 ,sulphur1 #ad p>ts2 *alk1 #cd p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #eb p>ts4 #i4 7,,purple ,,r$--,m>*&47 ,sulphur1 #af p>ts2 *alk1 #bc p>ts2 *loride ( potassa1 #fa p>ts4 #aj4 7,,rose-,,r$--,m>*&47 ,sulphur1 #af p>ts2 dri$ *loride ( calcium1 #bc p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #fa p>ts4 ,see ,,p9k ,,fire4 #aa4 ,f *>coal1 #b p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #f p>ts2 sulphur1 #ac p>ts2 dri$ nitrate ( /rontia1 #dj p>ts4 ,fire1 ,violet4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f *>coal1 #h p>ts2 sulphur1 #aj p>ts2 metallic copp]1 #ae p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #cj p>ts4 #b4 7,,d>k ,,violet--,m>*&47 ,alum & c>bonate ( potassa1 ( ea* #ab p>ts2 sulphur1 #af p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #fj p>ts4 #c4 7,,pale ,,violet--,m>*&47 ,sulphur1 #ad p>ts2 alum & c>bonate ( potassa1 #af p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #ed p>ts4 ,fire1 ,:ite4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f nitre1 #fj p>ts2 sulphur1 #bj p>ts2 black antimony1 #aj p>ts2 meal p[d]1 #f p>ts2 p[d]$ camphor1 #d p>ts4 ,= ei!r pans or />s4 #b4 7,mr ,a4 ,bird47 ,:ite ars5ic1 #a "p2 *>coal1 #b p>ts2 black antimony1 #af p>ts2 nitre1 #dh p>ts2 sulphur1 #fd p>ts4 #c4 7,m>*&47 ,*>coal1 #b p>ts2 sulphur1 #bb p>ts2 nitre1 #gf p>ts4 ,= !atrical illum9ations4 #d4 7,m>*&47 ,gunp[d]1 #ae p>ts2 sulphur1 #ba p>ts2 nitre1 #fd p>ts4 ,z ! la/4 #e4 7,m>%47 ,gunp[d]1 #ab-a_/b p>ts2 z9c fil+s1 #ah p>ts2 sulphur1 #bc p>ts2 nitre1 #df-a_/b p>ts4 ,= pans4 #f4 7,m>%47 ,z9c du/ or fil+s1 #ae p>ts2 sulphur1 #bh p>ts2 nitre1 #eg p>ts4 ,= />s4 #g4 7,ruggi]i47 ,sulphur1 #ac-a_/d p>ts2 sulphuret ( antimony1 #ag-a_/d p>ts2 nitre1 #dh p>ts4 #h4 7,ruggi]i47 ,f realg>1 #b p>ts2 sulphur1 #g p>ts2 nitre1 #bd p>ts4 #i4 7,ruggi]i47 ,*>coal1 #a "p2 sulphur1 #bd p>ts2 nitre1 #ge p>ts4 #aj4 7,ruggi]i47 ,iron or z9c bor+s1 #be p>ts2 gunp[d]1 #ajj p>ts4 ,fire1 ,yell[4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f sulphur1 #af p>ts2 dri$ c>bonate ( soda1 #bc p>ts2 *lorate ( potassa1 #fa p>ts4 #b4 7,m>*&47 ,gunp[d]1 #ad p>ts2 sulphur1 #af p>ts2 dri$ soda1 #bj p>ts2 nitre1 #ej p>ts4 #c4 7,m>*&47 ,*>coal1 #a-a_/b p>ts2 sulphur1 #ag-a_/b p>ts2 dri$ soda1 #bj p>ts2 nitre1 #fa p>ts4 ,gre5-col\r$ ,fires4#caj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,no4 ,potassium ,*lorate1 ,b>ium ,nitrate1 ,sulphur1 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a #cf #dj #bd #b #bi #dh #bc #c #bd #ec #bc #d #ba #eg #bb #e #ah #fj #bb #f #af #fb #bb #g #ad #fd #bb #h #ac #ff #ba #i #ab #fg #ba #aj #aa #fh #ba #aa #aj #fi #ba #ab #ie #fie #ba #ac #i #gj #ba #ad #he #gje #ba #ae #h #ga #ba ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,footnote #caj3 ,k]n 7',*emical ,news1' ,septemb] #bi?1 #ahgf74 ,r$-col\r$ ,fires4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4,potassium ,*lorate1,/rontium ,nitrate1,sulphur1 ,c>bon ,p[d]1 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a #dj #ci #ah #c #b #cb #df #ai #b #c #bg #ea #bj #b #d #bc #ee #bj #b #e #bj #eh #bje #ae #f #ah #fj #ba #a #g #af #faf #bab #ab #h #ae #fc #ba #a #i #ac #fd #bb #a #aj #ab #fe #bb #a #aa #aa #ff #bb #a #ab #aj #fg #bb #a #ac #aj #fgbe #bb #jge #ad #ibe #fh #bb #jge #ae #i #fhce #bb #jfe ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,violet-col\r$ ,fires4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,no4,potassium ,*lorate1,calcium ,c>bonate1,mala*ite p[d]$1,sulphur1 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #a #eb #bi #d #ae #b #eb #bh #e #ae #c #eb #bf #g #ae #d #eb #bd #i #ae #e #eb #bc #aj #ae #f #eb #ba #ac #ae #g #ea #bj #ad #ae #h #ea #ah #af #ae #i #ea #af #ah #ae #aj #ea #ae #ai #ae #aa #ea #ac #ba #ae #ab #ea #aa #bc #ae #ac #ea #aj #bd #ae #ad #ea #h #bf #ae #ae #ea #f #bh #ae ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #d4 7,m>%47 ,*>coal1 #f p>ts2 sulphur1 #ai-a_/b p>ts4 ,= pans4 ,v beautiful4 ,9 prep>+ col\r$ fires = fireworks accord+ to ! usual =mul giv5 9 manuals ( pyrote*ny1 x is (t5 important to "k ! spe$ at :i* !y burn2 z 9 "s cases1 su* z decorations & lances1 !y %\ld burn sl[ly2 :]eas 9 o!rs1 su* z :eels1 />s = rockets1 & ,roman c&les1 !y ought to burn quick]4 ,! =ego+ tables are s arrang$ t e =mula ) a high] numb] yields a sl[] burn+ mixture ?an "o ) a l[] numb]4 ,?us ,no4 #e burns quick] ?an ,no4 #f1 & sl[] ?an ,no4 #d4 ,obs4 ,! +r$i5ts 9 ! above comp\nds are to be sep>ately r$uc$ to p[d] & sift$ ?r\gh lawn1 aft] :i* !y %\ld be kept 9 well-cork$ wide-m\!d bottles until ! "t ( mix+ !m = use4 ,! *lorate ( potassa1 m especially1 mu/ be sep>ately treat$ & cauti\sly h&l$1 9 ord] to prev5t ! possibility ( explosion f friction :il/ x is 9 contact ) combu/ible matt]4 ,! requisite quantity ( ea* ( ! +r$i5ts be+ weigh$ out & plac$ on a clean %eet ( :ite pap]1 ! :ole is to be ?or\ghly b c>efully mix$ toge!r ) a light h&1 by means ( a bone or wood5 knife4 ,! comp\nd is next lightly pack$ into small cups or pans = illum9ations1 or into small pill-boxes = />s & tra9s1 a little prim+ & quick-mat* be+ la/ly atta*$ to ea*4 ,to ensure success ! sev]al +r$i5ts mu/ be dry & comm]cially pure2 & ?\gh r$uc$ to ! /ate ( a uni=m p[d]1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y are n absolutely 'du/y1' or too f9ely pulv]is$4 ,! nitrate ( /rontia1 alum1 saltpetre1 c>bonate ( soda1 c41 be=e be+ weigh$1 require to be g5tly heat$ 9 an iron pot or pan until !y fall to p[d]1 & lose _! hygrometric moi/ure1 or wat] ( cry/allisation4 ,to ensure ! p]fect admixture ( ! +r$i5ts1 ! :ole1 aft] !y h be5 /irr$ toge!r on pap]1 z be=e direct$1 may be pass$ ?r\gh a hair or p]=at$ z9c or brass sieve4 ,fur!r1 z col\r$ fires rapidly det]iorate by keep+1 & ev5 sometimes inflame spontane\sly1 to prev5t disappo9tm5t & accid5ts !y %\ld n be prep>$ long be=e !y w be requir$ = use1 & %\ld be /or$ 9 "s situation 9 :i* _! spontane\s combu/ion w\ld be productive ( no disa/r\s consequ5ces4 ,( ! above =mul1 ^? be>+ ! "n ( ! late ,mr ,m>%1 ( ,woolwi*1 m especially des]ve ! att5tion ( ! pyrote*ni/4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ! dang] sometimes aris+ f ! spontane\s combu/ion ( col\r$ fires conta9+ sulphur & *lorate ( pota%1 ,mr ,saund]s recomm5ds intimately mix+ #abj gra9s ( bic>bonate ( pota% ) ea* p\nd ( sulphur be=e us+ x 9 ! manufacture ( any composition into :i* *lorates ent]4 ,see ,,flame1 ,,pyrote*ny1 c4 ,,fi%4 ,syn4 ,,pisces1 ,l4 ,fi%es =m ! f\r? class ( v]tebrate animals 7,,v]tebrata7 9 ! ,cuvi]ian arrangem5t ( ! animal k+dom1 & 9 ! v>iety ( _! g5]a & species are second only to ! ,,insecta1 :il/ 9 prolificness & numb] !y probably exce$ all o!r animat$ be+s t rea* a size equal to t ( ev5 ! smalle/ memb] ( _! prodigi\s race4 ,besides _! value to man z food1 !y furni% him ) oil1 is+lass1 & v>i\s o!r articles ( utility & luxury1 & provide1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 an inexhau/ible supply ( manure = ! f]tilisation ( 8 fields4 ,z food fi% are und\bt$ly :olesome & nutriti\s1 al?\gh less s ?an ! fle% ( animals or ! gra9s ( ! c]eals4 ,( all ! v>i\s sub/ances us$ z alim5ts by man1 fi% are1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ liable to run into a /ate ( putrefaction1 & %\ld !re=e be only eat5 :5 p]fectly fre% or1 if n rec5tly tak51 !n only :5 _! p]fect pres]vation has be5 ensur$ by any ( ! ord9>y me?ods employ$ = ! purpose4 ,^? t are ! :ite/ & mo/ flaky :5 cook$1 z cod1 fl\nd]s1 haddock1 hake1 soles1 turbot1 :it+1 c41 are ! mo/ easily dige/$2 & ^? ab\nd+ 9 oily matt]1 z eels1 h]r+s1 mack]el1 salmon1 c41 are mo/ nutriti\s1 ?\gh ! mo/ likely to (f5d ! /oma*4 ,salt-wat] fi% h be5 said to be m :olesome ?an riv] fi%1 b )\t suffici5t reason4 ,salt$ fi% are h>d ( dige/ion1 unless :5 c>efully cook$ & well ma/icat$4 ,sk9 diseases are said to be m common among ^? :o live cont9ually on fi% ?an among ^? :o ab/a9 f x2 b ?is probably arises f _! use be+ unaccompani$ by a prop] quantity ( fre% vegetables or fruit1 bo? ( :i* are sc>c] on ! sea-coa/ ?an fur!r inl&4 ,z "o ( ! compon5ts ( a mix$ diet1 ! value ( fi% is indisputable4 ,acid sauces & pickles are ! prop] additions to fi%1 f _! p[] ( ret>d+ ! progress ( putrefaction1 & ( correct+ ! relax+ t5d5cy ( l>ge quantities ( oil & butt]4 ,artificial ,propagation4 ,! fecundity ( fi% is positively m>vell\s4 ,accord+ to ! rec5t obs]vations ( ,mr ,frank ,t4 ,buckl&1 salmon yield ab\t #ajjj ova or eggs to e lb4 ( _! weight2 a tr\t weigh+ #a lb4 produc$ upw>ds ( #ajjj2 a mack]el 7#a lb471 #hf1abj2 a h]r+ 7#a_/b lb471 #ai1hdj2 a sole 7#a lb471 #acd1dff2 a turbot 7#h lbs471 #che1bjj2 & a cod 7#bj lbs471 #d1hgb1jjj4 ,! ova "h spok5 ( =m :at is commonly call$ ! 'h>d roe' ( ! female fi%2 ! 's(t roe' is '! milt' ( ! male fi%4 ,to protect ! spawn1 & ! fry1 :5 hat*$1 is ! object ( ! art ( fi% culture1 :i* has made great progress dur+ late ye>s4 ,:5 ! spawn is n artificially protect$1 ! great] portion is always wa/$1 be+ swept away by ! /ream1 & dev\r$ by fi%1 birds1 & insects4 ,! natural enemies ( ! newly hat*$ fi% are1 aga91 s num]\s1 t x is really surpris+ t any %\ld escape de/ruction4 ,accord+ to giv5 data & accurate calculations ( ! returns ( fi%]ies made by ,messrs ,a%wor? & ,bui/1 only "o salmon egg out ( e ?\s& deposit$ ev] becomes a fi% fit = human food4 ,o!r fi%1 bo? fre% & salt wat]1 suff] 9 proportion4 ,! hat*+ ( fi% by artificial means has be5 c>ri$ out on a l>ge scale 9 ,france1 & has be5 comm5c$ 9 ,scotl& & ,irel&1 & on a small scale 9 ,engl&4 ,! spawn+ fi%1 hav+ be5 caught by a net1 is made to deposit h] eggs by g5tly press+ on ! abdom52 ^! are impregnat$ by 'milt' express$ f ! male fi% 9 a simil> mann]1 & mix$ ) !m 9 a %all[ tub or o!r vessel prep>$ = ! purpose4 ,! impregnat$ eggs are plac$ 9 long %all[ boxes1 bottom$ ) gravel & pebbles1 & s arrang$ t a small /ream ( wat] f a res]voir may fl[ f "o to ano!r4 ,! "t ( hat*+ dep5ds entirely ^u ! temp]ature ( ! wat]2 f #dj to #de ,fahr4 seems to be ! heal?ie/ temp]ature4 ,aft] ab\t #ej days 79 ! case ( salmon71 :5 all goes well1 ! "y fi% makes its appe>ance z a mis%ap5 creature ab\t an in* long1 ) a bag conta9+ ! yolk ( ! egg atta*$ to its abdom54 ,at #c days old ! fry is ab\t #b gr4 9 weight2 at #af mon?s x has increas$ to #b oz4 ,to pres]ve ! "y fi% 9 heal?1 ! boxes mu/ be cov]$ ) %ades ( slate or z9c4 ,! ,fr5* fi%-bre$]s g5]ally fe$ ! "y fry ) boil$ frogs p[d]$ f9e4 ,! ,scot* give boil$ liv]4 ,mr ,buckl& prescribes a diet ( roe ( sole1 or plaice1 or :it+4 ,z to ! age at :i* x is advisable to turn ! "y fi% out ( ! nurs]y1 !re is mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,"s bre$]s recomm5d turn+ !m out z soon z ! 'umbilical bag' is absorb$2 o!rs ?9k !y %\ld be tak5 c>e ( till !y are old] & /rong]1 & bett] able to def5d !mselves or escape f attack4 ,= full details respect+ ! artificial propagation ( fi%1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,mr ,buckl&'s rec5t "w1 entitl$ ',fi%-,hat*+4' ,nutritive ,value ( ,fi%4--,! :ite v>ieties ( fi%1 su* z :it+1 cod1 haddock1 sole1 plaice1 fl\nd]1 & turbot1 accord+ to ,le!by1 conta9 only ab\t tw5ty-two p] c5t4 ( solid matt]1 ( :i* eighte5 is nitrog5\s4 ,to increase _! nutritive value1 !re=e1 ^! fi% %\ld be eat5 ) butt]4 ,accord+ to ! same au?ority mack]el1 eels1 & salmon are ri*] 9 fat ?an ! above k9ds2 mack]el conta9+ ab\t sev5 p] c5t41 & salmon ab\t six1 :il/ ! oily matt] ( eels am\nt to ne>ly f\rte5 p] c5t4 ,! same is ! case ) ! sprat1 ! h]r+1 & ! pil*>d1 z well z ) mo/ ( our fre%-wat] fi%4 ,z reg>ds %ell-fi%1 all ! diff]5t v>ieties ( !m af=d ab\t ! same am\nt ( nutrition4 ,!y conta9 ab\t ?irte5 p] c5t4 ( solid matt]1 :i* 9 composition is simil> to t ( :ite fi%4 ,%ell-fi% v>y 9 dige/ibility2 mussels1 limpets1 & :elks be+ r difficult ( dige/ion1 :il/ scallops1 cockles1 p]iw9kles1 lob/]s1 & crabs are a trifle m easy ( dige/ion1 & oy/]s /ill m s4 ,all %ell-fi% are unsuit$ = delicate /oma*s2 al?\gh !y are l>gely eat5 by ! poor] dwell]s on ! coa/4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 v9ey>d snails1 & 9 ,*9a1 slugs1 are eat51 & are said to possess a delicate flav\r & nutritive prop]ties4#caa ,footnote #caa3 ,le!by4 ,*oice1 c4 ,! fle% ( any fi% is always 9 ! highe/ p]fection1 or 9 season1 z x is call$1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! rip5+ ( ! milt & roe4 ,aft] ! fi% has deposit$ ! spawn1 ! fle% becomes s(t1 & loses a great deal ( its peculi> flav\r4 ,?is is ow+ to ! disappe>ance ( ! oil or fat f ! fle%1 x hav+ be5 exp5d$ 9 ! function ( reproduction4 7,flem+'s ',phil4 ,zoology4'7 ,fi% %\ld be dress$ z soon aft] be+ caught z possible1 z mu* ( _! peculi> delicacy & flav\r is lo/ by keep+1 ev5 = a few h\rs4 ,turbot & salmon are said by ! fi%mong]s to be improv$ 9 flav\r :5 #b or #c days old1 b ?is is surely a mi/ake1 z ! =m]1 :5 dress$ imm$iately aft] be+ caught1 possesses a f9e creamy ta/e1 :i* x aft]w>ds loses2 :il/ ! latt]1 by ! loss ( a s+le tide1 loses a portion ( ! f9e :ite curd :i* is previ\sly f\nd betwe5 ! flakes1 & by long] keep+1 ?is curd1 ) ! l>g] flakes1 disappe> altoge!r4 ,9 ! eyes ( "s epicures ! ri*ness1 is h[ev]1 increas$ by ?is *ange4 ,mack]el1 & "s o!r fi% suff] s mu* f keep+ only a few h\rs1 t !y become q un:olesome4 ,h]r+s (f] a rem>kable example ( ! advantage ( dress+ fi% z fre% z possible4 ,:5 cook$ soon aft] be+ caught1 !y possess consid]able delicacy & flav\r1 b aft] be+ kept = only a few h\rs1 ! oil sep>ates f ! fle%1 & !y become s(t1 greasy1 & /rong-flav\r$4 ,9 ! *oice ( e k9d ( fi%1 /iffness1 brightness ( ! eyes1 & r$ness ( ! gills1 may be reg>d$ z inv>iable signs ( fre%ness4 ,a peculi> ela/icity w also be p]ceiv$ 9 fi% rec5tly caught1 little or no p]man5t impression be+ made by ! ord9>y pressure ( ! f+]s1 f ! fle% imm$iately ris+ :5 ! pressure is )drawn4 ,fre% fi% also lie 9 a p>tly curl$ position1 & nev] q /raight1 z 9 ! case :5 !y h be5 kept = "s "t4 ,?ickness & fle%9ess are deem$ m>ks ( ! good condition ( all fi%4 ,clean+1 dress+1 c4 ,on ! prop] clean+ ( fi% prep>atory to dress+ x1 dep5ds mu* ( its delicacy & flav\r4 ,ord9>y cooks seldom d ?is well1 f n slitt+ ! fi% suffici5tly op5 to p]mit ! inside to be ?or\ghly wa%$1 & seldom us+ suffici5t wat]4 ,! sup]ior flav\r ( fi% clean$ by ! fi%mong]s arises f _! p]=m+ ! op]ation m completely1 & f ! l>ge quantity ( wat] !y employ ab\t !m4 ,! flav\r ( all fi% is improv$ by add+ a little salt or v9eg> to ! la/ wat] 9 :i* !y are wa%$4 ,! s\nd1 milt1 & roe1 %\ld be c>efully clean$ & pres]v$4 ,fi% is pref]ably 'dress$' by simple boil+1 broil+1 or fry+2 9 fact1 ! f9] k9ds ( fi% are (t5 injur$ by ! excessive int]f]5ce ( ! cook4 ,:5 boil$1 all l>ge fi%1 ) ! sk9 :ole1 mu/ be plac$ on ! fire 9 cold wat]2 if crimp$1 or cut into slices or pieces1 9 boil+ wat]2 if :ole1 x mu/ n be cov]$ ) m ?an two or ?ree in*es ( wat]1 or ! sk9 w crack1 & n only spoil ! appe>ance ( ! fi%1 b w dim9i% ! gelat9e & glut5 x conta9s1 & in/ead ( eat+ firm & full ( flav\r1 x w be s(t & woolly1 especially if ov]-boil$4 7,soy]47 ,z soon z a scum rises f boil+1 x %\ld be remov$ by ! skimm]4 ,! addition ( a little salt or v9eg> to ! wat] improves ! flav\r ( mo/ fi%1 & r5d]s ! fle% firm]4 ,! proportions %\ld be two teaspoonfuls ( salt to e qu>t ( wat]4 ,if ! fi% be :ole1 z soon z x beg9s to boil remove ! cov] on "o side1 & let x simm] g5tly until done4 7,soy]47 ,a fi% is kn[n to be suffici5tly dress$ by ! fle% 9 ! ?ick] p>ts sep>at+ easily f ! bone4 ,if a l>ge fi% ,i g5]ally try x by g5tly pu%+ a wood5 skew] ?r\gh ! ?icke/ "p2 if x goes 9 easily x is done4 7,soy]47 ,:5 ?is is ! case x %\ld be remov$ f ! kettle1 z by soak+ 9 ! wat] fi% loses its firmness1 & becomes sodd5$4 ,sole1 skate1 & mack]el1 are usually put into boil+ wat]1 :e!r :ole or slic$4 ,fi% = broil+ %\ld be well wa%$ 9 /rong v9eg>1 wip$ dry ) a t[el1 & fl\r$ be=e plac+ !m on ! gridiron2 & ! b>s ( ! latt] %\ld be hot1 & well butt]$4 7,rundell47 ,fi% = fry+ %\ld be prep>$ z = broil+1 & ! butt]1 oil1 or l>d %\ld be all[$ to boil = a m9ute or two be=e putt+ !m into ! fry+-pan4 ,! latt] %\ld be p]fectly smoo? & bright1 & ! butt] or oil 9 abundance1 to prev5t ! fi% /ick+ to x & burn+4 ,z ! fi% are cook$ solely by ! heat ( ! melt$ fat1 to fry !m 9 ! highe/ p]fection !re %\ld be en\gh ( x to cov] !m4 ,butt] or oil is ! be/ = ! purpose4 ,to avoid loss1 ! cont5ts ( ! fry+-pan1 aft] ! fi% is remov$1 %\ld be p\r$ into a clean jelly-j> or bas91 & res]v$ = ano!r occasion4 ,! fi% be+ remov$ f ! pan1 ! sup]flu\s fat %\ld be dra9$ f !m prep>atory to 's]v+' !m4 ,:5 fi% is divid$ into fillets or cutlets be=e be+ cook$1 x is usual to take out ! bones1 & to dress x ) =ce-meat1 c4 ,9 s]v+ fi% ( ! f9] k9ds1 no o!r additions are requir$ ?an melt$ butt] & ! ord9>y fi% sauces & pickles4 ,! di%es are commonly g>ni%$ ) raw p>sley1 = ! sake ( appe>ance1 b boil$ p>sley1 *opp$ small1 %\ld accompany x4 ,all k9ds ( fi% %\ld be s]v$ on a napk94 ,caution4 ,x sometimes happ5s t a fi%bone accid5tally swall[$ rema9s 9 ! oesophagus1 & occasions s]i\s inconv5i5ce2 9 fact1 in/ances h be5 kn[n :]e s mu* irritation has aris5 t dea? has foll[$4 ,9 su* cases x is advisable1 z soon z possible1 to take ( t>t> emetic1 #d gr41 dissolv$ 9 w>m wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 & imm$iately aft]w>ds ! :ites ( six eggs4 ,! coagulat$ mass w n rema9 9 ! /oma* m ?an two or ?ree m9utes1 & ! rem$y has be5 kn[n to remove no less ?an #bd p9s at once4 ,,fi% ,,glue4 ,see ,,glue & ,,is+lass4 ,,fi% ,,poison+4 ,see ,,accid5ts4 ,,fi% ,,sk94 ,syn4 ,,%>k ,,sk94 ,! sk9 ( ! spott$ dog-fi% or r\gh h\nd 7*i5 de m]1 ,fr471 /ret*$ & dri$4 ,us$ = poli%+ wood & ivory4 ,sev]al o!r v>ieties ( fi% sk9 are employ$ 9 ! arts4 ,! dress$ sk9 ( ! 'r\sette' 7peau de r\sette1 ,f471 is transp>5t1 & v beautiful4 ,cem5t$ on gre5 pap]1 & rubb$ d[n & poli%$1 x is us$ z v5e] = fancy boxes4 ,! sk9s ( sev]al v>ieties ( ,squalus are also us$ = bo? ! above purposes4 ,see ,,%agre54 ,,five ,,h]bs4 ,see ,,species4 ,,fix',,ature ,syn4 ,,b&ol9e1 ,,clysphitique1 ,,eau ,,collante1 ,,fixateur1 ,fr4 ,?is consi/s ( any ( ! simple vegetable mucilages1 comb9$ ) a little _s1 to pres]ve x1 & ) a little p]fume1 to r5d] x m agreeable4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f c>rage51 ,iri%1 or pe>l moss1 soak$ 9 cold wat] = an h\r or two1 & aft] be+ dra9$1 & press$ dry 9 a clean napk91 dissolv$ by boil+ 9 s(t wat]1 q4 s4 ,! decoction is /ra9$ ?r\gh cambric1 & :5 ne>ly cold is mix$ ) ab\t #a_/crd or #a_/d? ( its volume ( eau de ,cologne or o!r sc5t$ _s1 ) ! fur!r addition ( a few drops 7#e or #f7 ( oil ( cloves4 ,sometimes a little br&y is add$ to ! mucilage1 & :5 x is int5d$ = pres5t use1 z is common ) home manufactures1 ! _s is frequ5tly omitt$ altoge!r4 #a_/d oz4 ( ! prep>$ moss is fully en\gh = #c_/d p9t ( /ra9$ decoction1 if rightly manag$4 #b4 ,f qu9ce se$ boil$ 9 wat]1 z ! la/4 #a_/d oz4 yields ne>ly #c_/d p9t ( /ra9$ decoction4 #c4 ,pale gum arabic 7pick$71 #a-a_/b oz42 rose wat]1 #b fl4 oz42 pure wat]1 #c fl4 oz42 dissolve4 #d4 ,gum arabic1 #c-a_/d oz42 wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 dissolve1 & drop 9 eau de ,cologne1 gradually1 until ! cl\d9ess at fir/ occasion$ ceases to be remov$ by agitation2 ! next day decant ! cle> portion4 ,all ( ! above are v sup]ior1 & keep well4 #e4 7,r$wood47 ,gum tragacan?1 #a-a_/b dr42 wat]1 #g oz42 pro( _s1 #c oz42 otto ( roses1 #aj drops2 mac]ate #bd h\rs1 & /ra94 #f4 ,malt1 #g oz42 hot wat] 7t w b>ely p]mit ! f+] to be held 9 x )\t pa971 #a_/b p9t2 infuse 9 a cov]$ jug or bas91 g5tly press out ! liquid1 & z soon z cold add ( pro( _s 7or br&y or ,cologne wat]71 #b-a_/b fl4 oz4 & /ra94 ,obs4 ,b&ol9e is us$ by ladies & by hairdress]s = /iff5+ ! hair1 & to make x curl firmly & rema9 9 place4 ,x is appli$ ei!r by moi/5+ ! f+]s & pass+ ! hair ?r\gh !m1 or by means ( a small sponge4 ,see ,,pommade4 ,,fix$ ,,air4 ,see ,,c>bonic ,,acid4 ,,fix$ ,,oils4 ,see ,,fat & ,,oils4 ,,flake ,,:ite4 ,see ,,:ite ,,pigm5ts4 ,,flame4 ,gas or vap\r 9 an inc&esc5t /ate4 ,! light emitt$ f pure flame is exce$+ly feeble2 illum9at+ p[] be+ almo/ entirely dep5d5t ^u ! pres5ce ( solid matt]4 ,see ,,illum9ation1 & bel[4 ,flame ,col\rs4 ,! vap\rs ( metallic comp\nds communicate col\rs to flames4 ,! *>act]i/ic col\rs ( "s metals are v beautiful1 & _! exhibition =ms a favorite exp]im5t ( *emical lectur]s4 ,! col\r$ flames are g5]ally produc$ by ! combu/ion ( alcohol or rectifi$ _s ^u c]ta9 salts 9 f9e p[d]4 ,9 ?is way a ,,gre5 col\r is communicat$ by boracic acid or *loride ( copp]2 a ,,r$ "o by ! nitrates ( iron1 lime1 or /rontia2 a ,,violet1 by potassa & its salts2 & a ,,yell[1 by nitrate ( soda4 ,messrs ,*ur* & ,crookes h rec5tly describ$ a mode ( exhibit+ ! *>act]i/ic flames ( ! metals :i* is admirably adapt$ = ! lecture-table4#cab ',gun-pap]1' made 9 ! same way z 'gun-cotton1' is to be soak$ 9 solutions ( ! *lorates ( ! diff]5t metals1 dri$ ) c>e1 & kept dry4 ,a good 'gun-pap]' = ! purpose is prep>$ by soak+ /rips ( ,sw$i% filt]+-pap] = t5 m9utes 9 a mixture ( #d p>ts oil ( vitriol ) #e p>ts /rong nitric acid1 bo? by measure4 ,! /rips1 :5 tak5 out ( ! acid1 %\ld be wa%$ fir/ ) cold1 & !n ) hot ra9 or di/ill$ wat]1 till ! wa%+s are no long] s\r to ! ta/e4 ,! solutions ( ! metallic salts ne$ n be v /rong2 b if !y are w>m1 ! /rips ( 'gun-pap]' w be m easily & completely saturat$ ) !m4 ,s9ce "s ( ! *lorates attract moi/ure f ! air1 x is bett] to dry ! pap]s prep>$ ) !m be=e ! fire previ\s to light+ !m4 ,!y are %[n to be/ advantage :5 a /rip is loosely crumpl$ up into a pellet1 light$ quickly at "o corn]1 & ?r[n up into ! air aga9/ a d>k back gr\nd4 ,!y leave aft] burn+1 if prop]ly prep>$1 no a% :atev]4 ,pap] prep>$ ) ! salt ( potassa gives a fla% ( ,,violet flame1 t prep>$ ) ! soda salt ! *>act]i/ic ,,yell[ flame1 & t ) *lorate ( b>yta a v beautiful ,,gre5 light4 ,! *lorates ( /rontium1 li?ium1 & calcium1 :5 ?us ignit$1 give int5se col\rs4 ,! ,,violet-,,blue flame ( copp] is well se51 ev5 ) ! *loride ( t metal1 :ile pap] soak$ 9 nitrate ( potassa %[s ! potassium flame bett] ?an if ! *lorate be us$4 ',gun-pap]' prep>$ ) a v weak solution ( *loride or *lorate ( ?allium %[s ! *>act]i/ic ,,sprig-,,gre5 flame ( t metal ) great di/9ctness4 ,*lorate ( b>ium1 be+ an article ( comm]ce1 may be employ$ = ! prep>ation ( ! o!r *lorates1 x be+ m]ely necess>y to add to ?is salt 9 solution an exactly equival5t quantity ( ! sulphate or c>bonate ( ! metal ^: *lorate is desir$4 ,= in/ance1 9 ord] to make '*lorate ( copp]1' #aea gr4 ( *lorate ( b>ium be+ dissolv$ 9 hot di/ill$ wat]1 a boil+ solution conta9+ #abe gr4 ( pure cry/allis$ sulphate ( copp] is to be add$ to x4 ,insoluble :ite 'sulphate ( b>yta' falls1 :ile ! solution1 filt]$ & evaporat$1 yields ! new *lorate 9 cry/als4 ,see ,,fires1 ,,pyrote*ny1 c4 ,footnote #cab3 ,see ',intellectual ,obs]v]1' ,april1 #ahfc4 ,,flan',,nel4 ,x has be5 %[n by ! exp]im5ts ( ,c\nt ,rum=d t ! conduct+ p[] ( ! diff]5t mat]ials employ$ = clo?+ v>ies consid]ably4 ,a !rmomet] surr\nd$ ) cotton wool1 & heat$ by imm]sion 9 boil+ wat]1 took #ajdf seconds to lose #ace ,fahr41 :5 plung$ into a ba? ( melt+ ice2 b1 "u ! same circum/ances1 :5 %eep's wool 0 employ$1 #aaah seconds elaps$ be=e a l s9k+ ( ! !rmomet] took place 7',phil4 ,trans41' #agib72 ?us %[+ ! great] conduct+ p[] ( ! =m]1 & consequ5tly ! sup]iority ( ! latt] sub/ance = ! manufacture ( w>m clo?+4 ,b ! *ief advantage ( wool1 z an article ( und]clo?+1 dep5ds less ^u its actual p[] ( conduct+ heat ?an its peculi> texture4 ,flannel acts z a g5tle /imulus on ! sk91 & ex]cises ! mo/ b5eficial action1 by keep+ ! pores clean1 & 9 a /ate mo/ favorable to p]spiration4 ,?is action is a species ( friction simil> 9 "*1 al?\gh inf]ior 9 degree1 to t ( ! common fle%-bru% or horse-hair glove1 s long employ$ z a sk9 /imulant4 ,flannel has also ! advantage ( absorb+ ! p]spiration z soon z emitt$1 & all[+ its wat]y portion to pass (f into ! atmosph]e almo/ z soon z =m$1 b ?is is n ! case ) cotton & l95 fabrics4 ,! diff]5t effects ( flannel & l95 are p>ticul>ly susceptible dur+ brisk ex]cise4 ,:5 ! body is cov]$ ) ! =m]1 ?\gh p]spiration be necess>ily increas$1 ! p]spir$ matt] freely passes (f ?r\gh ! flannel1 & ! sk9 rema9s dry & w>m4 ,if ! same ex]cise be tak5 9 l95 %irts1 p]spiration1 z 9 ! =m] case1 is inde$ also increas$1 b ! p]spir$ matt]1 in/ead ( be+ disp]s$ into ! atmosph]e1 rema9s ^u ! l951 & n only clogs ! pores ( ! sk91 b gives a disagreeable s5sation4 ,f ?is prop]ty ( flannel1 p]sons :o we> x next ! sk9 seldom cat* cold f *anges ( temp]ature1 ev5 ?\gh p]spir+ pr(usely2 b 9 simil> cases1 :5 l95 or calico %irts are worn1 *ill9ess imm$iately comes on1 foll[$ by sniffl+1 sneez+1 & c\gh1 & all ! o!r symptoms ( sev]e cat>rh4 ,! common objections rais$ aga9/ ! use ( flannel are f\nd$ on vulg> prejudices1 ignorance1 ob/9acy1 or bravado1 & are undes]v+ ( ! notice ( s5sible p4 ,9 a fickle & moi/ climate l t ( ,engl&1 e p]son %\ld we> a robe ( flannel next ! sk91 or at all ev5ts a wai/coat ( flannel rea*+ bel[ ! lo9s2 & ?is %\ld n be disc>d$ z soon z ! cold wea!r has pass$1 b its use %\ld be cont9u$ all ! ye> r\nd2 = 9 reality flannel is1 if possible1 ev5 m requir$ 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]1 because p]sons p]spire m freely 9 hot ?an 9 cold wea!r1 & are consequ5tly m susceptible ( cold1 :ile at t p]iod ( ! ye> _! clo?+ is less capable ( protect+ !m f ! effects ( sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature & draughts ( cold air1 moi/ure1 c4 ,females1 *ildr51 p]sons ( delicate con/itutions1 & all o!rs :o f _! habits ( body or life p]spire freely1 or are mu* expos$1 %\ld we> flannel4 ,9 wa%+ flannels x is recomm5d$ t !y %\ld only be put into w>m wat]1 by :i* me?od _! col\r w be pres]v$1 & !y w be prev5t$ f %r9k+4 ,,fla%4 ,prep4 ,f burnt-sug> col\r+1 #a gall42 fluid extract ( capsicum or ess5ce ( ,cay5ne1 #c_/d p9t1 or en\gh to give a /rong fi]y ta/e4 ,us$ to col\r spirits1 & to give !m a false /r5g?4 ,x is made by ! brew]s' druggi/s1 & labell$ ',,is+lass ,,& ,,burnt ,,sug>1' ,,flasks4 ,! late lam5t$ & +5i\s ,mr ,f[nes sugge/$ ! employm5t ( ,flor5ce oil-flasks z *eap sub/itutes = retorts1 receiv]s1 dige/]s1 & "s o!r vessels us$ = *emical purposes4 ,8 plan 0 to cut ! neck smoo?ly r\nd ) a hot iron1 & s(t5+ x 9 ! flame ( a good arg& gas-lamp1 to turn ov] ! edge s z to =m a lip1 or bord]4 ,! neck w !n be> a tight-fitt+ cork )\t splitt+4 ,,flatul5ce4 ,syn4 ,,flatul5cy1 ,,w9d4 ,9 pa?ology1 a morbid collection ( gas 9 ! /oma* & b[els4 ,its mo/ common cause is indige/ion4 ,:5 ! natural fluids ( ! /oma* are secret$ 9 a heal?y /ate1 !y ex]cise an antiseptic & dige/ive action on ! food1 by :i* x is spe$ily r$uc$ to a magma t is little liable to spontane\s *ange :il/ 9 ! body2 b :5 ! rev]se is ! case1 f]m5tation soon comm5ces1 & ! /oma* & associat$ visc]a become di/5d$ ) gas1 & all ! well-kn[n symptoms ( flatul5cy are develop$ 9 rapid succession4 ,! quantity ( gas ?us accumulat$ 9 ! 'prim vi' is (t5 enorm\s4 ,an ord9>y apple dur+ f]m5tation yields ab\t #fjj times its bulk ( gas1 & _m vegetables yield mu* m4 7,dr ,hales47 ,x is1 !re=e1 n at all surpris+ t s mu* inconv5i5ce %\ld be felt :5 ! food1 in/ead ( be+ dige/$ & assimilat$1 runs into ! /ate ( active f]m5tation4 ,! treatm5t ( flatul5cy consi/s ma9ly 9 ! selection ( prop] articles ( food4 ,ol]ace\s vegetables1 peas1 beans1 "u-dress$ potatoes1 & indige/ible fruits %\ld be especially avoid$1 z well z ! use ( l>ge quantities ( weak or w>m liquids4 ,! diet %\ld consi/ pr9cipally ( animal food1 c>efully b n ov]-cook$1 ) a suffici5t quantity ( good mealy potatoes 7ma%$1 n :ole71 & good :eat5 meal-bread1 mod]ately season$ ) common salt & spices4 ,! mo/ suitable bev]ages are toa/-&-wat]1 & a little good br&y l>gely dilut$ ) wat]4 ,! heal?y tone ( ! /oma* may be re-e/abli%$ by ! prop] use ( tonics1 bitt]s1 & mild ap]i5ts4 ,to relieve ! fit ( flatul5cy1 c>m9atives & aromatics1 z black pepp]1 mu/>d1 pepp]m9t1 g+]1 c9namon1 lav5d]1 & mo/ spices1 may be _h rec\rse to4 ,a glass ( pepp]m9t cordial1 or ( br&y /rongly flav\r$ ) pepp]m9t or g+]1 is a popul> & effici5t rem$y4 ,a few drops 7#ae to #cj7 ( e!r1 ) a little t9cture ( capsicum or _s ( sal volatile1 seldom fail to give relief4 ,see ,,dyspepsia4 ,,flav\r+ ,,sub/ances4 ,see ,,ess5ce1 ,,oil 7,volatile71 ,,spice1 ,,w9e1 c4 ,,flax4 ,see ,,l951 ,,l9se$1 & ,,oil4 ,,flea4 ,?is tr\blesome little animal is ! ,pulex irritans ( ,l9nu1 & belongs to ! ,suctoria1 or f\r? ord] ( ! ,insecta4 ,its favorite haunts are our w>m und]clo?+1 & its mo/ productive bre$+-places are 9 ! 'flue' :i* c>eless s]vants all[ to accumulate und]nea? our b$s4 ,cold1 light1 p]fumes1 & v5tilation1 are inimical to its propagation4 ,,fle*t5kapseln 7,tett] ,capsules1 or ,dr ,b]keley's ,antih]petic ,capsules = ,sk9 ,diseases1 ,tett]1 c47 ,capsules fill$ ) t>4 7,hag]47 ,,fle*t5mittel--,tett] ,cure4 7,p>is74 #a4 ,a ,wa%+ ,fluid4--,common wat]1 conta9+ #a-a_/b p] c5t4 sulphuric acid4 #b4 ,a ,salve4 ,a mixture ( l>d & sp]maceti1 ) #a_/bd ( _! weight ( calomel4 7,x4 ,s*midt47 ,,fle*t5pulv]--,tett] ,p[d] 7,/ ,lube's1 ,france74 ,nitre1 #ajj2 antimony *loride1 #aj2 antimony oxide1 #bjj1 #ae grammes = a dose4 7,witt/e947 ,,fle*t5salbe--,tett] ,salve 7,fonta9e1 ,p>is74 ,= all sk9 diseases4 ,olive oil & :ite wax1 ) #a_/af ( :ite precipitate4 7,witt/e947 ,fle*t5salbe 7,bruno ,rei*el1 ,apolda74 ,a mixture ( wax & l>d col\r$ gre54 7,s*dl]47 ,fle*t5salbe 7,f4 ,s*w>zlose1 ,b]l91 & ,s4 ,g4 ,s*w>tz1 ,breslau74 ,= salt-flux1 tett]s1 & simil> sk9 diseases4 ,p]u balsam1 #a2 c>bolic acid1 #b2 yell[ wax1 #aj2 l>d1 #cj4 7,s*dl]47 ,fle*t5salbe 7,surbi1 ,p>is74 ,= all k9ds ( sk9 diseases4 ,a mixture ( beef tall[1 #cj2 olive oil1 #aj2 z9c oxide1 #b2 /eatite1 #b4 7,witt/e947 ,,fle*t5seife1 ,tett] ,soap 7,dr ,b]keley74 ,ord9>y t> soap4 7,hag]47 ,,fle*t5wass]4 ,! wond]ful :olesome m9]al vegetable tett]-wat] 7,dr ,a4 von ,s474 ,corrosive sublimate1 #be grammes2 wat]1 #ahj grammes2 b5zo9 t9cture1 #f grammes4 7,web]47 ,,fleck5wass] 7,bronn]74 ,cleans+ fluid 7lit]ally spot or /a9 wat]7 = ! removal ( grease & dirt spots4 ,b5z9e only4 ,fleck5wass]1 ,englis*es 7,engli% cleans+ fluid = remov+ acid1 res91 wax1 t>1 & grease spots47 ,a mixture ( #ie p] c5t4 alcohol1 #ajj grammes2 liq4 ammon41 sp4 gr4 #hge1 #cj grammes2 b5z9e1 #d grammes4 7,artus47 ,,fleis*-,,extract-,,liqueur 7,eau de ,vie ,alim5teuse--,extract ( ,meat ,liqueur--,aqua ,vit ,inc>nativa7 7,a4 ,h5sel1 ,b]l974 ,a beautiful r$ spicy liquor1 leav+1 :5 di/ill$1 #cb p] c5t4 ( solid matt]4 ,?is residue conta9s 9 #ajj p>ts 7besides anil9-r$71 res9 & extractive 7p>tly f g+] & p>tly f c9namon71 #c-a_/d2 sug>1 #bg-a_/b2 extract ( meat1 #a-a_/d4 7,hag]47 ,fleis*-,extract-,syrup 7,syrup ( ,extract ( ,meat7 7,mey]1 ,b]k74 ,blood-s]um made into a syrup ) sug>4 7,hag]47 ,,fleis*fas]-,,zwieback ,f,r ,,hunde--,fibr9 ,dog ,biscuits 7,new ,york74 ,said to be made ( pure meal1 fibr91 dates1 & o!r +r$i5ts1 & recomm5d$ z an excell5t food = dogs4 ,accord+ to ! prospectus its use makes all o!r foods unnecess>y1 z x gives ! animals peculi> endurance1 /rong muscles1 & s\nd bones4 ,! directions = use say t x is mo/ advantage\sly giv5 9 its unprep>$ =m1 z dry1 heavy1 h>d cakes1 & only 9 case x is refus$ %\ld x be s(t5$ = a %ort "t 9 cold wat]4 ,accord+ to ! analysis p]=m$ 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,poppelsdorf ,agricultural ,academy ! proportion ( nitrog5\s to non-nitrog5\s +r$i5ts is #a to #cgj4 ,microscopic analysis detects ! pres5ce ( dri$ fibr91 & also a consid]able admixture ( /ructureless hyal9e c>tilag9\s matt]4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! nitrog5 reveal$ by analysis does n all repres5t prote9 or fibr91 & t ! proportion :i* arises f indige/ible gelat9\s matt] w be ( small] value4 7,dr ,e4 ,k]n47 ,,fle%4 ,syn4 ,,c>o1 ,l4 ,! muscul> sub/ances ( animals2 ! s(t]1 solid portions ( ! body1 z di/+ui%$ f ! bones & fluids4 ,see ,,fibr91 ,,food1 c4 ,fle%-bru%4 ,?is simple in/rum5t is us$ = excit+ ! cutane\s circulation4 ,^? :i* h ! bri/les set on a lea!r back are e/eem$ ! be/4 ,! fle%-glove or hair fle%-rubb] is a useful modification ( ! common fle%-bru%4 ,^? manufactur$ by ,messrs ,savory & ,moore1 9 imitation ( ! ,indian kheesah or mitt51 are sup]ior to all o!rs4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( bo? fle%-bru% & glove1 a r\gh t[el w\nd r\nd ! h& is no bad sub/itute4 ,see ,,friction4 ,,flieg5papi]1 ,,giftfreies--,non-,poison\s ,fly ,pap]s 7,b]gmann ,co41 ,ro*litz74 ,conta9s abundance ( ars5i\s acid4 7,hag]47 ,,flieg5pulv]--,fly ,p[d] 7,baumann1 n[ ,m>kel1 ,au/ria74 #ic to #id p] c5t4 ( dry s&y f]rug9\s clay 7ord9>y loam7 saturat$ ) a decoction ( "s bitt] sub/ance1 z quassia or g5tian4 7,hag]47 ,,flies4 ,see ,,fly4 ,,flip4 ,see ,,egg ,,flip4 ,,fl,,hemittel--,flea ,p[d] 7,leipsic74 ,p[d]$ soap4 7,fis*]47 ,,fl,,hewass]--,flea ,wat] 7,ko*1 vet]9>y surgeon1 ,vi5na74 #g br&y1 #a b5z9e1 #a black soap4 7,hag]47 ,,floril9e--,vegetable ,too? ,pa/e made by ,john ,yates 7,alb9 ,mll]1 ,brnn74 ,x is conta9$ 9 a quadrangul> *9a pot1 & is a r$1 dry1 r h>d mass made f prep>$ *alk1 #bj grammes2 />* p[d]1 #aj grammes2 glyc]91 #h grammes2 pellitory t9cture1 #c grammes2 pepp]m9t oil1 #aj drops2 & wat] q4 s41 col\r$ ) ,flor5t9e lac4 7,hag]47 ,,fl\n',,d]4 ,a flat fi%1 v l ! plaice1 b small]1 & ( m obscure col\r4 ,x is v common ab\t ! ,briti% coa/1 & is f\nd 9 ! ,nor!rn1 ,baltic1 & ,m$it]ranean seas4 ,its fle% is v :olesome4 ,,fl\r4 ,syn4 ,,f>9a1 ,l4 ,! f9ely gr\nd & 'dress$' meal ( bread corn1 & ( ! se$s ( "s ( ! legum9os4 ,t kn[n specifically z 'fl\r' 9 ?is c\ntry is obta9$ f spr+ v>ieties ( ,triticum vulg>e 7! common :eat74 ,v>41 c4 ,( v>ieties ( fl\r !re are sev]al1 dep5d+ *iefly on ! am\nt ( bran :i* !y conta91 & ! relative f95ess ( ! sieves ?r\gh :i* !y are pass$3-- ,,f9e ,,:eat ,,fl\r1 ,,pa/ry ,,fl\r2 ,,f>9a1 ,f4 ,,tritici1 ,f4 ,,sem9is ,,tritici4 ,! f9e/ fl\r1 obta9$ f ! meal produc$ 9 ! fir/ gr9d+ ( :eat betwe5 %>p /ones1 by means ( a sieve ( #fd wires to ! in*4 ,us$ = pa/ry4 ,,middl+s4 ,! rema9d] ( ! fl\r ( ! fir/ gr9d+1 obta9$ by means ( a slightly co>s] sieve4 ,us$ = mak+ h\sehold bread1 b is mo/ly regr\nd = ! next v>iety4 ,,seconds4 ,! f9e/ "p ( ! fl\r1 obta9$ by regr9d+ 'middl+s' betwe5 blunt /ones4 ,us$ by ! bak]s = _! f9e/ :eat5 bread4 ,,poll>d4 ,! co>se fl\r1 f :i* ! seconds has be5 sift$4 ,us$ = mak+ sea biscuits & g+]bread1 & to fatt5 p\ltry & hogs4 ,,c\ntry ,,h\sehold ,,fl\r4 ,?is is usually gr\nd only once1 & sift$ to #d_/e?s ( ! weight ( ! :eat4 ,,ammunition ,,fl\r is gr\nd & sift$ to ne>ly #e_/f?s ! weight ( ! :eat4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,accum1 ?irty-two pecks ( :eat 9 ! ,london mills yield1 ( fl\r #ch-a_/b p>ts2 poll>d1 #h p>ts2 & bran 7furfur tritici71 #ab p>ts2 ! bulk ( ! :eat be+ d\bl$ by gr9d+4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,h>d1 mill]1 ( ,d>t=d1 quot$ by ,dr ,p]eira1 ! :eat hav+ be5 gr\nd 9 ! usual way1 is all[$ to rema9 9 ! /ate ( meal = "s "t be=e 'dress+1' :i* removes ! heat caus$ by ! process1 & enables ! mill] to obta9 m fl\r1 & ! bak] a bett] quality1 ?an if 'dress$' imm$iately x is gr\nd4 ,! process ( dress+ is by a wire cyl9d] conta9+ a c]ta9 numb] ( %eets ( diff]5t texture or f95ess1 :i* cyl9d] conta9s eight hair bru%es atta*$ to a sp9dle pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! cyl9d]1 & laid out s z to g5tly t\* ! wire4 ,?is cyl9d] is f$ by a '%oe' ) ! meal2 !n ! 'fl\r' & '(fal1' aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! wire 9 ?is way1 are divid$ by wood5 p>titions fix$ close to ! outside ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! produce ( ! :eat-meal dress$ ?r\gh ! wire ma*9e consi/s (--#a1 ,fl\r2--#b1 ,:ite ,/uff1 or ,box+s1 or ,%>ps2--#c1 ,f9e ,poll>d2--#d1 ,co>se ,poll>d1 or ,horse ,poll>d2--#e1 ,bran4 ,! #bnd product 7i4 e4 ! :ite /uff7 is !n submitt$ to ano!r 'dress+' ?r\gh a f9e clo? ma*9e1 & produces--#a1 ,f9e ,middl+s1 = biscuits2--#b1 ,topp+s1 or ,specks2--#c1 ,du/+s2--#d1 ,be/ ,poll>d1 ,turkey ,middl+s1 or ,co>se ,middl+s4 ,,table ( ! ,produce ( ,"o ,qu>t] ( ,:eat 7 #ejd lbs47 ,by ,,mr ,,h>d4 ,fl\r #cib lbs4 ,biscuit or f9e middl+s #aj ,topp+s or specks #h ,be/ poll>d1 ,turkey p41 or tw5ty-p5ny #ae ,f9e poll>d #ah ,bran & co>se poll>d #ej ,loss by evaporation & wa/e #aa ---- #ejd ---- ,analysis ( ,fl\r4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,,peligot4 ,,wanklyn4 ,mean ( #ad ,,le!by4 ,,pay54 ,f9e ,:eat5 ,analyses4 ,fl\r4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,wat] #adj #aej #adbb #afe ,fat #ab #bj #abe #ab ,nitrog5\s matt]s1 glut51 c4 #abh #ajh #adde #abj ,ditto1 soluble 9 wat] #ah -- -- -- ,non-nitrog5is$ sub/ances1 dextr91 sug>1 c4 #gb ,/>* #eig #gje #fhdh #fif ,cellulose #ag ,salts 7a%7 #af #ag #af #jgd ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,accord+ to ,vauquel91 ,fr5* :eat fl\r conta9s ab\t #aj ( wat]1 #aa ( glut51 #ga ( />*1 #e ( sug>1 & #c ( gum2 & ! wat] ( ! d\gh am\nts to ab\t #ej4 ,! quantity ( ! bran 9 :eat ranges "u #b4 ,pur4 ,?is article ( food is v frequ5tly adult]at$ bo? by ! mill] & ! bak]1 z has be5 be=e allud$ to 9 ! article on bread4 ,! pr9cipal physical *>act]i/ics ( :eat fl\r ( good quality are ! foll[+--x has a dull :ite col\r1 some:at incl9+ to yell[2--x exhibits no trace ( bran1 ev5 :5 press$ smoo? ) ! h&1 or ) a poli%$ surface2--its cohesiv5ess is s great t1 on be+ squeez$ 9 ! h&1 ! lump is "s "t be=e x loses its %ape2--x has a homog5e\s appe>ance1 & does n lose m ?an f #f to #ab by be+ c>efully dri$ 9 a /ove4 ,! small] ! loss 9 ?is way ! f9] is ! quality1 o!r matt]s be+ equal1 & ! m economical 9 use4#cac 7,see bel[47 ,footnote #cac3 ,see also ,,bread1 ,adult1 & ,exam4 ,te/s4 #a4 ,solution ( ammonia turns pure :eat fl\r yell[2 b if any o!r corn has be5 gr\nd ) x1 pale br[n2 or if peas or beans h be5 gr\nd ) x1 a /ill d>k] br[n4 #b4 ,solution ( potassa1 conta9+ ab\t #ab ( cau/ic alkali1 dissolves pure :eat-fl\r almo/ completely2 b :5 x is adult]at$ ) ! fl\r ( ! legum9\s se$s 7beans1 peas1 c471 ! cellulos ( ^! sub/ances rema9s undissolv$1 & its hexagonal tissue is readily id5tifi$ "u ! microscope4 ,m9]al sub/ances 7*alk1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 bone du/1 c47 are also insoluble 9 ?is te/1 & appe> z a heavy :ite s$im5t4 #c4 ,boil+ wat] p\r$ on ! sample causes ! evolution ( ! peculi> od\r ( pea or bean fl\r :5 ^! sub/ances are pres5t4 ,bread made ) su* fl\r evolves a l od\r on be+ toa/$4 #d4 ,pure hydro*loric acid p\r$ on potato fl\r1 or on :eat fl\r adult]at$ ) x1 develops a smell ( ru%es2 x also dissolves />*1 b *anges ! col\r ( pure :eat-fl\r to a deep violet4 #e4 ,nitric acid turns :eat fl\r ( an orange-yell[ col\r1 b =ms a /iff & t5aci\s jelly ) potato fecula1 ! col\r ( :i* x does n alt]4 #f4 ,a portion ( ! suspect$ sample submitt$ to dry di/illation 9 a /onew>e retort1 & ! di/illate collect$ 9 a receiv] conta9+ a little wat]1 ! latt] is f\nd to rema9 p]fectly neutral if ! :eat fl\r is pure1 b acquires a di/9ctly alkal9e reaction :5 beans1 pulse1 or pea meal is pres5t4 7,rodrigues47 #g4 ,triturate #cjj gr4 ( ! sample ) an equal weight ( clean silice\s s&1 & aft] five m9utes =m a homog5e\s pa/e ) wat]2 aft]w>ds fur!r add+ m wat]1 until ab\t #b fl4 oz4 h be5 us$4 ,! filt]$ liquid1 treat$ ) an equal quantity ( a /rong & pure aque\s solution ( iod9e1 develops a p9k col\r1 :i* gradually disappe>s :5 ! specim5 exam9$ consi/s ( pure :eat fl\r2 b assumes a deep-purple col\r1 :i* disappe>s mu* m sl[ly1 if ! fl\r is adult]at$ ) ev5 #aj ( fecula or potato fl\r4 ,?is te/ succe$s1 n only ) fl\r & meal1 b also ) mac>oni1 v]micelli1 c4 7,m4 ,*evalli]47 #h4 ,! milky liquid hold+ ! />* 9 susp5sion 7see ,anal41 page #gdi7 is p\r$ into a small conical glass1 & left at re/ = "s "t2 ! cle> liquid is !n decant$1 & any rema9+ wat] c>efully suck$ up ) a pipette1 & ! :ole left = "s "t1 9 ord] t ! deposit may h>d54 ,! upp] gray lay] is next remov$ ) a teaspoon1 & ! h>d] & /iff] second lay] left undi/urb$ until x becomes q solid by dry+4 ,:5 9 ?is /ate1 x may be upset 9 ! =m ( a cone1 ^u a lump ( dry pla/]4 ,! fecula or potato />* 7if any is pres5t71 be+ heavi] ?an t ( :eat1 =ms ! apex ( ! cone1 & its quantity may be e/imat$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,! op]ator cuts f ! apex ( ! little cone above m5tion$ a slice1 :i* he triturates only = a %ort "t 9 an agate mort> 7"o ( glass1 or porcela91 or w$gwood-w>e1 w n d71 & he te/s t ) aque\s solution ( iod9e4 ,if x turns blue1 x is fecula4 ,ano!r slice is treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 until ! op]ator comes to ! :eat />*1 :i*1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 is n affect$ by ! aque\s solution ( iod9e4 ,?is diff]5ce ( behavi\r ( ! two species ( />* ) iod9e is due to ! friction ( ! pe/le & mort>1 :i* is suffici5t to divide or te> ! envelopes ( ! p>ticles ( ! potato />*1 :i* !n become blue :5 treat$ by solution ( iod9e4 ,! p>ticles ( :eat />*1 on ! contr>y1 are n disaggregat$ by t treatm5t1 & be+ !re=e protect$ by _! envelope1 are n act$ ^u by ! solution ( iod9e1 or1 at mo/1 assume only a br[n t+e4 7,m4 ,rob9e47 #i4 ,:eat fl\r adult]at$ ) pla/] ( ,p>is1 gr\nd bones1 *alk1 & potato fl\r1 has a high] specific gravity ?an a sample ( ! pure fl\r4 ,?is may be readily asc]ta9$ by any p]son by fill+ a small vessel ) "s pure fl\r1 & !n ) ! giv5 sample4 ,a vessel :i* w conta9 #a lb4 ( :eat fl\r w conta9 #a-a_/b lb4 ( fecula 7potato fl\r71 & h5ce ! proportion ( ?is adult]ation may be easily e/imat$4 7,ure47 #aj4 ,if to a sample ( :eat fl\r is add$ a solution ( potassa1 conta9+ ab\t #a-c_/d ( ! pure alkali1 ! granules ( potato f>9a1 or ( bean meal1 or pea meal1 pres5t 7if any71 w acquire #d or #e times _! orig9al volume1 :ile ^? ( ! pure :eat />* w be sc>cely affect$ by x4 ,?is *ange is v p]ceptible "u a microscope ( small p[]4 #b p>ts ( liquor ( potassa 7,ph4 ,l47 & #e p>ts ( di/ill$ wat] =m a mixture t answ]s = ! above purpose4 #aa4 ,by means ( ! microscope ! admixture ( ! *eap] feculas & meals ) :eat fl\r is readily detect$ by ! *>act]i/ic appe>ance ( ! />* gra9s2 & :5 ! adult]ation exce$s #i or #aj1 its ext5t may be readily e/imat$ ) consid]able accuracy4 ,z ! range ( adult]ation is g5]ally f #ab to #bg1 ?is me?od is applicable 9 ! great] numb] ( cases4 ,analysis4 ,! value ( :eat fl\r z an alim5t dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( glut51 sug>1 />*1 & phosphate ( lime1 :i* x conta9s2 & its sup]iority ov] ! fl\r ( ! gra9s ( ! o!r c]eals is ref]r$ to its conta9+ a l>g] proportion ( ! fir/ & la/ ( ^! sub/ances ?an !y d4 ,! quantitative analysis ( fl\r is v simple1 & may be easily made by p]sons unacqua9t$ ) *emi/ry1 by att5d+ to ! in/ructions bel[3-- a4 ,make #ajjj gr4 ( ! sample into a d\gh ) a little wat]1 let x re/ an h\r & !n g5tly knead x 9 successive wat]1 until ! />*y p>ticles are p]fectly remov$4 ,collect ! portion 7,,glut57 left 9 ! h&1 dra9 (f ! wat]1 place x on a piece ( filt]+ or blott+ pap]1 sev]al times d\bl$1 & set x aside4 b4 ,mix ! sev]al wat]s employ$ 9 ! prec$+ process1 & set !m aside 9 a tall vessel1 to deposit ! susp5d$ portion 7,,/>*74 ,aft] a suffici5t "t p\r (f ! cle> liquid1 & ?r[ ! :ole ( ! s$im5t on a weigh$ pap] filt]1 plac$ 9 a funnel1 obs]v+ to remove ! portion adh]+ to ! bottom ( ! vessel by means ( a little clean wat]1 t none may be lo/4 c4 ,evaporate ! decant$ liquid1 z well z :at runs f ! filt]1 until x becomes curdy1 !n filt] x ?r\gh a piece ( weigh$ blott+ pap]1 & pres]ve ! s$im5t 7,,album572 next evaporate ! residuum to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup1 agitate x ) #aj times its weight ( alcohol1 & filt]1 obs]v+ to wa% ! pap] filt] clean ) a little alcohol aft] ! solution has pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,! sub/ance on ! pap] is ,,phosphate ,,( ,,lime & ,,gum1 & mu/ be set aside4 ,by subsequ5t dige/ion 9 wat]1 filtration1 & evaporation1 ! two may be obta9$ sep>ately4 d4 ,evaporate or di/il (f ! _s f ! solution & wa%+s1 z above2 ! residuum is ,,sug>4 e4 ,dry ! sub/ances educ$ z above1 by a g5tle heat1 & weigh !m4 ,! weight ( ! album5 may be tak5 ) t ( ! glut51 z x possesses ab\t ! same nutritive value1 & also because x has be5 ass]t$ by "s p]sons t ! =m] sub/ance is 9 reality glut51 & n album54 ,by divid+ ! giv5 weights by #aj1 ! p]-c5tage value ( ! sample is obta9$4 ,! pieces ( filt]+ pap] employ$ %\ld be c>efully dri$ & weigh$ be=e us+ !m1 & ! same degree ( heat %\ld be employ$ = ?is purpose z t to :i* !y w be aft]w>ds expos$ 9 ! dry+ ( ! sub/ances result+ f ! op]ations4 ,obs4 ,! above me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! actual value ( any sample ( fl\r z an article ( food1 ?\gh n /rictly accurate1 approximates suffici5tly to ! tru? = all practical purposes1 & is well adapt$ to ! wants ( ! bak] & l>ge pur*as]4 ,9 _m cases x w only be necess>y to p]=m ! fir/ "p ( ! process 7a71 :i* w give ! p]-c5tage ( ! mo/ important con/itu5t ( ! fl\r2 ! re/ be+ ( m9or consequ5ce4 ,9 addition to :at has be5 already /at$ 9 ! article on ,,bread1 x may be useful to m5tion t a p\nd ( ! be/ fl\r1 f ?or\ghly dri$ :eat1 w take #aj fl4 oz4 ( wat] to =m x into ord9>y d\gh1 or #i fl4 oz4 to =m x into bread d\gh4 ,"u ! old p>liam5t>y acts1 a sack ( fl\r 7#bhj lbs47 0 presum$ to produce #hj loaves 7qu>t]n or qu>t]-peck71 ! weight ( :i*1 )9 #dh h\rs aft] be+ bak$1 0 to be #d lbs4 #e-a_/b oz4 ea*4 ,at ! pres5t "t fully #ib loaves1 weigh+ #d lbs4 ea*1 are produc$ by ! ,london bak]s f "o sack ( fl\r1 :5 hone/ weight is giv52 b z ! latt] is r>ely ! case1 & ! bread is frequ5tly 'slack' or '"u-bak$1' & ?us conta9s m wat] ?an good bread ought to d1 a mu* l>g] product is commonly obta9$4 ,! d\gh loses ab\t #a_/g? ( its weight 9 bak+1 if 9 bat*es2 b fully #a_/f?1 if bak$ 9 small loaves1 & plac$ 9 ! ov5 sep>ately4 ,! be/ bread conta9s ab\t #a_/d-a_/f? ( its weight ( add$ wat]2 & common bread1 (t5 mu* m ?an #a_/d?4 ,! proportion ( wat] 9 ! ,london bread has greatly increas$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 ow+ to ! introduction ( ! fraudul5t plan ( mak+ ! d\gh ) rice jelly or moss jelly4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! bread ( "s bak]s suff]s su* a loss ( weight 9 a few h\rs aft] be+ tak5 f ! ov54 ,a #d lbs4 loaf ( bread pur*as$ f a bak] at ,lambe?1 aft] rema9+ on ! sidebo>d ( a sitt+-room = #bd h\rs1 0 f\nd to h lo/ no less ?an #f-a_/b oz4 by evaporation1 & 9 two days long] its int]ior cells 7 cov]$ ) gre5 m\ld1 & ! :ole 0 unfit = food4 ,! bak]s1 aw>e ( ^! facts1 are p>ticul>ly c>eful n to bake m bread ?an !y c dispose ( :il/ 'new1' & are 9 ! habit ( refus+ to weigh _! bread be=e sell+ x1 :5 x is m ?an #aj or #ab h\rs old1 al?\gh !y are liable to be 'f9$' = su* a refusal4 ,see ,,bread1 ,,cakes1 ,,f>9a1 c41 also bel[4 ,fl\r1 ,bak$4 ,syn4 ,,f>9a ,,to/a1 ,f4 ,,tritici ,,to/a1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f :eat fl\r1 c>efully bak$ 9 a 'slack' ov51 until x acquires a pale-buff hue4 ,a/r+5t2 us$ to make food = infants tr\bl$ ) di>rhoea4 ,see ,,f>9a4 ,fl\r1 ,b>ley 7,prep>$74 ,syn4 ,,f>9a ,,hordei ,,prep>ata1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,f b>ley fl\r1 compress$ into a t9 cyl9d] until ! vessel is #b-crds full1 :i* is !n susp5d$ at ! upp] "p ( a /ill #b-crds fill$ ) wat]1 & aft] ! 'head' is fitt$ on1 ! wat] is kept boil+ = #cj h\rs 7#b days ( #ae h\rs ea*74 ,la/ly1 ! upp] lay] be+ remov$1 ! re/ is r$uc$ to p[d]1 & kept 9 a dry place4 ,fl\r1 ,boil$4 ,syn4 ,,tritic9a1 ,,f>9a ,,prep>ata1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f f9e fl\r1 ti$ up 9 a l95 clo? z tight z possible1 & aft] x has be5 frequ5tly dipp$ into cold wat]1 ! outside ( ! clo? is dr$g$ ov] ) fl\r1 until a cru/ is =m$ r\nd x1 to prev5t ! wat] soak+ into x :il/ boil+2 x is !n boil$ = a long "t1 & :5 cold1 x is divid$ into small oblong pieces4 ,= use1 x is r$uc$ to p[d]1 ei!r by gr9d+ or grat+ x1 & is !n prep>$ l arr[-root4 ,x =ms a good diet = *ildr51 9 di>rhoea1 c42 & z x may be easily prep>$ at home1 x has ! advantage ( be+ free f adult]ation4 ,fl\r1 ,jones's ,pat5t4 ,prep4 ,f kiln-dri$ fl\r1 #a cwt42 t>t>ic acid1 #aj-a_/b oz42 mix ?or\ghly2 aft] #b or #c days1 add1 ( bic>bonate ( soda1 #ab oz42 lump sug>1 #a_/b lb42 common salt1 #a-a_/b lb42 mix1 & pass ! comp\nd ?r\gh ! 'dress+-ma*9e4' ,x is necess>y t ! :ole ( ! +r$i5ts %\ld be p]fectly dry1 & sep>ately r$uc$ to f9e p[d] be=e add+ !m to ! fl\r4 ,by simply mix+ x ) cold wat]1 & at once bak+ x1 x produces light1 por\s bread4 ,obs4 ,we h already _h occasion to pay a pass+ tribute to ! excell5ce & usefulness ( ,jones's ,pat5t ,fl\r4#cad ,x is1 inde$1 invaluable to e h\sehold1 z furni%+ ! means ( produc+1 ) great economy1 & extemporane\sly1 n m]ely cakes1 pudd+s1 pa/ry1 & fancy bread1 b ! '/aff ( life' itself1 h\sehold bread1 ( a purity1 flav\r1 & lightness1 seldom1 if ev]1 met ) 9 t pur*as$ ( ! bak]s4 ,fl\r1 ,sewell's ,pat5t4 a4 7,no4 #a47 ,fl\r1 #a sack 7#bhj lbs472 hydro*loric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aad71 #de oz42 mix1 by add+ ! acid 9 a 'spray1'--b4 7,no4 #b47 ,to ! la/1 add 7exp]tly7 bic>bonate ( soda1 #ci oz42 mix ?or\ghly1 & pass ! :ole ?r\gh a sieve or 'dress+ ma*9e4' ,obs4 ,?is fl\r is us$ z ! la/1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 x is inf]ior 9 quality4 ,no4 #a w keep #e weeks4 ,no4 #b w keep a mon?4 ,jones's fl\r w keep good 9 a dry place = ye>s4 ,if ,no4 #a is alone employ$ = ! d\gh1 to ea* p\nd ( ! fl\r1 #fe gr4 ( bic>bonate ( soda1 ) salt q4 s41 mu/ be add$4 ,! pat5tee claims = 8 inv5tion ! m]it ( ! soda & acid be+ conv]t$ into cul9>y salt 9 ! process ( mak+ up ! fl\r & bak+ ! d\gh4#cad ,footnote #cad3 ,see ,,unf]m5t$ ,,bread4 ,,fl[] ,,dew 7,f4 ,j4 ,web]1 successor ( ,rau1 ,bamb]g74 ,a flat bottle ) ! "n ( ,rau m\ld$ on x2 its gross weight is m ?an #hj grammes1 b x conta9s sc>cely #bb grammes ( a ne>ly col\rless b slightly yell[ fluid1 consi/+ ( a pleasant aromatic solution ( oils ( b]gamot1 lemon1 orange fl[]s1 & rose 9 /rong _s4 ,,fl[]s4 ,syn4 ,,flores1 ,l4 ,^! beautiful & fragrant ornam5ts ( our g>d5s & our dwell+s are too highly e/eem$ by all classes ( ! community to require any?+ 9 fav\r ( _! cultivation to be said "h4 ,our rem>ks w1 !re=e1 *iefly ref] to _! collection1 improvem5t1 & pres]vation4 ',full' or 'd\ble fl[]s1' or ^? 9 :i* ! int]nal organs become petals1 are s mu* m beautiful ?an ! 's+le fl[]s' ( ! correspond+ species & v>ieties1 t _! production1 ) tol]able ease & c]ta9ty1 has long be5 a desid]atum ) bo? ! pr(essional & amateur flori/4 ,v>i\s plans h be5 propos$ hav+ ?is object 9 view1 among :i* are ! foll[+3--#a4 ,! use ( ! be/ se$ only1 b n be=e x is at lea/ #c or #d ye>s old4 #b4 ,! selection ( ! out] r[ ( se$ only1 & its c>eful pres]vation intact = at lea/ #b seasons be=e s[+ x4 ,we are assur$ t ?is me?od is p>ticul>ly successful ) dahlias4 #c4 ,! removal ( ! plants to a %ady situation z soon z ! fl[]-buds beg9 to develop !mselves1 & /9t+ !m ) wat] & n\ri%m5t = a few weeks4 ,9 ?is me?od a few only ( ! buds are p]mitt$ to mature2 ! re/ be+ snipp$ (f ) a pair ( scissors z e>ly z possible4 #d4 ,! use ( small pots & a scanty supply ( wat] until ! fl[]s are p>tly develop$1 :5 wat] is suppli$ 9 abundance1 ) or )\t ! addition ( a little liquid manure4 ,to ha/5 ! bloom+ ( fl[]s1 x is a common practice ) "s g>d5]s to gr[ !m 9 z small pots z is consi/5t ) _! heal?y exi/5ce1 & c>efully to avoid transplant+ !m to l>g] pots1 = sev]al weeks be=e _! usual "t ( blossom+4 ,a plant on ! po9t ( fl[]+1 if transf]r$ to a l>g] pot & a ri*] soil1 imm$iately comm5ces mak+ roots & leaves1 :il/ ! embryo fl[]s ei!r :olly decay1 or _! developm5t is *eck$ until ! usual season ( _! production has pass$ ov]4 ,! foll[+ liquid has be5 us$ ) great advantage to promote ! vigor\s gr[? & ! e>ly fl[]+ ( plants3--,sulphate or nitrate ( ammonia1 #d oz42 nitrate ( potassa1 #b oz42 sug>1 #a oz42 hot wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve & keep x 9 a well-cork$ bottle4 ,= use1 put #h or #aj drops ( ?is liquid into ! wat] ( a hyac9? glass or j>1 = bulb\s-root$ plants1 *ang+ ! wat] e #aj or #ab days4 ,= fl[]+ plants 9 pots1 a few drops mu/ be add$ to ! wat] employ$ = !m4 ,! pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to ra9 wat] = ?is purpose4 ,! fluid sold "u ! "n ( liquid guano may be us$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,fl[]s may be pres]v$ 9 a fre% /ate = a consid]able "t1 by keep+ !m 9 a moi/ atmosph]e4 ,:5 gr[+ on ! p>5t /em1 ! l>ge am\nt ( evaporation f ! surface ( _! leaves is comp5sat$ = by an equival5t proportion ( moi/ure suppli$ by ! roots2 b :5 !y are pluck$1 ! evaporation f ! surface cont9ues1 :ile ! supply ( moi/ure is cut (f4 ,to supply1 9 "p1 ?is loss ( moi/ure by evaporation1 has aris5 ! almo/ univ]sal practice ( plac+ fl[]s 9 wat]2 b _! mutilat$ /ems possess a f> inf]ior p[] ( suck+ up fluids to t ( ! roots1 & ?us _! decay is only def]r$ = a "t4 ,to pres]ve !m m effectually1 or at lea/ to r5d] _! exi/5ce less ephem]al1 we may surr\nd !m ) a moi/ atmosph]e1 by :i* ! loss ( wat] f ! surface ( _! leaves w be r$uc$ to ! smalle/ possible am\nt4 ,x is n[ eighte5 ye>s ago s9ce we fir/ saw1 9 ! draw+-room ( a g5tleman1 9 ! hot dry wea!r ( ! dog-days1 fl[]s pres]v$ day aft] day 9 all _! fre%ness by ! foll[+ simple contrivance--,a flat di% ( porcela9 _h wat] p\r$ into x4 ,9 ! wat] a vase ( fl[]s 0 set2 ov] ! :ole a bell-glass 0 plac$1 ) its rim 9 ! wat]4 ,?is 0 a ',w>d's case' 9 pr9ciple1 al?\gh diff]5t 9 its con/ruction4 ,! air t surr\nd$ ! fl[]s be+ conf9$ b5ea? ! bell-glass1 0 kept con/antly moi/ ) ! wat] t rose into x 9 ! =m ( vap\r4 ,z fa/ z ! wat] 0 cond5s$ x ran d[n ! sides ( ! bell glass back into ! di%2 & if means _h be5 tak5 to inclose ! wat] on ! outside ( ! bell-glass1 s z to prev5t its evaporat+ into ! air ( ! sitt+-room1 ! atmosph]e ar\nd ! fl[]s w\ld h rema9$ cont9ually damp4 ,we recomm5d ^? :o love to see pl5ty ( fre% fl[]s 9 _! sitt+-rooms 9 dry wea!r to adopt ?is me?od4 ,! exp]im5t c be tri$ by inv]t+ a tumbl] ov] a rose-bud 9 a sauc] ( wat]4 7',g>d5]'s ,*ron4'7 ,ano!r me?od by :i* "s fl[]s may be pres]v$ = _m mon?s is to c>efully dip !m1 z soon z ga!r$1 9 p]fectly limpid gum wat]1 & aft] all[+ !m to dra9 = #b or #c m9utes1 to set !m upright1 or arrange !m 9 ! usual mann] 9 an empty vase4 ,! gum gradually =ms a transp>5t coat+ on ! surface ( ! petals & /ems1 & pres]ves _! figure & col\r long aft] !y h become dry & crisp4 ,yet ano!r me?od 7giv5 9 ! ',ph>maceutical ,j\rnal'7 is z foll[s3--,a vessel ) a movable cov] is provid$1 & hav+ remov$ ! cov] f x1 a piece ( metallic gauze ( mod]ate f95ess is fix$ ov] x1 & ! cov] replac$4 ,a quantity ( s& is !n tak5 suffici5t to fill ! vessel1 & pass$ ?r\gh a sieve into an iron pot1 :]e x is heat$ ) ! addition ( a small quantity ( /e>91 c>efully /irr$ s z to ?or\ghly mix ! +r$i5ts4 ,! quantity ( /e>9 to be add$ is at ! rate ( half a "p to #ajj p>ts ( s&4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to add too mu*1 z x w\ld s9k to ! bottom & injure ! fl[]s4 ,! vessel ) its cov] on & ! gauze b5ea? x is !n turn$ upside d[n1 & ! bottom be+ remov$1 ! fl[]s to be op]at$ ^u are c>efully plac$ on ! gauze & ! s& g5tly p\r$ 91 s z to cov] ! fl[]s entirely1 ! leaves be+ ?us prev5t$ f t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,! vessel is !n put 9 a hot place1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! top ( a bak]'s ov51 :]e x is left = #dh h\rs4 ,! fl[]s ?us become dri$1 & !y reta9 _! natural col\rs4 ,! vessel /ill rema9+ bottom upw>ds1 ! lid is tak5 (f1 & ! s& runs away ?r\gh ! gauze1 leav+ ! fl[]s un9jur$4 ,fad$ fl[]s may be g5]ally m or less re/or$ by imm]s+ !m half-way up _! /ems 9 v hot wat]1 & all[+ !m to rema9 9 x until x cools1 or !y h recov]$4 ,! coddl$ portion ( ! /ems mu/ !n be cut (f1 & ! fl[]s plac$ 9 clean cold wat]4 ,9 ?is way a great numb] ( fad$ fl[]s may be re/or$1 b !re are "s ( ! m fugaci\s k9ds on :i* x proves useless4 ,fl[]s may be produc$ 9 w9t] by tak+ up ! plants1 trees1 or %rubs 9 ! spr+1 at ! "t :5 !y are ab\t to bud1 ) "s ( _! own soil c>efully pres]v$ ar\nd ! roots1 & plac+ !m upright 9 a cell> till ,mi*aelmas2 :51 ) ! addition ( fre% e>?1 !y are to be put into prop] tubs or vessels1 & plac$ 9 a /ove or hot-h\se1 :5 !y mu/ be treat$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,by ?is me?od1 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 fruits or roses w appe>4 ,fl[]s s[n 9 pots ab\t ,mi*aelmas may ?us be made to bloom at ,*ri/mas4 ,! app>5tly in/antane\s fl[]+ ( plants1 exhibit$ a few ye>s ago by ,m4 ,h]b]t to an a/oni%$ audi5ce1 01 we believe1 effect$ by ! heat g5]at$ by fragm5ts ( quicklime conceal$ 9 ! m\ld close to1 b n 9 imm$iate contact )1 ! roots4 ,! plants select$ by ,m4 ,h]b]t--a gr\p ( g]aniums & a rose tree--7 plant$ 9 two r deep boxes ( g>d5 m\ld1 & 7 cov]$ ) glass %ades4 ,! op]ator comm5c$ by p\r+ ov] ! roots1 f a small wat]+-pot1 a liquid :i*1 unit+ to ! +r$i5ts already 9 ! e>?1 caus$ a great heat1 z 0 %[n by an int5se /eam or vap\r1 :i* 0 evolv$ )9 ! %ades1 & all[$1 to "s ext5t1 to escape ?r\gh a small hole 9 ! top1 :i* at fir/ 0 kept clos$4 ,! effect ^u ! g]aniums 0 c]ta9ly almo/ in/antane\s2 ! buds beg9n+ to bur/ 9 ab\t five or six m9utes1 & ! plants be+ 9 full bloom )9 t5 m9utes1 :5 ! blossoms 7 ga!r$ by ,m4 ,h]b]t1 & di/ribut$ among/ ! ladies pres5t4 ,) ! rose tree ! exhibitor 0 less =tunate4 ,! inv5tion may prove useful :]e ladies require to decorate _! draw+-rooms or b\doirs ) ! beauties ( ! floral _w some:at e>li] 9 ! season ?an !y c o!rwise be obta9$4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be =gott5 t ! plants are1 z x 71 p>boil$ dur+ ! process1 & die aft] a few days4 ,z reg>ds ! sanit>y value ( fl[]s1 ,mantegazza1 ( ,pavia1 /ates t ozone is g5]at$ 9 l>g] quantities by c]ta9 plants possess+ spicy aromatic od\rs1 ?an by ! action ( electricity ^u ! air4 ,he says t 9 "s plants ?is ozone is develop$ by ! direct rays ( ! sun1 :il/ 9 o!rs ! action1 once begun 9 sol> light1 is cont9u$ 9 d>kness2 & t *]ry-laurel1 clove1 lav5d]1 m9t1 lemon1 f5nel1 n>cissus1 heliotrope1 hyac9?1 mignonette1 c41 all produce ozone l>gely on exposure to ! rays ( ! sun4#cae ,he also f9ds t :il/ ! ozonig5ic prop]ties ( fl[]s reside ma9ly 9 _! p]fumes1 ! mo/ odorif]\s yield+ ! l>ge/ am\nt ( ozone1 c]ta9 o!rs possess+ no p>ticul> p]fume1 h extraord9>y ozonig5ic p[]2 z1 = in/ance1 ! sunfl[]1 broad belts ( :i* 7 plant$ by ! late ,commodore ,maury ar\nd ! gr\nds ( ! national obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton1 to ! effect ( :i* he attribut$ ! aft] immunity ( 8 family f int]mitt5t fev]s4#caf ,footnote #cae3 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,mr ,k+zetti on ! limit$ oxidation ( ess5tial oils1 lead to ! inf]5ce t in/ead ( ozone1 p]oxide ( hydrog5 is ! body evolv$4--,,ed4 ,footnote #caf3 ,rec5t rese>*es seem to h %[n t ! hygi5ic prop]ties ( ! sun-fl[]1 l ^? ( ! ,eucalyptus1 are *iefly1 if n :olly due to ! p[] ! plant possesses ( ab/ract+ enorm\s quantities ( moi/ure f ! soil1 & ?us remov+ f c]ta9 localities an active elem5t 9 ! production ( mal>ia4--,,ed4 ,! collection & pres]vation ( fl[]s = m$ic9al purposes & di/illation1 w be f\nd notic$ "u ,,vegetables4 ,fl[]s1 ,artificial4 ,! beauty & value ( ^! pleas+ articles ( p]sonal decoration ma9ly dep5d ^u ! ta/e & +5uity ( ! mak]4 ,! delicate f+]s ( woman1 & h] ready p[]s ( imitation & inv5tion1 comb9$ ) h] natural affection = ! *a/e & beautiful1 h enabl$ h] ! m especially to excel 9 ?is manufacture4 ,! productions ( ! female artificial flori/s ( ! ,fr5* capital are ju/ly admir$ ev]y:]e4 ,! ,fr5* employ velvet1 kid1 & f9e cambric = ! petals1 & taffeta = ! leaves4 ,v rec5tly ?9 plates ( blea*$ :alebone h be5 us$ ) great success = "s portions ( artificial fl[]s4 ,z col\rs & /a9s1 ! foll[+ are employ$ 9 ,p>is3-- ,,blue4 ,indigo dissolv$ 9 oil ( vitriol1 & ! acid p>tly neutralis$ ) salt ( t>t> or :it+4 ,,gre54 ,a solution ( di/ill$ v]digris4 ,,lilac4 ,liquid ar*il4 ,,r$4 ,c>m9e dissolv$ 9 a solution ( salt ( t>t>1 or 9 spirits ( h>t%orn4 ,,violet4 ,liquid ar*il1 mix$ ) a little salt ( t>t>4 ,,yell[4 ,t9cture ( turm]ic4 ,! above col\rs are usually appli$ to ! petals ) ! f+]s4 ,fl[]s4 ,syn4 ,,flores1 ,l4 ,among *emi/s1 ?is t]m is appli$ to v>i\s pulv]ul5t sub/ances obta9$ by sublimation1 z fl[]s ( antimony1 b5zo91 z9c1 sulphur1 c4 ,! t]m has be5 disc>d$ f mod]n *emical nom5clature1 b is /ill commonly employ$ 9 famili> language & trade4 ,,fluid ,,cam',,phor4 ,prep4 7,sir ,j4 ,murray47 ,f camphor 79 p[d]71 #a dr42 fre%ly precipitat$ c>bonate ( magnesia1 #b dr42 cold di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 ! solution is effect$ by =c+ 9 c>bonic acid gas "u pressure4 ,ea* fl4 oz4 conta9s #c gr4 ( camphor1 & #f gr4 ( c>bonate ( magnesia4 ,see ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,camphor4 ,,fluid ,,magne',,sia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,magnesi ,,c>bonatis1 ,l4 ,m4 ,,bic>bonatis1 ,l4 ,! prep>ations sold "u ?is "n are m]e solutions ( fre%ly precipitat$ c>bonate ( magnesia 9 wat]1 =m$ by means ( c>bonic acid gas1 "u p[]ful pressure1 & long agitation4 ,^? be/ kn[n are ,sir ,j4 ,murray's & ,mr ,d9ne=d's1 ea* fl4 oz4 ( :i* is said to conta9 ab\t #ag-a_/b gr4 ( ! c>bonate1 b _! actual ri*ness 9 ! latt] seldom exce$s #aj or #ab gr41 & by ! "t !y rea* ! consum] is (t5 z l[ z #e or #f gr4 ,rec5tly precipitat$ c>bonate ( magnesia plac$ 9 a bottle or o!r suitable vessel1 :i* is !n fill$ by means ( a soda-wat] app>atus ) wat] fully *>g$ ) c>bonic acid gas1 readily dissolves on slight & cauti\s agitation1 & ! arat$ wat] becomes saturat$ ) magnesia4 ,a scruple ( c>bonate ( magnesia put into a soda-wat] bottle1 & ?us treat$1 is all tak5 up 9 f #bj m9utes to half an h\r1 & ! bev]age cont9ues beautifully cle>4 ,,fluid-,,ozon 7,j4 ,krohn1 ,muni*1 ) a c]tificate f ,ju/us von ,liebig74 ,a m\? wa% & toilet wat]4 ,an aque\s solution ( p]manganate ( soda1 #a 9 #i1 contam9at$ ) traces ( sodium sulphate & *loride4 7,witt/e947 ,,flum',,m]y4 ,a species ( ?ick ha/y-pudd+ made ) oatmeal or rice1 flav\r$ ) milk1 cream1 almonds1 orange fl[]s1 lemons1 c41 accord+ to fancy4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,dut* ,,flumm]y47 ,f blancmange & eggs1 flav\r$ ) lemon peel & sweet5$ ) sug>4 #b4 7,,fr5* ,,flumm]y47 ,f equal p>ts ( blancmange & cream1 sweet5$1 & flav\r$4 ,! above are p\r$ into =ms1 & s]v$ cold1 to eat ) w9e1 _s1 cid]1 c4 #c4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,take oatmeal or groats1 #a qu>t2 rub x = a consid]able "t ) hot wat]1 #b qu>ts2 & let ! mixture /& until x becomes s\r2 !n add ano!r qu>t ( hot wat]1 & /ra9 ?r\gh a hair sieve4 ,let /& till a :ite s$im5t is deposit$1 decant ! fluid portion1 & wa% ! s$im5t ) cold wat]4 ,?is is n[ to be boil$ ) fre% wat]1 until x =ms a mucilage1 /irr+ ! :ole "t4 ,a light & nutriti\s food1 dur+ e>ly convalesc5ce4 ,,fluoboric ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,bor(luoric ,,acid4 ,?is may be easily prep>$ by saturat+ hydr(luoric acid ) boracic acid1 keep+ ! mixture cool1 & !n conc5trat+ x 9 plat9um vessels till d5se fumes arise4 ,,fluohydric ,,acid4 ,see ,,fluoride ,,( ,,hydrog54 ,,flu',,oride ,,( ,,hydrog54 ,,hf4 ,syn4 ,,fluohydric ,,acid2 ,,hydr(luoric ,,acid2 ,a4 ,,hydr(luoricum1 ,l4 ,an acid compos$ ( hydrog5 & fluor9e4 ,x 0 discov]$ by ,s*eele1 b 0 fir/ obta9$ 9 a pure /ate by ,gay-,lussac & ,?n>d1 9 #ahaj4 ,prep4 ,p\r conc5trat$ sulphuric acid on half its weight ( fluor sp>1 c>efully sep>at$ f silice\s e>?1 & r$uc$ to f9e p[d]4 ,! mixture mu/ be made 9 a capaci\s lead5 retort1 & a g5tle heat only appli$1 & ! evolv$ gas mu/ be collect$ 9 a lead5 receiv]1 surr\nd$ by ice4 ,prop41 c4 ,a col\rless fluid bel[ #ei ,fahr41 :i* spe$ily evaporates 9 d5se :ite fumes :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,its aff9ity = wat] exce$s t ( sulphuric acid1 & its comb9ation ) t fluid is accompani$ ) a hiss+ noise1 & a consid]able increase ( its sp4 gr4 up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,x attacks glass & silica1 = :i* reason x _c be pres]v$ 9 glass vessels4 ,bottles ( lead1 silv]1 plat9um1 or pure gutta p]*a1 are us$ to keep x 94 ,x is highly corrosive1 in/antane\sly de/roy+ ! sk9 on contact1 & produc+ deep & s]i\s ulc]ations2 its vap\r is pung5t1 irritat+1 irrespirable1 & poison\s4 ,) ! bases x unites to =m ,,fluorides4 ,9 ! arts1 hydr(luoric acid is us$ = et*+ on glass4 ,,flu',,orides4 ,comp\nds ( fluor9e ) metals & o!r basic radicals4 ,! fluorides ( ! metals are1 ) ! exception ( ^? ( ! alkal9e metals1 insoluble 9 wat]1 :ile ! fluorides ( hydrog51 boron1 & silicon1 are gase\s1 cond5s+ at a l[ temp]ature to volatile liquids4 ,,flu',,or9e4 ,f4 ,syn4 ,,fluor9ium1 ,l4 ,an elem5t t has n yet be5 isolat$1 ow+ to its attack+ & comb9+ ) e elem5t or comp\nd t at pres5t has be5 expos$ to x1 except oxyg54 ,x is presumably gase\s1 & ( a pale gre5i%-yell[ col\r4 ,,flu',,osilicic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,fluoride ,,( ,,silicon ,,& ,,hydrog52 ,,hydr(luosilic ,,acid4 ,prep4 ,f p[d]$ fluor sp>1 & silice\s s& or p[d]$ glass1 ( ea* #a "p2 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 #b p>ts3 mix 9 a glass retort1 apply a g5tle heat1 & pass ! evolv$ gas into wat] ?r\gh a lay] ( m]cury4 ,decomposition ensues1 silica be+ deposit$ 9 a gelat9\s /ate1 & hydr(luosilicic acid or fluosilic acid rema9s 9 solution4 ,! acid liquor is us$ z a te/ = potassium & b>ium1 ) ^: salts x yields ne>ly insoluble precipitates4 ,,flux4 ,syn4 ,,fluxus1 ,,fluor1 ,l4 ,9 m$ic9e1 a t]m =m]ly appli$ to sev]al diseases att5d$ ) a copi\s dis*>ge1 z di>rhoea 7,,flux71 dys5t]y 7,,bloody ,,flux71 ,engli% *ol]a 7,,bili\s ,,flux71 fluor albus 7,,:ite ,,flux71 c4 ,^! t]ms are /ill curr5t among ! vulg>4 ,flux4 ,9 metallurgy1 c41 a t]m appli$ to v>i\s sub/ances ( easy fusibility1 :i* are add$ to o!rs :i* are m refractory1 to promote _! fusion4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,black ,,flux47 ,nitre1 #a "p2 crude t>t> or cream ( t>t>1 #b p>ts2 mix1 & deflagrate1 by small quantities at a "t1 9 a crucible1 heat$ to dull r$ness4 ,! product consi/s ( c>bonate ( potassa1 mix$ ) *>coal 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate4 ,us$ = smelt+ metallic ores4 ,x ex]cises a r$uc+ action1 z well z promotes ! fusion4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 a dry cork$ bottle4 #b4 7,,*ri/ison',s ,,flux47 ,c>bonate ( soda 7cry/471 #h p>ts2 *>coal 79 f9e p[d]71 #a "p2 heat ! mixture gradually to r$ness4 ,= r$uc+ ars5ic4 #c4 7,,corni% ,,r$uc+ ,,flux47 ,crude t>t>1 #aj p>ts2 nitre1 #d p>ts2 borax1 #c p>ts2 triturate toge!r4 #d4 7,,corni% ,,ref9+ ,,flux1 ,,:ite ,,flux47 ,crude t>t> & nitre1 equal p>ts1 deflagrat$ toge!r4 ,see ,,black ,,flux4 #e4 7,,crude ,,flux47 ,same z ,,black ,,flux1 omitt+ ! deflagration4 ,r$uc+4 #f4 7,,fres5ius',s ,,flux47 ,c>bonate ( potassa 7dry71 #c p>ts2 cyanide ( potassium1 #a "p4 ,= ! ars5ical comp\nds4 #g4 7,,liebig',s ,,flux47 ,c>bonate ( soda 7dry7 & cyanide ( potassium1 equal p>ts4 ,z ! la/4 ,see ,,ars5i\s ,,acid4 #h4 7,,morveau',s ,,r$uc+ ,,flux47 ,p[d]$ glass 7free f lead71 #h p>ts2 calc9$ borax & *>coal1 ( ea*1 #a "p2 all 9 f9e p[d]1 & triturat$ well toge!r4 ,us$ z ,,black ,,flux4 #i4 7,,:ite ,,flux47 ,see above4 #aj4 7,,fluxes ,,= ,,enamels47 ,see ,,enamels4 #aa4 7,v>i\s47 ,borax1 t>t>1 nitre1 sal-ammoniac1 common salt1 lime/one1 glass1 fluor sp>1 & sev]al o!r sub/ances1 are us$ z fluxes 9 metallurgy4 ,obs4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 crude t>t> is employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( fluxes2 on ! small scale1 comm]cial cream ( t>t> or bit>trate ( potassa4 ,,fly4 ,! common h\se-fly 7,musca dome/ica7 causes consid]able annoyance to ! p]son 9 hot wea!r1 z well z damage to h&some furniture1 especially to picture frames1 gild+1 & ! l4 ,! be/ way to ext]m9ate !m is to expose on a plate "o or o!r ( ! mixtures giv5 "u ,,fly ,,poison 7bel[74 ,! bl[-fly 7,musca vomitoria71 & o!r insects1 may be kept f attack+ meat by du/+ x ov] ) black pepp]1 p[d]$ g+]1 or any o!r spice1 or by skew]+ a piece ( pap] to x on :i* a drop or two ( creasote has be5 p\r$4 ,! spices may be readily wa%$ (f ) wat] be=e dress+ ! meat4 ,x is a fact n g5]ally kn[n1 t flies w n pass ?r\gh a nett+ made ( f9e silk1 ?read1 or wire1 ev5 ?\gh ! me%es may be an in* ap>t1 unless !re is a w9d[ or light beh9d x4 ,?is af=ds u a ready means ( exclud+ ^! insects f all our ap>tm5ts :i* h w9d[s only on "o side ( !m1 )\t keep+ ! latt] clos$4 ,x is m]ely necess>y to h an ornam5tal nett+ /ret*$ across ! op5+1 :51 al?\gh flies may ab\nd on ! outside1 none w v5ture into ! room s protect$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is a w9d[ on ! o!r side ( ! room1 !y w fly ?r\gh ! nett+ imm$iately4 ,see bel[4 ,fly-bl[ 9 ,%eep4 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 #c oz42 oil ( amb]1 #a oz42 corrosive sublimate1 #a dr4 ,! sublimate mu/ be fir/ dissolv$ 9 a p9t ( :ey1 & !n mix$ ) ! oils4 ,fly ,pap]s4 ,^? pap]s :i*1 a few ye>s ago1 7 sold ab\t ! /reets ( ,london by h>%-voic$ cries ( ,cat* 'em alive-oh6 & :i* might be se5 9 _m %op-w9d[s cov]$ ) dead & dy+ flies1 7 prep>$ by rubb+ factiti\s birdlime ov] %eets ( pap]4 ,x w\ld be difficult to conceive a m cruel or m (f5sive mode ( cat*+ flies ?an t ( glue+ _! liv+ bodies to an adhesive surface4 ,a pref]able k9d ( fly-pap] is t call$ ',,papi] ,,m\re1' :i* conta9s a l>ge quantity ( ars5ic 9 its sub/ance4#cag ,?is pap] is kept wet :5 9 use1 & ! flies1 by sipp+ ! moi/ure1 are poison$4 ,footnote #cag3 ,mr ,pl[man1 9 a lett] to ! ',ph>m4 ,j\rn41' ,june #bbnd1 #ahgh1 says t 9 a specim5 ( ,papi] ,m\re exam9$ by him he fail$ to detect ! lea/ trace ( ars5ic4 ,fly ,poison4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a /rong solution ( :ite ars5ic 7say #a dr4 to ! p9t71 sweet5$ ) moi/ sug>1 treacle1 or honey4 ,sold "u ! "n ( ',,fly ,,wat]1' #b4 ,treacle1 honey1 or moi/ sug>1 mix$ ) ab\t #a_/ab? _! weight ( ,k+'s yell[ or orpim5t4 ,obs4 ,bo? ! above are dang]\s prep>ations1 & %\ld nev] be employ$ :]e !re are *ildr54 #c4 7,r$wood47 ,quassia *ips 7small71 #a_/d oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 boil #aj m9utes1 /ra91 & add ( treacle1 #d oz4 ,flies w dr9k ?is ) avidity1 & are soon de/roy$ by x4 #d4 ,black pepp]1 #a teaspoonful2 br[n sug>1 #b teaspoonfuls2 cream1 #d teaspoonfuls4 ,see bel[4 ,fly ,p[d]4 ,! d>k grey-col\r$ p[d] 7s-call$ 'sub-oxide'7 obta9$ by ! free exposure ( metallic ars5ic to ! air4 ,mix$ ) sweets1 x is us$ to kill flies4 ,fly ,wat]4 ,see ,,fly ,,poison 7above74 ,,fog4 ,! influ5ce ( v int5se foggy wea!r ^u ! dea?-rate is well illu/rat$ by a ref]5ce to ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al's returns = #ahgc4 ,f ! #h? to ! #ab? ( ,decemb] ( t ye> an unprec$5tly ?ick fog prevail$ 9 ,london4 ,! mortality 9 ! metropolis = ! week end+ ,decemb] #f? 0 tw5ty-?ree p]sons p] ?\s&2 9 ! week foll[+1 dur+ :i* ! fog occurr$1 ! dea?-rate rose to tw5ty-sev52 & 9 ! week aft] t1 :5 ! full effects ( ! fog c\ld be e/imat$1 ! dea?s 7 f\nd to be ?irty-eight 9 ! ?\s&4 ,9 ! same p]iods ! dea?s f ph?isis & diseases ( ! respiratory organs 7 respectively #ebj1 #gfd1 & #aaab4 ,t ?is increas$ dea?-rate 0 n ! result ( ! inclem5t wea!r by :i* ! fog 0 accompani$ is evid5c$ by ! circum/ance t 9 l>ge prov9cial t[ns1 :]e ! wea!r 0 equally sev]e1 b 9 :i* no fog occurr$1 ! increase 9 ! mortality1 :5 comp>$ to ,london1 0 slight4 ,! mean ( ! dea?s regi/]$ 9 ,london1 9 ! two weeks end+ ,decemb] #bj?1 %[$ an increase ( #da p] c5t4 ^u ! numb] return$ 9 ! fir/ week ( ! mon?2 :il/ dur+ ! same date ! dea?s 9 sev5te5 l>ge ,engli% t[ns 7 only #h p] c5t4 ,?is fatal fog occurr$ dur+ ! ,london cattle-%[ week1 & kill$ a great numb] ( ! animals s5t = exhibition4 ,9 a specim5 ( ! air ( ,man*e/]1 obta9$ dur+ ! visitation ( t city by a v d5se fog1 ,dr ,angus ,smi? discov]$ x conta9$ a dim9i%$ am\nt ( oxyg5 :5 comp>$ ) a favorable sample ( air4 ,,foils4 ,^! are ?9 leaves ( poli%$ metal1 plac$ "u preci\s /ones & pa/es1 to height5 _! brilliancy1 or to v>y ! effect4 ,foils 7 =m]ly made ( copp]1 t9n$ copp]1 t91 & silv]$ copp]1 b ! la/ is ! "o :olly us$ = sup]ior "w at ! pres5t day4 ,foils are ( two descriptions3--:ite1 = diamonds & mock diamonds1 &--col\r$1 = ! col\r$ gems4 ,! latt] are prep>$ by v>ni%+ or lacqu]+ ! =m]4 ,by _! judici\s use ! col\r ( a /one may (t5 be modifi$ & improv$4 ,?us1 by plac+ a yell[ foil "u a gre5 /one t turns too mu* on ! blue1 or a r$ "o "u a /one turn+ too mu* on ! crimson1 ! hues w be bright5$ & enri*$ 9 proportion4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,cry/al1 ,,diamond1 or ,,:ite ,,foil47--a4 ,?is is made by coat+ a plate ( copp] ) a lay] ( silv]1 & !n roll+ x into %eets 9 ! flatt+ mill4 ,! foil is !n highly poli%$1 or cov]$ ) cry/al v>ni%4 b4 ,! inside ( ! socket 9 :i* ! /one or pa/e is to be set is cov]$ ) t9 foil1 by means ( a little /iff gum or size2 :5 dry1 ! surface is poli%$ & ! socket heat$1 & :il/ x is w>m1 fill$ ) quicksilv]2 aft] repose = two or ?ree m9utes ! fluid metal is p\r$ out1 & ! /one g5tly fitt$ 9 its place2 la/ly1 ! "w is well fitt$ r\nd ! /one1 to prev5t ! alloy be+ %ak5 out4 c4 ,! bottom ( ! /one is coat$ ) a film ( real silv]1 by precipitat+ x f a solution ( ! nitrate 9 _s ( ammonia1 by means ( ! oils ( cassia & cloves4#cah ,?is me?od va/ly increases ! brilliancy bo? ( real & factiti\s gems1 & ! "w is v p]man5t4 ,footnote #cah3 ,see ,,silv]+4 #b4 7,,col\r$ ,,foils47 ,! foll[+ =mul produce beautiful col\r$ effects1 :5 judici\sly employ$3-- a4 7,ame?y/47 ,lake & ,prussian blue1 f9ely gr\nd 9 pale dry+ oil4 b4 7,blue47 ,prussian blue 7pref]ably ,turnbull's71 gr\nd ) pale1 quick-dry+ oil4 ,us$ to deep5 ! col\r ( sapphires4 c4 7,eagle m>9e47 ,v]digris temp]$ 9 %ell-lac v>ni% 7alcoholic71 ) a little ,prussian blue4 d4 7,g>net47 ,dragon's blood dissolv$ 9 rectifi$ _s ( w9e4 e4 7,v9eg> g>net47 ,orange lake f9ely temp]$ ) %ell-lac v>ni%4 f4 7,gre547--,greek3 a4 ,f pale %ell-lac1 dissolv$ 9 alcohol 7lacqu]71 & t+$ gre5 by dissolv+ v]digris or acetate ( copp] 9 x4 ,greek3 b4 ,f sesquif]rocyanide ( iron & bi*romate ( potassa1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 gr\nd to an impalpable p[d]1 fir/ alone1 & !n ) gum ma/ic 7clean & also 9 f9e p[d]71 #b oz42 a little pyroxilic _s is next add$1 gradually1 & ! :ole aga9 gr\nd until ! mass becomes homog5e\s & ( a f9e transp>5t gre54 ,! beauty increases ) ! l5g? ( ! gr9d+4 ,! pr$om9ance ( ! bi*romate turns x on ! yell[i% gre52 t ( ! salt ( iron on ! blui% gre54 ,= use x is to be ?9n$ ) pyroxilic _s4 7',*em41' iii1 #bca47 ,us$ = em]alds4 g4 7,r$47 ,c>m9e1 dissolv$ 9 _s ( h>t%orn1 or 9 a weak solution ( salt ( t>t>1 & a little gum 7dissolv$7 add$4 h4 7,ruby47--,greek3 a4 ,f lake or c>m9e1 gr\nd 9 is+lass4 ,greek3 b4 ,lake gr\nd 9 %ell-lac v>ni%4 ,bo? are us$ :5 ! col\r turns on ! purple4 ,greek3 g4 ,f bright lake gr\nd 9 oil4 ,us$ :5 ! col\r turns on ! sc>let or orange4 i4 7,yell[47--,greek3 a4 ,v>i\s %ades ( yell[ may be produc$ by t++ a weak alcoholic solution ( %ell-lac or ma/ic1 by dige/+ turm]ic1 annotta1 saffron1 or socotr9e aloes 9 x4 ,! =m] is ! brighte/1 & is us$ = topazes4 ,greek3 b4 ,f hay saffron dige/$ 9 #e or #f times its weight ( boil+ wat] until ! latt] becomes suffici5tly col\r$1 & a little solution ( gum or is+lass add$ to ! filt]$ liquor4 ,:5 dry1 a coat+ ( _s v>ni% is appli$4 ,obs4 ,by ! skilful use ( ! above v>ni%es1 good imitations ( ! gems may be *eaply made f transp>5t :ite glass or pa/e2 & by apply+ !m to foils set "u col\r$ pa/es 7,,factiti\s ,,gems71 a sup]ior effect may be produc$4 ,! pigm5ts employ$ mu/ be r$uc$ to ! f9e/ /ate possible by pati5t gr9d+1 z )\t ?is precaution transp>5t & beautiful %ades _c be =m$4 ,! pale/ & cleane/ ma/ic & lac1 dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 & also ! pale/ & quicke/ dry+ oil %\ld alone be us$ :5 ^! sub/ances are ord]$4 ,9 e case ! col\r mu/ be laid on ! foil ) a broad s(t bru%2 & ! op]ation %\ld be p]=m$1 if possible1 at once1 z no "p %\ld be cross$1 or twice gone ov]1 :il/ wet4 ,if ! col\r turns out too pale1 a second coat may be giv5 :5 ! fir/ "o has become q dry1 b ?is practice %\ld be avoid$ if possible4 ,,fom5ta',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,fom5tatio1 ,,fom5tum1 ,,fotus1 ,l4 ,a liquid1 ei!r simple or m$icat$1 us$ = local ba?+4 ,fom5tations are di/+ui%$ f lotions *iefly 9 be+ appli$ 9 a heat$ /ate1 & 9 l>g] quantities1 & = a long] p]iod at a "t4 ,fom5tations are *iefly employ$ to allay pa9 or irritation1 or to promote suppuration or ! heal?y action ( ! p>ts4 ,z ! int5tion is to convey heat1 comb9$ ) moi/ure1 to ! "p fom5t$1 ! utmo/ c>e mu/ be tak5 to manage ! application s z to promote ! object 9 view z mu* z possible4 ,flannel clo?s wrung out ( ! hot or boil+ liquid1 by means ( two /icks1 turn$ 9 opposite directions1 =m ! be/ vehicles = fom5tations4 ,if !y are %ak5 up1 & laid lightly ov] ! "p1 !y involve a consid]able quantity ( air1 :i*1 be+ a bad conductor1 reta9s ! heat 9 !m = a consid]able "t4 ,9 e process ( fom5t+ !re %\ld be two flannels1 ea* 7say7 ?ree y>ds long1 ) ! ends sew$ toge!r1 to admit ( ! boil+ wat] be+ wrung out ( !m2 & ! "o flannel %\ld be got ready :il/ ! o!r is appli$4 ,! f95ess or ! co>s5ess ( ! flannel is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,! co>s] x is ! less readily does x conduct heat1 & ! long] x reta9s its w>m?2 !re=e x is m effici5t = fom5t+4 ,:ite flannel also reta9s ! heat long] ?an col\r$ flannel4 7,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffi?47 ,m h>m ?an good is frequ5tly done by all[+ ! pati5t to become *ill$ dur+ ! application4 ,if only "o 7flannel7 is us$1 ! sk9 becomes *ill$ dur+ ! "t occupi$ 9 remov+ ! flannel1 soak+ x 9 ! wat]1 wr++ x out1 & reapply+ x2 b if two are us$1 "o ( !m is ready1 & c be appli$ ! mom5t ! o!r is tak5 (f1 by :i* means ! "p is nev] expos$ to ! air1 no matt] h[ long ! fom5tation is cont9u$4 ,9 "s diseases 7rheumatism1 p]itonitis1 c471 ! pati5t is sc>cely consci\s ( a degree ( heat :i* scalds ! nurse's h&s4 ,9 ?is case ! fom5t+ flannels %\ld be put 9 a t[el1 by :i* means !y may be wrung out )\t be+ h&l$ by ! nurse1 & may be appli$ f> hott] ?an c be done by any o!r me?od4 7,dr ,j4 ,b4 ,nev9s47 ,! quantity ( liquid =m+ a fom5tation1 z well z ! size ( ! clo?s employ$1 mu/ entirely dep5d ^u circum/ances4 ,9 "s cases 7z 9 slight affections ( ! face1 c47 ! application may be effectually made by hold+ ! "p 9 ! /eam ( ! hot liquid1 & ba?+ x cont9ually by means ( a sponge or clo?4 ,9 "s in/ances #a_/b p9t to a p9t ( liquid may be f\nd a suffici5t quantity2 :il/ 9 o!rs sev]al qu>ts w be requir$4 ,"u all circum/ances1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! fom5tation z ne> z possible at ! temp]ature ord]$1 dur+ ! :ole "t ( its application2 &1 z soon z ! op]ation is f9i%$1 to quickly wipe ! "p dry1 & to cov] x ) ample clo?+1 9 ord] t ! reaction set up may n be prematurely *eck$4 ,fom5tations usually consi/ ( simple wat]1 or ! decoction ( "s simple vegetable sub/ance1 z *amomiles1 eld] fl[]s or mall[s2 b1 occasionally1 ! leaves & fl[]s ( aromatic & n>cotic plants1 & sal9e matt]1 are employ$ "u ?is =m4 ,! foll[+ =mul are giv5 z examples3-- ,fom5tation1 ,acetic4 ,syn4 ,,fotus ,,aceticus 7,p>is ,codex74 ,fom5tations ( v9eg> are sometimes prep>$ ) :ite1 ) rose1 or ) aromatic v9eg> 7,p>is ,codex7 9 ! proportion ( "o ( v9eg> to f\r ( wat]4 ,fom5tation1 ,an'odyne4 ,syn4 ,,fotus ,,anodynus1 ,,fom5tatio ,,anodyna1 ,,fom5tum ,,anodynum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,simple decoction ( poppy-heads4 #b4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,poppy-heads 7)\t ! se$s71 #a-a_/b oz42 wat]1 #c-a_/b p9ts2 boil to #b-a_/b p9ts2 add ( eld] fl[]s1 #c_/d oz42 boil to a qu>t & /ra94 ,us$ to allay pa94 #c4 7,pi]qu947 ,opium1 #a oz42 w9e1 #a qu>t2 boil to a p9t & /ra94 ,us$ 9 sev]e g\ty1 rheumatic1 neuralgic1 & syphilitic pa9s4 #d4 ,opium1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil to #c_/d p9t1 add pyroligne\s acid1 #b fl4 oz42 boil = #aj m9utes long]1 !n fur!r add ( %]ry w9e1 #c_/d p9t2 & z soon z ! :ole aga9 boils1 /ra9 x = use4 ,sup]ior to ! la/1 & *eap]4 ,fom5tation1 ,ant9eural'gic4 ,syn4 ,,fom5tatio ,,ant9euralgica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,mialhe47 ,acetate ( morphia1 #b gr42 acetic acid1 #b or #c drops2 eau de ,cologne1 #b or #c dr42 dissolve4 ,9 facial neuralgia4 #b4 7,tr\sseau & ,reveil47 ,cyanide ( potassium1 #a dr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #f fl4 oz42 dissolve & keep x 9 a well-clos$ bottle 9 ! d>k4 ,us$ 9 neuralgia1 especially 9 t ( ! face 7tic d\l\reux74 ,a compress ( l9t or s(t l95 is dipp$ 9 x & appli$ to ! "p4 ,x mu/ n be us$ int]nally or appli$ to a w\nd$ surface1 z x is v poison\s4 ,see ,,fom5tations1 ,,anodyne1 ,nos4 #c & #d 7above71 also ,,fom5tation1 ,,/imulant4 ,fom5tation1 ,antiseptic4 ,syn4 ,,fom5tatio ,,antiseptica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,decoction ( mall[s1 #d p9ts2 sal ammoniac1 #b oz42 dissolve1 & add ( disulphate ( qu99e1 #bj gr41 dissolv$ 9 camphorat$ _s1 #d fl4 oz4 #b4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,decoction ( b>k1 #a qu>t2 infusion ( *amomile1 #a p9t2 camphorat$ _s1 #b fl4 oz42 hydro*loric acid1 #a fl4 dr4 ,bo? are us$ :5 !re is a t5d5cy to gangr5e or putresc5ce4 ,fom5tation ( ,ar'nica4 ,syn4 ,,fom5tatio ,,arnic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,fl[]s ( arnica1 #a oz42 wat]1 #c p9ts2 boil to a qu>t1 & /ra94 ,us$ 9 contusions4 #b4 7,graefe47 ,fl[]s ( arnica1 #b oz42 rue 7leaves71 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 q4 s4 to /ra9 #ab fl4 oz4 ( infusion aft] an h\r's mac]ation at ne>ly ! boil+ temp]ature4 ,us$ 9 contusions & extravasations1 especially z an application to black eyes4 #c4 7,radius47 ,fl[]s ( arnica1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ v9eg>1 q4 s4 to /ra9 #f fl4 oz4 ( infusion1 9 :i* dissolve ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 #b dr4 ,us$ 9 oedema ( ! scrotum4 ,fom5tation1 ,aromat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,fom5tatio ,,aromatica1 ,,fotus ,,aromaticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sea wormwood1 s\!rnwood1 & *amomiles1 ( ea* #a oz42 laurel leaves1 #a_/b oz42 wat] #e p9ts2 boil to half gall41 & /ra94 ,9 rheumatism1 cutane\s affections1 colic1 c4 #b4 7,augu/947 ,rosem>y1 #a_/b oz42 r$ w9e1 & wat]1 ( ea* #c fl4 oz42 infuse & /ra9 ) expression4 ,9 contusions1 especially black eyes4 #c4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,cloves & mace1 ( ea* #a oz42 opium1 #bj gr42 r$ w9e 7boil+71 #a p9t2 dige/ at ne> boil+ = #a h\r1 & /ra94 ,us$ z bo? ! la/4 #d4 7,rideau47 ,bay leaves1 rosem>y1 s\!rnwood1 & wormwood1 ( ea* #a oz42 wat]1 #b qu>ts2 boil #e m9utes1 & /ra94 ,z ,no4 #a4 ,fom5tation1 ,a/r9'g5t4 ,syn4 ,,fotus ,,a/r+5s1 ,f4 ,,roborans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,decoction ( oak b>k4 #b4 ,to ea* qu>t ( ! la/ add ( alum #a dr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,*irur47 ,bruis$ galls1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #b-a_/b p9ts2 dige/ #a h\r1 & /ra94 #d4 7,ricord47 ,tann91 #b-a_/b dr42 aromatic w9e 7hot71 #a_/b p9t2 dissolve4 #e4 ,bi/ort & pomegranate peel1 ( ea* #b oz42 sal ammonia1 #a_/d oz42 r$ w9e1 #a p9t42 infuse at a g5tle heat4 ,! above are us$ 9 hmorrhages1 piles1 prolapsus1 c4 ,fom5tation ( ,belladon'na4 ,syn4 ,,fotus ,,belladonn1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,oph?almic ,hosp47 ,extract ( belladonna1 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,us$ to dilate ! pupil 9 c]ta9 affections ( ! eye2 x is usually appli$ on ! =ehead4 ,fom5tation ( ,bitt]-sweet4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,dulcam>1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,bitt]-sweet /alks1 #aj dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to a p9t1 & /ra94 ,fom5tation ( ,*am'omile4 ,syn4 ,,fom5tatio ,,an!midis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,*amomiles1 #b oz42 wat]1 #c p9ts2 boil #aj m9utes1 & /ra9 ) expression4 ,emolli5t4 ,fom5tation1 ,com'mon4 ,syn4 ,,fotus ,,communis4 7,l4 #agdd47 ,prep4 ,dri$ s\!rnwood1 sea wormwood1 *amomile1 ( ea* #a oz42 dri$ bay leaves1 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #e p9ts2 boil slightly1 & /ra94 ,fom5tation1 ,comp\nd ( ,hemlock4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,fom5tum ,,conii ,,compositum4 ,prep4 ,dri$ hemlock1 #b oz42 dri$ *amomiles1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 mac]ate = #b h\rs1 /ra91 & press4 ,fom5tation1 ,diuret'ic4 ,syn4 ,,fom5tatio ,,diuretica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,tr\sseau47 ,t9ctures ( squills & foxglove1 ( ea* #b oz42 hot wat]1 #f fluid oz42 mix4 ,appli$ by l9t or l95 compresses to ! insides ( ! ?ighs1 9 dropsies1 :5 ! /oma* w n be> diuretics4 ,fom5tation ( ,el'd] ,fl[]s4 ,syn4 ,,fotus ,,sambuci1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f eld] fl[]s1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #b qu>ts2 dige/ 9 a hot place = #a h\r1 & express ! liquor4 ,emolli5t4 ,fom5tation1 ,emol'li5t4 ,syn4 ,,fom5tatio ,,emolli5s4 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,m>%mall[ root & poppy heads1 ( ea* #a oz42 wat]1 #c p9ts2 boil to a qu>t1 & /ra94 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,emolli5t h]bs1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a qu>t2 infuse #a h\r1 & /ra9 ) expression4 7,see above47 ,fom5tation1 ,foxglove4 ,syn4 ,,fom5tum ,,digitalis4 ,dri$ foxglove1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 infuse1 & /ra94 ,fom5tation ( ,galls4 ,syn ,,fom5tum ,,gall4 ,prep4 ,bruis$ galls1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #b lbs42 mac]ate = an h\r & /ra94 ,fom5tation1 ,n>cot'ic4 ,syn4 ,,fom5tatio ,,n>cotica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,n>cotic h]bs1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 infuse z la/4 ,fom5tation1 ,poppy4 ,syn4 ,,fom5tum ,,papav]is4 ,z ,,decoction ,,( ,,poppies4 ,fom5tation1 ,resol'v5t4 ,syn4 ,,fotus ,,resolv5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ri*>d47 ,fom5tation ( eld] fl[]s1 #h fl4 oz42 liquor ( diacetate ( lead1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 mix4 ,us$ to discuss tum\rs1 c4 ,fom5tation1 ,/im'ulant4 ,syn4 ,,fom5tatio ,,/imulans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 #a oz42 t9cture ( can?>ides1 #b fl4 oz42 w>m wat]1 #a p9t4 #b4 ,h\sehold mu/>d1 #d oz42 hot wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 mix4 ,bo? ! above are rubefaci5t & c\nt]-irritant1 & excell5t 9 rheumatism1 neuralgia1 c4 ,fom5tation1 ,tann94 ,syn4 ,,fom5tum ,,tann9i4 7,ricord47 ,prep4 ,tann91 #b dr42 aromatic w9e1 #h oz4 ,fom5tation1 ,v]'mifuge4 ,syn4 ,,fom5tatio ,,v]mifuga1 ,,fotus ,,an!lm9ticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,leaves & fl[]s ( tansy1 wormwood1 & *amomile1 ( ea* #c oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil to #a-a_/b p9t1 & /ra94 ,appli$ to ! abdom51 c41 9 worms4 ,fom5tation1 ,w9e4 ,syn4 ,,fotus ,,v9osus 7,p>4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,r$ w9e1 #b p9ts2 honey #d oz4 ,,food4 ,syn4 ,,cibus1 ,,mat]ia ,,alim5t>ia1 ,l4 ,any?+ :i* fe$s or promotes ! natural gr[? ( organic bodies1 by supply+ !m ) mat]ials :i*1 by assimilation1 may be conv]t$ into ! sub/ances ( :i* !y are compos$2 or :i*1 by its decomposition or sl[ combu/ion1 ma9ta9s ! temp]ature1 or "s o!r ess5tial condition ( life1 at ! prop] /&>d4 ,! num]\s articles employ$ z food are all comp\nds2 & 9 _m cases !y consi/ ( me*anical mixtures or *emical comb9ations ( two or m comp\nds4 ,organiz$ matt]1 or t :i* has possess$ ei!r animal or vegetable life1 or :i* has be5 produc$ by liv+ organs1 seems to be alone capable ( assimilation1 to any ext5t1 by ! animal sy/em2 & h5ce x is f ! organic k+dom t our alim5ts are necess>ily d]iv$4 ,wat]1 iron1 e>?y phosphates1 *loride ( sodium1 & o!r salts1 :i* =m ! inorganic con/itu5ts ( ! body1 ?\gh n ( !mselves n\ri%+1 are also assimilat$ :5 tak5 9 conjunction ) organic alim5ts1 & !n contribute ess5tially to nutrition4 ,9 ! animal & vegetable sub/ances employ$ z food1 ^! inorganic comp\nds are provid$ 9 small b suffici5t quantities to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! heal?y body1 & 9 ?is /ate ( comb9ation alone c !y be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( alim5ts4 ,a complete consid]ation ( ?is subject embraces1 n only all ! sub/ances us$ z food1 b also ^? ?+s :i* :5 tak5 ) !m improve _! flav\r1 promote _! dige/ion1 & r5d] !m m :olesome & nutritive2 & also _! prep>ation = ! table 9 its v>i\s relations ) heal? & disease4 ,! foll[+ ',,bills ,,( ,,f>e1' = :i* we are indebt$ *iefly to ,soy]1 ,rundell1 & o!rs1 exhibit ! v>i\s articles 9 season at diff]5t p]iods ( ! ye>4 ,,fir/ ,,qu>t]4 ,janu>y4--,p\ltry & game3 ,pheasants1 p>tridges1 h>es1 rabbits1 woodcocks1 snipes1 turkeys1 capons1 pullets1 f[ls1 *ick5s1 & tame pigeons4--,fi%3 ,c>p1 t5*1 p]*1 lampreys1 eels1 cray-fi%1 cod1 soles1 fl\nd]s1 plaice1 turbot1 ?ornback1 skate1 /urgeon1 smelts1 :it+s1 lob/]s1 crabs1 prawns1 & oy/]s4--,vegetables3 ,cabbage1 savoys1 colewort1 spr\ts1 leeks1 onions1 beet1 sorrel1 *]vil1 endive1 sp9a*1 cel]y1 g>lic1 scorzon]a1 potatoes1 p>snips1 turnips1 brocoli 7:ite & purple71 %alots1 lettuces1 cresses1 mu/>d1 rape1 salsafy1 & h]bs ( all sorts 7"s dry & "s gre572 cucumb]s1 asp>agus1 & mu%rooms are also to be _h1 ?\gh n 9 season4--,fruit3 ,apples1 pe>s1 nuts1 walnuts1 m$l>s1 & grapes4 ,febru>y & ,m>*4--,meat1 f[ls1 & game1 z 9 ,janu>y1 ) ! addition ( duckl+s & *ick5s4--,fi%3 ,z ! la/ two mon?s 7cod is n ?\ght s good f ,febru>y to ,july1 al?\gh x is /ill sold at ! fi%mong]'s74--,vegetables3 ,! same z ! previ\s mon?s1 ) ! addition ( kidney-beans4--,fruit3 ,apples1 pe>s1 & =c$ /rawb]ries4 ,,second ,,qu>t]4 ,april1 ,may1 & ,june4--,meat3 ,beef1 mutton1 veal1 lamb1 & v5ison 79 ,june74--,p\ltry3 ,pullets1 f[ls1 *ick5s1 duckl+s1 pigeons1 rabbits1 & lev]ets4--,fi%3 ,c>p1 t5*1 soles1 smelts1 eels1 tr\t1 turbot1 lob/]s1 *ub1 salmon1 h]r+s1 cray-fi%1 mack]el1 crabs1 prawns1 & %rimps4--,vegetables3 ,z be=e2 & 9 ,may1 e>ly potatoes & cabbages1 peas1 radi%es1 kidney-beans1 c>rots1 turnips1 caulifl[]s1 asp>agus1 arti*okes1 & num]\s salads 7=c$74--,fruit3 79 ,june7 /rawb]ries1 *]ries1 melons1 gre5 apricots1 & currants & gooseb]ries = t>ts2 pe>s1 grapes1 nect>9es1 pea*es1 & "s o!r fruit4 ,,?ird ,,qu>t]4 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]4--,meat1 z be=e4--,p\ltry1 c43 ,pullets1 f[ls1 *ick5s1 rabbits1 pigeons1 gre5 geese1 lev]ets1 & turkey p\lts4 ,two =m] mon?s1 plov]s & :eat-e>s 79 ,septemb]71 p>tridges1 geese1 c4--,fi%3 ,cod1 haddocks1 fl\nd]s1 plaice1 skate1 ?ornback1 mullets1 pike1 c>p1 eels1 %ellfi% 7except oy/]s71 & mack]el 7dur+ ! fir/ two mon?s ( ! qu>t]1 b !y are n good 9 ,augu/74--,vegetables3 ,( all sorts1 beans1 peas1 ,fr5* beans1 c4--,fruit3 7,9 ,july7--,/rawb]ries1 gooseb]ries1 p9e-apples1 plums 7v>i\s71 *]ries1 apricots1 raspb]ries1 melons1 currants1 & damsons4 7,9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]7--,pea*es1 plums1 figs1 filb]ts1 mulb]ries1 *]ries1 apples1 pe>s1 nect>9es1 & grapes4 7,dur+ ! latt] mon?s7--,p9es1 melons1 /rawb]ries1 m$l>s1 & qu9ces4 7,9 ,septemb]7--,morella *]ries1 damsons1 & v>i\s plums4 ,,f\r? ,,qu>t]4 ,octob]1 ,novemb]1 & ,decemb]4--,meat1 z be=e1 & doe v5ison4--,p\ltry & ,game3 ,dome/ic f[ls1 z 9 fir/ qu>t]2 pheasants 7f ! #a/ ( ,octob]72 p>tridges1 l>ks1 h>es1 dott]els 7at ! end ( ! mon?71 wild-ducks1 teal1 snipes1 widgeon1 & gr\se4--,fi%3 ,dories1 smelts1 pike1 p]*1 halibuts1 brills1 c>p1 salmon-tr\t1 b>bel1 gudgeons1 t5*1 & %ellfi%4--,vegetables3 7,z 9 ,janu>y71 ,fr5*-beans1 la/ crops ( beans1 c4--,fruit3 ,pea*es1 pe>s1 figs1 bullace1 grapes1 apples1 m$l>s1 damsons1 filb]ts1 walnuts1 nuts1 qu9ces1 s]vices1 & m$l>s4 7,9 ,novemb]7--,meat1 c43 ,beef1 mutton1 veal1 pork1 h\se-lamb1 doe v5ison1 & p\ltry & game z 9 ! la/ mon?4--,fi%3 ,z ! la/ mon?4--,vegetables3 ,c>rots1 turnips1 p>snips1 potatoes1 skirrets1 scorzon]a1 onions1 leeks1 %alots1 cabbage1 savoys1 colewort1 sp9a*1 *>dbeats1 *>doons1 cresses1 endive1 cel]y1 lettuces1 salad-h]bs1 & v>i\s pot-h]bs4--,fruit3 ,pe>s1 apples1 nuts1 walnuts1 bullace1 *e/nuts1 m$l>s1 & grapes4 7,9 ,decemb]7--,meat1 c43 ,beef1 mutton1 veal1 h\se-lamb1 pork1 & v5ison4--,p\ltry & ,game3 ,geese1 turkeys1 pullets1 pigeons1 capons1 f[ls1 *ick5s1 rabbits1 h>es1 snipes1 woodcocks1 l>ks1 pheasants1 p>tridges1 sea-f[ls1 gu9ea-f[ls1 wild ducks1 teal1 widgeon1 dott]els1 dun-birds1 & gr\se4--,fi%3 ,cod1 turbot1 halibuts1 soles1 gurnets1 /urgeon1 c>p1 gudgeons1 codl+s1 eels1 dories1 & %ell-fi%4--,vegetables3 ,z 9 la/ mon?4 ,asp>agus1 c41 =c$4--,fruit3 ,z be=e1 except bullace4 ,food1 ,inspection (4 ,! ,public ,heal? ,act enacts t-- ,any m$ical (fic] ( heal? or inspector ( nuisances may at all reasonable times1 inspect & exam9e any animal1 c>case1 meat1 p\ltry1 game1 fle%1 fi%1 fruit1 vegetables1 corn1 bread1 fl\r1 or milk expos$ = sale1 or deposit$ 9 any place = ! purpose ( sale1 or ( prep>ation = sale1 & int5d$ = ! food ( man1 ! pro( t ! same 0 n expos$ or deposit$ = any su* purpose1 or 0 n int5d$ = ! food ( man1 re/+ ) ! p>ty *>g$2 & if any su* animal1 c>case1 meat1 p\ltry1 game1 fle%1 fi%1 fruit1 vegetables1 corn1 bread1 fl\r1 or milk1 appe>s to su* m$ical (fic] or inspector to be diseas$1 or uns\nd1 or un:olesome1 or unfit = ! food ( man1 he may seize & c>ry away ! same himself or by an assi/ant1 9 ord] to h ! same dealt ) by a ju/ice4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #aaf47 ,if x appe>s to ! ju/ice t any animal1 c>case1 meat1 p\ltry1 game1 fle%1 fi%1 fruit1 vegetables1 corn1 bread1 fl\r1 or milk s seiz$ is diseas$1 or uns\nd1 or un:olesome1 or unfit = ! food ( man1 he %all condemn ! same & ord] x to be de/roy$1 or s dispos$ (1 z to prev5t x f be+ expos$ = sale1 or us$ = su* food2 & ! p]son to :om ! same belongs or did belong at ! "t ( sale1 or ( exposure = sale1 or 9 ^: possession1 or on ^: premises ! same 0 f\nd1 %all be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ #bj = e animal1 c>case1 or fi%1 or piece ( meat1 fle%1 or fi%1 or any p\ltry or game1 or = ! p>cel ( fruit1 vegetables1 corn1 bread1 or fl\r1 or = ! milk s condemn$1 or at ! discretion ( ! ju/ice1 )\t ! infliction ( a f9e1 to imprisonm5t = a t]m ( n m ?an ?ree mon?s4 ,! ju/ice :o1 "u ?is section1 is emp[]$ to convict ! (f5d]1 may be ei!r ! ju/ice :o may h ord]$ ! article to be dispos$ ( or de/roy$1 or any o!r ju/ice hav+ jurisdiction 9 ! place4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #aag47 ,any p]son :o 9 any mann] prev5ts any m$ical (fic] ( heal? or inspector ( nuisances f ent]+ any premises & inspect+ any animal1 c>case1 meat1 p\ltry1 game1 fle%1 fi%1 fruit1 vegetables1 corn1 bread1 fl\r1 or milk expos$ or deposit$ = ! purpose ( sale1 or ( prep>ation = sale1 & int5d$ = ! food ( man1 or :o ob/ructs or imp$es any su* (fic] or inspector1 or 8 assi/ant1 :5 c>ry+ into execution ! provisions ( ?is ,act1 %all be liable to a p5alty1 n exce$+ #e4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #aah47 ,any compla9t made on oa?1 by a m$ical (fic] ( heal?1 or by an inspector1 or o!r (fic] ( a local au?ority1 any ju/ice may grant a w>rant to any su* (fic]1 to ent] any build+1 or "p ( a build+ 9 :i* any su* (fic] has reason = believ+ t !re is kept or conceal$ any animal1 c>case1 meat1 p\ltry1 game1 fle%1 fi%1 fruit1 vegetables1 corn1 bread1 fl\r1 or milk :i* is int5d$ = sale = ! food ( man1 & is diseas$1 uns\nd or un:olesome1 or unfit = ! food ( man & to se>* =1 seize1 & c>ry away any su* animal1 or o!r article1 9 ord] to h ! same dealt ) by a ju/ice "u ! provisions ( ?is ,act4 ,any p]son :o ob/ructs any su* (fic] 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 duty1 "u su* w>rant %all1 9 addition to any o!r puni%m5t to :i* he may be subject1 be liable to a p5alty n exce$+ #bj4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #aai47 ,,fool4 ,cooks give ?is "n to a species ( jam made ( boil$ & cru%$ fruit1 mix$ ) milk or cream1 & sweet5$4 ,fool1 ,ap'ple4 ,f ! peel$ & cor$ fruit1 plac$ 9 a j>1 ) moi/ sug>1 q4 s4 to r5d] x palatable1 & a v little cid] or p]ry2 ! j> is set 9 a saucepan ( wat] ov] ! fire1 & ! heat cont9u$ until ! apples become q s(t1 :5 !y are pulp$ ?r\gh a col&]1 & a suffici5t quantity ( milk1 a little cream1 & "s sug>1 add$ to br+ !m to ! prop] 'palate4' ,fool1 ,goose'b]ry4 ,f gooseb]ries1 z ! la/4 ,^? :i* are unripe are g5]ally pref]r$4 ,^! prep>ations1 :5 nicely made1 are v pleasant & :olesome4 ,,foot 7,human74 ,see ,,feet4 ,,foots4 ,co>se moi/ sug>4 ,! scrap+s ( ! sug> hog%eads1 refuse sug>1 wa/e1 & dirt1 is also sold to ! publicans "u ?is "n1 :o use x 9 ! adult]ation ( _! be]2 *iefly to make x /& m wat]1 & to imp>t 'briskness4' ,,=ce',,meat4 ,syn4 ,,f>ce1 ,,/uff+4 ,a species ( sausage meat1 ei!r s]v$ up alone1 or employ$ z an +r$i5t 9 o!r di%es4 ,mrs ,rundell truly rem>ks t at _m tables1 :]e ev]y?+ else is done well1 x is common to f9d v bad =cemeat or /uff+4 ,to avoid ?is error1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to s proportion ! +r$i5ts t no "o flav\r %\ld pr$om9ate2 yet if sev]al di%es be s]v$ ! same day1 !re %\ld be a m>k$ v>iety 9 ! ta/es ( ! =cemeats z well z ( ! gravies4 ,a g5]al fault is1 t ! ta/es ( lemon peel & ?yme ov]come all o!rs2 !re=e !y %\ld only be us$ 9 small quantities4 ,=cemeats %\ld be j consi/5t en\gh to cut ) a knife1 b n dry & heavy4 ,h]bs are v ess5tial +r$i5ts2 & x is ! copi\s & judici\s use ( !m t *iefly gives ! cook]y ( ! ,fr5* its sup]ior flav\r4 ,to =ce f[ls1 meat1 c41 is to /uff !m4 7,mrs ,rundell47 ,,=',,c+4 ,horticulturi/s apply ?is t]m to ! art ( accel]at+ ! gr[? ( plants1 s z to obta9 fruits or fl[]s at unusual seasons4 ,dung-b$s1 b>k-b$s1 & frames1 pits1 & h\ses1 ) glass ro(s1 are commonly employ$ by ! g>d5]s = ?is purpose4 ,,=g]ies1 ,,protection ,,f4 ,see ,,pap]1 ,,protective4 ,,=mate4 ,syn4 ,,=miate4 ,salts1 9 :i* "o atom ( hydrog5 9 =mic acid is replac$ by a metal or o!r basic radical4 ,!y are be/ obta9$ ei!r by direct saturation ( ! acid1 or by d\ble decomposition2 mo/ ( !m are v soluble1 & are decompos$ by hot oil ( vitriol4 ,=mate ( ammonium cry/allises 9 squ>e prisms2 =mate ( sodium1 9 rhombic prisms2 =mate ( potassium is deliquesc5t1 & cry/allises ) difficulty2 ! =mates ( b>ium1 calcium1 magnesium1 & /rontium1 =m small prismatic cry/als2 =mate ( lead assumes ! %ape ( small col\rless ne$les1 soluble 9 #dj p>ts ( wat]2 ! =mates ( cobalt1 iron1 manganese1 nickel1 & z9c1 are easily cry/allisable1 :il/ t ( copp] =ms v beautiful1 l>ge1 bright-blue rhombic prisms2 =mate ( silv] is less soluble ?an ! salt ( lead1 & is decompos$ at a g5tle heat4 ,,=mic ,,acid4 ,,h*o#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydrog5 ,,=miate4 ,an organic acid1 obta9$ by oxidiz+ _m organic sub/ances1 & f\nd 9 ! r$ ant4 ,prep4 ,sug>1 #a "p2 wat]1 #b p>ts2 b9oxide ( manganese1 #c p>ts2 mix 9 a retort capable ( hold+ fully #aj times ! bulk ( ! +r$i5ts1 & add1 cauti\sly1 oil ( vitriol1 #c p>ts1 dilut$ ) an equal weight ( wat]2 z soon z ! fir/ viol5t eff]vesc5ce has subsid$1 heat may be appli$1 & ! product collect$ & purifi$1 z bel[4 ,=mate ( lead 9 f9e p[d] is introduc$ into a long glass tube1 "o end ( :i* is connect$ ) an app>atus evolv+ sulphurett$ hydrog51 & ! o!r ) a receiv]4 ,z soon z ! salt is entirely decompos$ 7black5$7 a v g5tle heat is appli$1 & ! di/ill$ liquid collect$2 ! product is1 la/ly1 boil$ = a m9ute or less1 to expel any adh]+ sulphurett$ gas4 ,?is furni%es *emically pure =mic acid4 ,f wood _s1 #a "p2 bi*romate ( potassium & sulphuric acid1 ( ea* #c p>ts2 ! sulphuric acid1 dilut$ ) an equal weight ( wat]1 be+ gradually add$ la/4 ,a portion ( wood _s di/ils ov] ) ! acid1 & may be aga9 treat$ ) bi*romate ( potassium & sulphuric acid1 :5 a fre% portion ( =mic acid w be produc$4 ,?is process yields a l>ge product4 ,prop41 purific41 c4 ,! products ( ! above processes are limpid & col\rless2 ! /rong] ones fume slightly 9 ! air1 & possess an extremely p5etrat+ od\r4 ,! acid obta9$ by ! second process boils at #bji ,fahr41 cry/allises 9 brilliant scales bel[ #cb1 & has ! sp4 gr4 #abcec4 ,its vap\r is inflammable1 & burns ) a blue flame4 ,x is extremely corrosive1 & rapidly de/roys ! texture ( liv+ organic sub/ances4 ,! products ( ! o!r processes are v dilute1 & possess ! above prop]ties 9 only a m9or degree4 ,!y may all be purifi$ & conc5trat$ by saturat+ !m ) pure c>bonate ( sodium or ( potassium1 & aft] subject+ ! liquid to a g5tle heat = a %ort "t1 & lib]at+ ! =mic acid f ! salt by means ( dilute sulphuric acid1 f9ally submitt+ ! mixture to di/illation1 :5 ! hydrat$ acid w come ov] p]fectly pure4 ,=mic acid r$uces ! salts ( m]cury & silv]1 & =ms salts ) ! bases t]m$ =miates4 ,=mic acid is readily di/+ui%$ f acetic acid1 :i* 9 _m po9ts x resembles1 by heat+ x ) a little solution ( oxide ( silv] or m]cury2 ! metal is r$uc$1 & precipitat$ 9 a pulv]ul5t /ate1 :ile c>bonic acid is extricat$4 ,! od\rs ( ! two acids also v>y4 ,,=mica4 ,syn4 ,,! ,,ant4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal species ( ! g5us ,=mica4 ,f4 flava1 ! yell[ ant4 ,_m c>eful obs]v]s say ?is species keeps 9 its ne/ ! ,aphis radicans1 :i* :5 its abdom5 is t\*$ by ! ant1 excretes a sac*>9e sub/ance on :i* ! ants fe$4 ,f4 rufa1 or l>ge r$ ant1 ,f4 fusca2 or br[n ant1 ,poly]gus rufesc5s1 & ,f4 sangu9ea4 ,^! two latt] are sometimes call$ amazon ants1 f _! pugili/ic prop5sities4 ,!y h be5 kn[n to make regul> raids aga9/ o!r species ( ants1 & to c>ry (f _! l>v & pup to _! own ne/s1 :]e !y re> ! insects t come ( !m1 & aft]w>ds employ !m z slaves1 caus+ !m to excavate passages1 to collect food1 to c>ry l>v & 7s dep5d5t d ! ma/]s become on ! ex]tions ( _! bondsman7 ev5 to fe$ !m2 x be+ a well-atte/$ fact t ! slave hold]s w\ld />ve if left to !mselves4 ,see ,,ant4 ,,=mob5zoic ,,acid4 7,,hc#g;,h#f,o1,,*o#b74 ,syn4 ,,=miate ,,( ,,hydride ,,( ,,b5zoyle4 ,,m&elic ,,acid4 ,:5 ! di/ill$ wat] ( bitt] almonds 7conta9+ hydrocyanic acid & ! ess5tial oil7 is boil$ ) hydro*loric acid1 a curi\s reaction occurs2 ! hydrocyanic acid is decompos$--into ammonia :i* unites ) ! hydro*loric acid1 & =mic acid :i* ent]s into comb9ation ) ! oil ( almonds--produc+ a new body possess$ ( acid prop]ties1 & t]m$ ,=mob5zoic acid4 ,on evaporat+ ! solution ! acid may be obta9$ 9 mixture ) ammonia hydro*lorate1 f :i* x may be sep>at$ by e!r2 ! e!real solution deposits x 9 rhomboidal tables4 ,x has a s\r ta/e & is easily soluble 9 alcohol4 ,:5 heat$ x fuses at a l[ temp]ature1 emitt+ an agreeable od\r ( haw?orn blossoms4 7,mill]47 ,,=m',,ula4 ,l4 ,9 ph>macy & m$ic9e1 a %ort =m ( prescription2 a recipe4 ,by *emi/s ! t]m is appli$ to a gr\p+ ( symbols1 express+ ! composition ( a body2 ?us1 ,h,cl 7/&+ = #a atom ( hydrog5 unit$ to #a atom ( *lor9e7 is ! =mula = hydro*loric acid4 ,a *emical =mula is t]m$ empirical :5 x m]ely gives ! simple/ possible expression ( ! composition ( ! sub/ance to :i* x ref]s4 ,a rational =mula1 on ! contr>y1 aims at describ+ ! exact composition ( molecule1 or comb9+ weight ( ! sub/ance1 b /at+ ! absolute numb] ( atoms ( su* ( ! elem5ts ess5tial to t object1 z well z ! m]e relations exi/+ betwe5 !m4 ,! empirical =mula is at once d$uc$ f ! analysis ( ! sub/ance1 reckon$ to #ajj p>ts2 ! rational =mula requires1 9 addition1 a k ( its comb9+ quantity1 :i* c only be obta9$ by direct exp]im5t1 by syn!sis1 or by ! c>eful exam9ation ( "o or m ( its mo/ def9ite comp\nds4 ,?us1 ! composition ( acetic acid is express$ by ! =mula ,,*#b,o1 :i* exhibits ! simple/ relations ( ! ?ree elem5ts2 if we want to express ! quantities ( ^!1 9 atoms requir$ to make up "o molecule ( acetic acid1 we h to adopt ! =mula ,c#b;,h#d,o#b or ,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b4 ,,=',,myl4 ,syn4 ,,=myle4 ,a hypo!tical organic radical1 hav+ ! composition ,c#b;,h4 ,its exi/5ce 0 inf]r$ f ! con/itution ( c]ta9 organic comp\nds :i* are n[ ref]r$ to ! me?yl-s]ies4 ,=mic acid 0 suppos$ to be an oxide ( =myl2 & *lor(orm1 ! t]*loride ( =myl4 ,,foxglove4 ,syn4 ,,digitalis 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,a g5us ( plants belong+ to ! natural ord] ,scrophul>iac4 ,! leaves ( ! uncultivat$ ',digitalis purpurea1' or purple foxglove1 are (fic9al 9 our ph>macopoeias4 ,!y mu/ be ga!r$ be=e ! t]m9al fl[]s h exp&$4 ,! petiole & midrib ( ! leaf be+ cut (f1 dry ! lam9a4 7,ph>4 ,l47 ,! se$s 7,,digitalis ,,sem9a71 :i* 7 ord]$1 z well z ! leaves1 9 =m] ph>macopoeias1 are said to be 9 _m po9ts pref]able to !m4 ,:5 good1 ! leaves are ( a dull-gre5 col\r1 & possess a feeble n>cotic od\r1 & a bitt]1 unpleasant ta/e4 ,bo? ! dri$ leaves & ! p[d] %\ld be pres]v$ 9 cork$ bottles cov]$ ) d>k-col\r$ pap]1 or 9 well-clos$ t9 cani/]s1 & kept 9 a d>k cupbo>d2 & ! /ock %\ld be r5ew$ ye>ly1 z age consid]ably dim9i%es ! m$ic9al activity ( digitalis4 ,action1 uses1 c4 ,foxglove is diuretic1 s$ative1 & antispasmodic1 & ex]ts a specific action ov] ! c]ebro-sp9al sy/em1 promot+ ! functions ( ! absorb5ts1 & r$uc+ ! =ce ( ! circulation 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,x is adm9i/]$ 9 fev]s & inflammations1 to r$uce ! frequ5cy ( ! pulse1 & to allay excessive vascul> excitem5t2 9 dropsy 7unless ! habit is full & pulse tight & cordy71 z a diuretic1 ei!r alone1 or comb9$ ) squills1 calomel1 sal9es1 or bitt]s2 9 int]nal hmorrhages1 z a s$ative1 :5 ! pulse is full1 h>d1 & ?robb+2 9 diseases ( ! he>t & great vessels1 & 9 ph?isis1 to r$uce ! =ce & velocity ( ! circulation2 9 epilepsy & insanity1 to repress vascul> excitem5t2 & 9 spasmodic a/hma1 scr(ula1 & sev]al o!r diseases1 ) "o or o!r ( ! above int5tions4 ,! greate/ caution is requir$ 9 ! use ( foxglove1 z its effects accumulate 9 ! sy/em1 & ! unw>y practition] is occasionally surpris$ at ! sudd5 demise ( 8 pati5t1 ev5 aft] he has left (f ! use ( ?is drug4--,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #a-a_/b gr41 9 p[d]1 e #f h\rs4 ,see ,,extract1 ,,infusion1 ,,t9cture1 c4 ,,fox',,+4 ,see ,,malt ,,liquors4 ,,fract',,ure4 ,syn4 ,,fractura1 ,l4 ,! break+ or disrupture ( a bone4 ,:5 ! bone is ne>ly divid$ into two p>ts1 x is call$ a ,,simple ,,fracture2 :5 ! integum5ts are also lac]at$1 a ,,comp\nd ,,fracture2 & :5 ! bone is spl9t]$1 a ,,comm9ut$ ,,fracture4 ,,fragrant ,,pa9-,,cur] 7,five-m9ute74 ,dr ,walt] ,scott1 ,new ,york4 ,a rem$y to remove all k9ds ( pa9 9 five m9utes4 ,a cle> col\rless fluid conta9+ e!r1 #f grammes2 glyc]91 #ba grammes2 common salt1 #cd grammes2 di/ill$ wat]1 #agj grammes4 7,hag]47 ,,frank',,inc5se4 ,syn4 ,,common ,,frank9c5se2 ,,?us 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,! turp5t9e :i* exudes f ! b>k ( ,abies excelsa 7,norway spruce fir7 & ,p9us palu/ris 7pit* or swamp p9e71 h>d5$ by ! air4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,! gum-res9 olibanum1 :i* is ! produce ( ! ,boswellia ?urif]a1 is ! 'odor\s frank9c5se' ( comm]ce4 ,prep>$ ,frank9c5se4 ,syn4 ,,?us ,,pr,,p>atum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,frank9c5se1 #a lb42 wat]1 q4 s4 to cov] x2 boil until ! res9 is melt$1 & /ra9 ?r\gh a hair sieve2 :5 ! :ole has cool$1 p\r (f ! wat]1 & keep ! frank9c5se = use4 ,resembles common res9 9 its g5]al prop]ties4 ,,frax',,in94 ,syn4 ,,frax92 ,,frax9a1 ,l4 ,a peculi> bitt]1 neutral1 & cry/allisable sub/ance1 soluble 9 boil+ wat]1 extract$ f ! b>k ( ,frax9us excelsior1 or common a%4 ,x is febrifuge4 ,,frec',,kles4 ,^! are r\nd or oval-%ap$ yell[i% spots1 simil> to /a9s1 develop$ on ! sk94 ,!re are two v>ieties--,,freckles1 or ,,summ] ,,freckles1 result+ f ! action ( ! sun & heat dur+ ! summ] season1 & disappe>+ ) ! hot wea!r or exposure2 &--,,cold ,,freckles1 :i* occur at all times ( ! ye>4 ,! =m] are *iefly conf9$ to p]sons ( fair complexion1 :il/ ! latt] attack p]sons ( all complexions indiff]5tly1 & sometimes assume a lively yell[ or gre5i% col\r4 ,treatm5t4 ,common freckles may g5]ally be remov$ by ! frequ5t application ( dilute spirits1 acids or alkal9e solutions2 ! la/ two j /rong en\gh to prick ! tongue4 ,cold freckles commonly occur f disord]$ heal?1 or "s g5]al di/urbance ( ! sy/em1 to :i* att5tion %\ld be *iefly direct$4 ,9 bo? v>ieties ! solution ( bi*loride ( m]cury 7,ph4 ,l471 or ,g[l&'s lotion1 w be f\nd a mo/ useful ext]nal application4 ,see bel[4 ,freckles1 ,lotion =4 ,prep4 #a4 ,bi*loride ( m]cury1 #e gr42 hydro*loric acid1 #cj drops2 lump sug>1 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #b oz42 rose wat]1 #g oz42 agitate toge!r until ! :ole is dissolv$4 #b4 ,petals or leaves ( r$ roses1 #a oz42 hot wat]1 #ab fl4 oz42 infuse an h\r1 & /ra91 ) expression1 #a_/b p9t2 add ( citric acid1 #cj gr42 dissolve1 & 9 a few h\rs1 decant & cle>4 #c4 ,rose leaves 7dri$71 #a_/d oz42 lemon juice 7fre%ly express$7 & rum or br&y1 ( ea* #a_/d p9t2 dige/ #bd h\rs1 & squeeze out ! liquor = use4 #d4 7,kittoe's47 ,sal ammoniac1 #a dr42 spr+ wat]1 #a p9t2 lav5d] wat] or eau de ,cologne1 #a_/d oz2 mix4 ,! above are appli$ ) ! f+]s night & morn+1 or (t5]4 ,freckles1 ,pomade =4 ,prep4 #a4 ,citr9e o9tm5t1 #a dr42 simple o9tm5t1 #g dr42 otto ( roses1 #c drops4 #b4 ,eld] fl[] o9tm5t1 #a oz42 sulphate ( z9c 7levigat$71 #bj gr42 mix by porphyrization1 or by trituration 9 a w$gwood-w>e mort>4 ,bo? ! above1 appli$ night & morn+1 are excell5t = ei!r cold or summ] freckles4 ,,freez',,+ ,,mixtures4 ,see ,,ice & ,,refrig]ation4 ,,fr5* ,,b]',,ries4 ,syn4 ,,p]sian ,,b]ries1 ,,avignon ,b42 ,,gra9es ,d',,avignon1 ,fr4 ,! unripe b]ries or fruit ( ! ,rhamnus infectorius4 ,!y are import$ f ,france & ,p]sia2 ^? f ! latt] c\ntry be+ e/eem$ ! be/4 ,"s writ]s /ate t ! ,p]sian b]ries are ! product ( a di/9ct species1 namely1 ,r4 amygdal9us4 ,!y are *iefly us$ = dye+ morocco lea!r yell[4 ,_! decoction dyes clo?1 previ\sly mordant$ ) alum1 t>t>1 or proto*loride ( t91 ( a yell[ col\r2 ) sulphate ( copp]1 an olive2 & ) r$ sulphate ( iron1 an olive-gre5 col\r4 ,,fr5* ,,pol',,i%4 ,sev]al v>ni%es are us$ "u ?is "n4 ,t mo/ g5]ally employ$ is a simple solution ( pale %ell-lac 9 ei!r me?ylat$ _s or wood naph?a4 ,sometimes a little ma/ic1 s&>ac1 or elemi1 or copal v>ni%1 is add$ to r5d] ! poli% t\gh]4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f pale %ell-lac1 #e-a_/b oz42 f9e/ wood naph?a1 #a p9t2 dissolve4 #b4 ,pale %ell-lac1 #c lbs42 wood naph?a1 #a gall4 ,me?ylat$ _s 7#fh o4 p47 may be sub/itut$ = ! naph?a 9 ea* ( ! above =mul4 #c4 ,pale %ell-lac1 #e oz42 gum s&>ac1 #a oz42 _s 7#fh o4 p471 #a p9t4 #d4 ,pale %ell-lac1 #e-a_/b oz42 gum elemi1 #c_/d oz42 _s1 #a p9t4 #e4 ,pale %ell-lac1 #a-a_/d lbs42 ma/ic1 #a_/d lb42 _s1 #b qu>ts4 #f4 ,pale %ell-lac1 #b-a_/d lbs42 ma/ic & s&>ac1 ( ea* #c oz42 _s1 #a gall42 dissolve1 add copal v>ni%1 #a p9t1 & mix by r\ghly agitat+ ! vessel4 ,all ! above are us$ 9 ! mann] describ$ bel[4 #g4 ,%ell-lac1 #ab oz42 wood naph?a1 #a qu>t2 dissolve1 & add ( l9se$ oil1 #a_/b p9t4 #h4 ,%ell-lac1 #a_/b lb42 gum s&>ac1 #a_/d lb42 _s1 #a qu>t2 dissolve1 add ( copal v>ni%1 #a_/d p9t2 mix well1 & fur!r add ( l9se$ oil1 #a_/b p9t4 ,! la/ two require no oil on ! rubb]4 ,obs4 ,! prep>ation ( ,fr5* poli% is precisely simil> to t ( o!r _s or naph?alic v>ni%es4 ,sometimes x is col\r$1 9 ord] to modify ! "* ( ! wood4 ,a ,,r$di% ,,t+e is giv5 ) dragon's blood1 alkanet root1 or r$ s&]s wood2 & a ,,yell[i% ,,t+e1 by turm]ic root or gamboge4 ,:5 x is simply desir$ to ,,d>k5 ! wood1 br[n %ell-lac is employ$ to make ! poli%2 & :5 ! object is to keep ! wood ,,light ,,col\r$1 a little oxalic acid 7#b to #d dr4 to ! p9t7 is commonly add$4 ,^! sub/ances are ei!r /eep$ 9 or agitat$ ) ! poli%1 or ) ! solv5t1 be=e p\r+ x on ! 'gums1' until !y dissolve1 or a suffici5t effect is produc$4 ,fr5* poli% is n requir$ to be s cle> & limpid z o!r v>ni%es1 & is1 !re=e1 nev] artificially cl>ifi$4 ,see ,,v>ni%1 & bel[4 ,,fr5* ,,pol',,i%+4 ,?is process1 n[ s g5]ally employ$ = furniture & cab9et "w1 is p]=m$ z foll[s3--,! surface to be op]at$ on be+ f9i%$ (f z smoo?ly z possible ) glass pap]1 & plac$ opposite ! light1 ! 'rubb]' be+ made z direct$ bel[1 & ! poli% 7see above7 be+ at h&1 & pref]ably conta9$ 9 a n>r[-neck$ bottle1 ! workman moi/5s ! middle or flat face ( ! rubb] ) ! poli%1 by lay+ ! rubb] on ! m\? ( ! bottle & %ak+ up ! v>ni% aga9/ x1 once1 by :i* means ! rubb] imbibes ! prop] quantity to cov] a consid]able ext5t ( surface4 ,he next encloses ! rubb] 9 a s(t l95 clo?1 d\bl$1 ! re/ ( ! clo? be+ ga!r$ up at ! back ( ! rubb] to =m a h&le4 ,! face ( ! l95 is n[ moi/5$ ) a little raw l9se$ oil1 appli$ ) ! f+] to ! middle ( x1 & ! op]ation ( poli%+ imm$iately comm5c$4 ,= ?is purpose ! workman passes 8 rubb] quickly & lightly ov] ! surface uni=mly 9 "o direction1 until ! v>ni% becomes dry1 or ne>ly s1 :5 he aga9 *>ges 8 rubb] z be=e1 omitt+ ! oil1 & repeats ! rubb+1 until ?ree coats are laid on4 ,he n[ applies a little oil to ! rubb]1 & two coats m are commonly giv54 ,z soon z ! coat+ ( v>ni% has acquir$ "s ?ickness1 he wets ! inside ( ! l95 clo?1 be=e apply+ ! v>ni%1 ) alcohol1 or wood naph?a1 & gives a quick1 light1 & uni=m t\* ov] ! :ole surface4 ,! "w is1 la/ly1 c>efully gone ov] ) ! l95 clo?1 moi/5$ ) a little oil & rectifi$ _s or naph?a1 )\t v>ni%1 & rubb$1 z be=e1 until dry4 ,! ,,rubb] = ,fr5* poli%+ is made by roll+ up a /rip ( ?ick wooll5 clo? 7li/7 :i* has be5 torn (f1 s z to =m a s(t ela/ic edge4 ,x %\ld =m a coil1 f #a to #c in*es 9 diamet]1 accord+ to ! size ( ! "w4 ,,fres',,co-,,pa9t+4 ,see ,,pa9t+4 ,,fric&eau4 ,fr4 ,among cooks1 a ragot1 or fricasse ( veal4 ,! same t]m is also sometimes appli$ to /ew$ beef1 highly season$4 ,,fricassee4 ,fr4 ,a di% prep>$ by /ew+ or semi-fry+1 highly flav\r$ ) h]bs1 spices1 or sauce4 ,small ?+s1 z *ick5s1 lamb1 c41 & cold meat1 are usually =m$ into fricassees4 ,,fric',,tion4 ,9 a g5]al s5se1 ! act ( rubb+ "o body aga9/ ano!r2 attrition4 ,friction4 ,9 me*anics ?is is ! resi/ance :i* ! surface ( a mov+ body meets ) f ! surface ( ! body on :i* x moves4 ,to less5 ! am\nt ( friction 9 ma*9es1 v>i\s unctu\s sub/ances1 z oil1 tall[1 soap1 black-lead1 c41 are us$ by eng9e]s4 ,^! sub/ances act by imp>t+ smoo?ness to ! po9ts ( contact1 & ?us r$uce _! resi/ance to ea* o!r4 ,! full consid]ation ( ! subject belongs to eng9e]+4 ,friction4 ,9 m$ic9e1 friction1 :e!r simple or conjo9$ ) l9im5ts1 is a !rapeutical ag5t ( consid]able p[]4 ,by x ! circulation is promot$ 9 debilitat$ p>ts1 & m$ic9al sub/ances 7iod9e1 m]curials1 opium1 c47 are made to p5etrate ! pores ( ! sk94 ,! b5efit ( friction1 :i* consi/s ( motion & heat1 :e!r or n ! same be rais$ by rubb+ ! body ) a co>se clo? or ! fle%-bru%1 has advantages inconceivable & sc>cely cr$ible1 by :i* ! ob/ructions ( ! pores & cutane\s gl&ules are op5$1 _! /agnat+ juices brok5 into small p>ticles1 dissolv$1 & r5d]$ fit to be c>ri$ (f 9 p]spiration1 9 ! room ( :i*1 z my ,"l ,v]ulam well obs]ves1 new juice w succe$ ) new vig\r to ! body2 & longevity1 sai? t great naturali/1 is ?is way mo/ c]ta9ly promot$ 7,daniel ,turn]74 ,simple friction is p]=m$ by ! h& alone1 or ) a piece ( flannel1 a hair glove1 or a fle%-bru%4 ,if x be prop]ly p]=m$--namely1 by %ort1 brisk /rokes ) ! tips ( ! f+]s1 & ) great cel]ity1 :5 ! nak$ h& is ! ag5t2 & if x be cont9u$ = an h\r or upw>ds1 & repeat$ sev]al times a day--its influ5ce 9 r$uc+ swell$ gl&s & swell+s ( ! jo9ts1 z well z 9 alleviat+ rheumatic pa9s1 is v great2 b1 besides be+ well p]=m$1 ! friction %\ld be cont9u$ = 7at lea/7 half an h\r1 9 ord] to r5d] x useful4 7,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffi?47 ,g5tle1 sl[1 & equable friction1 by produc+ a cont9u$ repetition ( an agreeable impression on ! n]v\s sy/em1 acts bo? z an anodyne & hypnotic4 ,= ?is purpose ! op]ator %\ld sit by ! side ( ! b$1 & introduc+ ! h& "u ! b$clo!s1 rub ! legs or ! arms 7or o!r p>ts7 g5tly ) equally l5g!n$ b sl[ movem5ts4 ,:5 ! invalid is a *ild1 its influ5ce is m p[]ful :5 aid$ by a monoton\s1 b a s(t tune1 :i*1 al?\gh x op]ates ^u a di/9ct s5se1 yet1 by comb9ation1 r5d]s ! friction m soporific4 7,griffi?47 ,:5 ! friction is accompani$ ) ! use ( any acrid or irritat+ sub/ance1 or is int5d$ to introduce any active rem$y into ! sy/em1 ! rubb+ %\ld be brisk1 & ( suffici5t =ce to slightly abrade & inflame ! cuticle2 & %\ld be cont9u$ until ! sub/ance1 :i* is usually 9 ! =m ( an o9tm5t1 ei!r :olly or p>tially disappe>s1 ow+ to its absorption by ! sk94 ,! h& ( ! op]ator %\ld1 9 mo/ cases1 be gu>d$ by a glove2 o!rwise he is likely to %>e ) ! pati5t ! effects ( ! m$ic9e1 a result n always agreeable or ev5 safe4 ,,frigorific ,,mixtures4 ,see ,,refrig]ation4 ,,frit4 ,! pulv]ul5t mat]ials ( glass1 heat$ until !y coalesce )\t melt+4 ,see ,,enamel1 ,,glass1 ,c4 ,,frit',,t]s4 ,fri$ batt]4 ,a species ( pancake1 conta9+ fruit1 sweetmeats1 p\ltry1 meat1 or fi%4 ,prep4 #a4 7,m4 ,alexis ,soy]47 ,! foll[+ is ?irty receipts 9 "o3--,soak crum ( bread1 #a lb41 9 cold wat]1 q4 s42 take ! same quantity ( any k9d ( boil$ or roa/$ meat 7a little fat71 & *op x into f9e dice2 press ! wat] out ( ! bread2 put into ! pan butt]1 l>d1 or dripp+1 #b oz41 ) *opp$ onions1 two teaspoonfuls2 fry two m9utes1 add ! bread1 /ir ) a wood5 spoon until r dry1 !n add ! meat1 & season ) salt1 #a teaspoonful1 pepp]1 #a_/b d41 & a little grat$ nutmeg if h&y2 /ir till q hot2 !n fur!r add two eggs1 "o at a "t1 mix v quickly1 & p\r x on a di% to cool2 next roll x into ! %ape ( small eggs1 !n 9 fl\r1 'egg' !m1 & bread-crum !m2 la/ly1 fry 9 abundance ( fat to a nice yell[ col\r1 & s]ve ei!r pla9 or ) any %>p or o!r savory sauce y fancy4 ,innum]able di%es c be made 9 ?is way2 9 fact1 f ev]y?+ t is eatable1 & at any season ( ! ye>--f ! rema9s ( meat1 p\ltry1 game1 fi%1 vegetables1 c4 ,! same c be done ) *opp$1 dri$1 or pres]v$ fruits1 simply us+ a #a_/d lb4 m bread1 & sift+ p[d]$ sug> & c9namon ov] !m4 ,cream may also be us$ = fruit1 or curds4 ,fritt]s are also 7& m commonly7 fri$ 9 ord9>y batt]1 in/ead ( bread-crumbs4 ,!re is no end to :at may be done ) ^! receipts4 ,!y c be ornam5t$ & made wor?y ! table ( ! greate/ epicure if ! bread be soak$ 9 cream1 & spirits or liquor introduc$ into !m4 7,soy]47 #b4 ,mrs ,rundell3--a4 7,,apple ,,fritt]s47 ,see ,,fruit ,,fritt]s4 b4 7,,buck:eat ,,fritt]s1 ,b4 ,,cakes1 ,,bock+s47 ,made by beat+ up buck:eat fl\r to a batt] ) "s w>m milk1 add+ a little yea/1 lett+ x rise be=e ! fire = #cj or #dj m9utes1 !n beat+ 9 "s eggs & milk or w>m wat]1 z requir$1 & fry+ !m l pancakes4 ,buck:eat fritt]s1 :5 well prep>$1 are excell5t4 ,made )\t eggs & s]v$ up ) molasses1 !y =m a common di% 9 almo/ e breakfa/ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 c4 7,,curd ,,fritt]s47 ,f dri$ curd1 beat5 ) yolk ( egg & a little fl\r1 & flav\r$ ) nutmeg4 d4 7,,fr5* ,,fritt]s47 ,common pancakes1 beat5 up ) eggs1 almonds1 & flav\r+ sug>1 orange-fl[] wat]1 & nutmeg1 & ! pa/e dropp$ into a /ew- or fry+-pan half full ( boil+ l>d1 s z to =m cakes ! size ( l>ge nuts1 :i* are cook$ till br[n4 e4 7,,fruit ,,fritt]s47 ,f ! slic$ fruits1 ) ri* batt]4 f4 7,,s\ffl ,,fritt]s47 ,ri* pancakes1 flav\r$ ) lemon4 g4 7,,spani% ,,fritt]s47 ,f slices ( ,fr5* rolls soak$ 9 a mixture ( cream1 eggs1 sug>1 & spices1 & fri$ br[n4 ,,frog4 ,! escul5t v>iety1 9 ,europe1 is ! common gre5 or gibb\s frog1 ! ,rana escul5ta ( ,l9nu4 ,z an alim5t1 x is mu* e/eem$ on ! ,cont95t1 ! h9d legs only be+ eat54 ,its liv] is among ! simples ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 #afah1 & 0 once consid]$ a useful rem$y 9 c]ta9 =ms ( ague4 ,! ,am]icans eat ! bull-frog 7! ,rana taur9a74 ,?is v>iety ( ! edible frog1 :i* is a native ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates & is mu* priz$ z a table delicacy1 has be5 lately introduc$ into ,france by ! ,socit d',acclimatisation4 ,its fle%1 :5 cook$1 is said to h a ta/e v l t ( turtle4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa1 a l>ge frog call$ ,matlamtlo is eat54 ,frogs are also fav\rite food ) ! natives ( ,*9a & ,au/ralia4 ,,frog ,,o9tm5t or ,?ru% ,mixture4 ,br[n syrup1 #ij grammes2 v]digris1 #f grammes2 /rong acetic acid1 #aj grammes2 solution ( p]*loride ( iron1 #b grammes4 7,hag]47 ,,fro/-,,bites4 ,:5 ^? p>ts ( ! body 9 :i* ! circulation ( ! blood is mo/ languid are expos$ to extreme cold1 !y quickly become froz51 or1 z x is call$1 'fro/ bitt54' ,! f+]s1 toes1 e>s1 nose1 & *9 are mo/ liable to ?is attack4 ,! rem$y is long-cont9u$ friction ) ! h&s or cold flannel1 avoid+ ! fire1 or ev5 a heat$ ap>tm5t4 ,,fro/beul5t9ctur1 ,,fro/beul5wass]--,*ilbla9 ,t9cture1 ,*ilbla9 ,wat]4 ,manufactur$ by a *iropodi/ ( ,muni*4 ,x is a solution ( #b grammes z9c sulphate 9 #fj grammes wat]4 7,witt/e947 ,,fro/salbe--,fro/ ,o9tm5t 7,wahl]1 ,kupf]zell74 ,mutton tall[1 #bd2 hog's l>d1 #bd2 iron oxide1 #d2 heat x 9 an iron vessel1 /irr+ cont9ually ) an iron rod until ! :ole has become black2 !n add #d p>ts ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #b p>ts b]gamot oil1 & #b p>ts ,arm5ian bole rubb$ smoo? ) olive oil4 ,,fruit4 ,syn4 ,,fructus1 ,l4 ,among botani/s ?is is ! mature ov>y or pi/il1 conta9+ ! rip5$ ovules or se$s4 ,9 famili> language1 ! t]m is appli$ to any product ( a plant conta9+ ! se$1 m especially ^? t are eatable4 ,fruits are ext5sively employ$ z articles ( diet by man1 bo? z luxuries & nutrim5t4 ,! fruit ( ! c]eals furni%es our daily bread2 t ( ! v9e gives u ! well-kn[n bev]age1 w9e1 :il/ o!r v>ieties enri* our dess]ts1 & provide u ) "s ( our mo/ valuable condim5ts & aromatics4 ,! acidul\s & subacid fruits are antiseptic1 ap]i5t1 att5uant1 diuretic1 & refrig]ant4 ,!y af=d little n\ri%m5t1 & are apt to promote di>rhoea & flatul5cy4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 occasionally exhibit$ m$ic9ally1 9 putrid affections1 & are (t5 useful 9 bili\s & dyspeptic compla9ts4 ,! f>9ace\s fruits 7gra971 z already /at$1 furni% ! pr9cipal & mo/ useful portion ( ! food ( man4 ,! oleo-f>9ace\s 7nuts1 c47 are less :olesome & less easy ( dige/ion ?an ^? purely f>9ace\s4 ,! sac*>9e fruits1 or ^? ab\nd+ 9 sug>1 are nutriti\s & laxative1 b are apt to f]m5t & disagree ) delicate /oma*s :5 eat5 9 excess4 ,/one fruits are m difficult ( dige/ion ?an ! o!r v>ieties1 & are v apt to disord] ! /oma* & b[els4 ,z a rule1 fruit %\ld nev] be eat5 9 l>ge quantities at a "t1 & only :5 q ripe4 ,x !n appe>s to be exce$+ly :olesome1 & to be a suitable corrective to ! grossness ( animal food4 ,x also ex]cises a p[]ful action on ! sk91 & is a specific = scurvy 9 its e>ly /ages4 ,_m cutane\s diseases may likewise be remov$ by ! daily use ( a mod]ate quantity ( fruit1 or o!r fre% vegetable food4 ,cases are n uncommon :i*1 aft] resi/+ e v>iety ( ord9>y m$ical treatm5t1 yield to a mix$ fruit or vegetable diet4 ,fruits %\ld be ga!r$ 9 dry wea!r1 & pref]ably ab\t noon1 because ! dew & moi/ure deposit$ on !m dur+ ! night & e>li] "p ( ! morn+ has !n evaporat$4 ,!y %\ld be q ripe :5 ga!r$1 b ! soon] !y are remov$ f ! tree aft] ?is po9t is arriv$ at1 ! bett]4 ,immature fruit nev] keeps s well z t :i* has rip5$ on ! tree2 & ov]ripe fruit is liable to be bruis$ & to lose flav\r4 ,! less fruit is h&l$ 9 ga!r+ ! bett]4 ,"s ( !m1 z ,,pea*es1 ,,nect>9es1 ,,grapes1 ,,plums1 c41 require to be treat$ ) great delicacy1 to avoid bruis+ !m or rubb+ (f ! bloom4 ,"s fruit1 z a few v>ieties ( ,,apples1 ,,pe>s1 & ,,oranges1 c41 are ga!r$ be=e !y are fully ripe1 9 ord] t !y may ! bett] und]go ! p]ils ( transit & /orage4 ,pres4 ,ripe fruits are commonly pres]v$ 9 ! fre% /ate by plac+ !m 9 a cool dry situation1 on %elves1 s t !y d n t\* ea* o!r2 or by pack+ !m 9 clean1 dry s&1 sawdu/1 /raw1 bran1 or any simil> sub/ance1 ) l c>e1 to pres]ve !m f ! action ( air & moi/ure4 ,an excell5t plan1 commonly adopt$ = dess]t fruit 9 ?is c\ntry1 is to wrap ea* sep>ately 9 a piece ( clean1 dry pap]1 & to fill small1 wide-m\!d j>s or honey-pots ) !m4 ,! fill$ pots are !n pack$ "o ^u ano!r 7see engr47 9 a dry & cold place 7z a cell>71 :]e ! fro/ _c rea* !m4 ,! space 7a7 betwe5 ! two pots may be advantage\sly fill$ up ) pla/] ( ,p>is made into a pa/e ) wat]4 ,! jo9t is ?us r5d]$ air-tight1 & ! fruit w keep good = a long "t4 ,! m\? ( ! top j> is cov]$ ) a slate4 ,= use1 ! j>s %\ld be tak5 "o at a "t f ! /ore-room z want$1 & ! fruit expos$ = a week or t5 days 9 a w>m dry room be=e be+ eat51 by :i* ! flav\r is mu* improv$4 ,illu/ration ,fruit is pres]v$ on ! l>ge scale = ! ,london m>ket by plac+ 9 a cool situation fir/ a lay] ( /raw or pap]1 & s on alt]nately1 to ! height ( #bj or #be in*es1 :i* _c be well exce$$1 z ! weight ( ! sup]9cumb5t fruit is apt to cru% or injure ! l[] lay]s4 ,sometimes alt]nate lay]s ( fruit & pap] are arrang$ 9 baskets or hamp]s1 :i* are !n plac$ 9 ! cell> or fruit-room4 ,! baskets admit ( be+ pil$ "o ov] ! o!r )\t injury to ! fruit4 ,! use ( br[n pap] is inadmissible = ! above purposes1 z x conveys its peculi> flav\r to ! fruit4 ,?ick :ite-br[n pap] is ! *eape/ & ! be/4 ,fruit ,ess5ces 7,artificial74 ,^! rem>kable products fir/ attract$ att5tion at ! ,exhibition ( #ahea4 ,to speak some:at g5]ally1 !y are mixtures ( amylic1 butyric1 pel>gonic1 val]ianic1 & o!r e!rs1 9 alcohol4 ,by judici\s mixture1 ! flav\r ( almo/ any fruit c be m or less p]fectly imitat$4 ,! artificial ess5ces are g5]ally col\r$ to repres5t ! juice ( ! fruit f :i* !y are suppos$ to be d]iv$4 ,! ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,j>gonelle ,,pe> & ! ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,apple1 :i* are1 p]haps1 ! be/ ( all ! artificial ess5ces1 are respectively =m$ f ! ,,acetate & ,,val]ianate ,,( ,,amyle4 ,see ,,amyle1 ,,ess5ce1 c4 ,,fru',,m5ty4 ,:eat boil$ 9 wat] until q s(t1 !n tak5 out1 dra9$1 ?9n$ ) milk1 sweet5$ ) sug>1 & flav\r$ ) nutmeg4 ,:5 currants & eggs are add$1 x =ms ',,som]set%ire ,,frum5ty1' ,"s p]sons boil ! :eat l rice4 ,eat5 ) milk1 9 ! ev5+1 = "s "t1 x w (t5 relieve co/iv5ess4 7,griffi?47 ,,fry',,+4 ,! fry+-pan is1 )\t d\bt1 ! mo/ useful ( all kit*5 implem5ts1 &1 l a good-natur$ s]vant1 is (t5 impos$ ^u & oblig$ to d all ! "w1 :ile its companion1 ! gridiron1 is quietly repos+ 9 ! *imney corn]4 ,! usual compla9t ( food be+ r5d]$ greasy by fry+ is totally rem$i$ by saut+ ! meat 9 a small quantity ( fat1 butt]1 or oil1 :i* has atta9$ a prop] degree ( heat1 in/ead ( plac+ x 9 cold fat1 & lett+ x soak :ile melt+4 ,accord+ to ! 7common7 mode 9 :i* all objects are cook$ :i* are call$ fri$1 x w\ld answ] to ! ,fr5* ^w 'saut1' or ! old ,engli% t]m 'frizzle1' b to fry any object1 x %\ld be imm]s$ 9 v hot fat1 oil1 or butt]4 ,to frizzle1 saut1 or1 z ,i w n[ designate x1 semi-fry1 is to place 9 ! pan any oleag9\s sub/ance1 s t1 :5 melt$1 x %all cov] ! bottom ( ! pan by ab\t two l9es2 & :5 hot1 ! article to be cook$ is to be plac$ !re94 ,to d x to p]fection requires a little att5tion1 s t ! pan %all nev] get too hot4 ,x %\ld also be p]fectly clean--a great deal dep5ds on ?is4 7,soy]47 ,accord+ to ! writ] quot$ above1 a *op or /eak1 = fry+1 %\ld be *os5 #c_/d ( an in* ?ick1 & %\ld nev] exce$ "o in*1 nor be less ?an half an in*1 & to be z ne> z possible ( ! same ?ickness all ov]4 ,an ill-cut *op 7or /eak7 nev] c be b ill-cook$2 y c always equalise !m 7:5 badly cut7 by beat+ !m out ) a *opp]4 ,! motive ( semi-fry+ food is to h x done quickly2 !re=e1 to fry a :ole f[l1 or ev5 half 7= example71 is useless1 z x c\ld be cook$ 9 a diff]5t way 9 ! same "t2 b to semi-fry a f[l 79 jo9ts or pieces71 ) ! object ( hav+ x quickly plac$ on ! table1 9 ord] to satisfy a good1 & p]haps fa/idi\s appetite1 x %\ld be done 9 a simil> way to t practis$ 9 ,egypt "s #cjjj ye>s s9ce1 & ( late ye>s = ! great ,napoleon--t is1 cook$ 9 oil4 ,9 ,france ?is di% is call$ ',p\let la ,m>5go1' ,x is relat$ t ! great conqu]or1 aft] hav+ ga9$ t celebrat$ victory1 ate ?ree small *ick5s at "o meal done 9 ?is way1 & 8 appetite & ta/e 7 s good1 & he approv$ ( !m s highly1 t he desir$ t !y may always be s]v$ 9 ! same way dur+ ! campaign4 ,= _m objects ,i pref] ! fry+-pan to ! gridiron2 t is1 if ! pan is prop]ly us$4 ,z reg>ds economy1 x is pref]able1 secur+ all ! fat & gravy1 :i* is (t5 lo/ :5 ! gridiron is us$4 ,?is simple batt]ie de cuis9e may be employ$ equally z well 9 ! cottage z 9 ! palace1 or 9 ! ba*elor's *amb] z 9 ! rooms ( ! poor4 7,soy]47 ,,fu*',,s94 ,see ,,t> ,,col\rs4 ,,fucus',,amid1 ,,fu',,cus9e1 & ,,fu',,cusol4 ,comp\nds obta9$ by ,dr ,/5h\se f sev]al v>ieties ( ,,fucus by treatm5t ) sulphuric acid1 z 9 ! prep>ation ( ,,furfur9e 7:i* see74 ,,fu',,el4 ,matt] us$ = ! production ( heat by burn+4 ,! pr9cipal sub/ances employ$ z fuel are--,,an?racite1 ,,*>coal1 ,,coal ,,gas1 ,,coke1 ,,oil1 ,,_s1 ,,pitcoal1 ,,turf1 & ,,wood4 ,! heat+ p[] ( almo/ e description ( fuel has be5 det]m9$ by ! direct exp]im5ts ( ,lavoisi]1 ,regnault1 ,&rews1 & o!rs2 ! g5]al pr9ciple ( _! me?ods consi/+ 9 ! use ( an app>atus :]e9 ! entire heat ( combu/ion 0 absorb$ by a kn[n weight ( wat]1 ! :ole arrangem5t be+ protect$ f ! influ5ce ( ext]nal *anges ( temp]ature1 & ! increase ( ! temp]ature ( ! wat] be+ kn[n by ! simultane\s indication ( sev]al delicate !rmomet]s susp5d$ 9 x4 ,! real value ( su* det]m9ations is simply relative4 ,! imp]fect "* ( mo/ boil] & furnace arrangem5ts1 & ! l>ge quantity ( fuel :i* passes into ! 'a%-pit' unconsum$1 toge!r ) ! irregul> 'draught1' & ! am\nt ( heat absorb$ by excess ( cold air1 result practically 9 an enorm\s loss ( heat+ p[]1 ev5 "u ! mo/ c>eful managem5t4 ,! me*anical condition ( a fuel mu/ be consid]$ 9 e/imat+ its value4 ,9 a s]ies ( trials in/itut$ by ! ,gov]nm5t x 0 a s9e qu non t ! t\ghness ( ea* k9d ( coal mu/ be su*1 = naval use1 z to resi/1 )\t crumbl+1 ! con/ant friction 9 ! %ip's hold1 at ! same "t t its 'fracture' mu/ be su* t x packs into ! smalle/ possible space4#cai ,footnote #cai3 ,= full in=mation on coal & o!r fuels1 ref] to ,ure's ',dict4 ( ,arts1 ,manufactures1 c41' ,p]cy's ',metallurgy1' & ,watt's ',dict4 ( ,*emi/ry4' ,9 ! *emical laboratory ,,coal ,,gas is n[ g5]ally employ$ z fuel4 ,x is *eap & manageable1 &1 ) prop] app>atus1 may be made to supply almo/ any am\nt ( heat4 ,:]e gas _c be conv5i5tly procur$1 ,,oil & ,,_s are us$ z fuel = lamps4 ,see ,,an?racite1 ,,*>coal1 ,,coke1 ,,furnace1 ,,pitcoal1 c41 also bel[4 ,fuel1 ,econom'ical4 ,v>i\s mixtures h be5 recomm5d$ "u ?is "n4 ,! foll[+ is "o ( ! be/3-- ,prep4 ,small coal1 *>coal1 or sawdu/1 #a "p2 clay1 loam1 or m>l1 #a "p2 s&1 or a%es1 #b p>ts2 wat]1 q4 s42 make ! mass up wet into balls4 ,= use1 ^! balls are pil$ on an ord9>y fire to a little above ! top b>4 ,!y are said to produce a heat consid]ably m int5se ?an t ( common fuel1 & ensure a sav+ ( "o half ! quantity ( coals1 :il/ a fire ?us made up w require no /irr+1 nor fre% fuel = t5 h\rs4 ,! quantity ( ! combu/ible +r$i5t 9 !m %\ld be d\bl$1 :5 !y are int5d$ to be us$ ) a v little f\ndation ( coal4 ,obs4 ,( late ye>s simple ,,fire-,,clay ,,balls h be5 mu* us$ = radiat+ heat f p>l\r-grates1 & s effect+ sav+ 9 ! consumption ( fuel4 ,!y are v useful = p>tially fill+ up ^? roomy1 old-fa%ion$1 badly-con/ruct$ grates1 :i* are /ill to be f\nd 9 _m private h\ses4 ,,peat & ,,turf1 bo? rec5t & *>r$1 are commonly us$ z fuel by ! l[] classes1 9 neighb\rhoods :]e !y are pl5tiful4 ,,fir ,,cones or ,,tops conta9 a great quantity ( solid woody 9 addition to ! res9\s matt]1 & are well adapt$ = dome/ic fires4 ,fuel1 ,prep>$4 ,syn4 ,,compress$ ,,fuel1 ,,pat5t ,f41 ,,/eam ,f4 ,_m artificial fuels are n[ 9 use4 ,! great] numb] h "o "* 9 common--!y are compos$ ( small coal cem5t$ by "s bitum9\s matt]4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal k9ds3-- ,,fuel1 ,,ab]d>e ,,pat5t ,,/eam4 ,f ! 'small' ( ! ,s\? ,wales ,/eam ,coal mix$ ) coal1 pit*1 & compress$ by hydraulic ma*9]y4 ,! pit* is brok5 up1 & ?or\ghly mix$ ) ! small coal ov] a furnace1 9 iron pans1 9 :i* %afts ) obliquely atta*$ blades are cont9ually revolv+4 ,! mixture is aft]w>ds press$ into iron m\lds by a =ce equal to ab\t #b-a_/b tons p] in*4 ,! weight ( a cubic foot ( ?is excell5t fuel is #hj lbs42 ! space occupi$ by #a ton1 #bh cubic feet4 ,,fuel1 ,,case ,,& ,,morris',s ,,pat5t4 ,f ! 'small' ( ! 'be/ /eam coal1' gr\nd mod]ately f9e1 treat$ s z to absorb a c]ta9 portion ( liquid coal t>1 & !n press$ by ma*9]y into blocks4 ,x is said to occupy less space by ab\t #aj ?an ord9>y coal4 ,,fuel1 ,,grant',s ,,pat5t4 ,?is is =m$ ( coal du/1 #a cwt41 & coal-t> pit*1 #bj lbs41 melt$ toge!r by a heat ( #bbj ,fahr41 & m\ld$ into blocks ! size ( common bricks1 "u a pressure ( #e or #f tons4 ,^! are1 la/ly1 :itewa%$4 ,x is heavi] ?an common /eam coal1 & is said to g fully "o ?ird fur!r1 by :i* facility ( transport & economy is comb9$4 ,,fuel1 ,,purifi$ ,,block4 ,?is is prep>$ by ! torrefaction ( wa%$ coal du/1 & is said to possess 9 a rem>kable degree ! advantages ( bo? coke & /eam coal4 ,,fu',,ligoka',,li4 ,prep4 7,dr ,polya47 ,cau/ic potassa1 #a "p2 wat]1 q4 s42 dissolve2 add ( wood soot1 #e p>ts2 boil #a h\r1 dilute ) wat]1 filt]1 evaporate ! filtrate to dryness1 & put ! product at once into w>m1 dry bottles4--,dose1 #b to #c gr41 ?rice a day1 made into pills1 :i* mu/ be coat$ ) gum & kept f ! air4 7,see bel[47 ,fuligokali1 ,sulphurett$4 ,syn4 ,,fuligokali ,,sulphuretum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,polya47 ,cau/ic potassa1 #g p>ts2 sulphur1 #b p>ts2 wat]1 q4 s42 dissolve ) heat1 add ( fuligokali1 #cj p>ts1 evaporate to dryness1 & pres]ve x 9 well-cork$ dry bottles4--,dose1 c4 ,z ! la/4 ,obs4 ,m4 ,gib]t /ates t he has tri$ bo? fuligokali & sulphurett$ fuligokali on 8 pati5ts at ! ,hospital ,sa9t-,l\is1 bo? int]nally & ext]nally1 ) manife/ advantage 9 v>i\s ob/9ate *ronic sk9 diseases4 ,he made a pomade ( #cj grammes 7say #a oz47 ( lead o9tm5t1 & #a or #b grammes 7say #bj to #be gr47 ( fuligokali1 9 :i* he recognis$ positive resolv5t1 det]sive1 & /imulant prop]ties4 ,see ,,an?racokali4 ,,full]',s ,,e>?4 ,syn4 ,,cimolia1 ,c4 ,,t]ra1 ,l4 ,a s(t1 uncti\s1 friable1 gre5i% or yell[i%-grey species ( clay1 conta9+ #ec ( silica1 #aj ( alum9a1 & ab\t #i ( oxide ( iron4 ,aft] be+ dug out ( ! e>? x is ?or\ghly dri$ 9 ov5s1 & !n ?r[n into cold wat]1 :]e x soon falls to p[d]1 & is purifi$ by ! common process ( edulcoration or wa%+-ov]4 ,x is ext5sively us$ to extract oil & grease f clo? 9 ! process ( 'full+1' x =ms an excell5t filt]+ p[d] = oils1 & is appli$ z a cool+ & heal+ dress+ by ! poor to inflam$ brea/s1 excoriations1 c4 ,,ful',,m9at+ ,,comp\nds4 ,^! are num]\s1 & are scatt]$ ?r\gh sev]al di/9ct classes ( bodies4 ,among ! mo/ p[]ful & dang]\s are ! *loride & iodide ( nitrog5 & ! fulm9ates ( silv] & m]cury4 ,fulm9at+ ,an'timony4 ,syn4 ,,pyrophorus ,,( ,,antimony1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,t>t> emetic 7dri$71 #ajj p>ts2 lampblack or *>coal p[d]1 #c p>ts2 triturate toge!r1 put x into a crucible t x w ?ree f\r?s fill 7previ\sly rubb$ inside ) *>coal p[d]71 cov] x ) a lay] ( dry *>coal p[d]1 & lute on ! cov]2 aft] #c h\rs' exposure to a /rong heat 9 a 'rev]b]atory furnace1' & #f or #g h\rs' repose to all[ x to cool1 c41 cauti\sly transf] ! solid cont5ts ( ! crucible1 z quickly z possible1 )\t break+ x1 to a wide-m\!d /opp]$ phial1 :]e1 aft] "s "t1 x w spontane\sly crumble d[n into a p[d]4 ,obs4 ,:5 ! above process is prop]ly conduct$1 ! result+ p[d] conta9s potassium1 & fulm9ates viol5tly on contact ) wat]4 ,a piece ! size ( a pea introduc$ into a mass ( gunp[d] explodes x on be+ ?r[n into wat]1 or on its be+ moi/5$ 9 any o!r mann]4 ,fulm9at+ ,bis'mu?4 ,prep4 ,f bismu?1 #abj p>ts2 c>burett$ cream ( t>t>1 #fj p>ts2 nitre1 #a "p4 ,v ri* 9 potassium4--,prop41 c41 resemble ^? ( ! la/4 ,we h be5 assur$ t ?is is ! comp\nd us$ by ! late ,capt4 ,w>n] = "s ( 8 secret fusees4 ,fulm9at+ ,cop'p]4 ,syn4 ,,fulm9ate ,,( ,,copp]4 ,prep4 ,dige/ copp] 79 p[d] or fil+s7 ) fulm9ate ( m]cury or ( silv]1 & a little wat]4 ,x =ms soluble gre5 cry/als t explode ) a gre5 flame4 ,fulm9at+ ,gold4 ,prep4 ,rec5tly precipitat$ p]oxide ( gold is dige/$ 9 /rong liquor ( ammonia = #bd h\rs1 & ! result+ product is dri$ 9 ! op5 air or at a temp]ature bel[ #ahj ,fahr41 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid ! slighte/ friction1 le/ x %\ld explode4 ,a deep olive-col\r$ p[d]4 ,obs4 ,?is comp\nd c only be safely made 9 v small quantities at a "t1 z )\t great c>e x explodes ) extreme viol5ce4 ,?is is caus$ by ! slighte/ friction or sudd5 increase ( heat4 ,its fulm9at+ prop]ty may be de/roy$ by boil+ x 9 pe>la% lye1 or weak oil ( vitriol2 & by heat+ ! residuum aft] wa%+ x 9 wat]1 pure gold w be obta9$4 ,fulm9at+ ,m]'cury4 ,syn4 ,,fulm9ate1 ,,fulm9ate ,,( ,,m]cury4 ,prep4 #a4 ,m]cury1 #a "p2 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #acge71 #ab p>ts2 dissolve1 add at int]vals1 to ?is solution1 alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hej71 #afc p>ts2 apply heat till ! eff]vesc5ce & cl\d ( gas disappe>s1 add+1 gradually1 on ! action becom+ viol5t1 #afc p>ts m ( alcohol4--,product4 #aab ( ! m]cury employ$4 #b4 ,m]cury1 #ajj p>ts2 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ad71 #ajjj p>ts 7or #gdj p>ts by measure72 dissolve by a g5tle heat1 & :5 ! solution has acquir$ ! temp]ature ( #acj ,fahr41 sl[ly p\r x ?r\gh a glass funnel tube into alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hcj71 #hcj p>ts 7or #ajjj p>ts by measure72 z soon z ! eff]vesc5ce is ov]1 & :ite fumes cease to be evolv$1 filt] ?r\gh d\ble pap]1 wa% ) cold wat]1 & dry by /eam 7n hott] ?an #bab7 or hot wat]4 ,! fulm9ate is !n to be pack$ 9 #ajj gr4 pap] p>cels1 & ^! /or$ 9 a tight box or cork$ bottle4--,product1 #acj ( ! weight ( m]cury employ$4 ,prop41 c4 ,small br[ni%-grey cry/als1 :i* sp>kle 9 ! sun2 entirely soluble 9 #acj p>ts ( boil+ wat]1 & deposit$ z ! solution cools "u ! =m ( beautiful pe>ly spangles4 ,x greatly resembles fulm9ate ( silv] 9 its appe>ance & g5]al prop]ties4 ,x explodes viol5tly by bo? friction & p]cussion1 b unlike ! silv]-salt1 m]ely burns ) a sudd5 & almo/ noiseless fla% :5 k9dl$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,obs4 ,! second =mula is n only ! *eape/1 b ! be/ & safe/4 ,! fir/ is m exp5sive & dang]\s4 ,!re is no little haz>d 9 p\r+ ! alcohol into ! nitric solution2 = at ea* effusion an explosive bla/ takes place2 :]eas1 by p\r+ ! solution into ! alcohol1 no dang] :atev] is incurr$4 ,?is prep>ation is us$ = prim+ ! copp] p]cussion caps = f[l+-pieces1 muskets1 c4 ,dr ,ure1 9 8 fir/ report to ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance1 recomm5d$ ! use ( a spiritu\s solution ( gum s&>ac1 z ! be/ sub/ance = dilut+ ! fulm9ate1 & fix+ x 9 ! caps2 b 9 a subsequ5t report to ! same ,bo>d1 he /at$ t a solution ( ma/ic 9 _s 0 to be pref]r$4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! foll[+ composition is appli$ to ! int]ior ( p]cussion caps 9 quantities v>y+ f #b to #c ( a gra93--,*lorate ( potassium1 #bf p>ts2 nitre1 #cj2 fulm9ate ( m]cury1 #ab2 sulphur1 #ag2 gr\nd glass1 #ad2 gum1 #a1 mak+ altoge!r #ajj p>ts4 7,watts47 ,caution4 ,fulm9ate ( m]cury %\ld only be dri$ 9 small p>cels at a "t1 & ^! %\ld be plac$ at a di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,! dreadful explosion :i* occurr$ "s ye>s ago at ,apo!c>ies' ,hall1 & by :i* ,mr ,h5nel1 ! tal5t$ *emi/ ( ! ,apo!c>ies' ,company1 lo/ 8 life1 0 occasion$ by ! spontane\s detonation ( ?is sub/ance4 ,fulm9at+ ,plat'inum4 ,syn4 ,,plat9um ,,fulm9ans1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by act+ on b9oxide ( plat9um ) pure ammonia4 ,x is analog\s to ! gold & silv] ammonio-comp\nd4 ,fulm9at+ ,p[d]4 ,syn4 ,,detonat+ ,,p[d]2 ,,pulvis ,,fulm9ans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitre1 #c p>ts2 c>bonate ( pota% 7dry71 #b p>ts2 fl[]s ( sulphur1 #a "p2 r$uce !m sep>ately to f9e p[d]1 be=e mix+ !m4 ,a little ( ?is comp\nd 7#bj to #cj gr471 sl[ly heat$ on a %ovel ov] ! fire1 fir/ fuses & becomes br[n1 & !n explodes ) a deaf5+ report4 #b4 ,sulphur1 #a "p2 *lorate ( potassa1 #c p>ts4 ,:5 triturat$1 ) /rong pressure1 9 a m>ble or w$gwood-w>e mort>1 x produces a s]ies ( l\d reports4 ,x also fulm9ates by p]cussion4 #c4 ,*lorate ( potassa1 #f p>ts2 pure lampblack1 #d p>ts2 sulphur1 #a "p4 ,a little plac$ on an anvil detonates ) a l\d report1 :5 /ruck ) a hamm]4 ,no4 #a is ! sub/ance commonly kn[n z ',,fulm9at+ ,,p[d]1' ,see ,,bla/+ ,,p[d]4 ,fulm9at+ ,sil'v]4 ,syn4 ,,arg5tum ,,fulm9ans1 ,l4 ,two v di/9ct comp\nds are kn[n by ?is "n1 ! "o conta9+ oxide ( silv] & ammonia1 & ! o!r be+ a true fulm9ate ( silv]4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,ammonia-,,comp\nd ,,( ,,silv]1 ,,b]?ollet',s ,,fulm9at+ ,,silv]47--a4 ,dige/ oxide ( silv] 7rec5tly precipitat$ & dri$ by pressure betwe5 bibul\s pap]7 9 conc5trat$ liquor ( ammonia1 = #ab or #ae h\rs1 p\r (f ! liquid1 & cauti\sly dry ! black p[d] 9 ! air1 9 divid$ portions4 ,! decant$ ammoniacal liquor1 :5 g5tly heat$1 yields1 on cool+1 small cry/als1 :i* possess a /ill m =midable p[] ( detonation ?an ! black p[d]1 & w sc>cely be> t\*+1 ev5 :il/ "u ! liquid4 b4 ,dissolve *loride ( silv] 9 /rong liquor ( ammonia1 cauti\sly add pure potassa 79 fragm5ts71 & :5 eff]vesc5ce ceases1 decant ! fluid portion1 & wa% & dry ! p[d]1 z be=e4 #b4 7,,fulm9ate ,,( ,,silv]1 ,,brugnatelli',s ,,fulm9at+ ,,silv]2 ,,arg5ti ,,fulm9as1 ,l47--a4 ,p\r alcohol1 #a oz41 on nitrate ( silv] 79 f9e p[d]71 #ajj gr41 previ\sly plac$ 9 a capaci\s flask or beak] glass1 & %ortly aft]w>ds add /rong nitric acid1 #a oz42 z soon z all ! p[d]$ nitrate assumes ! =m ( :ite cl\ds1 add cold di/ill$ wat]1 q4 s4 to susp5d ! ebullition1 & next collect ! p[d] on a filt]1 & o!rwise proce$ z ) ! ammonia-comp\nd 7above74 b4 7,f[nes47 ,metallic silv]1 #dj to #ej gr42 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #acg71 #c_/d fl4 oz42 dissolve by ! aid ( a g5tle heat1 add1 :il/ ! solution is /ill hot1 alcohol1 #b fl4 oz41 & aga9 apply heat until reaction comm5ces2 ! fulm9ate sl[ly sep>ates f ! hot liquid "u ! =m ( small1 brilliant1 :ite1 cry/all9e plates1 :i*1 aft] be+ slightly wa%$ ) a little cold di/ill$ wat]1 are to be di/ribut$ ^u sep>ate pieces ( filt]+ pap]1 9 portions n exce$+ #a or #b gr4 ea*1 & left to dry 9 ! air4 ,:5 dry1 ! pap]s are to be fold$ up1 & c>efully pres]v$ 9 a box or bottle4 ,a sixp5ce & ! /ronge/ comm]cial nitric acid & rectifi$ _s answ] = ! above purpose4 c4 7,liebig47 ,gra9 silv]1 #a "p2 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #acf to #ach71 #aj p>ts2 dissolve at a g5tle heat1 & add ! solution to alcohol ( #he1 #bc p>ts2 apply a g5tle heat till ! liquid beg9s to boil1 !n remove x f ! fire & set x aside to cool2 ! fulm9ate ( silv] is deposit$ 9 lu/r\s1 sn[-:ite1 acicul> cry/als1 & :5 wa%$ & dri$1 equals 9 weight t ( ! silv] employ$4 ,prop41 c4 ,! prop]ties ( bo? comp\nds are v simil>4 ,^? ( ! true ,,fulm9ate ,,( ,,silv] 7,no4 #b7 ne$ only be consid]$ "h4 ,?is dissolves 9 #cf p>ts ( boil+ wat]1 b ! solution deposits ! great] portion ( ! fulm9ate z x cools4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s sub/ances = :i* we are indebt$ to mod]n *emi/ry4 ,x explodes ) unp>allel$ viol5ce by friction or p]cussion1 or :5 /rongly heat$1 or :5 t\*$ ) /rong sulphuric acid2 ! metal is r$uc$1 & a l>ge volume ( gase\s matt] sudd5ly lib]at$4 ,/range to say1 ?\gh its explosive t5d5cy is s great t x c be h>dly made1 h&l$ or kept1 ) safety1 x may1 :5 v cauti\sly mix$ ) oxide ( copp]1 be burn$ 9 a tube to det]m9e its composition1 9 a simil> mann] to t employ$ 9 ! analysis ( o!r organic sub/ances4 ,_m frightful accid5ts h happ5$ f ! spontane\s explosion ( ?is sub/ance4 #a or #b gr4 are ! mo/ t c be explod$ ) safety 9 a build+ or conf9$ space4 ,fulm9at+ ,z9c4 ,syn4 ,,fulm9ate ,,( ,,z9c2 ,,z9cum ,,fulm9ans1 ,,z9ci ,,fulm9as1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f fulm9ate ( silv]1 z9c fil+s1 & a little wat]1 dige/$ toge!r1 z ,,fulm9at+ ,,copp]4 ,,fulm9a',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,fulm9atio1 ,l4 ,detonation4 ,a sudd5 explosion1 accompani$ ) a l\d report & extreme viol5ce4 ,"s *emi/s1 )\t suffici5t reason1 h endeav\r$ to conf9e ! application ( ! t]m to ! explosion ( a fulm9ate4 ,,fumiga',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio1 ,,suffumigatio1 ,l4 ,fumigations 7,,fumigationes7 are vap\rs ( gases extemporane\sly extricat$ = ! purpose ( de/roy+ contagi\s or noxi\s miasmata or effluvia1 or to mask unpleasant od\rs1 or to produce a m$ic9al action on ^? p>ts ( ! body ) :i* !y are br\ght 9 contact4 ,fumigations1 = ! purpose ( obviat+ or mask+ unpleasant od\rs 9 ! sick *amb]1 mu/ nev] be employ$ to ! neglect ( cleanl9ess & v5tilation2 = mo/ ( !m1 in/ead ( purify+ ! air1 actually r5d] x less fit = respiration4 ,! common practice ( burn+ sc5t$ pap]1 pa/illes1 sug>1 junip] b]ries1 b5zo91 casc>illa1 c41 s z to create an odorif]\s smoke1 is ( ?is "*4 ,z dis9fect+ ag5ts1 !y are probably useless1 & are relics ( an anci5t cu/om ( burn+ frank9c5se & o!r odor\s sub/ances 9 vitiat$ air1 to ov]come ! fetor :i* is m or less pres5t4 ,! fumes ?us diffus$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e disguise unpleasant od\rs2 b !y accompli% no?+ m4 ,! infection rema9s n only unalt]$ by ! diffusion ( ! mo/ p[]ful aromatic vap\rs1 b its delet]i\s prop]ties are sometimes augm5t$ by !m4#cbj ,footnote #cbj3 ,we deem x "r to rem>k t a diff]5t op9ion respect+ ! dis9fect+ p[] ( odorif]\s smoke is n[ held by _m sci5tific m54 ,accord+ to ?is op9ion1 ! m9ute p>ticles ( aromatic sub/ances d really de/roy or r5d] in]t ! noxi\s miasmata4 ,among ! v>i\s sub/ances us$ z ,,dis9fect+ ,,fumigations1 *lor9e1 by almo/ g5]al cons5t1 holds ! fir/ place4 ,dr ,c>mi*ael ,smy? recomm5d$ nitr\s acid1 :i* is ev5 n[ pref]r$ by ,dr ,*ri/ison to *lor9e2 :il/ ,pr(4 ,graham reg>d$ ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur z m efficaci\s ?an ei!r ( ^! sub/ances4 ,! vap\rs ( hydro*loric acid & ( v9eg>1 & ! smoke ( gunp[d]1 :i* once _h _! advocates1 h n[ ju/ly sunk into disfav\r4 ,no ap>tm5t %\ld be submitt$ to fumigation until x is vacat$2 z until !n its ?or\gh dis9fection is impossible1 & b little b5efit or immunity f contagion is conf]r$ by any arial dis9fect+ ag5t1 ! pres5ce ( :i* fails to cause discom=t to ! pati5t4 ,( all common diseases1 sc>let fev] appe>s to be ! "o mo/ requir+ fumigation4 ,= ?is purpose1 *lor9e gas or heat %\ld be employ$4 ,! infecti\s matt]s ( c]ta9 diseases1 especially sc>let fev]1 are ei!r dissipat$ or de/roy$ at a heat slightly above t ( boil+ wat]4 7,dr ,h5ry47 ,contagi\s diseases are v commonly propagat$ 9 ?is metropolis by p]sons hav+ _! l95 wa%$ by laundresses :o p]=m _! op]ations 9 ! same s9ks ( dirt & mis]y 9 :i* !y live4 ,see ,,cig>s 79 ph>macy71 ,,dis9fectant1 ,,inhalation1 c41 & bel[4 ,fumigation1 ,ace'tic4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,acetica1 ,l4 ,! fumes ( /rong v9eg> or acetic acid1 obta9$ by heat+ ! liquid ov] a lamp1 or by spr9kl+ x on a hot %ovel4 ,aromatic v9eg> 9 ?is way yields v refre%+ fumes1 & 0 =m]ly ?\ght m efficaci\s ?an simple acetic acid4 ,fumigation1 ,an'odyne4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,anodyna1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,tr\sseau ,reveil47 ,/ramonium & sage1 equal p>ts1 suffici5t to fill a small pipe4 ,smok$ 9 spasmodic a/hma1 irritat+ c\ghs1 c4 ,fumigation1 ,aromat'ic4 ,see ,,balsamic ,,fumigation4 ,fumigation1 ,balsam'ic4 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,fumigation2 ,,fumigatio ,,aromatica1 ,f4 ,,balsamica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f gum b5zo91 ei!r alone or mix$ ) olibanum or /yrax1 ?r[n on hot c9d]s or a heat$ %ovel4 #b4 7,dr ,dohrn47 ,gum olibanum1 #d p>ts2 gum b5zo91 /yrax1 & fl[]s ( roses & lav5d]1 ( ea* #a "p2 to be r$uc$ to p[d]1 & us$ z be=e4 #c4 ,amb]1 ma/ic1 & olibanum1 ( ea* #c oz42 b5zo9 & /yrax1 ( ea* #a oz42 camphor1 #a dr4 ,z la/4 ,! above are us$ 9 hoop+-c\gh1 a/hma1 c42 a small quantity only be+ employ$ at a "t4 ,fumigation1 ,belladon'na4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,belladonn1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,m4 ,s*ro$]47 ,f dri$ belladonna leaves1 #a to #b dr42 z be=e4 ,9 spitt+ ( blood1 a/hma1 tickl+ c\gh1 c4 ,fumigation1 ,*lor9e4 ,syn4 ,,dis9fect+ ,,fumigation1 ,,guyton-,,morveau',s ,f42 ,,fumigatio ,,*lor9ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,common salt1 #c p>ts2 wat] & sulphuric acid1 ( ea* #b p>ts2 black oxide ( manganese #a "p2 mix 9 a %all[ vessel1 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ap>tm5t4 ,?is is us$ to dis9fect unoccupi$ rooms4 #b4 ,hydro*loric acid & p[d]$ black oxide ( manganese mix$ 9 proportions s z to make a ?9 pa/e4 ,us$ z direct$ "u #a4 #c4 ,*loride ( lime1 ei!r spr9kl$ on ! floor 7if unc>pet$7 or 7if c>pet$7 plac$ ab\t ! room 9 %all[ di%es4 ,us$ = inhabit$ rooms1 & on %ipbo>d1 c4 #d4 ,a solution ( *loride ( lime 7#a oz4 ( ! *loride to ea* qu>t ( wat]74 ,us$ z ! la/ b m freely4 ,obs4 ,*lor9e fumigations1 al?\gh s popul>1 & s mu* reli$ on by _m m$ical practition]s1 are app>5tly useless 9 prev5t+ ! progress ( c]ta9 contagi\s diseases4 ,9 ,mosc[1 *lor9e 0 ext5sively tri$ & f\nd unavail+1 nay1 ev5 injuri\s1 9 *ol]a4 7,dr ,p]eira47 ,at ! "t t ! *ol]a hospital 0 fill$ ) cl\ds ( *lor9e1 !n x 0 t ! greate/ numb] ( ! att5dants 7 attack$4 7,dr ,alb]s47 ,at ! ,smallpox ,hospital1 :]e *lor9e 0 tri$1 ) ! view ( arre/+ ! progress ( erysipelas1 all (f5sive smell 0 remov$1 b ! p[] ( communicat+ ! disease rema9$ beh9d4 7',lond4 ,m$4 ,gaz4'7 ,not)/&+ ^! m>k$ failures1 ! confid5ce ( _m em95t memb]s ( ! pr(ession cont9ues unabat$4 ,z a fumigat+ ag5t1 dis9fectant & antiseptic1 *lor9e1 ,i believe1 /&s unrivall$4 ,= de/roy+ miasmata1 noxi\s effluvia1 & putrid od\rs1 x is ! mo/ p[]ful ag5t kn[n4 7,dr ,p]eira47 ,our own exp]i5ce leads u to ! conclusion t *lor9e is m useful 9 neutralis+ ! contagi\s or morbific matt] ( fev]s 7especially ( sc>let fev]s7 & putrid diseases g5]ally1 ?an ( ! o!r diseases 9 :i* x has be5 employ$4 ,fumigation1 ,hydro*lo''ric4 ,syn4 ,,muriatic ,,fumigation2 ,,fumigatio ,,muriatica1 ,f4 ,,acidi ,,hydro*lorici1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f common salt plac$ 9 a cup or sauc]1 & an equal weight ( sulphuric acid p\r$ ov] x4 ,n[ seldom us$4 ,x rapidly neutralises ammoniacal fumes4 ,fumigation1 ,i'od9e4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,iod9ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f iod9e1 #e to #be gr41 or m1 accord+ to ext5t ( surface1 plac$ on a heat$ iron conta9$ 9 a box or case 9 :i* ! limb is enclos$4 ,9 ! usual sk9 diseases 9 :i* ! use ( iod9e is indicat$4 ,iod9e may be readily diffus$ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e by plac+ a small quantity on a hot plate4 ,duroy says iod9e p[]fully arre/s putrefaction4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,fumigatio ,,iod9ii ,,composita--,sell]s47 ,iod9e1 #bj gr42 r$ sulphide ( m]cury1 #dj gr42 sulphur1 #f dr42 mix1 & divide into #ab p[d]s4 ,"o to be us$1 z ! la/1 #c times daily2 9 lepra1 psoriasis1 c4 ,fumigation1 ,m]cu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,m]curialis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b\*>dat47 ,olibanum 79 p[d]71 #b p>ts2 r$ sulphide ( m]cury1 #c p>ts4 ,a little is spr9kl$ on r$-hot coals or a heat$ %ovel held b5ea? ! "p2 or ! fumes are inhal$4 ,obs4 ,ab]ne?y us$ ! black oxide ( m]cury 7#a-a_/b to #b dr471 & appli$ x to ! :ole body1 except+ ! head1 9 a simil> way to ! sulphur ba?1 & cont9u$ ! application = ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,see ,,c&les1 7,m]curial71 & ,no4 #b 7above74 ,fumigation1 ,mu'riatic4 ,see ,,hydro*loric ,f4 7above74 ,fumigation1 ,ni'tr\s4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,nitrosa4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,sulphuric acid1 dilut$ ) half its weight ( wat]1 is plac$ 9 a porcela9 cup 7any %all[ vessel ( glass or e>!nw>e w d71 plac$ ov] heat$ c9d]s1 & small quantities ( p[d]$ nitre add$ to x f "t to "t4 ,obs4 ,heat causes ! gas to be evolv$ m rapidly1 & ?us r5d]s ! fumes m (f5sive1 )\t increas+ _! efficacy4 ,equal weights ( oil ( vitriol & wat] are ! proportions usually employ$1 #a_/d oz4 ( nitre is said to be suffici5t = a small room4 7,dr ,bateman47 ,! vessel conta9+ ! +r$i5ts %\ld be plac$ 9 an elevat$ position 9 ! c5tre ( ! ap>tm5t4 ,dr ,c>mi*ael ,smi?1 :o introduc$ nitr\s acid gas z a fumigation 7#agii71 receiv$ a rew>d ( #ejjj f ,p>liam5t = publi%+ 8 =mula4 ,fumigation1 ,sulphu'r\s4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,sulphurosa1 ,f4 ,,sulphuris1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,! gas produc$ by burn+ sulphur1 sulphur\s anhydride1 or1 z ,mr ,keates has sugge/$1 by burn+ bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ! dang] aris+ f fire1 :5 sulphur is burnt = ! purposes ( fumigation1 ! op]ator is advis$ to proce$ z foll[s3--,hav+ clos$ ! fireplace1 w9d[s1 c41 ( ! ap>tm5t to be dis9fect$1 procure a common pail or a l>ge e>!nw>e pan1 & place x 9 ! c5tre ( ! room2 !n into ! middle ( ! pail or pan put upside d[n an ord9>y fl[]-pot4 ,!n p\r wat] into ! pail or pan 7z ! case may be7 until x ne>ly rea*es to ! top ( ! inv]t$ fl[]-pot4 ,n[ /& on ! fl[]-pot a plate or sauc] ( e>!nw>e or common crock]y1 suffici5tly l>ge to hold ! quantity ( sulphur requir$2 place ?is quantity ( sulphur 9 ! plate or sauc]1 & put on x a few live coals2 !n close ! door ( ! ap>tm5t1 & leave x undi/urb$ = six or eight h\rs4 ,at ! expiration ( ?is "t ! door may be op5$1 z well z ! w9d[s1 ! b>ricade be+ at ! same "t remov$ f ! fireplace2 a ?or\gh draught ( air be+ ?us e/abli%$1 ! sulphur\s smell w soon disappe>4 ,dur+ ! fumigation all articles )9 ! room %\ld be spread out s z to expose z great a surface z possible4 ,! cubic space to be ?us dis9fect$ %\ld be calculat$ by multiply+ ! l5g?1 height1 & bread? toge!r1 & tak+ an ounce & a half ( sulphur = e #ajj cubic feet4 ,= a small b$room "o p\nd ( sulphur w\ld be suffici5t4 ,inde$1 eighte5 ounces w\ld suffice = a room measur+ #ab ft4 #aj ft4 #aj ft4#cba ,footnote #cba3 ',wat]1 ,air1 & ,dis9fectants1' by ,noel ,h>tley4 #b4 ,fl[]s ( sulphur1 #g p>ts2 nitre1 #d p>ts2 b5zo9 & olibanum1 ( ea* #b p>ts2 camphor1 #a "p2 press$ into ! b[ls ( tobacco-pipes1 & light$ ) a quick-mat*4 ,see ,,ba? & ,,dis9fectant4 ,fumigation1 ,t>4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,picea1 ,,suffumigatio ,,picis ,,liquid1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,vegetable t>1 #a "p2 wat]1 #g or #h p>ts2 mix1 & let x simm] 9 an op5 vessel set ov] a _s lamp plac$ ne> ! c5tre ( ! ap>tm5t4 #b4 7,sir ,a4 ,cri*ton47 ,norway t>1 #a lb42 p[d]$ c>bonate ( pota%1 #a_/b oz4 or #a oz42 mix1 & heat x z la/4 ,! pota% is add$ to neutralise any volatile acid4 ,=m]ly highly ?\ght ( 9 bron*itis & pulmon>y consumption4 ,fumigation1 ,too?'a*e4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,odontalgica1 ,f4 ,,anti-,,neuralgica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f h5bane se$s1 p[d]$ & ?r[n into a bas9 ( boil+ wat]1 & ! affect$ "p held 9 ! /eam4 ,sometimes a little ( ! se$ is plac$ on a heat$ iron spoon1 & ! "p expos$ to ! fumes4 #b4 7,beasley47 ,a popul> rem$y is to ?r[ h5bane se$ on hot c9d]s1 inv]t+ a cup ov] !m to receive ! smoke & empyreumatic oil produc$4 ,! cup is !n fill$ ) hot wat]1 & ! /eam convey$ to ! affect$ side ( ! m\?4 ,,fu'',,m+ ,,liquors4 ,see ,,ammonium ,,sulphydrate1 ,,ars5ic ,,tri*loride1 ,,t9 ,,bi*loride1 c4 ,,fung',i4 ,9 botany1 a natural ord] ( cellul> plants1 produc+ _! fructification 9 ! air2 gr[+ 9 or ^u decay+ or liv+ organic sub/ances1 & n\ri%$ ?r\gh _! vegetative /ructure call$ ! spawn or mycelium4 ,fungi h v v>iable prop]ties4 ,"s are m$ical1 o!rs edible1 o!rs are deadly poisons4 ,! v>i\s diseases ( plants kn[n z blight1 mildew1 ru/1 smut1 v9e-mildew1 potato-disease1 ergot1 c41 are ei!r caus$ by or accel]at$ by ! ag5cy ( fungi4 ,see ,,ag>ic1 ,,mu%room1 c4 ,,fur',,nace4 ,an enclos$ fireplace = obta9+ a high degree ( heat4 ,furnaces v>y mu* 9 con/ruction & size1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> manufacture 9 :i* !y are employ$4 ,!y may be broadly divid$ into two classes--,,w9d-,,furnaces & ,,bla/ ,,furnaces4 ,9 ! =m] a high temp]ature is produc$ )\t ! aid ( bell[s by means ( a p[]ful draught4 ,9 ! latt] heat$ air is bl[n 9 ?r\gh a pipe or pipes at ! bottom4 ,= _m metallurgic & l>ge *emical op]ations ,,rev]b]atory ,,furnaces are employ$4 ,a furnace ( ?is k9d is usually long1 ) a l[ ro( to keep d[n ! flame & hot air ^u ! 'he>?' or space betwe5 ! fireplace & ! flue4#cbb ,= ! small] op]ations 9 *emi/ry1 a v>iety ( furnaces h be5 inv5t$1 & ! introduction ( coal-gas z a fuel by ,develle1 ,griff91 ,gore1 ,flet*]1 & o!rs1 has wr\ght a complete *ange 9 ! arrangem5ts ( ! laboratory4 ,! ,,gas-,,furnaces ( ,mr ,j4 ,j4 ,griff9 are adapt$ = almo/ e op]ation p]=m$ by ! aid ( heat4 ,^? m rec5tly introduc$ by ,mr ,w4 ,gore are v compact & portable1 & w rapidly produce a ':ite heat1' )\t ! help ( bell[s or high *imney1 by means ( ord9>y coal-gas & atmosph]ic air4 ,! fir/ & smalle/ size consumes #cc cubic feet ( gas 7value sev5 f>?+s7 p] h\r1 & is suitable = assay]s1 jewell]s1 analytical *emi/s1 exp]im5tali/s1 d5ti/s1 & o!rs4 ,x is capable ( fus+ eight ounces ( copp] or six ounces ( ca/ iron1 copp] beg9s to melt 9 x 9 ab\t twelve m9utes f ! "t ( light+4 ,! second-siz$ "o consumes ab\t twice t quantity ( gas1 is suitable = manufactur+ jewell]s g5]ally1 & = a great v>iety ( practical p]sons :o require to melt small quantities ( gold1 silv]1 copp]1 g]man silv]1 brass1 ca/ iron1 glass1 & o!r sub/ances1 or require a small crucible heat$ to high temp]atures4 ,x is capable ( melt+ #de ounces ( copp]1 or #dj ounces ( ca/ iron1 & ) its heat up x melts "o p\nd ( copp] 9 eight m9utes2 copp] beg9s to melt 9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes f ! "t ( light+4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,= an illu/ration ( ?is k9d ( furnace1 see ,,sodium1 ,c>bonate (4 ,flet*]'s#cbc ,,univ]sal ,,furnaces = high temp]atures1 :i* are said to require nei!r bla/ nor att5tion1 are int5d$ = laboratory purposes1 enamel burn+1 heat+ sold]+ irons1 & = jewell]s' & d5ti/s' "w4 ,^! furnaces are made 9 two di/9ct types2 "o ) a p]=at$ cov] to ! crucibles & muffles to atta9 ! maximum heat2 ! o!r ) a slide *imney & a d\ble lid ov] ! crucible4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,manufactur$ by ,?os4 ,flet*]1 ,museum ,/reet1 ,w>r+ton4 ,! p[] & rapidity ( work+ dep5d 9 ea* case on ! l5g? ( ! *imney us$4 ,a furnace ) a f\r-feet *imney w melt a crucible ( ca/-iron 9 ?irty-five m9utes2 a furnace ) an eight-feet *imney w melt ! same quantity ( iron 9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 />t+ ) ! furnace cold4 ,! /ove ) ! side *imney1 al?\gh m conv5i5t 9 use1 is sl[] 9 work+1 tak+ ab\t twice z long to obta9 ! same temp]ature4 ,! foll[+ are v>ieties ( ,flet*]'s ,,univ]sal ,,furnace3-- #a4 ,,small ,,laboratory ,,furnace = crucibles1 ) nickel-plat$ burn] tubes4 ,?is takes crucibles up to #b-a_/b by #b-a_/d in*es outside1 & ) a ?ree-feet *imney1 z suppli$ ) ! furnace1 w1 x is /at$1 melt copp]1 gold1 silv]1 c41 9 ab\t t5 m9utes1 or ca/-iron 9 ?irty-five m9utes f ! "t ! gas is light$4 ,small muffle fitt+s1 ) muffles #b-a_/d by #c by #b-a_/b in*es inside1 c be suppli$ ) ?is furnace4 #b4 ,,small ,,crucible ,,furnace1 ) fix$ *imney4 ,?is furnace is m especially design$ = gold1 silv]1 copp]1 c41 &1 z s5t out ) a f\r-feet *imney & a s+le lid1 is amply p[]ful1 & practically ( a v conv5i5t =m4 #c4 ,,small ,,muffle ,,furnace1 ) ?ree feet *imney4 ,?is requires ab\t eighte5 in*es long] *imney ?an ! small crucible furnace to obta9 ! same temp]ature 9 ! same "t1 ow+ to a slight loss ( heat by radiation f ! /opp]s4 #d4 a4 ,,l>ge ,,muffle ,,furnace4 ,?is is id5tical 9 design & con/ruction ) ! small] "o4 ,! cle> work+ space inside ! muzzle is #c-g_/h by #e in*es1 by ab\t #c in*es deep4 ,?is is recomm5d$ z a useful furnace = wat* dial enamell]s1 assay]s1 photo-enamel burn+1 & = all purposes :]e exact temp]atures are requir$ n exce$+ ! fus+ po9t ( ca/ iron4 ,! burn] ( ?is furnace is twice ! size ( ! small laboratory furnace1 & requires a gas supply f a pipe & tap ( half-an-in* bore4 ,! burn] is ! same %ape z ! muffle1 & is unfit = crucible "w4 b4 ,,extra ,,l>ge ,,muffle ,,furnace #d-a_/b by #c-c_/d by #g in*es cle> inside work+ space4 ,?is w take a ,no4 #c plumbago pot1 & ) half an in* gas pipe1 giv+ a supply ( ab\t #ce feet p] h\r1 w1 x is affirm$1 melt #c or #d lbs4 ( brass 9 ab\t #be m9utes1 & ! same quantity ( ca/ iron 9 #fj or #gj m9utes f ! "t ! gas is fir/ light$1 )\t ! slighte/ tr\ble or att5tion4 #e4 ,,ladle ,,furnace4 ,?is takes ladles up to #f-a_/b in*es diamet]1 & w melt #f or #h lbs4 ( z9c 9 ab\t #ae m9utes1 or ! same quantity ( lead1 t91 c41 9 ab\t half ! "t4 ,x is said to be a conv5i5t & p[]ful arrangem5t = d5ti/s1 heat+ sold]+-irons1 mak+ granulat$ z9c1 s& ba?s1 c4 #f4 ,,small ,,laboratory ,,furnace1 complete = crucibles1 muffles1 ladles1 & s& ba?s4 #g4 ,,flet*]',s ,,injector ,,gas ,,furnace 7) ,bla/74 ,?is furnace is int5d$ = g5]al purposes1 & = ! treatm5t ( refractory sub/ances at high temp]atures4 ,! pat5tee /ates t x w burn p]fectly 9 ! same space any available gas supply f #aj to #ej feet p] h\r1 or m1 if requir$1 giv+ temp]atures 9 exact proportion2 & any op]ation may be repeat$ at any "t by tak+ a note ( ! position ( ! air slide :i* gov]ns ! combu/ion ( ! gas4 ,mr ,flet*] gives ! p[] ( ! small furnace z foll[s3--,) an #a_/b in* gas supply-pipe1 day pressure1 />t+ ) ! furnace cold1 x w melt silv] 9 #c m9utes1 ca/ iron 9 #h m9utes1 ca/ /eel 9 #be m9utes4 ,) a supply ( #ej feet p] h\r1 ! same results are /at$ to be obta9$ 9 a little ov] half ! "t1 & s on 9 proportion ) a great] or less gas supply4 ,x is also said to "w satisfactorily = gold1 c41 melt+ x ) a supply ( gas too small = any o!r furnace1 & ! maximum temp]atures obta9$ are limit$1 only by ! available gas supply & ! fusibility ( ! cas+4 ,! highe/ temp]ature z obta9$ by measur+ by ,w$gwoods' ,pyromet]1 is said to be #ijjj ,fahr5heit4 ,?is furnace is /at$ to be p>ticul>ly suit$ = gold & silv] melt+1 & ref9+1 iron assays1 & g5]al crucible "w1 & safe 9 ! h&s ( ! mo/ c>eless workman4 ,x is adapt$ = crucibles n exce$+ #d in*es by #b-a_/d1 #e in*es by #c-a_/b1 #g-a_/b in*es by #e4 ,= fur!r in=mation respect+ furnaces int5d$ = use 9 ! laboratory & assay (fice1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ',watt's ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry1' also to ',ure's ,diction>y ( ,arts1 ,manufactures1 & ,m9es1' = description ( ! furnaces employ$ 9 ! diff]5t metallurgical op]ations2 & to ! ',*emical ,news' 7,june #cj?1 #ahgf1 & ,febru>y #bnd1 #ahgg71 = a description ( a new decompos+ furnace4 ,see ,,assay+1 ,,*imneys1 ,,copp]1 ,,crucible1 ,,fuel1 c4 ,,fur',,ni%+4 ,x is ess5tial = ! sake ( neatness1 & = a pleas+ effect to ! eye1 t !re %\ld be a h>mony ( col\rs1 & also a simil>ity ( /yle1 9 ! ma9 articles ( furniture4 ,! t9ts ( ! c>pet1 ( ! pap] or pa9t ( ! walls1 & ( ! w9d[-curta9s1 %\ld be all 9 h>mony 9 ea* room2 t is1 ei!r possess a g5]al resemblance ( col\r1 or v>i\s col\rs 9 pleas+ contra/ & h>mony ) ea* o!r4 ,if ! prepond]at+ col\r ( ! curta9s is sc>let1 & ! col\r ( ! walls or c>pet blue1 a mo/ inh>moni\s & unpleas+ effect is produc$2 b br[n & gre51 or gre5 & gold1 w be 9 h>mony1 & may1 !re=e1 be plac$ toge!r4 ,c>pets be+ ! mo/ exp5sive articles1 x is safe/ to buy !m fir/1 & !n to let _! col\r guide u 9 ! tone & /yle ( ! curta9s1 pap]-hang+s1 *air-cov]s1 he>?-rugs1 & ! v>i\s m9or articles4 ,x is also economical to buy c>pets ( ! same patt]n = sev]al rooms1 because 9 ! ev5t ( removal to a h\se ) diff]5t siz$ ap>tm5ts1 a piece ( "o c>pet may be tak5 to alt] ! size ( ano!r4 ,,fur',,niture4 ,see ,,fr5* ,,poli%+1 ,,oil1 ,,poli%1 ,,v>ni%1 c4 ,,furs4 ,( ^! ! mo/ valuable are ,erm9e & ,sable4 ,fur sk9s1 :5 unprep>$1 or m]ely dri$1 g "u ! "n ( ',peltry4' 7,br&e47 ,furs may be pres]v$ f mo?s & o!r insects by plac+ a little colocyn? pulp 7bitt] apple71 or spice 7cloves1 pim5to1 c471 wrapp$ 9 musl91 among !m2 or !y may be wa%$ 9 a v weak solution ( corrosive sublimate 9 w>m wat] 7#aj to #ae gr4 to ! p9t71 & aft]w>ds c>efully dri$4 ,z well z e o!r species ( clo?+1 !y %\ld be kept 9 a clean1 dry place1 f :i* !y %\ld be tak5 out occasionally1 well beat51 & expos$ to ! air1 & re-turn$4 ,,fu',,sel-,,oil4 ,syn4 ,,f\sel ,,oil1 ,,potato-,,oil1 ,,oil ,,( ,,potato ,,_s1 ,,gra9 ,,oil1 ,,gra9-,,_s ,,oil1 ,,m>c-,,br&y ,,oil1 ,,crude ,,hydrat$ ,,oxide ,,( ,,amyl4 ,s\rce4 ,an (f5sive1 /rong-smell+ oil1 produc$ along ) alcohol dur+ ! f]m5tation ( gra91 potatoes1 c41 on ! l>ge scale1 & :i* gives ! peculi> & disagreeable flav\r & od\r to raw :iskey4 ,x is f\nd *iefly 9 ! la/ portion ( ! _s :i* passes ov]1 call$ ! 'fa9ts1' to :i* x imp>ts its *>act]i/ic od\r & flav\r4 ,by rectify+ ! fa9ts at a v g5tle heat1 mo/ ( ! alcohol & wat] fir/ pass ov] toge!r ) only a little fusel oil1 :il/ ! latt] =ms ! residuum 9 ! /ill4 ,v>i\s names 7z above7 are giv5 to ! crude oil ?us obta9$1 accord+ to its s\rce4 ,9 ea* case x ess5tially consi/s ( hydrat$ oxide ( amyl1 b trifl+ & v>iable quantities ( o!r organic comp\nds are mix$ ) x1 :i* slightly modify its "*1 m p>ticul>ly its od\r & flav\r4 ,! oil ( potato _s is ! pure/ =m ( crude fusel oil4 ,obs4 ,! ex]tions ( ! di/ill] are direct$1 z mu* z possible1 to less5 ! =mation ( fusel oil dur+ ! f]m5tation ( 8 'worts1' & to elim9ate1 dur+ ! di/illation & rectification ( 8 liquors1 ! greate/ possible proportion ( t ) :i* !y may be contam9at$4 ,prop41 c4 ,fusel oil is a ne>ly col\rless volatile liquid1 ) a r high boil+ po9t1 a durable1 p5etrat+1 (f5sive smell1 & an acrid1 burn+ ta/e2 :5 swall[$1 x occasions nausea1 gidd9ess1 heada*e1 c42 9 slightly l>g] quantities1 vomit+1 delirium1 oppressive respiration1 & less5$ s5sibility to pa92 its vap\r also produces ^! effects4 ,9 quantity1 x is a n>cotic poison4 ,! great] intoxicat+ p[] ( :iskey1 m especially t f raw gra91 ?an o!r _s1 is due to ! l>g] quantity ( fusel oil :i* x conta9s4 ,?is appe>s to be well kn[n to ! l[] class ( :iskey dr9k]s 9 ^! c\ntries1 & to ! consum]s ( corn br&y 9 "s ( ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! la/ are said to frequ5tly dem& to be s]v$ ) a glass ( good fusel4 ,9 ,engl& fusel oil is *iefly us$ = lamps & v>ni%es4 ,purific4 ,! ,,amylic ,,alcohol 7,,alcohol ,,amylicum7 ( ! ,dubl9 ,college is ?us prep>$4 ,introduce ! ord9>y fusel oil ( ! di/ill]ies into a small /ill or retort1 connect$ ) a cond5s]1 & apply heat2 z soon z ! oil beg9s to fl[ ov]1 unmix$ ) wat]1 ! receiv] %\ld be *ang$1 & ! di/illation resum$1 & c>ri$ ne>ly to dryness2 ! product 9 ! second receiv]1 & ! oily matt] :i* sep>ates f ! wat] 9 ! fir/ receiv]1 are to be res]v$ = use4 ,x is employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ,,val]ianate ,,( ,,soda4 ,see ,,amyl4 ,,fu',,sible ,,alloy'4 ,syn4 ,,fusible ,,metal4 ,prep4 #a4 ,bismu?1 #b p>ts2 lead1 #e p>ts2 t91 #c p>ts4 ,melts 9 boil+ wat]4 #b4 7,d',arcet's47 ,bismu?1 #h p>ts2 lead1 #e p>ts2 t91 #c p>ts4 ,melts bel[ #bab ,fahr4 #c4 7,walk]47 ,bismu? #h1 t9 #d1 lead #e p>ts2 antimony1 #a "p4 ,! metals %\ld be repeat$ly melt$ & p\r$ into drops1 until !y are well mix$4 #d4 7,onion's47 ,lead1 #c p>ts2 t91 #b p>ts2 bismu?1 #e p>ts4 ,melts at #aig ,fahr4 #e4 ,to ! la/1 aft] remov+ x f ! fire1 add ( quicksilv] 7w>m71 #a "p4 ,liquid at #agb1 solid at #adj ,fahr4 ,obs4 ,! fir/ f\r ( ! above are us$ to make ,,toy-,,spoons1 to surprise *ildr5 by _! melt+ 9 hot liquors4 ,a little m]cury may be add$ to l[] _! melt+ po9ts4 ,nos4 #b & #c are specially adapt$ = mak+ ,,electrotype ,,m\lds4 ,! beautiful ca/s ( ! ,fr5* m$als kn[n to all electrotyp]s z ,cli*e m\lds are 9 ! alloy ,no4 #c4 ,! above alloys are also us$ to =m ,,p5cils = writ+ on asses' sk91 or pap] prep>$ by rubb+ burnt h>t%orn into x1 c42 also z a ,,metal ,,ba? 9 ! laboratory4 ,! la/ is us$ = ,,anatomical ,,injections4 ,,fu',,sion4 ,syn4 ,,fusio1 ,l4 ,! liquefaction ( solid bodies by ! action ( heat4 ,! t]m ,,aque\s ,,fusion has be5 appli$ to ! melt+ ( salts 9 _! comb9$ wat] :5 heat$2 & ! t]m ,,igne\s ,,fusion1 to ! liquefaction ( bodies by heat alone4 ,! vessels 9 :i* sub/ances are fus$ are =m$ ( v>i\s mat]ials & %apes1 accord+ to ! prop]ties ( ! solid op]at$ on1 & pr9cipally ) ref]5ce to ! degree ( heat requir$ = its fusion4 ,9 e case ! conta9+ vessel %\ld be capable ( su/a9+ ! prop] degree ( heat1 )\t ei!r melt+ or crack+1 & %\ld also be unact$ on by ! sub/ances melt$ 9 !m4 ,see ,,crucible1 ,,furnace1 c4 ,f,,r/5balsam1 ,bamb]g] fr ,frau5--,,bamb]g ,,pr9ce',s ,,balsam ,,= ,,wom54 ,an embrocation = /r5g!n+ wom5 aft] conf9em5t4 ,a hexagonal eau de ,cologne bottle conta9+ ab\t #ajj grammes ( a cle> r$di%-br[n fluid1 :i* is a filt]$ mixture ( equal p>ts ( _s ( lav5d] 7,sp4 ,lav&4 ,co47 & _s ( soap1 mix$ ) a little camphor & ammonia4 7,hag]47 ,,fus',,tic4 ,syn4 ,,fu/ic ,,wood4 ,two di/9ct dye-/uffs are kn[n by ?is "n1 b are di/+ui%$ by ! adjectives 'old' & '"y4' ,fu/ic1 ,old4 ,syn4 ,,bois ,,jaune1 ,fr4 ,! wood ( ! ,maclura t9ctoria4 ,its decoction dyes wooll5s yell[ ( diff]5t %ades1 accord+ to ! 'mordant4' ,alum1 t>t>1 & spirits ( t9 bright5 ! t9t2 acetate & sulphate ( iron & common salt d>k5 x2 ) sulphate ( iron x gives olives & br[ns2 ) ! indigo vat & sulphate ( indigo gre54 ,^! col\rs are v p]man5t4 ,its yell[ turns on ! lemon :5 pale1 & on ! orange :5 d>k]4 #a lb4 ( old fu/ic w dye #c to #e lbs4 ( wool4 ,fu/ic1 ,"y4 ,syn4 ,,yell[ ,,fu/ic2 ,,fu/et1 ,fr4 ,! wood ( ! ,rhus ,cot9us or ,v5ice suma*4 ,x gives a yell[ turn+ on ! gre51 b its col\rs are n v p]man5t4 ,x is *iefly us$ 9 comb9ation ) o!r dye-/uffs4 ,,gal',,banum4 ,syn4 ,,gum ,,galbanum2 ,,galbanum 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,a gum-res9 d]iv$ f an unasc]ta9$ umbellif]\s plant4 ,9 irregul> te>s ab\t ! size ( a pea1 usually agglut9at$ into masses2 ( a gre5i%-yell[ col\r1 transluc5t1 hav+ a /rong disagreeable od\r1 & an acrid bitt] ta/e4 7,b4 ,p47 ,its prop]ties are simil> to ! o!r fetid antispasmodic gum-res9s4 ,x ranks betwe5 ,,assaf,,oe,,tida & ,,ammoniacum4 ,galbanum1 ,/ra9$4 ,syn4 ,,prep>$ ,,galbanum2 ,,galbanum ,,colatum1 ,g4 ,,pr,,p>atum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,f crude galbanum1 z prep>$ ammoniacum4 ,=m]ly ! common practice 0 to melt x 9 ! dry /ate1 by heat cauti\sly & quickly appli$1 & to /ra9 x ?r\gh a piece ( co>se canvas /ret*$ across a wood5 frame or 'horse4' ,! '/ra9$ galbanum' ( ! %ops is seldom pure4 ,! foll[+ =ms are curr5t 9 ! trade = its 'r$uction1' z ?is species ( adult]ation is te*nically t]m$3-- #a4 ,galbanum 7true71 #i lbs42 /ra9 z above1 !n add1 t[>ds ! end black res9 7clean71 #c lbs42 & :5 ! :ole is melt$1 fur!r add ( ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #b lbs4--,product4 #ab lbs4 #b4 ,/ra9$ galbanum & black res91 ( ea* #f lbs42 melt1 & add1 ( /ra9$ assafoetida1 #b oz42 ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #c lbs4--,prod4 #ad-a_/b lbs4 ,galbanum1 ,facti''ti\s ,/ra9$4 ,syn4 ,,galbanum ,,colatum ,,factitium1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f black res91 #d lbs42 melt1 & add ( ,v5ice turp5t9e1 #b lbs42 assafoetida1 #b-a_/b oz42 oils ( junip] & f5nel1 ( ea* #a-a_/b dr42 wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 #b4 ,z ! la/1 add+ s(t soap1 #e oz4 ,sometimes ! small & 'wa/e' ( ! *e/s are add$ to ! above to improve !m4 ,,gal,,ne-,,e9spritzung--,gal5's ,injection 7,j4 ,f4 ,s*w>zlose ,shne1 ,b]l974 ,accord+ to ,hag]3--,gum ,arabic1 #be grammes2 wat]1 #fee grammes2 sug> ( lead1 #de grammes2 t9ct4 opii ) saffron1 #e grammes4 ,accord+ to ,s*dl]3--,sulphoc>bolate ( z9c1 #c grammes2 gum ,arabic1 #bj grammes2 t9ct4 opii1 #b grammes2 wat]1 #ajj grammes4 ,,gall4 ,syn4 ,,bile2 ,,bilis1 ,,*ole1 ,,fel1 ,l4 ,a bitt] fluid secret$ by ! liv]2 9 "p fl[+ into ! inte/9es1 & 9 "p regurgitat+ into ! gall-bladd]4 ,its uses 9 ! animal economy appe>s to be--to sep>ate ! *yle f ! *yme1 to promote dige/ion ( oleag9\s sub/ances1 & to assi/ 9 excit+ ! p]i/altic action ( ! inte/9es4 ,! fces appe> to owe _! col\r *iefly to ! pres5ce ( bile1 s9ce1 )\t1 !y appe> ( a dirty pipe-clay col\r4 ,! gall ( v>i\s animals 0 =m]ly us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,f :atev] s\rce x 0 obta9$1 x 0 believ$ to be calefaci5t1 desiccant1 det]g5t1 discuti5t1 & p>turifaci5t2 b besides ^! prop]ties1 ea* v>iety 0 conceiv$ to possess virtues peculi>ly its own4 ,?us1 be>-gall 7fel ursi7 0 reput$ anti-epileptic2 eel-gall 7fel anguill>um71 p>turifaci5t2 h>e-gall 7fel leporis71 good 9 cat>act2 & ox-gall 7fel bovis71 sov]eign aga9/ /iff jo9ts1 rheumatics1 angry ulc]s1 & /oma* colics4 ,! gall ( ! bat1 goat1 h51 hog1 p>tridge1 silurus1 c41 7 also employ$ z rem$ies4 ,at ! pres5t "t ox-gall is ! only "o us$ 9 m$ic9e & ! arts4 ,ox-gall has be5 rec5tly re9troduc$ into m$ic9e by ,dr ,allnatt & o!rs1 & 9 c]ta9 cases ( dyspepsia & bili>y d]angem5t appe>s to be a valuable rem$y4 ,crude ox-gall is ext5sively employ$ by ! sc\r]s ( wooll5 clo?1 clo!s r5ovators1 c4 ,x rapidly extracts grease & oil f textile fabrics )\t injur+ ! col\r4 ,see ,,con/ipation1 ,,dyspepsia1 ,,ox-,,gall1 c4 ,gall1 ,glass4 ,see ,,saniv]4 ,,gal',,late4 ,syn4 ,,gallas4 ,l4 ,a salt ( gallic acid4 ,! alkal9e gallates are soluble4 ,!y rapidly suff] decomposition 9 ! pres5ce ( excess ( ! base1 & ! liquor gradually acquires a blacki% col\r4 ,! gallates ( mo/ ( ! o!r metallic oxides are insoluble4 ,,gall5-,,mixtur ,f,r ,,pf]de--,,gall ,,mixture ,,= ,,horses 7,f4 ,b>?1 vet]9>y surgeon1 ,freiba*-by-,alt5h(51 ,c>9?ia74 ,a cle> decant$ solution ( #h p>ts wood t> 9 #ib p>ts common ki5l 7ol4 p9i74 7,hag]47 ,gall5-,mixtur--,,gall ,,mixture 7,ph4 ,b>?1 ,m>burg 9 ,/ei]m>k74 ,! same prep>ation z ! above1 col\r$ ) #c_/d p] c5t4 ( dragon's blood4 7,witt/e947 ,gall5-,t9ctur--,,gall ,,t9cture 7,dr ,g4 ,krieg]1 ,g>z74 #e p>ts wood t>1 #aj p>ts wat]1 #cj p>ts _s1 #a "p corrosive sublimate1 & #a_/bj "p rosanil91 mix$ ) a g5tle heat1 all[$ to deposit1 & filt]$4 7,hag]47 ,,gal',,lic ,,acid4 ,h#c;,c#g;,h#c,o#e4;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,gallicum 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,a cry/all9e acid prep>$ f galls4 7,b4 ,p4 ,l47 ,x may be also obta9$ f o!r vegetable sub/ances4 ,x appe>s to be a product ( ! oxidation ( tannic acid1 & probably does n exi/ ready =m$ 9 rec5t vegetables4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dumas47 ,nut-galls1 r$uc$ to p[d]1 are moi/5$ ) wat]1 & expos$ to ! action ( ! air1 9 a w>m situation 7say #gj to #hj ,fahr471 = two or ?ree mon?s1 add+ m wat]1 f "t to "t1 to make up = t lo/ by evaporation4 ,at ! end ( ! above p]iod ! m\ldy1 d>k-col\r$ mass is /rongly press$ 9 a clo?1 & ! solid portion boil$ 9 a consid]able quantity ( wat]4 ,! solution 7filt]$ :il/ hot7 deposits1 on cool+1 cry/als ( gallic acid1 :i*1 aft] be+ ?or\ghly dra9$ & press$ dry betwe5 bibul\s pap]1 are purifi$ by boil+ !m along ) ab\t #a_/f? ( _! weight ( prep>$ animal *>coal 9 #h p>ts ( wat]1 & filt]+1 c41 z be=e4 #b4 7,graham47 ,a /rong infusion or decoction ( galls is precipitat$ ) sulphuric acid 9 ! cold2 ! result+ ?ick mass is mix$ ) dilute sulphuric acid 7cold71 & ! liquid express$2 ! 'm>c' is next treat$ ) sulphuric acid dilut$ ) twice its weight ( wat]1 & aft] boil+ ! mixture = "s m9utes ! :ole is all[$ to cool2 ! result+ cry/als are purifi$ z be=e4 #c4 7,liebig47 ,a /rong aque\s solution ( tannic acid 7tann97 is add$ to sulphuric acid z long z a precipitate falls2 ! p[d] is collect$1 wa%$1 & dissolv$ by ! aid ( heat 9 dilute sulphuric acid2 ! solution1 aft] be+ boil$ = a few m9utes1 deposits1 on cool+1 cry/als ( gallic acid 9 consid]able quantity4 #d4 7,s*eele47 ,a filt]$ decoction ( galls is expos$ = "s mon?s 9 an op5 vessel2 aft] a "t x gr[s m\ldy1 & becomes cov]$ ) a ?ick1 glut9\s pellicle2 9 two or ?ree mon?s ! sides ( ! vessel & ! "u portion ( ! pellicle are f\nd to be cov]$ ) small yell[ cry/als ( gallic acid1 :i* are purifi$ z direct$ above4 7,see ,no4 #a47 #e4 7,ph4 ,d41 ,b4 ,p47 ,! ,dubl9 conta9s two =mul = gallic acid1 ! "o be+ bas$ on t ( ,dumas or ,s*eele1 ! o!r on t ( ,graham or ,liebig4--a4 ,f galls 79 co>se p[d]71 #a lb42 wat]1 q4 s4 to make a /iff pa/e2 a porcela9 di% is ord]$1 & ! exposure 9 ! moi/5$ condition is to be cont9u$ = #f weeks2 ! solution ( ! fir/ crop ( cry/als is to be made 9 #aj fl4 oz4 ( boil+ wat]1 & :5 ! filtrate has cool$ to #hj ,fahr41 x is to be p\r$ (f f ! cry/als :i* h =m$1 :i* are !n to be wa%$ ) ice-cold wat]1 #c fl4 oz41 & dri$--fir/ 9 blott+ pap]1 & f9ally by a /eam or wat] heat4 ,by boil+ ! undissolv$ portion ( ! galls ) #de fl4 oz4 ( fre% wat]1 m cry/als may be obta9$4 b4 ,p[d]$ gall-nuts1 #a lb41 are /eep$ = #bd h\rs 9 wat]1 #a p9t1 & aft] be+ plac$ 9 a porcela9 displacem5t app>atus1 are treat$ ) wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t1 add$ 9 successive portions2 oil ( vitriol1 #e fl4 oz41 dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat]1 & all[$ to cool1 is n[ add$ to ! p]colat$ infusion1 & aft] ?or\gh admixture ! liquid is filt]$ f ! viscid precipitate :i* =ms2 oil ( vitriol1 #e fl4 oz4 7dilut$ z be=e71 is !n add$ to ! filtrate1 ! precipitates1 envelop$ 9 calico1 are submitt$ to p[]ful pressure1 & subsequ5tly dissolv$ 9 oil ( vitriol1 #af fl4 oz41 previ\sly dilut$ ) wat]1 #ef fl4 oz42 ! solution is boil$ = #bj m9utes1 & set aside = a week2 at ! end ( ?is "t ! deposit :i* =ms is dissolv$ 9 ?ree times its weight ( boil+ wat]1 & ! solution treat$ z be=e4 ,prop4 ,gallic acid =ms small1 fea!ry1 & ne>ly col\rless cry/als1 :i* h a beautiful silky lu/re2 t ( comm]ce is usually ( a pale-yell[ col\r2 x is soluble 9 #ajj p>ts ( cold wat]1 & 9 #c p>ts ( boil+ wat]2 x is also soluble 9 alcohol1 & slightly s 9 e!r2 ! aque\s solution is decompos$ by exposure to ! air2 dissolv$ 9 hot oil ( vitriol1 x =ms a deep1 ri*1 r$ solution1 :i*1 :5 ?r[n into wat]1 drops ! gallic acid1 depriv$ ( "s ( its wat]4 ,?is sub/ance is soluble 9 ! alkalies1 & dyes clo? l madd]4 ,:5 /rongly heat$1 gallic acid is conv]t$ into metagallic acid1 or into pyrogallic acid1 accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! heat is appli$4 ,te/s4 ,gallic acid is di/+ui%$ f tannic acid by n affect+ solutions ( gelat91 ! protosalts ( iron1 or ! salts ( ! alkaloids1 & by giv+ a deep blui%-black precipitate ) ! sesquisalts ( iron1 :i* disappe>s :5 ! liquid is heat$4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f pyrogallic acid by its inf]ior insolubility 9 wat]1 & by its n affect+ ! solutions ( ! protosalts ( iron4 ,to detect gallic acid mix$ ) tannic acid1 ! latt] %\ld be remov$1 ei!r by dige/+ ! sub/ance 9 e!r1 or by imm]s+ = "s "t 9 its solution a piece ( sk9 depilat$ by lime1 previ\sly to apply+ ! te/s4 ,pur4 ,free f col\r2 decompos$ by heat2 soluble 9 wat] & 9 rectifi$ _s4 ,x turns prep>ations ( ! sesquioxide ( iron1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ( a blui% black col\r1 b ?r[s d[n no?+ f a solution ( is+lass4 ,uses1 c4 ,! pr9cipal use ( pure gallic acid is 9 ! art ( photography4 ,x has rec5tly be5 employ$ 9 m$ic9e1 z an int]nal a/r+5t1 9 doses ( #c to #aj gr41 ?rice a day1 or (t5]2 9 hmorrhage & fluxes1 z well z = *eck+ ! night sweats 9 ph?isis4 ,dr ,todd says1 t 9 all cases ( int]nal hmorrhage1 or hmorrhagic t5d5cy1 x is ! be/ a/r+5t or /yptic we possess4 ,z an ext]nal a/r+5t1 x is greatly inf]ior to tannic acid4 ,x has be5 giv5 9 doses ( #ae to #cj gr4 9 tape-worm1 b )\t any b5efit4 7,p]eira47 ,purification4 ,gallic acid1 z obta9$ by ei!r ( ! above =ms1 is nev] q pure2 b x may be r5d]$ absolutely pure by comb9+ x ) oxide ( lead1 & decompos+ ! comp\nd 7gallate ( lead7 by sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! sulphuret ( lead acts l animal *>coal 9 remov+ ! col\r4 7,liebig47 ,comm]cial gallic acid may be r5d]$ ne>ly :ite by dissolv+ x 9 #bj times its weight ( boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 & caus+ ! solution to trav]se a /ratum ( prep>$ animal *>coal1 spread ^u a calico filt]4 ,:5 ! liquid passes ?r\gh col\rless1 x %\ld be evaporat$ to #a-f? its volume1 & !n suff]$ to cool1 9 ord] to ! sep>ation ( ! cry/allis$ acid4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,,gallic ,,f]m5tation4 ,?is "n has be5 giv5 to ! peculi> process by :i* tannic acid is conv]t$ into gallic acid1 "u ! jo9t influ5ce ( moi/ure & atmosph]ic oxyg54 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,m4 ,anto9e ,l>ocque1 ! peculi> f]m5t ( nut-galls :i* op]ates ?is *ange also conv]ts sug> into alcohol & c>bonic acid1 9 ! same way z yea/ does2 :il/ be] yea/1 muscul> fle%1 & case\s matt] *ange tann9 into gallic acid4 ,! simil>ity ( ! gallic & v9\s f]m5tation may h5ce be reasonably inf]r$4 ,,gallium4 ,a new metal discov]$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahge1 by means ( ! spectroscope1 by ,m4 ,lecoq ,boisbaudran1 9 a specim5 ( bl5de f ! m9es ( ,pi]refitte1 9 ! ,pyr5ees4 ,! new elem5t 0 nam$ gallium 9 hon\r ( ,france1 ! discov]]'s native c\ntry4 ,gallium gives a spectrum compos$ ( two b&s 9 ! violet1 "o ( ! b&s be+ brilliant1 & ( wave l5g? #dag1 & ! o!r1 a feeble "o ( wave l5g?1 #djcc4 ,! ,pi]refitte bl5de conta9s "o "p ( gallium 9 f\r hundr$ ?\s&4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 f\nd mu* m abundantly 9 a black bl5de f ,b5sb]g1 on ! ,rh9e1 "o hundr$ ?\s& p>ts ( ?is latt] yield+ "o "p ( gallium4 ,gallium resembles lead 9 appe>ance1 b is less blue 9 col\r4 ,expos$ to moi/ air x t>ni%es slightly4 ,x is a little h>d] ?an lead1 is flexible1 malleable1 & may be easily cut ) a knife4 ,if melt$ & p\r$ ^u glass1 x adh]es to x1 & =ms a mirror :i* is :it] ?an t caus$ by m]cury4 ,a r$ heat fails to volatilise x to any appreciable ext5t1 & x is only slightly oxidis$ at t temp]ature2 !re=e x is n t>ni%$ :5 expos$ to ! air4 ,hot nitric acid dissolves x1 b ! cold acid has sc>cely any action on x4 ,x melts at #cjae ,c4 ,:5 once fus$1 x pres]ves ! liquid condition ev5 = sev]al mon?s at #j ,c41#cbd until x is t\*$ by "s solid body1 or by a piece ( solid gallium1 :5 x congeals to a cry/all9e solid1 hav+ a specific gravity ( #eic2 :5 fus$ x has a specific gravity ( #fjh4 ,x cry/allises 9 squ>e octoh$ra4 ,9 prop]ties gallium is m or less int]m$iate betwe5 ! metals alum9ium & indium4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is curi\s prop]ty gallium 0 fir/ describ$ z a liquid metal4 ,*emical reactions ( gallium3--,! foll[+ are ! *ief reactions ( ! salts ( gallium :5 9 solution4 ,) ammonia !y give a :ite gelat9\s precipitate1 soluble1 b n readily 9 excess ( ! precipitant2 pota% gives a simil> precipitate1 soluble 9 excess2 acetate ( ammonia1 on boil+ 9 a solution free f excess ( acid1 precipitates a basic comp\nd2 b>ium c>bonate readily precipitates gallium salts 9 ! cold4 ,a sulphate & a *loride ( gallium h already be5 obta9$4 ,^! salts are bo? v soluble2 ! sulphate is a non-deliquesc5t sub/ance1 ! *loride1 on ! contr>y1 is excessively s1 & decompos$ by a l>ge excess ( wat]4 ,gallium also =ms an alum consi/+ ( ! d\ble sulphate ) ammonium4 ,gallium alum is a beautifully cry/all9e body1 m soluble 9 cold ?an 9 hot wat]4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ',academie des ,sci5ces' 9 ,m>*1 #ahgh1 ,m4 de ,baubradon /at$ t he _h det]m9$ ! atomic weight ( gallium4 ,! mean ( two exp]im5ts %[$ x to be #fii4 ,! ',comptes ,r5dus' = ,febru>y1 #ahgh 7,no4 #g71 conta9s a communication f ,,mm4 ,lecoq de ,boisbaudran & ,e4 ,jungfleis*1 on ! extraction ( gallium f ! ores 9 :i* x is f\nd associat$ ) indium4 ,! foll[+ is ! process giv5 by ! au?ors3--,! bl5de ( ,b5dsb]g is pulv]is$ & !n roa/$ 9 a ,p]ret furnace1 by :i* treatm5t ! great] "p ( ! indium is volatilis$4 ,! residue is treat$ ) sulphuric acid 9 quantity suffici5t to dissolve almo/ all ! z9c1 & !re is ?us obta9$ a residue :i* is treat$ ) excess ( sulphuric acid4 ,! p]salts ( iron pres5t are !n r$uc$ by means ( metallic z9c1 & ! filtrate fractionally precipitat$ ) c>bonate ( sodium2 ! precipitates are r$issolv$ 9 sulphuric acid1 & ! r$uction ) z9c & ! fractional precipitation repeat$1 ! latt] op]ation be+ 9 bo? cases wat*$ by ! spectroscope4 ,! precipitate conta9+ ! gallium conc5trat$ 9 a small bulk1 is r$issolv$ 9 acid1 & ! excess ( ! latt] reag5t remov$ by evaporation1 aft] :i* x is boil$ ) mu* wat]4 ,! filtrate sep>at$ f ! s$im5t conta9+ titanic acid1 :i* =m is treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 !n mix$ ) acetate ( ammonium & aga9 treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i* ?r[s d[n ! gallif]\s sulphide ( z9c free f alum9a4 ,aga9 ! precipitate is dissolv$ 9 sulphuric acid1 & ! solution fractionally precipitat$ ) c>bonate ( sodium1 :i* op]ation1 guid$ z x is by spectral exam9ation1 entirely removes ! z9c4 ,by once m dissolv+ 9 ! exactly necess>y am\nt ( sulphuric acid1 & treat+ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 cadmium1 lead1 indium & z9c are remov$1 & ! filtrate is !n l>gely dilut$ ) wat] & boil$4 ,! bulky sub-salt ( gallium :i* sep>ates at ?is temp]ature is treat$ ) pota%1 :i* leaves iron1 indium1 c41 undissolv$1 & ! alkal9e liquor :5 treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 & subsequ5tly ) sulphuric acid to slight acidity1 yields a deposit consi/+ ma9ly ( sulphide ( indium4 ,! slightly acid liquid is !n boil$ ) mu* wat]1 & ! deposit ( sub-salt ( gallium ?us obta9$ is dissolv$ 9 pota%1 & ! solution subject$ to electrolysis1 by :i* means a metallic deposit ( gallium is obta9$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note h[ accurately _m ( ! *emical physical prop]ties to gallium _h1 previ\sly to its discov]y1 be5 pr$ict$ by ! ,russian *emi/1 ,m5delejeff1 by reason+ on ! s-call$ p]iodic law1 :i* he ?us def9es3--,! prop]ties ( ! simple bodies1 z also ! prop]ties & con/itution ( _! comb9ations1 are p]iodic functions ( ! atomic weights ( ! elem5ts4 ,9 #ahfd an ,engli% *emi/ nam$ ,mr ,newl&s1 obs]v+ c]ta9 relations exi/+ betwe5 ! atomic weights ( _m ( ! elem5ts1 0 ! fir/ to arrange !m 9 su* a mann] or s]ial =m z to sugge/ t :5 c]ta9 gaps 7 obs]v$ 9 ! atomic weights ( a s]ies1 new elem5ts might be assum$ to exi/4 ,guid$ by ?is !ory1 ,m5delejeff affirm$ t ! p]iodic law n only indicates vacancies 9 ! classificatory s*eme ( ! kn[n elem5ts1 b enables u to pr$ict ! prop]ties ( elem5ts z yet undiscov]$1 & ( _! comp\nds4 ,?us1 ( "o ( ! vacancies obs]vable 9 ! table ( ! elem5ts arrang$ accord+ to 8 classification1 ,m5deljeff ass]t$1 t %\ld ! elem5t 7:i* he nam$ ,eka alum9ium7 ) ! correspond+ atomic numb] be discov]$1 x w\ld possess ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3--,x w\ld mo/ probably1 l indium & ?allium1 be discov]$ by ! aid ( spectrum analysis4 ,gallium1 z we h se51 0 f\nd by ?is means4 ,! =mula ( its oxide w\ld be ,el#b,o#c2 ! oxide ( gallium is be/ repres5t$ by ,ga#b,o#c4 ,! salts w\ld h ! g5]al =mula ,el,x#c2 ! salts ( gallium h mo/ probably ! g5]al =mula ,ga,x#c4 ,x w =m an alum isomorph\s ) common alum1 ?is we h se5 gallium does4 ,its salts w\ld be precipitable by b>ium c>bonate2 ! gallium salts are ?r[n d[n by ?is reag5t4 ,x w\ld n oxidise 9 ! air2 gallium does n t>ni% ^u exposure to ! air4 ,x w\ld decompose wat] at a r$ heat2 gallium readily does ?is at high temp]atures4 ,its specific gravity 7& ?is is v rem>kable7 w\ld be ab\t #ei2 gallium has a specific gravity ( #eic4 ,its atomic weight w\ld be ab\t #fh2 t ( gallium is #fii4 ,! hypo!tical ,eka alum9ium ( ,m5delejeff appe>s !re=e to correspond ) ! gallium ( ,boisbaudran4 ,,galls4 ,syn4 ,,gall-,,nuts1 ,,nut-,,galls2 ,,galla 7,b4 ,p472 ,,gall 7,ph4 ,e474 ,excresc5ces on ,qu]cus infectoria caus$ by ! puncture & deposit$ ova ( ,diplolepis ,gall t9ctori4 ,! be/ galls are bluei%-black1 heavy1 & n yet p]=at$2 int5sely a/r+5t4 ,!y are import$ f ,aleppo1 & are kn[n 9 comm]ce z black or blue galls 7,,gall ,,nigr1 ,g4 ,c,,oe,,rul74 ,! next quality is t]m$1 f _! col\r1 gre5 galls 7,,gall ,,virides74 ,bo? are ga!r$ be=e ! insect has escap$1 & are /yptic & p[]fully a/r+5t4 ,:ite galls 7,,gall ,,alb7 are light]1 less a/r+5t1 & inf]ior4 ,uses1 c4 ,galls are ext5sively employ$ 9 ! art ( dye+1 & con/itute "o ( ! pr9cipal +r$i5ts 9 all ! %ades ( black1 & are also employ$ to fix or improve sev]al o!r col\rs4 ,a decoction ( galls1 to :i* a little gre5 copp]as & gum ,arabic has be5 add$1 =ms common writ+ ink4 ,9 m$ic9e !y are us$ z an a/r+5t1 9 hmorrhages & fluxes1 9 doses ( #aj to #bj gr42 & topically1 "u ! =m ( infusion or decoction1 z a g>gle 9 relaxation ( ! uvula2 z an injection 9 gleet & leucorrhoea2 z a lotion or fom5tation 9 flabby ulc]s1 prolapsus ani1 c42 & z an o9tm5t 9 piles1 wat]y ulc]s1 c4 ,! infusion or decoction is also us$ z an antidote to poison+ by ! alkaloids1 & 0 =m]ly giv5 z a tonic 9 int]mitt5ts4 ,see ,,gallic ,,acid1 ,,ink1 c4 ,,gall',,/one4 ,syn4 ,,calculus ,,biliosus1 ,c4 ,,cy/icus ,,bov9us1 ,l4 ,=m$ 9 ! gall-bladd] ( neat cattle 9 w9t]1 :5 !y are f$ ^u dry food4 ,us$ z a yell[ pigm5t1 & 9 m$ic9e--,dose1 #a gr42 9 dyspepsia & flatul5cy4 ,man is also subject to gall-/one1 ! pres5ce or passage ( :i* is att5d$ ) ! mo/ acute pa91 frequ5tly accompani$ ) nausea & sickness4 ,9 no case %\ld a pati5t suff]+ f a p>oxysm su* z above describ$ delay to seek imm$iate m$ical aid4 ,! foll[+ treatm5t is recomm5d$ = ! b5efit ( ^? only :o1 l emigrants & o!rs1 may be unable to obta9 pr(essional assi/ance4 ,! pa9 & spasm %\ld be endeav\r$ to be alleviat$ by full doses ( laudanum1 giv5 9 soda wat]4 ,if !re be mu* sickness1 ! laudanum %\ld be giv5 9 ! =m ( an enema4 ,if ! p>oxysm be excessive1 ! cauti\s inhalation ( e!r or *lor(orm %\ld be tri$4 ,:5 ! pa9 is ( long duration1 lee*+ %\ld be _h rec\rse to4 ,ice appli$ freely to ! pit ( ! /oma* has sometimes be5 f\nd to give relief4 ,see ,,calculus4 ,,galv',,aniz$ ,,iron4 ,see ,,iron & ,,z9c+4 ,,gam',,boge4 ,syn4 7,,camboge2 ,,cambogia1 ,l4 ,b4 ,p47 ,,gambogia1 ,l4 ,a gum-res9 obta9$ f ,g>c9ia ,morella4 7,b4 ,p47 ,gamboge is an active hydragogue & dra/ic purgative1 :i* occasionally proves useful 9 torpor ( ! abdom9al & pelvic visc]a2 b :i* is highly dang]\s 9 an irritable or inflammatory /ate ( ! /oma* or b[els1 & dur+ pregnancy4 ,x is v apt to induce nausea & vomit+4 ,9 l>ge quantities x is a viol5t poison4 ,! dea?s :i* h occurr$ f ! use ( enorm\s quantities ( ,morrison's pills are ma9ly ascribable to ! gamboge conta9$ 9 ^? m$ic9es4 7,p]eira47--,dose1 #a to #e gr41 made into pills or mixture1 e #d to #f h\rs2 9 ob/9ate con/ipation1 9 dropsies1 9 apoplexy & l c]ebral affections1 & 9 worms 7especially tape-worm71 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) o!r ca?>tics4 ,see ,,comp\nd ,,extract ,,( ,,colocyn?4 ,,game4 ,! fle% ( game is believ$ to possess /r5g!n+ qualities sup]ior to t ( p\ltry4 ,x also conta9s less fat4 ,game is t5d] & easy ( dige/ion1 & x has a delicate & m>k$ flav\r4 ,x =ms a valuable diet = ! invalid1 by reason ( its easy dige/ibility4 ,respect+ ! *oice & pres]vation ( game1 ,eliza ,acton writes--,buck v5ison1 :i* is 9 season only f ,june to ,mi*aelmas1 is consid]$ f9] ?an doe v5ison1 :i* comes into ! m>ket 9 ,octob]1 & rema9s 9 season ?r\gh ,novemb] & ,decemb]2 nei!r %\ld be cook$ at any o!r "p ( ! ye>4 ,! great] ! dep? ( fat ^u ! haun* ! bett] ! quality ( ! meat w be1 provid$ x be cle> & :ite1 & ! lean ( a d>k hue4 ,if ! cleft ( ! ho(1 :i* is always left on ! jo9t1 be small & smoo?1 ! animal is "y2 b x is old :5 ! m>ks are ! rev]se ( ^!4#cbe ,al?\gh ! haun* is ! prime & fav\rite jo9t ( v5ison1 ! neck & %\ld] are also excell5t1 dress$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & make mu*-approv$ pa/ies4 ,a free curr5t ( air 9 a l>d] :]e v5ison is kept is always a great advantage4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,v5ison is n 9 p]fection :5 "y4 ,all moi/ure %\ld be wip$ daily1 or ev5 m frequ5tly1 f ! v5ison ) s(t clo?s1 :5 any appe>s ^u ! surface1 & e precaution mu/ be tak5 to keep (f ! flies :5 ! v5ison is n hung 9 a wire safe4 ,black pepp] ?ickly p[d]$ on x w g5]ally answ] ! purpose4 ,h>es & rabbits are /iff :5 fre%ly kill$1 & if "y ! e>s te> easily1 & ! claws are smoo? & %>p4 ,a h>e 9 cold wea!r w rema9 good = t5 or f\rte5 days2 c>e only mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ! inside f becom+ mu/y1 :i* x w d if x has be5 empti$ 9 ! field4 ,pheasants1 p>tridges1 & o!r game1 may be *os5 by ne>ly ! same te/s z p\ltry--by op5+ ! bill ! /al5ess w be detect$ easily if !y h be5 kept too long by ! h>dness ( ! bill4 ,) few exceptions game dep5ds almo/ entirely = ! f9e flav\r & ! t5d]ness ( its fle%1 on ! "t :i* x is all[$ to hang be=e x is cook$1 & x is nev] good :5 v fre%2 b x does n foll[ t x %\ld be s5t to table 9 a really (f5sive /ate4 ,game1 ,ha%$4 ,+r$i5ts4--,! rema9s ( cold game1 "o onion /uck ) ?ree cloves1 a few :ole pepp]s1 a /rip ( lemon peel1 salt to ta/e1 ?ick5+ ( butt] & fl\r1 "o glass ( port w9e1 "o tablespoonful ( lemon juice1 "o tablespoonful ( ket*up1 & "o p9t ( wat] or weak /ock4 ,proce$ z foll[s3--,cut ! rema9s ( cold game into jo9ts1 res]ve ! be/ pieces1 & put ! inf]ior ones & ! trimm+s into a /ewpan ) ! onion1 pepp]1 lemon peel1 salt1 & wat] or weak /ock2 /ew ^! = ab\t an h\r1 & /ra9 ! gravy2 ?ick5 x ) butt] & fl\r2 add ! w9e1 lemon juice1 & ket*up2 lay 9 ! pieces ( game1 & place !m by ! side ( ! fire until !y are w>m$ ?r\gh1 avoid+ boil+1 o!rwise ! game w become too h>d4 ,j on ! po9t ( simm]+ s]ve1 & g>ni% ! di% ) sippets ( toa/$ bread4 ,"t4 ,altoge!r1 an h\r & a qu>t]4 a/]ism ,! above recipe applies to any k9d ( game4 ,if desirable1 ! flav\r may be v>i$ by add+ flav\r$ v9eg>s1 curry p[d]1 c42 ^!1 h[ev]1 cov] ! gamey ta/e ( ! di%1 & are1 !re=e1 n to be recomm5d$4 ,gr\se1 to ,roa/4 ,+r$i5ts4--,gr\se1 butt]1 a ?ick slice ( toa/$ bread4 ,mode4--,let ! birds hang z long z possible2 pluck & draw !m2 wipe 7b d n wa% !m7 inside & out1 & truss !m )\t ! head1 ! same z = a roa/ f[l4 ,put !m d[n to a %>p cle> fire1 keep !m well ba/$ ! :ole ( ! "t !y are cook+1 & s]ve !m on butt]$ toa/1 soak$ 9 ! dripp+-pan1 ) a little melt$ butt] p\r$ ov] !m1 or ) bread sauce & gravy4 ,"t4 ,half an h\r2 if lik$ ?or\ghly done1 ?irty-five m9utes4 ,seasonable f ! #ab? ( ,augu/ to ! beg9n+ ( ,decemb]4 7,mrs ,beeton47 ,h>e1 ,jugg$4 ,+r$i5ts4--,"o h>e1 a bun* ( sweet h]bs1 two onions1 ea* /uck ) ?ree cloves1 six :ole allspice1 half a teaspoonful ( black pepp]1 a /rip ( lemon peel1 ?ick5+ ( butt] & fl\r1 two table-spoonfuls ( mu%room ket*up1 qu>t] ( a p9t ( port w9e4 ,mode4--,wa% ! h>e nicely1 cut x up into jo9ts 7n too l>ge71 & fl\r & br[n !m2 !n put !m into a /ewpan ) ! h]bs1 onions1 cloves1 allspice1 pepp]1 & lemon peel2 cov] !m ) hot wat]1 & :5 x boils c>efully remove all ! scum1 & let x simm] g5tly till t5d]1 :i* w be 9 ab\t #a-c_/d h\r1 or long] %\ld ! h>e be v old4 ,take out ! pieces ( h>e1 ?ick5 ! gravy ) fl\r & butt]1 add ! ket*up & port w9e1 let x boil = ab\t t5 m9utes1 /ra9 x ?r\gh a sieve ov] ! h>e1 & s]ve4 ,a few fri$ =cemeat balls %\ld be add$ at ! mom5t ( s]v+1 or1 in/ead ( fry+ !m1 !y may be /ew$ 9 ! gravy1 ab\t t5 m9utes be=e ! h>e is want$ = use4 ,d n omit to s]ve r$-currant jelly ) x4 ,"t4 ,altoge!r1 two h\rs4 ,seasonable f ,septemb] to ! end ( ,febru>y4 7,mrs ,beeton47 ,h>e1 to ,roa/4 ,+r$i5ts4--,h>e1 =cemeat1 a little milk1 & butt]4 ,to be eat5 9 p]fection1 ! h>e mu/ hang = "s "t4 ,aft] x is sk9n$ wa% x well1 & soak x = an h\r 9 w>m wat] to draw out ! blood4 ,make a =cemeat1 wipe ! h>e dry1 fill ! belly ) x1 & sew x up4 ,br+ ! h9d & =e legs close to ! body t[>ds ! head1 run a skew] ?r\gh ea*1 fix ! head betwe5 ! %\ld]s by means ( ano!r skew]1 & be c>eful to leave ! e>s on4 ,put a /r+ r\nd ! body f skew] to skew] & tie x above ! back4 ,mode4--,! h>e %\ld be kept at a di/ance f ! fire :5 x is fir/ laid d[n4 ,ba/e x well ) milk = a %ort "t1 & aft]w>ds ) butt]2 & p>ticul> att5tion mu/ be paid to ! ba/+1 s z to pres]ve ! meat on ! back juicy & nutritive4 ,:5 x is almo/ roa/$ en\gh1 fl\r ! h>e1 & ba/e well ) butt]4 ,:5 nicely fro!d di% x1 remove ! skew]s1 & s5d x to table ) a little gravy 9 ! di%1 & a ture5 ( ! same4 ,r$-currant jelly mu/ be s]v$ ) x4 ,if ! liv] is good x may be p>boil$1 m9c$1 & mix$ ) ! /uff+2 b x %\ld n be us$ unless q fre%4 ,"t4 ,a middl+-siz$ h>e an h\r & a qu>t]2 a l>ge h>e "o & a half to two h\rs4 7,mrs ,beeton47 ,p>tridges1 to ,roa/4 ,let ! birds hang z long z !y c possibly be kept )\t becom+ (f5sive2 pick !m c>efully1 draw & s+e !m1 wipe ! insides ?or\ghly ) a clean clo?1 truss !m ) ! head turn$ "u ! w+ & ! legs drawn close toge!r1 n cross$4 ,fl\r !m :5 fir/ laid to ! fire1 & ba/e !m pl5tifully ) butt]4 ,s]ve !m ) bread sauce & good br[n gravy2 a little ( ?is la/ %\ld be p\r$ ov] !m4 ,"t4 #cj or #dj m9utes4 ,9 prep>+ !m = ! spit ! crop mu/ be remov$ ?r\gh a slit cut 9 ! back ( neck1 ! claws clipp$ close1 & ! legs held 9 boil+ wat] = a m9ute1 t !y may be sk9n$ m easily4 7,eliza ,acton47 ,pheasant1 to ,roa/4 ,let x hang z _m days z possible )\t becom+ ta9t$4 ,pluck (f ! fea!rs c>efully1 cut a slit 9 ! back ( ! neck to remove crop1 !n draw ! bird 9 ! usual way1 & ei!r wipe ! inside v clean ) a damp clo?1 or p\r wat] ?r\gh x2 wipe ! outside also1 b ) a dry clo?2 cut (f ! toes1 turn ! head ( ! bird "u ! w+1 ) ! bill laid /raight along ! brea/2 skew] ! legs1 :i* mu/ n be cross$2 fl\r ! pheasant well1 lay x to a brisk fire1 & ba/e x con/antly & pl5tifully ) well-flav\r$ butt]4 ,s5d bread sauce & good br[n gravy to table ) x4 ,"t4 ,?ree qu>t]s ( an h\r1 a few m9utes less if lik$ v mu* und]done1 five or t5 m = ?or\gh roa/+1 ) a good fire 9 bo? in/ances4 ,9 season f ,octob] to ! end ( ,janu>y4 7,eliza ,acton47 ,rabbit1 to ,boil4 ,rabbits t are ?ree p>ts gr[n1 or1 at all ev5ts1 :i* are /ill q "y1 %\ld be *os5 = boil+4 ,wa% !m well1 truss !m firmly1 ) ! heads turn$ & skew]$ to ! sides1 drop !m into suffici5t boil+ wat] to keep !m q cov]$ until !y are cook$1 & simm] !m g5tly f ?irty to =ty-five m9utes2 :5 v "y !y w require ev5 less "t ?an ?is4 ,cov] !m ) ri* :ite sauce mix$ ) liv]s p>boil$1 f9ely p\nd$1 & well season$ ) cay5ne & lemon juice2 or ) :ite onion sauce1 or ) p>sley & butt]1 made ) milk or cream in/ead ( wat] 7! liv]s1 m9c$1 are (t5 add$ to ! la/ ( ^!71 or ) good mu%room sauce4 ,"t4 #cj to #de m9utes4 7,eliza ,acton47 ,rabbit1 to ,roa/4 ,?is is mu* improv$ by hav+ ! backbone tak5 out4 ,:5 ?is is done l9e ! inside ) ?9 slices ( bacon1 fill x ) =cemeat1 sew x up1 truss1 & roa/ x at a cle>1 brisk fire1 & ba/e x con/antly ) butt]4 ,fl\r x well soon aft] x is laid d[n4 ,s]ve x ) good br[n gravy1 & ) currant jelly1 :5 ?is la/ is lik$4 ,"t4 #c_/d h\r to #a h\r2 less if small4 7,eliza ,acton47 ,v5ison1 ,haun* (1 to ,roa/4 ,to prep>e ! v5ison = ! spit wa% x slightly ) tepid wat]1 or m]ely wipe x ?or\ghly ) damp clo?s1 & dry x aft]w>ds ) clean ones2 !n lay ov] ! fat side a l>ge %eet ( ?ickly-butt]$ pap]1 & next a pa/e ( fl\r & wat] ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick2 cov] ?is aga9 ) two or ?ree %eets ( /\t pap]1 secure ! :ole well ) tw9e1 & lay ! haun* to a s\nd1 cle> fire2 ba/e ! pap] imm$iately ) butt] or cl>ifi$ dripp+1 & roa/ ! jo9t f ?ree h\rs & a half to f\r & a half1 accord+ to its weight & quality4 ,doe v5ison w require half an h\r less "t ?an buck4 ,tw5ty m9utes be=e ! jo9t is done remove ! pa/e & pap]1 ba/e ! meat 9 e "p ) butt]1 & dr$ge x v lightly ) fl\r2 let x take a pale-br[n col\r1 & s5d x to table z hot z possible1 ) gravy 9 a ture5 & good currant jelly4 ,"t4 #c-a_/b to #d-a_/b h\rs4 ,! k9d ( gravy appropriate to v5ison is a matt] on :i* individual ta/e mu/ decide4 7,eliza ,acton47 ,v5ison1 ,ha%$4 ,+r$i5ts4--,! rema9s ( roa/ v5ison1 its own or mutton gravy1 ?ick5+ ( butt] & fl\r4 ,mode4--,cut ! meat f ! bones 9 neat slices1 &1 if !re is suffici5t ( its own gravy left1 put ! meat into ?is1 z x is pref]able to any o!r4 ,%\ld !re n be en\gh put ! bones & trimm+s into a /ewpan ) ab\t a p9t ( mutton gravy2 let !m /ew g5tly = an h\r1 & /ra9 ! gravy4 ,put a little fl\r & butt] into ! /ewpan1 keep /irr+ until br[n1 !n add ! /ra9$ gravy1 & give x a boil up2 skim & /ra9 aga91 & :5 a little cool put 9 ! slices ( v5ison4 ,place ! /ewpan by ! side ( ! fire1 & :5 on ! po9t ( simm]+ s]ve4 ,d n all[ x to boil4 ,s5d r$-currant jelly to table ) x4 ,"t4 ,altoge!r1 an h\r & a half4 ,a small quantity ( ,h>vey sauce1 ket*up1 or port w9e1 may be add$ to enri* ! gravy4 ,,gan',,gr5e4 ,see ,,mortification4 ,,gan',,te9e4 ,a composition us$ to clean kid & o!r lea!r gloves4 ,prep4 #a4 7,m4 ,buhan47 ,curd soap 79 small %av+s71 #a "p2 wat]1 #c p>ts2 mix ) heat1 & /ir 9 ( ess5ce ( citron1 #a "p4 #b4 7,,sapon9e1--,duvignau47 ,soap 79 p[d]71 #bej p>ts2 wat]1 #aee p>ts2 dissolve ) heat1 cool1 & add1 ( eau de javelle1 #afe p>ts1 solution ( ammonia1 #aj p>ts1 & rub ! :ole to a smoo? pa/e4 ,pat5t4 ,a small portion ( ei!r ( ! above is rubb$ ov] ! glove ) a piece ( flannel 7always 9 "o direction71 until x is suffici5tly clean4 ,see ,,gloves4 ,,g>an',,c9e4 ,see ,,madd] ,,r$4 ,,g>',,d5+4 ,see ,,horticulture4 ,,g>',,gle4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>ism1 ,,?roatwa%2 ,,g>g>isma1 ,,g>g>ismus1 ,,g>g>ismum1 ,l4 ,a liquid m$ic9e appli$ to ! back "p ( ! m\? or upp] "p ( ! ?roat4 ,g>gles are appli$ by all[+ a small m\?ful to run z mu* z possible ov] ! affect$ "p1 by hold+ ! head backw>ds & brea?+ ?r\gh x1 by :i* means ! liquid is agitat$ & its action promot$4 ,g>gles are n to be swall[$4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 h[ev]1 t pati5ts1 ei!r by accid5t or f neglig5ce1 d swall[ a c]ta9 quantity1 not)/&+ ! in/ructions giv5 !m to ! contr>y4 ,c>e %\ld !re=e be tak5 to avoid mak+ g>gles ( su* sub/ances z may occasion unpleasant symptoms 9 small doses1 ?\gh !y may n1 p]haps1 am\nt to poison+4 ,g>gles usually h = _! basis ei!r simple wat]1 or milk1 w9e1 or v9eg>1 dilut$ ) wat]1 to :i*1 9 bo? cases1 sug>1 honey1 or syrup is g5]ally add$4 ,_! o!r +r$i5ts v>y ) ! indication1 b mu/1 9 all cases1 be ei!r 9 ! liquid =m1 or soluble 9 ! liquid us$ z ! excipi5t4 ,g>gles are commonly disp5s$ 9 mixture bottles4 ,! quantity us$ at a "t1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 may be ab\t #b-crds ( a w9e-glassful4 ,g>gle4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma1 ,g4 ,,commune1 ,g4 ,,simplex1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,honey or honey ( roses1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 /rong v9eg>1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 b>ley wat]1 #a p9t4 #b4 7,/4 ,george's47 ,oxymel1 #a fl4 dr42 decoction ( b>ley1 #e fl4 dr4 ,9 common sore ?roats1 c4 ,! =mul ( sev]al o!r hospitals are simil>4 ,g>gle ( ,ac'etate ( ,ammo''nia4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isms ,,ammoni ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,w5dt47 ,solution ( acetate ( ammonia & honey ( roses1 ( ea* #a fl4 oz42 eld]-fl[] wat]1 #h fl4 oz42 mix4 ,9 ! ulc]at$ sore ?roat ( sc>let fev]4 ,g>gle ( ,acetate ( ,manganese4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,manganesii ,,acetatis4 ,prep4 ,acetate ( ,manganese1 #a dra*m2 wat]1 #g fluid ounces2 cl>ifi$ honey1 #a oz4 ,! *loride & sulphate ( manganese are also us$1 ab\t #a_/b dra*m or #b scruples to #f oz4 ( b>ley wat]4 ,g>gle ( ,ace'tic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,oxymel ,,g>gle2 ,,g>g>isma ,,acidi ,,acetici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,acetic acid1 #a dr42 oxymel1 #b fl4 dr42 wat] to make up #d fl4 oz4 #b4 ,b>ley wat]1 #ab fl4 oz42 acetic acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 honey1 #f dr4 ,antiseptic4 ,= sore ?roat4 ,g>gle ( ,alum9ium ,*loride4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,alum9ii ,,*loridi4 ,prep4 7,?roat ,hosp47 ,solution ( *loride ( alum9ium #ab m9ims1 wat] #a fl4 oz4 ,a/r+5t & antiseptic4 ,g>gle ( ,al'um4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,alum9is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,augu/947 ,oak-b>k 79 p[d]71 #a oz42 wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 boil to a p9t1 filt]1 cool1 & add1 ( alum1 #a_/b dr42 br&y1 #b fl4 oz4 ,9 inflammation ( ! m\? & ?roat4 #b4 7,cav>ra47 ,alum1 #c dr42 wat]1 #f fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,9 (f5sive brea?4 #c4 7,foy47 ,alum1 #a dr42 t9cture ( myrrh1 #b fl4 dr42 t9cture ( b>k1 #d fl4 dr42 honey ( roses1 #b oz42 laudanum1 #bj drops2 w9e1 #b_/c p9t4 ,9 scurvy4 #d4 7,grant47 ,alum1 #a oz42 t9cture ( myrrh1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 pepp]m9t wat]1 #g fl4 oz4 ,9 relaxation ( ! uvula1 c4 #e4 7,mid4 ,hosp47 ,alum1 #a dr42 honey1 #b dr42 wat] to make #f fl4 oz4 ,z ,no4 #d4 #f4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,alum1 #dj gr42 honey ( roses1 #a oz42 infusion ( roses1 #f fl4 oz4 ,z ! la/4 #g4 7,rati]47 ,alum1 #a oz42 infusion ( r$ roses & b>ley wat]1 ( ea* #c fl4 oz42 honey ( roses1 #b oz4 ,z ,no4 #d4 #h4 7,we/m4 ,hosp47 ,alum1 #a dr42 dilute sulphuric acid1 #a fl4 dr42 treacle1 #d dr42 wat] to #ae fl4 oz4 #i4 7,ph4 ,wirtem47 ,alum & nitre1 ( ea* #c oz42 cream ( t>t>1 #d oz42 dilute acetic acid1 #d lbs42 dissolve1 evaporate to dryness1 & p[d] ! residuum4 ,= use1 #a_/b oz4 ( ! p[d] is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #h fl4 oz4 ,highly recomm5d$ 9 inflammation ( ! fauces & tonsils4 ,?is =ms ,zobel's ',,specific ,,= ,,qu9sy1' ,g>gle1 ,antiscorbu'tic4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,antiscorbuticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,bitt] species1 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #h oz42 mac]ate #a h\r1 /ra91 & add1 syrup ( honey1 #b oz42 antiscorbutic t9cture1 #a oz4 ,g>gle1 ,antisep'tic4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,antisepticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,decoction ( b>k1 #f oz42 camphor1 #bj gr42 sal-ammoniac1 #ab gr4 ,9 putrid sore ?roat1 c4 ,g>gle1 ,a/r9'g5t4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,a/r+5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,colli]47 ,t9cture ( galls1 #b fl4 dr42 honey1 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #f fl4 oz4 ,9 relaxation ( ! uvula & fauces4 #b4 7,colli]47 ,honey1 #d dr42 t9cture ( myrrh1 #c dr42 p[d]$ alum1 #dj gr42 comp\nd infusion ( roses1 #e-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,z ! la/1 & 9 fetid sore ?roat4 #c4 7,sir ,a4 ,coop]47 ,alum1 #b dr42 decoction ( b>k1 #ab oz42 honey ( roses1 #a-a_/b oz4 #d4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,infusion ( roses1 #g fl4 oz42 dilute sulphuric acid1 #a fl4 dr42 t9cture ( cate*u1 #f fl4 dr42 laudanum1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr4 ,= relaxation ( ! uvula4 ,see ,,g>gle ,,( ,,alum4 ,g>gle ( ,bo''rax4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,boracis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ellis47 ,borax1 #a dr42 t9cture ( myrrh1 #d fl4 dr42 cl>ifi$ honey1 #a fl4 oz42 rose wat]1 #d fl4 oz4 #b4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,borax1 #b dr42 honey or capillaire1 #a oz42 rose wat]1 #g fl4 oz4 #c4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,borax1 #b dr42 honey ( roses1 #a oz42 b>ley wat]1 #g fl4 oz4 #d4 7,mid4 ,hosp47 ,borax1 #a dr42 simply oxymel1 #b dr42 wat] to make #c fl4 oz4 ,! above are us$ 9 ?ru% or aph?\s sore m\?1 ptyalism1 c4 ,g>gle ( ,bromide ( ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,potassii ,,bromidi4 ,prep4 7,?roat ,hosp47 ,bromide ( potassium1 #aj gra9s2 wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,s$ative4 ,g>gle ( ,cap'sicum4 ,syn4 ,,g>gle ,,( ,,cay5ne ,,pepp]2 ,,g>g>isma ,,capsici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,griffi?47 ,t9cture ( capsicum1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 rose wat]1 #h fl4 oz4 #b4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47--a4 ,capsicum1 #c dr42 common salt1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate = #ab h\rs1 /ra91 & add ( di/ill$ v9eg>1 #a p9t4 b4 ,t9cture ( capsicum1 #a fl4 dr42 comp\nd infusion ( roses1 #h fl4 oz4 #c4 7,u4 ,c4 ,hosp47 ,t9cture ( capsicum1 #a fl4 dr42 honey1 #f dr42 wat] to #d fl4 oz4 ,us$ 9 ulc]at$ sore ?roat1 sc>let fev]1 c4 ,g>gle ( ,c>bolic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,acidi ,,c>bolici4 ,prep4 7,?roat ,hosp474 ,c>bolic acid1 #b gr42 glyc]91 #be m9ims2 wat]1 #a fluid ounce4 ,/imulant & antiseptic4 ,g>gle ( ,*lo''rate ( ,potas'sa4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,potass ,,*loratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,beasley47 ,*lorate ( potassa1 #a dr42 honey ( roses1 #a oz42 wat]1 #g oz4 ,us$ 9 malignant sore ?roat1 sc>lat9a1 c4 ,g>gle ( ,*lo''ride ( ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,calcis ,,*lor9at1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f *loride ( lime1 #a dr42 wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 agitate toge!r = #aj m9utes1 filt] ?r\gh l951 & add ( simple syrup1 #a fl4 oz4 ,us$ 9 putrid sore ?roat1 sc>let fev]1 c4 ,g>gle ( ,*loride ( ,s'da4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,sod ,,*lor9at1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,copl&47 ,liquor ( *loride ( soda1 #ab fl4 dr42 honey1 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #f fl4 oz4 #b4 7,hosp4 ,=m47 ,*lor9at$ solution ( soda1 #d fl4 dr42 wat] to #d fl4 oz4 ,us$ z ! la/4 ,g>gle ( ,*lo''r9e ,wat]4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,*lor9ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,*lor9e wat]1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 syrup1 #a fl4 oz42 wat]1 #d-ab fl4 oz4 #b4 7,mid4 ,hosp47 ,*lor9e wat]1 #b fl4 oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #aj fl4 oz4 ,use4 ,z ! la/4 ,g>gle ( ,c9*o'na ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,c9*on1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f decoction ( c9*ona1 #g fl4 oz42 simple oxymel1 #a fl4 oz4 ,antiseptic & a/r+5t 9 relaxation1 c4 #b4 7,acidulat$2 ,,g>g>isma ,,c9*on ,,acidus1 ,l47 ,hydro*loric acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 honey1 #a-a_/b oz42 decoction ( b>k to make up #h fl4 oz4 ,g>gle1 ,com'mon4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,commune1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ed4 ,hosp47 ,wat]1 #f fl4 oz42 nitre1 #a dr42 honey ( roses1 #a oz4 ,= ord9>y sore ?roat1 c4 #b4 7,lond4 ,hosp47 ,alum1 #a dr42 dilute sulphuric acid1 #b fl4 dr42 t9cture ( myrrh1 #d fl4 dr42 wat] to #ab fl4 oz4 ,g>gle ( ,cy'anide ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,hydr>gyri ,,cyanidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,br]a47 ,cyanide ( m]cury1 #aj gr42 honey ( roses1 #a oz42 b>ley wat]1 #a p9t4 #b4 7,cull]i]47 ,cyanide ( m]cury1 #aj gr42 l9se$ tea1 #a p9t4 ,us$ 9 ! same cases z m]curial g>gle4 ,g>gle1 ,det]'g5t4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,det]g5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,alcoholis$ sulphuric acid1 #a fl4 dr42 honey ( roses1 #b oz42 b>ley wat]1 #h oz4 #b4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,nitre1 #b dr42 honey ( roses1 #d fl4 dr42 infusion ( roses1 #e-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,9 inflammatory sore ?roat4 ,g>gle1 ,emol'li5t4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,emolli5s1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,bu*an47 ,m>%mall[ root1 #a oz42 figs1 #b oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 boil to a p9t & /ra94 ,demulc5t1 soo?+4 #b4 7,tr\sseau ,reveil47 ,b>ley wat]1 #h oz42 honey1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,bo? are us$ 9 inflammatory affections ( ! ?roat & m\?4 ,g>gle ( ,hors]ad'i%4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,armoraci1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,colli]47 ,comp\nd _s ( hors]adi%1 #a fl4 oz42 honey1 #b oz42 wat]1 #d fl4 oz4 ,a good g>gle = scurvy ( ! fauces & ph>ynx1 vulg>ly call$ ! 'inw>d scurvy4' ,g>gle ( ,hydro*lo''ric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,muriatic ,,acid ,,g>gle2 ,,g>g>isma ,,acidi ,,hydro*lorici4 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,hydro*loric acid1 #cj drops2 honey ( roses1 #b oz42 b>ley wat]1 #f fl4 oz4 #b4 7,rati]47 ,hydro*loric acid1 #b fl4 dr42 cl>ifi$ honey1 #b fl4 oz42 b>ley wat]1 #a p9t4 #c4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,r$-rose leaves1 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 hydro*loric acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 dige/ #a h\r1 & /ra94 ,9 inflammatory sore ?roat1 ulc]ations ( ! m\?1 sc>let fev]1 c4 ,g>gle ( ,i'od9e4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,iod9ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,iod9e1 #aj gr42 iodide ( potassium1 #ab gr42 rectifi$ _s & simple syrup1 ( ea*1 #a fl4 oz42 wat]1 #e fl4 oz4 ,9 *ronic enl>gem5t ( ! tonsils1 9 scr(ul\s habits4 #b4 7,dr ,ross47 ,t9cture ( iod9e1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 t9cture ( opium1 #a fl4 dr42 wat]1 #f fl4 oz4 #c4 7,/4 ,t4 ,hosp47 ,comp\nd t9cture ( iod9e1 #b fl4 dr42 wat]1 #e fl4 oz4 ,9 ulc]ation ( ! tonsils4 ,g>gle1 ,m]cu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,hydr>gyri1 ,g4 ,,m]curiale1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,g4 ,,hyd4 ,,bi*loridi47 ,corrosive sublimate1 #b to #e gr42 b>ley wat]1 #a p9t2 honey ( roses1 #b fl4 oz4 ,= syphilitic ulc]s 9 ! ?roat4 #b4 7,pl5ck47 ,calomel1 #f gr42 quicksilv]1 #cj gr42 p[d]$ gum1 #c dr42 syrup ( poppies1 #a_/b oz42 triturate till ! globules ( metal disappe>1 & add ( decoction ( clematis1 #bf fl4 oz42 honey ( roses1 #a oz42 ess5ce ( myrrh1 #a dr4 7or t9cture ( myrrh1 #a fl4 oz474 ,9 syphilitic & putrid sore ?roat4 ,g>gle ( ,mu/>d4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,s9apis4 ,prep4 7,fleury74 ,black mu/>d se$1 bruis$ #d ounces2 salt1 #d scruples2 v9eg>1 #h scruples2 w>m wat]1 #g ounces4 ,dige/ & filt]4 ,g>gle ( ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,myrrh1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,a9slie47 ,t9cture ( myrrh1 #f fl4 dr42 v9eg>1 #a fl4 dr42 honey ( roses1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 b>ley wat]1 #ab fl4 oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,*irur47 ,t9cture ( myrrh1 #a_/b oz42 honey ( roses1 #a-a_/b oz42 lime wat]1 #f fl4 oz4 ,9 sc>lat9a & putrid sore ?roat4 ,see ,,a/r+5t ,,g>gle1 c4 ,g>gle ( ,ni'tre4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,salis ,,nitri1 ,g4 ,,potass ,,nitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitre1 #b dr42 honey or syrup1 #a_/b oz42 rose wat]1 #e-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,br&e47 ,nitre1 #b dr42 oxymel1 #a fl4 oz42 b>ley wat]1 #g fl4 oz4 ,9 inflammatory sore ?roat4 ,see ,,common ,,g>gle4 ,g>gle ( ,oak-,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,corticis ,,qu]c,s1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oak-b>k1 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #f fl4 oz42 mac]ate #a h\r1 & /ra94 #b4 7,ellis47 ,decoction ( oak-b>k1 #a p9t2 alum1 #a_/b dr42 br&y1 #b fl4 oz4 ,9 *ronic sore ?roat1 relaxation ( ! uvula1 c4 ,g>gle ( ,oxide ( ,manganese4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,manganesii ,,oxidi4 ,prep4 7,p>eira74 ,black oxide ( manganese1 #b dr42 decoction ( b>ley1 #e fl4 oz4 ,g>gle ( ,pel'litory4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,pyre?ri4 ,prep4 #a4 ,pellitory root1 #d dr42 wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 boil to #h fl4 oz41 & add ( liquor ( ammonia #b fl4 dr4 #b4 7,sw$iaur47 ,infusion ( pellitory1 #a p9t2 v9eg>1 #c fl4 oz42 sal-ammoniac1 #c dr4 ,to promote ! maturation & heal+ ( ?roat ulc]s4 ,g>gle ( ,p]manganate ( ,pota%4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,potass ,,p]manganatis4 ,prep4 7,?roat ,hosp47 ,solution ( p]manganate ( pota% 7,b4 ,p471 #f m9ims2 di/ill$ wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,antiseptic4 ,g>gle ( ,ro''ses4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,ros1 ,g4 ,,ros>um1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,k5drick47 ,cons]ve ( roses1 #c oz42 boil+ wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 infuse #a h\r2 add ( dilute sulphuric acid1 #b fl4 dr41 & /ra94 ,antiseptic1 a/r+5t2 us$ 9 sev]al indications4 ,g>gle ( ,subacetate ( ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,plumbi ,,subacetatis4 ,prep4 7,rati]47 ,liquid subacetate ( lead1 #a_/b dr42 b>ley wat]1 #a lb42 syrup1 #a fl4 oz4 ,g>gle ( ,turp5t9e4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,t]eb9?9atum4 ,prep4 7,g$d+s47 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 #b dr42 mucilage1 #f-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,9 salivation4 ,g>gle1 ,_s4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,spirituosum1 ,g4 ,,_s,s ,,v9i1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,watson47 ,fr5* br&y1 #a fl4 oz42 wat]1 #a_/d p9t4 #b4 7,/4 ,george's47 ,pro( _s1 #a fl4 oz42 oxymel1 #e fl4 dr42 decoction ( b>ley1 to make up #f fl4 oz4 ,9 relaxations & salivation4 ,g>gle1 ,/im'ulant4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,/imulans1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,copl&47 ,infusion ( roses1 #f-a_/b fl4 oz42 dilute hydro*loric acid1 #dj drops2 t9cture ( capsicum1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 honey1 #c dr4 ,see ,,g>gle ,,( ,,capsicum4 ,g>gle ( ,tan'n94 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,acidi ,,tannici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b]al47 ,tann91 #a dr42 honey ( roses1 #b oz42 rose wat]1 #b fl4 oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 #h fl4 oz4 #b4 7,jann>t47 ,z ! la/1 b us+ only half ! quantity ( tann94 ,9 salivation & aph?\s ulc]ations4 ,g>gle ( ,v]d'igris4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,rug9us1 ,g4 ,,cupri ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,oxymel ( v]digris1 #d dr42 honey ( roses1 #b oz42 b>ley wat]1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,us$ z a det]g5t = ulc]s 9 ! ?roat4 ,if swall[$ x produces viol5t vomit+4 ,! addition ( #b-a_/b oz4 ( wat] to ! above produces a g>gle suffici5tly /rong = mo/ cases4 ,g>gle ( ,v9'eg>4 ,see ,,g>gle ,,( ,,acetic ,,acid4 ,g>gle ( ,z9c4 ,syn4 ,,g>g>isma ,,z9ci1 ,g4 ,z4 ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,copl&47 ,sulphate ( z9c1 #bj gr42 oxymel1 #a fl4 oz42 rose wat]1 #g fl4 oz4 ,9 aph?\s sores1 relaxations1 ulc]ation ( ! tonsils1 c4 ,,g>',,lic4 ,syn4 ,,allium1 ,l4 ,! ,allium sativum ( botani/s4 ,x is diaphoretic1 diuretic1 expectorant1 /imulant1 & tonic2 & ext]nally1 irritant1 rubefaci5t1 & ev5 vesicant4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a-a_/b dr42 9 enfeebl$ dige/ion1 *ronic di>rhoea1 old *ronic c\ghs1 atonic dropsies1 & worms4 ,an antispasmodic & c\nt]-irritant l9im5t is made ( ! juice1 :i* 0 =m]ly e/eem$ 9 *e/ diseases & infantile convulsions4 ,a small clove ( g>lic1 or a few drops ( ! juice1 0 =m]ly introduc$ into ! e> 9 c]ta9 =ms ( deafness4 ,z a condim5t its prop]ties resemble ^? ( ! onion1 ?an :i* x is mu* m p[]ful4 ,,g>',,net4 ,9 m9]alogy1 "o ( ! preci\s /ones or gems4 ,! f9e/ specim5s ( noble g>net 7,,syrian or ,,ori5tal ,,g>net7 are br\ght f ,pegu4 ,accord+ to *emical analysis1 ! g>net is a d\ble silicate ( alum9a & lime1 col\r$ ) iron & manganese4 ,g>net1 ,facti''ti\s4 ,see ,,pa/es4 ,,ga',,rum4 ,l4 ,a species ( pickle or sauce prep>$ ( fi%1 9 a /ate ( incipi5t putrefaction1 /rongly salt$ & season$ ) aromatics4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 ! ,romans us$ a species ( lob/] = ?is purpose4 ,,gas4 ,syn4 ,,gaz1 ,fr4 ,a p]man5tly ela/ic ari=m fluid4 ,9 ,engli% ! t]m 'air' is n[ usually re/rict$ to ! gase\s mixture =m+ ! atmosph]e1 b x 0 =m]ly us$ z a synonym = 'gas4' ,! pr9cipal gases are ! elem5t>y bodies hydrog51 *lor9e1 oxyg5 & nitrog51 & ! comp\nds ammonia1 c>bonic acid1 c>bonic oxide1 c>burett$ hydrog51 hydro*loric acid1 phosphorett$ hydrog51 protoxide ( nitrog51 sulphurett$ hydrog51 & sulphur\s acid4 ,see ^! sub/ances "u _! respective heads4 ,gas4 ,syn4 ,,coal ,,gas1 ,,illum9at+ ,g4 ,! t]m 'gas' is popul>ly appli$ to ! important mixture ( hydroc>bons produc$ by ! de/ructive di/illation ( pit-coal1 & n[ employ$ z a s\rce ( artificial light 9 mo/ ( l>ge t[ns ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,al?\gh artificial illum9ation by means ( coal-gas 01 previ\s to #ahai1 us$ 9 ,great ,brita9 9 isolat$ cases1 & _h be5 employ$ = ! occasional light+ up ( ! mansion ( ,culrose ,abbey 9 ,scotl&1 by ,"l ,dundonald1 z f> back z #aghg2 & by ,murdo*1 9 #agih1 = light+ ! f\ndry ( ,b\lton & ,watts 9 ,soho1 x does n appe> to h be5 g5]ally adopt$ 9 ,london1 & ! o!r l>ge t[ns ( ,engl& & ,scotl& until t ye>2 s9ce :i* "t to ! pres5t artificial gas illum9ation has /eadily progress$1 & increas$ to s enorm\s an ext5t1 t "s works are n[ deliv]+ millions ( cubic feet ( coal-gas a day4 ,! app>atus us$ 9 ! manufacture ( gas on ! l>ge scale consi/s ess5tially ( a sy/em ( clos$ retorts 7a7 ( ca/ iron or fire-clay1 g5]ally hav+ ! =m ( a flatt5$ cyl9d]1 & arrang$ 9 sets ( ?ree or five1 & heat$ by ! same coal fire1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ draw+4 ,illu/ration ,! quantity ( coal requir$ to *>ge ea* retort is ab\t two bu%els1 & x takes ab\t f\r h\rs = ! coal to give (f all its gas4 ,:5 x has done ?is ! result+ coke is remov$ f ! retort1 & a fre% *>ge ( coal is ?r[n into x1 ! m\? ( ! retort be+ !n clos$ ) a ?ick iron plate1 & lut$ ) clay4 ,an iron pipe asc5ds f ! upp] side ( ! front ( ! retort1 project+ f ! furnace1 & aft] describ+ a curve at its upp] extremity1 ?is iron pipe op5s into a mu* wid] tube1 call$ ! hydraulic ma9 7b71 :i* latt] passes horizontally along ! front ( ! range ( furnaces1 ! tubes f all ! retorts dipp+ into x4 ,! hydraulic ma9 is always kept half full ( ! wat] & ! t> :i* cond5ses f ! asc5d+ gas2 ow+ to :i* arrangem5t ! op5+ into ea* retort is effectually clos$ by a wat]-valve1 & ?us p]mits a fre% *>ge ( coals to be ?r[n 91 & ( coke to be )drawn 9 any "o or m ( ! retorts1 )\t int]f]+ ) ! di/illation go+ on 9 ! o!rs4 ,! aque\s portion ( ! liquid deposit$ 9 ! hydraulic ma91 :i* is kn[n z ! ammoniacal liquor1 & =ms ! pr9cipal s\rce ( ! comm]cial salts ( ammonia1 consi/s pr9cipally ( solution ( c>bonate ( ammonium1 b conta9s also sulphide1 cyanide1 & sulphocyanide ( ammonium4 ,aft] x leaves ! hydraulic ma91 ! gas passes into ! cond5s] 7e71 :i* is compos$ ( a s]ies ( b5t iron tubes 7%[n 9 ! plate71 ^! be+ kept cool ei!r by ! l>ge surface !y expose to ! air1 or1 if necess>y1 by means ( a /ream ( cold wat] appli$ to ! outside4 ,any ( ! volatile hydroc>bons or salts ( ammonia escap+ cond5sation 9 ! hydraulic ma9 are arre/$ 9 ! cond5s]s1 b n always2 h5ce x is necess>y to aft]w>ds c>ry ! gas ?r\gh a scrubb] 7n figur$ 9 ! plate7 or case conta9+ pieces ( coke1 ov] :i* a /ream ( wat] be+ made to trickle1 absorbs any rema9+ ammoniacal vap\rs4 ,! gas next passes ?r\gh ! lime purifi] 7f71 an iron box fitt$ ) %elves1 on :i* is plac$ slak$ lime1 :i* absorbs ! c>bonic acid1 & "p1 b n ! :ole (1 ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 conta9$ 9 ! gas4 ,( ! _m me?ods devis$ = ! removal ( ! sulphurett$ hydrog51 none appe>s to be s successful & economical z t :i* consi/s 9 pass+ ! gas ov] a mixture ( sulphate ( iron1 slak$ lime1 & sawdu/4 ,! gas1 aft] x has become purifi$ by ! =ego+ processes1 is pass$ into ! gasomet] 7g7 7"p ( :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! plate71 :5ce x passes into ! ma9s1 by :i* x is convey$ to ! v>i\s cond5s]s4 ,ano!r prejudicial impurity =m$ 9 gas is c>bon disulphide1 :i* :5 burn$ gives rise to small quantities ( sulphuric acid1 & ?is 9 "t attacks c]ta9 k9ds ( furniture1 z well z ! b9d+s ( books4 ,dr ,angus ,smi? effects ! removal ( ! disulphide by pass+ ! gas ?r\gh a solution ( plumbic oxide 9 cau/ic soda1 diffus$ ?r\gh sawdu/4 ,! quality ( coal-gas is l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! temp]ature employ$ 9 its manufacture4 ,if ! retorts are insuffici5tly heat$1 ! result w be ! =mation ( c]ta9 easily-cond5sable hydroc>bons1 :i* n only dim9i% ! bulk ( ! gas1 b cause consid]able inconv5i5ce by collect+ 9 & block+ up ! pipes4 ,on ! contr>y1 %\ld too mu* heat be us$1 ! gas becomes p>tially decompos$ by contact ) ! r$-hot retort1 & deposits on its sides ! sub/ance kn[n z gas c>bon1 ?us n only remov+ to a c]ta9 ext5t ! con/itu5t to :i* ! gas owes its illum9at+ p[]1 b impov]i%+ its light+ qualities /ill m1 by dilut+ x ) an unnecess>y quantity ( lib]at$ hydrog54 ,^! latt] effects are =cibly illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ analysis ( ! gas collect$ f ,wigan cannel coal at diff]5t p]iods ( ! di/illation4 ,! be/ gas is said to be produc$ :5 ! retorts are heat$ to a bright *]ry r$4 ,9 #ajj ,volumes4 #a/ ,h\r4 #e? ,h\r4 #aj? ,h\r4 ,olefiant gas & volatile hydro-c>bons #acj #gj #jj ,m>% gas #hbe #efj #bjj ,c>bonic oxide #cb #aaj #ajj ,hydrog5 #jj #bac #fjj ,nitrog5 #ac #dg #ajj ,! value ( gas z an illum9at+ ag5t may be said to dep5d on ! am\nt ( hydroc>bons pres5t1 & on ! relation :i* ! c>bon be>s to ! hydrog5 9 ^! sub/ances4 ,9 m>% gas1 ,,*#d1 :i* is1 practically speak+1 non-lum9\s1 ! p]-c5tage composition is1 c>bon #ge1 & hydrog5 #be4 ,9 olefiant gas1 ,c#b;,h#d1 ! c>bon is #heg1 & ! hydrog5 #adc1 & ! gas possesses a correspond+ly great] am\nt ( illum9at+ value4 ,9 acetyl5e1 ,c#b;,h#b1 we h a gas ( /ill great] illum9at+ value1 ! proportion ( c>bon to hydrog5 be+ also great]1 ! p]-c5tage composition be+1 c>bon #ibc1 & hydrog5 #gg4 ,9 b5zol1 ,c#f;,h#f1 we h ! same p]-c5tages2 :ile 9 naph?al5e1 ,c#aj;,h#h1 a /ill high] ratio betwe5 ! c>bon & hydrog5 exi/s1 & a correspond+ increas$ value 9 light-giv+ p[]4 ,x 0 =m]ly tak5 z an axiom t ! illum9at+ value ( a mixture ( gases 0 also proportionate to ! relation betwe5 ! c>bon & hydrog51 b al?\gh ?is is v good z a r\gh crit]ion 9 practice1 ! /atem5t mu/ n be accept$ z /rictly true4 ,! illum9at+ p[] ( a mixture ( gases is kn[n n[ to dep5d f> m on ! nature ( ! p>ticul> comp\nds pres5t1 ?an ^u ! absolute proportion betwe5 ! hydrog5 & c>bon2 = :ile on ! "o h& x is possible to h a gas 7m>% gas7 conta9+ z mu* z #ged p] c5t4 ( c>bon1 & yet :i* is valueless = illum9at+ purposes2 x is also possible to h a mixture ( gases 9 :i* ! p]-c5tage ( c>bon is f> less1 al?\gh ! illum9at+ value is mu* great]4#cbf ,footnote #cbf3 ',*emi/ry1 ,!oretical1 ,practical1 & ,analytical1'--,mack5zie4 ,coal gas consi/s ( a mixture ( ! foll[+ bodies3 ,m>% gas 7light c>bonett$ hydrog574 ,olefiant gas 7heavy 74 ,hydrog54 ,c>bonic oxide4 ,nitrog54 ,vap\rs ( liquid hydro-c>bons4 ,vap\r ( bisulphide ( c>bon4 ,! yield ( gas1 & also ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! product1 v>y greatly ) diff]5t k9ds ( coal4 ,! av]age yield may be r\ghly e/imat$ at #aj1jjj cubic feet ( gas p] ton ( coal4#cbg ,footnote #cbg3 ,= practical details respect+ ! manufacture ( ?is product1 see ! article ,,coal ,,gas 9 ',ure's ,diction>y ( ,arts1 ,manufactures1 c41' ',wagn]'s ,*emical ,te*nology1' & ',*emi/ry1 ,!oretical1 ,practical1 & ,analytical4' ,an?racite is by no means suit$ = a gas coal4 ,! be/ coals = ?is purpose are ^? :i* are bitum9\s2 !y comprise cak+ coal1 p>rot coal1 & c]ta9 v>ieties ( cannel coal4 ,london gas 7:i* is g5]ally defici5t 9 illum9at+ p[]7 is manufactur$ pr9cipally f ,durham & ,newca/le coal4 ,9 addition to ! elem5t>y composition ( ! coal1 ! am\nt & nature ( ! volatile matt] conta9$ 9 x is an important factor 9 its value z a s\rce = gas4 ,x %\ld also yield a small am\nt ( a%1 & be z free z possible f sulphur1 besides :i* its ultimate analysis %\ld %[ a comp>atively small proportion ( oxyg54 ,if !re be an excess ( ?is latt] elem5t1 ! production ( ! hydroc>bon illum9ants w be dim9i%$1 s9ce ! hydrog5 :i* w\ld g to _! =mation w\ld unite ) ! oxyg5 to =m useless wat]4 ,! late ,*>les ,mansfield propos$ to increase ! illum9at+ p[] ( ord9>y coal-gas1 & to r5d] wat] gas or ev5 atmosph]ic air lum9if]\s1 by pass+ !m ?r\gh sponges or ov] trays conta9+ m9]al naph?a or b5zole2 & a pat5t 0 tak5 out = ?is purpose4 ,! gas s treat$ imbibes or dissolves a portion ( ! liquid1 & burns ) increas$ brilliancy4 ,! me?od ( saturat+ ! gas ) ! liquid hydroc>bon is z foll[s3--,! app>atus consi/s ( a brass res]voir or *amb] atta*$ to ! end ( ! gas-pipe1 ne> ! burn]4 ,?is res]voir may be 9 ! %ape ( an oil-flask1 made air-tight1 ) a screw-jo9t1 or o!r means ( supply+ any highly volatile oil1 turp5t9e1 or m9]al naph?a1 & %\ld be kept ab\t half full4 ,into ?is res]voir ! gas-pipe asc5ds a little above ! surface ( ! oil2 a v small jet-pipe ( gas1 regulat$ by a /op-cock1 is bran*$ (f bel[ ?is *amb]1 to supply a m9ute flame1 s z to cause a suffici5t evaporation f ! oil to unite ) ! gas 9 ! flask receiv]4 ,! :ole is1 ( c\rse1 surm\nt$ ) ! usual burn] & lamp-glass4 ,! naph?alis+ ( gas did n "w well on a l>ge scale4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 an attempt 0 made to get up a company 9 ,engl& to "w a ,fr5* pat5t$ process1 :i* diff]$ only f t ( ,mansfield's 9 ! sub/itution ( ano!r hydroc>bon 7probably a petroleum product7 = b5zol4 ,! *emical & te*nical j\rnals expos$ ?is inv5tion1 & prev5t$ ! s9k+ ( capital 9 a wor?less und]tak+4 ,on a small scale1 simple 'naph?alis]s' appe> to "w v well4 ,! illum9at+ p[] ( gas1 z well z ( o!r s\rces ( light1 may be directly asc]ta9$ by :at is t]m$ ! 'comp>ison ( %ad[s1' or indirectly1 & m conv5i5tly1 by *emical analysis4#cbh ,see ,,air ,,gas1 ,,illum9ation4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,see ',watts's ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry1' vol4 i4 ,,ga/rophan 7,apo!k] ,j4 ,fr/1 ,prague74 ,= /r5g!n+ ! dige/ion & improv+ ! appetite4 ,quassia1 #cj grammes2 orange b]ries1 #ae grammes2 galangal1 #d grammes2 c>damoms1 #b grammes2 /> anise oil1 #aj drops2 orange-peel oil1 #aj drops2 _s1 #ahj grammes2 wat]1 #abj grammes2 dige/$ & filt]$4 7,hag]47 ,,ga/rophile 7,dr ,bor*>d74 ,!re are sev]al numb]s ( ?is prep>ation4 ,soda wat]1 conta9+ common salt1 p]haps 9 "s ( ! numb]s mix$ ) ,glaub]'s salts4 ,,gaz',,og5e4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,a,,rat+ ,,ma*9e4 ,a portable app>atus = arat+ wat] & o!r liquids4 ,_m =ms h be5 giv5 to ?is in/rum5t1 b 9 all ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,p[d]s = g5]at+ c>bonic acid gas are plac$ 9 a sep>ate comp>tm5t1 & ! liquid to be arat$ 9 ano!r4 ,! two comp>tm5ts are connect$ by a suitable tube1 & a second tube1 furni%$ ) a spr+ tap1 af=ds an exit = ! arat$ liquid4 ,by ! aid ( ! gazog5e1 wat]1 w9e1 ale1 c41 may 9 a few m9utes be fully saturat$ ) c>bonic acid gas1 & s r5d]$ brisk & piquant4 ,by us+ fruit syrups1 manufactur$ f ,engli% & =eign fruits1 ! mo/ delici\s arat$ summ] bev]ages c be made1 resembl+ ^? s mu* e/eem$ by travell]s 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe & ! sea-bo>d cities ( ! ,we/]n _w4 ,! foll[+ are ! proportions ( soda & acid requir$ = *>g+ gazog5es3 ,= #b p9ts1 p[d]$ t>t>ic acid1 #bhj gra9s2 bic>bonate ( soda1 #cdj gra9s4 ,= #c p9ts1 p[d]$ t>t>ic acid1 #cdj gra9s2 bic>bonate ( soda1 #dbj gra9s4 ,= #e p9ts1 t>t>ic acid1 #fbj gra9s2 c>bonate ( soda1 #gfj gra9s4 ,put ! acid & soda 9 diff]5t col\r$ pap]s4 ,,g$a*tniss-,,limonade--,mnemonic ,lemonade 7manufactur$ by ,g4 ,m4 ,rauf]1 ,vi5na74 ,a mixture ( #ae p>ts phosphoric acid1 #ae p>ts glyc]91 #gj p>ts wat]4 7,s*dl]47 ,,gehor ,,in/rum5t4 ,in/rum5t = deafness 7,apo!k] ,f4 ,brunn]1 ,troppau74 ,a little tube ( silv] plate1 #b c5timtres long & z ?ick z a /raw1 ) a small mussel-%ap$ wid5+ at "o end1 :i* is wrapp$ 9 cotton wool1 to be ins]t$ 9 ! e>4 ,,gehor ,,liquor1 ,s*weiz]--,swiss ,cure = ,deafness 7,raudnitz74 ,wat] mix$ ) a little co>se br&y4 7,witt/e947 ,,gehorol--,oil = ,deafness 7,c4 ,brockelmann1 ,soe/74 ,prov5ce oil adult]at$ ) sunfl[] oil & mix$ ) v small traces ( camphor & cajeput1 sassafras1 & rosem>y oils4 7,hag]47 ,,gel',,at94 ,syn4 ,,gelat9e2 ,g,,lat9e1 ,fr42 ,,gelat9a1 ,l4 ,animal jelly1 obta9$ by ! prolong$ action ( boil+ wat] on ! organic tissue ( ! bones1 t5dons1 & ligam5ts1 ! cellul> tissue1 ! sk91 & ! s]\s membranes4 ,glue & size are co>se v>ieties ( gelat91 prep>$ f ho(s1 hides1 sk9s1 c42 & is+lass is a pur] k9d1 obta9$ f ! air bladd]s ( "s o!r membranes ( fi%4 ,prop41 c4 ,gelat9 is insoluble 9 cold wat]1 b dissolves ) great] or less read9ess on ! application ( heat1 accord+ to ! s\rce :]e x is obta9$1 & 9 ?is /ate =ms a tremul\s & transp>5t jelly on cool+2 x is insoluble 9 bo? alcohol & e!r1 & is decompos$ by ! /rong alkalies & acids2 ) tannic acid x =ms an insoluble comp\nd ( a buff col\r1 :i* is ! basis ( lea!r2 :5 act$ on by cold conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 x yields glycocoll or gelat9 sug>2 & :5 boil$ ) /rong alkalies1 x yields glycocoll & leuc9e4 ,*lor9e pass$ into a solution ( gelat9 occasions a d5se :ite precipitate 7*lorite ( gelat971 :i* ultimately =ms a t\gh1 ela/ic1 pe>ly mass1 some:at resembl+ fibr94 ,te/s4 ,its aque\s solution is recognis$ z foll[s3--#a4 ,x gelat9ises on cool+4 #b4 ,x is precipitat$ by alcohol4 #c4 ,bi*loride ( m]cury gives a :iti% floccul5t precipitate4 #d4 ,tannic acid or infusion ( galls gives a copi\s yell[i%-:ite1 curdy precipitate1 :i*1 on be+ /irr$1 coh]es into an ela/ic mass1 insoluble 9 wat]1 & incapable ( putrefaction1 & :i*1 :5 dri$1 assumes ! appe>ance ( ov]-tann$ lea!r4 #e4 ,! gelat9is+ prop]ty is de/roy$ by nitric acid4 #f4 ,x is n affect$ by ei!r alum or acetate ( lead4 ,9 ?is respect x diff]s f *ondr94 ,qual4 ,! goodness ( comm]cial gelat9 int5d$ = food is readily prov$ by p\r+ boil+ wat] ov] x1 & dige/+ ! two toge!r = a %ort "t4 ,if x is pure & :olesome1 its col\r rema9s unalt]$1 & dur+ its solution x cont9ues entirely free f smell4 ,! result+ solution & jelly are also od\rless1 neutral to te/-pap]1 free f unpleasant ta/e1 & p]fectly transp>5t4 ,if x =ms a yell[ gluey-look+ mass1 & evolves an (f5sive od\r1 x %\ld be reject$ z ( inf]ior quality1 & unfit = cul9>y purposes4 ,uses1 c4 ,gelat9 is l>gely employ$ z an article ( food1 z 9 s\ps1 jellies1 c42 b its value 9 ?is respect has be51 p]haps1 ov]rat$4#cbi ,animals f$ exclusively on gelat9 die ( />vation4 ,b :5 mix$ ) o!r food1 especially ) sub/ances ab\nd+ 9 album51 case91 or fibr91 gelat9 may be useful z an alim5t1 & s]ve directly to n\ri% ! gelat9\s tissues4 7,liebig47 ,h5ce gelat9 is a fitt+ sub/ance to =m "p 7b only a "p7 ( ! diet ( convalesc5ts1 z x conveys nutrition directly to ^! tissues1 )\t task+ ! dim9i%$ p[]s ( life = its conv]sion2 b its use %\ld be accompani$ by a prop] quantity ( azotis$ animal food to supply ! elem5ts to ! blood1 = ! support & increase ( ! muscul> tissue1 or fle%y portion ( ! body4 ,9 ,france gelat9 obta9$ f bones is employ$ z a "p ( ! diet 9 hospitals ) ! be/ effect1 mat]ially abridg+ ! p]iod ( convalesc5ce2 b :5 giv5 alone1 all animals soon become disgu/$ ) x1 & die if n suppli$ ) o!r food4 7,d',arcet47 ,see ,,glue1 ,,is+lass1 & bel[4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,! read] int]e/$ 9 ?is subject %\ld consult a pap] by ,c>l ,voit 9 ! ',zeits*rift fr ,biologie1' viii1 #big-chh4 ,gelat91 ,bone4 ,obta9$ f cru%$ bones by boil+ ) wat]1 or by ! action ( /eam & wat] successively1 ei!r ) or )\t pressure2 or by mac]ation 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 to extract ! phosphate ( lime1 ! rema9+ gelat9\s mass be+ well wa%$ 9 cold wat]1 & aft]w>ds dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat] 9 ! usual mann]4 ,a little c>bonate ( soda is commonly add$ to ! la/ wat]4 ,gelat9 has ev5 be5 extract$ f fossil bones4 ,a s\p 0 prep>$ f "o ( ! bones ( ! great ma/odon by ! prfet ( "o ( ! dep>tm5ts ( ,france4 7,p]eira47 ,but*]s' meat conta9s1 on an av]age1 #bd ( dry fle%1 #ef ( wat]1 & #bj ( bone4 ,! la/ w yield1 by prop] treatm5t1 ne>ly #a-crd ( its weight ( dry gelat91 or a quantity equal to ab\t #f ( ! meat f :i* x is cut4 ,?is1 z well z o!r v>ieties ( gelat91 is frequ5tly blan*$ by sulphur\s acid or animal *>coal1 & t+$ ( v>i\s col\rs ) ! ord9>y vegetable dyes4 ,?us1 blue is giv5 ) sulphate ( indigo or ! juice ( blue b]ries2 gre51 ) ! juice ( sp9a*2 & r$1 ) juice ( r$-beet4 ,gelat91 ,fr5*4 ,syn4 ,,cake ,,gelat94 ,gelat9 made up into small ?9 cakes1 l ! f9] sorts ( glue4 ,a good deal ( x is prep>$ 9 ,p>is f ! cutt+s ( ! sk9s us$ 9 mak+ kid gloves & slipp]s4 ,gelat91 ,pat5t4 ,v>i\s qualities ( gelat9 are manufactur$ f glue pieces1 or cutt+s ( ! hides ( bea/s & sk9s ( calves1 & f inf]ior is+lass4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,nelson's specification1 ! crude mat]ials1 fre$ f hair1 wool1 fle%1 & fat1 aft] be+ ?or\ghly wa%$ & 'scor$1' are mac]at$ = #aj days 9 a lye ( cau/ic soda1 & are !n plac$ 9 cov]$ vessels at a temp]ature v>y+ f #fj to #gj ,fahr41 until !y become t5d]2 !y are next wa%$ to free !m f alkali1 & are !n expos$ to ! vap\r ( burn+ sulphur until !y acquire a s5sibly acid reaction2 !y are n[ dissolv$ 9 wat] conta9$ 9 e>!n vessels heat$ to #aej ,fahr41 & ! solution1 aft] be+ /ra9$1 is put into 'settl+ vessels1' & heat$ to #ajj to #abj ,fahr41 = #h or #i h\rs2 at ! end ( ?is "t ! cle> liquor is drawn (f1 & p\r$ on ! 'cool+ slabs1' to ! dep? ( ab\t #a_/b an in*4 ,z soon z ! jelly is cold1 x is cut into pieces1 & wa%$ 9 wat] until p]fectly free f acid4 ,x is !n r$issolv$ 9 wat] at ab\t #he1 ! solution p\r$ out on slabs z be=e1 & :5 cold1 x is cut up1 &1 la/ly1 dri$ on nets4 ,accord+ to ano!r specification 7,rattray's ,pat5t7 glue-pieces are /eep$ 9 wat] until !y beg9 to putrefy1 !n wa%$ ) wat]1 dra9$1 & put f #ab to #bd h\rs into wat] /rongly s\r$ ) sulphur\s acid2 !y are aft]w>ds wa%$ fir/ ) cold wat]1 & !n 9 wat] at #abj ,fahr41 & are la/ly conv]t$ into size by dige/ion = #bd h\rs 9 wat] at #abj ,fahr41 ! result+ solution be+ filt]$ ?r\gh bags ( d\ble wooll5-clo?4 ,pat5t gelat9s are (t5 sold cut up 9 imitation ( 'pick$ is+lass1' to :i*1 = ! prep>ation ( jellies1 s\ps1 & blancmanges1 !y are n mu* inf]ior4 ,gelat91 ,r\gh4 ,syn4 ,,gelat9e ,,brut1 ,fr4 ,f ! skulls ( ox51 ! spongy insides ( ! horns & ribs1 & f sev]al o!r s(t bony p>ts 7depriv$ ( fat71 by wa%+ !m 9 wat]1 dige/+ 9 an equal weight ( hydro*loric acid ( #f ,baume1 9 cold wea!r1 & #d or #e 9 summ]1 = #aj days1 !n 9 acid ( only #a ,baume = #bd h\rs long]2 aft]w>ds soak+ & wa%+ 9 successive portions ( cold wat] until all ! acid is wa%$ out1 add+ an ounce ( c>bonate ( soda to ! la/ wat]4 ,us$ to make glue1 c4 ,a simil> article is prep>$ f ! bones ( %eep4 ,! pieces1 aft] be+ treat$ z above1 are /eep$ 9 boil+ wat] = a few m9utes1 wip$ dry1 & %ak5 toge!r 9 a bag to remove ! int]nal pellicle2 aft] :i* !y are cut into squ>es or dice to disguise !m1 & f9ally dipp$ into a hot solution ( gelat9 to v>ni% !m4 ,9 ?is /ate ! article is call$ ',,gelat9e ,,brut ,,f91' ,us$ to make s\p4 ,x keeps bett] ?an ! cakes ( portable s\p4 ,:5 less c>efully prep>$1 x is also us$ to make glue = f9e "w4 ,see ,,bone ,,gelat94 ,,gelee 7p\r le ,goitre74 ,see ,,l9im5t ,,( ,,iodide ,,( ,,potassium4 ,,gelsemium ,,semp]vir5s4 ,syn4 ,,gelsemium ,,nitridum1 ,,gelsemium ,,semp]vir5s1 ,,gelsemium ,,lucidum1 ,,anonymus ,,semp]vir5s1 ,,bignonia ,,semp]vir5s2 ,,lisan?us ,,semp]vir5s4 ,! ,,yell[ ,,jasm9e1 or ,,woodb9e4 ,! ,,c>ol9a ,,jasm9e4 ,diff]5t botani/s h plac$ ! plant 9 diff]5t natural ord]s4 ,de ,c&olle assigns x to ! ,loganiace2 ,decaisne to ! ,apocynace2 ,*apman to ! ,rubiace4 ,! root1 :i* is ! only "p ( ?is plant employ$ 9 m$ic9e1 & ( :i* a fluid extract has be5 introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ph>macopoeia1 z met ) 9 ,engli% comm]ce occurs 9 two /ates2 ei!r 9 packets prep>$ by ! %ak]s ( ,new ,lebanon1 :i* conta9 ! root 9 small pieces1 =m$ into a compact mass by hydraulic pressure1 & 9 :i* /ate x is difficult to p[d]2 or x is simply sold cut up into pieces v>y+ f two to eight in*es 9 l5g?1 & "o-?ird to ?ree f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,x is frequ5tly mix$ ) ab\t half its bulk ( long1 wiry1 pale-br[n rootlets4 ,! s-call$ gelsemium root consi/s *iefly ( subt]ranean /em ) a small proportion ( true root1 occasionally a sl5d] piece ( ! arial /em may be f\nd int]mix$1 & is readily di/+ui%$ by its purpli% col\r & holl[ c5tre1 & by ! silky & t[-l fibre1 r5d]$ visible :5 ! epid]mis is peel$ (f 7fig4 #a e74 ,! true root is h>d & woody1 slightly undulat$ 9 outl9e1 v sp>+ly bran*$1 except 9 ! sl5d] pieces1 ext]nally ( a pale br[n col\r1 ne>ly smoo?1 & furni%$ ) a ?9 scurfy cuticle1 :i* is slightly crack$ longitud9ally4 ,:5 a transv]se section is exam9$ ) a l5s1 ! b>k ( ! root is se5 to be v ?91 & to consi/ ( two lay]s1 ! inn] "o be+ usually almo/ z pale z ! woody portion1 & ( some:at s(t texture1 ! out] "o is d>k] & m compact 7fig4 #a b1 c74 ,! m$itullium1 or woody portion ( ! root occupies ne>ly its :ole diamet]1 is ( a pale yell[i% bright col\r1 ! yell[ t9t becom+ mu* m di/9ct :5 ! root is wett$4 ,! m$ull>y rays are :ite & v di/9ct1 & ! woody tissue betwe5 ! rays is v por\s1 ! pores be+ v small1 b visible to ! unaid$ eye1 especially :5 ! root is brok5 in/ead ( cut 7fig4 #a d74 ,!re is no pi? or c5tral cavity 9 ! root4 ,! root has a bitt] ta/e & pleasant flav\r1 some:at betwe5 ^? ( s5ega & gre5 tea2 ?is is m readily p]ceiv$ 9 ! t9cture4 ,! subt]ranean /em 7fig4 #a a7 is also furni%$ ) rootlets1 b is easily di/+ui%$ f ! root by ! pres5ce ( a small1 d>k col\r$1 c5tral cavity repres5t+ ! pi?1 & by ! ext]nal surface be+ r\gh]1 & frequ5tly v>iegat$ ) d>k longitud9al l9es1 :i* are ! rema9s ( ! same purpli% cuticle :i* pres5ts s m>k$ a feature 9 ! arial /em4 ,! b>k is ?ick] ?an t ( ! true root1 & ! inn] lay] is usually d>k br[n4 ,if ! subt]ranean /em is brok5 sl[ly & c>efully1 a ?9 r[ ( silky fibres projects fully a qu>t] ( an in* f ! brok5 edge4 ,! fibres d n appe> :5 ! b>k ( ! root is brok51 & ?us s]ve to di/+ui% ! /em ( ?is drug f ! root4 ,exp]im5ts z to ! relative value ( ! b>k ( ! root & /em are want+4 ,! b>k ( ! /em has ! same bitt] ta/e z t ( ! root1 & if x be h]eaft] %[n t x is equally active1 ! above "* ( scatt]$ /rong fibres1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! flav\r ( ! drug & its por\s /ructure1 w s]ve to di/+ui% x f all o!r roots & /ems us$ 9 mat]ia m$ica4#ccj ,footnote #ccj3 ,holmes4 ,m$ic9al prop]ties4--,! ,am]ican m$ical j\rnals record ! successful adm9i/ration ( gelsemium 9 a great numb] & v>iety ( diseases1 includ+ int]mitt5t1 remitt5t1 typhoid1 & yell[ fev]s1 ! irritative fev]s ( *ildhood1 inflammation ( ! lungs & pleura1 dys5t]y1 rheumatism1 & o!r inflammatory affections1 neuralgia1 ob/9ate m5/ruation1 delirium trem5s1 morbid wakefulness1 ,/4 ,vitus' dance1 hy/]ia1 epilepsy1 spasmodic /ricture ( ! ure?ra1 & gonorrhoea4 ,dr ,hurd1 an ,am]ican physician1 reports v favorably ( ! drug z a c>diac s$ative1 & consid]s x m effici5t ?an any o!r rem$y 9 ! palpitation & ! difficult brea?+ t accompany he>t disease2 & ,dr ,hill1 ( ,ma9e1 f9ds x :5 comb9$ ) bromide ( potassium useful 9 irritable bladd]4 ,illu/ration ,its pr9cipal use1 h[ev]1 9 ,am]ican m$ical practice has be5 z a febrifuge4 ,9 p]iodic fev]s x has be5 employ$ ) great advantage1 z well z 9 cases ( int]mitt5t fev]1 :i* hav+ fail$ to yield to qu99e alone1 succumb$1 :5 ?is latt] m$ic9e 0 comb9$ ) gelsemium4 ,9 ,engl& gelsemium has be5 successfully employ$ = ! relief ( facial neuralgia1 or ( ! pa9 caus$ 9 ! face & jaws by decay$ tee?2 z well z 9 obscure n]v\s affections & sev]e heada*es4 ,x is giv5 pr9cipally 9 ! =m ( t9cture2 b sometimes 9 p[d] 9 doses ( f "o to two gra9s4 ,! !rapeutic action ( gelsemium is believ$ to be due to ! s$ative effect x ex]cises on ! n]v\s & art]ial sy/ems--h5ce its p[] 9 controll+ ! n]v\s irritability s preval5t dur+ fev]4 ,9 mod]ate doses x causes a s5sation ( agreeable lang\r1 accompani$ ) muscul> relaxation2 9 l>g] doses1 dizz9ess1 dilat$ pupil1 d\ble vision1 g5]al muscul> debility & pro/ration2 ^! symptoms be+ accompani$ by a dim9ution 9 ! =ce & frequ5cy ( ! pulse z well z 9 ! respiration4 ,at ! same "t ! pati5t becomes ins5sible to pa92 b is free f /upor & delirium4 ,^! symptoms are said to pass (f1 aft] a "t1 & to be att5d$ ) no unpleasant results4 ,! ',lancet' z well z _m ( ! ,am]ican m$ical j\rnals record sev]al cases ( poison+ aris+ f giv+ an ov]dose ( ?is drug4 ,! symptoms are a great pro/ration ( n]v\s en]gy1 accompani$ by p>alysis ( s5sation & motion4 ,:5 dea? occurs x is probably ow+ to syncope4 ,! antidotes are1 fir/1 an emetic1 & aft] ?is has act$1 /imulants1 su* z c>bonate ( ammonia ) br&y1 or aromatic spirits ( ammonia4 ,9 cases accompani$ ) ins5sibility1 rec\rse %\ld be _h to electricity4 ,kollock1 9 ! ',am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy' = #ahee1 /ates t he f\nd ! root on analysis to yield volatile oil1 dry acrid res91 fatty res91 fix$ oil1 gallic acid1 />*1 pectic acid1 album51 extractive matt]1 lign91 gum1 a yell[ col\r+ matt]1 m9]al matt] 7*iefly salts ( potassium1 calcium1 magnesium1 iron & silica71 & an alkaloid1 to :i* ! "n gelsem99e or gelsemia has be5 giv54 ,kollock also /ates t ! leaves & fl[]s conta9 ! same +r$i5ts z ! root1 al?\gh 9 mu* small] quantities4 ,eb]le1 9 ! ',am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy' = #ahfd1 says he fail$ to obta9 gelsem99e f ! root4 ,9 a pap] contribut$ to ! ',am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy1' = ,janu>y1 #ahgj1 by ,dr ,wormley1 ! au?or /at$ t he said he n only succe$$ 9 obta9+ pure gelsem99e f ! root1 b also a peculi> acid :i* he calls gelsem9ic1 or gelsemic#cca acid2 :i* he reg>ds z exi/+ 9 comb9ation ) ! gelsemia1 =m+ ! gelsemate ( gelsemia4 ,footnote #cca3 ,pr(essor ,sonnes*i51 hav+ submitt$ ! s-call$ ,gelsem9ic ,acid to analysis ?9ks !re c be no d\bt t x is p]fectly id5tical ) scul91 a glucoside obta9$ f ! b>k ( ! horse-*esnut--! ,esculus hippoca/anum4 ,probably ! alkaloid gelsem99e may at "s future "t be introduc$ into m$ic9e1 s9ce x w\ld appe> to be ! *ief +r$i5t to :i* ! root owes its activity4 ,x is /rongly poison\s4 ,dr ,wormley inject$ "o eigh? ( a gra9 "u ! sk9 ( a l>ge cat1 :i* 9 #dj m9utes exhibit$ great pro/ration1 & di$ 9 an h\r & a half f ! "t ( ! injection ( ! poison4 ,! prop]ties ( ! gelsem9ic acid1 ! res91 ! volatile oil1 & o!r +r$i5ts ( ! root1 h n be5 fully inve/igat$4 ,see ,,t9cture ,,( ,,gelsemium1 ,,gelsem99e4 ,9 ! ',am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy' = ,april1 #ahgg1 ,dr ,wormley gives ! foll[+ directions = ! prep>ations ( gelsem9ic acid1 & gelsem9e3--,a giv5 volume ( fluid extract1 acidulat$ ) acetic acid1 is sl[ly add$ ) con/ant /irr+ to ab\t eight volumes ( wat]2 aft] ! sep>at$ res9\s matt] has completely deposit$1 ! liquid is filt]$1 & ! filtrate conc5trat$ on a wat] ba?1 to some?+ less ?an ! volume ( fluid extract employ$4 ,! gelsem9ic acid is !n extract$ f ! conc5trat$ fluid by e!r1 aft] :i* ! liquid is treat$ ) slight excess ( c>bonate ( sodium1 & ! gelsem9e extract$ ) e!r or *lor(orm4 ,= ! extraction ( ! fir/ ( ^! pr9ciples1 x is n ess5tial t ! liquid %\ld be acidulat$1 b 9 ! pres5ce ( a free acid ! results are m satisfactory4 ,,gems4 ,syn4 ,,jewels2 ,,gemm1 ,l4 ,gems are preci\s /ones1 :i*1 by _! col\r1 limpidity1 lu/re1 brilliant poli%1 purity1 & r>ity1 are s\ght aft] z objects ( dress & decoration4 ,!y =m ! pr9cipal "p ( ! cr[n jewels ( k+s1 n only f _! beauty1 b because !y are suppos$ to comprise ! greate/ value 9 ! smalle/ bulk2 = a diamond1 no l>g] ?an a nut1 or an acorn1 may be ! repres5tative sign ( ! t]ritorial value ( a :ole c\ntry1 ! equival5t 9 comm]cial ex*ange = a hundr$ =tunes1 acquir$ by sev]e toils & privations4 ,among ^! beautiful m9]als mank9d h agre$ 9 =m+ a select class1 to :i* ! title ( gems or jewels has be5 appropriat$2 :ile ! t]m preci\s /one is m p>ticul>ly giv5 to sub/ances :i* (t5 occur "u a m consid]able volume ?an f9e /ones ev] d4 ,diamonds1 sapphires1 em]alds1 rubies1 topazes1 hyac9?s1 & *rysob]yls1 are reckon$ ! mo/ valuable gems2--cry/all9e qu>tz1 pellucid1 opalesc5t1 or ( v>i\s hues1 ame?y/1 lapis lazuli1 mala*ite1 jasp]1 agate1 c41 are rank$ 9 ! mu* m num]\s & inf]ior class ( ornam5tal /ones4 7,ure47 ,te/s4 ,! only te/s applicable to gems & preci\s /ones are ! det]m9ation ( _! relative h>dness & _! specific gravity4 ,by ! fir/ te/1 pa/es or factiti\s gems are readily detect$2 b beyond ?is1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( apply+ x1 x ceases to be useful to p]sons unconnect$ ) ! trade4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! specific gravity is1 h[ev]1 ( m g5]al application1 z gems are g5]ally dism\nt$ :5 (f]$ = sale1 or are s set t !y may be remov$ f _! 'm\nt+s' )\t injury or inconv5i5ce4 ,see ,,specific ,,gravity1 & bel[4 ,obs4 ,! relative h>dness ( ! diff]5t sub/ances is measur$ by ! p[] !y possess ( cutt+ or scrat*+ ! o!r sub/ances hav+ a small] numb] atta*$ to !m 9 ! table4 ,?us1 no gem b ! ,,diamond 7#bj7 w scrat* ei!r ! ,,ruby 7#ag7 or ! ,,sapphire 7#af72 &1 = ! same reason1 a blue /one t w cut ! ,,em]ald or ! ,,topaz c be no o!r ?an ! ,,sapphire4 ,! sp4 gr4 is asc]ta9$ 9 ! usual mann]1 & w be f\nd suffici5tly indicative ( ! true nature ( ! /one :5 consid]$ 9 connection ) its o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,! index ( refraction is a c]ta9 key to ! quality ( ! /one1 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o are capable ( det]m9+ x1 & may be appli$ to ei!r m\nt$ or unm\nt$ gems4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t in/rum5t = ! purpose is ,wolla/on's ',,reflect+-,,goniomet]1' ,gems1 ,facti''ti\s4 ,^!1 ) few exceptions1 are made ( v pure1 fusible1 highly transp>5t1 & d5se glass1 usually t]m$ ',,pa/e' or ',,/rass1' :i* is g5]ally =m$ ( oxide ( lead1 potassa1 & silica1 ) small quantities ( o!r +r$i5ts to increase ! brilliancy & cle>ness4 ,! *>act]i/ic t9ts are imp>t$ by ! addition ( metallic oxides4 ,! beauty ( artificial /ones & gems dep5ds1 *iefly1 ^u ! t9t ( ! real /ones be+ exactly imitat$1 & ^u prop] c>e & skill be+ ex]cis$ 9 ! cutt+1 poli%+1 & m\nt+ !m4 ,all ! col\r$ glasses1 & enamels1 may be work$ up into artificial gems4 ,,table ( ! ,h>dness1 ,specific ,gravity1 & ,refractive ,p[] ( ! pr9cipal ,,gems & ,,preci\s ,,/ones1 & "s o!r ,,m9]als2 compil$ expressly = ?is "w4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,"n4 ,relative ,specific ,gravity4 ,index ( ,reflection4 ,h>dness4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,agate #ab #bf ,ame?y/ 7occid5tal7 #aa #bg ,calc>e\s sp> #f #bg ,*alk #c #bg ,*rysolite #aj #cg ,cornelian #aa #bg ,cry/al #aa #bf ,diamond 7blui%7 #ai #cc 7cubic7 #ah #cb 7f ,ormus7 #bj #cg #bdci 7p9k7 #ai #cd 7yell[i%7 #ai #cc 7av]age col\rless7 #ai to #bj #cc to #cee ,em]ald #ab #bh ,fluor sp> #g #ce #adcd ,g>net #ab #dd #ahae ,glass #bc to #cfb #aebe to #bjbh 7cry/al or fl9t7 v>i\s #cj #cf #ahcj #bjbh 7plate7 #be #bf #aead #aedb ,gypsum #e #bc ,jasp] 7gre57 #aa #bg 7r$di% yell[7 #i #bf ,onyx #ab #bf ,opal #aj #bf ,qu>tz #aj #bg #aedh ,ruby #ag #db #aggi 7pale1 f ,brazil7 #ag #ce 7sp9elle7 #ac #cd #agfd ,sapphire 7deep blue7 #af #ch #agid 7pal]7 #ag #ch ,s>donyx #ab #bf ,s*o]l #aj #cf ,topaz #ae #db 7,bohemian7 #aa #bh 7:iti%7 #ad #ce ,t\rmal9e #aj #cj ,zeolite #h #ba ,zircon -- -- #aifa ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,,mm4 ,fremy & ,feil h lately succe$$ 9 manufactur+ artificial corundum1 ruby & topaz1 hav+ a composition ! same z ! natural /ones4 ,! process by :i* !y h effect$ ?is consi/s 9 fus+ toge!r at a r$ heat1 9 ! furnace ( a glass works = a consid]able "t1 a fusible alum9ate 7su* z alum9ate ( lead71 & "s silici\s body4 ,! silica is f\nd to unite ) ! lead1 & to lib]ate ! alum9a 9 ! cry/all9e =m4 ,:5 equal weights ( alum9a & r$ lead are heat$ toge!r 9 a crucible made ( "s refractory silici\s sub/ance1 ! above conditions if ! temp]ature has be5 ma9ta9$ suffici5tly long & high ensue1 & !re is f\nd 9 ! crucible at ! end ( ! op]ation a lay] ( silicate ( lead1 & v frequ5tly ano!r ( pure cry/allis$ alum9a or corundum4 ,! ruby col\r is giv5 by add+ to ! mixture 9 ! crucible two or ?ree p]-c5t4 ( bi*romate ( pota%1 ! blue be+ produc$ by ! addition ( a small quantity ( oxide ( cobalt1 ) a trace only ( bi*romate ( pota%4 ,a film ( silicate ( lead v frequ5tly adh]es to ! ruby cry/als1 & ?is has to be remov$4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! cry/als occur ne>ly pure1 & are precisely simil> to ! natural gems 9 cry/all9e =m1 composition1 h>dness1 & lu/re4 ,^u be+ heat$1 ! artificial ruby1 l ! natural "o1 loses its rose col\r1 & recov]s x aga9 on cool+4 ,x is said t ! factiti\s gems hi!rto obta9$ are n1 z a rule1 equal 9 lu/re to ! natural ones1 & are consequ5tly n s well suit$ = jewell]s' "w2 also t !y d n pres5t to ! lapid>y conditions favorable to cleavage or cutt+4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 v well adapt$ = ! works ( wat*es4 ,see ,,enamels1 ,,pa/es1 c4 ,,g5e',,va4 ,see ,,g9 & ,,holl&s4 ,,g5',,tian ,,root4 ,syn4 ,,g5t9 ,,radix1 ,l4 ,! dri$ root ( ,g5tiana lutea1 or 'yell[ g5tian4' ,dose1 #aj to #cj gr42 z a simple bitt] tonic1 & /oma*ic1 9 dyspepsia1 loss ( appetite1 g\t1 c4 ,x 0 =m]ly a fav\rite rem$y 9 agues4 ,jo9$ ) galls or torm5til1 & giv5 9 suffici5t quantity1 x has n fail$ 9 any int]mitt5ts 9 :i* ,i h tri$ x4 7,dr ,cull547 ,9 excessive doses x is apt to relax ! b[els & di/urb ! sy/em4 ,:5 tak5 = "s "t1 x imp>ts its bitt] flav\r to ! p]spiration & ur9e4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,extract1 c4 ,,g5',,tian94 ,syn4 ,,g5tian9e2 ,,g5tian9a1 ,l4 ,a sub/ance obta9$ by ,,mm4 ,h5ry & ,cav5t\ f ! root ( common g5tian4 ,prep4 #a4 ,g5tian root 79 p[d]7 is dige/$ = #b or #c days 9 cold e!r1 ) agitation1 & ! filt]$ t9cture evaporat$ to dryness2 ! residuum is dissolv$ 9 rectifi$ _s1 & ! solution is aga9 evaporat$2 ! semi-cry/all9e mass is1 la/ly1 r$issolv$ 9 ei!r alcohol or e!r1 & cry/allis$ by c>eful evaporation4 #b4 7,mag5die47 ,! e!real extract is exhau/$ ) cold alcohol 7rectifi$ _s71 z be=e1 & ! result+ t9cture is evaporat$ to dryness2 ! residuum is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 calc9$ magnesia add$ 9 excess1 & ! :ole boil$ & filt]$2 ! s$im5t is dige/$ 9 e!r1 & ! e!real t9cture all[$ to cry/allise by sl[ evaporation4 ,prop41 c4 ,g5tian9 =ms gold5-yell[ ne$les1 sc>cely soluble 9 cold wat]1 b v soluble 9 alcohol & e!r4 ,x is a p[]ful bitt] & /oma*ic4--,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #b gr4 ,,g]',,man ,,pa/e4 ,prep4 ,f pea-meal1 #b lbs42 sweet almonds 7blan*$71 #a lb42 fre% butt] or l>d1 #a_/d lb42 moi/ sug>1 #e oz42 hay saffron1 #a_/b dr42 beat to a smoo? pa/e1 add+ cold wat] q4 s41 granulate ! mass by pass+ x ?r\gh a col&]1 & expose ! product to ! air 9 a w>m place1 until q h>d & dry4 ,! addition ( #b or #c eggs improves x4 ,us$ to fe$ l>ks1 night+ales1 & o!r insectivor\s birds4 ,x w keep good = #ab mon?s 9 a dry place4 ,,g]',,man ,,silv]4 ,syn4 ,,albata1 ,,arg5tan1 ,electrum1 ,,nickel ,,silv]1 ,,tut5ag1 ,,virg9ian ,,plate1 ,,:ite ,,copp]4 ,a well-kn[n alloy1 ! f9] v>ieties ( :i* ne>ly equal silv] 9 :it5ess & susceptibility ( receiv+ a high poli%1 :il/ !y surpass x 9 h>dness & durability4 ,! foll[+ =mul are f ! highe/ au?orities1 or are ! results ( actual analysis ( ! f9e/ comm]cial samples3-- ,prep4 #a4 ,copp]1 #ej p>ts2 nickel1 #bj p>ts2 z9c1 #cj p>ts4 ,v malleable1 & takes a high poli%4 #b4 ,copp]1 #ej p>ts2 nickel1 #bf p>ts2 z9c1 #bd p>ts4 ,closely resembles silv]2 an excell5t sample4 #c4 ,copp] & z9c1 ( ea* #da p>ts2 nickel1 #ah p>ts4 ,r brittle4 #d4 7,m4 ,g]sdorff47 ,copp]1 #ej p>ts2 nickel & z9c1 ( ea* #be p>ts4 ,v :ite & malleable1 & takes a high poli%4 ,recomm5d$ z a g5]al sub/itute = silv]4 #e4 7,g]sdorff47 ,copp]1 #fj p>ts2 nickel & z9c1 ( ea* #bj p>ts4 ,= ca/+s1 z bells1 c&le/icks1 c4 #f4 7,g]sdorff47 ,copp]1 #fj p>ts2 nickel1 #be p>ts2 z9c1 #bj p>ts4 ,= roll+ & wire4 ,v t\gh & malleable4 #g4 7,sample made f ! ore ( ,hilburghaus547 ,copp]1 #dj-a_/b p>ts2 nickel1 #ca-a_/b p>ts2 iron1 #b-a_/b p>ts2 z9c1 #be-a_/b p>ts4 ,equal to ! be/ ,*9ese sample4 #h4 7,pel\ze47 ,copp] & nickel1 equal p>ts4 ,recomm5d$ by ,m4 ,pel\ze z sup]ior to any ( ! alloys conta9+ z9c4 #i4 7,pel\ze47 ,copp]1 #b p>ts2 nickel1 #a "p4 ,n s :ite z ! la/1 b m malleable4 #aj4 7,:ite ,copp] f ,*9a47--a4 ,copp]1 #cj p>ts2 nickel1 #cf p>ts2 z9c1 #cd p>ts4 b4 7,said to be prep>$ f native ore47 ,copp]1 #da p>ts2 nickel1 #cb p>ts2 iron1 #b-a_/b p>ts2 z9c1 #bd-a_/b p>ts4 ,silv]y :ite1 takes a high poli%1 v sonor\s1 malleable bo? cold & at a dull-r$ heat1 & may be roll$ into leaves or =m$ into wire4 #aa4 7,:ite metal spoon1 sold z ',g]man ,plate4'7 ,copp]1 #ee p>ts2 nickel1 #bd p>ts2 z9c1 #af p>ts2 t91 #c p>ts2 iron1 #b p>ts4 ,anal4 ,?is may be briefly describ$ z foll[s3--a4 #ajj gr4 ( ! alloy is dige/$ 9 nitric acid q4 s41 dilut$ ) a little wat]4 ,if ! sample is unequally attack$ by ! acid1 & a :ite ext]nal %ell is obs]v$ :i* dissolves m sl[ly ?an ! int]nal portion1 x is 'plat$' on ^? p>ts ) silv]4 ,if ?is silv] %ell or cas+ has a poli%$ surface on bo? sides1 ! article has be5 'electro-plat$1' if ! contr>y is ! case1 x has mo/ probably be5 plat$ 9 ! usual way4 b4 ,! solution be+ complet$1 heat is appli$ to expel ! excess ( acid1 & ! rema9d] is l>gely dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat]2 dilute hydro*loric acid is n[ dropp$ 9 z long z x occasions a precipitate1 & ! :ole1 aft] be+ mod]ately heat$ = a %ort "t1 & cool$1 is ?r[n ^u a small pap] filt]2 ! precipitate on ! filt] is next wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 c>efully dri$1 & ignit$ 9 a small porcela9 crucible1 ! filt] itself be+ sep>ately burnt on ! cov] ( ! crucible1 & ! a%es add$ to its cont5ts prior to ignition4 ,e #adc-a_/b gr4 ( ! result+ fus$ *loride is equal to #ajh gr4 ( metallic silv]4 c4 ,! filt]$ liquid 7see b7 is next treat$ ) a /ream ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 & ! black precipitate is collect$1 wa%$1 & dige/$ 9 /rong nitric acid2 :5 ! solution is complete sulphuric acid is dropp$ 9 to precipitate ! lead 7if any is pres5t72 if a precipitate is =m$1 ! :ole is evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! excess ( sulphuric acid expell$ by a r /rong heat appli$ t[>ds ! end2 ! dry mass is n[ collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) a mixture ( wat] & alcohol1 dri$1 & expos$ to slight ignition 9 a porcela9 crucible4 ,e #aeb gr4 ( ! result+ dry sulphate is equal to #ajd gr4 ( lead4 d4 ,! liquor filt]$ f ! sulphate ( lead1 or 79 its abs5ce7 ! nitric solution ( ! precipitate produc$ by ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 7see c71 is next treat$ ) potassa1 c41 z describ$ "u ! analysis ( brass4 ,e #dj gr4 ( ! dry protoxide ?us obta9$ repres5ts #cb gr4 ( pure copp]4 e4 ,! liquor :i* 0 filt]$ f ! precipitate produc$ by ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 7see c7 is boil$ until x loses its (f5sive od\r1 & is !n precipitat$ ) c>bonate ( soda1 9 slight excess1 & aga9 boil$ = a few m9utes2 ! precipitate 7mix$ oxides ( nickel & z9c7 is collect$1 wa%$1 & r$issolv$ 9 dilute acetic or nitric acid1 9 excess2 a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 is next pass$ ?r\gh ! solution1 ! precipitate collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$1 r$issolv$ 9 hydro*loric acid1 & ! solution aga9 treat$ ) c>bonate ( soda2 ! la/ precipitate 7oxide ( z9c7 is wa%$1 dri$1 & g5tly ignit$4 ,e #dj gr4 ( ?is oxide is equival5t to #cb gr4 ( metallic z9c4 f4 ,! wa%+s ( ! precipitat$ oxides & ! liquid filt]$ f ! precipitate occasion$ by ! sulphurett$ hydrog5 7see e7 are mix$ toge!r1 pure solution ( ammonia add$ 9 consid]able excess1 & ! mixture agitat$ = "s "t2 ! undissolv$ portion ( ! precipitate is !n collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 r$issolv$ 9 dilute nitric acid1 aga9 precipitat$ ) solution ( potassa1 & ?is la/ precipitate 7f]ric oxide7 wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,e #hj gr4 repres5ts #ej gr4 ( metallic iron4 g4 ,! ammoniacal solution filt]$ f ! precipitate ( sesquioxide ( iron 7see f7 is precipitat$ ) pure solution ( potassa1 boil$ = a few m9utes1 &1 :5 cold1 ?r[n on a filt]2 ! precipitate is1 la/ly1 wa%$ ) hot wat]1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,e #cg-a_/b gr4 ( ! oxide ?us obta9$ is equal to #bi-a_/b gr4 ( metallic nickel4 ,obs4 ,! manufacture ( nickel or ,g]man silv] has ( late acquir$ an importance :i* is second only to t ( silv] plate itself4 ,! sup]ior quality ( ?is alloy1 & ! graceful patt]ns :i* x is (t5 made to assume 9 ! h&s ( ! accompli%$ arti/ _c fail to h attract$ ! admiration ( ! majority ( our read]s4 ,! value ( correct in=mation reg>d+ ! prep>ation ( ?is alloy1 & ( a ready me?od ( det]m9+ ! composition ( ! mo/ improv$ comm]cial samples w1 !re=e1 be fully appreciat$ by e metallurgi/ :o wi%es to ?r[ 8 w>es into ! ar5a ( public competition4 ,mu* t is v5d$ "u ! "n ( ,,g]man ,,silv] is little bett] ?an ! ,,britannia ,,metal or ,,plate ,,pewt] =m]ly s pl5tiful 9 e e/abli%m5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,g]man silv] has q sup]s$$ copp] z ! basis ( 'electro-plat$ goods4'#ccb ,footnote #ccb3 ,see ,,electrotype4 ,! union ( ! metals 9 ! above =mul is effect$ by heat ) ! usual precautions4 ,:5 iron is ord]$1 x is g5]ally add$ "u ! =m ( 't9 plate4' ,see ,,alloy1 ,,brass1 ,,britannia ,,metal1 ,,bronze1 c4 ,,g]',,man ,,t9',,d]4 ,see ,,amad\4 ,,g]m9a',,tion4 ,! gr[? or vegetation ( a se$ by :i* a "y plant is produc$4 ,! conditions ess5tial to g]m9ation are ! pres5ce ( w>m?1 air1 & moi/ure4 ,! mo/ favorable temp]ature is betwe5 #fj & #he ,fahr41 accord+ to ! habitat ( ! respective plants4 ,bel[ #dj ,fahr4 mo/ ( ! m p]fect se$s ei!r refuse to vegetate1 or vegetate sl[ly & feebly2 & at or ne> ! freez+-po9t none ( !m und]go ?is *ange4 ,at a temp]ature above #ajj ,fahr4 ! "y g]m is usually injur$1 & at ab\t #abe1 if x =ms1 x soon )]s & dies4 ,see ,,malt+1 ,,se$1 c4 ,,g]ms4 ,! 'g]m !ory ( disease' may be briefly /at$ to be t :i* supposes ! cause ( epidemic & contagi\s maladies to be due to ! ag5cy ( specific1 inconceivably small g]ms1--diff]5t g]ms giv+ rise to diff]5t diseases4 ,^! disease g]ms ga9+ an entrance by means ( air1 wat]1 or food into ! heal?y body1 & be+ possess$ ( extraord9>y p[]s ( increase & subdivision1 are suppos$ to set up ! p>ticul> disease1 & at ! same "t to multiply to an incr$ible ext5t by fe$+ ^u ! tissues be/ suit$ = _! support4 ,fur!r1 !y are conceiv$ to be ?r[n (f into ! atmosph]e f ! body ( ! pati5t1 :5ce !y are convey$ z be=e describ$ into o!r heal?y animal organism1 9 :i*1 comport+ !mselves z 9 ! previ\s case1 !y set up a simil> disease4 ,see ,,bact]ia ,,z ,,orig9ators ,,( ,,disease4 ,,ghee4 ,a sort ( butt] us$ by ! natives ( ,india4 ,prep4 ,milk is boil$ 9 l>ge e>!n pots = an h\r or two1 !n all[$ to cool1 a little curdl$ milk call$ 'dhye' be+ add$1 9 ord] to make ! :ole coagulate4 ,aft] a lapse ( "s h\rs ! cont5ts ( ea* to ! dep? ( #e or #f in*es are remov$ & plac$ 9 a l>g] e>!nw>e ut5sil1 9 :i* !y are *urn$ by means ( a piece ( split bamboo = ab\t half an h\r2 !n hot wat] is p\r$ 91 & ! *urn+ cont9u$ = half an h\r long]1 aft] :i* "t ! butt] is f\nd to be =m$4 ,:5 ?is becomes rancid1 x is melt$ 9 an e>!n vessel1 & boil$ until all ! wat] has evaporat$2 aft] :i* a little salt or betel-leaf is put into x1 & f9ally x is p\r$ (f into suitable vessels 9 :i* x c be pres]v$ f ! air4 ,bottles are commonly us$ = ?is purpose4 ,see ,,butt]4 ,,gh]',,k9s4 ,syn4 ,,gir',,k9s4 ,small cucumb]s adapt$ = pickl+4 ,see ,,pickles4 ,,gild',,+4 ,syn4 ,,dorure1 ,fr4 ,! art or process ( cov]+ ! surfaces ( bodies ) a ?9 film ( gold1 = ! purpose ( increas+ _! durability or improv+ _! appe>ance4 ,= ! sake ( brevity we %all briefly notice ! lead+ v>ieties ( gild+1 & _! applications1 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,,gild+1 ,,burni%$4 ,?is is di/emp] gild+ to :i* a 'face' has be5 giv5 ) ! 'burni%]4' ,x is *iefly employ$ = ! poli%$ portions ( ! frames ( pictures & mirrors1 ! m prom95t p>ts ( /atuettes1 c4 ,,gild+1 ,,*emical4 ,^? v>ieties 9 :i* ! film ( gold is =m$ on ! surface ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( *emical aff9ity1 9 opposition to me*anical gild+1 9 :i* ! gold is made to adh]e by ! int]v5tion ( "s glut9\s sub/ance4 ,,gild+1 ,,cold4 ,! articles 7copp] or brass7 to be gild$1 aft] be+ s(t5$1 anneal$1 & poli%$ 9 ! usual mann]1 are rubb$ ) a little gild+ p[d] by means ( a piece ( cork moi/5$ ) a solution ( salt 9 wat]2 aft] :i* ! "w is burni%$ ) a piece ( hematite or poli%$ /eel4 7,see bel[47 ,,gild+1 ,,di/emp]4 ,?is is appli$ to wood1 pla/]1 m>ble1 c4 ,x is commonly p]=m$ 9 ?is c\ntry by giv+ ! wood1 fir/1 a coat+ ( good size1 & next1 sev]al successive coats ( size ?ick5$ ) f9ely p[d]$ :it+1 ,spani% :ite1 or pla/] ( ,p>is until a good face is produc$2 obs]v+ to let ea* coat become q dry1 & to rub x p]fectly smoo? ) f9e glass pap]1 be=e ! application ( ! foll[+ "o4 ,:5 ! prop] 'face' is obta9$1 ! surface is ?9ly & ev5ly gone ov] ) gold size1 & :5 ?is is ne>ly dry1 ! gold leaf is appli$1 & aft]w>ds burni%$ ) an agate or dog's too?4 ,! process1 z adopt$ by ! ,p>isian arti/s1 :o greatly excel 9 ?is species ( gild+1 is v complicat$1 & is divid$ into at lea/ #ag di/9ct op]ations1 ea* ( :i* !y decl>e to be ess5tial to its excell5ce4 ,,gild+1 ,,electro-4 ,see ,,electrotype4 ,,gild+1 ,,grecian4 ,9 ?is v>iety sal-ammoniac & corrosive sublimate1 equal p>ts1 are dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 & a solution ( gold made ) ?is m5/ruum2 aft] slight conc5tration ! liquid is appli$ to ! surface ( silv]1 :i* imm$iately becomes black1 b on be+ heat$ exhibits a ri* gild$ surface4 ,,gild+1 ,,japann]',s4 ,! surface is cov]$ ) oil size ?9n$ ) spirits ( turp5t9e1 & gold1 9 p[d]1 is g5tly dabb$ on ) a puff ( wa% lea!r4 ,?is gives ! appe>ance ( 'fro/$ gold4' ,a coat+ ( v>ni% is next giv51 foll[$ by exposure to a g5tle heat 9 ! '/ove4' ,,gild+1 ,,leaf4 ,?is t]m is commonly appli$ to ! gild+ ( pap]1 vellum1 c41 by apply+ leaf gold to ! surface1 previ\sly prep>$ ) a coat+ ( gum wat]1 size1 or :ite ( egg4 ,x is usually burni%$ ) an agate or dog's too?4 ,,gild+1 ,,me*anical4 ,see ,,*emical ,,gild+ 7above74 ,,gild+1 ,,m]curial4 ,see ,,wa% ,,gild+ 7bel[74 ,,gild+1 ,,oil4 ,?is species ( gild+ may be divid$ into sev]al op]ations4 ,! foll[+ are ! abridg$ in/ructions ( a ,p>isian arti/ on ! subject3--#a4 ,! surface is prep>$ by a coat+ ( :ite lead 9 dry+ oil4--#b4 ,ano!r coat is giv51 made ) calc9$ :ite lead or massicot1 gr\nd 9 l9se$ oil & turp5t9e4 #c or #d coats ( ?is mixture are (t5 giv51 at int]vals ( at lea/ #bc h\rs1 obs]v+ to c>efully smoo? (f ea* coat ) pumice /one or %ave grass be=e ! application ( ! foll[+ ones4--#c4 ,! ',gold ,col\r1' or pa9t1 is next appli$4 ,x is usually v adhesive gold size1 or ! bottom ( ! pot or di% 9 :i* pa9t]s wa% _! bru%es4 ,= ?is purpose x is ?or\ghly gr\nd & /ra9$4--#d4 ,:5 ! gold col\r becomes p>tially dry & suffici5tly t5aci\s1 ! gold leaf is appli$1 & press$ on ) a wad ( cotton-wool or a s(t bru%4 ,x is n[ left = sev]al days to h>d54--#e4 ,a coat ( _s v>ni% is next giv51 & ! object is cauti\sly pass$ ov] a *af+-di% ( *>coal1 obs]v+ to avoid /opp+ ! motion ( ! piece :il/ do+ s1 z ! "w w\ld !n become discol\r$ & bli/]$4--#f4 ,! "w is 'f9i%$ (f' ) pale oil v>ni%4 ,= out-door gild+ & common "w ! v>ni%+ process is g5]ally omitt$4 ,?is species ( gild+ is appli$ to woodwork1 pla/]1 metal1 c4 ,,gild+1 ,,v>ni%4 ,?is is a m]e v>iety ( oil gild+1 appli$ to equipages1 furniture1 mirror & picture frames1 c41 ! surface be+ highly v>ni%$ & poli%$ be=e x receives ! size or gold col\r2 & aft] ! gild+ has become q dry1 a coat ( _s v>ni%1 fum$ ) ! *af+ di% z above1 is appli$1 foll[$ by #b1 #c1 or m coats ( ! be/ copal v>ni%1 at int]vals ( #c or #d days ea*4 ,! :ole is1 la/ly1 c>efully poli%$ ) tripoli & wat]4 ,,gild+1 ,,wa%1 ,,amalgam ,g41 ,,m]curial ,g41 ,,wat] ,g4 ,?is consi/s 9 ! application ( a ?9 coat+ ( amalgam ( gold to ! metallic surface 7brass1 bronze1 or copp]7 to be gild$1 & ! subsequ5t volatilisation ( ! m]cury by heat4 ,x is ! usual me?od ( gild+ articles ( copp] & its alloys1 & possesses great beauty & durability :5 skilfully execut$4 ,! occupation is1 h[ev]1 an unheal?y "o1 ow+ to ! cont9ual exposure ( ! workman to ! fumes ( m]cury4 ,! furnace inv5t$ by ,m4 ,d',arcet obviates ?is evil1 z ! :ole ( ! volatilis$ m]cury is c>ri$ (f1 & aga9 cond5s$ = fur!r use4 ,x %\ld1 !re=e1 be adopt$ by e wat]-gild] :o /udies economy & ! heal? ( ^? 9 8 employ4 ,! process ( wat] gild+ consi/s 9 sev]al di/9ct op]ations1 & c only be successfully p]=m$ by ^? :o h be5 s*ool$ 9 ! art by an appr5tice%ip to ! trade4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be wa/e ( space to ent] into details "h4 ,=mul = sev]al ( ! articles employ$ = ! purpose w be f\nd 9 ! alphabetical places 9 ?is "w4 ,,gild+1 ,,wat]4 ,see above4 ,among ! applications ( ! process ( gild+ t des]ve a sep>ate notice are ! foll[+3-- ,! gold lett]s & figures on ! cov]s ( ,,books are ?us =m$3--,gum ma/ic1 9 f9e p[d]1 is du/$ ov] ! surface to be gild$2 an iron or brass tool be>+ ! design ^u its face is !n heat$ to a prop] temp]ature1 & g5tly press$ ^u a piece ( leaf gold1 :i* slightly adh]es to x2 ! two are !n transf]r$ to ! cov]1 & ! tool is g5tly press$ on x1 by :i* means ! ma/ic s(t5s & reta9s ! gold4 ,! loose gold & p[d]$ ma/ic are !n du/$ (f ) a bru%4 ,gold leaf w adh]e to lea!r )\t ! use ( ma/ic1 b n s firmly z :5 x is employ$4 ,! edges ( ! leaves ( books & pap] are fir/ cut p]fectly smoo?1 & !n wa%$ ov] ) a solution ( is+lass 9 weak _s1 or ) a v>ni% made ( ,arm5ian bole1 #d p>ts1 & p[d]$ sug>-c&y1 #a "p1 mix$ up to a prop] consi/5ce ) /ra9$ :ite ( egg4 ,! coat+ is all[$ to dry1 & is !n smoo!d ) a wet rag1 aft] :i* ! gold leaf is appli$ & poli%$ ) ! burni%]4 ,,brass ,,buttons1 =m]ly s mu* 9 dem&1 are cov]$ by a r\gh species ( wa% gild+4 ,! buttons are poli%$ 9 ! la! & ?r[n into a pan ) a little amalgam ( gold1 & z mu* aqua=tis dilut$ ) wat] z w wet !m all ov]4 ,"h !y are well /irr$ up1 until !y assume a silv]y appe>ance1 :5 !y are wa%$ ) clean wat]4 ,!y are !n submitt$ to a suffici5t heat 9 a suitable app>atus1 until ! m]cury is volatilis$4 ,! buttons are next cool$1 & well toss$ & rubb$ ab\t ) a pa9t]'s bru%2 & are1 la/ly1 burni%$ by wa%+ !m well ) be] or ale gr\nds4 ,twelve doz5 7#a gross7 ( buttons1 ( #a in* 9 diamet]1 may be p]fectly gild$ on bo? sides ) only #e gr4 ( gold4 ,by an ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 :i* is /ill unrepeal$1 ?is is ! smalle/ quantity ( gold p]mitt$ to be us$ = a gross ( buttons ( ! above size4 ,,glass1 ,,porcela91 & ,,e>!nw>e1 are gild$ by bl5d+ p[d]$ gold ) gum-wat] & a little borax1 & apply+ ! mixture by means ( a camel-hair p5cil2 ! article is !n heat$ 9 an ov5 or furnace1 by :i* means ! gum is burnt1 & ! borax1 vitrify+1 cem5ts ! gold to ! surface4 ,x is aft]w>ds poli%$ ) a burni%]4 ,names1 dates1 or any fancy device1 may ?us be p]man5tly & easily fix$ on glass1 *9a1 e>!nw>e1 c4 ,,japann$ ,,"w is gild$ by ! me?od expla9$ z ',japann]'s gild+' 7above74 ,,lea!r is gild$ 9 ! same way z ! cov]s ( books4 7,see above47 ,= common "w1 silv] leaf1 or ev5 t9 foil1 is appli$ to ! surface1 previ\sly cov]$ ) size or :ite ( egg1 & aft] be+ burni%$ d[n & dri$1 is wa%$ ov] ) gold-col\r$ lacqu]4 ,! ,,lett]s ( sign-bo>ds & ! ornam5tal gild+ = out-door "w are done by fir/ cov]+ ! design ) yell[ pa9t1 !n ) oil gold-size1 & :5 ?is is ne>ly dry apply+ ! leaf gold1 obs]v+ to %ield x prop]ly f ! w9d1 le/ x be bl[n away or become crumpl$ be=e be+ prop]ly atta*$4 ,! "w is1 la/ly1 v>ni%$4 ,,poli%$ ,,metals may be gild$ by "o or o!r ( ! me?ods already notic$4 ,articles 9 silv]1 copp]1 brass1 & bronze1 are usually coat$ by ! process ( wa% or wat] gild+2 or1 directly1 by ! application ( gold leaf1 z foll[s3--,! piece or article is heat$ to a blui% t9t1 & gold leaf press$ g5tly & c>efully on x ) ! burni%]2 heat is aga9 appli$1 & ! process repeat$ ) fre% leaves ( gold until ! gild+ has acquir$ ! prop] ?ickness & tone4 ,! surface is la/ly poli%$ ) ! burni%]1 or is col\r$ 9 ! usual mann] at ! /ove4 ,?is succe$s ) iron1 /eel1 silv]1 copp] & its alloys1 c4 ,ano!r me?od = poli%$ articles 9 iron & /eel1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is less durable ?an ! prec$+1 is to apply an e!real solution ( gold to ! surface ) a camel-hair p5cil4 ,! e!r flies (f & leaves ! surface coat$ ) gold1 :i* is !n poli%$ z be=e4 ,9 ?is way1 any fancy device or writ+ may be execut$ on /eel or iron ) extreme facility4 ,,silks1 ,,sat9s1 ,,wooll5s1 ,,ivory1 ,,bone1 c41 may be readily gild$ by imm]s+ !m 9 a solution ( neutral t]*loride ( gold 7#a ( ! salt1 & #c to #f ( wat]71 & !n expos+ !m to ! action ( hydrog5 gas4 ,! latt] "p ( ! process may readily be p]=m$ by p\r+ "s dilute sulphuric acid on z9c or iron fil+s1 9 a wide-m\!d bottle1 & plac+ x "u a j> or simil> vessel1 inv]t$1 at ! top ( :i* ! articles to be gild$ are susp5d$4 ,fl[]s or o!r ornam5tal designs may be produc$ by pa9t+ !m on ! surface ) a camel-hair p5cil dipp$ 9 ! solution4 ,! design1 aft] a few m9utes' exposure to ! hydrog51 %9es ) all ! spl5d\r ( ! pure/ gold1 & w n t>ni% on exposure to ! air1 or 9 wa%+4 ,,gild$ ,,?read or ,,gold ,,?read is m]ely a ?read ( yell[ silk cov]$ ) a v ?9 flatt$ wire ( gold1 by means ( a revolv+ :eel4 ,,wire 7copp]1 silv]1 or brass7 is occasionally gild$1 9 coils1 by a simil> process to t adopt$ = ,,buttons2 b m frequ5tly z foll[s3--,rods 7usually ( silv]7 are cov]$ ) gold foil ( a ?ickness proportionate to ! quality ( ! int5d$ wire1 & ! comp\nd b> is !n drawn into wire1 9 ! usual way4 #ajj gr4 ( gold 0 =m]ly ! l[e/ legal quantity t c\ld be employ$ = #a lb4 ( silv]4 ,pat5ts4 ,among ! v>ieties ( *emical gild+ may be m5tion$ #a4 7,elk+ton's pat5t--,,g]man ,,gild+1 ,bonnet's ,,gild+ ,,process47 ,! articles to be gild$1 aft] be+ p]fectly clean$ f scale or grease1 & receiv+ a prop] 'face1' are susp5d$1 by means ( wires1 9 ! gild+ liquid 7boil+ hot71 & mov$ ab\t !re9 = a p]iod v>y+ f a few seconds to a m9ute1 or long]2 ! precise "t requir$ dep5d+ on ! newness & /r5g? ( ! liquid4 ,:5 suffici5tly gild$1 ! articles are )drawn f ! 'solution ( gold1' wa%$ 9 clean wat]1 & dri$2 aft] :i* !y und]go ! usual op]ation ( 'col\r+1' c4 ,a dead gold appe>ance is produc$ by ! application to ! articles ( a weak solution ( nitrate ( m]cury previ\sly to ! imm]sion 9 ! gild+ liquor2 or ! dead5+ may be giv5 by apply+ a solution ( ! nitrate to ! newly gild$ surface1 & !n expell+ ! m]cury by heat4 ,! gild+ liquor4--,take ( f9e gold1 #e oz4 7troy72 nitro-muriatic acid1 #eb oz4 7avoirdupois72 dissolve by heat1 & cont9ue ! heat until r$ or yell[ vap\rs cease to be evolv$2 decant ! cle> liquid into a suitable vessel2 add ( di/ill$ wat]1 #d galls42 pure bic>bonate ( potassa1 #bj lbs42 & boil = #b h\rs4 ,! nitro-muriatic acid is made ) pure nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ade71 #ba oz42 pure muriatic acid 7sp4 gr4 #aae71 #ag oz42 & di/ill$ wat]1 #ad oz4 ,?is process1 ?\gh pat5t$ by ,mr ,elk+ton 9 ,engl&1 0 9 reality discov]$ & fir/ practis$ by ,m4 ,bonnet1 a =eign]4 ,articles ?us gild$ d n be> friction & ! op]ations ( be+ put 9 col\r 7mise en c\leur7 s well z ^? gild$ by ! m]curial process1 or by ! me?ods ( cold or leaf gild+ z appli$ to poli%$ metals4 #b4 7,talbot's pat5t47 ,by ?is process poli%$ metallic articles are gild$ by simple imm]sion 9 a solution ( gallic acid 9 wat]1 e!r1 or alcohol1 to :i* a solution ( gold has be5 previ\sly add$4 ,,silv]+ & ,,plat9is+ may be effect$ 9 ! same mann]1 by us+ a solution ( ei!r ( ^! metals in/ead ( "o ( gold4 a/]ism ,^! & o!r *emical processes h be5 almo/ completely sup]s$$ by ! c]ta9 & economical process ( ,,electro-,,gild+4 ,see ,,electrotype4 ,gild+ ,amalgam4 ,see ,,amalgam4 ,gild+ ,liquor4 ,?is "n has be5 giv5 to v>i\s solutions ( gold1 & to o!r liquids employ$ 9 gild+4 ,! =m] are notic$ else:]e4 ,among ! latt] are ! foll[+3 ,,dead+ ,,aqua=tis4 ,f m]cury1 #a "p2 aqua=tis 7sp4 gr4 #acc71 #c p>ts2 dissolve1 & add ( s(t wat]1 #g p>ts4 ,us$ to produce a dead-gold effect4 ,x is appli$ 7dilut$7 to ! articles1 be=e spread+ ! amalgam ov] !m1 9 wat] gild+2 or be=e plac+ !m 9 ! 'gild+ liquor1' 9 ! *emical processes4 ,,m]curial ,,solution4 ,f m]cury1 #aj p>ts1 dissolv$ 9 aqua=tis 7sp4 gr4 #acc71 #aa p>ts1 & ! solution dilut$ ) #be times its weight ( wat]4 ,us$ to moi/5 ! scrat* bru% be=e draw+ x ov] ! amalgam1 9 m]curial gild+2 also to dead5 ! gild$ surface1 by moi/5+ ! latt] ) x1 & !n expos+ ! piece to a heat suffici5tly high to drive (f ! m]cury4 ,,gild]',s ,,pickle4 ,f alum & common salt1 ( ea* #a oz42 nitre1 #b oz42 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 ,us$ to imp>t a ri* col\r to gold surfaces1 especially ( tr9kets4 ,its application %\ld n be too long cont9u$1 z x dissolves a small portion ( ! gold4 ,= common purposes x is be/ us$ l>gely dilut$ ) wat]4 ,,v]meil1 ,,v]meil ,,coat+1 ,,or-,,molu ,c4 ,f annotta & salt ( t>t>1 ( ea* #a oz42 dragon's blood1 #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 simm] d[n to ab\t "o f\r?1 add saffron1 #bj gr41 & :5 m]ely tepid1 /ra9 ?r\gh f9e musl9 into a bottle4 ,us$ to give lu/re & fire to di/emp] gild+4 ,a little is float$ ov] ! surface ) a v s(t1 flat1 camel-hair bru%4 ,gild+ ,metal4 ,! metal employ$ z a base = gild+ is usually brass1 or a mixture ( brass & copp]4 ,! foll[+ proportions h be5 recomm5d$3-- #a4 ,copp]1 #f p>ts2 brass1 #a "p4 #b4 ,copp]1 #d p>ts2 ,bri/ol brass1 #a "p4 #c4 ,copp]1 #ac p>ts2 old ,bri/ol brass1 #c p>ts2 t91 #ad p>ts4 ,gild+ ,p[d]4 ,prep4 #a4 ,pure gold1 #e dr42 pure copp]1 #a dr42 aqua regia1 #aj oz42 dissolve1 moi/5 clean l95 rags ) ! solution1 dry !m1 & burn !m to a%es4 ,! latt] conta9 ! gold 9 a /ate ( m9ute division1 & mu/ be c>efully collect$4 #b4 ,gra9 gold1 #a dr42 rose copp]1 #ae gr42 aqua regia1 #b fl4 oz42 proce$ z la/4 ,us$ 9 ',gold ,gild+4' #c4 ,see ,gold 79 p[d]74 ,gild+ ,%ells4 ,see ,,gold ,,%ells4 ,gild+ ,size4 ,see ,,gold ,,size4 ,gild+ ,wax4 ,syn4 ,,gild+ ,,v>ni%1 ,,gild]',s ,,wax4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f beeswax1 #d oz42 v]digris & sulphate ( copp]1 ( ea* #a oz42 melt$ toge!r4 #b4 ,beeswax1 #d oz42 v]digris1 r$ o*re1 & alum1 ( ea* #a oz4 ,us$ to give a r$ gold col\r to wat] gild+4 ,,g94 ,syn4 ,,g5e',,va4 ,corn _s flav\r$ ) ei!r oil ( junip] or oil ( turp5t9e4 ,g9 0 orig9ally &1 = "s "t1 :olly import$ f ,holl&1 & 0 a ri*1 s(t _s1 flav\r$1 *iefly1 ) junip] b]ries2 on :i* acc\nt x _h obta9$ ! "n ( ',,g5eva1' f ',,g5i,,vre1' ! ,fr5* = junip]4 ,aft] a "t ! di/illation ( an imitation g5eva sprung up 9 ?is c\ntry1 :5 ! =eign _s came to be call$ ',,holl&s1' or ',,holl&s ,,g5eva1' to di/+ui% x f ! _s ( home manufacture4 ,! ,engli% monosyllable ',,g9' is a corruption ( g5eva1 ! prim>y syllable ( :i*1 z 9 num]\s o!r in/ances1 0 seiz$ on by ! vulg>1 & adopt$ z a %ort & conv5i5t sub/itute = ! :ole ^w4 ,! liquor at pres5t kn[n by ! "n ( 'g9' 9 ?is c\ntry is a v diff]5t article to t import$ f ,holl&1 & consi/s ( pla9 corn-_s1 flav\r$ ) oil ( turp5t9e & small quantities ( c]ta9 aromatics4 ,! ?\s& & "o receipts = ?is article1 :i* h f "t to "t be5 pr9t$ 9 books1 produce a flav\r$ _s be>+ no resemblance to ! m e/eem$ samples ( ,engli% g92 &1 if possible1 ! products are ev5 m unlike g5u9e ,holl&s4 ,any p]sons may easily satisfy himself ( ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion by actual exp]im5t on ! small scale4 ,! cause ( ?is incongruity has aris5 *iefly f ! writ]s n be+ practically acqua9t$ ) ! subject1 & f ! dis9cl9ation ( well-in=m$ practical m5 to divulge1 gratuit\sly1 :at !y conceive to be valuable secrets4 ,h5ce ! utt] failure ( any attempts to produce ei!r g9 or ,holl&s f ! receipts usually publi%$4 ,! au?ors appe> to h all imbib$ a junip]-b]ry mania--probably f ! imbibition ( _! fav\rite bev]age4 ,oil ( junip]1 9 ! h&s ( ^! g5tlem51 appe>s to be a p]fect aqua mirabilis1 t readily conv]ts :isky into g91 & imp>ts ! ri* creamy flav\r ( ',s*i$am ,holl&s' to crude corn or molasses _s4 ,b !ory & exp]im5t sometimes disagree4 ,9 practice1 x is f\nd t ! true flav\r ( =eign g5eva _c be imp>t$ to _s by junip] alone1 & t ! ,engli% g9 ( ! pres5t day dep5ds = its flav\r on no su* a sub/ance4 ,! foll[+ =mul are m]ely giv5 z specim5s2 & x is prop] to rem>k1 t e di/ill] has 8 own receipt = ?is notori\s bev]age4 ,h5ce x is t ! g9s ( no two di/ill]s are ( precisely ! same flav\r2 & ?is diff]5ce is /ill m m>k$ :5 ! di/ill]s reside 9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry remote f ea* o!r4 ,boo?'s1 ,smi?'s1 & ,ni*olson's g9s h ea* a *>act]i/ic flav\r1 readily p]ceiv$ by _! respective vot>ies2 :il/ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ',plym\?' or ',bri/ol g91' & ! 'g9 ( ! metropolis1' is z rem>kable z t betwe5 ',b>clay's ,,xxx' & ',gu9ness's bottl$ /\t4' ,^! v>iations 9 flav\r g5]ally dep5d on ! use ( m or less flav\r+ matt]1 or ( a _s m or less clean or free f ta9t2 &1 less frequ5tly1 on ! addition ( a small quantity ( "s peculi> aromatic1 :i* ex]cises a modify+ influ5ce on ! *ief flav\r+ +r$i5t4 ,9 _m cases ! flav\r has orig9at$ f accid5t1 b ! consum]s hav+ become accu/om$ to1 & h5ce reli%+1 t p>ticul> 'palate1' x is f\nd to be unwise or comm]cially impossible to alt] x4 ,any *ange 9 ^! matt]s is !re=e look$ ^u 9 e di/ill]y z a dang]\s innovation1 :i* w\ld prove m prejudicial to ! prosp]ity ( its ex*equ] ?an ! repeal ( ! duty on ,fr5* w9es & br&y1 or ev5 a frightful conflagration4 ,! di/ill]s1 l ! brew]s1 are ?or\gh cons]vatives 9 all matt]s connect$ ) ! flav\r ( _! liquors4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( g91 bo? sweet5$ & unsweet5$1 & inde$ ( liquors g5]ally1 ! greate/ possible c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid an excess ( flav\r+4 ,! mo/ e/eem$ samples are ^? t consi/ ( v pure _s1 slightly flav\r$4 ,prep4 #a4 ,clean corn _s1 at pro(1 #hj galls42 newly rectifi$ oil ( turp5t9e1 #a-a_/d p9t2 mix well by viol5t agitation1 add cul9>y salt1 #ad lbs41 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #dj galls42 aga9 well agitate1 & di/il ov] #ajj galls41 or until ! fa9ts beg9 to rise4 ,product4 #ajj galls4 ( g9 #bb u4 p41 besides #b galls4 conta9$ 9 ! fa9ts4 ,if #ajj galls4 at #ag u4 p4 are requir$1 #he galls4 ( pro( _s1 or its equival5t at any o!r /r5g?1 mu/ be employ$4 #b4 ,pro( _s 7z above71 #h galls42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #a fl4 oz42 salt1 #a-a_/b lb41 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #d galls42 draw ov] #aj galls41 z be=e4 #bb u4 p4 #c4 ,clean corn _s1 #hj galls42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #a p9t2 pure oil ( junip]1 #c fl4 oz42 salt1 #ba lbs42 wat]1 #ce galls42 draw ov] #ajj galls41 z be=e4 #bb u4 p4 #d4 ,to ! la/1 be=e di/illation1 add1 ( oil ( c>away1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 oil ( sweet f5nel1 #a_/d fl4 oz42 c>damoms 7gr\nd71 #h oz4 #e4 ,to ,no4 #c add1 ( ess5tial oil ( almonds1 #a dr42 ess5ce ( lemon1 #d dr4 #f4 ,to ,no4 #a1 be=e di/illation1 add ( creasote1 #c fl4 dr4 #g4 ,to ,no4 #c add ( creasote1 #b dr4 #h4 ,pro( _s1 #hj galls42 oil ( turp5t9e1 #c_/d p9t2 oil ( junip]1 #a_/d p9t2 creasote1 #b dr42 oranges & lemons1 slic$1 ( ea* #i 9 no42 mac]ate = a week1 & di/il #ajj galls4 #bb u4 p4 #i4 ,to ,no4 #a add ( rectifi$ fusel oil1 #a_/b p9t4 #aj4 ,to ,no4 #a add ( oil ( junip]1 #a_/b p9t4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,! oil ( turp5t9e = ?is purpose %\ld be ( ! be/ quality1 & n t usually v5d$ = pa9t+1 :i* always conta9s res9 & (t5 fix$ oil4 ,junip] b]ries1 bitt] almonds1 & ! aromatic se$s1 may be us$ in/ead ( ! ess5tial oils2 b ! latt] are ! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,turp5t9e conveys a pla9-g9 flav\r1--junip] b]ries or oil gives a ,holl&s flav\r1--creasote imp>ts a c]ta9 degree ( smok9ess1 or :iskey flav\r1--lemon & ! o!r aromatics1 a cream9ess1 fulness1 & ri*ness4 ,! flav\r imp>t$ by c>damoms1 :5 us$ judici\sly1 is peculi>ly agreeable & appropriate4 ,t f c>aways is also 9 g5]al e/eem4 ,cassia 9 extremely small proportions also tells well4 ,fusel oil gives a :iskey-g9 flav\r2 & 9 conjunction ) creasote or crude pyroligne\s acid1 a full :iskey flav\r4 ,! only dang] 9 ! employm5t ( all ^! articles is us+ too mu* ( !m4 ,:5 ?is mis=tune happ5s1 ! rem$y is to add suffici5t pla9 _s to r$uce ! flav\r to ! prop] /&>d4 ,! cream9ess & smoo?ness s mu* admir$ 9 '=eign g5eva' results *iefly f age4 ,! ,engli% rectifi] endeav\rs to imitate ?is by ! addition ( a little sug>4 ,a ri* mell[ness1 t comb9es well ) g9s turn+ on ! ',holl&s flav\r1' is giv5 by a v small quantity ( g>lic1 & ) ,canadian balsam or ,/rasburg turp5t9e4 ,! peculi> piquancy1 or ! prop]ty ( 'bit+ ! palate1' reg>d$ z a pro( ( /r5g? & quality by ! ignorant g9-dr9k]1 is imp>t$ to ! liquor by ! addition ( a little cau/ic potassa4 ,slic$ hors]adi% gives piquancy z well z mell[ness4 ,gra9s ( p>adise1 cay5ne pepp]1 & sulphate ( z9c1 are also commonly add$ by fraudul5t deal]s4 ,al?\gh g9 is always prep>$ on ! l>ge scale by di/illation1 x may also be made by ! simple solution or dige/ion ( ! flav\r+ +r$i5ts 9 ! _s2 b x is1 ( c\rse1 bett] = di/illation4 ,if made 9 ! =m] way1 no salt mu/ be employ$4 ,! g9 produc$ by ! above =mul is t d5om9at$ 9 ! trade ',,unsweet5$ ,,g91' ',,grog ,,g91' c42 b ! g9 usually sold 9 ! metropolis is a sweet5$ _s1 & h5ce is te*nically di/+ui%$ by ! t]ms ',,sweet5$1' or ',,made ,,up1' ,! g5]ality ( ,london g9-dr9k]s pref] ! latt] article1 ev5 :5 weak] & inf]ior1 :i* x usually is1 z ! addition ( sug> p]mits adult]ation & wat]+ to an enorm\s ext5t ) absolute impunity4 ,sweet5$ _s _c be easily te/$ = its /r5g?1 & is tak5 by ! ,excise at ! /r5g? :i* x is decl>$ to possess by ! deal]4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r g9 is sweet5$ or n1 a little may be evaporat$ 9 a spoon1 ov] a hot coal or a c&le1 :51 if x is pure1 x w leave ! spoon sc>cely soil$2 b if1 on ! contr>y1 x has be5 sweet5$1 a small quantity ( syrupy liquid1 or sug>1 w be obta9$1 ! sweetness ( :i* may be easily recognis$ by ta/+ x4 ,! :ole ( ! casks & ut5sils employ$ = g9 %\ld be p]fectly clean1 & prop]ly prep>$1 s z n to give col\r2 z1 if ?is _s acquires ! pale/ col\r$ t9t1 its value is less5$1 & if mu* col\r$ x is r5d]$ unsaleable4 ,:5 g9 has once become mu* /a9$1 ! only rem$y is to re-di/il x2 :5 x is only slightly /a9$1 ! addition ( a few lbs4 ( acetic acid 7,b4 ,p47 to a pipe or butt1 a spoonful or two to a gallon1 or a few drops to a decant]ful1 w usually decol\r x1 ei!r at once or z soon z x is mix$ ) wat] to make grog4 ,see ,,alcoholometry1 ,,casks1 ,,di/illation1 ,,holl&s1 ,,spirits1 c41 & bel[4 ,g91 ,cor'dial4 ,?is is g9 sweet5$ ) sug>1 & slightly aromatis$4 ,prep4 ,good g9 7#bb u4 p471 #ij galls42 oil ( almonds1 #a dr42 oils ( cassia1 nutmeg1 & lemon1 ( ea* #b dr42 oils ( junip]1 c>away1 & cori&]1 ( ea* #c dr42 ess5ces ( orris root & c>damoms1 ( ea* #e fl4 oz42 orange-fl[] wat]1 #c p9ts2 lump sug>1 #ef to #fj lbs42 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #d galls4 ,! ess5ces are dissolv$ 9 #b qu>ts _s ( w9e1 & add$ gradually to ! g9 until ! requisite flav\r is produc$1 :5 ! sug> 7dissolv$7 is mix$ 91 along ) a suffici5t quantity ( s(t wat]1 hold+ #d oz4 ( alum 9 solution1 to make up #ajj galls4 ,:5 ! :ole is p]fectly mix$1 #b oz4 ( salt ( t>t>1 dissolv$ 9 #b or #c qu>ts ( hot wat]1 are add$1 & ! liquor is aga9 well rummag$ up2 aft] :i* ! cask is bung$ up1 & all[$ to repose4 ,9 a week1 or less1 x w h become brilliant1 & may be ei!r 'rack$1' or drawn f ! same cask4 ,product4 #ajj galls41 ab\t #cj u4 p4 ,g91 ,sweet5$4 ,prep4 ,f unsweet5$ g9 7#bb u4 p471 #ie galls42 lump sug>1 #dj to #de lbs41 dissolv$ 9 cle> wat]1 #c galls42 mix well1 & f9e x d[n z above4 ,product4 #ajj galls41 at #bf u4 p4 ,?is1 z well z ! la/1 is usually 'p]mitt$' at #bb or #bd u4 p41 :i* is also done :5 ! g9 has be5 fur!r l[]$ ) wat] s z to be ev5 #cj or #ce u4 p4 ,see ,,spirits1 & above4 ,,g9',,g]4 ,syn4 ,,g+] ,,root2 ,,z+ib]is ,,radix1 ,,z+ib] 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,! scrap$ & dri$ rhizome 7root/ock or und]gr\nd /em7 ( ,z+ib] (fic9ale--7,b4 ,p474 ,g+] is an aromatic /imulant & /oma*ic1 v useful 9 flatul5ce & spasms ( ! /oma* & b[els1 & 9 loss ( appetite & dyspepsia1 aris+ f debility1 or occurr+ 9 old or g\ty subjects4 ,a piece *ew$ an h\r be=e d9n] t5ds to provoke ! appetite2 z a ma/icatory1 x (t5 relieves too?a*e1 relaxation ( ! uvula1 t5d] gums1 & p>alytic affections ( ! tongue4 ,made into a pa/e ) w>m wat]1 & spread on pap]1 x =ms a useful & simple 'heada*e-pla/]1' :i* frequ5tly gives relief :5 appli$ to ! =ehead or temples4 ,z a condim5t & flav\r+ +r$i5t1 x is p]haps "o ( ! mo/ :olesome ( ! aromatic k9ds1 & is less acrid ?an ! pepp]s4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b teaspoonful1 /irr$ up 9 any simple liquid4 ,pur41 c4 ,! be/ is t kn[n 9 comm]ce z ',,unblea*$ ,,jamaica ,,g+]1' :i* is an uncoat$ pale v>iety1 occurr+ 9 l>ge1 bold1 fle%y pieces 7',,races'71 :i* cut s(t1 bright1 & pale-col\r$4 ,! inf]ior v>ieties occur 9 small] pieces1 & are d>k]-col\r$1 fl9ty1 & %rivell$4 ,! deal]s frequ5tly 'dress up' ! common d>k-col\r$ g+]s by wa%+ !m 9 wat]1 dry+ !m1 & !n 'r\nc+' !m 9 a bag ) a little calc9$ :it+ or magnesia 7,,wa%$ ,,g+]72 or !y blea* !m by dipp+ !m into a solution ( *loride ( lime1 or by expos+ !m to ! fumes ( burn+ sulphur 7,,blea*$ ,,g+]72 or !y dip !m into a milk =m$ ( quicklime or :it+ & wat] 7,,:ite-,,wa%$ ,,g+]74 ,! la/ has a *alk-:ite surface1 :i* _c be mi/ak5 = ! natural "o4 ,,p[d]$ ,,g+] is ) difficulty obta9$ pure & good4 ,! common adult]ants are :eat-fl\r1 or ,ea/ ,indian arr[-root1 & planta9-meal4 ,! fir/ may be detect$ by ! microscope1 ! o!rs by ! flav\r & action ( hot wat]4 ,see ,,loz5ges1 c4 ,,g+]94 ,syn4 ,,oleores9a ,,z+ib]is4 ,prep4 7,ph>m41 ,u4 ,s47 ,put #a lb4 7,troy7 ( g+] 9 f9e p[d] into a p]colator1 & p\r on x #ab ounces 7old measure7 ( pure e!r4 ,:5 ?is has be5 absorb$1 add rectifi$ _s until #ab ounces 7old measure7 h be5 obta9$4 ,recov] ! great] "p ( ! e!r by di/illation ov] a wat] ba?1 & expose ! residue 9 a porcela9 di% until ! volatile "p has evaporat$4 ,keep x 9 a /opp]$ bottle4 ,,g9s5g4 ,! root ( ! ,panax ,s*9s5g 7,g9s5g7 is greatly e/eem$ 9 ,*9a1 :]e x is reg>d$ z a panacea = ne>ly all diseases1 & :]e x realises a high price 9 consequ5ce4 ,?is op9ion ( its !rapeutic value is n %>$ by ,briti% & ,am]ican practition]s1 :o look ^u x z a comp>atively in]t sub/ance4 ,an alli$ species1 ! ,panax qu9quefolium1 is sold 9 ,am]ica1 less = ! sake ( its v feeble demulc5t prop]ties1 ?an to supply ! dem& ( ^? :o h acquir$ a ta/e = x4 ,! root has a some:at bitt] ta/e1 & is some:at mucilag9\s4 ,x occurs 9 pieces usually ab\t ?ree or f\r in*es long1 (t5 p>tially divid$1 be+ jo9$ toge!r at ! base2 :5 clean x has a semi-transp>5t appe>ance4#ccc ,footnote #ccc3 ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle4' ,pres]v$ ,g+]4 ,syn4 ,,conditum ,,z+ib]is1 ,l4 ,an excell5t /oma*ic sweetmeat or pres]ve4 ,x is *iefly import$ f ! ,we/ ,indies & ,*9a4 ,see ,,c&y+1 c4 ,a ,factiti\s ,pres]v$ ,g+] is sometimes met )1 prep>$ f ! /alks ( lettuces j go+ to se$1 us+ a conc5trat$ syrup1 /rongly flav\r$ ) ,jamaica g+]4 ,see ,,c&y1 c4 ,,g9',,g] ,,be]4 ,see ,,be]4 ,,g9',,g]bread4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,colquh\n47 ,fl\r1 #a lb42 c>bonate ( magnesia1 #a_/d oz42 mix2 add1 ( treacle1 #a_/b lb42 moi/ sug>1 #a_/d lb42 melt$ butt]1 #b oz42 t>t>ic acid 7dissolv$ 9 a little wat]71 #a dr42 make a /iff d\gh1 !n add ( p[d]$ g+] & c9namon 7cassia71 ( ea* #a dr42 grat$ nutmeg1 #a oz42 set x aside = half an h\r or an h\r be=e putt+ x into ! ov54 ,obs4 ,x %\ld n be kept long] ?an two or ?ree h\rs at ! utmo/1 be=e be+ bak$4 #b4 ,fl\r & treacle1 ( ea* #a lb42 butt]1 #a-a_/b oz42 c>bonate ( magnesia1 #a oz42 add spices 7g+]1 c9namon1 nutmeg1 allspice1 cay5ne1 cori&]s1 c47 to ta/e2 mix z la/4 ,obs4 ,fit = bak+ 9 f f\r to six h\rs4 #c4 ,fl\r1 #b lbs42 c>bonate ( magnesia1 #a_/b oz42 mix2 add1 treacle1 #a-a_/b lb42 butt]1 #b oz42 spice1 q4 s42 t>t>ic acid1 #a_/d oz42 mix quickly1 & make x into =ms4 ,obs4 ,ripe = ! ov5 9 half an h\r to "o h\r4 #d4 ,in/ead ( t>t>ic acid 9 ! la/ =mula1 use cream ( t>t> 7dissolv$ 9 wat]71 #b oz4 ,obs4 ,rip5s 9 #dj or #ej m9utes4 #e4 ,fl\r or f9e poll>d1 #a lb42 treacle1 #c_/d lb42 salt ( t>t>1 #a_/b oz41 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 q4 s41 butt]1 #a oz42 spices1 to palate4 ,obs4 ,takes sev]al days to rip52 sometimes a =tnight4 #f4 7,extemporane\s47--a4 ,f fl\r1 #a-a_/d lb42 moi/ sug> & treacle1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 butt]1 #b-a_/b oz42 bak]'s salt 7c>bonate ( ammonia71 #a_/d oz41 dissolv$ 9 cold wat]1 q4 s42 g+]1 #c dr42 nutmeg1 #b dr42 cassia1 #a dr42 cay5ne pepp] 7be/71 #a_/b dr4 b4 ,f fl\r1 #f lb42 p[d]$ g+]1 #b-a_/b oz42 c>away se$s1 #a oz4 7& o!r spices to palate72 c&i$ lemon & orange peels1 ( ea* #b oz42 moi/ sug> & melt$ butt]1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 treacle1 #d lb42 volatile salt1 #b oz42 wat]1 q4 s42 mix z above4 ,may be bak$ at once4 c4 ,f ,jones's pat5t fl\r1 #b lbs42 treacle1 #a lb42 moi/ sug>1 #c_/d lb42 butt]1 #b-a_/b oz42 spice1 q4 s42 mix z quickly z possible1 & bake x in/antly4 ,if ! d\gh is exp]tly mix$ up1 ! quality ( ! product is fully equal1 if n sup]ior1 to t ( any ( ! prec$+ =mul4 ,obs4 ,g+]bread is ei!r roll$ out into ?9 %eets & cut into cakes or nuts 7,,g+]bread ,,nuts7 ) ! top ( a w9e-glass or cani/]1 or is =m$ into ?ick cakes1 :i* are bak$ 9 'bat*es' 7ord9>y ,,g+]bread74 ,bo? v>ieties require a pretty brisk ov52 ! ?9n] k9ds 7nuts1 c471 especially1 mu/ be bak$ z crisp z possible1 )\t be+ burnt4 ,! v>ieties call$ ,,lemon ,,g+]bread1 ,,c>away ,g41 c41 h a p]ceptible pr$om9ance ( ^! flav\r+ +r$i5ts4 ,! addition ( a little alum1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 makes ! bread bo? light] & crisp]1 & causes x to rip5 quick]1 b at ! same "t less5s its :olesom5ess4 ,,g9',,g] ,,c',,dy4 ,see ,,c&y+4 ,,g9',,g] ,,drops4 ,see ,,drops 7,confection]y74 ,,glaire4 ,:ite ( egg4 ,see ,,album5 & ,,egg4 ,,glan',,d]s4 ,syn4 ,,f>c9oma1 ,l4 ,a contagi\s disease1 g5]ally conf9$ to ! horse1 ass1 & mule1 b communicable to man1 9 :om x assumes a highly malignant & (t5 fatal "*4 ,?is disease appe>s "u two =ms--#a4 ,,simple ,,acute ,,gl&]s1 m>k$ by copi\s dis*>ge ( f\l muc\s matt] f ! no/rils & adjac5t p>ts2 &--#b4 ,,f>cy1 ,,f>c91 or ,,f>cy ,,gl&]s1 :5 x attacks ! lymphatics ( ! sk91 ei!r g5]ally1 produc+ a di/5d$ appe>ance ( ! vessels1 l moles or buttons 7,,lead or ,,button ,,f>cy71 or locally1 :5 x takes ! =m ( dropsical accumulations 9 ! legs 7,,wat] ,,f>cy74 ,treat4 ,mr ,y\att consid]s x useless to attempt ! cure ( gl&]$ horses2 b t f>cy 9 its e>li] /ages & mild] =ms may be (t5 successfully treat$4 ,all ! m]curials h be5 us$ ) b5efit 9 f>cy2 b !y mu/ be discont9u$ z soon z ! m\? is suffici5tly affect$1 or sickness1 loss ( appetite1 & l symptoms1 are produc$4 7,bla9e47 ,fe$+ ! animal entirely on gre5 food appe>s to be ! be/ mode ( treatm5t 9 bo? v>ieties4 ,! buttons are g5]ally remov$ ) cau/ic or a r$-hot iron4 ,gl&]s is q incurable1 b by g5]\s diet1 good /abl+1 & m9]al tonics1 life1 except 9 extremely acute cases1 may be prolong$ = _m weeks4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n desirable2 = x involves great risk1 n only to o!r horses1 b also to ! att5dants4 7,f9lay ,dun47 ,,glass4 ,syn4 ,,vitrum1 ,l4 ,?is well-kn[n sub/ance is ess5tially a mixture ( silicates ) an excess ( silica or silicic acid4 ,x g5]ally conta9s ! silicates ( potassa1 soda1 lime1 b>yta1 magnesia1 alum9a1 & lead1 col\r$ by small portions ( iron1 manganese1 cobalt1 uranium1 copp]1 or gold4 ,9 its usual =m x is brittle1 transp>5t1 noncry/all9e1 insoluble1 & fusible2 b x sometimes exhibits o!r prop]ties4 ,! manufacture ( glass is "o ( ! highe/ beauty1 &1 consid]+ ! comp>ative wor?lessness ( ! mat]ials ( :i* x is made1 & ! v>i\s purposes ( a useful1 ornam5tal1 & sci5tific nature :i* x subs]ves1 x may be reg>d$ z1 p]haps1 ! mo/ important 9 ! hi/ory ( inv5tions4 ,! pr9ciple ( its production is v simple1 al?\gh great skill & exp]i5ce are necess>y to ensure its excell5ce4 ,silica 7commonly "u ! =m ( s&7 is heat$ ) c>bonate ( potassa or ( soda1 & slak$ lime or oxide ( lead1 until ! mixture fuses1 & comb9ation takes place4 ,aft] a "t ! melt$ mass becomes p]fectly limpid & free f air-bubbles1 :5 x is all[$ to cool until x assumes ! peculi> t5aci\s condition prop] = work+4 ,! op]ation ( fusion is conduct$ 9 l>ge crucibles ( refractory fire-clay1 :i*1 9 ! case ( 'lead-glass1' are cov]$ ) a dome at ! top1 & h an op5+ at ! side by :i* ! mat]ials are introduc$1 & ! melt$ glass )drawn4 ,! manufacture ( glass is only conduct$ on ! l>ge scale1 & ! precise "* & proportions ( ! +r$i5ts us$ by ! glass-mak] mu/ necess>ily greatly dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! raw mat]ials furni%$ by 8 locality1 or o!rwise at 8 comm&4 ,! att5tion ( ! manufactur] %\ld be direct$ to ! use ( 8 mat]ials 9 su* proportions z w furni%1 9 ! melt+-pot1 ! prop] quantities ( ! ess5tial +r$i5ts1 z det]m9$ f ! kn[n composition ( ! be/ comm]cial samples4 ,! purity ( ! raw mat]ials & ! accuracy ( 8 proportions & quantities are prov$ or disprov$ by ! excell5ce ( ! product2 & ! cause ( error 7if any7 may be at once det]m9$ by c>efully asc]ta9+ ! quality ( ! +r$i5ts employ$1 & ! composition ( ! defective glass4 ,a writ] 79 ',*em4 ,c5tr41' #ahgb1 #ebh7 po9ts out t v g5]ally ! soda us$ 9 glass mak+1 conta9s sulphate1 & t :5 ?is is s a poor glass is produc$4 ,! addition ( #ge-a "p ( wood *>coal = e #ajj p>ts ( true soda--improves ! quality ( ! glass4 ,prep4 ,! foll[+ =mul exhibit ! composition ( ! lead+ comm]cial glasses1 z %[n by *emical analysis1 toge!r ) ! proportions ( ! raw mat]ials us$ 9 _! production4 ,,bottle ,,glass4 ,sp4 gr4 #bgjj to #bgce4-- a4 ,composition by analysis3-- #a4 ,silica1 #ecee2 lime1 #bibb2 mix$ alkali1 #edh2 alum9a1 #fja2 oxide ( iron1 #egd4 ,d>k gre54 #b4 ,silica1 #eb2 b>yta1 #baf2 soda1 #bfa2 oxides ( iron & manganese1 #c4 ,pale gre52 v sup]ior4 b4 ,raw mat]ials us$3-- #a4 ,yell[ s&1 #bj2 kelp1 #h2 lixiviat$ wood-a%es1 #cj2 fre% wood-a%es1 #h2 pale clay1 #af2 'cullet' 7brok5 glass71 #ah4 ,?is is ! common mixture = co>se bottles1 9 ,belgium1 ,france1 & ,g]many4 #b4 ,to ! la/ add ( black oxide ( manganese1 #b-a_/b to #c4 ,has a ri* yell[i% col\r2 us$ = ,rh5i%-w9e bottles4 #c4 ,pale s&1 #ea2 lixiviat$ wood-a%es1 #cc2 pe>l-a%es 7dri$71 #h2 common salt1 #g-a_/b2 :ite ars5ic1 #a_/b2 *>coal1 q4 s4 ,v pale gre54 #d4 ,silice\s s& 7pale71 #fh-a_/b2 pota% 7or its equiv471 #d2 lime1 #bc-a_/b2 heavy sp>1 #b-a_/b2 p]oxide ( manganese1 #a-a_/b4 ,?is =ms ! celebrat$ 'flask-glass' ( ,/4 ,eti5ne4 ,,glass1 ,,broad1 ,,spread ,,w9d[ ,,glass4 ,sp4 gr4 #bfdb4-- a4 ,by analysis3-- ,silica1 #figj2 lime1 #accj2 soda1 #aebe2 oxide ( iron 7& loss71 #age4 b4 ,mat]ials us$3-- #a4 ,:ite s&1 #ej2 dri$ sulphate ( soda1 #bb2 *>coal 79 p[d]71 #i2 'cullet1' #da2 p]oxide ( manganese1 a little4 ,pale4 #b4 ,:ite s&1 #fj2 pota%es 7good71 #bd2 common salt1 #aj2 nitre1 #e2 :ite ars5ic1 #a2 p]oxide ( manganese1 a little 7#a_/ab to #a_/aj72 pale 'cullet1' at w 7#aj to #cj74 ,v pale4 ,?is is ! 'spread' or '%eet w9d[-glass' 9 common use4 ,,glass1 ,,*emical4 ,sp4 gr4 #bcij to #bcif4-- a4 ,by analysis3-- #a4 ,silica1 #gbhj2 potassa1 #afhj2 lime 7) a trace ( alum9a71 #ifh2 magnesia1 #dj2 traces ( oxide ( manganese & iron 7& loss7 #cb4 ,?is is ! difficultly fusible ',bohemian tube-glass1' s valuable 9 *emical manipulations4 #b4 ,silica1 #fic2 potassa1 #aeh2 soda1 #c2 lime1 #gf2 alum9a1 #ab2 magnesia1 #b2 oxide ( iron1 #e2 oxide ( manganese 7& loss71 #f4 ,engli% *emical glass 7)\t lead74 ,m fusible ?an ! la/4 b4 ,mat]ials us$3-- #a4 ,qu>tz 7hyal91 9 p[d]71 #fj2 calc9$ purifi$ pe>la%1 #cj2 fre%-burnt lime 7v pure71 #i2 nitre 7dri$71 #c_/d2 ars5i\s acid or p]oxide ( manganese1 #a_/d4 ,said to be ! proportions us$ 9 ! production ( a1 #a 7above74 #b4 7,m4 ,peligot47 ,qu>tz1 #ga-a_/b2 c>bonate ( potassa 7or its equiv41 dry71 #bj2 quicklime1 #h-a_/b2 7manganese1 a little74 ,said to be ! =mula = ! h>de/ & lea/ fusible ',bohemian tube-glass4' ,x is v intractable & infusible1 except at a v high temp]ature2 b ! addition ( an exce$+ly small quantity ( boracic acid1 borax1 or ars5i\s acid1 causes x to fl[ into a glass possess+ great brilliancy & h>dness1 & capable ( be+ wr\ght at ! highe/ heat ( ! ord9>y furnace4 ,,glass1 ,,cr[n1 ,,:ite ,,w9d[-,,glass4 ,sp4 gr4 #bdhf to #bdhh4-- a4 ,by analysis3-- #a4 ,silica1 #fbh2 potassa1 #bba2 lime1 #aee2 alum9a 7) traces ( oxide ( iron & manganese71 #bf4 ,cr[n-glass ( ,bohemia1 accord+ to ,dumas4 ,v beautiful4 #b4 ,silica1 #gbe2 soda1 #agge2 lime1 #ige4 ,engli% cr[n-glass2 excell5t quality1 b n s :ite z ! la/4 b4 ,mat]ials us$3-- #a4 ,f9e/ :ite silice\s s&1 #fd2 purifi$ pota%es 7dry71 #bc2 lime1 #ab2 :ite ars5ic1 #c_/d2 oxide ( manganese1 #a_/d4 ,said to be us$ 9 ,bohemia4 #b4 7,s*weigg]47 ,pure s&1 #eg2 dry sulphate ( soda1 #bh-a_/b2 quicklime1 #aa-a_/b2 p[d]$ *>coal1 #c or #d4 ,corresponds to a1 #b1 above 7ne>ly74 #c4 ,pure s&1 #dj2 soda a%1 #bd2 lime1 #e2 :ite 'cullet1' #ca1 ,r sup]ior to ! la/4 ,,cry/al1 ,,cry/al ,,glass4 ,! 'cry/al glass' ( ,engl& is fl9t glass' ( sup]ior quality2 t ( ,bohemia is notic$ "u ,,table ,,glass4 ,,glass1 ,,fl9t1 ,,cry/al4 ,sp4 gr4 #cjjj to #cfbj4-- a4 ,by analysis3-- #a4 7,b]?i]47 ,silica1 #eiai2 oxide ( lead1 #bhfh2 potassa1 #abac2 oxides ( iron & manganese1 traces4 ,f9e/ col\rless ,engli% cry/al4 #b4 7,br&e2 ,f>aday47 ,silica1 #eb2 oxide ( lead1 #cd2 potassa1 #cd4 ,cry/al4 #c4 7,f>aday47 ,silica1 #ddcj2 oxide ( lead1 #dcje2 potassa1 #aage2 alum9a1 #ej2 oxides ( iron & manganese1 #ab2 7loss #bh74 ,heavie/ ( ?ree samples ( fl9t glass exam9$4 b4 ,mat]ials us$3-- #a4 ,f9e/ ,lynn-s& 7calc9$1 sift$1 & wa%$71 #ea2 li?>ge 7pure/71 #bh 7or r$ lead1 #bi71 ref9$ pe>la%es 7calc9$ be=e be+ weigh$71 #af2 nitre 7purifi$71 #d-c_/d ars5i\s acid & p]oxide ( manganese1 ( ea*1 #a_/h4 ,v f9e cry/al4 #b4 7,m4 ,pay547 ,f9e s&1 #df2 r$ lead1 #ca2 purifi$ c>bonate ( pota%1 #bc4 ,fr5* cry/al4 #c4 7,g$des47 ,:ite ,lynn-s&1 #ea2 r$ lead or li?>ge1 #cc2 ref9$ pe>la%es1 #ac2 nitre1 #c2 a v little ars5i\s acid & p]oxide ( manganese4 ,ord9>y ,engli% fl9t-glass4 ,cry/al 'cullet' may be add$ at w to ! above4 ,?is glass 0 orig9ally prep>$ f p[d]$ fl9ts1 a fact to :i* x owes its common "n4 ,,glass1 ,,optical4 #a4 7,cr[n glass47 ,pure/ silice\s s&1 #ee2 c>bonate ( soda 7dry71 #ab2 *alk 7dry71 #aa2 c>bonate ( b>yta1 #bb4 #b4 7,fl9t glass47-- a4 ,by analysis3-- ,silica1 #ddcj2 oxide ( lead1 #dcje2 potassa1 #aage4 ,?is is ,gu9&'s 'd5se optical glass4' b4 ,mat]ials us$3-- #a4 ,pure/ qu>tz1 #db2 r$ lead 7f9e/71 #db2 purifi$ pota%1 #ad-c_/d2 purifi$ nitre1 #a-a_/d4 ,^! are ! proportions us$ = ! la/4 #b4 7,korn]47 ,f9e/ qu>tz 7r$uc$ to p[d]1 treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 wa%$1 & dri$71 #dg-a_/b2 r$ lead1 #ch-a_/d2 cream ( t>t>1 #ad-a_/b4 ,! above are us$ by opticians 9 ! con/ruction ( a*romatic object-glasses4 ,,glass1 ,,plate4 ,sp4 gr4 #bdhh to #bfjj4-- a4 ,by analysis3-- #a4 7,dumas47 ,silica1 #gei2 soda1 #age2 lime1 #ch2 alum9a1 #bh4 ,fr5* mirror-glass4 #b4 7,mits*]li*47 ,silica1 #fj2 potassa1 #be2 lime1 #abe2 loss1 #be7874 ,f9e/ ,bohemian plate4 b4 ,mat]ials us$3-- #a4 ,f9e/ silice\s s&1 #de2 dri$ c>bonate ( soda1 #be2 lime1 #e2 nitre 7purifi$71 #b2 plate-glass cullet1 #bc2 p]oxide ( manganese & cobalt azure1 a v little4 ,ord9>y ,engli% plate4 #b4 ,:iti% qu>tz s&1 #fj2 purifi$ c>bonate ( soda 7dri$71 #bj2 lime 7slak$ by exposure to ! air71 #i2 plate-glass cullet1 #aa 7or m74 ,sometimes z mu* cullet z s& is us$2 b 9 all cases #a to #a-a_/b ( its weight 9 c>bonate ( soda is add$ ) x1 besides t ord]$ 9 ! =mula1 to comp5sate = loss ( alkali by remelt+4 ,us$ at ! celebrat$ plate-glass works at ,sa9t-,goba91 ,france4 ,! product possesses an am\nt ( excell5ce :i* ,briti% manufactur]s h yet fail$ to equal4 ,,glass1 ,,table ,,bohemian ,,cry/al4 ,sp4 gr4 #bf to #bh4-- a4 ,by analysis3-- #a4 7,m4 ,b]?i]47 ,silica1 #gag2 potassa1 #abg2 soda1 #bc2 lime1 #ajc2 alum9a1 #d2 oxides ( iron & manganese 7& loss71 #bf4 ,v :ite1 h>d1 & beautiful table glass4 #b4 7,dumas47 ,silica1 #gj2 potassa1 #bj2 lime1 #d2 alum9a1 #e2 oxide ( iron1 #f2 p]oxide ( manganese1 #d4 ,a beautiful :ite w9eglass4 b4 ,mat]ials us$3-- #a4 ,f9e/ s&1 #ej2 purifi$ pota%es1 #be2 *alk1 #aj2 nitre1 #b2 cry/al cullet1 #bg2 manganese1 a little 7say #a_/af74 ,us$ 9 ,engl& rec5tly = table glass4 #b4 ,qu>tz 7hyal91 9 p[d]71 #fc2 purifi$ pota%es1 #bf2 slak$ lime 7c>efully sift$71 #aa2 manganese1 a little2 cry/al cullet1 at w4 ,us$ 9 ,bohemia4 #c4 7,m4 ,p]donnet47 ,p[d]$ qu>tz1 #dd2 c>bonate ( potassa1 #cc2 quicklime 79 f9e p[d]71 #bb2 nitre1 #a2 & a v small quantity ( ars5i\s acid & p]oxide ( manganese4 ,said to be ! =mula us$ at ,neuwelt = ! glass a1 #a 7above74 ,qual41 c4 ,^! are d5ot$ by its h>dness1 transp>5cy1 homog5eity1 /r5g?1 & p[] ( resi/+ ! action ( wat]1 air1 light1 & ! /rong] acids & alkalies4 ,! p[] ( glass to resi/ ! action ( m5/rua is readily tri$ by expos+ x to boil+ oil ( vitriol1 & hot b dilute solution ( cau/ic potassa4 ,nei!r ( ^! te/s %\ld cause ! glass to lose its transp>5cy or to become dim4 ,swall[$ glass4 ,glass & enamel1 bo? 9 fragm5ts & 9 p[d]1 h occasionally be5 swall[$1 ) diff]5t results4 ,^! bodies are insoluble 9 ! fluids ( ! body1 &1 consequ5tly1 any injuri\s action !y may ex]t ^u ! sy/em :il/ !y are reta9$ 9 x mu/ entirely dep5d ^u me*anical attrition or irritation4 ,z treatm5t1 we mu/ adm9i/] an emetic1 & assi/ its action by ?ick mucilag9\s liquids1 & aft]w>ds h rec\rse to antiphlogi/ics1 if necess>y4 ,anal4--a4 ,a portion ( ! sample = exam9ation is heat$ to dull r$ness1 & !n sudd5ly ?r[n1 :il/ /ill hot1 into a vessel ( cold wat]4 ,x is next dri$1 & r$uc$ to f9e p[d] 9 an agate or h>d5$-/eel mort>4 b4 #ajj gr4 ( ! prep>$ p[d] is ?or\ghly mix$ ) #bjj gr4 ( pure potassic hydrate1 & ! :ole is expos$ to heat 9 a silv] or plat9um crucible or capsule until p]fect fusion takes place2 :5 cold1 ! crucible & its cont5ts are boil$ 9 ab\t half a p9t ( di/ill$ wat]2 nitric acid is add$ to ! result+ solution1 9 excess1 & ! mixture1 toge!r ) any s$im5t1 is evaporat$ to dryness1 aft] :i* ! heat is gradually increas$ to #djj or #ejj ,fahr42 ! dry residuum is next r$uc$ to p[d]1 & dige/$ 9 wat] acidulat$ ) nitric acid1 until exhau/$ ( soluble matt]2 ! insoluble portion is !n c>efully dri$1 g5tly ignit$ & weigh$4 ,! weight 9 gra9s repres5ts ! p]-c5tage ( silica 9 ! sample exam9$4 c4 ,! mix$ liquid & wa%+s ( b is next acidulat$ ) nitric acid1 & treat$ to a /ream ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 :i*1 if x produces a precipitate1 is cont9u$ = "s "t2 ! precipitate is collect$ on a v small filt]1 wa%$1 & dri$2 ! filt] ) ! precipitate next plac$ 9 a beak] glass1 & /rong fum+ nitric acid is cauti\sly add$1 drop by drop1 until complete solution takes place2 aft] boil+ ! solution = a few m9utes1 dilut+ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & all[+ x to cool1 x is precipitat$ ) sulphuric acid1 9 excess2 ?is precipitate 7sulphate ( lead7 is wa%$1 dri$1 slightly ignit$ 9 a porcela9 crucible1 & weigh$4 ,! weight 9 gra9s1 multipli$ by #gcfi1 gives ! p]-c5tage ( oxide ( lead or li?>ge4 d4 ,! filt]$ liquid f c is evaporat$ to dryness1 & r$issolv$ 9 wat] acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & treat$ ) a solution ( ammonium *loride1 & aft]w>ds ) ammonia1 9 excess2 ! precipitate 7alum9a & oxide ( iron7 is collect$1 wa%$1 & boil$ 9 a solution ( potassium hydrate2 ! undissolv$ portion is collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) boil+ wat]1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,?is gives ! p]-c5tage ( p]oxide ( iron4 e4 ,! liquid filt]$ f ! oxide ( iron holds ! alum9a 7if any7 9 solution2 a solution ( c>bonate ( ammonium is dropp$ 92 ! result+ precipitate is wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,?is gives ! p]-c5tage ( alum9a4 f4 ,! filtrate f ! alum9a & oxide ( iron 7see d71 aft] be+ evaporat$ to dryness1 is r$issolv$ 9 a l>ge quantity ( di/ill$ wat]1 & is treat$ ) a solution ( oxalic acid 7a solution ( oxalate ( ammonium is pref]able :5 no b>yta is pres5t72 ! precipitate is wa%$1 dri$1 g5tly ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,! weight ( ! result+ c>bonate ( calcium1 9 gra9s1 multipli$ by #efbib1 gives ! p]-c5tage ( lime requir$4 g4 ,! filtrate f f is n[ mix$ ) c>bonate ( potassium1 9 consid]able excess1 & boil$ = a long "t2 ! result+ precipitate 7if any7 is !n collect$ on a filt]1 slightly wa%$ ) hot wat]1 dri$1 & expos$ to a full r$ heat = "s "t 7say #b h\rs72 ! residuum ( ! calc9ation is !n weigh$4 ,?is furni%es ! p]-c5tage value ( ! sample 9 magnesia4 h4 ,! filtrate f f is treat$ ) dilute sulphuric acid or ! solution ( a sulphate1 z long z a precipitate falls2 ! precipitate 7sulphate ( b>ytum17 is wa%$1 dri$1 g5tly ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,! weight1 9 gra9s1 multipli$ by #fehi1 gives ! p]-c5tage ( b>yta 9 ! sample4 ,! above may be v>i$ by g5tly conc5trat+ ! liquid filt]$ f ! precipitate ( alum9a & oxide ( iron 7see d71 & precipitat+ x ) dilute sulphuric acid2 ! mix$ precipitate is exhau/$ by dige/ion 9 wat] hold+ *loride ( ammonium 9 solution2 ! undissolv$ residuum 7sulphate ( b>ytum17 is wa%$1 dri$1 & o!rwise treat$ z be=e2 :il/ ! solution ) ! wa%+s is treat$ ) a solution ( c>bonate ( ammonium2 ! precipitate is c>bonate ( calcium1 :i* is to be wa%$1 c41 z direct$ "u f4 ,! liquor1 c41 filt]$ f ! lime1 is la/ly te/$ = magnesia4 7,see g47 i4 ,a second #ajj gr4 ( ! p[d]$ glass 7see a7 is mix$ ) #bjj gr4 ( fluor sp>1 also 9 p[d]2 ! comp\nd is plac$ 9 a plat9um or lead5 capsule1 #ejj gr4 ( /rong sulphuric acid are add$1 & ! :ole cauti\sly /irr$ toge!r ) a silv] /irr] or spoon1 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid inhal+ ! fumes2 ! heat ( a _s lamp is next appli$1 & at fir/ is kept at ab\t #bab ,fahr41 b t[>ds ! conclusion ( ! process is rais$ to #cjj ,fahr41 or ev5 high]1 & is cont9u$ = at lea/ #b h\rs1 or until fumes entirely cease to be evolv$2 #e or #f fl4 oz4 ( di/ill$ wat] are next p\r$ on ! residu>y mass1 &1 aft] ?or\gh agitation1 ! :ole is ?r[n on a filt]1 m wat] be+ at la/ p\r$ on to wa% out any rema9s ( soluble matt]2 to ! filtrate1 c>bonate ( ammonium is add$ 9 excess1 & aft] a "t ! e>?y salts are remov$ by filtration2 ! filt]$ liquor is n[ evaporat$ to dryness1 & ignit$ to dull r$ness = #b or #c m9utes2 ! residuum 7sulphate ( potassium or sodium1 or ( bo?71 aft] be+ weigh$ 7! weight be+ c>efully not$ d[n71 is r$issolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]2 a solution ( *loride ( b>ium is !n add$ z long z x di/urbs ! liquor1 & aft] a "t ! :ole is aga9 filt]$2 ! filtrate is conc5trat$ by evaporation1 & solution ( bi*loride ( plat9um add$ 9 excess2 ! :ole is n[ g5tly evaporat$ to dryness1 mix$ ) alcohol1 collect$ on a filt]1 c>efully wa%$ ) weak alcohol1 dri$ at a temp]ature "u #bab ,fahr41 & weigh$4 ,! weight1 9 gra9s1 multipli$ by #aidj1 gives ! p]-c5tage ( potassa s\ght4 k4 ,! weight ( sulphate ( potassium 9 ! ignit$ residuum 9 i is calculat$ f t ( ! potassium la/ f\nd 7#dg p>ts ( ! "o be+ equal to #hg p>ts ( ! o!r71 & ?is weight is d$uct$ f ! gross weight ( ! ignit$ sulphates2 ! rema9d] repres5ts ! quantity ( sulphate ( sodium pres5t4 ,! weight ( ! latt]1 9 gra9s1 multipli$ by #dcfg1 gives ! p]-c5tage ( pure soda requir$4 ,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 ,"o ( ! *ief po9ts to :i* ! skilful glass manufactur] directs 8 att5tion1 is ! quality ( ! mat]ials4 ,great c>e is ex]cis$ 9 ! selection ( ! s& = all ! f9] v>ieties ( glass4 ,! usual practice is to te/ x be=e us+ x1 by expos+ x to a v high temp]ature4 ,! pure/ s& is t :i* is ! :ite/ & free/ f iron1 & :i*1 consequ5tly1 suff]s ! lea/ alt]ation by ?is treatm5t4 ,! alkalies 7pota%1 soda7 employ$ are purifi$ by solution & cry/allisation4 ,! r$ lead & li?>ge mu/ be pure & absolutely free f oxide ( copp] 7a common contam9ation71 :i* gives a gre5 t9t to ! glass4 ,! =m]1 :i* is ! mo/ co/ly1 is pref]able to ! f9e/ cry/al4 ,c>e mu/ also be tak5 t ! lime1 clay1 c41 are respectively ( prop] purity2 & t ! 'cullet1' or brok5 glass1 :i* is almo/ always remelt$ ) ! o!r mat]ials1 is ( prop] quality1 & ( ! same k9d z t to :i* x is add$4 ,potassa produces a bett] glass ?an soda1 al?\gh ! latt] is n[ v g5]ally employ$1 f its l[] price4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q inadmissible z an +r$i5t 9 ! manufacture ( ! bett] class ( cry/al & plate glass1 z1 h[ev] pure x may be1 x imp>ts to ! product a slight gre5i% t+e m or less de/ructive ( its beauty4 ,:5 sulphate ( soda 7,glaub] salt7 is us$ z a s\rce ( soda1 x is g5tly calc9$ to dissipate its wat] ( cry/allisation1 & requires ! addition ( ab\t #h ( *>coal to effect its r$uction 9 ! melt+-pot4 ,common salt is also employ$ z a s\rce ( soda 9 ! same mann]4 ,sometimes native sulphide ( lead 7gal5a7 is us$ to decompose ! sulphate ( soda1 & 9 lieu ( "p ( ! oxide ( lead2 9 :i* case ab\t #e p>ts ( ! sulphuret are tak5 = e #i p>ts ( ! calc9$ sulphate4 ,to anticipate ! results ( 8 processes1 & to c>ry out ) c]ta9ty 8 v>i\s int5tions1 ! glass manufactur]1 p]haps m ?an any o!r p]son1 requires ! aid ( sci5ce & exp]i5ce4 ,all 8 mo/ ess5tial op]ations dep5d on *emical pr9ciples4 ,! products ( 8 furnaces are n =m$ by ! m]e me*anical admixture ( _! sev]al +r$i5ts :il/ 9 ! /ate ( fusion1 b result f ! play ( delicate aff9ities :i* only act "u c]ta9 conditions1 & :5 ! mat]ials are pres5t$ to ea* o!r 9 uni=m & def9ite proportions4 ,*emically speak+1 ! glasses are mix$ sup]-silicates ( ! respective bases :i* ent] into _! composition 7potassium1 calcium1 lead1 c471 &1 l all o!r comp\nds :i* are =m$ by elective attraction1 obey ! common laws ( comb9ation1 z develop$ by ,dalton1 & n[ s successfully appli$ 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( indu/rial art4 ,x has be5 %[n by ! mo/ c>eful analysis1 t 9 all ! m valuable & beautiful comm]cial glasses ! relative proportions ( ! mat]ials are con=mable to ^! laws1 & t sev]al ( !m are true atomic comp\nds1 z p]fect 9 ?is respect z ! cry/all9e bodies commonly d5om9at$ salts4 ,9 "s ( ! h>d] glasses ( ,bohemia ! numb] ( atoms or equival5ts ( silica are to ea* ( ! bases ) :i* x is unit$1 ne>ly z #e to #a2 :il/ 9 a s(t] glass ( ,g]man manufacture ! proportions ( ! two are f\nd to be z #d to #a4 ,! celebrat$ plate glass ( ,/4 ,goba9 is an atomic comp\nd =m$ ( #a equival5t ( trisilicate ( soda unit$ to #a equival5t ( trisilicate ( lime1 ) a small p]-c5tage ( alum9a 9 comb9ation ) silicic acid1 also 9 atomic proportion4 ,glasses 9 :i* ! +r$i5ts be> no atomic ratio to ea* o!r are nev] homog5e\s1 b always m or less /riat$ & ( unequal col\r & refractive p[]4 ,! abs5ce ( atomic proportion betwe5 ! sub/ances ent]+ into its composition appe>s to be ! only reason :y ! be/ ,engli% plate & mirror glass is s greatly inf]ior to t ( ,france & ,g]many1 t comp>ison ( ! two becomes absurd4 ,! only v>iety ( glass 9 ! production ( :i* ! ,engli% manufactur] excels is fl9t glass or cry/al1 & "h he c]ta9ly surpasses all 8 num]\s competitors4 ,! subject is d\btless involv$ 9 difficulty1 ow+ to ! precise temp]ature necess>y to effect ! p]fect comb9ation ( ! bases ) ! silicic acid1 v>y+ ) ! "* ( ! comp\nd1 & n be+ satisfactorily settl$ by obs]vation or exp]i5ce4 ,! modify+ influ5ce ( temp]ature is %[n by ! fact t ! l[] ! heat employ$ 9 ! process1 ! small] ! quantity ( silica :i* ent]s into ! composition ( ! result+ glass2 :il/ at high] temp]atures a "p ( ! base is dissipat$ 9 fumes1 until su* proportions ( base & acid result z are requir$ to produce a p]man5t atomic comp\nd correspond+ to ! temp]ature employ$4 ,if ! heat is excessive or improp]ly cont9u$1 ! loss ( base produces an opposite effect1 & an opaque1 semi-vitrifi$ mass is =m$1 resembl+ ',reaumur's porcela94' ,! quality ( ! result+ glass dep5ds on ?is *ange be+ m or less complete4 ,if ! furnace yields ! "r temp]ature1 & ! duration ( ! exposure to its action is nei!r too %ort nor too prolong$1 nature makes up = ! unskilful conduct ( ! op]ative1 & removes ! /umbl+ blocks :i* 8 ignorance _h plac$ 9 ! way ( 8 own attempts at excell5ce4 ,! proce$+s & _! results are accid5tal2 b be+ once obta9$1 ! fir/ are repeat$ )\t fur!r tr\ble or inquiry4 ,?is acc\nts = ! same mixture ( mat]ials yield+ products ( diff]5t qualities at diff]5t times1 & 9 diff]5t works1 :i* ! op]ative cont5ts himself ) ref]r+ to ! 'go+ ( ! furnace4' ,! common plan 9 ?is c\ntry is to regulate ! proportions & fir+ by exp]i5ce only1 r ?an by !ory & practice comb9$4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! *emi/ has mu* yet to le>n on ! precise con/itution ( ! glasses1 & al?\gh !ory may n be able to ensure unv>y+ success1 x is nev]!less c]ta9 t1 9 all cases1 x c af=d mu* valuable assi/ance 9 t direction4 ,inde$1 x has be5 ass]t$ by "o ( ! lead+ ,cont95tal *emi/s1 t +r$i5ts t w yield ! prop] equival5t proportions 9 ! melt+ pot _c produce a bad glass1 if expos$ to su* a temp]ature z to p]mit ( p]fect comb9ation tak+ place4 ,x is f\nd t ^? glasses :i* conta9 a pr$om9ance ( alkali are act$ on by wat]1 & :5 ?is is 9 great excess !y are p]fectly soluble 9 t fluid4 ,ord9>y fl9t glass is affect$ by long coction 9 wat]1 :il/ cr[n glass1 :i* conta9s less alkali1 is unalt]$ by t trial4 ,glass :i* conta9s any consid]able quantity ( lead is act$ on by sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,?is is ! cause ( ! surface ( fl9t glass1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 becom+ opaque & iridesc5t4 ,glasses made ( silica & alkali alone are incapable ( p]man5tly resi/+ ! action ( wat]4 ,! addition ( lime or oxide ( lead appe>s to be necess>y to give !m ?is quality4 ,glasses t h a slight gre5i% or blui% t9t may be (t5 :it5$1 or r5d]$ col\rless1 by exposure to light & air4 ,?is arises f ! p]oxidation ( ! iron1 to ^: protoxide !y owe _! t9t4 ,o!r glasses become purpl$ by exposure1 ow+ to ! p]oxidation ( ! manganese4 ,diff]5t col\rs are communicat$ to glass by ! addition ( metallic oxides4 ,?us1 oxide ( manganese gives an ame?y/2 oxide ( cobalt1 a blue2 oxide ( iron1 a br[n2 black oxide ( copp]1 a gre52 oxide ( gold1 a purple2 suboxide ( copp]1 a ruby-r$2 oxide ( t91 a :ite2 oxide ( silv]1 a yell[1 c4 ,^! sub/ances are ei!r add$ to ! melt$ cont5ts ( ! glass-pot1 z 9 prep>+ artificial gems1 c41 or !y are appli$ 9 a ?9 lay] to ! surface ( ! object1 :i* is !n heat$ until fusion ( ! col\r$ comp\nd occurs1 z 9 enamell+ & pa9t+ on glass4 ,glass is ,,=m$ or ,,fa%ion$ into articles by ! processes ( bl[+1 ca/+1 draw+1 roll+1 or spread+4 ,9 ! process ( ,,bl[+ ,,glass ! workman beg9s by collect+ a prop] quantity ( glass 9 a s(t1 pa/y /ate1 at ! end ( 8 bl[-pipe 7an iron tube1 five or six feet 9 l5g?1 t]m9at$ by a m\?-piece ( wood71 :i* he !n comm5ces bl[+ ?r\gh1 by :i* ! lump is exp&$ into a k9d ( flask1 susceptible ( hav+ its =m modifi$ by ! position 9 :i* x is held1 & ! velocity ( rotation cont9ually giv5 to ! iron tube4 ,if an op5-m\!d vessel is to be made1 an iron rod1 call$ a 'pontil' or 'puntil1' is dipp$ into ! glass-pot & appli$ to ! bottom ( ! flask1 to :i* x ?us s]ves z a h&le1 ! bl[-pipe be+ remov$ by ! application ( a cold iron to ! neck4 ,! vessel is n[ re-heat$1 & ! ap]ture enl>g$1 & ! vessel o!rwise alt]$ 9 figure by ! aid ( a few simple tools until complet$4 ,x is !n deta*$1 & c>ri$ to ! 'anneal+ ov51' :]e x und]goes sl[ & gradual cool+ dur+ _m h\rs4 ,9 ?is way bottles1 flasks1 c>boys1 & an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( o!r articles1 are =m$4 ,! l>ge circul> tables ( ,,cr[n-,,glass are made by a jo9t process ( ,,bl[+ & ,,spread+4 ,! globul> flask at fir/ produc$1 transf]r$ f ! bl[-pipe to ! 'pontil1' is sudd5ly made to assume ! =m ( a flat disc by ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! rapid rotatory movem5t giv5 to ! rod4 ,,spread or ,,broad ,,glass is =m$ into %eets 9 a ne>ly simil> mann]4 ,,plate-,,glass is ca/ ^u a flat metal table1 &1 aft] v c>eful anneal+1 is gr\nd & poli%$ by suitable ma*9]y4 ,,tubes are made by rapidly draw+ out a holl[ cyl9d]2 & f ^! a great v>iety ( useful small app>atus are con/ruct$ ) ! help ( a lamp & bl[pipe1 or1 /ill bett]1 ! bell[s-table ( ! b>omet]-mak]4 ,,glass ,,beads are made f small tubes *opp$ into pieces ( suitable l5g?s1 :i* are /irr$ fir/ 9 a mixture ( s& & wood-a%es1 9 ! cold1 & aft]w>ds 9 an iron pan ov] ! fire until !y assume a r\nd$ =m4 ,,small ,,tubes are b5t 9 ! flame ( a _s lamp or gas-jet1 & cut by a file1 a scrat* be+ made1 & ! two portions pull$ or brok5 asund] 9 a way easily le>n$ by a few trials4 ,,l>ge ,,tubes require ! heat ( a p[]ful bl[pipe & lamp1 or t ( a furnace4 ,! foll[+ h9ts respect+ ! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,glass may prove useful to ! inexp]i5c$3-- ,,anneal+4 ,! process ( anneal+ glass has be5 briefly ref]r$ to be=e4 ,! extreme brittl5ess ( imp]fectly anneal$ wr\ght glass may g5]ally be rem$i$ on ! small scale by imm]s+ ! articles 9 a ba? ( oil1 or a conc5trat$ solution ( *loride ( calcium1 or common salt1 & heat+ ! :ole gradually & cauti\sly to ! boil+-po9t1 & lett+ x aga9 cool--! sl[] ! bett]4 ,by ?is treatm5t ! glass w be enabl$ to be> any alt]ations ( temp]ature betwe5 ! two extremes to :i* x has be5 expos$4 ,,bl[+4 ,by ! +5i\s art ( ,,glass-,,bl[+ & ,,glass-,,draw+1 z practis$ on ! small scale1 ) a bl[pipe lamp furnace1 a v>iety ( articles ( ornam5t & utility may be made1 _! numb] be+ limit$ only by ! +5uity ( ! arti/4 ,! details ( ! v>i\s op]ations are1 h[ev]1 too l5g?y to describe "h4 ,,clean+4 #a4 ,w9d[s1 look+-glasses1 c41 may be quickly clean$ z foll[s3--,dip a slightly moi/5$ rag or flannel into :it+1 full]'s e>?1 wood-a%es1 or rott5-/one1 9 impalpable p[d]1 ) :i* sme> ! glass1 & wipe x (f ) a dry1 s(t clo?4 ,?is does well :5 ! surface is v dirty4 ,9 o!r cases1 a little ?umb blue1 :it+1 or *alk1 9 f9e p[d]1 ti$ up 9 musl91 may be du/$ on ! glass1 :i* %\ld !n be clean$ (f ) *amois lea!r4 ,?is gives a f9e poli%4 #b4 ,! vessel to be cleans$1 is fill$1 or1 if l>ge1 r9s$1 ) a mod]ately dilute solution ( p]manganate ( pota%1 contact be+ prolong$ till a film ( hydrat$ manganic oxide has be5 deposit$2 ! solution is !n p\r$ away1 & ! glass vessel r9s$ ) "s /rong hydro*loric acid4 ,,cutt+4 ,glass may be easily cut ) a common well-h>d5$ /eel file1 provid$ x be moi/5$ ) oil ( turp5t9e1 or plung$ "u wat]4 ,x may be also p]=at$ ) a common /eel brad-awl 9 ! same way4 ,,glass ,,vessels1 z bottles & tubes1 may be readily cut or %ort5$ by plac+ a heat$ iron r+ ov] ! spot1 or a piece ( loose /r+ or cotton dipp$ 9 oil ( turp5t9e & set on fire1 & imm$iately on ! )drawal ( ei!r apply+ cold wat] to ! "p4 ,glass vessels or tubes ?us treat$ w g5]ally crack r\nd1 & may be readily divid$ into two p>ts4 ,9 ?is mann] a common ,flor5ce oil-flask may be conv]t$ into an evaporat+ di% & a funnel4 ,by a little practice a crack may be l$ 9 almo/ any direction1 or a new "o made1 by ! po9t ( a r$-hot pok] or a spr+ coal 7an ignit$ crayon ( prep>$ *>coal74 ,! p>ts may !n be sep>at$ by a little =ce or a sm>t rap1 & ! divid$ edges smoo!d by ! flame ( a bl[pipe1 or by gr9d+ !m ) p[d]$ em]y & wat] on a flat /one4 ,9 ?is way _m brok5 articles 9 glass may be conv]t$ into o!rs sc>cely less useful4 ,,et*+ ,,on ,,glass has be5 already notic$ "u ! head ( ,et*+4 ,,gild+ ,,( ,,glass4 ,gold *loride is dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]2 ! solution is filt]$1 & ! filtrate s f> dilut$1 t #bjj cubic c5timtres conta9 #jjfdh gram ( ! metal1 & x is !n made alkal9e ) soda4 ,! r$uc+ ag5t is alcohol saturat$ ) m>% gas2 ?is is dilut$ ) its own volume ( wat]4 #be cubic c5timetres ( ?is solution are mix$ ) ! alkal9e gold *loride solution1 & ?is mixture is p\r$ betwe5 ! p]fectly well-clean$ plate to be gild$1 & ano!r %eet ( glass plac$ at a di/ance ( #c mm4 "u ! fir/4 ,aft] two to ?ree h\rs' re/ ! gild+ is effect$4 ,! plate is remov$ & wa%$4 7',d+l]'s ,j\rnal4'7 ,,gr9d+4 ,?is1 on ! l>ge scale1 l glass-cutt+1 =ms a di/9ct occupation4 ,on ! small scale1 glass may be r\gh$ or gr\nd by friction ) p[d]$ em]y & wat] & a flat rubb] ( wood2 c>e be+ tak5 t ! article1 if a plate1 is laid on a p]fectly flat surface1 or1 if holl[1 is support$ by a core ( cem5t or pla/]4 ,! fro/$ appe>ance ( gr\nd glass is giv5 to ! panes ( w9d[s by g5tly dabb+ ! glass ov] ) a piece ( glazi]'s putty1 /uck on ! ends ( ! f+]s4 ,:5 appli$ ) a light & ev5 t\*1 ! resemblance is consid]able4 ,ano!r me?od is to dab ! glass ov] ) ?9 :ite pa9t1 or fl\r pa/e1 by means ( a bru%1 b ! effect is mu* inf]ior to ! above4 ,,glass1 ,,pack+4 ,?is subject w be consid]$ "u ! g5]al head ( ,,pack+4 ,,writ+ ,,on ,,glass may be p]=m$ by a piece ( ,fr5* *alk or crayons prep>$ = ! purpose2 or ev5 ) a common p5 held ne>ly p]p5dicul>4 ,indian ink1 or1 :5 ! article w be expos$ to damp1 %ell-lac ink or v>ni%1 ?ick5$ ) a little ,v]million1 or lampblack1 is be/ adapt$ to ?is purpose4 ,common ink is n suffici5tly opaque4 ,,glass1 ,,to ,,prev5t ,,! ,,crack+ ,,(1 ,,by ,,boil+ ,,wat]4 ,:5 new1 all glass & e>!nw>e %\ld be plac$ 9 cold wat] 9 a saucepan1 & aft] "s h\rs ! saucepan conta9+ ! vessel or vessels1 %\ld be plac$ ov] ! fire1 until ! wat] rea*es ! boil+ po9t4 ,glass4 ,?is t]m 0 appli$ by ! old] *emi/s to v>i\s sub/ances to :i* a vitre\s appe>ance has be5 giv5 by heat4 ,?us we h ',,glass ,,( ,,antimony1' ',,glass ,,( ,,borax1' c4 ,x is n[ obsolete4 ,glass1 ,iridesc5t4 ,! inv5tor ( ! process by :i* ?is beautiful v>iety ( glass is made is ,m ,clm&ot4 ,! ',*emical ,news' /ates t ! pr9ciple obs]v$ 9 its manufacture consi/s 9 submitt+ ! glass articles to ! action ( dilute hydro*loric1 sulphuric1 or o!r acid1 "u a pressure ( f two to six atmosph]es4 ,m ,clm&ot claims to be able to imitate ! nacre\s films :i* are se5 on anci5t glass :i* has be5 expos$ to comb9$ atmosph]ic influ5ces = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,glass1 ,p['d]$4 ,syn4 ,,vitrum ,,pulv]isatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,heat ! glass r$ hot1 ?r[ x into cold wat]1 dry1 & p[d] x4 ,us$ to filt] acids1 & glu$ ^u pap] z a poli%+ p[d]2 also to we> d[n corns ^u ! feet1 aft] ! feet h be5 well soak$1 & dri$4 ,glass1 ,sol'uble4 ,syn4 ,,wat] ,,glass2 ,,vitrum ,,solubile1 ,l4 ,an impure alkal9e silicate4 ,prep4 ,silica1 #a "p2 c>bonate ( potassium or ( sodium1 #b p>ts2 fus$ toge!r4 ,c>bonate ( sodium 7dry71 #ed p>ts2 c>bonate ( potassium 7dry71 #gj p>ts2 silica1 #aib p>ts2 z la/4 ,soluble 9 boil+ wat]1 yield+ a f9e1 transp>5t1 semi-ela/ic v>ni%4 ,c>bonate ( potassium 7dry71 #aj p>ts2 p[d]$ qu>tz 7or s& free f iron & alum9a71 #ae p>ts2 *>coal #a "p2 fus$ toge!r4 ,soluble 9 #e or #f times its weight ( boil+ wat]2 & ! filt]$ solution1 evaporat$ to dryness1 yields a transp>5t glass1 p]man5t 9 ! air4 ,m4 ,f4 ,capita9e1 :o1 act+ ^u a sugge/ion made by ,liebig1 "s tw5ty ye>s s9ce1 has rec5tly tak5 up ! subject ( ! manufacture ( soluble glass1 & silicate ( pota%1 f f>9e fossile 7an infusorial e>?71 has publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 rese>*es 9 ',d+l]'s ,polyte*nic ,j\rnal4'#ccd ,footnote #ccd3 ,see ',! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts' = ,janu>y #aa?1 #ahgh4 ,al?\gh ,m4 ,capita9e does n ?9k t ! f>9e w be able to compete 9 *eapness ) fl9t 7:]e ?is latt] is abundant7 = ! prep>ation ( ! alkal9e silicates1 he /ates t x possesses ! advantage ov] fl9t ( be+ mu* m soluble1 & ( yield+ a f> m neutral glass2 add$ to :i* ! production ( ! silicate is said to be effect$ ) mu* less tr\ble ?an :5 fl9t is employ$4 ,an important condition is1 t ! f>9e mu/ be fir/ well calc9$1 s9ce if ! lea/ trace ( organic matt] be left 9 x1 ! result+ solution w h a yell[i% or br[ni% t9t1 :i* w make x unsaleable4 ,! lyes be+ prep>$ p>tly ) cau/ic soda1 & p>tly ) c>bonate ( soda1 _h d5sities rang+ f #abb to #abd :i* 7 f\nd to be mo/ advantage\s4 ,a res]voir furni%$ ) me*anical agitators1 0 ab\t two ?irds fill$ ) lye1 & ! necess>y quantity ( calc9$ f>9e add$1 ! /irr+ be+ kept up cont9ually4 ,! proportion ( f>9e is easily calculat$ on ! datum1 t "o "p ( hydrate ( soda dissolves ab\t #bh p>ts ( *emically pure f>9e1 ! quality ( :i* v>ies b little4 ,lye ( ! d5sity indicat$ produces a r light solution1 :i* pres5ts little resi/ance to ! agitators4 ,if /eam is aft]w>ds introduc$ ! solution becomes v rapid1 :5 ! pressure rea*es ab\t ?ree atmosph]es1 & at ! end ( ab\t ?ree h\rs ! silica is completely dissolv$4 ,= ! prep>ation ( silicate ( pota% = surgical purposes ! f>9e fossile is said to be peculi>ly adapt$4 ,9 ?is case ! boil+ mu/ be cont9u$ = "o or two h\rs long] ?an 9 ! case ( soluble glass1 ) an addition ( #aj to #ae p] c5t4 ( f>9e4 ,uses4 c4 ,soluble glass1 9 solution1 has be5 us$ to r5d] textile fabrics less combu/ible1 z a v>ni% to protect /one1 & z a vehicle 9 fresco-pa9t+1 ,! soda comp\nd 7silicate ( sodium7 is l>gely us$ z a dung-sub/itute 9 calico-pr9t+1 & by soap manufactur]s 9 place ( ! res9ates =m]ly 9 use4 #aj or #ab tons are produc$ weekly 9 ! di/rict ( ,s\? ,lanca%ire4 ,! potassa comp\nd 7silicate ( potassium7 has be5 recomm5d$ z a rem$y = g\ty concretions by ,mr ,ure4--,dose1 #aj to #ae gr41 9 #f or #h fl4 oz4 ( wat] twice a day4 ,see ,,dung+1 ,,v>ni%1 c4 ,glass1 ,t\gh5$4 ,syn4 ,,v]re ,,tremp4 ,m4 de la ,ba/ie's process = conv]t+ ord9>y1 into t\gh5$1 temp]$1 or h>d5$ glass1 may 9 g5]al t]ms be said to consi/ 9 heat+ ! glass to a c]ta9 temp]ature1 & !n plung+ x into an oleag9\s ba?4 ,= ! process1 h[ev]1 to be successful1 ! obs]vance ( a numb] ( m9ute details is ess5tial2 if ^! be neglect$ failure is c]ta9 to ensue4 ,?us x is f\nd1 t if ! glass be insuffici5tly heat$ x w1 :5 imm]s$ 9 ! ba?1 fail to be affect$ by x1 & w consequ5tly exp]i5ce no alt]ation 9 prop]ties4 ,aga91 if ov]heat$1 x w !n get out ( %ape2 or1 fur!r x may be heat$ to ! "r temp]ature1 & yet be spoilt z x is be+ transf]r$ to ! ba?4 ,moreov]1 ! exact composition ( ! ba? itself1 & its temp]ature con/itute v important conditions1 ! mo/ trifl+ dep>ture f :i* may give rise to unsatisfactory results4 ,all ^! ob/acles appe> to h be5 ov]come by ,m4 de la ,ba/ie1 :o has design$ plant 9 ! %ape ( furnaces & ba?s1 by means ( :i* ! temp]+ process c be c>ri$ out1 )\t *ance ( failure4 ,:5 ! glass is br\ght to ! requir$ temp]ature1 all t is necess>y is t !y %\ld be plung$ into ! ba?1 & in/antly )drawn4 ,! co/ ( ! op]ation is /at$ to be v small4 ,! process z c>ri$ out at ,new ,york is ?us describ$3--,! glass aft] be+ run f ! furnaces & m\ld$ z usual1 in/ead ( be+ put into anneal+ pans1 is imm]s$ 9 a hot ba? consi/+ ( ?ree p>ts ( flaxse$ oil1 & "o "p ( tall[4 ,! ba? /&s at ab\t #cbj2 & aft] rema9+ 9 ?is ! w>e is remov$ to a second1 & simil> ba?1 by :i* x is cool$ d[n to ab\t #bjj4 ,f9ally ! pieces are imm]s$ 9 a wat] ba?1 & !n dipp$ into a quantity ( ord9>y ref9$ burn+ oil4 ,!y are !n clean$1 ready = pack+1 ) pla/] ( ,p>is p[d]4 ,! "w is b 9 its infancy1 & b "o small furnace is us$ 9 ! exp]im5ts4 ,improvem5ts w d\btless be made1 by :i* ! clean+ c be done m rapidly ?an by ! p[d]$ pla/]1 probably "s *emical be+ us$ = ! purpose4 ,x is suppos$ t ! oil works into ! pores ( ! hot glass1 & ?us t\gh5s x4 ,great c>e has to be ex]cis$ 9 ! f9al cool+ by wat]1 z too long a contact ) ! air 9 *ang+ f "o ba? to ano!r1 makes ! w>e crack4 ,articles cool$ entirely 9 oil reta9 ! oil on ! surface1 b are ?us r5d]$ /rong] ?an o!rwise4 ,?is new process is v mu* employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( lamp *imneys1 ?\gh !y h ! disadvantage ( fly+ into small pieces1 & ) viol5ce :5 !y d break1 :i* sometimes does occur4#cce ,footnote #cce3 ,supplem5t to ',ure's ,diction>y ( ,arts1 ,manufactures1 c41 #ahgh4 ,! results s f> obta9$ :5 glass is subject$ to ,m4 de la ,ba/ie's process are v>iable4 ,9 "s cases ! articles subject$ to x possess great t\ghness1 & ! glass be>s a bl[ )\t exp]i5c+ any fracture4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 h[ev]1 a slight fall or bl[ %iv]s x to atoms4 ,:5 ! t\gh5$ glass "u any circum/ances breaks1 x possesses a disadvantage ov] ord9>y brok5 glass1 9 di/ribut+ itself into a great numb] ( small1 %>ply angul> fragm5ts4 ,ano!r process = t\gh5+ glass1 :i* has be5 pat5t$ by ,h]r ,f4 ,siem5s1 consi/s 9 heat+1 & !n press+1 & sudd5ly cool+ ! glass to be h>d5$2 b :5 ! articles are su* z are usually m\ld$1 ! h>d5+ & temp]+ are accompli%$ at ! same "t z ! press+2 ?us ! molt5 glass is run into suitable m\lds1 & :ile /ill highly heat$1 is squeez$1 ! m\lds effect+ ! necess>y cool+1 a proce$+ :i* r5d]s ! employm5t ( ! oleag9\s ba? unnecess>y4 ,mr ,bau]'s me?od = t\gh5+ glass consi/s 9 heat+ ord9>y glass plates s /rongly t !y beg9 to b5d f s(t5+1 & !n plung+ !m into a liquid p>aff9 ba? hav+ a temp]ature ( #bjj4 ,t\gh5$ glass is liable to rupture "u circum/ances t h n yet be5 acc\nt$ =4 ,m4 de la ,ba/ie conceives t ! fragile nature ( glass is due to ! weakness ( ! cohesion ( its p>ticles1 & t if ?is cohesive p[] c be increas$1 ! /r5g? ( ! mat]ial w be improv$ 9 proportion4 ,m4 de la ,ba/ie fir/ tri$ to obta9 ?is end by =cibly compress+ ! glass :ile 9 a pla/ic or fluid condition1 b )\t success2 & x 0 only aft] v>i\s exp]im5ts t he 0 enabl$ to h>d5 ! glass1 by dipp+ x into oil or any o!r liquid t p]mitt$ ( be+ heat$ to a temp]ature consid]ably above t ( wat]4 ,,glaze4 ,syn4 ,,glaz+4 ,any coat+ or v>ni% appli$ to a surface to r5d] x smoo? & glassy2 any factiti\s1 %9+ ext]ior4 ,! foll[+ applications ( ?is t]m are ! foll[+3-- ,glaze4 ,9 cook]y1 is commonly und]/ood to be gravy or cl>ifi$ s\ps boil$ until x gelat9ises on cool+4 ,x is us$ z a species ( v>ni% to cov] v>i\s di%es = ! table1 & may be spic$ & flav\r$ accord+ to ! fancy ( ! cook4 ,:ite ( egg is g5]ally us$ z a glaze = pa/ry4 ,glaze4 ,9 ! porcela9 & e>!nw>e manufacture1 ! vitre\s coat+ :i* is s ess5tial to ! beauty & utility ( pott]'s w>e4 ,glazes are ei!r :ite or col\r$4 ,! =m]1 by ! addition ( ! col\r+ +r$i5ts us$ = enamels1 are conv]t$ into ! latt]4 a4 ,= ,,e>!nw>e3-- ,prep4 #a4 7,) lead47 ,:ite lead 7pure71 #ec p>ts2 qu>tz or gr\nd fl9ts1 #cf p>ts2 ,corni% /one1 or felsp>1 #af p>ts2 :ite fl9t glass1 #e p>ts2 r$uce ! :ole to an impalpable p[d]4 ,= common e>!nw>e4 #b4 7,)\t lead47 ,f9e wa%$ s&1 #aj p>ts2 purifi$ pota%1 #h p>ts2 nitre1 #a "p2 slak$ lime1 #b p>ts2 nitre1 #d-c_/d2 p[d]1 mix1 heat ! mixture 9 a blacklead crucible 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 till ! mass fl[s into a cle> glass2 let ?is cool1 !n r$uce x to f9e p[d]4 ,= glaz+ ph>maceutical & *emical vessels4 b4 ,= ,,porcela93-- ,prep4 7,rose47 ,felsp>1 #bg p>ts2 borax1 #ah p>ts2 f9e/ silice\s s&1 #d p>ts2 nitre1 soda1 & pure/ *9a clay 7,corni%71 #c p>ts2 mix1 heat to a 'frit1'#ccf p[d]1 & add ( calc9$ borax1 #c p>ts4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,a te*nical t]m = ! half-fus$ mass =m$ by heat+ toge!r ! mat]ials ( :i* glass is compos$4 c4 ,= ,,/onew>e3-- #a4 7,ure47 ,:ite felsp>1 #bf p>ts2 soda1 #f p>ts2 nitre1 #b p>ts2 borax1 #a "p2 'frit' toge!r z la/4 ,( ! product take #ac p>ts2 r$ lead1 #ej p>ts2 :ite lead1 #dj p>ts2 fl9ts1 #ab p>ts2 r$uce ! :ole to p[d] z be=e4 ,= pa9t$ /onew>e4 #b4 ,f common salt1 :i* is ?r[n into ! heat$ furnace conta9+ ! w>e4 ,x is volatilis$ & decompos$ by ! jo9t ag5cy ( ! silica ( ! w>e & ( ! vap\r ( wat] always pres5t2 hydro*loric acid & soda are produc$1 ! latt] =m+ a silicate1 :i* fuses ov] ! surface ( ! w>e1 & gives a ?9 b excell5t glaze4 ',,salt-,,glaz$ ,,/onew>e' is n[ g5]ally us$ = l>ge *emical vessels1 dra9-pipes1 c4 ,obs4 ,glazes mu/ be r$uc$ to v f9e p[d]4 ,= use1 !y are gr\nd ) wat] to a v ?9 pa/e or smoo? cream1 into :i* ! articles1 previ\sly bak$ to ! /ate call$ 'biscuit1' are !n dipp$2 !y are aft]w>ds expos$ to a suffici5t heat 9 ! kiln to fuse ! glaze4 ,ano!r me?od ( apply+ !m is to imm]se ! biscuit 9 wat] = a m9ute or s1 & !n to spr9kle ! dry p[d] ov] ! moi/5$ surface4 ,,gli',,ad94 ,syn4 ,,glut91 ,,vegetable ,,gelat94 ,"o ( ! proximate pr9ciples ( :eat glut51 soluble 9 alcohol4 ,,gliad9pfla/] 7,a4 ,l4 ,klose1 ,b]l974 ,= rheumatism4 ,a ?9 pap] on :i* is spread a solution ( gelat9 conta9+ _s & "s acrid sub/ance1 su* z can?>ides or euphorbium4--,hag]4 ,,glob',,ul94 ,syn4 ,,cry/all94 ,an album5oid body exi/+ 9 ! cry/all9e l5s ( ! eye4 ,,glove ,,p[',,d]4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ,ca/ile soap1 dri$ by exposure to a w>m dry atmosph]e = a few days1 & !n r$uc$ to f9e p[d] 9 a mort>4 ,us$ to clean gloves4 #b4 ,pipe-clay1 col\r$ ) yell[ o*re1 umb]1 or ,iri% slate q4 s41 & aft]w>ds sc5t$ ) a little p[d]$ orris root or cloves4 ,us$ to col\r gloves made ( doe-sk9 & simil> lea!r4 ,,gloves4 ,syn4 ,,gants1 ,fr4 ,al?\gh gloves con/itute a less co/ly article ( dress at ! pres5t day ?an !y did dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 ! foll[+ in=mation may nev]!less be sometimes f\nd ( value to _! we>]s3-- ,,glove ,,clean+4 #a4 7,,kid ,,gloves47--a4 ,damp !m slightly1 /ret* !m g5tly ov] a wood5 h& ( appropriate size1 & clean !m ) a sponge dipp$ 9 b5zol1 rec5tly rectifi$ oil ( turp5t9e1 or camph9e2 z soon z !y are dry1 )draw !m g5tly f ! /ret*]1 & susp5d !m 9 a curr5t ( air = a few days1 or until !y cease to smell ( ! clean+ liquid us$4 ,! smell ( b5zol passes (f v quickly4 ,heat mu/ be avoid$4 ,! clean+ liquid %\ld be us$ lib]ally1 & ! fir/ dirty portion %\ld be spong$ (f ) clean liquid4 b4 ,by employ+ a saponace\s comp\nd4 ,see ,,gante9e4 #b4 7,,doe-,,sk9 & ,,wa%-,,lea!r ,,gloves47--a4 ,/ret* !m on a h&1 or lay !m flat on a table1 & rub into !m a mixture ( f9ely p[d]$ full]'s e>? & alum2 sweep x (f ) a bru%1 spr9kle !m ) a mixture ( dry bran & :it+1 &1 la/ly1 du/ !m well (f4 ,?is w n d if !y are v dirty4 b4 ,wa% !m 9 lukew>m s(t wat]1 ) a little ,ca/ile or curd soap1 ox-gall1 or bran tea2 !n /ret* !m on wood5 h&s1 or pull !m into %ape )\t wr++ !m2 next rub !m ) pipe-clay & yell[ o*re1 or umb]1 or a mixture ( !m 9 any requir$ %ade made into a pa/e ) ale or be]2 let !m dry gradually1 &1 :5 ab\t half dry1 rub !m well1 s z to smoo? !m & put !m into %ape2 :5 !y are dry1 bru% out ! sup]flu\s col\r1 cov] !m ) pap]1 & smoo? !m ) a w>m 7n hot7 iron4 ,,glove ,,dye+4 ,,lea!r ,,gloves1 if n greasy1 may be dy$ ) any ( ! ord9>y dyes by bru%+ ! latt] ov] ! gloves /ret*$ out smoo?4 ,! surface alone %\ld be wett$1 & a second or ?ird coat may be giv5 aft] ! =m] "o has become dry4 ,:5 ! la/ coat has become ?or\ghly dry1 ! sup]flu\s col\r %\ld be well rubb$ out1 a smoo? surface giv5 !m by rubb+ !m ) a poli%$ /ick or piece ( ivory1 & ! :ole gone ov] ) a sponge dipp$ 9 :ite ( egg4 ,gloves1 ,cosmetic4 ,syn4 ,,gants ,,cosmetiques4 ,^! are mock kid or lambsk9 gloves rubb$ ov]1 on ! inside1 ) ! foll[+ composition3--,sp]maceti c]ate1 #c oz42 melt1 add ( balsam ( ,p]u1 #a_/b dr41 /ir = #e m9utes1 &1 aft] a few m9utes' repose1 p\r (f ! cle> portion2 to ?is add ( oil ( nutmeg1 #ae drops2 oil ( cassia & ess5ce ( amb]gris1 ( ea* #f drops2 & /ir until cold4 ,us$ by ladies to s(t5 ! h&s & to prev5t or cure *ilbla9s & *aps4 ,!y are commonly worn all night 9 b$4 ,,gluci',,num4 ,gl4 ,syn4 ,,b]yl',,lium4 ,! metallic base ( gluc9a4 ,x 0 fir/ obta9$ by ,whl]1 9 #ahbh1 by a simil> process to t adopt$ = alum9um1 a metal :i* x greatly resembles4 ,see ,,alum9um4 ,gluci'num1 ,oxide (4 ,syn4 ,,gluc9a1 ,,b]yllia4 ,a pulv]5t :ite sub/ance1 f\nd z silicate 9 ! b]yl1 em]ald1 c4 ,prep4 ,! b]yl1 9 f9e p[d]1 #a "p2 c>bonate ( potassium1 #c p>ts2 expose ! mixture to a /rong r$ heat = half an h\r1 dissolve ! calc9$ mass 9 hydro*loric acid1 & evaporate ! solution to dryness2 r$issolve ! residuum 9 v dilute hydro*loric acid1 & precipitate ) pure ammonia2 wa% ! precipitate well1 dige/ x ) a l>ge quantity ( c>bonate ( ammonium1 filt]1 & boil ! solution z long z c>bonate ( gluc9um subsides4 ,by exposure to a r$ heat ! c>bonic acid may be expell$1 & ! e>? r5d]$ anhydr\s4 ,prop41 c4 ,gluc9a closely resembles alum9a1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 x is di/+ui%$ by its solubility :5 fre%ly precipitat$ 9 a cold solution ( c>bonate ( ammonia1 f :i* x is aga9 ?r[n by boil+4 ,gluc9a is class$ ) ! e>?s4 ,! b]yl conta9s #ad ( ?is sub/ance4 ,,glu',,cose4 ,see ,,sug> 7,grape74 ,,glue4 ,syn4 ,,glut51 ,,glut9um1 ,l42 ,,colle1 ,,colle ,,=te1 ,fr4 ,inspissat$ animal jelly1 or gelat91 us$ z a cem5t4 ,prep4 ,glue is pr9cipally prep>$ f ! p>+s & wa/e-pieces ( hides & sk9s1 ! refuse ( tann]ies1 & ! t5dons & o!r (fal ( slaught]-h\ses4 ,^! sub/ances1 :5 int5d$ = ! glue-mak]1 are /eep$ = #ad or #ae days 9 milk ( lime1 !n dra9$1 & dri$ by exposure to ! air4 ,?is con/itutes :at is t]m$ ! 'cleans+' or 'prep>ation1' & 9 ?is /ate ! 'glue pieces1' z !y are call$1 may be kept = a long "t1 & transport$ to any di/ance )\t suff]+ decomposition4 ,be=e conv]sion into glue1 !y are usually aga9 /eep$ 9 weak milk ( lime1 & next well wa%$ & expos$ to ! air = #bd to #cj h\rs4 ,!y are !n plac$ 9 a copp] boil] two ?irds fill$ ) wat]1 & furni%$ ) a p]=at$ false bottom1 to prev5t !m f burn+1 & z mu* is pil$ on z w fill ! vessel & re/ on ! top ( x4 ,heat is next appli$1 & ! :ole g5tly boil$ or simm]$ toge!r1 until ! liquor on cool+ =ms a firm gelat9\s mass4 ,! cle> portion is !n run (f into ano!r vessel1 & a v small quantity ( alum 7dissolv$7 add$2 "h x is kept hot by a wat] ba?1 & all[$ to repose = "s h\rs to deposit its impurities1 aft] :i* x is run into ! 'congeal+ boxes1' & plac$ 9 a cool situation4 ,! next morn+ ! cold gelat9\s masses are turn$ out ^u bo>ds wett$ ) wat]1 & are cut horizontally into ?9 cakes ) a /ret*$ piece ( brass wire1 & !n into small] cakes ) a moi/5$ flat knife4 ,! latt] are plac$ on nett+s to dry4 ,! dry cakes ( glue are next dipp$ "o by "o into hot wat]1 & slightly rubb$ ) a bru% wett$ ) boil+ wat]1 to give !m a gloss2 !y are1 la/ly1 /ove-dri$ = sale4 ,?is furni%es ! pale/ & be/ glue4 ,z soon z ! liquor ( ! fir/ boil+ has dra9$ (f1 ! undissolv$ portion ( sk9s1 c41 left 9 ! copp] is treat$ ) fre% wat]1 & ! :ole op]ation is repeat$ aga9 & aga91 z long z any gelat9\s matt] is extract$4 ,9 ?is way a second & o!r inf]ior qualities ( glue are obta9$4 ,! product f dri$ glue-pieces is ab\t #ej4 ,v>4 ,^! *iefly dep5d on ! c>e ) :i* ! process is conduct$4 ,,hatmak]s' ,,glue is prep>$ f ! t5dons ( ! legs ( neat cattle & horses4 ,x is br[n1 opaque1 & s(t2 & gr[s moi/ 9 damp wea!r1 b x does n r5d] felt brittle l ! o!r v>ieties4 ,,fi% ,,glue is made 9 l mann] f v>i\s membran\s & solid p>ts ( fi%es4 ,,p>*m5t ,,glue is prep>$ f %r$s or %av+s ( p>*m5t1 vellum1 :ite lea!r1 c41 dissolv$ by boil+ !m 9 wat]4 ,x is sc5tless1 & ne>ly col\rless4 ,qual4 ,! be/ glue is transp>5t1 ne>ly col\rless1 & ta/eless1 has v little smell1 ev5 :5 melt$1 & is extremely adhesive4 ,! pres5ce ( m ?an a trace ( alum is objectionable2 an undue quantity may be easily detect$ by ! usual te/s4 ,! /ronge/ glue is t obta9$ f sk9s1 m especially f ! hides ( ox5 & c[s4 ,t obta9$ f ! bones1 c>tilages1 & t5dons1 is weak]4 ,glue1 ,liq'uid4 ,prep4 7,dum\l9s47 ,s(t wat]1 #a qu>t2 be/ pale glue1 #b lbs42 dissolve 9 a cov]$ vessel by ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 cool1 & add1 gradually1 ( nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #acce71 #g oz42 :5 cold put x into bottles4 ,v /rong1 & does n gelat9ise4 ,= ! ',,liquid ,,glue' sold 9 ! %ops1 see ,,*9ese ,,cem5t4 ,glue1 ,m>9e4 ,prep4 #a4 ,india rubb] 7cut small71 #a "p2 coal t> or m9]al naph?a1 #ab p>ts2 dige/ 9 a cov]$ vessel ) heat & agitation1 & :5 ! solution is complete1 add ( p[d]$ %ell-lac1 #bj p>ts2 cont9ue ! heat & /irr+ until p]fect liquefaction has tak5 place1 & p\r ! fus$ mass1 :il/ /ill hot1 on slabs ( poli%$ metal or /one1 s z to =m ?9 %eets4 ,= use1 x is heat$ to its melt+-po9t 7#bdh to #bej ,fahr47 9 an iron vessel1 & appli$ 9 ! liquid /ate ) a bru%4 ,employ$ 9 %ip-build+1 c4 #b4 ,ca\t*\c1 #ae to #bj gr42 *lor(orm1 #b fl4 oz42 dissolve1 & add ( p[d]$ ma/ic1 #a_/b oz4 ,x mu/ be kept well cork$ & 9 a cool place1 to prev5t loss by evaporation4 ,us$ = small1 f9e "w4 ,glue1 a ,new4 ,ord9>y glue is dissolv$ 9 nitric e!r1 & a little bit ( ca\t*\c add$4 ,?is solution =ms a v /rong glue1 & does n get ?ick or pa/y4 7',d5gl]'s ,j\rnal4'7 ,glue1 ,port'able4 ,syn4 ,,bank-,,note ,,glue4 ,,m\? ,g41 ,,indian ,g42 ,,colle ,,b\*e1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,f ! be/ pale glue1 #a lb42 wat]1 q4 s42 dissolve 9 a d\ble glue-pot or wat] ba?1 & ( pale-br[n sug>1 #a_/b lb41 cont9ue ! heat until ! mixture is complete1 & p\r x into m\lds2 or p\r x on a m>ble slab1 & :5 cold cut x into small pieces & dry !m 9 ! air4 ,?is glue is v useful to draughtsm51 ar*itects1 c41 z x dissolves almo/ imm$iately 9 w>m wat]1 fa/5s pap]1 c41 )\t ! process ( damp+1 & may be s(t5$ = _m purposes ) ! tongue4 ,:5 great /r5g? n requir$1 #d oz4 m ( sug> may be us$4 ,,glu',,t54 ,syn4 ,,glut94 ,a peculi> sub/ance f\nd 9 ! gra9 ( :eat4 ,x is compos$ ( true vegetable fibr9 & a small quantity ( gliad94 ,x is prep>$ by wa%+ pa/e made ( ! fl\r ( :eat or rye 9 successive wat]s until all />*y matt] is remov$4 ,! pa/e may be conv5i5tly enclos$ 9 a bag ( f9e l95 dur+ ! wa%+4 ,prop41 ,uses4 ,glut5 is believ$ to be em95tly nutriti\s4 ,x is ! pres5ce ( glut5 9 :eat5 fl\r t imp>ts to x its viscidity or t5acity1 & conf]s ^u x its peculi> excell5ce = ! manufacture ( ,,mac>oni1 ,,v]micelli1 & simil> pa/es4 ,! sup]iority ( :eat5 ov] o!r bread dep5ds ^u ! great] t5acity ( its d\gh1 :i* dur+ ! f]m5tation is puff$ up by ! evolv$ c>bonic acid1 & reta9$ 9 its vesicul> texture s z to =m a light loaf4 ,glut5 is greyi% col\r$1 & ext5sible :il/ fre% & moi/1 l ca\t*\c4 ,x turns blue :5 mix$ ) guaiacum res94 ,glut5 ,bread4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f :eat fl\r :i* has be5 depriv$ ( ab\t #b-crds ( its />* by wa%+ x ) wat]4 #b4 ,f glut5 fl\r4 ,recomm5d$ 9 diabetes4 ,glut5 ,*oc'olate4 7,g5tile's47 ,a mixture ( cocoa & glut5 fl\r4 ,z a nutriti\s & appropriate food 9 diabetes4 ,glut5 ,fl\r4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ! wa/e glut5 ( ! />* works1 wa%$1 dri$1 & gr\nd4 #b4 7,g5tile's47 ,f ! la/1 mix$ ) ab\t an equal weight ( :eat fl\r4 ,,glyc',,er94 ,c#c;,h#c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,glyc]91 ,,hydrat$ ,,oxide ,,( ,,glyc]yl2 ,,glyc]9um1 ,l4 ,a sweet syrupy liquid =m$ dur+ ! saponification ( oils & fats4 ,prep4 #a4 ,olive oil 7or o!r suitable oil71 protoxide ( lead1 & wat] are heat$ toge!r until an insoluble soap ( lead 7lead pla/]7 is =m$4 ,! glyc]9 rema9s 9 ! aque\s liquid4 ,z ?is crude solution ( glyc]9 is produc$ 9 great quantities 9 ! manufacture ( lead pla/]1 ! op]ative *emi/ has only to purify x4 ,?is may be done z foll[s3-- ,! wat] & wa%+s f lead pla/] are mix$ toge!r1 filt]$1 & submitt$ to ! action ( a /ream ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 to ?r[ d[n ! lead2 ! sup]natant liquor is decant$ f ! precipitate1 filt]$1 & evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup 9 a wat] ba?4 ,to r5d] x q pure x is dilut$ ) wat]1 decol\r$ ) a little animal *>coal1 filt]$1 & aga9 evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a ?9 syrup1 aft] :i* x is fur!r evaporat$ 9 vacuo1 or ov] sulphuric acid1 until x acquires ! sp4 gr4 #abfe4 #b4 7,m4 ,brure-,p]r947 ,f ! sweet liquor ( ! /e>9e works 7a product ( ! process ( lime-saponification74 ,! quantity ( lime pres5t 9 ! sample is fir/ det]m9$ by means ( oxalic acid1 & ! proportion ( sulphuric acid necess>y = its saturation at once calculat$ & add$2 ! crude liquor is !n conc5trat$ 9 a t9n$-copp] vessel1 evaporation be+ promot$ by brisk agitation1 until ! sp4 gr4 s9ks to #aj ,baum2 x is next cool$ & filt]$1 & accurately neutralis$ 7if x is requir$7 ) c>bonate ( potassa1 aft] :i* x is evaporat$ to ! sp4 gr4 #bd ,baum2 on cool+1 x deposits gelat9\s sulphate ( potassa2 ! :ole is n[ filt]$1 ! deposit on ! filt] wa%$ ) a little v weak _s & wat]1 ! filtrate & wa%+s mix$ toge!r & evaporat$1 z be=e1 ) agitation1 until ! sp4 gr4 #bh ,baum1 :il/ hot 7#cf cold71 is atta9$1 :5 ! :ole is all[$ to cool2 ! cle> liquid is1 la/ly1 decant$ & filt]$4 ,9 ?is /ate x has an amb] col\r1 b may be r5d]$ col\rless & od\rless by r$ilut+ x ) wat]1 treat+ x ) animal *>coal1 filt]+1 & aga9 evaporat+ to a prop] consi/5ce4 #c4 ,by saponify+ olive oil ) cau/ic alkali1 decompos+ ! result+ soap ) dilute sulphuric or t>t>ic acid1 evaporat+ ! aque\s portion to dryness 7ne>ly71 dissolv+ out ! glyc]9 ) cold rectifi$ _s1 & filt]+ & evaporat+ ! solution z be=e4 #d4 ,! residu>y liquor ( a soap manufactory is evaporat$1 & treat$ ) alcohol to dissolve out ! glyc]94 ,! _s is !n evaporat$ (f1 ! glyc]9 dilut$ ) wat]1 & f9ally boil$ repeat$ly ) animal *>coal until all col\r & od\r are remov$4 ,obs4 ,! products ( ! above processes are ne>ly pure1 b t ( ,price's pat5t process1 describ$ bel[1 is to be pref]r$ to any ( !m4 #e4 7,comm]cial47 ,f sweet /e>9-liquor1 by precipitat+ ! lime by a /ream ( c>bonic acid gas1 or by a solution ( c>bonate ( soda1 c>efully avoid+ add+ ! latt] 9 excess2 ! liquor is !n boil$ a little1 filt]$1 evaporat$ to a syrupy consi/5ce1 & aga9 filt]$4 ,?is is ! common glyc]9 ( ! %ops4 ,x may be fur!r purifi$ z above4 #f4 7,,price',s ,,glyc]9--,pat5t dat$ #ahed47 ,sup]heat$ /eam ( f #eej to #fjj ,fahr47 is introduc$ into a di/illatory app>atus conta9+ palm oil or o!r fatty body4 ,! action ( ! /eam effects ! decomposition ( ! fat1 & glyc]9 & ! fatty acids di/il ov] toge!r b no long] 9 comb9ation4 ,9 ! receiv] ! cond5s$ glyc]91 f its high] specific gravity1 s9ks bel[ ! fatty acids4 ,suffici5t /eam mu/ be suppli$1 & ! temp]ature nicely regulat$4 ,! glyc]9 is conc5trat$ by evaporation1 & if discol\r$1 x is r$i/ill$4 ,x is usually prep>$ ) sp4 gr4 #abd1 & !n conta9s #id ( anhydr\s glyc]94 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be conc5trat$ to sp4 gr4 #abf :5 x conta9s #ih4 ,prop4 ,pure glyc]9 is a col\rless1 od\rless1 uncry/allisable liquid1 sweet to ! ta/e1 & ( a syrupy consi/5ce2 x mixes ) wat] 9 all proportions2 x is unctu\s & emolli5t1 & s(t5s bodies1 l oil1 b )\t greas+ !m2 x does n evaporate or *ange 9 ! air at ord9>y temp]atures1 & is n susceptible ( rancidity or spontane\s f]m5tation2 mix$ ) yea/ & kept 9 a w>m place1 x is gradually conv]t$ into propionic acid2 a /rong heat decomposes x1 ) ! production ( acrole92 x is neutral to te/-pap]1 & possesses nei!r basic nor acid prop]ties2 x is easily *>g$ ) ! aroma ( ! ess5tial oils1 & may be comb9$ ) soap1 & _m o!r sub/ances1 )\t und]go+ *ange4 ,sp4 gr41 #abg 7see above74 ,,mm4 ,*ampion & ,pellet recomm5d ! foll[+ me?ods = te/+ ! purity ( glyc]91 z be+ conv5i5t 9 application1 & giv+ accurate results4 ,qualitative ,te/4 ,! glyc]9 dilut$ ) twice its weight ( wat] is treat$ 9 ! cold4 7#a47 ,) tribasic acetate ( lead4 ,if an abundant precipitate be =m$1 & rapidly deposit$1 ! pres5ce ( a proportion ( =eign matt]s may be assum$ :i* w\ld make x unsuitable = use 9 v>i\s applications1 su* z ! manufacture ( nitro-glyc]91 c4 ,! crude glyc]9 obta9$ 9 treat+ fats ) sulphuric acid is frequ5tly ?us contam9at$4 ,^! =eign matt]s result f ! action ( sulphuric acid at a high temp]ature 7ab\t #aaj ,c47 ^u ! fatty matt] itself or on ! impurities x may conta94 7#b47 ,glyc]9 obta9$ by calc>e\s saponification1 also may conta9 oleate ( lime4 ,?is may be detect$ ) oxalate ( ammonia1 :i* ?r[s d[n ! lime z a cle>ly p]ceptible precipitate4 ,! col\r ( glyc]9 is 9 no way an index ( ! purity ( ! product4 ,9 all cases x is useful to be assur$ ( ! neutrality ( ! glyc]94 ,! prec$+ te/s are suit$ = glyc]9s m or less impure1 b n adult]at$4 ,accord+ to ! au?ors' exp]im5ts ! tribasic acetate ( lead sep>ates all ! =eign sub/ances due to normal impurity ( ! product or alt]ation 9 ! glyc]9 dur+ its manufacture4 ,any addition ( glucose may be detect$ by ,fehl+s' solution4 ,quantitative ,te/4 ,?is te/ %\ld compreh5d ! det]m9ation ( ! wat]1 ! =eign organic matt]1 ! lime1 & ! glyc]94 ,9 ! foll[+ table ! au?ors h giv5 ! d5sity ( v>i\s mixtures ( wat] & glyc]91 comp>atively ) ! degrees ,baum1 & also ! proportions ( wat] correspond+ to ! d5sities4 ,!y /ate1 t ^! det]m9ations h be5 v]ifi$ by means ( pure anhydr\s glyc]91 prep>$ by keep+ glyc]9 = sev]al h\rs at a temp]ature ( #afj ,c1 & t]m9at+ ! op]ation 9 vacu4 ,! d5sity f\nd 0 9 accord ) t giv5 by ,b]!lot1 namely1 #abfd4 ,e/imation ( ,organic ,matt]4 ,fifty grams ( glyc]9 dilut$ ) wat] are treat$ ) an excess ( tribasic acetate ( lead1 & ! precipitate collect$ on two t>$ filt]s1 & ! lead comp\nd weigh$4 ,! :ole is !n calc9$1 ! residue treat$ ) nitric acid1 & !n ) sulphuric acid1 & f ! sulphate ( lead is calculat$ ! quantity ( oxide ( lead1 t 0 9 comb9ation ) organic matt]s1 & consequ5tly ! proportion ( ! latt]1 :i* r>ely exce$s #a to #ae p] c5t4 ,lime may be e/imat$ 9 ! usual mann] by oxalate ( ammonia4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,hydromet] ,areomet] ,wat]1 ,hydromet] ,areomet] ,wat]1 ,weight ( ,degrees1 p] ,c5t4 ,weight ( ,degrees1 p] ,c5t4 ,litre4 ,baum4 ,litre4 ,baum4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #abfdj #cab #jj #abcej #bhf #aaj #abfbe #caj #je #abcce #bhd #aae #abfab #cji #aj #abcbb #bhc #abj #abfjj #cjh #ae #abcjg #bhb #abe #abehe #cjg #bj #abbie #bhj #acj #abegb #cjf #be #abbhj #bgh #ace #abefj #cjd #cj #abbgj #bgg #adj #abede #cjc #ce #abbee #bgf #ade #abecb #cjb #dj #abbdb #bgd #aej #abebj #cja #de #abbcj #bgc #aee #abeje #cjj #ej #abbag #bgb #afj #abdij #bii #ee #abbjb #bgj #afe #abdhj #bih #fj #abaij #bfi #agj #abdfe #big #fe #abagg #bfh #age #abdee #bif #gj #abafe #bfg #ahj #abddj #bie #ge #abaej #bfe #ahe #abdbg #bic #hj #abacg #bfd #aij #abdab #bib #he #ababe #bfc #aie #abdjj #bij #ij #abaab #bfb #bjj #abcij #bhi #ie #abajj #bfj #bje #abcge #bhh #ajj #abjhe #bei #bai #abcfb #bhg #aje ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! au?ors consid] t indu/rially ! tribasic acetate ( lead might be us$ = ! removal ( organic matt] f crude glyc]94 ,aft] sep>ation ( ! precipitate1 excess ( ! lead salt c\ld be remov$ by a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog51 & dur+ ! conc5tration ( ! glyc]91 ! acetic acid set free w\ld be volatiliz$ ) injury to ! product4 ,! lead salt might be reg5]at$ by calc9ation1 & aga9 conv]t$ into acetate4#ccg ,footnote #ccg3 ',moniteur ,sci5tifique1' ,quesneville #c1 vol4 iii1 p4 #ajcc4 ,! foll[+ quantitative te/ :i* x is said w detect ^u conc5tration ( ! fluids1 "o-t5? p] c5t4 ( glyc]9 9 be]2 "o p] c5t4 9 %]ry1 "o p] c5t4 9 milk1 & five p] c5t4 9 treacle1 is bas$ ^u a fact obs]v$ by ,iles1 viz4 t borax :5 treat$ ) glyc]91 gives to a ,buns5 flame ! gre5 col\r *>act]i/ic ( boracic acid4 ,! me?od ( its application z giv5 by ,messrs ,s5i] & ,l[e is z foll[s3--,! suspect$ solution is r5d]$ alkal9e by dilute soda1 & a borax bead plac$ 9 x = a %ort "t4 ,! bead is !n held 9 a ,buns5 flame1 & if ! solution conta9s "o p] c5t4 ( glyc]9 a di/9ct reaction is obs]v$4 ,ery?rite & glycol give ! same col\r4 ,if a small quantity ( glyc]9 f :i* ! fatty acids h n be5 remov$1 be p\r$ into ! palm1 & rubb$ betwe5 ! h&s1 a peculi> fetid1 m\se-l od\r w be p]ceiv$4 ,uses1 c4 ,glyc]9 is ext5sively employ$ z an excipi5t = m$ic9es 7see ,,glyc]oles71 also1 ei!r alone1 or 9 lotions1 ba?s1 c41 z a soo?+ emolli5t1 & is add$ to p\ltices & dress+s in/ead ( oil1 to prev5t _! h>d5+4 ,dilut$ ) wat]1 x (t5 succe$s 9 allay+ it*+ & irritation ( ! sk9 :5 all o!r means fail4 ,z a cosmetic1 ei!r made into a lotion or add$ to soap 7glyc]9 soap71 or us$ 9 small quantities 7along ) ! wat] employ$ 9 wa%+71 x imp>ts a heal?y cle>ness & a s5sation ( s(tness & coolness to ! sk91 :i* is v agreeable & refre%+4 ,x is ! be/ rem$y kn[n = *app$ nipples1 h&s1 lips1 c42 all ( :i* may be prev5t$ by its use z an article ( ! toilet4 ,glyc]9 is sometimes us$ z a sweet5+ ag5t1 z a sub/itute = syrup4 ,glyc]9 is employ$ = a great v>iety ( purposes o!r ?an m$ic9al2 su*1 = example1 z =3--,keep+ clay moi/ = ! modell]1 = prev5t+ mu/>d f dry+ up1 = keep+ snuff damp1 = ! pres]vation ( fruit1 = sweet5+ liqueurs1 w9e1 be]1 & malt extracts4 ,x is also us$ z a lubricant = "s k9ds ( ma*9]y1 m especially = wat* & *ronomet] works1 because x is unaffect$ by contact ) ! air1 does n ?ick5 at a l[ temp]ature1 & is )\t action on su* metals z copp]1 brass1 c4 ,glyc]9 is also an +r$i5t 9 copy+ inks4 ,x r5d]s pr9t+ ink soluble 9 wat]2 inde$ x is an excell5t solv5t = _m sub/ances1 includ+ ! ,t>-col\rs 7anil9e blue1 cyan9e1 anil9e violet1 & aliz>9e71 & ars5i\s acid4 ,x is also add$ to ! pulp ( pap] 9 ord] to r5d] x s(t & pliable4 ,x is said t lea!r driv+-belts made z !y usually are ( weakly tann$ lea!r1 :5 kept 9 glyc]9 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs are n s liable to fray4 ,a solution ( glyc]9 9 wat] is n[ l>gely us$ in/ead ( wat] alone = ! purpose ( fill+ gas metres1 z su* a solution does n freeze 9 w9t] nor evaporate 9 summ]4 ,x has also be5 us$ = ! compasses on bo>d screw-/eam]s1 9 ord] to protect ! inn] compass-box1 aga9/ ! vibrations caus$ by ! motion ( ! propell]4 ,x is also employ$ = ! pres]vation ( anatomical prep>ations1 & = m\nt+ microscopic specim5s2 z well z = r5d]+ wood5 casks imp]vi\s to petroleum or o!r oils2 z well z = ! prep>ation ( artificial oil ( mu/>d1 or sulpho-cyan-allyl1 :i* is made by treat+ glyc]9 ) iodide ( phosphorus1 :]eby iodide ( allyl is =m$1 :i* on be+ dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 & next di/ill$ ) sulpho-cyanide ( potassium1 yields sulpho-cyan-allyl4 ,:5 treat$ ) conc5trat$ nitric acid1 glyc]9 yields nitro-glyc]94#cch ,footnote #cch3 ,wagn]'s ',*emical ,te*nology4' ,ev5 ! above long li/ does n exhau/ ! _m useful purposes to :i* glyc]9 is n[ appli$4 ,glyc]9 ,cream = ,*ilbla9s4 ,equal p>ts ( glyc]91 s(t soap1 & *]ry-laurel wat]1 mix$ toge!r4 ,glyc]9 ,cream ) ,camphor4 ,glyc]91 #b p>ts2 camphor1 #a "p2 rectifi$ _s1 #a "p4 ,mix4 ,= *ilbla9s4 ,glyc]9 ,jelly = ,microscopic ,m\nt+4 7',ed4 ,ph>m4 ,j\rnal4'7 ,soak any quantity ( good clean gelat9e 9 cold wat] = ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,p\r (f ! sup]flu\s wat]1 & melt ! gelat9e at a g5tle heat2 :5 melt$ filt] ?r\gh flannel1 & to ! filtrate add an equal quantity ( ,price's gelat94 ,! above =ms a good firm jelly1 requir+ little tr\ble 9 secur+ ! cov]4 ,glyc]9 ,o9tm5t4 ,glyc]91 #h p>ts2 sp]maceti1 #d p>ts2 :ite wax1 #a "p2 oil ( almonds 7fix$71 #af p>ts4 ,add ! glyc]9 to ! melt$ +r$i5ts1 & /ir briskly till cold4 ,= *aps & excoriations4 ,,glyc]ole4 ,a ph>maceutical prep>ation1 9 :i* glyc]9 is employ$ z ! excipi5t4 ,glyc]ole ( ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,glyc]9um ,,belladonn4 ,prep4 7,p>4 ,codex47 ,extract ( belladonna1 #a oz41 glyc]ole ( />*1 #aj oz4 7by weight72 rub toge!r until p]fectly smoo?4 ,glyc]oles ( hemlock1 h5bane1 & opium are ord]$ by ! ,p>is ,codex to be prep>$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,glyc]ole ( ,borax4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,glyc]9um ,,boracis1 ,l4 #a ( borax 9 #d-a_/b ( glyc]94 ,glyc]ole ( ,c>bolic ,acid4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,glyc]9um ,,acidi ,,c>bolici1 ,l4 #a ( acid 9 #d-a_/b ( glyc]94 ,glyc]ole ( ,gallic ,acid4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,glyc]9um ,,acidi ,,gallici1 ,l4 #a ( acid 9 #d-a_/b ( glyc]94 ,glyc]ole ( ,iod9e4 ,syn4 ,,glyc]9um ,,cum ,,iod9io4 ,prep4 7,p>4 ,codex47 ,dissolve #e p>ts ( iodide ( potassium & #a "p ( iod9e 9 _! own weight ( wat]1 & add to #dj p>ts ( glyc]9 7by weight74 ,appli$ 9 sk9 diseases4 ,glyc]ole ( ,iodide ( ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,glyc]9um ,,potassii ,,iodidi4 ,prep4 7,p>4 ,codex47 ,iodide ( potassium1 #b p>ts1 glyc]ole ( />*1 #ae p>ts 7by weight72 dissolve ! iod9e 9 its own weight ( wat]1 & add to ?is glyc]ole ( />*4 ,glyc]ole ( ,/>*4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,glyc]9um ,,amyli1 ,l4 #a ( />* 9 #h-a_/b ( glyc]94 ,glyc]ole ( ,tannic ,acid4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,glyc]9um ,,acidi ,,tannici1 ,l4 #a ( acid 9 #d-a_/b ( glyc]94 ,glyc]ole ( ,t>4 ,syn4 ,,glyc]9um ,,picis ,,liquid4 ,prep4 7,p>4 ,codex47 ,purifi$ t>1 #a oz4 7by weight71 glyc]ole ( />*1 #c oz4 7by weight74 ,,glyco>nic94 ,a radical cure = gangr5e & tub]cle 7,zell]74 #dj grammes cl>ifi$ honey1 ) #ce grammes ( a t9cture ( fre% arnica h]b1 made ) weak br&y4 7,hag]47 ,,glycobla/ol 7,pr(essor ,kletz9sky1 ,vi5na74 ,an extract ( ! p]ic>ps ( cay5ne pepp]1 made ) glyc]9e1 dilut$ ) a little wat]1 & p]fum$ ) a trace ( pleasant-smell+ oil conta9+ a suspicion ( pat*\li4 7,hag]47 ,,glycoc9e4 ,syn4 ,,glycoll4 ,,sug> ,,( ,,gelat94 7,c#b;,h#e,,no#b74 ,?is is "o ( ! products ( ! decomposition ( gelat9 :5 boil$ ) dilute sulphuric acid2 aft] ! acid is remov$ by means ( b>ium c>bonate1 ! glycoc9e may be procur$ 9 cry/als by evaporat+ ! solution4 ,x may also be obta9$ by heat+ gelat9 ) a solution ( pota% or ( soda4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mo/ easily sep>at$ 9 a /ate ( purity by boil+ hippuric acid = half an h\r ) hydro*loric acid2 z ! liquid cools b5zoic acid is sep>at$ 9 abundance1 & glycoc9e rema9s 9 comb9ation ) hydro*loric acid2 on ! addition ( absolute alcohol1 aft] ! solution has be5 conc5trat$ by evaporation & sup]-saturat$ ) ammonia1 pure glycoc9e is deposit$ 9 m9ute cry/als4 ,pure glycoc9e has a sweet ta/e1 inf]ior to t ( cane sug>4 ,x is soluble 9 ab\t #djj p>ts ( cold wat]1 less soluble 9 rectifi$ _s1 & insoluble 9 absolute alcohol & 9 e!r4 ,x is n susceptible ( ! alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,,glycyr',,rhiz94 ,syn4 ,,liquorice ,,sug>4 ,an uncry/allisable v>iety ( sug> obta9$ f ! root ( common liquorice 7,glycyrrhiza glabra74 ,x is yell[1 transp>5t1 soluble 9 bo? wat] & alcohol1 & is n susceptible ( ! v9\s f]m5tation4 ,,gly/]4 ,see ,enema4 ,,gnats & ,,mos',,quitoes4 ,smoke & /rong fumes ( any k9d w drive away ^! insects4 ,if y only burn a piece ( br[n pap] 9 an enclos$ space :]e !y are1 !y soon aft] 'settle1' & appe> to become s /upefi$ z to rema9 inactive = "s "t aft]4 ,9 ^? p>ts ( ! ,new ,_w :]e mosquitoes ab\nd1 tobacco smoke is commonly _h rec\rse to 9-doors1 & l>ge fires made ( bru%-wood or "u-wood out-(-doors4 ,old travell]s1 :5 compell$ to biv\ac dur+ ! season 9 :i* !y are tr\blesome1 are v c>eful to keep close on ! 'lee' ( ^! fires4 ,,goa ,,p[d]4 ,see ,,ar>oba4 ,,goitre4 ,syn4 ,,d]by%ire ,,neck2 ,,bron*ocele1 ,,tra*eocele2 ,,h]nia ,,bron*ialis1 ,l4 ,a tum\r on ! =e "p ( ! neck4 ,x sometimes occurs 9 ,d]by%ire1 & is endemic 9 ! ,alps & sev]al o!r m\nta9\s di/ricts4 ,iod9e & ! iodides appe> to be ! only sub/ances capable ( cur+ or ev5 arre/+ ! progress ( ?is disease4 ,!re seems little d\bt t goitre arises f dr9k+ wat] r5d]$ h>d by ! pres5ce ( magnesian & lime salts4 ,! disease call$ cret9ism1 :i* is a peculi> =m ( idiocy1 is 9 "s c\ntries m p>ticul>ly frequ5tly associat$ ) goitre4 ,bo? ^! maladies prevail 9 ,wurtemb]g1 ,saxony1 ,silesia1 ! ,tyrol1 ,c>yn?ia1 ,galicia1 ,au/ria1 & ,switz]l&4 ,9 ,engl&1 goitre seems pr9cipally conf9$ to ! magnesian lime/one di/rict ext5d+ f ,nott+ham to ! ,tyne2 x also prevails 9 a small] degree 9 ,d]by%ire1 ,norfolk1 ,cambridge1 & ,som]set%ire1 :]e a few scatt]$ cases ( cret9ism are to be met )4 ,goitre is v mu* m g5]al ?an is usually suppos$ 9 ,france4 ,9 ,asia1 x is to be f\nd among/ ! inhabitants ( ,*9ese ,t>t>y1 ,?ibet1 & ,ceylon1 & 9 ,india among/ ! dwell]s 9 ! valleys & ext5sive pla9s t lie at ! foot ( ! ,himalayan m\nta9s4 ,! disease is likewise kn[n to exi/ 9 _m p>ts ( ,africa2 goitre is also f> f uncommon 9 c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 :il/ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica x is met ) among/ ! p inhabit+ ! plateaus ( ,new ,gr5ada1 :i* comprise localities diff]+ s greatly 9 climatic conditions1 z deep & humid valleys1 & arid pla9s almo/ or entirely de/itute ( v]dure4 ,goitre is a disease t may be v rapidly & readily set up4 ,bally says he has kn[n c]ta9 wat]s 9 ,switz]l& produce x ev5 9 eight or t5 days2 & ! ,fr5* m$ical j\rnals conta9 _m simil> in/ances ( its e>ly developm5t4 ,,gold4 ,au4 ,syn4 ,,aurum2 ,,or1 ,fr42 ,,gold1 ,g]47 ,gold is ! mo/ valuable &1 probably1 ! longe/ kn[n ( all ! metals4 ,f ! remote/ p]iod x has be5 e/eem$ = its beauty & p]man5ce1 & has be5 tak5 z ! /&>d measure ( value among/ all civilis$ nations4 ,an acc\nt ( ! uses ( gold 9 ! arts1 & its influ5ce on society 9 all ages1 z a symbol ( weal? & an article ( ornam5t & utility1 w\ld embrace ! :ole hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,at ! pres5t day x alike contributes to ! conv5i5ces1 com=ts1 & luxuries ( life2 z (t5 excit+ ! bas] passions ( ! human he>t z promot+ ! cause ( b5evol5ce & virtue4 ,gold is f\nd almo/ inv>iably 9 ! metallic /ate4 ,x occurs z gold du/ 9 ! s&s ( v>i\s riv]s1 & 9 ! alluvial soil ( aurif]\s di/ricts1 f bo? ( :i* x is obta9$ by ! simple process ( wa%+4 ,traces ( x are con/antly f\nd 9 ! iron & o!r pyrites ( ! m anci5t rocks4 ,sometimes x occurs beautifully cry/allis$ 9 ! cubic =m1 associat$ ) qu>tz1 oxide ( iron1 & o!r sub/ances1 9 regul> ve9s4 ,9 ! gold fields ( ,cali=nia & ,au/ralia lumps ( ne>ly pure gold h be5 discov]$ 9 abundance dur+ ! la/ few ye>s4 ,9 ! =m] c\ntry a mass ( gold weigh+ #bh p\nds 0 f\nd1 :il/ 9 our own colonies "o weigh+ #ajf p\nds 0 dug out ( a qu>tz rock1 ne> ,ba?ur/4 ,! latt] conta9$ upw>ds ( #ia ( pure gold1 & ne>ly #h-a_/b ( silv]2 be+ z pure z ! ,engli% sov]eign1 or1 9 trade language1 '#bb c>ats f9e4' ,prep4 ,?is consi/s m]ely 9 ! sep>ation ( ! gold & its subsequ5t purification4 ,=m]ly1 ! aurif]\s sulphides1 if v poor1 7 fir/ roa/$1 !n fus$ into 'mattes' & aga9 roa/$2 !y 7 next melt$ ) lead1 & ! alloy ?us obta9$ 0 ref9$ by cupellation4 ,:5 ! ores 7 v ri*1 ! prelim9>y calc9ation & fusion 7 omitt$1 & ! alloy ( lead at once =m$4 ,?is me?od 7by fusion7 does n answ] well ) aurif]\s copp] pyrites or ores v poor 9 gold4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! me?od ( amalgamation is pr9cipally foll[$4 ,:5 a 've9-/one' is to be wr\ght = gold1 x is r$uc$ to p[d] 7on ! small scale by h&1 on ! l>ge scale 9 /amp+ mills71 & is %ak5 9 a suitable app>atus ) wat] & m]cury2 an amalgam ( gold is =m$1 :i* is !n sep>at$ f ! mixture1 & its m]cury remov$ by di/illation4 ,! gold is next ca/ into '+ots4' ,ref9+4--,gold obta9$ by ! fir/ me?od usually conta9s a little copp] & silv]1 & frequ5tly t9 or iron4 ,t9 may be remov$ by add+ a little corrosive sublimate or nitre to ! gold melt$ 9 a crucible4 ,! process by amalgamation commonly leaves no o!r alloy ?an silv]4 ,?is metal is remov$ ei!r 9 ! 'dry way1' by fus+ ! gold ) sulphur or sulphide ( antimony2 or 9 ! 'wet way1' by 'qu>tation' & 'p>t+4' ,at ! ,royal ,m9t1 :5 gold +ots conta9 a c]ta9 quantity ( silv] 7say #b or #c71 in/ead ( leav+ x1 z =m]ly1 to con/itute a "p ( ! /&>d alloy1 x pays to extract x1 & to sub/itute copp] 9 its place4 ,to get ! silv] out ( ! said +ots1 !y are melt$ ) ab\t #c p>ts ( silv]--! result+ alloy is granulat$ & boil$ ) sulphuric acid--! gold rema9s unt\*$1 & all ! silv] is dissolv$ & conv]t$ into sulphate4444 ,! sulphate ( silv] is !n decompos$ by ! imm]sion ( copp] plates2 ! silv] is precipitat$ 9 a f9e1 cry/all9e p[d]1 wa%$1 press$ into masses1 & melt$1 & s af=ds ,,pure ,,silv]1 :i* is aft]w>ds made /&>d by alloy+ x ) copp]1 & is us$ = co9age4 ,! result+ sulphate ( copp] 7:i* exi/s 9 ! solution7 is !n cry/allis$1 & sold4 7,br&e47 ,by fir/ exhau/+ ! gold ) nitric acid1 & !n boil+ x 9 sulphuric acid1 "s two or ?ree ?\s&? "p ( silv] :i* escap$ ! action ( ! nitric acid is dissolv$ out1 & p]fectly pure gold is obta9$4 7,ure47 ,by a =eign inv5tion1 pat5t$ 9 #ahea by ,mr ,w4 ,e4 ,newton1 ! op]ations ( 'sep>ations' & 'ref9+' are conduct$ by "o process4 ,! arg5tif]\s sub/ance1 :e!r 9 ! /ate ( ore or bullion1 is r$uc$ to a granulat$ or spongy /ate1 by fusion along ) z9c1 or "s o!r metal *eap] ?an silv]1 & ! z9c is subsequ5tly remov$1 by dige/+ ! result+ granulat$1 lam9at$1 or pulv]ul5t alloy1 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 or o!r acid4 ,! z9c1 c41 is recov]$ by ! usual means4 ,?is process1 c>efully conduct$1 produces metal ( great ductility & purity1 conta9+ #ii to #ii-a_/b ( pure gold4 ,*emically pure gold is obta9$ by dissolv+ ! metal 9 nitro-hydro*loric acid1 add+ a solution ( protosulphate ( iron1 & collect+ & wa%+ ! precipitate4 ,9 ?is /ate x is a br[n p[d]1 :i* acquires a metallic lu/re by friction or heat4 ,prop4 ,! mo/ m>k$ prop]ties ( gold are its ri* yell[ col\r1 its ductility1 malleability1 insolubility 9 all m5/rua except 'aqua regia' 7nitro-hydro*loric acid71 aque\s *lor9e1 & hydr(luoric acid1 & its v slight aff9ity = oxyg54 ,x melts at a bright r$ heat 7#bcaf ,fahr4--,daniell71 & ! fus$ metal has a brilliant gre5 col\r4 ,x =ms comp\nds ) *lor9e1 iod9e1 oxyg51 sulphur1 c4 ,sp4 gr4 ( native gold1 #acc to #agg2 ( pure gold1 #aic 7av]age72 its greate/ d5sity is #aie4 ,te/s4 ,metallic gold is *>act]is$ by its yell[ col\r1 insolubility 9 nitric acid1 & its ready solubility 9 aqua regia1 =m+ a ri* yell[ or amb]-col\r$ liquid1 :i* /a9s ! sk9 purple4 ,solutions ( gold exhibit ! foll[+ reactions3--,protosulphate ( iron gives a br[n precipitate1 :i* acquires a metallic lu/re :5 rubb$2--,proto*loride ( t9 7pref]ably conta9+ a little p]*loride7 gives a violet1 purple1 or blacki% precipitate1 insoluble 9 hydro*loric acid2--,sulphurett$ hydrog5 & hydrosulphide1 ( ammonia give a black precipitate1 insoluble 9 simple acids2--,ammonia gives a r$di%-yell[ precipitate 7'fulm9at+ gold'71 ) tol]ably conc5trat$ solutions1 ei!r at once or on boil+ ! liquid2--,liquor ( potassa gives a r$di%-yell[ precipitate ) neutral solutions ( gold1 insoluble 9 excess4 ,e/im4 #a4 ,9 ! dry way2-- ,! quantity ( gold 9 an ,,alloy is usually e/imat$ by 'assay+' ! sample4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! assay1 x is necess>y to =m "s e/imate ( ! quantity ( o!r metals 7copp] or silv]1 or bo?7 9 ! specim5 to be exam9$1 9 ord] to employ ! prop] proportion ( lead 9 ! 'cupellation4' ,! exp]i5c$ assay] commonly does ?is by ! 'assay ( ! t\*1' &1 9 c]ta9 cases1 by a r\gh prelim9>y assay4 ,! quantity ( lead employ$ may be ab\t #af times ! weight ( ! copp] pres5t 9 ! sample1 & :5 ! alloy conta9s silv] an additional all[ance ( lead1 equal to #a_/aj? ( its weight1 is made on t acc\nt4 ,:5 no silv] is pres5t1 or x is n requir$ to be e/imat$1 a mu* l>g] proportion ( lead may be employ$4 ,! weight tak5 = ! assay 7'assay p\nd'7 is usually #ab or #f gr4 ,! alloy & dose ( lead be+ accurately weigh$ & sep>ately wrapp$ 9 small pieces ( pap]1 ! assay may be at once proce$$ )4 ,greek3 a4 ,,cupellation4 ,?is op]ation1 ! mo/ important ( ! :ole1 has be5 already describ$4 ,unlike silv]1 gold w be> ! highe/ heat ( ! furnace )\t 'vegetat+1' 'fum+1' or be+ absorb$ by ! cupel4 ,! loss ( weight gives ! am\nt ( copp] 9 ! alloy4 ,greek3 b4 ,,qu>tation4 ,! cupell$ sample is fus$ ) ?ree times its weight ( pure silv] 7call$ ! 'witness'71 by :i* ! gold is r$uc$ to "o f\r? ( ! mass1 or less1 & 9 ?is /ate may be easily remov$4 ,greek3 g4 ,,p>t+4 ,! alloy1 aft] qu>tation1 is hamm]$ or roll$ out into a ?9 /rip or leaf1 curl$ into a spiral =m1 & boil$ = a qu>t] ( an h\r1 9 a small flask1 ) ab\t #b-a_/b to #c oz4 ( nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ac72 & ! fluid be+ p\r$ (f1 x is aga9 boil$ 9 a simil> mann] ) #a-a_/b to #b oz4 m ( nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ab71 aft] :i* ! gold is c>efully collect$1 wa%$ 9 pure wat]1 & dri$4 ,:5 ! op]ation ( 'p>t+' is skilfully conduct$1 & ! acid n too /rong1 ! metal pres]ves its spiral =m2 o!rwise1 x falls into ! /ate ( flakes or p[d]4 ,! second boil+ or dige/ion is te*nically t]m$ ! 'reprise4' ,! loss ( weight by 'p>t+1' aft] d$uct+ t ( ! 'witness1' corresponds to ! quantity ( silv] orig9ally 9 ! specim54 ,greek3 d4 ,,anneal+4 ,?is consi/s 9 putt+ ! pure gold obta9$ by ! la/ process into a small por\s crucible or cupel1 & heat+ x to r$ness 9 ! muffle4 ,greek3 e4 ,,weigh+4 ,?is mu/ be done ) ! utmo/ accuracy4 ,! weight1 9 gra9s troy1 d\bl$ or quadrupl$1 z ! case may be1 gives ! numb] ( c>ats f9e ( ! alloy exam9$1 )\t calculation4 ,accord+ to ! ',,old ,,fr5* ,,me?od' ( assay+ gold1 ! foll[+ quantities are tak53--,= ! assay p\nd1 #ab gr42 f9e silv]1 #cj gr42 lead1 #ajh gr4 ,^! hav+ be5 cupell$ toge!r1 ! 7p]fect7 button is roll$ into a leaf 7#a-a_/b #e in*es71 twi/$ on a quill1 & submitt$ to p>t+ ) #b-a_/b oz4 & #a-a_/b oz4 ( nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #aaf 7#bj ,baum74 ,! rema9d] ( ! process is simil> to t above describ$4 ,two assays are made 9 ! same mann]1 ) a ?ird on pure gold or gold ( a kn[n f95ess2 & no conclusion is drawn1 unless ! assay ( ! latt] comes out accurately1 & t ( ! fir/ two correspond to ea* o!r4 ,= alloys conta9+ plat9um1 :i* usually consi/ ( copp]1 silv]1 plat9um1 & gold1 ! me?od ( assay+ is z foll[s3--,! alloy is 'cupell$' 9 ! usual way1 ! loss ( weight expresses ! am\nt ( copp]2 & ! button1 made into a rib& & treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 indicates1 by ! portion dissolv$1 t also ( ! silv] pres5t4 ,by submitt+ ! residuum to qu>tation1 ! plat9um becomes soluble 9 nitric acid4 ,! loss aft] dige/ion 9 ?is m5/ruum expresses ! weight ( t metal1 & ! weight ( ! portion n[ rema9+ is t ( ! pure gold4 ,gold conta9+ palladium may be assay$ 9 ! same mann]4 #b4 ,9 ! wet way3 ,! ri*ness 9 gold ( any sub/ance1 :e!r liquid or solid1 :5 ! quantity is small 7& inde$ 9 all o!r cases71 is mo/ simply & economically p]=m$ by ! common me?od ( *emical analysis4 ,! gold may be ?r[n d[n f its solution by add+ a solution ( protosulphate ( iron2 ! precipitate1 aft] be+ wa%$1 dri$1 & g5tly heat$1 may be weigh$ z pure gold4 ,pois41 c4 ,! soluble prep>ations ( gold 7*lorides7 are viol5t poisons4 ,! symptoms resemble ^? occasion$ by corrosive sublimate1 b are some:at less viol5t4 ,metallic gold 9 a m9ute /ate ( division is also capable ( produc+ v unpleasant consequ5ces1 & ev5 endang]+ life4 ,! antidote is iron fil+s or a solution ( sulphate ( iron1 giv5 conjo9tly ) an emetic4 ,uses4 ,! num]\s applications ( gold 9 ! arts & ! daily transactions ( life ne$ only be allud$ to "h4 ,9 m$ic9e1 gold has be5 giv5 9 ! =m ( p[d]1 9 scr(ula & syphilis1 by ,*re/e91 ,niel1 & o!rs1 ) app>5t advantage4--,dose1 #a_/d gr4 to #a gr41 #c or #d times a day1 9 pills1 or z a friction on ! tongue & gums4 ,an o9tm5t made ( #a gr4 ( p[d]$ gold & #cj gr4 ( l>d has be5 appli$ by ,niel to ! sk9 depriv$ ( ! epid]mis 7end]mically7 9 ! above diseases4 ,! m important *emical comp\nds conta9+ gold1 ! alloys & comm]cial =ms ( ! metal1 toge!r ) c]ta9 factiti\s sub/ances popul>ly call$ 'gold'1 are notic$ 9 alphabetical ord] bel[3-- ,gold1 ,alloys & ,prep>ations (3-- ,gold1 ,dut*4 ,,mannheim ,,gold1 ,,mosaic ,g41 ,,or-,,molu1 ,,p9*beck1 ,,pr9ce',s ,,metal1 ,,r$ ,,brass1 ,,similor1 ,,tombac4 ,^! names are appli$ to sev]al v>ieties ( f9e gold-col\r$ brass1 diff]+ slightly 9 t9t & 9 ! proportions ( copp] & z9c4 ,! t]ms tombac1 pr9ce's metal1 similor1 & ,mannheim gold1 are us$ by "s au?ors to designate alloys consi/+ ( ab\t #he ( copp] & #ae ( z9c2 :]eas1 accord+ to o!r au?ors1 pr9ce's metal & ,mannheim gold are synonym\s1 & are compos$ ( #ge copp] & #be z9c2 accord+ to ano!r au?or1 similor consi/s ( ab\t #ga-a_/b copp] & #bh-a_/b z9c1 & ,mannheim gold ( #hj copp] & #bj z9c2 &1 aga91 accord+ to ano!r au?or1 similor & ,mannheim gold are synonym\s1 & are appli$ to alloys ( copp] conta9+ f #aj to #ab z9c & f #f to #h t94 ,see+ t su* inextricable confusion exi/s 9 ! employm5t ( ! t]ms above m5tion$1 x is desirable to disc>d !m altoge!r4 ,at ! celebrat$ works ( ,heg]mhl1 ne> ,potsdam1 ! proportions copp]1 #aa p>ts1 to z9c1 #b p>ts1 are employ$ to produce a metal :i* is aft]w>ds roll$ into %eets = ! purpose ( mak+ ,dut* leaf-gold4 ,?is alloy has a v ri*1 deep gold col\r4 ,its malleability is s rem>kable t x may be beat5 out into leaves n exce$+ #a_/ebijj in* 9 ?ickness4 ,gold1 ,facti''ti\s4 ,prep4 ,f copp]1 #af p>ts2 plat9um1 #g p>ts2 z9c1 #a "p2 fus$ toge!r4 ,?is alloy resembles 9 col\r gold ( #af c>ats f9e1 or #b_/c1 & w resi/ ! action ( nitric acid1 unless v conc5trat$ & boil+4 ,gold1 ,gra94 ,syn4 ,,aurum ,,granulatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f cupell$ gold1 #a "p2 silv]1 #c p>ts2 melt$ toge!r1 & p\r$ 9 a small /ream into wat]2 ! silv] be+ aft]w>ds dissolv$ out by dige/ion 9 boil+ nitric acid1 & ! gra9s1 aft] be+ well wa%$ 9 wat]1 heat$ to r$ness 9 a crucible or cupel4 ,us$ to make prep>ations ( gold4 ,gold1 ,jew'ell]'s4 ,?is t]m is appli$ to alloys ( gold us$ = tr9kets & inf]ior articles ( jewelry1 rang+ f #c or #d c>ats f9e upw>ds2 or :i* are too inf]ior to receive ! ',hall m>k'4 ,! l[e/ alloy ( ?is class is =m$ ( copp]1 #af p>ts2 silv]1 #a to #a-a_/b "p2 gold1 #b to #c p>ts2 melt$ toge!r4 ,?is is wor? only f #hs4 #f;d4 to #is4 #f;d4 ! oz4 ,x has rec5tly be5 f\nd t gold ( ! quality ( #ab c>ats1 or less1 if alloy$ ) z9c in/ead ( ! prop] quantity ( silv]1 pres5ts a col\r v ne>ly equal to t ( a metal at lea/ #b-a_/b to #c c>ats high]1 or ( #hs4 or #ajs4 an ounce m value2 & ! consequ5ce has be5 t a l>ge quantity ( jewell]y has be5 made ( gold alloy$ 9 ?is mann]2 & ! same has be5 pur*as$ by "s %opkeep]s1 v mu* to _! own loss z well z t ( ! public2 inasmu* z a galvanic action is produc$1 aft] a "t1 ^u gold s alloy$1 by means ( :i* ! metal is split into sev]al pieces1 & ! articles r5d]$ p]fectly useless4 ,gold1 ,leaf4 ,syn4 ,,gold-,,leaf4 ,gold r$uc$ to leaves by hamm]+ x betwe5 ?9 animal membrane4 ,its prep>ation con/itutes ! trade ( ! goldbeat]4 ,^! leaves are only #a_/bhbjj ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,gilt silv] is hamm]$ 9 ! same way1 b ! leaves are ?ick]4 ,! latt] is call$ p>ty gold4 ,bo? are us$ by arti/s & gild]s1 & by druggi/s to gild pills1 c4 ,gold1 ,p[d]$4 ,syn4 ,,divid$ ,,gold1 ,,gild+ ,,p[d]1 ,,gold ,,bronze1 ,,gold ,,col\r2 ,,auri ,,pulvis4 ,prep4 ,gold1 #a "p2 m]cury1 #g p>ts2 =m an amalgam1 & expose x to heat until all ! m]cury is volatilis$2 or ! m]cury may be dissolv$ out ) hot nitric acid4 ,9 ei!r case ! residuum is to be p[d]$1 wa%$1 & dri$4 ,if ! quantity op]at$ on is consid]able1 ! process %\ld be s conduct$ z to save ! m]cury4 ,f gold leaf & honey gr\nd toge!r1 z ! la/1 by means ( a /one & mull]4 ,?is is ! plan commonly adopt$ 9 ! small way by arti/s4 ,f a solution ( gold 9 aqua regia precipitat$ by protosulphate ( iron1 ! result+ p[d] be+ wa%$1 dri$1 & g5tly heat$1 ,?is gives pure gold4 ,uses1 c4 ,p[d]$ gold is employ$ 9 gild+ by japann]s & by arti/s4 ,x is ei!r sold 9 p[d] 7gold 9 p[d]71 or made up into %ells 7gold 9 %ells74 ,its use 9 m$ic9e has be5 already notic$4 ,gold1 ,/&>d4 ,! /&>d gold ( ?is c\ntry is an alloy ( pure gold1 #aa p>ts1 ) pure copp]1 #a "p4 ,=m]ly ! alloy consi/$ p>tly ( silv]1 z f\nd 9 "s ( ! old] co9s n[ 9 circulation4 ,x is (t5 spok5 ( z #bb c>ats f9e4 ,gold1 ,*lorides (3 #a4 ,mono*loride4 ,au,cl4 ,syn4 ,,aur\s ,,*loride1 ,,proto*loride ,,( ,,gold4 ,a yell[i%-:ite mass1 =m$ :5 a solution ( tri*loride ( gold is evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! residuum is expos$ to a heat ( ab\t #ddj ,fahr41 until fumes ( *lor9e cease to be evolv$4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]1 :i* decomposes x1 sl[ly :5 cold1 b rapidly by ! aid ( heat1 into metallic gold & ! tri*loride4 #b4 ,tri*loride4 ,au,cl#c4 ,syn4 ,,auric ,,*loride1 ,,t]*loride ,,( ,,gold1 ,,tri*loride ,,( ,,gold1 ,,auri ,,*loridum4 ,prep4 ,gold1 #a "p1 dissolv$ by aid ( heat 9 nitro-hydro*loric acid1 #h p>ts1 & evaporat$ d[n to ne> dryness1 & all[$ to cry/allise4 ,prop4 ,orange-r$ cry/all9e ne$les1 or ruby-r$ prismatic cry/als2 deliquesc5t2 soluble 9 wat]1 e!r1 & alcohol1 =m+ a deep-yell[ solution2 at ! heat ( #ejj ,fahr4 x suff]s decomposition1 *lor9e be+ giv5 (f & pure gold left beh9d4 ,x is r$uc$ by f]r\s sulphate1 oxalic1 sulphur\s1 =mic & phosphor\s acids1 z well z by mo/ ( ! metals1 to metallic gold4 ,x comb9es ) sev]al ( ! metallic *lorides1 =m+ a s]ies ( d\ble salts1 :i* are mo/ly yell[ :5 9 cry/als1 & r$ :5 depriv$ ( wat]4 ,uses1 c4 ,x has be5 employ$ by ,duportal1 ,*re/i51 ,niel1 ,cull]i]1 ,legr&1 & o!rs1 z a sub/itute = m]cury1 9 scr(ula1 bron*ocele1 *ronic sk9 diseases1 c42 also z a cau/ic4--,dose1 #a_/bj gr41 dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 or made into a pill ) />*2 or1 9 frictions on ! gums1 9 quantities ( #a_/af to #a_/aj gr4 ,its mo/ important use1 h[ev]1 is z a reag5t 9 photography1 l>ge quantities be+ manufactur$ = use z a *ief ag5t 9 ton+ photographic pr9ts4 ,to "s ext5t x is also us$ = electro-gild+1 & mix$ ) excess ( bic>bonate ( potassium1 x =ms a good yield+ solution = small articles ( copp]4 ,^! are to be fir/ clean$ ) dilute nitric acid1 & !n boil$ = "s "t 9 ! mixture4 ,! above is ! salt g5]ally ref]r$ to "u ! "n ( ! '*loride ( gold1' or 9 comm]ce occasionally z ! 'muriate ( gold4' ,gold1 ,*loride (1 & ,sodium4 ,au,cl#c4 ,na,cl4 #b;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,auro*loride ,,( ,,sodium2 ,,sodii ,,auro*loridum4 ,prep4 ,auric *loride1 #he p>ts2 *loride ( sodium1 #af p>ts2 dissolve 9 a little di/ill$ wat]1 evaporate until a pellicle =ms1 !n put x aside to cry/allise4 ,x =ms beautiful orange-col\r$ rhombic prisms4 ,dose1 c4 #a_/bj to #a_/ab gr41 made into a pill ) />* or lycopodium1 9 ! same cases 9 :i* ! t]*loride is ord]$4 ,mix$ ) #b or #c times its weight ( orris p[d]1 x has be5 us$ 9 frictions on ! tongue & gums1 & an o9tm5t made ) #a gr4 ( ! salt1 mix$ ) #cf gr4 ( l>d1 has be5 appli$ to ! sk9 depriv$ ( ! epid]mis by a bli/]4 ,gold1 ,cyanide (4 ,au,cy#c4 ,syn4 ,,auric ,,cyanide4 ,prep4 ,add a solution ( pure cyanide ( potassium to a solution ( pure auric *loride z long z a precipitate =ms1 c>efully avoid+ any excess2 wa%1 & dry ! precipitate4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,! salt is a pale-yell[ p[d]1 insoluble 9 wat]1 b v soluble 9 a solution ( cyanide ( potassium1 =m+ ! d\ble cyanide ( gold & potassium s l>gely us$ 9 ! electrotype process4 ,cyanide ( gold is employ$ to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 m$ic9e4--,dose1 #a_/ab to #a_/aj gr41 made into a pill1 9 ! usual cases 9 :i* gold is adm9i/]$4 ,! fir/ =mula is ess5tially simil> to t ( ! ,fr5* ,codex4 ,gold1 ,extraction (1 by ,sodium ,amalgam4 7,crookes' ,me?od1 ,pat5t$47 ,9 ! extraction ( gold by amalgamation s]i\s difficulties are (t5 occurr+ ?r\gh ! 'fl\r+' or 'sick5+' ( ! m]cury employ$1 & ! prev5tion ( ! amalgamation by a coat+ ( t>ni% on ! gold4 ,s mu* is ?is ! case t losses ( f #cj to #fj p] c5t4 ( ! gold are usually incurr$1 &1 9 _m cases a /ill m s]i\s loss ( m]cury4 ,:5 c]ta9 m9]als1 z tellurium comp\nds1 pyrites1 c41 occur 9 ! gold ore1 ! m]cury is apt1 on trituration1 to become subdivid$ into excessively m9ute globules1 :i*1 ow+ to _! t>ni%$ condition1 refuse to unite1 & are consequ5tly wa%$ away1 x be+ almo/ impossible to sep>ate !m f ! heavi] portions ( ! ore4 ,?is is te*nically call$ 'fl\r+1' 'granulat+1' c4 ,besides ?is1 c]ta9 ( ^! m9]als affect ! m]cury 9 ano!r way1 t is1 by 'sick5+' x1 or caus+ x to lose its bright surface & fluidity1 & prev5ts its amalgamat+ ) ! gold4 ,besides ! inconv5i5ce & loss ?us caus$1 a fur!r loss ( gold takes place f ! inability ( ! ord9>y m]cury to t\* or amalgamate t>ni%$ gold1 unless x is gr\nd ) x1 = a m l5g?y p]iod ?an is f\nd practicable 9 mo/ cases4 ,mr ,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s41 has1 by means ( ! addition ( a c]ta9 proportion ( sodium1 9 ! =m ( an amalgam1 to ! m]cury1 effectually prev5t$ ?is s]i\s loss ( gold & m]cury4 ,by add+ c]ta9 quantities ( amalgams ,b & ,c1 an am\nt :i*1 diff]+ f ea* ore1 is asc]ta9$ by exp]im5t1 ! 'fl\r+' & 'sick5+' ( ! m]cury is effectually prev5t$1 ! m]cury rema9+ ?r\gh\t 9 ! be/ condition4 ,! addition ( ab\t "o t5? p]-c5tage ( amalgam ,a1 at int]vals ( "s h\rs1 increases mo/ p[]fully ! aff9ity ( ! m]cury = ! preci\s metals1 & secures a m ?or\gh amalgamation4 ,?is inv5tion has met ) g5]al approval1 & exp]im5ts conduct$ at _m m9es %[ its great practical value1 giv+ an increase ( f #e to #cj p] c5t4 9 ! yield ( gold1 &1 9 fact1 ) _m pyrites t yield$ no gold to ! ord9>y amalgamation process1 gave a consid]able yield ( gold to ! sodium amalgamation process4 ,?is has l$ to its use 9 mo/ m9es1 bo? silv] & gold1 9 ,am]ica4 ,gold1 ,iodide (4 ,au,l#c4 ,syn4 ,,auric ,,iodide1 ,,tri-,,iodide ,,( ,,gold1 ,,gold ,,t]iodide1 ,,auri ,,iodum4 ,prep4 ,add a solution ( tri*loride ( gold to "o ( iodide ( potassium4 ,! result+ precipitate is at fir/ r$issolv$ on agitation1 a soluble d\ble iodide be+ =m$2 subsequ5tly ! iodide ( gold is precipitat$1 leav+ ! sup]natant liquor free ( col\r4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,a d>k-gre5 p[d]1 easily soluble 9 hydriodic acid4 ,x is occasionally employ$ z a m$ic9e1 &1 l o!r prep>ations ( gold1 is ( an alt]ative "*4--,dose4 ,ab\t #a_/af? ( a gra94 ,gold1 ,oxides (3-- #a4 ,monoxide4 ,au#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,aur\s ,,oxide1 ,,protoxide ,,( ,,gold4 ,prep4 ,=m$ by treat+ ! aur\s *loride ) /rong potassium hydrate4 ,gre5 p[d]1 some:at soluble 9 potassium hydrate solution1 & readily decompos+ into metallic gold & auric oxide4 #b4 ,trioxide4 ,au#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,auric ,,oxide1 ,,oxide ,,( ,,gold1 ,,p]oxide ,,( ,,gold1 ,,auric ,,acid1 ,,auri ,,oxidum4 ,prep4 ,magnesic oxide1 #d p>ts2 auric *loride1 #a "p2 wat]1 #dj p>ts2 mix1 boil1 & wa% ! precipitate ) wat]1 dilute nitric acid1 & aga9 ) wat]4 ,x mu/ be dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,r$di%-yell[ p[d]1 easily decompos$ by heat2 readily soluble 9 hydro*loric & hydrobromic acids & /rong nitric acid1 b insoluble 9 wat] & ! o!r acids4 ,=ms un/able salts ) ! alkalies4 ,uses1 c4 ,trioxide ( gold has be5 giv5 9 scr(ula1 c41 9 doses ( #a_/ab to #a_/b gr41 or #a gr41 9 scr(ula1 syphilis1 c41 made into a pill ) extract ( mez]eon4 ,gold1 ,ammoni'uret (994 ,syn4 ,,aurate ,,( ,,ammonia1 ,,b]?ollet',s ,,fulm9at+ ,,gold2 ,,aurum ,,ammoniatum1 ,,ammoni ,,auras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by add+ ammonia to a solution ( gold 9 aqua regia 7tri*loride71 z long z a r$di%-yell[ precipitate 7fulm9at+ gold7 =ms2 ! latt] mu/ be collect$1 wa%$1 & dri$ ) ! greate/ possible caution4 ,obs4 ,ammonia fails to precipitate trioxide ( gold f solutions :i* are n tol]ably conc5trat$1 & 9 ^? conta9+ free acid or ammoniacal salts ! precipitate only =ms ^u boil+ ! solution4 ,be=e add+ ! ammonia1 x is1 !re=e1 prop] to drive (f ! excess ( acid1 if any1 by ! application ( heat4 ,see ,,fulm9at+ ,,comp\nds4 ,gold1 ,sul'phide (4 ,au#b,s#c4 ,syn4 ,,sulphuret ,,( ,,gold1 ,,t]sulphuret ,,( ,g42 ,,auri ,,sulphuretum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,transmit a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas ?r\gh a solution ( t]*loride ( gold 9 wat]2 or add hydrosulphuret ( ammonia to ! same solution2 collect ! precipitate1 wa% x ) cold di/ill$ wat]1 & dry x 9 ! %ade4 ,,gold ,,det]',,g5t4 ,prep4 7,upton47 ,take quicklime1 #a oz42 spr9kle x ) a little hot wat] to slake x1 !n gradually add boil+ wat]1 #a p9t1 s z to =m a milk4 ,next dissolve pe>la%1 #b oz41 9 boil+ wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 mix ! two solutions1 cov] up ! vessel1 agitate occasionally = an h\r1 all[ x to settle1 decant ! cle>1 put x into flat half-p9t bottles1 & well cork !m d[n4 ,use4 ,to clean gild+1 c41 ei!r alone or dilut$ ) wat]4 ,x is appli$ ) a s(t sponge1 & !n wa%$ (f ) clean wat]4 ,x is ess5tially a weak solution ( potassa1 & may be extemporane\sly prep>$ by dilut+ solution ( potassa 7,ph4 ,l47 ) ab\t #e times its volume4 ,,gold ,,%ells4 ,gold leaf or p[d]$ gold gr\nd up ) gum-wat]1 & spread ^u ! insides ( %ells4 ,us$ by arti/s4 ,,gold ,,size4 ,syn4 ,,gild+ ,,size1 ,,gild]',s ,s41 ,,gold ,,col\r4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,oil ,,size47 ,dry+ or boil$ oil ?ick5$ ) yell[ o*re or calc9$ r$ o*re1 & c>efully r$uc$ to ! utmo/ smoo?ness by gr9d+4 ,x is ?9n$ ) oil ( turp5t9e4 ,improves by age4 ,us$ = oil gild+4 #b4 7,,wat] ,,size47 ,p>*m5t or is+lass size1 mix$ ) f9ely gr\nd yell[ o*re4 ,us$ 9 burni%$ or di/emp] gild+4 ,,gold-,,beat',,er',s ,,sk9 is prep>$ f ! p]itoneal membrane ( ! ccum ( ! ox4 ,x is us$ to sep>ate ! leaves ( gold :il/ "u ! hamm]1 z a ne>ly invisible def5sive dress+ = cuts1 z a fabric = c\rt pla/]1 c4 ,,gold5 ,,seal4 ,see ,,hydra/is ,,canad5sis4 ,,gong ,,metal4 ,see ,,bell ,,metal4 ,,goniom',,etry4 ,! art ( measur+ ! angles ( cry/als1 by means ( a ,,goniomet]2 a mo/ important matt] 9 *emi/ry & m9]alogy4 ,! only accurate & simple in/rum5t ( ?is k9d is ! ,,reflect+ ,,goniomet] inv5t$ by ,dr ,wolla/on4 ,facility 9 us+ ?is in/rum5t is readily acquir$ by a few trials4 ,,goose4 ,?is bird1 ! ,ans] dome/icus1 is a fav\rite article ( food almo/ ev]y:]e1 & may fairly claim a simil> position among/ p\ltry to t occupi$ by good ,sir ,lo9 among jo9ts ( meat4 ,! vulg> inu5dos occasionally he>d to its prejudice %\ld be direct$ aga9/ ! cook r ?an ! bird1 z x is only :5 x is unskilfully dress$ & too highly season$ t x is apt to disagree ) t irascible memb] ( ! int]ior1 a delicate or ov]load$ /oma*4 ,undue susceptibility 9 t qu>t] may1 h[ev]1 be g5]ally allay$ by an oblation1 9 ! %ape ( a little 'eau de vie1' us$ z sauce or gravy4 ,=m]ly1 almo/ miracul\s virtues 7 attribut$ to ?is bird4 ,its fle% 0 said to promote longevity1 to cure hydrophobia1 & to be aphrodisiac4 ,! fat 7,,goose ,,grease2 ,,adeps ,,ans]is71 mix$ ) honey1 0 suppos$ to be good aga9/ ! bit+s ( a mad dog4 ,at ! pres5t day x is occasionally us$ 9 cly/]s1 &1 :5 sc5t$1 z a pomade to make ! hair gr[1 = :i* purpose x is said to be sup]ior to be>'s grease4 ,9 quantity x is an emetic ( v easy action4 ,! l>ge fea!rs ( ! w+s 7quills7 are us$ = writ+4 ,! small fea!rs =m ! common /uff+ ( our b$s4 ,,goose',,b]ry4 ,! fruit or b]ry ( ,ribes grossul>is4 ,unripe fruit1 cold & acidul\s2 ripe fruit1 :olesome & slightly laxative2 b ! se$s & sk9s %\ld n be eat51 z !y are v indige/ible2 ! juice ( ! gre5 fruit is made into w9e 7,,engli% ,,*ampagne72 ! se$s1 wa%$ & roa/$1 7 =m]ly us$ z a sub/itute = c(fee 7,,gooseb]ry ,,c(fee74 ,gooseb]ries are pres]v$ by simply bottl+ !m1 & keep+ !m 9 a v cold place4 ,see ,,*eese1 ,,fool1 ,,fruit1 c4 ,,g\l>d4 ,syn4 ,,g\l>d',s ,,extract4 ,see ,,solution ,,( ,,diacetate ,,( ,,lead4 ,,g\t4 ,syn4 ,,ar?ritis1 ,l4 ,a pa9ful disease t *iefly attacks ! male sex1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( a corpul5t habit & robu/ frame4 ,p]sons :o live temp]ately & take mu* ex]cise are seldom tr\bl$ ) g\t4 ,indol5ce1 inactivity1 luxuri\s habits ( life1 & free liv+1 are ! *ief excit+ causes ( ?is disease2 b excessive /udy1 grief1 wat*fulness1 exposure to cold1 & ! too free use ( acidul\s liquors1 also occasionally br+ x on4 ,9 "s p]sons x is an h]$it>y disease4 ,symp4 ,g\t is g5]ally prec$$ by unusual *ill9ess ( ! feet & legs1 & a numbness or a s5sation ( prickl+ along ! l[] extremities2 ! appetite fails1 flatul5cy1 indige/ion1 torpor1 & languor ensue1 & extreme lassitude & fatigue foll[ ! lea/ bodily ex]cise2 ! b[els become co/ive1 & ! ur9e pallid4 ,! fits usually come on 9 ! night2 ! pati5t is awak5$ by ! sev]ity ( ! pa91 g5]ally 9 ! fir/ jo9t ( ! great toe1 or occasionally 9 ! heel1 :ole foot1 or calf ( ! leg4 ,! pa9 resembles t ( a dislocat$ jo9t1 accompani$ by a s5sation resembl+ ! effusion ( cold wat]2 ! pa9 increases1 rigors & febrile symptoms ensue1 accompani$ ) local ?robb+ & inflammation4 ,sometimes bo? feet & legs are attack$2 at o!rs1 only "o4 ,t[>ds morn+ ! pati5t g5]ally falls asleep1 & s9ks into a /ate ( copi\s p]spiration1 f :i* he awakes comp>atively recov]$4 ,?is con/itutes :at is call$ a 'fit ( g\t4' ,^! fits or p>oxysms are apt to return at int]vals1 commonly e ev5+1 ) m or less viol5ce2 & :5 frequ5t1 ! disease usually ext5ds its action1 ! jo9ts become affect$1 & concretions ( a *alky nature 7*alk /ones1 g\t /ones7 are =m$ ^u !m1 & !y become /iff & ne>ly immovable4 ,treat4 ,a pla9 or vegetable diet1 mod]ate ex]cise1 & ! use ( w>m laxatives1 g5tle tonics1 diaphoretics1 & diuretics1 are among ! be/ prev5tives4 ,! mod]ate use ( alkal9e rem$ies1 z potassa & magnesia1 has also be5 recomm5d$4 ,to relieve ! fit ( g\t1 or to *eck x at its comm5cem5t1 ! affusion ( cold wat] w be (t5 f\nd effective4 ,! use ( ! 'eau mdic9ale'1 or ! 'v9um col*ici' ( ! ,ph>macopoeia1 may also be _h rec\rse to2 a due dose ( :i* tak5 at b$time w frequ5tly c>ry (f ! p>oxysm1 & ne>ly always mitigate ! symptoms4 ,! effect ( ! above rem$ies d n greatly diff] f ea* o!r4 ,! action ( bo? m$ic9es is accompani$ ) great languor1 & a deadly nausea or sickness1 :i* t]m9ates 9 vomit+ or a dis*>ge f ! b[els1 or bo?4 ,^! symptoms h (t5 rea*$ an al>m+ ext5t1 & 9 "s con/itutions foll[ ev5 a mod]ate dose4 ,?is me?od ( cure %\ld n1 !re=e1 be unadvis$ly & incauti\sly adopt$4 ,ano!r rem$y :i* has be5 recomm5d$ = g\t is lemon juice1 b exp]i5ce has prov$ t ?is ag5t is n to be dep5d$ on4 ,! dose propos$ by ,dr ,o4 ,rees1 :o orig9at$ ?is treatm5t1 0 #b or #c fl4 oz41 twice or ?rice a day4 ,to ensure ! efficacy ( lemon juice1 x mu/ be express$ f ! fruit into ! glass %ortly be=e be+ tak54 ,t pur*as$ at ! %ops is g5]ally /ale & disagreeable1 & is (t5 worse ?an useless4 ,9 "s cases x is advisable to take ! juice undilut$1 b ! m common practice is to mix x ) ab\t an equal quantity ( wat]4 ,see ,,rheumatism1 ,,col*icum1 ,,draught 7,anti-ar?ritic71 ,,lemon ,,juice1 ,,v9eg> ,,( ,,col*icum1 ,,w9e ,,( ,,col*icum1 c4 ,g\t ,cor'dial4 ,prep4 ,rhub>b1 s5na1 cori&] se$1 sweet-f5nel se$1 & co*9eal1 ( ea* #b oz42 liquorice root & saffron1 ( ea* #a oz42 rais9s1 #b-a_/b lbs42 rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #b gals42 dige/ = #ad days1 press1 & filt]4 ,us$ 9 g\t & rheumatism4 ,aromatic & slightly laxative4--,dose1 #a to #c table-spoonfuls4 ,g\t ,m$'ic9e4 7,duncan's47 ,a mixture ( w9e ( col*icum1 w9e ( opium1 & t9cture ( saffron4 ,g\t ,rem'edy4 7,alex&]'s47 ,accord+ to ,dr ,p>is1 ?is conta9s--anise$1 cum9 se$1 g+]1 h]modactyles1 pepp]1 & scammony4 ,g\t ,specific4 7,murray's47 ,a mixture ( iodide ( potassium1 sulphate ( magnesia1 & w9e ( col*icum1 disguis$ ) an aromatic t9cture4 ,,g\ttes ,,am]es4 ,fr4 ,see ,,drops 7,bitt]74 ,,grad',,uator4 ,see ,,v9eg>4 ,,graft+ ,,com',,po/4 ,clay temp]$ ) wat]1 to :i* a little l9se$ oil is sometimes add$4 ,us$ to cov] ! jo9t =m$ by ! scion & /ock 9 graft+4 ,,gra9s ,,( ,,heal?1 ,dr ,franck's--,gesundheitspill5--,gra9s de ,sant1 ou ,gra9s de ,vie1 du ,docteur ,franck4 ,silv]$ pills1 conta9+ #a "p gamboge & #d p>ts aloes4 7,hag]47 ,,gra9s ,,( ,,p>',,adise4 ,syn4 ,,gu9ea ,,gra9s1 ,,meleguetta ,,pepp]4 ,! se$s ( ! ,ammomum meleguetta4 ,gra9s ( p>adise are hot1 acrid1 & aromatic1 & 9 g5]al prop]ties simil> to ! o!r pepp]s4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! _w !y are us$ z a condim5t4 ,!y are pr9cipally employ$ 9 ^! c\ntries to imp>t a false /r5g? to w9e1 be]1 spirits1 & v9eg>4 ,,granil',,la4 ,a small inf]ior v>iety ( co*9eal 7:i* see74 ,,granula',,tion4 ,! act or process ( =m+1 or break+ into1 gra9s or small masses4 ,! granulation ( ,,m$ic9es has ( late ye>s receiv$ consid]able att5tion f bo? =eign & ,briti% ph>maceuti/s4 ,9 ,france1 granulat$ p[d]s 7,,p\dres ,,granul,,es7 are com+ into g5]al use 9 place ( impalpable p[d]s1 ! mo/ unpleasant ( all =ms ( m$ic9e4 ,! ,fr5* process consi/s 9 envelop+ ! p>ticles ( m$ic9es 9 syrup by means ( heat & con/ant /irr+4 ,mr ,bann]1 ( ,liv]pool1 has lately introduc$ a me?od ( granulat+ m$ic9es f> pref]able to t ( ! ,fr5* ph>maceuti/s4 ,! p[d] to be granulat$ is plac$ 9 a mort>1 & mucilage ( gum acacia is gradually add$ until a crumbly mass is made2 ?is is !n rubb$ ?r\gh a wire sieve 7ab\t #ab me%es to ! in*71 & ! granules produc$ are spread out on pap]1 & left to dry spontane\sly1 or !y are plac$ 9 a copp] pan1 & kept 9 con/ant motion ov] a /ove until dry2 :5 p]fectly dry1 !y are plac$ 9 a mort>1 & suffici5t quantity ( /rong t9cture ( tolu 7#c dr4 to #a oz47 is add$ to !m1 until by con/ant /irr+ !y all appe> glossy & %9+2 !y are !n dri$ aga9 by a g5tle heat1 be+ kept 9 con/ant motion4 ,! granules ?us =m$ keep well1 are ta/eless1 & are mu* m elegant & agreeable prep>ations ?an pills or ord9>y p[d]s4 ,_m sal9e sub/ances are granulat$ by ! simple process ( dissolv+ ! salt 9 wat]1 & evaporat+ to dryness ) con/ant /irr+4 ,,metals are granulat$ 7r$uc$ to drops1 gra9s1 or co>se p[d]7 by p\r+ !m1 9 ! melt$ /ate1 into wat]4 ,9 _m cases !y are all[$ to run ?r\gh ! holes ( a species ( col&] or sieve to produce m9ute division2 & 9 ord] to r5d] ! drops sph]ical1 !y are all[$ to fall f a suffici5t height to p]mit ( _! acquir+ ! solid /ate be=e /rik+ ! wat]4 ,lead %ot is made 9 ?is way4 ,%ot t[]s are (t5 upw>ds ( #ajj feet 9 height4 ,see ,,copp]1 ,,gunp[d]1 ,,p[d]1 ,,z9c1 c4 ,,grapes4 ,syn4 ,,uv1 ,l4 ,! fruit ( ,vitis v9if]a1 or ! common grape v9e4 ,ripe grapes are cool+ & antiseptic1 & 9 l>ge quantities diuretic & laxative4 ,!y are v useful 9 bili\s affections & dyspepsia1 & 9 all febrile1 putrid1 & inflammatory compla9ts4 ,! sk9 & se$1 :i* are indige/ible1 %\ld be reject$4 ,grapes :i* conta9 a l>ge quantity ( sug> are1 if tak5 )\t ! husks1 ! safe/ & mo/ nutritive ( summ] fruits4 7,cull547 ,! subjects ( pulmon>y affections1 :o pass ! summ] 9 ,switz]l&1 may try ! effects ( a c\rse ( grapes1 'cure de rais9s1' a rem$y held 9 high e/imation 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! ,cont95t4 7,sir ,j4 ,cl>k47 ,grapes1 9 bun*es are pres]v$ by wrapp+ !m 9 silv] pap]1 & pack+ !m 9 dry bran4 ,ea* bun* is susp5d$ by ! /em ) ! f+]s ( "o h&1 :il/ ! bran is p\r$ r\nd x ) ! o!r2 ! j> be+ occasionally g5tly %ak5 z ! process ( pack+ proce$s4 ,"s pap] is !n laid ov] ! top ( ! j>1 ! m\? or cov] ( :i* is1 la/ly1 ti$ firmly ov] ) bladd]1 to exclude ! air & moi/ure4 ,see ,,fruit1 c4 ,,graph',,ite4 ,see ,,plumbago4 ,,grate4 ,a frame ( iron b>s us$ = burn+ coal z fuel4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( a grate x is desirable to make ! p]p5dicul> height ( ! fuel z great z is consi/5t ) safety4 ,a /ratum ( burn+ coal w radiate consid]ably m heat into an ap>tm5t if plac$ v]tically ?an if arrang$ horizontally2 besides :i* a great sav+ ( fuel w be effect$ 9 proportion to ! heat radiat$4 ,h5ce ! faulty con/ruction ( ! old-fa%ion$ wide grates4 ,! fuel %\ld also be s divid$ 9 a fireplace z to be easy ( ignition1 & s plac$ z to give free access ( air to all its p>ts1 z ! smoke is !n m likely to be burnt4 ,,grav',,el4 ,a collection ( small pebbles commonly mix$ ) s& or clay1 or bo?4 ,gravel = g>d5 walks is *os5 = its f9e col\r & b9d+ prop]ties4 ,! gravel ( ,k5s+ton & ,wimbl$on is e/eem$ ! f9e/ 9 ! _w4 ,gravel walks :5 once 9 ord]1 may be r5d]$ ne>ly equal to asphalt by p\r+ ov] !m t> or a mixture ( t> & pit*1 absorption be+ promot$1 if requir$1 by ! application ( a hot iron4 ,gravel4 ,9 pa?ology1 a t]m popul>ly appli$ to calcul\s matt] =m$ 9 ! kidneys1 & pass+ (f 9 ! ur9e2 & sometimes to di/9ct calculi or concretions 9 ! bladd] itself4 ,an attack ( gravel1 z commonly und]/ood1 is accompani$ by a deposit ( r$1 gritty1 s&-l p>ticles 9 ! ur9e1 :i* d n dissolve :5 ! ur9e is heat$4 ,! deposit consi/s ( uric acid4 ,pa9s 9 ! lo9s are a common accompanim5t ( gravel1 & !re is also sometimes pa9 9 pass+ wat]4 ,treat4 ,give tw5ty m9ims ( solution ( pota% 7( ! ,b4 ,p47 ?ree times a day 9 b>ley wat]2 or tw5ty gra9s ( bic>bonate ( soda1 also ?ree times a day4 ,if ! attack be att5d$ ) mu* pa9 a brisk dose ( ,gregory's p[d] %\ld be additionally tak5 e morn+4 ,vi*y ,wat] w also be f\nd a useful rem$y4 ,see ,,calculus4 ,,gravim',,et]4 ,see ,,hydromet]4 ,,grav',,ity4 ,syn4 ,,gravitation4 ,! attractive =ce by :i* bodies fall t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,weight is ! measure ( gravity4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! relative weight ( bodies ) ref]5ce to a giv5 /&>d1 is expla9$ "u ,,specific ,,gravity4 ,,gra',,vy4 ,! juice or liquid matt] t dra9s f dress$ meat aft] x is plac$ on ! di% = s]v+4 ,! common practice among cooks is to p\r a spoonful or two ( boil+ wat] or bro? ov] ! jo9t1 to increase ! quantity4 ,! natural gravy t oozes f ! meat aft] x is cut is ! ri*e/ & mo/ :olesome4 ,made gravies are prep>$ by add+ spice & flav\r+ to ! =ego+1 or to /rong meat s\p4 ,! gravy = roa/ meat is usually made by spr9kl+ a little salt on ! jo9t aft] x is plac$ 9 ! di%1 & !n p\r+ "s boil+ wat] ov] x2 ?is wa%es (f "s ( ! br[n1 & makes a col\r$ liquid 9 ! di%4 ,ano!r me?od = mak+ gravy = roa/ meat is ! foll[+3--,take any bones1 scraps ( cold meat1 or trimm+s ( ! jo9t1 put !m 9 a half p9t ( wat]1 ) a little salt & half an onion1 let !m /ew all ! "t ! meat is roa/+2 col\r ) a little burnt sug>4 ,:5 ! meat is done1 p\r ! dripp+ f x c>efully into a bas91 leav+ ! gravy at ! bottom ( ! t92 /ra9 ! gravy y h made into ?is1 let x boil1 & p\r r\nd 7n ov]7 ! meat4 ,if ! gravy is lik$ ?ick1 put a dess]t-spoonful ( fl\r1 mix$ into a smoo? pa/e1 ) two ( cold wat]1 into ! saucepan five m9utes be=e y /ra9 x4 ,see ,,sauce4 ,,gray4 ,syn4 ,,grey2 ,,gris1 ,fr4 ,a mixture ( black & :ite4 ,delicate grays result f mixture ( ! ?ree elem5t>y col\rs1 r$1 yell[1 & blue1 9 :i* ! blue prepond]ates to a great] or less ext5t4 ,,gray ,,dye4 ,syn4 ,,te9te ,,grise4 ,gray is dy$ ) ! same mat]ials z black1 b bo? ! ba? & mordaunt are us$ 9 a m dilut$ /ate4 ,,cotton goods may be work$ 9 suma* & !n 9 copp]as2 ?is gives r a blui% grey1 :i* may be modifi$ to any p>ticul> hue by ! addition ( suitable col\r+ matt]4 ,to make x yell[i%1 a small am\nt ( fu/ic & alum are employ$2 to make x 'full]1' pea*wood & ,lima-wood ) alum are us$4 ,! me?ods ( obta9+ grey on ,,silk & ,,wool are v num]\s2 !y are simil> 9 pr9ciple to ! above1 all dep5d+ on ! bl5d+ ( ! ?ree prim>y col\rs1 or on ! modification ( weak blacks4 ,see ,,black ,,dye4 ,,grease4 ,a g5]al t]m appli$ to s(t animal fats2 z ,,be>',s ,,grease1 ,,goose ,,grease1 c4 ,grease4 ,an inflammatory affection ( ! heels ( horses1 :i* produces dryness1 scurf9ess & /iffness4 ,! treatm5t consi/s ( emolli5t p\ltices1 accompani$ ) physic & diuretic balls1 to subdue ! inflammation1 foll[$ by mild a/r+5t lotions or o9tm5ts4 ,,greaves4 ,syn4 ,,graves4 ,! s$im5t ( melt$ tall[1 consi/+ *iefly ( animal membranes mix$ ) fat1 made up into cakes4 ,us$ z a co>se food = dogs4 ,,gre',,cian ,,wat]4 ,see ,,hair ,,dyes4 ,,gre54 ,syn4 ,,viridis1 ,l42 ,,v]t1 ,fr4 ,( ! col\r ( ! leaves ( gr[+ plants2 sub/4 a gre5 col\r4 ,,gre5 ,,dye4 ,syn4 ,,te9te ,,v]te1 ,fr4 ,all ! gre5 dyes 9 use1 ) ! practically unimportant exception ( ,*9ese gre5 & oxide ( *romium gre51 are comp\nd$ ( blue & yell[4 ,! goods1 9 practice1 are g5]ally dy$ blue fir/1 obs]v+ to regulate ! %ade accord+ to t ( ! int5d$ gre52 !y are !n dri$1 r9s$1 & pass$ ?r\gh a yell[ ba?1 ) ! l precautions1 until ! prop] %ade is obta9$4 ,see ,,blue ,,dye1 ,,yell[ ,,dye1 c4 ,,gre5 ,,pig',,m5ts4 ,sev]al ( ! gre5 pigm5ts ( comm]ce are obta9$ f copp]4 ,oxide ( *romium furni%es "s :i* are v beautiful4 ,_m are =m$ by ! m]e me*anical admixture ( blue & yell[ pigm5ts4 ,! bright blues & yell[s1 :5 mix$ 9 ?is way1 produce ! livelie/ gre5s2 orange1 or r$ & blue1 & ! yell[i% br[ns & blue1 ! m d+y gre5s4 ,9 ?is way are produc$ all ! extemporane\s gre5s ( ! arti/4 ,nickel & titanium also furni% gre5 col\rs1 b ^! are n 9 common use4 ,! foll[+ li/ embraces all ! be/-kn[n & mo/ useful gre5 pigm5ts3-- ,gre5 ,ars5'ical4 ,ars5ite & aceto-ars5ite ( copp]4 ,see ,,gre51 ,,s*eele',s & ,,s*we9furt 7bel[74 ,gre51 ,b>?'s4 ,f yell[ lake1 ,prussian blue1 & clay1 gr\nd toge!r4 ,gre51 ,bice4 ,same z m\nta9 gre54 ,gre51 ,brem54 ,?is is prop]ly gre5 v]dit]1 b o!r prep>ations are frequ5tly sold "u ! "n4 ,gre51 ,brighton4 ,a mixture ( impure acetate ( copp] & *alk1 prep>$ z foll[s3-- ,to sulphate ( copp]1 #g lbs41 add sug> ( lead1 #c lbs42 ea* sep>ately dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #e p9ts2 mix ! solutions1 /ir 9 ( :it+1 #bd lbs41 set ! result+ pa/e on *alk /ones1 & :5 dry gr9d x to p[d]4 ,gre51 ,brunswick4 ,?is is probably a crude *loride ( copp]1 b a mixture ( c>bonate ( copp] & alum9a or *alk is n[ commonly sold "u ! "n 9 ! %ops4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a saturat$ solution ( sal ammoniac1 #c p>ts1 is p\r$ ov] copp] fil+s or %r$s1 #b p>ts1 conta9$ 9 a vessel capable ( be+ clos$ up1 & ! mixture is kept 9 a w>m place = "s weeks1 :5 ! newly =m$ gre5 pigm5t is sep>at$ f ! unoxidis$ copp]1 by wa%+ ! mixture on a sieve2 x is !n edulcorat$ ) wat]1 & sl[ly dri$ 9 ! %ade4 ,col\r v deep & ri*4 ,! light] %ades are produc$ by ! addition ( sulphate ( b>yta4 #b4 ,a solution ( crude c>bonate ( ammonia or bone _s is add$ to a mix$ solution ( alum & blue vitriol1 z long z x affects ! liquor2 9 a %ort "t ! precipitate is collect$1 wa%$ & dri$4 ,! v>i\s %ades ( gre5 are produc$ by us+ diff]5t quantities ( alum1 :i* pales & *eap5s x4 ,gre51 ,*rome4 ,! sup]b gre5 pigm5t us$ by enamell]s "u ?is "n is ! gre5 oxide or sesquioxide ( *romium4 ,a hydrat$ oxide ( *romium =ms ! em]ald gre5 ( ,panneti]2 x is prep>$ by melt+ 9 a crucible equival5t quantities ( anhydr\s boracic acid & bi*romate ( potassium1 & treat+ ! fus$ mass ) wat]4 ,! hydrat$ oxide ?us produc$ is wa%$ & f9ely triturat$4 ,! *rome gre5 ( ! oil & col\r %ops is a mixture ( *rome yell[ & ,prussian gre54 ,gre51 ,cop'p]4 ,gre5 bice or m\nta9 gre51 ,brunswick gre51 em]ald gre51 v]dit]1 & sev]al o!r well-kn[n pigm5ts1 may be ?us nam$4 ,gre51 ,em'erald4 ,?is t]m is commonly appli$ to ! aceto-ars5ite ( copp]1 z prep>$ 9 ,engl&4 ,x is ! same comp\nd1 *emically speak+1 z ,s*we9furt gre5 7:i* see74 ,prep4 ,a pulp is =m$ ) v]digris1 #a "p1 & boil+ wat] q4 s41 & aft] be+ pass$ ?r\gh a sieve1 to remove lumps1 is add$ gradually to a boil+ solution ( ars5i\s acid1 #a "p1 9 wat]1 #aj p>ts1 ! mixture be+ con/antly /irr$ until ! precipitate becomes a heavy1 granul> p[d]1 :5 x is collect$ on a calico filt]1 & dri$ on *alk /ones4 ,gre51 ,frise4 ,syn4 ,,friezl& ,,gre54 ,?is resembles ,brunswick gre54 ,gre51 ,gell>t's4 ,a mixture ( cobalt blue & fl[]s ( z9c ) "s yell[ pigm5t4 ,gre51 ,impe'rial4 ,s*we9furt gre5 7see bel[74 ,gre51 ,iris4 ,a pigm5t prep>$ by gr9d+ ! juice ( ! petals ( ! blue flag ) quicklime4 ,x is v fugitive4 ,gre5 ,lake4 ,see ,,lake4 ,gre51 ,m9'eral4 ,?is is ! same z m\nta9 gre54 ,gre51 ,mitis4 ,ano!r ( ! _m synonyms ( ,s*we9furt gre54 ,gre51 ,m\nta94 ,?is pigm5t is prop]ly ! native gre5 c>bonate or bic>bonate ( copp] 7mala*ite7 gr\nd to p[d]1 ei!r ) or )\t ! addition ( a little orpim5t or *rome yell[4 ,t ( ! %ops is commonly prep>$ by add+ a solution ( c>bonate ( soda1 or ( potassa1 to a hot mix$ solution ( sulphate ( copp] & alum4 ,gre5 v]dit] is commonly sold = ?is article4 ,accord+ to ,watts1 m\nta9 gre5 is ! same z ,neuwi$] gre54 ,gre51 ,neuwi$]4 ,s*we9furt gre5 mix$ ) gypsum or sulphate ( b>yta4 ,gre51 ,prussian4 ,! s$im5t ( ! process ( mak+ ,prussian blue f bullock's blood or horns1 be=e x has _h ! hydro*loric acid add$ to x4 ,x is also prep>$ by p\r+ liquid *loride ^u fre%ly precipitat$ ,prussian blue4 ,z n[ sold1 ?is pigm5t is g5]ally a mixture ( ,prussian blue & gamboge4 ,gre51 ,r9man's4 ,?is resembles t ( ,gell]t4 ,gre51 ,sap4 ,a v fugitive pigm5t1 prep>$ f ! juice ( buck?orn b]ries4 ,! b]ries are all[$ to f]m5t = a week or eight days 9 a wood5 tub4 ,! juice is !n press$ out1 /ra9$1 a little alum add$1 & ! :ole evaporat$ to a prop] consi/5ce2 x is next run into pigs' bladd]s1 & hung up 9 a dry situation to h>d54 ,an inf]ior article is made f ! juice ( black ald]1 & ( ev]gre5 privet4 ,x is a common practice to add #c_/d p9t ( lime wat] & #a_/b oz4 ( gum ,arabic to e p9t ( ei!r ( ! above juices4 ,gre51 ,s*eele's4 ,?is is ars5ite ( copp]4 ,prep4 #a4 ,:ite ars5ic 79 p[d]71 #a "p2 comm]cial pota%1 #b p>ts2 boil+ wat]1 #ce p>ts2 dissolve1 filt]1 & add ! solution gradually1 :il/ /ill w>m1 to a filt]$ solution ( sulphate ( copp] 7cry/471 #b p>ts1 z long z a precipitate falls2 la/ly1 wa% ! newly =m$ pigm5t ) w>m wat]1 & dry x4 #b4 7,ure47 ,p[d]$ ars5i\s acid1 #aa oz42 c>bonate ( potassa1 #a-a_/b lb42 boil+ wat]1 #a gall42 dissolve1 filt]1 & add ! solution1 z be=e1 to ano!r solution ( cry/allis$ sulphate ( copp]1 #b lbs41 9 wat]1 #c galls4 ,prod4 #a-a_/b lb4 ,a v f9e grass-gre5 col\r4 ,gre51 ,s*we9furt4 ,?is spl5did gre5 pigm5t is ! aceto-ars5ite ( copp]4 ,prep4 #a4 ,acetate ( copp] & ars5i\s acid1 equal p>ts1 are ea* dissolv$ sep>ately 9 ! lea/ possible quantity ( boil+ wat]1 & ! solutions mix$ :il/ /ill z hot z possible2 an olive-gre5 precipitate falls1 :i*1 by be+ boil$ 9 ! liquor #e or #f m9utes1 *anges to a d5se granul> p[d] ( a sup]b gre5 col\r4 #b4 ,in/ead ( boil+ ! solution conta9+ ! precipitate1 x is all[$ to cool & /& = sev]al h\rs1 or until ! p[d] assumes a granul> & beautiful t9t4 ,v ri*4 #c4 7,ka/n]47 ,ars5i\s acid1 #h lbs41 is dissolv$ 9 wat] z be=e1 & add$ to v]digris1 #i or #aj lbs41 diffus$ ?r\gh wat] q4 s41 at #abj ,fahr41 ! pap ( ! o!r be+ fir/ pass$ ?r\gh a sieve2 ! mix$ +r$i5ts are !n set aside till ! mutual reaction produces ! prop] %ade4 #d4 7,dr ,ure47 ,sulphate ( copp]1 #ej lbs41 & lime1 #aj lbs41 are dissolv$ 9 good v9eg>1 #bj galls41 & a boil+ hot solution ( :ite ars5ic1 #ej lbs41 is convey$ z quickly z possible into ! liquor2 ! mixture is /irr$ sev]al times1 & !n all[$ to subside1 aft] :i* x is collect$ on a filt]1 dri$ & p[d]$4 ,! sup]natant liquor is employ$ ! next "t = dissolv+ ! ars5ic4 #e4 ,see ,,gre51 ,,em]ald 7above74 ,obs4 ,?is is a v f9e1 p]man5t gre5 pigm5t4 ,a great deal ( ne$less al>m has be5 excit$ ab\t its suppos$ delet]i\s effects4 ,x is ext5sively employ$ = /a9+ wall-pap]s1 & p]sons inhabit+ rooms ?us pap]$ are said to h _h _! heal? s]i\sly d]ang$ by ! ars5ical fumes evolv$ f x4 ,n[1 x is utt]ly impossible t ars5ic c\ld volatilise f su* a comp\nd at ord9>y temp]atures2 x does n decompose at any temp]ature bel[ r$ness4 7,watts47 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t ! air ( su* ap>tm5ts is sometimes *>g$ ) ! poison\s pigm5t ?r\gh its becom+ me*anically deta*$ f ! pap]4 ,to brea! an atmosph]e s impregnat$ w\ld be dang]\s4 ,! use ( pap]s col\r$ ) ,s*eele's gre51 especially ( ! k9d call$ 'flock1' %\ld1 !re=e1 be c>efully avoid$4--,,ed4 ,v]d'igris4 ,see ,,copp] 7,acetates7 & ,,v]digris4 ,gre51 ,v]d'it]4 ,?is is ess5tially a mixture ( oxide & c>bonate ( copp] 9 unc]ta9 proportions1 ) *alk4 ,factiti\s gre5 bice & m\nta9 gre5 h a l composition4 ,see ,,v]dit]4 ,gre51 ,v]ona4 ,! m9]al call$ gre5 e>?4 ,gre51 ,vi5na4 ,! same z ,s*we9furt gre54 ,,gre5 ,,sickness4 ,see ,,*lorosis4 ,,greek ,,fire4 ,?is comp\nd1 s mu* us$ 9 anci5t w>f>e1 is believ$ to h _h naph?a = its *ief +r$i5t4 ,accord+ to "s au?orities1 x 0 a mixture ( asphalt1 nitre1 & sulphur4 ,,gregory',s ,,salt4 ,! crude hydro*lorate ( morphia1 prep>$ by ,gregory's process4 ,x is a d\ble hydro*lorate ( morphia & codeia4 ,,gr9delia ,,robu/a4 ,a p]5nial plant belong+ to ! natural ord] ,composit2 a native ( ,cali=nia1 9 :i* /ate x is l>gely us$ aga9/ poison+ by ! poison oak 7! ,rhus toxicod5dron74 ,( late ye>s x is said to h be5 9 ,am]ican m$ical practice us$ ) excell5t effect 9 a/hma & k9dr$ diseases4 ,dr ,q4 ,c4 ,smi?1 writ+ to ! ',pacific ,m$ical & ,surgical ,j\rnal' = ,april1 #ahge1 /ates "o pati5t to :om pills made ( ! solid extract 7 adm9i/]$1 _h suff]$ f sev]e & frequ5t attacks ( a/hma s9ce *ildhood1 & _h f\nd no relief f v>i\s rem$ies4 ,dr ,smi? gave 8 pati5t ! extract ( ! gr9delia 9 pills ( ?ree gra9s ea*1 "o ?ree times a day = two or ?ree days1 !n a pill at b$time only1 = eight or t5 days long]4 ,"u ?is mode ( treatm5t ! attacks are said to h be5 mu* less sev]e1 & less frequ5t2 ! pati5t n only ga9+ 9 /r5g? & g5]al heal? 9 ! meantime1 b hav+ exp]i5c$ an immunity f attack = f\r mon?s4 ,! p>ts ( ! plant us$ are ! select$ leaves & tops4 ,,gr9d',,+4 ,! op]ation ( r$uc+ sub/ances to p[d] by attrition or friction4 ,9 ! laboratory1 ! t]m is *iefly appli$ to p[d]+ by means ( a mill or by me*anical p[]1 9 opposition to simple p\nd+ or trituration 9 a mort> or ) a slab & mull]4 ,all ! pr9cipal p[d]s1 pa9ts1 c41 sold by ! druggi/1 drysalt]1 & col\rman1 are r$uc$ 9 ! drug or col\r mill4 ,rec5tly ma*9]y has ev5 be5 appli$ to ! common mort>4 ,an +5i\s & v useful contrivance ( ?is k9d is ! 'me*anical mort>' ( ,mr ,h4 ,goodhall1 ( ,d]by4 ,,gr9d',,/ones4 7,artificial74 ,wa%$ silice\s s&1 #c or #d p>ts2 %ell-lac1 #a "p2 melt toge!r1 & =m ! mass into ! prop] %ape :il/ w>m1 ) /rong pressure4 ,! f95ess ( ! s& mu/ dep5d on ! "w ! /one is int5d$ =4 ,! same composition is =m$ ^u pieces ( wood1 z corn rubb]s1 & = ! purpose ( %>p5+ knives1 & cutt+ /ones1 %ells1 c4 ,see ,,em]y4 ,,groats4 ,syn4 ,,grits2 ,,grutellum1 ,,av5a ,,decorticata1 ,,av5 ,,sem9a1 ,,av5a 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,common oats1 depriv$ ( _! ext]ior integum5ts or husks4 ,?is is g5]ally effect$ 9 a mill1 :i*1 at ! same "t1 cuts !m into two or ?ree pieces4 ,:5 cru%$ flat1 !y are d5om9at$ ,,embd5 ,,groats4 ,,gr\t4 ,mort> r$uc$ to a ?9 pa/e ) wat]1 us$ to fill up ! jo9ts ( masonry & brickwork4 ,a f9] k9d is us$ to 'f9i% (f' ! be/ ceil+s4 ,,gruel4 ,syn4 ,,oatmeal ,,gruel1 ,,wat] ,g42 ,,decoctum ,,av51 ,l4 ,oatmeal or groats boil$ ) wat] to a prop] consi/5ce1 & /ra9$4 ,x is v>i\sly flav\r$ to suit ! palate2 b ! addition ( a little :ite sug>1 & f9ely p[d]$ ,jamaica g+]1 ) or )\t a glass ( w9e1 is ! lea/ likely to (f5d ! /oma*4 ,nutmegs1 c9namon1 c41 frequ5tly disagree ) invalids4 ,sometimes milk or butt] is add$4 ,embd5 groats require less boil+ ?an ! common groats4 ,( oatmeal1 ! ,scot* is commonly said to be ! be/4 ,! foll[+ directions = mak+ gruel f oatmeal are giv5 by ,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson3 ,oatmeal1 #b oz42 cold wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 rub ! meal 9 a bas91 ) ! back ( a spoon1 9 "s ( ! wat]1 p\r+ (f ! fluid aft] ! gross] p>ticles h subsid$1 b :il/ ! milk9ess rema9s2 repeat ?is ) fre% wat]1 unite ! wa%+s1 & boil until a s(t1 ?ick mucilage is =m$4 ,,gua',,iac94 ,syn4 ,,guaiacic ,,acid1 ,,pure ,,guaiacum ,,res94 ,a sub/ance hav+ ! nature ( an acid1 discov]$ by ,trommsdorff 9 ! wood & b>k ( ,guaiacum (fic9ale4 ,prep4 ,! t9cture ( guaiacum is treat$ ) hydrate ( lime1 & ! guaiacate ( lime ?us =m$ is decompos$ ) dilute sulphuric acid2 x is purifi$ by dissolv+ x 9 alcohol4 ,prop41 c4 ,insoluble 9 wat]2 soluble 9 alcohol & e!r2 x unites ) ! cau/ic alkalies1 =m+ alkal9e guaiacates 7guaiacum soaps72 air & light turn x gre52 glut51 mucilage ( gum ,arabic1 c41 turn x blue2 nitric acid & *lor9e turn x successively gre51 blue1 & br[n2 t9cture ( guaiac91 add$ to hydrocyanic acid & sulphate ( copp]1 produces an int5se blue col\r4 7,pag5/e*]47 ,a delicate photographic pap] may be =m$ by wa%+ unsiz$ pap] ) an alcoholic solution ( guaiacum res91 & aft]w>ds ) "o ( neutral acetate ( lead4 7,john/on47 ,,gua',,iacum4 ,syn4 ,,guaiac1 ,,gum ,,guaiacum1 ,,guaiacum ,,res92 ,,guaiacum 7,ph4 ,l471 7,,guaiac ,,res91 ,,guaiaca ,,res9a1 ,b4 ,p474 ,! res9 prep>$ by means ( fire f ! wood ( ,guaiacum (fic9ale1 by natural exudation1 by incision1 or by heat4 7,b4 ,p47 ,?is sub/ance is (t5 adult]at$4 ,:5 pure1 its fre% fracture is r$1 sl[ly pass+ to gre52 ! t9cture sl[ly /rikes a lively blue col\r on ! inn] surface ( a ?9 p>+ ( raw potato4 7,b4 ,p47 ,adult]ation ) res9 may be g5]ally discov]$ by ! od\r evolv$ :5 ! guaiacum is heat$4 ,an alcoholic t9cture ( guaiacum1 r5d]$ milky ) wat]1 recov]s its transp>5cy on ! addition ( cau/ic potassa 9 excess2 b ?is is n ! case :5 res9 is pres5t4 ,guaiacum is /imulant1 sudorific1 & alt]ative4--,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 ei!r 9 p[d] or pills2 9 *ronic rheumatism1 g\t1 ob/9ate *ronic sk9 disease1 scr(ula1 syphilis1 c4 ,x =ms ! active +r$i5t ( ! once celebrat$ ',,*elsea ,,p5sion]1' & ! ',,g\t ,,specific' ( ,mr ,em]igon4 ,! latt] 0 made by dige/+ #b oz4 ( guaiacum res9 9 #dh fl4 oz4 ( rum1 = sev5 or eight days4 ,! dose ( ?is 0 a table-spoonful e morn+1 fa/+1 = a twelvemon?4 ,its o!r prop]ties are simil> to ^? ( ,,guaiac91 b are less m>k$4 ,sp4 gr4 #abj to #abb4 ,guaiacum ,wood4 ,syn4 ,,lignum ,,vit1 ,,guaiaci ,,lignum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,! wood ( ,guaiacum (fic9ale4 ,?is is employ$ "u ! =m ( %av+s1 rasp+s1 & sawdu/1 9 decoctions only4 ,see ,,decoction & ,,balsam4 ,,gua',,no4 ,syn4 ,,huanho1 ,p]uv4 ,?is sub/ance1 n[ s ext5sively us$ 9 agriculture1 is ! p>tially decompos$ excrem5t ( c]ta9 aquatic birds1 *iefly ! common p5gu91 :i* congregate 9 c\ntless numb]s on ! b>r5 & un9habit$ islets & rocks on ! we/]n coa/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ! coa/s ( ,africa4 ,x ab\nds 9 ammonia & ! phosphates1 & is und\bt$ly ! ri*e/ natural manure kn[n4 ,"u judici\s application ! increase ( ! crops ( gra91 turnips1 potatoes1 & grass consequ5t ^u its use is said to be ab\t #cc4 ,guano is peculi>ly adapt$ to horticultural & floricultural improvem5t1 by its relative cleanl9ess & facility ( application4 7,ure47 ,accord+ to ,d5ham ,smi?1#cci ,s\? ,am]ican guano1 z import$1 pres5ts itself 9 ?ree di/9ct /ates1 ! ?ree v>ieties be+ n unfrequ5tly mix$ toge!r 9 ! same bag2 ! fir/ v>iety is damp & pulv]ul5t2 ! second exi/s z l>ge concretions1 pres5t+ v>i\s aspects :5 brok52 ! ?ird is heavy & cry/all9e1 & is t]m$ '/one' by ! lab\r]s4 ,^! ?ree v>ieties diff] widely 9 composition1 z ! foll[+ compreh5sive analysis1 by ,smi?1 w %[3-- ,footnote #cci3 ',proce$+s ( ! ,*em4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,soluble 9 ,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,pulv]ul5t4,concrete4 ,sal9e4 ------------------------------ ,wat] #bbbjj #bejjj #igjj ,*loride ( ammonium #beej -- #cjcj ,sulphate ( pota% #hjjj -- -- soda traces #behdd #aiagg ,oxalate ( ammonia #gdjj #icij -- soda -- -- #ajefc ,phosphate ( ammonia #fccj #fabd -- pota% -- #ggcb #didg soda #abj -- #cfj ,*loride ( sodium -- #bibb #bhfca potassium -- -- #dafc ,organic matt] #aejj #ffh #beec ,urate ( ammonia #aedah -- -- ,uric acid #beaf -- -- ,ammonia phosphate ( magnesia #efd #ghd #acc ,animal matt] #aahj #hfj #gef ,insoluble 9 ,wat]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,pulv]ul5t4,concrete4 ,sal9e4 ------------------------------ ,oxalate ( lime #befj #ajieh -- ,phosphate ( lime #aiicj #fbgj #acbbc magnesia #bjcj #hgd #behj ,oxide ( iron -- -- #aef ,humus & organic matt]s #fjib #hjj #ahcf ,s& #aefj #gbj #dbj ,loss #ej #ajed #ggh ------------------------------ #ajjjjj #ajjjjj #ajjjjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,sev]al ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican guano b$s are n[ exhau/$1 b new v>ieties are con/antly be+ introduc$2 & al?\gh ! qualities are cont9ually v>y+1 guanos1 on ! :ole1 may be divid$ into two classes1 ! "o *>act]is$ by ! abundance ( ammonia1 ! o!r by t ( phosphates1 ! ,p]uvian & ,angamos be+ *>act]i/ic ( ! =m]1 & ! ,saldanha ,bay & ,bolivian ( ! latt]4 ,9 select+ a guano1 ! foll[+ po9ts 7,&]son7 ought to be att5d$ to by ! f>m]3-- #a/4 ,! guano %\ld be light col\r$ & dry1 col\r+ v slightly :5 squeez$ toge!r1 & n gritty4 #bnd4 ,x %\ld n h too p[]ful an ammoniacal smell1 & %\ld conta9 lumps :i*1 :5 brok51 appe> ( a pal] col\r ?an ! p[d]4 #crd4 ,a bu%el %\ld n weigh m ?an f #ef to #fj p\nds4 ,^! *>act]s are1 h[ev]1 imitat$ ) great skill1 s t !y _c be implicitly reli$ ^u1 & !y are applicable to ,p]uvian guano only4#cdj ,footnote #cdj3 ,! above p>ticul>s are f an elaborate pap] by ,dr ,h4 ,m4 ,noad1 9 ! ',*emi/ & ,druggi/1' vol4 ii4 ,purity1 ,adult]ation4 ,guano1 ow+ to its high price1 is v commonly adult]at$1 or is 9 an advanc$ /age ( decomposition :5 sold4 ,mu* ( :at is v5d$ "u ! "n is altoge!r a fictiti\s article4 ,^! artificial mixtures are made to look s l g5u9e guano1 t ! m]e practical man1 :o goes only by _! appe>ance1 is v (t5 deceiv$ by !m1 &1 ow+ to ! failure ( 8 crops 9 consequ5ce1 is l$ to di/ru/ ! efficacy ( guano z a manure4 ,a sample ( pret5d$ guano exam9$ by ,john/one 0 f\nd to conta91 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x 0 sold1 m ?an half its weight ( gypsum1 ! re/ be+ peat or coal a%es1 ) a little common salt1 crude sulphate ( ammonia1 & ei!r dri$ ur9e or ! refuse ( ! glue manufactories1 to give x a smell4 ,i c\ld n satisfy myself t x conta9$ a p>ticle ( real guano4#cda ,vessels :i* sail h5ce = ! guano /ations are n[ v commonly balla/$ ) r\gh gypsum or pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,?is sub/ance is mix$ ) ! guano z x is load$1 & enables ! import]s to deliv] f ! vessel a nice-look+1 light-col\r$ article4 ,pur*as]s ( guano are v desir\s ( hav+ x deliv]$ f ! vessel1 z !y believe !y ?us obta9 x pure4 ,! fav\rite mat]ial = ! adult]ation ( guano1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 is a v>iety ( umb]1 :i* is br\ght f ,anglesea 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! rate ( admixture is said to be ab\t #ae cwt4 ( umb] to ab\t #e cwt4 ( ,p]uvian guano1 f :i* an excell5t-look+ article is manufactur$1 :i* is sold "u ! "n ( ',african guano4' ,footnote #cda3 ',elem4 ( ,agric4 ,*em4' ,pure guano has a pale-br[n col\r1 a m or less (f5sive od\r1 & ! av]age sp4 gr4 ( #afc to #afd4 ,if ! sp4 gr4 exce$ #age1 x is ei!r damag$ or adult]at$2 & if x is less ?an #afb1 x conta9s an undue quantity ( moi/ure4 ,! be/ is neutral to te/-pap]1 & sometimes has ev5 an acid reaction2 b t ( comm]ce has g5]ally an alkal9e reaction1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( free ammonia1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 turns turm]ic pap] br[n1 & gives :ite fumes :5 a glass rod dipp$ 9 hydro*loric acid is held ov] x4 ,triturat$ ) quicksilv] or cau/ic potassa1 good guano evolves a p[]ful od\r ( ammonia2 dige/$ 9 wat]1 fully "o half ( x is dissolv$2 dri$ by ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 x does n lose m ?an f #g to #i 9 weight2 & burn$ ^u a r$-hot %ovel1 x leaves a :ite a%1 n a r$ or d>k-col\r$ "o4 7,see directions = select+ guano giv5 above1 also bel[47 ,analysis or assay4 ,! quantitative analysis ( guano1 s z to exhibit ! names & proportions ( all its num]\s compon5t sub/ances1 is an extremely t$i\s & difficult matt] 9 ! h&s ( p]sons unaccu/om$ to *emical manipulations4 ,z1 h[ev]1 its value to ! agriculturi/ dep5ds *iefly on its ri*ness 9 ammonia1 potassa1 & phosphoric acid1 ! analysis ( guano = practical purposes may be r$uc$ to an assay = ^! articles4 ,inde$1 ! pres5ce ( ammonia 7! mo/ valuable ( !m71 9 ! prop] quantity1 may be fairly tak5 z evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ! re/4 ,! foll[+ me?ods ( te/+ guano are bo? simple & accurate1 & are s arrang$ z to p]mit its p]-c5tage ri*ness 9 "o or m ( its lead+ con/itu5ts to be det]m9$ )\t mu* tr\ble or exp5se4 #a4 a4 #ajj gr4 ( ! sample = exam9ation 7fairly select$7 are cru%$ to a p[d]1 & plac$ on a small1 weigh$1 & p]fectly dry pap] filt]1 & !n desiccat$1 by exposure = #b or #c h\rs to ! heat ( boil+ wat]4 ,! loss 9 weight1 tak5 9 gra9s1 aft] d$uct+ #i1 indicates ! quantity p] c5t4 ( wat] or moi/ure :i* ! sample conta9s 9 excess ( t pres5t 9 good or pure guano4#cdb ,footnote #cdb3 ,accord+ to ,dr ,noad1 ! proportion ( wat] 9 g5u9e guanos ranges f #g to #bj4 b4 ,! pap] filt]1 ) its cont5ts1 is next susp5d$ = "s "t ov] conc5trat$ sulphuric acid 7oil ( vitriol7 conta9$ 9 a wide-m\!d bottle or j>1 by means ( a ?read atta*$ to ! cork or /opp]1 c>e be+ tak5 to exclude ! ext]nal air4 ,! exposure 9 ?is way is cont9u$ until ! guano ceases to dim9i% 9 weight1 :i* is asc]ta9$ by weigh+ x at int]vals aft] ! fir/ #c or #d h\rs4 ,:5 ?is po9t is arriv$ at1 ! filt] & its cont5ts are v c>efully weigh$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 its pres5t weight & its orig9al weight 7be=e ! desiccation 9 a71 tak5 9 gra9s1 gives ! gross quantity ( wat] p] c5t4 c4 ,! dri$ guano f b is next plac$ 9 a weigh$1 smoo? crucible or capsule1 & expos$ to a l[ r$ heat until all ! organic matt] is completely de/roy$1 & ! :ole is r$uc$ to a :ite a%1 :i* is weigh$ z soon z x has become cold4 ,?is weight1 9 gra9s1 gives ! gross weight p] c5t4 ( non-volatile matt] 7fix$ alkal9e & e>?y *lorides1 phosphates1 & sulphates72 ! total loss ( weight by combu/ion d5otes ! gross p]-c5tage ( combu/ible & volatile matt] 7urea1 uric acid1 ammoniacal salts1 & organic matt]74 ,! latt] %\ld n be less ?an #ee to #fj4 ,illu/ration #b4 a4 ,a second #ajj gr4 ( ! guano1 select$ z be=e1 is di/ill$ along ) ab\t #ge gr4 ( fre%-slak$ quicklime1 & a little wat]1 9 a small matrass connect$ ) a tubul>1 triple bulb-cond5s]1 conta9+ cold di/ill$ wat]1 & imm]s$ 9 a bas9 ( ice-cold wat]4 7,see engr47 ,! cond5s] is *>g$ by plung+ "o ( its extremities into ! wat]1 & suck+ at ! o!r1 until ! liquid rea*es ! level indicat$ 9 ! m>g94 ,a v g5tle heat only1 cauti\sly increas$1 ne$ be employ$4 ,aft] ! process is ov]1 ! /r5g? ( ! solution ( ammonia f\nd 9 ! cond5s] is te/$1 ei!r by tak+ its d5sity 9 a small specific-gravity bottle1 or by det]m9+ its saturat+ p[] 9 ! mann] describ$ "u ,,alkalimetry4 ,?is furni%es ! p]-c5tage ( ready =m$ ammonia suffici5tly accurate = all ord9>y purposes1 provid$ prop] c>e is tak54 ,:5 extreme accuracy is requir$1 ! cond5s] is *>g$ ) a weigh$ quantity ( dilute hydro*loric acid ( a kn[n /r5g?1 in/ead ( wat]1 & aft] ! process is ov]1 ?is is te/$ z be=e4 ,! quantity ( ammoniacal te/-liquor 7see ,,alkalimetry7 n[ tak5 to saturate x1 d$uct$ f :at x w\ld h tak5 be=e ! exposure 9 ! cond5s]1 gives ! p]-c5tage s\ght4 ,illu/ration ,ano!r me?od1 giv+ v accurate results1 is to use a r /rong hydro*loric acid 7sp4 gr4 ab\t #aac7 = ! cond5s]2 aft] ! op]ation is ov]1 ! cont5ts ( ! latt] are p\r$ into a glass or porcela9 capsule1 a solution ( bi*loride ( plat9um is add$1 9 excess1 & ! :ole is !n g5tly evaporat$ to dryness2 ! residuum is rubb$ to p[d]1 & exhau/$ ) a mixture ( two measures ( alcohol & "o measure ( e!r2 ! undissolv$ portion is next dri$ at a heat n exce$+ #bab ,fahr41 & weigh$4 ,! weight1 9 gra9s1 ( ! ammonia *loride ( plat9um ?us obta9$1 multipli$ by #jgfc1 gives ! p]-c5tage ( ready-=m$ ammonia1 z be=e4 ,:5 hydro*loric acid is us$ = ! cond5s]1 a simple ,u-tube & beak] glass may be employ$1 if a bulb-cond5s] is n at h&4 7,see engr47 ,! advantages result+ f ! use ( acid in/ead ( wat] = ! cond5s] is1 t ) ! =m] no ammonia c possibly escape be+ absorb$1 :il/ little c>e is requir$ to keep ! cond5s] cool4 ,illu/ration b4 #be gr4 ( ! guano are next weigh$1 & aft] be+ slightly moi/5$ ) a little dilute hydro*loric acid1 are ?or\ghly dri$ by ! heat ( boil+ wat]2 ! dri$ sample is !n mix$ 9 a w>m unglaz$ porcela9 mort> ) #aj times its weight ( a mixture ( #b p>ts ( quicklime to #a "p ( hydrate ( soda 7bo? q dry74 ,?is mixture is introduc$ into a combu/ion tube ( h>d ,bohemian glass1 ab\t #af or #ah in*es long1 & #c_/d ( an in* 9 diamet] 7see engr47 ,! mort> is rubb$ out ) a little ( ! soda-lime mixture1 :i* is also introduc$ into ! tube ) t already put !re2 a little plug ( ignit$ asbe/os is !n loosely plac$ ov] ! :ole1 & ! tube is imm$iately connect$ ) a tubul> bulb-cond5s]1 conta9+ mod]ately /rong hydro*loric acid1 great c>e be+ tak5 t ! jo9ts are made air-tight1 :i* may be det]m9$ by ! op]ator suck+ a few bubbles out ( ! app>atus4 ,if1 aft] suction1 ! liquid rema9s at a high] level 9 ! fur!/ bulb 7b71 x is a sign t ! connection is s\nd4 ,?is be+ done1 heat is appli$ to ! combu/ion-tube1 by means ( _s-lamps2 or1 m conv5i5tly1 by means ( ! furnace n[ usually employ$ 9 organic analysis 7see engr47 ,! tube is next gradually surr\nd$ ) r$-hot *>coal1 by %ift+ by degrees ! scre5 7c71 & add+ m *>coal1 s z to gradually expel ! ammonia4 ,! dis5gagem5t ( gas %\ld take place un9t]rupt$ly1 b n too rapidly1 9 ord] t ! acid may n asc5d into ! combu/ion-tube & spoil ! exp]im5t4 ,! non-cond5sable volatile matt]s :i* pass (f furni% a key to ! progress ( ! op]ation4 ,! heat is at l5g? increas$ to a full r$4 ,:5 gas ceases to be evolv$1 & ! mixture 9 ! tube has become q :ite1 ! exp]im5t is at an end4 ,! po9t 7a7 ( ! combu/ion-tube is brok5 (f1 & ! ammonia :i* rema9s 9 ! tube is expell$ by suck+ g5tly at ! extremity 7b7 ( ! bulb-cond5s]4 ,! latt] is !n disconnect$ ) ! app>atus1 & empti$ into a glass or porcela9 capsule1 9 ord] to be te/$1 z direct$ "u #b1 a4 ,! quantity ( ammonia1 9 gra9s1 ?us f\nd1 multipli$ by #d1 gives ! ,,:ole ,,quantity ( ,,ammonia p] c5t41 bo? actual & pot5tial1 producible f ! sample ( guano exam9$4 ,illu/ration c4 ,! quantity ( ready-=m$ ammonia 7see #b1 a7 d$uct$ f ! quantity la/ f\nd 7see #b1 b7 gives ! quantity ( ,,lat5t or ,,pot5tial ,,ammonia t w be sl[ly develop$ by ! decomposition ( ! guano 9 ! soil1 & become available = ! food ( plants4 ,?is is ! mo/ valuable product ( ?is sub/ance z a manure1 & c only be obta9$ 9 quantity f well-pres]v$1 dry guano4 #c4 a4 ,a ?ird quantity ( #ajj gr4 ( ! guano1 select$ z be=e1 is triturat$ & dige/$ = "s "t ) #ab times its weight ( hot di/ill$ wat]1 & ! :ole be+ ?r[n on a filt]1 ! undissolv$ portion is wa%$ ) a little w>m di/ill$ wat]2 ! solution & 'wa%+s' are !n mix$ toge!r1 & acidulat$ ) nitric acid2 a solution ( p]nitrate ( iron is next add$1 & aft]w>ds solution ( ammonia1 9 excess2 ! liquid is next heat$ = a %ort "t1 & ! bulky r$di%-br[n precipitate is collect$1 wa%$ ) hot wat]1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,! weight1 9 gra9s1 less ! weight ( ! p]oxide ( iron 9 ! p]nitrate consum$1 gives ! weight ( ,,phosphoric ,,acid pres5t 9 ! soluble phosphates conta9$ 9 ! sample4 ,! p]nitrate ( iron is made by direct solution 9 hot /rong nitric acid1 ( twice z mu* pure iron wire z !re is phosphoric acid suspect$ to be pres5t 9 ! liquid4 ,a slight excess w n alt] ! result4 ,! numb] ( gra9s ( metallic iron us$ to =m ! solution1 multipli$ by #adbhf1 gives ! weight ( ! p]oxide ( iron :i* is to be d$uct$ f ! gross weight ( ! precipitate4 b4 ,! filtrate & 'wa%+s' left f #c a are mix$1 & treat$ ) a little oxalate ( ammonia to ?r[ d[n any lime1 & !n c>efully evaporat$ to dryness & ignit$2 ! residuum ( ! ignition1 :5 cold1 aft] be+ c>efully weigh$1 is treat$ ) ! smalle/ portion ( wat] t w dissolve x2 ! solution is acidifi$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & a solution ( bi*loride ( plat9um add$1 9 excess2 "s /rong alcohol is next p\r$ 91 ! precipitate c>efully collect$ on a filt]1 wa%$ ) rectifi$ _s1 dri$ at #bab ,fahr41 & weigh$4 ,! weight1 9 gra9s1 multipli$ by #aidj1 gives ! p]-c5tage ( ,,potassa s\ght4 c4 ,! weight ( ! potassa multipli$ by #aheb1 & d$uct$ f ! weight ( ! ignit$ residuum 9 #c b already f\nd 7see above71 gives ! quantity ( ,,*loride ,,( ,,sodium or ,,common ,,salt 7ne>ly74 #d4 a4 ,! insoluble residuum f #c a1 dri$1 & ignit$1 or ! a% f #a c1 is dige/$ = #aj or #ab h\rs 9 #fjj times its weight ( wat] 7to :i* a little common salt or sal-ammoniac may be add$71 aft] :i* ! :ole is ?r[n ^u a filt]2 a solution ( *loride ( b>ium is !n add$ to ! filtrate z long z a precipitate 7if any7 =ms2 ! latt] is collect$1 wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,! weight1 9 gra9s1 multipli$ by #ehdc1 d5otes ! quantity ( ,,gypsum or ,,sulphate ,,( ,,lime :i* has be5 us$ to adult]ate ! sample4 b4 ,! insoluble residuum la/ left on ! filt] is dige/$ = "s "t 9 w>m dilute hydro*loric acid2 ! :ole is !n ?r[n ^u a filt]1 & ! undissolv$ portion 7,,silica or ,,s&1 )1 p]haps1 a trace ( ,,alum9a7 is wa%$1 dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,x %\ld n weigh m ?an #c to #c-a_/b gr4 7#c to #c-a_/b74 c4 ,! filtrate & 'wa%+s' f b are next mix$ toge!r2 ! mix$ liquid is acidifi$ ) dilute sulphuric acid & heat$ until all ! hydro*loric acid is expell$1 & ! :ole r$uc$ to a s(t pa/y mass2 rectifi$ _s is n[ p\r$ 91 & aft] active /irr+ = "s "t1 ! mixture is ?r[n on a filt]1 & ! solid portion wa%$ ) a little m rectifi$ _s2 x is !n dri$1 ignit$1 & weigh$4 ,! weight1 9 gra9s1 multipli$ by #gfej1 gives ! quantity ( ,,phosphate ,,( ,,lime p] c5t4 requir$4 d4 ,! filtrate f c is dilut$ ) wat]1 & aft] be+ boil$ = a few m9utes1 ammonia is add$ 9 slight excess1 foll[$ by a solution ( sulphate ( magnesia 7previ\sly mix$ ) z mu* sal-ammoniac z w prev5t ammonia produc+ a precipitate 9 x71 sl[ly dropp$ 9 z long z x di/urbs ! liquor2 ! :ole is n[ all[$ to re/ = #aj or #ab h\rs1 :5 ! precipitate is collect$ on a filt]1 & wa%$ ) wat] alkalis$ ) ammonia1 z long z ! filt]+ liquid is r5d]$ turbid by *loride ( b>ium2 x is next dri$1 submitt$ to int5se ignition = "s "t 9 a cov]$ plat9um crucible1 &1 :5 cold1 c>efully weigh$4 ,! weight1 9 gra9s1 multipli$ by #fdbi1 indicates ! p]-c5tage ( ,,phosphoric ,,acid 9 ! insoluble phosphates 7phosphates ( lime1 magnesia1 c47 9 ! sample exam9$4 #e4 ,a f\r? #ajj gr1 ( guano is weigh$1 & exhau/$ by trituration & dige/ion ) hot wat] 7see #c a72 ! solution is evaporat$ to dryness by a g5tle heat1 & ! residuum ( ! evaporation1 aft] be+ weigh$1 is p[d]$ & enclos$ 9 a /\t phial ) #h times its volume ( alcohol1 sp4 gr4 #hbe 7#fc o4 p472 ! plant is next securely cork$ & gu>d$1 & expos$ = "s "t1 ) agitation1 to ! heat ( #bab ,fahr41 ! :ole is !n all[$ to cool1 ! cont5ts ( ! phial filt]$1 ! undissolv$ portion wa%$ ) hot alcohol1 & bo? ! filtrate & ! 'wa%+s' g5tly evaporat$ to dryness1 & weigh$4 ,?is gives ! ri*ness ( ! sample 9 ,,urea1 "o ( ! mo/ valuable con/itu5ts ( ! be/ guano4 ,its pres5ce is a c]ta9 pro( ( its entire s\ndness4 7,ure47 #f4 a4 ,ano!r #ajj gr4 ( ! guano is tak51 &1 aft] be+ exhau/$ ) wat]1 is dri$ at #bab ,fahr41 & weigh$2 x is !n dige/$ ) heat 9 #bj times its weight ( borax-wat] 7conta9+ #a ( borax71 or 9 a solution ( cau/ic potassa1 & aft] a "t ! :ole is ?r[n on a weigh$ filt]1 wa%$ ) a little cold di/ill$ wat]1 dri$ by a heat n high] ?an t ( boil+ wat]1 & aga9 c>efully weigh$4 ,! loss1 9 gra9s1 indicates ! proportion p] c5t4 ( ,,uric ,,acid4 ,! accuracy ( ! result may be v]ifi$ by add+ dilute hydro*loric acid1 9 slight excess1 to ! filtrate1 collect+ ! bulky1 cry/all9e precipitate ( uric acid :i* =ms1 wa%+ x c>efully ) a little rectifi$ _s1 dry+ x1 & weigh+ x1 z be=e4 ,?is weight1 :i* 9 g5]al is a v little "u t d5ot$ above1 is ! m accurate ( ! two4 ,! precipitate is %[n to be uric acid by its assum+ a ri* crimson col\r :5 treat$ ) a little nitric acid1 :i* turns to a ri* purple 7murexide7 :5 x is moi/5$ ) ammonia wat]4 b4 ,! quantity ( uric acid la/ obta9$1 multipli$ by #aajab1 gives ! p]-c5tage ( ,,urate ,,( ,,ammonia4 ,obs4 ,among/ ! num]\s con/itu5ts ( guano1 none are s valuable 9 an agricultural po9t ( view z ! ?ree sub/ances ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ two sections4 ,inde$1 almo/ all ! ammonia furni%$ by ?is sub/ance to ! soil1 aft] ! latt]1 manur$ ) x1 has be5 expos$ to ! air & ra91 is d]iv$ f ! sl[ decomposition ( urea1 or urate ( ammonia4 ,x is ^! sub/ances f :i* ! /ore ( lat5t1 or1 z ,dr ,ure t]ms x1 pot5tial ammonia1 is d]iv$4 ,! ammonia exi/+ 9 ! guano "u ! =m ( c>bonate1 or ( soluble salts 7ready =m$ ammonia71 is ei!r soon dissipat$ 9 air or is wa%$ away by heavy ra9s1 &1 !re=e1 =ms ! lea/ valuable & durable portion ( ?is manure4 ,x may be ev5 add$ artificially1 a matt] almo/ impossible ) ! =m]4 ,an assay1 !re=e1 = ! lat5t ammonia1 or ! urea1 or ! urate ( ammonia1 any "o ( !m s+ly1 at once furni%es u1 z we h already h9t$1 ) evid5ce ( ! quality ( ! guano exam9$1 )\t ! exp5se & tr\ble ( a complete analysis ( ?is sub/ance4 ,urea & uric acid are only to be f\nd 9 ! v be/ samples ( guano1 & _! pres5ce is a positive pro( ( entire s\ndness & sup]ior quality4 ,! o!r valuable portions ( guano are potassa & phosphoric acid 7phosphate ( lime *iefly72 ! re/ are ( little importance4 7,see #b c1 above47 ,,gu>ana 7,grimault ,co41 ,p>is74 #ab migra9 p[d]s1 ea* weigh+ #age grammes1 consi/+ ( gu>ana1 b p]haps also conta9+ an admixture ( cocoa se$s1 nei!r prep>$ nor roa/$4 7,hag]47 ,,gu>ana'4 ,syn4 ,,paull9ia1 ,,brazilian ,,cocoa4 ,an alim5t>y & m$ic9al sub/ance prep>$ f ! se$s ( ,paull9ia sorbilis1 a ,brazilian tree4 ,! dri$ se$s1 depriv$ ( _! aril1 are p\nd$ & knead$ into a mass1 :i* is aft]w>ds made into oblong or r\nd$ cakes 7,,gu>ana ,,bread74 ,^! cakes are us$ z we use *ocolate--mix$ ) wat] & sug>1 & drank z a bev]age4 ,9 ,brazil ?is bev]age is l>gely consum$1 bo? on acc\nt ( its nutritive qualities1 & = its /oma*ic1 febrifugal1 & aphrodisiac effects4 ,see ,,*ocolate1 c41 also bel[4 ,,gu>an9e'4 ,a cry/all9e sub/ance discov]$ by ,m4 ,m>tius 9 gu>ana4 ,x appe>s to be id5tical ) caffe9e1 ! active pr9ciple ( c(fee & tea4 ,,gud',,geon4 ,! ,cypr9us gobeo 7,l9n471 a small fre%-wat] fi%1 common almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,! :ite is consid]$ ! be/4 ,x 0 =m]ly us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,,gum4 ,syn4 ,,gummi1 ,l4 ,! g5]al t]m = an important class ( vegetable products4 ,gums are m or less soluble 9 cold wat]1 b insoluble 9 alcohol1 e!r1 & oils4 ,!y are obta9$ f c]ta9 plants 9 amorph\s masses2 mo/ ( !m exude spontane\sly1 or on punctur+ ! b>k4 ,! mo/ p]fect type ( ?is class is ! sub/ance call$ ,,gum ,,arabic1 or ,,gum ,,acacia4 ,! gums are employ$ z demulc5ts 9 m$ic9es1 & are us$ z cem5ts1 & = giv+ /iffness & gloss to textile fabrics4 ,among ! vulg> ! t]m is (t5 incorrectly appli$ to ! res9s & gum res9s4 ,gum ,acacia4 ,syn4 ,,gum ,,arabic2 ,,acaci ,,gummi 7,b4 ,p472 ,g4 ,,arabicum1 ,g4 ,,acacia1 ,,acacia 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,f v>i\s species 7( ,acacia7 yield+ gum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 *iefly ,acacia arabica & ,a4 v]a4 ,:iti% or yell[i%1 transp>5t or crack$ on ! surface1 & opaque2 brittle2 x dissolves freely 9 wat]4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,x is sc5tless1 & may be blea*$ by exposure to ! sun & air1 at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,sp4 gr4 #acee4 7,ure47 ,! pure soluble pr9ciple ( gum ,arabic is t]m$ ,,arab9 7:i* see74 ,,b>b>y or ,,morocco ,,gum1 ,,gum ,,s5egal1 & ,,ea/ ,,india ,,gum1 are inf]ior comm]cial v>ieties ( ! same sub/ance f o!r species ( ,acacia 7see bel[74 ,p[d]$ gum ,arabic 7,,pulvis ,,acaci7 is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) fl\r or f>9a1 or ) ,s5egal or o!r inf]ior gums4 ,! fir/ may be detect$ by agitat+ a little ( ! p[d] ) cold wat]2 ! pure gum dissolves rapidly1 :il/ ! />* or fl\r falls to ! bottom ( ! vessel4 ,or1 a little ( ! p[d] may be mix$ ) boil+ wat]1 & :5 cold1 te/$ ) t9cture ( iod9e2 if x conta9s />* or fl\r1 ! pa/e w assume a blue col\r4 ,if x conta9s *]ry-tree gum or tragacan?1 x w be only p>tly soluble 9 cold wat]1 & ! pa/e w be p>tly col\r$1 & m or less int]sp]s$ ) gelat9\s clots4 ,= ! detection ( dextr9 9 gum ,arabic ,hag] f9ds t :5 "s ( ! adult]at$ article is plac$ 9 a glass di%1 ) v]tical sides1 & a solution ( f]ric *loride1 d5sity #adh1 dilut$ ) an equal volume ( wat]1 is p\r$ ov] x until ! gra9s are j cov]$1 9 ! c\rse ( a m9ute or s t p>ticles ( gum ,arabic w adh]e to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 :il/ ! gra9s ( dextr9 d n4 ,mu* ( ! :ite gum ,arabic ( ! %ops is =m$ by blea*+ gum ,s5egal1 by :at is call$ ',picciotto's process4' ,! gum is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & sulphur\s acid gas pass$ ?r\gh ! solution4 ,! liquid is aft]w>ds boil$ to expel ! sulphur\s acid1 a little ( :i*1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9s beh9d4 ,to obta9 ! gum 9 a /ill :it] /ate1 c>bonate ( b>yta is add$1 & aft] agitation ! mixture is filt]$2 x is aft]w>ds %ak5 ) gelat9\s alum9a1 aga9 filt]$1 & evaporat$4 ,! product 7,,blea*$ ,,gum7 is v :ite1 b lacks ! peculi> t\ghness & adhesiv5ess ( ! be/ gum acacia4 ,gum1 ,b>b>y4 ,syn4 ,,morocco ,,gum4 ,an inf]ior product1 consi/+ ( a mixture ( sev]al ,acacia gums4 ,x is export$ f ,mogador4 ,gum1 ,bassora4 ,a solution ( yell[i% gum br\ght f ! neighb\rhood ( ,bassora4 ,x diff]s f mo/ gums 9 be+ ne>ly insoluble 9 wat]4 ,! plant yield+ x is believ$ to be a species ( ,mimosa4 ,x conta9s ! pr9ciple ,,bassor91 :i* also exi/s 9 gum tragacan?4 ,gum1 ,blea*$4 ,see ,,gum ,,arabic 7above74 ,gum1 ,brit'i%4 ,syn4 ,,dextr91 ,,/>* ,,gum4 ,/>* conv]t$ by ! action ( acids1 dia/ase1 or heat1 into a soluble sub/ance resembl+ gum4 ,prep4 #a4 ,malt 7cru%$ small71 #a lb42 w>m wat]1 #b galls42 mix1 heat ! :ole to #ade ,fahr41 add ( potato />* #e lbs41 raise ! heat to #afj or #afe ,fahr41 & ma% = ab\t #be m9utes1 or until ! liquid becomes ?9 & cle>2 x mu/ !n be in/antly run (f1 & rais$ to ! boil+ po9t to prev5t ! =mation ( sug>2 aft] boil+ = #c or #d m9utes ! :ole mu/ be filt]$1 & evaporat$ to dryness by a /eam heat4 #b4 ,by expos+ dry potato />*1 9 a /ove1 to a heat ( ab\t #djj ,fahr4 ,yell[ & inf]ior4 #c4 7,m4 ,pay547 ,dry />*1 #a ton1 is moi/5$ uni=mly ) conc5trat$ nitric acid1 #d-a_/b lbs4 7dilut$ )71 wat]1 q4 s41 & ! pa/e or d\gh is made up into small bricks or loaves1 & dri$ 9 a /ove2 x is next r$uc$ to co>se p[d]1 & expos$ 9 a /ove-room = "s "t to a curr5t ( air at #afj to #afe ,fahr42 x is next gr\nd1 sift$1 & expos$1 z be=e1 to a heat ( ab\t #bbh ,fahr42 x is1 la/ly1 gr\nd1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! 'bolt+ ma*9e4' ,v :ite & sup]ior4 ,?is process has be5 pat5t$ 9 ,france by ,m4 ,h5z4 #d4 7,p9el47 ,wat]1 #ajj galls41 nitric acid1 #a_/b gall41 & hydro*loric acid1 #a_/b p9t1 are mix$ toge!r1 & s mu* potato />* is mix$ z w =m a ?9 pa/e2 9 two h\rs ! liquid is dra9$ (f1 & ! solid matt] is made up into lumps1 :i* are dri$ by a g5tle heat 9 a /ove-room2 !y are next co>sely pulv]is$1 & ! p[d] is expos$ on ?ree successive days to ! respective temp]atures ( #ajj1 #aej1 & #aij ,fahr42 ! :ole is !n sift$1 &1 la/ly1 expos$ to a heat rang+ f #cjj to #cej ,fahr4 ,d>k] col\r$ ?an ! la/4 ,to give x ! appe>ance ( gum ,arabic1 x is made into a pa/e ) wat] conta9+ #a ( nitric acid1 & aft] be+ spread on copp] plates 9 lay]s #c_/d to #a in* ?ick1 x is expos$ to a /ove heat rang+ f #bdj to #cjj ,fahr4 ,prop41 c4 ,:ite2 insipid2 transp>5t2 friable2 soluble 9 cold wat]1 & 9 dilute _s2 insoluble 9 alcohol & e!r2 its solution yields a precipitate ) acetate ( lead4 ,iod9e commonly turns comm]cial dextr9 blue1 b does n affect ! col\r ( pure dextr94 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ord9>y gum by its "r-h&$ pol>ization ( light1 & by yield+ oxalic b n mucic acid1 :5 treat$ ) nitric acid4 ,dextr9 is nutritive1 emolli5t1 & agglut9ant4 ,9 ,france x is l>gely employ$ by ! pa/ry-cooks & confection]s1 & 9 m$ic9e z a sub/itute = gum4 ,! ,fr5* surgeons also commonly employ x z a '/iff5+' = ! spl9ts us$ = fractur$ limbs4 ,9 ?is c\ntry x is *iefly us$ z a f9e dress+ = musl9s1 silk1 & o!r textile fabrics1 & 9 calico pr9t+4 ,rec5tly x has be5 made up into te>-l masses1 & sold = gum ,arabic1 to :i*1 h[ev]1 x is va/ly inf]ior z an agglut9ant4 ,see ,,dextr94 ,gum1 ,*]ry-tree4 ,syn4 ,,fruit-,,tree ,,gum1 ,,plum-,,tree ,g42 ,,gummi ,,c]asi1 ,g4 ,,pruni1 ,l4 ,an exudation f ! /ems ( *]ry1 plum1 & "s o!r ( ! ,rosace4 ,x is only p>tly soluble 9 wat]4 ,x conta9s ,,c]as9 7:i* see74 ,gum1 ,ea/ ,india4 ,?is product1 :i* consi/s ( inf]ior k9ds ( gum acacia1 is *iefly export$ f ,bombay1 hav+ be5 previ\sly convey$ !re f ! coa/ ( ,arabia4 ,x v>ies greatly 9 quality4 ,"s samples are q unfitt$ = mak+ gum-wat]4 ,gum1 ,insoluble4 ,see ,,bassora ,,gum1 ,,*]ry-,,tree ,,gum1 & ,,gum ,,tragacan?4 ,gum1 ,se$4 ,syn4 ,,gummi ,,sem9um1 ,l4 ,a species ( soluble gum extract$ f ! se$ ( ! flax 7l9se$71 qu9ce1 c4 ,gum1 ,s5egal4 ,?is product1 :i* is l>gely export$ f ,port5die1 ,si]ra ,leone1 & ! ,fr5* settlem5ts on ! ,s5egal1 ranks next 9 quality to gum acacia1 & = _m purposes1 z calico-pr9t+ = in/ance1 x answ]s equally well4 ,! transp>5t & light-col\r$ pieces are frequ5tly pick$ out & sold z gum ,arabic4 ,gum ,trag'acan?4 ,syn4 ,,tragacan?1 ,,gum ,,dragon2 ,,gummi ,,tragacan?a1 ,g4 ,,draconis1 ,,tragacan?a 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,! gummy exudation ( ! ,a/ragalus v]us1 h>d5$ by ! air4 ,:5 dige/$ 9 wat]1 x swells consid]ably1 a portion is dissolv$1 & ! :ole comb9es to =m a ?ick mucilage4 ,x is totally soluble 9 boil+ wat]1 :5 "s *ange is suppos$ to take place 9 x2 a great portion1 h[ev]1 aft]w>ds sep>ates4 ,sp4 gr4 #achd4 ,x is *iefly employ$ 9 calico-pr9t+1 & by %oemak]s & loz5ge-mak]s2 by ! latt] to give t\ghness to ! sac*>9e mass4 ,p[d]$ tragacan? is (t5 adult]at$ ) fl\r ( />*1 & n unfrequ5tly ) ! common] v>ieties ( gum ,arabic4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,plan*e1 a mixture ( pulv]is$ tragacan? & gum ,arabic =ms1 ) wat]1 a ?9n] mucilage ?an ! same quantity ( ei!r ( ^! gums alone4 ,?is fraud may be detect$ z foll[s3--,make a mucilage ( ! suspect$ gum1 & add !reto a few drops 7#b or #c to ! dr47 ( alcoholic t9cture ( guaiacum1 tak+ c>e to /ir x all ! :ile4 ,if ! sample conta9s any gum ,arabic1 ! mixture1 9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes1 assumes a f9e blue col\r1 :il/ x does n *ange col\r if ! gum tragacan? is pure1 #e ( gum arabic c be ?us detect$4 ,:5 ! quantity is v small1 "o to f\r h\rs may elapse be=e ! col\r is develop$4 ,/>* & fl\r are detect$ 9 ! mann] notic$ "u ,,gum ,,arabic4 ,gum1 ,turkey4 ,v>i\s qualities ( gum acacia are sold "u ?is "n4 ,,gum ,,res',,ins4 ,syn4 ,,gummi ,,res91 ,l4 ,vegetable products 9 :i* ! prop]ties ( gum & res9 are comb9$4 ,!y are p>tly soluble 9 wat]1 & p>tly 9 alcohol4 ,_m ( !m =m a species ( emulsion :5 triturat$ ) ! =m] fluid4 ,! pr9cipal gum res9s are ,,ammoniacum1 ,,assaf,,oe,,tida1 ,,bdellium1 ,,galbanum1 ,,gamboge1 ,,myrrh1 ,,olibanum1 ,,opoponax1 ,,sagap5um1 & ,,scammony4 ,,gun ,,b>',,rels4 ,see ,,br[n+4 ,,gun ,,cot',,ton4 ,see ,,pyroxyl94 ,,gun ,,met',,al4 ,an alloy conta9+ #ije ( copp] & #ie ( t91 us$ = ca/+ pieces ( ordnance 7errone\sly t]m$ 'brass guns'71 also ^? p>ts ( ma*9]y :i* are subject$ to consid]able friction4 ,see ,,alloys1 ,,bronze1 ,,/]eo-,,metal1 c4 ,,gun',,p[d]4 ,?is sub/ance is a me*anical mixture ( saltpetre1 *>coal1 & sulphur4 ,x is seldom prep>$ on ! small scale4 ,prep4 ,! saltpetre hav+ be5 trebly ref9$1 by boil+1 skimm+1 filt]+1 & cry/allis+1 is melt$ into cakes1 :i* are !n bru%$ to remove any adh]+ grit or dirt1 brok5 into pieces ) a mallet1 gr\nd to a f9e p[d] 9 a mill1 & sift$ ?r\gh a f9e bolt+ sieve ( brass wire4 ,! *>coal is t ( ! ald] or will[1 & is c>efully burnt1 z already describ$1 & is !n r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,! sulphur is ref9$ by di/illation1 & gr\nd to ! same f95ess z ! *>coal & saltpetre4 ,! +r$i5ts are weigh$ out 9 ! prop] proportions1 & mix$ toge!r 9 a ma*9e consi/+ ( a wood5 drum1 hav+ a %aft pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre1 to :i* num]\s 'fly]s' 9 ! %ape ( knife-blades are atta*$1 ! drum & fly]s revolv+ 9 a contr>y direction4 ,:5 mix$1 ! *>ge is c>ri$ to ! 'incorporat+ mill1' :]e x is gr\nd "u v]tical iron 'mill-/ones1' ) a small quantity ( di/ill$ wat]1 until ! +r$i5ts are ?or\ghly incorporat$4 ,! product ( ?is op]ation is !n press$ into a h>d cake1 :i* is next brok5 into pieces1 granulat$ by means ( sieves1 & aft] be+ 'glaz$' by friction1 & ! du/ sep>at$1 is dri$1 ) prop] precautions1 9 a /ove heat$ to ab\t #acj by /eam pipes4 ,! proportions ( saltpetre1 *>coal1 & sulphur1 us$ = diff]5t k9ds ( p[d]1 diff] v slightly4 ,9 'sport+ p[d]s' ! proportion ( saltpetre is g5]ally f #a to #c great] ?an 9 ! ,gov]nm5t p[d]s4 ,9 'm9]s' p[d]s' x is ab\t #aj less1 an excess ( sulphur be+ us$4 ,! foll[+ are ! proportions adopt$ by ,european p[]s3 ,saltpetre4 ,*>coal4 ,sulphur4 ,engl& #ge #ae #aj ,france #ge #abe #abe ,au/ria #ge #ae #aj ,prussia #ge #ace #aae ,russia #gcgh #acei #abfc ,spa9 #gfdg #ajgh #abge ,sw$5 #gf #ae #i 7,capt4 ,j]vis-,:ite ,j]vis47 ,obs4 ,! quality ( gunp[d] is be/ e/imat$ by actual trial ( its p[] & cleanl9ess 9 use4 ,x %\ld be dry1 h>d1 & free f du/2 ! gra9s %\ld be ( a uni=m size1 & glossy1 & ! col\r a d>k-grey or br[ni%-grey1 n p]fectly black4 ,a v little plac$ on a piece ( pap] & fir$ %\ld in/antly explode ) a fla%1 & nei!r leave an appreciable residue on ! pap] nor burn x4 ,dri$ by ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 or 9 vacuo1 x %\ld n lose m ?an #a_/b to #a ( its weight4 ,damp p[d] rapidly 'f\ls' ! gun4 ,gunp[d]1 conta9+ m ?an #g ( wat]1 does n recov] its /r5g? by simply dry+ x4 ,! sp4 gr4 ranges betwe5 #agie & #ahjj4 ,k>olyi succe$$ 9 analys+ ! gases ( gunp[d] :i* _h be5 fir$ 9 conditions closely resembl+ ^? :i* occur 9 artill]y practice4 ,= ?is purpose he enclos$ a *>ge ( p[d] 9 an iron cyl9d] ( su* /r5g? t x j bur/ :5 ! p[d] 0 fir$ by means ( ! electric sp>k4 ,?is *>g$ cyl9d] 0 susp5d$ 9 a holl[ sph]ical bomb1 f :i* ! air 0 exhau/$ be=e fir+4 ,aft] ! explosion _h be5 produc$1 ! gases & ! solid residue ( ! p[d] 7 submitt$ to analysis4 ,! results obta9$ 7 ! foll[+3#cdc ,footnote #cdc3 ',phil4 ,mag41' #ahfc4 #a4 ,composition ( ! ,p[d] us$4 ,ordnance ,p[d]4 ,small ,arms ,p[d]4 ,nitre #gcgh #ggae ,sulphur #abhj #hfc ,c>bon #ajhh #aagh ,*>coal4 ,hydrog5 #jch #jdb ,oxyg5 #ahb #agi ,a% #jca #jbh ------ ------ #iiig #ajjje #b4 ,products ( ,combu/ion by ,weight4 ,ordnance ,p[d]4 ,small ,arms ,p[d]4 ,nitrog5 #igg #ajjf ,c>bonic anhydride #agci #bagi ,gase\s4 ,c>bonic oxide #bfd #adg ,hydrog5 #jaa #cjeh #jad #cdah ,sulph4 hydrog5 #jbg #jbc ,m>% gas #jdj #jdi ,ammonic sesquic>bonate #bfh #bff ,potassic sulphate #cfie #cfag c>bonate #aidj #bjgh ,solid4 hyposulphite #bhe #fibe #agg #fead sulphide #jaa #jjj ,*>coal #beg #bfj ,sulphur #dfi #aaf ,loss4 #jag #jfh ------ ------ #ajjjj #ajjjj #c4 ,products ( ,combu/ion by ,volume 9 #ajj ( ,gas4 ,ordnance ,p[d]4 ,small ,arms ,p[d]4 ,nitrog5 #cgeh #cecc ,c>bonic anhydride #dbgd #dhij ,c>bonic oxide #ajai #eah ,hydrog5 #eic #ajj #fij #ajj ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 #jhf #jfg ,m>% gas #bgj #cjb ,x w be se5 f ! above figures t 9 addition to ! g5]ation ( a consid]able am\nt ( c>bonic anhydride 7c>bonic acid7 by ! combu/ion ( gunp[d]1 !re is lib]at$ at ! same "t a l>ge quantity ( solid matt]1 9 ! =m ( sulphate & c>bonate ( pota%1 sulphide ( potassium1 sulphur1 *>coal1 c4 ,?is w expla9 :y ! air ( m9es is s prejudicial to ! heal? ( ! m9]1 p>ticul>ly :5 he is engag$ 9 bla/+ op]ations1 ^! be+ c>ri$ on 9 a m or less conf9$ space4 ,see ,,air1 ,,vitiat$4 ,gunp[d]1 ,s*ultze4 ,! subjo9$ acc\nt ( ,s*ultze gunp[d] is a transcription ( a report communicat$ to ! editor ( ! ',field' newspap] by ,mr ,f4 ,toms1 ,a4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,aft] ref]r+ to a previ\s communication on ! same subject ,mr ,toms proce$s z foll[s3--,i h c>ri$ out "s fur!r exp]im5ts1 ) ! aid 7by ,dr ,frankl&'s k9d p]mission7 ( app>atus m suit$ to my requirem5ts ?an t previ\sly at my disposal2 & ,i n[ proce$ to lay be=e y ! results ( ^! exp]im5ts1 & ! conclusions to :i* !y h l$ me1 respect+ ! p[d]s =m]ly receiv$ & ! new ,s*ultze p[d]1 ) a sample ( :i* y h s9ce fav\r$ me4 ,! ma9 con/itu5t ( ! ,s*ultze gunp[d]1 z y are aw>e1 is wood fibre1 :i*1 hav+ fir/ be5 purifi$1 is !n subject$ to ! action ( /rong nitric acid 7int5sifi$ by mixture ) sulphuric acid71 & ?us is conv]t$ into a k9d ( nitro-cellulose or pyroxyl91 ! ord9>y =m ( :i* is gun-cotton4 ,! wood fibre und]goes no *ange 9 appe>ance by ?is treatm5t2 b a *ange takes place 9 its *emical composition1 :i* may ?us be exemplifi$3 ,,cellulose ,,nitro-,,cellulose 7unconv]t$ cotton or 7cotton or wood fibre treat$ wood fibre74 ) nitric acid74 ,c>bon #f p>ts #f p>ts4 ,oxyg5 #e #e ,hydrog5 #aj #g or m4 ,nitroxyl 7,,no#b7 none #c or less4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! sole diff]5ce betwe5 gun-cotton or ,s*ultze p[d] & ord9>y cotton or wood fibre is1 t "s ( ! hydrog5 is ab/ract$ & has its place suppli$ by nitroxyl--a sub/ance conta9$ 9 nitric acid1 & compos$ ( "o "p ( nitrog5 unit$ ) two p>ts ( oxyg54 ,"u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 x is possible to replace ?ree ( ! t5 p>ts ( hydrog5 by ?ree ( ! nitroxyl1 :5 ! sub/ance produc$ is explosive1 & is call$ f its composition tri-nitro-cellulose4 ,?is is ! pure/ =m ( gun-cotton4 ,if weak] acid is us$1 less hydrog5 is displac$1 & ! product is call$ di-nitro-cellulose or mono-nitro-cellulose1 accord+ z x conta9s two or only "o "p ( nitroxyl4 ,^! d]ivatives are ei!r feebly explosive or n explosive at all4 ,su* are ! comp\nds kn[n z photographic collodion & soluble gun cotton--! latt] "n di/+ui%+ x f pure gun-cotton1 :i* is n soluble 9 a mixture ( e!r & alcohol4 ,! ,s*ultze p[d] conta9s bo? ! explosive & ! non-explosive v>ieties ( nitro-cellulose4 ,if ! wood fibre1 aft] be+ c>efully purifi$ accord+ to ! me?od describ$ 9 ,s*ultze's pat5t ( #ahfd1 7 ?or\ghly desiccat$ & all[$ to cool out ( contact ) air1 & !n dipp$ 9 acid ( ! /r5g? m5tion$ 9 ! specification1 !re seems no !oretical reason :y an explosive p[d] conta9+ at lea/ #ij ( true tri-nitro-cellulose %\ld n be produc$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,i f9d on exp]im5t t no?+ l t p]-c5tage is arriv$ at1 ,i c only conclude t1 9 ord] to mod]ate ! viol5ce ( ! explosion1 ! ,s*ultze ,company secure ! =mation ( a l>ge p]-c5tage ( soluble or less explosive nitro-comp\nds by m]ely air-dry+ _! wood4 ,if ?is supposition be g5]ally true1 x seems probable t ! sample ( ,s*ultze p[d] suppli$ by ,messrs ,blissett may owe its extra explosive =ce to exceptional c>e be+ tak51 dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! dry+ & ! dipp+1 to prev5t ! absorption ( moi/ure--) ! addition1 p]haps1 ( an increas$ l5g? ( exposure to ! action ( ! acid4 ,t "s su* v>iation ( ! ord9>y proc$ure 0 c>ri$ out seems evid5t f ! diff]5t proportions ( soluble & insoluble gun-cotton 9 ! specim5s ( ,s*uitze p[d] suppli$ by ,messrs ,blissett & ,messrs ,bl&2 = x 0 f\nd t on ! wa%$ wood fibre f ea* be+ submitt$ to ! action ( a mixture ( alcohol & e!r1 ab\t "o half ( ! =m] p[d] & two ?irds ( ! latt] 7 dissolv$ out4 ,?is %[s t :ile ! ,blissett specim5 conta9$ ab\t "o half its weight ( insoluble or explosive nitro-cellulose1 ! ,bl& conta9$ only ab\t "o ?ird--a diff]5ce :i* confirms ! result obta9$ by analysis z /at$ bel[4 ,! soluble gun-cotton1 ord9>ily non-explosive1 may1 h[ev]1 be r5d]$ explosive by saturat+ x ) bodies ri* 9 oxyg51 :i* promote ! decomposition & complete ! combu/ion ( ! fibre4 ,nitre is us$ = t purpose1 because x p>ts ) its oxyg5 readily2 & nitrate ( b>yta is also us$1 because1 be+ m /able ?an ! nitre1 x r5d]s ! combu/ion m gradual ?an w\ld be ! case if nitre 7 alone employ$4 ,:5 bo? are us$1 ! nitre1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 w\ld />t1 & ! nitrate ( b>yta cont9ue & f9i% ! combu/ion ( ! p[d]4 ,! am\nt us$ is1 ,i suppose1 ! result ( calculation & exp]im5t2 b a p[d] conta9+ little true tri-nitro-cellulose %\ld require m ( ^! salts ?an "o conta9+ mu* tri-nitro-cellulose2 & an excess ( ! salts w\ld l[] ! rate ( burn+ ( ! p[d]4 ,i w n[ give my analysis 9 full ( ! ?ree p[d]s1 viz4--7#a7 ! ord9>y p[d] issu$ la/ season1 be+ "p ( a supply obta9$ f ,messrs ,bl&1 gunmak]s1 ( ! ,/r&2 7#b7 "s p[d] furni%$ by ,messrs ,blissett1 ( ,holborn1 & allud$ to 9 _! lett] 9 ! ',field' ( ,jan4 #ai? la/1 z hav+ damag$ a gun made by !m2 & 7#c7 "s ( ! new p[d] ( #ahgh1 z us$ at ! ',field' trial ( explosives 9 ,may la/4 #ahgg #ahgh ,bl&'s4 ,blissett's4 ,trial or ,new4 ,moi/ure1 p] c5t4 #bah #bci #big ,nitrate ( b>yta1 p] c5t4 #baej #afei #bbcb ,extract$ pota%1 p] c5t4 #aadf #ajdf #fdg by wat]4 ,yell[ col\r$ organic sub/ance1 trace ( *lorides1 c41 undet]m9$ ,! conv]t$ wood fibre ,insoluble 7nitro-cellulose7 !n 9 wat]4 rema9+ conta9$ ! #ej #fj #bie foll[+ p]-c5tage ( m9]al matt] ,! conv]t$ wood fibre 7aft] all[+ = extrane\s m9]al matt]7 possess$ ! foll[+ p]-c5tage composition4 ,i place = comp>ison ,pr(essor ,abel's det]m9ation ( ! composition ( tri-nitro-cellulose1 & two ( ! impurities f\nd along ) x1 9 a p>allel column4 ,bl&'s4 ,blissett's4 ,trial or ,new4 ,tri-nitro- ,impurities4 ,cellulose4 ,c>bon #bhge #bhjg #bhab #bdbd #bibj #cjej ,hydrog5 #cdi #cfe #ced #bcf -- #bia ,nitrog5 #ajhj #aefj #aaff #adad #aahe -- ,oxyg5 #efjf #ebfh #effh #eibf -- -- ,^! p[d]s explod$ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #aij ,c4 7#cgd ,f471 ! diff]5t samples v>y+ b slightly4 ,pure gun-cotton is /at$ by ,pr(essor ,abel to explode at #aej ,c4 7#cjb ,f472 & black p[d]s are said1 by diff]5t au?orities1 to explode at v>i\s temp]atures betwe5 #ejj & #fjj ,f41 accord+ to ! v>iation 9 _! composition & manufacture4 ,9 addition to ! diff]5ce 9 *emical composition ( ^! ,s*ultze p[d]s1 ,i w\ld po9t out t !re is a diff]5ce 9 d5sity--! ,blissett be+ heavie/1 ! ,bl& next1 & ! ,new ! lighte/ ( ! ?ree4 ,i ?9k ?is fact also has "s be>+ on ! viol5ce ( ! explosion4 ,9 black p[d]s1 ,i believe1 a d5se p[d]1 speak+ g5]ally1 is /rong] ?an a light] "o2 & ! ,s*ultze pat5t /ates t h>d woods make m explosive p[d]s--n1 ,i take x1 because ! composition is !reby alt]$1 b because a d5s] p[d] is produc$4 ,x w\ld appe> to me1 f ! above analyses1 t ! new trial p[d] %\ld conta9 r m explosive =ce ?an ! ,bl& v>iety1 ?\gh consid]ably less ?an ! ,blissett4 ,! result may1 h[ev]1 be modifi$ by ! diff]5ce 9 d5sity ( ! p[d]s2 & y\r practical exp]im5ts w %[ h[ f> ?is agrees ) ! results ( ! %oot+4 ,i h hi!rto only spok5 ( ! explosive =ce ( ! p[d]2 n[ ,i w t\* on ano!r po9t--its t5d5cy to spontane\s decomposition4 ,kn[+ t1 9 ! case ( gun-cotton1 its /ability is injur$ by a small proportion ( res9 & o!r organic impurities1 & by ! pres5ce ( free m9]al acids4 ,i did n expect to f9d ?is p[d] 7made f a less pure k9d ( cellulose1 f :i* also x mu/ be some:at difficult to wa% all traces ( acid7 equal 9 /ability to gun-cotton2 & on subject+ ! ?ree k9ds ( ,s*ultze p[d] to ! ,gov]nm5t 'heat te/' ( #aej ,f4 7) a m9imum ( #aj m9utes' duration71 x 0 f\nd t ! ,new or ,trial 7#ahgh7 ,p[d] /ood ! te/ #ab m4 ',bl&'s' sample #h ',blissett's' sample #g ,?is %[s t ! 'new' p[d] is v /able1 z x /ood ! te/ = two m9utes beyond ! ,gov]nm5t m9imum1 :ile ! o!r two samples 7 a good way bel[ x4 ,! (ficials at ,wal?am ,abbey w\ld accept no gun-cotton :i* did n /& ! te/ = t5 m9utes2 & ,i h se5 ! be/ gun-cotton /& x = fifte54 ,:e!r ! loose granulat$ condition ( ! ,s*ultze p[d]1 :5 /or$1 is suffici5t to neutralise ?is inf]iority 9 purity1 & r5d] a sample ( ,s*ultze1 :i* only /&s ! te/ ( sev5 m9utes1 z little liable to spontane\s combu/ion z gun-cotton :i* /&s ! te/ = t5 m9utes1 !re is at pres5t no evid5ce to %[4 ,to c>ry out ?is 'heat te/' prop]ly1 "s practice is requir$2 s1 9 ord] to put ! matt] beyond d\bt1 ,i call$ 9 ! assi/ance ( my fri5d ,mr ,ar?ur ,l9nell1 ,f4,c4,s41 *emi/ to ! ,gun-,cotton ,company1 ,/[m>ket1 a g5tleman :o uses ! te/ daily1 & :o c>ri$ out ! above ?ree exp]im5ts /rictly aft] ! mann] adopt$ by himself & by ! ,gov]nm5t (ficials4 ,9 addition to ,mr ,l9nell's exp]im5ts1 ,i not$ t ! aque\s extract ( ',blissett' 0 v fa9tly acid2 t :5 heat$ 9 a *e/ at #aie ,f4 moi/ blue litmus 0 v quickly r$d5$4 ,i ?9k ?is s]i\s defect 7want ( /ability7 is due to want ( c>e 9 ! wa%+2 & ,i base ?is op9ion on ! foll[+ facts3 7#a7 ,! ',bl&' & ',blissett' samples 7! p[d]s ( lea/ /ability7 are ( a deep] t9t ?an ! 'new' 7due to ! soluble yell[ impurity be=e m5tion$74 ,by cont9u$ wa%+ 9 w>m wat] !y become pale1 l ! m c>efully prep>$ new p[d]1 & ! yell[ sub/ance is dissolv$ away4 ,h5ce ! light] col\r ( ! 'new' 7& mo/ /able7 indicates x has less ( ?is organic impurity4 7#b7 ,sulphuric & nitric acids are us$ 9 ! dipp+ ( ! p[d]1 b %\ld be entirely wa%$ out1 z !y promote spontane\s decomposition4 ,if left 91 ! sulphuric acid w1 :5 ! salts are add$1 decompose ! nitrate ( b>yta1 =m+ insoluble b>ic sulphate & free nitric acid4 ,on exp]im5t ,i asc]ta9$ t ! abnormally l>ge quantity ( m9]al matt] or a% 7#e & #f p] c5t47 f\nd 9 ! insoluble "p ( ! ',bl&' & ',blissett' p[d]s is due to b>ic sulphate1 & ,i ?9k ! acidity ( ! aque\s extract is due to ! nitric acid ?us set free4 ,_h ?is b>ic sulphate be5 pres5t 9 ! new p[d]1 ,i %\ld h ?\ght x 0 purposely =m$ 9 all to prev5t access ( moi/ure2 b1 n f9d+ ?is sub/ance 9 ?is c>efully prep>$ sample1 ,i attribute its pres5ce 9 ! o!r cases to c>elessness on ! "p ( ! workm54 ,i %\ld /ate t all ^! p[d]s consi/$ ( a granulat$ & consolidat$ pulp4 ,?is improvem5t mu/1 ,i ?9k1 h consid]able advantages ov] ! sawdu/ =m previ\sly adopt$ by ! ,s*ultze ,company 9 z mu* z x facilitates a m ?or\gh purification be+ c>ri$ out1 & produces a m homog5e\s & equal p[d]4 ,x is possible1 too1 t work+ ) pulp may be ( advantage1 inasmu* z ! company may n[1 by v>y+ ! pressure 9 =m+ ! cake1 obta9 gra9s ( any requir$ d5sity4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i may say t1 9 my op9ion ! mo/ difficult task :i* ! ,s*ultze ,company h _h to enc\nt] is t ( obta9+ uni=mity ( /r5g? 9 _! explosive2 & ! ',blisset' sample ( _! p[d] may he look$ ^u z an exp]im5tal bat* 9 :i* 7by alt]+ ! mode ( proc$ure 9 "s su* mann] z ,i h indicat$7 !y made a p[d] ) a l>ge p]-c5tage ( tri-nitro-cellulose1 ?us produc+ a m rapidly burn+ sub/ance1 & consequ5tly a m viol5t explosion4 ,tak+ all ?+s into consid]ation1 ,i ?9k ! ,s*ultze ,company1 9 manufactur+ a nitro-explosive :i* gives ! uni=mity ( %oot+ p[] %[n 9 y\r rec5t exp]im5ts1 h work$ out a mo/ tr\blesome problem ) rem>kable success4 ,! difficulty ( obta9+ su* results is evid5c$ by ! fact t s _m inv5tions ( a some:at simil> "* h be5 ab&on$ = sport+ purposes f a defici5cy 9 ?is respect4 ,b1 h[ev] difficult x may be to manufacture a p[d] giv+ uni=m %oot+1 x is evid5tly possible1 ) suitable c>e to produce 7z ! 'new' ,s*ultze %[s7 a wood p[d] :i* is p]fectly safe & /able1 z f> z spontane\s decomposition is conc]n$4 ,! company1 !re=e1 if !y h n already done s1 ought to take means to prev5t p[d] ( ! l[ /ability ( ! ',bl&' & ',blissett' samples be+ aga9 issu$ f _! works4 ,p4,s4--,s9ce writ+ ! above ,i h exam9$ cursorily a sample ( ! ',dittm>' wood p[d]1 an ,am]ican v>iety ( ',s*ultze1' us$ by ,capta9 ,bog>dus 9 "s ( 8 rec5t %oot+ competitions4 ,! p[d] is some:at d>k] 9 t9t1 & ( slightly l>g] gra91 ?an ! ,s*ultze4 ,9 d5sity x is int]m$iate betwe5 ',bl&'s' & ! 'new' p[d]2 & ! *>ge 9 a tw5ty-bore c>tridge 0 =ty-two gra9s4 ,?is p[d] w\ld seem to be made f solid cubes ( wood 7n a pulp$ mass l ! pres5t 'granulat$' ,s*ultze1 or ( sawdu/ spl9t]s l ! old s-call$ 'cube' ,s*ultze74 ,x conta9s no nitrate ( b>yta1 b has a small quantity ( nitrate ( pota% & soda4 ,possess+1 z x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 a mu* small] proportion ( oxidiz+ salts ?an ! ,engli% ,s*ultze1 x %\ld conta91 to make up = ?is loss ( =ce1 a l>g] proportion ( explosive pyroxyl92 b ?is is a po9t ,i h n exp]im5tally det]m9$4 7',field1' ,augu/ #crd1 #ahgh1 ,no4 #accf1 p4 #adc47 ,gunp[d]1 ,:ite4 ,syn4 ,,bla/+ ,,p[d]4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,bla/+ ,,p[d]1 ,no4 #c4 #b4 ,yell[ prussiate ( pota% & :ite sug>1 ( ea* #a "p2 *lorate ( potassa1 #b p>ts2 p[d] ea* sep>ately1 & mix !m well1 b c>efully1 ) a bone or wood5 knife4 ,x may be granulat$ l gunp[d]1 by mak+ ! p[d] into a pa/e ) a little wat]1 & press+ ! mass ?r\gh a p>*m5t sieve4#cdd ,footnote #cdd3 ,see ! precautions notic$ "u ,,bla/+ ,,p[d]1 page #bcj4 ,,gun',,jah4 ,see ,,hemp 7,indian74 ,,gut4 ,syn4 ,,fi%+ ,,gut1 ,,silkworm ,g4 ,?is is obta9$ f ! ,bombyx mori 7,l9n47 or silkworm cat]pill>4 ,prep4 ,! silkworms1 :5 j ready to sp91 are /eep$ 9 /rong v9eg> = #ab h\rs 9 w>m wea!r1 or #b or #c 9 cold wea!r1 & are !n brok5 9 half1 & /ret*$ out z f> z possible on a bo>d1 furni%$ ) slits or pegs to hold !m2 9 ?is /ate !y are all[$ to dry 9 ! sun or a w>m place4 ,obs4 ,us$ by angl]s4 ,! worms may be kn[n to be go+ to sp9 by refus+ food1 & by hav+ a f9e silk5 ?read hang+ f ! m\?4 ,,gut',,ta ,,p]*a4 ,! concrete juice ( ! ,ison&ro ,gutta1 a tree gr[+ only 9 ! ,malayan ,ar*ipelago1 & ( o!r species ( ! same g5us4 ,! /em ( ! gutta-p]*a tree gr[s to ! diamet] ( #e or #f feet1 & on be+ not*$ yields a milky juice1 :i*1 aft] exposure to ! air = "s "t1 solidifies1 =m+ ! gutta p]*a ( comm]ce4 ,x arrives 9 ?is c\ntry 9 irregul> blocks ( "s p\nds 9 weight1 usually conta9+ a l>ge portion ( impurities 9 ! =m ( pieces ( wood1 /ones1 & e>?4 ,to prep>e ?is crude product = manufactur+ into useful articles1 ! blocks are fir/ cut into slices1 & !n torn into %r$s4 ,^! are s(t5$ by hot wat]1 & knead$ 9 a 'ma/icator1' ! /ones1 e>?1 & o!r impurities1 be+ gradually wa%$ away by wat]4 ,aft] sev]al h\rs ! gutta p]*a is f\nd to be knead$ into a p]fectly homog5e\s mass1 :i* is roll$ or drawn into %eets1 b&s1 or tubes1 z requir$4 ,prop41 c4 ,gutta p]*a is a t\gh1 inela/ic sub/ance1 becom+ s(t & pla/ic at #bab ,fahr41 at :i* temp]ature two pieces may be firmly weld$ toge!r4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ insulators ( electricity1 is imp]vi\s to moi/ure1 & resi/s ! action ( acids & alkalies to a great ext5t4 ,its be/ solv5ts are b5zol1 *lor(orm1 bisulphuret ( c>bon1 rectifi$ m9]al naph?a1 & rectifi$ oil ( turp5t9e4 ,all ^! dissolve x readily4 ,accord+ to ! analysis ( ,pay51 ! purifi$ gutta p]*a ( comm]ce consi/s ( #ge to #hbh ( *emically pure gutta p]*a1 :i* is insoluble 9 e!r & alcohol1 & a :ite & a yell[ res91 soluble 9 boil+ alcohol4 ,uses4 ,^! are num]\s & v>i$4 ,no sub/ance1 p]haps1 ) ! exception ( ca\t*\c1 has be5 'tortur$' to s _m diff]5t purposes4 ,its p]fect pla/icity :5 w>m1 & its capability ( receiv+ ! mo/ delicate impressions1 r5d] x invaluable 9 _m cases :]e india rubb] w\ld be useless4 ,beautiful m\ld+s1 picture frames1 & a numb] ( ornam5tal articles1 are made f x4 ,to ! *emi/ & photograph] x is ( great use z a mat]ial = mak+ bottles1 c>boys1 photographic ba?s1 & voltaic batt]y cells4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important uses to :i* x has be5 appli$ is = enclos+ ! metallic wires us$ = telegraphic purposes4 ,its inde/ructibility by wat]1 its pla/icity1 & high insulat+ p[]1 h r5d]$ x p>ticul>ly valuable = ?is purpose4 ,at ! ,int]national ,exhibition ( #ahfb ! ,gutta ,p]*a ,company exhibit$ "o mile ( cov]$ wire p]fectly insulat$1 :i* 0 h>dly ?ick] ?an common sew+ cotton4 ,gutta p]*a may be roll$ into ?9 transp>5t %eets1 :i*1 be+ p]fectly imp]vi\s to moi/ure1 are well adapt$ = surgical purposes4 ,aga91 a solution ( gutta p]*a 9 *lor(orm =ms an excell5t dress+ = incis$ w\nds1 & a protection = abrad$ surfaces1 burns1 c4 ,x is us$ 9 ! same way z collodion4 ,gutta ,p]*a1 ,purifi$4 ,dr ,cattell1 ( ,london1 has succe$$ 9 purify+ gutta p]*a s p]fectly f all extrane\s matt]1 t x pres5ts ! appe>ance ( ivory4 ,! raw mat]ial is dissolv$ 9 a c]ta9 solv5t1 & ! solution mo/ c>efully filt]$ until x leaves on evaporation ! gutta p]*a 9 a pure milk-:ite condition4 ,,gyp',,sum4 ,?is is native sulphate ( lime4 ,:5 bak$1 to deprive x ( wat]1 & gr\nd1 x =ms ,,pla/] ,,( ,,p>is4 ,gypsum is an excell5t manure = c]ta9 soils4 ,,ha>balsam1 ,vegetabilis*]--,vegetable ,hair ,balsam 7,joh4 ,&r4 ,haus*ild1 ,leipsic74 ,a decoction ( burdock root1 conta9+ a little _s & col\r$ gre5 ) indigo4 7,knig47 ,hag] analys$ a turbid br[ni% fluid1 :i* deposit$ a br[n precipitate on /&+1 & :5 filt]$ consi/$ ( a decoction ( burdock root ) #bj p] c5t4 ( _s4 ,ha>balsam ,mail&is*]--,mail&'s ,hairbalsam 7,krell]1 ,nuremb]g74 ,beef m>r[1 #dj p>ts2 c9*ona extract1 #e p>ts2 balsam ( ,p]u1 #a "p2 /orax1 #a "p2 oil ( b]gamot1 #a "p2 oil ( lemons1 #a_/b "p4 7,hag]47 ,ha>balsam ,o/9dis*]--,ea/ ,indian ,hairbalsam 7,dr ,ay]74 ,conta9s sug> ( lead1 sulphur1 glyc]91 oil ( lav5d]1 & wat]4 ,ha>balsam 7,j4 ,f4 ,sehw>zlose ,shne1 ,b]l974 ,a br[ni%-yell[ spiritu\s aromatic fluid1 hav+ ne>ly ! composition ( eau de ,cologne1 ) liquid /orax1 c>bonate ( pota%1 & a fat--p]haps d]iv$ f can?>ides4 7,hag]47 ,ha>balsam 7,a4 ,m>qu>t1 ,leipsic74 ,a mixture ( #hc grammes wat] p]fum$ ) eau de ,cologne1 ) #ab grammes glyc]91 #dbe grammes milk ( sulphur1 & #ab gramme lead nitrate4 ,,_h',,dock4 ,a small sea-fi%1 alli$ to ! cod1 & e/eem$ an excell5t article ( food4 ,x is ! ,gadus glef9us ( ,l9nu4 ,split1 smok$1 & dri$1 x is common 9 ! small] %ops ( ,london4 ,h,,matem',,esis4 ,9 pa?ology1 vomit+ ( blood4 ,see ,,/oma* ,,affections4 ,h,m',,atite4 ,syn4 ,,hematite4 ,9 m9]alogy1 "o ( ! mo/ important iron ores4 ,two k9ds are di/+ui%$1 ! r$1 :i* is an anhydr\s p]oxide ( iron1 & ! br[n1 :i* is ! hydrat$ p]oxide4 ,h,,matocrys',,tall94 ,a cry/all9e sub/ance obta9$ by ! action ( oxyg5 & aft]w>ds c>bonic acid on ! 'clot' ( blood4 ,h,,matos',,94 ,syn4 ,h,,mat91 ,,r$ ,,pigm5t ,,( ,,blood4 ,! r$ col\r+ pr9ciple ( ! blood4 ,x is n kn[n 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,x diff]s f ! o!r animal pr9ciples 9 conta9+1 z an ess5tial +r$i5t1 ! sesquioxide ( iron4 ,h,,matox',,yl94 ,a pr9ciple obta9$ by ,*evreul f common logwood 7,hmatoxylon campe*ianum71 & on :i* its col\r appe>s to dep5d4 ,prep4 #a4 ,infuse logwood *ips 9 wat]1 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #acj ,fahr41 = #ab h\rs1 filt]1 & evaporate to dryness 9 a wat] ba?2 dige/ ! residuum 9 rectifi$ _s = #bd h\rs1 aga9 filt] & evaporate2 !n add a little wat]2 aga9 g5tly evaporate & set aside ! solution 9 a cold place t cry/als may =m2 ^! mu/ be wa%$ 9 rectifi$ _s & dri$4 #b4 ,dige/ p[d]$ h>d extract ( logwood 9 rectifi$ _s1 & proce$ z la/4 #c4 ,p[d]$ logwood is mix$ ) s& & dige/$ = sev]al days 9 pure e!r2 ! result+ liquid is filt]$1 evaporat$ to a syrup1 & set aside to cry/allise4 ,prop41 c4 ,brilliant r$di%-:ite or /raw-yell[ cry/als1 soluble 9 boil+ wat]1 =m+ an orange-r$ solution :i* turns yell[ z x cools1 b resumes its =m] col\r on be+ heat$4 ,alkalies 9 excess *ange its col\r successively into purple1 violet1 & br[n2 acids bright5 x2 ) ! metallic oxides x =ms comp\nds hav+ a blue1 purple1 or violet col\r4 ,h,,mop',,tysis4 ,9 pa?ology1 spitt+ ( blood4 ,x g5]ally arises f extreme fulness ( ! blood-vessels ( ! lungs1 or ! rupture ( blood-vessels1 z a consequ5ce ( ulc]ation2 b sometimes x is induc$ by excessive ex]tion or ext]nal viol5ce4 ,depletion1 ap]i5ts1 acidul\s & a/r+5t dr9ks1 & nauseants1 are ! usual rem$ies4 ,acetate ( lead1 9 small doses1 has be5 recomm5d$ = ?is affection4 ,:5 ?is sub/ance is giv51 x %\ld be accompani$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( free acetic acid1 to prev5t its be+ conv]t$ into ! poison\s c>bonate ( lead 9 ! sy/em4 ,h,m',,orrhage4 ,syn4 ,,hemorrhage2 ,h,,morrhagia1 ,l4 ,a ble$+ or fl[ ( blood4 ,ble$+ may be divid$ into active1 passive1 & accid5tal4--,active hmorrhage is t aris+ f a full /ate ( ! vessels1 or ple?ora4--,passive hmorrhage1 f g5]al debility ( ! sy/em1 & ( ! blood-vessels 9 p>ticul>4--,accid5tal hmorrhage1 f ext]nal viol5ce1 z bl[s1 w\nds1 c4 ,! fir/ g5]ally requires depletion1 & ! second ! usual treatm5t to e/abli% ! g5]al heal? & vig\r ( ! body4 ,! ble$+ f w\nds1 if ext5sive1 %\ld be arre/$ by ty+ ! ruptur$ blood-vessels2 or :]e ?is _c be done1 & 9 less important cases1 by ! application ( /yptics1 z creasote1 sulphate ( iron1 infusion ( galls1 comp\nd t9cture ( b5zo91 c4 ,,hair4 ,syn4 ,,capillus1 ,,pilus1 ,l4 ,! hair ( ! human head has cont9ually =m$ a subject = ! *isel ( ! sculptor1 ! p5cil ( ! arti/1 & ! lay ( ! poet4 ,nor is ?is surpris+1 s9ce all ! features ( ! face1 z well z ! head x cov]s1 d]ive f x additional f9i% & unequall$ grace4 ,! hair is1 inde$1 "o ( ! greate/ auxili>ies ( p]sonal beauty1 & imp>ts to x "s ( its pr9cipal *>ms4 ,all nations1 9 all ages ( ! _w1 h be5 unanim\s 9 _! admiration ( luxuriant & fl[+ or gracefully arrang$ hair4 ,( all organic sub/ances1 hair is ! "o lea/ liable to suff] spontane\s *ange4 ,x is also less affect$ by aque\s liquids ?an mo/ o!r sub/ances4 ,h5ce its value 9 v>i\s bran*es ( ! useful arts4 ,! pres]vation ( ! hair ( ! head1 indep5d5tly ( its connection ) p]sonal beauty1 is a matt] ( ! utmo/ importance 9 relation to hygi5e4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ?is "w1 we h ref]r$ to its managem5t "u v>i\s conditions1 b a few obs]vations may be add$ "h4 ,:5 ! hair is 9 a weakly /ate1 & ei!r falls (f or gr[s feebly1 frequ5tly cutt+ x w be f\nd ( ! greate/ s]vice4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! hairs1 on ! surface ( ! body1 x might be inf]r$ t little exi/$ to excite att5tion2 b ?is is n ! fact1 if we are to judge by ! c>eful inve/igations to :i* ! subject has giv5 rise4 ,! hair-tubes are n plac$ p]p5dicul>ly1 b obliquely1 9 ! sk92 h5ce ! direction ( ! hairs1 aft] _! escape f ! tubes1 is 9 ! same s5se incl9$ t[>ds ! surface2 & ! 'set' ( ! hair1 f ! root to ! po9t1 is gov]n$ by a law z precise z t :i* regulates any o!r ( ! second>y vital functions4 ,?us1 on ! head1 ! hair radiates f a s+le po9t1 ! cr[n1 to e "p ( ! circumf]5ce1 mak+ a g5tle sweep1 beh9d t[>ds ! left & 9 front to ! "r4 ,! direction ( ?is sweep is naturally indicat$ on ! heads ( *ildr51 & is t 9 :i* ! hair is turn$1 7,eras4 ,wilson47 ,! same occurs on ! face & o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,9 mak+ our toilet1 ?is natural arrangem5t ( ! hair %\ld be int]f]$ ) z little z possible4 ,comb+ x or b&+ x 9 an opposite direction to t :i* x naturally assumes1 is highly prejudicial to its heal?y gr[?1 & if long p]sev]$ 91 leads to its premature & rapid decay4 ,! practice n[ common among ladies1 ( ?r[+ ! hair f ! =ehead t[>ds ! back ( ! head1 is ( ?is repreh5sible "*4 ,9 addition to our rem>ks else:]e1 we may "h obs]ve1 t all ! v>i\s sy/ems propos$ = /r5g!n+ or re/or+ ! hair dep5d = _! efficacy ^u simple excitation or /imulation ( ! sk94 ,friction ) ! hair-bru%1 & ! use ( ! ord9>y hair-oils1 pomades1 & wa%es1 are ( ?is k9d4 ,! v>i\s adv]tis$ no/rums = reproduc+ or re/or+ ! hair are ei!r /imulants or rubefaci5ts ( m or less activity1 or are emolli5ts1 :i* are direct$ to be appli$ by friction1 9 su* a mann] z to set up a consid]able am\nt ( irritation4 ,:5 ! affection dep5ds on ! languid circulation ( blood 9 ! "p1 ?is treatm5t (t5 succe$s2 b :5 ! hair-bulbs are )]$ or decay$1 or ! scalp mu* att5uat$1 ! re/oration ( ! hair is an impossibility4 ,see ,,baldness4 ,,hair ,,cosmetics4 ,"u ?is head are includ$ all prep>ations :i* are us$ = beautify+1 pres]v+1 or re/or+ ! hair4 ,^! are fully describ$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ?is "w1 & we %all "h m]ely "n ! pr9cipal heads "u :i* !y w be f\nd4 ,! h>d pomatums us$ = keep+ ! hair1 m\/a*e1 & :isk]s1 9 =m1 & sometimes to col\r !m at ! same "t1 are notic$ "u ,,cosmetique2 ! mucillag9\s prep>ations = /iff5+ ! hair1 "u ,,fixature2 ! comp\nds = remov+ sup]flu\s hairs1 "u ,,depilatory2 ! applications = ! cure & prev5tion ( baldness1 "u ,,pomades & ,,wa%es2 & ^? employ$ to cleanse or beautify ! hair "u ! la/ two heads1 & "u ,,hair ,,dyes & ,,oils4 ,,hair ,,dyes4 ,syn4 ,,t9ctura ,,cappillorum1 ,l4 ,! practice ( dye+ ! hair is ( great antiquity2 & ?\gh n s common z =m]ly1 x is /ill f> f infrequ5t at ! pres5t day4 ,! num]\s prep>ations v5d$ = ?is purpose h g5]ally a basis ( lead or silv]4 ,bismu?1 pyrogallic acid1 & c]ta9 a/r+5t vegetable juices1 are also occasionally ?us employ$4 ,! foll[+ li/ embraces all ^? ( any value3 ,prep4 #a4 ,li?>ge1 #a "p2 fre%-slak$ lime & />*1 ( ea* #b p>ts2 all 9 f9e p[d]1 & p]fectly dry2 mix1 & keep ! comp\nd 9 well-cork$ bottles4 ,?is p[d] is to be made into a ?9 pa/e or cream ) wat] 7= black71 or milk 7= br[n71 & appli$ to ! hair 7previ\sly fre$ f grease ) soap & wat]1 & dri$71 by means ( a sponge or bru%1 or ! f+]s2 obs]v+ to rub x well into ! roots1 & to pass a comb = "s "t ?r\gh x1 to ensure its com+ 9 contact ) e "p4 ,! :ole mu/ be !n cov]$ ) a moi/ leaf ( cotton wadd+1 or "s br[n pap] sev]al times d\bl$ & well damp$ ) hot wat]1 & all[$ to rema9 s = #c or #d h\rs1 or ev5 long]2 or an oil-silk cap1 or a bladd]1 may be worn1 ! object be+ simply to prev5t ! evaporation ( ! moi/ure4 ,aft] a suffici5t "t has elaps$1 ! p[d] may be remov$ by rubb+ x (f ) ! f+]s1 & aft]w>ds wa%+ x out ) w>m soap-&-wat]4 ,a little pomatum or hair-oil w re/ore ! usual gloss to ! hair4 ,ano!r me?od ( op]at+ is to apply ! cream or pa/e z be=e1 & !n to keep rubb+ x ab\t ! hair ) a bru% z long z may be requir$1 occasionally add+ a few drops ( hot wat] to pres]ve ! :ole moi/4 ,9 ?is way ! action ( ! dye is facilitat$1 & ! process conclud$ 9 a mu* %ort] "t4 #b4 ,lime 7slak$ 9 ! air71 #b p>ts2 c>bonate ( lead 7pure :ite lead71 #a "p2 mix$ & appli$ z ! la/4 #c4 7,,aqua ,,ori5talis47 ,f gra9 silv]1 #b dr42 /eel fil+s1 #d dr42 nitric acid1 #a oz42 s(t wat]1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 dige/$ toge!r1 ! solution be+ aft]w>ds dilut$ ) wat]1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz41 & filt]$4 ,appli$ by means ( a f9e-too!d comb1 or a half-worn too?-bru% to ! hair1 previ\sly well clean$ ) soap & wat]1 & dri$4 #d4 7,,arg5tan ,,t9cture47 ,f nitrate ( silv]1 #a dr42 eau de rose1 #a fl4 oz42 nitrate ( copp]1 #b gr41 or q4 s4 to imp>t a slight gre5i% t9t4 ,us$ z ! la/4 #e4 7,dr ,cattell47 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #aa dr42 nitric acid1 #a dr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 sap gre51 #c dr42 gum arabic1 #a-a_/d dr42 dige/ toge!r4 ,us$ z ,no4 #c4 #f4 ,no4 #a ,solution4 ,gallic acid1 #g-a_/b gr42 acetic acid1 #bj m942 di/ill$ wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,no4 #b ,solution4 ,nitrate ( silv]1 9 cry/als1 #cj-a_/b gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a fl4 oz42 ammonia suffici5t to =m ! precipitate =m$ at fir/4 #g4 7,,*e/nut ,,hair ,,dye47 ,we h met ) ! foll[+1 b d n gu>antee x3--,p]manganate ( pota% gives ! hair a beautiful *e/nut-br[n col\r1 v>y+ accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! solution ( ! salt4 ,a good =mula is p]manganate ( pota%1 #a dr42 p[d]$ gum ,arabic1 #b dr42 rose wat]1 #c oz42 mix4 ,apply c>efully ) a too? bru% s z to avoid /a9+ ! sk94 7',*emi/ & ,druggi/4'7 #h4 7,,hair ,,re/or]47 ,?is is 9 reality a dye4 ,sulphur1 #de gr42 acetate ( lead1 #bj gr42 glyc]91 #a_/b oz42 wat] to make up #aj oz4 #i4 7,,gold5 ,,hair ,,dye1 ,,aureol9e47 ,a solution ( p]oxide ( hydrog5 9 wat]2 conta9+ f #c to #f p] c5t4 ( ! p]oxide4 #aj4 7,,br[n ,,hair ,,dye47 ,acetate ( lead1 #b dr42 hyposulphate ( soda1 #a dr42 rose wat]1 #ad oz42 glyc]91 #b oz4 ,dissolve ! acetate ( lead & ! hyposulphite 9 sep>ate portions ( ! rose wat]2 filt] sep>ately1 mix ! solutions1 & add ! glyc]94 #aa4 7,a ,,h>mless ,,hair ,,dye4 ,dr ,hag]47 ,t5 p>ts ( subnitrate ( bismu?1 & #aej p>ts ( glyc]9 are mix$ 9 a glass vessel & heat$ 9 a wat] ba?2 solution ( pota% is !n add$ 9 small portions1 & ) cont9u$ agitation1 until a cle> solution has be5 obta9$1 to :i* a conc5trat$ solution ( citric acid is add$ until m]ely a slight alkal9e reaction is obs]v$4 ,en\gh orange-fl[] wat] is add$ to make ! :ole liquid weigh #cjj p>ts2 ! addition ( a small quantity ( a solution ( an anil9e col\r completes ! prep>ation4 #ab4 7,*evalli]47 ,fre%-slak$ lime1 #e dr42 wat]1 #a-a_/b oz42 mix1 /ra9 ?r\gh gauze1 & p\r ! milk into a f\r-ounce bottle4 ,next dissolve sug> ( lead1 #e dr41 9 wat]1 #c fl4 oz42 add to ?is solution1 dry slak$ lime1 #a dr41 /ir well toge!r1 wa% ! precipitate ) a little s(t wat]1 dra9 (f ! wat]1 !n add x to ! milk ( lime 9 ! bottle1 & %ake ! :ole well toge!r1 & aga9 be=e use4 ,appli$ z ,no4 #a2 b x acts mu* m quickly4 #ac4 7,delcroix47 ,f acetate ( lead1 #b oz42 prep>$ *alk1 #c oz42 quicklime1 #d oz42 ea* 9 an impalpable p[d]4 ,us$ z ,no4 #a4 #ad4 7,,eau ,d',,afrique--,hopekirk47--a4 ,nitrate ( silv] 7cry/471 #a-a_/b dr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #b fl4 oz42 dissolve1 & p\r ! solution into ! bottles labell$ ',solution ,no4 #a1'--;b4 ,liquor ( potassa1 #c dr42 sulphydrate ( ammonium1 #g dr42 wat]1 #a fl4 oz42 mix1 & p\r ! liquid into ! bottles labell$ ',solution ,no4 #b1' ,= use1 ! hair is moi/5$ by means ( a small-too!d comb or too?-bru%1 ) ! ,solution ,no4 #a1 ei!r alone or dilut$ ) a little wat]2 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid t\*+ ! sk91 if possible4 ,aft] ! lapse ( #h or #aj m9utes ! ,solution ,no4 #b1 dilut$ ) at lea/ #e times its measure ( wat]1 is appli$ 9 ! same mann]1 & any spots on ! sk9 remov$ by rubb+ !m ) ! corn] ( a napk9 wett$ ) ! liquid4 ,! sk9 is !n spong$ clean ) a little w>m wat]1 & wip$ dry1 & ! hair is arrang$ ) ! comb z usual4 ,x is bett] to avoid rubb+ x or wa%+ x = a few h\rs4 ,sometimes ! process is rev]s$1 & ! liquid ,no4 #b appli$ fir/4 ,9 ?is way ! /a9s on ! sk9 are m readily remov$1 b ! dye is less p]man5t ?an :5 ! o!r plan is adopt$4 #ae4 7,,eau ,d',,egypte47 ,resembles ,no4 #d 7above74 #af4 7,,ess5ce ,,( ,,tyre47 ,resembles ! la/4 #ag4 7,,grecian ,,wat]47 ,resembles ,no4 #c1 or #d4 #ah4 7,dr ,hanmann47 ,li?>ge1 #bge gr4 7say #a "p72 quicklime1 #ahge gr4 7or #f-c_/d p>ts72 hair p[d] 7or />*71 #icj gr4 7or #c-a_/b p>ts73 all 9 f9e p[d]4 ,us$ z ,no4 #a4 #ai4 7,hewlet's47 ,resembles ,sp5c]'s 7,no4 #bh74 #bj4 7,,in/antane\s47 ,moi/5 ! hair fir/ ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 wat] 7#a to #g or #h71 & !n ) a weak solution ( sulphydrate ( ammonium4 ,! col\r ( ! hair1 unalt]$ by ! silv] solution1 in/antly turns black :5 moi/5$ ) ! sulphuret4 ,see ,,eau ,d',,afrique4 #ba4 7,la ,=e/'s47 ,see ,,wa%es4 #bb4 7,orfila's47 ,f li?>ge1 #c p>ts2 quicklime1 #b p>ts2 />*1 #a "p4 ,! orig9al =m = ?is article is z foll[s3--,sulphate ( lead1 #d p>ts2 dry fre%-slak$ lime1 #e p>ts2 wat]1 #cj p>ts2 boil #a h\r1 collect ! pa/e on a piece ( calico1 & apply x 9 a simil> mann] to ,no4 #a4 #bc4 7,,pomade ,,dye47--a4 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #a "p2 nitric acid1 #b p>ts2 iron fil+s1 #b p>ts2 mix1 & let !m /& toge!r = #d or #e h\rs1 !n p\r !m on oatmeal1 #b p>ts2 next add1 l>d1 #c p>ts2 & mix well toge!r4 b4 ,f nitrate ( silv] & cream ( t>t>1 ( ea* #a dr42 liquor ( ammonia1 #b dr42 dissolve1 add ( l>d1 #d dr42 & mix well toge!r4 #bd4 7,,p\dre ,d',,italie47 ,resembles ,orfila's 7,no4 #bb47 #be4 7,,pyrogallic ,,/a947 ,a weak solution ( crude pyrogallic acid4 ,ano!r article sold "u ?is "n is prep>$ by di/ill+ nutgalls 7co>sely p[d]$7 9 a retort1 dissolv+ ! solid acid :i* sublimes 9 a little hot wat]1 & aft] mix+ ?is ) ! acid liquid :i* also passes ov]1 add+ a little rectifi$ _s4 ,! float+ oil is !n sep>at$ & ! solution filt]$4 #bf4 7,r$wood47 ,li?>ge1 #b oz42 slak$ lime & p[d]$ />*1 ( ea* #a oz42 liquor ( potassa1 #b dr42 wat]1 q4 s4 to =m a ?ick cream4 ,us$ z ,no4 #a4 #bg4 7,r$wood47 ,liquor ( potassa & di/ill$ wat]1 ( ea* #a p9t2 mix1 & pass sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh ! liquid until x is saturat$4 ,( ?is solution take #bj oz42 liquor ( potassa1 #d oz42 mix1 & label x ',solution ,no4 #a1' ,next dissolve nitrate ( silv]1 #a dr41 9 di/ill$ wat]1 #b oz42 & label ! liquid ',solution ,no4 #b1' ,us$ 9 ! same mann] z ,no4 #h & #bj4 #bh4 7,sp5c]'s47 ,f sap gre51 #a_/b dr42 nitrate ( silv]1 #a dr42 hot wat]1 #a oz4 ,appli$ z ,no4 #c4 #bi4 7,,t9cture ,,( ,,walnut47 ,a /rong t9cture ( ! %ells ( gre5 walnuts1 sc5t$ ) oil ( lav5d]4 #cj4 7,ure47 ,li?>ge1 fre%-slak$ lime1 & bic>bonate ( potassa1 mix$ 9 v>i\s proportions1 accord+ to ! %ade ( col\r desir$4 ,us$ l ,no4 #a4 #ca4 7,w>r5's47 ,f li?>ge1 #a oz42 :ite lead1 #b oz42 quicklime 79 f9e p[d]71 #af oz42 mix1 sift ?r\gh lawn1 & at once bottle ! mixture4 ,us$ l ,no4 #a4 ,mix$ ) wat]1 x is said to dye ! hair black2 ) milk1 br[n4 #cb4 ,:ite lead1 #a oz42 fre% slak$ lime1 #a-a_/b oz42 li?>ge & oxide ( bismu?1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #a p9t2 mix1 boil #ae m9utes1 ) frequ5t agitation1 cool1 p\r x into a bottle1 add ( solution ( ammonia1 #a_/d fl4 oz41 %ake ! :ole frequ5tly = "s h\rs & ! next day p\r (f ! liquid portion f ! :ite s$im5t :i* =ms ! dye4 ,us$ l ,no4 #a4 ,x is appli$ = #h or #aj m9utes = a br[n2 #cj m9utes1 or long]1 = a black4 ,= ! fir/1 x is wa%$ (f ) wat] conta9+ a little common soda4 #cc4 ,! juice ( ! b>k or %ell ( gre5 walnuts1 appli$ ) a sponge4 7,paulus g9eta47 #cd4 ,a lead5 comb us$ daily is said to d>k5 ! hair1 b we h kn[n p]sons p]sev]e 9 its use = mon?s )\t any p]ceptible *ange occurr+4 ,premature baldness is a frequ5t consequ5ce ( its use4 ,obs4 ,x is "r to in=m ! read] t all ^? comp\nds :i* conta9 nitrate ( silv] /a9 ! sk9 z well z ! hair4 ,^! /a9s may be remov$1 :5 q rec5t1 by rubb+ !m ) wat] conta9+ a little sulphydrate ( ammonium 7see above7 or iodide ( potassium 9 solution2 b z ?is is att5d$ ) "s tr\ble & inconv5i5ce1 ! be/ way is to avoid ! necessity ( do+ s4 ,! hair-dress]s adopt ! plan ( sme>+ h>d pomatum ov] ! sk9 imm$iately surr\nd+ ! hair1 to protect x f ! dye4 ,by v skilful manipulation1 & ! obs]vance ( due precautions1 ! hair may be ?or\ghly moi/5$ ) ! above fluids1 )\t t\*+ ! adjac5t sk91 b ?is c only be done1 9 ! case ( ! hair ( ! head1 by a second p]son4 ,?is has l$ to a pref]5ce be+ giv5 by _m to ! comp\nds conta9+ lead1 z ! col\r+ matt] =m$ 9 !m does n /a9 ! sk94 ,! hue giv5 by ! latt] 7:5 pale7 is v apt to possess an unnatural r$ness1 b all ! %ades ( col\r giv5 by ! prep>ation ( silv] are ri* & unexceptionable4 ,pyrogallic acid1 & ! juice ( walnuts1 also /a9 ! sk91 al?\gh less int5sely & p]man5tly ?an nitrate ( silv]4 ,! detection ( dy$ hair is (t5 a matt] ( importance 9 m$ico-legal rese>*4 ,! pres5ce ( silv] may be %[n by dige/+ ! hair 9 a little weak *lor9e wat] or hydro*loric acid1 :5 ! result+ *loride ( silv] may be dissolv$ out ) liquor ( ammonia1 & submitt$ to ! usual te/s4 ,hair conta9+ lead1 :5 dige/$ 9 dilute nitric acid1 gives a solution ( nitrate ( lead1 9 :i* =m x is readily detect$4 ,see ,,lead & ,,silv]4 ,all ! prec$+ comp\nds are = dye+ liv+ hair 7human72 horse-hair1 bri/les1 c41 & o!r dead hair1 may be readily /a9$ by /eep+ !m 9 any ( ! ord9>y liquid dyes1 m especially ^? employ$ = wool & silk4 ,see ,,pomades1 ,,wa%es1 c4 ,,hairwa%1 ,gold51 or ,auricomus1 is a cle> inodor\s fluid1 :i* is said to dye hair blond or yell[i% r$1 & really does s4 ,sold 9 bottles conta9+ #bej grammes4 ,:5 expos$ to ! air ! fluid decomposes ) "t4 ,?is hair-dye is an aque\s solution ( hydroxyl contam9at$ ) traces ( b>yta1 & c be prep>$ z foll[s3--#ag p>ts cry/allis$ cau/ic b>yta & #c p>ts potassium *lorate1 intimately mix$ 9 f9e p[d]1 are melt$ by a g5tle heat4 ,! mass mu/ be wa%$ ) cold wat] to remove ! potassium *loride1 & ! residue %ak5 9 ! cold ) a solution ( #h p>ts glacial phosphoric acid 9 #be p>ts wat]1 ! :ole be+ cool$ ) ice4 ,:5 ! p]oxide ( b>ium is decompos$1 ! fluid %\ld be decant$ f ! precipitate4 7,hag]47 ,,hall ,,m>ks4 ,! ',hall ,m>ks' on articles 9 gold & silv] n only in=m u ( _! f95ess1 b furni% u ) o!r important p>ticul>s4 ,! ,hall ,m>k 7prop]7 d5otes ! place ( manufacture or assay1 be+ an an*or1 = ,birm+ham2 a dagg] or #c :eat %eaves1 = ,*e/]2 ,hib]nia1 = ,dubl92 ca/le & lion = ,ed9burgh2 ca/le ) #b w+s1 = ,exet]2 tree & salmon ) a r+ 9 its m\?1 = ,glasg[2 leop>d's head = ,london2 #c ca/les1 = ,newca/le-on-,tyne2 a cr[n1 = ,%effield2 & five lions' heads & a cross1 = ,york4 ,! ,duty ,m>k is ! head ( ! ,sov]eign1 %[+ t ! duty is paid4 ,! ,date ,m>k is a lett] ( ! alphabet1 :i* v>ies e ye>1 & ) ! diff]5t companies1 ?us3 ! ,goldsmi?'s ,company ( ,london h us$ f #agaf to #agee1 ,roman capital lett]s2 f #agef to #agge1 small ,roman lett]s2 f #agff to #agie old ,engli% lett]s2 f #agif to #ahae1 ,roman capital lett]s1 f ,a to ,u1 omitt+ ,j2 f #ahaf to #ahce1 small ,roman lett]s1 a to u1 omitt+ j2 f #ahcf1 old ,engli% lett]s4 ,! ,/&>d ,m>k = gold is1 = ,engl&1 a lion passant2 ,ed9burgh1 a ?i/le2 ,glasg[1 a lion rampant2 ,irel&1 a h>p cr[n$4 ,= silv]1 a figure ( ,britannia4 ,if "u #bb c>ats1 gold has ! figures #ah4 ,! ,manufactur]'s ,m>k is ! initials ( ! mak]1 z ,s4 ,h41 ,w4 ,t41 ,c4 ,e41 c4 ,,hal',,og5s4 ,9 *emi/ry1 a "n giv5 by ,b]zelius to *lor9e1 brom9e1 iod9e1 & fluor9e4 ,^! elem5ts unite ) metals to =m comp\nds call$ 'haloid salts4' ,,hamburgh ,,p[d]4 ,! mat]ial kn[n "u ?is "n is us$ to adult]ate *icory4 ,x is compos$ ( roa/$ & gr\nd peas1 col\r$ ) ,v5etian r$4 ,,hams4 ,^! are usually prep>$ f ! legs ( bacon pigs1 b ^? ( ! %eep are also sometimes us$ = ! same purpose4 ,,smok$ ,,ham is /rong eat+1 & r fit = a reli% ?an = diet1 & %\ld be p>ticul>ly avoid$ by ! dyspeptic & by convalesc5ts4 ,*oice4 ,a %>p knife ?ru/ "u ! bone %\ld h a pleasant smell :5 )drawn4 ,! rec5tly cut fat %\ld be h>d & :ite1 ! lean f9e-gra9$1 & ( a lively r$4 ,^? %ort 9 ! hock are ! be/4 ,cur+4 ,an ord9>y siz$ ham requires ne>ly ?ree weeks1 if wet salt$1 & ab\t a mon? if dry salt$1 to cure x p]fectly4 ,at ! expiration ( ?is "t !y are ready = smok+4 ,,mutton ,,hams %\ld n lie 9 pickle long] ?an #ab or #ad days4 ,cook+4 ,hams %\ld be put into ! wat] cold1 & %\ld be gradually heat$4 ,a ham ( #ad lbs4 w take ab\t #d h\rs1 "o ( #af lbs4 w take #f-a_/b h\rs1 & "o ( #bj lbs4 ab\t #e-a_/b h\rs1 to dress x prop]ly4 ,if x is an old ham1 x %\ld be soak$ = #ab h\rs previ\sly4 7,soy]47 ,pres4 ,mo/ groc]s & deal]s 9 hams enclose !m1 aft] be+ smok$1 9 canvas1 = ! purpose ( def5d+ !m f ! attacks ( ! little insect1 ! ,d]me/es l>d>ius1 :i*1 by lay+ its eggs 9 !m1 soon fills !m ) its l>v2 or maggots4 ,?is tr\blesome & exp5sive process may be altoge!r sup]s$$ by ! use ( pyroligne\s acid1 appli$ by means ( a pa9t]'s bru%4 ,,h&s4 ,dirty & co>se h&s are no less ! m>ks ( slo?fulness & l[ bre$+1 ?an clean & delicate h&s are ^? ( cleanl9ess & g5tility4 ,to promote ! s(tness & :it5ess ( ! sk91 mild emolli5t soaps1 or ^? ab\nd+ 9 oil1 %\ld alone be us$1 by :i* means ,,*aps ,,& ,,*ilbla9s w g5]ally be avoid$4 ,! co>se1 /rong k9ds ( soap1 or ^? ab\nd+ 9 alkali1 %\ld = a l reason be reject$1 z !y t5d to r5d] ! sk9 r\gh1 dry1 & brittle4 ,! imm]sion ( ! h&s 9 alkal9e lyes1 or /rongly acidulat$ wat]1 has a l effect4 ,:5 ! h&s are v dirty1 a little good s(t soap may be us$ ) w>m wat]1 :i* w rapidly remove oily & greasy matt]4 ,fruit & ink /a9s may be tak5 out by imm]s+ ! h&s 9 wat] slightly acidulat$ ) oxalic acid or a few drops ( oil ( vitriol1 or to :i* a little pe>la% or *loride ( lime has be5 add$2 obs]v+ aft]w>ds to well r9se !m 9 clean wat]1 & n to t\* !m ) soap = "s h\rs1 z any alkal9e matt] w br+ back ! /a9s1 aft] _! app>5t removal by all ! above sub/ances1 except ! la/4 ,! use ( a little *loride ( lime & w>m wat]1 or ,g[l&'s lotion1 imp>ts a delicate :it5ess to ! sk92 b ! =m] %\ld be only occasionally us$1 & %\ld be well wa%$ (f ) a little clean wat] to remove its od\r4 ,glyc]9e employ$ 9 ! same mann] r5d]s ! sk9 s(t1 :ite1 & supple4 ,! use ( a little s& or p[d]$ pumice /one ) ! soap w g5]ally remove ! r\ghness ( ! sk9 frequ5tly induc$ by exposure to cold4 ,! h&s may be pres]v$ dry1 = delicate "w1 by rubb+ a little club moss 7,,lycopodium71 9 f9e p[d]1 ov] !m4 ,a small quantity ( ?is sub/ance spr9kl$ ov] ! surface ( a bas9 ( wat] w p]mit ! h& to be plung$ to ! bottom ( ! bas9 )\t its becom+ wet4 ,,hang',,+4 ,9 cases ( susp5d$ animation f hang+1 ! assi/ance mu/ be prompt & en]getic4 ,! body on its discov]y %\ld be in/antly reliev$ f ! /ate ( susp5sion & all pressure ab\t ! ?roat4 ,! rem$ial treatm5t *iefly consi/s1 9 ! sev]] cases1 9 cupp+ ! temples or op5+ ! jugul> ve91 & s reliev+ ! head ( ! blood :i* is accumulat$ 9 its sup]ficial ve9s 9 consequ5ce ( /rangulation4 ,:5 ! body is cold1 friction1 & ! o!r means us$ = re/or+ ! animal heat 9 dr[n$ p]sons1 %\ld be resort$ to4 ,see ,,asphyxia & ,,dr[n+4 ,,h>d',,ness4 ,compactness2 solidity2 ! p[] ( resi/+ abrasion4 ,m9]al sub/ances are frequ5tly di/+ui%$ & id5tifi$ by _! relative h>dness4 ,?is is asc]ta9$ by _! p[] to scrat* or be scrat*$ by "o ano!r4 ,a valuable table on ?is subject w be f\nd 9 ! article on ,,gems4 ,,h>',,mal9e4 ,syn4 ,,h>mal9a4 ,an alkaloid1 =m+ yell[-br[n cry/als1 discov]$ 9 ! se$s ( ,peganum h>mala4 ,x has a bitt] a/r+5t & acrid ta/e1 is soluble 9 alcohol1 & =ms yell[1 soluble salts ) ! acids4 ,x has be5 propos$ z a yell[ dye4 ,by oxidation x yields ano!r comp\nd 7h>m9e71 :i* is a magnific5tly r$ dye-/uff1 easily prep>$ & appli$4 ,! se$s are produc$ abundantly 9 ,s\!rn ,russia4 ,,h>',,ness ,,poli%4 ,see ,,black+1 c4 ,,h>ts',,horn4 ,syn4 ,,cornu ,,c]vi1 ,c4 ,,c]v9um1 ,,cornu 7,ph4 ,l47 ,l4 ,! horn ( ! ,c]vus elephas 7,ph4 ,l47 or /ag4 ,h>t%orn1 ,burnt4 ,syn4 ,,cornu ,,u/um 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,cornu ,,c]vi ,,u/um1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,burn pieces ( h>ts' horns until p]fectly :ite1 !n gr9d & prep>e !m 9 ! same way z direct$ = prep>$ *alk4 ,obs4 ,f9ely p[d]$ bone-a% is usually sold = burnt h>t%orn1 & possesses exactly ! same prop]ties4--,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 or m #b or #c times a day1 9 rickets1 c ,h>t%orn ,%av+s4 ,syn4 ,,h>t%orn ,,rasp+s2 ,,r>ura ,,cornu ,,c]vi1 ,,ram5ta ,c4 ,c41 ,l4 ,obta9$ f ! turn]s4 ,boil$ 9 wat]1 x yields a nutritive jelly4 ,us$ by /raw-plait work]s to /iff5 bonnets1 c4 ,,hat*',,+4 ,see ,,incubation4 ,,hats4 ,^? %\ld be *os5 possess+ a %ort1 smoo?1 f9e nap1 & a good black col\r2 & suffici5tly ela/ic to resi/ ord9>y we> & te>1 )\t break+ or giv+ way4 ,! ,,hat ,,bru% = daily use %\ld be made ( s(t hairs1 b a /iff] "o %\ld be employ$ occasionally1 to lay ! nap smoo? & close4 ,grease may be remov$ by means ( por\s br[n pap]1 & pressure ) a hot iron4 ,,hay-,,fev]4 ,syn4 ,,hay-,,a/hma1 ,,cat>rhus ,,/ivas4 ,dr ,aitk5 def9es ?is affection z a v>iety ( a/hma or cat>rh1 occurr+ g5]ally dur+ ! summ] mon?s1 especially dur+ ! infloresc5ce ( ! hay crop1 or dur+ ! dry+ or conv]sion ( ! newly-m[n grass into hay1 9 ,may & ,june4 ,! disease is di/+ui%$ by extreme irritation ( ! eyes1 nose1 & ! :ole ( ! air-passages1 ^! symptoms giv+ rise 9 succession to tr\blesome it*+ ( ! eyes & nose1 frequ5t p>oxysms ( sneez+1 ) copi\s dis*>ge f ! no/rils1 prick+ s5sation 9 ! ?roat1 c\gh1 tightness ( ! *e/ & difficulty ( brea?+1 accompani$ sometimes )1 & sometimes )\t1 great muc\s expectoration4 ,! inhalation ( ! p[d] ( ipecacuanha sets up simil> symptoms ) "s p]sons4 ,dr ,aitk5's def9ition ( hay-fev] seems to po9t to :at is pretty g5]ally accept$ z its cause1 viz4 ! inhalation ( m9ute & impalpable emanations f c]ta9 grasses giv5 (f dur+ ! p]iod ( _! fl[]+ & subsequ5t conv]sion into hay4 ,?is supposition z to ! orig9 ( ?is disease d]ives support f ! circum/ance1 t x always takes place dur+ ! hay season1 & at no o!r2 & also t x may be cur$ by ! avoidance ( hay-fields & hay-/acks4 ,h5ce go+ to ! sea-coa/1 & especially to ^? p>ts ( ! coa/ t are b>r5 ( grass1 (f]s a means ( protection2 & :5 ?is _c be done1 su* p]sons obta9 refuge 9 "s measure f ! cause ( irritation1 by rema9+ )9 doors & %utt+ out z mu* z possible ! ext]nal air dur+ ! hay-crop4#cde ,footnote #cde3 ,sir ,?omas ,watson4 ,fur!rmore1 ^? :om ! disease attacks are n p>ticul>ly subject to cat>rh at o!r times4 ,treatm5t4--,num]\s rem$ies h be5 propos$ & employ$ = hay-a/hma4 ,dr ,elliotson sugge/s ! mild fumigation ( ! pati5t's ap>tm5t by means ( ! solutions ( ! *lorides ( lime or soda2 & fur!r advis$ ! suff]]s us+ a smell+ bottle conta9+ "o or ! o!r ( ! *lorides4 ,he also employ$ ) success ! sulphate ( qu99e & iron4 ,mr ,gordon recomm5ds ! t9cture ( ,lobelia inflata1 ) ! use ( ! cold %[]-ba?4 ,t9cture ( nux vomica is also said to h be5 us$ ) good results1 z also has ,f[l]'s solution ( ars5ic1 ) v decid$ advantage1 by ,dr ,mack5zie4 ,^! pot5t rem$ies1 h[ev]1 %\ld only be adm9i/]$ "u ! sup]vision ( a qualifi$ m$ical practition]4 ,an e/eem$ m$ical fri5d assures u he has employ$ ! new rem$y1 ,qu9etum 7! alkaloid ( ! ,ea/ ,india r$ b>k71 ) ! happie/ effects4 ,he gives f\r gra9s ( ! qu9etum ?ree times a day4 ,! use ( an ori-nasal respirator ( cotton wool has also be5 sugge/$4 ,great relief has1 we "k1 9 a great numb] ( cases1 be5 exp]i5c$ by snuff+ f a smell+ bottle conta9+ ! foll[+ +r$i5ts3--,pure cry/allis$ c>bolic acid1 #a dr42 sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 #a oz42 wood *>coal1 #a oz42 oil ( lav5d]1 #a_/b dr42 comp\nd t9cture ( b5zo91 #a_/b oz42 all r$uc$ to f9e p[d]1 & ?or\ghly mix$4 ,,head',,a*e4 ,syn4 ,,cephalalgia1 ,l4 ,9 pa?ology1 pa9 9 ! head4 ,! symptoms ( ?is v g5]al compla9t are too well kn[n to require any description4 ,accord+ to pa?ologi/s1 heada*e arises ei!r f a sympa?y ) ! /oma* & *ylopoietic 7*yle-=m+7 visc]a1 or f a weakness or exhau/ion ( ! p[] ( ! encephalon4 ,! =m] may be call$ ,,sympa!tic ,,heada*e1 & ! latt] ,,n]v\s ,,heada*e4 ,:5 x attacks only "o side ( ! head x is call$ ,,hemicrania4 ,! treatm5t ( ! fir/ =m %\ld consi/ 9 re/or+ ! heal?y action ( ! /oma*1 by ! adm9i/ration ( ap]i5ts1 & by ! use ( prop] food & ex]cise2 or :5 t viscus is ov]load$ ) undige/$ food1 by ! exhibition ( an emetic4 ,= ?is purpose #a_/d to #a_/b an oz4 ( ipecacuanha w9e may be tak5 9 a cupful ( w>m wat]1 :i* w g5]ally relieve ! /oma*1 especially if its action is assi/$ by dr9k+ copi\sly ( w>m wat]4 ,heada*e is a common accompanim5t ( indige/ion & /oma* disease1 & 9 g5]al x w be f\nd t :atev] w remove ! "o w also cure ! o!r4 ,n]v\s heada*es are reliev$ by n]v\s tonics & /imulants1 z b>k1 casc>illa1 calumba1 & g5tian1 camphor1 ammonia1 e!r1 & w9e1 ! latt] 9 a /ate ( consid]able dilution4 ,a cup ( /rong c(fee or /rong gre5 tea (t5 acts l a *>m 9 remov+ ?is species ( heada*e4 ,small doses ( t9cture ( h5bane h also (t5 a l effect4 #bj or #cj drops ( laudanum1 or1 pref]ably1 half t numb] ( liquor opii s$ativus1 may be tak5 ) advantage z an anodyne1 & to induce sleep4 ,among/ popul> rem$ies may be m5tion$ 'nasal /imulants1' z snuff 7cephalic71 smell+ salts1 & aromatic v9eg>1 ! use ( :i* is famili> to e "o2 & local applications1 z v cold wat]1 e!r1 v9eg>1 /rong spirits1 ,cologne wat]1 c41 all ( :i* are rubb$ ov] ! "p ( ! head affect$1 ) ! f+]s1 or a l95 rag dipp$ 9 !m is laid !reon in/ead4 ,pressure on ! head has also be5 us$ ) advantage4 ,sil5ce1 d>kness1 & repose1 are p[]ful rem$ies1 alike suitable to e v>iety ( heada*e2 & *ange ( air1 sc5e1 & occupation1 are especially b5eficial to ^? result+ f excessive m5tal anxiety or ex]tion4 ,bli/]s are ext5sively appli$ beh9d ! e>s 9 cases ( viol5t heada*e4 ,heada*e is (t5 symptomatic ( o!r diseases1 especially ^? ( ! inflammatory & n]v\s k9d1 rheumatism1 c4 ,9 all ^! ! prim>y disease %\ld be s\ght out & attempt$ to be cur$4 ,9 _m cases ^! attacks rapidly yield to a few doses ( comp\nd decoction ( s>sap>illa conta9+ a little iodide ( potassium4 ,heada*e 9 pregnancy may g5]ally be remov$ by prop] att5tion to ! b[els2 obs]v+ to assi/ _! action1 %\ld !y require x1 by ! use ( "s mild ap]i5t1 z ca/or oil1 l5itive electu>y1 seidlitz p[d]s1 c4 ,:5 ! con/itution is v robu/1 blood may be tak54 ,heada*e 9 b$ may frequ5tly be reliev$ by wa%+ ! head ) cold wat]1 & discont9u+ ! use ( a nightcap1 at ! same "t pres]v+ ! feet w>m by we>+ wor/$ socks or /ock+s4 ,,head',,+4 ,syn4 ,,be] ,,head+1 ,,caulifl[] ,h4 ,prep4 #a4 ,alum & gre5 copp]as1 equal p>ts1 9 f9e p[d]4 #b4 ,alum1 copp]as1 & common salt1 equal p>ts4 ,us$ by brew]s to make _! be] keep its head or fro?4 ,,heal?4 ,t /ate ( ! liv+ body 9 :i* all its functions are duly p]=m$4 ,see ,,hygi5e4 ,,heal?1 ,,good--,gut-,heil 7,au/74 ,a liquor conta9+ ! extractive matt]s ( calamus root1 rhub>b1 c9namon1 orange peel1 c41 ) #ce p] c5t4 ( sug>4 7,hag]47 ,,he>',,+4 ,see ,,deafness1 ,,e>1 c4 ,,he>t',,burn4 ,syn4 ,,c>dialgia1 ,l4 ,anxiety & pa9 ab\t ! region ( ! /oma*1 g5]ally att5d$ by a s5se ( gnaw+ & heat2 h5ce its popul> "n4 ,fa9tness1 nausea1 & eructation ( a ?91 acidul\s1 wat]y liquid1 especially 9 ! morn+1 are common symptoms ( ?is compla9t4 ,! usual causes ( he>tburn are excess 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 ! use ( improp] food1 & s$5t>y habits4 ,a good rem$y is a teaspoonful ( c>bonate ( magnesia1 or c>bonate ( soda1 9 a glass ( pepp]m9t or c9namon wat]1 to :i* a little p[d]$ g+] may be add$ ) advantage4 ,?is dose may be tak5 #b or #c times daily until ! disease is remov$4 ,articles ( food t easily und]go f]m5tation %\ld at ! same "t be avoid$1 & a dry diet _h rec\rse to z mu* z possible4 ,soda wat]1 toa/-&-wat]1 & weak _s-&-wat]1 are ! mo/ suitable bev]ages 9 ?is compla9t4 ,,heat4 ,syn4 ,,caloric2 ,,caloricum1 ,l4 ,! consid]ation ( ?is subject belongs to physics & *emi/ry4 ,mu* useful in=mation1 9 connection ) x1 w1 h[ev]1 be f\nd 9 ?is "w "u ! heads ,,ebullition1 ,,evaporation1 ,,expansion1 ,,refrig]ation1 c4 ,,heavy ,,sp>4 ,native sulphate ( b>ium4 ,see ,,b>yta4 ,,h$',,er94 ,syn4 ,,h$]9a1 ,l4 ,f ! decoction ( ! gr\nd se$s ( ivy 7,h$]a helix71 boil$ 9 wat]1 along ) a little slak$ lime or magnesia1 ! precipitate be+ aft]w>ds dige/$ 9 rectifi$ _s1 & ! filt]$ t9cture evaporat$4 ,febrifuge & sudorific4 ,,height1 ,av]age ( ,man4 ,! ',bo/on ,j\rnal ( ,*emi/ry' gives ! foll[+ p>ticul>s ( ! av]age height ( man3--,! ,yankee w\ld appe> to be ! talle/ ( civilis$ m51 if we may tru/ "s /ati/ics giv5 9 =eign j\rnals z ! result ( ! measurem5t ( ov] half a million m54 ,! mean height ( ! ,am]ican ,indian is #fgicd in*es2 ( ! ,am]ican :ite man1 #fgfgb2 ,scot*1 #fgjff2 ,engli%1 #ffege2 ,russian1 #ffcic2 ,fr5*1 #ffbgg2 ,mexican1 #ffaaj4 ,if ! ,yankee c>ries (f ! palm z ! talle/ ( m51 he also does s = 8 talle/ tales2 b if weight 7 introduc$ into ! calculation1 we ?9k our ,transatlantic c\s9s w\ld rank la/4 ,,heights4 ,! foll[+ table1 calculat$ by ,regnault1 gives ! temp]ature at :i* wat] boils at ! correspond+ heights ( ! b>ometric column4 ,! figures h be5 confirm$ by direct obs]vation4 ,boil+ ,po9ts ( ,wat] at diff]5t ,pressures4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,boil+ ,po9t4 ,b>omet]4 ,boil+ ,po9t4 ,b>omet]4 ,boil+ ,po9t4,b>omet]4 ,deg4 ,fahr4 ,in*es4 ,deg4 ,fahr4 ,in*es4 ,deg4 ,fahr4 ,in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ #ahd #affgf #aie #baabd #bjf #bfebi #ahe #agjdg #aif #baegf #bjg #bgjfh #ahf #agdba #aig #bbjcj #bjh #bgfad #ahg #aghjc #aih #bbdih #bji #bhahc #ahh #ahaif #aii #bbife #baj #bhgdd #ahi #aheic #bjj #bcded #baa #bicca #aij #aiiib #bja #bcicg #bab #biibb #aia #aidjg #bjb #bddda #bac #cjeaf #aib #aihbb #bjc #bejad #bad #caabj #aic #bjbed #bjd #bedfh #bae #cagcj #aid #bjfhg #bje #beiib #baf #cbcej ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,,hel',,en94 ,see ,,inul94 ,,heliog',,raphy4 ,see ,,photography4 ,,hel',,lebore4 ,syn4 ,,black ,,hellebore2 ,,helleborus 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,! rhizome & root ( ,helleborus nig] 7,ph4 ,l47 or black hellebore4 ,x is alt]ative & emm5agogue1 9 small doses 7#b to #h gr472 & a dra/ic hydragogue purgative & an!lm9tic 9 l>g] ones 7#aj to #bj gr47 ,see ,,:ite ,,hellebore4 ,,hellebor',,ie4 ,syn4 ,,s(t ,,res9 ,,( ,,hellebore4 ,an od\rless1 acrid sub/ance1 extract$ by alcohol f black hellebore1 & on :i*1 accord+ to ,vauquel91 ! activity ( t drug dep5ds4 ,,hem',,lock4 ,syn4 ,,conii ,,folia 7,b4 ,p472 ,,conium 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,9 ph>macy1 ! fre% & dri$ leaf ( ! wild h]b ,conium maculatum1 or spott$ hemlock4 ,! fir/ is us$ to make ! extract2 ! la/1 ! t9cture & p[d]4 ,hemlock is a p[]ful n>cotic acrid poison1 occasion+ /upor1 delirium1 p>alysis1 convulsions1 coma1 & dea?4 ,9 small doses x is anodyne1 alt]ative1 resolv5t1 antispasmodic1 & anaphrodisiac1 & has be5 exhibit$ 9 canc]1 dropsy1 epilepsy1 rheumatism1 scr(ula1 syphilis1 & o!r diseases4--,dose1 #c or #d gr4 ( ! p[d]1 twice or ?rice daily1 until "s obvi\s effect is produc$4 ,hemlock1 :e!r 9 leaf 7conii folia7 or p[d] 7pulvis conii7 rapidly det]iorates by keep+4 ,:5 good1 ! p[d]1 triturat$ ) solution ( potassa1 exhales a p[]ful od\r ( conia4 ,9 cases ( poison+ by hemlock1 ! treatm5t is simil> to t notic$ "u ,,aconite4 ,see ,,conia1 ,,extract1 ,,t9cture1 c4 ,,hemp4 ,syn4 ,,cannabis1 ,l4 ,9 botany ! typical g5us ( ! natural ord] ,cannab9ace4 ,! common hemp1 f ! fibres ( :i* cordage is made1 is ! species ,cannabis sativa4 ,! fruit ( ?is plant 7hemp se$7 is demulc5t & oleag9\s4 ,x is said t ! plumage ( bullf9*es & goldf9*es f$ on x = too long a "t1 or 9 too l>ge a quantity1 *anges f r$ & yell[ to black4#cdf ,footnote #cdf3 ,burnett1 ',outl9es ( ,botany4' ,hemp1 ,indian4 ,syn4 ,,ha%i%1 ,,cannabis ,,indica4 ,?is plant1 n[ s l>gely us$ 9 m$ic9e1 is a v>iety ( ,cannabis sativa1 or1 p]haps1 ! same simply r5d]$ m active by climate4 ,! p>ts employ$ 9 ,asia = ! purposes ( intoxication1 & 9 ,europe z m$ic9e1 are ! h]b or leaves & ! res94 ,! 'gunjah' sold 9 ! baza>s 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies is ! plant1 j aft] fl[]+1 dri$1 & press$ toge!r4 ',bang1' 'bhang1' 'subjee1' or 'sidhee1' consi/s ( ! l>g] leaves & capsules )\t ! /alk4 ,! concrete res9\s exudation f ! leaves1 /ems1 & fl[]s1 is call$ '*urrus1' & 9 ?is c\ntry 'res9 ( ,indian hemp4' ',ha%i%' seems to be a g5]al t]m = ! prep>ation ( hemp4 ,dr ,preobras*5sky1 has lately subject$ ha%i% to a *emical analysis1 & /ates t he has f\nd an alkaloidal body1 n only 9 ! comm]cial sub/ance1 b also 9 ! fl[]-tops ( ! hemp itself1 & ! pure extract prep>$ f x1 :i* 0 recognis$ z nicot9e4 ,indian hemp is an/hetic1 anodyne1 exhil>ant1 antispasmodic1 hypnotic1 & n>cotic4 ,9 ! ,ea/ x is commonly us$ z an intoxicant1 ei!r by smok+ x1 l tobacco1 or swall[+ x4 ,! inebriation produc$ by x is ( an agreeable or *e]ful "* excit+ ! p>ty "u its influ5ce to laugh1 dance1 s+1 & to commit v>i\s extravagancies4 ,x also acts z an aphrodisiac1 augm5ts ! appetite = food1 &1 9 "s cases1 occasions a k9d ( rev]ie & catalepsy4 ,9 ?is c\ntry its action is less m>k$4 ,x has "h be5 *iefly adm9i/]$ "u ! =m ( alcoholic or res9\s extract4 ,see ,,extract ,,( ,,indian ,,hemp4 ,,h5',,bane4 ,syn4 ,,hyoscyami ,,folia 7,b4 ,p472 ,,hyoscyamus 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 & ,d471 ,l4 ,9 ph>macy1 ! fre% & dri$ /alk-leaf ( ! bi5nial h]b1 ,hyoscyamus nig] 7,ph4 ,l471 or common bi5nial or black h5bane4 ,! fir/ is us$ = prep>+ ! extract2 ! la/1 = ! p[d] & t9cture4 ,h5bane is anodyne1 hypnotic1 antispasmodic1 & s$ative4 ,x diff]s f opium 9 n be+ /imulant1 & by n conf9+ ! b[els2 & h5ce may be adm9i/]$ 9 cases 9 :i* t drug w\ld be improp]4 ,9 l>ge doses x acts z a p[]ful n>cotic poison1 produc+ obscurity ( vision1 dilatation ( ! pupils1 delirium1 phantasms1 coma1 c4--,dose1 #c to #aj gr41 9 p[d]4 ,x is usually giv5 9 ! =m ( extract or t9cture4 ,! antidotes1 c41 are ! same z ^? notic$ "u ,,opium4 ,,h5-,,coops1 ,fumigator =4 ,consi/$ :olly ( coal-t>4 ,,he',,p>4 ,syn4 ,,liv]4 ,a "n giv5 by ! old] *emi/s to v>i\s comb9ations ( sulphur1 f _! br[ni% or liv] col\r2 z 'hep> antimonii1' 'hep> sulphuris1' c4 ,see ,,antimony 7,liv] (71 ,,potassium 7,sulphide71 c4 ,,h]b>',,ium4 ,eng41 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,hortus ,,siccus1 ,l4 ,a collection ( dri$ specim5s ( plants2 h5ce call$ ,,hortus ,,siccus1 or dry g>d54 ,plants = ! h]b>ium %\ld be ga!r$ on a dry day1 & c>ri$ home 9 a t9-box 7',,vasculum'71 or o!r conv5i5t receptacle :i* w pres]ve !m fre% = a "t4 ,^? :i* h collect$ moi/ure 9 _! leaves %\ld be all[$ to dry1 _! /alks be+ plac$ 9 wat] to keep !m alive4 ,plants ) v ?ick1 succul5t leaves or /ems mu/ be kill$ by imm]sion 9 hot wat] be=e !y c be safely plac$ 9 ! dry+ press4 ,! press consi/s simply ( a few /\t bo>ds ) a screw--or1 /ill bett]1 a numb] ( heavy weights1 bricks1 or /ones--= press+ !m toge!r4 ,! specim5s ( plants1 :5 all sup]ficial moi/ure has be5 remov$1 are plac$ betwe5 lay]s ( bibul\s pap] 7,,botanical ,,pap]71 c>e be+ tak5 t ! p>ts ( ea* are arrang$ 9 a natural mann]4 ,! %eets conta9+ ! specim5s are !n plac$ betwe5 ! bo>ds1 & pressure is appli$4 ,?is mu/ be v g5tle at fir/1 & %\ld be gradually increas$ z ! plants become dry4 ,! pap] is *ang$ e day or e second day1 & ! damp %eets are dri$ = use at a future "t4 ,:5 prop]ly dri$1 ! specim5s are plac$ on %eets ( writ+ pap]1 & fix$ by a few /it*es ( ?read1 a little gum1 or /rips ( gumm$ pap]4 ,! "n ( ! g5us & species1 & ! locality :]e f\nd1 c41 are !n m>k$ beside ea*4 ,camphor or a little corrosive sublimate may be us$ to pres]ve h]b>ia f ! ravages ( insects4 ,! prep>ation ( an h]b>ium (f]s an almo/ endless s\rce ( amusem5t to ! +5i\s1 :il/ ! specim5s s collect$1 if well pres]v$1 are almo/ z useful to ! botani/ z ! liv+ plants4 ,,h]bs4 ,syn4 ,,h]b1 ,l4 ,! collection & dry+ ( h]bs = m$ic9al purposes & p]fum]y are notic$ "u ,,vegetable ,,sub/ances4 ,among/ cooks1 sev]al aromatic h]bs1 ei!r fre% or dri$1 are us$ = season+4 ,9 _m receipts is m5tion$ a bun* ( sweet h]bs1 :i* consi/s1 = "s /ews & s\ps1 ( a small bun* ( p>sley1 two sprigs ( ?yme1 & "o bayleaf2 if no p>sley1 !n ( f\r sprigs ( w9t] savory1 six ( ?yme1 & "o bayleaf4 7,soy]47 ,,h]',,nia4 ,see ,,rupture4 ,,h]',,r+4 ,a well-kn[n small sea-fi%1 belong+ to ! family ( ,clupeid1 a bran* ( ! ord] ,malacopt]ygii4 ,z an article ( food1 h]r+s are ( a va/ importance to a l>ge proportion ( ! population ( ,europe4 ,:5 rec5tly caught & dress$ by broil+ or boil+1 !y are :olesome & agreeable2 b if fri$1 or long kept1 !y become /rong & oily1 & are !n apt to (f5d ! /oma*4 ,! prep>ation ( salt$ & dri$ ( smok$ h]r+s 7bloat]s1 r$ h]r+s7 furni%es employm5t = ?\s&s1 bo? 9 ^! c\ntries & ,holl&4 ,real ,y>m\? bloat]s & ,dut* h]r+s are highly e/eem$ by _m z a reli%4 ,salt$ h]r+s are said to be diuretic4 ,! pickle 0 =m]ly us$ 9 cly/]s1 dropsies1 c4 ,m4 ,soy] calls ?is fi% ! poor man's fri5d1 & tells u t1 aft] be+ clean$ & scal$1 & ! head remov$1 x %\ld be op5$ 9 ! back1 & ! gut tak5 out4 ,also t ! way to asc]ta9 if a h]r+ is too salt is to take ! fi% 9 ! left h&1 & pull out a few ( ! f9s f ! back1 & to ta/e !m4 ,y may ?us f9d out ! quality & flav\r4 ,?is plan is adopt$ by ! l>ge deal]s4 ,,hesp]',,id94 ,a peculi> sub/ance obta9$ f ! :ite portion ( ! r9d ( oranges1 lemons1 c4 ,x =ms cry/all9e silky ne$les1 is od\rless1 ta/eless1 fusible1 soluble 9 alcohol & e!r1 less soluble 9 wat]4 ,hesp]id9 is a glucoside4 ,,hic',,c\gh 7h7ik'-7up74 ,syn4 ,,hiccup2 ,,s+ultus1 ,l4 ,a convulsive motion ( ! diaphragm & p>ts adjac5t4 ,! common causes are flatul5cy1 indige/ion1 acidity1 & worms4 ,x may g5]ally be remov$ by ! exhibition ( w>m c>m9atives1 cordials1 cold wat]1 weak spirits1 camphor julep1 or spirits ( sal-volatile4 ,a sudd5 fright or surprise w (t5 produce ! l effect4 ,an in/ance is record$ ( a delicate "y lady t 0 tr\bl$ ) hicc\gh = "s mon?s1 & :o 0 r$uc$ to a /ate ( extreme debility f ! loss ( sleep occasion$ by x1 t 0 cur$ by a fright1 aft] m$ic9es & topical applications _h fail$4 ,a p9* ( snuff1 a glass ( ic$ soda wat]1 or an ice-cream1 w also frequ5tly remove ?is affection4 ,,hi',,era-,,pi',,cra4 ,see ,,p[d] ,,( ,,aloes ,,& ,,canella4 ,,hip',,pocras4 ,an aromatic m$icat$ w9e1 =m]ly mu* us$ 9 ,engl&1 & /ill employ$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,prep4 ,lisbon & ,can>y w9e1 ( ea* #ab p9ts2 c9namon1 #b oz42 :ite canella1 #a_/b oz42 cloves1 mace1 nutmeg1 g+]1 & galangal1 or c>damoms1 ( ea* #a dr42 bruise ! spices1 & dige/ !m 9 ! w9e = ?ree or f\r days2 /ra91 & add ( lump sug>1 #b-a_/b lbs4 ,,hippu',,ric ,,acid4 ,,hc#i;,h#h,,no#c4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,hippuricum1 ,l4 ,a comp\nd discov]$ by ,liebig 9 ! ur9e ( ! horse1 c[1 & o!r gram9ivora1 9 :i* x exi/s z hippurate ( potassium or sodium4 ,prep4 ,conc5trate fre% c['s ur9e by a g5tle heat to ab\t #a_/aj? its bulk1 filt] f deposit1 mix ! liquid ) excess ( hydro*loric acid1 & set x aside to cry/allise4 ,x may be decol\r$ by r$issolv+ x 9 boil+ wat]1 & treat+ x ) animal *>coal1 or ) a little *loride ( lime along ) "s hydro*loric acid1 & re-cry/allis+ x4 ,obs4 ,hippuric acid1 :5 pure1 =ms long1 sl5d]1 milk-:ite1 squ>e prisms2 x is soluble 9 #djj p>ts ( cold wat]2 x also dissolves 9 hot alcohol4 ,:5 /rongly heat$1 x yields b5zoic acid1 b5zoate ( ammonia1 & b5zonitrile1 ) a coaly residue4 ,! ur9e ( horses or c[s1 left to itself = "s "t1 or evaporat$ at a boil+ temp]ature1 yields n a trace ( hippuric acid1 b only b5zoic acid4 ,nitric acid & hot oil ( vitriol conv]t x into b5zoic acid4 ,boil+ hydro*loric acid conv]ts x into b5zoic acid & glycocoll4 ,) ! bases x =ms salts1 :i* are call$ hippurates4 ,see ,,b5zoic ,,acid4 ,,hips4 ,syn4 ,,heps2 ,,rosa ,,can9a 7,ph4 ,l474 ,! fre% fruit ( ! dog rose 7,rosa can9a71 or wild bri>4 ,us$ to make a cons]ve4 ,,hol',,l&s4 ,syn4 ,,g5eva1 ,,s*i$am1 ,,holl&s ,,g91 ,,dut* ,g4 ,prep4 #a4 ,! mat]ials employ$ 9 ! di/ill]ies ( ,s*i$am1 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is excell5t _s1 are #b p>ts ( ! be/ unmalt$ rye & #a "p ( malt$ bigg1 r$uc$ to ! /ate ( co>se meal by gr9d+4 ,ab\t a b>rel 7#cf galls47 ( wat]1 at a temp]ature ( f #afb to #afh ,fahr41 is put into ! ma%-tun = e #a-a_/b cwt4 ( meal1 aft] :i* ! malt is introduc$ & /irr$1 &1 la/ly1 ! rye is add$4 ,p[]ful agitation is next giv5 to ! magma till x becomes q uni=m1 :5 ! ma%-tun is cov]$ ov] ) canvas1 & left 9 ?is /ate = two h\rs4 ,agitation is !n aga9 _h rec\rse to1 & ! transp>5t 'sp5t wa%' ( a prec$+ ma%+ is add$1 foll[$ by z mu* cold wat] z w r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! :ole to ab\t #he ,fahr4 ,! gravity ( ! wort at ?is po9t v>ies f #cc to #ch lbs4 ,a quantity ( ! be/ press$ ,fl&]s yea/1 equal to #a lb4 = e #ajj galls4 ( ! ma%$ mat]ials1 is next /irr$ 91 & ! :ole is f]m5t$ 9 ! ma%-tun = ab\t #c days1 or until ! att5uation is f #g to #d lbs4 7sp4 gr4 #ajjg to #ajjd74 ,dur+ ?is "t ! yea/ is occasionally skimm$ (f ! f]m5t+ wort4 ,! wa%1 ) ! gra9s1 is !n transf]r$ to ! /ill1 & conv]t$ into 'l[ w9es4' ,to e #ajj galls4 ( ?is liquor1 #b lbs4 ( junip] b]ries 7#c to #e ye>s old71 & ab\t #a lb4 ( salt1 are add$1 & ! :ole is put into ! l[-w9e /ill1 & ! f9e _s drawn (f by a g5tle heat1 "o receiv] only be+ employ$4 ,! product p] qu>t] v>ies f #ah to #ba galls4 ( _s1 #b to #c o4 p4 #b4 7,,be/ ,,holl&s47 ,holl&s rectifi$ to ! /r5g? ( #bd ,baum 7sp4 gr4 #iabe1 or ab\t #f o4 p474 #c4 7,,engli%-,,made47--a4 ,f junip] b]ries 7at lea/ a ye> old1 & cru%$ 9 ! h&s71 #c lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 #a-a_/b gall4 7or pro( _s1 #b-a_/b galls472 dige/1 ) agitation1 = a week1 & !n express ! liquor2 aft] #bd h\rs' repose1 decant ! cle> portion1 add x to good corn _s1 at #b or #c ov]pro(1 #ij or #ajj galls41 & mix !m well toge!r4 b4 ,f junip] b]ries1 #b-a_/b lbs42 sweet f5nel se$1 #e oz42 c>away se$1 #c-a_/b oz42 pro( _s1 #b galls42 corn _s1 #ij or #ajj galls4 c4 ,z ! la/1 ) ! addition ( ,/rasburg turp5t9e or ,canadian balsam1 #a lb4 d4 ,to ei!r ( ! la/ two or ?ree add a v small quantity ( gr\nd c>damoms or horse-radi%4 ,"s comp\nd]s also add #d or #e cloves ( g>lic1 or ab\t #ae gr4 ( assafoetida1 ) #a gr4 ( amb]gris rubb$ to a p[d] ) a little :ite s& or lump sug>4 ,good pla9 g9 may be advantage\sly employ$ 9 lieu ( ! corn _s ord]$ above1 :5 exp5se is no object4 ,obs4 ,! la/ f\r =ms1 :i* are only giv5 z examples1 produce a v pleasant _s1 if x is kept = "s "t to 'mell[4' ,age is "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ! 'cream9ess' ( =eign g91 :i* usually lies 9 bond = "s "t be=e be+ consum$4 ,! product is1 h[ev]1 mu* sup]ior if ! +r$i5ts are rectifi$ along ) #bj galls4 ( wat]1 & ab\t #ad lbs4 ( salt1 by a g5tle heat4 ,x w be se5 f ! above t ! sup]ior flav\r ( ,holl&s _s dep5ds m on ! peculi> mode ( its manufacture ?an on ! quantity ( junip] b]ries employ$2 #b lbs4 ( !m1 :5 new1 be+ b>ely equival5t to #a oz4 ( ! ess5tial oil2 & :5 old1 to less ?an #a_/b oz41 a quantity :olly insuffici5t to flav\r #ajj gallons ( _s4 ,! ,dut* di/ill]s1 mo/ not$ = ?is liquor1 add a little pure ,/rasburg turp5t9e & a h&ful or two ( hops to ! _s1 along ) ! junip] b]ries1 be=e rectification4 ,! =m] sub/ance has a pale yell[i%-br[n col\r1 & a v fragrant & agreeable smell1 & t5ds mat]ially to imp>t t f9e aroma = :i* ! be/ g5eva is di/+ui%$4 ,at ,rott]dam sweet f5nel se$ is commonly add$ z a flav\r+2 & at ,weesoppe ,/rasburg turp5t9e & f5nel se$s1 or ! ess5tial oil ( f5nel1 are frequ5tly sub/itut$ = a l>ge portion ( ! junip] b]ries4 ,s*i$am ,holl&s is consid]$ ! be/2 ! next quality is t ( ,rott]dam2 aft] ^! comes t ( ,weesoppe4 ,attempts h be5 made by ,mr ,rob]t ,moore1 & o!rs to introduce into g5]al consumption 9 ?is c\ntry a home-made liquor1 resembl+ & prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z =eign g5eva1 b ! palates ( our g9-dr9k]s 7 too corrupt$ to reli% s pure a _s4 ,,hom,,oe,,op',,a?y4 ,syn4 ,,hom,,oe,,opa?ia1 ,l4 ,a m$ical hypo!sis promulgat$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury by ! late ,dr ,hahnemann1 ( ,leipsic1 accord+ to :i* diseases may be cur$ by ! adm9i/ration ( m9ute doses ( m$ic9es capable ( produc+ 9 heal?y p]sons affections simil> to ^? x is int5d$ to remove4 ,! doctr9e t similia similibus curantur _h long previ\sly be5 practically act$ on1 to a limit$ ext5t1 9 c]ta9 cases1 9 legitimate m$ic9e 7allopa?y1 het]opa?y71 al?\gh n v]bally recognis$ z belong+ to its sy/em4 ,! adm9i/ration ( inf9itesimal doses is an absurdity :i* homoeopa?y1 h[ev]1 alone c claim4 ,accord+ to ?is me?od1 ! million? ( a gra9 is (t5 an excessive dose2 :il/ billion?s & decillion?s1 quantities s small z to be va/ly beyond human p]ception1 =m ! common doses4 ,?is r$uces ! :ole practice ( homoeopa?y to a sy/em ( do+ no?+ beyond regulat+ ! diet & habits ( ! pati5t4 ,all judici\s practition]s h long be5 agre$ t !re are _m cases :i* are be/ treat$ 9 ! mann] j m5tion$1 & 9 :i* physic does m h>m ?an good2 9 :i*1 9 %ort1 a s5sible physician endeav\rs to amuse ! pati5t1 :il/ nature cures ! disord]2 s t ! frequ5t success ( homoeopa?ic treatm5t may be expla9$1 )\t admitt+ ! pr9ciple ^u :i* x is presum$ to be f\nd$4 7,br&e47 ,,hon',,ey4 ,syn4 ,,mel 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,! sweet sub/ance elaborat$ by ! dome/ic bee f ! juices ( ! nect>ies ( fl[]s1 & deposit$ 9 ! cells ( wax =m+ ! honeycomb4 ,v>4 ,pure honey consi/s ( a syrup ( uncry/allisable sug> & cry/all9e sac*>9e gra9s1 resembl+ grape sug>4--',virg9 honey' is t :i* fl[s spontane\sly f ! comb4--',ord9>y honey1' t obta9$ by heat & pressure4 ,! =m] is pale & fragrant2 ! latt] d>k]1 & possess+ a less agreeable ta/e & smell4--',engli% honey' is *iefly collect$ f furze & broom fl[]s1 & is m waxy ?an t f ! ,s\? ( ,europe2--',n>bonne honey1' *iefly f rosem>y1 & o!r labiate fl[]s1 v f9e2--',poison\s honey' is f\nd ne> ,trebizond1 9 ,asia1 its toxic effects be+ due to ! bees hav+ collect$ x f a poison\s plant1 ! ,azalea pontica4 ,pur4 ,honey is frequ5tly adult]at$ ) treacle1 potato-sug> syrup1 potato f>9a1 />*1 & :eat fl\r4 ,! fir/ may be detect$ by ! col\r & od\r2 ! second 9 ! way notic$ "u ,,sug>2 & ! o!rs by ! honey n =m+ a ne>ly cle> solution ) cold wat]1 & /rik+ a blue col\r ) iod9e4 ,:5 x conta9s :eat fl\r1 & is heat$1 x at fir/ liquefies1 b on cool+ x becomes solid & t\gh4 ,! abs5ce ( />*y matt] or fl\r is easily prov$ by ! foll[+ te/3--,boil$ ) wat] = five m9utes1 & all[$ to cool1 x %\ld n become blue ) iod9e wat]--indicat+ abs5ce ( fl\r4 ,uses1 c4 ,honey is nutritive & laxative1 b r apt to gripe4 ,x is employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ,,oxymels & ,,g>gles1 & also to cov] ! ta/e ( nause\s m$ic9es1 :i* x does bett] ?an sug>4 ,cl>ifi$ honey is alone ord]$ to be us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,honey1 ,cl>ifi$4 ,syn4 ,,ref9$ ,,honey1 ,,/ra9$ ,h42 ,,mel ,,depuratum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,mel ,,pr,,p>atum1 ,l4 ,! honey is simply melt$ by ! heat ( a wat] ba?1 & /ra9$ :il/ hot ?r\gh flannel 7,ph4 ,d472 or--x is melt$ z la/1 & ! scum remov$ 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s472 or--x is melt$ ) #a-crd its weight ( wat]1 skimm$1 /ra9$ ?r\gh flannel1 & evaporat$ until x rea*es ! sp4 gr4 #abfa4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,honey is n to be employ$ )\t be+ desquamat$4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,obs4 ,cl>ifi$ honey is less agreeable ?an raw honey1 & has lo/ ! cry/all9e "* ( ! latt]2 b x is less liable to f]m5t & gripe4 ,! use ( copp] & iron vessels or implem5ts %\ld be avoid$1 z honey acquires a d>k col\r by contact ) !m4 ,b]l9-w>e1 /one-w>e1 or well-silv]$ or t9 copp] pans1 %\ld alone be us$4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ plans are adopt$3-- #a4 ,! honey is mix$ ) an equal weight ( wat] & all[$ to boil up #e or #f times )\t skimm+2 x is !n remov$ f ! fire1 & aft] be+ cool$1 br\ght on sev]al /rong l95 /ra9]s1 /ret*$ horizontally1 & cov]$ ) a lay] ( clean & well-wa%$ s&1 an in* 9 dep?2 ! s& is r9s$ ) a little cold wat]1 & ! mix$ liquor is f9ally evaporat$ to ! ?ickness ( syrup4 #b4 ,dissolve ! honey 9 wat]1 z la/1 cl>ify ) :ite ( egg1 & evaporate to a prop] consi/5ce4 #c4 ,dissolve 9 wat]1 add #a-a_/b lb4 ( animal *>coal to e #a_/d cwt4 ( honey1 g5tly simm] = #ae m9utes1 add a little *alk to saturate excess ( acid1 if requir$1 /ra9 or cl>ify1 & evaporate4 #d4 ,honey1 #a cwt42 wat]1 #i galls42 fre% burnt animal *>coal1 #g lbs42 simm] = #ae m9utes1 add a little *alk to saturate free acid 7if requir$71 /ra9 or cl>ify1 & evaporate z be=e4 ,,honeys4 7,9 ph>macy47 ,syn4 ,,melita1 ,l4 ,^! are m9or prep>ations1 n[ almo/ sup]s$$ by 'syrups' 7,,syrupi74 ,! mellita ( ! ,ph4 ,l41 includ+ two 'oxymels1' are only f\r 9 numb]4 ,honey ( ,bo''rax4 ,syn4 ,,mel ,,boracis 7,b4 ,p4 ,ph41 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,f9ely p[d]$ borax1 #a2 cl>ifi$ honey1 #g2 mix4 ,a/r+5t1 det]sive1 & cool+4 ,x is employ$ 9 aph? ( ! m\?1 excessive salivation1 c4 ,a great improvem5t w\ld be to dissolve #a ( borax 9 #a ( glyc]91 & !n add #f ( honey4 ,honey ( ,col'*icum4 ,syn4 ,,mel ,,col*ici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,beasley47 ,dri$ col*icum #a "p2 wat] 7at #adj71 #af p>ts2 infuse = #ab h\rs1 /ra91 let x settle1 & boil ! cle> liquor ) :ite honey1 #ab p>ts1 to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup4 ,see ,,col*icum4 ,honey ( ,liq'uorice4 ,syn4 ,,mel ,,glycyrrhizatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,hamb47 ,honey & a /rong infusion ( liquorice boil$ to a prop] consi/5ce4 ,emolli5t1 pectoral1 & laxative4 ,honey ( ,male ,f]n4 ,syn4 ,,mel ,,filicis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dunglison47 ,e!real extract ( male f]n1 #cj gr42 honey ( roses1 #d dr42 mix4 ,9 tapeworm4--,dose4 ,"o half at b$time1 foll[$ by ! rema9d] 9 ! morn+4 ,honey ( ,m]cury4 ,syn4 ,,mel ,,hydr>gyri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bell47 ,m]cury1 #a dr42 honey1 #a oz42 triturate till ! globules disappe>4 ,all>d adds ( oil ( cloves1 #a_/b dr4 ,prop]ties simil> to ^? ( m]curial pill4 ,x is *iefly us$ z an application to ulc]s ( ! ?roat4 ,honey ( ,ro''ses4 ,syn4 ,,mel ,,ros 7,ph4 ,l4 & ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dri$ petals ( ! r$ rose 7! leaves sep>at$71 #d oz42 boil+ wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 mac]ate = #b h\rs2 lightly press !m 9 ! h&1 & /ra92 !n add #h fl4 oz4 m ( boil+ wat] to ! roses1 mac]ate = a %ort "t1 & aga9 g5tly express ! liquor2 to ?is add ! o!r half2 next add to ! mix$ liquors1 honey1 #e lbs42 & evaporate 9 a wat] ba?1 s t1 ! infusion :i* 0 set aside be+ add$1 x may become ( a prop] consi/5ce4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,dri$ rose petals1 #d oz42 boil+ wat]1 #b-a_/b p9ts2 infuse = #f h\rs1 & g5tly squeeze out ! liquor2 aft] ! impurities h subsid$1 decant ! cle>1 add ( honey1 #e lbs41 & evaporate z be=e1 to a prop] consi/5ce1 remov+ ! scum :i* =ms4 ,us$ to make a/r+5t g>gles4 ,x mu/ n be boil$ 9 a copp] or iron vessel1 z !y w spoil ! col\r4 ,! la/ =m is t commonly adopt$ 9 trade4 ,honey ( ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,mel ,,scill1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,?ick cl>ifi$ honey1 #c lbs42 t9cture ( squills1 #b lbs42 mix4 #b4 7,s\beiran47 ,dri$ squills1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #c_/d p9t2 infuse #b h\rs1 /ra91 add ( honey1 #ab oz42 & evaporate to a prop] consi/5ce4 ,resembles ,,oxymel ,,( ,,squills 7ne>ly74 ,honey ( ,v]digris4 ,,egyptiacum4 ,honey ( ,vi'olets4 ,syn4 ,,mel ,,viol2 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f cl>ifi$ honey1 #b p>ts2 express$ & depurat$ juice ( violets1 #a "p4 ,resembles syrup ( violets4 ,,hon',,ey ,,dew4 ,syn4 ,,ros ,,mellitus1 ,l4 ,a sweeti% matt] eject$ ^u ! leaves ( plants by c]ta9 aphides4 ,,hoop',,+ ,,c\gh4 ,see ,,:oop+ ,,c\gh4 ,,hops4 ,syn4 ,,lupulus 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,! catk9s ( ! female plant ( ! ,humulus lupulus or common hop4 7,b4 ,p47 ,! dri$ /robiles4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,! hops ( comm]ce are ! /robiles or catk9s 7,,lupuli ,,/robili1 ,l4 ,,am5ta7 ( ! hop plant4 ,! yell[ p[d] or small lupul9ic gra9s or gl&s 7,,lupul971 :i* are atta*$ to ! /robiles1 are ! portion on :i* _! *>act]i/ic qualities *iefly dep5d4 ,! hop is tonic1 /oma*ic1 & mod]ately n>cotic4 ,x is us$ 9 diseases ( local debility ) morbid vigilance & o!r n]v\s d]angem5t1 produc+ sleep :]e opiates are objectionable4 ,hops may be us$ topically z a fom5tation or a p\ltice1 z a resolv5t or discuti5t 9 pa9ful swell+s & tum\rs4 ,! gold5 du/ atta*$ to ! scale ( ! hop is sometimes adm9i/]$ 9 doses ( f #e to #aj gra9s4 ,v fre%ly dri$ hops1 made into a pill[1 procure sleep4 ,9 ! *oice ( hops1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to select ^? t h l>ge cones or /robiles1 t are ! mo/ p[]fully odor\s & mo/ free f leaves1 /ems1 scaly fragm5ts1 & /icks1 & :i*1 :5 rubb$ betwe5 ! h&s1 imp>t1 9 ! greate/ degree1 a yell[i% t9t & glut9\s feel+ to ! sk94 ,! tightness ) :i* !y are pack$ %\ld also be notic$2 z1 )\t be+ v firmly press$ toge!r1 & q solid !y soon spoil by keep+4 ,! f9e/ flav\r$ hops are ! ',,gold+s1' gr[n *iefly 9 middle & ea/ ,k5t2 ! ',,:iteb9es' ( ,f>nham & ,cant]bury2 & ! ,,worce/] ,,hops1 gr[n on ! r$ soils ( ! vale ( ! ,sev]n4 ,^! are pr9cipally employ$ = ! f9] class ( ales4 ,mid ,k5t & ,sussex hops are also us$ = ale1 b h an inf]ior col\r & flav\r4 ,! be/ hops are pack$ 9 sacks ( f9e canvas1 t]m$ 'pockets1' weigh+ f #a-a_/d cwt4 to #a-c_/d cwt4 ea*2 & ! inf]ior qualities 9 co>se 'bags1' ( ab\t d\ble ! size4 ,! =m] are mo/ly pur*as$ by ! ale brew]s1 & ! latt] by ! port] brew]s4 ,:5 hops are old] ?an ( la/ season's gr[? !y are t]m$ 'ye>l+s1'--:5 ( ! second season's gr[?1 'old1'--& :5 ?ree ye>s1 or old]1 'old olds4' ,see ,,brew+1 ,,extract1 ,,humul91 ,,lupul91 ,,t9cture1 c4 ,,hoose4 ,"y cattle1 especially calves1 z well z %eep & lambs1 are frequ5tly liable to attacks ( a species ( bron*itis1 caus$ by ! pres5ce 9 ! bron*ial tubes ( m9ute worms4 ,!y are mo/ly s attack$ 9 autumn4 ,treatm5t4 ,= a calf ( six mon?s old give half an ounce ( oil ( turp5t9e 9 two ounces ( l9se$ oil1 to be repeat$ once or twice aft] an int]val ( two days4 ,half ?is dose may be giv5 to %eep4 ,! mixture %\ld be adm9i/]$ by ! m\?1 & n by ! no/rils1 z usually recomm5d$4 ,calves %\ld additionally be com=tably h\s$ at night1 & be f$ ) a little oil cake & o!r good food4 ,,hore',,h\nd4 ,syn4 ,,:ite ,,horeh\nd2 ,,m>rubium ,,vulg>e 7,l9n471 ,l4 ,?is h]b has long be5 a popul> rem$y 9 *ronic pulmon>y compla9ts1 especially cat>rh1 & 9 ut]9e & liv] affections4 ,horeh\nd tea 7,,!a ,,m>ubii1 ,,infusum ,,m>ubii7 is prep>$ by infus+ #a oz4 ( ! h]b 9 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t1 = an h\r2--syrup ( horeh\nd 7,,syrupus ,,m>ubii71 by ?ick5+ ! infusion ( tea ) sug>2--c&i$ horeh\nd 7,,m>ubium ,,conditum71 by mix+ #a p9t ( horeh\nd juice ) #h or #aj lbs4 ( :ite sug>1 boil+ ! mixture to a c&y height1 & p\r+ x1 :il/ w>m1 into m\lds1 or small pap] cases1 well du/$ ) f9ely p[d]$ lump-sug>2 or by p\r+ x out on a du/$ slab1 & cutt+ x into squ>es4 ,see ,,c&y+4 ,,horn4 ,= ! purposes ( ! turn] & comb-mak]1 horns ( ! goat & %eep are pref]r$ on acc\nt ( _! sup]ior :it5ess & transp>5cy4 ,= m$ical purposes1 ^? ( ! /ag 7,,h>t%orn7 are ord]$ to be employ$4 ,horn is dy$ ) ! same dyes1 & 9 a simil> mann] to bones & ivory4 ,horn is s(t5$1 b5t1 & m\ld$1 by means ( heat & pressure4 ,= ^! purposes boil+ wat] & a screw press are commonly employ$4 ,horn is r$uc$ to plates or %eets by saw+ x1 & !n expos+ x to p[]ful pressure betwe5 hot iron plates2 ! pi? hav+ be5 previ\sly remov$1 & its texture s(t5$ by soak+ = "s days 9 wat]1 & subsequ5t boil+ 9 t liquid4 ,surfaces & edges may be unit$ or cem5t$ toge!r by s(t5+ ! horn by ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 plac+ ! p>ts 9 contact "u /rong pressure1 & expos+ ! :ole ?us arrang$ to ! heat ( boil+ wat]4 ,horn is /a9$ or p>ty-col\r$ to imitate tortoise-%ell1 by a solution ( t]*loride ( gold1 = ! r$ portion2 nitrate ( silv]1 = ! d>k br[n & black2 & nitrate ( m]cury 7hot71 or a pa/e made ( r$ lead1 & pota% or quicklime1 = ! br[n4 ,:5 ! la/ is us$ ! horn mu/ be heat$ & expos$ to its action = "s h\rs4 ,horn ,silv]4 7,ag4 ,cl47 ,a native *loride ( silv]1 :i* occurs ei!r cry/alliz$ 9 cubes1 or z a compact semi-transp>5t mass4 ,,hors-,d',,oe,,uvres4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,assiettes1 ,fr4 ,small entres1 z 'aiguillettes1' 'rag\ts1' plates ( s>d9es1 an*ovies1 or o!r reli%es1 s]v$ at d9n] betwe5 ! lead+ di%es4 ',assiettes volantes' 7fly+ plates7 are di%es h&$ r\nd to ! gue/s1 b n plac$ on ! table4 ,,horse4 ,syn4 ,,equus1 ,l4 ,?is mo/ useful quadrup$ belongs to ! family ,equid1 di/+ui%$ by a s+le digit & ho( on ea* foot4 ,! horse c sc>cely be said to exi/ at ! pres5t day 9 its natural wild /ate1 z ! s-call$ 'wild-horses' ( ,am]ica & ,asia are b ! prog5y ( horses :i* h escap$ f ! haunts ( civilisation4 ,( all animals ! horse is mo/ useful to man4 ,indep5d5tly ( its value z a bea/ ( burd5 & draught1 its sk91 its hide1 inte/9es1 & bones1 furni% u ) lea!r1 ! ?ongs ( :ips1 gut1 grease1 bone-black1 manure1 c4 ,! excrem5t1 fat1 & ho( 7 includ$ 9 ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 #afah4 ,! fle% is eat5 9 "s c\ntries1 & 0 =m]ly e/eem$ to possess _m virtues4 ,injuries ( a s]i\s "*1 & ev5 dea?1 are (t5 occasion$ by horses runn+ away1 or becom+ unmanageable4 ,v>i\s me?ods h be5 propos$ to prev5t accid5ts ( ?is k9d1 & to place ! animal entirely "u ! p[] ( its rid] or driv]4 ,9 ,russia1 ar\nd ! horse's neck1 ne> ! neck /rap1 is plac$ a cord ) a runn+ knot4 ,to ?is slip-noose is atta*$ a pair ( re9s1 :i* always lie ?r[n ov] ! da%bo>ds1 ready to be seiz$ at once4 ,:5 ! horse />ts1 & becomes unruly1 ! g5tleman takes up ?is cord1 & tight5s ! horse's ?roat1 s t he _c take brea?4 ,! mo/ furi\s horse /ops in/antly1 & w n fall or kick4 ,see ,,b$d+1 ,,bran ,,ma%1 ,,brok5 ,,knees1 ,,brok5 ,,w9d1 ,,clipp+1 ,,cank]1 ,,cat>rh1 ,,*ok+1 ,,*orea1 ,,*olic1 ,,con/ipation1 ,,corns1 ,,crib-,,bit+1 ,,curb4 ,,horse ,,balls4 ,see ,,vet]9>y ,,m$ic9e4 ,,horses1 ,condition ,p[d] =4 ,! pr9cipal +r$i5ts 73 ,f5ugreek1 liquorice root1 res91 brim/one1 common salt1 nitrate ( pota%1 & a gre5 p[d]1 probably s5na4 ,x conta9$ traces ( calcium & magnesium c>bonates2 alum9a1 silica1 & iron4 ,,horse ,,p[',,er4 ,?is t]m 0 fir/ employ$ by ,james ,watt to express a p[] capable ( rais+ #cc1jjj lbs4 "o foot high p] m9ute4 ,! effective pressure on ! surface ( ! pi/on 0 e/imat$ at #g lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 & h5ce ! area ( ! pi/on1 9 squ>e in*es1 multipli$ by #g1 gave ! gross effective mov+ pressure1 & ! space pass$ ov] by ?is pi/on 9 a m9ute gave ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* ! pressure 0 ex]t$1 or ! weight 0 rais$4 ,f ^! data ! horse p[] 0 easily calculat$4 ,9 process ( "t improvem5ts 9 ! =mation ( boil]s & /eam eng9es increas$ ! effective pressure on ! pi/on1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,9 mod]n eng9es ! actual p[] is commonly f #b to #d times great] ?an ! nom9al p[]1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 /ill reta9$ z ! unit ( p[] 9 comm]cial calculations4 ,,hors]ad',,i%4 ,syn4 ,,armoracia ,,radix4 7,b4 ,p474 ,! fre% root ( ,co*le>ia ,armoracia 7,b4 ,p474 ,hors]adi% is pung5t1 acrid1 /imulant1 & rubefaci5t4 ,x is also reg>d$ z diaphoretic1 diuretic1 & antiscorbutic4 ,x =ms a useful ma/icatory 9 ho>s5ess1 sore ?roat1 & too?a*e4 ,z a condim5t1 x provokes ! appetite & assi/s dige/ion4 ,r$uc$ to %r$s 7scrap$ hors]adi%71 x =ms a common & excell5t accompanim5t to roa/ beef4 ,! root ( aconite or wolfsbane1 :i* some:at resembles x 9 appe>ance1 has occasionally be5 mi/ak5 = x1 ) fatal results2 ! two are1 h[ev]1 readily di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 z ! ta/e ( hors]adi% is w>m & pung5t1 approa*+ t ( mu/>d1 :il/ aconite is bitt]1 & its od\r is e>?y & disagreeable1 & aft] a few m9utes' contact ) ! lips1 tongue1 & fauces1 produces a s5sation ( numbness1 & t+l+4 ,see ,,aconitum ,,napellus2 "u :i* article w be f\nd engrav+s ( ! two roots4 ,! root may be kept fre% = "s "t if buri$ 9 s& 9 a cool place4 ,hors]adi% p[d] is prep>$ f ! roots ga!r$ 9 ,novemb] or ,decemb]1 & dri$ by a g5tle heat or exposure to a curr5t ( dry air4 ,x is us$ z a condim5t4 ,,hor',,ticulture4 ,syn4 ,,g>d5+4 ,! art ( cultivat+ g>d5s4 ,accord+ to ,l\don1 horticulture diff]s f agriculture1 *iefly 9 ! comp>atively limit$ space ov] :i* x ext5ds1 & 9 be+ conduct$ by manual lab\r2 :il/ ! latt] is p]=m$ jo9tly by human & animal lab\r1 9 fields1 or on an ext5sive tract ( l& call$ a f>m4 ,,hor',,tus-,,siccus4 ,see ,,h]b>ium4 ,,hos',,pital ,,gan',,gr5e4 ,syn4 ,,phag$,,na ,,gangr5osa4 ,l4 ,a species ( ulc]at+ mortification1 p>ticul>ly *>act]is$ by its infecti\s nature1 & its t5d5cy to attack w\nds & ulc]s 9 cr[d$ hospitals1 s t (t5 ! mo/ trifl+ op]ation _c be p]=m$ ) safety4 ,"u its influ5ce ! p>ts are rapidly de/roy$1 n by ! =mation ( ord9>y sl\ghs1 z 9 common mortification1 b by _! conv]sion into an a%-col\r$ viscid sub/ance int]sp]s$ ) bloody specks4 ,! treatm5t is simil> to t notic$ "u ,,mortification1 b "h1 above all ?+s1 ?or\gh v5tilation mu/ be e/abli%$1 & p]sev]$ 91 &1 :5 possible1 *ange ( situation s\ght4 ,,huile4 ,fr4 ,oil2 a t]m appli$ to v>i\s sub/ances & prep>ations on acc\nt ( _! smoo?ness1 consi/5ce1 or real or imag9>y emolli5t or oleag9\s nature4 ,see ,,liqueur1 ,,oil1 c4 ,huile ,ac\/ique4 ,prep4 ,f g>lic & bay leaves1 ( ea*1 #a_/b oz42 olive oil1 #a_/b lb42 boil$ toge!r = #ae m9utes1 & /ra9$4 ,us$ 9 e>-a*e & deafness4 ,a little is dropp$ on cotton wool & plac$ 9 ! e>4 ,huile1 ,antique4 ,see ,,oils 7,hair74 ,huile ,liqueureuse4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,de ,,la ,,rose47 ,f eau de rose1 #a "p2 simple syrup1 #b p>ts2 mix$ toge!r4 #b4 7,,des ,,fleurs ,d',,oranges47 ,f orange-fl[] wat] & syrup1 z ,no4 #a4 #c4 7,,de ,,vanille47 ,f ess5ce ( vanilla1 #a dr42 simple syrup1 #a p9t4 ,obs4 ,! above are kept 9 small decant]s1 & us$ to flav\r wat]1 grog1 liqueurs1 c41 in/ead ( sug> or capillaire2 also to p]fume ! brea?4 ,o!r flav\r$ syrups1 = ! same purposes1 are prep>$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,,hu',,mic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,ulmic ,,acid4 ,see ,,humus4 ,,humul94 ,! "n giv5 to a beautiful extract or ess5ce ( hops1 made z foll[s3-- ,a conc5trat$ t9cture ( hops is prep>$ by p]colation ) rectifi$ _s2 ! same hops are !n exhau/$ ) wat]2 ! _s is remov$ f ! t9cture by c>eful di/illation1 & ! upp] aque\s portion is skimm$ (f1 & add$ to ! infusion1 :i* latt] is !n evaporat$ to ! consi/5ce ( a s(t extract2 ! oleo-res9\s residuum ( ! t9cture is next add$1 & well mix$ 92 aft] :i* ! :ole is put into pots & c>efully ti$ ov] = sale4 ,! product possesses all ! fragrant1 tonic1 & bitt] qualities ( ! hop 9 a highly cond5s$ =m4 ,see ,,hops1 ,,lupul91 c4 ,,hu',,mus4 ,syn4 ,,ulm94 ,:5 wood1 or woody fibre1 is expos$ to ! jo9t action ( air & moi/ure1 x suff]s eremacausis or decay1 & crumbles d[n into a d>k-br[n or black p[d] commonly call$ 'm\ld1' & to :i* *emi/s h giv5 ! "n ( 'humus4' ,9 ?is /ate x exi/s 9 f]tile soils1 9 :i* x is d]iv$ f ! decay ( plants4 ,a p[d] ( simil> composition is produc$ by ! action ( p[]ful *emical reag5ts on sug>1 lign91 c4 ,:5 act$ ^u by dilute boil+ solution ( cau/ic potassa1 ?is sub/ance yields a deep-br[n solution1 f :i* acids precipitate a floccul5t br[n sub/ance g5]ally call$ 'ulmic' or 'humic acid4' ,bo? bodies require fur!r inve/igation1 z !y are suppos$ to v>y exce$+ly 9 composition4 ,,hung]4 ,! peculi> s5sation aris+ f ! want ( food4 ,:5 sev]e1 x increases to actual pa91 ! coats ( ! /oma* are act$ on by its own juices1 ! respiration becomes less frequ5t1 ! circulation languid1 & !re is a g5]al dim9ution ( ! heat ( ! body & ( ! secretions4 ,! return ( hung] is accel]at$ by ex]cise & lab\r1 & by ! exposure ( ! body to a l[ temp]ature4 ,long fa/+ is injuri\s1 m p>ticul>ly to ! "y & ! debilitat$4 ,see ,,appetite1 ,,nutrition1 c4 ,,hus',,b&ry4 ,! bus9ess ( ! f>m]2 by "s ! t]m is re/rict$ to ! jo9t op]ations ( f>m+ & g>d5+ on ! small scale4 ,x is also sometimes us$ synonym\sly ) agriculture4 ,,hy',,ac9?4 ,9 botany1 ! ,engli% "n = ! g5us ,hyac9?us4 ,!re are num]\s v>ieties ( ! g>d5 hyac9?1 all v beautiful4 ,! bulbs are l>gely import$ f ,holl&1 & are (t5 gr[n 9 wat] conta9$ 9 suitable glass vessels 7hyac9? glasses74 ,9 m9]alogy1 ! t]m is appli$ to cry/allis$ yell[ or br[n zircon4 ,see ,,gems4 ,,hydrac',,ids4 ,syn4 ,,hydrog5 ,,acids4 ,a "n =m]ly giv5 to ^? acids :i* d n conta9 oxyg51 z hydro*loric1 c4 ,x is /ill occasionally employ$4 ,,hy',,dragogues4 ,syn4 ,,hydragoga1 ,l4 ,m$ic9es :i* cause ! removal ( wat] f any ( ! cavities ( ! body4 ,_m ca?>tics1 z gamboge1 jalap1 c41 are class$ "u ?is head4 ,,hydras',,t94 ,! "n giv5 to a conc5trat$ rem$y mu* employ$ by ! m$ical eclectics ( ,am]ica4 ,prep4 ,treat ! p[d]$ root ( gold5-seal 7,hydra/is ,canad5sis7 ) cold wat] by p]colation2 acidulate ! infusion ) hydro*loric acid2 collect ! precipitate on a filt]2 !n dry x1 dissolve ! dri$ mass 9 alcohol1 filt]1 & set aside to cry/allise4 ,prop4 ,yell[1 acicul> cry/als1 insoluble 9 cold alcohol1 e!r1 & wat]4--,dose1 #c to #e gr41 #c to #f times a day2 z a tonic 9 dyspepsia1 inflammation ( ! /oma*1 c4--,obs4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t inve/igations1 hydra/9 conta9s b]b]9e1 & ano!r alkal9e call$ hydra/ia or hydra/9a4 ,,hydra/is ,,canad5sis4 ,syn4 ,! ,,gold5 ,,seal4 ,?is is a small h]bace\s p]5nial ,nor? ,am]ican plant1 belong+ to ! natural ord]1 ,ranunculace4 ,! rhizome1 :i* is ! (fic9al "p1 ?\gh yell[ 9 ! rec5t root1 becomes ( a d>k yell[i%-br[n by age4 ,x conta9s album51 />*1 fatty matt]1 res91 yell[ col\r+ matt]1 sug>1 lign91 & v>i\s salts2 also a peculi> nitrog5\s cry/allisable sub/ance1 to :i* ,dr ,dur&1 ! discov]]1 propos$ ! provisional "n ( hydra/91 :i* sub/ance w be f\nd describ$ bel[4 ,! root ( ! gold5-seal1 z well z ! alkaloids obta9able f x1 are l>gely us$ 9 ,am]ican m$ical practice1 & are /at$ to possess valuable tonic1 ap]i5t1 diuretic1 & deob/ru5t p[]s4 ,!y h be5 employ$ 9 dyspepsia1 jaundice1 & functional disord]s ( ! liv]4 ,!y are also reg>d$ z "o ( ! be/ sub/itutes = qu99e 9 int]mitt5ts4 ,gold5 seal has be5 giv5 9 ! =m ( infusion1 decoction1 t9cture1 & extract1 & ! fluid extract is n[ (fic9al 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates' ,ph>macopoeia4 ,,hy',,drates4 ,comp\nds ( hydroxyl 7,,ho7 ) o!r bodies1 e4g4 ,,kho--hydrate ( potassium4 ,! t]m hydrate is also giv5 to *emical comb9ations ( wat] 7,h#b,o7 ) o!r sub/ances1 e4g4 ,c#b;,h,cl#c,o4,h#b,o--hydrate ( *loral4 ,,hy',,dride4 ,a comp\nd ( hydrog5 ) ano!r radical1 e4g4 hydride ( me?yl--,,*#c;,h4 ,,hydrio',,date4 ,a "n =m]ly giv5 to ! salts n[ t]m$ iodides4 ,see ,,iodides4 ,,hydrio',,dic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,iodhydric ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,hydriodicum1 ,l4 ,an acid comp\nd ( iod9e & hydrog54 ,see ,,iod9e4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by heat+ iod9e 9 hydrog51 ! volume ( ! gas becomes d\bl$1 & a col\rless acid gas is produc$2 x is1 h[ev]1 nev] prep>$ = use by ?is means4 #b4 ,place #aj p>ts ( potassic iodide 9 a small retort ) #e p>ts ( wat]1 & add #bj ( iodide2 !n drop 9 cauti\sly "o "p ( phosphorus1 cut into small fragm5ts1 & apply a g5tle heat4 ,! gas w be giv5 (f abundantly & may be collect$1 by displacem5t1 9 dry bottles4 ,a solution ( hydriodic acid may be prep>$ by susp5d+ iod9e 9 wat]1 & pass+ a curr5t ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 ?r\gh ! mixture until ! br[n col\r ( ! iod9e disappe>s2 sulphur is deposit$ 9 abundance1 & hydriodic acid =m$4 ,,hydro',,b5zanide4 ,:ite cry/all9e mass1 obta9$ f oil ( bitt] almonds by treatm5t ) ammonia4 ,,hydrobro',,mic ,,acid4 ,see ,,bromide4 ,hydrobromic ,acid4 7,h,br47 ,syn4 ,,hydric ,,bromide1 ,,hydrog5 ,,bromide4 ,prep4 ,?is v p[]fully acid gase\s body may be prep>$ z foll[s3--#a4 ,by decompos+ bromide ( potassium ) a conc5trat$ solution ( phosphoric acid4 #b4 ,by decompos+ bromide ( phosphorus by means ( a small quantity ( wat]4 ,hydrobromic acid gas is col\rless & non-inflammable2 x ext+ui%es flame4 ,x is extremely irritat+ to ! lungs :5 brea!d4 ,x is v soluble 9 wat]4 ,,hydrobro',,mide4 ,syn4 ,,bromide 7:i* see74 ,,hydroc>',,bon4 ,a comp\nd ( c>bon & hydrog54 ,! hydroc>bons con/itute a mo/ important s]ies ( organic comp\nds4 ,,hydro*loric ,,acid4 7,h,cl #cfe47 ,syn4 ,,muriatic ,,acid1 ,,hydric ,,*loride1 ,,hydrog5 ,,*loride4 ,?is important gase\s comp\nd 0 discov]$ by ,prie/ly 9 #aggb4 ,9 nature x is giv5 (f ) o!r gases f active volcanoes1 & is occasionally to be met ) 9 ! spr+s & riv]s ( volcanic di/ricts4 ,:5 hydrog5 & *lor9e are mix$ 9 equal volumes1 !y are )\t action ^u ea* o!r if kept 9 ! d>k1 b if expos$ to direct sunlight1 *emical comb9ation1 accompani$ by a l\d explosion1 in/antly takes place betwe5 !m1 ! result ( _! union be+ ! col\rless gase\s1 int5sely s\r hydro*loric acid4 ,if1 in/ead ( bright sun%9e1 ! mix$ gases are expos$ to diffus$ daylight1 *emical union also ensues betwe5 !m1 b ! process is !n a sl[ & gradual "o2 ! passage ?r\gh !m1 h[ev]1 ( ! electric sp>k1 or ! application ( a light$ mat* or tap] in/antly causes _! explosion & comb9ation4 ,"o volume ( *lor9e unites ) "o volume ( hydrog51 =m+ two volumes ( hydro*loric acid2 no cond5sation occurs 9 ! act ( union4 ,hydro*loric acid may also be =m$ by transmitt+ moi/ *lor9e ?r\gh a r$-hot porcela9 tube2 oxyg5 be+ at ! same "t lib]at$4 ,prep4 ,hydro*loric acid1 save = ! purposes ( illu/rative exp]im5t1 is nev] obta9$ by any ( ! above processes4 ,an easy mode ( procur+ x1 :5 requir$ = laboratory use1 is to heat ! ord9>y aque\s solution ( ! acid 9 a flask1 & to collect ! gas1 :i* is giv5 (f by displacem5t4 ,x may also be readily got by introduc+ pieces ( common salt 7:i* %\ld h be5 previ\sly fus$ 9 a crucible at a r$-heat & all[$ to cool7 into a glass retort1 & p\r+ ov] !m ab\t twice _! weight ( oil ( vitriol4 ,! hydro*loric acid1 :i* escapes v abundantly1 mu/ be collect$ ei!r by displacem5t or ov] m]cury4 ,prop4 ,hydro*loric acid is a col\rless gas1 v acid to ! ta/e1 & irritat+ to ! eyes2 & induces c\gh+ ev5 if brea!d 9 small quantities1 or :5 l>gely dilut$4 ,x is v de/ructive to vegetation1 on :i* acc\nt ! soda manufactur] is compell$ by law to cond5se & ?us prev5t ! escape ( its fumes4 ,x has a specific gravity ( #abfa4 ,:5 subject$ to a pressure ( #dj atmosph]es at #ej ,f41 x becomes a col\rless fluid capable ( dissolv+ bitum51 & hav+ a specific gravity ( #abg4 ,x has nev] be5 froz54 ,hydro*loric acid nei!r burns1 nor supports combu/ion4 ,! :ite fumes :i* x =ms :5 expos$ to ! air1 are due to its cond5s+ ! atmosph]ic moi/ure1 & ?us giv+ rise to a body less volatile ?an wat]4 ,?is gas is gre$ily & in/antly absorb$ by wat]4 ,a fragm5t ( ice plac$ 9 a j> ( ! gas absorbs x1 & becomes imm$iately dissolv$4 ,hydro*loric ,acid1 ,solution (4 ,! hydro*loric acid ( comm]ce is a solution ( ! above gas 9 wat]4 ,:5 expos$ to ! air x emits grey fumes4 ,wat] at #dj ,f4 absorbs ab\t #dhj times its bulk ( hydro*loric acid1 increas+ 9 volume ab\t "o ?ird 9 do+ s1 acquir+ a d5sity ( #abaji1 & !n conta9+ ne>ly =ty-?ree p] c5t4 ( ! acid4 ,/r5g? ( ,solution ( ,hydro*loric ,acid1 #gg ,fahr4 7,e4 ,,davy47 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,hydro*loric ,hydro*loric ,sp4 ,gravity4 acid 9 ,sp4 ,gravity4 acid 9 #ajj p>ts4 #ajj p>ts4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #aba #dbdc #aaj #bjbj #abj #djdj #aji #ahah #aai #chch #ajh #afaf #aah #cfcf #ajg #adad #aag #cdcd #ajf #abab #aaf #cbcb #aje #ajaj #aae #cjcj #ajd #hjh #aad #bhbh #ajc #fjf #aac #bfbf #ajb #djd #aab #bdbd #aja #bjb #aaa #bbbb ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,9 ! laboratory1 solution ( hydro*loric acid is 9 con/ant use4 ,x may be easily prep>$ f *loride ( sodium & sulphuric acid4 ,! retort %\ld be connect$ ) a c\ple ( ,w\lfe's bottles2 into ! fir/ ( :i* a small quantity ( wat] %\ld be p\r$1 to deta9 any impurities me*anically c>ri$ ov] ) ! gas2 ! second bottle %\ld conta9 f\r p>ts ( wat]1 & %\ld be plac$ 9 a vessel ( cold wat]1 z ! gas 9 becom+ cond5s$1 dis5gages a l>ge am\nt ( heat4 ,! gas comes (f & is absorb$ readily by ! wat] ^u apply+ a g5tle heat to ! retort4 ,x is by ?is la/ me?od t solution ( hydro*loric acid is obta9$ 9 su* enorm\s quantities#cdg = ! v>i\s purposes 9 :i* x is us$1 9 ! arts & manufactures4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,9 ,s\? ,lanca%ire alone1 m ?an #ajjj tons ( hydro*loric acid 9 solution are made weekly4 ,hydro*loric acid is1 9 fact1 a by-product 9 ! manufacture ( c>bonate ( soda1 & is g5]at$ dur+ ! fir/ /age ( ! op]ation1 kn[n z ! salt-cake process1 :i* consi/s 9 ! decomposition ( salt by sulphuric acid1 & is accompli%$ 9 a furnace call$ ! salt-cake furnace4 ,! hydro*loric acid gas :i* is giv5 (f escapes f ! furnace ?r\gh a flue ) ! products ( combu/ion into high brick t[]s fill$ ) coke or /ones1 ov] :i* a /ream ( wat] trickles d[n1 ! :ole ( ! acid vap\rs are ?us cond5s$1 ! smoke pass+ (f by a *imney connect$ ) ! t[]s4 ,! dilut$ acid solution ?us =m$ is conc5trat$ by ! aid ( ! app>atus %[n 9 section 9 figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( sev]al ca/-iron cyl9d]s1 #eg feet long by #bg feet 9 diamet]1 clos$ 9 ! same mann] z gas retorts1 by lids lut$ ) clay4 ,"o ( ! lids has an op5+ o1 into :i* is fitt$ ! /onew>e or lead5 pipe a1 convey+ ! hydro*loric acid to ! cond5s+ app>atus4 ,! o!r1 or po/]ior lid1 is also provid$ ) an op5+ d1 ?r\gh :i* is pass$ ! tube ( a lead5 funnel1 s t aft] ! retort is fill$ ) salt sulphuric acid may be p\r$ 94 ,! con/ruction ( ! furnace 9 :i* two retorts are usually plac$1 p]mits ! flame ( ! fire at ,o to play r\nd ! cyl9d]s be=e rea*+ ! flue lead+ to ! *imney ,f4 ,b is an ar* ov] ! furnace4 ,! fir/ /age ( ! op]ation consi/s 9 fill+ ea* cyl9d] ) #ccj lbs4 ( salt4 ,! lids or cov]s are !n lut$ on1 & ! fire is k9dl$4 ,! requisite quantity ( /rong sulphuric acid is next p\r$ into ! retort1 & ! funnel hav+ be5 )drawn f ,d1 ! hole is cov]$ by a clay plug4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,z soon z ! reaction is ov]1 ! #cif lbs4 ( sulphate ( soda produc$ are remov$1 & ! op]ation repeat$4 ,! cond5sation app>atus #a & #c is compos$ ( r[s ( ,w\lfe's bottles1 p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 c>e be+ tak5 to place ! fir/ pairs ( ^! bottles 9 a tank ( cold wat]4 ,! cond5sation ( ! la/ portions ( hydro*loric acid gas is effect$ ei!r by ! aid ( ! coke columns1 or 9 lead5 *amb]s1 into :i* f9e jets ( cold wat] are inject$ on all sides4 ,a saturat$ solution ( hydro*loric acid 9 wat] has ! specific gravity ( #aba2 & :5 heat$ 9 a retort1 loses at fir/ hydro*loric acid gas1 b aft] a "t an aque\s acid di/ils ov]1 at ! ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure1 conta9+ #bjbb p] c5t4 ( hydro*loric acid1 & boil+ con/antly at #aaj ,c4 ,if ! di/illation be conduct$ "u dim9i%$ pressure1 ! liquid boils at a l[] temp]ature1 & atta9s a composition :i* is diff]5t = ea* boil+ po9t2 h5ce ! dilute acids ?us obta9$ by boil+ ! solution ( hydro*loric acid gas 9 wat]1 _c be consid]$ z def9ite comp\nds ( hydro*loric acid & wat]4#cdh ,footnote #cdh3 ,roscoe & ,dittm>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,comm]cial hydro*loric acid is usually ( a yell[ col\r ow+ to its be+ contam9at$ ) iron4 ,x also v frequ5tly conta9s sodium1 ars5ic1 sulphuric & sulphur\s acids1 & free *lor9e4 ,pure aque\s solution ( hydro*loric acid %\ld leave no residue ^u evaporation2 x %\ld give no precipitation ( f]ric oxide :5 saturat$ ) ammonia1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 %\ld cause no turbidity 9 x2 if dilut$ ) ?ree or f\r times its volume ( wat]1 & *loride ( b>ium be add$1 no :ite cl\d or precipitate %\ld =m 9 ! mixture2 nor %\ld ! acid1 if pure1 discol\r a fluid made fa9tly blue ) iodide ( />*4 ,hydro*loric acid is l>gely consum$ 9 ! manufacture ( *lor9e1 sal ammoniac1 *loride antimony1 glue1 phosphorus1 9 ! prep>ation ( c>bonic acid = ! manufacture ( artificial m9]al wat]s1 9 beet-root sug> works1 hydro-metallurgy1 & alone1 or mix$ ) nitric acid1 = dissolv+ v>i\s metals4#cdi ,see ,,acids1 ,,effects ,,( ,,vegetation ,,on1 ,,*lor9e4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,wagn]4 ,,hydro*loric ,,e!r4 7,c#b;,h#e;,cl47 ,syn4 ,,e?yl ,,*loride1 ,,*loride ,,( ,,e?yl4 ,?is e!r may be obta9$ ei!r by saturat+ alcohol ) hydro*loric acid gas1 & !n di/ill+ at a g5tle heat1 or by di/ill+ a mixture ( ?ree p>ts ( oil ( vitriol1 two ( alcohol1 & f\r ( fus$ *loride ( sodium2 ! retort is 9 ei!r case connect$ ) a tubulat$ receiv]1 surr\nd$ by wat] at a temp]ature ( ab\t #fh ,fahr41 9 :i* mo/ ( ! alcohol & wat] :i* pass ov] dur+ ! op]ation become cond5s$1 :il/ ! e!r escapes 9 ! =m ( vap\r ?r\gh a b5t tube1 :i* is ins]t$ into ! tubulure ( ! receiv]1 & passes to ! bottom ( a flask kept cool ) ice4 ,! liquid :i* is cond5s$ 9 ! flask mu/ be rectifi$ f calcic *loride4 ,hydro*loric e!r is a col\rless liquid1 hav+ a specific gravity at #cb ,fahr4 ( #jiba1 & a boil+ po9t ( #eai ,fahr4 ,! specific gravity ( its vap\r is #bbai4 ,x has an e!real1 p5etrat+1 some:at g>licky od\r4 ,x is sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]1 b readily s 9 alcohol4 ,^! solutions fail to give a precipitate ) arg5tic nitrate4 ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid4 7,,hcn ,h,cy47 ,syn4 ,,prussic ,,acid1 ,,hydric ,,cyanide1 ,,cyanhydric ,,acid4 ,hydrocyanic acid 0 discov]$ by ,s*eele2 b its nature & *emical prop]ties 7 fir/ inve/igat$ by ,gay-,lussac4 ,s\rces4 ,?is acid is f\nd 9 wat] di/ill$ f ! k]nels ( ! apricot1 ! pea*1 ! plum1 & *]ry1 ! leaves ( ! laurel1 & "s o!r %rubs4 ,! k]nels ( ! bitt] almond also yield x by di/illation1 mix$ ) an ess5tial oil4 ,! juice ( ! tapioca plant 7! ,jatropha manihot7 likewise conta9s x4 ,_m nitrog5\s sub/ances1 :5 submitt$ to de/ructive di/illation1 also evolve hydrocyanic acid4 ,cry/allis$ ammonic =miate subject$ to heat 9 a retort yields a vap\r :i*1 pass$ ?r\gh a r$-hot tube1 decomposes into ?is acid & wat]4 ,ano!r me?od by :i* x may be obta9$1 consi/s 9 s5d+ a curr5t ( dry sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas ?r\gh a long tube fill$ ) cyanide ( m]cury2 & v rec5tly x has be5 obta9$ by ! direct comb9ation ( nitrog5 & acetyl5e gas1 by add+ "o volume ( ! =m] to two ( ! latt]1 & pass+ a s]ies ( electric sp>ks ?r\gh ! mixture1 ! gases comb9+ )\t cond5sation4 ,la/ly1 x is yield$ :5 a metallic cyanide or f]rocyanide is decompos$ by an acid1 ?is latt] be+ ! means by :i* x is inv>iably procur$4 #a4 ,,anhydr\s ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid may be prep>$ by ,whl]'s plan1 :i* is z foll[s3--,a crude potassium cyanide is prep>$ by fus+ eight p>ts ( ! dri$ potassium f]rocyanide ) ?ree ( potassium c>bonate & "o ( *>coal4 ,! fus$ mass is treat$ ) six times its weight ( wat] 9 a well-clos$ vessel2 ! cle> liquid is decant$ f ! iron1 :i* x is ! object ( ?is op]ation to sep>ate1 & is p\r$ into a retort3 sulphuric acid1 dilut$ ) an equal weight ( wat]1 is gradually add$ 9 ! proportion ( "o "p ( oil ( vitriol to two p>ts ( ! cyanide4 ,at fir/ ! di/illation proce$s spontane\sly f ! heat develop$ by ! admixture ( sulphuric acid ) ! wat]4 ,9 ord] to cond5se ! acid1 ! products are made to pass ?r\gh a long ,u-%ap$ tube1 imm]s$ 9 cold wat] & fill$ ) calcic *loride1 ) ! exception ( ! fir/ f\r? ( ! tube1 :i* conta9s fragm5ts ( ! crude potassium cyanide2 to ! b5t tube is atta*$ a second deliv]y tube1 :i* passes to ! bottom ( a bottle cool$ ) ice & salt4 ,! calcic *loride 9 ! syphon tube reta9s ! moi/ure1 & ! potassic cyanide any sulphuric acid t might *ance to pass ov]1 :il/ ! hydrocyanic acid collects 9 ! anhydr\s /ate 9 ! cool$ receiv]4 ,trautwe9 recomm5ds x to be prep>$ by ! dehydration ( ! /rong aque\s acid1 by means ( fus$ & pulv]is$ *loride ( calcium4#cej ,footnote #cej3 ,! details ( ?is process are giv5 9 ',watt's ,*emical ,diction>y4' a/]ism ,! obs]vance ( ! greate/ c>e & caution are necess>y 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is mo/ pot5t poison4 ,! op]ation is mo/ safely p]=m$ 9 w9t]4 ,! app>atus %\ld be s arrang$ z to all[ ( any vap\rs giv5 (f be+ c>ri$ f ! op]ator by a brisk curr5t ( air4 ,prop4 ,at ord9>y temp]atures anhydr\s hydrocyanic acid is a col\rless liquid1 hav+ a specific gravity ( #jgjeh at #ddf ,fahr4 ,x is v inflammable1 burn+ ) a violet flame resembl+ t ( cyanog51 b some:at :it] 9 col\r4 ,x is soluble 9 all proportions 9 wat]1 ! result+ mixture be+ light] ?an t fluid1 & miscible ) alcohol4 ,x is v feebly acid2 potassic cyanide always hav+ an alkal9e reaction4 ,r$ oxide ( m]cury is readily dissolv$ by x1 & :5 add$ to a solution ( arg5tic nitrate x precipitates :ite flocculi ( cyanide ( silv]4 ,anhydr\s hydrocyanic acid is an extremely volatile liquid2 if a drop be let fall on a glass plate1 "p ( x becomes froz5 by ! cold produc$ by its own evaporation4 #b4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,aque\s ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid4 a4 ,f hydrat$ f]rocyanide ( potassium4--,by heat+ x 9 a glass retort ) oil ( vitriol & wat]1 ,ev]itt /ates t ! be/ proportions are ne>ly t5 p>ts ( ! salt to sev5 ( oil ( vitriol 7dilut$ ) any conv5i5t am\nt ( wat]74 ,adopt+ ^! proportions1 #dbbd p>ts ( f]rocyanide ( potassium yield #ha p>ts ( hydrocyanic acid4 ,! great] "p ( ! hydrocyanic acid passes ov] at ! beg9n+ ( di/illation1 at a temp]ature a little above #bab ,fahr42 & :5 ! residual liquid rea*es a high] temp]ature1 ! wat] 7:i* !n conta9s b little hydrocyanic acid7 is !n c>ri$ ov]4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to employ a good cond5s+ app>atus1 or ! hydrocyanic acid :i* passes ov] at fir/ w = ! mo/ "p be dissipat$ 9 vap\r mix$ ) ! air ( ! app>atus4 ,?is loss may also be obviat$ by plac+ wat] 9 ! receiv]4 ,! residue ne$ n be boil$ d[n to dryness2 x w be f\nd be/ to di/il (f f two ?irds to ?ree f\r?s ( ! liquid1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( wat] pres5t4 ,x is n necess>y to dissolve ! f]rocyanide 9 wat] previ\s to add+ ! sulphuric acid1 z x readily dissolves 9 ! wat] dur+ ! process ( di/illation4 ,?ree conditions are important to be obs]v$ 9 ! arrangem5ts ( ! app>atus3--#a4 ,! mixture 9 ! retort %\ld n be all[$ to spirt ov]4 #b4 ,x %\ld conta9 b little air4 #c4 ,x %\ld pres5t ! greate/ possible am\nt ( surface to be cool$4 ,if sulphate ( potassium & prussian blue are spirt$ ov] into ! di/illate1 ?is mu/ be c>efully rectifi$ ov] a small quantity ( magnesia1 *alk1 or c>bonate ( b>ium4 b4 ,f cyanide ( potassium 7)\t di/illation74--,to a solution ( n9e p>ts ( t>t>ic acid 9 sixty p>ts ( wat]1 conta9$ 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle ne>ly fill$ ) x1 f\r p>ts ( pure cyanide ( potassium are add$2 ! vessel is %ak51 frequ5tly dipp$ into cold wat]1 & !n left 9 ! cold = twelve h\rs2 & ! aque\s hydrocyanic acid1 :i* conta9s b a v small quantity ( t>trate ( potassium1 is p\r$ (f f ! cry/allis$ t>trate4#cea ,?is acid conta9s #cf p] c5t4 ( anhydr\s hydrocyanic acid4 ,footnote #cea3 ',london ,m$4 ,surg4 ,j\rn41' vi1 #ebd4 c4 ,f cyanide ( m]cury4--#abf 7accurately weigh$7 p>ts ( cyanide ( m]cury are agitat$ ) at lea/ #bh p>ts ( iron fil+s1 9 a well-/opp]$ bottle1 conta9+ #di1 or r m1 p>ts ( oil ( vitriol1 dilut$ ) a consid]able quantity ( wat]4 ,! agitation is cont9u$ until a portion ( ! liquid tak5 out is n black5$ by sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! solution1 decant$ f ! iron & m]cury1 is !n plac$ 9 a retort & di/ill$2 ! acid com+ ov] at a g5tle heat4 ,excess ( iron accel]ates ! decomposition4 d4 ,f cyanide ( silv]4--,ev]itt recomm5ds #bjj p>ts ( pure cyanide ( silv] to be %ak5 up ) #bdj p>ts ( hydro*loric acid ( specific gravity ( #aabi1 & :5 ! decomposition is complete1 ! hydrocyanic acid to be sep>at$ f ! *loride ( silv] by decomposition4 ,?is hydrocyanic acid may conta9 a small quantity ( hydro*loric acid1 a n v objectionable admixture1 s9ce x ret>ds decomposition4 ,x possesses ! advantage ( def9ite /r5g?4 ,prop4 ,! aque\s is v simil> 9 prop]ties to ! anhydr\s acid1 diff]+ 9 ta/e1 od\r1 poison\s & combu/ible prop]ties1 accord+ to its degree ( conc5tration4 ,l ! anhydr\s1 ! aque\s acid decomposes1 b n s readily2 :5 p]fectly pure1 becom+ br[n1 & at la/ black4 ,z be=e /at$1 a little free m9]al acid assi/s to pres]ve x4 ,x %\ld be always kept 9 a d>k place4 ,detection & e/imation ( hydrocyanic acid & soluble cyanides4--,! pres5ce ( hydrocyanic acid1 indicat$ by ! *>act]i/ic smell1 :i* is giv5 (f by ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 or ( any fluid conta9+ x 7provid$ ?is is n disguis$ by any sub/ance ( /rong] od\r7 may be confirm$ by ! foll[+ te/s3 #a4 ,to ! filt]$ suspect$ fluid add a slight excess ( cau/ic pota%1 & !n a solution conta9+ f]r\s & f]ric sulphates4 ,if hydrocyanic acid1 or a soluble cyanide be pres5t1 ^u ! addition ( an excess ( hydro*loric acid ! liquid turns to a blue col\r 7m or less int5se accord+ to ! quantity ( acid pres5t71 ow+ to ! =mation ( ,prussian blue4 #b4 ,add ! suspect$ fluid solution ( nitrate ( silv]2 if hydrocyanic acid be pres5t1 a :ite cyanide ( silv] is =m$1 :i* is ne>ly insoluble 9 cold nitric acid1 b is soluble 9 ammonia & cyanide ( pota%1 & :i*1 :5 heat$ to r$ness1 gives (f ! inflammable violet-flam$ cyanog54 #c4 ,acidulate a small quantity ( ! suspect$ liquid ) a few drops ( hydro*loric acid1 & place x 9 a wat*-glass2 !n inv]t a second wat*-glass1 moi/5$ ) a drop ( solution ( ammonic sulphide ov] ?is4 ,aft] a few m9utes remove ! upp] wat*-glass1 & evaporate ! liquid to dryness ov] a wat] ba?2 let ! dry residue be treat$ ) a drop ( a weak solution ( f]ric *loride4 ,if hydrocyanic acid be pres5t1 a blood-r$ col\r is produc$1 ow+ to ! =mation ( r$ f]ric hydrocyanide1 :i* may be dis*>g$ by *loride ( m]cury2 a reaction :i* di/+ui%es x f a simil> col\r giv5 by meconic acid4 ,:]e l>ge quantities ( mat]ial h to be exam9$1 x is desirable t ! acid %\ld be di/ill$ (f by ! heat ( a wat]-ba?1 acidulat+ ! liquid ) t>t>ic acid if x be alkal9e4 ,! di/illate is !n to be te/$ by any ( ! above me?ods4 ,antidotes4--,give a scruple ( c>bonate ( pota% dissolv$ 9 ab\t an ounce ( di/ill$ wat]1 & directly aft]w>ds1 t5 gra9s ( sulphate ( iron1 also dissolv$ 9 ! same quantity ( di/ill$ wat]1 to :i* %\ld be add$ "o dra*m ( t9cture ( p]*loride ( iron4 ,:il/ ?is is be+ prep>$1 & subsequ5tly1 apply cold affusion to ! head & neck1 artificial respiration1 &1 if practicable1 give /rong c(fee & br&y4 ,a m ready rem$y is ammonia1 giv5 bo? int]nally & appli$ to ! no/rils4 ,hydrocyanic ,acid1 ,dilut$4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,hydrocyanicum ,,dilutum4 7,b4 ,p47 ,! ',briti% ,ph>macopoeia' gives ! foll[+ simple directions = ! prep>ation ( ?is acid3-- ,dissolve two & a qu>t] ounces 7avoir47 ( f]ro-cyanide ( potassium 9 t5 fluid ounces ( di/ill$ wat]1 !n add "o fluid ounce ( sulphuric acid1 previ\sly dilut$ ) f\r fluid ounces ( di/ill$ wat]1 & cool$4 ,put !m into a retort & adapt ?is to a receiv]1 conta9+ eight fluid ounces ( wat]1 :i* mu/ be kept c>efully cold4 ,di/il ) a g5tle heat until ! fluid 9 ! receiv] measures sev5te5 fluid ounces4 ,add to ?is ?ree fluid ounces ( ! wat]1 or z mu* z may be suffici5t to br+ ! acid to ! requir$ /r5g? ( two p] c5t4 by weight4 ,prop4 ,specific gravity1 #iig4 #ajj gra9s1 or #aaj m9ims1 precipitat$ ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 give a precipitate ( cyanide ( silv]1 :i* :5 dri$1 weighs #aj gra9s4 #bgj gra9s r5d]$ alkal9e by liquor sod1 require a #ajjj gra9 measures ( volumetric solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 be=e a p]man5t precipitate beg9s to =m4 ,antidotes4 ,see ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid4 ,hydrocyanic ,acid1 ,s*eele's4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,hydrocyanicum ,,s*eelii4 ,! orig9al process ( ,s*eele does n yield an acid ( uni=m /r5g?1 & is probably nev] foll[$4 ,x is !re=e impossible to /ate precisely :at is int5d$ :5 ,s*eele's acid is prescrib$1 or to und]/& :y x %\ld be pref]r$ by c]ta9 physicians to ! ,briti% ,ph>macopoeia prep>ation1 :i* is ( a kn[n & def9ite /r5g?4 ,z prep>$ by diff]5t mak]s x has be5 f\nd to conta9 f ?ree to five p] c5t4 ( anhydr\s acid4 ,! foll[+ is ,s*eele's process3-- ,mix two ounces ( ,prussian blue1 ) six ounces ( r$ precipitate ( m]cury1 & add six ounces ( wat]4 ,boil = "s m9utes1 con/antly agitat+2 p\r ! :ole on a filt] & wa% ! residuum on ! filt] ) two ounces ( hot wat]1 :i* is to be add$ to ! filt]$ liquor4 ,add to ?is an ounce & a half ( clean iron fil+s1 & ?ree dra*ms ( sulphuric acid2 %ake well & let x settle2 !n p\r ! cle> liquor into a retort1 & di/il a f\r? "p into a receiv] well lut$ & kept cold4 ,,hydr(luoric ,,acid4 7,h4 ,f47 ,syn4 ,,hydric ,,fluoride1 ,,hydrog5 ,,fluoride4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f fluor-sp> 7free f silica & metallic sulphides7 & oil ( vitriol4 ,! fluor-sp> be+ r$uc$ to f9e p[d] & plac$ 9 a lead5 retort1 is mix$ ) twice its weight ( conc5trat$ oil ( vitriol1 & on apply+ heat1 an acid & highly acid vap\r di/ils ov]1 :i* cond5ses to a liquid if pass$ into a receiv] ( ! same metal1 /&+ 9 a freez+ mixture at a temp]ature ( #d ,fahr4 ,l\yet has %[n t ! liquid acid1 obta9$ z above1 is n 7z once believ$7 anhydr\s4 #b4 ,f ! d\ble fluoride ( potassium & hydrog54 ,fremy fir/ r5d]s ! salt anhydr\s by c>eful dry+2 & by ! subsequ5t application ( a /rong heat1 expels ! equival5t ( hydr(luoric acid conta9$ 9 x2 cond5s+ x into a col\rless1 mobile1 v volatile liquid by ! application ( a freez+ mixture ( ice & salt4 #c4 ,by decompos+ plumbic fluoride by dry hydrog54 ,prop4 ,! /rong1 aque\s1 hydr(luoric acid obta9$ by ! action ( oil ( vitriol on fluor-sp>1 is a d5sely fum+1 volatile1 col\rless liquid1 :i* boils at #fj ,f41 & rema9s unfroz5 at #d4 ,x comb9es ) wat] s gre$ily1 & evolves s mu* heat 9 do+ s1 z to give rise to a hiss+ noise l t produc$ :5 a r$-hot iron is plung$ into cold wat]4 ,9 a conc5trat$ =m x has a specific gravity ( #ajfj4 ,br\ght into contact ) animal matt] ( any k9d x in/antly de/roys x1 ! smalle/ drop on ! sk9 produc+ a deep & pa9ful w\nd2 h5ce ! necessity ( ! greate/ c>e 9 its prep>ation4 ,) ! exception ( plat9um1 gold1 silv]1 m]cury & lead1 hydr(luoric acid1 :5 dilut$1 dissolves ! metals1 ! metal :5 x und]goes solution1 displac+ hydrog54 ,potassium decomposes ! /rong acid ) explosion4 ,9 bo? ! gase\s & fluid =m hydr(luoric acid is l>gely consum$ = et*+ on glass2 & ?is prop]ty con/itutes "o ( its mo/ available & reliable te/s4 ,! te/ may be conv5i5tly appli$ z foll[s3-- ,cov] a small piece ( w9d[ glass or a wat* glass ) a ?9 lay] ( wax1 scrap+ away a v small portion by means ( a %>ply po9t$ in/rum5t1 & !n expose ! glass = a %ort "t to ! vap\r ( ! acid1 giv5 (f :5 ! mat]ials are heat$ 9 a small lead5 sauc] or plat9um crucible2 on remov+ ! wax ) a little turp5t9e1 ! m>ks on ! glass caus$ by ! hydr(luoric acid w be di/9ctly p]ceiv$4 ,,hydr(luosilic',,ic ,,acid4 7#d;,,hf4,si,f#d47 ,,fluoride ,,( ,,silicon ,,& ,,hydrog54 ,prep4 ,f p[d]$ fluor-sp>1 & silice\s s& or p[d]$ glass1 ( ea* #a "p2 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 #b p>ts2 mix 9 a glass retort1 apply a g5tle heat1 & pass ! evolv$ gas 7fluoride ( silicon7 into wat]4 ,decomposition ensues1 silica be+ deposit$ 9 a gelat9\s /ate1 & hydr(luosilicic acid rema9+ 9 solution4 ,?is acid liquor1 :i* is a d\ble fluoride ( silicon & hydrog51 is us$ z a te/ = b>ium & potassium1 ) :i* x =ms ne>ly insoluble precipitates4 ,,hy',,drog54 7,h47 ,syn4 ,,hydrog5ium1 ,l4 ,an elem5t>y body discov]$ by ,cav5di% 9 #agff4 ,x has be5 f\nd exi/+ 9 an uncomb9$ /ate 9 ! gases evolv$ f ! solfat>as ( ,icel&4 ,comb9$ ) oxyg51 x con/itutes wat]1 & 9 ?is =m is ext5sively di/ribut$ ?r\gh e>?1 air1 & ocean4 ,x is an important con/itu5t ( all organis$ tissues4 ,prep4 ,hydrog5 is always obta9$ = exp]im5tal purposes by ! deoxidation ( wat]1 by "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ me?ods3-- #a4 ,a tube ( iron or porcela9 7a gun-b>rel1 = in/ance7 conta9+ a quantity ( iron turn+s or scraps ( iron1 is fix$ across a furnace1 s t its middle portion may be made r$-hot2 to ! "o end is atta*$ a retort or o!r vessel conta9+ wat]1 & to ! o!r a b5t tube connect$ ) a pneumatic tr\gh or gasomet]4 ,! tube be+ n[ heat$ to r$ness1 & ! wat] 9 ! retort br\ght into a /ate ( brisk ebullition1 ! evolv$ /eam suff]s decomposition2 ! oxyg5 be+ absorb$ by ! iron1 & ! hydrog5 escap+ into ! gas receiv]4 #b4 ,sulphuric acid 7oil ( vitriol71 dilut$ ) #f or #h times its bulk ( wat]1 is p\r$ on granulat$ z9c 7or scraps ( iron7 plac$ 9 a retort or gas bottle2 hydrog5 is evolv$ & is collect$1 z be=e4 ,obs4 ,?is is ! mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( prep>+ hydrog51 & ! "o usually adopt$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,to ensure ! gas be+ q pure1 di/ill$ z9c is employ$1 & ! gas is pass$1 fir/ ?r\gh a conc5trat$ solution ( pure potassa1 !n ?r\gh a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 &1 la/ly1 ?r\gh /rong oil ( vitriol1 or ov] fragm5ts ( *loride ( calcium4 ,:5 hydrog5 is prep>$ f crude z9c1 x has a slight smell2 & :5 f iron1 its od\r is (t5 /rong & disagreeable4 ,prop4 ,gase\s2 col\rless2 ta/eless2 od\rless 7:5 pure72 combu/ible2 sp4 gr4 #jfice1 be+ #af times light] ?an oxyg5 gas1 & #add times light] ?an atmosph]ic air4 #ajj cubic in*es1 at #fj ,fahr4 & #cj in*es ( ! b>omet]1 weigh #bacga 7say #bad7 gr42 #a gr4 occupies #dff in*es4 ,x is v readily inflam$1 ev5 by a r$-hot wire4 ,x burns ) a sc>cely visible flame4 ,mix$ ) atmosph]ic air or oxyg51 x explodes ) extreme viol5ce on ! approa* ( flame1 or sudd5 compression4 ,"o measure ( hydrog5 & #e ( atmosph]ic air1 & #b ( hydrog5 & #a ( oxyg51 are ! proportions t explode ) ! greate/ viol5ce4 ,! comb9ation ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 :5 mix$1 is br\ght ab\t by ! heat ( a r$-hot solid or a flame1 by ! electric sp>k1 & by ! pres5ce ( spongy plat9um1 ! black p[d] ( plat9um1 clean plat9um foil1 & "s o!r sub/ances4 ,a jet ( hydrog5 burnt 9 oxyg5 gas1 or a jet ( ^! gases 7mix$7 burnt 9 ! air1 ) prop] precautions1 produces a mo/ int5se heat4 ,wat] absorbs ab\t #b by volume ( hydrog54 ,hydrog5 has rec5tly be5 liquefi$ & ev5 solidifi$4 ,te/s4 ,x is recognis$ by--its combu/ibility2--! pale col\r ( its flame2--produc+ wat] only :5 burnt 9 air or oxyg52--ext+ui%+ ! flame ( o!r bodies2 &--explod+ :5 mix$ ) half its volume ( oxyg51 & fir$4 ,uses1 c4 ,pure & uncomb9$ hydrog5 is n employ$ 9 ! arts4 ,inhalations ( ?is gas h1 h[ev]1 be5 occasionally us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,dr ,b$does recomm5d$ !m 9 ph?isis4 ,9 comb9ation1 ! uses ( hydrog5 are almo/ numb]less4 ,comb9$ ) oxyg51 x =ms wat]2 ) *lor9e1 hydro*loric acid2 ) fluor9e1 hydr(luoric acid2 ) cyanog51 hydrocyanic acid2 ) c>bon1 innum]able hydroc>bons2 ) nitrog51 ammonia2 ) sulphur1 sulphurett$ hydrog5--9 fact1 an enum]ation ( ! valuable comp\nds :i* x ent]s into w\ld occupy _m pages ( ?is "w4 ,f its extreme lightness x has be5 us$ to fill balloons1 b coal-gas is n[ commonly employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,on its prop]ty ( inflam+ 9 contact ) spongy plat9um is arrang$ ! popul> little in/rum5t = ! production ( in/antane\s light 7,,dob]e9]',s ,,lamp7 sold by ! philosophical in/rum5t mak]s4 ,! *emi/ avails himself ( ! great heat develop$ by its combu/ion 9 oxyg5 9 ! =mation ( ! ,,oxyhydrog5 ,,bl[pipe4 ,"s ( ! comp\nds ( hydrog5 are notic$ bel[2 ! o!rs "u _! respective names4 ,hydrog51 ,antimo''niurett$4 7,sb,h#c47 ,syn4 ,,antimonett$ ,,hydrog51 ,,hydride ,,( ,,antimony1 ,,/ibam9e2 ,,hydrog5ium ,,antimoniatum1 ,l4 ,a gase\s comp\nd ( antimony & hydrog51 prep>$ by dissolv+ an alloy ( antimony ) a l>ge excess ( z9c 9 hydro*loric or dilute sulphuric acid4 ,x has nev] be5 obta9$ pure1 a v>iable proportion ( free hydrog5 be+ always pres5t4 ,x burns ) a blui%-:ite flame1 giv+ rise to d5se fumes ( t]oxide ( antimony1 & :5 conduct$ ?r\gh a r$-hot tube1 or ! flame is ?r[n on a cold surface1 z a porcela9 plate1 metallic antimony is deposit$4 ,?is gas is a deadly poison :5 inhal$4 ,see ,,ars5i\s ,,acid4 ,hydrog51 ,ars5''iurett$4 7,as,h#c47 ,syn4 ,,ars5ett$ ,,hydrog51 ,,hydride ,,( ,,ars5ic1 ,,ars5am9e2 ,,hydrog5ium ,,ars5iuratum1 ,l4 ,a gase\s comp\nd ( ars5ic & hydrog54 ,prep4 ,ars5ide ( z9c 7made by fus+ toge!r equal weights ( z9c & ars5ic7 is act$ ^u by /rong hydro*loric acid or by sulphuric acid dilut$ ) ?ree p>ts ( wat]4 ,obs4 ,?is gas is produc$ :5ev] ars5i\s or ars5ic acid1 or any ( _! salts1 is 9 pres5ce ( nasc5t hydrog54 ,! prop]ties ( ars5ett$ hydrog5 are fully describ$ 9 ! te/s = ,,ars5i\s ,,acid4 ,?is gas is a deadly poison :5 inhal$4 ,hydrog51 ,c>'burett$4 ,syn4 ,,c>bonett$ ,,hydrog54 ,?is t]m is specially appli$ to two ( ! num]\s comp\nds ( c>bon & hydrog5 7,,c>bides ,,( ,,hydrog51 ,,hydroc>bons73-- #a4 ,light ,c>burett$ ,hydrog54 7,,*#d47 ,syn4 ,,m>% ,,gas1 ,,fire-,,damp1 ,,gas ,,( ,,! ,,acetates4 ,?is is (t5 abundantly dis5gag$ 9 coal m9es1 & its combu/ion occasions ^? fe>ful explosions :i* are s de/ructive to human life4 ,! mud at ! bottom ( /agnant pools1 on be+ /irr$1 suff]s bubbles ( gas to escape1 :i*1 :5 collect$ & exam9$1 are f\nd to be a mixture ( light c>burett$ hydrog5 & c>bonic acid4 ,! latt] is easily remov$ by pass+ ! gas ?r\gh a solution ( cau/ic potassa or milk ( lime4 ,prep4 7,dumas47 ,a mixture ( acetate ( soda 7cry/47 & hydrate ( potassa 7dry71 ( ea* #b p>ts1 & quicklime 79 p[d]71 #c p>ts1 is /rongly heat$ 9 a flask or retort4 ,! gas 9 a /ate ( absolute purity is dis5gag$ 9 great abundance1 & may be collect$ ov] wat]4 ,prop4 ,col\rless2 neutral2 ne>ly inodor\s2 burns ) a yell[ flame1 produc+ pure wat] & c>bonic acid2 explodes :5 k9dl$ 9 contact ) air or oxyg54 #b4 ,heavy ,c>burett$ ,hydrog54 7,c#b;,h#d47 ,see ,,olefiant ,,gas4 ,obs4 ,,coal ,,gas1 ,,oil ,,gas1 & ,,res9 ,,gas1 consi/1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( mixtures ( ^! two gase\s hydroc>bons 9 unc]ta9 proportions1 obta9$ respectively f coal1 oil1 & res91 by ! action ( heat1 & us$ = ! purposes ( illum9ation4 ,see ,,gas4 ,hydrog51 ,oxides (4 ,!re are two well-def9$ comp\nds ( hydrog5 & oxyg53-- #a4 ,subox'ide ( ,hydrog54 7,h#b,o47 ,wat] 7:i* see74 #b4 ,p]ox'ide ( ,hydrog54 7,,ho47 ,syn4 ,,hydroxyl1 ,,b9oxide ,,( ,,hydrog51 ,,deutoxide ,,( ,h41 ,,oxyg5at$ ,,wat]2 ,,hydrog5iib9oxydum1 ,l4 ,?is s+ul> fluid 0 discov]$ by ,m4 ,?n>d 9 #ahah4 ,prep4 7,odl+47 ,a kn[n quantity ( pure hydro*loric acid1 dilut$ ) #h or #aj times its volume ( di/ill$ wat]1 is plac$ 9 a glass beak] surr\nd$ ) ice or a freez+ mixture4 ,a quantity ( b9oxide ( b>ium r less ?an suffici5t to neutralise ! acid is !n gr\nd to a f9e pa/e ) di/ill$ wat]1 & add$ gradually to ! acid 9 :i* x %\ld dissolve )\t eff]vesc5ce4 ,dilut$ sulphuric acid is next add$ cauti\sly1 to precipitate ! b>ium1 & reproduce hydro*loric acid to act ^u a fre% quantity ( p]oxide4 ,! liquid hav+ be5 filt]$ f ! insoluble sulphate ( b>yta1 a second proportion ( b9oxide ( b>ium pa/e is add$ gradually1 z be=e4 ,! treatm5t ) sulphuric acid1 filtration & addition ( b9oxide1 is repeat$ #f or #g times4 ,sulphate ( silv] is !n v c>efully add$1 s z exactly to precipitate 9 ! =m ( *loride ( silv] ! :ole ( ! *lor9e4 ,aft] filtration1 pure b>yta1 fir/ z a pa/e & !n 9 solution1 is cauti\sly add$1 to precipitate exactly ! sulphuric acid set free f ! sulphate ( silv]4 ,filtration is aga9 resort$ to1 & ! cle> liquid 7aque\s solution ( p]oxide ( hydrog57 is plac$ 9 a di% ov] oil ( vitriol 9 vacuo1 9 ord] t ! wat] mix$ ) x may evaporate4 ,prop41 c4 ,a col\rless1 transp>5t1 some:at syrupy liquid1 ( sp4 gr4 #adeb4 ,x has a metallic ta/e1 & corrodes ! sk94 ,x is easily resolv$ into oxyg5 & wat]4 ,x mixes freely ) wat]1 & becomes m p]man5t by ! dilution4 ,x blea*es organic sub/ances1 & acts z a p[]ful oxidat+ ag5t4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances1 h[ev]1 x plays ! "p ( a r$uc+ ag5t4 ,to ! *emi/1 p]oxide ( hydrog5 & its analogue1 b9oxide ( b>ium1 h be5 ( great s]vice z in/rum5ts ( rese>*4 ,b9oxide ( hydrog5 has be5 appli$ 9 ! arts to re/ore ! black5$ lights ( pa9t+s :i* h become d>k5$ by sulphurett$ hydrog52 x is also sold by hair-dress]s = blea*+ human hair4 ,hydrog51 ,phosphuret't$4 ,see ,,phosphorus4 ,hydrog51 ,sulphides (4 ,see ,,sulphur4 ,,hydromel4 ,syn4 ,,hydromeli1 ,l4 ,an aque\s solution ( honey4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,honey1 #b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #cb oz42 dissolve1 & /ra94 ,a refre%+ & slightly laxative dr9k2 9 fev]s1 ho>s5ess1 sore ?roats1 c4 ,,hydrom',,et]4 ,syn4 ,,areomet]1 ,,gravimet]2 ,,hydrometrum1 ,l4 ,an in/rum5t = asc]ta9+ ! specific gravities ( liquids1 & h5ce _! /r5g?1 ! latt] be+ ei!r 9 inv]se or direct proportion to ! =m]4 ,hydromet]s are ( two k9ds3--#a4 ,^? :i* are always imm]s$ to ! same dep? 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & ! liquid to be tri$1 small weights be+ us$ = ! purpose1 z 9 ,,fahr5heit',s & ,,ni*olson',s hydromet]s2 & #bnd1 ^? :i* are suff]$ to rise or s9k freely 9 ! liquid1 until !y come to a /ate ( re/1 z 9 ,,syke',s1 ,,baum',s1 c4 ,9 bo? cases a correction mu/ be made = any v>iation 9 temp]ature4 ,( ! two k9ds1 ! fir/ give ! mo/ accurate results1 & h ! great advantage ( be+ applicable to liquids ei!r light] or heavi] ?an wat]1 b ! second are ! readi] 9 practice1 requir+ less "t & less skill to use !m4 ,! foll[+ are ^? be/ kn[n3-- ,,baum',s ,,hydromet] or ,,areomet]1 :i* is v g5]ally employ$ on ! ,cont95t1 consi/s ( two di/9ct in/rum5ts1 ! "o = liquids heavi] ?an wat]1 ! o!r = liquids light] ?an t fluid4 ,! fir/ floats at ! #j1 or 'z]o1' ( ! scale1 9 di/ill$ waf]1 at ! temp]ature ( #eh ,fahr41 & ea* degree1 m>k$ d[nw>ds1 indicates a d5sity correspond+ to "o p] c5t4 ( common salt4 ,! hydromet] = liquids light] ?an wat] is pois$ s t ! #j ( ! scale is at ! bottom ( ! /em1 :5 x is float+ 9 a solution ( #a oz4 ( common salt 9 #i oz4 ( wat]1 & ! dep? to :i* x s9ks 9 di/ill$ wat] %[s #aj2 ! space betwe5 ^! fix$ po9ts be+ equally divid$1 & ! graduation cont9u$ upw>ds to ! top ( ! scale4 ,! temp]ature at :i* ^! in/rum5ts 7 orig9ally adju/$ by ,baum 0 #abe ,c5tigrade 7#ede ,fahr474 ,!y are n[ commonly adju/$ 9 ?is c\ntry at #eh or #fj ,fahr4 ,h5ce arise ! discrepancies obs]vable 9 ! publi%$ tables ( ! correspond5ce betwe5 degrees ( ,baum & real specific gravities4 ,,c>ti]',s ,,hydromet]1 :i* is mu* us$ 9 ,france = light liquids1 has ! same po9t = ! z]o ( its scale z ,baum's1 b its degrees are r small]1 #cj ,baum be+ equal to #cb ,c>ti]4 ,,fahr5heit',s ,,hydromet] consi/s ( a holl[ ball1 ) a c\nt]poise bel[1 & a v sl5d] /em above1 t]m9at+ 9 a small di%4 ,! middle1 or half-l5g? ( ! /em1 is di/+ui%$ by a f9e l9e across x4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t e division ( ! /em is reject$1 & x is imm]s$ 9 all exp]im5ts to ! middle ( ! /em1 by plac+ prop] weights 9 ! little di% above4 ,!n1 z ! "p imm]s$ is con/antly ( ! same magnitude1 & ! :ole weight ( ! hydromet] is kn[n1 ?is la/ weight1 add$ to ! weights 9 ! di%1 w be equal to ! weight ( fluid displac$ by ! in/rum5t1 z all writ]s on hydro/atics prove4 ,& accord+ly1 ! specific gravities = ! common =m ( ! tables w be _h by ! proportion-- ,z ! :ole weight ( ! hydromet] & its load1 :5 adju/$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 is to ! numb] #ajjj1 s is ! :ole weight :5 adju/$ 9 any o!r fluid1 to ! numb] express+ its specific gravity4 ,,gay-,,lussac',s ,,alcoholomet] is us$ to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( spiritu\s liquors4 ,x1 at once1 indicates on ! /em1 ! p]-c5tage ( absolute alcohol 9 ! liquid exam9$4 ,! orig9al exp]im5ts ( ,gay-,lussac hav+ be5 made on liquids at a temp]ature ( #ei ,fahr41 all examples exam9$ by ! alcoholomet]1 mu/ ei!r be br\ght to t temp]ature previ\s to be+ te/$1 or a correction made 9 ! /r5g? f\nd4 ,,ni*olson',s ,,hydromet] is con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple z ,fahr5heit's4 ,x has 9 addition to ! small di% = weights above1 a little cup atta*$ bel[1 = hold+ any solid body ^: weight 9 wat] is requir$4 ,x is *iefly int5d$ = tak+ ! sp4 gr4 ( m9]als4 ,,ri*t]',s ,,hydromet] resembles1 = ! mo/ "p1 ,gay-,lussac's4 ,,syke',s ,,hydromet] is t adopt$ by ! ,rev5ue au?orities 9 ,engl& = asc]ta9+ ! /r5g? ( spirits1 & has be5 already fully notic$4 ,,tralles',s ,,hydromet] resembles ,gay-,lussac's 7ne>ly74 ,,twaddell',s ,,hydromet] is mu* us$ 9 ! blea*+ e/abli%m5ts ( ,scotl&1 & 9 "s "p ( ,engl&4 ,accord+ to ?is scale1 #j is equal to #ajjj or ! sp4 gr4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 & ea* degree is equal to #jje2 s t1 by multiply+ ?is numb] by ! numb] ( degrees m>k$ on ! scale1 & add+ #a1 ! real specific gravity is obta9$4 ,obs4 ,hydromet]s1 unless manufactur$ ) great c>e & skill1 m]ely af=d approximate results2 b :i* are nev]!less suffici5tly correct = all ord9>y purposes4 ,!y also require sev]al ounces ( liquid to float !m1 & h5ce _c be us$ = v small quantities4 ,^? ( ,fahr5heit1 ,ni*olson1 & ,sykes are ! mo/ accurate1 bo? 9 pr9ciple & application4 ,!y are all employ$ ) a tall glass cyl9d] t]m$ a sample1 te/1 or hydromet] glass1 9 ! way already notic$2 b ! !rmomet] = asc]ta9+ ! temp]ature mu/ be cov]$ ) a glass case1 or arrang$ ) a fold+ scale to all[ ( its imm]sion 9 corrosive liquids4 ,,alcoholomet]s1 ,,elaiomet]s1 ,,sac*>omet]s1 ,,ur9omet]s1 c41 are simply hydromet]s s weight$ & graduat$ z to adapt !m = te/+ spirits1 syrups1 ur9e1 c4 ,see ,,alcoholometry1 ,,alonholmetry1 ,,areomet]1 ,,specific ,,gravity1 c4 ,,hydrom',,etry4 ,syn4 ,,areometry4 ,! art ( det]m9+ ! specific gravity ( liquids1 & h5ce _! /r5g? & comm]cial value4 ,! in/rum5ts us$ are notic$ above2 _! action dep5ds ^u ! fact t a float+ body displaces a bulk1 equal to itself 9 weight1 ( ! fluid 9 :i* x floats1 & consequ5tly t a body ( a giv5 weight s9ks deep] 9 a light] ?an 9 a heavi] fluid4 ,9 hydrometric det]m9ations ! temp]ature ( ! samples mu/ be c>efully att5d$ to1 = fluids exp& z _! temp]ature is increas$4 ,! hydromet]s us$ 9 ,engl& are g5]ally adju/$ to ! /&>d temp]ature ( #fj ,fahr41 & :5 ',hydromet] ,tables1' giv+ ! corrections = ! v>iations ( ! !rmomet]1 are n accessible1 ! fluids to be exam9$ %\ld be br\ght to ?is /&>d temp]ature by apply+ heat directly to ! vessel1 :5 ! temp]ature is bel[ ! /&>d1 or by surr\nd+ ! vessel1 ) cold wat]1 :5 x is above ! /&>d4 ,! pr9cipal applications ( hydrometry are describ$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ?is "w4 ,see ,,acetimetry1 ,,alcoholometry1 ,,*lorometry1 ,,specific ,,gravity1 c4 ,,hydrop',,a?y4 ,syn4 ,,wat] ,,cure2 ,,hydropa?ia1 ,l4 ,a mode ( cur+ diseases by ! copi\s use ( pure cold wat]1 bo? int]nally & ext]nally1 toge!r ) dry sweat+1 & ! due regulation ( diet1 ex]cise1 & clo?+4 ,?is treatm5t ( diseases und\bt$ly includes p[]ful !rapeutic ag5ts1 :i*1 9 ! h&s ( ! educat$ & hon\rable practition]1 might be mo/ b5eficially resort$ to z rem$ial ag5ts4 7,p]eira47 ,,hydropho',,bia4 ,syn4 ,,can9e ,,madness2 ,,rabies ,,can9a1 ,l4 ,a disease :i* is g5]ally consid]$ z ! result ( a morbid poison be+ introduc$ into ! sy/em by ! bite ( a rabid animal4 ,a cle> case ( idiopa?ic or spontane\s hydrophobia has nev] yet be5 kn[n to occur 9 ! human subject4 ,! common symptoms ( hydrophobia are great excitability & horror at ! sight ( wat]1 or ! attempt to dr9k1 fev]1 vomit+1 excessive ?ir/1 spitt+ ( viscid saliva1 difficult respiration1 irregul> pulse1 convulsions1 syncope1 delirium1 & dea?4 ,! :ole mat]ia m$ica has be51 un=tunately1 unsuccessfully s\ght )\t ! discov]y ( a s+le rem$y = ?is disease1 or ev5 a palliative ( its sev]] symptoms4 ,see ,,cur>9e4 ,! treatm5t ( rec5t bites ( v5om\s animals has be5 fully expla9$1 & ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,to prev5t second>y or con/itutional effects aris+1 ! use ( lemon juice1 or ars5ical solution1 has long be5 popul>4 7,graham1 & o!rs47 ,dr ,bu*an rem>ks t v9eg> is ( consid]able use1 & %\ld be tak5 freely4 ,,hydrosulphu',,ric ,,acid4 ,see ,,sulphur4 ,,hygi5e'4 ,syn4 ,,hygi5e1 ,fr4 ,heal?2 its pres]vation1 promotion1 & re/oration4 ,t dep>tm5t ( m$ic9e & civil gov]nm5t :i* relates to heal?4 ,see ,,air1 ,,ba?1 ,,ex]cise1 ,,flannel1 ,,food1 ,,nutrition1 ,,sleep1 ,,v5tilation1 c4 ,,hygromet]4 ,an in/rum5t = measur+ ! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,among/ ! v>i\s contrivances = accompli%+ ?is end are ,daniel's dew-po9t hygromet]2 & ! wet bulb hygromet]4 ,by ! fir/1 ! quantity ( moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e1 is det]m9$ by not+ ) a s5sitive !rmomet]1 ! temp]ature at :i* a film ( dew mass1 to deposit on "o ( ! bulbs ( a species ( cryophorus1 disappe>s2 ! t5sion ( ! aque\s vap\r pres5t 9 ! air at t p]iod1 be+ readily asc]ta9$ f tables con/ruct$ = ! purpose1 ! correspond+ proportion ( moi/ure c ?us be readily asc]ta9$4 ,! wet bulb hygromet] consi/s ( two small !rmomet]s plac$ side by side1 ! bulb ( !m be+ surr\nd$ by cotton films kept con/antly damp by a simple contrivance4 ,accord+ to ! rate ( evaporation ( ! bulb s moi/5$1 ) ! fall ( ! !rmomet] to :i* ! moi/5$ bulb belongs1 ! depression1 ( c\rse1 be+ great] ! fur!r ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e is f ! saturation po9t1 & tables are furni%$ = det]m9+ ! degree ( saturation = all diff]5ces ( temp]ature )9 ! ord9>y atmosph]ic range4 ,,hyo*o',,lic ,,acid4 ,c#be;,h#dj,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,glycohyo*olalic ,,acid4 ,a comp\nd peculi> to ! gall ( pigs1 discov]$ by ,/reck] & ,gundela*4 ,prep4 ,! fre% gall ( pigs is mix$ ) a solution ( sulphate ( sodium2 ! precipitate is dissolv$ 9 absolute alcohol1 & decol\ris$ by animal *>coal4 ,f ?is solution e!r ?r[s d[n hyo*olate ( sodium1 :i*1 on ! addition ( sulphuric acid1 yields hyo*olic acid z a res9\s mass1 :i* is dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 re-precipitat$ by wat]1 & dri$4 ,:5 heat$ ) alkal9e solutions1 glycoc9e & a new cry/all9e acid 7hyo*olalic acid7 are =m$4 ,:5 boil$ ) acids1 x yields glycoc9e & hyodyslys94 ,,hyoscy',,am9e4 ,syn4 ,,hyoscyamia1 ,,hyoscyam9a1 ,,datur9e1 ,,daturia4 ,an alkaloid obta9$ f common h5bane 7,hyoscyamus nig]71 & also f ! ?orn apple 7,datura /ramonium74 ,see ,,datura4 ,,hypnot',,ics4 ,syn4 ,,hypnotica1 ,l4 ,ag5ts or m$ic9es :i* induce sleep1 z opium1 morphia1 h5bane1 ,indian hemp1 lactuc>ium1 c4 ,ag5ts :i* prev5t sleep are call$ agrypnotics 7,agrypnotica1 ,l471 or an?ypnotics 7,an?ypnotica1 ,l474 ,,hypo*lo',,ric ,,acid4 ,see ,,*lor9e4 ,,hypo*ondri',,asis4 ,syn4 ,,hypo*ondriacism4 ,! 'hip' or 'hyp1' ! 'vap\rs1' depression ( spirits1 'blue devils4' ,?is disease *iefly affects p]sons ( ! melan*olic temp]am5t1 & is commonly induc$ by h>d /udy1 irregul> habits ( life1 want ( prop] social int]c\rse1 liv+ 9 close ap>tm5ts1 & insuffici5t out-(-door ex]cise4 ,! treatm5t may1 9 mo/ cases be simil> to t recomm5d$ = ,,dyspepsia1 obs]v+1 h[ev]1 t success dep5ds m on amus+ & engag+ ! m9d1 & 9 gradually wean+ x f old conceits1 ?an 9 ! m]e adm9i/ration ( m$ic9e4 ,:5 ! pati5t is torm5t$ ) a vision>y or exagg]at$ s5se ( pa91 or ( "s conceal$ disease1 or a :imsical dislike ( c]ta9 p]sons1 places1 or ?+s1 or gr\ndless appreh5sions ( p]sonal dang] or pov]ty1 or ! conviction ( hav+ exp]i5c$ "s dreadful accid5t or mis=tune1 ! bett] way is to avoid any direct attempts to alt] 8 op9ions1 b to endeav\r to inspire confid5ce 9 "s me?od ( relief4 ,gr$+ m5tions ! case ( a m$ical man :o conceiv$ t 8 /oma* 0 full ( frogs1 :i* _h be5 successively spawn+ ev] s9ce he _h ba!d1 :5 a boy1 9 a pool 9 :i* he _h p]ceiv$ "s tadpoles2 & he _h sp5t 8 life 9 endeav\r+ to get !m remov$4 ,"o pati5t1 p]haps1 fancies himself a giant2 ano!r z heavy z lead2 a ?ird a fea!r1 9 cont9ual dang] ( be+ bl[n away by ! w9d2 & a f\r? a piece ( glass1 & is h\rly fe>ful ( be+ brok54 ,m>cellus ,d5tatus m5tions a bak] ( ,f]r>a :o ?\ght himself a lump ( butt]1 & dur/ n sit 9 ! sun1 or come ne> ! fire1 = fe> ( be+ melt$4 ,! writ] ( ?is article once knew a man :o always put on 8 coat ! wrong side 9 front1 because he conceiv$ 8 face look$ beh9d him4 ,9 su* cases x is useless to argue ) ! pati5t1 z x only causes irritation1 & increases ! malady4 ,! re/oration ( ! bodily heal?1 & a sudd5 surprise or *ange ( sc5e1 w (t5 effect a cure4 ,,hyponi',,tric ,,acid4 ,see ,,nitrog54 ,,hyponi',,tr\s ,,acid4 ,see ,,nitrog54 ,,hypophos',,phites4 ,see ,,phosphorus4 ,,hypophos',,phite4 ,a salt ( hypophosphor\s acid4 ,,hyposul',,phate4 ,syn4 ,,di?ionate2 ,,hyposulphas1 ,l4 ,a salt ( hyposulphuric acid4 ,,hyposul',,phite4 ,syn4 ,,?iosulphate2 ,,hyposulphis1 ,l4 ,a salt ( hyposulphur\s acid4 ,,hyposul',,phur\s ,,acid4 ,see ,,sulphur\s ,,acid4 ,,hyra',,ceum4 ,a sub/ance produc$ by ! ,cape badg] 7,hyrax ,cap5sis71 & propos$ z a sub/itute = ,,ca/oreum4 ,p]eira consid]$ x to be in]t & useless4 ,,hy/]ics4 ,syn4 ,,hy/]ia1 ,,passio ,,hy/]ica1 ,l4 ,9 pa?ology1 a n]v\s affection peculi> to wom51 attack+ 9 p>oxysms or fits1 prec$$ by dejection2 te>s1 difficult brea?+1 sickness1 & palpitation ( ! he>t4 ,! treatm5t ( ?is disease v>ies ) ! causes & ! symptoms4 ,ble$+1 cupp+1 & depletives1 are g5]ally _h rec\rse to 9 robu/ & ple?oric habits1 & /imulants & tonics 9 ^? ( a weakly or relax$ con/itution4 ,affusion ( cold wat] & nasal /imulants w frequ5tly remove ! fit 9 mild cases4 ,ex]cise1 prop] amusem5ts & regul> h\rs & diet1 are ! be/ prev5tives4 ,see ,,draught 7,antihy/]ic & ,hydrocyanic71 c4 ,,ice4 ,syn4 ,,glacies1 ,l4 ,wat] 9 ! solid /ate4 ,on be+ cool$1 wat] gradually contracts until ! temp]ature has fall5 to #cii ,fahr41 :5 x beg9s to exp&4 ,at ! freez+-po9t1 #cb ,fahr41 "u ord9>y conditions1 wat] cry/allises or freezes1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! cont9u$ expansion1 ! sp4 gr4 ( ice1 z comp>$ ) t ( wat] at #cii1 is z #id to #ajj4 ,ice has ! peculi> prop]ty ( reunit+ by ! contact ( adjo9+ surfaces aft] hav+ be5 brok5 into fragm5ts 7,,regelation74 ,col\r$ wat] & salt wat]1 by freez+1 produce col\rless & fre% ice2 & clean solid ice1 :5 ?aw$1 furni%es wat] equal 9 purity to t :i* has be5 di/ill$4 ,! use ( ice 9 ! prep>ation ( ,,ice-,,creams1 ,,ic$-,,liquors1 c41 is notic$ else:]e4 ,! confection] collects 8 ice z e>ly z possible dur+ ! w9t]1 & /ores x 9 a well-dra9$ well or excavation1 some:at ( ! =m ( an inv]t$ sug>-loaf1 conta9$ 9 a small %$ or build+ call$ an ,,ice-,,h\se4 ,?is build+ %\ld always be situat$ on a dry s&y soil1 &1 if possible1 on an em95ce4 ,! door %\ld be on ! nor? side1 & ! ro( %\ld be conical & ?ickly ?at*$ ) /raw4 ,9 m$ic9e1 ice is frequ5tly employ$ ext]nally 9 inflammation ( ! bra91 to resolve inflammation1 to /op hmorrhage1 to con/r+e relax$ p>ts1 & an anodyne1 to dead5 pa94 ,= ^! purposes x is p\nd$ small1 9 a clo?1 & plac$ 9 a bladd] or bag ( gauze 7,,ice-,,cap1 ,,ice-,,p\ltice7 be=e apply+ x4 ,int]nally1 ice or ice-cold wat] has be5 giv5 ) advantage 9 he>tburn1 typhus1 inflammation & spasms ( ! /oma*1 to *eck ! vomit+ 9 *ol]a1 & to arre/ hmorrhage1 :e!r bron*ial1 ga/ric1 nasal1 or ut]9e4 ,v rec5tly1 ice has be5 propos$ z a rem$y 9 ! treatm5t ( diph!ria4 ,small lumps ( ice1 or a small glassful ( p\nd$ ice-&-wat]1 w (t5 tempor>ily re/ore ! tone ( ! /oma* & n]v\s sy/em dur+ hot wea!r1 :5 all o!r means fail4 ,ice-creams1 tak5 9 mod]ation1 act 9 ! same way4 ,9 ! w>m] climates ( ,europe an ,,ice-,,h\se or an ,,ice-,,safe 7a ,,refrig]ator7 is a necess>y app5dage to e respectable dwell+1 n m]ely = ! purpose ( pleas+ ! palate ) ic$ bev]ages1 b to enable ! resid5ts to pres]ve _! provisions 7fi%1 meat1 game1 milk1 butt]1 c47 9 a :olesome /ate f day to day4 ,9 addition to l>ge c>goes ( ice import$ ye>ly f ,norway1 & pr9cipally consum$ 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many & ,france1 ice is n[ manufactur$ to no inconsid]able am\nt1 9 ^! ?ree c\ntries artificially1 ! pr9cipal consumption ( ! factiti\s article be+ by brew]s1 :o use x = ! cool+ ( _! worts4 ,! artificial manufacture ( ice is effect$ by ! means ( ! cond5sation ( ela/ic vap\rs 9 ma*9es expressly made = ! purpose4 ,9 ,siebe's ice-mak+ ma*9e ! vap\r ( e!r is made to trav]se metallic tubes surr\nd$ ) a conc5trat$ solution ( common salt1 by :i* x becomes recond5s$ to ! liquid /ate1 to be aga9 utilis$ 9 ! production ( ! vap\r2 ! solution ( salt becom+ at ! same "t s r$uc$ 9 temp]ature1 z to conv]t into ice1 wat]1 conta9$ 9 prop] vessels1 plac$ 9 x4 ,9 ,c>r's ma*9e ! same end is accompli%$ by means ( ammoniacal gas1 a solution ( calcic *loride be+ us$ = absorb+ ! cold in/ead ( common salt4 ,reece's is a modification1 7he /ates an improvem5t7 ( ,c>r's4 ,ice ma*9es are also made1 9 :i* ice is produc$1 by br++ wat] into contact ) air1 :i* has be5 greatly r$uc$ 9 temp]ature by cool+ x :5 9 ! compress$ /ate1 & subsequ5tly all[+ x to exp&4 ,liquid c>bonic & sulphur\s acids h likewise be5 us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( artificial ice1 b n :5 x has be5 requir$ 9 any consid]able quantity4 ,see ,,refrig]ation4 ,ice1 ,m$icat$4 ,mr ,m>t91 ( ,we/on-sup]-,m>e1 writ+ to ! ',lancet1' says3--,e practition] has at times to face ! difficulties ( ! sc>lat9al ?roat 9 "y *ildr54 ,x may sadly want topical m$ication2 b h[ is he to apply x8 ,"y *ildr5 _c g>gle1 & to attempt ! bru% or ! spray fills !m ) t]ror4 ,9 _m cases nei!r /]nness nor coax+ avails4 ,yet ^! little ones 9 almo/ e case w gre$ily suck bits ( ice4 ,?is has long be5 my *ief res\rce :]e ,i c\ld n p]suade ! *ild to submit to ! sulphur\s acid spray4 ,lately1 ,i h be5 try+ an ice =m$ ( ! froz5 solution ( ! acid 7or "s o!r antiseptic74 ,?\gh1 ( c\rse1 n s ta/eless z pure ice1 ! flav\r is s mu* less5$ by ! l[ temp]ature1 & probably also ?r\gh ! p>*$ tongue1 v little appreciat+ any flav\r1 t ,i f9d sc>cely any compla9t on t score f ! little suff]]s2 !y g5]ally take to x v readily4 ,! process ( mak+ x is v simple4 ,a l>ge te/-tube imm]s$ 9 a mixture ( ice & salt is ! only app>atus requir$1 & 9 ?is ! solution is easily froz54 ,:5 q solid a mom5t>y dip ( ! tube 9 hot wat] enables "o to turn out ! cyl9d] ( ice1 z ! cook turns out h] m\ld ( jelly4 ,i h tri$ ! ?ree foll[+ =mul1 all ( :i* answ]1 al?\gh ,i ?9k ,i pref] ! fir/4 #a4 ,sulphur\s acid1 #a_/b dr42 wat]1 #g-a_/b dr42 mix & freeze4 #b4 ,*lorate ( potass1 #a scruple2 wat]1 #a oz42 dissolve1 & freeze4 #c4 ,solution ( *lor9at$ soda1 #a_/b dr42 wat]1 #a oz42 mix & freeze4 ,h[ev]1 ! =m is ( second>y importance1 z ea* practition] c con/ruct 8 own4 ,boracic acid1 salicylic acid1 or any o!r h>mless antiseptic ) n too mu* ta/e1 w\ld d\btless be z useful z ^? indicat$4 ,,ice',,l& ,,moss4 ,syn4 ,,cetr>ia 7,b4 ,p471 ,,li*5 ,,isl&icus1 ,l4 ,! li*5 t]m$ ,cetr>ia ,isl&icus4 ,x is mu* employ$1 bo? z a nutriti\s food & z a mild mucilag9\s tonic1 9 cat>rh & consumption4 ,x may be purifi$ f its bitt] pr9ciple by a little cold solution ( potassa4 ,icel& ,moss1 ,sac*>at$4 ,syn4 7,p4 ,c471 ,,sac*>um ,,li*5is4 ,icel& moss1 #a lb42 ref9$ sug> #a lb42 mac]ate ! moss 9 wat] to extract ! bitt]ness1 express1 boil 9 wat] = an h\r1 /ra91 let settle1 decant1 add ! sug>1 evaporate to dryness ) a g5tle heat1 con/antly /irr+1 & f9ally r$uce to p[d]4 ,,ices4 7,9 confection]y47 ,^! are commonly compos$ ( cream or sweet5$ wat]1 v>i\sly flav\r$1 & congeal$ by ice or a freez+ mixture4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( cream1 ! mat]ials ( a cu/>d are us$4 ,! mix$ +r$i5ts are plac$ 9 a t9 furni%$ ) a h&le at top1 call$ a 'freez]1' or 'freez+-pot1' :i* is !n plung$ into a bucket conta9+ ice brok5 small1 & mix$ ) ab\t half its weight ( common salt1 & is kept 9 rapid motion1 backw>ds & =w>ds1 until its cont5ts are froz54 ,z ! cream congeals & adh]es to ! sides1 x is brok5 d[n ) ! ice-spoon1 s t ! :ole may be equally expos$ to ! cold4 ,z ! salt & ice 9 ! tub melt1 m is add$1 until ! process is f9i%$4 ,! 'ice-pot1' ) ! cream 9 x1 is next plac$ 9 a lead5 'ice-/&1' is at once surr\nd$ ) a mixture ( ice & salt1 & closely cov]$ ov]4 ,9 ?is /ate x is c>ri$ into ! %op4 ,! glasses are fill$ z requir$ = imm$iate use1 & %\ld h be5 previ\sly made z cold z possible4 ,,pla9 ,,ice-,,cream1 or ,,cream ,,= ,,ic+1 is commonly made by "o or o!r ( ! foll[+ =mul3-- #a4 ,new milk1 #b p9ts2 yolks ( #f eggs2 :ite sug>1 #d oz42 mix1 /ra91 heat g5tly & cool gradually4 #b4 ,cream #a p9t2 sug>1 #d oz42 mix z above4 #c4 ,cream & milk1 ( ea* #a p9t2 :ite sug>1 #a_/b lb4 ,,flav\r$ ,,ice-,,creams are made by mix+ cream = ic+ ) half its weight ( ma%$ or pres]v$ fruit1 previ\sly rubb$ ?r\gh a clean hair sieve2 or1 :5 ! flav\r dep5ds on ! juice ( fruit or on ess5tial oil1 by add+ a suffici5t quantity ( su* sub/ances4 ,,raspb]ry & ,,/rawb]ry ,,ices are made accord+ to ! =m] me?od2 ,,lemon1 ,,orange1 ,,noyeau1 & ,,almond ,,ices1 by ! latt] me?od4 ,9 ! same way any o!r article besides cream may be froz54 ,,*ocolate ,,= ,,ic+ is made by rubb+ #a oz4 ( *ocolate to a pa/e ) a tablespoonful ( hot milk1 & !n add+ 'cream = ic+1' #a p9t4 ,,c(fee ,,= ,,ic+ is made ( cream = ic+1 #a qu>t1 to :i* a small teacupful ( ! /ronge/ possible cl>ifi$ c(fee has be5 add$ toge!r ) #b oz4 ( sug> & ! yolks ( #c or #d eggs4 ,see ,,ic+ 7bel[74 ,i',,c+4 7,= cakes47 ,syn4 ,,sug> ,,ice4 ,! cov]+ ( concret$ sug> ) :i* ! confection]s adorn _! cakes4 ,prep4 ,beat ! :ite ( eggs to a full fro?1 ) a little rose or orange-fl[] wat]2 !n add gradually1 z mu* f9ely p[d]$ sug> z w make x ?ick en\gh1 beat+ x well all ! "t4 ,= use1 du/ ! cakes ov] ) fl\r1 !n g5tly rub x (f1 lay on ! ic+ ) a flat knife1 /ick on ! ornam5ts :ile x is wet1 & place x 9 ! ov5 = a few m9utes to h>d51 b n long en\gh to discol\r x4 ,x may be t+$ ( v>i\s %ades by ! addition ( ! prop] '/a9s4' ,,id',,rial94 ,a fusible1 inflammable sub/ance1 f\nd associat$ ) ! native c9nab> ( ! m9es ( ,idria1 9 ,c>niola4 ,x is extract$ f ! ore by means ( oil ( turp5t9e4 ,x is only slightly soluble 9 alcohol & e!r4 ,:5 pure1 x is :ite & cry/all9e4 ,,id',,ryl4 ,a hydroc>bon g5]ally f\nd associat$ ) idrial94 ,,igasu',,ric ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,igasuricum1 ,l4 ,an acid associat$ ) /ry*n9e 9 ! ,/4 ,ignatius' bean & 9 nux vomica4 ,x may be obta9$ by dige/+ ! rasp$ or gr\nd beans fir/ 9 e!r & !n 9 boil+ alcohol1 evaporat+ ! latt] decoction to dryness1 diffus+ ! residuum ?r\gh wat]1 add+ a little c>bonate ( magnesium1 aga9 boil+ = "s m9utes1 filt]+1 wa%+ ! p[d] ) cold wat]1 & dige/+ x 9 alcohol1 & filt]+4 ,! igasurate ( magnesium ?us obta9$ is dissolv$ 9 boil+ wat]1 ! solution decompos$ by acetate ( lead1 & ! precipitate 7igasurate ( lead71 aft] be+ wa%$ & diffus$ ?r\gh di/ill$ wat]1 is decompos$ by sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,! solution ?us obta9$ yields cry/als 7igasuric acid7 on be+ evaporat$4 ,x is soluble 9 bo? wat] & alcohol4 ,,igni'',,tion4 ,9 ! laboratory ?is t]m is commonly appli$ to ! act ( heat+ to r$ness or lum9\sness4 ,see ,,calc9ation4 ,,illic94 ,boil a cle> decoction ( holly ) animal *>coal2 let x settle1 collect ! deposit$ *>coal1 wa% x ) cold wat]1 dry x1 & treat x ) boil+ alcohol2 let ! filt]$ liquid be evaporat$ to dryness4 ,febrifuge4--,dose1 #f to #bd gr4 ,,illum9a',,tion4 ,! act ( illum9at+ or mak+ lum9\s4 ,= supply+ artificial light to /reets & ! int]iors ( h\ses coal gas & oils & fats are g5]ally employ$4 ,^! illum9at+ ag5ts are comp\nds ri* 9 c>bon1 ^u ! pres5ce ( :i* ! brightness ( _! flames dep5ds4 ,flame is gas or vap\r heat$ to inc&esc5ce dur+ ! process ( combu/ion4 ,a flame conta9+ no solid p>ticles emits b a feeble light1 ev5 if its temp]ature is ! highe/ possible4 ,pure hydrog51 = in/ance1 burns ) a pale1 smokeless flame1 ?\gh ) ! production ( consid]able heat4 ,on ! o!r h&1 wax1 p>aff91 coal-gas1 c41 :ile und]go+ combu/ion1 give out consid]able light1 because _! flames conta9 innum]able solid p>ticles ( c>bon1 :i* act z radiant po9ts4 ,to give ! greate/ degree ( lum9osity to flame1 ! supply ( air mu/ be proportion$ to ! "* ( ! burn+ sub/ance1 & be insuffici5t = ! in/antane\s combu/ion ( ! evolv$ gases2 9 :i* case ! hydrog5 takes all ! oxyg51 & ! l>g] portion ( ! c>bon is precipitat$1 & burnt 9 ! solid =m1 at "s little di/ance )9 ! out] surface ( ! flame4 ,:5 ! supply ( air is suffici5t = ! imm$iate & complete combu/ion ( ! :ole ( ! combu/ible matt]1 no su* precipitation takes place1 & ! flame is nei!r :ite nor brilliant4 ,! ri*e/ coal-gas1 mix$ ) suffici5t air to conv]t all its hydrog5 & c>bon into wat] & c>bonic acid1 explodes ) a pale blue fla%2 yet ! same gas1 :5 consum$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 burns ) a ri* :ite flame4 ,e "o mu/ h notic$ ! effect ( a gu/ ( w9d ^u ! fl>+ gas-jets ( a but*]'s %op2 ! pl5tiful supply ( air causes complete combu/ion1 & s conv]ts ! bright :ite flames into dull blue /reaks ( fire4 ,:5 ! supply ( air is insuffici5t to cause ! combu/ion ( ! newly =m$ solid c>bon at ! in/ant ( its developm5t1 & :il/ x is 9 an inc&esc5t /ate1 ! flame becomes r$ & smoky1 & unburnt sooty p>ticles are ?r[n (f4 ,! same occurs :5 ! temp]ature ( any portion ( ! hydrog5 is r$uc$ bel[ t int5sity requir$ = ! combu/ion ( ! newly sep>at$ *>coal4 ,solid bodies1 z tall[1 oils1 & fats1 :i* burn ) flame1 are conv]t$ into ! /ate ( gas by ! heat requir$ to k9dle !m1 & x is ?is gase\s matt] :i* suff]s combu/ion1 & n ! sub/ance :i* produces x4 ,! relative value ( ! ord9>y illum9at+ ag5ts has be5 accurately det]m9$ by ,dr ,frankl&4 ,accord+ to 8 exp]im5ts1 ! quantities ( v>i\s sub/ances requir$ to give ! same am\nt ( light z w\ld be obta9$ f #a gallon ( ,"y's ,p>aff9 oil are z foll[s3-- ,"y's ,p>aff9 oil #ajj gall4 ,am]ican rock oil#ceb #abf ,p>aff9 c&les #ahf lbs4 ,sp]m #bbi ,wax #bfd ,/e>ic #bgf ,composite #bie ,tall[ #cij ,footnote #ceb3 ,ackn[l$g$ to be an inf]ior sample4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! comp>ative co/ ( ! light ( #bj sp]m c&les1 ea* burn+ #aj h\rs at ! rate ( #abj gr4 p] h\r2 also ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid produc$ & heat evolv$ p] h\r1 9 obta9+ ?is quantity ( light3-- ,c>b4 acid ,units ( ,co/4 p] h\r 9 heat s4 d4 cub4 feet p] h\r4 ,wax #g #b-a_/b ,sp]maceti #f #h #hc #hb ,p>aff9 c&les #c #aj #fg #ff ,tall[ #b #h #aja #ajj ,rock oil #j #g-a_/b ,p>aff9 oil #j #f #cj #bi ,coal gas #j #d-a_/b #ej #dg ,cannel gas #j #c #dj #cb ,^! figures prove t coal-gas & ! m9]al oils are ! *eape/ & be/ illum9at+ ag5ts1 produc+ ! l>ge/ am\nt ( light ) ! lea/ developm5t ( heat4 ,! light emitt$ by inc&esc5t lime 7,,drummond ,,light1 ,,hydro-,,oxyg5 ,,light1 ,,lime ,,light1 ,,oxyhydrog5 ,,light7 is int5sely brilliant1 & is (t5 made use ( to enable workm5 to cont9ue op]ations at night4 ,x is obta9$ by direct+ ! flame produc$ by ! combu/ion ( a mixture ( hydrog5 7or coal-gas7 & oxyg5 ^u a small cyl9d] ( lime4 ,9 ! improv$ =m ( ?is light ! lime is protect$ f crumbl+ by a cage ( plat9um wire1 & is caus$ to rotate sl[ly by means ( clockwork1 s z con/antly to expose a fre% surface to ! flame4 ,:5 reflect$ f a 'p>abolic mirror' 9 a p5cil ( p>allel rays1 ! ,drummond light has be5 recognis$ dur+ daylight at a di/ance ( #ajh miles4 ,! lime light produc$ ) coal-gas & oxyg5 is us$ = ! ,,magic ,,lant]n & ,,gas ,,microscope4 ,! mo/ p[]ful illum9ator is ! ,,electric ,,light1 :i* is n[ be+ subject$ to trial 9 _m cities = /reet illum9ations1 c41 9 place ( coal-gas4 ,x is usually produc$ by ! passage ( a /rong curr5t ( electricity betwe5 two p5cils ( h>d c>bon4 ,! electric light has be5 successfully appli$ to ligh?\se illum9ation4 ,hi!rto x has be5 f\nd too int5se & too co/ly = application to dome/ic purposes4 ,see ,,c&les1 ,,flame1 ,,gas1 ,,photometry1 c4 ,,illu',,tation4 ,see ,,ba? 7,mud74 ,,imag9a',,tion4 ,! influ5ce ( ! imag9ation1 bo? 9 ! production & cure ( disease1 has be5 long admitt$ by m$ical practition]s4 ,x is probably ! mo/ p[]ful !rapeutic ag5t kn[n4 ,extraord9>y cures h be5 ascrib$ to in]t & useless means1 :51 9 fact1 !y 7 ref]able to ! influ5ce ( ! imag9ation4 7,dr ,p]eira47 ,,impe',,rial4 ,syn4 ,,potus ,,imp]ialis1 ,,ptisana ,i41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,cream ( t>t>1 #a_/d oz42 #a lemon1 slic$2 lump sug>1 #b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a qu>t2 infuse1 ) occasional /irr+ until cold1 !n p\r (f ! cle> portion = use4 #b4 ,a lemon1 slic$2 sug>1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 #c4 ,yell[ r9d & juice ( lemon2 citric acid1 #a dr42 sug>1 #b-a_/b oz42 hot wat] 7:i* has be5 boil$71 #a qu>t2 z ,no4 #a4 ,refrig]ant & slightly diuretic4 ,us$ z a common dr9k 9 fev]s1 dropsy1 c41 & z a summ] bev]age4 ,,im',,plem5ts 7,agricultural74 ,almo/ all ! op]ations ( agriculture may be p]=m$ by ! pl\gh1 ! h>r[1 ! scy!1 & ! flail2 & ^! are ! sole implem5ts 9 ! primitive agriculture ( all c\ntries4 ,) ! progress ( improvem5t1 _m o!r implem5ts 7& ma*9es7 h be5 introduc$1 ! m rem>kable ( :i* are ! ,,drill ,,pl\gh1 ! ,,horse ,,hoe1 ! ,,w9n[+ ,,ma*9e1 ! ,,?re%+ ,,ma*9e1 ! ,,hay-,,mak+ ,,ma*9e1 & ! ,,reap+ ,,ma*9e4 ,! object ( all ^! implem5ts & ma*9es is to abridge human lab\r1 & to p]=m ! diff]5t op]ations to :i* !y are appli$ ) a great] degree ( rapidity1 & 9 a m p]fect mann] ?an be=e4 7,l\don47 ,on ! p]fection ( agricultural implem5ts & ma*9es dep5ds mu* ( ! improvem5t ( :i* ?is art is susceptible4 ,see ,,agriculture1 c4 ,,improv',,+4 ,! trade "n = 'doctor+1' 'adult]at+1' or 'l[]+1' ! quality ( any sub/ance1 ) ! view ( *eap5+ x or increas+ its bulk4 ,see ,,w9e1 c4 ,,9',,c5se4 ,prep4 #a4 ,olibanum1 #b or #c p>ts2 gum b5zo91 #a "p4 #b4 ,olibanum1 #g p>ts2 gum b5zo91 #b p>ts2 casc>illa1 #a "p4 ,plac$ on a hot plate or burn$1 x exhales an agreeable p]fume4 ,us$ 9 "s ( ! rituals ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*4 #c4 ,b5zo9 & /orax1 ( ea* #d oz42 labdanum & myrrh1 ( ea* #f oz42 casc>illa #c oz42 oil c9namon1 #h m9ims2 oils b]gamot & lav5d]1 ( ea* #bj m9ims2 oil cloves1 #aj m9ims2 mix1 & pass ?r\gh a co>se sieve4 ,,inc9]a',,tion4 ,! r$uction ( organic sub/ances to a%es by combu/ion4 ,see ,,calc9ation4 ,,incombu/ibil',,ity4 ,! prop]ty ( be+ incapable ( be+ k9dl$1 or ( be+ consum$ by fire4 ,sub/ances possess+ ?is prop]ty are said to be 'incombu/ible' or 'fire-pro(4' ,,incombu/',,ible ,,fab',,rics4 ,syn4 ,,non-,,inflammable ,,fabrics4 ,! fa%ion ( we>+ light gauzy dresses ext5d$ by hoops or cr9ol9e has made dea? f fire a common casualty4 ,) a view ( dim9i%+ ! dang] to :i* wom5 expose !mselves1 *emi/s h lately devot$ consid]able att5tion to ! problem ( r5d]+ musl9 & o!r light fabrics non-inflammable4 ,?is object may be atta9$ by /eep+ ! fabric 9 almo/ any sal9e solution4 ,?us1 cotton or l95 /uffs prep>$ ) a solution ( borax1 phosphate ( soda1 phosphate ( ammonia1 alum1 or sal ammoniac1 may be plac$ 9 contact ) ignit$ bodies )\t _! suff]+ active combu/ion or bur/+ into flame4 ,! salts act by =m+ a cru/ ( incombu/ible matt] on ! surface ( ! fibres4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 prev5t c>bonisation tak+ place1 :5 ! temp]ature is suffici5tly high4 ,x is by a k ( ?is prop]ty ( cul9>y salt t juggl]s are enabl$ to p]=m ! common trick ( burn+ a ?read ( cotton :ile support+ a r+ or a small key1 )\t ! latt] fall+ to ! gr\nd4 ,! cotton is r$uc$ to a c9d]1 b f ! action ( ! salt its fibres /ill reta9 suffici5t t5acity to support a light weight4 ,! addition ( ab\t #a oz4 ( alum or sal ammoniac to ! la/ wat] us$ to r9se a lady's dress1 or a set ( b$ furniture1 or a less quantity add$ to ! />* us$ to /iff5 !m1 r5d]s !m un9flammable1 or at lea/ s little combu/ible t !y w n readily take fire2 & if k9dl$1 are sl[ly consum$ )\t flame4 ,none ( ! above-nam$ salts are adapt$ = f9e s(t musl9s1 :i* mo/ly require *emical treatm5t1 because !y injure ! texture1 r5d]+ ! fabric h>% & de/roy+ all its beauty4 ,! salt :i* is f\nd to answ] mo/ completely all ! requir$ conditions is ,,tung/ate ,,( ,,soda4 ,musl9 /eep$ 9 a solution conta9+ #bj ( ?is salt is p]fectly non-inflammable :5 dry1 & ! sal9e film left on ! surface is smoo? & ( a fatty appe>ance l talc1 & !re=e does n int]f]e ) ! process ( iron+1 b all[s ! hot iron to pass smoo?ly ov] ! surface4 ,! non-fulfilm5t ( ?is latt] condition completely prev5ts ! use ( _m o!r salts--su* z sulphate or phosphate ( ammonia1 :i* are o!rwise efficaci\s 9 de/roy+ inflammability--= all fabrics :i* h to be wa%$ & iron$4 7,watts47 ,! addition ( a little phosphoric acid or phosphate ( soda to ! tung/ate is recomm5d$1 = )\t ?is addition a portion ( ! tung/ate is apt to und]go a *emical *ange & become comp>atively insoluble4 ,messrs ,v]smann & ,opp5heim1 ! introduc]s ( tung/ate ( soda1 give ! foll[+ =mula = a solution ( m9imum /r5g?3-- ,dilute a conc5trat$ solution ( neutral tung/ate ( soda ) wat] to #bh ,twaddell 7sp4 gr4 #aad71 & !n add #c ( phosphate ( soda4 ,?is solution is f\nd to keep & to answ] its purpose v well2 x is n[ con/antly us$ 9 ! ,royal ,laundry4 ,,pap]1 ,,wood1 c41 may be also r5d]$ comp>atively incombu/ible by soak+ !m 9 sal9e solutions4 ,see ,,asbe/os1 ,,fire1 c4 ,,incompat',,ibles4 ,9 m$ic9e & ph>macy1 sub/ances :i* ex]t a *emical action on ea* o!r1 & _c1 !re=e1 ) propriety1 be prescrib$ toge!r 9 ! same =mula or prescription4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* we %\ld act to avoid prescrib+ or disp5s+ incompatibles1 are briefly develop$ "u ! heads ,,aff9ity & ,,decomposition4 ,to ?is we may add t1 if a sub/ance is end[$ ) well-m>k$ !rapeutical or poison\s prop]ties1 indep5d5t ( ^? :i* may ex]t a *emical effect ^u ! tissues1 its mode ( action w nei!r be *ang$ nor de/roy$ by ! comb9ations :i* x =ms1 provid$ always t ! new comp\nds are n insoluble 9 wat]4 ,x is n necess>y to give two incompatible m$ic9es at ! same "t1 9 ord] to produce decomposition2 x is suffici5t if !y are giv5 )9 a v %ort int]val ( ea* o!r4 ,?us1 a sick p]son1 :o has be5 treat$ ) lead ext]nally1 or ev5 int]nally1 w pres5t a discoloration ( ! sk91 if he takes a sulphur ba? f\r or five days aft] ! lead treatm5t has be5 discont9u$4 ,if a p]son is rubb$ ) iodide ( potassium %ortly aft] hav+ appli$ ,vigo's pla/] 7pla/] ( ammoniacum ) m]cury71 or ! ,neapolitan o9tm5t 7m]curial o9tm5t71 iodide ( m]cury & cau/ic pota% w be =m$1 :i* w cause vesication4 ,s also vomit+ occurs if lemonade made ) t>t>ic acid is tak5 five or #f days aft] ! adm9i/ration ( :ite oxide ( antimony4 7,tr\sseau & ,reveil47 ,li/s ( incompatibles are publi%$ 9 _m ph>maceutical & m$ical works1 b are1 9 reality1 ( little use beyond illu/rat+ rules & pr9ciples :i* are famili> to e *emi/1 & :i* e prescrib] %\ld also be intimately acqua9t$ )4 ,,incru/ation1 ,prev5tion (1 9 ,/eam ,boil]s4 ,) all qualities ( wat] commonly us$ = fe$+ /eam boil]s !re is a t5d5cy to ! production ( h>d calc>e\s deposits or lay]s ( incru/ation )9 ! boil]s1 due to ! sep>ation ( lime salts 7p>ticul>ly ! c>bonate & sulphate1 or mixtures ( ^! ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>bonate ( magnesia7 z ! direct consequ5ce ( ! accumulation ( ^! impurities f l>ge quantities ( wat] evaporat$4 ,! sp>+ solubility ( ! sulphate ( lime 7gypsum7 9 hot wat] fully acc\nts = its deposition 9 ! boil]1 & ! c>bonate ( lime 7*alk7 is ?r[n d[n1 n only z ! result ( direct evaporation1 b by ! ebullition expell+ free c>bonic acid1 :i* holds ?is body to "s ext5t 9 solution4 ,ra9 wat]1 :i* ( itself is too pure to give rise to ^! incru/ations1 _c be us$ alone = boil] purposes1 = x has be5 f\nd to ex]t a highly corrosive action ^u ! iron plates & fitt+s4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be advantage\sly employ$ 9 conjunction ) 'h>d' spr+ or riv] wat]s1 & has ! effect ( dim9i%+ ! incru/ation m]ely z ! result ( dilution4 ,! dra9 pipes lead+ f ! ro( ( ! factory may be plac$ 9 connection ) ! tank or well f :i* ! supply ( wat] is drawn = ! boil]s4 ,x w be se5 h]eaft] t ! self-same rem$y is effici5t bo? z a means ( prev5t+ incru/ation & obviat+ corrosion1 & t by us+ "o ( ! alkal9e sub/ances ab\t to be specifi$ ?is tw(old advantage may be secur$4 ,iron w n ru/ :5 imm]s$ 9 wat] conta9+ a m]e trace ( cau/ic alkali1 & x is a common obs]vation t ! iron vessels us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( pota% & soda rema9 = any l5g? ( "t free f all appe>ance ( ru/4 ,?is s+ul> prop]ty is1 no d\bt1 susceptible ( important applications1 among/ !m may be m5tion$ ! bett] protection ( iron %ips f ! attack ( bilge wat]1 ( hydraulic rams1 m\ld+ boxes1 smi?'s tools1 & o!r objects liable to be plac$ at times "u ! influ5ce ( wat]4 ,"s =ms ( surface cond5s]s become quickly corrod$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! purity ( ! wat] accumulat+ 9 !m by ! process ( di/illation1 & a small dose ( cau/ic alkali is !n useful z a means ( protection2 ! eng9e-cyl9d]s also to "s ext5t are pres]v$ :5 alkal9e anti-incru/ation fluids are introduc$ into ! boil]s1 = ! m9ute quantity :i* is c>ri$ =w>d me*anically 9 ! =m ( spray mix$ ) ! /eam1 suffices to pres]ve ! iron4 ,:il/ a t5d5cy to 'prim+' und\bt$ly results f a too lib]al use ( soda or o!r alkali 9 ! boil]1 x w 9 practice be f\nd easy to adju/ ! proportion ( ?is +r$i5t1 s z to secure immunity f corrosion & incru/ation1 & at ! same "t1 avoid ! tumultu\s k9d ( ebullition kn[n z 'prim+4' ,9 all cases x is advisable to c>ry out a rigid sy/em ( inspection1 & x is only 9 ! way ( sav+ fuel & lab\r t ! application ( boil] fluids is to be recomm5d$4 ,mu* b5efit has (t5 result$ f a coat+ ( coal-t> or 'dead oil' appli$ to ! int]ior surfaces bel[ ! wat] l9e1 :5 ! boil] is op5$ = clean+ & inspection4 ,^! w t5d v consid]ably to less5 ! adhesion ( calc>e\s cru/s1 & are n 9 any way affect$ by ! boil] fluids 9 common use4 ,soda cry/als & cau/ic soda may be us$ ) great success 9 boil]s to effect ! imm$iate precipitation ( ! lime salts1 & !y act by ?r[+ d[n a f9ely divid$ =m ( c>bonate ( lime1 :i* 9 "t furni%es nuclei = ! deposition ( subsequ5t accretions bo? ( ! c>bonate & sulphate1 s t !y are prev5t$ f cry/allis+ ^u ! walls ( ! boil]4 ,a granul> mud is ?us =m$1 :i* subsides quickly & may be = ! mo/ "p got rid ( ?r\gh ! 'bl[-(f cock1' :i* %\ld be op5$ = ?is purpose two or ?ree times e day1 & run out ) z little wat] z possible4 ,! use ( cau/ic soda has und]gone a ?or\gh trial at ! h&s ( ,mr ,j4 ,spill]1 ,f4,c4,s41 9 ! boil]s ( ! ,royal ,ars5al1 ,woolwi*1 & we are fav\r$ ) ! foll[+ g5]al in/ructions reg>d+ its use1 :i* are bas$ ^u an exp]i5ce ( upw>ds ( t5 ye>s4 ,! cau/ic soda %\ld be dissolv$ 9 wat] s z to make a conc5trat$ solution ( specific gravity #acjj4 ,?is1 be+ p]fectly miscible ) wat]1 may be introduc$ into ! boil] ) ! fe$-wat] at any "t :51 f ! pressure ( /eam1 x may n be conv5i5t to p\r x ?r\gh ! safety valve or o!r op5+s 9 ! boil]4 ,b :5 ! /eam is d[n !re is no difficulty 9 introduc+ ! prescrib$ dose by us+ a t9 funnel ) flatt5$ ap]ture to pass x ?r\gh ! safety valve2 or a tubul> arrangem5t ) d\ble cocks w answ] at all times4 ,half a gallon p] diem is ! av]age quantity f\nd suffici5t = a #bj-;horse /ation>y boil]1 work+ ) ,?ames wat] = t5 h\rs daily4 ,if ! wat] %\ld happ5 to be unusually h>d a l>g] dose may be employ$1 b x w\ld n be exp$i5t to add 9 "o *>ge m ?an ! am\nt requir$ = ! day's consumption4 ,locomotive & multitubul> boil]s h be5 work$ successfully ) cau/ic soda1 & x is "h t ! importance ( us+ anti-incru/ation fluids makes itself mo/ app>5t4 ,_m o!r me?ods h at v>i\s times be5 propos$ to prev5t ! =mation ( deposits 9 /eam boil]s4 ,dr ,ritt]b&'s me?od consi/s 9 simply ?r[+ a little sal ammoniac into ! boil]1 by :i* c>bonate ( ammonia is =m$1 :i* passes (f ) ! /eam1 & *loride ( calcium1 :i* rema9s 9 solution4 ,9 ,holl& ?is plan has be5 us$ ) satisfaction = locomotive boil]s4 ,ab\t #b oz4 ( ! salt may be plac$ 9 ! boil] twice a week4 ,! *loride ( t9 is equal to sal ammoniac1 & is simil> 9 its action4 ,c>bonate ( soda has be5 recomm5d$ by ,kuhlmann & ,fres5ius ( ,g]many1 & by ,crace ,calv]t ( ,engl&4 ,x is n[ employ$ g5]ally 9 ! boil]s ( eng9es 9 ,man*e/]4 ,! common plan adopt$ by work+ eng9e]s to prev5t incru/ations f ei!r v>iety ( wat] is1 on ea* occasion ( clean+ out ! boil]1 to introduce "s sub/ance :i*1 by its me*anical action1 %all prev5t ! precipitat$ e>?y matt] cak+ toge!r1 or adh]+ to ! boil] plates4 ,"s common t>1 bitum51 or pit*1 appe>s to answ] well "u mo/ circum/ances4 ,mr ,ira ,hill recomm5ds ! use ( #c or #d %ovelfuls ( c\rse sawdu/4 ,he /ates t1 aft] adopt+ ! use ( ?is article1 he nev] _h any difficulty f lime1 al?\gh us+ wat] /rongly impregnat$ ) x1 & has always f\nd ! inside ( 8 boil]s z smoo? z if j oil$4 ,mr ,de ,ha5 recomm5ds ! sulphate & bic>bonate ( calcium to be decompos$ by add+ b>ium *loride & milk ( lime 9 ! prop] proportion2 :5 ! wat] is at a temp]ature ( #ce-de ,c4 ! :ole becomes cle> 9 ab\t t5 m9utes1 a precipitate consi/+ ( a mixture ( b>ium sulphate & calcium c>bonate deposits2 if ! wat] be cold1 ! great] "p sep>ates 9 t5 m9utes1 b a little turbidity is noticeable = "s h\rs due to susp5d$ matt]4 ,protz5 recomm5ds ! introduction ( a piece ( z9c into ! boil]1 ?is det]m9es a galvanic curr5t1 :i* protects ! iron aga9/ oxidation & corrosion1 & causes ! m9]al +r$i5ts ( ! wat] to be deposit$ z a f9e loose mud1 entirely prev5t+ ! =mation ( incru/ation4 ,slipp]y elm b>k1 & sp5t b>k f ! tan works h also be5 sugge/$4 ,we 7,a4 ,j4 ,cooley7 h work$ a p[]ful boil] daily = mon?s )\t op5+ ! 'man-hole1' aft] ?r[+ a few p\nds ( potatoes into x4 ,9 all cases1 :5 ! e>?y matt] c be kept 9 a /ate ( solution1 or precipitat$ 9 a pulv]ul5t =m1 x is easily remov$ f ! boil] by :at eng9e]s t]m 'prim+1' :i* is all[+ ! hot wat] to be bl[n ov] ) ! /eam1 s t1 aft] a suffici5t "t1 ! :ole orig9al cont5ts ( ! boil] are remov$1 & replac$ by fre% wat]4 ,be=e do+ s1 h[ev]1 x is ( consequ5ce to cut (f ! communication ) ! cyl9d]s1 & to op5 ! wa/e-/eam cock4 ,consult a pamphlet on ',boil] ,incru/ation & ,corrosion' by ,f4 ,j4 ,r[an1 publi%$ by ,spon1 ,london4 ,,incuba',,tion 7,artificial74 ,! hat*+ ( eggs by artificial heat4 ,?is has be5 practis$ by ! ,egyptians f a v remote p]iod4 ,m4 ,bonnema9 has ! hon\r ( hav+ introduc$ ?is art to ,we/]n ,europe1 9 #agge1 & hav+ be5 ! fir/ to pursue x successfully on ! comm]cial scale4 ,! s\rce ( heat employ$ by him 0 a circulatory hot-wat] app>atus1 & ! temp]ature ma9ta9$ by x #ajj ,fahr4 ,8 plan 0 to introduce1 daily1 #a-bj? only ( ! eggs ! app>atus 0 capable ( receiv+1 s t on ! #ba/ day ! fir/ *ick5s 7 hat*$1 & a l numb] e day aft]w>ds z long z ! supply ( eggs 0 kept up4 ,among ! trays conta9+ ! eggs he plac$ sauc]s ( wat]1 to comp5sate = ! abs5ce ( moi/ure d]iv$ 9 natural incubation by transpiration f ! body ( ! h54 ,! *ick5s1 z soon z hat*$1 7 transf]r$ to a 'nurs]y' or '*ick-room1' also artificially heat$1 & 7 f$ ) cru%$ millet se$4 ,sev]al attempts h be5 made ( late ye>s to introduce artificial incubation into ?is c\ntry1 ) v>iable success4 ,,9',,cubus4 ,see ,,nightm>e4 ,,9',,dia ,,rub',,b]4 ,see ,,ca\t*\c4 ,,indiges',,tion4 ,see ,,dyspepsia4 ,,9',,digo4 ,syn4 ,,indicum1 ,,pigm5tum ,,indicum1 ,l4 ,a blue dye/uff extract$ f sev]al plants gr[+ 9 ,india & ,am]ica1 especially f ! legum9\s species ,indig(]a t9ctoria & ,i4 coerulea4 ,x exi/s 9 ! plant z a col\rless juice4 ,! me?od ( manufacture consi/s 9 /eep+ ! plant 9 wat] until f]m5tation sets 92 ! col\r+ matt] dissolves 9 ! wat]1 =m+ a yell[ solution1 :i* is drawn (f f ! re/ ( ! vegetable matt]1 & agitat$ & beat5 to br+ x freely into contact ) ! air = ab\t #b h\rs2 ?is treatm5t causes ! indigo to =m & settle d[n z a blue precipitate2 ?is is cut1 :ile s(t1 into cubical cakes1 & dri$ by artificial heat4 ,to ha/5 ! =mation ( ! indigo1 a little lime wat] is sometimes add$ to ! yell[ solution4 ,! indigo ( comm]ce conta9s ,,indigo-,,blue or ,,indigot91 its mo/ important con/itu5t1 ,,indigo-,,r$1 & _m o!r sub/ances1 "s ( :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z accid5tal impurities or adult]ations4 ,prop4 ,ta/eless2 sc5tless2 ( an int5se blue col\r1 pass+ into purple2 :5 rubb$ ) a smoo? h>d body1 x assumes a copp]y hue2 insoluble 9 wat]1 cold alcohol1 e!r1 alkalies1 hydro*loric acid1 dilute sulphuric acid1 & ! cold fix$ & volatile oils2 slightly soluble 9 boil+ alcohol & oils2 freely soluble 9 conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 &1 :5 decol\r$ or r$uc$ by contact ) deoxidis+ sub/ances1 9 alkal9e lyes2 soluble 9 creasote2 its col\r is de/roy$ by *romic acid1 nitric acid & *lor9e2 :5 sudd5ly heat$1 x gives (f ri* purple fumes1 :i* cond5se into brilliant copp]-col\r$ ne$les4 ,pur4 ,! be/ indigo is t :i* has ! deepe/ purple col\r1 t assumes ! brighte/ copp]y hue :5 rubb$ ) ! nail2 its fracture is homog5e\s1 compact1 f9e-gra9$1 & copp]y2 its p[d] is ( an int5sely deep blue t9t1 & light en\gh to swim on wat]2 & x leaves only a f9e /reak :5 rubb$ ^u a piece ( :ite pap]4 ,9 g5]al1 :5 indigo is 9 h>d1 dry lumps ( a d>k col\r1 x is consid]$ ( bad or inf]ior quality4 ,indigo1 :5 9 h>d or brittle lumps1 or 9 du/ or small bits1 is (t5 adult]at$ ) s&1 pulv]is$ slate1 & o!r e>?y sub/ances4 ,e/imation4 ,v>i\s me?ods = e/imat+ ! value ( samples ( indigo h be5 propos$1 b none ( !m c be dep5d$ ^u to give p]fectly accurate results4 ,! plan recomm5d$ by ,o',neill#cec is p]haps ! be/2 x is p]=m$ z foll[s3-- ,footnote #cec3 ,see ',diction>y ( ,calico ,pr9t+ & ,dye+4' ,weigh #be gr4 ( a fair sample ( ! indigo f9ely gr\nd2 & to s(t5 or dis9tegrate x /ill fur!r1 boil x = a %ort "t ) weak cau/ic soda1 & !n1 if !re be any s(t lumps or clots1 /ra9 ?r\gh calico2 mix ?is ) #c qu>ts ( wat] 9 a n>r[-neck$ bottle :i* x w ne>ly fill1 & add #djj gr4 ( quicklime1 :i* has be5 slak$ z p]fectly z possible2 %ake well up & add a #ajjj gr4 measure ( solution ( gre5 copp]as 7protosulphate ( iron7 at #cj ,twaddell2 cork ! bottle closely1 & leave x = ?ree days1 frequ5tly %ak+ x 9 ! int]val4 ,! indigo w be dissolv$ by ?is "t2 #a qu>t ( ! cle> solution is drawn (f1 %ak5 up 9 a bottle to oxidise x1 acidifi$ ) acetic acid1 & ! pure indigo 7,,indigot97 collect$ ^u a filt]1 dri$1 & weigh$4 ,f\r times ! weight ( ! pure indigo is ! p]-c5tage ( indigo 9 ! sample4 ,uses4 ,z a dye /uff indigo is ( great importance1 bo? f ! beauty & p]man5ce ( ! col\r x yields1 & f ! ease ) :i* x is appli$ to fabrics ( all mat]ials4 ,z a m$ic9e x has be5 employ$ 9 v>i\s affections ( a spasmodic "*1 z *orea1 convulsions1 epilepsy1 hy/]ia1 c4 ,9 l>ge quantities x (t5 induces gidd9ess1 vomit+1 & di>rhoea2 & :5 cont9u$ = sometime1 muscul> twit*+s1 resembl+ ^? aris+ f /ry*n9e4--,dose4 ,beg9n+ at ab\t #ae gr41 & gradually increas$ to #a1 #b1 or ev5 #c dr41 at :i* x %\ld be cont9u$ = #c or #d mon?s2 made into an electu>y ) honey or sug>1 to :i* "s aromatic may be add$4 ,see ,,indigo ,,dye1 ,,indigot91 c4 ,indigo1 ,sul'phate (4 ,syn4 ,,sulph9dylic ,,acid1 ,,sulph9digotic ,a41 ,,saxony ,,blue1 ,,soluble ,,indigo4 ,prep4 ,by gradually add+ indigo 79 f9e p[d]71 #a "p1 to fum+ sulphuric acid 7,nordhaus5 sulphuric acid71 #e p>ts1 or oil ( vitriol1 #h p>ts conta9$ 9 a /one-w>e vessel plac$ 9 a tub ( v cold wat]1 to prev5t ! mixture heat+2 ! +r$i5ts are /irr$ toge!r ) a glass rod at %ort int]vals until ! solution is complete1 aft] :i* ! :ole is all[$ to repose = ab\t #dh h\rs1 by :i* "t x becomes a homog5e\s pa/y mass ( an int5se blue col\r1 :i* 9 a dull light appe>s ne>ly black4 ,obs4 ,9 ?is /ate x =ms ',,b>?',s ,,blue1' or ! ',,*emic ,,blue' or ',,indigo ,,composition' ( ! dy]4 ,dilut$ ) ab\t twice its weight ( s(t wat]1 x is conv]t$ into ! ',,saxony ,,blue' or ',,liquid ,,blue' ( ! %ops1 also us$ = dye+4 ,:5 comm]cial sulphate ( indigo is diffus$ ?r\gh a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 ne>ly boil+1 & wool 7old :ite flannel rags1 c47 is mac]at$ 9 x = "s "t1 ! latt] absorbs ! :ole ( ! sulphate & is dy$ blue1 :il/ ! liquor assumes a gre5i%-blue col\r4 ,wool1 s prep>$1 :5 well r9s$ 9 cold wat]1 & boil$ = "s m9utes 9 a l>ge quantity ( t liquid conta9+ #a or #b ( c>bonate ( potassa1 or a quantity equal to ab\t #a-crd t ( ! indigo orig9ally employ$1 gives up its blue col\r1 & becomes ( a dull br[n4 ,! liquid is n[ a ri* blue-col\r$ solution ( sulph9dylate ( potassa1 f :i* ! salt may be obta9$ by cauti\s evaporation4 ,?is comp\nd is prep>$ on ! l>ge scale1 by dilut+ sulphate ( indigo ) ab\t #ab times its weight ( s(t wat]1 & imp]fectly saturat+ ! solution ) c>bonate ( potassa2 ! sulph9dylate falls d[n z a d>k-blue copp]y-look+ p[d]1 soluble 9 #adj p>ts ( cold wat] & 9 ab\t #ij p>ts ( boil+ wat]4 ,?is sub/ance is kept bo? 9 ! moi/ & dry /ate1 & is kn[n 9 comm]ce "u ! respective names ( ',,di/ill$ ,,indigo1' ',,precipitat$ ,,indigo1' ',,soluble ,,indigo1' ',,indigo ,,pa/e1' ',,blue ,,c>m9e1' ',,di/ill$ ,,blue1' ',,soluble ,,blue1' c4 ,x is ext5sively us$ 9 dye+2 & :5 mix$ ) />*1 :il/ 9 ! moi/ /ate1 & made into cakes or knobs1 x con/itutes ! f9e/ v>iety ( ! ',,blue' us$ by laundresses = t++ l954 ,! ammonia & soda salts may be prep>$ 9 ! same way z ! potassa salt1 by sub/itut+ ! c>bonates ( ^? bases = c>bonate ( potassa4 ,! ammonia salt is v soluble4 ,,indigo ,,blue4 ,see ,,indigot94 ,,indigo ,,dye4 ,!re are two me?ods ( prep>+ solutions ( indigo = dye+4--#a4 ,by deoxidis+ x1 & !n dissolv+ x 9 alkal9e m5/rua4--#b4 ,by dissolv+ x 9 sulphuric acid4 ,! =m] me?od is us$ 9 prep>+ ! ord9>y ,,indigo ,,vat ( ! dy]s4 #a4 a4 7,,cold ,,vat47 ,take ( indigo1 9 f9e p[d]1 #a lb42 gre5 copp]as 7clean cry/471 #b-a_/b to #c lbs42 newly slak$ lime1 #c-a_/b to #d lbs42 triturate ! p[d]$ indigo ) a little wat] or an alkal9e lye1 !n mix x ) "s hot wat]1 add ! lime1 & aga9 well mix1 aft] :i* /ir 9 ! solution ( copp]as1 & agitate ! :ole ?or\ghly at int]vals = #bd h\rs4 ,a little cau/ic potassa or soda is frequ5tly add$1 & a correspond+ portion ( lime omitt$4 ,= use1 a portion ( ?is 'prep>ation vat' is ladl$ into ! 'dye+ vat1' z want$4 ,aft] be+ employ$ = "s "t1 ! vat mu/ be refre%$ ) a little m copp]as & fre%-slak$ lime1 :5 ! s$im5t mu/ be well /irr$ up1 & ! :ole ?or\ghly mix$ toge!r4 ,?is is ! common vat = cotton4 b4 7,,pota% ,,vat47 ,take indigo1 9 f9e p[d]1 #ab lbs42 madd]1 #h lbs42 bran1 #i lbs42 'pota%1' #bd lbs42 wat] at #abe ,fahr41 #abj cubic feet2 mix well2 at ! end ( ab\t #cf h\rs add #ad lbs4 m pota%1 & aft] #aj or #ab h\rs long] fur!r add #aj lbs4 ( pota%1 & r\se ! :ole up well2 z soon z ! f]m5tation & r$uction ( ! indigo are well develop$1 :i* g5]ally takes place 9 ab\t #gb h\rs1 add a little fre%-slak$ lime4 ,?is vat dyes v quickly1 & ! goods lose less ( _! col\r 9 alkal9e & soapy solutions ?an :5 dy$ 9 ! common vat4 ,x is well adapt$ = wooll5 goods4 c4 7,,wood ,,vat47 ,z ! la/1 b employ+ wood in/ead ( madd]2 ! vat is 'set' at #afj ,fahr41 & kept at t temp]ature until ! deoxidation & solution ( ! indigo has comm5c$4 ,! la/ two are also call$ ! 'w>m vat4' d4 7,,pa/el ,,vat47 ,?is is 'set' ) a v>iety ( wood :i* gr[s 9 ,france1 & :i* is ri*] 9 col\r+ matt] ?an ! plant commonly kn[n z 'wood4' e4 7,,s*,,tz5b]g] & ,,de ,,lal&e',s ,,vat47 ,x is kn[n t ! l[ /age ( oxidation ( sulphur obta9$ on ! r$uction ( sulphur\s acid ) z9c1 dissolves indigo4 ,on ?is reaction ! foll[+ proce$+s = dye+ & pr9t+ ) indigo are f\nd$3--,to prep>e ! r$uc+ liquid1 a solution ( bisulphite ( soda at #ce ,b4 is br\ght 9 contact ) %eet z9c 9 a clos$ vessel1 ( :i* ! liquid %\ld occupy only "o f\r?4 ,aft] ! lapse ( an h\r ! z9c is precipitat$ f ! cle> liquid by means ( milk ( lime4 ,x is !n dilut$ or decant$1 or filt]$ ) exclusion ( air4 ,! cle> liquid is !n p\r$ ^u ! gr\nd indigo1 ) ! addition ( ! ne$ful soda & lime4 ,"o kilo ( indigo yields 9 ?is mann] a v conc5trat$ vat ( f #aj to #ae litres4 ,cotton is dy$ cold1 & wool ) ! aid ( heat4 ,a vat is fill$ ) wat]1 & a suitable quantity ( ! above indigo mixture introduc$1 :5 ! dye+ c be p]=m$ at once4 ,! excess ( ! l[ sulphur acid dissolves ! fro? :i* appe>s on ! surface4 ,dur+ ! process ( dye+1 fur!r quantities ( indigo c be add$ z requir$4 ,cotton c be rapidly & easily dy$ 9 ?is mann]2 & 9 ! case ( wool1 ! dy] escapes ! _m disadvantages ( ! hot vat & obta9s bright] & cle>] %ades4 ,to pr9t a fa/ blue ! alkal9e solution ( ! r$uc$ indigo is pr9t$ on ) an excess ( ! r$uc+ ag5t1 ag$ = twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 wa%$ & soap$4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! old process !re is a sav+ ( indigo to ! ext5t ( #ej to #fj p] c5t42 ! %ades are ri*] & ! impressions %>p]4 ,! col\r requires no subsequ5t treatm5t1 & c !re=e be pr9t$ on simultane\sly ) mo/ o!r col\rs4 ,obs4 ,wool1 silk1 l951 & cotton1 may ea* be dy$ blue 9 ! indigo vat4 ,! goods1 aft] be+ pass$ ?r\gh a weak alkal9e solution1 are subject$ to ! action ( ! vat = ab\t fifte5 m9utes2 !y are !n freely expos$ to ! air2 ! imm]sion 9 ! vat & ! exposure are repeat$ until ! col\r becomes suffici5tly deep4 ,wood & madd] improve ! ri*ness ( ! dye4 ,o!r deoxidis+ sub/ances1 besides ^? above m5tion$1 may be us$ to effect ! solution ( ! indigo2 ?us a mixture ( cau/ic soda1 grape sug>1 indigo1 & wat]1 is (t5 employ$ on ! ,cont95t = ?is purpose2 & orpim5t lime1 & pe>la% are also occasionally us$4 ,:5 prop]ly prep>$1 ! indigo vat may be kept 9 action = sev]al mon?s by ! addition ( "o or o!r ( its con/itu5ts1 z requir$4 ,an excess ( ei!r copp]as or lime %\ld be avoid$4 #b4 ,solution ( sulphate ( indigo is add$ to wat]1 z requir$1 & ! goods1 previ\sly boil$ ) alum1 are !n imm]s$ 9 x1 & ! boil+ & imm]sion are repeat$ until ! wool becomes suffici5tly dy$4 ,obs4 ,) ?is e %ade ( blue may be dy$1 b x is mo/ commonly employ$ to give a gr\nd to logwood blues4 ,! col\r+ matt] has aff9ity = wooll5 & silk ) or )\t 'mordant1' b none = cotton4 ,a solution ( soluble indigo 7sulph9dylate ( potassa or soda71 9 wat] v slightly acid ) sulphuric acid1 imp>ts a v f9e blue to clo?1 sup]ior 9 t9t to t giv5 by ! simple sulphate4 ,see ,,dye+1 c4 ,,indigo ,,pur',,ple4 ,syn4 ,,ph,,oe,,nic9e4 ,! "n giv5 by ,mr ,crum to ! purple precipitate obta9$ by filtration f a solution ( indigo 9 fum+ sulphuric acid1 :5 l>gely dilut$ ) wat]4 ,,indigo ,,r$4 ,syn4 ,,indigo ,,res91 ,,r$ ,,res9 ,,( ,,indigo4 ,?is is prep>$ by boil+ alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hcj71 on p[d]$ indigo previ\sly exhau/$ by dige/ion 9 dilute acids & 9 a /rong alkal9e solution4 ,:5 heat$1 x is conv]t$ into a :ite sublimate 7deoxidis$ indigo r$71 b recov]s its r$ col\r by ! action ( nitric acid4 ,,indigo ,,:ite4 ,syn4 ,,indigog5e1 ,,indicyle1 ,,r$uc$ ,,indigo1 ,,hydrog5is$ ,i41 ,,hydrate ,,( ,i4 ,r$uc$ or deoxidis$ indigo blue4 ,prep4 ,! yell[ alkal9e solution obta9$ by "o or o!r ( ! processes notic$ "u ,,indigot9 is c>efully protect$ f ! air1 bo? be=e & aft] precipitation ) hydro*loric acid2 & ! precipitate1 aft] be+ rapidly wa%$ ) rec5tly boil$ di/ill$ wat]1 or ) v dilute sulphur\s acid1 is dra9$ on a filt]1 dri$ 9 vacuo1 & !n at once transf]r$ to a well-/opp]$ bottle4 ,prop41 c4 ,a greyi%-:ite mass ( m9ute cry/als1 g5]ally light blue on ! surface1 & rapidly turn+ blue on exposure to ! air2 soluble 9 alkalies1 alcohol1 & e!r1 to :i* x imp>ts a yell[ col\r4 ,^! solutions deposit indigo blue on exposure to ! air4 ,a solution ( ?is sub/ance con/itutes ! indigo vat ( ! dy] 7see above74 ,,indigo',,t94 ,syn4 ,,c]ul91 ,,indigo ,,blue4 ,?is is ! pure blue pr9ciple ( indigo4 ,x appe>s to be ! oxide ( ! same organic radical ( :i* indigo :ite is probably ! hydrate4 ,prep4 #a4 ,indigo 79 f9e p[d]7 is dige/$ successively 9 dilute hydro*loric acid1 solution ( potassa1 & alcohol2 ! dri$ residuum is crude indigot94 #b4 ,indigo 79 f9e p[d]71 #a "p2 gre5 sulphate ( iron1 #b p>ts2 hydrate ( lime1 #c p>ts2 wat]1 #ae p>ts2 mix1 agitate occasionally until ! col\r is de/roy$1 !n decant ! cle> portion1 precipitate ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 & wa% ! p[d] fir/ ) wat]1 & !n ) boil+ alcohol1 until ! latt] ceases to acquire a yell[ col\r4 #c4 ,cau/ic soda & grape sug>1 ( ea* #a "p2 wat]1 #bj p>ts2 p[d]$ indigo1 #e p>ts2 mix1 & proce$ z la/4 ,! above are ess5tially ! same z ! indigo vat1 b on ! small scale4 #d4 ,! process = e/imat+ ! value ( indigo giv5 "u ,,indigo is a good process = obta9+ ,indigot94 ,obs4 ,! product f all ! above exce$s #ej ( ! indigo op]at$ on4 #e4 7,taylor47 ,p[d]$ indigo1 #b p>ts2 pla/] ( ,p>is1 #a "p2 wat]1 q4 s4 to r$uce ! mixture to a ?9 pa/e2 spread ! mass ev5ly ^u an oblong iron plate to ! dep? ( ab\t #a_/h in*1 & dry x by a g5tle heat4 ,x mu/ !n be held ov] ! flame ( a _s lamp1 :5 a disgu/+ od\r w be evolv$1 ! mass w beg9 to smoke1 & 9 a few m9utes w be cov]$ ) a heavy purple vap\r1 :i* w cond5se into brilliant flatt5$ prisms or plates ( an int5se copp] col\r1 =m+ a ?ick velvety coat+ ov] ! surface imm$iately expos$ to ! heat4 ,%\ld ! mass cat* fire1 x may be in/antly ext+ui%$ by a drop ( wat] let fall ^u x4 ,prod4 #ae to #ah4 ,see ,,indigo1 c4 ,,indium4 ,,94 #aacd4 ,?is v r>e metal 0 discov]$ by means ( ! spectroscope by ,messrs ,rei* & ,ri*t] 9 a specim5 ( z9c-bl5de f ,freib]g1 9 #ahfc4 ,s9ce !n x has be5 f\nd 9 ! flue du/ ( "s z9c furnaces work$ 9 ! ,h>tz m\nta9s1 also 9 a black bl5de1 kn[n z *ri/ophite1 occurr+ 9 ,saxony2 9 ! ,wolfranc ( ,z9nwald1 associat$ ) z9c1 z well z 9 ,wolfranc alone2 & also 9 ! bl5de met )9 /eatite1 ne> ,s*lagg5wald4 ,9 all ( ^! sub/ances ! indium is pres5t 9 v m9ute quantity1#ced & is m or less associat$ ) lead1 ars5ic1 cadmium1 iron1 & copp]2 its sep>ation f :i* is matt] ( no inconsid]able lab\r & difficulty4 ,footnote #ced3 ,9 ! flue du/ ( ! z9c furnaces x is pres5t to ! am\nt ( ab\t #ja p] c5t42 9 *ri/ophite 9 ! proportion ( #jjjfb p] c5t4 ,! foll[+ process = ! detection ( indium 9 z9c-bl5de1 & its extraction f ! same s\rce1 is giv5 by ,w9kl]4 ,precipitate ! hydro*loric acid solution ( ! roa/$ ore ) metallic z9c at ! boil+ heat2 dissolve ! precipitate 9 nitro-hydro*loric acid2 remove ! ars5ic1 cadmium1 c41 by sulphurett$ hydrog51 & precipitate ! indium z oxide by b>ium c>bonate4 ,%\ld ?is precipitate conta9 any iron1 x mu/ be remov$ by resolution1 heat+ ) sodium sulphate1 & dige/ion ) b>ium c>bonate 9 a clos$ vessel4 ,! indium may also be precipitat$ f ! orig9al solution1 ei!r directly by b>ium c>bonate1 or f a solution conta9+ sulphuric acid1 by neutralisation ) sodium c>bonate1 till a precipitate beg9s to =m1 & addition ( sodium acetate2 x is !n precipitat$ z a basic sulphate conta9+ z9c4#cee ,footnote #cee3 ,v>i\s o!r processes are giv5 9 ',watts' ,diction>y4' ,indium may be obta9$ 9 ! metallic /ate f ! r$uction ( its oxide by means ( hydrog52 *>coal or c>bonace\s fluxes are n good r$uc+ ag5ts1 z _! employm5t necessitates a v high temp]ature1 & loss f volatilisation occurs4 ,sodium is f\nd to be ! be/ r$uc+ ag5t :5 l>ge quantities ( ! metal are requir$4 ,bttg]'s me?od is to precipitate ! indium by z9c1 to press ! spongy metal s obta9$ 9 hot wat]1 !n to submit x to pressure 9 a screw press betwe5 filt]+ pap]1 & f9ally to melt x ) cyanide ( potassium4 ,prop4 ,indium is a s(t1 :ite1 durable metal1 some:at resembl+ cadmium1 :olly de/itute ( cry/all9e /ructure4 ,its specific gravity1 :i* is #gdba at #afh ,c41 is n alt]$ by roll+ or hamm]+4 ,:5 heat$ 9 ! air to #agf ,c41 x melts )\t becom+ oxidis$2 at a temp]ature above ?is1 h[ev]1 x becomes cov]$ ) a coat+ ( suboxide1 becom+ gradually *ang$ into ! yell[ sesquioxide4 ,indium is less volatile ?an ei!r cadmium or z9c4 ,x dissolves sl[ly 9 dilute sulphuric & hydro*loric acids1 hydrog5 be+ giv5 (f4 ,9 /rong hydro*loric acid x dissolves rapidly4 ,nitric acid oxidises x1 evolv+ at ! same "t nitric oxide2 :il/ sulphuric acid conv]ts x into anhydr\s sulphate4 ,:5 exam9$ by means ( ! spectroscope1 ! flame ( indium reveals two brilliant b&s--a violet & a blue "o4 ,indium is completely precipitat$ f a solution ( its acetate1 z well z f neutral solutions ( its salts 9 g5]al1 by sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,ammonia1 neutral sodium c>bonate1 & acid sodium c>bonate1 ?r[ d[n :ite precipitates insoluble 9 excess ( ! precipitant2 cau/ic pota% & soda produce a :ite precipitate ( indium hydrate1 soluble 9 excess4 ,b>ium c>bonate precipitates x completely4 ,potassium f]rocyanide gives a :ite precipitate4 ,e/im4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( e/imat+ indium is by precipitat+ x z hydrate ) ammonia1 dissolv+ ! wa%$ precipitate 9 hot dilute nitric acid1 evaporat+1 ignit+1 & weigh+ ! oxide ?us obta9$4 ,precipitation ) sulphurett$ hydrog5 does n give exact results on acc\nt ( ! solubility ( ! indium sulphide4#cef ,footnote #cef3 ,watts4 ,indium =ms comp\nds ) brom9e1 *lor9e1 iod9e1 oxyg51 & ) sev]al ( ! organic & inorganic acids4 ,,indura',,tion4 ,9 pa?ology1 an increase 9 ! consi/5ce ( any portion ( ! body1 usually result+ f *ronic inflammation1 pressure1 or friction4 ,,9',,fancy4 ,! dome/ic treatm5t ( infants & *ildr5 is compris$ 9 ! application ( ! laws ( heal? to ! "m z well z to ! *ild4 ,! position ( p>5t is "o ( s]i\s responsibility1 bo? morally & physically1 & ! edict has gone =? t '! s9s ( ! p>5t %all be visit$ on ! *ildr54' ,if we c\ld ensure good mo!rs1 we c\ld va/ly improve ! race ( m54 ,! nurs+ "m ( a sick infant mu/1 by foll[+ fai?fully ! rules ( heal? 9 respect ( ! f\r great hygi5ic pr9ciples--food1 clo?+1 ex]cise1 & ablution--give heal? ) h] milk to h] (fspr+2 %e mu/ also pay close att5tion to h] m9d1 avoid all s\rces ( irritation & anxiety1 & rememb] t an angry "m s\rs h] milk1 & produces a fracti\s & (t5 a diseas$ infant4 ,i am q ( op9ion t if mo!rs 7 s\nd 9 con/itution1 & be/[$ ! requisite c>e ^u ! ma9t5ance ( _! heal?1 we %\ld he> little ( diseases ( *ildr54 ,9 *ildr51 z well z 9 p>5t1 ! rules ( heal? mu/ be c>ri$ out1 & _! neglect _c fail to br+ ) x a heavy retribution4 7,eras4 ,wilson47 ,see ,,ex]cise1 ,,nurs+1 c4 ,,infant ,,dea?-,,rate4 ,9 ,engl&1 accord+ to ,dr ,f>r1 out ( #ajjj infants born1 #adi die annually be=e rea*+ _! fir/ ye>2 & ! same au?ority tells u t #caa out ( e #ajjj die dur+ ! fir/ mon? 9 ! same p]iod4 ,among/ illegitimate *ildr51 ! lives ( "o half nev] exce$ ! fir/ mon?4 ,! above figures repres5t ! ye>ly av]age ( infantile dea?s ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,engl&1 :5 we come to ! l>ge cities ! mortality is notably high]4 ,9 ,liv]pool1 = in/ance1 out ( #ajjj *ildr5 born1 #bci di$ 9 _! fir/ ye>4 ,:5 we exam9e into ! infant mortality prevail+ among/ diff]5t classes1 we f9d ! proportion exi/+ betwe5 ! dea?-rate ( ! *ildr5 ( ! nobility1 & ! g5]al dea?-rate up to "o ye>1 to be z #c to #h4 ,9 #ahgd1 ,mr ,*>les ,ansell1 jun41 publi%$ a "w entitl$ ',/ati/ics ( ,families ( ! ,upp] & ,pr(essional ,classes1' 9 :i* he %[$1 f inve/igations into ! dea?s occurr+ among/ #dh1jjj *ildr5 ( ! weal?y1 pr(essional1 & titl$ classes1 t 9 ! fir/ ye> ( life1 ab\t #hj only ( su* *ildr5 die out ( e #ajjj4 ,accord+ to ,dr ,f>r1 ! nor!rn c\ntries ( ,europe %[ a mu* l[] infant dea?-rate ?an ! s\!rn ones4 ,infant mortality is l[e/ 9 ,norway1 & highe/ 9 ,high ,bav>ia1 :]e #djd infants p] #ajjj die 9 _! fir/ ye>4 ,9 ,new ,york1 9 #ahfi1 ! mortality among/ infants "u "o ye> old 0 #bgd p] c5t4 & 9 #ahgc1 #caj p] c5t4 ,bo? 9 ,france & ,engl& ! mortality prevail+ among/ illegitimate *ildr5 up to ! age ( "o ye> is v l>ge4 ,9 #ahfj1 ! dea?-rate among/ ! f\ndl+s ( ! ,loire-,infrieure1 0 z mu* z #hgf 9 ! #ajjj1 & x av]ages betwe5 #ejj & #gjj 9 ,france4 ,9 ,wakefield1 among/ ! same class ( *ildr51 x 0 #bfbb p] c5t42 9 ,cov5try1 #dj2 9 ,pad/[1 #ej2 & 9 ,bantry1 #hj2 9 manufactur+ t[ns ! av]age is #ce p] c5t4 ,9 ,london ! numb] ( illegitimate *ildr5 :o die annually "u ! age ( a ye> is probably ab\t #ge p] c5t4#ceg ,footnote #ceg3 ',proce$+s ( ! ,ob/etrical ,society = #ahgj4' ,9 ! ,montreal ,f\ndl+ ,asylum1 out ( #djfj infants1 only #g p] c5t4 liv$ "o ye>4 ,9 ! rural di/ricts ( ,engl& & also 9 ,bav>ia1 ! av]age ( dea?s at "o ye> is ab\t ! same = ! illegitimate z = ! legitimate *ildr54 ,9 ! ',transactions ( ! ,ob/etrical ,society = #ahgj' !re is a valuable & int]e/+ report1 ?r[+ mu* light on ! condition & treatm5t ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor 9 ,engl&4 ,! foll[+ is ! sub/ance ( ?is report1 ! in=mation conta9$ 9 :i* 0 collect$ by v>i\s memb]s ( ! society3--,x 0 f\nd t among/ ! poor] populations ( villages #cj to #ij p] c5t4 are att5d$ by midwives1 & t ?is cu/om prevails to an almo/ equal ext5t 9 ! l>ge prov9cial & manufactur+ t[ns4 ,?us 9 ,glasg[1 #ge p] c5t41 9 ,cov5try1 #ij p] c5t42 & 9 ,le$s & ,%effield1 equally l>ge numb]s ( ! population employ ! s]vices ( ^! wom54 ,9 ,ed9burgh ! midwife is r>ely call$ on2 nei!r is %e 9 ! ,we/ ,end ( ,london2 b 9 ! ,ea/ ,end #cj to #ej p] c5t4 ( ! acc\*em5ts are und]tak5 by wom54 ,except 9 ,glasg[1 ,%effield1 & ,london1 ! wom5 are ass]t$ to be totally ignorant & incompet5t to meet any difficulty t might arise4 ,9 c\ntry di/ricts ! p]nici\s cu/om ( giv+ an ap]i5t to a newly born babe 0 v g5]al1 b less preval5t 9 ,london & ! l>ge t[ns4 ,among/ ! m>ri$ poor1 suckl+ 0 f\nd to be ! rule2 & x seem$ to be pretty conclusively prov$ t x is (t5 unreasonably prolong$ = eighte5 mon?s or ev5 two ye>s1 z a prev5tive to r5ew$ pregnancy4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t illegitimate *ildr5 7 r>ely suckl$1 b almo/ always f$ on artificial food4 ,among/ ! m>ri$ poor also x appe>s univ]sal to give ! *ildr5 artificial food z well z ! brea/1 & ?is f a v e>ly & t5d] age4 ,fur!r1 x 0 f\nd t ! food 0 g5]ally unsuit$ to ! *ild bo? 9 quantity & quality4 ,x consi/$ *iefly ( bread soak$ 9 wat] & milk1 & sweet5$1 ( arr[-root1 sago & corn fl\r1 & su* l objectionable sub/ances4 ,9 "o case ! "m admitt$ to giv+ h] infant 7:o 0 a few mon?s old only7 a diet simil> to t %e h]self p>took (1 viz4--*eese1 bread1 meat1 salt fi%1 heavy pa/ry1 vegetables & be]4 ,among/ ! upp] classes x 0 asc]ta9$ t !re is an increas+ t5d5cy among/ mo!rs to discont9ue lactation1 & to employ in/ead ! s]vices ( a wet nurse2 & :]e ?is 0 n done1 x 0 f\nd t ! food p>tak5 ( by ! babe 0 mu* m judici\sly *os5 ?an is ! case among/ ! poor] wom54 ,mr ,curquiv5 & o!rs obs]v$ t a l>ge numb] ( wom5 9 ,london d n suckle _! (fspr+1 because ( a defici5t secretion ( milk4 ,x is satisfactory to f9d t bo? 9 ! manufactur+ & agricultural di/ricts1 ! *ildr5 ( ! poor are s con/antly 9 ! op5 air2 b equally unsatisfactory to le>n t at night !y sleep 9 ill-v5tilat$ & ov] cr[d$ dormitories4 ,! infant is enc\rag$ to sleep to ! utmo/1 & %\ld x fail 9 secur+ r5ew$ slumb] 7its wak+ be+ attribut$ to a desire = food71 is v (t5 dos$ ) g91 syrup ( poppies1 & p>egoric4 ,ano!r plan adopt$ = keep+ infants quiet1 consi/$ 9 lett+ !m rema9 9 ! cradles & all[+ !m to suck ! nipple atta*$ to ! empty fe$+ bottle1 long aft] ! food _h be5 consum$2 a practice t gives rise to infantile dyspepsia4 ,z reg>ds cleanl9ess1 x 0 le>nt t poor p's *ildr5 are tol]ably well att5d$ to 9 ?is respect1 or r t ! baby g5]ally comes 9 = a l>g] %>e ( ablution ?an ! eld] ones1 :o are sometimes mu* neglect$ 9 ! matt] ( soap & wat]4 ,! clo?+ ( ! little ones 0 mu* too scanty1 & ?is 0 ! case no matt] :at ! season ( ! ye>4 ,a preval5t practice1 except 9 ! agricultural villages1 0 t ( giv+ ! *ildr5 cordials1 spirits1 & m$ic9es4 ,a /ill worse cu/om 0 f\nd to be ! sy/ematic adm9i/ration ( opiates4 ,at ,long ,sutton1 9 ,l9coln%ire1 :i* has a population ( #fjjj1 "o *emi/ alone sold #be-a_/b gallons ye>ly ( ,godfrey's cordial 7a mixture pr9cipally consi/+ ( treacle & opium71 :il/ #f-a_/b p9ts 7 got rid ( weekly by ano!r *emi/ 9 ! same t[n4 ,?is adm9i/ration ( anodynes 0 mo/ly conf9$ to illegitimate infants1 & factory *ildr5 plac$ out to nurse4 ,a habit n unusual 0 t ( an int5tional def]r+ s5d+ = a doctor :5 ! *ild 0 fir/ seiz$ ) illness1 m$ical advice be+ only s\ght :5 9 _m cases x c\ld be ( no avail4 ,des]tion by fa!rs & mo!rs ( _! *ildr51 especially ( illegitimate ones1 z well z concealm5t ( bir? & infanticide1 7 f\nd to be mu* m g5]al 9 ,london & ! l>g] cities ?an 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! causes ( ! high rate ( infant mortality prevail+ among/ ! poor1 seem v cle>ly indicat$ 9 ! above ab/ract4 ,= in/ance1 ! dea?s ( ne>ly half ! *ildr5 "u "o ye> ( age are ref]able to di>rhoea1 convulsions1 atrophy1 mes5t]ic disease1 & alli$ disord]s2 all ( :i* maladies are caus$ by ! grossly errone\s & unsuitable diet ^u :i* ! *ildr5 are f$4 ,9 ! article ,infants' ,food1 we h already po9t$ out t ! prop] & only safe alim5t = an infant up to ! age ( eight or n9e mon?s is ! mat]nal milk1 & fail+ ?is1 ! pure & unadult]at$ milk ( ! c[2 & we h fur!rmore %[n t ! admission into ! diet>y ( infants ev5 above n9e mon?s old1 ( f>9ace\s foods1 %\ld be regulat$ ) great caution4 ,yet we le>n f ! above report1 t 9 ! e>ly days ( ! infants' exi/5ce1 among/ ! poor ! brea/ milk is 9 mo/ cases supplem5t$ by l>ge quantities ( ^! v f>9ace\s matt]s1 :i* we h %[n to be s prejudicial & dang]\s4 ,t ! dea?s f ^! causes are cle>ly prev5table1 9 a l>ge measure1 if n :olly1 is prov$ by ! v mu* less ext5t 9 :i* !y occur among/ ! high] classes1 :o use mu* great] judgm5t 9 ! selection ( _! *ildr5's food4 ,ano!r important factor 9 ! high infant dea?-rate is ! ext5sive use ( n>cotics1 a practice !re is no d\bt :i* ye>ly c>ries (f a l>ge numb] ( infants1 by poison+1 m or less prolong$4 ,inadequate clo?+ is likewise ano!r s\rce ( mortality among/ ! v "y1 ^: t5d] frames easily succumb to inclem5t wea!r1 & ! sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature occurr+ 9 our v>iable climate4 ,h5ce we %all h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ :y pneumonia1 bron*itis1 c41 %\ld be s preval5t among poor *ildr54 ,! habits ( ov]cr[d+ & bad v5tilation :i* prevail among/ ! poor mu/ also be f]tile s\rces ( disease among/ _! (fspr+--! m imm$iate effect ( su* violations ( sanit>y pr9ciples result+ 9 bron*itis4 ,t ! ext5sive rec\rse by ! poor to un$ucat$ & unskilful midwives1 also adds to infant mortality1 seems indisputable4 ,9 ! report already allud$ to1 beyond ref]5ce to ! fact t infanticide 0 r>e1 we f9d no m5tion made z to ! numb] ( viol5t dea?s occurr+ among/ infants4 ,x appe>s t ab\t a sixte5? ( ! mortality among/ infants "u "o ye> old is due to viol5ce1 mo/ly accid5tal1 ! great majority ( su* dea?s be+ caus$ by ! "m ly+ ^u & smo!r+ h] babe4 ,^! misadv5tures are said to occur mo/ly on ,saturday nights1 & raise ! "q z to :e!r a l>ge proportion ( su* dea?s are n due to ! drunk5ness ( ! mo!rs1 :o retire to re/ 9 a /ate ( alcoholic /upor4#ceh ,footnote #ceh3 ,bly!4 ,! inf]5ce1 we ?9k1 to be drawn f ! above /atem5ts is1 t ! prepond]at+ mortality prevail+ among/ ! *ildr5 ( ! poor is due to ignorance & pov]ty1 & n to int5tional neglect or want ( p>5tal affection4 ,be>+ 9 m9d t poor wom5 mu* m frequ5tly suckle _! babes ?an ri* ones1 x might p]haps be argu$ t ?is 0 evid5ce ( great] mat]nal solicitude1 & t1 !re=e1 ! poor "m exhibits m natural affection ?an ! lady :o consigns h] (fspr+ to ! arms ( ! wet-nurse2 b1 possibly1 7 ! circum/ances ( ! two inv]t$1 ! lady might be f\nd giv+ h] infant ! brea/1 :il/ ! humbl] wife might call 9 ! s]vices ( ! wet-nurse2 nei!r ( !m p]haps reflect+ t1 9 *oos+ ! latt] alt]native1 !y 7 depriv+ ano!r little human unit ( ! mat]nal su/5ance1 & expos+ x to ! dang]s ( vic>i\s nurture & sup]vision4 ,:at ^! dang]s are t beset ! *ildr5 ( ! poor :5 remov$ f _! "m1 ! revelations ( baby-f>m+ & ! appall+ /ati/ics ( illegitimate infant mortality s]ve v =cibly to illu/rate4 ,= e #caa legitimate *ildr5 ( all classes #ejj illegitimate out ( e #ajjj die ea* ye> "u "o mon? old1 ?is l>ge increase be+ due to cruel neglect & sub/itution ( bad1 insuffici5t1 & improp] food = ! mat]nal milk4 ,t 9 _! own homes !y are expos$ to ! s]i\s h>d%ips aris+ f errors 9 diet has already be5 %[n1 b 9 _! own homes !y die at little m ?an half ?is rate2 h5ce ! d$uction is unavoidable t half ( ^! poor little waifs p]i% because !y are depriv$ ( ! c>e & solicitude ( ! "m4 ,writ+ on ?is subject ,m4 ,hanon says t ( #ei1ibg infants born 9 ,p>is1 #bj1jdi are s5t into ! c\ntry to nurses4 ,( ^? *ildr5 t rema9 9 ,p>is1 & t are s r>ely suckl$ by _! mo!rs1 no less ?an #hbej die f #j-a ye>1 :i* gives a dea?-rate ( #bdc p] #ajjj bir?s4 ,z to ! mortality ( ! un=tunate infants1 #bj1jdi 9 numb]1 s5t (f to nurse1 ?is am\nts to #ejj or #gjj p] #ajjj 9 ! fir/ ye> ( life4 ,we extract ! foll[+ f ! ',e*o' ( ,octob] #i?1 #ahgh3 ,,alleg$ ,,baby-,,f>m+4 ,dr ,h>dwicke1 ! coron] = ,c5tral ,middlesex1 held an inque/ at ! ,isl+ton ,coron]'s ,c\rt1 ,holl[ay ,road1 ?is morn+1 relative to ! dea? ( ! female *ild ( ,emily ,corley1 a s]vant at #di1 ,g[] ,/reet1 ,eu/on ,road4 ,mr ,baby1 ! inspector "u ! ,infants ,life ,protection ,act1 wat*$ ! case4 ,! "m ( ! *ild _h gone to s]vice z a wet nurse aft] com+ out ( ! workh\se1 leav+ x ) "o ,ann ,lea*1 :o said x 0 a v delicate *ild4 ,%e add$ t %e _h = a "t two *ildr5 "u "o ye> ( age ) h]1 & _h be5 told t ?is 0 contr>y to ! ,act4 ,! inspector "u ! ,infant ,life ,protection ,act po9t$ out t p]sons hav+ m ?an "o *ild to nurse "u a ye> old _h to obta9 a lic5ce4 ,! coron] *>act]is$ ! ,act z a m]e f>ce4 ,x left *ildr5 to take c>e ( !mselves aft] !y 7 twelve mon?s old--! mo/ critical "t ( _! exi/5ce4 ,he also rem>k$ on h[ prolific a s\rce ( pro/itution su* cases z ! pres5t 71 :]e mo!rs _h to =sake _! own illegitimate (fspr+1 depriv+ !m ( brea/ milk 9 ord] t !y might sell x to ! ri*4 ,! jury f\nd t ! *ild di$ f exhau/ion foll[+ f di>rhoea1 accel]at$ by want ( brea/ milk4 ,,infants1 ,food =4 ,= ! newly-born & v "y ( all mammif]\s animals1 no food is s expressly & admirably adapt$ z t drawn f ! "m4 ,9 ! n\ri%m5t ( ! babe f ! mat]nal brea/ lies ! s\nde/ condition = its physical well-be+ & gr[?1 subject to ! qualification t ! "m mu/ be 9 good heal?1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 implies t %e mu/ be well f$4 ,?is latt] ess5tial fulfill$1 x is v wond]ful to note h[ nature makes provision = ! prop] n\ri%m5t ( ! (fspr+ by conv]t+ ev5 a weakly & frequ5tly ail+ "m into a /rong "o dur+ ! p]iod ( suckl+4 ,!re may be1 & d\btless are1 _m circum/ances 9 :i* lactation _c be practis$ ) safety ei!r to "m or *ild2 b1 :]e su* circum/ances d n exi/1 ! practice ( seek+ ! vic>i\s s]vices ( ! wet-nurse1 or ( hav+ rec\rse to o!r ?an ! mat]nal milk1 = _m reasons1 calls = remon/rance & repro(4 ,we may emphasise ?is by ! foll[+ quotation f ,dr ,we/'s admirable "w1 ',diseases ( ,infancy & ,*ildhood4' ,he says3 ,! infant ^: "m refuses to p]=m t[>ds x a "m's "p1 or :o by accid5t1 disease1 or dea? is depriv$ ( ! food t nature de/9$ = x1 too (t5 langui%es & dies4 ,su* *ildr5 y may see ) no fat to give plumpness to _! limbs--no r$ p>ticles 9 _! blood to imp>t a heal?y hue to ! sk91 _! face we>+ 9 infancy ! l9eam5ts ( age2 ! voice a con/ant wail2 _! :ole aspect an embodim5t ( woe4 ,b give to su* *ildr5 ! food t nature de/9$ = !m1 & if ! rem$y d n come too late to save !m1 ! m\rnful cry w cease1 ! face w assume a look ( cont5t1 by degrees ! features w disclose !mselves1 ! limbs w gr[ r\nd1 ! sk9 pure r$ & :ite4 ,b al?\gh ! mat]nal alim5t 7or1 fail+ ?is1 t suppli$ f ! brea/ ( a "y & heal?y wet-nurse1 :o has be5 rec5tly conf9$7 is und\bt$ly ! be/ adapt$ = infantile nutrition1 x =tunately happ5s t 9 circum/ances :]e ! infant is unable to be f$ f ei!r ( ^! s\rces1 we h a v valuable sub/itute 9 ! milk ( ! c[1 ! simil>ity ( :i*1 9 composition to woman's milk1 w be se5 at once by /udy+ ! foll[+ table arrang$ by ,dr ,le!by3 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,woman's ,milk4 ,c['s ,milk4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,max4 ,m94 ,av]age4 ,av]age4 ,case9 #dcf #big #ceb #cfd ,butt] #eah #dde #djb #cee ,sug> ( ,milk #ddc #cbi #dbg #dgj ,v>i\s salts #jbf #jch #jbh #jha --------------------------------- ,total solids #adbj #aaji #abji #abgj ,wat] #hehj #hhia #hgia #hgcj --------------------------------- ,total #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj ---------------------------------------- ------- ,! milk ( ! c[ be+ r ri*] 9 solids ?an t ( woman1 x is consid]$ desirable to some:at dilute ! =m] :5 x is us$ z food = ! infant4 ,dr ,le!by recomm5ds ! addition to x ( a ?ird ( wat]1 ) a little sug> to sweet5 x1 & to r5d] x m acceptable to ! baby palate4 ,x _c be too =cibly insi/$ ^u t immeasurably ! be/ & safe/ food = an infant1 next to human milk1 is ! milk ( ! c[1 & no?+ else1 until x rea*es ! age ( eight or n9e mon?s4 ,x is p]haps ne$less to /ate t ! milk mu/ be p]fectly pure & unadult]at$1 & t x w fail ( be+ ?is if yield$ by an unheal?y c[4 ,! animal's food & habitat also ex]cise an important influ5ce on ! quality ( ! milk1 t giv5 by grass-f$ c[s roam+ 9 op5 pa/ures und\bt$ly be+ ! be/ & ri*e/4 ,diff]5t c[s yield diff]5t qualities ( milk2 h5ce1 :5 milk f any p>ticul> c[ suits an infant1 x has be5 f\nd desirable n to *ange x4 ,! new] & fre%] ! milk ! bett] is x adapt$ = ! *ild's use2 t :i* has 9 ! lea/ become s\r$ %\ld be especially reject$4 ,sometimes ev5 fre% & good milk is f\nd to disagree ) a *ild4 ,:5 ?is is ! case x may be rem$i$ by add+ a little lime wat] to x previ\s to its be+ drunk4 ,if x 7 practicable1 & )9 ! means ( e family to keep _! own c[1 s t ! infant c\ld be f$ ) ! milk directly x came f ! animal1 nature's example 9 giv+ x direct f ! "m's brea/ might be foll[$4 ,! writ] rememb]s1 "s ye>s ago1 ! ,pr9cess ( ,wales travell+ ) h] baby on a voyage to & f ,d5m>k1 & be+ accompani$ by h] bov9e purveyor 9 ! %ape ( an ,ald]ney4 ,9 hot wea!r1 m p>ticul>ly1 if milk be kept ev5 = a %ort "t x is liable to become acid1 or to turn1 z x is call$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 always desirable to keep x 9 a cool cell> till requir$ = use1 & 9 v hot wea!r x %\ld be /ood 9 ice4 ,! daily all[ance ( milk = a *ild dur+ ! fir/ mon? ( its life is two or ?ree p9ts4 ,m4 ,guillot says #b-a_/b lbs4 avoirdupois is ! lea/ ! babe c prop]ly subsi/ on4 ,he weigh$ sev]al infants be=e & aft] !y _h tak5 ! brea/1 & f\nd t !y _h ga9$ 9 weight1 9 quantities v>y+ f #b oz4 to #e oz4 ,op9ion is divid$ z to ! value ( cond5s$ c[s' milk z a food = infants4 ,its *ief m]it seems to be t x af=ds a sub/itute = ! natural milk 9 cases :]e ?is latt] is n obta9able1 or :]e1 9 consequ5ce ( disease among/ ! c[s ( a neighb\rhood1 x _c ) safety be consum$4 ,s9ce ! mat]nal fluid1 )\t und]go+ alt]ation or modification1 =ms s p]fect & model a food = infants1 x does n seem an unreasonable inf]5ce t ! milk f ! c[1 :i* s ne>ly approa*es x 9 composition & qualities1 %\ld prove mo/ advantage\s :5 p>tak5 ( "u simil> conditions4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t cond5s$ milk is inf]ior 9 /r5g!n+ qualities to ! natural c[s' milk4 ,if ?is be ! case x is c]ta9ly n due1 accord+ to ,mr ,wanklyn1 to any removal ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! latt]4 ,9 8 useful little "w on ',milk ,analysis' ,mr ,wanklyn says3 ,a ye> ago a report 0 spread t ^! pres]v$ milks 7 pres]v$ skim-milk1 & n pres]v$ new milk4 ,i h myself exam9$ ! pr9cipal br&s ( pres]v$ & cond5s$ milk1 :i* are 9 ! ,london m>ket1 & f9d t ! milk :i* has be5 cond5s$1 or cond5s$ & pres]v$1 _h be5 *>g$ ) its due proportion ( fat4 ,! physiological facts t 9 an e>ly /age ( infancy ! dige/ion is v feeble1 & t until an infant has cut its fir/ tee? !re is b little1 if any1 secretion ( saliva1 :i* latt] is ess5tial = ! conv]sion 9 ! sy/em ( />* into sug>1 po9t1 !re=e1 to ! imprud5ce ( fe$+ v "y infants ^u s-call$ infants' foods1 :]e ^! consi/ ( amylace\s sub/ances4 ,! />* ( :i* ^! latt] are compos$ n only fails to become assimilat$1 & !re=e to produce no nutri5t effect1 b clogs up ! l[] p>ts ( ! b[els1 & ?us gives rise to a tra9 ( evils1 among/ :i* may be includ$ indige/ion1 di>rhoea1 vomit+1 & n infrequ5tly convulsions & dea?4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! mortality betwe5 infants "u "o ye> ( age :o annually die ( convulsions 9 ,engl& & ,scotl& is attribut$ to ! fact t :]eas ! ,engli% "m fe$s h] (fspr+ on ?ick spoon-food1 ! ,scot* woman n\ri%es h]s f ! brea/4 ,9 ',! ,f\rte5? detail$ ,annual ,report ( ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al ( ,scotl&' x is /at$ t ,! ,engli% practice ( /uff+ _! babes ) spoon-meat occasion$ ! dea? by convulsions ( #bc1aih *ildr5 "u "o ye> ( age dur+ ! ye> #ahfh1 out ( #ghf1heh bir?s2 9 o!r words1 caus$ #a dea? f convulsions 9 e #cd ( ! *ildr5 born dur+ ! ye> 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,scotl&1 dur+ ! same ye>1 only #cab infants "u "o ye> ( age fell victims to convulsions out ( #aae1ead *ildr5 born dur+ ! ye>2 9 o!r words1 #a dea? f convulsions 9 e #cgj born dur+ ! ye>4 ,:5 a *ild has rea*$ ! age ( eight or n9e mon?s ! judici\s use ( f>9ace\s foods is n only unobjectionable b desirable2 b ev5 !n x is mo/ important to increase ! quantity ( ! food v cauti\sly ) ! age1 z well z to see t x has be5 well bak$ & aft]w>ds boil$ be=e be+ p>tak5 (4 ,9 all cases x %\ld be mix$ ) ! milk4 ,:5 ! *ild has rea*$ ! age ( tw5ty mon?s ,dr ,le!by advises ! quantity ( f>9ace\s food to be /ill fur!r increas$1 & ) a little egg giv5 9 ! =m ( pudd+ until x atta9s its ?ird ye>4 ,at ?is p]iod ! *ild's diet may also include bread & butt]1 & at ! end ( x well-boil$ potato ) a little meat gravy4 ,f ! ?ird to ! fif? ye> he prescribes a small quantity ( meat1 & at ! end ( ! n9? ye> ! usual food ( ! family4 ,dur+ all ^! p]iods ! use ( milk z an important article ( ! diet>y is en=c$4 ,! foll[+ table by ! late ,dr ,edw>d ,smi?1 exhibit+ ! proportions betwe5 ! daily quantities ( c>bon & nitrog5 requir$ at diff]5t p]iods ( human exi/5ce1 illu/rates ! great prepond]ance ( nitrog5 dem&$ by ! infant ov] ^? :o succe$ him 9 ! scale ( age3 ,c>bon4 ,nitrog54 ,9 infancy #fi #fgb ,at t5 ye>s ( age #dh #bha ,at sixte5 ye>s ( age #cj #baf ,at adult life #bc #ajd ,9 middle life #be #aac ,see ,,milk4 ,,9',,fants' ,,pres]',,vative4 7,atk9son's47 ,c>bonate ( magnesia1 #f dr42 :ite sug>1 #b-a_/b oz42 oil ( anise$1 #bj drops2 comp\nd _s ( ammonia & rectifi$ _s1 ( ea* #b-a_/b fl4 dr42 laudanum1 #a fl4 dr42 syrup ( saffron1 #a oz42 c>away wat]1 q4 s4 to make ! :ole measure #a p9t4 ,antacid1 anodyne1 & hypnotic4 ,,infec',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,contagion4 ,! communication ( disease1 ei!r by p]sonal contact ) ! sick or by means ( effluvia aris+ f _! bodies4 ,attempts h be5 made to re/rict ! t]m contagion to ! =m]1 & infection to ! latt]1 b ?is di/9ction is n[ disc>d$ by ! majority ( writ]s4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal diseases :i* are commonly reg>d$ z contagi\s3--,*ick5-pox1 *ol]a1 c[-pox1 dys5t]y1 erysipelas1 gl&]s1 gonorrhoea1 hoop+-c\gh1 hydrophobia1 it*1 measles1 mumps1 oph?almia 7purul5t71 plague1 scald-head1 sc>let fev]1 smallpox1 syphilis1 yaws4 ,see ,,dis9fectant1 c4 ,,inflam',,mable ,,air4 ,see ,,hydrog54 ,,inflamma',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,inflammatio1 ,l4 ,9 pa?ology1 a c]ta9 /ate ( disease4 ,! common symptoms ( inflammation are pa91 swell+1 heat1 & r$ness1 att5d$ ) fev]1 & g5]al con/itutional d]angem5t :5 sev]e4 ,! treatm5t ( inflammations1 :e!r trifl+2 or s]i\s1 is ess5tially ! same 9 pr9ciple1 & only diff]s 9 degree4 ,?is consi/s 9 ! adoption ( ! usual means = l[]+ ! =ce ( ! circulation & ! frequ5cy ( ! pulse2 ( :i* lee*+1 purg+1 a l[ diet1 & ! use ( refrig]ant dr9ks & lotions1 =m ! mo/ important "p4 ,! con/itutional d]angem5t or symptomatic inflammatory fev]1 & inflammatory condition ( ! blood always accompany local inflammation1 & progress ) its int5sity4 ,9 inflammations ( a m purely local "*1 cupp+ or lee*+ ! "p imm$iately affect$1 or ! p>ts adjac5t to x1 is 9 g5]al m appropriate & successful4 ,9 ^! cases ! application ( refrig]ant or s$ative lotions1 ba?s1 c41 g5]ally proves ( mu* advantage4 ,9 cases 9 :i* !re is induration or dryness ( ! "p1 ! use ( w>m embrocations is indicat$4 ,inflammation (t5 arises f app>5tly v trifl+ causes1 p>ticul>ly 9 p]sons ( a full or bad habit ( body1 or :o indulge 9 ! free use ( malt liquors4 ,9 "s p]sons a v trifl+ local injury1 z a slight abrasion1 cut1 prick1 or spra91 produces a consid]able am\nt ( tumefaction1 att5d$ ) sev]e con/itutional excitem5t4 ,punctur$ w\nds1 spra9s1 & dislocations commonly furni% ! mo/ s]i\s cases ( inflammation t dep5d on m]e ext]nal injury4#cei ,see ,,abscess1 ,,fev]1 ,,tum\r1 c4 ,footnote #cei3 ,9 all inflammatory cases ( a s]i\s nature1 ! read] is /rongly advis$ to commit himself to ! c>e ( a m$ical practition]4 ,inflammation ( ! ,b[els4 ,! common causes are incauti\s exposure to cold1 ! use ( improp] food1 & ! pres5ce ( acrid sub/ances or h>d5$ fces 9 ! b[els4 ,! m con/ant symptoms are pa9 ov] ! abdom51 ?ir/1 heat1 & ext5sive re/lessness & anxiety2 sickness1 ob/9ate con/ipation1 & a h>d1 small1 quick pulse4 ,9 ! lat] /ages ! pa9 & t5d]ness ( ! abdom51 especially ar\nd ! navel1 become excessive1 & !re is difficult micturition4 ,9 "s cases ! pa9 sudd5ly ceases1 ! belly becomes tumid1 ! pulse sc>cely p]ceptible1 ! c\nt5ance gha/ly1 & ! pati5t dies 9 a few h\rs4 ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 bli/]s1 lee*es to ! abdom51 hot ba? & fom5tations1 ap]i5t cly/]s1 & m]curial purges2 ) eff]vesc+ draughts & opium to allay sickness1 foll[$ by diaphoretic sal9es & g5tle ap]i5ts4 ,see ,,/oma* ,,affections1 c4 ,,inflammatory ,,fe',,v]4 ,see ,,fev] & ,,inflammation4 ,,influ5',,za4 ,see ,,cat>rh4 ,,infu',,sion4 ,syn4 ,,infusum1 ,,infusio1 ,l4 ,a liquid m$ic9e1 prep>$ by mac]at+ vegetable or animal sub/ances 9 wat]1 at any temp]ature bel[ t ( ebullition4 ,! mode ( prep>+ infusions is1 ) mo/ sub/ances1 precisely simil> to t pursu$ = mak+ ! almo/ univ]sal bev]age--,,tea4 ,! +r$i5ts are commonly plac$ 9 a /onew>e pot or vessel 7an 'infusion pot'71 previ\sly made hot2 boil+ wat] is !n p\r$ ov] !m1 & ! cov] be+ plac$ on1 ! :ole is all[$ to dige/ toge!r1 at fir/1 = a %ort "t1 9 a w>m situation1 z on ! hob or ! f5d]1 & aft]w>ds 7! vessel be+ remov$ f ! heat7 until ! :ole becomes cold4 ,! liquid is !n p\r$ f ! +r$i5ts1 & ! latt]1 be+ slightly press$1 if necess>y1 ! infusion is /ra9$ ?r\gh a piece ( clean l95 or a hair sieve = use4 ,dur+ ! dige/ion ! +r$i5ts %\ld be occasionally /irr$1 an important matt] (t5 neglect$1 & n ev5 ref]r$ to by mo/ ph>maceutical writ]s4 ,! sub/ances employ$ = mak+ infusions receive ! same prelim9>y treatm5t z ^? int5d$ = mak+ ,,decoctions4 ,%av+s1 leaves1 & fl[]s require no previ\s prep>ation beyond be+ pull$ asund]2 b roots1 woods1 & o!r solid sub/ances mu/ be bruis$ or slic$1 if 9 ! gre5 or rec5t /ate1 or bruis$ or co>sely pulv]is$1 if dry1 = ! purpose ( expos+ z l>ge a surface z possible to ! action ( ! m5/ruum4 ,! sub/ances extract$ by wat] f vegetables by infusion are *iefly gum1 mucus extractive1 tann91 c]ta9 vegetable acids1 ! bitt] & n>cotic pr9ciples1 gum-res91 ess5tial oil1 & alkaloids4 ,"s ( ^! sub/ances are only sp>+ly soluble 9 wat] at ord9>y temp]atures2 b m readily s 9 hot wat]1 & freely soluble 9 boil+ wat]4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] %\ld be !re=e proportion$ to ! nature ( ! vegetable matt] op]at$ on4 ,= m]e 'demulc5t infusions1' 9 :i* />* & gum are ! *ief sub/ances s\ght to be dissolv$ out1 & :5 ! active pr9ciple is sc>cely soluble 9 wat]1 unless at ne>ly ! boil+ temp]ature1 boil+ wat] alone %\ld be employ$2 b :5 ! m$ic9al virtues ( vegetables are soluble 9 wat] at l[] temp]atures1 x is bett] to employ hot wat] 7#afe to #age ,fahr471 & to all[ a little long] p]iod = ! dige/ion4 ,9 _m cases temp]ate wat] 7f #fj to #gj ,fahr471 or tepid wat] 7f #hj to #ij ,fahr471 may be us$ ) advantage1 especially 9 ! prep>ation ( 'aromatic bitt] infusions1' & 9 mo/ cases :]e x is wi%$ t ! product %\ld conta9 z little in]t matt] z possible2 b :5 wat] at l[ temp]atures is employ$1 ! p]iod ( ! mac]ation mu/ be proportionately increas$4 ,by adopt+ ! me?od ( mac]ation 9 vacuo1 or 9 an atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid1 ! m5/ruum may be all[$ to lay 9 contact ) ! vegetable matt] = an unlimit$ p]iod1 )\t decomposition tak+ place4 ,infusions1 l decoctions1 are liable to und]go spontane\s decomposition by keep+1 especially 9 w>m wea!r1 :5 a few h\rs are (t5 suffici5t = _! passage into a /ate ( active f]m5tation2 !y %\ld1 !re=e1 :5 possible1 be prep>$ = use daily1 z beyond tw5ty-f\r h\rs !y _c be dep5d$ on4 ,! ,london ,college directs a p9t only to be made at a "t1 ?us v prop]ly reg>d+ !m z extemporane\s prep>ations4 ,,conc5trat$ ,,infusions1 n[ s common 9 ! %ops1 &1 un=tunately1 s g5]ally us$ 9 disp5s+1 are ei!r made by tak+ #h times ! quantity ( ! +r$i5ts ord]$ 9 ! ph>macopoeia1 & !n proce$+ 9 ! usual mann]1 or by ! me?od ( displacem5t2 or1 by c>efully & rapidly conc5trat+ ! simple infusions1 by evaporation 9 a /eam or salt-wat] ba?1 until r$uc$ to ab\t #a-g? ( ! orig9al quantity4 ,9 ei!r case ! liquid is put into a /rong bottle1 )\t be+ filt]$1 & #aj to #ab ( rectifi$ _s add$ to x1 :il/ /ill hot4 ,! cork is !n put 9 & secur$ d[n1 & ! :ole agitat$ = "s m9utes1 aft] :i* x is set aside = a week1 :5 ! cle> portion is c>efully decant$ f ! s$im5t = sale4 ,ano!r me?od1 :i* answ]s well ) ! aromatic bitt] vegetables1 is to take #h times ! usual quantity ( ! +r$i5ts1 & to exhau/ !m ) a mixture ( rectifi$ spirits1 #a "p1 & di/ill$ wat]1 #c p>ts2 by dige/ion1 or1 bett] /ill1 by p]colation4 ,conc5trat$ infusions made 9 ?is way keep well1 & deposit sc>cely any s$im5t4 ,_m h\ses t are rem>kable = ! 'brilliancy' & beauty ( ^! prep>ations1 employ #a_/c _s ( w9e & #b_/c wat] z ! m5/ruum4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be tak51 z a g5]al rule1 t = vegetable sub/ances t ab\nd 9 woody fibre1 & conta9 little extractive matt] soluble 9 wat] 7z quassia1 = in/ance71 #a_/f to #a_/e "p ( _s is suffici5t = _! pres]vation2 :il/ = ^? ab\nd+ 9 mucilage or fecula1 or t readily s(t5 & become pulpy & glut9\s 9 weak _s 7z rhub>b71 #a_/e to #a_/c is requir$4 ,by adopt+ ! me?od orig9ally sugge/$ by ,mr ,alsop1 infusions may be pres]v$1 un9jur$1 = a ye> or long]1 )\t ! addition ( _s or any o!r sub/ance4 ,! only precaution necess>y is to keep !m 9 bottles1 p]fectly fill$ & h]metically seal$4#cfj ,our own plan is to put a few bruis$ cloves or se$s ( black mu/>d into ! bottles1 :i* mu/ be only #b-crds fill$1 !n completely fill !m ) a cond5s$ atmosph]e ( c>bonic acid gas2 &1 la/ly1 to /opp] !m & seal !m ov]1 s z to p]fectly exclude ! air4 ,a p9t ( decoction ( s>sap>illa & #a_/b p9t ( infusion ( calumba1 treat$ 9 ?is way1 kept good = fully #i ye>s4 ,by simply mac]at+ 9 ! infusion z mu* bruis$ mu/>d se$ z c be add$ )\t flav\r+ ! liquor1 along ) a little bruis$ cloves1 we f9d t mo/ vegetable infusions may be pres]v$ 9 bottles :i* are occasionally uncork$1 )\t ei!r f]m5t+ or becom+ m\ldy1 by ! use ( v little _s 7#a_/i or #a_/aj74 ,footnote #cfj3 ',ph>m4 ,j\rn41' i1 #eg4 ,be=e add+ ! _s to infusions made ) cold wat]1 or ) wat] :i* is only tepid1 x is advisable to heat ! liquid to ab\t #ahe ,fahr41 9 a wat] ba?1 & aft] keep+ x at t temp]ature = a few m9utes1 & all[+ x aga9 to become cold1 to sep>ate x f ! precipitat$ matt]1 ei!r by filtration or decantation4 ,x is (t5 v difficult to r5d] vegetable infusions & decoctions p]fectly transp>5t1 a quality always expect$ 9 ! conc5trat$ prep>ations4 ,defecation by repose is always bett] ?an filtration1 ow+ to ! m or less viscidity ( ! susp5d$ matt]4 ,:5 ?is is n suffici5t1 !y may be cl>ifi$ ) :ite ( egg 7#b or #c to ! gall471 previ\sly beat5 up ) #e or #f fl4 oz4 ( wat]4 ,mo/ ( ! vegetable infusions & decoctions w readily pass ! filt]1 aft] a v small quantity ( acetic1 nitric1 or sulphuric acid has be5 add$ to !m4 ,! mo/ ob/9ate may be r5d]$ 'brilliant1' or 'c&le bright1' z ! 'cell>m5' call x1 by %ak+ !m up1 fir/ ) ab\t a dra*m ( dilute sulphuric acid1 & aft]w>ds ) ! :ites ( #c or #d eggs1 previ\sly mix$ ) a few ounces ( wat]1 = ea* gallon ( ! liquid4 ,?is plan is1 h[ev]1 objectionable = _m m$ic9al prep>ations4 ,z _m infusions :i* are occasionally employ$ 9 m$ic9e mu/ necess>ily escape be+ sep>ately notic$ 9 ?is "w1 x may be z well to rem>k t ! infusions ( all vegetables t d n ex]t a v p[]ful action on ! human frame z ord9>y h]bs & roots may be made by p\r+ #a p9t ( boil+ wat] on #a oz4 ( ! vegetable matt]1 & all[+ x to mac]ate = #a_/b an h\r to an h\r4 ,! decoctions ( ! same vegetables may be made by simply boil+ ! above +r$i5ts1 9 ! same proportions1 = #aj or #ae m9utes1 in/ead ( op]at+ by m]e infusion4 ,) sub/ances ( some:at great] activity1 only half ! above quantity %\ld be tak52 :il/1 ) ! n>cotic plants & ^? possess+ great activity1 #a to #b dr4 to wat]1 #a p9t1 w be ! prop] quantity4 ,! ord9>y dose ( su* infusions & decoctions is #a_/b to #a w9e-glassful 7#a to #b fl4 oz471 two1 ?ree1 or f\r times a day1 z ! case may indicate4 ,infusion is pref]r$ = all bodies ( a delicate texture1 :i* readily yield _! active pr9ciples to wat]2 & especially :5 ^! are ei!r volatile or liable to be injur$ by ! heat ( ebullition4 ,! simple infusions are n[ less frequ5tly made by ! druggi/ ?an =m]ly4 ,9 mo/ cases he m]ely furni%es ! +r$i5ts1 & ! infusions are prep>$ by ei!r ! nurse or pati5t1 by :om !y are commonly call$ ',,teas1' a/]ism ,! foll[+ li/ embraces mo/ ( ! infusions us$ 9 prescrib+ or notic$ 9 books4 ,:]e ! proportions ( ! +r$i5ts are n giv51 #a oz4 ( ! m$ic9al sub/ance & #a p9t ( boil+ wat] are to be tak51 & ! dose is t ref]r$ to above4 ,infusion ( ,agrim'ony4 ,syn4 ,,agrimony ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,agrimonii1 ,l4 ,f ! fre% tops be=e ! fl[]s are =m$4 ,v]mifuge4--,dose4 ,a teacupful #c or #d times a day2 also us$ z an a/r+5t g>gle & lotion4 ,= int]nal use1 an equal weight ( liquorice root 7slic$7 is commonly add$4 ,infusion ( ,al'kal9e4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,alkal9um1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,beasley47 ,hickory a%1 #a p9t2 wood soot1 #a_/d p9t2 boil+ wat]1 #a gall42 9 #bd h\rs decant ! cle>4 ,a popul> rem$y 9 ,am]ica = dyspepsia ) acidity4 ,infusion ( ,alkal9e4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,alkal9um4 ,prep4 ,hickory a%1 #a lb42 wood soot1 #a_/d lb42 boil+ wat]1 #a_/b gall4 ,let !m /& #bd h\rs1 & decant4 ,a w9e-glassful ?ree or f\r times a day4 ,?is is simply ano!r =m ( ! previ\s prep>ation4 ,infusion ( ,al'oes4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,alo,s1 ,d4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f hepatic or ,socotr9e aloes 79 p[d]71 #b dr42 c>bonate ( potassa1 #a-a_/b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,alo,s ,,compositum1 ,l47--a4 ,z ! ,,comp\nd ,,decoction ,,( ,a4 7,ph4 ,l471 b us+ only a p9t ( boil+ wat]4 b4 7,fo!rgill47 ,calumba & rhub>b1 ( ea*1 #a oz42 aloes1 #b dr42 lime wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 _s ( hors]adi%1 #a fl4 oz42 mac]ate 9 ! cold = #ab h\rs1 & /ra94 ,! la/ ?ree1 l ! decoction1 are ap]i5t1 antacid1 /oma*ic1 tonic1 & emm5agogue4--,dose1 #a tablespoonful to a small w9e-glassful1 9 wat]4 ,! la/ "o is an admirable m$ic9e 9 dyspepsia1 loss ( appetite1 & tr\blesome con/ipation4 ,infusion ( ,am]'ican ,calum'ba4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,fras]1 ,l4 ,f ! dri$ root ( ,am]ican calumba 7,fras]a ,c>ol95sis74 ,a pure1 p[]ful1 & excell5t bitt]1 de/itute ( aroma1 & fully equal to g5tian4 7,l9dley47 ,infusion ( ,am]'ican ,c5'taury4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,sabatii1 ,l4 ,f ! h]b 7,sabbatia angul>is74 ,a pure bitt] tonic1 )\t a/r+5cy or aroma4 ,infusion ( ,am]'ican ,s5'na4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cassi ,,m>yl&ic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,m>t947 ,leaves ( ,am]ican or wild s5na 7,cassia ,m>yl&ica71 #a-a_/b oz42 cori&] se$1 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,purgative4 ,infusion ( ,angel'ica4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,angelic1 ,l4 ,f ! root ( g>d5 angelica4 ,a w>m /oma*ic & diaphoretic2 &1 9 l>ge doses1 ap]i5t4 ,x is a popul> rem$y 9 dyspepsia1 flatul5t colic1 & he>tburn4 ,infusion ( ,anise$4 ,syn4 ,,anise$ ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,anisi1 ,l4 ,c>m9ative2 an excell5t adjunct to purgatives1 to prev5t grip+2 giv5 to infants to relieve colic1 c4 ,dr ,pr\t recomm5ds ! use ( wat] at #abj or #abe ,fahr4 ,infusion1 ,antiscorbu'tic4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,antiscorbuticum1 ,,mi/ura ,,antiscorbutica1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,wat] trefoil 7,m5yan!s trifoliata71 #a oz42 orange peel1 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a qu>t2 infuse = #h or #aj h\rs1 /ra91 & add ( comp\nd _s ( hors]adi%1 #e fl4 oz4 ,9 scurvy4 ,infusion ( ,ar'nica4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,arnic1 ,l4 #a4 ,f ! fl[]s ( m\nta9 arnica or ,g]man leop>d's bane 7,arnica montana74 ,cott]eau ord]s #a oz41 ,dr ,p]eira #a_/b oz41 & ,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,?omson1 #a_/d oz4 ( ! fl[]s to ! p9t4 ,! fir/ is ! usual quantity4 ,! dose ( ! fir/ is a tablespoonful2 ( ! second1 #a_/b to #a fl4 oz42 ( ?ird1 #a_/b to #a w9e-glassful4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,arnic ,,compositum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,cop5h47 ,fl[]s ( arnica1 #a dr42 pepp]m9t1 #b dr42 *amomiles1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a_/b p9t4--,dose1 #a fl4 oz4 ,z ! la/4 ,infusion ( ,arnica-root4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,arnics ,,radicis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,ca/r4 ,ru?47 ,arnica root1 #dj gr42 wat]1 #a lb4--,dose1 #a fl4 oz4 ,z ! above4 ,infusion1 ,a/r9'g5t4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,a/r+5s1 ,,mi/ura ,a41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f oak-b>k4 #b4 ,infusion ( cusp>ia1 #ag fl4 oz42 t9cture ( cate*u or k9o1 #a fl4 oz42 p[d]$ ipecacuanha1 #a dr42 p[d]$ opium1 #ab gr42 mix4 ,9 di>rhoea1 c4 ,x mu/ be well %ak5 be=e p\r+ out ! dose4 ,infusion ( ,balm4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,meliss1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,pl5ck47 ,fre% h]b1 #e dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse = fifte5 m9utes4 ,infusion ( ,aya-pana1 ,comp\nd 7,dr ,cam]a74 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,ay-,,pan ,,compositum4 ,prep4 ,leaves ( ,brazilian aya-pana1 #b dr42 anise$1 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #b p9ts4 ,infusion ( ,b>'b]ry4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,b>b]is1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,copl&47 ,f ! b>k ( ! b>b]ry %rub 7,b]b]is vulg>is74 ,9 jaundice1 bili>y fluxes1 & o!r cases :]e heat & acrimony prevail2 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) a little c>bonate ( soda or potassa1 & t9cture ( calumba4 ,infusion ( ,b>k4 ,see ,,infusion ,,( ,,c9*ona4 ,infusion ( ,bay-leaves4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,lauri1 ,i4 ,,lauri ,,nobilis1 ,l4 ,f ! leaves or ! b]ries ( ! sweet bay 7,laurus nobilis74 ,aromatic1 /imulant1 & emm5agogue2 9 v l>ge doses1 emetic & poison\s4 ,x is *iefly giv5 9 colic1 flatul5ce1 p>alysis ( ! extremities1 & ob/ruct$ m5/ruation4 ,infusion ( ,be>b]ry 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,uv ,,ursi4 ,prep4 ,infuse be>b]ry leaves1 bruis$1 #a_/b oz42 9 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #aj oz42 9 a cov]$ vessel = #b h\rs1 & /ra94 ,infusion ( ,beef4 ,see ,,ess5ce1 ,,tea1 c4 ,infusion ( ,belladon'na4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,belladonn4 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,p>is47 ,leaves ( deadly night%ade 7dri$71 #d gr42 boil+ wat]1 #b fl4 oz42 = a dose4 #b4 7,comp\nd2--,dr ,saund]s47 ,leaves 7dri$71 #a_/b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #ab fl4 oz42 infuse1 /ra91 & to e #g fl4 oz4 ( ! infusion add ( comp\nd t9cture ( c>damoms1 #a fl4 oz4 ,infusion ( ,bis'tort4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,bi/ort1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,radius47 ,bi/ort or snake-we$ root 7,poligonum ,bi/orta71 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse #b h\rs1 & /ra94 ,9 passive hmorrhages4 ,infusion ( ,black ,snake-root4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cimicifug ,,racemos1 ,l4 ,9 dropsy1 rheumatism1 & *e/ compla9ts4 ,infusion ( ,bless$ ,?i/le4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,c>dui ,,b5$icti1 ,l4 ,f ! :ole h]b4 ,9 small doses x is diaphoretic2 9 l>g] ones1 tonic1 /oma*ic1 & deob/ru5t2 tak5 w>m1 x is occasionally giv5 to promote ! action ( emetics4 ,! prop]ties ( c>duus b5$ictus are su* z to lead u to ! belief t x has be5 sup]s$$ by o!r n m efficaci\s rem$ies4 7,l9dley47 ,infusion ( ,blood-root4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,( ,,puccoon2 ,,infusum ,,sangu9>i1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,blood-root 7,sangu9>ia ,canad5sis71 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,/imulant & emetic4 ,infusion ( ,blue ,flag4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,iridis ,,v]sicoloris1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f ! fl[]s ( blue flag 7,iris v]sicolor74--#b4 ,f ! root ( rhizomes4 ,! fir/ is us$ *iefly = its ri* col\r1 z a te/1 c42 ! second is diuretic & ca?>tic1 & apt to produce di/ress+ nausea & pro/ration4 ,infusion ( ,bone'set4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,eupatorii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,f ! dri$ leaves & fl[]s ( boneset or ?or\gh-wort 7,eupatorium p]foliatum74 ,diaphoretic1 nauseant1 & emetic :5 w>m2 tonic :5 cold4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,eupatorii ,,compositum1 ,l4--,ellis47 ,boneset & sage1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 casc>illa1 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 infuse until cold1 & /ra94 ,9 hectic fev]4 ,a w9e-glassful ( ei!r ( ! above1 giv5 h\rly1 9 ^! diseases1 until p]spiration & nausea are induc$1 has be5 highly recomm5d$ 9 influ5za4 ,infusion ( ,braz'il-wood4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,ligni ,,brasil9sis1 ,l4 ,f gr\nd or rasp$ ,brazil wood4 ,:5 want$ to keep1 rectifi$ _s1 #c fl4 oz41 is add$ to e p9t4 ,us$ = col\r+1 & z a te/4 ,infusion ( ,broom4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,scop>ii1 ,l4 ,see ,,decoction ,,( ,,broom4 ,infusion ( ,bu'*u4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,bu*u 7,b4 ,p471 ,i4 ,,bucku 7,ph4 ,e471 ,i4 ,,diosm1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,f bruis$ bu*u leaves1 #a oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse = an h\r & /ra94 ,diuretic1 sudorific1 tonic2 9 dyspepsia1 c42 b *iefly 9 *ronic affections ( ! bladd] & ure?ra att5d$ ) copi\s secretion4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,bu*u ,,compositum1 ,i4 ,,diosm ,c41 ,l4--7,radius47 ,leaves ( bu*u & :ortleb]ry1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #h oz4 7say #a_/b p9t72 dige/ = half an h\r1 /ra91 & add ( syrup ( s5ega1 #a_/b fl4 oz4--,dose1 #a or #b table-spoonfuls e h\r2 9 atony ( ! bladd] & muc\s dis*>ges4 ,infusion ( ,buck'bean4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,m5yan?is1 ,l4 ,f ! h]b or root ( buckbean or m>% trefoil 7,m5yan!s trifoliata74 ,bitt]1 /oma*ic1 tonic1 & diuretic2 9 l>ge doses1 purgative1 v]mifuge1 & emetic4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ 9 agues1 g\t1 dropsy1 scurvy1 worms1 c4 ,! *ief consumption ( ?is plant is by ! brew]s2 #b oz4 be+ equal to #a lb4 ( hops4 7,gray47 ,infusion ( ,bur'dock4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,b>dan1 ,l4 ,f ! root ( common burdock4 ,ap]i5t1 diuretic1 diaphoretic1 & tonic2 9 g\t1 rheumatism1 sk9 diseases1 c4 ,see ,,decoction & ,,extract4 ,infusion ( ,calum'ba4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,calumb 7,b4 ,p47 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,calumba1 9 co>se p[d]1 #a oz42 cold di/ill$ wat]1 #b oz42 mac]ate "o h\r1 & /ra94 ,infusion ( calumba is a good tonic & /oma*ic bitt]4--,dose1 #a to #c fl4 oz42 9 dyspepsia1 c41 & = re/ra9+ vomit+ & di>rhoea dur+ pregnancy or d5tition4 ,x is pref]ably jo9$ ) small doses ( ! c>bonates ( soda1 potassa1 ammonia1 or magnesia1 :5 !re is acidity2 or ) *alybeates1 :5 !re is pal5ess & a l[ pulse2 ) all ( :i* sub/ances x may be mix$ )\t suff]+ any s5sible alt]ation4 #b4 7,conc5trat$2 ,,infusum ,,calumb ,,conc5tratum1 ,l47--a4 ,calumba1 9 co>se p[d]1 #e-a_/b oz42 cold di/ill$ wat]1 #ab fl4 oz42 dige/ ) frequ5t agitation1 = #c or #d h\rs1 !n express ! liquor1 & repeat ! dige/ion ) #e-a_/b fl4 oz4 m ( tepid wat]2 aft] ano!r h\r1 express ?is portion also1 us+ z mu* =ce z possible2 next mix ! liquors1 heat !m quickly to ! boil+-po9t 9 a %all[ vessel1 & p\r ! infusion1 :il/ /ill hot1 into a /rong bottle1 & :5 x has cool$ a little add ( rectifi$ _s1 #d fl4 oz41 secure d[n ! /opp] or cork1 & agitate well = a few m9utes2 ! bottle mu/ n[ be set aside = a week1 aft] :i* ! cle> portion is to be decant$ f ! dregs4 ,v sup]ior4 b4 7,:olesale47 ,f calumba 7r$uc$ to co>se p[d]71 #e-a_/d lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 #e p9ts2 7dilut$ )7 wat]1 #ab p9ts2 dige/ = a week1 or prec$e by displacem5t4 ,%\ld !re be any difficulty 9 obta9+ x free f cl\d9ess1 ! :ites ( #d or #e eggs1 previ\sly mix$ ) ab\t a #a_/d p9t ( cold wat]1 may be add$ to ! infusion1 :i*1 aft] be+ well agitat$ = ab\t t5 m9utes1 mu/ be all[$ to repose = #g or #h days1 & !n decant$ f ! dregs4 ,%\ld x n be p]fectly transp>5t1 x may be filt]$ ?r\gh blott+ pap]4--,product1 #bj lbs4 ,obs4 ,! conc5trat$ infusion produc$ by ! above =mul is ( v sup]ior quality1 & has acquir$ an ext5sive sale 9 ! :olesale trade4 #a "p add$ to #e-a_/d p>ts ( wat] makes a p]fectly transp>5t liquid1 possess+ exactly simil> virtues to ! ,,infusion ,,( ,,calumba--,b4 ,p4 ,infusion ( ,can?>'ides4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,( ,,spani% ,,flies2 ,,infusum ,,can?>idis1 ,i4 ,,lytt1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,s\beiran47 ,spani% flies 7p[d]$7 #bj gr42 boil+ wat]1 q4 s4 7ab\t #c-a_/b fl4 oz47 to yield #c fl4 oz41 aft] expression & filtration4 ,infusion ( ,cap'sicum4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,capsici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p]eira47 ,capsicum 7p[d]$71 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4--,dose1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,/eph5's ',,pepp] ,,m$ic9e'--,p]eira47 ,r$ pepp] 7,capsicum fructesc5s71 #b table-spoonfuls 7or #c ( cay5ne pepp]72 common salt1 #b teaspoonfuls2 boil+ wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 to ! /ra9$ liquor1 :5 cold1 add ( v %>p v9eg>1 #a_/b p9t4--,dose1 #a table-spoonful1 sl[ly swall[$1 e half h\r1 9 *ol]a1 malignant sore ?roat1 sc>lat9a1 c4 ,infusion ( ,c>'away4 ,syn4 ,,c>away ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,c>ui1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f bruis$ c>away se$1 #c dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,9 ! flatul5t colic ( infants1 & z an adjunct to ap]i5t m$ic9e4 ,infusion ( ,c>'rot ,se$4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,dauci1 ,i4 ,,c>ot1 ,l4 ,diuretic2 9 dropsy & nephritic compla9ts2 #a_/b to #a p9t be+ tak5 daily4 ,infusion ( ,casc>il'la4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,casc>ill 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,casc>illa1 9 co>se p[d]1 #a oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #aj oz42 infuse = "o h\r 9 a clos$ vessel & /ra94--,dose4 #a to #b oz41 usually comb9$ ) c>bonate ( soda & t9cture ( casc>illa4 ,x is an excell5t m$ic9e 9 dyspepsia1 debility1 di>rhoea1 c4 #b4 7,conc5trat$2 ,,infusum ,,casc>ill ,,conc5tratum1 ,l47--a4 ,casc>illa 7good & fragrant1 bruis$71 #f-a_/b lbs42 rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #c p9ts2 cold wat]1 #f p9ts2 mac]ate 9 a close vessel = #ad days1 express ! liquor1 & filt]4 b4 ,z ! la/1 b proce$+ by ! process ( p]colation4 ,obs4 ,if ! prec$+ processes are well manag$1 ! product is #aj lbs41 & resembles br&y 9 col\r & transp>5cy1 & is delightfully fragrant4 #a "p ( ?is infusion mix$ ) #f-a_/b p>ts ( wat] makes a prep>ation exactly resembl+ ! ,,infusion ,,( ,,calumba--,b4 ,p4 #c4 7,alkal9e2 ,,infusum ,,casc>ill ,,alkalisatum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,palat47 ,casc>illa1 #c oz42 c>bonate ( potassa1 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #af fl4 oz4 ,antacid & tonic4--,dose1 l tablespoonful4 ,infusion ( ,cas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,cassia ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,cassia ,,fi/ul1 ,l42 ,,eau ,,de ,,casse1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,s\beiran47 ,cassia pods 7bruis$71 #d oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t4 ,laxative4 ,infusion ( ,cate'*u4 ,syn4 ,,comp\nd ,,infusion ,,( ,,cate*u2 ,,infusum ,,cate*u 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cate*u 9 co>se p[d]1 #afj gr41 c9namon1 bruis$1 #dj gr41 boil+ wat]1 mac]ate = half an h\r 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra94 ,a/r+5t 9 di>rhoea4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 ?ree or f\r times a day1 or aft] e liquid dejection4 ,infusion ( ,catm9t4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cat>i4 ,prep4 ,dry catm9t1 #b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,infusion ( ,cay5ne ,pep'p]4 ,see ,,infusion ,,( ,,capsicum4 ,infusion ( ,c5'taury4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,c5tauri1 ,l4 ,f ! fl[]+ tops ( common or less] c5taury 7,ery?a c5taurium74 ,bitt]1 febrifuge1 /oma*ic1 & v]mifuge4 ,a popul> rem$y 9 ob/ructions1 jaundice1 debility1 dyspepsia1 c42 & ext]nally1 = ! it*1 & to de/roy p$iculi4 ,an infusion is also made ( ! root1 :i* is ab\t "o half m p[]ful ?an ! tops4 ,! plant is a valuable native m$ic9e2 9 ! places :]e x gr[s x is c>efully collect$ = use 9 ru/ic ph>macy4 7,l9dley47 ,infusion1 ,cephal'ic4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cephalicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ed94 ,hosp47 ,val]ian root1 #b oz42 rosem>y tops1 #d dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a qu>t1 infuse #ab h\rs1 /ra91 & add aromatic wat]1 #d fl4 oz4 ,z an antispasmodic1 & 9 v>i\s affections ( ! head4 ,infusion ( ,*am'omile4 ,syn4 ,,*amomile ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,an!midis 7,b4 ,p47 ,i4 ,,*am,,meli1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,*amomile fl[]s1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #aj oz42 infuse = fifte5 m9utes1 & /ra94 ,tonic1 bitt]1 & /oma*ic2 also emetic4 ,x %\ld be drunk cold1 z x is emetic :5 w>m4--,dose4 ,z a /oma*ic1 #a to #c oz42 z an emetic1 #e to #aj oz4 #b4 7,conc5trat$2 ,,infusum ,,an!midis ,,conc5tratum1 ,l4 ,f *amomiles1 #e-a_/b oz41 wat]2 #a p9t2 boil till ! mixture weighs exactly #ba oz41 express ! liquor by means ( a p[]ful t9cture-press1 cool1 & add ( ess5tial oil ( *amomile1 #ae drops1 dissolv$ 9 rectifi$ _s1 #e fl4 oz4 agitate well1 let x repose until ! next day1 !n decant ! cle>1 & filt]4 ,/rongly bitt] & odor\s1 & beautifully transp>5t4 #e-a_/b times z /rong z ! ord9>y ,,infusion--,b4 ,p4 ,infusion ( ,*amomile & ,orange 7,dr ,p]cival74 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,an!midis ,,et ,,aurantii4 ,prep4 ,*amomile fl[]s1 #a oz42 dri$ orange peel1 #a_/b oz42 cold wat]1 #c lbs42 mac]ate = #bd h\rs4 ,infusion ( ,*]'ry-laurel4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,lauro-,,c]asi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,*e/on47 ,fre% leaves ( ! common or *]ry-laurel 7,c]asus ,lauro-c]asus74 #b-a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse1 /ra91 & add ( cl>ifi$ honey1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,z a lotion 9 canc] ( ! lip1 & z a wa% = malignant ulc]s4 ,infusion ( ,*iret'ta4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,*irat1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,*iretta1 cut small1 #a oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 at #abj ,f41 #dj oz42 infuse half an h\r1 & /ra94--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 ,obs4 ,*iretta is a pure tonic bitt]1 closely alli$ to g5tian1 & has be5 long e/eem$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies z a rem$y = acidity1 flatul5ce1 & dyspepsia1 especially :5 occurr+ 9 g\ty or debilitat$ habits4 ,x is usually giv5 9 comb9ation ) c>bonate ( soda or salts ( iron4 ,! :ole ( ! plant is employ$4 #b4 7,conc5trat$2 ,,infusum ,,*irett ,,conc5tratum1 ,l47 ,f ,*iretta1 #d oz42 = ea* p9t ( ! product1 prep>$ z ei!r ,,conc4 ,,infusion ,,( ,,calumba or ,,casc>illa4 ,eight times z /rong z ! common infusion4 ,infusion ( ,c9*o'na4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,( ,,b>k1 ,,infusum ,,c9*on1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,yell[ c9*ona 7calisaya7 b>k1 9 co>se p[d]1 #a oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse = two h\rs 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra94 ,obs4 ,infusion ( b>k is tonic & /oma*ic1 & 9 v l>ge doses febrifuge4 ,x is an extremely useful m$ic9e 9 dyspepsia1 debility1 & dur+ convalesc5ces1 & is (t5 a valuable adjunct to m active rem$ies4 ,l ! decoction1 x is mo/ en]getic :5 /ra9$ :il/ hot4 ,! addition ( #a fl4 dr4 ( dilut$ sulphuric acid to ! wat] be=e p\r+ x on ! b>k increases its solv5t p[]1 &1 consequ5tly ! /r5g? ( ! infusion4--,dose1 #a to #c fl4 oz4 #b4 7,conc5trat$2 ,,infusum ,,c9*on ,,conc5tratum1 ,l47--a4 ,yell[ b>k 7co>sely p[d]$71 #d lbs42 boil+ wat]1 #h lbs42 dige/ = #ab h\rs1 express ! liquid1 add rectifi$ _s1 #b lbs41 & aft] #bd h\rs' repose decant ! cle> portion4 b4 ,yell[ b>k 79 co>se p[d]71 #d lbs42 cold wat]1 #h lbs42 rectifi$ _s1 #b lbs42 dilute sulphuric acid1 #d fl4 oz42 mix ! fluids1 & ei!r mac]ate ! b>k 9 !m = a week 9 a clos$ vessel1 or proce$ by ! me?od ( displacem5t4 ,v sup]ior4 ,obs4 #a fl4 dr4 ( ei!r ( ! above1 add$ to #g fl4 dr4 ( wat]1 produces an extemporane\s infusion ( c9*ona resembl+ t ( ! ph>macopoeia4 ,! conc5trat$ prep>ation ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 be+ m ?an #h times ! usual /r5g?1 is plac$ among/ ,,liquors4 #c4 ,f ,,pale ,,b>k3--a4 7,ph4 ,l41 ,,infusion ,,( ,,pale ,,c9*ona2 ,,infusum ,,c9*on ,,pallid--,ph4 ,l47 ,f pale b>k1 z ,,infusion ,,( ,,c9*ona--,ph4 ,l4 b4 7,ph4 ,d42 ,,infusum ,,c9*on--,ph4 ,d47 ,cr[n or pale b>k1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 infuse #a h\r 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra9 ?r\gh pap]4 ,obs4 ,?is infusion is inf]ior to ! prec$+ 7f yell[ b>k7 9 activity1 & is a v unnecess>y "o4 ,x is said to oppress ! /oma* less ?an t ( ! o!r c9*ona b>k2 ! reason is obvi\s--x is weak]4 7,p]eira47 c4 ,conc5trat$2 ,,infusum ,,c9*on ,,pallid ,,conc5tratum1 ,l4 ,z ,,conc5trat$ ,,infusion ,,( ,,c9*ona1 b us+ pale b>k4 ,! conc5trat$ prep>ation ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 w be f\nd "u ,,liquors4 ,infusion ( ,c9'namon4 ,syn4 ,,c9namon ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,c9namomi1 ,l4 ,9 flatul5ce1 dyspepsia1 & n]v\s colics4 ,infusion ( ,cloves4 ,syn4 ,,clove ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,c>yophyllorum1 ,i4 ,,c>iophylli 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cloves 7bruis$71 #a oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #bj oz42 infuse = half an h\r1 & /ra94 ,aromatic1 /imulant1 & /oma*ic1 ei!r alone or 9 comb9ation2 9 colic1 dyspepsia1 g\t1 c4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,conc5trat$3 ,,infusum ,,c>yophylli ,,conc5tratum1 ,l47--a4 ,bruis$ cloves1 #c oz42 boil+ wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 infuse z above & /ra92 :5 cold1 add ( rectifi$ _s #a_/d p9t1 & filt]4 b4 ,bruis$ cloves1 #a-c_/d lb42 rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2 cold wat]1 #c qu>ts2 mac]ate = #g days1 & express ! liquid2 spr9kle ! m>c ) wat]1 #ab fl4 oz41 & aft] ! lapse ( an h\r aga9 submit x to ! press2 la/ly filt] ! mix$ liquors4 ,v f9e4 ,! above are ab\t eight times ! /r5g? ( ! ,,infusion ,,( ,,cloves4--,ph4 ,l4 ,infusion ( ,c('fee4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,caffei1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,mc,bride47 ,unroa/$ c(fee b]ries 7bruis$71 #cj 9 no42 cold wat]1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate #b or #c h\rs4 ,9 calculus1 c4--,dose1 #a_/b p9t e morn+4 ,obs4 ,sir ,j4 ,floy] & ,sir ,j4 ,pr+le cur$ a/hma ) a /rong solution ( roa/$ c(fee4 ,m4 ,b\*>dat prescribes a /rong infusion made by displacem5t 7p]colation71 & mix$ ) a little br&y1 9 poison+ by opium & o!r l n>cotics1 aft] ! adm9i/ration ( emetics & iodurett$ wat]4 ,m4 ,honore also employs v /rong-made c(fee 9 album9uria4 ,claus5 gives x 9 g\t1 & ,p>k] employs x z a n]v\s /imulant 9 lieu ( ammonia & w9e1 = p]sons ( a slightly s5sitive & excitable temp]am5t4 ,infusion ( ,contray]'va4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,contray]v1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p]eira47 ,contray]va 79 p[d]71 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #ab fl4 oz4 ,/imulant1 tonic1 & diaphoretic2 9 l[ fev]s1 c4 ,infusion ( ,copal'*e ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,copal*i ,,corticis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,/>k47 ,b>k ( copal*e bu% 7,croton pseudo-,*9a71 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 dige/ #b h\rs1 & /ra94 ,a w>m bitt] & /oma*ic4 ,infusion ( ,cor'sican ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,helm9?ocorti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,f>r47 ,corsican moss1 #e dr41 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate = #aj or #ab h\rs1 & /ra94 ,ad libitum 9 canc]4 ,see ,,decoction4 ,infusion ( ,cotula4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cotul4 ,f dri$ fl[]s ( ,an!mio cotula1 z infusion ( *amomiles4 ,infusion ( ,cuspa''ria4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,( ,,ango/ura ,,b>k2 ,,infusum ,,cusp>i 7,b4 ,p471 ,i4 ,,angu/ur1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cusp>ia1 9 co>se p[d]1 #a oz42 di/ill$ wat]1 at #abj1 #bj oz42 infuse #b h\rs1 & /ra94 ,/imulant & tonic2 9 typhus fev]1 bili\s di>rhoea1 dys5t]y1 c4 ,infusion ( ,daf''fodil4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,n>cissi ,,pseudo-,,n>cissi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dufresnoy47 ,fl[]s ( daffodil 7,n>cissus pseudo-,n>cissus71 #c to #af 9 no42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,expectorant1 nauseant1 & emetic4 ,9 hoop+-c\gh4 ,infusion ( ,dah''lia ,pe'tals4 ,f ! violet or blue v>ieties4 ,us$ = its col\r & z a te/4 ,infusion ( ,d&eli'on4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,( ,,t>axacum2 ,,infusum ,,t>axaci1 ,l4 #a4 ,f ! slic$ root4 ,/imulant1 resolv5t1 & tonic4 #b4 7,conc5trat$2 ,,infusum ,,t>axaci ,,conc5tratum1 ,l47 ,f ! root 7slic$71 #a lb42 expos$ to a curr5t ( w>m dry air until crisp1 !n co>sely pulv]is$1 & dige/$ = a week 9 a mixture ( rectifi$ _s1 #ab fl4 oz42 cold wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t4 #h times ! usual /r5g?4 #c4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,t>axaci ,,compositum1 ,l4--,meigs47 ,infusion ( d&elion1 #d fl4 oz42 extract ( d41 #b dr42 sesquic>bonate ( soda1 #a_/b dr42 t>trate ( potassa1 #c dr42 t9cture ( rhub>b1 #c fl4 dr42 t9cture ( h5bane1 #bj drops4 ,9 dropsical & visc]al affections4--,dose4 ,"o ?ird "p ?rice daily4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,extract1 c4 ,infusion ( ,digita'lis4 ,see ,,infusion ,,( ,,foxglove4 ,infusion1 ,diuret'ic4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,diureticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,broom tops1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse #a h\r1 /ra91 cool1 & add ( sweet spirits ( nitre1 #c fl4 dr4--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful e o!r h\r4 #b4 ,infusion ( foxglove1 #a fl4 oz42 t9cture ( foxglove1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 acetate ( potassa1 #a dr42 laudanum1 #aj drops4--,dose1 #a table-spoonful twice or ?rice a day1 c>efully wat*+ ! effects4 #c4 ,junip] b]ries1 #b oz42 anise$1 #a_/d oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse #a h\r2 /ra91 & :5 cold1 add ( comp\nd _s ( junip]1 #b fl4 oz42 t9cture ( squills1 #a fl4 dr42 nitre1 #a dr4--,dose1 #a_/b a teacupful frequ5tly4 ,all ! above are us$ z diuretics 9 dropsy4 ,see ,,infusions ,,( ,,broom1 ,,foxglove1 & ,,junip]4 ,infusion ( ,dog'wood4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cornus ,,florid1 ,l4 ,f ! b>k ( ,am]ican dogwood 7,cornus ,florida74 ,see ,,decoction4 ,infusion ( ,dulcam>a 7,b4 ,p474 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,dulcam>4 ,prep4 ,infuse bruis$ dulcam>a1 #a oz42 9 #aj fluid ounces ( boil+ wat] 9 a cov]$ vessel = #a h\r2 & /ra94--,dose1 #a oz4 to #b oz4 ,infusion ( ,el'd] ,fl[]s4 ,syn4 ,,eld]-,,fl[] ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,sambuci ,,florum1 ,l4 ,f ! pick$ fl[]s1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,pectoral1 expectorant1 & diaphoretic1 ei!r alone or sweet5$ ) honey4 ,infusion ( ,elecampane4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,inul4 ,prep4 ,elecampane root1 #e dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse = two h\rs1 & /ra94 ,infusion ( ,elm-b>k4 ,syn4 ,,comp\nd ,,inul1 ,l4 ,diaphoretic1 expectorant1 & tonic4 ,,fusion ,,( ,,elm-,,b>k2 ,,infusum ,,ulmi ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cadet47 ,elm-b>k1 bitt]-sweet1 burdock1 & fumitory1 ( ea* #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 dige/ = #d h\rs1 /ra91 & add ( syrup ( s>sap>illa1 #a oz4 ,! :ole to be tak5 9 #bd h\rs1 9 divid$ doses 9 ! *ronic exan!mata4 ,see ,,decoction4 ,infusion ( ,er'got ( ,rye4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,ergot 7,b4 ,p474 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,ergot1 #a1 9 co>se p[d]1 #a oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #dj oz42 infuse #a_/b an h\r 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra94 ,%\ld be made fre% :5 requir$4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 e #a_/b h\r or h\r1 z a p>turi5t4 ,also z an injection = gleet4 #b4 7,conc5trat$47 ,see ,,liquor ,,( ,,ergot4 ,infusion ( ,eucalyptus4 7,griffi?s47 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,eucalypti ,,globuli4 ,prep4 ,cut leaves ( ,eucalyptus globulus1 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #d oz42 infuse & /ra94 ,take morn+ & ev5+4 ,infusion ( ,f5'nel4 ,syn4 ,,f5nel ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,f,,oe,,niculi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f sweet f5nel-se$s1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,9 grip+ & w9dy colic ( infants2 a few drops to #a_/b a teaspoonful = a dose1 or a little by way ( enema4 ,infusion ( ,flax-se$4 ,see ,,infusion ,,( ,,l9se$4 ,infusion ( ,fleabane4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,erig]omis ,,canad5sis4 ,prep4 ,canadian fleabane1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #af oz4 ,diuretic & a/r+5t4 ,infusion ( ,fox'glove4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,digitalis 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,digitalis1 dri$1 #cj gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #aj oz42 infuse #a h\r1 & /ra94--,dose1 #a_/d to #a_/b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,foxglove 7dri$71 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #ah fl4 oz42 _s ( c9namon1 #b fl4 oz4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,foxglove 7dri$ & r$uc$ to a co>se p[d]71 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #i fl4 oz42 infuse #a h\r4 ,! product %\ld measure ab\t #h fl4 oz4 ,! la/ two are ( d\ble ! /r5g? ( ! infusion ,ph4 ,l41 & ! dose mu/ consequ5tly be only #b to #d fl4 dr4 ,i believe ?is1 :5 prop]ly made1 to be ! mo/ effectual ( ! prep>ations ( foxglove4 7,p]eira47 ,see ,,foxglove4 ,infusion ( ,fu'mitory4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,fum>i1 ,l4 ,f ! h]bace\s portion ( common fumitory 7,fum>ia (fic9alis74 ,ap]i5t & diaphoretic2 9 ob/9ate sk9 diseases & *ronic ob/ructions ( ! liv]4 ,infusion ( ,galls4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,gall1 ,l4 #a4 ,f ,aleppo galls1 co>sely p[d]$4 ,9 di>rhoea1 hmorrhages1 c42 also freely1 9 cases ( poison+ by ! alkaloids2 & dilut$ ) #c or #d times its volume ( wat]1 = injections1 embrocations1 g>gles1 c4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,gall ,,compositum1 ,,mi/ura ,,gall1 ,l4--,ellis47 ,infusion ( galls1 #d fl4 oz42 prep>$ *alk1 #a_/b oz42 p[d]$ gum1 #a dr42 t9cture ( opium1 #a_/b fl4 dr4--,dose1 #a table-spoonful e #b h\rs1 9 di>rhoea1 c4 ,infusion ( ,g>'lic4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,allii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,:ite47 ,g>lic 7rec5t71 #a_/b lb42 wat]1 #d lbs42 place !m 9 a cov]$ pot1 set x 9 a v sl[ ov5 = #c or #d h\rs1 & :5 cold1 express ! fluid portion4--,dose4 ,9 epilepsy1 #b teaspoonfuls be=e & aft] e meal2 9 *ronic di>rhoea1 a teaspoonful aft] e motion4 ,infusion ( ,g5'tian4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,g5tian1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b]al47 ,g5tian 7bruis$71 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse #e or #f h\rs1 & /ra94 ,/oma*ic4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,g5tian ,,compositum--,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,g5tian1 slic$1 #a oz42 orange peel1 cut small1 #a oz42 lemon peel 7fre%71 #b oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse = an h\r 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra94--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,slic$ g5tian root1 #a_/b oz42 bitt] orange peel 7dri$ & bruis$7 & cori&] se$s1 ( ea* #a dr42 pro( _s1 #d fl4 oz42 dige/ = #c h\rs1 !n add ( cold wat]1 #af fl4 oz41 & 9 #ab h\rs m /ra94 c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,g5tian & dri$ orange peel1 ( ea* #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 mac]ate #a h\r1 & /ra94--,dose ( ! la/ two1 #a_/b to #a fl4 oz4 #c4 7,conc5trat$ ,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,g5tian ,,comp4 ,,conc5tratum1 ,l47--a4 ,g5tian root 7bruis$71 #d-a_/b lbs42 boil+ wat]1 q4 s4 to cov] x2 infuse ) occasional agitation = #b h\rs1 express ! liquor1 wa% ! m>c ) a little boil+ wat]1 & evaporate to #ac qu>ts2 :5 cold1 /ra9 ?r\gh flannel1 add ( rectifi$ _s1 #a gall41 & p\r ! mix$ fluids on dri$ orange peel1 #d-a_/b lbs41 & fre% lemon peel1 #i lbs42 mac]ate = #a week1 !n express ! liquor 9 a p[]ful press1 & filt] ?r\gh pap]4 b4 ,g5tian & dri$ orange peel1 ( ea* #d-a_/b lbs42 fre% lemon peel1 #i lbs42 cold di/ill$ wat]1 #ac qu>ts2 rectifi$ _s1 #a gall42 mac]ate = #ad or #ae days1 ) frequ5t agitation1 !n express ! liquid1 add #a dr4 ea* ( ! ess5tial oils ( lemon & orange1 agitate well1 & filt] ?r\gh pap]4 c4 ,g5tian1 #a-a_/d lb42 ess5ce ( lemon1 #a dr42 ess5ce ( orange1 #a_/b dr42 ess5ce ( c$rate1 #ae drops2 rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t2 cold wat]1 #c qu>ts2 dige/ = #aj days & filt]4 #d4 7,) ,,rhub>b2 ,,infusum ,,g5tian ,,et ,,rhei1 ,,mi/ura ,,/oma*ica1 ,l47 ,f g5tian & rhub>b 7bruis$71 ( ea* #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 dige/ #a h\r1 & /ra92 to ! cold infusion add ( sesquic>bonate ( ammonia1 #a dr4 ,an admirable m$ic9e 9 dyspepsia1 hy/]ia1 loss ( appetite1 con/ipation1 *ronic rheumatism1 c4 ,infusion ( ,g9'g]4 ,syn4 ,,g+] ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,z+ib]is1 ,l4 ,f ! be/ unblea*$ ,jamaica g+]1 fre%ly bruis$ or grat$4 ,9 flatul5ce1 colic1 & indige/ion4 ,infusion ( ,g9's5g4 ,syn4 ,,g9s5g ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,g9s5g1 ,i4 ,,radicis ,g41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,g9s5g 7! root ( ,panax ,s*9s5g71 #a_/b oz42 g+] 7grat$71 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate #a h\r1 !n add ( c9namon 7bruis$71 #a_/b dr42 infuse = ano!r h\r1 & /ra94 ,g9s5g tea1 made accord+ to ! above =mula1 has a wond]ful reputation 9 ,*9a1 z a /imulant1 re/orative1 & aphrodisiac4 ,9 ,europe1 h[ev]1 x is m]ely reg>d$ z an aromatic demulc5t4 ,obs4 ,am]ican g9s5g 7! root ( ,panax qu9quefolium7 may be sub/itut$ = ! ,asiatic product4 ,infusion ( ,gold'?read4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,coptis1 ,l4 ,f ! root ( ,coptis trifolia4 ,bitt]1 /oma*ic2 9 dyspepsia1 & z a m\?-wa% 9 ?ru%4 ,infusion ( ,gua'co4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,guaco1 ,l4 ,f ! bruis$ leaves & /ems ( guaco or huaco 7,mikania guaco74 ,sudorific & vuln]>y2 reput$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica to be a p[]ful rem$y = ! bites ( v5em\s s]p5ts & = hydrophobia1 b ! trials 9 ?is c\ntry d n %[ x to be ( any value 9 su* cases4 ,infusion ( ,guaiac'um4 ,syn4 ,,comp\nd ,,infusion ,,( ,,guaiacum1 ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,woods2 ,,infusum ,,guaiaci ,,compositum1 ,,aqua ,,b5$icta ,,composita1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,guaiacum %av+s1 #f oz42 bruis$ liquorice root1 #a oz42 sassafras b>k1 #a_/b oz42 cori&] se$s1 #c dr42 lime wat]1 #if fl4 oz4 7say #e p9ts72 infuse = #b days1 & /ra94 ,dose1 #c to #d fl4 oz41 twice or ?rice a day1 9 scr(ula1 rheumatism1 g\t1 eruptions1 c4 ,infusion ( ,gum4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,acaci1 ,l4 ,f gum acacia & lump sug>1 ( ea* #b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate until dissolv$1 !n cool1 & add ( orange-fl[] wat]1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,a pleasant demulc5t 9 c\ghs1 ho>s5ess1 c4 ,infusion ( ,h$ge ,hys'sop4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,gratiol1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,a4 ,t4 ,?omson47 ,h$ge hyssop 7,gratiola (fic9alis71 dri$1 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #h fl4 oz4 ,ca?>tic1 diuretic1 emetic1 & v]mifuge4--,dose1 #c to #f fl4 dr42 9 dropsies1 g\t1 jaundice1 c4 ,see ,,extract4 ,infusion ( ,hem'lock4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,conii1 ,i4 ,,conii ,,maculati1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,dri$ leaves ( hemlock1 & cori&] se$s1 ( ea* #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #h oz42 infuse = #b h\rs4 ,comb9$ ) acetate ( ammonia1 t9cture ( h5bane1 & syrup ( poppies1 9 pulmon>y compla9ts1 c4 ,infusion ( ,h5bane4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,hyoscyami1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,f fre% leaves1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,z a lotion = pa9ful ulc]s1 swell$ face1 c4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,h5bane ,,fom5tation2 ,,infusum ,,hyoscyami ,,compositum1 ,l4--,radius47 ,h5bane leaves1 poppy heads1 & mall[s1 ( ea* #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #b qu>ts4 ,= pa9ful ulc]s1 & 9 facial neuralgia1 c4 ,infusion ( ,hops4 ,syn4 ,,hop ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,humuli1 ,i4 ,,lupuli 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,hops1 #f dr42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate = #d h\rs 9 a cov]$ vessel 7press71 & /ra94 ,tonic & anodyne4 ,well-hopp$ mild ale is a good sub/itute4 ,infusion ( ,hore'h\nd4 ,syn4 ,,horeh\nd ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,m>rubii1 ,l4 ,f ! leaves2 demulc5t1 pectoral2 a popul> rem$y 9 c\ghs1 colds1 ho>s5ess1 & *e/ affections g5]ally1 tak5 freely4 ,infusion ( ,hors]ad'i%4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,armoraci1 ,l4 #a4 ,f hors]adi% alone4 ,diuretic & /oma*ic4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,armoraci ,,compositum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,l47 ,hors]adi% 7slic$7 & mu/>d se$ 7bruis$71 ( ea* #a oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate = #b h\rs 9 a cov]$ vessel1 /ra91 & add ( comp\nd _s ( hors]adi%1 #a fl4 oz4 ,/imulant1 /oma*ic1 & diuretic2 9 dropsies1 p>alysis1 scurvy1 *ronic rheumatism1 c4 ,infusion ( ,hys'sop4 ,syn4 ,,hyssop ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,hyssopi1 ,l4 #a4 ,f ! leaves ( ,hyssopus (fic9alis 7,l9n47 ,/imulant1 /oma*ic1 emm5agogue1 & expectorant2 9 dyspepsia1 flatul5cy1 hy/]ical affections1 c42 also us$ by box]s z a wa% = black eyes4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,hyssopi ,,compositum1 ,l4--,rati]74 ,hyssop leaves1 #b-a_/b dr42 liquorice1 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a qu>t4 ,z a demulc5t dr9k 9 cat>rhal affections4 ,infusion ( ,indian ,s>sap>il'la4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,hemidesmi1 ,l4 ,f ,indian or sc5t$ s>sap>illa 7,hemidesmus ,indicus74 ,dr ,a%burn] ord]s x to be made ) lime wat] 7cold72 b ?is plan is seldom foll[$4--,dose & uses1 same z ^? ( infusion ( s>sap>illa4 ,infusion ( ,i'ron 7,bitt]74 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,f]ri ,,am>um1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffi?47 ,iron fil+s1 #c oz42 g5tian & g+]1 ( ea* bruis$1 #a oz42 orange peel1 #a_/b oz42 /rong old cid]1 #a p9t2 infuse = a mon?1 frequ5tly /irr+1 & filt]4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr41 #c or #d times daily1 z a *alybeate tonic4 ,infusion ( ,ju'nip]4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,junip]i1 ,i4 ,,bacc ,j41 ,l4 #a4 ,f ! b]ries alone4 ,z a /imulant diuretic1 9 dropsies c4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,junip]i ,,compositum1 ,l47--a4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,junip] b]ries1 #b-a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 to ! /ra9$ solution1 :5 cold1 add1 ( comp\nd _s ( junip]1 #aj fl4 dr42 bit>trate ( potassa1 #a dr4 b4 7,p>ri%47 ,g+]1 junip] b]ries1 & mu/>d1 ( ea* bruis$1 #a_/b oz42 hors]adi% & p>sley root1 ( ea* bruis$1 #a oz42 cid]1 #a qu>t2 infuse1 & /ra9 ) expression4 ,all ! above are us$ 9 dropsies4 ,infusion ( ,ki'no4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,k9o1 ,l4 ,f k9o1 #e dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,9 di>rhoea1 & dilut$ ) #d or #e times its bulk ( wat]1 z an injection 9 *ronic gonorrhoea4 ,infusion ( ,ju/itia4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,ju/ici4 ,prep4 ,root ( pa9t$ ju/icia1 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse = #a h\r4 ,infusion ( ,k\sso 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cusso4 ,prep4 ,infuse k\sso 9 f9e p[d]1 #a_/b oz42 9 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #h fl4 oz41 9 a cov]$ vessel = #ae m9utes4 ,mu/ n be /ra9$4 ,infusion ( ,lime ,fl[]s4 ,syn4 ,,l9d5-,,fl[] ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,till1 ,l4 #a4 ,f ! fl[]s ( ! lime or l9d5 tree 7,tilia ,europa74 ,antispasmodic1 diaphoretic1 & cephalic4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,till ,,compositum1 ,l4--,foy47 ,*amomiles1 l9d5 fl[]s1 & orange leaves1 ( ea* #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a qu>t2 infuse1 /ra91 & add ( syrup1 #b fl4 oz4 ,9 n]v\s heada*es1 c4 ,! above are mu* us$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,infusion ( ,l9'se$4 ,syn4 ,,l9se$ ,,tea1 ,,flaxse$ ,t42 ,,infusum ,,l9i 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,l9se$ 7bruis$74 #afj gr42 fre% liquorice root 7slic$71 #fj gr42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #aj oz42 infuse = #d h\rs & /ra94 ,a *eap & useful demulc5t 9 pulmon>y & ur9>y irritation2 especially 9 cat>rhs1 gonorrhoea1 c42 ad libitum4 ,dr ,p]eira recomm5ds ! addition ( slic$ lemon & sug>-c&y1 to r5d] x m palatable4 ,see ,,decoction4 ,infusion ( ,liq'uorice4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,glycyrrhiz1 ,l4 ,f ! fre% root1 slic$4 ,demulc5t & laxative2 tak5 ad libitum4 ,infusion ( ,lit'mus4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,lacmi1 ,l4 ,us$ = its col\r1 & z a liquid te/1 & to make te/-pap]4 ,infusion ( ,lobelia4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,lobeli1 ,i4 ,l4 ,,inflat4 ,f lobelia or ,indian tobacco4 ,9 a/hmas *iefly4--,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls e half-h\r1 until x occasions nausea4 ,infusion ( ,log'wood4 ,syn4 ,,logwood ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,h,,matoxyli1 ,l4 ,f logwood *ips4 ,"o ( ! be/ rem$ies kn[n = simple di>rhoea aris+ f weakness2 also us$ z a col\r & te/4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,extract1 c4 ,infusion 7,maid5-hair74 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,adianti1 ,l4 ,f ei!r common maid5-hair 7,adiantum capillus ,v5]is71 or ,canadian maid5-hair 7,adiantum p$atum74 ,!y are bo? slightly bitt]1 aromatic1 & pectoral4 ,! infusion =ms an excell5t demulc5t dr9k 9 cat>rhs4 ,infusion ( ,malam'bo ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,corticis ,,malambo1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ure47 ,b>k 7f ,croton ,malambo71 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,an aromatic tonic & a/r+5t4 ,infusion ( ,mall[ ,fl[]s4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,malv ,,florum1 ,l4 ,pectoral & laxative4 ,*iefly us$ z a te/4 ,infusion ( ,malt4 ,syn4 ,,malt ,,tea1 ,,sweet ,,wort2 ,,infusum ,,bynes1 ,i4 ,,malti1 ,l4 ,prep>$ ) hot wat] 7#afe to #agj ,fahr474 ,demulc5t & laxative4 ,a useful dr9k 9 sore ?roat1 inflammatory fev]s1 c4 ,"s p]sons flav\r x ) slic$ lemon4 ,infusion ( ,ma''rygold4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cal5dul1 ,l4 ,f ! fl[]s ( ! common m>ygold 7,cal5dula (fic9alis74 ,c>m9ative1 diaphoretic1 & emm5agogue4 ,x has be5 rec5tly recomm5d$ 9 canc]\s affections1 bo? int]nally & z a lotion4 ,radius adds syrup ( orange peel to flav\r x4 ,infusion ( ,mat'ico4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,maticonis1 ,i4 ,,matic1 ,i4 ,,matico1 ,l4 #a4 ,f ! leaves ( ! matico plant 7,artan! elongata74 ,aromatic1 bitt]1 /imulant1 & reput$ hmo/atic2 9 int]nal hmorrhages & muc\s dis*>ges4 ,! ,indians ( ,s\? ,am]ica use x z an aphrodisiac4 7,m>tius47 #b4 ,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,maticonis ,,compositum1 ,l4--,watm\gh47 ,matico & s5na1 ( ea* #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,9 hmorrhagic & o!r dis*>ges1 piles1 c42 a w9e-glassful repeat$ly4 ,infusion ( ,may-we$4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cotul1 ,l4 ,f ! dri$ fl[]s ( may-we$ or /9k+ *amomile 7,an!mis cotula74 ,bitt]1 /oma*ic1 & diaphoretic2 9 l>ge doses1 emetic & sudorific2 *iefly 9 hy/]ical affections1 scr(ula1 c4 ,infusion ( ,mea'd[ ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,?alictri ,,flavi1 ,l4 ,f ! h]b mead[ rue 7,?alictrum flavum74 ,9 hydrophobia1 tak5 pl5tifully4 ,infusion ( ,mil'foil4 ,syn4 ,,y>r[ ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,millefolii1 ,l4 ,9 dropsies1 & z a fom5tation to bruises4 ,see ,,extract1 c4 ,infusion ( ,m9t4 ,syn4 ,,m9t ,,tea4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d4--,,infusum ,,m5? ,,simplex47 ,f ! dri$ leaves ( gre5 or spe>m9t4 ,c>m9ative & /oma*ic2 *iefly us$ z a vehicle = o!r m$ic9es4 ,a w9e-glassful ad libitum4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,m5? ,,compositum47 ,to m9t tea #f fl4 oz41 add ( oil ( spe>m9t1 #c drops1 previ\sly triturat$ ) lump sug>1 #b dr41 & dissolv$ 9 comp\nd t9cture ( c>damoms1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,a useful rem$y 9 colic1 flatul5ce1 c42 z ! la/4 ,infusion ( ,mu'd>4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,( ,,mud>-,,b>k2 ,,infusum ,,corticis ,,mud>is1 ,l4 ,f ! root b>k ( ,calotropis gigantea4 ,resembles infusion ( ipecacuanha4--,dose1 #a to #c teaspoonfuls1 z an alt]ative2 a w9e-glassful z an emetic4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,indies x is highly e/eem$ 9 epilepsy1 hy/]ia1 syphilis1 convulsions1 & v>i\s spasmodic diseases4 ,infusion ( ,net'tle ,se$4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,urtic ,,sem9um1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,g>de47 ,se$ ( common nettle 7,urtica dioica71 #b-a_/b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #ah fl4 oz42 infuse #c h\rs1 /ra91 & add ( syrup1 #b fl4 oz4 ,a/r+5t1 diuretic1 & pectoral4 ,infusion ( ,nux ,vom'ica4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,nucis ,,vomic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,nux vomica 7gr\nd or rasp$71 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 dige/ #c h\rs1 & /ra94 ,x mu/ be tak5 ) caution1 & ! effects wat*$4 ,see ,,extract1 ,,nux ,,vomica1 & ,,/ry*n9e4 ,infusion ( ,or'ange ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,aurantii1 ,b4 ,p4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dri$ bitt] orange peel1 cut small1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #bj oz42 infuse = #ae m9utes1 & /ra94--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 ,bitt] & /oma*ic4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,aurantii--,ph4 ,e41 ,i4 ,a4 ,,compositum--,ph4 ,l4 ,d41 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,dri$ bitt] orange peel1 #a_/b oz42 fre% lemon peel1 #b dr42 cloves 7bruis$71 #a dr42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate = #ae m9utes 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra94 b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,dri$ orange peel1 #c dr42 cloves1 #a_/b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 mac]ate half an h\r4 ,an agreeable /oma*ic4 ,x is *iefly employ$ z a vehicle = o!r m$ic9es4 c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,dri$ bitt] orange peel1 cut small1 #a_/b oz42 fre% lemon peel1 #abj gr42 cloves 7bruis$71 #fj gr42 boil+ wat]1 #bj oz4 ,infuse = #ae m9utes1 & /ra94--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #c4 7,conc5trat$ ,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,aurantii ,,conc5tratum1 ,i4 ,a4 ,,com4 ,,conc41 ,l47--a4 ,seville orange peel 7dri$71 #c-a_/d lbs42 fre% lemon peel1 #a-a_/b lb42 bruis$ cloves1 #c_/d lb42 boil+ wat]1 #i p9ts2 infuse = #bj m9utes1 press out ! liquor1 &1 :5 cold1 add ( rectifi$ _s1 #a qu>t1 & filt]4 b4 ,dri$ orange peel1 #ah oz42 fre% lemon peel1 #a_/b lb42 bruis$ cloves1 #a_/d lb42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 cold wat]1 #c p9ts2 mac]ate = #a week1 press1 & filt]4 ,v sup]ior4 ,obs4 #a fl4 dr4 ( ei!r ( ! above1 add$ to #g fl4 dr4 ( wat]1 makes a simil> 7pref]able7 prep>ation to ! ,,comp\nd ,,infusion ,,( ,,orange ,,peel4--,ph4 ,l4 ,infusion ( ,p>ei'ra4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,p>eir 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,i4 ,p4 ,,brav1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,velvet leaf or p>eira brava root1 #f dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate = #b h\rs 9 a lightly cov]$ vessel1 & /ra94 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,p>eira 7bruis$ & torn71 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #i fl4 oz42 mac]ate #a h\r1 & /ra94 ,9 irritation & muc\s dis*>ges f ! ur9>y organs4 ,! correspond+ prep>ation ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 w be f\nd among ! ,,decoctions4 ,infusion ( ,p>s'ley ,root4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,petrosel9i1 ,l4 ,f ! root ( g>d5 p>sley4 ,aromatic1 diuretic1 & slightly ap]i5t4 ,x has be5 highly recomm5d$ by ,dr ,*apman & o!rs 9 dropsy1 9 ! /rangury aris+ f bli/]s1 c42 tak5 freely1 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) a little sweet _s ( nitre4 ,infusion ( ,pea* ,leaves4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,p]sic1 ,i4 ,p4 ,,folii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p]eira47 ,pea* leaves 7dri$71 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate an h\r1 & /ra94--,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls1 twice or ?rice a day2 to allay irritation ( ! bladd] & ure?ra1 & z a v]mifuge4 ,infusion1 ,pectoral4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,pectorale1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,l9se$ 7bruis$71 #c_/d oz42 coltsfoot leaves1 #a_/b oz42 liquorice root 7slic$7 & poppy-heads1 ( ea* #a_/d oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 dige/ two h\rs1 & /ra94 ,9 c\ghs1 colds1 ho>s5ess1 c41 accompani$ ) a dose ( ap]i5t m$ic9e4 ,see ,,species1 c4 ,infusion ( ,p5nyroy'al4 ,syn4 ,,p5nyroyal ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,pulegii1 ,i4 ,,m5? ,,pulegii1 ,l4 ,a popul> rem$y = nausea1 flatul5ce1 colds1 hoop+-c\gh1 hy/]ical affections1 ob/ruct$ m5/ruation1 c4 ,infusion ( ,pep'p]m9t4 ,syn4 ,,pepp]m9t ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,m5? ,,pip]it1 ,l4 ,9 flatul5ce1 colic1 grip+1 c41 & z a vehicle = o!r m$ic9es4 ,infusion ( ,p]iw9'kle4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,v9c ,,m9oris1 ,l4 ,f ! leaves ( less] p]iw9kle 7,v9ca m9or74 ,a/r+5t & tonic2 9 di>rhoea1 dys5t]y1 c4 ,mr ,wea!rs employs x 9 passive hmorrhages1 & o!rs h recomm5d$ x z an ext]nal tonic appli$ to ! p]9um1 c41 9 piles1 relaxation ( ! g5itals1 c4 ,infusion ( ,p]sim'mon4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,p]simmonis1 ,l4 ,f ! b>k ( p]simmon 7,diospyrus ,virg9iana74 ,a/r+5t2 v valuable 9 di>rhoea1 hmorrhages1 agues1 c42 & z a g>gle 9 ulc]at$ sore ?roat4 ,infusion ( ,p]u'vian ,b>k4 ,see ,,infusion ,,( ,,b>k4 ,infusion ( ,p9k'root4 ,syn4 ,,p9kroot ,,tea1 ,,worm ,t42 ,,infusum ,,spigili1 ,l4 #a4 ,f ,indian p9kroot4 ,v]mifuge2 ei!r comb9$ ) or foll[$ by a purge aft] ! ?ird or f\r? dose4 ,! dose = a *ild #c to #e ye>s old is #a to #b table-spoonfuls4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,spigili ,,compositum1 ,i4 ,s4 ,,cum ,,s5n1 ,l4--,ellis47 ,p9kroot1 #a_/b oz41 s5na1 #b dr42 f5nel se$1 #c dr42 manna1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4--,dose1 #a_/b w9e-glassful to a *ild #b or #c ye>s old2 9 worms4 ,see ,,extract4 ,infusion ( ,pleu'risy ,root4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,asclepiadis ,,tub]os1 ,l4 ,f ! root ( butt]fly we$ or pleurisy root 7,asclepias tub]osa74 ,expectorant & diuretic2 9 l>ge doses1 purgative2 9 colds1 pleurisy1 pneumonia1 c4 ,accord+ to ,bigel[1 x is a valuable mild tonic & /imulant4 ,infusion ( ,pois'on-oak4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,rhois ,,toxicod5dri1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f ! dri$ leaves ( ! poison-oak 7,rhus toxicod5dron71 #c dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,/imulant & n>cotic2 *iefly 9 palsy & mania4 ,infusion ( ,pop'py-heads4 ,syn4 ,,poppy ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,papav]is1 ,l4 ,f poppy-heads 7capsules ( ,papav] somnif]um74 ,soo?+1 anodyne4 ,sweet5$ ) honey1 x is a popul> rem$y = tickl+ c\gh1 re/lessness1 c42 also us$ hot1 z an embrocation1 9 pa9ful tum\rs1 inflammations1 c4 ,see ,,infusion ,,( ,,r$ ,,poppy4 ,infusion ( ,pur'g+ ,flax4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,l9i ,,ca?>tici1 ,l4 ,f ! dri$ leaves ( purg+ flax 7,l9um ca?>ticum74 ,ca?>tic4 ,! dose %\ld be repeat$ at int]vals ( an h\r or an h\r & a half1 until x op]ates4 ,infusion ( ,quas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,quassia ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,quassi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,quassia1 9 *ips1 #fj gr42 cold di/ill$ wat]1 #aj oz42 infuse = half an h\r1 & /ra94--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,quassia 7slic$71 #dj gr42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse = #b h\rs 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra94 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,quassia1 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,quassia 7rasp$71 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #h-a_/b fl4 oz4 #e4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,quassia1 #b dr42 cold wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 mac]ate = #ab h\rs1 & /ra94 ,z a bitt] tonic1 9 loss ( appetite1 dyspepsia1 c42 ei!r comb9$ ) alkal9e c>bonates or *alybeates4 ,sweet5$ ) moi/ sug> or honey1 x =ms a common ,,fly-,,wat] or ,,fly-,,poison4 #f4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,quassi ,,compositum1 ,l4--,ellis47 ,quassia1 s]p5t>y1 & dri$ orange peel1 ( ea* #a_/d oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,a /imulant /oma*ic4 ,infusion ( ,r$ ,cab'bage4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,( ,,blue ,,cabbage4 ,us$ z a col\r1 & to make te/-pap]4 ,x w n keep )\t ! addition ( ab\t #a-aj? ( its weight ( rectifi$ _s4 ,infusion ( ,r$ ,pop'py4 ,syn4 ,,r$-,,poppy ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,rh,,oe,,ados1 ,l4 ,f ! petals ( ! r$ or corn poppy4 ,anodyne & pectoral4 ,sweet5$ ) sug> or honey1 x is a popul> rem$y 9 cat>rhal affections3 b ! use ( ?is1 z well z ( ,,infusion ,,( ,,poppy-,,heads1 %\ld be accompani$ by a dose ( ap]i5t m$ic9e4 ,infusion ( ,rhat'any4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,kram]i 7,b4 ,p471 ,,infusum ,,rhatani1 ,i4 ,,kram]i 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,rhatany1 bruis$1 #a oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #bj oz42 infuse #a h\r1 & /ra94--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,rhatany root1 #a oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate = #d h\rs 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra94 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,rhatany1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #i fl4 oz42 mac]ate #a h\r1 & /ra94 ,a/r+5t & tonic2 *iefly 9 *ronic di>rhoea4 #d4 7,conc5trat$2 ,,infusum ,,kram]i ,,conc5tratum1 ,l47 ,f #h times ! usual quantity ( +r$i5ts1 z ,,infusion ,,( ,,casc>illa4 ,infusion ( ,rhodod5'dron4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,rhodod5dri1 ,l4 ,f ! leaves ( yell[ rhodod5dron 7,rhodod5dron *rysan?um71 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 ,highly recomm5d$ by ,pallas & ,koelp9 9 g\t1 *ronic rheumatism1 & syphilis4 ,x has m>k$ n>cotic prop]ties4 ,infusion ( ,rhub>b4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,rhei 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,rhub>b 79 ?9 slices71 #a oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #dj oz42 infuse = #a h\r1 & /ra94--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,rhub>b 7slic$71 #c dr42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate = #b h\rs 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra94 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,rhub>b1 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #i fl4 oz42 mac]ate #a h\r4 #d4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,rhub>b 79 co>se p[d]74 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #ah fl4 oz42 infuse = #ab h\rs1 add ( _s ( c9namon1 #b fl4 oz12 & /ra9 ?r\gh l95 or calico4 ,/oma*ic & purgative2 along ) neutral salts or aromatics4 ,obs4 ,! infusion ( ! ,ph4 ,e4 be+ fully d\ble z /rong z t ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 ,d41 mu/ be tak5 9 proportionate doses4 #e4 7,conc5trat$2 ,infusum rhei conc5tratum1 ,l47--a4 ,rhub>b 79 co>se p[d]71 #aj oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #a p9t2 cold di/ill$ wat]1 #a qu>t2 dige/ #aj days1 ) frequ5t agitation1 !n express ! liquor1 & filt] x2 or proce$ by ! me?od ( displacem5t4 b4 ,rhub>b1 #c lbs4 #e oz42 cold di/ill$ wat]1 #aa p9ts2 rectifi$ _s1 #e-a_/b p9ts2 z ! la/4 ,obs4 #a fl4 dr4 ( ei!r ( ! above1 add$ to #g fl4 dr4 ( wat]1 =ms #a fl4 oz4 ( liquid1 resembl+1 & 9 _m po9ts pref]able to1 ! infusion ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 ,! above is ! only way a f9e1 ri*-col\r$1 & transp>5t conc5trat$ prep>ation c be made1 t w keep well4 ,%\ld x n prove p]fectly limpid1 x may be cl>ifi$ 9 ! way already m5tion$4 #f4 7,alkal9e2 ,,infusum ,,rhei ,,alkal9um1 ,i4 ,r4 ,,cum ,,potass1 ,l4--,copl&47 ,rhub>b1 #b dr42 c>bonate ( potassa1 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 mac]ate = #d h\rs1 /ra91 & add ( t9cture ( c9namon1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,9 dyspepsia1 acidity1 he>tburn1 c4 ,infusion ( ,ro'ses4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,ros1 ,l41 #a4 7,simple47 ,f ! petals ( r$ roses4 ,us$ z col\r+ & = a te/2 mix$ ) v9eg> & sweet5$ ) honey1 x =ms a popul> g>gle 9 sore ?roat4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,ros--,ph4 ,e4 ,i4 ,,ros ,,compositum--,ph4 ,l41 ,i4 ,r4 ,,acidum--,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d47 ,prep4--a4 ,r$ rose petals 7brok5 up71 #a oz42 dilute sulphuric acid1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #dj oz42 infuse = half an h\r ) ! acid & wat]1 & /ra94--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,petals ( ! r$ or damask rose 7dri$ & pull$ asund]71 #c dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 mix1 & add ( dilute sulphuric acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 mac]ate = #b h\rs1 /ra9 (f ! liquor1 & dissolve 9 x :ite sug>1 #f dr4 ,! ,ed9burgh =m is ne>ly simil>4 c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,petals1 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 infuse #a h\r1 /ra91 & add ( dilute sulphuric acid1 #a fl4 dr4 ,obs4 ,a vessel or glass ( /onew>e %\ld be us$ to make ! infusion 91 z metallic vessels injure ! col\r ( ! liquid1 & are also attack$ by ! acid4 ,! be/ plan is to add ! dilute sulphuric acid to ! wat] be=e p\r+ x on ! leaves4 ,! infusion may be squeez$ out ( ! leaves ) ! h&s4 ,! ,,comp\nd ,,infusion ,,( ,,roses is pr9cipally us$ z a vehicle = sulphate ( qu99e1 sal9e purgatives1 & "s o!r m$ic9es4 ,x is a/r+5t & refrig]ant1 &1 :5 dilut$ ) wat]1 =ms a pleasant dr9k 9 febrile disord]s1 ph?isical sweats1 hmorrhages1 di>rhoea1 c4 ,x also makes a v useful a/r+5t g>gle4--,dose1 #a to #d fl4 oz42 ei!r alone or dilut$ ) wat]4 ,x is incompatible ) ! alkalies & e>?s1 & _! c>bonates & _! bic>bonates4 #c4 7,conc5trat$2 ,,infusum ,,ros ,,conc5tratum1 ,l47--a4 ,rose petals1 #aj oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #c p9ts2 infuse = #b h\rs1 ) frequ5t agitation1 express ! liquid1 /ra9 ?r\gh a clean hair sieve1 & add ( dilute sulphuric acid1 #d-a_/b fl4 oz42 aft] agitation = #e or #f m9utes1 & repose = #b or #c h\rs1 decant ! cle> portion1 & filt] ?r\gh pap] support$ on calico2 next1 dissolve 9 ! liquid #a-a_/d lb4 ( ! f9e/ :ite sug>1 brok5 up into small lumps1 b p]fectly free f du/ & dirt2 la/ly1 p\r ! infusion into clean1 /opp]$1 gre5-glass bottles1 &1 z mu* z possible1 keep !m f ! light1 & 9 a cool place4 b4 ,rose petals1 #c-a_/d lbs42 boil+ wat]1 #b gall42 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 #bd fl4 oz42 f9e/ :ite sug>1 #f-a_/b lbs42 z ! la/4 c4 ,! same quantity ( dilute sulphuric acid & cold wat]1 z be=e2 mix1 & infuse ! rose leaves 9 ! liquid = #dh h\rs1 !n express1 filt]1 & add ! sug>4 ,product v f9e1 & keeps well )\t becom+ gelat9\s4 ,obs4 ,?is prep>ation is #h times z /rong z t ( ! ,ph4 ,l4 7#b1 a74 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! ut5sils are p]fectly clean1 especially ! press1 if "o is employ$2 & e>!nw>e glaz$ ) lead %\ld be avoid$4 ,! press+ %\ld also be conduct$ z rapidly z possible1 to avoid ! col\r be+ injur$ by ! iron4 ,clean wr\ght iron does n readily injure ! col\r ( infusion ( roses be=e ! addition ( ! acid4 ,:5 ! la/ =mula is adopt$1 /rong pressure ( ! leaves ) ! h&s c alone be safely _h rec\rse to4 ,if ! infusion does n filt] q cle> ?r\gh pap]1 x %\ld be set aside = a few days1 :51 9 g5]al1 x w be f\nd to filt] m readily & satisfactorily4 ,%\ld x be want$ = imm$iate sale1 ! addition ( ! :ites ( #b or #c eggs1 dilut$ ) #b or #c ounces ( wat]1 foll[$ by viol5t agitation ( ! liquid = a few m9utes1 & repose = an h\r or two1 w usually r5d] x 'f9e1' :5 x may be ei!r decant$1 or filt]$ %\ld x require x4 ,x w n[ pass rapidly ?r\gh ord9>y filt]+ pap]1 & at once run cle>4 ,infusion ( ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,rue ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,rut1 ,l4 ,c>m9ative1 antispasmodic1 emm5agogue1 & v]mifuge4 ,x is a popul> & useful rem$y 9 flatul5t colic1 infantile convulsions1 epilepsy1 hy/]ia1 suppress$ m5/ruation1 c4 ,infusion ( ,rupture-wort4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,h]ni>i4 ,prep4 ,rupture wood1 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,infusion ( ,saffl[]4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,c>?ami4 ,prep4 ,saffl[]1 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 infuse = an h\r4--,dose4 ,a w9e-glassful1 z a diaphoretic4 ,infusion ( ,sage4 ,syn4 ,,sage ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,salvi1 ,l4 #a4 ,f ! leaves ( common g>d5 sage4 ,c>m9ative & /oma*ic4 ,9 flatul5ce & dyspepsia1 & dilut$ ) wat] z a dr9k1 to less5 ! nightsweats 9 ph?isis & fev]1 & to /op ! secretion ( milk aft] wean+4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,salvi ,,compositum1 ,l4--,ellis47 ,sage & boneset1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 casc>illa1 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a-a_/b p9t2 infuse until cold4 ,a w9e-glassful e #c or #d h\rs 9 hectic fev]4 ,infusion ( ,s>sap>il'la4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,s>z1 ,i4 ,,s>sap>ill 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 #a4 ,f ! bruis$ root4 ,dr ,hancock adds #a_/b fl4 dr4 ( hydro*loric acid to ea* p9t ( ! wat] employ$1 z a m5/ruum1 by :i* he says ! efficacy ( ! infusion is greatly increas$4 ,at ,/4 ,george's ,hospital a little liquorice root & solution ( potassa is add$ = ! same purpose4 #b4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,s>sap>ill ,,compositum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,s>sap>illa root 7wa%$ clean ) a little cold wat]1 & slic$71 #a oz42 lime wat] 7cold71 #af fl4 oz42 mac]ate = #ab h\rs1 & /ra94 ,inf]ior to ! simple infusion1 s9ce bo? e>?s & alkalies less5 ! solv5t action ( wat] on s>sap>illa4 ,use ( bo? ! above1 simil> to t ( ! ,,decoction4 ,infusion ( ,sas'safras4 ,syn4 ,,sassafras ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,sassafras1 ,l4 ,f sassafras *ips4 ,alt]ative1 /imulant1 & sudorific2 a popul> rem$y 9 v>i\s cutane\s1 rheumatic1 scr(ul\s1 & syphilitical affections4 ,hufel& recomm5ds ! addition ( a little liquorice root4 ,infusion ( ,sav'ine4 ,syn4 ,,sav9e ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,sab91 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p]eira47 ,fre% sav9e leaves or h]b1 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #h fl4 oz42 infuse 9 a cov]$ vessel4 ,/imulant1 emm5agogue1 & v]mifuge2 9 *lorosis1 & suppress$ m5/ruation dep5d+ on a torpid action ( ! ut]9e vessels2 9 *ronic rheumatism1 worms1 c4--,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls1 cauti\sly adm9i/]$4 ,infusion ( ,sax'ifrage4 ,syn4 ,,saxifrage ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,pimp9ell1 ,l4 ,f ! root ( burnet saxifrage 7,pimp9ella ,saxifraga74 ,a/r+5t2 9 di>rhoea1 & ext]nally z a wa% to remove freckles4 ,infusion ( ,scutella''ria4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,scutell>i1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,spald+47 ,dri$ h]b ( ,scutell>ia lat]iflora1 9 p[d]1 #a-a_/b teaspoonful2 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,by teacupfuls1 ?rice daily1 to prev5t hydrophobia4 ,infusion ( ,s5'ega4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,( ,,rattle-,,snake ,,root1 ,,s5eka ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,s5eg 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,i4 ,,polygal 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,s5ega1 bruis$1 #a oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #bj oz42 infuse #a h\r1 & /ra94--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,s5ega snake-root 7bruis$71 #aj dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse = #d h\rs 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra94 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,polygala root1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #i fl4 oz4 ,/imulant1 expectorant1 & diuretic1 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) ammonia2 9 cat>rhs1 c4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,extract1 c4 ,infusion ( ,s5'na4 ,syn4 ,,s5na ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,s5n 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,i4 ,,s5n ,,compositum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,s5na1 #a oz42 g+]1 slic$1 #cj gr42 boil$ di/ill$ wat]1 #aj oz42 infuse #a h\r1 & /ra94--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,s5na1 #ae dr42 g+] 7bruis$71 #d scruples2 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate = an h\r 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra94 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,s5na1 #a-a_/b oz42 g+]1 #d scrup42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 7,see ,no4 #i1 bel[47 #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,s5na1 #a_/b oz42 g+]1 #a_/b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 ,purgative4--,dose1 #a to #b w9e-glassfuls4 ,x is usually giv5 9 doses ( #a to #a-a_/b fl4 oz41 comb9$ ) #c to #f dr4 ( ,epsom salts1 or o!r sal9e purgative1 "u ! "n ( ',,black ,,draught1' ,obs4 ,?is infusion is v apt to spoil 9 w>m wea!r1 to prev5t :i* ,mr ,squire recomm5ds ! addition ( #a gr4 ( nitrate ( potassa to ea* ounce4 #e4 7,conc5trat$2 ,,infusum ,,s5n ,,conc5tratum1 ,l47--a4 ,s5na1 #b lbs4 #a oz42 tepid wat]1 #a qu>t1 mac]ate = #ab h\rs1 frequ5tly /irr+ ) a /ick1 & express ! liquor2 to ! 'm>c1' add ( tepid wat] #a-a_/d p9t1 repeat ! mac]ation = #c h\rs1 & aga9 express ! liquor ) p[]ful pressure2 mix ! infusions1 & aft] #b h\rs' repose decant ! cle> portion1 & evaporate x z rapidly z possible1 by /eam or a *loride ( sodium ba?1 until x measures #a-a_/b p9t2 p\r ?is into a /rong bottle1 & :5 ne>ly cold1 add ( rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b p9t2 bruis$ g+]1 #c-a_/b oz42 mac]ate a week ) frequ5t agitation1 & aft] repose = a few days decant ! cle> portion1 & add dilute _s 7#a to #d71 q4 s4 to make ! :ole measure exactly a qu>t4 b4 ,take #h times ! quantity ( s5na & g+] ord]$ 9 ! ,ph4 ,l41 put !m into a displacem5t app>atus1 ei!r alone or mix$ ) clean wa%$ s&1 & transmit wat]1 mix$ ) #a_/d? "p ( rectifi$ _s1 ?r\gh ! mass1 until ! prop] quantity ( infusion is obta9$4 c4 7,:olesale47 ,alex&rian s5na 7be/71 #g lbs42 unblea*$ ,jamaica g+] 7f9e/1 bruis$71 #c lbs42 rectifi$ _s & wat]1 ( ea* #a gall42 mac]ate = #ad days1 press out ! fluid1 filt]1 & set x aside 9 a well-cork$ bottle2 !n take ( good ,ea/ ,india s5na1 #be lbs42 & ! 'press+s' or 'm>c' f ! t9cture1 & mac]ate 9 ! lea/ possible quantity 7#aj or #ab galls47 ( cold di/ill$ wat]1 = #ab or #ad h\rs1 employ+ frequ5t agitation ) a wood5 spatula2 next press out ! liquid1 & aga9 mac]ate ! 'm>c' 9 cold di/ill$ wat] 7#e or #f galls47 = #b h\rs2 press1 mix ! two liquors1 /ra91 heat gradually to ! boil+ po9t1 c>efully sep>ate ! coagulat$ album5 & aft]w>ds evaporate z quickly z possible to exactly #i qu>ts2 put ! liquid at once into a vessel capable ( hold+ #e gallons1 bung close to exclude ! air1 & :5 ne>ly cold add ! 't9cture' obta9$ f ! ,alex&rian s5na & ! g+]2 ! :ole mu/ n[ be well agitat$ toge!r1 & all[$ to /& = a week1 :5 ! cle> portion mu/ be c>efully decant$ into bottles 7,w9*e/] qu>ts7 = sale4 d4 ,z ! la/1 b employ+ hot wat]1 & limit+ ! p]iod ( ! infusions to #b h\rs & #a h\r4 ,obs4 ,! prec$+ =mul are at pres5t employ$ 9 ! :olesale trade1 by ne>ly all ^? h\ses t are mo/ not$ = ! sup]ior quality ( _! ',,conc5trat$ ,,infusions1' ,! products ( ! :ole are excell5t4 ,t f c is v beautiful1 & conta9s all ! valuable active matt] t x is possible to extract f ! +r$i5ts1 "u ! circum/ances4 ,x also keeps well4 ,! la/ "o1 l all prep>ations ( s5na made ) hot wat]1 is apt to drop a l>ge deposit on /&+1 f :i* ! la/ portion ( ! infusion is obta9$ ) difficulty4 ,!y ea* furni% a liquid1 ( :i* #a fl4 dr4 add$ to #g fl4 dr4 ( pure wat] =ms #a fl4 oz4 ( a prep>ation precisely simil> 9 m$ic9al qualities to ! ,,infusum ,,s5n ,,comp4--,ph4 ,l4 ,f ! extreme bulk9ess ( s5na1 x has become a practice ) c]ta9 unpr9cipl$ druggi/s to employ only #a_/c or #a_/d ( ! prop] quantity ( t drug1 & to add burnt sug> or treacle to br+ up ! consi/5ce & col\r1 & alkal9e solution ( gamboge to imp>t ! necess>y purgative quality4 ,,conc5trat$ ,,infusion ,,( ,,s5na1 z g5]ally met )1 is ne>ly wor?less4 ,?is arises f ei!r ! employm5t ( inf]ior s5na1 or ! de/ruction ( its active pr9ciple1 by ! l5g!n$ exposure to heat & atmosph]ic oxyg5 dur+ its manufacture4 #f4 7,) ,,c(fee2 ,,infusum ,,s5n ,,cum ,,caffe1 ,l47--a4 7,foy47 ,s5na1 #b dr42 roa/$ c(fee 7gr\nd71 #a dr42 boil+ wat] & hot milk1 ( ea* #c fl4 oz42 infuse = #ab h\rs 7#d871 & /ra94 ,= an adult2 to be tak5 9 ! morn+ fa/+4 b4 7,gu]s& & ,blake47 ,s5na1 #aj to #cj gr4 7accord+ to age72 hot c(fee & hot milk at w2 infuse1 & :5 cold /ra91 & sweet5 x ) sug>1 q4 s4 ,z a purge = *ildr54 #g4 7,) ,,lemon ,,juice2 ,,infusum ,,s5n7 ,,limoniatum1 ,l47 ,f s5na1 #a-a_/b oz42 fre% lemon peel1 #a oz42 lemon juice1 #a fl4 oz42 boil+ wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 infuse4 #h4 7,) ,,rhub>b2 ,,infusum ,,s5n ,,et ,,rhei1 ,l4--,ellis47 ,s5na1 #f dr42 manna1 #a oz42 rhub>b & c>damoms1 ( ea* 7bruis$71 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse #a h\r & /ra94 #i4 7,) ,,tam>9ds2 ,,infusum ,,s5n ,,compositum--,ph4 ,e41 ,,s5n ,,cum ,,tam>9dis1 ,l4--,ph4 ,e47 ,s5na1 #c dr42 tam>9ds1 #a oz42 cori&] se$s1 #a dr42 sug>1 #a_/b oz4 7if br[n1 #a oz472 boil+ wat]1 #h fl4 oz42 infuse = f\r h\rs1 ) agitation1 & !n /ra9 ?r\gh calico4 ,pleasant] ?an ! ord9>y infusion ( s5na4 #aj4 7,) ,,t>t>2 ,,infusum ,,s5n ,,t>t>izatum1 ,l47 ,f s5na1 #a-a_/b oz42 cori&] se$s1 #d dr42 cream ( t>t>1 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #af fl4 oz4 ,infusion ( ,s]'p5t>y4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,s]p5t>i 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,s]p5t>y1 bruis$1 #a oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #dj oz42 infuse #b h\rs1 & /ra94--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,s]p5t>y or ,virg9ian snake-root1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate = #d h\rs 9 a clos$ vessel1 & /ra94 ,! =m ( ! ,ph4 ,e4 is simil>4 ,z a /imulat+ expectorant & diaphoretic2 9 *ronic cat>rhs1 l[ fev]s1 agues1 c4 #c4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,s]p5t>i ,,compositum1 ,l4--,guy's ,hosp47 ,virg9ian snake-root & contray]va1 ( ea* #e dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate #b h\rs1 /ra92 & :5 cold add ( t9cture ( s]p5t>y #b fl4 oz4 ,z ! la/4 ,infusion ( ,sim>u'ba4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,sim>ub 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,sim>uba1 bruis$1 #c dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse #b h\rs1 & /ra94--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 ,ph4 ,l41 #ahcf47 ,b>k ( ! bitt] sim>uba or m\nta9 damson1 #c dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 mac]ate #b h\rs1 & /ra94 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,sim>uba b>k1 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #i fl4 oz4 ,tonic1 &1 9 l>ge doses1 emetic2 9 *ronic di>rhoea & dys5t]y1 ei!r alone or comb9$ ) opium2 & 9 agues1 dyspepsia1 c4 #d4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,sim>ub ,,compositum1 ,l4--,foy47 ,sim>uba b>k & wormwood1 ( ea* #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse = #ae m9utes1 /ra91 & add ( syrup ( g5tian1 #a fl4 oz4 ,9 agues & dyspepsia4 ,infusion ( ,slip'p]y ,elm4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,ulmi 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,i4 ,u4 ,,fulv1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,inn] b>k ( slipp]y elm 7,ulmus fulva71 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 infuse = #b h\rs1 & /ra94 ,demulc5t4 ,infusion ( ,soap-wort4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,sapon>i1 ,l4 ,f soap-wort root 7,sapon>ia (fic9alis74 ,ap]i5t & demulc5t2 also reput$ alt]ative & antisyphilitic4 ,infusion ( ,s\?'ernwood4 ,syn4 ,,s\!rnwood ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,abrotani1 ,l4 ,f ! h]b s\!rnwood or old man 7,abs9?ium ,abrotanum74 ,antispasmodic1 tonic1 & v]mifuge2 9 hy/]ia1 difficult & pa9ful m5/ruation1 worms1 c4 ,infusion1 ,/im'ulant4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,/imulans1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,p>is47 ,black mu/>d se$ 7bruis$71 & ditt&]1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 mac]ate = #a h\r1 /ra91 & :5 cold add ( _s ( sal-volatile1 #a fl4 dr42 _s ( pim5to1 #a_/b fl4 oz4--,dose1 #b table-spoonfuls #c times a day2 9 palsy4 ,infusion ( ,/9k'+ ,hel'lebore4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,hellebori ,f,,oe,,tidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,woodville47 ,dri$ leaves ( sett]-wort or ,helleborus foetidum1 #a_/b dr4 7or gre5 h]b1 #b dr472 boil+ wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 mac]ate #a h\r1 & /ra94 ,ap]i5t & v]mifuge2 & emetic1 9 l>ge doses4 ,x is *iefly us$ aga9/ ! l>ge r\nd worms ( *ildr5 & females1 tak5 fa/+4 ,infusion ( ,suc'cory4 ,syn4 ,,*icory ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,*icorii1 ,l4 ,f ! dri$ root4 ,ap]i5t1 deob/ru5t1 & tonic2 ei!r alone or sweet5$ ) honey or sug>4 ,infusion ( ,sweet ,flag4 ,syn4 ,,calamus ,,tea1 ,,sweet-,,flag ,t42 ,,infusum ,,acori1 ,i4 ,,calami ,,aromatici1 ,l4 ,an aromatic /imulant1 tonic1 & /oma*ic4 ,see ,,sweet ,,flag4 ,infusion ( ,tam'ar9ds4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,tam>9di1 ,l4 ,cool+ & laxative2 9 sore ?roat1 febrile affections1 c41 tak5 ad libitum4 ,see ,,infusion ,,( ,,s5na4 ,infusion ( ,tan'sy4 ,syn4 ,,tansy ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,tanaceti1 ,l4 ,f ! dri$ h]b1 or ! gre5 h]b us+ d\ble ! quantity4 ,aromatic1 bitt]1 tonic1 & v]mifuge4 ,infusion ( ,t>4 ,syn4 ,,t> ,,wat]1 ,,t> ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,picis ,,liquid1 ,,aqua ,p4 ,l4 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,bi%op ,b]keley47 ,wood t>1 #a qu>t2 cold wat]1 #a gall42 /ir ) a /ick = #ae m9utes1 !n all[ ! t> to subside1 /ra91 & keep x 9 well-/opp]$ j>s4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,z ! la/4 ,tak5 to ! ext5t ( a p9t daily 9 *ronic cat>rhal & nephritic affections2 also us$ z a lotion 9 *ronic cutane\s diseases1 especially ^? ( ! scalp 9 *ildr54 ,see ,,decoction4 ,infusion ( ,t>ax'acum4 ,see ,,infusion ,,( ,,d&elion4 ,infusion ( ,tobac'co4 ,syn4 ,,tobacco ,,wat]2 ,,infusum ,,tabaci1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,tobacco leaves1 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 mac]ate = an h\r4 ,us$ = enemas2 9 /rangulat$ h]nia1 ob/9ate colic1 c41 obs]v+ n to adm9i/] m ?an "o half at a "t2 also z a wa% to kill p$iculi4 ,infusion1 ,ton'ic4 ,see ,,infusions ,,( ,,calumba1 ,,casc>illa1 ,,g5tian1 c41 also ,,mixtures4 ,infusion ( ,sessamum4 7,dr ,wood47 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,sesami4 ,prep4 ,two fre% leaves ( sessamum 7,v5ne7 infus$ 9 #h oz4 ( cold wat]1 =m a mucilag9\s demulc5t dr9k4 ,dri$ leaves require hot wat]4 ,infusion ( ,silk-we$4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,asclepiadis4 ,prep4 ,b>k ( ! common silk-we$1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4-,dose1 #a oz4 to #a-a_/b oz4 ,9 c\gh & dyspnoea4 ,infusion ( ,tre'foil4 ,see ,,infusion ,,( ,,buckbean4 ,infusion ( ,tu'lip-tree ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,liriod5dri1 ,l4 ,f ! b>k ( ! tulip tree 7,liriod5dron tulipif]a74 ,diaphoretic1 /imulant1 /oma*ic1 & tonic2 9 dyspepsia1 fev]s1 c42 also us$ to flav\r liquors4 ,infusion ( ,tur'm]ic4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,curcum1 ,l4 ,us$ z a te/ & to prep>e te/-pap]4 ,:5 requir$ = keep+1 ab\t #a-g? ( its volume ( rectifi$ _s mu/ be add$4 ,infusion ( ,val]'ian4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,val]iane 7,b4 ,l41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,val]ian1 bruis$1 #abj gr42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #aj oz42 infuse #a h\r & /ra94--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,val]ian root1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ di/ill$ wat]1 #a "p2 infuse = an h\r 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra94 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,val]ian1 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #i fl4 oz4 ,antispasmodic & n]v9e2 9 hy/]ia1 hypo*ondriasis1 epilepsy1 & l[ fev]s4 #d4 7,comp\nd2 ,,infusum ,,val]ian ,,compositum1 ,l47 ,yell[ c9*ona b>k1 #a oz42 val]ian1 #a_/b oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 z be=e4 ,9 debilitat$ n]v\s habits4 ,infusion ( ,vanil'la4 ,syn4 ,,vanilla ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,vanill1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,vanilla1 #a-a_/b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,a /imulant antispasmodic2 9 hy/]ia1 rheumatism1 anaphrodisia1 c42 b *iefly us$ z a flav\r+ = liqueurs1 confection]y1 c4 ,infusion ( ,vittie ,vayr4 ,syn4 ,,vittie ,,vayr ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,vetiv]i1 ,l4 ,f ! roots ( ,&ropogon muricatus 7,,vetiv]1 ,,vittie ,,vayr1 or ,,cuscus74 ,antispasmodic1 diaphoretic1 & /imulant1 &1 :5 w>m1 diaphoretic & emm5agogue2 9 rheumatism g\t1 slight febrile cases1 c42 & z a prophylactic ( *ol]a4 ,see ,,ess5ce4 ,infusion ( ,wall-pel'litory4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,p>iet>i1 ,l4 ,f ! dri$ h]b 7,p>iet>ia (fic9alis74 ,ap]i5t1 diuretic1 & pectoral2 9 a/hmas1 dropsies1 calcul\s affections1 c4 ,infusion ( ,wal'nut ,leaves4 ,syn4 ,,walnut-,,leaf ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,jugl&is1 ,l4 ,f ! fre% leaves ( ! common walnut 7,juglans regia72 also f ! inn] wood-b>k1 & ! gre5 r9d ( ! fruit4 ,see ,,decoction & ,,extract4 ,infusion ( ,wat]-f5'nel4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,phell&ri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bird47 ,se$s ( wat]-f5nel1 #e dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4--,dose1 #c to #d fl4 dr42 to *eck excessive expectoration4 ,infusion ( ,:or'tleb]ry4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,uv ,,ursi1 ,l4 ,) alkalies1 h5bane1 or opium1 9 diseases ( ! ur9>y organs2 & ) sulphuric acid & foxglove1 9 affections ( ! lungs4 ,see ,,decoction & ,,extract4 ,note4--,infusum ,uv ,ursi ( ! ,brit4 ,ph>macopoeia4 ,infusion ( ,wild-*]ry ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,pruni ,,virg9ian 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,wild *]ry-tree b>k 7,prunus ,virg9iana or ,c]asus ,s]ot9a71 #a_/b oz42 cold wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 infuse #bd h\rs1 & /ra94 ,a valuable tonic & febrifuge4 ,wild-*]ry b>k also ex]cises a s$ative action on ! circulatory & n]v\s sy/em1 & is mu* us$ 9 ,am]ica 9 a v>iety ( diseases4 ,infusion ( ,wild ,g9'g]4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,as>i ,,canad5sis1 ,l4 ,f ! root ( wild g+] or ,canada snake-root 7,as>um ,canad5se74 ,a w>m /imulant diaphoretic1 9 ! same cases z ,,infusion ,,( ,,virg9ian ,,snake-,,root4 ,infusion ( ,wil'l[ ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,salicis1 ,l4 ,f ! b>k ( ! :ite or common will[ 7,salix alba74 ,a/r+5t1 tonic1 & febrifuge2 (t5 us$ in/ead ( ,,infusion ,,( ,,c9*ona4 ,infusion ( ,w9't] ,gre54 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,pyrol1 ,i4 ,,*imaphil1 ,l4 ,a/r+5t1 tonic1 & diuretic2 9 dropsy1 nephritic pa9s1 & *ronic affections ( ! ur9>y organs4 ,x black5s ! ur9e1 l uva ursi4 ,see ,,decoction4 ,infusion ( ,wood ,soot4 ,syn4 ,,soot ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,fulig9is ,,ligni1 ,l4 ,antacid & /imulant4 ,a simil> prep>ation is also made f coal-soot1 :i* is reput$ antispasmodic & v]mifuge4 ,infusion ( ,worm'wood4 ,syn4 ,,wormwood ,,tea1 ,,infusum ,,abs9?ii1 ,l4 ,f ! fre% tops ( ! plant1 or f only half ! quantity ( ! dri$ h]b4 ,9 loss ( appetite1 dyspepsia1 am5orrhoea1 leucorrhoea1 g\t1 worms1 c4 ,see ,,bitt]s4 ,,inhala',,tion4 ,syn4 ,inhalatio1 ,l4 ,9 m$ic9e1 ! draw+ 9 or inspir+ ( vap\r ) ! brea?4 ,inhalations 7,,inhalationes7 are vap\rs or gases imbib$ = ! purpose ( m$icat+ ! muc\s membrane ( ! air-passages4 ,! sub/ances t are to furni% ! vap\rs or fumes are put into a vessel call$ an 'inhal]' 7see ,,inhal]71 :i* may be simply a small cov]$ pot or mug ( metal or glass1 furni%$ ) a %ort flexible tube1 t]m9at+ 9 a small m\?-piece4 ,9 _m cases ev5 ?is simple app>atus may be disp5s$ )1 & ! fumes inhal$ by hold+ ! head ov] a vessel conta9+ a little ( ! sub/ance furni%+ !m2 or1 z ) *lor(orm1 a little may be dropp$ on a h&k]*ief or napk91 :i* is !n held to ! nose4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal sub/ances t are employ$ = inhalations at ! pres5t day3-- #a4 ,c>bonic acid gas & nitr\s oxide2 occasionally us$ 9 ph?isis1 by means ( a bladd] & m\?-piece4 #b4 ,*lor9e gas2 exhibit$ by add+ #e or #f drops ( aque\s *lor9e to ! wat] 7tepid7 ( ! inhal]1 :i* %\ld be1 9 ?is case1 ( glass2 employ$ 9 ,france = ph?isis1 b seldom us$ 9 ,engl&4 #c4 ,*lor(orm2 z an an/hetic4 #d4 ,vap\r ( iod9e1 adm9i/]$ 9 ! same way z *lor9e2 occasionally us$ 9 ph?isis4 #e4 ,oxyg5 & hydrog5 gases1 ei!r alone or dilut$ ) air2 employ$ 9 a/hma & ph?isis1 by means ( a bladd] & m\?-piece4 #f4 ,t> vap\r1 obta9$ by heat+ t>1 mix$ ) a little c>bonate ( pota%1 ov] a _s lamp1 occasionally employ$ 9 bron*itis1 & recomm5d$ by ,sir ,a4 ,crighton 9 ph?isis1 b appe>s ( little value 9 ! latt]4 #g4 ,/eam ( hot wat]2 9 bron*itis1 & to allay ! c\gh 9 ph?isis2 small quantities ( ! se$s ( h5bane1 opium1 poppy-heads1 c41 are frequ5tly add$ to produce an anodyne effect4 ,see ,,cig>s 79 ph>macy71 ,,dis9fectants1 ,,fumigation1 ,,vap\rs1 c4 ,,injec',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,injectio1 ,l4 ,9 m$ic9e1 any liquid m$ic9e ?r[n into a cavity ( ! body by means ( a syr+e or an ela/ic bag4 ,^? ?r[n into ! rectum are commonly call$ 'cly/]s' or 'enemata1' & are notic$ "u ! head ( ,,enema4 ,! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal injections employ$ 9 m$ical practice at ! pres5t day3-- ,injection ( ,ac'etate ( ,ammo''nia4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,ammoni ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,*irur47 ,solution ( acetate ( ammonia 7,ph4 ,l471 #a "p2 wat]1 #c p>ts4 ,refrig]ant4 ,injection ( ,ac'etate ( ,cop'p]4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,cupri ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f v]digris1 #aj gr42 oil ( almonds 7hot71 #d-a_/b oz42 triturate until dissolv$1 & /ra94 ,det]g5t4 ,injection ( ,ac'etate ( ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,plumbi ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sug> ( lead1 #a_/b dr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 #b4 7,dr ,colli]47 ,acetate ( lead1 #dj gr42 rose wat]1 #h fl4 oz4 ,a/r+5t & s$ative4 ,see ,,s$ative ,,injection4 ,injection ( ,ac'etate ( ,z9c4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,z9ci ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ellis47 ,acetate ( z9c1 #h gr42 rose wat]1 #d fl4 oz4 #b4 7,brodie47 ,sulphate ( z9c1 #a dr42 sug> ( lead1 #hj gr42 wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve sep>ately1 mix1 & filt]4 ,a/r+5t4 ,injection1 ,alkal9e4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,alkal9a1 ,i4 ,,li?ontriptica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,*evalli]47 ,c>bonate ( soda1 #a dr42 ,ca/ile soap1 #b dr42 wat]1 #ab fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,9 c]ta9 =ms ( calculus4 ,injection ( ,aloes4 7,bories47 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,aloes4 ,prep4 ,aloes1 #aj gr42 muriate ( ammonia1 #aj gr42 honey ( roses1 #a oz42 f5nel wat]1 #f oz4 #d4 7,dr ,reece74 ,alum1 #a dr42 acetate ( lead1 #a-a_/b dr42 triturate ) #f oz4 ( boil+ wat]1 & 9 an h\r filt]4 ,injection ( ,al'um4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,alum9is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,colli]47 ,alum1 #ah gr42 rose-wat]1 #f fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,= ! ure?ra4 #b4 7,colli]47 ,alum1 #c dr42 wat]1 #a qu>t4 ,= ! vag9a4 #c4 7,ph4 ,*47 ,alum1 #d gr42 rose-wat]1 #d fl4 oz4 ,! above are all a/r+5t4 ,injection ( ,ammo''nia4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,ammoni1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,a%well47 ,liquor ( ammonia1 #a to #b fl4 dr42 milk1 #a p9t4 ,9 ob/ruct$ m5/ruation4 #b4 7,lavagna47 ,liquor ( ammonia1 #h to #bj drops2 milk1 #b fl4 oz4 ,z ! la/1 ?rice daily1 beg9n+ ) ! lea/ quantity ( ammonia4 #c4 ,liquor ( ammonia1 #a fl4 dr42 mucilage1 #a oz42 wat]1 #i fl4 oz4 ,z ! la/4 ,injection ( ,ammo''nio-,sulphate ( ,cop'p]4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,cupri ,,ammoniati1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,sw$iaur47 ,ammonio-sulphate ( copp]1 #e gr42 rose-wat]1 #h fl4 oz4 ,9 *ronic gonorrhoea4 ,injection ( ,bi*lo''ride ( ,m]'cury4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,hydr>gyri ,,bi*loridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,corrosive sublimate1 #b gr42 rose wat]1 #e fl4 oz42 hydro*loric acid1 #a drop4 #b4 ,corrosive sublimate & sal ammoniac1 ( ea* #e to #aj gr42 wat]1 #a p9t4 #c4 ,sublimate1 #e gr42 rose wat]1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,us$ to promote heal?y action1 & to prev5t infection4 ,injection ( ,cal'omel4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,calomelanos1 ,i4 ,,hydr>gyri1 ,,*loridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,/4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,calomel1 #a dr42 mucilage1 #a fl4 oz42 wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 ,"s p]sons ord] 'qu9ce mucilage4' ,injection ( ,c>bolic ,acid4 7,?roat ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,acidi ,,c>bolici4 ,prep4 ,c>bolic acid1 #e gr42 wat]1 #a oz42 mix4 ,antiseptic4 ,injection ( ,c>'bonate ( ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,c]uss1 ,i4 ,,plumbi ,,c>bonatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,c>bonate ( lead 7f9ely levigat$71 #a_/b dr42 sulphate ( z9c1 #h gr42 mucilage1 #a oz42 rose wat]1 #e oz4 ,cool+ & a/r+5t4 ,injection ( ,*lo''ride ( ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,calcis ,,hypo*loris1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,*loride ( lime1 #a_/b dr42 wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 agitate well toge!r1 & filt]4 ,to prev5t infection4 #b4 7,detmold47 ,*loride ( lime1 #b dr42 decoction ( rhatany1 #ac fl4 oz42 dissolve1 & filt]4 ,9 f\l dis*>ges1 especially 9 ozna1 or foetid ulc]ation ( ! nose4 #c4 7,r\sse47 ,*loride ( lime1 #bj gr42 wat]1 #g fl4 oz42 w9e ( opium1 #a fl4 oz4 ,9 f\l dis*>ges1 & to allay irritation4 ,injection ( ,*lo''ride ( ,s'da4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,sod ,,hypo*loris1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f solution ( *loride ( soda1 #a fl4 dr42 rose wat]1 #c fl4 oz4 ,z ! la/4 ,injection ( ,*lo''ride ( ,z9c4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,z9ci ,,*loridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f *loride ( z9c1 #b gr42 rose wat]1 #c fl4 oz42 hydro*loric acid1 #a drop4 ,9 gonorrhoea4 ,injection ( ,copai'ba4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,copaib1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ab]ne?y47 ,copaiba #b dr42 ?ick mucilage1 #e dr42 lime wat]1 #f fl4 oz42 make an emulsion4 #b4 7,pl5ck47 ,copaiba1 #a_/b oz42 yolk ( egg1 q4 s42 lime wat]1 #f fl4 oz42 honey ( roses1 #c oz4 ,z ! la/4 #c4 7,ricord47 ,copaiba1 #f dr42 yolk ( egg1 q4 s42 decoction ( poppies1 #c to #d fl4 oz4 ,9 ulc]s ( ! rectum1 vag9a1 & ure?ra2 & 9 gonorrhoea4 ,injection ( ,cre'asote4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,creasoti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,allnatt47 ,creasote1 #bj drops2 :ite sug>1 #b dr42 liquor ( potassa1 #b fl4 dr42 triturate1 & add ( wat]1 #h fl4 oz4 ,9 leucorrhoea & piles4 ,injection ( ,cu'bebs4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,cubeb1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,s\beiran47 ,cubebs 79 p[d]71 #a oz42 extract ( belladonna1 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #af fl4 oz42 infuse 9 a cov]$ vessel1 & /ra94 ,/imulant & n>cotic4 ,9 gonorrhoea & leucorrhoea4 ,injection = ! ,e>4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,ac\/ica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ox-gall1 #c dr42 balsam ( ,p]u1 #a dr42 mix4 ,9 h>d5$ wax1 dryness ( membranes1 c4 #b4 ,oil ( almonds or cloves1 #b oz42 oil ( amb]1 #bj drops2 t9cture ( ca/or1 #a fl4 dr42 _s ( camphor1 #a_/b dr42 laudanum1 #c drops2 mix4 ,9 e>-a*e & *ronic deafness4 #c4 7,alib]t47 ,balsam ( ,p]u1 #b dr42 t9cture ( musk1 #d or #e drops2 otto ( roses1 #a or #b drops2 decoction ( ,/4 ,john's wort 7w>m71 #af fl4 oz42 agitate toge!r1 & aft] repose decant ! cle>4 ,9 dis*>ges f ! e>4 ,obs4 ,mr ,ye>sley /ates t drops & injections = ! e> %\ld be us$ ) v great caution1 & only "u prop] advice1 z !y o!rwise (t5 aggravate ! ailm5t1 in/ead ( cur+ x4 ,injection ( ,er'got4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,ergot1 ,i4 ,,secalis ,,cornuti1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b\d947 ,ergot1 #a dr42 boil+ wat]1 #h fl4 oz42 infuse until cold4 ,:5 ! ure?ra is highly s5sitive4 #b4 7,descrolles47 ,p[d]$ ergot1 #a oz42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t4 ,bo? ! above are us$ 9 *ronic inflammation ( ! vag9a1 & 9 gonorrhoea4 ,injection ( ,gal'lic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,acidi ,,gallici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dunglison47 ,gallic acid1 #a_/b dr42 wat]1 #a p9t4 ,9 leucorrhoea4 ,injection ( ,galls4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,gall1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f galls 7bruis$71 #b dr42 boil+ wat]1 #a p9t2 infuse #a h\r1 & /ra94 ,a/r+5t2 9 leucorrhoea4 ,injection ( ,hydro*lo''ric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,acidi ,,hydro*lorici1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,f hydro*loric acid1 #aj drops2 s(t wat]1 #e fl4 oz4 ,to prev5t & to remove rec5t infection2 also to remove p>ticles ( lime & iron f ! eye4 ,injection ( ,hydrocyan'ic ,ac'id4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,acidi ,,hydrocyanici1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,m$ic9al hydrocyanic acid1 #a fl4 dr42 s(t wat] or almond emulsion1 #a p9t4 ,anodyne2 to allay excessive irritability1 bo? 9 *ronic oph?almia & gonorrhoea1 & to relieve *ordee2 b 9 all cases x mu/ be us$ ) caution1 & at fir/ l>gely dilut$ ) wat]4 ,injections1 ,hypod]mic4 ,syn4 ,,injectiones ,,hypod]mic1 ,,injectiones ,,subcutane4 #a4 ,hypod]mic ,injection ( ,ergot9e4 7,dr ,hildebr&t47 ,aque\s extract ( ergot9e1 #c p>ts2 di/ill$ wat] & glyc]91 ( ea* #g-a_/b p>ts2 = ut]9e fibroid tum\rs 7,dr ,dras*71 #e gr4 ( ergot9e 9 #a dr4 ( glyc]92 #a_/e? to be inject$1 accord+ to circum/ances1 once or twice a day1 9 ! region ( ! pectoral muscles2 9 int]nal hmorrhage1 hmoptysis1 & epi/axis4 #b4 ,hypod]mic ,injection ( ,iodic ,acid4 ,dr ,luton uses ?is 9 goitre1 #a_/b dr4 ( solution conta9+ #a_/e? ( acid inject$ at once into ! mid/ ( ! tum\r4 #c4 ,hypod]mic ,injection ( ,p]*loride ( ,m]cury4 7,dr ,/aub47 ,p]*loride ( m]cury & *loride ( ammonium1 ( ea* #bj gr42 *loride ( sodium ab\t #fb gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #bj gr4 ,aft] filtration ! :ole is mix$ ) solution ( ! :ite ( "o egg1 & #d-a_/b dr4 ( wat]4 ,! solution conta9s #a_/ccrd ( a gr4 ( p]*loride to e #bj drops4 #a_/f? ( a gra9 ( p]*loride to be inject$ ea* day4 #d4 ,hypod]mic ,injection ( ,morphia4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hydro*lorate ( morphia #hh gr42 solution ( ammonia1 acetic acid1 di/ill$ wat] ( ea*1 q4 s4 ,dissolve ! hydro*lorate 9 #b oz4 ( di/ill$ wat] by a g5tle heat1 !n add ! solution ( ammonia1 s z to precipitate ! morphia1 & r5d] ! liquid slightly alkal9e2 all[ x to cool2 collect ! precipitate on a filt]1 wa% ) di/ill$ wat]1 & all[ x to dra92 !n transf] ! morphia to a porcela9 di%1 & add acetic acid until ! morphia is dissolv$1 & a v slightly acid solution is =m$4 ,n[ add di/ill$ wat]1 q4 s4 to make ! solution measure #b fl4 oz4 ,= subcutane\s injection1 #a to #f m9ims4 #e4 ,sulphate ( morphia is a v good soluble salt4 #f4 ,hypod]mic ,injection ( ,qu99e4 ,?ree to #f gr4 ( neutral sulphate ( qu99e plac$ on a wat* glass1 previ\sly w>m$1 )\t acid2 to ?is add #ab m9ims ( di/ill$ wat]1 & apply a mod]ate heat by a _s lamp = a second1 or two4 ,! syr+e %\ld be w>m$ be=e be+ us$4 ,dr ,ros5?al advocates ! use ( glyc]9 z a m$ium = ! solution ( v>i\s sub/ances us$ = subcutane\s injection4 ,! glyc]9 mu/ be v pure4 ,by gradual elevation ( temp]ature x c be made to take up a l>ge numb] ( c]ta9 alkaloids & salts1 & w reta9 !m dissolv$ = a ye>4 #a fl4 dr4 w dissolve "o scruple ( sulphate ( qu99e1 & #aj gr4 ( hydro*lorate ( morphia4 ,dr ,ros5?al /ates t ! injection ( qu99e has be5 f\nd v useful 9 int]mitt5ts4 ,injection ( ,io'dide ( ,i'ron4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,f]ri ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ricord47 ,iodide ( iron1 #f gr42 wat]1 #e fl4 oz4 ,9 gonorrhoea1 gradually increas+ ! quantity ( iodide4 #b4 7,s\beiran47 ,iodide ( iron1 #c to #d dr42 wat]1 #a p9t4 ,9 suppress$ & pa9ful m5/ruation1 leucorrhoea1 c4 ,bo? are a/r+5t & well adapt$ to scr(ul\s pati5ts4 ,injection ( ,i'odide ( ,potas'sium4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,potassii ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,foy47 ,iodide ( potassium1 #c gr42 pure wat]1 #a p9t4 ,z a /imulant to fi/ul\s s9uses & ulc]s 9 p]sons ( scr(ul\s habits4 ,injection ( ,i'od9e4 ,syn4 ,,iodurett$ ,,injection2 ,,injectio ,,iodureta1 ,i4 ,,iod9ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,m4 ,ameuille47 ,t9cture ( iod9e1 #a "p2 wat]1 #e or #f p>ts4 ,9 refractory fi/ul4 #b4 7,m4 ,bonnet47 ,iod9e1 #a "p2 iodide ( potassium1 #b p>ts2 wat]1 #aj p>ts4 ,9 scr(ul\s hydr>?rosis1 c4 #c4 7,bransby ,coop]47 ,comp\nd t9cture ( iod9e1 #b fl4 dr42 wat]1 #f fl4 dr4 ,9 hydrocele4 #d4 7,guib\rt47 ,iod9e1 #d gr42 iodide ( potassium1 #h gr42 wat]1 #a p9t4 ,to /imulate fi/ul\s s9uses4 #e4 7,velpeau47 ,t9cture ( iod9e1 #a fl4 dr42 wat]1 #c fl4 dr4 ,9 hydrocele4 ,injection1 ,li?ontrip'tic4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,li?ontriptica1 ,i4 ,,vesicalis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,hosk9s47 ,nitro-sac*>ate ( lead1 #a gr42 sac*>ic acid1 #e drops2 rub toge!r1 !n add ( di/ill$ wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,z a solv5t = phosphatic calculi4 ,see ,,injection ,,alkal9e4 ,injection1 ,m]cu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,m]curialis1 ,i4 ,,hydr>gyri1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,quicksilv]1 #a dr42 gum mucilage1 #a-a_/b oz42 triturate until ! globules disappe>1 & gradually add ( wat]1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,quicksilv] & balsam ( copaiba1 ( ea* #d dr42 yolk ( an egg2 rose wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 ,an awkw>d & useless prep>ation4 ,injection ( ,mor'phia4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,morphi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,br]a47 ,morphia1 #b gr42 oil ( almonds 7w>m71 #a oz42 triturate toge!r until unit$4 ,anodyne & emolli5t4 ,to ease ! pa9 9 e>-a*e1 acute gonorrhoea1 piles1 c4 ,injection ( ,night ,%ade1 ,black4 7,p4 ,c47 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,foli>um ,,solani ,,nigrum4 ,prep4 ,dri$ leaves ( black night %ade1 #a-c_/d oz42 boil+ wat]1 #cf oz4 ,infuse #a h\r1 & /ra94 ,injection ( ,nitrate ( ,sil'v]4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,arg5ti ,,nitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,acton47 ,nitrate ( silv]1 #c gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 dissolve4 #b4 7,dr ,arnott47 ,nitrate1 #ab gr42 wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 #c4 7,dr ,colli]47 ,nitrate1 #b gr42 rose wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 #d4 7,dr ,culv]well47 ,nitrate1 #bj to #cj gr42 wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 #e4 7,dr ,jewell47 ,nitrate1 #ab gr42 wat]1 #f fl4 oz4 #f4 7,ricord47 ,nitrate1 #h gr42 wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 #g4 7,we/4 ,hosp47 ,nitrate1 #a-a_/b gr42 dilut$ nitric acid1 #a-a_/d m9im2 di/ill$ wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,obs4 ,! weak] solutions are us$ 9 *ronic gonorrhoea1 gleet1 & leucorrhoea2 ^? ( an int]m$iate /r5g? to prev5t an attack ( gonorrhoea foll[+ ! incipi5t symptoms ( t disease2 & ! /ronge/1 *iefly 9 sp]matorrhoea4 ,_! use requires great caution4 ,injection ( ,oak ,b>k4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,qu]cus4 ,prep4 7,univ4 ,hosp47 ,alum1 #f gr42 decoction ( oak b>k1 #a fl4 oz4 ,= ! vag9a4 ,a/r+5t4 ,injection1 ,oleag9\s4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,oleosa4 ,prep4 ,oil ( almonds1 #d oz42 liquid subacetate ( lead1 #h drops4 ,injection ( ,o''pium4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,opii1 ,i4 ,,opiata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,t9cture ( opium or w9e ( opium1 #a to #b fl4 dr4 7accord+ to circum/ances72 wat]1 #e fl4 oz4 ,z an anodyne1 9 gonorrhoea4 #b4 7,foy47 ,extract ( opium1 #f gr42 extract ( belladonna1 #a-a_/b dr42 decoction ( wild lettuce1 #af fl4 oz4 ,9 neuralgia & hmorrhages4 ,injection ( ,opium ) ,lead4 7,w5dt47 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,plumbi ,,opiata4 ,prep4 ,extract ( opium1 #a-a_/b gr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #b oz42 mucilage1 #b dr42 liquid subacetate ( lead1 #d drops4 ,injection ( ,pancreas4 7,m]kel47 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,pancreat9i4 ,prep4 ,"o bullock's pancreas2 glyc]91 #h oz4 ,rub ! f9ely m9c$ pancreas ) ! glyc]91 mix "o ?ird ( ?is mixture ) f #d to #e oz4 ( f9ely m9c$ meat1 & inject into ! rectum4 ,said to be easily dige/$4 ,injection ( ,plat9o-,*loride ( ,soda4 7,hoeff]47 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,plat9o-,,*loridi ,,sodii4 ,prep4 ,decoction ( poppy1 #h oz42 *loride ( plat9um & sodium1 #a_/b dr4 ,injection1 ,s$'ative4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,s$ativa1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,oil ( almonds1 #a oz42 solution ( diacetate ( lead1 #bj drops4 ,cool+1 s$ative1 & emolli5t4 #b4 7,w5dt47 ,aque\s extract ( opium1 #a-a_/b gr42 mucilage1 #b dr42 solution ( diacetate ( lead1 #d drops2 wat]1 #b fl4 oz4 ,cool+1 s$ative1 & anodyne4 #c4 7,gass9c\rt47 ,simple emulsion1 #e fl4 oz42 decoction ( poppies1 #af fl4 oz42 :ite ( #a egg2 mix4 ,9 acute gonorrhoea4 ,injection1 ,/im'ulat+4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,/imulans1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,/4 ,m>ie47 ,myrrh1 #a oz42 quicklime1 #b oz42 wat]1 #a qu>t2 dige/ = #b or #c days1 & decant ! cle> portion4 ,9 fi/ul\s ulc]s4 ,injection ( ,sul'phate ( ,cop'p]4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,cupri ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphate ( copp]1 #e gr42 rose wat]1 #d fl4 oz4 ,9 *ronic gonorrhoea4 #b4 7,hunt]47 ,sulphate ( copp]1 #c gr42 wat]1 #d fl4 oz4 ,z ! la/4 #c4 7,sw$iaur47 ,sulphate ( copp]1 #f gr42 wat]1 #d fl4 oz42 dissolve1 & add solution ( diacetate ( lead1 #bj drops4 ,9 phimosis4 ,injection ( ,sul'phate ( ,ir'on4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,f]ri ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b]5ds47 ,sulphate ( iron & mucilage1 ( ea* #a_/b dr42 sage wat]1 #d fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,9 nasal & ut]9e hmorrhages4 ,injection ( ,sul'phate ( ,z9c4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,z9ci ,,sulphatis4 ,prep4 #a4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,sulphate ( z9c1 #b gr42 wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 #b4 7,k+'s ,coll4--,,injectio ,,communis47--a4 ,sulphate ( z9c1 #c gr42 solution ( lead1 #bj drops2 wat]1 #a fl4 oz4 ,= a man4 b4 ,sulphate ( z9c1 #aj gr42 alum1 #aj gr42 decoction ( oak b>k1 #a fl4 oz4 ,= a woman4 ,injection ( ,sul'phuret ( ,potas'sium4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,potassii ,,sulphureti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,w$ek9d47 ,sulphuret ( potassium1 #a dr42 wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 ,9 gonorrhoea4 ,injection ( ,tan'nic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,tann9i1 ,i4 ,,acidi ,,tannici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bral47 ,tann91 #a_/b dr42 di/ill$ wat]1 #h fl4 oz4 7or bett]1 #a_/b p9t74 ,9 gleet & leucorrhoea4 ,injection ( ,tea4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,!1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,gre5 tea 7or r\gh black tea71 #a dr4 7say #b teaspoonfuls72 boil+ wat]1 #a_/b p9t4 ,a/r+5t2 9 gleet & fluor albus4 ,injection ( ,turp5t9e4 7,/4 ,b>t4's ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,t]eb9?94 ,prep4 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 olive oil1 #ab fl4 oz4 ,injection1 ,vi'n\s4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,v9i ,,rubri1 ,i4 ,,v9osa1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,e>le47 ,r$ w9e1 #a "p2 wat]1 #b or #c p>ts4 ,9 hydrocele4 ,injection ( ,wood-soot4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,fulig9is4 7,rognetta74 ,decoction ( wood-soot1 #af oz42 alum #a_/b oz42 wat]1 #f oz4 ,9 leucorrhoea4 ,ink4 ,syn4 ,,atram5tum1 ,l4 ,col\r$ liquid employ$ = writ+ ) a p54 ,ink is made ( v>i\s sub/ances & col\rs2 b at pres5t we %all conf9e our att5tion to ! tanno-gallic comp\nds1 to :i* ! t]m1 :5 /&+ alone1 is almo/ exclusively appli$4 ,prep4 #a4 ,aleppo galls 7well bruis$71 #d oz42 clean s(t wat]1 #a qu>t2 mac]ate 9 a clean cork$ bottle = #aj days or a =tnight1 or ev5 long]1 ) frequ5t agitation1 !n add ( gum ,arabic 7dissolv$ 9 a w9e-glassful ( wat]71 #a-a_/d oz42 lump sug>1 #a_/b oz42 mix well1 & aft]w>ds fur!r add ( sulphate ( iron 7gre5 copp]as1 cru%$ small71 #a-a_/b oz42 agitate occasionally = #b or #c days1 :5 ! ink may be decant$ = use1 b is bett] if ! :ole is left to dige/ toge!r = #b or #c weeks4 ,:5 "t is an object1 ! :ole ( ! +r$i5ts may at once be put into a bottle1 & ! latt] agitat$ daily until ! ink is made2 & boil+ wat] in/ead ( cold wat] may be employ$4 ,product4 #a qu>t ( excell5t ink1 writ+ pale at fir/1 b soon turn+ int5sely black4 #b4 ,aleppo galls 7bruis$71 #ab lbs42 s(t wat]1 #f galls42 boil 9 a copp] vessel = #a h\r1 add+ m wat] to make up = ! portion lo/ by evaporation2 /ra91 & aga9 boil ! galls ) wat]1 #d galls42 = #a_/b an h\r2 /ra9 (f ! liquor1 & boil a ?ird "t ) wat]1 #b-a_/b galls41 & /ra92 mix ! sev]al liquors1 & :ile /ill hot1 add ( gre5 copp]as 7co>sely p[d]$71 #d-a_/b lbs42 gum arabic 7bruis$ small71 #d lbs42 agitate until dissolv$1 & aft] defecation /ra9 ?r\gh a hair sieve1 & keep x 9 a bung$-up cask = use4 ,product4 #ab galls42 v f9e & durable4 #c4 ,aleppo galls 7bruis$71 #ad lbs42 gum1 #e lbs2 put !m 9 a small cask1 & add ( boil+ s(t wat]1 #ae galls42 all[ ! :ole to mac]ate1 ) frequ5t agitation1 = a =tnight1 !n fur!r add ( gre5 copp]as1 #e lbs41 7dissolv$ 97 wat]1 #g p9ts2 aga9 mix well1 & agitate ! :ole once daily = #b or #c weeks4 ,prod4 ,fully #ae galls4 ,resembles ,no4 #a4 #d4 ,galls 7bruis$71 #i lbs42 logwood *ips 7be/ ,campea*y71 #c lbs42 boil z 9 ,no4 #b2 to ! /ra9$ mix$ liquors1 add ( gum arabic & gre5 copp]as1 ( ea* 7bruis$ small71 #d lbs42 simm] or dige/ until dissolv$1 & at once /ra9 ?r\gh a hair sieve into ! /ore-cask or j>s4 ,prod4 #af-a_/b galls4 ,excell5t1 b inf]ior to ! prec$+4 #e4 ,galls 7bruis$71 #b lbs42 logwood *ips1 gre5 copp]as1 & gum1 ( ea* #a lb42 wat]1 #g galls42 boil #b h\rs1 & /ra94 ,prod4 #e galls4 ,a sup]ior ink = retail4 #f4 ,galls 7bruis$71 #a lb42 logwood1 #b lbs42 gum 7common71 #a lb42 gre5 copp]as1 #c_/d lb42 wat]1 #h galls42 proce$ z la/4 ,prod4 #f galls4 ,common1 b fit = all ord9>y purposes4 ,! foll[+ =mul are = "s ( ! adv]tis$ inks1 or are ^? recomm5d$ by ! au?orities ^: names are atta*$ to !m3-- #g4 7,,anti-,,corrosive47 ,same z ',asiatic ink4' #h4 7,,asiatic47 ,galls1 #d lbs42 logwood1 #b lbs42 pomegranate peel1 #b lb42 s(t wat]1 #e galls2 boil z 9 ,no4 #b1 !n add to ! /ra9$ & decant$ liquor1 :5 cold1 ( gum ,arabic1 #a lb42 lump sug> or sug> c&y1 #a_/d lb42 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 #c p9ts4 ,product4 #d-a_/b galls4 ,writes pale1 b fl[s well f ! p51 & soon gets black4 #i4 7,br&e47 ,galls1 #f oz42 gre5 copp]as & gum ,arabic1 ( ea* #d oz42 s(t wat]1 #c qu>ts2 by decoction4 #aj4 7,*aptal47 ,z ,no4 #d 7ne>ly71 add+ sulphate ( copp]1 #a_/b lb4 ,full col\r$1 b less durable & anticorrosive ?an ! prec$+4 #aa4 7,desormeaux47 ,galls1 #a lb42 logwood *ips1 #d oz42 wat]1 #f qu>ts2 boil #a h\r1 /ra9 #e qu>ts1 add ( sulphate ( iron 7calc9$ to :it5ess71 #d oz42 br[n sug>1 #c oz42 gum1 #f oz42 acetate ( copp]1 #a_/d oz42 agitate twice a day = a =tnight1 !n decant ! cle>1 bottle1 cork up = use4 ,writes a full black1 & o!rwise resembles ,no4 #aj4 #ab4 7,elsn]47 ,galls 7p[d]$71 #db oz42 gum ,s5egal 7p[d]$71 #ae oz42 di/ill$ or ra9 wat]1 #ah qu>ts2 sulphate ( iron 7free f copp]71 #ah oz42 liquor ( ammonia1 #c dr42 _s ( w9e1 #bd oz42 mix ^! +r$i5ts 9 an op5 vessel1 /irr+ frequ5tly until ! ink atta9s ! desir$ blackness4 ,?is =mula is said to give a deep black1 neutral ink t does n corrode /eel p5s4 #ac4 7,,ex*equ]47 ,galls 7bruis$71 #dj lbs4 7say #d p>ts72 gum1 #aj lbs4 7say "o "p72 gre5 sulphate ( iron1 #i lbs4 7say "o "p72 s(t wat]1 #de galls41 7say #de p>ts72 mac]ate = #c weeks1 employ+ frequ5t agitation4 ,?is ink w endure = c5turies4 #ad4 7,guib\rt47 ,galls 79 p[d]71 #ej p>ts2 hot wat]1 #hjj p>ts2 dige/ #bd h\rs1 /ra91 & add ( gre5 sulphate ( iron & gum ,arabic1 ( ea* #be p>ts2 :5 dissolv$1 add ! foll[+ solution & mix well3--,sal ammoniac1 #h p>ts2 gum1 #b p>ts2 oil ( lav5d]1 #a "p2 boil+ wat]1 #af p>ts4 ,said to be indelible4 #ae4 7,,japan47 ,?is is a black & glossy k9d ( ink1 :i* may be prep>$ f ei!r ( ! above receipts by calc9+ ! copp]as until :ite or yell[1 or by spr9kl+ x 79 p[d]7 ) a little nitric acid be=e add+ x to ! decoction 7pref]ably ! =m]71 by :i* ! ink is r5d]$ ( a full black z soon z made4 ,! gloss9ess is giv5 by us+ m gum4 ,x fl[s less easily f ! p5 ?an o!r inks1 & is less durable ?an ink t writes pal] & aft]w>ds turns black4 ,x is unfitt$ = /eel p5s4 #af4 7,lewis47 ,bruis$ galls1 #c lb42 gum & sulphate ( iron1 ( ea* #a lb42 v9eg>1 #a gall42 wat]1 #i qu>ts2 mac]ate ) frequ5t agitation = #ad days4 ,to produce #c galls4 ,f9e quality1 b apt to act on /eel p5s4 #ag4 7,,pr]ogative ,,c\rt47 ,galls1 #a lb42 gum ,arabic1 #f oz42 alum1 #b oz42 gre5 vitriol1 #g oz42 k9o1 #c oz42 logwood rasp+s1 #d oz42 s(t wat]1 #a gall42 mac]ate at la/4 ,said to write well on p>*m5t4 #ah4 7,ribauc\rt47 ,galls1 #a lb42 logwood *ips & sulphate ( iron1 ( ea* #a_/b lb42 gum #f oz42 sulphate ( copp] & sug> c&y1 ( ea*1 #a oz42 boil ! fir/ two 9 s(t wat]1 #b-a_/b galls41 to "o half1 !n add ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,full col\r$1 b some:at corrosive1 z ,no4 #aj4 #ai4 7,dr ,ure47 ,galls1 #ab lbs42 gre5 copp]as & gum ,s5egal1 ( ea* #e lbs42 z ,no4 #b 7ne>ly74 ,to produce #ab galls4 #bj4 7,dr ,wolla/on47 ,galls1 #a oz42 sulphate ( iron1 #c dr42 gum1 #a_/d oz42 cold wat] #a_/b p9t2 put into a bottle & %ak5 toge!r e day = a =tnight or long]4 ,a good durable ink1 :i* w be> dilut+4 #ba4 7,ph>maceutis*e ,zeitung47 ,by add+ f]rocyanide ( potassium to ord9>y ink1 an indelible writ+ ink may be obta9$4 ,! removal ( su* an ink by an acid w\ld result 9 ! production ( ,prussian blue4 ,g5]al ,comm5t>y4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ accurate exp]im5ts on ! prep>ation ( black ink1 x appe>s t ! quantity ( sulphate ( iron %\ld n exce$ #a_/crd "p ( t ( ! galls1 by :i* an excess ( a/r+5t vegetable matt]1 :i* is necess>y = ! durability ( ! col\r1 is pres]v$ 9 ! liquid4 ,gum1 by %ield+ ! writ+ f ! action ( ! air1 t5ds to pres]ve ! col\r2 b if mu* is employ$1 ! ink fl[s languidly f quill p5s1 & sc>cely at all f /eel p5s4 ,! latt] require a v limpid ink4 ,! addition ( sug> 7especially ( moi/ sug>7 increases ! fl[+ prop]ty ( ! liquid1 b makes x dry m sl[ly1 & frequ5tly to pass into an acet\s /ate1 9 :i* condition x acts injuri\sly on ! p54 ,v9eg>1 = a l reason1 is n calculat$ = ! m5/ruum1 z x rapidly s(t5s quill or horn1 & corrodes iron & /eel4 ,to ensure ! p]man5cy ( ! col\r ( ! tanno-gallic inks1 ! be/ ,aleppo or blue nut-galls mu/ alone be us$4 ,no second or inf]ior quality %\ld be employ$4 ,a contr>y practice1 (t5 adopt$ = ! sake ( economy1 is ne>ly always foll[$ by unpleasant results & (t5 by consid]able loss4 ,! only improvem5t ( importance :i* has be5 made 9 ! manufacture ( writ+ ink f ! common mat]ials1 dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 is ! practice ( fir/ roa/+ ! gall-nuts1 :i* is n[ adopt$ by a few ( ! h\ses mo/ celebrat$ = _! ,,copy+ ,,ink4 ,9 ?is way a portion ( pyrogallic acid is =m$1 :i* is v soluble 9 wat]1 & /rikes an int5se blui%-black col\r ) ! protosulphate or gre5 sulphate ( iron4 ,f galls s treat$ an ink may be made to write black at once4 ,c>e mu/1 h[ev]1 be tak5 to avoid any loss ( mat]ials by volatilisation4 ,to prev5t any t5d5cy to m\ld9ess 9 ink1 a few bruis$ cloves1 or a little oil ( cloves1 or1 /ill bett]1 a few drops ( creasote 7c>bolic acid7 may be add$4 ,! la/ two %\ld be previ\sly dissolv$ 9 a small quantity ( /rong v9eg>1 or rectifi$ _s4 ,) ! same int5tion "s ( ! l>ge mak]s all[ ! ink to become cov]$ ) a sk9 ( 'm\ld' 9 ! cask1 to r5d] x less liable to und]go ! same *ange :5 subsequ5tly bottl$4 ,=m]ly ! practice 0 to add a little _s = ! same purpose4 ,suma*1 logwood1 & oak-b>k are frequ5tly sub/itut$ = galls 9 ! prep>ation ( common ink4 ,:5 su* is ! case1 only ab\t #a_/f or #a_/g? ( _! weight ( copp]as %\ld be employ$4 ,inks s made possess little durability4 ,! v g5]al use ( /eel p5s ( late ye>s has caus$ a correspond+ dem& = easy-fl[+ inks1 _m ( :i* are n[ v5d$ "u ! titles ( ,,writ+-,,fluids1 ,,/eel-,,p5 ,,ink1 ,,anticorrosive ,,ink1 c4 ,! great] numb] ( ^! are prep>$ f galls 9 ! prec$+ mann]2 b a less quantity ( gum is employ$1 & great] att5tion is paid ?an h]et(ore to avoid e s\rce ( 'greas9ess' among :i* smoke & dirty ut5sils are1 p]haps1 ! pr9cipal4 ,! blue 'writ+ fluids1' :i* ei!r ma9ta9 _! col\r or turn black by exposure to ! air1 are1 9 g5]al1 prep>$ f f]rocyanide ( potassium1 or f indigo1 & are fully notic$ 9 ano!r place4 ,,copy+ ,,ink1 ano!r v>iety ( ink ( rec5t introduction1 is *>act]is$ by its suitabl5ess to metallic p5s1 & by furni%+ a transcript by means ( ! 'copy+ press' or 'copy+ ma*9e4' 7,see bel[47 ,! inks prep>$ by ! fir/ f\r ( ! above =mul are v durable & limpid1 & w be> dilution ) ne>ly an equal bulk ( wat]1 & /ill be sup]ior 9 quality to ! ord9>y inks ( ! %ops4 ,see ,,galls1 ,,iron1 ,,writ+ ,,fluid1 & bel[4 ,ink1 ,blue & ,blue black4 ,see ,,writ+ ,,fluid4 ,ink1 ,br[n4 #a4 ,a /rong decoction ( cate*u2 ! %ade may be v>i$ by ! cauti\s addition ( a little weak solution ( bi*romate ( pota%4 #b4 ,a /rong decoction ( logwood1 ) a v little bi*romate ( pota%4 ,ink1 ,c>bon4 ,dissolve real ,indian ink 9 common black ink1 or add a small quantity ( lampblack previ\sly heat$ to r$ness1 & gr\nd p]fectly smoo?1 ) a small portion ( ! ink4 ,ink1 ,c>m9e4 ,heat a scruple ( c>m9e ) #c oz4 ( wat] ( ammonia = "s m9utes1 a little bel[ boil+1 & add #ae to #bj gr4 ( gum4 7,! ink/& mu/ be kept well clos$47 ,ink1 ,*rome4 ,see ,,gre5 ,,ink & ,,writ+ ,,fluid4 ,ink1 ,col\r$4 ,inks ( v>i\s col\rs may be made f a /rong decoction ( ! +r$i5ts us$ 9 dye+1 mix$ ) a little alum or o!r sub/ance us$ z a mordant1 & gum ,arabic4 ,any ( ! ord9>y wat]-col\r cakes employ$ 9 draw+1 diffus$ ?r\gh wat]1 may also be us$ z col\r$ ink4 ,see ,,br[n1 ,,gre51 & ,,r$ inks1 c4 ,,ink1 ,,copy+4 ,?is is usually prep>$ by add+ a little sug> or o!r sac*>9e matt] to ord9>y black ink1 :i* = ?is purpose %\ld be v ri* 9 col\r1 & pref]ably made f galls prep>$ by heat1 z notic$ above4 ,writ+ execut$ ) ?is ink may be copi$ )9 ! space ( #e or #f h\rs1 by pass+ x ?r\gh a press 7,,copy+ ,,press7 9 contact ) ?9 unsiz$ pap] 7,,bank-,,po/71 slightly damp$1 enclos$ betwe5 two %eets ( ?ick oil$ or wax$ pap]1 :5 a rev]s$ transcript w be obta9$1 :i* w read 9 prop] ord] :5 ! back ( ! copy is turn$ upw>ds4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a press a copy may be tak51 :5 ! ink is good & ! writ+ v rec5t1 by roll+ ! %eets1 dully arrang$ on a rul]1 ov] ! surface ( a flat smoo? table1 employ+ z mu* =ce z possible1 & avoid+ any slipp+ or crumbl+ ( ! pap]4 ,ano!r me?od is to pass a w>m flat-iron ov] ! pap] laid ^u ! writ+4 ,! foll[+ proportions are employ$3 #a4 ,sug> c&y or lump sug>1 #a oz42 or treacle or moi/ sug>1 #a-a_/d oz42 ri* black ink1 #a-a_/b p9t2 dissolve4 #b4 ,malt wort1 #a p9t2 evaporate x to ! consi/5ce ( a syrup1 & !n dissolve x 9 good black ink1 #a-a_/d p9t4 #c4 ,solazza juice1 #b oz42 mild ale1 #a_/b p9t2 dissolve1 /ra91 & triturate ) lampblack 7previ\sly heat$ to dull r$ness x a cov]$ vessel71 #a_/d oz42 :5 ! mixture is complete1 add ( /rong black ink1 #a-a_/b p9t1 mix well1 & 9 #b or #c h\rs decant ! cle>4 ,obs4 ,aft] mak+ ! above mixtures1 !y mu/ be tri$ ) a common /eel p51 & if !y d n fl[ freely1 "s m unprep>$ ink %\ld be add$ until !y are f\nd to d s4 ,ink1 ,gold4 ,f gold 9 ! /ate ( a impalpable p[d]1 gr\nd up ) a little gum wat]4 ,! brilliancy ( ! writ+ p]=m$ ) ?is ink is consid]able1 & may be increas$ by burni%+4 ,ink1 ,gre54 #a4 ,f sap gre5 dissolv$ 9 v weak alum wat]4 #b4 ,a /rong solution ( b9acetate ( copp] 9 wat]1 or ( v]digris 9 v9eg>4 #c4 7,klapro?47 ,v]digris1 #b oz42 cream ( t>t>1 #a oz42 wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 boil to "o half1 & filt]4 #d4 7,w9ckley47 ,bi*romate ( potassa1 #c p>ts2 hot wat]1 #h p>ts2 dissolve1 add ( rectifi$ spirits1 #d p>ts1 mix1 & fur!r add ( sulphuric acid1 q4 s4 to lib]ate ! *romic acid1 avoid+ excess2 next evaporate to "o half1 dilute ) wat]1 filt]1 & add to ! filtrate rectifi$ _s1 #d p>ts toge!r ) #c or #d drops ( sulphuric acid 7if requir$71 to precipitate any rema9+ pota% salt2 la/ly1 decant & pres]ve ! liquid until x assumes a ri* gre5 col\r4 #e4 ,a solution ( rec5tly precipitat$ hydrat$ oxide ( *romium 9 liquor ( ammonia1 dilut$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 q4 s4 ,a magnific5t d>k-gre5 liquid1 p]fectly anti-corrosive4 ,ink1 ,horticultural4 ,prep4 ,*loride ( plat9um1 #a_/d oz42 s(t wat]1 #a p9t2 dissolve1 & pres]ve x 9 glass4 ,us$ ) a clean quill to write on z9c labels4 ,x almo/ imm$iately turns black1 & _c be remov$ by wa%+4 ,! addition ( gum & lampblack1 z recomm5d$ 9 c]ta9 books1 is unnecess>y1 & ev5 prejudicial to ! quality ( ! ink4 #b4 ,v]digris & sal ammoniac1 ( ea* #a_/b oz42 levigat$ lampblack1 #a_/b oz42 common v9eg>1 #a_/d p9t2 mix ?or\ghly4 ,us$ z ! la/1 = ei!r z9c1 iron1 or /eel4 #c4 ,blue vitriol1 #a oz42 sal ammoniac1 #a_/b oz4 7bo? 9 p[d]72 v9eg>1 #a_/d p9t2 dissolve4 ,a little lampblack1 or v]milion1 may be add$1 b x is n necess>y4 ,z ,no4 #a2 = iron1 t91 or /eel plate4 ,"s ( ! prep>ations describ$ bel[ "u ',incorrodible ink' are also us$ by g>d5]s & nurs]ym54 ,ink1 ,incorro''dible4 ,?is "n has be5 giv5 to sev]al prep>ations ( a res9\s "*1 capable ( resi/+ ! action ( damp & acids4 ,prep4 #a4 ,boil$ l9se$ oil1 gr\nd ) lampblack & ,prussian blue1 ( ea* q4 s4 to imp>t a deep black col\r4 ,x may be ?9n$ ) oil ( turp5t9e4 #b4 ,good copal or amb] v>ni%1 col\r$ ) ei!r plumbago or v]milion4 #c4 ,tr9idad asphaltum 7g5u9e71 #a "p2 oil ( turp5t9e1 #d p>ts2 col\r 7z la/7 q4 s4 #d4 7,close47 ,cobalt 79 p[d]71 #be gr42 oil ( lav5d]1 #bjj gr42 dissolve by a g5tle heat1 & add ( lampblack1 #c gr42 indigo #a gr4 7bo? 9 impalpable p[d]72 or v]milion1 q4 s4 #e4 7,hausmann47 ,z ,no4 #c 7ne>ly74 ,resi/s ! action ( iod9e1 *lor9e1 alkalies1 & acids4 #f4 7,%eldrake47 ,asphaltum dissolv$ 9 amb] v>ni% & oil ( turp5t9e1 & col\r$ ) lampblack4 ,co>sely p[d]$ anac>dium nuts 7! fruit ( ! ,anac>dium ori5tale7 are mac]at$ 9 a well-clos$ bottle ) petroleum e!r1 = "s "t4 ,^u all[+ ! latt] to evaporate spontane\sly1 a syrupy residue is left1 & ?is1 :5 appli$ to l95 or cotton clo?1 imp>ts to !m a br[ni%-yell[ col\r1 :i* in/antly *anges to a deep black on ! addition ( ammonia or lime wat]4 7,bttg]47 ,obs4 ,! above are also frequ5tly call$ 'indelible' or 'inde/ructible inks4' ,!y are employ$ = writ+ labels on bottles conta9+ /rong acids & alkal9e solutions4 ,! la/ five are v p]man5t1 & are capable ( resi/+ ! action ( iod9e1 *lor9e1 alkal9e lyes1 & acids1 toge!r ) all ! op]ations ( dye+ & blea*+1 & at once (f] a *eap & an excell5t mat]ial = m>k+ l951 c41 z !y _c be dissolv$ (f by any m5/rua t w n de/roy ! fabric4 ,!y mu/ be employ$ ) /amps1 types1 or /5cil plates1 by :i* great] neatness w be secur$ ?an c be obta9$ ) ei!r a bru% or p54 ,see ,,horticultural ,,ink1 ,,indelible ,,ink1 c4 ,ink1 ,indel'ible4 ,syn4 ,,inde/ructible ,,ink4 ,prep4 #a4 ,lampblack 7previ\sly heat$ to dull r$ness 9 a cov]$ vessel71 #a_/d oz42 triturate ) good black ink 7gradually add$71 #a p9t4 ,resi/s *lor9e1 weak acids1 & weak alkal9e lyes1 9 ! cold4 #b4 7,bezang]47 ,lampblack gr\nd 9 a lye ( cau/ic soda1 comb9$ ) a mixture ( gelat9 & cau/ic soda4 ,said to be indelible1 & to resemble g5u9e ,*9a ink4 #c4 7,braconnot47 ,dantzic pota%1 #d p>ts2 tann$ lea!r p>+s1 #b p>ts2 sulphur1 #a "p2 wat]1 #bj p>ts2 boil !m 9 an iron vessel to dryness1 !n raise ! heat 7con/antly /irr+ ) an iron rod7 until ! :ole =ms a s(t mass1 obs]v+ t x does n ignite2 next dissolve ! mass 9 wat]1 q4 s41 & filt] ! solution ?r\gh a clo?4 ,fl[s freely f a p51 & resi/s ! action ( _m *emical sub/ances4 #d4 7,,c>bon ,,ink47 ,g5u9e ,indian ink1 rubb$ d[n ) good black ink until x w fl[ easily f a p54 ,resi/s *lor9e1 oxalic acid1 & ablution ) a hair p5cil or sponge4 #e4 7,coa?upe47 ,borax1 #a oz42 %ell-lac1 #b oz41 wat]1 #ah fl4 oz42 boil 9 a cov]$ vessel until dissolv$1 /ra91 add ( ?ick mucilage1 #a oz41 & triturate x ) levigat$ indigo & lampblack1 ( ea* q4 s41 to give a good col\r4 ,aft] #b h\rs' repose1 decant x f ! dregs1 & bottle = use4 ,resi/s moi/ure1 *lor9e1 & acids4 #f4 7,,fr5*47--a4 ,f ,indian ink1 diffus$ ?r\gh wat] acidulat$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,= quills4--b4 ,f ,indian ink diffus$ ?r\gh wat] slightly alkalis$ ) liquor ( potassa4 ,= metallic p5s4 #g4 7,h]b]g]47 ,:eat glut5 7free f />*71 q4 s41 is dissolv$ 9 weak acetic acid ( good pure v9eg>1 #d fl4 oz42 lampblack 7be/71 #aj or #ab gr42 indigo1 #b or #c gr42 & oil ( cloves1 #a or #b drops1 are !n add$1 & ! :ole is ?or\ghly incorporat$ toge!r4 ,! product is inexp5sive1 has a beautiful black col\r1 & resi/s ! action ( wat]1 *lor9e1 & weak acids4 ,obs4 ,! products ( ! above =mul1 ?\gh call$ 'indelible ink' & 'inde/ructible ink1' are 9 reality only indelible z comp>$ ) common writ+ ink1 z !y may all be remov$ ) m or less facility by *emical reag5ts1 assi/$ by me*anical means4 ,!y are int5d$ *iefly = pap]1 pa/ebo>d1 & p>*m5t4 ,no #e is also us$ = glass & metal4 ,see ,,m>k+ ,,ink4 ,ink1 ,9'dian4 ,syn4 ,,*9a ,,ink2 ,,atram5tum ,,indicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,lampblack 7f9e/7 is gr\nd to a pa/e ) v weak liquor ( potassa1 & ?is pa/e is !n diffus$ ?r\gh wat] slightly alkalis$ ) potassa1 aft] :i* x is collect$1 wa%$ ) clean wat]1 & dri$2 ! dry p[d] is next levigat$ to a smoo?1 /iff pa/e1 ) a /rong filt]$ decoction ( c>rage5 or ,iri% moss1 or ( qu9ce se$1 a few drops ( ess5ce ( musk1 & ab\t half z mu* ess5ce ( amb]gris be+ add$1 by way ( p]fume1 t[>ds ! end ( ! process2 ! mass is1 la/ly1 m\ld$ into cakes1 :i* are ornam5t$ ) ,*9ese *>act]s & devices1 z soon z !y are dry & h>d4 #b4 ,a weak solution ( f9e gelat9 is boil$ at a high temp]ature 9 a ,pap9's dige/] = #b h\rs1 & !n 9 an op5 vessel = #a h\r m2 ! liquid is next filt]$ & evaporat$ to a prop] consi/5ce1 ei!r 9 a /eam or salt-wat] ba?2 x is1 la/ly1 made into a pa/e1 z be=e1 ) pure lampblack :i* has be5 previ\sly heat$ to dull r$ness 9 a well-clos$ crucible4 ,nei!r ( ! above gelat9ise 9 cold wea!r1 l ! ord9>y imitations4 #c4 7,gray47 ,pure lampblack made up ) asses'-sk9 glue1 & sc5t$ ) musk4 #d4 7,m]ime47 ,dissolve sup]f9e glue 9 wat]1 add a /rong solution ( nut-galls1 & wa% ! precipitate 9 hot wat]2 !n dissolve x 9 a fre% solution ( glue1 filt]1 evaporate to a prop] ?ickness1 & =m x into a pa/e z be=e1 ) purifi$ lampblack4 #e4 7,pr\/47 ,z ,no4 #a 7ne>ly74 #f4 ,se$-lac1 #a_/b oz42 borax1 #a-a_/b dr42 wat]1 #a_/b p9t2 boil to #h oz41 filt]1 & make a pa/e ) pure lampblack1 z be=e4 ,:5 dry1 x resi/s ! action ( wat]4 ,obs4 ,! ,*9ese d n use glue 9 ! prep>ation ( _! ink1 b an infusion or decoction ( c]ta9 se$s ab\nd+ 9 a glut9\s transp>5t mucilage1 :i* at once imp>ts brilliancy & durability to ! col\r4 ,/>* conv]t$ into gum by means ( sulphuric acid1 or ',briti% gum1' has be5 recomm5d$ z a sub/itute4 7,m4 ,m]ime47 ,indian ink is *iefly employ$ by arti/s1 b x has be5 occasionally giv5 z a m$ic9e1 dissolv$ 9 wat] or w9e1 9 hmorrhages & /oma* compla9ts4--,dose1 #a to #b dr4 ,= cont9uation ( ! article on ,inks1 see ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,am5dm5ts ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,blank pages h be5 delet$4 ,on pages t rema91 "s unnecess>y page numb]s may h be5 delet$ :5 !y fall 9 ! middle ( li/s4 ,"s illu/rations may h be5 mov$4 ,! publi%]'s inadv]t5t omissions ( important punctuation h be5 correct$4 ,"s wide tables h be5 re>rang$ or re-=matt$ to n>r[] equival5ts ) "s words replac$ ) commonly kn[n abbreviations & possibly a key4 ,"s ditto m>ks h be5 replac$ ) ! words repres5t$4 ,! au?or (t5 skipp$ ! p]iod 9 ',dr1'1 ',mr1'1 ,messrs4 & ',mrs4' s all su* in/ances are =matt$ "h )\t ! p]iod4 ,! au?or swit*$ f us+ ',b4 ,p4' to ',b4,p4' = ,briti% ,ph>macopoeia "p ( ! way ?r\gh ! text s all su* in/ances h be5 *ang$ to ',b4,p4' ,duplicative front matt] has be5 remov$4 ,o!r *anges are li/$ bel[4 ,! li/$ s\rce publication page numb] also applies 9 ?is reproduction except possibly = footnotes s9ce !y h be5 mov$4 ,page ,*ange ix :i* ,i %\ld display my acquisitions to mank9d4 x at la/ to wake a ,cyclopdi/4 #c ,lon4 or ,long41 ,longtitude,longitude4 #d 7(t5 express$ by ! sign o_/o'o_/o' graphic n replicable7 #e ,cya?41 cya?us1 velvel delet$ #h t has be5 s indiscrimatelyindiscrim9ately #h ! employm5t ( ca/ille,ca/ile soap1 #ab ,illu/ration caption3 ,add$3 ,meal mite4 #ag ,adopt],adapt] connect+ retort & globes4 #ba e>!nw>e are also frequ5lyfrequ5tly employ$2 #ba p]-oxidep]oxide ( manganese1 or r$ #bi z well z 'te/-solutions' conta9ngconta9+ #cc weez]stweez]s4 ,a long piece ( ?ick #cc ,g]4 ,monk%ood2 wolfsbanwolfsbane4 ,9 #cd ,"s specimesspecim5s are :ite & spongy2 #cd ,a :ite1 col\rless1 semicry/all9esemi-cry/all9e mass #ci ,,magnesia1 ,,magnesia ,,sulphateentry re>rang$1 #dd ) ! result ( _! adm9si/rationadm9i/ration #ed article ) a pa/e ( fre%ly slack$slak$ lime #fc #adc #bibi #gc in=mation 9 connection ) ,al*olometry,alcoholometry #ie ( ! exaetexact temp]ature at :i* #if into lumps l res91 x is ,,salic9,,salic9e2 #ih o!r1 diff]5t1 & ,greek3 paphos,greek3 pa?os #aji allumalum 7dissolv$ 9 gum-wat]71 #aai ,x has a adelete smell resembl+ #abf 7?ree-dagg]s7a/]ism ,! sp4 gr4 ( any sample ( liquid #acb conical mass1 :ieh:i* is te*nically call$ #acb untlluntil ! liquor has rema9$ #acb z eadyalready m5tion$1 #acf 9 ! neighbeurhoodneighb\rhood ( ,london4 #acf made ) lemon-juice & drankdrunk eff]vesc+1 #acg ! ctle>cle> portion ( ! liquid1 #acg aft] repose decan$decant$1 #adc =m ! body "u exam9ation2#a;del #adg & litaniumtitanium4 ,hydrog5 also #aed he creat$ a new _w = future naturali/s #afa ,pottsviile,pottsville1 ,%>p ,m\nt #adab #bchb #afe smelt+ is ! common sulphide ku[nkn[n z #agj ,,oxidum1 ,l474 ,prpe4,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 #agc ,,antisborbu',,tica,,antisborbu',,tica1 ,l471 us$ 9 scurvy4 #age ,,composit,,composit4 ,a plant gr[+ 9 ! ,nor? #age & ! head & leckneck laid b>e4 #agg ,,apfel1 ,g]42 ,,apple,,appel1 ,dut42 #agh ,a4 ,,niva',,lis or ,d4,a4 ,,ex ,,ni',,ve1 #agi fit = or "u tillage or arationaration2 #aha x 0 an ocultoccult p[] ( nature1 #ahe ,a spiritu\s liqurliquor import$ #ahh ,trii'odide (4 ,as,t,i#c4 #aih succession1 & pre iseprecise "* #aih ,hydrat$ sulphide ( iron 7z #aj! la/74 #bja ,an,by an ,act ( ,p>liam5t#a x is provid$ #bjh ,sesquioixde,sesquioxide #bai ,symbols 9 table replac$ ) num]ic equival5ts4 #bai ,9 ! =ego+ table symbol repres5ts "o volume4delet$ all #bai #aj p9ts2 slack$slak$ lime1 #a oz42 #bbj once agitat+ #f or #h vlumesvolumes ( wat] #bde & is sufficci5tlysuffici5tly pure = mak+ #bdf abundantly column> crsytalscry/als #bee melt ! mat]ia#al 9 a rev]b]at]yrev]b]atory #beg v>yv liable to crack :5 fill$ ) hot wat] #bfa ,l4 #a ,gre5 sulphate ( iron1 #a to #b #bgb =m ( mattrassmattress ?an "o made ( horsehair #bgb ! horsehair mattrassmattress calls ev5 m imp]atively #bgb ,bo? pill[s & mattrassmattress %\ld be tak5 to pieces #bgc ,^! are less ?an ^? ( ea!rfea!r b$s #bha & ,mr ,d5ison,d5nison diff] f him 9 op9ion4 #bhd ,goood,good samples ( b5zo9 yield #bhf & bron*ial aflectionsaffections1 :5 #bhh c only be acc\nt$ = by aamplessamples #bhi ! fluid expresss$express$ made up to #bf #bij ! precipitate !reby produe$produc$4 #cjj petroleum may bem5tion$be m5tion$ z examples4 #cjj mu* ( ! asphalt & bitum9\bitum9\s pavem5t #cjd #a_/crd ( ?is dococtiondecoction is !n #cjg ?r\gh ! /r ets/reets ( ?is great metropolis2 #cjh 7see #a;,i1 #d1 above71 b dissolv+ #cjh #f4 7,)\t ,vitriol47 ,z #a;,i1 #e #cjh ,! f9al addition ( ! #c lbs4footnote giv5 a numb] #caj by :i* !y bcomebecome consid]ably l>g]2 #cab ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #fj4;,footnote n ref]5c$ 9 text2 delet$4 #cab ( ,b>?ollet,b]?ollet on *lor9e1 9 #aghd1 #cab ,transcrib]'s note3 ,footnote omitt$ by publi%]4 #cac #a;,i4 ,,blea*+ ( ,cotton3 #cac ,! pieces are buck$ or boil$ 9 mllkmilk ( lime#e #cai may be m5tion$ ! fol[+foll[+3-- #cai n9 bread?1 is obs]v$ r\nd ! glass1 #cai it is c]ta9 t vesication is effect$4 #cbc & ,,magnesia are indicat$1 ! latt] f9efive :5 add$ #cca />anise/>-anise oil1 #dj drops #ccg #ida to #idb 7#ah to #bj u4 p474 ,! common #cch processes detail$ "u ,,alcohometry,,alcoholometry4 #cch & exam9+ ! lat] or= heavi] products4 #cdf a w9eglassfulw9e-glassful ( ?is solution add$ #cee ,! :ole ( ! wat] ns$us$ #cef a littielittle m 'lobb' is g5]ally add$1 #cfj #b4 ,to ! la/ add ( sug> or treacle1 #a_/b blb4 #cfa ! mixture hay+hav+ be5 plac$ 9 a retort #cfb ,^! vessels are furr\nd$surr\nd$ ) belts ( iron #cfi ,oil-pa9t9g a wall #cgc no?)/&+not)/&+ ! ass]tions #cgg n exce$+ #ahj ,fahr41 #cgg o!r butt] ev] posseseespossesses4 #chj ,cadmium1 ,c>'bonate (4 ,cd,co#c;,cd,c,o#c4 #chd fl\r1 #a-a_/b lb42 curantscurrants1 #b lbs42 #cii ,india rubb] or cauot*\cca\t*\c1 #dbj ,:5 appli$ let x be heat$4 #dbg ,,c]ate ,,pla/] 7,empla/ru m,empla/rum ,c]ati ,saponis7 #dbi let x re/ = a night 9 a clos$ mattrassmatrass2 #dcj ,*alk1 ,br[u,br[n4 ,a famili> "n = umb]4 #dca ,a m economical me!dme?od #def prep>es a /&>d solution z fell[sfoll[s3 #deg ,lang\r,languor1 li/lessness1 fatigue aft] ! lea/ ex]cise1 #dfj a p9t ( cold wat]1 & drankdrunk ad libitum4 #dfb any ( ! iron prep>ationprep>ations w #dfh ,,c9*ona,,c9*on ,,flav ,,cortex4 #dgf into a v consid]able & importaimportant #dgg x gives a headbead ( a magnific5t #dgh betwe5 ! be/ & ! l[e/ quantityquality #dhd ,comp\nd ( caffe9 ) pota% #cece to #ejjj #dhd treat$ ) a p]-saltp]salt ( iron2 #dhg to ab\t #a_/crd or #a_/d? ( xits bulk #dhg iu9 a cool place4 ,?is prep>ation #dhg ,x diff]s fremf v]atria 9 be+ soluble #dia ,iodide & ,bromide ,solution4 ,iodid,iodide ( cadmium #dif boil ! saffron & turm]ic 9 #dii ,dr4 ,g>dn]4,footnote n ref]5c$ 9 text2 delet$4 #eja ,9 ! caescase ( a dang]\s attack #ejd ,its activity is consid]dconsid]$ equal #ejf ?us describ$ 9 ! ',encyclopoedia,encyclopdia ,brittanica4' #ejg ,copp] has a brilliant yell[i%-edyell[i%-r$ col\r #ejh ! soluble "p to spontane\s evaportionevaporation4 #eaj ?9 film ( copp] by m]ely imm]s+ isx #eab corns may be remov$ by ayply+apply+ ivy leaf1 #eah requires practice z to ! heat ( ihe! wat]2 #ebj at ! ,hpital des ,enfans,enfants1 #eba are exc$+lyexce$+ly useful = _m op]ations1 #ebe 7,see table at bottom ( previ\s column477,see previ\s table47 #eca ,davids-,!e1 ,e*t] ,k>ol95?al]--,g5u9e ,k>o9's,k>ol9's #ecd prop]ly qualifi$ m$ical praction]practition]1 #ecf ?\ld %\ld be well bruis$ #ede sassafras1 guaiacmuguaiacum turn+s1 #edg dys5t]y1 dirrrhoeadi>rhoea1 & excoriations #edi k9d ?an o!r p]s\sp]sons4 #edi 9 mod]>elymod]ately l>ge doses1 #edi ,lassaigne & ,f5eulle ln9 ,delph9ium /aphysagria #eej aft] r9c+r9s+ ! m\? out ) wat]4 #eee tne! only prop]ty :i* ! bodies #efj camphor1 fragrant pa/ilespa/illes1 casc>illa1 #efj until ! temp]ature has fall5 to #cii ,fahr41 #efb ,,ffrralum,,f]ralum is a mixture ( f]r\s #efc di/+uii%$di/+ui%$ by a m\ldy or mu/y od\r #efd if we desire to makxmake our sanit>y surr\nd+s #efg ,dis9fections ( ! ap>tm5tsap>tm5t #efi is conect$connect$ ) ! *imney #efi = ! purification ( mattrassesmattresses1 l951 #ega ,= heat+ mattrassesmattresses ano!r app>atus #egb surr\nd+ ! tootop ( ! capital ( ! /ill #egc di/ill] is all[$ to produce wor/worts f any sub/ance #egd ,dr4 ,druitt4footnote r5umb]$4 #ehc complete disconnection betwee5betwe5 ! pipe #eij ,rasp'b]ry4 ,see ,,drops1 ,,fruit 7ab\eabove47 #eid or convulsive twit*+1 a ve9 may be ep5$op5$4 #eid use %all be comm]ciallscomm]cially pure #eif a f9al w9cer9se 9 c[-dung be=e dye+ is advantage\s4 #eii dep5d5t = 8 purples on or*il or cudbe]cudbe>1 #fjc orig9ally a mixture ( siv]silv] nitrate1 #fje ,liquid sulphur\s acid #agf #fjf by ! ravages ( ! ,ec*9ococcus,e*9ococcus is ! #fjg l9es connect+ f1 g1 k1 repres5tsrepres5t #fjg ,does,dose1 #a_/b to #b gr4 #fjg ,,asclep$94 ,f ,asclepia/ub]osa,asclepias tub]osa4 #fjg ,/imulant1 a/r+5t1 & antispadmodicantispasmodic4 #fji :il/ bad or wortlesswor?less ones w swim #faj & /irr$ ne"o way all ! "t1 #faa ) potasssapotassa & solution ( silv] #faa dri$ by exposure to ! air & a g5tle headheat #fab & di/+uis$di/+ui%$ z negative & positive1 #fac in/rum5t is to be plac$ ^u ! res9\s plate #fac ,syn4 ,,electro-,,met',,alurgy,,electro-,,met' ,,allurgy1 #faf ,! d\ble *loride ( plat9um & potassumpotassium1 #fag ,elecut>y,electu>y1 ,ba?4 ,syn4 #fah honey & syrup ( wormwowormwood1 #fah ,9 int]mitt5ts occurr+ 9 cr(ul\sscr(ul\s subjects4 #fbj ,a teaspooonfulteaspoonful1 z a mild /oma*ic #fbj ,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonsfulsteaspoonfuls1 #fbb #b teaspoonfuls2 9 an enorrhoeaam5orrhoea1 con/ipation1 #fbd bitt] almonds 7bruis$71 #h 9 on4no42 #fbh gradually add$1 ! emat9eemet9e is dissolv$1 #fbh h[ev]1 t emat9eemet9e is alone #fbi o!r rem$ies c be opta9$obta9$ & appli$4 #fcd & t to ex]t a lik$l absorb5t action #fcd coats ( ! inte/9es1 & to allay irritatationirritation2 #fch ,fluor,fl\r1 9 table #fch b its en]gy mu/ be develoy$develop$ 9 ! place #fdb ! dip!riadiph!ria affect+ ox51 #fdb t5d to sssumeassume a typhoid =m1 #fdb p>asite t multiplymultiplies s rapidly z spe$lyspe$ily #fdc ,titanum,titanium 9 table #fdc ,lan?anium,lan?anum #fea ,ess5ce1 ,an?y/]i'ic,antihy/]'ic4 #feg ,f p9e-apple oil 7buytricbutyric e!r1 #feg rectfi$rectifi$ _s1 #a_/b p9t2 dige/ #feg ! solution is apt to depoitdeposit "p ( x #feg #c4b4 ,att> ( roses1 #a oz42 rectifi$ _s1 #fed 9 ! la/ two =mul to ?! prep>ation ( #feh at #afj ,fahr4 ,if r$uc$ #feh & n]oli1 ( ea* #f drops2 dissov$dissolv$ #fei or v]b5v]b5a 7,&ropogon citratum71 #ffc a heavy1 oily pro-productproduct #fff ,hav+ be5 f\nd lsless effici5t ?an #ffg does n effectaffect a solution ( nitrate #ffi x cont9ues to be absord$absorb$4 #ffi ! nitrite ( e!le?yl is--9 v #fgb ,eugl$a,eugl5a viridis & ! #fgb & ! ,eugl$a,eugl5a pyrum4 #fgc ! fluid matt] t =ms ! m5/rnumm5/ruum2 #fgc ,to purify liqnidsliquids by ! dissipation ( #fgc ! vap\r is prev5t$ f re/+ ^u ! #fgi ,w is ! weight ( ! p]son1 ,w,wl ! weight c>ri$ #fhb ,,solidfi$,,solidifi$ ,,worts1 made by a lic5s$ brew]1 #fhb ,9 m$i cnem$ic9e & ph>macy1 #fhf unless :5 tak5 9 repeat$ doesdoses1 long cont9u$4 #fhg q4 s4 to make *e! :ole equal 9 weight to t #fid to be employ$ z ! m5truumm5/ruum1 #fii fluid extract w n be requir$ #fih exclusively appropriat$ to ,cannabic,cannabis sativa #gjj pill consi/5ce4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr4 #gja by mac]ation or= #bd h\rs1 #gja 7,,extractum ,,lubul9ae,,lupul9 ,,coctione ,,p>atum47 #gjb c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,extractum ,,mez]eifluidum,,mez]ei ,,fluidum47 #gjd ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,f ox-gall1 #gjh ,guibort,guib\rt47 ,s5na 79 p[d]71 #a "p2 #gjh by di/illation & vaporationevaporation4--,dose1 #gjh ,9 arg]l>g] doses x is nauseant & emetic4 #gaa fl[]s ) ! pure/ recitfi$rectifi$ _s #gab ,:5 a p[]fully de/ructive sub/5cesub/ance1 #gab e!riale!real oils ( lav5d]1 #gab int]mit5tint]mitt5t =m ( facial ,,neuralgia #gag simple 9 con/ruction & easily managablemanageable2 x #gah in/ead ! m\? ( ! botttlebottle is clos$ #gbb 9 ! s-call$ r$ prus/ateprussiate ( pota% #gbb ,,putrefaction1 ,,bbew+,,brew+1 c4 #gbf f "o vessselvessel to ano!r1 #gbg fir/ a /ratum ( c\rseco>se pebbles1 #gbh is said to be prep>$ by heat+ hoematitehmatite #gbi wa%$ 9 hot wat]4,footnote tag r5umb]$4 #gbi ,commision,commission9 table #gcc because ( (del #bnd ( _! little specific gravity4 #gcc ( ?is =mul=mula is made to exi/+ #gch inv5tion1 bntb x has n prov$ #gch cont5ts ( ! air-veselvessel until #gda ,artficial,artificial ,propagation4 #gdb :5 dress$ imm$iately aft] be+ caught1 possessesspossesses #gdc _s is frequ5tly omitt$ altog!raltoge!r4 #gdf ,microscropic,microscopic analysis detects ! pres5ce #gdf ,,fleig5pulv],,flieg5pulv]--,fly ,p[d] #gdh ,see also ,,bread1,no footnote ref]5ce 9 text2 add$ "o4 #gdi ,! be/ bread conta9s ab\t #a_/d-a_/f?s#a_/f? ( #gdi ?an !y c diposedispose ( :il/ 'new1' #gee 7,eagle m>9e47 ,v$igris,v]digris temp]$ 9 #geg f ! organic k+dom t our ailm5tsalim5ts #geh ,beef1 mutton1 veal1 lamb1 & v5sionv5ison #gei is diseas$1 un\nduns\nd or un:olesome1 #gfa #ed4 7,kittoe's47 ,sal ammoniac1 #a dr42 spr+ #gfb /ew+ or semi fry+semi-fry+1 highly flav\r$ #gfb namely1 ,r4 amydal9usamygdal9us4 #gfd ,br[n syrup1 #ij grammes2 v]degrisv]digris1 #f grammes2 #gfd ! p]ils ( transit & /oreage/orage4 #gfg prop]ty may be de/oy$de/roy$ by boil+ x #ggj ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,murcurialis,,m]curialis1 ,l4 #gga jewell]s1 analytical *emi/s1 exp]m5tali/sexp]im5tali/s1 #ggd two or ?ree mon?s ! sides ( ! vessevessel #ggg to 8 classification1 ,m5deljeff,m$elejeff ass]t$1 t #ggg ,! hypo!tical ,eka alum9ium ( ,m5deljeff,m5delejeff #ggf :5 ) treat$:5 treat$ ) sulphurett$ hydrog51 #ggf ,! p]-saltsp]salts ( iron pres5t are !n #ggi = a m9ute1 t tdel #bnd t !y may be sk9n$ #ghb ,,g>',,net4 ,9 m9]aloyym9]alogy1 #ghb c>burett$ hydrog51 hyro*lorichydro*loric acid1 #ghf 9 a leylye ( cau/ic soda1 #ghg ,,gelsem9um,,gelsemium ,,nitridum1 #gib ,footnote #ccb3 ,see ,,electrotyps,,electrotype4 #gid gross ( buttons ( ! abveabove size4 #gie ,,dead+ ,,auqa=tis,,aqua=tis4 ,f m]cury1 #hja lime1 #ch2 alum9a1 #b #hbh4 ,fr5* mirror-glass4 #had solutions ( gold1 insoluble 9 excesssexcess4 #hah sc5t$1 z a pommadepomade to make ! hair gr[1 #hai rectifi$ _s ( w9e1 #b gallsgals42 #hai ,,gu9ea ,,gra9s1 ,,malaguetta,,meleguetta ,,pepp]4 #hai ,! se$s ( ! ,ammomum melaguettameleguetta4 #hbf ammonia *loride o( plat9um ?us obta9$1 #hbf ! p]-c5tage ( ready-=m$ amm oniaammonia1 #hbi ,prop41 c4 ,:ite2 inspidinsipid2 transp>5t2 #hcg ,= use1 ! airhair is moi/5$ by means #hci ,:5 ! h&h&s are v dirty1 #hdf mac]ate = #b #b;del #bnd #b h\rs2 #hdf ,dri$ petals ( ! !del #bnd ! r$ rose #hdg ,a native *loride or( silv]1 #hea & ! fuunelfunnel hav+ be5 )drawn #heh ,,hygi5e'4 ,syn4 ,,hxgi5e,,hygi5e1 ,fr4 #hei direct attempts to alt] 8 op9onsop9ions1 #hei fancies himsefhimself a giant2 #hfj ,a fusible1 inflammable sub /ancesub/ance1 #hfd :ite ozideoxide ( antimony4 #hfd b by ! ebulitionebullition expell+ free c>bonic acid #hfe ,sev]al attempsattempts h be5 made ( late ye>s #hgj ,loire-,inf]iure,infrieure1 #hgb no less ?an #hbej die f #jaj-a ye>1 #hgb hav+ rec\rse to o!r ?an ! mat]nal mikmilk #hge reg>d+ !m z extemporane\s prep>ati\sprep>ations4 #hgf ,a pure bitt] tonic1 )\t a-a/r+5cya/r+5cy #hgi ,conc5trat$3 ,,infusum ,,c>yphylli,,c>yophylli #hhg active matt] t x xdel #bnd x is possible #hhi ,canada snake-root 7,ass>um,as>um ,canad5se7 #hij ,c>bonate ( lead 7f9ely evigat$levigat$71 #hid ! add !n!n add ! o!r +r$i5ts4 #hie & pref]ably made f galls prep>$ by heat1 #hie ,us$ uz ! la/1 = ei!r z9c1 99 99 99 99 99